背: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 背方化
- dorsalization
- dorsalize
- 山背国造
- Yamashiro no Kuni no Miyatsuko
- 背景概要
- Background Summary
- Background and Summary
- 乱の背景
- Background of the war
- 山背小林
- YAMASHIRO no Obayashi
- 歴史背景
- Historical Background
- 成立背景
- Formative Background
- 謎と背景
- Background and Certain Mysteries
- 背景・経緯
- Backgrounds and details
- 特徴と背景
- Characteristics and background
- 合戦の背景
- Backgrounds of the battle
- 事件の背景
- Background of the Incident
- Background of Incident
- Background of the Crime
- The Background
- The background of the incident
- 衝背軍上陸
- Disembarkation of Shohaigun
- 鎖国の背景
- Background of the national isolation
- 分国の背景
- Background of bunkoku (separation of the province)
- 背景と題材
- Background and Motif
- 受容の背景
- Background of acceptance
- 背景・概要
- Background and Summary
- 背景と結果
- The Background and Outcome
- 導入の背景
- Background of the introduction
- 面各相背。
- Each face oriented in opposite directions.
- 法施行の背景
- Background of enforcement of the law
- 霊神に背く失
- Negligence by turning your back towards the gods
- 姓は山背連。
- His hereditary title was Yamashiro no Muraji (second highest title under Yamato dynasty).
- 戸籍と紙背文書
- Family registers and shihai monjo
- 条約成立の背景
- Background to the establishment of the treaty
- 母は当麻山背。
- His mother was TAIMA no Yamashiro.
- 妹背山婦女庭訓
- Imose-yama Onna Teikin (Proper Upbringing of a Young Lady at Mount Imose)
- 後背の工業団地
- Industrial parks behind the wharf
- 義親追討の背景
- The background of tracking down and killing order of Yoshichika
- 父は背奈行文。
- His father was SENA no Yukifumi.
- 背奈福徳の孫。
- His grandfather was SENA no Fukutoku.
- 文治政治の背景
- Background of bunchi seiji
- 時代背景と概要
- Historical backdrop and summery
- 欧化政策の背景
- A Background of A Policy of Europeanization
- 会議に至る背景
- Background of the Conference
- 編纂時期と背景
- The period and background of its compilation
- 妻は当麻山背。
- His wife was TAIMA no Yamashiro.
- どんぐりの背比べ
- having no outstanding characteristics
- to all seem about the same
- bragging competition ('pissing contest') concerning matters of little importance
- height comparison among acorns
- 山代(山背)氏。
- The uji was Yamashiro (the Yamashiro clan).
- 衝背軍の熊本入城
- Shohaigun's Entry into Kumamoto Castle
- 母は山背王の娘。
- His mother was the daughter of Prince Yamashiro.
- 義和団の乱の背景
- Background of the Boxer Rebellion
- 編纂年の時代背景
- The background of the time of its compilation
- 初演当時の時代背景
- Backdrop for Producing the Play
- 本名は蘇我 馬背。
- His real name was 蘇我 馬背.
- 諷誦文紙背仮名手紙
- Fujumon Shihai Kana Tegami (letter written in kana with the back side of the paper used for a recital to be chanted by a priest)
- 宝積経要品紙背短冊
- Hoshaku Kyoyohon Shihai Tanzaku (Japanese poetry written in a combined form of long and narrow cards with the back side of the paper used for a copy of the Daihoshaku-kyo Sutra)
- 解放令の背景と経緯
- Background and progress of Kaiho Rei
- 経済的な成功の背景
- A background of economical success
- - 水泳(背泳ぎ)。
- A swimmer (backstroke).
- 一、士道ニ背キ間敷事
- One should not act against the ways of a samurai.
- 成立事情と説話の背景
- Completion of the book and background of anecdotes.
- 山背部については不明。
- The origin of the Yamashinobe clan is unknown.
- 稿本北山抄紙背仮名消息
- Kohon Hokuzan Sho Shihai Kana Shosoku (letter written in kana with the back side of the paper used for a manual on courtly etiquette, volume 10)
- 五部大乗経紙背仮名手紙
- Gobudaijokyo Shihai Kana Tegami (letter written in kana with the back side of the paper used for five volumes of Mahayana sutras)
- 山城国(もとは山背国)。
- Yamashiro Province (originally written as 山背国).
- 登録制度創設、拡充の背景
- The establishment of registration system and the background of expansion
- 二段階指定制度採用の背景
- Background of adoption of two-stage designation system
- 摂関政治の背景とその意義
- The background and value of the regency
- 万葉歌人の背奈行文の孫。
- His grandfather was SENA no Yukifumi, a poet whose poetry is collected in 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).
- 因幡国司解案紙背仮名消息
- Inaba no Kokushi no Gean Shihai Kana Shosoku (letter written in kana with the back side of the paper used for a draft letter written by a kokushi [official] in Inaba Province)
- 三宝感応要録紙背仮名消息
- Sanbo Kanno Yoroku Shihai Kana Shosoku (letter written in kana with the back side of the paper used for the response records on Sanbo [three treasures of Buddhism: Buddha, sutras and priesthood])
- 背中に黒毛が生えていた。
- He had black hairs on his back.
- 複雑な背景を持つ「影の女」
- A 'shadow lady' with a complex background
- 友背はこの一行の中にいた。
- Tomose was a member of the Prince Otsu party.
- 山背国は後の山城国である。
- Yamashiro province (山背国) later became the Province of Yamashiro (山城国).
- 九条家本延喜式紙背仮名消息
- Kujo Iemoto Engishiki Shihai Kana Shosoku (letter written in kana with the back side of paper used for manuscripts of engishiki [laws and regulations] kept in the Kujo family)
- 時代背景と日本・朝鮮の世論
- Historical Backdrop and Public Opinions in Japan and Korea
- 義時は人望に背かなかった。
- Yoshitoki did not go against popular opinion.
- これは時代背景に因っている。
- This is due to the historical backdrop.
- 『妹背山婦女庭訓』の蘇我入鹿
- SOGA no Iruka in 'Imose-yama Onna Teikin' (Proper Upbringing of a Young Lady at Mount Imose)
- 万葉集背奈行文の甥にあたる。
- His uncle was SENA no Yukifumi, whose poem appears in the Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).
- 漆部友背もその出と思われる。
- NURIBE no Tomose is believed to be from the group.
- 「君に背くつもりは全くない。」
- I have no intention to disobey you.
- 孝昭天皇と武石彦奇友背の生母。
- She was the real mother of Emperor Kosho and Takeishihikokushitomose.
- 右条々相背候者切腹申付ベク候也
- A man violating the above Articles shall be ordered to commit hara-kiri.
- 虚空蔵菩薩念誦次第紙背仮名消息
- Kokuzo Bosatsu Nenju Shidai Shihai Kana Shosoku (letter written in kana with the back side of the paper used for the procedures for reciting a prayer to Kokuzo Bosatsu [Akasagarbha Bodhisattva])
- 第二次憲政擁護運動の背景と発端
- The background of the second Kensei Yogo Undo and the prologue to it
- 第一次憲政擁護運動の背景と発端
- The background of the first Kensei Yogo Undo and the prologue to it
- 大夫人:当麻山背(父:当麻老)
- Taifujin (a title of respect for an Emperor's mother): TAIMA no Yamashiro (Father: TAIMA no Oyu)
- 『勧進帳』との違い、及びその背景
- Difference to 'Kanjincho' and its background
- 武田信栄に腹背を攻められて敗北。
- His troop was attacked from front and behind by Nobuhide TAKEDA, and was defeated.
- 五段目:安居の森「道行妹背の走書」
- The fifth act: Yasui Woods 'Michiyuki Imose no Hashirigaki' (scribble)
- その背景にはいくつかの理由がある。
- There are some background factors.
- 1067mm軌間採用についての背景
- The background of adopting the 1067 mm track gauge
- 紙背文書については佐佐木本と同じ。
- As to the other side of the paper, it is the same as the Sasaki book.
- 薩軍の長囲策の破綻と官軍衝背軍の上陸
- Failure of the Drawn-Out Siege and Disembarkation of Shohaigun of the Government Army
- 散切り物はそんな時代背景を描写した。
- Zangirimono described such a historical backdrop.
- 幼い娘は和田に背負われて逃げ延びた。
- Wada carried the little daughter of Hidenobu on his shoulders and survived.
- 鯨の部隊は背後に敵をうけて敗走した。
- The Kujira's troop was attacked by those enemy's troops from behind, and ran away.
- 令制に背くと笞罪に処せられたという。
- If such rules and regulations were not observed, the offenders are said to have been punished with whippings.
- 三条実美・木戸孝允がその背後にいた。
- They were supported by Sanetomi SANJO and Takayoshi KIDO.
- このような文書を「紙背文書」と呼ぶ。
- These kinds of documents are called 'shihai monjo' (紙背文書, old documents written on the reverse sides of others).
- 山背根子 …… 古墳時代の伝説上の人。
- Neko YAMASHIRO: A legendary figure who lived in the Kofun period (tumulus period).
- (例)太陽を背にして敵の目をくらます。
- (e.g.) Dazzle the enemy's eyes by standing with the sun at back.
- - 背肉、腹肉などの脂肪の少ない部位。
- - Portions, such as meat of back and meat of belly, where less fat are included
- 昔は巡礼の際に観音像を背負って歩いた。
- In the past people walked with Kannnon-zo (statute of the Goddess of Kannon) on their back during pilgrimage.
- 背景には、次のような要因が挙げられる。
- The following factors were against the background of this situation.
- その悲しみを背負って描いたと言われる。
- It is said that Tohaku HASEGAWA created 'Pine Trees' while feeling grief for his son's death.
- 南部は野洲川の後背部で田が広がっていた。
- There used to be rice fields sweeping away behind the Yasu-gawa River in the southern part.
- こうした背景のもとに激化事件が頻発する。
- All of the causes combined together led to frequent outbreaks of rioting.
- - 茶室を思想的な背景のもとに考察した。
- - Studied chashitsu (tea room), focusing on its ideological background.
- 「あえて徳に背こうとはするのではない。」
- I do not intend to disobey.'
- 逆手:相手の腕を逆に取って背負い投げる。
- Sakate: The attacker grips an opponent by the arm twisting his joint, and throws him over his shoulder.
- 室町時代末期から袴の背中側に腰板を付ける。
- A koshiita (back plate) had been added to the back side of hakama (divided skirt) since the end of the Muromachi period.
- - 関白や武家伝奏などの申渡違背者への罰則
- Punitive provisions for those who disobedient to the orders from the chief adviser to the emperor or the Imperial officials in charge of communication between the bakufu and the court
- 背中を打ち抜かれて身悶えして倒れこむ定九郎。
- Sadakuro is shot on his back and falls down while squirming.
- 元々大友氏に背くことは紹安一人の意であった。
- To rebel against the Otomo clan was the will of Shoan alone in the first place.
- 詩書画に通じ、文人としての教養を背景にした。
- He was well-versed in poetry, calligraphy and paintings, and had educational background as a literati.
- 木製の杖をもって背中又は臀部を打つ刑である。
- It's a punishment to hit the back or the buttocks with a wooden cane.
- 治天の君の権威を背景に「父」に逆らった義経。
- Yoshitsune, who opposed 'his father' backed by the authority of Chiten no Kimi (Cloistered Emperor who organize politics).
- こうした考えが、政策方針の転回の背景にあった。
- The above intention was the background of the policy change.
- 地子免除が行われるのにはいくつかの背景がある。
- There was some background on jishi menkyo.
- 末法思想を背景に浄土教(浄土信仰)が流行した。
- Jodo sect (faith in Pure Land) was developed on the background of the Latter Day of the Law.
- 武蔵国高麗郡出身で、初め背奈公福信と名乗った。
- According to the 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), he was born in Koma County, Musashi Province and originally called himself Sena no Ko Fukushin.
- 山背部小田と安斗阿加布が東海への使者になった。
- YAMASHIROBE no Oda and ATO no Akafu were sent to the Tokaido region.
- 「妹背(いもせ)物語」の意味だとする説もある。
- There is yet another conjecture that 'Ise Monogatari' in fact meant 'Imose Monogatari' (the Tales of Imose).
- 結局、段山の背後に出た鎮台側が薩軍を敗走させた。
- At last, the garrison took a position behind Daniyama and drove off the Satsuma army.
- 両家は吉野川を挟んで満開の桜の妹山、背山に住む。
- They live on, respectively, Mt. Imo and Mt. Se, where cherry blossoms are in full bloom, facing each other across the Yoshino-gawa River.
- 下流域には山背国に配置された秦氏が定住していた。
- The Hata clan, who was assigned the Yamashiro Province, settled in around the lower Kamogawa River.
- その背景には父源義家の力があったものと思われる。
- Some believe that these appointments were made with the influence of his father, MINAMOTO no Yoshiie.
- 子:山背大兄王・財王・日置王・片岡女王の三男一女
- Children: three sons and a daughter; Prince Yamashiro no oe, Prince Zai, Prince Hioki, Princess Kataoka)
- 背に髑髏の刺繍が施された陣羽織を着ていたらしい。
- It is said that he wore Jinbaori (sleeveless campaign jacket worn over armor) embroidered a Dokuro (skull) on the back.
- 7月3日、山背王らの密告により、反乱計画は露見。
- On July 3, their rebellion plan was revealed by the tip-off from Prince Yamashiro.
- 脱亜論までの宮廷権力闘争と事大主義外交の歴史背景
- Historical Background of Strife over Authority at the Imperial Court and Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful) Diplomacy in Korea before the 'Datsu-A Ron'
- 浦島太郎が助けたカメの背中に乗って行ったところ。
- The place where Urashimataro was taken on the back of the turtle that he saved.
- この背景には資本主義の急速な発展が指摘されている。
- It is pointed out that it was caused by the rapid development of capitalism.
- 第五条 指揮官ノ命令二違背シ私ニ事ヲ為シタル者ハ斬
- Article 5 Those who do something private against orders of commanders shall be slain.
- 腹背に攻撃を受けた官軍は漸く包囲を脱して後退した。
- Attacked both in front and rear, the government army barely managed to break through the siege by the Satsuma army and retreated.
- この強引な婚約の背景には当時の政治的思惑があった。
- There was a political calculation during that time of the background for this forced engagement.
- - 蘇我入鹿が山背大兄王を攻め、数日後に王は自殺。
- - SOGA no Iruka attacked Prince Yamashiro no oe, and a few days later the prince committed suicide.
- 遠くに富士が見えるのを背景にお軽勘平が立っている。
- Okaru and Kanpei are standing with Mt. Fuji behind them in the distance.
- 平氏軍は背後を塞いで東西より攻め寄せる体勢をとる。
- The Taira clan army adopted a position to block the rear side and to attack from east and west.
- 南無阿弥陀仏を唱えると柱を背に腹を切って自害した。
- After reciting the nenbutsu (a prayer in homage to Amitabha, or Amida), he leaned back against a pillar and committed suicide by ritual disembowelment.
- もうひとつは、背後に薩摩と長州の勢力争いがあった。
- Another reason was the power struggle between Satsuma and Choshu.
- 孝徳天皇朝 - 元明天皇朝に笈を背負って遊学した。
- During the rule of Emperor Kotoku and Empress Genmei, he shouldered his suitcase and traveled around for study.
- が、ここ最近背負子スタイルの羅宇屋で復活している。
- However, a peddler-like rau-ya (carrying a wooden rack on the back) has been revived recently.
- 向背ノ族ハ或ハコレヲ返シ、或ハコレヲ追ヒ出スベキ事。
- If his behavior is dubious, then bring him back to his ex-master or expel him.
- 五月、能登国・安房国・石城国・石背国の四国を建てる。
- In May, four provinces (Noto, Awa, Iwaki and Iwase) were established.
- これらの不満の高まりが壬申の乱の背景となっていった。
- These growing complaints became the background of the Jinshin War.
- 無地の白衣もあるが、普通は背の中央に縦に文字が入る。
- There are plain Byakue costumes, but they usually have letters printed on the back.
- が、山背大兄王を推薦した叔父の境部摩理勢を殺害した。
- However, Emishi murdered his uncle SAKAIBE no Marise who recommended Prince Yamashiro no Oe as the Emperor Suiko's successor
- 私は天下万民のために、あえて遺命に背くこととする」。
- I dare to disobey his will for the common people.'
- だが、三木夫妻は主命に背いて密かに出産させたという。
- Mr. and Mrs. Miki, however, disobeyed their master and secretly allowed Hisako to give birth.
- この思想を背景として、中国に条坊制の王城が発祥した。
- The Jobosei-type capital was developed in China based on this concept.
- 桓武天皇は784年、山背国に遷都して長岡京を造営した。
- In 784, Emperor Kanmu relocated the capital to Yamashiro Province and built Nagaoka-Kyo.
- 義理は抗戦を試みるが紀伊国の国人はみな背いてしまった。
- Yoshitada tried to resist, but every local lord in the Kii province was against him.
- 叔父の背奈行文を頼り、上洛したという(『続日本紀』)。
- He went up to the capital, seeking support from his uncle, SENA no Yukifumi (according to the 'Shoku Nihongi'[Chronicle of Japan Continued]).
- 時代背景:条約体制の東漸 ―国際法移入前後の国際秩序―
- Period background: Gradual penetration of the treaty system to the east - International order around the time of introduction of international law -
- 廻り込んで日を背にして(西を向いて)戦おう」と言った。
- We should move to fight with the Sun on our back (facing the West).'
- そのためフランスも朝鮮近代化に関与していた背景がある。
- Therefore, France had also interfered in modernization of Korea.
- 島津義弘は泗川新城を背に強固な陣を張り、伏兵を配置した。
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU formed a strong battle formation with the New Sacheon Waeseong at its back and positioned ambush soldiers.
- また、それを背景に、引き続き警察が没収により徹底させた。
- As such, the police completely enforced this law and completely confiscated such weapons.
- 神埼の豪族である松浦党山代氏の力を背景に武士として土着。
- Mitsusue settled down there as a samurai backed up by the Yamashiro clan of Matsuura Party, who was the local ruling family in Kanzaki.
- やがて小早川秀秋の背信を機に西軍の戦線は次々に崩壊した。
- Before long, the armies of the Western Camp collapsed one by one, triggered by the betrayal of Hideaki.
- 壬申の乱の勃発時、友背は近江宮がある大津市にいたらしい。
- When the Jinshin War broke out, Tomose was believed to be in Otsu where Omi no miya was located.
- 芹沢は背が高くでっぷり太っており、色白で目は小さかった。
- SERIZAWA was tall, stout, had a fair complexion and small eyes.
- 異母弟の師輔が長身であったのに対し、実頼は背が低かった。
- Although his half-brother Morosuke was tall, Saneyori was short.
- 元続等急駆してこれに赴き黒田隊を助けて敵の側背に突撃する。
- Those incuding Mototsugu rushed for and helped the Kuroda troops by attacking the enemy's rear and flank.
- 景虎は北条高広を降すが、背後にいる晴信との対立は深まった。
- Although Kagetora defeated Takahiro KITAJO, confrontation between Kagetora and Harunobu, who controlled Takahiro in the background, became more serious.
- 古代の日本においては国家の背骨は大阪湾、瀬戸内海にあった。
- In the ancient period of Japan, the backbone of the nation was in Osaka Bay and the Seto Inland Sea.
- それには謙信の『義』という志が背景にあったのかも知れない。
- This may indicate that Kenshin had the vision of 'justice' at the background.
- 黒田参軍は衝背軍を部署し、次の方面への一斉進撃を企図した。
- Sangun Kuroda stationed Shohaigun and planned simultaneous attacks in the following areas:
- しかしこのような国際的背景を幕府が知りえたか定かではない。
- It is uncertain, however, whether or not the Bakufu would be able to learn in such a global background.
- 山背大兄王の奴三成と舎人10数人が矢で土師娑婆連を殺した。
- Prince Yamashiro no oe's fellow Mitsunari (三成) and more that a dozen toneri (palace servant) fought back, killed HAJI no Ite Muraji with an arrow and left horse bones to make Iruka believe Prince had died.
- ただし唐本御影に兄の聖徳太子、甥の山背大兄王と写っている。
- But he was with his elder brother Prince Shotoku and his nephew Prince Yamashiro no oe in Tohon Miei (Portrait of Prince Shotoku).
- 30丁石の傍らには、船形光背の石造半肉彫り地蔵道標もある。
- Beside the stone 3270 meters away from the river (called 'sanju-cho-ishi'), there is also a guidepost of stone jizo which has Funagata-kohai (boat-shaped halo) and was carved in the style of hannikubori (mezzo-rilievo).
- 弥勒磨崖仏 元弘の変で焼失し、現在は舟形光背の輪郭が残る。
- Maitreya Magaibutsu was lost in the Genko no hen, the Genko Incident; at present, the outline of boat-shaped halo remains.
- 有力な皇位継承の候補者としては田村皇子と山背大兄王がいた。
- The Prince Tamura and the Prince Yamashiro no oe were the main candidates for the succession to the Imperial Throne.
- 長政は義景との同盟関係を重視し、織田徳川軍を背後から急襲。
- Nagamasa laid importance on the alliance with Yoshikage and made a surprise attack on the army of Oda and Tokugawa from behind.
- さらに、同じ高句麗王族の背奈福徳と同一人物とする説もある。
- In addition, another theory exists where SENA no Fukutoku of the Koguryo Royal Family was the same person as KOMA no Jakko.
- 事件の背後には平氏と摂関家の強い反目があったと考えられる。
- It is believed that there was strong antagonism between the Taira clan and the sekkan family behind the incident.
- この後の内戦で塗部友背が果たした活動については記録がない。
- There are no records about achievements of NURIBE no Tomose in the civil war afterwards.
- また、この時代には屏風絵の背景などにも行基図が採用された。
- Also, in those days, Gyoki-zu was adopted as the background of paintings on a folding screen and etc.
- 世界を舞台に憂国の志士と美女を配し、政治的背景を展開する。
- With patriots and beautiful women being the main characters, the storyline develops along with the worldwide political contexts.
- うつそみの人にあるわれや明日よりは 二上山を弟背とわが見む
- Now you are dead, and still I live; from tomorrow I will see Mt. Futakami (also known as Mt. Nijo) as my brother.
- 律令法典は、法を統治の基礎に置く法家の思想を背景としていた。
- The Ritsuryo codes were based on the concept of Legalism, which made the law the basis for ruling the country.
- 蘇我蝦夷は、入鹿が山背大兄王を殺害したことを聞き、激怒した。
- SOGA no Iruka was furiously angry when he discovered that Iruka was responsible for the death of Prince Yamashiro no oe.
- 操作の内容は、舞台に敷かれた幕の撤去、背景の転換などである。
- They remove a rug on the stage or change settings.
- 計画が変更されている背景には不景気・需要の低迷などがあった。
- Sluggish demand, and an ongoing recession were named as the main culprits resulting in the modified plan.
- これが1083年(永保3年)に始まる後三年の役の背景である。
- The above is a background of the Gosannen no Eki (the Later Three Years' War) which started in 1083.
- この男が戦の恐怖に乱心して、突然秀政に背後から切りかかった。
- Jingobei lost his mind because of fear of battle and suddenly attacked Hidemasa with a sword from behind.
- やむなく辰次郎はみねを背中に背負い、飛騨へ向かう事となった。
- Unwillingly Tatsujiro carried Mine on his back and headed to Hida.
- 義広の鎌倉の頼朝攻撃の背景には、義仲の存在があったのである。
- The presence of Yoshinaka was in the background of Yoshihiro's attack on Yoritomo in Kamakura.
- 北部に山代国造が、南部に山背国造が並立していたという説もある。
- One theory has it that Yamashiro no Kuni no Miyatsuko (山代国造) in the northern part and Yamashiro no Kuni no Miyatsuko (山背国造) in the southern part coexisted.
- 峰定寺仁王門(ぶじょうじにおうもん)〔京都市左京区花背原地町〕
- Niomon gate of Bujo-ji Temple [Hanase Harachi-cho, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City]
- このときの鋳銭が背面に「十三」と鋳込まれたものであるとされる。
- It is believed that a coin marked with letters of '十三' (13) on the reverse side was minted at this time.
- そして後には平家の権力を背景に、佐竹氏がその争奪戦に加わった。
- Based on the power of the Taira family, the Satake clan later took part in the scrambles.
- - 全ての教皇に関する大司教聖マラキの預言最初の公刊と時代背景
- The first publication of Prophecy of Archbishop Saint Malachi relating to all popes and its historical background
- 黒田清隆中将が参軍となり、この上陸衝背軍を指揮することにした。
- Lieutenant General Kiyotaka KURODA was appointed to Sangun to command the Shohaigun, which is to disembark.
- 一行は荷物を背負って足痛げな義経を最後尾に、安宅の関にむかう。
- The party heads for the Ataka barrier with Yoshitusne, who carries the baggage on his back and has sore feet in the tail end.
- 李鴻章と対面した際、巨漢の李に次のように背の低さを揶揄された。
- When he met with Li Hung Chang, Li who was a man of gigantic stature teased him about his small stature, as follows.
- 山背王が仲麻呂に「奈良麻呂らが兵器を準備している」と密告した。
- Prince Yamashiro informed against Nakamaro as 'Naramaro and others prepare weapons.'
- 翌年、有馬氏の親戚である安徳城主・安徳純俊が龍造寺氏に背いた。
- The following year, Sumitoshi ANTOKU, lord of Antoku-jo Castle and relative of the Arima clan, betrayed the Ryuzoji clan.
- 死因については、胃潰瘍、背中にできた腫瘍、脚気などの説がある。
- There are a number of theories about the cause of his death such as a stomach ulcer, tumor on his back, and beriberi.
- 押坂彦人大兄皇子の子舒明天皇と、聖徳太子の子山背大兄王である。
- One of them was a son of Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oe no Miko (Prince Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oe), Tamura no Miko (Emperor Jomei), the other was a son of Shotoku Taishi, Yamashiro no Oe no Okimi (Prince Yamashiro no Oe).
- 頭はともかく背鰭のあるサメの背をウサギが横に跳ぶ絵は描けない。
- The heads can be an exception, but a picture of a hare hopping across the backs of sharks that have dorsal fins cannot be drawn.
- 「生ひにけらしな」は成長して背丈が高くなったという意味である。
- Oinikerashina (I grew taller)' means the boy matured and grew taller.
- この夜、三方堺の鵬翼隊二番中隊も襲われ、弾薬不足のため背進した。
- In this night, the 2nd company of the Hoyoku-tai troop in Sanpokai was also attacked and forced to retreat due to lack of ammunition.
- そういったことなどを背景として、幕藩体制は次第に動揺していった。
- With these situations as a background, the bakufu-domain system gradually became shaky.
- 堅田は琵琶湖の狭窄部に位置しており、背後に堅田丘陵を有している。
- Katata is placed in the stricture and has Katata Hills behind it.
- 茂兵衛は盛岡藩の借財を背負い、かつ役人の無謬性の犠牲者となった。
- Burdened with the debts of the Morioka Domain, Mohei was a victim of the inerrancy of government officials.
- 豊後国芦屋浦の戦いで平家方を撃破し、平家の背後の遮断に成功する。
- They destroyed the Taira family's force at the Battle of Ashiyaura in Bungo Province and succeeded in blocking the Taira family's way.
- 突如として数万の一向一揆軍によって、背後から襲撃されたのである。
- All of a sudden, it was attacked in the rear by the troops of Ikko-ikki (an uprising raised by believers of the Ikkoshu sect [a sect of Buddhism]).
- 『日本書紀』には山背大兄王が聖徳太子の子であるという記載がない。
- 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) doesn't describe that Prince Yamashiro is the child of Prince Shotoku.
- 『装潢手実』、『正倉院万葉仮名文書』など数多くの紙背文書がある。
- There are many types of shihai monjo including 'Sokoshujitsu' (voucher issued by a bookbinder) and 'Shosoin Manyo-gana Monjo' (two sets of monjo exclusively written in manyo-gana stored in the Shosoin Treasure House).
- 長官と次官の職掌が同じとされた背景には、位階制度が関係している。
- The court rank system was behind the definition that the responsibility of Kami and that of Suke was same.
- しかし、ロシアは強大な軍事力を背景に日本への圧力を増していった。
- However, Russia increased pressure on Japan with its massive military power.
- 川中島に海津城(長野県長野市松代町)を築き、景虎の背後を脅かした。
- Shingen built Kaizu-jo Castle (located in Matsushiro-cho, Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture) to threaten the rear side of Kagetora.
- 寺社に属さない僧侶である聖の教えが広く普及する背景がそこにあった。
- Thus, teaching by hijiri who didn't belong to temples and shrines were widespread.
- 大力の畠山重忠は馬を損ねてはならじと馬を背負って岩場を駆け下った。
- Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, who had enormous physical strength, carried his horse upon his back and ran down the hill because he was afraid of injuring his horse.
- 有力な皇位継承権者には舒明天皇と山背大兄王(聖徳太子の子)がいた。
- Emperor Jomei and Prince Yamashiro no Oe (a son of Prince Shotoku) claimed the right of succession to the Imperial Throne.
- 更に山背大兄王の暗殺には、多数の皇族が加わっていたと言われている。
- Also it is assumed that many imperial families were involved in the attempted assassination of Prince Yamashiro.
- 背後の九州は範頼に制圧されており、既に平家に退路はなくなっていた。
- As the Kyushu region in their rear had already been suppressed by Noriyori, the Taira family had no line of retreat.
- 山背直小林は舎人の中の一人であったが、その他に知られることはない。
- YAMASHIRO no Atai Obayashi was one of the toneris among the party, but nothing else is known about him.
- この書物の中で日本で初めて「背広」という言葉を使用したと言われる。
- It is said that the word 'sebiro' (business suit) was used in the book for the first time in Japan.
- 團十郎は結局新堀座の座元を兼ねて借財を背負わなければならなかった。
- After all, Danjuro, doubling as the Zamoto of Shinbori-za Theater, had to pay its debt.
- 山下の湯屋、越前屋佐兵衛と二人で交互に宮を背負って三河島まで脱出。
- He and Sahe ECHIZENYA who ran a bathhouse in Yamashita took turns in carrying the prince on his shoulder as they were fleeing to Mikawashima.
- 万葉仮名、仮名消息など、かなの発達史上、重要な紙背文書が多くある。
- There are many important shihai monjo in the history of the development of kana (syllabic Japanese scripts) related to manyo-gana (an ancient form of Japanese kana using Chinese characters to represent Japanese sounds) and kanashosoku (a letter written in kana).
- その背後には、室町幕府の権威回復を謀る足利義輝などの思惑もあった。
- There was a hidden motive by Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA to restore the authority of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 一方、人間は短命のうちに死ななければならない運命を背負ったという。
- On the other hand, people shoulder the fate of dying with a short life.
- わが背子を大和に遣るとさ夜深けて 暁(あかとき)露にわが立ち濡れし
- To see my brother off for Yamato, I stood outside in sorrow at midnight until I was drenched with early morning dew.
- 誇張はしているものの、合戦時の時代背景を探る書物として有用である。
- They are exaggerated, but useful as reference when exploring the historical background of when a battle occurred.
- 五島玄雅は、得意の水軍を率いてこれを救援、明軍の背後を突き突撃した。
- Harumasa GOTO, lead his navy to the rescue of his friends, attacking the Ming army from behind.
- この背景には山部親王とそれを擁立する藤原家の陰謀があったと目される。
- Behind this, it is suspected that the Imperial Prince Yamanobe and the Fujiwara family that supported him masterminded the conspiracy.
- こうして涵養した実力を背景として、清盛は後白河と深く結びついていた。
- With such a background of accumulating power, Kiyomori was deeply connected with Goshirakawa.
- 受領は、その強大な権限を背景に、莫大な蓄財を行うことも可能であった。
- By utilizing his immense influence, the zuryo was able to accumulate immense wealth.
- また、斯波高経の軍は山の手から会下山に陣する楠木正成の背後に回った。
- The army of Takatsune SHIBA circled round from Yamanote to the rear of Masashige KUSUNOKI who had stationed his forces in Egenoyama.
- また脊という字は一般的に「背」を用いるが、本来は「脊」の字が正しい。
- Hanase-toge is usually written as '花背峠,' however originally it had been written as '花脊峠.'
- 元亀4年(1573年)3月には将軍・足利義昭と同盟して信長に背いた。
- In April 1573 he allied himself with Shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA and rebelled against Nobunaga,
- 反乱の背景には、鎌倉方の強権支配にたいする反発があったと推測される。
- As a background of this rebellion, it is suggested that there was a backlash against the authoritarian control by the Kamakura (Minamoto) side.
- (そのとき)近藤勇より命を受けた原田左之助に背後から斬りつけられた。
- Then he was cut down from behind by Sanosuke HARADA who was ordered by Isami KONDO.
- その後も大正時代に入ると、政党は大正デモクラシーを背景に勢力を伸張。
- After that, in the Taisho period, political parties extended their power in a climate of Taisho Democracy (a series of liberal movements in the Taisho period).
- 地侍らは境内都市根来の富力を背景に和泉南部へと勢力圏を拡大していった。
- Jizamurai had expanded their spheres of influence to the southern part of the Izumi Province with a background of the financial power of Keidai toshi Negoro.
- この借金の背景には、陸軍省保管の現銀が価格低落を被っていたことがある。
- The background of this borrowings was the declined price of silver coins kept by the Ministry of Army.
- 薩軍は当初、山田街道から城山北方に出、背面から官軍を攻撃しようとした。
- Initially, the Satsuma army tried to go to the northern area of Shiroyama from the Yamada Highway and to attack the government army in the rear.
- 大海人皇子は誉めて高市の手をとり背を撫でて、「慎め、怠るな」といった。
- Prince Oama, in praising him, took Tekechi's hand and gave him a pat on the back, saying, 'Be cautious and don't relax.'
- 広刀自が聖武天皇の妻となった背景には、前出の三千代の存在が大いにある。
- The background of Hirotoji's marriage with Emperor Shomu closely related to the existence of the Michiyo.
- 藩兵千名を率いて上洛した久光は日本中の尊王派の希望をその身に背負った。
- Hisamitsu entered Kyoto at the head of 1,000 domain soldiers, carrying with him the hopes of royalists from across Japan.
- 長岡京が平安京に移されてのちはその後背地として農業を産業の中心とした。
- After the capital was transferred from Nagaoka-kyo to Heian-kyo, agriculture became the main industry in the area as a backland for the new capital.
- 京都バス32番花背線の能見口下車、徒歩約3時間(約11キロメートル)。
- Route 32 of Kyoto Bus (the Hanase route): Get off at Nomi-guchi and walk for about three hours (approx. eleven kilometers).
- 蝦夷の子の蘇我入鹿は山背大兄王を襲い、上宮王家一家を自殺に追いこんだ。
- SOGA no Iruka, Emishi's son, attacked the Prince Yamashiro no Oe, and drove the whole family of Jogu Oke to commit suicide.
- 漆部友背(ぬりべのともせ、生没年不明)は、日本の飛鳥時代の人物である。
- NURIBE no Tomose is a person who lived during Japan's Asuka period, although his birth and death dates are not known.
- 後で書かれた文書が主体となるので、先に書かれた文書が紙背(裏)となる。
- Because the monjo written later was considered the main one, the one written first was regarded as being written on the back side of the paper.
- その背景には元老のなかでただ一人存命していた西園寺公望の意向があった。
- In the background of this lay Kinmochi SAIONJI's intention, who was the only survivor of the Genro (elder statesman).
- 背景には同時期に清国で勃発した阿片戦争による危機感があったと思われる。
- In the background of his foreign policy, there seems to have been a sense of crisis aroused by Opium Wars (waged and won by Britain, and after this China became like a colony of Western countries) that broke out in Qing dynasty China around then.
- この背景には早良親王が怨霊になったとする説と関係があると言われている。
- This seems to have had something to do with the legend that Imperial Prince Sawara had become a vengeful ghost.
- 3月1日から、左翼の第三軍と第二軍が奉天の側面から背後へ向けて前進した。
- From March 1st, the IJA Third Army and Second Army on the left wing advance to flank Russian positions in Fengtian.
- 百姓層の団結を背景として、国司・荘園領主に必ずしも従わない名主も現れた。
- Against the background of the increasing solidarity among farmers, some myoshu farmers even refused to obey their rulers.
- 関東制圧を目指す政虎にとって、背後の信越国境を固めることは急務であった。
- For Masatora who was aiming to conquer Kanto, it was urgent to secure the border of Shinano and Echigo Provinces behind them.
- 南北朝合一時に国衙領がほとんど残っていなかったのはこのような背景による。
- Because of this, by the time the Northern and Southern Courts were unified, almost no kokuga (public) territories remained.
- 日本の産業界が当時、国産第一を標榜していた背景で考察する事も可能である。
- It is also possible that the pun arose from the background of Japan's industrial community at the time which championed domestic products.
- 頼朝は白糸葛の水干を着て立烏帽子を被り、郎等50人が背後に群居していた。
- Yoritomo was attired in Suikan (everyday garment worn by commoners in ancient Japan) made of shiraitokuzu (white gross cloth) and a tateeboshi, and was followed by an entourage of 50 retainers.
- 3月14日午前10時頃、城内大廊下にて浅野から額と背中を斬りつけられた。
- At about ten o'clock on the morning of April 21, ASANO slashed at him with a sword in a great corridor of the castle.
- 山代小田は山背部小田と同一人で、この日かその少し前に死んだと推測できる。
- It seems reasonable to assume that YAMASHIRO no Oda was the same person as YAMASHIROBE no Oda and died on that day or a little while before.
- 大宝3年(703年)7月5日に、正五位下の黄文連大伴は山背国守になった。
- On August 21, 703, KIFUMI no Otomo who was Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) was appointed as the governor of Yamashiro Province.
- 足利義稙が放生津に滞在したことを背景に、飯尾宗祇ら連歌師などが来遊した。
- Renga (linked-verse) poets and so on including Sogi IO came over in consideration of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA's stay at Hojozu.
- 画面には歌人の姿のみを描き、背景や調度品等は一切描かないのが原則である。
- In principle, such portraits should depict only the figure of a poet without any scenery or furnishings.
- 「院宣に背いて頼朝軍と戦うのであれば、宣旨によらず義仲一身の資格で行え。」
- If you fight with Yoritomo's army, disobeying inzen (a decree from the Cloistered Emperor), do it in your own right.
- 地方統治における郡の役割の低下と、国の役割の向上が背景にあるとも言われる。
- Behind this trend was the fact that a role of a county diminished on local governance and a country started to have a greater role.
- 北朝はこれらの制度を背景に国力を増強していき、次第に南朝を圧迫していった。
- The Northern Dynasties enhanced the national power based on the systems to gradually become a threat to the Southern Dynasties.
- 妹背山婦女庭訓(いもせやまおんなていきん)は、人形浄瑠璃及び歌舞伎の演目。
- 'Imose-yama Onna Teikin' (Proper Upbringing of a Young Lady at Mount Imose) is a play of Ningyo Joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) and Kabuki.
- その後はまだ山背大兄王や後の天智天皇こと異母弟の天智天皇等競争相手がいた。
- There were still many rivals after that, including the Prince Yamashiro no oe and the Emperor Tenchi, a younger paternal half-brother.
- 平城京時代の木簡を見る限り、山代国、山背国と表記は並存しているようである。
- Based on the writings of 'mokkan'-strips of wood used for writing during the Heijo-kyo (Heijo Palace) period, the notations of Yamashiro no Kuni as 山代国 and 山背国 seem to have coexisted with 山城国.
- 山背小林(やましろのおばやし、生没年不明)は、日本の飛鳥時代の人物である。
- YAMASHIRO no Obayashi (year of birth and death unknown) was person of the Asuka Period in Japan.
- 事件の背景には、日本陸軍が冬季訓練を緊急の課題としていたことが挙げられる。
- Japan's consideration that wintertime training was to be the most urgent task was the background of the incident.
- 2000年には礫川全次が『史疑 幻の家康論』を著し、同書の背景を検証した。
- In 2000, Zenji ISOKAWA wrote a document titled 'Question in History: Phantom Story of Ieyasu', which examined the background of MURAOKA's book.
- 武断政治(ぶだんせいじ)とは、武力を背景にして行われる専制的な政治のこと。
- Budan Seiji is an authoritarian government based on military power.
- 恋歌にも秀作はあるものの、題詠で作歌背景の判然とせぬものがほとんどである。
- Some of his poetry of love are excellent, but they were composed on given themes without obvious background.
- 篠田雄次郎『日本人とドイツ人 猫背の文化と胸を張る文化』光文社 1997年
- 'The Japanese and the German; a culture of hunchback versus a culture of chest out' by Yujiro SHINODA, Kobunsha Co., Ltd, 1997
- その背景には、イギリス公使ハリー・パークスからの徳川家温存の圧力があった。
- A background story, posed the theory that the official British minister, Harry PARKES, applied pressure for the continuance of the Tokugawa family line upon Saigo.
- 『助六』の成立とその変遷の背景には、歴代の市川團十郎が密接に関わっている。
- Danjuro ICHIKAWA of successive generations have been deeply involved with the establishment and transition of 'Sukeroku' behind the scenes.
- 義経が70騎を率い、険阻な一の谷の背後(鵯越)から攻撃を仕掛けたことが分る。
- According to these descriptions, we can understand that Yoshitsune led seventy cavalrymen and started his attack on the Taira clan from the rear side of Ichinotani (Hiyodorigoe), which contained a steep precipice.
- こうした背景の中、藩閥出身で陸軍の影響力が強い第三次桂太郎内閣が組閣された。
- The third administration of Taro KATSURA, a member of the Meiji oligarchy representing dominant former feudal domains and strongly influenced by the Japanese Imperial Army, was formed under these circumstances.
- 背景に、次期将軍を予定されていた足利義視の排斥問題も絡んでいると伝えられる。
- It is said that the expulsion of the anticipated successor as shogun, Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, was involved in the events leading up to the dispute.
- 景行12年(82年)熊襲が背いたので、これを征伐すべく、8月に天皇自ら西下。
- In 82, since Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district) disobeyed him, the Emperor himself left for the west to conquer them in August.
- 道具(背景)も旅程に合せて次々転換させたり、奴をからませるなどの演出がある。
- The set (scenery) is frequently changed according to the itinerary of the trip, and yakko (varlet) are also involved.
- そうした不満を背景として1180年に後白河の皇子以仁王が反平氏の兵を挙げた。
- With such complaints in the background, Prince Mochihito, a son of the retired Emperor Goshirakawa, rose in arms to subjugate the Taira clan in 1180.
- 「やましろ」は、古くは山代と書き、7世紀に山背国という表記で国が建てられた。
- 'Yamashiro' was written as 山代 in ancient times, and in the 7th century, the province (kuni) was founded with the name written as 山背国.
- 翌23日、家茂は参内して武力を背景に長州再征を奏上したが、許可されなかった。
- The next day, on the 23rd, Iemochi visited the Imperial Palace with military power as background to report the attacks Choshu again, but it was not approved.
- 小川清助の名はこの塔の台座背面に刻まれた7人の石工の筆頭として刻まれている。
- The name of Seisuke OGAWA, listed at the top of seven stonemasons, is inscribed on the back.
- 守屋と中臣勝海は「国神に背いて他神を敬うなど、聞いたことがない」と反対した。
- Moriya and NAKATOMI no Katsumi strongly disagreed with this saying 'we have never heard of any emperor worship the God of a foreign country and not his own.'
- 他、背広着用時に佩用するバッジ型(七宝焼き)の徽章でも五芒星が使われていた。
- In addition, the badge type (cloisonne) mark, worn when they were in business suit, used Gobosei.
- また、詠歌背景を詳しく説明する長文の詞書が多く、散文的特色が指摘されている。
- Some pointed out that the collection contained numerous lengthy forewords to poems explaining where and why they were composed, so it has prosaic character.
- また1019年の刀伊の入寇の後、山を背にした地に防備を固めたという記述がある。
- It is also described that the Dazaifu fortified the area with the hills behind after the Toi invasion in 1019.
- 背面に波を描きウコン色に輝くこの銭貨は波銭(なみせん)とも呼ばれ好評であった。
- The coin which had a display of waves on the reverse side and struck turmeric gleam was called Nami-sen (literally, 'wave coin') and was well received.
- 午前10時頃、桐野率いる右翼隊は迂回して石貫にある官軍の背後連絡線を攻撃した。
- Around 10 o'clock in the morning, the right flank led by KIRINO made a detour to destroy the government army's line of communications in Ishinuki.
- 官軍は7月6日、国分に進入して背後より踊の薩軍を攻撃し、薩軍は大窪に退却した。
- On July 6, the government army entered from Kokubu and attacked the rear side of the Satsuma army in Odori, making it retreat to Okubo.
- 平群広成はこのような背景のもとに、派遣が決定された遣唐使節の判官に任命された。
- Under the circumstances, HEGURI no Hironari was appointed the hangan for the envoys who were decided to be sent to Tang China.
- 6頭身で胴長、猫背気味という、屈折した情念の籠(こも)った女性像が特徴である。
- One of the characteristics of his style was an image of not so well-proportioned, long-torsoed and a little stooped women filled with distorted emotions.
- 菟らは箸陵で自隊の正面の敵を撃破してから鯨の部隊の背後を断ち、敵を敗走させた。
- After defeating the enemy in front of their own troop in Hashihaka, Usagi and his comrades attacked Kujira's troop in the rear and routed the enemy.
- 入鹿は巨勢徳太、土師娑婆連の軍勢をさしむけ、山背大兄王の住む斑鳩宮を攻めさせた。
- Iruka sent troops led by KOSE no Tokuta and HAJI no Saba no Muraji to attack Ikaruganomiya Palace where Prince Yamashiro no Oe resided.
- こうした事業を幕府が許可した背景には、幕末という当時の世情が大きく影響している。
- The Tokugawa government permitted this project as a result of the circumstances during the last days of its reign.
- 特に天武は、軍事力により皇位を奪取したことを背景として、絶対的な権力を行使した。
- Especially Emperor Tenmu, who usurped the Imperial throne with the military, exercised absolute powers.
- これを背景として徐々に勢力を拡大すべく安芸国内の大内義隆支持の国人衆を攻撃した。
- From there, he attacked the kokujin lords who supported Yoshitaka OUCHI in Aki Province, gradually extending his power.
- 越後の戦闘が決してから、黒田は秋田に上陸して庄内を背後から攻略する作戦を立てた。
- After the conclusion of the battle in Echigo, Kuroda planed a strategy to land on Akita Prefecture and capture Shonai from behind.
- 甲府商人の経済力を背景に江戸から広重ら著名な絵師が招かれて幕絵製作を行っている。
- The economic power of merchants in Kofu enabled them to invite famous painters like Hiroshige from Edo to produce the banner paintings.
- 聖徳太子の妃で、山背大兄王らの生母である刀自古郎女と同一人物とされることもある。
- She was a legitimate wife of Prince Shotoku; It is sometimes said that she was TOJIKO no iratsume who was the real mother of Prince Yamashiro no oe.
- 信長は、上洛した勢いと義昭の権威を背景として、上洛してすぐに畿内をほぼ制圧した。
- Nobunaga, building on the momentum and using Yoshiaki's authority, conquered almost all of Kinai region right after he entered Kyoto.
- これらの書が書かれた背景には、元和偃武により江戸幕府の基礎が固まったことがある。
- The gunki-mono were composed against the backdrop of the Edo bakufu's political stabilization after Genna-Enbu (the peaceful state after the Genna era).
- 事件の背景には、鵜野讃良皇后の意向があったとする見方が有力である(直木孝次郎)。
- The opinion that Empress Uno no Sarara pulled the wire is dominant (Kojiro NAOKI).
- 主に本歌を背景として用いることで奥行きを与えて表現効果の重層化を図る際に用いた。
- This technique was used to give depth by using the original as a background and to make the expressive effect multilayered.
- 699年に三野城・稲積城が築かれ、律令国家は軍事力を背景とした支配を進めはじめる。
- In 699, Mino-jo Castle and Inazumi-jo Castle were constructed and ritsuryo kokka began to apply control backed by military force.
- その威光を背景に対外勢力の侵略を防いだり、自らの支配権の正当化が図られたのである。
- In this case, they protected themselves from outside enemies or justified their ruling authority based on their positions.
- 一 関白、伝奏並ニ奉行職事等申渡ス儀、堂上地下ノ輩相背クニ於テハ流罪トナスベキ事。
- 一 関白、伝奏並ニ奉行職事等申渡ス儀、堂上地下ノ輩相背クニ於テハ流罪トナスベキ事。
- こうした変化の背景には、地方の新興地主層による大土地所有や官僚進出の進展があった。
- Against the backdrop of these changes, there occurred developments such as the emerging regional landholders gaining large tracts of land and the rise of the bureaucrats.
- 義経伝説を背景に、武勇に優れ一軍の将に相応しく情理をわきまえた人物として描かれる。
- Based on the legend of Yoshitsune, he is described as a hero who was rational and perfect for a sho (commander) of an army.
- 一般的にその背景には時平と道真の確執が主な理由とされるが、それだけが理由ではない。
- In the general background of this event, the main reason for the conspiracy is considered to be the antagonism between Tokihira and Michizane, but there were other reasons as well.
- この背景には以前から交流のあったアーネスト・フェノロサの意見があったと考えられる。
- Ernest Fenollosa, whom Kuki had known for some time, seems to have suggested this to Kuki.
- やがて山背大兄の説得により自邸に戻るが、ほどなく泊瀬仲王が死去し、後ろ盾を失った。
- Although he was persuaded by Yamashiro no Oe no Okimi and went back to his house, soon after that, Hatsuse no Naka no Okimi died, and Marise lost his biggest supporter.
- 東大寺大仏光背の造作や、百万塔を収める小塔殿・頭塔(土でできた塔)の造営を行った。
- He had the halo made for the Great Buddha at Todai-ji Temple, Nara, as well as building a Shotoden to store the Hyakumanto (known as the Hyakumanto Dharani: the one million pagodas and Dharani prayers) and Zuto (pyramid-like pagoda made of clay and stone).
- 早くから山岳仏教を背景とする聖(ひじり)の系統に属する法華経持経者として知られた。
- From his youth, he was known as a Hokkekyo jikyosha (devotee of the Lotus Sutra) belonging to the hijiri (wandering monk) group with a background of Mountain Buddhism.
- 背丈は1丈・18丈等様様(どちらにしても当時の日本人の平均身長より遥かに大きい)。
- The height varies from 3.03 to 54.54 meters depending on descriptions, but it was far taller than the average Japanese at that time anyway.
- この法令が出された背景には、「公地公民制」と関わりがあるのではないかという説がある。
- There is a theory that the background of the edict is related to Kochi Komin sei (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens).
- このように、関東における武士の発生は、馬の生産地を背景にしていた考えることができる。
- As could be seen, the origin of bushi in Kanto region had the background of horse breeding grounds.
- 入鹿が山背大兄王一族を滅ぼした暴挙を聞いた蝦夷は「自分の身を危うくするぞ」と嘆いた。
- When Emishi heard about Iruka's outrage against Prince Yamashiro no Oe and his family, he responded by saying 'you put yourself in danger.'
- 山背大兄王は斑鳩寺に戻り、王子とともに自殺して聖徳太子の血をひく上宮王家は滅亡した。
- After returning to Ikaruga-dera Temple, Prince Yamashiro no Oe committed suicide with his children which led to the fall of Jogu Oke by leaving no descendants of Prince Shotoku.
- 不改常典における近江令説退場の背景には、ほぼ同時期に唱えられた近江令非存在説がある。
- Recession of the Omi-Ryo theory in the discussion about Fukai-no-Joten was due to the Omi-Ryo nonexistence theory, which was advocated almost at the same moment.
- 山中で山背大兄王発見の報をうけた蘇我入鹿は高向国押に逮捕するように命ずるが断られる。
- SOGA no Iruka got information discovering Prince Yamashiro no oe in the mountain and issued an order to TAKAMUKU no Kunioshi to arrest him, but he refused.
- この背景には朝儀復活や王政復古運動に尽力していた父・霊元天皇の意向が強く働いていた。
- As to the background of this movement, there was a strong intention of his father, Emperor Reigen who worked hard to restore the events of the Imperial Palace and the movement to restore the monarchy.
- 「昔あなたと遊んでいた幼い日に、井筒と背比べした私の背丈はずっと高くなりましたよ。」
- I have grown a lot taller than those days when I used to play with you and we compared our heights with the izutsu.'
- 本作は、初演時には時代設定や登場人物の背景が室町時代のそれに倣ったものになっていた。
- The characters and the historical backdrop of this program at the premiere followed those in the Muromachi period.
- また、政治的背景とは無関係に日本的な曲であって国歌に最もふさわしいとする意見がある。
- There is also an opinion without any political tinge that Kimigayo is a Japanese melody and most adequate for the national anthem.
- 山背国からは丹波国桑田郡(現在の京都府亀岡市)にも進出し、湿地帯の開拓などを行った。
- The group of families from Yamashiro Province expanded their territory into Kuwata County in Tanba Province (present-day Kameoka City, Kyoto Prefecture) and carried out projects such as wetland reclamation.
- そのため、「秀吉は清君、それに背いた家康は奸君」と偏った評価をされることが多かった。
- Therefore, the biased evaluation of 'Hideyoshi was a clean ruler, while Ieyasu was a cunning ruler' was often made.
- 紹安は救援を出すことの無かった島津方を恨み、すぐに島津氏に背いたが、城中の兵は混乱。
- Shoan resented and at once rebelled against the Shimazu clan which had not tried to help him, yet the army in the castle got confused.
- この荘園を設立できた背景には舅であった児玉経行の影響力と叔父、源義国の後援があった。
- The establishment of the manor depended on his father-in-law Tsuneyuki KODAMA's influence and his uncle MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni's support.
- 大仏殿以外の修造もすすみ、建久5年には院尊を中心とする院派によって光背がつくられた。
- In addition to the Great Buddha Hall, renovation for other facilities also proceeded further, and in 1194 the halo was produced by the masters of the In school led by Inson.
- 孝謙天皇が即位すると仲麻呂は孝謙天皇と光明皇太后の権威を背景に政権を完全に掌握した。
- After the enthronement of Empress Koken, Nakamaro completely took the reins of government, backed by the authority of Empress Koken and Empress Dowager Komyo.
- 若此御法度を相背 其者逃し候ニ付而は 其一人之代ニ三人首をきらせ 彼相手之所へ可下渡
- If this law is violated and the transgressor is deliberately set free, then two or three people must be decapitated in substitution for him or her and their heads must be handed to his or her former master.
- 頼朝は「意志に背く事は今度ばかりではない」と激怒して義経を平氏追討から外してしまう。
- Yoritomo was furious to hear that and excluded him from the mission to expel the Taira clan, saying, 'This is not the first time that he disobeyed my will.'
- 範頼も九州へ渡ることに成功し、最後の拠点である長門国彦島に拠る平氏の背後を遮断した。
- Noriyori also went to Kyushu, and cut the rear path out of Hiko-jima Island, Nagato Province, which was the last resort for the Taira clan.
- 材質は晒に限定され、家紋を背中、両胸、袖、袴の腰板と左右の相引下、合計8カ所に入れた。
- Its material was limited to bleached cotton, and Kamon (family crest) was put on eight places in total, back, chests, sleeves, koshiita and both sides of slacks side seam of hakama.
- 一定の租税額が確保できたことを背景として、朝廷は国司へ徴税・軍事などを委任していった。
- Against this background, the Imperial court started entrusting tax collection and military affairs to kokushi.
- 中には、経済力を背景として国司・荘園領主から名主職に任じられて名主階層となる者もいた。
- Some of these peasants were even appointed as myoshu by territorial governors or manorial lords and became members of the myoshu class.
- 蝦夷は山背大兄王を推す叔父の境部摩理勢を滅ぼして、田村皇子を即位させることを強行する。
- Emishi enthroned Prince Tamura by murdering his uncle SAKAIBE no Marise who recommended Prince Yamashiro no Oe.
- 妖怪探訪家・村上健司は、牛御前が寺を襲ったことには宗教的な対立が背景にあるとしている。
- Kenji MURAKAMI, a searcher of specters, says there was a religious conflict behind the story that Ushi gozen attacked the temple.
- そのため、迂闊に匙を背筋を伸ばしたまま口元に運ぶと、胸元に料理がこぼれてしまいやすい。
- Therefore, if they carelessly bring spoon closer to our mouths with our back ramrod-strait, they tend to spill the food on front of clothes.
- しかし久秀は、信長が義昭と対立して信長包囲網が敷かれて窮地に陥ると、これに背いている。
- However, when Nobunaga became opposed to Yoshiaki and faced a predicament because a military cordon around Nobunaga had been organized, Hisahide betrayed Nobunaga.
- そういった背景から、この集落の建築や生活様式はいろいろな地方の影響を受けたといわれる。
- It is said that, due to the reason as mentioned above, the architecture and lifestyle of this village were influenced by those of various regions.
- 視界は開け、展望も良いが足場は急峻な馬の背状になった箇所も多く、鎖場もあり危険も伴う。
- It has a broad visual field and a great view, but also has many steep horseback-like paths as well as spots with a chain handrail which are dangerous to go.
- これは、国際法が存在してなお、拡大し続ける植民地分割競争が激化する矛盾が背景にあった。
- The background factor was continuous widespread battles for colonies under international law.
- 朱鳥元年(686年)、4月27日、多紀皇女・山背姫王・石川夫人が伊勢神宮に遣わされた。
- On May 27, 686, Taki no Himemiko, Yamashiro Hime no Okimi, and Mrs. ISHIKAWA were sent to Ise-jingu Shrine.
- 720年(養老4年)山背摂官となり、その後征隼人持節大将軍として隼人の反乱を鎮圧した。
- 720: Appointed to Inspector of Yamashiro and later, as Seihayato jisetsutaishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the Hayato people'), suppressed an uprising of the Hayato people.
- この征韓論には1871年廃藩置県によって武士としての職を失った士族の不満が背景にあった。
- Behind this Seikanron there was dissatisfaction amongst the Shizoku (family or persons with samurai ancestors) who had lost their jobs as a result of Haihan-chiken in 1871.
- 8月12日、氏忠・氏勝勢10,000が家康の背後を襲うべく甲斐東部の郡内地方へ進撃した。
- On September 8, 10,000 soldiers led by Ujitada and Ujikatsu advanced to the Gunnai district in eastern Kai, in order to attack Ieyasu from behind.
- 山背の栗隈県(くるくまのあがた、京都府城陽市西北~久世郡久御山町)に潅漑用水を引かせた。
- He had an irrigation waterway built in Kurukuma no agata (from northwest of Joyo City, Kyoto Prefecture to Kumiyama Town, Kuse County).
- 永正13年(1516年)に引馬城(浜松市)の大河内貞綱が今川家に背き、斯波義達も加わる。
- In 1516, Sadatsuna OKOCHI of Hikuma-jo Castle (Hamamatsu City) betrayed the Imagawa family, and Yoshitatsu SHIBA joined him.
- 村田は篠原国幹・別府晋介とともに背面軍を指揮したが、熊本城は堅城ですぐには陥ちなかった。
- Murata, along with Kunimoto SHINOHARA and Shinsuke BEPPU, directed the backside of the besiegers; however, Kumamoto-jo Castle was a strong fortress and hard to destroy.
- 治承・寿永の乱では源範頼の軍奉行となり、山陽道を遠征し九州に渡り、平家の背後を遮断した。
- In the Jisho-Juei War, he was the military commissioner of the army of MINAMOTO no Noriyori and took an expedition through Sanyo-do Road to Kyushu to block the retreat of the Taira family.
- すなわち暦法は陽胡玉陳、天文遁甲は大友高聡、方術は山背日立を学ばせ、みな成業したという。
- Namely, YAKO no Tamafuru studied Rekiho (method of making calendars), OTOMO no Koso studied Tenmon tonko (a type of fortune telling), and YAMASHIRO no Hitate studied Hojutsu (arts and skills, including a kind of magic like producing elixir), and all of them reportedly acquired the necessary knowledge.
- 1584年(天正12年)、小牧・長久手の戦いに徳川方として参戦し、豊臣方の背後を脅かす。
- In 1584, he joined the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute on the Tokugawa side and threatened the back of the Toyotomi side.
- 忠常は強大な武力を背景に傍若無人に振る舞い、国司の命に従わず租税も納めなかったとされる。
- Tadatsune behaved outrageously with backing of the mighty military power and it is said he did not pay his taxes and disobeyed kokushi (provincial governor).
- 各地域において弥生集団が急激な人口の増加を背景に可耕地の拡大を求めた時期であるとされる。
- It is suspected that many settlements sought more cultivation areas in each region, due to the rapid increase in population of the Yayoi group.
- 幕末期を舞台にしており、生麦事件・蛤御門の変といった歴史上の事件を背景としたものもある。
- The series was set at the end of the Edo period, and some stories include historical events such as the Namamugi Incident and the Conspiracy of the Hamaguri-gomon Gate.
- 国家学会設立の背景には、近代日本の学問研究における「政治学」の自立が大きく関わっている。
- Independence of 'political science' in academic research of modern Japan was closely related to the background of foundation of Kokkagakkai.
- これらの資本活動には、職を失った代わりに秩禄を得た華族の資産による投資活動も背景にあった。
- The nobles, who received money called 'Chitsuroku' when losing their job, invested their money in these economic activities.
- 塔の東西にも金堂が置かれ、中門から出ている回廊はその外側を通って、金堂の背後で閉じている。
- It had two additional kondo situated to the east and west of the pagoda, with a corridor from the Chumon Gate that went around them and converged behind the kondo.
- 一ノ谷から遥かに離れた鵯越より、一ノ谷背後の鉄拐山の崖である方が戦況の説明が合理的になる。
- It is more logical to explain the battle assuming the location was the cliff of Tekkai-san Mountain, which is located on the rear side of Ichinotani, than assuming it was Hiyodorigoe, which is located a greater distance from the Ichinotani region.
- 第11代垂仁天皇の第10皇子、母は山背大国不遅の娘・綺戸辺(かむはたとべ、弟苅羽田刀弁)。
- He was the tenth prince of the eleventh Emperor Suinin, and his mother was the daughter of Yamashirookuni no Fuchi, Kamuhatatobe (written as 綺戸辺 or 弟苅羽田刀弁).
- 大学寮という公的機関を巡る氏族対立の副産物のような存在で、貴族政治の台頭を背景としていた。
- It seems they emerged from conflicts among clans about Daigakuryo, a public institution in the background of the rise of aristocracy.
- 徳川家康の禁中並公家諸法度制定の背景の一つは、この宮中座次の紛争に終止符を打つ目的だった。
- One of the purposes of the Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles) enacted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was to put an end to the disputes over the order of precedence at the Imperial Court.
- 守護大名は幕府から守護職に任命されたという権威を背景に、領国の支配を進めていったのである。
- The Shugo daimyos proceeded to exercise control over their lands by the authority that they were assigned to the position of Shugo by Bakufu.
- 舒明天皇の崩御後は、皇極天皇を擁立したが、山背大兄王の私民を使役して自らの墓所を作らせた。
- While Emishi set the Emperor Kyogoku on the throne after the Emperor Jomei's demise, he employed the Prince Yamashiro no oe's private retainers to make his own graveyard.
- しかし、そのために邪魔になる聖徳太子の王子、山背大兄王ら上宮王家の人々を自殺に追い込んだ。
- However, he drove those obstructive people in Jogu Oke (royal families) such as Prince Shotoku's son, Prince Yamashiro no Oe to suicide.
- 11日の箱館総攻撃では、自ら少数の兵を率いて背後の箱館山を占領し、敵を五稜郭に追い込んだ。
- During the general offensive on Hakodate on June 20, Kuroda commanded a small group of troops and occupied Mt. Hakodate to the rear before driving the enemy into Goryokaku.
- 戸籍などの律令制の公文書が反故として東大寺に渡り、その紙背を東大寺は記録紙などに利用した。
- After koseki (Japanese family registry) and other official documents under the ritsuryo system (the historical law system based on the philosophies of Confucianism and Chinese Legalism in Japan) ended up at Todai-ji Temple as scrap paper, the back side of that paper was used for creating records.
- 鏡背に神獣(神像と霊獣)が鋳出され、中国、魏 (三国)の年号を銘文中に含むものも多くある。
- The divine beasts (image of a deity and holy animals) were cast on the back and many mirrors included the names of eras of China and the Wei dynasty (Three States Period) in inscriptions.
- 前者の短甲はヤナギ材でつくられており、前胴に当たる部分と背当ての部分の2点が出土している。
- The former Tanko was made of a willow, and the frontal torso part and back part have been unearthed.
- 昼解けば 解けなへ紐の 我が背(せ)なに 相寄るとかも 夜解けやすけ(巻14・3483番)
- Hiru tokeba tokenahe himono wagasenani aiyorutokamo yorutokeyasuke(昼解けば 解けなへ紐の 我が背(せ)なに 相寄るとかも 夜解けやすけ) (Volume 14, 3483)
- 「井戸の縁の高さにも足りなかった自分の背丈が伸びて縁をこしたようですよ、貴女を見ない間に」
- I used to be shorter than the height of the well, but in all those years that I did not see you, I grew taller than the edge of the well.'
- 主に日本で、中世や近世において歴史的な背景や当時の社会情勢から生まれた町の形態の総称である。
- It was a general term for a city form developed in a historical background and social conditions during the Medieval and the Early Modern periods, mainly in Japan.
- 甲相駿三国同盟を背景に諏訪攻略をはじめ、小笠原氏、村上氏らは駆逐され信濃は武田領国化された。
- Backed up by the alliance of three countries, Kai, Sagami and Suruga, he began to attack Suwa and the Ogasawara clan and Murakami clan were ousted and Shinano became territory of the Takeda clan.
- また、本所の政治力を背景として関所における通行税や市場における営業税の免除の特権を獲得した。
- Additionally, a za received the privilege of exemptions from tolls at sekisho (checking stations) and business taxes in marketplaces backed up with the political power of their honjo.
- 幕末には朝廷権力の復活を背景に岩倉具視や三条実美など明治維新に功績を残した者を多数輩出した。
- At the end of the Edo period, with the background of a revival of chotei's authority, it produced many important figures, such as Tomomi IWAKURA and Sanemi SANJO who left great achievements during the Meiji Restoration.
- 一時織田信長に従うもののまもなく背き、信長の派遣した明智光秀に対して猛烈な抵抗を繰り広げた。
- He once served Nobunaga ODA, but soon betrayed him; he conflicted with Mitsuhide AKECHI, who was sent by Nobunaga.
- 法隆寺釈迦三尊像光背銘文について、大山説が援用する福山敏男説では後世の追刻ではないかとする。
- Toshio FUKUYAMA, whose opinion was quoted in support of Oyama's opinion, suspects that the halo inscription of the statue of Shaka Sanson Zo in Horyu-ji Temple was added in the later age.
- これを背景に全国諸大名、寺社、朝廷、そして天皇家までをもいくつもの法度で取り締まり支配した。
- With this background, the bakufu regulated and controlled even the emperor's family in addition to the daimyo throughout the nation, shrines and temples, and the Imperial court, through various laws and regulations.
- この間に、三輪高市麻呂と置始兔が率いる敵軍が箸陵で犬養の軍の左翼を破り、鯨の背後にまわった。
- During this battle, the enemy forces led by MIWA no Takechimaro and OKISOME no Usagi broke through the left side of INUKAI's troops in Hashi no Haka and attacked Kujira's troops from behind.
- やがて上道で敵を破った三輪高市麻呂と置始兔の部隊が鯨の背後に回りこむと、鯨の部隊は敗走した。
- Soon after that, the troops of MIWA no Takechimaro and of OKISOME no Usagi who had defeated the enemy's troops at Kami-tsu-michi Road, attacked the Kujira's troop from behind, the Kujira's soldiers ran away.
- 同時代を舞台にした歌舞伎の演目、『勧進帳』も、この民衆の大仏への帰依を背景につくられている。
- The Kabuki play 'Kanjincho'set in this period was created with the people's devotion to the Great Buddha in the background.
- 代官には旗本が任命され、生野銀山の後背地となっていた但馬国、播磨国、美作国の天領も統治した。
- A hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was appointed as the daikan, and he administered Tajima Province, Harima Province, as well as Mimasaka Province which were the hinterlands of Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mine.
- しかし、四世川柳の命名した「俳風狂句」時代は、文化文政期の江戸町人文化を背景に盛んとなった。
- But in the period of the 'haifu-kyoku' (literally, kyoku (a kind of humorous haikai without haikai conventions) with a taste of haiku), which was named by Senryu IV, senryu became popular in the context of Edo townspeople's culture in the Bunka and Bunsei eras.
- 山背国造・山代国造(やましろのくにのみやつこ・やましろこくぞう)は山城国南西部を支配した国造。
- Yamashiro no Kuni no Miyatsuko (also known as Yamashiro Kokuzo, written as 山背国造 or 山代国造) was a kuninomiyatsuko (provincial governor) who ruled the south-west part of Yamashiro Province.
- 政府による言論と政治活動の弾圧を背景として、人権に関する規定が詳細なことは、おおむね共通する。
- Most of the public ideas included detailed descriptions of human rights to oppose suppression of free speeches and political activities by the government.
- この遠方への巡礼の背景には、五街道や宿場町の整備、治安の良化などのインフラが整ったことがある。
- Improved infrastructures, such as the development of the five main highways (gokaido) and post towns, public safety, made pilgrimages to distant temples and shrines possible.
- 上杉輝虎は、関東へ連年出兵して北条氏康との戦いを続け、武田信玄は常に輝虎の背後を脅かしていた。
- Terutora UESUGI sent his troops to Kanto every year to continue fighting with Ujiyasu HOJO, and Shingen TAKEDA always threatened the rear side of Terutora.
- その背景には反大隈勢力の桂太郎派の画策があったと言われるが、後任の文相には犬養毅が任命された。
- It is said that there was a plan by the anti-Okuma force, the Taro KATSURA group, in the background, but Tsuyoshi INUKAI was appointed as the next Minister of Education.
- 記者の背後に突然現れ「おとうちゃんはここにおりますよ」と冗談めかして言い、驚かせたことがある。
- Then, by unexpectedly turning up behind the reporter while saying comically 'Dad is here,' the Emperor gave him a startle.
- このことを背景に、皇統の女系天皇を容認しようとする皇室典範に関する有識者会議などの動きがある。
- As a result of this successor problem, a meeting of intellectuals can be held to discuss the modification of the Imperial House Act so as to enable princesses to succeed to the Imperial Throne.
- その必要性の背景を明らかにすることは、断髪令以前の社会を更に理解することにつながると思われる。
- Making clear the background of the needs for chonmage can lead to a better understanding of the pre-dampaturei society.
- 山背国においては桂川中流域、鴨川 (淀川水系)下流域を支配下におき、その発展に大きく寄与した。
- In Yamashiro Province, the family that ruled the middle reach of the Katsura-gawa River and the lower reach of the Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River system) greatly contributed to the improvement of these regions.
- しかし、それから僅か10年後の794年、桓武天皇は改めて山背国北部に遷都し、平安京が成立した。
- However, in 794, only 10 years after that, Emperor Kanmu relocated the capital to the north of Yamashiro Province, and Heian-kyo was established.
- 第一条「士道ニ背キ間敷事」など抽象的な内容で、解釈は局長や副長の一存に委ねられるものであった。
- The contents were abstract, as can be seen in Article 1, 'One should not act against the ways of the samurai,' and interpretation of the rules was up to the Commander or Vice Commander.
- 朝廷内では、反藤原氏勢力が台頭した背景のもと、同年、親族への誹謗を理由に大宰少弐に左遷される。
- In the Imperial Court, under the background of the uprising anti-Fujiwara power, he was relegated in the same year to Dazai no shoni (Junior Assistant Govenor-General of Dazai-fu offices) because of the slander against his relatives.
- 一方、京都では、武力を背景にした脅迫にひるみ、9月21日、朝廷は幕府に長州再征の勅許を下した。
- On the other hand, the intimidation resulting from the presence of the military power resulted in the Imperial Court approving the Imperial sanction of the punitive re-expedition to Choshu to the shogunate in Kyoto on September 21.
- 天平勝宝8年(756年)に聖武上皇崩御に伴い山作司に任じられ、同年山背守から武蔵守に遷任した。
- On the death of the retired Emperor Shomu in 756, he was appointed Yamatsukuri no Tsukasa (Official in charge of building the mausoleum) and was transferred from the post of Yamashiro no kami (Governor of Yamashiro Province) to Musashi no kami (Governor of Musashi Province) in the same year.
- 幕府は御成敗式目の追加法で幾度も博打の禁令を出しており、違背すれば召し放ちにすると定めていた。
- The bakufu enacted bans on gambling a number of times in amendments to Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), stipulating that people who violated the bans should be dismissed.
- その背景として独特の地理的歴史的環境から十津川は文化や言語の面でも特色が強いことが挙げられる。
- As the background of the sense of strong self-reliance, we can cite that Totsukawa has a strong characteristics in its culture and language due to the unique geographic and historical environment.
- 3段目「雲火霧」の図の炎は、不動明王などの仏像の火炎光背に描法が似ていることが指摘されている。
- It is pointed out that fires in the third scene, the 'Hell of Cloud, Fire, and Mist,' look like kaen kohai (halo whose shape is like a fire) of Buddhist status such as Fudo Myoo (Acala, one of the Five Wisdom Kings).
- 推古天皇没後、皇位継承候補となったのは舒明天皇(田村皇子)と山背大兄王(聖徳太子の子)であった。
- After the death of Empress Suiko, Emperor Jomei (then Prince Tamura) and Yamashirooenoo (a son of Prince Shotoku) emerged as the leading candidates to succeed to the Imperial Throne.
- 蝦夷は推古の遺言を元に舒明を擁立するが、同族境部摩理勢は山背大兄を推したため、蝦夷に滅ぼされる。
- Emishi supported Jomei on the basis of Empress Suiko's last will, but as Marise SAKAIBE, a member of his family, supported Yamashirooenoo, Marise was killed by Emishi.
- これを背景として、富豪百姓間相互の紛争もしくは国司と富豪百姓層間の紛争が目立つようになっていた。
- Under such circumstances, disputes among wealthy peasants or those between kokushi and wealthy peasants increased.
- 信兼追討の背景には、独立性の強い京武者の排除、従属させようとする頼朝の方針があったと考えられる。
- It is thought that Yoritomo's policy of excluding or subordinating the independent samurai in the imperial capital was the reason which underlay the hunt for Nobukane.
- こうした所領には御家人が守護・地頭として宛がわれてその軍事力を背景に強力な支配体制が構築された。
- To those shoryo, gokenin (personal retainers of the shogun) were appointed as shugo (protectors, or military governors) or jito (stewards), and a strong system of government was constructed based on their military forces.
- 根来衆と組んで小牧・長久手の戦いでは大阪周辺にまで出兵して尾張国に出陣した秀吉の背後を脅かした。
- In the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, Saikashu dispatched troops as far as around Osaka in cooperation with Negoroshu, and threatened the rear of Hideyoshi as he went to the front in Owari Province.
- 為兼は伏見の信任を背景に二条派と並ぶ歌壇の一方の指導者となっただけでなく、政務にも深く関与した。
- Tamekane was trusted by Fushimi and was the leader of the leading tanka (short poem) circle other than the Nijo school, and was also heavily involved in government affairs.
- 秦氏の本拠地は山背国葛野郡太秦が分かっているが、河内国讃良郡太秦にも「太秦」と同名の地名がある。
- Uzumasa in Kadono County in Yamashiro Province was known as the home of the Hata clan, but there was also a territory of the same name in Sasara County in Kawachi Province.
- また、『上宮聖徳法王帝説』などでは厩戸豊聰耳聖徳法王の子に山代大兄(山背大兄王)らがいるという。
- According to the 'Jogu Shotoku Hoo Teisetsu' (Biography of Shotoku Taishi), Umayato no Toyotomimi no Shotokuhoo had children including Yamashiro no Oe no O.
- 推古天皇36年(628年)推古天皇が崩御すると舒明天皇と山背大兄王が有力な皇位継承候補となった。
- When Emperor Suiko passed away in 628, Emperor Jomei and Prince Yamashiro no Oe became the dominant candidates for the succession to the Imperial Throne.
- 清盛は反乱鎮圧の前に背後の脅威を一掃することを決意して、重衡を総大将とした大軍を奈良に派遣した。
- He determined to purge all the underlying threats prior to suppressing the rebellion, and therefore dispatched a large army with Shigehira as the commander-in-chief to Nara.
- 同じく、源義光の配下の藤原季方が源義明の刀を奪い、それを使って源義忠に背後より斬りつけたという。
- FUJIWARA no Suekatawho was also serving MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu took the sword from MINAMOTO no Yoshiaki, and using it, attacked MINAMOTO no Yoshitada from behind.
- 「忠諒易直」が明治の世にあっては「無気無力」と断ぜられた背後には、人間に対する見方の変化がある。
- On the background that 'Churyoekichoku' was criticized as 'apathy and sense of powerlessness' in the Meiji period, there was a change of viewpoint on human beings.
- 原文は全巻亡失おり、九条家本『延喜式』(現在国宝、東京国立博物館所蔵)の紙背文書に偶々遺された。
- The original 'Konin-shiki' volumes were since lost, but some of it's texts were on the back of the pages in the Kujo family's copy of the 'Engi-shiki' (which was declared a national treasure and is currently stored at the Tokyo National Museum).
- 早くに父親を亡くしたが、父の遺言を受けた母北の方の尽力により、一族再興の期待を背負って入内した。
- Although she lost her father at an early age, she entered the Imperial court, placed with her family's hope for restoration, and her mother, who followed her husband's will, tried hard to get her into the court.
- 「白峯」での西行など、『雨月物語』を書く秋成の思想の背景に、国学者賀茂真淵からの影響が見られる。
- An influence of KAMO no Mabuchi, a classical Japanese scholar, seems to have lay behind the author, Akinari, of 'Ugetsu Monogatari,' especially in the character of Saigyo in 'Shiramine.'
- 銅銭の他に、背に漢数字を鋳込んだ「番銭」と呼ばれる銀銭が存在し、これは水戸市の鋳造ともいわれる。
- Other than copper coins, there are silver coins called 'Bansen,' which have Chinese characters to express numbers incused on the back, and they are said to have been minted by Mito City.
- この法に対する「万事・万物が逆で道も法もない」との批判は、このような事情を背景にした言葉であった。
- The criticism that 'Everything is the wrong way round, and there is neither a way nor law' stemmed from this state of affairs.
- その甲斐があって1183年師家は義仲の支持を背景にわずか12歳で摂政・内大臣・藤氏長者で就任する。
- These efforts paid off and, in 1183, with the support of Yoshinaka, Moroie became a Regent taking up the post of Inner Minister, Chief of the To clan at the age of only 12.
- (同時期の元就の陸奥守就任、隆元の安芸守護就任などは全てこれら中央政界に対する工作が背景にある。)
- (Motonari's appointment as Mutsu no Kami [Governor of Mutsu] and that of Takamoto as Aki no Kami [Governor of Aki Province] were made possible by their appeal to the central government around this time.)
- 四男四女を生んだが、そのうちの舂米女王(つきしねのひめみこ)は異母兄である山背大兄王の妃となった。
- She gave a birth to four sons and four daughters, and one of them, Princess Tsukishine, married Prince Yamashiro no oe, her older paternal half-brother.
- 793年(延暦12年)遷都を行うにあたって遷都先の地を選ぶ際、山背(山城国)の地に派遣されている。
- When a location was selected for the shift of the capital in 793, he was dispatched to a site in Yamashiro (in Yamashiro Province).
- この背景には、享保の改革で下落した米の価格があり、諸藩の財政を救済する目的であったといわれている。
- It is said that the purpose of this change was to improve the financial affairs of each domain, which were affected by the falling price of rice that resulted from the Kyoho Reforms (reforms made in the Kyoho era of the Edo period).
- このような背景の中、先の董其昌の画論では専門の画工によった院体画と対峙して文人画を位置づけている。
- Against such a background, the theory of painting by DONG Qichang mentioned above dealt with literati painting as opposed to Intaiga (a type of Chinese painting associated with the Imperial Court Academy) by professional painters.
- この背景には儒教よりも老荘の老荘思想が興起しており文人に大いに影響を与えていたとみることができる。
- It can be said that this was because the thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi were more influential than Confucianism at the time and gave great impact on Bunjin.
- 平安時代以降は、鏡背に鶴、鴛鴦(おしどり)、菊、桐などの日本式の文様を表した「和鏡」も製作された。
- After the Heian period, 'Japanese mirror' having Japanese designs such as crane, mandarin duck, chrysanthemum or paulownia on its reverse side was produced.
- この転換を断行・あるいは企図したために、藩政が混乱して、お家騒動の背景の一つとなることもよくあった。
- Decisive action or proposition of this change often created a disturbance of the domain duties, contributing to the internal squabbles (over headship rights) in a daimyo family.
- そのひとつ、面向不背の珠を竜宮の住人は奪い取りたく思ったのですが、船頭が優秀で取ることができません。
- Among them, the inhabitants of the Palace of the Dragon King wanted to steal Menko huhai no tama, but they were unable to do so because the boatmen were very capable.
- 逆縁(ぎゃくえん)とは、仏の教えを素直に信じない(縁に背く)こと、またはそのような救い難い人をいう。
- The gyaku-en indicates the concept of not believing in the teachings of Buddha (i.e., defying the 'en', or connection with Buddha) unquestioningly or someone who can not be saved.
- その背景には京都所司代・板倉重宗と信濃国長沼藩主、佐久間勝之(盛政の弟)の力添えがあったようである。
- Behind the appointment, there seems to have been the support from Shigemune ITAKURA, Kyoto shoshidai (Kyoto deputy), and Katsuyuki SAKUMA (a younger brother of Morimasa), the lord of Naganuma Domain of Shinano Province.
- 信虎の娘を頼重に娶わせてともに小笠原長棟を攻めたが、背中に出来た腫瘍の悪化によって67歳で病死した。
- He let Yorishige marry the daughter of Nobutora and attacked Nagamune OGASAWARA together, however he died of illness at the age of 67 because a tumor on his back became worse.
- 門人には、佐藤直方・浅見絅斎・三宅尚斎・植田艮背・遊佐木斎・谷秦山・正親町公通・出雲路敬直らがいる。
- His disciples were Naokata SATO, Keisai ASAMI, Shosai MIYAKE, Konpai UEDA, Mokusai YUSA, Jinzan TANI, Kinmichi OGIMACHI and Yoshinao IZUMOJI.
- 河合が粛清され死亡したことだけは動かぬ事実であり、そこに至るまでの背景は現在のところ判明していない。
- It is unmistakably true that Kawai was purged and died; What happened before Kawai's death has not yet been identified.
- 天武天皇5年(676年)10月10日、大乙上物部連麻呂は大使となって新羅に赴いた(小使は山背百足)。
- On November 23, 676, Daiotsujo (the ninteenth grade of twenty-six grades of cap rank, which corresponds to Shohachii, Senior Eighth Rank and Juhachii, Junior Eighth Rank of Taiho Ritsuryo, Taiho Code) MONONOBE no Muraji Maro visited Silla as an ambassador (YAMASHIRO no Mukade was his assistant).
- この間、京大坂滞在中の幕府幹部は兵6万の武力を背景に一層強気になり、長州再征等のことを朝廷へ迫った。
- Among this time, the executives of the shogunate who stayed in Kyo-Osaka became more aggressive based on the power of the sixty thousands soldiers there, and they pressed the Imperial Court regarding the punitive re-expedition to Choshu.
- なお、当事者の一方が湯起請の呼び出しに3回応じない場合には、「召文違背」を理由とした敗訴が確定した。
- If one of the parties concerned did not respond to the call for yugisho three times, it would become definite that the party lost the suit due to 'disobedience to summons.'
- 天文23年(1554年)、晴信は後北条氏、今川氏とそれぞれ同盟を結んで背後を固めた(甲相駿三国同盟)。
- In 1554, Harunobu formed an alliance with the Gohojo clan and with the Imagawa clan, to make the rear side of his territory safer (an alliance among three provinces of Kai, Sagami and Suruga).
- 当初、日本は外交努力で衝突を避けようとしたが、ロシアは強大な軍事力を背景に日本への圧力を増していった。
- At first, Japan sought to avoid a conflict through diplomatic efforts; however, Russia backed by its massive military force continued to increase its pressure toward Japan.
- 軍事力を背景として皇位に就いた天武天皇は専制的な統治体制を構築していき、新たな国家建設を進めていった。
- Emperor Tenmu, backed by military force, established an autocratic regime, and pushed forward with a new nation-building plan.
- 山背大兄王は舎人数十人をもって必死に防戦して土師娑婆連を戦死させるが、持ちこたえられず生駒山へ逃れた。
- Prince Yamashiro no Oe and dozens of his palace servants fought back madly and killed HAJI no Saba no Muraji, however, they were forced to evacuate to Mt. Ikoma.
- 643年11月1日、ついに蘇我入鹿は巨勢徳多、土師娑婆連、大伴長徳に、斑鳩宮の山背大兄王を襲撃させる。
- On November 1, 643, SOGA no Iruka sent KOSE no Tokuta, HAJI no Ite Muraji and OTOMO no Nagatoko to attack Prince Yamashiro no oe at Ikaruganomiya Palace.
- これを背景として、中世中期には、北畠親房により神道的な神国思想をテーマとする『神皇正統記』が著された。
- With such a situation as a background, Chikafusa KITABATAKE wrote, in around the middle of the medieval period, 'Jinno shotoki' (records of the legitimate succession of the divine emperors) whose theme was Shinkoku-shiso (the thought considering Japan as the land of the gods) based on the Shinto religion.
- よって、河内国太秦は古くから本拠地として重視していたが、6世紀ごろには山背国太秦に移ったと考えられる。
- Thus, while Uzumasa in Kawachi province was initially an important base for the family, around the sixth century, the family probably moved to Uzumasa in Yamashiro Province.
- 1645年(正保2年) - 大布施村・八桝村・別所村の3村(現京都市左京区花背)が山城国愛宕郡に編入。
- 1645: the three villages of Obuse-mura (大布施村), Yamasu-mura (八桝村) and Bessho-mura (別所村) (present Hanase, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City) were merged into Otagi-gun, Yamashiro Province.
- 信長に降伏し、その強大な軍事力を背景にして大和における国人衆を討伐するなど、政略にはかなり長けていた。
- He was an excellent strategist, surrendering to Nobunaga to take advantage of the latter's powerful military forces to conquer the kokujin-shu (powerful families) in Yamamoto Province.
- 「海岸地帯は神戸港の補助港とし、後背地に総合大学を始め文化、厚生施設、住宅地帯を含む新都市をつくる。」
- We could construct a subsidiary port of Kobe Port in the coast zone, and we could also construct a new city including cultural facilities like a university, welfare facilities, and residential areas in the hinterland of the port.'
- 現在知られている小川清助最初の作品は、下田市相玉、相玉庚申堂の背後に迫る藤原山の山頂に立つ石塔である。
- The first work, currently-known, of Seisuke OGAWA was the stone pagoda that stands on top of Mt. Fujiwara close behind Aitama Koshindo Temple in Aitama, Shimoda City.
- 大仏造立計画のはじめは紫香楽宮からであるが、その背景にあったものとしては、いくつかのことが考えられる。
- The Great Buddha construction plan originally started in the Shigaraki no Miya Palace, but there were several possible backgrounds.
- 銭文は「寳永通寳」であり、背(裏面)には「永久世用」と鋳込まれ、その字間に「珍」の極印が打たれている。
- The name of the coin is 'Kanei tsuho'(coin of kanei) (kanei is the name of era in Edo period), on which characters of 'permanent use' and hallmark of 'chin'(珍) between the characters were inscribed at the back..
- 淤岐島(おきのしま)(所在不明)から因幡国に渡るため、兎が海の上に並んだ和邇(ワニ)の背を欺き渡った。
- A hare tricked wani (crocodiles) into lining up in the sea and stepped on their backs in order to go from Oki no shima Island (location unknown) to Inaba Province.
- 青年志士国野基(くにのもとい)とそのいいなずけ富永お春を中心人物とし、当時の自由民権運動を背景とする。
- The main characters of Secchubai include the young patriot Motoi KUNINO and his fiancée Oharu TOMINAGA, with the story developing in the context of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement in those days.
- 『占事略决』には、安倍家における家伝を背景に、目録的な意味合いで作成されたと考えられる記述が散見される。
- In 'Senji ryakketsu,' descriptions are seen here and there that seem to have been written with the intention of making a list, or something like it, of the oral tradition inherited in the Abe family.
- これらのことから、この事件の背後には、仁明天皇あるいは橘嘉智子による廃太子の企てがあったとする説もある。
- These matters support the theory that this incident was triggered by a scheme plotted by the Emperor Ninmyo or TACHIBANA no Kachiko to expel the then crown prince.
- 延暦寺の権威を背景として暴利を貪る者や公卿の邸宅に押し入って督促をする者など傍若無人な振舞いも目立った。
- There were frequent instances of insolent behavior: some made excessive profit by taking advantage of Enryaku-ji Temple's authority, and some broke into residences of Kugyo (top court officials) to bully them into paying a debt.
- その背景には長引く戦争の結果、日本の人的資源が枯渇し、植民地に頼らざるをえなくなったという事情があった。
- The background of this movement was that a prolonged war caused the Japanese human resources to be exhausted and that Japan had no choice but to rely on the colonies.
- 翌4月 (旧暦)、家康は在京の大名22名を二条城に招集させて幕府の命令に背かないという誓詞を提出させた。
- In April of the next month (the old calendar), Ieyasu gathered in Nijo-jo Castle 22 daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) staying in Kyoto and made them submit written vows that they would not disobey orders from the bakufu.
- しかし天皇の意志に背くことは出来ずに爵位を受けたが、この時には華族制度を疑問視する意見書を提出している。
- Since being unable to renegade the emperor's will, he finally accepted the offer of the peerage, however, at the same time, he submitted a paper opposing the kazoku system.
- 長政は迷いに迷ったが、結果的には信長との同盟を破棄し、織田軍に背後から襲いかかっている(金ヶ崎の戦い)。
- Nagamasa, who was totally undecided between the two sides, finally broke the alliance with Nobunaga, and his troops attacked the Oda army from behind (Battle of Kanegasaki).
- 長州藩の間者(スパイ)だったという楠小十郎を背後から斬り殺して「あぁ、良い気持ちだ」と言って笑っていた。
- After stabbing to death, from behind, Kojuro KUSUNOKI, a spy of the Choshu clan, he laughed and said, 'Oh, I feel good.'
- 1937年(昭和12年)6月4日に、元老・西園寺の推薦の下で、各界の期待を背に第1次近衛内閣を組織した。
- In June 1937, upon the recommendation of the Genro (elder statesman) SAIONJI, he formed the first Konoe's cabinet, shouldering high expectations from various quarters.
- 貫一とお宮をめぐっての金と恋の物語は日清戦争後の社会を背景にしていて、これが時流と合い大人気作となった。
- The story of money and love between Kanichi and Omiya matched the social background after the Japanese-Sino War and gained wide spread popularity.
- この頃には中国地方の山名氏や大内氏などが向背定まらず、九州地方では懐良親王などの南朝勢力は健在であった。
- Around that time the affairs of the Yamana and Ouchi clans of the Chugoku region were in disorder, while the influence of the Southern Dynasty such as Prince Kanenaga was intact in Kyushu.
- 当時の京都には富を蓄積した商人、五山版以来の職人、読者層が存在していたことが嵯峨本が生まれた背景である。
- Behind the birth of the Sagabon lay the fact that in Kyoto at the time there was already an existing base of readers in the form of a merchant class with accumulated wealth, and craftsmen from the Gozanban (Five Mountains Editions).
- 神武天皇朝に阿多根命が、成務朝に曾能振命が山代(山背)国造に任じられたとされるが、神武朝の設置は疑わしい。
- It is said that Atane-no-mikoto and Sonofuri-no-mikoto were appointed as Yamashiro no Kuni no Miyatsuko during the Emperor Jinmu's era and the Emperor Seimu's era respectively, appointment in the Emperor Jinmu's era is questionable.
- また、武家だけではなく農民も和歌を嗜んだと言われており、その背景には寺子屋の普及があったと考えられている。
- It is also said that waka (Japanese poetry) was not only cherished by samura, but also peasants- it is considered that this is a result of the popularization of terakoya (elementary education offered in temples).
- 背後を突かれた幕府軍は総崩れとなり鎌倉や切通しなどで大仏貞直、大仏宣政、本間泰宣、金沢貞将などは戦死した。
- Attacked from behind, the Kamakura bakufu forces suffered a total defeat, so Sadanao OSARAGI, Nobumasa OSARAGI, Yasunobu HONMA, Sadayuki KANESAWA were killed in the war at Kamakura on some slope there.
- このことから明治政府の対応の速さの背景には電信などの近代的な通信網がすでに張り巡らされていたことがわかる。
- The fact shows that the modern communication network including telegraph had already been set up in the background of that prompt reaction of the Meiji government.
- 背水の陣を引き、己の職を賭して左團次に一対一の指導をし、初日が開いてもしばらくは演技指導を行うほどだった。
- Shinshichi burned his boats and at the hazard of his career, he taught Sadanji acting on a one-to-one basis even a few days after the premiere.
- しかし、天正5年(1577年)に上杉謙信、毛利輝元、石山本願寺などの反信長勢力と呼応して信長の命令に背く。
- In 1577, however, he disobeyed Nobunaga's order, cooperating with the anti-Nobunaga powers, including Kenshin UESUGI, Terumoto MORI, and Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple.
- 光明皇后と孝謙天皇の信任を背景に政権と軍権の両方を掌握した仲麻呂は、左大臣橘諸兄と権勢を競うようになった。
- With the trust of the Empress Komyo and the Empress Koken, Nakamaro seized power both in the government and military, and started to compete against TACHIBANA no Moroe, Sadaijin (Minister of the left), to gain ultimate power in the Imperial Court.
- 秀政は振り返りざまに山下を斬ったが、そのとき直政もいち早く駆けつけていて、同時に山下を背後から斬っていた。
- Hidemasa cut YAMASHITA down at the same instance he turned around, and also Naomasa rushed in and cut YAMASHITA down from the back.
- 生まれた年の三河一向一揆で父の教明が、一揆側に属して徳川家康に背き、流浪の身となったため、嘉明も放浪する。
- Since his father, Noriaki, was exiled for siding with anti-Ieyasu TOKUGAWA Mikawa Ikko Ikki revolts in the same year he was born, he grew up leading the life of a wanderer.
- こうした経緯を背景に、叔父の源国房(土岐氏族の祖)と共に美濃に進出する足掛かりを得ていたものと考えられる。
- Because of this background, he is thought to have got a toehold to enter Mino Province together with his uncle MINAMOTO no Kunifusa (the founder of the Toki clan).
- 2年後には美作国守に、続いて近衛府少将・紀伊国守・山背守・京職・下総国守・左近衛兵督・近江国守を歴任する。
- Two years later, he became Mimasaka no kuni no kami (Governor of Mimasaka Province), and successively worked in different positions such as Konoefu shosho (Major General of the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards), Kii no kuni no kami (Governor of Kii Province), Yamashiro no kami (Governor of Yamashiro Province), a member of Kyoshiki (Capital Bureau), Shimousa no kuni no kami (Governor of Shimousa Province), Sakon hyoe no kami (Head of the Left Guards) and Omi no kuni no kami (Governor of Omi Province).
- これは明らかに西太后の命に背くものであったため、剛毅らは弾劾上奏を行ったが西太后は特段処分を下さなかった。
- The resolute servants reported to the throne to demand impeachment since this was obviously something that went against the orders of Empress Dowager Cixi, but she did not give out a special punishment.
- 宮中・財界との姻戚関係を背景に、彼は元老として宮中と国務、軍部の調整役を務め、日本の政治をリードし続けた。
- He continued to lead politics in Japan, using his family background in the Imperial Court as well as in the financial world, and mediating between the Imperial Court, national duties, and the military as a Genro.
- 叛は国に背いて偽(敵国・反乱者)に従うこと、反は君主の身に危害を及ぼすことなので、謀反と謀叛は意味が異なる。
- While disobedience means betraying one's home country and obeying a false master (enemy, insurgents), countering means threatening one's lord's life, and so a scheme of disobedience and a scheme of countering differ in meaning.
- 蘇我蝦夷は群臣にはかってその意見が田村皇子と山背大兄王に分かれていることを知り、田村皇子を立てて天皇にした。
- SOGA no Emishi came to know that the opinions of retainers or subjects were divided into two, Tamura no Miko and Yamashiro no Oe no O (Prince Yamashiro no oe), thus assigned Tamura no Miko to be the emperor.
- ヨーロッパの王室は日本の皇室とは歴史的背景等が異なるので同列には並べられないが、ここに相違点を以下に挙げる。
- The European Royal Household differs from Japanese Imperial Household in historical backgrounds, etc., and their differences are shown below.
- なお墓は不詳であるが、法輪寺 (斑鳩町)近郊にある「岡の原」という小山が山背大兄王墓であるという伝承がある。
- Although the location of Prince Yashiro no oe's graveyard is unknown, there is a tradition saying that a hill called Oka no hara near Horin-ji Temple (Ikaruga-cho) is his graveyard.
- 鎌倉政権は頼朝の弟源範頼に3万騎を率いさせて山陽道を進軍して九州に渡り平氏軍の背後を遮断する作戦を実行する。
- The political administration at Kamakura chose Yoritomo's younger brother MINAMOTO no Noriyori to lead 30,000 riders and advance along the Sanyodo Road, cross over into Kyushu, and adopt the strategy of blockading the Taira clan's army from the rear.
- こういった背景から、現在のところ、砂漠化防止のため、砂漠緑化と農業の改良を中心とした対策が重要視されている。
- Based on these backgrounds, so far it is considered important, to prevent desertification, to take measures centered on planting tress in deserts and improving farming methods.
- 秦氏が現在の桂川 (淀川水系)に灌漑工事として葛野大堰を築いた点から山背国太秦の起点は6世紀頃と推定される。
- It is estimated, from timing of the construction by the Hata clan of Kadono oi (the Kadono dam) as part of irrigation works for the present-day Katsura-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River system), that the Uzumasa in Yamashiro Province has its origins around the sixth century.
- しかも敦康の誕生と同日に権力者藤原道長女藤原彰子が女御宣下を受けており、不運の宿世を背負っての出生であった。
- Moreover, FUJIWARA no Shoshi, eldest daughter of the powerful courtier FUJIWARA no Michinaga, received an Imperial letter of appointment as Nyogo (a court lady next in rank to Chugu) on the same day that Prince Atsuyasu was born, meaning that he was destined to lead an unhappy life from birth.
- 日露戦争に看護長として従軍したときも本好きは変らず、『十三経』を行軍に持ち込み友人に背負わせて困らせている。
- When he served the Russo-Japanese War as a chief orderly, he was such a booklover that he brought in 'Jusankyo (Thirteen Classics)' while marching, and troubled his friends as he had them carry the books on their back.
- 添田はまた、日清戦争後、社会問題の顕在化を背景に結成された社会政策学会 (日本 1897年)に参加している。
- Soeda also participated in the Society for the Study of Social Policy, which was organized in response to social matters revealed after the Japanese-Sino War.
- 山背部小田(やましろべのおだ、生年不詳 - 文武天皇2年(698年)12月)は、日本の飛鳥時代の人物である。
- YAMASHIROBE no Oda (year of birth unknown - January, 699) is a person who lived during Japan's Asuka Period.
- こうした「人間の展示」の背後には、当時席巻していた社会進化論と人種差別主義というイデオロギーが介在していた。
- Behind those 'human exhibition', there were ideologies such as evolutionism and racism which spread globally at that time.
- 単純な文学的表現とは考えにくいので、これらの歌表現の背景に「若水」信仰が存在したのではないかと考察している。
- Because it is difficult to think that this is simply a literary expression, he discusses that there existed a belief in 'wakamizu' behind these poetic expressions.
- 順調に侵攻を進めていくが、金ヶ崎付近を進軍中に突然盟友であった北近江の浅井長政が裏切り織田軍を背後から急襲。
- ODA troops made inroads well, but when they were on the march around Kanegasaki, Nagamasa AZAI of northern Omi, who was on ODA's side, suddenly attacked them from behind.
- 紙背には空海の漢詩を集めた『遍照発揮性霊集(へんじょうほっきしょうりょうしゅう)』(真済編)が記されている。
- On the other side of the paper, 'Henjo Hokki Shoryoshu' (Kukai's Treatise on Poetry and Prose) (edited by Shinzei) is written.
- その後の南条氏は行松氏を背後から支援する形で西伯耆における毛利氏支配に揺さぶりをかける行動を行うようになった。
- Subsequently, the Nanjo clan began to make actions to affect Mori's domination over the west Hoki by backing up the Yukimatsu clan from behind.
- この反乱による中央の動揺ははなはだしく、聖武天皇は、山背の恭仁、摂津の難波、近江の紫香楽と転々と都をうつした。
- The central government was terribly shocked with this rebellion and the Emperor Shomu transferred the capital repeatedly to Kuni in Yamase, Nanba in Settsu and Shigaraki in Omi.
- 8月24日-9月4日の遼陽会戦では、第二軍が南側から正面攻撃をかけ、第一軍が東側の山地を迂回し背後へ進撃した。
- In the Battle of Liaoyang from August 24th and September 4th, the IJA Second Army mounted a frontal attack from the south, and the IJA First Army circumscribed a mountainous area in the East and attacked the enemies flank.
- 駄賃馬稼(だちんうまかせぎ)とは、近代以前の日本においてウマの背中に貨物や人を乗せて輸送に従事する職業のこと。
- Dachin-uma kasegi refers to an occupation in Japan before modern times that engaged in the transportation of freight and people by carrying them on horseback.
- 書契問題を背景として生じた日本国内における「征韓論」の高まりに、大院君が非常な警戒心を抱いたことも一因である。
- Another reason was that Daewongun felt a great cautiousness against the debate over sending a military expedition to Korea in Japan which had occurred from the problem of diplomatic correspondence.
- 侵襲隊が安巳橋を急襲し、戦っている間に突囲隊は前進し、水前寺・中牟田・健軍・隈庄を経て宇土の衝背軍と連絡した。
- While the Shinshu-tai troop was storming the Yasumi-bashi Bridge, the Totsui-tai troop advanced through Suizenji, Nakamuta, Kengun, Kumanosho to Uto where it made contact with Shohaigun.
- 別働第二旅団は8月4日、鬼神野本道坪屋付近に迂回して間道を通り、渡川を守備していた宮崎新募隊の背後を攻撃した。
- On August 4, the detached 2nd brigade detoured to the vicinity of Tsuboya along the main road of Kijino, advanced through a by-pass and attacked the rear of the Miyazaki-Shinbo-tai troop (the troop of the soldiers recruited newly in Miyazaki) that had guarded the Watari-gawa River.
- また、推古天皇の後継者争いには敏達天皇系(田村皇子)と用明天皇系(山背大兄王)の対立があったとも言われている。
- Furthermore, it is said that Emperor Bidatsu and Emperor Yomei competed over succession race after Empress Suiko.
- 山背国愛宕郡(現在の京都市左京区、北区 (京都市))の鴨川上流域を本拠地とした賀茂氏と関係が深かったとされる。
- The family was closely connected with the Kamo clan based at the upper-reaches of the Kamo-gawa River in Atago County in Yamashiro Province (present-day Sakyo Ward and Kita Ward, Kyoto City).
- 秀武が真衡に背くと清衡、家衡はこれに同調したため、真衡は陸奥守であった源義家の支援を受けて清衡、家衡を攻めた。
- When Hidetake turned against Sanehira, Kiyohira and Iehira supported Hidetake, and Sanehira, being supported by Governor of Mutsu Province MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, attacked Kiyohira and Iehira.
- 同地を支配していた橘公頼の子孫の筑後橘氏の娘婿となり、その勢力を背景に蒲池城を本拠地として蒲池氏の初代となる。
- Hisanao married a daughter of the Chikugo Tachibana clan, the descendants of TACHIBANA no Kimiyori (the ruler of the region), and adopted as a son of the clan, and with support of his influential power, founded the Kamachi clan by placing his base in the Kamachi Castle.
- この合戦で信頼と行動した成親は助命されるが、成親の妹・経子を妻にしていた重盛の嘆願が背景にあったと推測される。
- Narichika had his life spared since he joined Nobuyori in this battle, but this may in fact be attributed to a plea by Shigemori, whose wife was a younger sister of Narichika, Keishi.
- 福来博士も、観察者に背を向けていることが疑いを招くと考えて、再三千鶴子を説得していたが、千鶴子は応じていない。
- Dr. Fukurai, thinking that the posture of her back to observers might cause suspicion, also persuaded Chizuko again and again, but she did not respond it.
- また、奈良時代から具注暦の余白部分に日記を書く習慣が生まれたが、書ききれなかった部分を紙背に追記して記述した。
- In addition, writing a diary on the blank space of guchureki (annotated calendar) had been practiced since the Nara period and when more space was needed, extra lines were added on the back side of the calendar.
- 具体的には不平等条約を砲艦外交(軍艦や大砲といった軍事力を背景に行われる恫喝的な外交交渉)によって強制された。
- To be more precise, such countries were forced to accept unequal treaties through gunboat diplomacy (threatening diplomatic negotiation backed with military force such as battleships and cannons).
- スサノオの大刀と弓矢、スセリビメの琴を持ち、スセリビメを背負って逃げ出そうとした時、琴が木に触れて鳴り響いた。
- Carrying Susanoo's long sword, bow and arrow, when Onamuji was about to flee with Suseribime on his back Suseribime's koto (a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings) in his hands touched a tree and made sound.
- 天正9年10月、織田勢は紀ノ川北岸一帯に布陣し、総大将織田信孝は鉢伏山(背山)城(現かつらぎ町)に本陣を構えた。
- On November 1581, the Oda army lined up around the north shore of Kino-kawa River and the general commander Nobutaka ODA placed the headquarter of the army at the Hachibuseyama (Seyama)-jo Castle (Katsuragi-cho at present).
- 寺院建築の中でも、庶民信仰を背景に、善光寺・浅草寺など大多数の信者を収容する大規模な本堂が造られるようになった。
- In the sector of temple architecture, large hondos (main halls), such as that of Zenko-ji Temple and Senso-ji Temple, were built to accommodate a large number of worshippers.
- 社背の境内山林に隣接する畝傍及び長山部落の共同墓地、境内以西、畝傍山御料林以南、東南部深田池東側民家などを買収。
- Unebi adjacent to forests of precincts in the back of the shrine, public cemetery in Nagayama buraku, the land to the west of precincts, the land to the south of Imperial forest of Mt. Unebi, and houses in the east of Tonanbu Fukada-ike Pond were purchased by Nara Prefecture.
- そのうちのひとつ『面向不背の珠(釈迦の像が必ず正面にみえる不思議な宝珠)』をこの地で竜宮にとられてしまいました。
- Among them, the 'Menko huhai no tama (a strange oval treasure that always reflects the frontal image of Shaka from every angle)' was stolen in this land by the Palace of the Dragon King.
- 中世以後においては、「公家御下知違背事也」(『沙汰未練書』)と解され、漠然と天皇の命令に逆らうことと考えられる。
- In and after the Middle Ages, the Ichoku was understood as 'punishing all the violations against judgements issued by court nobles' (according to the book called 'Satamirensho'), and by people, it is ambiguously thought to have gone against an Emperor's command.
- 一方、範頼軍は兵糧と兵船の調達に成功して九州に渡り、同地の平氏方を葦屋浦の戦いで破り、平氏軍の背後の遮断に成功。
- Noriyori's army, on the other hand, having succeeded in being supplied with provisions and warships, crossed over into Kyushu and defeated the Taira forces of that region in the battle of Ashiyaura, and successfully cut off the main Taira clan's army from behind.
- (大兄は皇太子の意味となれるが山背大兄王が皇太子となったという記述は日本書紀にはなく、単なる皇子とする者もいる)
- (Oe can mean a crown prince, but because there is no description that the Prince Yamashiro no oe became a crown prince in Nihonshoki [Chronicles of Japan], some people believe that he was simply a prince)
- 黒田は敵の背後をつくため八代市付近に上陸し、3月30日から交戦をはじめ、前進を続けて4月15日に熊本城に入った。
- Kuroda landed near Yatsushiro City in order to attack the enemy from behind, started a fight on March 30, continued to advance, and reached Kumamoto-jo Castle on April 15.
- 背後には、世界地図のレリーフにザビエルのヨーロッパから日本にいたる航路を描きこんだモニュメントも設置されている。
- There is a monument with a relief of a world map with the sea route Xavier travelled from Europe to Japan on the back.
- 巨勢氏は蘇我氏と親密な関係にあり、徳多も蘇我入鹿の側近として643年の山背大兄王征討時には軍の指揮を執っている。
- The Kose clan was close to the Soga clan, and in 643, also Tokuta, as a close associate of SOGA no Iruka, led the army to destroy Prince Yamashiro no oe.
- 出兵を命じたものの、栗隈王が以前大海人皇子に従っていたことから、彼もまた背くかもしれないと弘文天皇は疑っていた。
- While Emperor Kobun commanded dispatch of troops, the emperor suspected that Saeki would also betray because Prince Kurikuma used to obey Prince Oama before.
- この背景には、天明の大飢饉や、同年4月に徳川家斉が征夷大将軍に就任した事から徳政を求める意味もあったと思われる。
- It is considered that the bakufu considered the Tenmei Famine as well as they were expected of tokusei (benevolent rule) as Ienari TOKUGA became the Seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues barbicans, commonly referred to as Shogun) in May of the same year.
- 784年(延暦3年)強まってきた寺社勢力からの脱却のため、桓武天皇が山背国長岡の地に新たな都(長岡京)を造成した。
- In 784, the Emperor Kanmu constructed a new capital (Nagaokakyo) in Nagaoka in Yamashiro Province in order to free himself from the influence of temples and shrines which had been getting more and more powerful.
- また、翌年の665年(天智天皇4年)大宰府の背後に大野城 (筑前国)、前面に基肄城などの城堡が建設されたとされた。
- In addition, it is said that castles were built in the following year 665, including Ono-jo Castle (Chikuzen Province) on the back of Dazai-fu and Kii-jo Castle in the front.
- 『日本書紀』に拠ると、推古天皇が病没した後にその後継問題が発生し、蘇我氏の庶流境部摩理勢らは山背大兄王を擁立する。
- According to 'Nihonshoki', a successor issue appeared after the death of Emperor Suiko and SAKAIBE no Marise; SAKAIBE no Omimarise, a branch of the Soga clan, supported Prince Yamashiro no oe.
- 試合前に礼を行うなど、礼を重視しているにもかかわらず、礼節を欠いた議論が多いことは目を背けてはならない事実だろう。
- During the games many arguments lacking sense of propriety arise, even though Kyogi Karuta greatly emphasizes propriety including the bows before the game; this fact should not be ignored.
- 半年が経過した8月、範頼軍は平氏軍を背後からつくため山陽道を進軍したが、長く延びた戦線を平行盛によって分断された。
- After 6 months, in August, Noriyori's troops were progressing along the Sanyo-do Road to attack the Taira clan from the back, but the line was stretched thin and was cut off by TAIRA no Yukimori.
- 清盛は武力を背景に国検を断行する一方、寺院勢力の特権もある程度は認めるなど柔軟な対応で、大和の知行国支配を行った。
- While Kiyomori, backed by his military might, did conduct a decisive inspection, he also engaged in softer diplomatic measures, as when he acknowledged that temples did have a certain degree of influence and therefore special privileges, and in this way managed to carry out a survey of the chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) in Yamato that were under state control.
- 義時は弟の北条に1000騎を与えて上洛させ、武力による恫喝を背景に交渉を試みるが、朝廷の態度は強硬で不調に終わる。
- Yoshitoki provided his younger brother, Tokifusa HOJO, with 1000 mounted samurai warriors and sent him up to the capital at Kyoto, intending to negotiate with the court with this intimidating show of force as a backdrop, but the Court held firm in its position and the negotiations broke down.
- 以後床に伏す日が多くなり、数度の手術も受けたが病状は好転せず、やがて臀部や背中に穴があき膿が流れ出るようになった。
- After that, he spent more days in his sickbed; his condition did not improve after having a few operations, and soon streaks of pus were exuded from holes which developed around his back and buttocks.
- 天明4年(1784年)、公澄法親王に随行し日光山に登ったが、背中に疽(悪性の腫れ物)が出来て、急遽、駕籠にて下山。
- In 1784, as Kinga accompanied Cloistered Imperial Prince Kocho in climbing Mt. Nikko, he suffered from a kind of carbuncle which emerged on his back, thereby descended the mountain in haste, being carried on kago (Japanese palanquin).
- 大内義興の養女である妻を離縁し、尼子経久の弟尼子久幸の娘を妻とすると、出雲国尼子氏の支援を背景に大内氏を離反した。
- When he divorced his wife who was the adopted daughter of Yoshioki OUCHI, and remarried the daughter of Hisayuki AMAGO, a younger brother of Tsunehisa AMAGO, Motoshige defected from the Ouchi clan with the support of the Amago clan of Izumo Province as a backdrop.
- 当時の時代背景として、朝廷や鎌倉政権、奥州政権の相克、それに伴う戦乱、飢饉や地震、他の寺院の復興との競合があった。
- The surrounding conditions of those times were confrontation among the Imperial Court, the Kamakura regime and the Oshu regime, and following warfare, as well as famines and earthquakes, and competition with other temples in renovation.
- 深夜、足立大尉が一人でいたことが不運であったが、事件の背景に乗車していた二軸客車の構造的欠陥があったと指摘された。
- It was unfortunate of Senior Lieutenant Adachi that he was alone in the middle of the night, but at the same time, it was pointed out that a structural flaw of the 2-axle passenger car was a contributing factor to the background of the crime.
- 日本漢詩の頂点は、江戸期から明治初期にかけての時期であり、朱子学を背景に「文人」と呼ばれる詩人たちを多く輩出した。
- The peak of Japanese kanshi was in the periods of Edo and early Meiji and many poets called 'bunjin' (literati) were produced in the background of Neo-Confucianism.
- 浦島太郎がいた蓬莱山(竜宮城)とは仙人が住むという伝説の山であり、古代中国の不老不死を願う神仙思想が背景にあった。
- Mt. Horai (or Ryugu-jo Castle) where Urashima Taro stayed, was a legendary mountain on which sennin (immortal mountain wizards) lived, and behind the story were concepts concerning Taoist immortality in which eternal youth and immortality were prized in ancient China.
- これは、私鉄を監督する法律である私設鉄道法の条件が厳しいという背景もあったが、地域開発の観点から見ると問題があった。
- This is partly because the conditions of the Private Railway Law that supervised the private railways were strict, however, there were some problems in terms of local development.
- これらの強硬意見の背景には、廃藩置県によって失業した40万~50万人に上る士族の不満のはけ口を探していたことがある。
- Behind those hard-line ideas was the fact that they were seeking a vent for dissatisfaction of 40 to 50 thousand warriors who had lost their position because of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
- 序幕の美しい夜桜を背景とする殺人場は、並木五瓶の『隅田春妓女容性』(梅の由兵衛)を下敷きにしたいわゆる本歌取の作品。
- The killing scene in the prologue with the night view of cherry blossoms in the background was produced by the technique called Honkatori (writing poems quoted parts of old poems), quoting parts from 'Sumida no haru geisha katagi' (also known as 'Yoshibe UMENO') written by Gohei NAMIKI.
- この頃、清国より伝わった印刷技術書『欽定武英殿聚珍版程式』がもたらされ、木活字印刷の改良が進んだことが背景にあった。
- This stems from the fact that the technical book of wood movable-type printing titled, 'Kintei Bueiden Shuchinbanteishiki,' was introduced from the Qing Dynasty, and the improvement of the wood movable-type printing technique took place.
- ただしこのような事実は、現在の韓国の歴史認識と背反しているため、韓国側では日本側による捏造・歪曲とされることが多い。
- However, this fact contradicts the present historical recognition on the Korean side and the Korean side often insists that such a description is fabricated or distorts the facts by the Japan side.
- 愛山が小学上等3年で就学を断念して就労独学に至った背景には一郎の放蕩による家産の喪失という事情があったとされている。
- It is said that Ichiro had lost the family property due to his debauchery so that Aizan had to quit the senior elementary school in his third year and study by himself while actually working.
- 他に、後日、補筆・清書作業を行うことを考慮し、そのための参考内容を調達の容易な紙背を利用して執筆した文書などがある。
- Besides these, there are monjo composed of casual references written on the back side of used paper (which was relatively easy to procure), to be turned later into a fuller version with new parts or from which a fair copy could be made.
- が、見栄えの問題と、大仏の背面が隠れ、状態がわからないこと、光背の修築に邪魔なことから、重源から撤去が望まれていた。
- However, Chogen had been requesting removal of the ugly-looking hill covering the back of the Great Buddha, which hindered the repair of the halo including condition checks.
- 「義和拳」が「義和団」と呼ばれるようになるのには、こうした背景があったのであり、以下の文章では「義和団」に統一する。
- Giwa Martial Art' became known as 'the Boxers' under these circumstances, and the following paragraphs will use the term 'the Boxers.'
- 「菊花の約」は、全体を白話小説の『古今小説』「范巨卿鷄黍死生交」から、時代背景を香川正矩『陰徳太平記』によっている。
- The whole work of 'The Chrysanthemum Vow' was adapted from Hakuwa Shosetsu 'Fan Juqing jishu sisheng jiao (Fan Chu-ch'ing's Eternal Friendship)' in 'Gujin xiaoshuo (Old and New Stories),' and the background is based on 'Intoku Taiheiki (records of great peace)' by Masanori KAGAWA.
- 蘇我入鹿を先頭に、蘇我馬子、蘇我倉山田石川麻呂、山背大兄王、大津皇子、山辺皇女など藤原氏を恨んで死んだ者たちの行列。
- A parade by those who died with a grudge against the Fujiwara clan--SOGA no Iruka at the head of the parade, then SOGA no Umako, SOGA no Kurayamada Ishikawa Maro, YAMASHIRO no Oe no O, Prince Otsu, Princess Yamanobe, etc.
- わが背子を大和に遣るとさ夜深けて 暁(あかとき)露にわが立ち濡れし吾勢祜乎 倭邊遣登 佐夜深而 鷄鳴露尓 吾立所霑之
- To see my brother off for Yamato, I stood outside in sorrow at midnight until I was drenched with early morning dew.
- しかしながら、各作者付ごとにその信頼度はまちまちであり、その成立背景などを考慮に入れつつ、慎重に取り扱わねばならない。
- However, there is a large difference between the reliability of the various sakusha-zuke, therefore, they shouild be used with caution by considering the circumstances surrounding the creation of such publications.
- 紀の川流域の紀氏のように瀬戸内海に対する天然の良港を持ち、後背に木材産地を確保した大豪族も独自の水軍をもって活躍した。
- Therefore, the large gozoku (local ruling family) like Ki clan along the Kino-kawa River that had natural bays in Seto Inland Sea and wood production areas in the backlands flourished with their own suigun.
- 根来寺は室町時代においては幕府の保護を背景に紀伊・和泉に八か所の荘園を領有し、経済力・武力の両面において強力であった。
- The Negoro-ji Temple held eight shoen (manor in medieval Japan) at Kii and Izumi Provinces on the background of the support of the bakufu in the Muromachi period and had strong economic and military powers.
- そうした中で6世紀前期に近江国から北陸地方にかけての首長層を背景としたオホド王(継体天皇)が現れヤマト王統を統一した。
- During the early sixth century, King Ohodo (Emperor Keitai) appeared from among the chiefs of regions between Omi Province and the Hokuriku region and unified the Yamato royalty.
- 翌25日、第四旅団は下田街道を南下し、坂元・催馬楽・桂山から別府隊・振武隊十番中隊の背後を攻撃し、吉野へ追い落とした。
- On the next day, May 25, the 4th brigade advanced towards the south along the Shimoda-kaido Road, attacked the Beppu-tai troop and the 10th company of the Shinbu-tai troop on the rear from Sakamoto, Saibara, and Katsurayama, and drove them away to Yoshino.
- 宮子以後、淳仁天皇の生母当麻山背から醍醐天皇の養母藤原温子まで、7人の皇太夫人が現れたが、いずれも中宮職に奉仕された。
- Seven Kotaifujin after Miyako, from TAIMA no Yamashiro, the real mother of Emperor Junnin, to FUJIWARA no Onshi, the foster mother, appeared and were served by Chugushiki.
- 天皇が根拠のない密告を信じて政府首班の長屋王を死に追い込んだ背景には、皇位を巡る天皇の疑心暗鬼があったとする説もある。
- Some say in the context of the Emperor's believing in the information without solid foundation to force Prince Nagaya, the leader of the government, to commit suicide was the Emperor's doubts and fears about the throne.
- 一方で、後白河との対立は生涯に渡って解消されることはなく、「孝道には大に背けり」(『源平盛衰記』)という世評もあった。
- On the other hand, the Emperor had opposed Emperor Goshirakawa all his life, and some people said 'Emperor Nijo did not respect his father' ('Genpei Josui Ki').
- ブレンデッドウイスキーが作られるためには、スコットランドの蒸留所で生産されるモルトが多様であるという背景が欠かせない。
- In order for blended whisky to be produced, there must be a variety of malts produced in Scotland.
- まず、演目のイントロダクションともいうべき関連した話題や背景を紹介していく枕から本題に移行する合図として、羽織を脱ぐ。
- Firstly, the haori is taken off to signify that the story is progressing from the makura (a related topic, or the background to the story, which serves as an introduction to the performance) to the main topic.
- 安土桃山時代には、都市部において豪商と呼ばれる新興商人が成長し、その富を背景にした豪華で大掛かりな文化傾向が見られる。
- In the Azuchi Momoyama period, newly emerging merchants who were considered wealthy merchants rose in power, and a tendency toward a luxurious and large-scale culture emerged, supported by their wealth.
- しかし、この謀議は6月28日、山背王が孝謙天皇に「奈良麻呂が兵をもって仲麻呂邸を囲む」旨を密告し露見することとなった。
- However, the conspiracy was disclosed on June 28, when Yamashiro no Okimi informed Empress Koken on that 'Naramaro will surround the residence of Nakamaro with his troops.'
- このため、実隆が朝廷の要職にあったときには巻子を採用し、重要な手紙は日記に貼り次いだり、紙背文書として残したりされた。
- That is why while Sanetaka held an important position in the Imperial court, he chose kansu, adding important letters to the diary, and old documents which were written on the other side of a piece of used paper were left.
- 説話自体が事実を伝えるものではないとしても、その主題から外れた背景、設定からは、当時の世相をうかがい知ることができる。
- Even though the anecdotes may not have been based on the truth, one can surmise the social conditions of the time from the background and setting associated with the subject.
- この背景には兄にあたる後光明天皇が急逝したために、万が一の皇統断絶の事態に備えて皇位継承の候補者を確保する目的もあった。
- Because of the sudden death of his older brother Emperor Gokomyo, it was necessary for the Imperial court to secure nominees for the heir to the Imperial throne in order to prevent the extinction of imperial line.
- これは直接には砧という道具、あるいは砧を打つ行為であるが、その背後にこの能の情趣が当然に想起されるものとして使用される。
- Although 'kinuta' and 'kinuta utsu' directly refer to the tool called the kinuta and the action of pounding the kinuta respectively, the words are used to evoke the touching sentiment of the Noh play.
- しかしながら、武士層の不満が増すと、足利尊氏はそれを背景に新政から離反し、持明院統を擁立して大覚寺統を南の吉野に追った。
- However, with the increasing frustration of samurai, Takauji ASHIKAGA left the new government, supported the Jimyoin-to group, and chased the Daikakuji-to group to Yoshino in the south.
- 九州の平氏家人である原田種直を2月に葦屋浦の戦いで打ち破り、長門国彦島(下関市)に最後の拠点を置く平氏の背後を遮断する。
- He won against Tanenao HARADA, a retainer of the Taira clan at the battle of Ashiyaura in February and isolated the Taira clan who built their last foothold at Hiko-jima Island in Nagato Province.
- 欽明天皇の代に新羅がまた背き、任那を亡ぼしたので、朝廷は紀男麻呂を将として問罪の師をおこし、伊企儺はこれの副将であった。
- Since Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom) disobeyed again and destroyed Mimana during the time of Emperor Kinmei, the Imperial Court sent military forces with KI no Omaro as a shogun and Ikina as a vice-shogun to accuse Shiragi.
- ともに朝明郡にたどりついたのは、大分恵尺、難波三綱、駒田忍人、山辺安摩呂、埿部視枳、大分稚臣、根金身、漆部友背であった。
- The Followers who got to Asake-no-kori county were OKIDA no Esaka, NANIWA no Mitsuna, KOMADA no Oshihito, YAMAHE no Yasumaro, HATSUKASHIBE no Shiki, OKIDA no Wakaomi, NE no Kanemi and NURIBE no Tomose.
- ともに朝明郡にたどりついたのは、大分恵尺、難波三綱、駒田忍人、小墾田猪手、埿部視枳、大分稚臣、根金身、漆部友背であった。
- The followers who got to Asake-no-kori county were OKIDA no Esaka, NANIWA no Mitsuna, KOMADA no Oshihito, OHARITA no Ite, HATSUKASHIBE no Shiki, OKIDA no Wakaomi, NE no Kanemi and NURIBE no Tomose.
- ロゴの背景にカタカムナ文字が使われ、作中にもカタカムナ文献と思われる文献が登場するなど、非常に重要な役目を果たしている。
- The Katakamuna characters are used on the background of the logo and documents considered to be katakamuna documents appear and play very important roles in the story.
- 本項目で採り上げられている贈与と和解はともに和い与える性格を有しており、後に両方の意味を持った背景として考えられている。
- Both gift and settlement discussed in this section have the nature of providing benefits through agreement or compromise, and this is probably why the term came to have the two meanings later.
- そのために朝廷の所領についてはともかく、寺社・公家の所領に関しては武家は軍事的実力を背景に下地中分・返還には応じなかった。
- In response, samurai families, supported by their military power, did not accept Shitaji chubun (a physical division of the land) and refused to return territory that had originally belonged to temples, shrines and Kuge, setting aside the Imperial Court's territories.
- 秋田蘭画流行の背景には、徳川吉宗の蘭学奨励、当時の南蘋(なんびん)派の流行、および博物趣味の広まりがあると指摘されている。
- It has been pointed out that the popularity of Akita Ranga spread from Yoshimune TOKUGAWA's Dutch study promotions, the popularity of the Nanbin School and hobbyists of natural history of the time.
- また、銅鐸の製造集団の負う文化的背景に由来すると思われる地域的な銅鐸の特徴差について考慮を全く欠いているという批判がある。
- Also, another critic says that this theory completely lacks a consideration regarding regional differences in the characteristics of dotaku, which probably deprived from differences of the cultural background each local producing group had.
- 翌日、別働第2および第3旅団は山背と本道の両面から松橋を攻撃し、別働第1旅団は北豊崎から御船に進み、薩軍の右側を攻撃した。
- On the next day, the detached 2nd brigade and the detached 3rd brigade attacked Matsubase from both sides of Yamashiro and the main road, and the detached 1st brigade advanced to Mifune from Kitatoyozaki, attacking the right side of the Satsuma army.
- この主張は銭緒山ら右派のみならず、朱子学からも倫理に背くものとされ、彼らの思想・行動は心学の横流と呼ばれ厳しく批判された。
- This was claimed to run counter by ethics by not only the right-wing, including Qian Xushan, but also by Shushi-gaku, and their idea and actions were said to be muddying the School of Mind and were fiercely criticized.
- ただし、その国家建設は内発的なものではなく、唐を中心とする東アジアの国際関係の緊張を背景とする外発的な要因を主としていた。
- The construction of the state was not triggered internally, but chiefly by external factor of tension in East Asian international relations, mainly with the Tang Dynasty.
- これは山背大兄王を疎んじていた蘇我入鹿と、皇位継承における優位を画策する諸皇族の思惑が一致したからこそ出来た事件であろう。
- Further incidents could have occurred because of the tensions between SOGA no Iruka who disfavored Prince Yamashiro no oe and the imperial families who wanted to have an advantage in the succession to the throne.
- 頭に被る部分と、巾子(こじ)と言って髷を納める部分、纓(えい)と言って背中にたらす長細い薄布の大きく三つの部分に分かれる。
- A Court cap roughly consists of three parts: the main part which covers the head, a koji where a topknot is kept, and a long strip of thin cloth called ei which hangs down to the back.
- 明治期の日本が急速に近代化を達成できた要因のひとつに、寺子屋が庶民に高い教育水準をもたらしていた背景をあげることができる。
- One of the factors that led to the rapid modernization of Japan in the Meiji period was the high educational standards that Terakoya had provided the ordinary citizens.
- また、山背国太秦は秦河勝が建立した広隆寺があり、この地の古墳は6世紀頃のものであり、年代はさほど遡らないことが推定される。
- In addition, Koryu-ji Temple, built by HATA no Kawakatsu, was located in the Uzumasa in Yamashiro Province, and burial mounds on this site do not date back further than to about the sixth century.
- そもそも、医院を訪れる患者に対しては正面から向き合っており、能力を発揮するためと言って人に背を向けることからしておかしい。
- She saw patients visiting the clinic face-to-face in the first place, therefore, it was strange that she put her back to people in order to exert her power.
- ともに朝明郡にたどりついたのは、大分恵尺、難波三綱、山辺安摩呂、小墾田猪手、埿部視枳、大分稚臣、根金身、漆部友背であった。
- The followers who got to Asake-no-kori county were OKIDA no Esaka, NANIWA no Mitsuna, YAMAHE no Yasumaro, OHARITA no Ite, HATSUKASHIBE no Shiki, OKIDA no Wakaomi, NE no Kanemi and NURIBE no Tomose.
- ともに朝明郡にたどりついたのは、大分恵尺、難波三綱、駒田忍人、山辺安摩呂、小墾田猪手、大分稚臣、根金身、漆部友背であった。
- Other members who arrived in Asake-no-kori with Prince Otsu were OKIDA no Esaka, NANIWA no Mitsuna, KOMADA no Oshihito, YAMAHE no Yasumaro, OHARITA no Ite, OKIDA no Wakaomi, NE no Kanemi, and NURIBE no Tomose.
- 1655年(明暦元年)中国商人の抵抗(この背景には鄭成功がいたと言われている)を受け糸割符仲間は解散し、市法売買となった。
- In 1655 Itowappu nakama was dissolved owing to the protest the Shogunate received from the Chinese merchants; (it is said that there existed Seiko TEI [Zheng Chenggon]) in the background of this protest; afterwards, the Shogunate controlled the trade of raw silk threads by trade control called 'shibo baibai' in which appraisers selected from the merchants from the above mentioned 5 cities appraised the goods brought by foreign merchants and trade was executed with the set price based on those appraisals.
- 北海道に多くの集治監が作られた背景は、出所後も現地に留まらせ、当時少なかった人口の増加につなげる思いもあったと伝えられる。
- As for the reason why many Shujikan were built in Hokkaido, it has been said that there was an intention to keep prisoners to stay in Hokkaido after their release in order to increase Hokkaido's population which was fewer at that time.
- インドや東南アジアの説話では、爬虫類のワニの背をシカやサルがわたるというものがあり、その関連が研究者により指摘されている。
- In the stories of India and Southeast Asia, deer and monkeys step on the backs of reptilian crocodiles in order to get across something, and this association has been pointed out by researchers.
- 事件の5日後に急遽京都入りした信長は、この事件の背景に堺の町衆がいると考えて、堺に矢銭を課してその自治権を制限したのである。
- Nobunaga hurriedly returned to Kyoto after five days, and thought that merchants of Sakai were pulling strings behind the scene before imposing yasen (war funds) on Sakai to restrict their autonomy.
- 1645年(正保2年)丹波国桑田郡から、大布施村・八桝村・別所村の3村(後の花背村の一部、現 京都市左京区花背地区)を編入。
- Three villages (a part of later Hanase Village and current Hanase area, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City) of Ofuse, Yamasu, Bessho Villages from Kuwata District, Tanba Province became a part of the area in 1645.
- 三木三郎や加納鷲雄、富山弥兵衛、篠原泰之進らが逃走したが、ただ一人武装していた服部は、塀を背にして最期まで孤軍奮闘している。
- While Saburo MIKI, Washio KANO, Yahei TOYAMA and Tainoshin SHIMOHARA escaped, Hattori, the only one who was armed, fought alone till his last breath with his back to a wall.
- 文明8年(1476年)、遠江国の国人、横地秀国と勝間田修理亮が義忠に背き斯波氏に内通して見付城を修復して抵抗の構えを見せた。
- In 1476, the local lords of Totomi Province, Hidekuni YOKOCHI and Katsumata Shuri no suke (勝間田修理亮) colluded with the Shiba clan and renovated Mitsuke-jo Castle to fight against Yoshitada.
- 階級社会の軍隊で、それも一段低い扱いを受ける衛生部の鴎外の主張がとおった背景の一つに、山県有朋の存在があったと考えられている
- It is thought that one of the reasons why Ogai's insistence was effective even though he belonged to the hygiene department (an inferior department under the strict class society of the Army), was that he was backed by Aritomo YAMAGATA.
- ともに朝明郡にたどりついたのは、大分恵尺、難波三綱、駒田忍人、山辺安摩呂、小墾田猪手、埿部視枳、大分稚臣、漆部友背であった。
- Other members who arrived in Asake-no-kori with Prince Otsu were OKIDA no Esaka, NANIWA no Mitsuna, KOMADA no Oshihito, YAMAHE no Yasumaro, OHARITA no Ite, HATSUKASHIBE no Shiki, OKIDA no Wakaomi, and NURIBE no Tomose.
- ただ同時に見逃せないのは、この事件の背景に専制を強める将軍およびその近臣勢力と東国有力御家人との対立が考えられることである。
- One thing that should not be ignored at the same time is that, behind this incident, there could be a conflict between the shogun trying to strengthen a tyrannical control and his trusted vassals and the senior vassals in the togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) existed.
- そして、道真の名誉回復が早い時期に実現したのも「道真怨霊説」だけでなく、亡き時平と忠平との確執が背景にあったと言われている。
- It is also said that the early restoration of Michizane's reputation was attributable not only to 'Michizane's vengeful ghost' but also to the conflict between Tadahira and the deceased Tokihira.
- さらに『兵範記』原本の特長としては、大量の紙背文書(紙が貴重であった時代、正規の文書の裏に書かれた文章)の存在が挙げられる。
- Besides, the original manuscript of 'Heihan ki' is characterized by a large quantity of shihaibunsho (records written on the other side of documents during the period when paper was very precious).
- うつそみの人にあるわれや明日よりは 二上山を弟背(いろせ)とわが見む宇都曾見乃 人尓有吾哉 從明日者 二上山乎 弟世登吾將見
- Now you are dead, and still I live; from tomorrow I will see Mt. Futakami as my brother.
- 読者はその一瞬の休符の合間に、作者を取り巻く環境や作者の思想・感情・情念・背景などを勝手に想像してしまう仕掛けになっている。
- During this momentary pause, the reader is allowed to imagine the environment that surrounds the composer as well as his/her thoughts, emotions or pathos, and history.
- 同年、摂津国で勃発した野田城・福島城の戦いで織田軍主力が投入されている中、浅井氏・朝倉連合軍は信長の背後を突くべく進軍を開始。
- While Oda's main force was assigned to the Battle of Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle which erupted in the Settsu Province in the same year, the Asai and Asakura allied forces started to advance towards Oda, aiming to attack his forces from behind.
- 肥料や農具などの改善や米の品種改良の進展などを背景として、畿内や山陽などで二毛作が拡がるなど、農業生産が著しく向上していった。
- With the development of new fertilizers and agricultural tools, along with the improvement of rice varieties through selective breeding, agricultural production increased remarkably as a result of various circumstances, such as the spread of double-cropping in Kinai and Sanyo regions.
- この旅団は3月19日、艦砲射撃に援護されて日奈久南方の州口及び八代の背後に上陸し、薩軍を二面から攻撃して八代の占領に成功した。
- On March 19, that brigade disembarked at the rear of Sugu, which was south to Hinagu, and at the rear of Yatsushiro, covered by naval bombardment, and succeeded in occupying Yatsushiro by attacking the Satsuma army on both sides.
- 5月24日、別働第1旅団と別働第3旅団は大挙攻勢に出、涙橋付近で交戦する一方、軍艦に分乗した兵が背後を衝き、薩軍を敗走させた。
- On May 24, the detached 1st brigade and the detached 3rd brigade made attacks in full strength: While they fought with the Satsuma army around the Namida-bashi Bridge, soldiers on the warships attacked the Satsuma army on the rear and routed it.
- このような7世紀の東アジアの激動を背景として,倭(天武天皇による国号制定以後日本)では中央集権的律令国家建設の必要性が生じた。
- Facing the highly volatile situation in East Asia in the seventh century, there emerged a need for 'Wa' (ancient Japan, 'Wa' was called 'Japan' after the establishment of the name of the country by the Emperor Tenmu) to establish a centralized state under the Ritsuryo system.
- これは前代の国学や尊王思想を背景とするもので、根底には『日本書紀』以来続いてきた日本の歴史の独自性を強調する考えが流れていた。
- Kokugaku in the previous period and the thought of revering the Emperor existed in the background of such a move, and the thought of emphasizing uniqueness of Japanese that existed in 'Nihonshoki' and had been maintained thereafter as well existing base.
- 秦氏は聖徳太子とも関わりがあったらしく、のちの山背大兄王が蘇我氏に攻められた際には、彼に太秦に避難するよう進言する者があった。
- The Hata clan seems to have a relationship with Prince Shotoku; he was advised to escape to Uzumasa when Yamashiro-no-one was attacked by the Soga clan.
- 名前の由来は花の美しい北山の懐にあるので「花の背」とよばれたから、花の都京都の北の背骨に位置するところにあるからなど諸説ある。
- There are various views on the origin of its name 'Hanase' (flower back): some is that the pass was called 'Hana no se' (the back covered with flowers) as it runs through the heart of Mt. Kita which have been famous for beautiful flowers, others is that the pass is located at so-called north backbone of Kyoto which was 'Hana-no-miyako' (the capital city flourishing), and so on.
- 甲州金(こうしゅうきん):古甲金、無背、背忠、背下安、背中安、背重、背定、額面は一両、二分、一分、二朱、一朱、朱中などがある。
- Koshu Kin (Koshu gold): Kokokin, Muse, Haichu, Seshimoyasu, Sechuyasu, Haishige, Haisada; valued at 1 ryo, 2 bu, 1 bu, 2 shu, 1 shu, shuchu, etc.
- 律令制が確立して中央集権的な国家体制が整うにつれて、国の富は中央に集められ、皇族や貴族はこれらの富を背景に華やかな生活を送った。
- Following the realization of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and establishment of a centralized state government, the country's treasures and wealth were brought to the capital, against which background the Imperial family and the nobility led a sumptuous life.
- 稀有な戦術眼の持ち主である上杉謙信が川中島の地形を理解していなかったはずはないため、背水の陣を敷いたのではないかとの推測もある。
- Because it is unbelievable that Kenshin UESUGI, being a person with an exceptional strategic eye, could not understand the geographic shape of Kawanakajima, there is the surmise that he placed his forces there as a last resort.
- 五瀬命の「我々は日の神の御子だから、日に向かって(東に向かって)戦うのは良くない。廻り込んで日を背にして(西に向かって)戦おう」
- Itsuse no mikoto advised his troops as 'now that we are the sons of the sun, we should not fight facing the sun (the east), let's turn around and fight with our back to the sun (the west).'
- これは、律令の背景思想だった儒教に基づく政策であったが、園人の後に政権を握った藤原冬嗣は一変して墾田開発の促進を政策方針とした。
- This policy was based on Confucianism, a key idea of the Ritsuryo system, but FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu, who took over Sonohito, changed the policy drastically, making it policy to facilitate the development of reclaimed land.
- 「御所が絶えれば吉良が継ぎ、吉良が絶えれば今川が継ぐ」という序列観が人々の間に定着したのも、こうした背景があってのことであった。
- Establishing the hierarchy as 'if the Imperial Palace dies out, the Kira inherits the succession to the family headship, and the Imagawa inherits when Kira dies out' among the people, is due to this background.
- 公武合体から非佐幕へと政治姿勢を転換させた背景として、時流が薩長同盟によって倒幕へ傾斜したことに対する土佐藩の焦りが挙げられる。
- Goto changed his political attitude from Kobu-gattai (reconciliation between the imperial court and the shogunate) to Hisabaku (anti-shogunate) because the movement towards the anti-shogunate was dramatically fostered by Satsuma-Choshu Alliance, which put pressure on the leaders of Tosa Domain.
- その夜、千頭の牛の角に松明を灯した早雲の兵が小田原城へ迫り、勢子に扮して背後の箱根山に伏せていた兵たちが鬨の声を上げて火を放つ。
- That night, Soun's troops, who had dressed as beaters and hidden on Mt. Hakone, attached torches to the horns of 1,000 cows and, as they neared Odawara-jo Castle, they let out a battle cry and set fire to the castle.
- このため藤堂は応戦(後ろから背中を斬られるのは武士の恥なので藤堂は許せなかったと)して数々の傷を負い、戦死したとされる説もある。
- Therefore, there is a theory that Todo fought back until he died from the number of wounds.
- 脱走の背景に尊皇攘夷を目的に結成されながら、実際やっていることは志士の弾圧という新選組のありかたに疑問を感じていたとも言われる。
- Some say that he had doubts on the way Shinsengumi was organized as what they actually did was oppress supporters when in fact it was meant to be organized for Sonno Joi.
- このことに我慢ができなくなった直政は数正に向かって、「先祖より仕えた主君に背いて殿下に従う臆病者と同席すること、固くお断り申す。
- Naomasa could not stand it, and yelled at Kazumasa, 'I refuse to sit with that coward who serves you after betraying the lord his family had been serving for generations.'
- 思想・政治は、愛山にとって「密着して離れざるもの」であり、歴史をそうした全体として考え、経済社会の背景にも特に関心を払っていた。
- For Aizan, ideology and politics were 'something nondetachable,' and he considered history as the whole of those ideas; especially paying attention to the background of the economic society.
- この日の露営は寒さに堪えかねて、凍死した将兵の背嚢を燃やすなどして何とか寒さを凌ぐものの、それでも大多数の兵士が凍死していった。
- Many soldiers were frozen to death as the chill was too severe to camp out that day, though they burned the rucksacks of dead soldiers to scarcely preserve heat.
- 背景には、執権職を独占する北条氏内部の主導権争いと、北条氏の専横に反感を抱き将軍権力の浮揚を図る御家人たちの不満が要因にあった。
- There were a conflict for the leadership inside the Hojo clan who exclusively possessed shikken no shiki (title of the regent) as the backdrop, and the dissatisfaction of gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who felt antipathy to the Hojo clan's tyranny, and tried to increase the power of the shogun as one of the factors.
- 大島雅太郎は三井合名会社の理事をつとめていたことなどから豊かな財力を背景にして池田亀鑑を顧問にして多くの貴重な書籍を集めていた。
- Masataro OSHIMA, serving as a director of Mitsui Gomei Kaisha, used his prodigious wealth to engage Kikan IKEDA as an advisor and collected many valuable books and manuscripts.
- 755年、安史の乱が起こり唐で混乱が生じると、新羅に脅威を抱く渤海との関係強化を背景に藤原仲麻呂は新羅への征討戦争を準備している。
- In 755, when the Anshi Rebellion occurred and Tang was thrown into disorder, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro made preparations for a punitive war against Silla, based on Japan's strengthening relationship with Balhae (who posed a serious threat to Silla).
- だが、平城天皇には既に高岳親王・阿保親王の両親王がいたことから、皇太弟擁立の背景には、亡父・桓武天皇の意向が働いたといわれている。
- However, Emperor Heizei already had Prince Takaoka and Prince Abo, so the means by which Emperor Saga became the second prince was that his deceased father, Emperor Kammu, had intended it.
- 関東と関西で多少の演出の違いがあり、工藤が兄弟の父の最期の様を語る件で背面の襖を開けて富士山の遠見を見せるのが関西のやり方である。
- There is a slight difference of staging between the Kanto and Kansai regions; in Kansai, Mount Fuji is seen in the distance between the fusuma sliding doors in the scene where Kudo talks about the last hour of the brothers' father.
- しかし、関東の後背に独自の政権があることを源頼朝は恐れたため、源頼朝は同年7月、義経を長らくかくまっていた事を罪として奥州に出兵。
- However, being afraid that independent political power existed to the north of the Kanto region, in August that year, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo dispatched his troops to the Oshu region, officially accusing the clan of having sheltered Yoshitsune for a long time.
- 伊東氏が島津氏の攻撃を受け、伊東氏の支城の綾城が落城した際、当時8歳だった伊東マンショは家臣の田中國廣に背負われ豊後に落ち延びる。
- When the Aya-jo Castle which was the branch castle of the Ito clan fell due to the attack of the Shimazu clan, Mancio ITO who was eight years old at the time, was carried on Kunihiro TANAKA's back, and escaped to Bungo Province.
- この御親兵以外にも東山道鎮台(石巻)と西海道鎮台(小倉)を設置し、これらの武力を背景に、6月25日から内閣人員の入れ替えを始めた。
- In addition to the Goshimpei, the Tosando Chindai Army (Ishinomaki) and Saikaido Chindai Army (Kokura) were created, and with this backdrop of military power, the cabinet started to be reshuffled on June 25.
- 現に明治維新という急激な改革に諸藩の不平士族たちが反乱を起こすが、最大の敵性グループであった旧幕臣たちはついに背くことがなかった。
- As a matter of fact, while discontented former samurai warriors of various domains revolted against the rapid reform of the Meiji Restoration, the former vassals of the shogun, who would have formed the largest hostile group to the new government, never betrayed the new government.
- その形式は太子を中に置いて左右には2人の王子(伝えられるところによれば、右側が山背大兄王、左側が殖栗王)を少し小さく配置した構成。
- Regarding the form of the portrait, it has a construct that Prince Shotoku is placed between another two princes (Prince Yamashiro no oe on the right side, while Eguri-O on the other side, as the story goes) drawn a little smaller than Prince Shotoku.
- これらの経緯から尊氏・足利義詮・足利義満らの信任は厚く、直光はその信任を背景として常陸に勢力を拡張し、安房国の守護職も与えられた。
- From these circumstances, he was truly trusted from Takauji, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, and Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, and with this support, he expanded the power to Hitachi, and was given the shugoshiki of Awa province.
- なお、当時の時代背景を反映して「外国人への犯罪及び外国人と組んで行った犯罪」が恩赦の対象外とされているのは特異な点であると言える。
- A unique point of this law which reflected the historical background was that a pardon did not extend to 'crimes on foreigners or crimes committed together with foreigners.'
- 同年6月28日 (旧暦)(7月22日)、山背王が孝謙天皇に「奈良麻呂が兵をもって仲麻呂の邸を包囲しようと計画している」と密告した。
- On July 22, 757, Yamashiro-O (Prince Yamashiro) informed Empress Koken of the scheme that Naramaro was planning to surround Nakamaro's residence with soldiers.
- 九条家本延喜式の紙背文書(しはいもんじょ)中の兼行の筆跡との一致など、さまざまな観点から、兼行を筆者とする説はほぼ定説化している。
- The second style matches the brushwork of one of the passages written on the reverse side of the volume of the Engi-shiki (an ancient code of laws) owned by the Kujo family that is known to be by Kaneyuki, and for this and other reasons, even when looked at from different viewpoints, the theory that Kaneyuki was the calligrapher of the second style is all but conclusively proven.
- 山背大御の指扇(やましろおおいごのさしおうぎ):大御は大姉御のこと、その大姉御が取袴の様子を見て恥ずかしげに扇をかざしている様子。
- Yamashiro oigo no sashiogi (an act of covering one's face with a fan): 'oigo' means an aged woman, and it is a performance of mimicking the woman who has seen the man's thighs and bashfully covers her face with a fan.
- 但し、この事件の背景には恭仁京遷都や義弟・安積親王への皇位継承などを巡っての義父・聖武天皇との政治的な対立の可能性も指摘されている。
- As a background of this incident, the possibility of political confrontation with his father-in-law, Emperor Shomu has been pointed out in relation to the transfer of the capital to Kuni-kyo and giving the right of succession to the Imperial Throne to his younger brother-in-law, Prince Asaka.
- 鉄鼠の物語は平安末期における仏教界の激しい勢力争いを背景としたものであり、また、当時の鼠害(そがい)の様子を今に伝える史料でもある。
- Behind the background of the tale of Tesso was intense power struggle in the Buddhist region at the end of the Heian period and also it is a historical material to pass on to today the picture of the sogai (rat damage) at that time.
- 班田収授は、奈良時代最末期になると、浮浪・逃亡する百姓の増加や、そうした百姓を荘園が受け入れたことを背景として、次第に弛緩し始めた。
- Handen Shuju was gradually relaxed in the late Nara period due to an increasing number of peasant wandering around or escaping, and the existence of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) accepted those peasants.
- 解官の背景には、独自の動きを見せていた頼盛を完全な統制下に置くことで、重盛の地位を守ろうとする清盛の意思が介在していた可能性もある。
- There is a possibility that Kiyomori was behind these dismissals, intending them as a means of protecting Shigemori's position by placing Yorimori, who sometimes showed a tendency to act independently, under complete control.
- 田村に対しては「慎み深く言動に気をつけよ」と諭し、山背大兄に対しては「あなたはまだ若く未熟なので群臣の意見を聴きなさい」と遺言した。
- The Empress preached Tamura no Miko to keep moderateness and be careful about what he says and does, and preached Yamashiro no Oe no Okimi to know his immatureness and listen to vassals' advices.
- しかし、もともと石山寺(現在の大谷寺 (宇都宮市)との説もある)座主であったとも言われ、仏法を背景に勢力を拡大したと考えられている。
- Soen, however, is believed to have served as Zasu of Ishiyama-dera Temple (alternatively, present-day Oya-ji Temple of Utsunomiya City, according to a different view) before becoming the Utsunomiya Zasu, thus supposedly extending power, backed by the Buddhism.
- いっぽう板垣は参議就任により、愛国社創立運動の失敗を招いたため、自由民権派から背信行為を厳しく糾弾され、釈明に追われることとなった。
- On the other hand, Itagaki's assumption of office as Sangi caused the movement of the formation of Aikokusha (literally, the Society of Patriots) to fail, so he was severely criticized by the Jiyu Minken fraction for his betrayal and pressed to offer vindication.
- これは本来の選挙管理内閣としてのあり方を逸脱して、研究会と政友本党の支持を背景に長期政権化を狙ったものとされて、世論の硬化を招いた。
- This movement of the KIYOURA cabinet was seen by the people as going beyond its original role of the caretaker government and demonstrating its true intention of extending its own life with the support of the Kenkyukai and Kenseikai Party, and hardened the people's heart against the cabinet.
- 歌舞伎十八番の一つである演目『暫(しばらく)』には「鯰坊主」という悪役が登場し、主人公に対し地震を背景とした強がりを言う場面がある。
- In 'Shibaraku' (Just a moment), which was one of kabuki's juhachiban (eighteen best plays of the Ichikawa family of kabuki actors), an akuyaku (villain's role) called 'namazu bozu' (namazu priest) appears, and there is a scene in which he puts on a bold front to the main character backed with an earthquake.
- 特に武士間の主従関係においては利害が如実であり、不利な戦況にある武門の棟梁の下から去り、敵対勢力への鞍替えをしたり、背く場合もあった。
- As the relationship between master and vassal among samurai was highly dependent on interests, at times vassals would abandon a Bumon no toryo, if and when they came under an unfavorable situation due to a war and changed loyalty to the opponent.
- 3月16日には武田信豊が家臣の下曽根覚雲斎(信恒)に背かれて殺され、小山田信茂も「主君を裏切った」と言う理由で甲斐善光寺で処刑された。
- On March 16, 1582, Nobutoyo TAKEDA was killed by his disloyal vassal, Kakuunsai (Nobutsune) SHIMOSONE, and Nobushige OYAMADA was also executed at Kai-Zenko-ji Temple on the grounds of having betrayed his master.
- 最初の衝背軍は3月18日、長崎を出発して八代に向かった高島鞆之助大佐(後に少将)率いる別働第2旅団(後に別働第1旅団に改称)であった。
- On March 18, the 1st unit of Shohaigun, which was the detached 2nd brigade (later, renamed detached 1st brigade) led by Colonel Tomonosuke TAKASHIMA (later Major General), left Nagasaki toward Yatsushiro.
- 永禄7年(1564年)の第2次国府台合戦では、緒戦こそ里見義弘の前に苦戦したが、氏政は北条綱成と共に里見軍の背後を攻撃して勝利を得た。
- In 1564, Ujimasa won the Second Konodai Battle by attacking the Satomi army from behind in coordination with Tsunashige HOJO, although Ujimasa struggled and suffered a setback in the beginning of the battle against Yoshihiro SATOMI.
- 忠興は情報戦にも長けていたが、その背景には、当代一流の文化人の一人として数多くの文化人や公卿たちとの交流が盛んだったという事情がある。
- Tadaoki also excelled in information warfare, something which may be linked to his being one of the most cultured men of his day and having frequent interaction with a great number of intellectuals and court nobles.
- 彼らはまず箸陵で前面の敵を破り、中軍のいる大和の古道に回りこみ、吹負の本営に迫っていた廬井鯨の軍の背後を断ち、これを敗走に追い込んだ。
- First, they defeated the enemy of the front line at Hashinohaka, and then cut off the rear-end of the forces (led by IOI no Kujira) that was closing in on Hukei's headquarters by going around the back of an old path of Yamato where the mid-line force were located, forcing them to retreat.
- 歴史作家・関裕二の最近の研究によると古代文書のことごとくが浦島に饒舌なのはこの人物の背後に歴史の闇の存在が指摘できるからであるという。
- According to a recent study conducted by Yuji SEKI, an author of historical novels, the fact that most of the ancient documents frequently mention Urashima particularly means that it can be interpreted that he was a significant, if shadowy, figure.
- 鏡面にタガネで千手観音の立像と侍立する眷属を彫り、背面には中央に宝相華文、四方に蝶や鳥を配した図柄の八稜鏡であり、国宝に指定されている。
- It is a hachiryokyo (eight-lobed bronze mirror) and designated as a national treasure; the standing statue of Senju Kannon with kenzoku (one's family and relations) are carved with tagane (chisel) on the mirror side, and on the back side of the mirror, Hosoge-mon (flower motif) is carved in the center as well as butterflies and birds in four directions.
- 3日、早朝の霧に乗じた薩軍の急襲を別働第3旅団は激闘5時間の末、これを退け、追撃して緑川を越えて薩軍の側背を衝き、進んで甲佐を占領した。
- On April 3, the Satsuma army raided the detached 3rd brigade under the cover of fog in the early morning, but the brigade drove back the Satsuma army after a five-hour fierce battle, chased it across the Midori-kawa River, attacked the back side and the flank of the Satsuma army, and seized Kosa after further advancement.
- 当時政権の座にあった左大臣藤原道長は、複雑な背景を有する昭登らへの宣下に消極的であったものの花山法皇の意向を受けてやむなく従ったという。
- It is told that FUJIWARA no Michinaga, a Sadaijin (minister of the left) who gained supremacy in the administration, had a negative stance about giving the title to Akinari and Kiyohito due to their complicated background, but reluctantly followed Emperor Kazan's wish.
- だが、蝦夷から山背大兄王に対して自重を求める意見をされたこともあって皇位は田村皇子が継承することとなり、629年に即位(舒明天皇)する。
- However, since Emishi called for prudence by Prince Yamashiro no oe, Prince Tamura (Emperor Jomei) inherited the throne.
- 大臣は傷つき息もたえだえになった海女をみて嘆き悲しむが、海女の「わが乳のあたりを御覧ぜ」との末期の言葉に傷跡をみると面向不背の珠がある。
- Otodo grieved and mourned on seeing the wounded and breathless diver, but with her dying words, 'look around my breast,' he found the Menko huhai no tama in her wound.
- この場合、民俗学者・柳田國男は牛鬼の怪異話の背後にある、かつて山で祀られた金属の神の零落した姿としての怪物・牛鬼の姿を見、指摘している。
- In this viewpoint, Kunio YANAGITA, a folklorist, points out the background of the tales of the monster Ushioni, which is how a deity of metals once worshiped in the mountains has been reduced to a monster, Ushioni.
- こうした背景を受けて以前の学界では、平氏政権が貴族社会の中で形成されたことに着目して、武家政権というよりも貴族政権として認識されていた。
- In the past, the academic field focused on the fact that the Taira clan administration was developed under the aristocracy and it was recognized as an aristocratic government rather than a bushi one.
- 信頼の政権奪取には大半の貴族が反感を抱いていたが、二条親政派も義朝の武力を背景とした信頼の独断専行を見て、密かに離反の機会を伺っていた。
- It appears that most noblemen bore Nobuyori ill will for his usurpation of political power, but given the circumstances--he had the backing of the Nijo direct rule faction as well as Yoshitomo's military forces--all the disaffected could do was search in secret for opportunities to show their displeasure.
- 晩年は家茂の名を聞いただけで、病弱な体で激動の時代に重責を背負わされた家茂の生涯に「お気の毒の人なりし」と言って目に涙を浮かべたという。
- It is said that in his later years, tears would fall from his face upon hearing the mention of Iemochi, and he would say 'My heart bleeds for him,' thinking of his life with such a burden in a turbulent age with poor physical health.
- デモンストレーションは草月流特有のもので、観客側を正面として、観客に向かい作品の背後から手探りでいけていく「後ろいけ」によって行われる。
- His demonstrations were in the Sogetsu school form in front of an audience and as the displays faced the audience, he made the arrangements from behind the display, so called `backwards Ikebana.`
- なお、この勝敗の帰趨を決したのは、後詰めであったはずの政祐(政村)が、晴元・元長らと対峙する高国・浦上軍を背後から攻撃したことであった。
- Furthermore, the outcome of this fight was owed to Masasuke (Masamura) because he attacked the Takakuni and Uragami military forces, which were confronting with Harumoto and Motonaga, from behind, although he was supposed to be a rear guard.
- この場合、宗円と宗綱は八田の政治基盤を背景に、真岡市の芳賀氏を傘下に加えながら鬼怒川沿いに宇都宮に入り、宇都宮氏の基盤を整えたとされる。
- It is said that Soen and Munetsuna went to Utsunomiya along the Kinugawa River and strengthened the base of the Utsunomiya clan while adding the Haga clan of Maoka City under their umbrella backed by the political base of Hatta.
- そして、城下町を形成して屋敷を与え、家臣または家臣とその妻子を住まわせることで背信を防いだり、次第に武士の土着化を防ぐようになっていった。
- Sengoku daimyo constructed castle towns, giving residences to their vassals and families inside the towns in order to prevent revolts and indigenization.
- その背景には朝廷に譲位の儀式のため費用がなく、その費用を政変を起こした細川政元に借りるという自己矛盾に陥る事態を危惧したとも言われている。
- Because the Imperial Palace was nearly bankrupt at that time, it is said that the Emperor was concerned over the worst situation in which money would have to be borrowed from Masamoto HOSOKAWA for an enthronement ceremony, even though he had caused the war.
- 養老律令によれば、図書寮に属した技術者にあたる造紙手(ぞうししゅ)4名とその下で働く品部の紙戸が山背国(後の山城国)に50戸置かれていた。
- According to the Yoro Ritsuryo Code (code promulgated in the Yoro era), there were four zoshishu, or paper making technicians, who belonged to Zushonoryo, and 50 kamiko (hereditary artisans for paper making under the government management) belonging to Shinabe (a rank of technicians in offices), who worked under zoshishu, were placed in Yamashiro Province.
- 稲目は「西蕃諸国々はみなこれを礼拝しており、日本だけがこれに背くことができましょうか」(「西蕃諸國一皆禮之 豐秋日本豈獨背也」)と答えた。
- Iname answered 'considering that all the western countries admire the Buddha statue, it is not possible for Japan to be an exception.'
- 長岡城を占領したとき、黒田は海路新潟に出て敵の背後を脅かし、武器弾薬の補給を断つ作戦を立て、山縣に官軍主力を預けて自らは松ヶ崎に上陸した。
- After occupying Nagaoka-jo Castle, Kuroda made a plan to threaten the enemy from behind by advancing to Niigata via a sea route and thereby cut the supply of arms and ammunition to the enemy, and he landed at Matsugasaki leaving the main government force with Yamagata.
- とはいえ、これまた当時没落豪族だったと推定される藤原不比等に嫁いだという状況から、彼女の周囲にも厳しい背景があったことが容易に推測できる。
- It is not hard to learn that she was given a harsh background that she had to marry FUJIWARA no Fuhito who was assumably a ruined Gozoku (local ruling family).
- 澄元の死で敵対者がいなくなった高国であるが、元々実力者である大内義興の力を背景にした政権であったことからその政権基盤は脆弱なものであった。
- Although Takakuni did not have an enemy due to the death of Sumimoto, because the government was originally backed up by the strong man Yoshioki OUCHI, the basis of the government was very weak.
- ただし日本では侵略と植民地統治の当事国であるという意識から、チンイルパ(親日派)全体に対してやや同情的であるという背景を指摘する声もある。
- The point was, because Japan was aware of them being responsible for the invasion and colonial administration, they were rather sympathetic for Chinilpa (literally 'people friendly to Japan') as a whole.
- この制定の背景には、永禄6年(1563年)に起こった観音寺騒動により、権力拡大を目指していた六角氏が逆に権威を失墜させていたことがあった。
- Rokkakushi Shikimoku was established when the Rokkaku clan lost their authority despite their intention to increase their power because of the Kannonji family feud which broke out in 1563.
- また11月30日、赤井五郎が3000の兵を率いて神尾寺城包囲軍の背後から襲い掛かり、赤井五郎軍にも大きな損害がでたものの包囲軍を打ち破った。
- On January 2, 1527, Goro AKAI led an army of 3,000 samurai to attack the army surrounding Kannosanjo Castle from behind and defeated the army, although the army of Goro AKAI also suffered heavy casualties.
- 信長にとって石山本願寺を滅ぼすためにはその背後の毛利氏を屈服させる必要があったため、1578年、家臣の羽柴秀吉に命じて中国征伐が開始された。
- Since Nobunaga needed to drive into submission the Mori clan, who backed up Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, he ordered his vassal Hideyoshi HASHIBA to begin conquering Chugoku in 1578.
- それでも政府は世論の支持と元老・内大臣の了承を背景に、帝国議会・枢密院 (日本)を押し切って同年(1930年)10月2日に批准を完了させる。
- Even so, the government broke down the opposition of the Imperial Diet and the Privy Council (Japan) with a support of the public opinion and the acknowledgement of Genro (elder statesman) and the Minister of the Interior, completed the ratification in October 2, 1930.
- この背景として、脱走軍は榎本武揚が指導者になっているとは言え、元藩主や元幕府老中といった大名クラスも参加しており、君臣の関係が複雑であった。
- 表現を変更しました。
- よって、この部隊は人吉から下って、八代から熊本へ進軍中の官軍を背後から攻撃し、退路を断って孤立させるという作戦のもとで行動することになった。
- Therefore, the strategy of isolating the government army by cutting off the retreat was taken and the recruits went southward from Hitoyoshi to attack the rear of the government army that were advancing from Yatsushiro to Kumamoto.
- 以仁王は二条天皇の准母・八条院の猶子になっているため元服の背景には、後白河や平氏一門に対抗する旧二条親政派の支援があった可能性も考えられる。
- Prince Mochihito might have been supported by the old force close to the Nijo that was against Goshirakawa and the Taira clan performing a Genpuku Ceremony since he was adopted by Hachijo-in, junbo (a woman of comparable standing to the birth mother of an emperor) of Emperor Nijo.
- しかし、天皇の地位がそれらの権力者によって廃されたことはなく、時の権力者も形式上はその権威を尊重し、それを背景に地位についていたことが多い。
- However, the position of the Emperor was never abolished by those authorities, and at least formally, the authorities at those times respected the authority of the Emperor, and most of the time, they held their position with that background.
- 記念物で指し示すなかみが「史跡名勝天然記念物」と長い名称となった理由、また、これを「記念物」として一括した理由には上記のような背景があった。
- The above is the reason why the long name 'Historical Spot, Scenic Beauty and Natural Monument' was given to items defined as monuments, or the background to the process in which such items were later collectively categorized into 'Monument.'
- この背景には、19世紀後半にヨーロッパで興った文芸における耽美主義や同時代のダダイズム、あるいは政治思想であるアナキズムなどの影響もあろう。
- Behind this, there were the influences from aestheticism and dadaism, both of which emerged in Europe during the late 19th century, or anarchism (a political thought).
- ともに朝明郡にたどりついたのは、大津皇子のほかに、大分恵尺、駒田忍人、山辺安摩呂、小墾田猪手、埿部視枳、大分稚臣、根金身、漆部友背であった。
- The followers who got to Asake-no-kori County with Prince Otsu were OKIDA no Esaka, KOMADA no Oshihito, YAMAHE no Yasumaro, OHARITA no Ite, HATSUKASHIBE no Shiki, OKIDA no Wakaomi, NE no Kanemi and NURIBE no Tomose.
- その背景として日本書紀の編纂が白村江の戦いで新羅に敗れてから間もないため、言葉の上だけでも朝鮮半島に威張りたいという心理があったと指摘する。
- He pointed out that as background reference, there was a need to save dignity at least in words because Nihonshoki was compiled soon after Japan was defeated by Silla at the Battle of Hakusukinoe.
- 同年11月、入鹿は蘇我氏の血をひく古人大兄皇子を天皇に為さんと欲し、そのためには有力な皇位継承権者である山背大兄王の存在が邪魔であると考えた。
- In November of the same year, Iruka felt the need to kill Prince Yamashiro no Oe who had the right of succession to the Imperial Throne since he wanted Prince Furuhito no Oe to be the next emperor who was biologically related to the Soga clan.
- その背景には、檀家制度が破綻し経営が苦しくなった多くの寺院が大手墓石業者とタイアップし水子供養を大々的に宣伝し始めたことが大きく影響している。
- The reason behind this is largely due to the start of an extensive advertisement for mizuko kuyo by the temples which were in financial troubles as a result of the downfall of parishioner system and have arranged tie-ups with large grave stone companies.
- 立荘の背景には、東大寺や国衙の支配と収奪を逃れようとする田堵農民層と、自らの所領の拡大・安定を狙った正盛の間に利害の一致があったと考えられる。
- The interests of the Tato (wealthy farmer) farmer class, who were controlled and deprived of the control of the Todai-ji Temple and Kokuga, and Masamori, who wished to enlarge and stabilize his property, coincided and led to the creation of the shoen.
- 華族制度は成立当初、一君万民の概念に背き、天皇と臣民の間を隔てる存在であり、華族は無為徒食の徒であるとして華族制度の存在に反対するものもいた。
- When the kazoku system was established, some persons opposed the existence of such a system saying that the system was contrary to the concept of 'One emperor and all of the other people are commoners' and that kazoku were useless people eating without doing anything.
- 秦氏は松尾大社、伏見稲荷大社などを氏神として祀り、それらは賀茂氏の創建した賀茂神社とならび、山背国でももっとも創建年代の古い神社となっている。
- The Hata clan worshipped its gods at Matsuo-taisha and the Fushimiinari-taisha Shrines, which, along with Kamo-jinja Shrine founded by the Kamo clan, are the earliest-established shrines in Yamashiro Province.
- 老人であり、白小袖を着ていることからこの死体をよく調べてみると面と背中に傷があったので吉良に間違いないと判断し、一番槍の十次郎が首を落とした。
- When they examined the dead body, since he was an old man wearing a white robe, they were certain that it was Kira with scars on his face and his back, and his head was cut off by Jujiro, since he was the first to attack him.
- 都市における大衆文化の開花による消費生活の拡大を背景とした、新しい応用美術としてのデザインというものの黎明の時代であり、夢二もこれに着目した。
- Since consumer lifestyle had been expanded by the flowering of popular culture in the cities, there came the dawn of new times where designs started to be used as applied art, which is an area that Yumeji also focused on.
- 源義忠の系統の嫡流は経国の死後、弟の源義高 (左兵衛権佐)の子孫が継承したが、平家の没落などもあり、平家を背景としていた義高の家系も没落した。
- After the death of Tsunekuni, his brother MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka (Sahyoe no gon no suke = Provisional Assistant Master of the Left Military Guard)'s descendants succeeded the main branch of the MINAMOTO no Yoshitada family, but partly because of the decline of the Taira clan, the Yoshitaka family, which was related to the Taira clan, declined as well.
- 但し、則光との交流はここで断絶した訳ではなく一説では長徳4年(998年)まで交流があり、妹(いもうと)背(せうと)の仲で宮中公認だったという。
- However, they didn't seem to be separated completely, and tradition has it that they maintained contact with each other until 998; the people of the Imperial Court characterized their relationship as being one of 'brother and sister.'
- 大きめの家紋を背中と両胸、袖の後ろ側、袴の尻の部分、小さめの家紋を袴の前側に2カ所、合計10カ所に染め抜いた点が直垂や素襖との大きな違いである。
- There was a big difference between Daimon and Hitatare or Suo: family crests were dyed out at ten parts of Daimon, including larger family crests at the back, right and left front sides, back side of each sleeve, and the backside of the hakama and smaller crests at two places on the front part of the hakama.
- 清朝国内での警察権・駐兵権の禁止にとどまらず、排外団体結成禁止、地方官吏への排外団体取締りの厳命、それに背いた場合の罰則なども盛り込まれている。
- The protocol included not only the ban of police powers and stationing troops in the Qing dynasty but also the ban of organizing anti-foreign societies and strict orders of regulating anti-foreign societies to local officials, punishments for violating these rules and so on.
- こうして、地方での人民支配が次第に深化していき、670年頃になると地方支配の浸透を背景に、日本史上最初の戸籍とされる古代の戸籍制度が作成された。
- Accordingly, rule over the people was strengthened throughout the country and around 670, against the backdrop of increasing control over the provinces, the ancient family register system, which is considered to be the first family register in Japan, was created.
- 摂関政治の成立の背景には、国内外の脅威がなくなったことにともなって政治運営が安定化し、政治の中心が儀式運営や人事などへ移行していったことにある。
- The background of the establishment of Sekkanseiji was that because threats inside and outside the country had gone, politics had been stabilized, and the center of the politics began to be moved to the management of ceremonies and personal matters.
- 日本の食文化では、背筋を伸ばして食器を手に持って口に近づける食事姿勢を良しとするマナーがあるため、背を曲げて口を食器に近づける姿勢は忌避される。
- In Japanese food culture, eating style that people hold dishes in their hands and bring dishes closer to their mouths with their back ramrod-straight are considered to be good manners, therefore, bending their back and bringing their faces closer to eating utensils is avoided.
- 1353年(正平8年 / 文和2年)6月に足利直冬が京都へ侵攻した際には殿を務め、近江の塩津において後光厳天皇を背負って山越えをしたと言われる。
- In June 1353, he was serving as feudal lord at the time of the invasion of Kyoto by Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA and is said to have carried Emperor Gokogon on his back across a mountain range at Shiotsu in Omi (former name for Shiga Prefecture).
- 運搬は、現代では背中に背負って電車などの公共交通機関を利用したり、自転車やオートバイやリヤカー、あるいは軽トラックなどの自動車を使うことが多い。
- In these days, the people carrying their products on their back often use public transportation including trains, bicycles, motorbikes, two-wheeled carts, or cars including small trucks for transport of products.
- 第三篇では文三の独白の部分が増大し、第一篇で顕著に見られた、読者への呼びかけをしながら物語をあたかも主導するような語り手の姿は背景に退いている。
- In the third chapter, Bunzo's monologues increased and the narrator stepped back to the background who was in the first chapter telling the story to the readers and notably seized the control of the story.
- ただし、中で身分の高い斎宮女御徽子のみは繧繝縁(うんげんべり)の上畳(あげだたみ)に座し、背後に屏風、手前に几帳を置いて、格の高さを表している。
- The only exception is the portrait of the High priestess (Saigu) Kishi; she is sitting on a tatami mat with ugen-beri (a hem made of silk fabrics colored in one color with sequential layers from light to dark) with a folding screen at the back and a kicho (a curtained frame put up to screen royal personages or noble ladies from direct view of those around them) at the front to indicate her noble status.
- 8つの頭と8本の尾を持ち、目はホオズキのように真っ赤で、背中には苔や木が生え、腹は血でただれ、8つの谷、8つの峰にまたがるほど巨大とされている。
- It is said that the serpent had eight heads and eight tails; its eyes were as red as Chinese lantern plants; its back was covered with moss and trees; the belly was sore with blood; it was so huge that it could be spread over eight valleys and eight peaks.
- 尊氏は自ら直冬討伐を企てるが、正平13年/延文3年4月30日(1358年)、背中に出来た癰(よう、腫物)のため、京都二条万里小路邸にて死去した。
- He plotted to kill Tadafuyu, but died of a tumor on his back at the palace of Made'nokoji in Nijo, Kyoto, on April 30th, 1358.
- さらに大海人皇子は有能な政治家であったらしく、これらを背景として大海人皇子の皇位継承を支持する勢力が形成され乱の発生へつながっていったとしている。
- Moreover, Prince Oama seemed like an efficient politician, and Prince Oama supporters who thought he should succeed the imperial throne made efforts and this led to the War.
- しかし、さりとて手に抱えたり背負ったりするよりも、重心が背骨を軸として足に対して垂直方向に近い位置(肩)にあり、より大量に物資が運べるためである。
- In that fashion, however, more goods can be carried by using the pole than by holding things in arms or carrying on the back, because the center of the gravity falls on the position (a shoulder) which is almost vertical to feet with a backbone as an axis.
- これには蝦夷が権勢を振るうための傀儡にしようとした言う説と他の有力豪族との摩擦を避けるために蘇我氏の血を引く山背大兄皇子を回避したと言う説がある。
- There are two theories for this; one theory is that Emishi tried to settle a puppet emperor to gain ascendancy, and the other is that Emishi tried to prevent Yamashiro no Oe no O, who was a descendant of the Soga clan, from taking over the emperor's throne so that friction with other major clans would be avoided.
- 真ん中の河の流れを中心に、舞台上手は背山で大判事の屋敷=男の世界、下手の妹山は定高の屋敷=女の世界、また床の浄瑠璃もそれぞれ上手、下手に分かれる。
- The center as a river, the stage is divided into Kamite (the right-hand side as seen from audience seats) as the Mansion of Daihanji on Mt. Se, the world of man, and Shimote (the left-hand side as seen from audience seats) as the Mansion of Sadaka on Mt. Imo, the world of woman, and also Joruri players on the musicians' stage are divided into Kamite and Shimote.
- 当時、武士身分の領地所有は不安定であって頼朝軍への急速な武士の集結の背景には、武士による権利確立への強い希求があったのではないかと考えられている。
- In those times, the ownership of land by members of the warrior class was uncertain and it is suggested that the reason for the rapid gathering of bushi under Yoritomo's troops was because there was a strong wish for a government controlled by bushi.
- こうした反平氏の動きの背景には、平氏が現地勢力を軽視して自らの家人や係累を優先して平氏知行国や平氏所領の支配に当たらせていたことへの反発があった。
- The background for anti-Taira movements was because there was animosity towards the Taira clan, who gave precedence to their own vassals and related persons while preventing local forces from ruling Taira clan governed provinces and property.
- 「透視」に成功した場合でも、意識が集中できないとして彼女は常に観察者に対して背を向けて「透視」しており、側面や正面からの観察は頑なに拒否していた。
- Even in successful cases of 'toshi,' she always put her back to observers when performing 'toshi,' saying that she could not concentrate, and refused stubbornly observations from the side and the front.
- 幕府の許可を受けた和与は「下知違背之咎(げちいはいのとが)」の法理によって保障され、当事者が和与の条件に違反をすれば所領没収などの刑罰が課された。
- Wayo authorized by the bakufu was assured by 'the crime of violating the command' statutory principle which imposed penalties such as territory seizure on the interested party who violated wayo conditions.
- 一方では藤原氏の政権掌握の功績は記述したいが、他方では皇権簒奪の事実は隠匿したいという欲求から生まれた年代・背景を改竄した記事であると考えられる。
- The article was intended to describe the Fujiwara clan's achievements on gaining political power while it was intended to keep the fact of the seizure of power secret, which led to the falsification of the year and the background.
- その背景については、律令制の弛緩による有力者からの圧迫もあるが、弘仁年間が極度の農業不振の時期であったことが『日本後紀』などから明らかになっている。
- As for its context, other than the pressures from persons of influence as a result of laxity in the Ritsuryo system, it was the time of slump in agriculture during the Konin era, as was evident from 'Nihon Koki' ('Later Chronicle of Japan') and so on.
- また、鎌倉時代後期以後に公家社会にも受容された背景には幕府・朝廷ともに徳政を通じた徳治主義の実現という共通した政治目標が存在したことも指摘している。
- Also since the late Kamakura period, it was also accepted by the court noble society, he pointed out that the back ground was the common policy goal of bakufu and Imperial Court to realize the principle of the rule by virtue of the sovereign through benevolent rule.
- したがって時代によっては、時の将軍が最も信頼する乳母や側室などが、その将軍の絶対権威のみを背景に、奥向き一切を取り仕切っていた場合もあったのである。
- Therefore, sometime a wet nurse or concubine of the Shogun at that time were trusted to administer the inner part of the house based on the Shogun's absolute authority.
- 立太子の背景には、兄保明親王とその子慶頼王の二代にわたる東宮の夭折があり、母后穏子は怨霊を恐れて、幾重にも張られた几帳の中で寛明親王を育てたという。
- In the background how he became the crown prince was that the previous crown princes--his brother Prince Yasuakira and his son, Prince Yoshiyori--died young, thus the mother, Onshi, was afraid of bad spirits and looked after Prince Yutaakira within the layered Kicho (a partition of fabric used during the Heian period).
- 文化芸術的にもこのような社会情勢を背景に新風が巻き起こり、それまでの公家社会文化と異なり、仏教や美術も武士や庶民に分かりやすい新しいものが好まれた。
- Given this societal milieu, a new style arose both culturally and artistically, differing from the cultural output of aristocratic societies heretofore, with a preference for new items in the Buddhist and fine arts that were easier to understand, catering more to warriors and commoners.
- 清盛はその経済力・軍事力を背景に朝廷における武家の地位を確立して、永暦元年(1160年)、参議に任命され、武士で初めて公卿(議政官)の地位に就いた。
- With the weight of the Taira's great economic and military might behind him, Kiyomori firmly established the (high) position of the warrior clans at court; in 1160 he was named Sangi (councillor), marking the first time a warrior had been raised to such a high and lordly (Giseikan) rank at court.
- 麹座と酒屋、そして背後の北野社と延暦寺の対立はエスカレートし、文安元年(1444年)延暦寺は西塔釈迦堂に立てこもり、次いで京都に向けて強訴を行った。
- The conflict between the koji za and the sakaya and between Kitano-sha Shrine and Enryaku-ji Temple escalated resulting in Enryaku-ji Temple barricading themselves in Saito-Shakado, and petitioning Kyoto in 1444.
- 2月7日に矢合わせとなり激戦が繰り返されるが、義経が一ノ谷の背後から逆落しの奇襲をしかけて(異説あり)、平氏は大混乱となり海に向かって敗走を始めた。
- On March 27, a battle with bows and arrows was commenced and fierce battles were repeated, but Yoshitsune made a surprise attack of charging downhill from the rear of Ichi-no-tani (There is a different view.), and the Taira clan was thrown into confusion and started flight toward the sea.
- 一方、因幡国造一族はこれを背景に着実に勢力を増していき、寛弘4年(1007年)の因幡千里(千兼)殺害による勢力の衰退まで権勢を振るったとされている。
- It is said that Inaba Kuninomiyatsuko family became influential, based on Kiyonari no Musume's status, but that their power declined after Senri (Chigane) INABA was murdered in 1007.
- また、諸藩も安定した平和による軍役の負担の軽減により藩政も安定し、また、寛永の大飢饉を背景に、新田開発が進展し、結果として領内の経済も発展してきた。
- Furthermore, the administration of each domain was stabilized due to the reduced burden of military service in the long-lasting peace, and each domain set out the development of new fields in response to the great famine of the Kanei era, which consequently produced economic growth within the domain.
- そこで弁慶は義経に「強力の荷物を背負い、いちばん後ろからくたびれた様子でついてきてください」と言い、そして本物の強力に対して様子を探ってこいと命じる。
- Then Benkei says to Yoshitsune, 'Please carry the baggage of Goriki on your back, and follow us with a weary look at the tail end,' and he orders the real Goriki to see the situation.
- 信長を討つことについて、光秀自身の動機ではなく、何らかの黒幕の存在を想定し、その者の意向を背景にあることを指摘する説としては、以下のようなものがある。
- There are several views which advocate that the motive for killing Nobunaga was not Mitsuhide's own, but a certain mastermind whose intention caused the incident existed, as described below.
- 対立の原因は孝謙天皇の母光明皇后(光明子)が藤原氏出身であり、仲麻呂が孝謙天皇の寵愛を受けていたためそれを背景に仲麻呂が急速に台頭していたからである。
- This confrontation was caused by the fact that being from the FUJIWARA clan herself, Empress Komyo (Komyoshi), the mother of Empress Koken, favored Nakamaro, which enabled him to gain power rapidly.
- 遷都先である長岡が母の実家秦氏の根拠地山背国葛野郡に近いことから、造宮使に抜擢された理由の一つには秦氏の協力を得たいという思惑があった事も考えられる。
- One of the reasons why he was selected for Zogushi could be that there were expectations for cooperation with the Hata clan, Tanetsugu's mother's family home, located in Kadono County, the Province of Yamashiro which was close to Nagaoka, the place where the capital was transferred to.
- 一方で光秀の心情を斟酌する人間も少なくなく、変の背景が未だあいまいなことと相まって、後に良くも悪くも光秀に焦点をあてた作品が数多く作られることとなる。
- On the other hand there are many who consider Mitsuhide's true intention, and the background of the incident was not clear, which allowed literary works to be published that portray Mitsuhide as a good or a bad person.
- 東アジアに特有の律令制は、各時代・各王朝ごとに異なる部分もあったが、王土王民と一君万民の理念を背景として、概して次の4つの制度が統治の根幹となっていた。
- The Ritsuryo system specific to East Asia, although differing slightly with each period and dynasty, was generally comprised of the following four systems based on the ideas of odo omin and ikkun banmin, which became the basis of government.
- だが、もう一つの背景として言われているのは、同じ日に左大臣であった源兼明(昭平の叔父で元の兼明親王)が皇族に復帰して中務卿に遷された点が指摘されている。
- However it is said there was another reason (that Akihira had to be demoted from the nobility to subject) which was that Sadaijin (the Minister of the left), MINAMOTO no Kaneakira (Akihira's uncle and former Imperial Prince Kaneakira) returned to the Imperial family on the same day, and he received the position of Nakatsukasakyo (chief of the Ministry of Central Affairs).
- 山背大兄王(やましろのおおえのおう、生年不詳 - 皇極天皇2年11月11日 (旧暦)(643年12月30日))は、『日本書紀』によれば7世紀前半の皇族。
- Prince Yamashiro no oe (year of birth unknown - December 30, 643) was a member of the Imperial family in the early seventh century according to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- 以前の製品が定番の白色以外に、ライトブルーを始めとした色物の「クラシックパンツ」の製品販売主体から近年は柄物を主体とした販売に変わった背景がここにある。
- Here is one of the backgrounds of the recent shift from selling the products in various colors, notably in light blue, not to mention the while ones, to selling mainly the patterned products.
- 南朝の征西府懐良親王も菊池氏や阿蘇氏、筑後宇都宮氏の武力を背景に大宰府を有して九州を制圧していたが、九州探題として赴任した今川貞世(了俊)に駆逐される。
- The Southern Court Seiseifu (Conqueror of the west) Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi held Dazaifu and controlled Kyushu using the military forces of the Kikuchi clan, the Aso clan and the Chikugo-Utsunomiya clan, but was chased away by Sadoyo IMAGAWA (Ryoshun) who came as the Kyushu Tandai.
- 二条親政派は藤原経宗(二条天皇の伯父)・藤原惟方(二条天皇の乳兄弟、記録所の弁官の一人)が中心となり、美福門院の支援を背景に後白河の政治活動を抑圧する。
- The principal figures of the Nijo faction were FUJIWARA no Tsunemune (Emperor Nijo's uncle) and FUJIWARA no Korekata (Nijo's foster brother, meaning they were both essentially raised by the same wet nurse), one of the controllers at the Records Office, and with the continued financial backing and aid of Bifukumonin, they worked to limit Goshirakawa's political activities.
- 江戸前期、武断政治から文治政治への移行を背景に、1641年(寛永18年)岡山藩主池田光政が設立した花畠教場(はなばたけきょうじょう)が最初の藩校である。
- In the early stage of the Edo period, government by the military was changed into civilian government, Hanabata Kyojo Classroom, which was established by Mitsumasa IKEDA, the lord of the Okayama domain; in 1641 at the background of that change was the first hanko.
- 一時は三井組を背景に先収会社を設立するなどして実業界にあったが、伊藤博文の強い要請のもと復帰し、外務卿、外務大臣、農商務大臣、内務大臣、大蔵大臣を歴任。
- He returned, in response to Hirobumi ITO's request, and served as Gaimukyo (chief of Foreign Ministry), Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Minister of Home Affairs, Minister of Finance, after having been a businessman for a while, founding Senshu company backed by Mitsui Group.
- これは謙信が後継体制を整えないうちに急死してしまったことや、越後の長尾諸家を中心とした、何代にも渡る権力争いなどの複雑な事情が背後に絡んでいるとされる。
- There appears to have been a series of complicated circumstances underlying this dispute; such as Kenshin's sudden death before the completion of arrangements for the succession, as well as struggles for power which continued for generations mainly among the Nagao families in Echigo.
- 連合軍の攻勢の前に、支城である天筒山城と金ヶ崎城が落城し、一乗谷も危機に陥るが、浅井長政が信長を裏切って織田軍の背後を襲ったため、信長は京都に撤退した。
- Due to the attack by the allied forces, his branch castles, Tezutsuyama-jo Castle and Kanagasaki-jo Castle, were destroyed and Ichijodani was also in danger; however, since Nagamasa AZAI betrayed Nobunaga and attacked the Oda army from behind, Nobunaga retreated to Kyoto City.
- 享保15年に城米が「御用米」と改められた背景には、実際には災害救済や財政調整のために用いられて軍事色が払拭されていた現状に応じたものであるとされている。
- It is believed that the background that led to the change of jomai to 'goyomai' in 1730 was closely related to the actual situation of the time where the stock was used for disaster relief or financial adjustment and military significance was faded.
- 天正13年(1585年)、秀吉は前年・前々年の戦いで常に自らの背後を脅かした紀伊国の諸勢力(紀州攻め)、四国の長宗我部元親(四国平定)を相次いで攻略した。
- In 1585, Hideyoshi attacked and captured several forces in Kii Province (attack on Kishu) and Motochika CHOSOKABE in the Shikoku region (subjugation of Shikoku); they had threatened Hideyoshi behind his back over the last two years.
- こうした背景のもと、日露戦争中に日本軍通訳をつとめた宋秉畯が日本の影響下に政治改革のための組織を計画したが、この計画は元独立協会系の人々に受け入れられた。
- Due to this background, Song Byung-joon who had served as an interpreter for Japanese Army in Russo-Japanese War designed an organization for the political reform against the Japanese influence, and this plan was accepted by people who had followed the independence club before.
- 盛親以外には、細川興秋は父・細川忠興から自刃を命じられ、増田長盛は盛次の罪を背負う形で配流先の岩槻区で、また古田重然は国松を匿った疑いでそれぞれ自刃した。
- Besides Morichika, Okiaki HOSOKAWA was ordered by his father to commit jijin (suicide with one's sword) by his father, Tadaoki HOSOKAW, Nagamori MASHITA committed jijin in Iwatsuki Ward where he was banished to compensate for Moritsugu's crime, and Shigenari FURUTA did so for the suspicion of harboring Kunimatsu.
- それが原因で允恭天皇崩御後、軽太子は群臣に背かれて失脚、伊予国へ流刑となるが、衣通姫もそれを追って伊予に赴き、再会を果たした二人は心中する(衣通姫伝説)。
- As a result, rebelled against by many of his retainers, Karu no hitsugi no miko was overthrown after the demise of Emperor Ingyo and was deported to Iyo Province, where Sotoorihime followed him and the two committed joint suicide (Sotoorihime legend).
- 上記大山巖の言い分も、まだ西郷に対する反感を持つ政治家も多かった時代、明治政府の官位による正装をさせるわけにはいかなかった事情が背景にあったと考えられる。
- In the opinion of Iwao OYAMA above, at a time when there were many politicians who opposed Saigo's opinions, it can be imagined that, based on his rank in the Meiji Government it was not necessary to make put him in full dress according to the circumstances surrounding the situation.
- 「昭和天皇に拝謁した後の近衛が座っていた椅子の背もたれだけはいつも暖かかった」というのは、文麿が天皇に対して抱いていた親近感を示す有名なエピソードである。
- The well-known anecdote that 'the back of the chair on which Konoe sat after he had an audience with Emperor Showa was always warm,' demonstrates the closeness Fumimaro felt toward the Emperor.
- 室町時代の物語を集めた『御伽草子』などによると、酒呑童子の姿は、顔は薄赤く、髪は短くて乱れた赤毛、背丈が6m以上で角が5本、目が15個もあったといわれる。
- According to 'Otogi Zoshi' (a collection of fairy tales compiled in the Muromachi Period), Shuten Doji was over 6 meters tall and had a slightly red face, short and disheveled red hair, 5 horns, and 15 eyes.
- 東国武士である下河辺氏との関係については、下総守に任じられた父仲政が頼政を伴い任国に下った際、下河辺荘の成立を背景として主従関係を結んだと考えられている。
- Regarding his relationship with Shimokobe clan, which is defined as a group of samurai in the eastern part of Japan, it is believed that the master-retainer relationship was established in the background of the establishment of Shimokobe-no-sho after Yorimasa went to the Shimosa Province together with his father Nakamasa who was appointed as Shimosa no kami (Governor of Shimosa Province).
- 壬午・甲申両事変の後に日本に変わって大きな影響力をもつようになった清朝が朝鮮の背後にいて、華夷秩序の「属国」から条約体制の「属国」への転換を画策していた。
- After the Imo Incident and the Gapsin Coup, the Qing dynasty replaced Japan and gained big power of influence; in that time, there was always the Qing dynasty behind Korea and always tried to change Korea from 'zokkoku' in Kaichitsujo to 'subject state' under treaty system.
- その慈光寺本を除くと承久記は後鳥羽上皇に対して批判的な記述が多く、古活字本には「賢王・聖主の直なる御政に背き、横しまに武芸を好ませ給ふ」とさえ書いてある。
- Apart from Jiko-ji bon, Jokyuki has many critical accounts of the Retired Emperor Gotoba, and the Kokatsuji bon even says that 'he turns his back on the administration led by the wise and highly virtuous Emperor, and prefers military arts.'
- この相違の背景には、血縁関係が薄い(→継体天皇参照)次代の継体天皇の即位を正当化する意図が『書紀』側にあり、武烈天皇を暴君に仕立てたとする説が一般的である。
- The general explanation behind these differences is, that Emperor Buretsu was passed off as a tyrant in 'Shoki' with the intention to justify the enthronement of the next era's Emperor, Keitai, who was only distantly related (see Emperor Keitai).
- 彰子はにわかに機嫌を悪くし、内裏へ「父道長の遺令に背くのでお許しにならぬように」との旨を奏上させ、ために頼通は弟教通へ譲らざるをえなかったエピソードがある。
- Her mood darkened instantly and she sent written instructions to the emperor stating, 'do not approve for it opposes my father Michinaga's will,' forcing Yorimichi to pass the position to his younger brother Norimichi.
- が、この論文に至った甲申事変や当時の歴史背景を教えてない事も多く、「脱亜論」の一部だけを取り上げて、「脱亜論」を正しく解釈していない、と言う意見も存在する。
- However, because most of them do not teach about the Gapsin Coup and the other historical background at that time that led to the 'Datsu-A Ron,' some say that this is not a proper understanding of the 'Datsu-A Ron' but just picking a part of it out of context.
- この一連の流れは、女性、社会的地位、未来、友をすべて失うことで、現実世界における自己に未練をなくし精神世界の存在に転化させ行くことになる背景が描かれている。
- Using this chain of events, the author describes the background in which the main character gradually, and without regret, gave up his existence in the real world, and transformed himself into having an existence in the spiritual world by relinquishing all that he was going to obtain: women, social status, his future and his friends.
- 桐野の第四大隊・池上の第五大隊は正面攻撃、篠原国幹の第一大隊・村田新八の第二大隊・別府晋介の加治木の大隊、及び永山弥一郎の第三大隊の一部は背面攻撃を担当した。
- The 4th battalion led by KIRINO and the 5th battalion led by IKEGAMI were to make a frontal attack, and the 1st battalion led by Kunimoto SHINOHARA, the 2nd battalion led by Shinpachi MURATA, the Kajiki battalion led by Shinsuke BEPPU, and part of the 3rd battalion led by Yaichiro NAGAYAMA were to make a rear attack.
- また、国政の安定を背景に、権力の分散化も顕著となっていき、例えば、地方官の辞令を受けた者から現地の有力者へその地方の統治権が委任されるといった動きも見られた。
- Also, backed by the country's stable administration, the decentralization of power became obvious, and there were examples such as someone who had received an official announcement of appointment as a local authority transferring that power so they could exercise sovereignty in the region to an influential local person.
- 本論争は直接的には、この動きを信長の強制と見るか否かを争うものであるが、その論を立脚点とした織田政権の将来構想や本能寺の変の背景に対する考察を含むものである。
- The point of the argument is whether the move was forced by Nobunaga or not, while other issues which could be derived from the main argument include considerations to the grand plan of the Oda administration and the background of the Honnoji Incident.
- 一方、秀武は自らと同じく日ごろから真衡に不満を持っていた真衡の異母弟の家衡・異父異母弟(家衡の母の連れ子)の清衡に挙兵を促して、真衡の背後を突かせようとした。
- On the other hand, Hidetake attempted to attack Sanehira from behind by urging troops to be raised byIehira, younger paternal brother of Sanehira and Kiyohira, younger stepbrother (a child by a previous marriage of Iehira's mother) of Sanehira, who had always been displeased with Sanehira as Hidetake himself had.
- 加えて試験を受ける学生と特定の有力貴族が通じて、学生側から有力者への利益供与などと引換にその権力を背景に省試や秀才試合格を得ようとする例も見られるようになった。
- In addition, there were cases in which students taking the exam conspired with certain nobles and persons of influence would exercise the power to let the students get through shoshi as well as the difficult official appointment examination for the 'shusai' rank in exchange for some benefits from those students.
- 平安期の10世紀頃、大きな社会変化を背景として、朝廷は、徴税・軍事をもはや官司機構で担うのではなく、国司や富豪などへ請け負わせる官司請負制への転換を進めていた。
- Around the tenth century during the Heian period when a large social change occurred, the Imperial court abandoned the policy of entrusting tax-collecting affairs and military affairs solely to the central government system and promoted to entrust these affairs to kokushi (provincial governors) or rich persons, or, in other words, to introduce the kanshiukeoi-sei system.
- これにより、結果的に先に亡くなった厩戸皇子より長生きした大王からは後継者に明確に指定はされなかったものの、蘇我氏の力を背景に629年(舒明天皇元年)に即位した。
- Therefore, backed by the power of the Soga clan, he acceded to the throne in 629 although he had not been officially assigned by the okimi (great king), who outlived the Imperial Prince Umayado, who consequently died earlier than the okimi.
- 吉良上野介は額と背中を斬られるが、側にいた旗本の梶川頼照がすぐさま浅野内匠頭を取り押さえ、また居合わせた品川伊氏、畠山義寧ら他の高家衆が吉良を蘇鉄の間に運んだ。
- Although his back and forehead were slashed, Asano Takumi no Kami was immediately held down by a hatamoto, Yoriteru KAJIKAWA, and Kira was taken to the Sotetsu Room by other koke members, including Koreuji SHINAGAWA and Yoshiyasu HATAKEYAMA.
- しかし、大化年間ころから国際環境の緊張を背景とした蝦夷開拓が図られ、大化3年(647年)の渟足柵設置を皮切りに現在の新潟県・宮城県以北に城柵が次々と建設された。
- However, from around the Taika era, the development of the Ezo area began in a strained international context, starting with the installation of the Nutari stockades in 647, and followed by the continued construction of stockades in and northward of modern day Niigata and Miyagi prefectures.
- 紙背文書(しはいもんじょ)とは、和紙の使用済みの面を反故(ほご)として、その裏面を利用して別の文書(古文書)が書かれた場合に、先に書かれた面の文書のことをいう。
- Shihai monjo refers to the monjo (ancient document) written on washi (Japanese paper) before another monjo was then written on the other side of that same piece of paper.
- この背景にあるのは、「大衆」の〈共感〉が作品評価のベースになっていることであり、阪井久良伎が明治中興期に定義づけた「川柳は横の詩」ということに戻ったともいえる。
- This backdrop to this is that the 'empathy' of 'the masses' is the basis for the appraisal of a poem, which can be said to have returned to Kuraki SAKAI's definition during the restoration in the Meiji period that 'senryu is poetry that evokes empathy'.
- 『占事略决』について諸説あるが、安倍家における家伝を背景として、六壬神課について簡略に解説した書籍であり、中世陰陽道の研究に必須の文献資料 (歴史学)と解される。
- Though there are various theories on 'Senji ryakketsu,' it is regarded indispensable documentary records (history) for the study of medieval Onmyodo, since it briefly explains Rikujinshinka based on the tradition of the Abe family.
- 後にこうした土地は雑役免としての実績を背景に寄進地系荘園として不輸の権 (日本)・不入の権 (日本)を獲得したり、荘園状態となった国衙領の構成単位となっていった。
- Against the background of the established fact of Zoyakumen, these lands later obtained fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption)/funyu no ken (the right to keep tax agents from entering the property) as kishinchi kei shorn (shoen originated from donated lands) or became the unit of kokugaryo, which was then consisted of many shoen.
- 薩軍の主力が北部戦線に移った後も熊本城の長囲は続けられていたが、官軍衝背軍の上陸と熊本鎮台との連絡がついたことから長囲策は破綻し、戦線は熊本城の南部東部に移った。
- Although the Satsuma army kept the drawn-out siege of Kumamoto Castle even after it transferred the main force to the northern front, the drawn-out siege failed and the front moved to the south and east of Kumamoto Castle when Shohaigun (rear attack force) of the government army disembarked and established communications with Kumamoto Garrison.
- 加賀では蓮如の代の教勢拡大を背景に、1488年に加賀一向一揆が起こり、加賀の本願寺教団は守護の富樫氏を追い、「百姓の治める国」といわれる状況が生まれることになる。
- In Kaga, against the backdrop of the power expansion of the Honganji Buddhist sect in the generation of Rennyo, Kaga Ikko-ikki occurred in 1488 and the Honganji Buddhist sect in Kaga expelled the Shugo Togashi clan, with the result that Kaga was called 'a country ruled by peasants.'
- 城主となった光秀は、石山本願寺や信長に背いた荒木村重、松永久秀を攻めるなど近畿地方の各地で転戦しつつ丹波国の攻略を担当し、天正7年(1579年)までにこれを平定。
- The castellan Mitsuhide, in charge of attacking Tamba Province, continued to do battle in many areas in Kinki region, for example, with Murashige ARAKI and Hisahide MATSUNAGA, who disobeyed Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and Nobunaga, and subjugated the Province before 1579.
- 2度の流刑の背景には「徳政」の推進を通じて朝廷の権威を取り戻そうとしていた伏見天皇と鎌倉幕府の対立が激化して、為兼が天皇の身代わりとして処分されたという説もある。
- The background for why he was twice punished with exile lies in his promoting of the idea of 'benevolent rule,' in which he and Emperor Fushimi sought to restore true power to the imperial court and fell into an intensifying conflict with the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); one explanation has it that Tamekane served as scapegoat for the Emperor, being punished in his stead.
- なぜなら、防衛省の職員は、制服組はもちろん背広組も自衛隊の隊員とされ(自衛隊法2条5項)、隊員は政治的行為が制限されているからである(同法61条、同施行令86条)。
- This is because personnel of the Ministry of Defense, including the uniform team and the sebiro team, are considered as a part of Self-Defense Forces (Self-Defense Forces Act Chapter 2, Article 5), and the Self-Defense Forces are restricted by the political acts (in the same Act; Chapter 61, the same implementation orders; Article 86).
- 同時に大覚寺統側からその政治的立場に疑いを持たれるに至り、「関東申次」職を背景に朝廷内で隠然たる力を振るっていた西園寺家はその政治的求心力を大きく損なう事になった。
- At the same time, his political position was questioned by the Daikakuji Imperial line, the Saionji family, who had the position of 'Kanto Moshitsugi' and had strong political power in the Imperial Palace, ended up dramatically losing their unifying political force.
- この表現が日本の皇室について用いられる理由としては、日本神話において天皇は神の末裔であり、一般の人間とはかけ離れた存在という思想背景があったためと解釈する説がある。
- This expression is used for the Japanese Imperial family because there is an idea that the emperors are descendents of gods in the Japanese mythology and are different from ordinary people.
- この事件の舞台となった明保野亭は当時、他にも多く見られた様に料亭と旅宿を兼ねており、倒幕の志士による密議にも多く利用されていたことが事件の背景にあったと考えられる。
- Like other restaurants in those days, Akebonotei served as both restaurant and hotel and was also frequently used by royalists who aimed to overthrow the bakufu in their closed sessions, which was the context of the incident.
- 以上は主に鎌倉幕府後期に得宗専制の立場から編纂されたと考えられる後代史書『吾妻鏡』の記述によった事件の経過だが、事件の背景としてはさらに次のようなことが考えられる。
- The above is the progress of the incident described in the history book 'Azuma Kagami', assumedly compiled in the last years of the Kamakura bakufu from the viewpoint of the tyrannical Tokuso, but the further background of the incident was considered as follows.
- その政治権力を背景として、有力貴族らが縁者や係累を特定の国の受領に任命することが徐々に慣例化していき、現地へ赴任した受領の俸料・得分を自らの経済的収益としたのである。
- With their political power as a background, it gradually became a custom that powerful nobles appointed their relatives or dependents to zuryo of specific provinces, and they acquired, as their revenues, the salary and tax gained by the zuryo they sent to the provinces.
- そのことも渡来人説を生み出す要因となっているが、水谷千秋は「蘇我氏渡来人説」が広く受け入れられた背景を蘇我氏を逆賊とする史観と適合していたからではないかと述べている。
- Their exotic names are one of the factors that gave cause to 'the theory of the migrant origins of the Soga clan'; but, as Chiaki MIZUTANI explains, the theory's wide appeal was also underlined by its conformity to historical perception of the Soga clans anti-establishment alignment.
- 銅鐸を祭る当時の列島の信仰的背景とは著しく異なる文化を持った外敵が攻めて来た等の社会的な変動が起きた時に、銅鐸の所有者が土中に隠匿して退散したという説(古田武彦等)。
- The sixth is that people hid dotaku in the ground and escaped when a social change took place, such as attacks of a foreign enemy with a significantly different religious background from that of the Japanese island of that time, when dotaku were adored (Takehiko FURUTA).
- 鎌倉幕府に代わって成立した室町幕府は財政基盤が弱かったためにその軍事力を背景に造酒正・有力寺院の対立に割ってはいる形で京都の酒屋から「酒屋役」を徴収するようになった。
- The Muromachi bakufu, which was established in place of the Kamakura bakufu, had a weak financial base; so, backed up by the military force, the Muromachi bakufu began to collect 'sakaya-yaku' (the tax charged on sake dealers) from Sakaya in Kyoto while intruding into the conflict between miki no kami and influential temples.
- しかし、平安時代に入ると、譲位による皇位継承の複雑化に伴い、天皇の交代に伴う后位の引き上げや政治的な背景による后位の決定が恒常化し、天皇の血縁や配偶関係は無視された。
- However, once the Heian period started, the blood or marriage relationship with Emperor was ignored due to the complicated succession to the Imperial Throne caused by the abdication of several Emperors, which constantly led to elevate the lower position of a woman to 'Koi' in the changing of Emperor and also to appoint who was 'Koi' on the grounds of political background.
- 以後、幸徳井家は興福寺と事実上の主従関係を結び、その力を背景に南都社寺への日時勘申を初め、陰陽師・声聞師の監督など南都に関する陰陽道・暦道に関する全てを取り仕切った。
- The KOTOKUI family formed a lord-and-vassal relationship with the Kofuku-ji Temple, and backed by the temple's influence, controlled all things concerning the Onmyodo-Rekido of Nanto including Nichiji Kanjin (a way of divining something according to the time and day) to the shrines and temples as well as supervision of the Onmyoji (a master of Yin yang) and the Shomonji (a group of itinerant performers whose work encompassed both non-performance activites and religious rituals).
- しかし、その娼婦に対しては「其業たる最も賤しむ可く最も悪(にく)む可くして、然かも人倫の大義に背きたる人非人の振舞なりと云ふの外なし」と罵り、隠れて遊べといっている。
- On the other hand, for prostitutes, he bitterly stated that 'the occupation is the most despicable and the most heinous, and nothing but a business of brutes, which is against the cause of morality' and advised the readers to go to these places secretly.
- 桜井勉は、歴史的背景からはもっともな案であるが、但馬と因幡国の間は山が険しく往来が不便であるため、鳥取県は島根県、豊岡県は飾磨県と合併させる方が適切であると進言した。
- Sakurai advised as follows: although Okubo's plan was authentic from a historical perspective, it would be better that Tottori Prefecture should be integrated with Shimane Prefecture while Toyooka Prefecture with Shikama Prefecture, because the transportation between the Tajima Province and the Inaba Province suffered inconvenience due to steep mountains.
- この制度導入の背景には土地の良し悪しや年貢率による実収とのバランス、旗本による知行権行使の抑制、小禄知行取の存在、村を分断して農民たちの団結を防ぐなどが言われている。
- This system is believed to have been introduced for such reasons as securing a well-balanced real income in proportion to the fertility of land and tax rate, inhibiting hatamoto from exercising their right to chigyo-chi, and preventing villagers from uniting by dividing the village with the presence of several small-stipendiary chigyo-tori (recipients of land revenue).
- その理由としては公式には「庶民への周知徹底が図られた」事を理由とし、また背景には「切支丹札(キリスト教禁止)に対する欧米の反発」と言われているが、実際の理由としては、
- The officially announced reason of this decision was that its purpose to notify the general laws to the common people was fulfilled enough, while there was also a background that Western countries expressed objection toward the ban of Christianity in Japan; the actual reasons for the abolition of Kosatsu would have been as follows;
- 同様に技術系・学術系の官職においても、陰陽寮の賀茂氏・阿倍氏、大学寮紀伝道(文章博士)の菅原氏・大江氏のように家学の成立を背景とした世襲的な継承が行われるようになった。
- In the same way, technical and academic official positions were also held by certain clans such as the Kamo clan and Abe clan of the Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination), Sugawara clan and Oe clan of the Daigakuryo Kidendo (the study of the histories) (Bunsho hakase) with the background of the establishment of Kagaku.
- 秀吉の流言は元々磯野氏自体が浅井氏に屈服する形で仕えるようになったことや、員昌自身が独立心の強い性格であったという背景からすると非常に巧みなものであったと言えるだろう。
- It can be said that Hideyoshi's tactic was very skillful considering that the Isono clan served under the Azai clan involuntarily and that Kazumasa himself was independent-minded.
- しかし政治の実権は父に握られ、父が延徳3年(1491年)に死去した後は、畠山政長の支援を背景に権力の確立を企図するが、管領の細川政元と義政未亡人の日野富子らと対立した。
- However, the real political power was in the hands of his father, and after his father died in 1491, Yoshiki tried to gain full control of the government with the support of Masanaga HATAKEYAMA, but came into conflict with the Kanrei, Masamoto HOSOKAWA, and Yoshimasa's widow, Tomiko HINO.
- このため、畿内IV期の高地性集落については、この時期に史書には記載されない戦乱があったという主張の他に、背景に戦乱を想定する必要はないという意見も見られるようになった。
- Therefore, as for upland settlements in the Kinai IV period, there is some opinion insisting that there were wars not described in history books during the period, as well as an opinion insisting that there is no need to assume wars for its background.
- 篭毛與 美篭母乳 布久思毛與 美夫君志持 此岳尓 菜採須兒 家告閑 名告紗根 虚見津 山跡乃國者 押奈戸手 吾許曽居 師吉名倍手 吾己曽座 我許背齒 告目 家呼毛名雄母
- Komoyo mikomochi fukushimoyo mibukushimochi konowokani natsumasuko ienoshirase nanorasane soramitsu yamatonokuniha oshinabete warekosowore shikinabete warekosomase warenikosoha norame iewomonawomo (篭毛與 美篭母乳 布久思毛與 美夫君志持 此岳尓 菜採須兒 家告閑 名告紗根 虚見津 山跡乃國者 押奈戸手 吾許曽居 師吉名倍手 吾己曽座 我許背齒 告目 家呼毛名雄母)
- 『源平盛衰記』では「色白で背が低く、容貌優美で物腰も優雅である」という記述の後に、『平家物語』と同じく「木曾義仲より都なれしているが、平家の選び屑にも及ばない」と続く。
- 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira Clans) describes him as 'fair-faced and small, graceful and his manner is elegant' but then continues the description, which is identically found in 'Heike Monogatari,' saying 'He is certainly a citified folk in comparison with Yoshinaka KISO, but not as refined as any of the lower-ranked vassals of the Taira family.'
- このようにして、当初、名誉職に過ぎなかった熊野三山検校は、14世紀半ば以降の熊野別当家の退勢を背景に、足利将軍家権力の支持をもとに権威と実権を拡大させていったのである。
- In this way, Kumano Sanzan Kengyo which was only the honor post in the beginning had expanded the authority and real power with the support of Ashikaga Shogun Family's patronage as Kumano betto family's power had declined in the middle of the 14th century.
- 工事責任者の藤原種継が暗殺され、桓武天皇の弟早良親王が捕まる事態となって、794年(延暦13年)新しい都城を造成し、山背国を山城国と改め、新京を平安京と名づけて遷都した。
- After FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, who was responsible for its construction, was assassinated, and Imperial Prince Sawara, the Emperor Kanmu's younger brother, was arrested, a new capital named Heiankyo was constructed and transferred in 794 and the characters from Yamashiro Province were changed from 山背国 to 山城国.
- ヤマト王権と朝鮮半島諸国との交易が活発化した背景には、北方の高句麗から圧迫を受けつつあった百済が対抗のために近隣諸国(新羅・加羅諸国)と連携を強めていたことが挙げられる。
- It is thought that trade between Wakoku and the Korean kingdoms increased as Baekje, under pressure from Goguryeo to the north, began strengthening alliances with neighboring kingdoms such as Silla and Gaya.
- 『日本書紀』に拠ると、飛騨国に現れ、朝廷に背いて民衆を苦しめていたが、仁徳天皇65年、朝廷が差し向けた武将・武振熊命(たけふるくまのみこと)により退治されたとされている。
- According to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), Ryomen-sukuna appeared in Hida Province where he disobeyed the Imperial court and made people suffer, but in 377 the Imperial court sent a military commander, Takefurukuma no Mikoto, to expel Ryomen-sukuna from the province.
- この背景には頼朝が上西門院の蔵人をつとめていたため、上西門院とその近臣・熱田大宮司家が待賢門院(後白河上皇・上西門院の母)近臣家出身の池禅尼に働きかけた可能性が考えられる。
- As a tentative explanation for why she intervened, Yoritomo had served Empress Dowager Josaimonin as a Kurodo (Chamberlain), and it is considered possible that he worked directly for Ike no zenni, who belonged a family of Atsuta Daiguji, that was a vassal of Empress Dowager Taikenmonin (the mother of both retired emperor Goshirakawa and Josaimonin, meaning her family had also served their lady's daughter, Josaimonin), while serving there.
- ただし、『発微算法』は変数を消去して得られる一変数代数方程式が書かれているだけで(それすらも詳細を端折った回答もあった)、その背景にある点竄術(傍書法)は一切表に現れない。
- But in 'Hatsubi sanpo' Seki only describes single-variable algebraic equations which can be worked out by erasing a variable (even giving some answers whose formulas were not given in detail), and the details of Tensan jutsu (Bosho-ho)'s role in the background were not given.
- 清朝主戦派の誰か、愛新覚羅載イ(さいい)一派と目されている、によって捏造されたと考えられているが、それは煮え切らない態度を示す西太后の背中を押すためだったと考えられている。
- It is believed that it was forged by someone belonging to the war party of Qing dynasty or a Aisin-Gioro Saii party, and it was designed to push the indecisive Empress Dowager towards war.
- 歌舞伎の正月とされる11月を前に地震が発生し興行が中止となったことも、芝居絵による収入を当てにしていた版元には打撃であり、鯰絵が大量に発行された背景の一つと考えられている。
- One of the factors behind the issuing of many namazu-e was that the earthquake occurred just before a canceled November performance of kabuki which was to open the year's kabuki season was canceled and this caused damage to publishers who expected income from shibai-e (drawing kabuki as subject matter).
- そこで高島大佐の建議により、熊本鎮台との連絡をとること、薩軍の鹿児島と熊本間の補給・連絡を遮断すること、薩軍を腹背から挟撃すること等の企図を持った軍が派遣されることになった。
- Then, according to an advice from Colonel TAKASHIMA, it was decided to dispatch a troop on missions of making contact with Kumamoto Garrison, destroying the line of communications of the Satsuma army between Kagoshima and Kumamoto, and making a pincer attack against the Satsuma army on both sides.
- オランダ正月の背景には、8代征夷大将軍徳川吉宗による洋書輸入の一部解禁以降、蘭学研究が次第に盛んとなり、この頃には蘭癖と称されたオランダ文化の愛好家が増加していたことがある。
- As a background to Oranda Shogatsu, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the eighth Seii Taishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) lifted the ban partially on the import of the western books, which triggered the increasing of Dutch studies and Dutch devotees, called Ranpeki who adored Dutch cultures.
- 柴同様籠城していた西徳二郎公使が「清国政府としてはそれまでの決心がない」というように、清朝側も公使団の扱いに困惑し、非情な決断をしかねたという背景が二ヶ月の籠城戦にはあった。
- The envoy Tokujiro NISHI, who was under siege with SHIBA, stated, 'The Qing government lacked its former decisiveness,' and the Qing dynasty was also confused about the treatment of the group of envoys, and could not made a harsh decision within the two months of besiegement.
- 以後の倭国王たちも治天下大王の称号を代々継承しているが、このことが背景となって、7世紀初頭に倭国王が隋皇帝への親書に「日出処天子」と自称した事件につながったと考えられている。
- The successive kings of Wa used the title of amenoshita shiroshimesu okimi, and this fact led to the incident which occurred at the beginning of the seventh century in which Wakokuo called himself 'Hiizurutokoro no tenshi' in the letter he sent to the Emperor of Sui.
- しかし政治的背景を元にした古典文芸の復権があった他、新聞の連載小説形式や活版印刷技術などの登場を機に明治10年頃から合巻が再び脚光を浴びるなど戯作は明治期にも続けられていた。
- However, the restoration of the classic literature based on the political background, the appearances of a serial novel style on newspaper, typographical technology, and so on, brought Gokan to the limelight again from around 1877; Gesaku was still written during the Meiji period.
- 富子は後見の山名宗全や実家である日野家の権威を背景に、義尚を次期将軍に推し、将軍職継承をめぐっての義視との対立や斯波氏、畠山氏の家督相続問題が連携して応仁の乱の一因となった。
- Backed up by the clout of her guardian Sozen YAMANA and her parents' family of Hinos, Tomiko endorsed Yoshihisa as the next shogun, which inevitably caused a conflict with Yoshimi over the shogunate succession, and this, coupled with the problem between the Shibas and Hatakeyamas over the succession of the family headship, contributed to the Onin War.
- 従来、上位者から下位者に対して共同体の一員としてまたは自由民としての権利保障のために課されていた公事という語が下位者から上位者に対する訴願に用いられた背景は次のとおりである。
- The following is the reason why the word 'kuji,' which originally meant a responsibility that was imposed by a higher-ranking person on a lower-ranking person in order to secure their right to be a member of the community or a free citizen, began to be used to mean an appeal to a higher-ranking person by a lower-ranking person:
- 同時に対外的な武力侵攻に対しては貴い血筋と武名、朝廷や権門との親密さを背景に地方に強固な勢力を持つ武門の棟梁に臣従して本領安堵を請い、その保護下に入ることで難を逃れたのである。
- At the same time, they rendered homage and service to a Bumon no toryo, who held great provincial power due to their noble bloodline and close relationship with the Imperial Court and powerful nobilities; they did so in return for honryo-ando (acknowledgement of inherited territories) so that they could get out of trouble under the protection of the Bumon no toryo in the event of military attack.
- 以上のように、守護職の固定化および権能の大幅な拡大を背景として、室町期守護は、領国内の在地領主(国人)、土地、人民(百姓など)に対する一円支配(一元的な支配)を強化していった。
- Thus, taking advantage of the monopolization of the shugo-shiki as well as the drastically expanded authority, the shugo in the Muromachi period strengthened the comprehensive (unified) control over the resident landholders (called 'kokujin' [local lord]), lands, people (including peasants) and so on.
- このとき幕府は銭貨の質の管理および、需要が逼迫していた銅の統制を強めていた関係上から、銭の背面に鋳造地を示す文字を鋳出させたり、また面文に特徴を持たせて鋳銭地の明確化を図った。
- The bakufu tried to specify the location of mintage by making letters indicating the location of mintage cast on the back side of coins and by making letters on coins different according to the location of mintage, for the purpose of maintaining the quality of coins and strengthening copper regulation, which was in urgent demand.
- この朝臣が作られた背景には、従来から有った、臣(おみ)、連(むらじ)、首 (曖昧さ回避)(おびと)、直(あたい)などの姓(かばね)の上位に位置する姓(かばね)を作ることでした。
- The reason why Asomi was introduced was to create a superior kabane to the others such as Omi, Muraji, Obito, Atai or so on which had long been in existence.
- 本項では、黒田内閣の事績とともに、黒田の総理辞任後2ヵ月間にわたって存在した内大臣・三條實美を首班とする三條暫定内閣(さんじょう ざんてい ないかく)の背景についても解説する。
- In this section mentioned are achievemens of Kuroda Cabinet as well as the background of Sanjo Provisional Cabinet lead by Sanetomi SANJO, Minister of the Interior, that existed for two months after Kuroda's stepping down from his position as Prime Minister.
- 、石田友治らによって言論雑誌『第三帝国 (雑誌)』が刊行され、またには東京大学の吉野作造により民本主義による政治が提唱された事を背景に、次第に普通選挙運動が活発になっていった。
- With the publication of the political magazine 'Daisan Teikoku' (The Third Empire) by Tomoji ISHIDA and others and the proposal of government founded on democracy by Sakuzo YOSHINO of Tokyo Imperial University, the movement calling for popular elections began to grow.
- 麹屋は北野社(現在の北野天満宮)の神人(じにん)身分を得て「麹座」と呼ばれる同業者組合(座)を結成して北野社(本所)の権威を背景に京都西部の麹の製造・販売の独占権を有していた。
- Obtaining the position of jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) at Kitano-sha Shrine (present Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine), the kojiya formed a guild called 'koji-za' and had exclusive rights to produce and sell koji malt in the western part of Kyoto backed by the authority of Kitano-sha Shrine (honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor)).
- 多数の裏切りを出した背景には、九州の諸豪族を軒並み味方につけて大軍を組織してはいても、その大半は南朝方有利の情勢を見て是非なく菊池武敏に味方した者であったという事実が存在する。
- One reason for the betrayal by many warriors was that even though Kikuchi's side led a large force allied with almost all the powerful clans in Kyushu, most of them regarded the Southern Court side as superior and sided with Taketoshi KIKUCHI.
- そのため奥州は朝廷における政争と無縁な地帯になり、奥州藤原氏は奥州17万騎と言われた強大な武力と政治的中立を背景に源平合戦の最中も平穏の中で独自の政権と文化を確立する事になる。
- Thus, the Oshu region incurred no effect from the political strife which occurred in the Imperial Court, and even during the middle of the Genpei War, the Oshu Fujiwara clan enjoyed a peace through which it established independent politics and culture backed by its political neutrality and huge military forces, which is said to have reached 170,000 cavalry.
- こうした西欧を指標として日本との落差を計測する姿勢の背後には、一国の文明化・強国化の要件として国民一人 々 の知識獲得や文化程度の向上を求める単線的な発展史観があったのである。
- On the background of such attitude to judge the gap between Western Europe and Japan from the standard of Western Europe, there was a single-track historical view of development which demands individual's acquisition of knowledge and improvement of culture standard, as the requirements for civilization and enhancement of national power.
- だが、開国の反動から攘夷鎖国への傾向が出てきたことを背景に、1863年(文久3年)から、幕府は同法令の本格施行を強め、その結果、生糸輸出が減少するなど次第に実効が現れていった。
- However, supported by the trend toward expulsion of foreigners and national isolation arising in reaction to the opening of Japan to the world, the bakufu promoted full-fledged enforcement of the law from 1863, and as a result it began to produce material results slowly such as the decreased exports of raw silk thread.
- 二条良基の『公事五十番歌合』や一条兼良の『公事根源』の公家による有職故実書作成の背景には公事復興による朝廷の権威回復の意図を有していたが、応仁の乱以後は公事の全くの名目化した。
- In the background of court nobles' creation of the books on the study of ancient courtly traditions and etiquette such as 'Kuji Gojuban Utaawase' by Yoshimoto NIJO and 'Kuji kongen (the Rules of Court, a book on court rules of ceremonies and etiquettes written in the Muromachi period)' by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, there was their purpose to get back the power of the Imperial Court by restoring kuji, but after Onin War, kuji came to remain in name only.
- なお、聖徳太子の事績や伝説については、それらが主に掲載されている古事記日本書紀の編纂が既に死後1世紀近く経っていることや記紀成立の背景を反映して、脚色が加味されていると思われる。
- As the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, which are the main sources of the achievements and legends of Shotoku Taishi, were compiled about a century after his death, and by taking into account the circumstances behind their compilation, it is believed that the descriptions were somewhat dramatized.
- 三方ヶ原の戦いで三河武士が背を向けず死んで行ったという俗説をはじめ、吉信、鳥居元忠らの盲目的ともいえる三河武士たちの忠節ぶりは敵から『犬のように忠実』と言われた(『葉隠覚書』)。
- There was a popular view that Samurai in Mikawa were killed without showing their backs to the enemies in the Battle of Mikatagahara, and furthermore, it is also recorded (in 'Hagakure-oboegaki' (a memorandum on Bushido)) that the blind faithfulness of samurai in Mikawa, including Yoshinobu and Mototada TORII, was called by the enemies 'dog-like faithfulness.'
- 1943年正月、野田は雌岡山(後の西区 (神戸市)神出町)の頂に立ち、農家が点在するだけの処女地に満州で見た新京の町づくりをダブらせ、港の後背地として理想的な新都市建設を夢見る。
- On the New Year's Holidays of 1943, when Noda stood on the top of Mt. Mekko-san (later Kande-cho, Nishi Ward [Kobe City]) and looked around, the virgin land only dotted with farmer's houses appeared to him to overlap the construction of the town of Shinkyo (Xingjing) he had seen in Manchuria, and so he dreamed the construction of the ideal new city as the region lying inland from the port.
- このとき蝦夷の指導者アテルイは生存していたが、いったん帰京してから翌年、確保した地域に胆沢城を築くために陸奥国に戻っていることから、優勢な戦況を背景に停戦したものと見られている。
- Though Aterui, a leader of the Emishi/Ezo army, survived, Tamuramaro decided to suspend hostilities against the Ezo army seemingly due to the predominant war situation, which may be presumed now from the fact that, in the year after he had returned to Kyoto, Tamuramaro went back to Mutsu Province in order to construct Isawa-jo Castle in the area he procured by fighting against the Ezo.
- 勅使に屈した幕府をさらに追い込むべく三条実美・姉小路公知ら尊王攘夷派の過激公卿が、長州藩などの勢力を背景に将軍に上洛を命ずる一方、攘夷の勅命を請願するなど、朝政を壟断しつつあった。
- During this period, radical court nobles who advocated Sonno Joi ha such as Sanemi SANJO and Kintomo ANENOKOJI acted as if they were leaders of the country, using the influence of the Choshu clan to further press a government which had already yielded to the imperial messenger, and ordered the shogun to go to Kyoto, while they petitioned the emperor to grant an imperial order to expel foreigners.
- 鎌倉幕府の権威を背景に荘園を侵略し、豊作凶作にかかわり無く一定額の年貢で荘園管理を一切請け負わせる地頭請や、荘園を地頭分と領家分に強引にわける下地中分など、一部で横暴も多くあった。
- With the backing and authority of the Kamakura bakufu, jito could (and many did) treat shoen very harshly; given their total contractual power over shoen to collect the predetermined amount for the annual tax regardless of whether it had been a good or a poor harvest, and their power forcibly to divide the land in a shoen into the jito's private section and the (absentee) owner's section, many jito were oppressive and little more than tyrants, in a sense.
- さらに蝦夷・入鹿の専横は激しくなり、蘇我蝦夷が自ら国政を執り、紫の冠を私用したことや643年聖徳太子の子山背大兄王一族(上宮王家)を滅ぼしたことなど、蘇我氏が政治をほしいままにした。
- Emishi and Iruka became increasingly authoritarian, and the Soga clan usurped political power, using the 'purple crown' for their own purposes (the purple crown was used only for people of the highest rank such as emperors), and exterminating the Yamashirooenoo family (Uetsunomiya royal house) in 643.
- 荘園制の発達と公地公民制の解体の過程で荘園領主は自己の政治力を背景として国役や臨時雑役などを免除させることで寄作者を自己の荘園内に移住させて荘園内に取り込もうとした(名体制の成立)。
- During the process of the development of the shoen system and the demise of Kochi-komin sei (the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens), the shoen owners, by utilizing their political influence, endeavored to secure the cultivators as residents of their own shoen by entitling them to the exemptions of the public duties or the temporary odd-job duties; such a process is known as the establishment of myo taisei (local tax management system based on rice land).
- 日本と朝鮮の中間に位置する対馬藩は地理的条件から経済を朝鮮との交易に依存していた背景もあり、朝鮮との国交回復のため、朝鮮出兵の際に連れて来られた捕虜の送還をはじめ日朝交渉を仲介した。
- The Tsushima Domain, which was located between Japan and Korea, had economically depended on trade with Korea because of its geographical conditions; therefore, for the sake of the restoration of diplomatic relations with Korea, the Domain acted as a mediator between Japan and Korea and they had some activities such as sending back Korean captives who had been brought to Japan during Japan's Invasions of Korea.
- この事件の背景として、これに先立つ日清戦争での戦費負担を補って大いにあまりある賠償金獲得により「戦争は勝てば儲かる」という発想が民衆(および新聞社以下マスコミ)にあったと考えられる。
- It can be considered that, in the background of this incident, there was a people's (and media's, especially, news companies') anticipation that the war could bring a huge fortune if win, inspired by earlier Sino-Japanese War from which Japan had gained reparations much enough to compensate the war expenditure.
- 全作品中、半数近い60点は清親の作品をほぼ倣った物であるけれども、大きさが元の大きさの4分の1程度のはがきサイズほどになったのを受け、安治は人物や背景を省略、簡潔な描写に改めている。
- 60 pieces, i.e., nearly half of all the pieces, were basically copies of Kiyochika's works, however, Yasuji modified them to be simpler through omitting people and backgrounds since the painting size was reduced to about a quarter of the original painting size, the postcard size.
- 博物学的本草学と蘭学を当時の経済的に豊かな大阪の文化背景のなかで探究したディレッタント(英,伊dilettante、好事家。学者や専門家よりも気楽に素人として興味を持つ者)であった。
- He was a dilettante (one who studies at ease as a amateur, rather than a scholar or expert) who researched natural historic herbalism and Western sciences backed by the economically-prosperous culture of Osaka.
- 自検断権の象徴たるこれらの膨大な刀槍、銃器が完全に廃棄されたのは、第二次世界大戦の敗戦後、警察が軍国主義の排除という名目と占領軍の武力と威光を背景に、没収の実行に成功してからであった。
- It was after losing in the World War II when the police succeeded in confiscating and destroying completely these large amount of swords, spears, and firearms, the symbols of the right of Jikendan, under the guise of elimination of militarism and backed by the force and prestige of the occupation forces.
- 「むしろ買い換えるべきだ」とすら言われている背景には、「原因が無限に考えられ得るため、特定する手間を考えれば、購入資金分を諦めて別の同等品を新しく買った方が安上がり」という考えがある。
- The background of the case when a user is told to 'just buy a new one' is the idea that 'because the causes of the problem can be infinite, it is actually cheaper to buy a new one rather than spending time to specify the problem, even though the cost of the computer itself is wasted.'
- しかし、後に臣従して「日本国王良懐」(『太祖実録』の記述による)として冊封を受け、中央では既に南朝勢力は衰微していたものの、懐良親王は明の権威と勢力を背景に独自に九州に南朝勢力を築く。
- However, later on, Kanenaga followed SHU, and he was granted the title of 'King of Japan Kanenaga' (based on the record of 'Taiso Jitsuroku' - the history of the founder) under sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors), and with the help of Ming's authority and power, Imperial Prince Kanenaga built the Southern Court force in Kyushu, even though the Southern Court forces had waned in the center of the politics.
- 打ちこわしや一揆そのものは生活苦の改善や新規の徴税や徴兵に反対するものが中心であり、思想的・政治的な背景に欠くもので、最終的には幕府・諸藩・明治政府のいずれかの兵に鎮圧されて終わった。
- Having no ideological and political background, most of the destructive riots and uprisings simply aimed at requiring the relief from hardships of life, and demonstrating their displeasure against the taxation and conscription imposed anew, and all of them ceased in the end when suppressed by Edo bakufu, domains, or the Meiji government.
- しかしピストル自殺説(小笠原孤酒及び彼に取材した新田次郎が採っている)もあることや「凍傷の指で銃の操作は不可能」として新たな背景を探る松木明知の研究もあり、更なる検証・進展が望まれる。
- However, further verification is required as there are a theory of his having committed suicide with a gun (Koshu OGASAWARA and Jiro NITTA, who interviewed him, put forward this theory) and another theory, by Akitomo MATSUKI, that needs more background says, 'It was impossible for his frozen fingers to manipulate a gun.'
- 1921年、国際連盟規約への抵触、日英双方国内での日英同盟更新反対論、日本との利害の対立から日英同盟の廃止を望むアメリカの思惑、日本政府の対米協調路線を背景にワシントン会議が開催された。
- In 1921 the Washington Conference was convened against the background of the infringement on the Covenant of the League of Nations, opposition to the renewal of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance both in Japan and Britain, the US's desire for abrogation of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance due to its clash of interests with Japan, and the cooperative policy of the Japanese Government toward the US.
- 大和朝廷は大王(おおきみ)を推戴する豪族、特に大和の中央豪族たちによる連合政権というべきものであり、大王位の継承を巡る争いは豪族たちの軍事力によって行われ、豪族たちの向背が帰趨を制した。
- The Yamato Dynasty was actually a coalition government by Gozoku being presided over by an Okimi (great king), especially Gozoku living in Yamato, and since any dispute over succession to the post of Okimi was conducted by the Gozoku's military power, a consequence depended on the stances of more than one Gozoku.
- 更に、平氏政権も頼朝政権も共に「院政の克服」という歴史的課題を背負い、その中から生じた政権であることなどから、歴史学上はこの呼称は適切とは言えず、年号を付して呼ぶ方が妥当であるとされる。
- In addition, both the Taira clan government and the Yoritomo government had a historic problem, 'controlling Insei' (government by cloistered emperors), and were governments that occurred because of this situation, therefore this term is not appropriate historically and it is considered appropriate to add the era/year.
- もともとは、因果や道理に違背・違逆して、人間の倫理に反する言動や行為により仏道に違背することであるが、後に仏法を誹謗したことが逆に縁となって、仏法に帰依するような場合も指すようになった。
- The gyaku-en originally meant the act of opposing Buddhism by defying fate and order as well as by making unethical remarks and committing unethical acts; subsequently, however, the word also began to indicate cases where criticizing Buddhism triggered inversely one to become a monk.
- 受領は、大きな権限を背景として富豪層からの徴税によって巨富を蓄え、また恣意的な地方政治を展開したとされ、その現れが10世紀後期~11世紀中期に頻発した国司苛政上訴だったと考えられてきた。
- It is thought that Zuryo saved a large amount of money by collecting taxes from millionaires, due to their authority and developed arbitrary regional politics, leading to Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against Kokushi) which often happened from the end of the 10th century to the middle of the 11th century.
- しかし浅野は本来突く武器であるはずの脇差で斬りかかったため、義央の額と背中に傷をつけただけで、しかも側にいた梶川与惣兵衛が即座に浅野を取り押さえたために第三撃を加えることはできなかった。
- However, Asano only cut Yoshinaka's forehead and back, having slashed with short sword which was supposed to thrust, and besides, Asano was apprehended by Yosobei KAJIKAWA before attacking Kira a third time.
- 享保2年(1717年)には佐渡国相川町(背面に「佐」字)、享保11年(1726年)に江戸深川_(江東区)十万坪、京都七条、享保13年(1728年)に大坂難波、石巻などで鋳造が行われている。
- The minting started at Aikawa-cho, Sado Province in 1717 (coin marked with a letter of '佐' on the reverse side), at Jumantsubo, Fukagawa (Koto Ward), Edo, and Shichijo, Kyoto in 1726, and at Nanba, Osaka and Ishinomaki in 1728.
- しかしそれは髙橋昌明の武士論は自ら語るように、発生論、「武士という職能」の発生論だからであって、髙橋昌明は、「武士」の存在の2つの側面、平安時代後期における社会的背景も十分に承知している。
- However, while the samurai theory of Masaaki TAKAHASHI said the origin theory was based on 'bushi as a job performance' origin theory, he recognized the two sides of 'bushi' existence and the social background of the late Heian period.
- だが、後三条天皇の後を継いだ白河天皇が父である後三条院の遺命に背き、異母弟輔仁親王を皇位継承から排除して、我が子善仁親王(後の堀河天皇、陽明門院からみれば曾孫にあたる)への譲位を強行した。
- However Emperor Shirakawa, who succeeded to the throne after his father, Emperor Gosanjo, did not obey his father's will to let his half younger brother, Imperial Prince Sukehito succeeded to the throne, instead, Emperor Shirakawa forced his own son, Imperial Prince Taruhito (later called Emperor Horikawa, Yomeimonin's great grandchild) succeed to the throne.
- 日本初の営業用水力発電である琵琶湖疏水の蹴上発電所(発電所は京都市営)から生み出される当時としては大量の電力を背景として、発電コストを低下させ電灯料金も引き下げ、電灯の本格的普及に貢献した。
- Kyoto Dento contributed to the widespread installation of electric lamps by lowering the cost of power generation and the price of electric lamps by drawing on the large amount (for that time) of electricity generated at the Keage Power Plant (run by Kyoto City) on Lake Biwa Canal, which was the first commercial hydraulic power generation in Japan.
- 征韓論が台頭したとき、そして実際に大韓帝国を併合する際(韓国併合)や、日韓同祖論が生まれて外地における同化政策(皇民化教育など)が進められるようになったときも、その思想的背景の一つとなった。
- Japanese militaristic authorities utilized this theory as background support in many ideological situations; on the occasion of rising the Seikanron (Debate to conquer Korea), merging Korean Empires (the annexation of Korea) practically and when Nikkan Doso Ron (Japan and Korea have a common ancestor) was birthed, then the assimilation policy in foreign lands (for example, imperialization education on Korea during Japan's colonial rule) was implemented and went forward.
- 『紅白梅図』屏風の金地(金色の背景)は、金箔を貼ったものと長年信じられてきたが、2003年から翌年にかけての東京文化財研究所の蛍光X線による調査の結果、金箔は使用されていないことが判明した。
- It has long been believed that the kinji (gold background) of the Red and White Plum Blossoms was created through the application of gold foil; however, examination using fluorescence X-ray by the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties in Tokyo from 2003 to 2004 revealed that gold foil was not used.
- また長徳年間(995年 - 998年)頃、勅命に背いたとして三河国に配流され、同国刈宿(愛知県西尾市刈宿)の地に亡き母の菩提を弔う為の寺院(現在の常福寺)を建立したという伝承が存在している。
- Also around 995 to 998, the tradition existed that he was banished to Mikawa Province by disobeying the imperial order and built the temple (present Jofuku-ji Temple) to pray to Buddha for the happiness of the dead mother in Kariyado, Mikawa Province (Kariyado, Nishio City, Aichi Prefecture).
- 蒲池の領主もまた藤原純友追討に功のあった橘公頼の子孫であり、鎌倉時代に嵯峨源氏の源久直が蒲池の地頭職になって赴任し、橘公頼の子孫の筑後の橘氏の娘婿となり、その勢力を背景にして蒲池氏を名のる。
- The head of Kamachi area was also a descendant of TACHIBANA no Kiyomori, who showed fine performance during the subjugation of FUJIWARA no Sumitomo; when MINAMOTO no Hisanao of Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan) became the Jitoshiki (steward) of Kamachi in the Kamakura period, he married the daughter of the Tachibana clan of the Chikugo Province, a descendant of TACHIBANA no Kiyomori; their family named themselves the Kamachi clan and wielded power.
- 実は一連の欧化政策の背景を単なる「外国崇拝」ではなく、当時の極端に低い日本の国際的地位に明治政府が危機感を抱き、そのための手段を選ぶ余裕すらなかったという当時の状況を無視することは出来ない。
- In a very real sense, a background of a continuous policy of Europeanization was not merely 'the adoration of foreign countries' but also the measurable situation of the times, in which the Meiji Government felt a so srtong sense of danger for Japan's international status being extremely low at the time, that they could not take time to choose the means for improvement.
- このとき鋳造されたとされるものが、いわゆる二水永(にすいえい)と呼ばれる「永」字の上部が「二」に見えるものであり、背(裏面)下部には「三」と鋳込まれ、鋳造年の「寛永三年」を意味するといわれる。
- The coin which is thought to have been minted around this time was a so-called Nisuiei because the top part of letter '永' looked like '二' (ni), and it is believed that a letter of '三' (three) marked at the bottom on the reverse side indicated the 'third year of Kanei era,' the year it was minted.
- 木製短甲は、背側と胸(胴部)側を別個につくり、紐で綴じ合わせる型式のもので、弥生時代後期の静岡県浜松市伊庭遺跡の溝から出土し、古墳時代の実例は、奈良県橿原市坪井遺跡の前期の溝から出土している。
- The wooden Tanko used the form binding the back part and chest part (torso) made separately together by thread, unearthed from the ditch of Iba remains in Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture of the late Yayoi period, and from the ditch of Tsuboi remains in Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture of Tumulus period.
- 政友会の幹部は桂との対抗関係を強調し、西園寺も表向きはその姿勢を見せていたが、桂に「君と僕とにて国家を背負ふて立とうではないか」と言うほどポスト元老世代である2人の政治的な関係は良好であった。
- The executive staff of Seiyu-kai Party emphasized their rivalry, and on the surface Saionji maintained such a position, but he also said to Katsura, 'let you and I stand up and lead the nation,' and there was a good political relationship between the two who both belonged to the post-Genro generation.
- しかし織田信秀の後援を得た頼芸は、先に追放され朝倉孝景 (10代当主)の庇護を受けていた政頼と連携を結ぶと、両者は、美濃復帰を大義名分に掲げて朝倉氏と織田氏の援助を背景として、美濃へ侵攻した。
- However, Yorinari gained Nobuhide ODA's support and became and ally of Masayori, who had been banished and was under the protection of Kagetaka ASAKURA (the tenth master of the [ASAKURA] family); with the help of the ASAKURA and ODA clans, Yorinari and Masayori invaded Mino Province under the excuse of returning to Mino.
- 10月15日に総攻撃が開始された時に、栗山利安らが大混乱に乗じて救い出すことに成功し、三名は順番に背負いながら有馬温泉に向い、しばらく体力が回復するまで逗留し、その後姫路城で羽柴秀吉と対面した。
- When full-scale attack was commenced on November 13, 1579, Toshiyasu KURIYAMA and so on succeeded in helping him out of the jail taking advantage of confusion and three persons carried him on their back by turns and moved toward Arima-Onsen Hot Spring and he stayed there until he recovered his physical strength and, later, he met Hideyoshi HASHIBA in Himeji-jo Castle.
- 死の前日に、女帝は敏達天皇の嫡孫・田村皇子を枕元に呼び、謹しんで物事を明察するように諭し、さらに聖徳太子の子山背大兄王にも、他人の意見を納れるように誡めただけで、後継者の指名は避けたようである。
- A day before her death, the Empress summoned Prince Tamura, the legitimate grandchild of Emperor Bidatsu, to her bedside and admonished him to see things through respectfully and also rebuked Prince YAMASHIRO no Oe to listen to opinions of other people, apparently avoiding appointment of her successor.
- 3月20日、田原坂の戦いに敗れ、次いで4月8日の安政橋口の戦いで敗れて政府南下軍と背面軍・熊本鎮台軍に挟撃される形になった薩軍(党薩各派を含む)は4月14日、熊本城の囲みを解いて木山に退却した。
- Satsu-gun (including the allies) was defeated at the battle of Tabaruzaka on March 20 and the battle of Anseibashi-guchi on April 8, on the verge of being attacked from multiple sides by the Government army, who were going south, and the backside of the Kumamoto Chindai Army; on April 14, Satsu-gun retreated to Kiyama by breaking the siege on Kumamoto-jo Castle.
- 英邁さで知られ、実父・徳川斉昭の腹心・安島帯刀は、慶喜を「徳川の流れを清ましめん御仁」と評し、幕威回復の期待を一身に背負い鳴物入りで将軍位に就くと、「徳川家康の再来」とまでその英明を称えられた。
- His extraordinary talent was well known, and his father Nariaki TOKUGAWA's confidant, Tatewaki AJIMA, commented on him as 'someone who will purify the Tokugawa Family line'; he singly shouldered the expectation of restoring the Shogunate's authority, and when his highly touted tenure as the Shogun began, his brilliance was praised as 'the return of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA'.
- 外交面では、北九州が古来中国の王朝や朝鮮半島などとの交流の玄関的機能を果たしていたという背景もあり、海外使節を接待するための迎賓館である鴻臚館(こうろかん)が那津(現在の福岡市中心部)に置かれた。
- Due to the fact that Kitakyushu had played a role as a front gate to interact with dynasties in China and Korean Peninsula since ancient times, Korokan, a State Guest House to entertain foreign emissaries, was placed in Natsu (present central Fukuoka City).
- 大和国、摂津国、河内国、山背国に設置された、宮内省が管理する総計100町の水田で、宮内省所管諸司の伴部、使部等が田司(大宝令は屯司)として派遣されて経営にあたり、班田農民の雑徭によって耕作された。
- A total of 100 cho (about 9920 ares) of rice paddies established in the provices of Yamato, Settsu, Kawachi and Yamashiro were under the control of the Imperial Household Ministry, and shoshi (officials) of the Imperial Household Ministry such as tomo no miyatsuko (Servant of the Court administering a group) and shibe (low rank bureaucrats) were dispatched as 田司 (屯司 in theTiho Code) to manage the fields, which were cultivated by the peasants of alloted farmland as zoyo (irregular corvee).
- 近世ノ作法、仏の懸記ニタガハズコソ、仏ノ弟子ナヲ仏意ニ背ク、マシテ在家俗士堂塔ヲ建立スル、多ハ名聞ノ為メ、若ハ家ノカザリトス、或ハ是レニヨリテ利ヲエ、或ハ酒宴ノ座席、詩歌ノ会所トシテ、無礼ノ事多シ
- The modern customs are shameful to the Buddhist record written about the future, and the students of Buddhism turned away from the will of the Buddha as the samurai of existing families built a tower, young men decorated their houses in order to have his name heard many times, gained profits from it, sat at drinking parties, or made it into kaisho where poetry is read, and held many rude activities.
- この概念が登場した背景として、1970年代以降、王朝国家論を巡る議論の中で、在地の農民層から武士が生まれて貴族の荘園支配を打倒していったとするそれまでの解釈への批判が強まったことがあげられている。
- One of the commonly understood reasons for the rise of this concept was the increasing criticism in the 1970's and onwards of the conventional understanding that local farmers were the foundation of the samurais who overthrew shoen (manors in medieval Japan) control by aristocrats.
- こうした説が流布された背景には、称徳天皇の死をもって天武天皇系の皇統が断絶して天智天皇系の皇統が復活した事から、天智天皇系の皇位継承を正当化するために天皇と道鏡を不当に貶めるためという指摘がある。
- The adultery theory was thus spread based on the fact that, as pointed out by some researchers, the extinguishment of the imperial line of Emperor Tenmu, caused by the death of Empress Shotoku, enabled the revival of the imperial line of Emperor Tenchi, and therefore it is likely that people on Emperor Tenchi's side needed to deliberately and unfairly insult the Empress and Dokyo so as to justify the succession of the imperial throne by the imperial line of Emperor Tenchi.
- 天文年間には甲相駿三国同盟を背景とした甲斐の武田信玄による信濃侵攻と相模の北条氏康による北関東侵攻が本格化しており、甲相同盟により相互に出兵した両者の侵攻により、景虎は二正面作戦を余儀なくされる。
- In the Tenbun era, invasions of Shinano by Shingen TAKEDA, Kai Province, and of Kita Kanto (Northern Kanto) by Ujiyasu HOJO, Sagami Province, were implemented full-scale against a backdrop of Ko So Sun Sangoku Domei (tripartite of Kai-Sagami- Suruga alliance), and due to these invasions by both parties which dispatched troops to each other under the Koso Alliance (an alliance between the Takeda clan in Kai Province and the Hojo clan in Sagami Province), Kagetora was forced to take a double front strategy.
- また、嵯峨朝になると、種継の子で平城天皇の内侍司として権勢を握った藤原薬子とその兄藤原仲成が反乱を企てて断罪された薬子の変の発生に加え、嵯峨天皇・橘嘉智子の信頼を受けた北家の冬嗣の台頭も背景にある。
- Furthermore, the Kusuko Incident, a failed rebellion by FUJIWARA no Nakanari and his sister Kusuko who was a daughter of Tanetsugu and held power as naishi no tsukasa (a female palace attendant) for Emperor Heizei, as well as the rise of FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu from Fujiwara Hokke who won trust of Emperor Saga and TACHIBANA no Kachiko, also led to the decline of Shikike.
- なお、武官にあたる自衛官(いわゆる制服組)のみならず、文民(文官)にあたる内部部局の防衛参事官、書記官等(いわゆる背広組)であっても、防衛大臣その他の国務大臣を兼ねることは禁じられていると解される。
- Also, even if a candidate was a Self-Defense Official (the so-called uniform team), a civilian (civil officer), the internal Defense Counselor, or secretary (the so-called sebiro (business suit) team), it is understood that it is prohibited to be appointed concurrently as the Secretary of State for Defense and any other Minister of State.
- 続いて翌明治4年2月13日_(旧暦)(新暦:1871年4月2日)には、西郷の構想の一部をも取り込む形で三藩(薩摩・長州・土佐)の軍が親兵として編成され、この兵力を背景に同年7月廃藩置県が断行された。
- Then, on April 2, 1871, the armies from three domains (Satsuma, Choshu and Tosa) was organized as Shinpei (imperial guard,) adopting a part of Saigo's idea and, in July of the same year, the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was carried out with the backing of this military strength.
- 文献的には現升の0.6270(『伊呂波字類抄』)、0.8223(『東盛義所領注文案裏書』)、0.4932(『潤背』)とする記録が残されている(寶月圭吾『中世量制史の研究』、昭和36年、吉川弘文館)。
- Several records have descriptions of the volume, such as, with today's standard, 0.6270 sho (in 'Irohajirui-sho' [a dictionary written by Tadakane TACHIBANA in the Heian period]), 0.8223 sho (in 'the endorsement of a request about a fief of Moriyoshi AZUMA'), and 0.4932 sho (in 'Junhai' [a document in Kamakura period]) (according to 'the study of the history of quantitative system in Japanese medieval age,' written by Keigo HOGETSU, published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. in 1961).
- しかし頼豪が三井寺の戒壇院建立に尽力していたことは事実であり、三井寺が天台寺門宗の総本山であることから、鉄鼠伝説は10世紀末に起きた天台寺門宗の派閥間対立抗争を背景として生まれたものといわれている。
- However, because it is a fact that Raigo made great efforts for the construction of Buddhist ordination platform of Mii-deraTemple, which is the Grand Head Temple of the Tendaijimon Buddhist sect, it is said that the Tesso legend was born in the context of the confrontation between the Tendaijimon Buddhist sects and that it occurred at the end of the tenth century.
- しかし建武の新政は武士の支持を得られず、建武 (日本)2年(1335年)に北条時行らが中先代の乱を起こし鎌倉を占拠すると、道誉は尊氏に従い討伐へと向かい、相模川で時行軍の背後を奇襲し勝利に寄与する。
- However, the Kenmu Restoration of the imperial government could not draw support from samurai warriors, and in 1335 when Tokiyuki HOJO and others staged the Nakasendai War and occupied Kamakura, Doyo followed Takauji and went out and made a sneak attack from behind the Tokiyuki army in the Sagamigawa River and contributed to the victory.
- その後、大和のみならず、山背国葛野郡(現在の京都市右京区太秦)、同紀伊郡(現在の京都市伏見区深草)や、河内国讃良郡(現在の寝屋川市太秦)など各地に土着し、土木や養蚕、機織などの技術を発揮して栄えた。
- The families then settled not only in Yamato Province but in various regions, including Kadono County in Yamashiro Province (present-day Uzumasa, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City), Kii County in the same Province (present-day Fukakusa, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City), and Sasara County in Kawachi Province (present-day Uzumasa, Neyagawa City); and flourished by putting to work their technical skills in civil engineering, silk worm cultivation, and weaving.
- 『梅松論』などによると、尊氏は後醍醐に背いて朝敵となったことを悔やんで一時は出家を宣言したり、合戦で苦戦した際には切腹すると言い出すなどの記述があり、佐藤進一は尊氏を躁鬱病ではないかと推測している。
- According to 'Baishoron,' Takauji regretted having turned against Emperor Go-Daigo, and he for a while he was talking about becoming a priest. In the heat of battle he also talked about killing himself, so Shin'ichi SATO took these descriptions into consideration, and presumed that Takauji might have been a manic depressive.
- この背景には、大学制度の範を唐の制度に求めたものの、儒教による国家統治の原則が確立していた唐とは違い、仏教や古来からの神道が儒教と並立した日本の支配階層においては、儒教理念が唐よりも重視されなかった。
- The reason is that although Daigaku-ryo was modeled on the university system in Tang Dynasty China, unlike in Tang Dynasty China where the rule that a nation should be governed based on Confucianism was already established, in Japan Confucianism coexisted with Buddhism and traditional Shintoism, and the ruling classes in Japan did not pay heed to the philosophy of Confucianism as much as those in the Tang Dynasty did.
- 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
- Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.
- だが、1990年代に遠山美都男が改めて倭姫即位説を、2000年代に入って倉本一宏が倭姫の即位を予定した段階での乱勃発を説くなど、中継ぎ女帝論を背景にした倭姫即位・称制説が盛り返し、決着はついていない。
- Mitsuo TOYAMA advocated the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory again in the 1990's and Kazuhiro KURAMOTO asserted a theory in the 2000's that the Jinshin War broke out when the enthronement of Yamatohime no Okimi was planned, resulting in revival of the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement and Shosei theories with the background of a relay successor empress theory, and the issue was still unsettled.
- 平氏政権下となると、行綱が鹿ケ谷の陰謀に加わりその謀議を密告したことで知られるが、この陰謀で行綱が藤原成親によって反平家の大将に据えられたのも多田荘の武力を背景とした行綱の力量を見込んでのことであった。
- During the reign of the Taira clan, Yukitsuna who joined the Shishigatani Conspiracy and informed the conspiracy secretly to TAIRA no Kiyomori had been chosen as a leader of the army against the Taira clan by FUJIWARA no Narichika because Yukitsuna had military power in Tada Manors.
- 日中露の結合関係の重要性は新平が暗殺直前の伊藤にも熱く語った信念であり、田中義一内閣が拓務省設置構想の背後で構想した満洲委任統治構想、もしくは満洲における緩衝国家設立を打診せんとしたものとも指摘される。
- The importance of connection among Japan, China, and Russia was his passionate political belief, about which he told Hirobumi ITO just before his assassination, and it is considered that he tried to make approach to discuss the ideas of the mandatory administration of Manchuria or the foundation of a buffer state there, behind the scenes of the plan of the cabinet of Giichi Tanaka to establish the Department of Overseas Affairs.
- 万次郎が建てた西洋式の墓を参りに行った時、4人の暗殺者が万次郎を襲ったが、以蔵は伏兵が2人隠れていることを察知して、万次郎にむやみに逃げず墓石を背にして動かないように指示し、襲ってきた2人を切り捨てた。
- When they went to a western style grave that Manjiro had built, four assassins tried to attack Manjiro, but Izo had sensed the two ambushes that were hiding, and told Manjiro not to escape impulsively but to stay put with his back against the gravestone, and slew the two attackers down.
- 大久保の没後、大隈や伊藤が政権の中枢に立つようになると漸く再評価されて大蔵大輔(後に初代大蔵次官と改称)を務めたが、実務官僚の地位に留まった背景には大久保政権下の不遇時代が尾を引いたからと言われている。
- After the death of OKUBO, when OKUMA and ITO held the reins of government, GO was finally reevaluated and held the position of Okura no taifu (senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury; afterwards, it was renamed Vice-Minister of Finance); however, the reason why he stayed in governmental official responsible for practical works was said to be because his misfortunate times under the Okubo administration had a lingering effect.
- 対外政策としては明に替わり日本がその中心になる華夷思想を打ち出し、ルソン・琉球国・高山国(当時、台湾に存在すると考えられていた国)・李氏朝鮮などに服属と朝貢を求める武威を背景にした強硬政策を推進している。
- In regards to diplomatic policy, Hideyoshi insisted 'Sinocentrism' in which Japan would be the center instead of Ming and based on military force, applied a hard-line policy that required Luzon, Ryukyukoku, Takasagun (the country believed to exist in Taiwan in those days), Joseon Dynasty and others to yield allegiance and bring tributes to Japan.
- 勝俣鎮夫は道三から義竜への家督譲渡の背景には、実はこうした残酷な道三の姿勢に不満を抱いた重臣達によって義竜を擁した政変が引き起こされて、道三はそれによって当主の座を追われたにすぎないとする説を唱えている。
- Shizuo KATSUMATA expresses the following opinion regarding Yoshitatsu's succession to Dosan's family: Dosan's ruthless behavior caused dissatisfaction among his leading retainers, who, in turn, instigated a political change that supported Yoshitatsu, and as a result, Dosan was merely driven out of his position as the head of the clan.
- 戸籍は令に拠れば30年の保管が行われた後に廃棄されることとなっていたが、当時の紙は大変貴重品であったために、実際には廃棄されずに他の官司や官寺などに回されて、裏面を再利用するのが一般的であった(紙背文書)。
- According to the Code, family registers were to be stored for thirty years and then discared, but instead of being thrown away, it was common to send them to other government officials and kanji (state-sponsored temples) to use the other side (shihai monjo) since paper was so valuable in those days.
- その一方で、本来は禁中外の存在である「院政の否定」を対朝廷の基本政策としてきた幕府が後水尾上皇(法皇)の院政を認めざるを得なかった背景には東福門院が夫の政治方針に理解を示し、その院政を擁護したからでもある。
- Moreover, the government had set a basic policy to prevent a 'ruling cloister government,' which should have been naturally up to the Imperial Palace to control; however, the government had no choice but to accept the cloister government of Retired (Cloistered) Emperor Gomizunoo, since Tofukumonin understood her husband's intention to rule the cloister government and protected him from the political pressure.
- 京都府は南北に細長く、内陸側に位置し、「山の背」とも表記された南部(旧山城国)と、日本海に面し、丹国(にのくに)と呼ばれた北部(旧丹波国、旧丹後国)との格差が大きく、南部と北部では異なる地域を形成している。
- With Kyoto Prefecture's land shape being long in the north-south direction, the southern inland area (former Yamashiro Province), which is sometimes called a 'mountain ridge' area, and the northern area (former Tanba Province and former Tango Province), which is located facing Japan Sea and was once called Ni Province, are markedly different in their characteristics, causing a pronounced difference between the two regions in various aspects.
- このように圧倒的な権力基盤を背景にして徳川将軍家を頂点に君臨させ、全国の諸大名・朝廷・天皇家を「生かさず殺さず、逆らえば(もしくはその危険があるならば)潰す」の姿勢で支配したのが家康の築いた江戸幕府であった。
- It was the Ieyasu-established Edo bakufu that, placing the Tokugawa shogun family at its pinnacle of the reign based on its overwhelming power base, controlled daimyo throughout the nation, the Imperial court, and the emperor's family in the posture of 'Do not make them live nor kill them, and abolish a family if it resisted the bakufu (or was dangerous for the bakufu).'
- 古代中国製の銅鏡には、神像と動物文を鋳出した神獣鏡が多く、その他、背面の文様によって「方格規矩鏡(ほうかくきくきょう)」「海獣葡萄鏡」「内行花文鏡(ないこうかもんきょう)」などさまざまな形式に分類されている。
- A lot of divine beasts mirrors having deities' images and animal designs can be found in the bronze mirrors made in ancient China, and other mirrors are classified into various types such as Hokakukikukyo Mirror (designs of ruler and compass), Kaiju Budo Kyo Mirror (designs of animals and grapes) and Naiko Kamonkyo Mirror (semicircle designs) according to their designs on the reverse.
- この本が受け入れられた背景として、日本人の判官贔屓の心情だけではなく、かつての入夷伝説の形成が江戸期における蝦夷地への関心と表裏であったように、領土拡大、大陸進出に突き進んでいた当時の日本社会の風潮があった。
- In the background of the popularity of this book, there was not only the Japanese people's sympathy for Yoshitsune (Hogan-biiki), but also the trend that existed at that time, in which the Japanese society was keen to extend its territory toward the continent, and this was a phenomenon comparable with the legend of Yoshitsune's migration to Ezo (Hokkaido) called Nyui Densetsu, which was born with the rise of the people' interest in Ezo during the Edo period just as two sides of the same coin.
- 断片的な歴史の記録が箇条書き的に記録されており、十七条憲法や蘇我入鹿事件の年代あるいは、「志癸島天皇御世 戊午年10月12日 (旧暦)」に百済の聖王からの仏教公伝、山代大兄(山背大兄王)事件等が記されている。
- Fragmental historical records were itemized: for example, Seventeen-Article Constitution; the year of SOGA no Iruka incident; official introduction of Buddhism by Seong-wang of Paekche on 'October 12, 538' (old lunar calendar); Prince Yamashiro no oe incident, and so on.
- 更にこうした事件の頻発によって、次第に事件の背景に郡司などの役人の地位を巡る地方単位における政争(政敵の責任追及)や国司・郡司らによる正税虚納や官物押領の隠蔽などを意図したものであると考えられるようになった。
- Furthermore, such incidents came to often happen and they began to think that, behind those incidents, there were political wars in provincial units, concerning positions of government officials such as gunji and so on, or intentional concealment efforts of absence of shozei payment or illegal confiscation of kanmotsu.
- 維新成功の背景として、その前段階たる江戸時代における日本人の労働生産性・教育水準・遵法意識の高さや、近世においてすでに近代的科学(合理)精神を受け入れる素地・教養が準備されていたことなども要因と考えられている。
- Some of the reasons for the success of the Meiji Restoration are that Japanese people in the Edo period worked hard, were well educated, and abided by laws, and they had enough knowledge to accept modern rational scientific spirit.
- これは御鈴廊下を隔てた表向きにおいて、大老や老中といった幕府の機構上の最高責任者がいても、時代によっては将軍が最も寵愛する御側用人がその将軍の権威のみを背景に幕政の諸事万端を司っていたことがあるのと同様である。
- This happened across Osuzuroka, the political administration, although Tairo (chief minister) and roju (senior councilor) were assigned as chief governmental executives, the shogun's favorite sobayonin (lord chamberlain) administrated various government matters based on the Shogun's authority.
- 戦前までは徴兵検査を受けることで「成人男子に達した証」と社会的に認知されるようになっており、徴兵検査(陸軍身体検査規則)で褌の着用を指導していたことも、疑似「褌祝」として成人男子に越中褌が普及した背景があった。
- Until the end of the war, taking an examination to be drafted was regarded as a proof of becoming an adult man in the society, and people were encouraged to wear fundoshi at the examination (the regulations for physical examination of the army); and thus this helped Ecchu fundoshi to spread across the country, reminding people a 'fundoshi iwai', a rite to wear fundoshi as an adult man.
- 芸能界との親交も多く、歌舞伎役者の市川團十郎 (9代目)(かつての養家から泣きつかれて背負いこんだ経営不振の河原崎座の借財整理に協力した)、落語家の三遊亭圓朝、清元のお葉、義太夫の竹本越後太夫などが名を連ねる。
- He had many friends also in the world of public entertainment, for example, Danjuro ICHIKAWA (the 9th)(Inoue helped him with clearing financial problem of slumping Kawarazaki Kabuki Theater which Ichikawa had undertaken asked by his adoptive family), a Rakugo story teller Encho Sanyutei, Kiyomoto (a performance of Joruri [the Japanese-type puppet play]) player Oyo and a gidayu (a style of reciting dramatic narratives) player Echigodayu TAKEMOTO.
- 公家法と武家法では条件が一部異なるが、教令違反・孝養の欠如あるいは不始末・向背(命令・指示違反)・不行跡・敵対行為などの非行行為の存在が挙げられ、具体的な証拠がなくても父母(祖父母)側の主張によって認められた。
- Although there were some differences between the Kugeho (court noble law) and the Bukeho (samurai law), it included delinquencies such as violation of law, neglect of filial duties or carelessness, disobedience (violation of orders and instructions), misconducts or hostile actions and so on, which were approved without any evidence if parent(s) (or grandparent(s)) had claimed.
- これらの状況から、養老律令施行の背景には、両者共通の祖父である不比等の成果を活用することで、不比等の政治を継承することを宣言するとともに、孝謙・仲麻呂政権の安定を図ろうとする政治的意図があったと考えられている。
- Judging from these contexts, it is believed that the establishment of Yoro Ritsuryo Code was produced by the political intentions of Empress Koken and Nakamaro to utilize the code which was the achievement of their common grandfather, FUJIWARA no Fuhito, aiming not only to announce their succession of the policy of Fuhito but also to seek for the stabilization of their political power.
- そこで行われたのは、裁許状・下知状交付を前提にした訴訟前段階での和与奨励策や「召文違背」を理由とした敗訴判決など迅速な訴訟処理策であり、より強力な他人和与の規制と恩給地の回復を目指したのが永仁の徳政令であった。
- Therefore, measures were taken to quickly settle cases, including an incentive measure for wayo based on the issuance of saikyojo and gechijo at a stage before the suit and issuance of decision against one side of the suit on the ground of 'refusal of summons,' and Einin no Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order) was issued to more strictly regulate wayo to others and to recover onkyuchi.
- 正確な成立時期は分かっていないものの、仁治元年(1240年)に藤原定家によって書写された『兵範記』(平信範の日記)の紙背文書に「治承物語六巻号平家候間、書写候也」とあるため、それ以前に成立したと考えられている。
- Although it is not known exactly when the tale was completed, the shihai monjo (an old document which was written on the other side of a piece of used paper) of 'Heihanki' (diary of TAIRA no Nobunori) transcribed by FUJIWARA no Teika in 1240 states that 'Jisho Monogatari volume Six, transcribed,' therefore it is considered that the tale was completed before 1240.
- こうして与えられた支配権・管理権は一様ではなく、名田の規模・態様によってさまざまな形態をとっていたが、いずれにせよ田堵負名は、国司・領主に認められた権限を背景に、現地において百姓らへの支配を強めていったのである。
- Although these rights to rule and manage land varied greatly depending on the size and arrangement of myoden land, tato fumyo farmers succeeded in strengthening their control over peasants in many villages by using the authority recognized by their own rulers.
- この背景には嫌々ながら東映の社長に派遣され、多重債務を抱え自転車操業で倒産寸前だった同社の再建を成功させた大川博と、東急本体を引き継ぎ東急グループの基本を沿線開発に据えた五島昇との間に確執があったと言われている。
- It is said that there was a feud between Hiroshi OKAWA of Toei and Noboru GOTO of Tokyu Corporation behind the separation: although Okawa was reluctantly dispatched to Toei and became the president, which operated on a shoestring with multiple debts, and managed to succeed in its reconstruction, Goto was focused on development of areas along the railways for both Tokyu itself and the Group as a whole.
- このように賀茂忠行(賀茂氏)が陰陽道の三部門すべてを統括するにいたった背景にあるものは、894年に菅原道真による遣唐使の廃止によって陰陽五行説に関わる諸説・諸思想の最新の情報が日本に伝播されなくなったことである。
- In the background of the integration of the three departments of Onmyodo that KAMO no Tadayuki achieved, there was a circumstance, in which various updated theories and philosophies related to the Taoist theory of the five elements were no longer conveyed to Japan due to the abolishment of the Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) by Michizane SUGAWARA in 894.
- 明治30年代当時は、欧化主義の進展によって日本の道徳倫理あるいは武士道精神といったものが退廃にさらされていると考え、それらを陽明学で蘇らせようという風潮が日本にはあったが、これが明治期における陽明学熱の背景である。
- Around the turn of the century, it was considered that Europeanism was advancing to the detriment of Japanese moral ethics and the samurai spirit, which led Japan to recover these moral ethics and spirit through Yomeigaku; this was background to the Japanese people's enthusiasm for studying Yomeigaku during the Meiji period.
- そうした「重層的な階級制」は、ちょうど義家の頃に見られるようになり、その背景には、地方経済社会での大きな変動、在地での有力者は田堵・負名(公田請作経営者)から在地領主(所領経営者)へと変化があったと考えられている。
- This 'multilayered class system' began to appear during Yoshiie's time, and is believed that there was a huge economic shift in local society, and power in residential land shifted from the 'Tato' and 'Fumyo' (farm managers who leased public fields from provincial lords and produced agricultural products) to the residential land lords (estate managers).
- この権限拡大を背景として、受領たちは租税収取・軍事両面において統治を強化するため、旧来の補佐官で同一階層出自ゆえに一方的に使役しがたい掾(じょう)、目(さかん)に替えて、国内の豪族・有力者らを国衙の体制に組み入れた。
- Through the empowerment of zuryos, they incorporated the local ruling families leading the people into a kokuga government system, instead of the jo (the third-ranking local administrator) and sakan (the fourth-ranking local administrator) who were reluctant to accept the one-sided orders they issued because jo and sakan were also old administrative aides from the same class, in order to strengthen the governance of both tax collection and military affairs.
- ところが、儀式直前の巳の下刻(午前11時頃)、江戸城本丸大廊下(通称松の廊下)にて、吉良義央が旗本梶川頼照と儀式の打ち合わせをしていたところへ、長矩が背後から近づいてきて、突然吉良義央に対して脇差でもって刃傷に及ぶ。
- However, around 11 a.m. just before the ceremony, Naganori approached Yoshinaka KIRA from behind while Kira was having a meeting about the ceremony with hatamoto (bannermen) Yoriteru KAJIKAWA at the Great Corridor of the main ward of Edo-jo castle (common name; matsu no roka [literally, a corridor of pine trees]), and Naganori slashed Kira with a short sword.
- 日清戦争・日露戦争、そして二度の世界大戦を経て、海外で日本人の戦略や戦術、道義心、忠君愛国の背景にあるものへの関心が深まると、ルース・ベネディクトの『菊と刀』やオイゲン・ヘリゲルの『弓と禅』といった日本研究が進んだ。
- After the Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War, and two world wars, foreign people took growing interests in Japanese strategies and tactics, a moral sense, and what was behind loyalty and patriotism, so a Japan study was pursued such as 'The Chrysanthemum and the Sword' by Ruth Benedict and 'Zen in the Art of Archery' by Eugen Herrigel.
- 妖怪漫画家・水木しげるは、牛鬼の背後には牛に関する古代印度(インド)神として、大自在天の化身である伊舎那天や閻魔天が関係しており、また近隣に菅原道真(天満大自在天)を祀った天満宮があることが関係していると推測している。
- Shigeru MIZUKI, a specter comic writer, shows his speculation on the background of Ushioni as saying that Ushioni has something to do with Ishanaten (Isana) and Enmaten, incarnations of Daijizaiten (Mahesvara), which are Indian deities related to a cow, and also that the fact that around Ushioni there is a Tenman-gu Shrine enshrining SUGAWARA no Michizane (Tenman daijizaiten) may have some relationship with Ushioni.
- 守護は以上のように強化された権限を背景に、それまで国司が管轄していた国衙の組織を吸収し、国衙の在庁官人を被官(家臣)として組み込むと同時に、国衙領や在庁官人の所領を併合して、守護直轄の守護領(しゅごりょう)を形成した。
- Because of the enhanced powers as described above, the shugo took over the organization governed by the kokushi and recruited the zaicho-kannin (kokuga's officer) in the kokuga as a vassal while at the same time combining the kokuga's province with the zaicho-kannin's territory to form the shugo-ryo (shugo's province) directly governed by the shugo.
- この傾向は明治時代以降も続き、征韓論が台頭したとき、そして実際に大韓帝国を併合する際(韓国併合)や、日韓同祖論が生まれて外地における同化政策(皇民化教育など)が進められるようになったときも、その思想的背景の一つとなった。
- It continued to support this theory in and after the Meiji period.
- 阪神本線(1905年開業)を嚆矢とし、続く箕面有馬電気軌道(後の阪急宝塚本線、1910年開業)、阪急神戸本線(1920年開業)ほかの各線の開通は、神戸・北摂の未開拓な後背地であった近郊農村地帯への着目のきっかけとなった。
- Beginning with the Hanshin Line (started in 1905), the opening of the subsequent Minoo Arima Electric Tramway (later Hankyu Takarazuka Main Line, started in 1910), the Hanshin Kobe Main Line (started in 1920) and other lines became a trigger for focusing on the suburban farming areas which had previously been unexploited hinterlands in Kobe and Hokusetsu region.
- 元文2年(1737年)には前年(1736年)の品位を低下させた元文小判元文丁銀の発行により、銭相場が一両=2800文前後まで急騰したのを受け銭貨の増産が図られ、これらの銭貨の背面には鋳造地を示す文字が鋳込まれるようになる。
- In 1737, it was planned to increase the production of coins in response to sharp increase in the market price of currency to 2,800 mon per ryo due to issuance of Genbun Koban (oval gold coin issued in the Genbun era) and Genbun Chogin (oval silver coin issued in the Genbun era) whose quality levels were deteriorated in 1736, and these coins came to be marked with letters indicating a place of minting on the reverse side.
- 朝貢を行った理由・背景は明確にはなっていないが、おそらく朝鮮半島南部諸国(任那・伽耶)に於ける利権争いへの参入を有利に進めるためであろうと考えられており、実際に中国史書には倭へ朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める内容を記している。
- Although the reasons for and the background to these tributes by Wakoku remain unclear, it is thought they may have been to provide an advantage in the competition over interests and rights in the kingdoms of the southern Korean Peninsula (the Gaya Confederacy) and in fact, Chinese sources mention Wakoku's hegemony over the southern Korean Peninsula.
- しかしゲオルギオスに竹の杖で背中を打たれ、ニコライに随伴していた人力車夫の向畑治三郎に両足を引き倒され、同じくゲオルギオス付き車夫の北賀市市太郎に自身の落としたサーベルで首を斬りつけられた後、警備中の巡査に取り押さえられた。
- But, Prince George struck TSUDA's back with his bamboo cane, and then a rickshaw driver in Nicholas's entourage, Jisaburo MUKOUHATA grabbed TSUDA's legs and pulled him to the ground, and furthermore, a rickshaw driver in George's entourage, Ichitaro KITAGAICHI picked up TSUDA's saber and injured TSUDA's neck with it, and finally TSUDA was arrested by a patrol officer.
- その後、信長からの上洛参集要求などを拒んで対立した越前国の朝倉氏に対し、元亀元年(1570年)4月には信長が越前への侵攻を開始すると、朝倉との縁(同盟関係、主従関係とも)も深かった長政は信長から離反し、織田軍の背後を襲った。
- Later, because, in June 1570, Nobunaga started invading Echizen Province against the Azai clan of the province, who refused his demands such as gathering for going to the capital and came to have a conflict with him, Nagamasa, who had also close relationship (alliance and lord-vassal relationship) with Asakura, seceded from Nobunaga and attacked Oda troops from behind.
- また近年では、欽明天皇の嫡男である敏達天皇の直系(田村皇子)と庶子である用明天皇の直系(山背大兄皇子)による皇位継承争いであり豪族達も両派に割れたために、蝦夷はその状況に対応した現実的な判断をしただけであるとする見方もある。
- Recently another theory has been believed that Emishi just made a realistic decision to solve the conflict over the succession to the Imperial Throne between a direct descendant (Tamura no Miko) of the Emperor Bidatsu who was the legitimate son of the Emperor Kinmei, and a direct descendant (Yamashiro no Oe no O) of the Emperor Yomei who was a child born out of wedlock of the Emperor Kinmei, which also caused a division of Gozoku (local ruling family) into two factions.
- 『聖徳太子伝補闕記』には皇極天皇2年(643年)に大狛法師(狛大法師、大化の改新後大化元年8月8日に孝徳天皇の「大化僧尼の詔」により十師に選ばれた)が事件後6日後に斑鳩寺にいた山背大兄王の息子弓削王を殺したと記述されている。
- According to 'Shotoku Taishi Den Hoketsuki,' Okoma no hoshi (Buddhist priest) (also called Koma no Daihoshi who were selected as one of ten supreme Buddhist leaders in 'Edict of monks and nuns in the Taika era' issued by Emperor Kotoku on September 6, 945 after Taika no Kaishin [Great Reformation of the Taika Era]) killed YAMASHIRO no Oe no o's son, YUGE no miko who was in Ikaruga-dera Temple six days later after the incident.
- 二人は「室君の操を知るもこれ糺の御神の御恵みなりと、同じく再び伏し拝み、妹背打ち連れ帰りけり(室津の遊女の操を知ることができたのも、糺の森にいます神のおかげと、伏し拝んで、二人は連れ添ってかえった)」という地謡で能は終わる。
- The Noh play ends with a jiuta saying, 'Falling on their knees and praying to the God of the Tadasu-no-Mori forest, the two of them returned home together, believing it was the God's sake that he could know chastity of the prostitute of Murotsu.'
- この征伐前後における彼の矛盾した秀吉への対応には、秀吉の九州征伐で婿養子・島津忠隣を失ったことからの怨恨説、今征伐における秀吉の島津家への不興を一身に背負おうとした説など複数あるが、定説はなく歳久の後年を語る最大の謎である。
- There are several theories which have tried to explain his contradictory attitudes toward Hideyoshi: from the grudge he started to develop due to the loss of his adopted son, Tadachika SHIMAZU, and from the reasoning that he tried to shoulder all the displeasure that the Shimazu family received, etc, however, there is no proven theory and this contradiction has come to be one of the biggest mysteries about Toshihisa in later years.
- また三井組の人間などを背景に、自らの政治権力を利用した汚職行為に非常に熱心で、それが原因で一度は官を辞職したが、長州系列の人脈と革命の元勲としての威光でその同藩出身の山県有朋とともに過去の汚職にも関わらず絶大な存在感を示した。
- And he eagerly became involved in corruption using his political power backed by people of Mitsui group, who forced him to resign once, but with his connections with someone related to Choshu and his prestige as a revolutionary genkun (the statesmen who contributed during the Meiji Restoration), he remained as an important figure along with Aritomo YAMAGATA who was from the same domain, for all his past corruption.
- 江戸時代後期、穂井田忠友(平田篤胤に学んだ国学者)によって写経所文書の紙背にある史料が注目され、1833年-1836年(天保4-7年)、元の戸籍・正税帳などの状態を復元すべく一部の文書が抜出されて、45巻(正集)にまとめられた。
- In the late Edo Period, Tadatomo HOIDA (a scholar of Japanese classical literature taught by Atsutane HIRATA) took notice of the historical materials which were written on the back side of monjo from the Sutra copying office; some monjo were picked out in order to restore those kosei and shozeicho to their original states, and these were then compiled into 45 volumes (master document) from 1833 to 1836.
- 7世紀初頭に聖徳太子が建立した法隆寺の金堂薬師如来像の光背銘に、「池邊大宮治天下天皇」(用明天皇)、「小治田大宮治天下大王天皇」(推古天皇)とあり、治天下大王(あめのしたしろしめすおおきみ)の称号が用いられていたことが推定される。
- On the inscription on the halo of the statue of Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha) in the Kon-do (golden hall) of Horyu-ji Temple, erected by Prince Shotoku in the beginning of the seventh century, it says 'Ike no be no omiya amenoshitashiroshimesu tenno' (Emperor Yomei) and 'Owarida no Omiya amenoshitashiroshimesu okimi tenno' (Emperor Suiko), and it can be assumed that the title 'amenoshitashiroshimesu' was used.
- 南北朝時代の活力が背景にあり、3代将軍義満の時代(北山文化)は中央集権的で公家文化と武家文化の影響や中国文化の影響があるのに対し、8代将軍義政の時代(東山文化)は庶民的で「侘び・寂び」という禅宗などの影響が強いのが特色といわれる。
- Given the energy and vitality of the Northern and Southern Court period, the (Kitayama) culture during the reign of the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu, was centralized and authoritarian, influenced both by aristocratic and warrior culture and by Chinese culture, while by contrast, the (Higashiyama) culture during the reign of the eighth Shogun, Yoshimasa, was based in commoner culture and was heavily influenced by Zen Buddhism, for example in the twin aesthetic principles of wabi-sabi (the beauty and pathos of loneliness, simplicity, and imperfection).
- 武埴安彦は山背国から、その妻吾田媛は大坂からともに都を襲撃しようとしたが、天皇は五十狭芹彦命(吉備津彦命)の軍を遣わして吾田媛勢を迎え討ち、一方の安彦勢には、大彦命と彦国葺(ひこくにぶく、和珥氏の祖)を差し向かわせ、これを打ち破った。
- Takehani Yasubiko attempted to attack the capital from Yamashiro Province while his wife, Princess Atahime attempted to attack from Osaka but the emperor dispatched the forces of Hiko Isaseribiko no Mikoto (Kibitsuhiko no Mikoto) to attack Princess Atahime's army while Obiko no Mikoto and Hikokunibuku (an ancestor of the Wani clan) attacked Yasubiko's forces.
- 加えて本能寺の変直後、光秀が紀州雑賀衆・土橋重治へ送った書状に「上意馳走申しつけられて示し給い、快然に候」と、光秀より身分の高い者からの命令を指す「上意」という言葉を使っていることを挙げ、光秀の背後に足利義昭が存在したと主張している。
- In addition, Mitsuhide sent a letter to Shigeharu TSUCHIBASHI, who was a member of the Saigashu (a powerful local clan in Saiga, Kishu), saying, 'A joi (order from a superior to a subordinate) has been issued requesting that you provide service, which is a great honor', and Fujita pointed out that as the word 'joi' was used, the order must be from someone with a higher status than Mitsuhide.
- なお、黒澤明により映画化された『羅生門』(1950年)は、1922年(大正11年)に発表した短編小説『藪の中』(1922年)を原作としているが、映画は本作品から舞台背景、着物をはぎ取るエピソード(映画では赤ん坊から)を取り入れている。
- Akira KUROSAWA's film 'Rashomon' (1950) was actually based on Akutagawa's short story 'In a Grove' published in 1922, but the film takes the setting and the scene of robbing clothes (from a baby, in the film) from Rashomon.
- 『書紀』によれば、母は五十河媛(いかわひめ)で、同母弟に稲背入彦皇子(いなせいりひこのみこ)がいたとするが、『古事記』では、母を播磨稲日大郎姫(播磨稲日大郎姫)とし、兄に櫛角別王・大碓命・ヤマトタケル(日本武尊)・倭根子命がいたとする。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki,' his mother was Ikawahime, and his younger maternal half-brother was Inaseirihiko no miko, however, according to the 'Kojiki,' his mother was Princess Harima no Inabi no Oiratsume, and his older brothers were Kushitsunowake no miko, Ousu no mikoto, Yamato Takeru no mikoto, Yamatoneko no mikoto.
- そうした中で、武士は所領の知行権などをめぐる訴訟(所務沙汰)において幕府による裁定が下された後も、当時の社会で容認されていた自力救済慣行を背景として、必ずしも幕府裁定に従わず、自らの実力を行使して所領知行権を確保しようとする傾向があった。
- On the other hand, there was a tendency that samurai, even after the bakufu judged in the lawsuit over the right of fief, which was called shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues), not necessarily followed the bakufu's judgment but tried to keep their right to manage the territory using their force with the aid of the customary practice of self-help which had been approved in the society at that time.
- 後三条天皇以前の天皇の多くも即位した直後に、王権の確立と律令の復興を企図して「新政」と称した一連の政策を企画実行していたが、後三条天皇は外戚に摂関家を持たない強みも背景として、延久の荘園整理令(1069年)などより積極的な政策展開を行った。
- Many emperors prior to Emperor Gosanjo also planned and implemented a series of policies called 'new policies,' being intended for establishment of sovereignty and the revival of ritsuryo legal codes, which they enacted immediately after succeeding to the throne; but Emperor Gosanjo conducted active policies, including Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei (an order given in the Enkyu era to consolidate manors) (in 1069), supported by his advantage of not having Sekkan-ke as his cognates.
- 長光寺城に籠城中、水瓶を割って、「貴様ら、乾いて死ぬよりも討死にするが武士の誉れぞ 今飲んだ水が末期の水と知れい!」と叱咤激励し、背水の陣で抗戦に臨んだことから瓶割り柴田と呼ばれるようになったと言われている(これは後世の創作だと思われる)。
- It is said that he was called Binwari (jar crushing) Shibata because he crushed a water jar and encouraged his troops by shouting 'Men, it is the honor of a samurai to die on the battlefield rather than to die of thirst, so remember, the water you just had was your matsugo-no-mizu (water of the last moment)!' to approach the resistance by burning their boats while holding Choko-ji Castle (this is believed to be a later creation).
- このことが正確に知られるのは、それから140年後に義家から3代目の、源義朝(源頼朝の父)に攻めこまれるという「大庭御厨の濫妨」事件があり、そのときの伊勢大神宮司の訴状に対する官宣旨案(天養記)が公家の日記の背文書として発見されたからである。
- This was clearly known because a suggestion of kansenji (a government edict) against the complaint of Guji (chief of those who serves a shrine, controls festivals and general affairs) of Ise no Okami (Great God of Ise, aka Amaterasu Omikami) (in Tenyo-ki (documents on the disturbance in the Oba no mikuriya estate)) was discovered as a haimonjo (an old document which was written on the other side of a piece of used paper) of a kuge's dairy (court noble) at the time of 'The disturbance in Oba no mikuriya estate' in which it was attacked by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo (father of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo) who was the third generation of Yoshiie 140 years after that.
- 特に、古くからの地域における首長層を再編した郡司層の首長権への精神面での服従構造と、経営の安定性を欠く零細百姓層の経営維持を保証する出挙は、本来古代日本とは異質な社会である唐代中国社会を成立背景とした律令制が、日本で成立する上で重要であった。
- In particular, the structure of mental obedience to the chieftaincy of Gunji (local magistrates), who used to be the chiefs of village community since ancient times, as well as suiko (a kind of official loan system), which was supposed to guarantee the sustainable management of small-hold peasants, were quite important for maintaining the Ritsuryo system in Japan since this system was originally created in the context of Chinese society of the Tang Dynasty, a quite different society from that of Japan.
- 例えば、後に佐竹義宗が強引に相馬御厨全域を支配したとき、その『源義宗寄進状』には「常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉、是背法令、大非常之上、大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也」と、上総介常澄、千葉介常胤、が共に反抗していることが伺える。
- For example, when Yoshimune SATAKE aggressively dominated the entire region of Soma-mikuriya later, he stated in 'MINAMOTO no Yoshimune's letter of donation' that '常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉,是背法令,大非常之上,大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也,' indicating that Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi and Chiba no suke Tsunetane both rebelled.
- しかし、江戸幕府を信認する孝明天皇はこうした尊攘過激派の行動を快く思わず、その意を受けた薩摩藩士高崎正風・久邇宮朝彦親王らの画策により、薩摩藩・会津藩の兵力を背景に八月十八日の政変が起こされ、長州藩および三条ら尊攘派公卿は京都から一掃される。
- But Emperor Komei recognizing Edo Shogunate thought poorly of the Sonno Joi radical party so Masakaze TAKASAKI, a feudal retainer of Satsuma Domain, and Imperial Prince Asahiko KUNINOMIYA received his will and schemed to raise the Coup of August 18 supported by the Satsuma and Choshu clan forces, which swept away from Kyoto Choshu clan and court nobles in Sonno Joi party including Sanjo.
- 幕末までに勃興したオランダ人は、維新後は土木の河川技術方面でヨハニス・デ・レーケ等多くの人材が雇用された(オランダの治水技術が関係者に高く評価された背景があるとされているが、アントニウス・ボードウィン博士兄弟との縁故による斡旋という説もある)。
- The Dutch had risen to influential positions by the end of the Edo period, and after the Restoration many Dutchmen, notably Johannis de RIJKE, were hired in the field of river engineering (It is said that this was because Dutch flood control technology was highly praised by those connected to this field of engineering; however, a different theory holds that the large-scale hiring of Dutch river engineers was due to the nepotism of Dr. Anthonius Franciscus BAUDUIN and his younger brother.)
- 清洲織田氏の三家老の一人であった弾正忠家の織田信定とその子の織田信秀はその才智と経済力を背景に主家を凌ぐ力をつけ、信秀の代には活発に軍事行動を展開し尾張統一を進めるとともに、美濃国の斎藤氏や三河国の松平氏、駿河国の今川氏と抗争し、武威を示した。
- Nobusada ODA of the Oda Danjo no jo family, which was one of three Karo (chief retainers) of the Kiyosu Oda clan and his son Nobuhide ODA got stronger than the main family due to their wisdom and economic power, Nobuhide stepped up his military operations and struggled for unification of Owari Province, and contended with the Saito clan in Mino Province, the Matsudaira clan in Mikawa Province and the Imagawa clan in Suruga Province to raise military prestige.
- 大山らが登場させて後は専ら国歌として知られるようになった『君が代』だが、それまでの賀歌としての位置付けや、天皇が「國ノ元首ニシテ統治権ヲ総攬」していた(大日本帝国憲法による)という時代背景から、戦前にはごく自然な国家平安の歌として親しまれていた。
- Although 'Kimigayo' became to be known mainly as the national anthem after having been made to appear by Oyama and so on, it was liked before the War as a very natural song for cerebrating peace of the nation because of its position as gaka in the past and historical background that the emperor 'was the head of state and had a ruling power' (the Constitution of the Empire of Japan).
- この背景には廃藩置県に伴い、寺社領を与える主体であった領主権力が消滅したために寺社領の法的根拠も失われたこと、地租改正によって全ての土地に地租を賦課する原則を打ち立てるために寺社領を含めた全ての土地に対する免税特権を破棄することを目的としていた。
- One of the reasons for the confiscation was that the legal basis for jisha-ryo was lost when feudal lords, who had granted jisha-ryo, lost their power due to Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), and the purpose of the confiscation was to abolish the privilege of tax exemption of all the lands including jisha-ryo to establish the principle of uniform land taxation through the land-tax reform.
- 大国主は「二人の息子が天津神に従うというのであれば、私も逆らわずにこの国を天津神に差し上げる。その代わり、私の住む所として、天の御子が住むのと同じくらい大きな宮殿を建ててほしい。私の百八十神たちは、事代主に従って天津神に背かないだろう」と言った。
- Okuninushi said, 'If two sons follow Amatsu kami, I will offer this country without resisting. Instead, I would like you to build a big palace which is almost as big as the one that Amatsu kami live. My 180 gods will follow Kotoshironushi and not be against Amatsu kami.'
- 勧学院は藤氏長者が長となり、しかも大抵の場合は摂関あるいは一上との兼務であったから、大学寮側は表向きは拒絶し続けていたものの、実際には勧学院の給料学生は藤原氏の政治的権力を背景として、大学寮で選抜した穀倉院の給料学生と同格と見なされるようになった。
- As the head of FUJIWARA clan assumed the position of the chief of Kangaku-in concurrently with Sekkan (regents and advisers) or Ichinokami (the ranking Council Member), Kyuryo-gakusei of Kangaku-in were regarded, thanks to the political power of the FUJIWARA clan, equally with Kokuso-in's Kyuryo-gakusei who were selected by Daigakuryo, though Daigakuryo denied it ostensively.
- 縦横4寸、深さ2寸(32立方寸)の枡で、0.81リットル、新京枡の0.45倍の容積とするのは、鎌倉末期に成立した『潤背』によるものであり、これは本文で「寛治宣旨」となっており、延久年間に宣旨升が出されたことに明らかに反しており、信用できないとする。
- 'Junhai,' written in the last days of the Kamakura period, says that it was a masu with 4 sun square and 2 sun depth (32 cubic sun) and had 0.81 liters, which was 0.45 times of new kyomasu, however, it is considered to be unreliable since the book says it was made by 'Kanji senji' (the imperial order in Kanji era [1087 to 1094]) which was clearly contrary to the fact that the senji-masu was established in the Enkyu era.
- その頃鎌倉では、平氏追討の道中、頼朝の意に背かず何事も千葉常胤や奉行として付けられた和田義盛に相談した範頼に対し、言いつけを守らず独自に行動する義経の専横や越権行為が頼朝の怒りを買っており、範頼が九州の行政に当たっている間に、頼朝と義経は対立する。
- At the time in Kamakura, Yoritomo became irritated about Yoshitsune who was acting arbitrarily and ignoring orders, in comparison Noriyori was always following Yoritomo's orders and consulting with Tsunetane CHIBA and Yoshimori WADA who was acting as bugyo (magistrate), while Noriyori was staying in Kyushu, the relationship between Yoritomo and Yoshitsune became worse.
- 異姓にして家臣筋の長尾景虎が上杉氏の名跡を継承するに至った背景には、かねてから上杉家に養子を招くことを望んでいた上杉憲政が、上杉家から養子を出したことのある佐竹氏からの養子を断られ、苦悩の末に越後国の実力者である長尾景虎に継がせたという経緯がある。
- The circumstance to the inheritance to a family name of Uesugi clan by Kagetora NAGAO who was a vassal with a different real name was that Norimasa UESUGI always desired to adopt a child to the Uesugi family but was refused from the Satake clan who had adopted a child from the Uesugi family, then made a tough decision to have Kagetora NAGAO, an influential person in Echigo Province, succeed to the family name.
- 義経の死後まもない時代に成立したとされる『平家物語』では、平氏の武士・平盛嗣が「九朗は色白うせいちいさきが、むかばのことにさしいでてしるかんなるぞ」(九朗は色白で背の低い男だが、前歯がとくに差し出ていてはっきりわかるというぞ)と伝聞の形で述べている。
- 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike), which was said to be written soon after the death of Yoshitsune, describes him as an indirect form as 'Kuro (Yoshitsune) a faire-faced and short man, but can be easily recognized for his buckteeth,' by a samurai warrior of the Taira clan, TAIRA no Moritsugu.
- 寿司の食品素材を販売する広島市の株式会社あじかんによれば、質素倹約を奨励し、庶民の奢侈をたびたび禁じた備前国岡山藩藩主の池田光政が汁物以外に副食を一品に制限する「一汁一菜令」を布告したことが、岡山名物のばらずしが生まれた背景となっていると説明している。
- AHJIKAN Co. Ltd. of Hiroshima City, who sells food ingredients for sushi, explains the appearance of barazushi (scattered sushi), one of specialities in Okayama, went back to an order issued by Mitsumasa IKEDA, the lord of Okayama Domain in Bizen Province, who encouraged people to live a modest and frugal life and often prohibited extravagant lifestyles, that restricted their daily meals to the one rice bowl with one side dish and one soup.
- 日本美術史(にほんびじゅつし)とは、日本の美術の流れ、様式の変遷、各時代の代表的な作品や作家の研究、相互の影響関係、作品や作家を生んだ時代背景(政治、経済、信仰、風俗、社会、文学などとの関連)などについて述べたもの、またはそうした分野を研究する学問のこと。
- 'Nihon bijutsu-shi' refers to the chronological explanation - or the academic field - of Japanese art history, such as the trend of Japanese art, the transition of its style, the research of the representative works and artists in each period, their mutual influence, and the historical background of the works and artists - that is, the works' and artists' relation with Japanese politics, economy, religion, customs, society, literature and others.
- 更に平安時代以来官司請負制のもとで暦博士を世襲してきた賀茂氏はその伝統と実績を背景として御暦奏を同氏の専権として主張するようになり、阿倍氏が陰陽頭であっても関与させないことを朝廷に認めさせるようになった(平経高『平戸記』仁治元年閏10月14日・22日条)。
- Besides that, Kamo clan, who had been taking over the post of rekihakase by succession in the government office contract system since the Heian period, thanks to its tradition and its experience, began to claim that goryakuso was its exclusive right and began to get the emperor to agree not to involve Abe clan in goryakuso even if they were Onmyonokami (according to 'Heikoki' by TAIRA no Tsunetaka on December 5 and 13, 1240).
- 蘇我入鹿が山背大兄王を滅ぼし権力集中を図ったのは、高句麗における淵蓋蘇文のクーデターを意識しており、乙巳の変は新羅における金ユ信らによる毗曇の内乱鎮圧後の王族中心体制の元での女王推戴と類似していたが故に諸臣に受け入れられやすかったとする吉田孝の見解がある。
- Takashi YOSHIDA's view states that the reason SOGA no Iruka strove for the concentration of authority by destroying Prince Yamashiro no Oe was to do with the coup carried out by Gaisobun EN in Goguryeo, and furthermore; Isshi Incident was easily accepted by the officials since it was similar to the enthronement of the Queen under the Royal Family based on the political structure formed after the suppression of Pidam War done by Yushin KIM in Silla.
- しかし、宝永3年(1706年)に丁銀の品位はさらに下げられ、宝永丁銀による取引も純銀量に応じて割増すことで取引を試みたが、低品位であったことに加え、天候不順などによる人参の収穫高の低下などの背景から交渉は決裂し、対馬藩は再び取引中止を朝鮮側から通告された。
- However, in 1706 the grade of Chogin was further lowered, and the Tsushima Domain tried to negotiate with the Korean side by paying additional payment according to the grade of the silver content; however, along with the low grade of the coin, the amount of ginseng harvested fell because of the bad weather, and so the negotiation fell apart and the Tsushima Domain received a termination notice of the trade from the Korean side again.
- 畿内では本願寺は京都山科を本拠としていたが、一向一揆を背景として本願寺の影響力が強くなると、その武力を恐れた細川晴元は日蓮宗徒らと結託し、天文 (元号)元年(1532年)8月に山科本願寺を焼き討ちした(山科本願寺山科本願寺の戦い/天文の錯乱/天文法華の乱)。
- In Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), Hongan-ji Temple was based in Yamashina, Kyoto and as it became influential due to the Ikko Ikki, Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who feared its military power, attacked and set fire to Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple in collusion with the Nichiren sect in September, 1532 (the Battle of Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple/the Tenbun War/the Tenbun Hokke War).
- また、朝廷が皇族を臣籍降下させ源氏とした背景としては、上級貴族として皇室の藩塀とすることという理由もあったが、実際には3代目以降も上級貴族であり続けた例はほとんどなく、大半は受領階級として地方へ赴任しそこで土着して武士化するか、中央で中下級貴族として細々と生き延びた。
- Although one of the aims of the Imperial court's demotion of their family members to their subjects by giving them the surname of Minamoto was to allow them to be the subsidiary of the Imperial Family as upper class nobles, in fact only a few of them kept their status for more than three generations, while many others took regional posts as middle classes and later became samurai, or earned a sparse living as middle and lower classes in the center.
- 実際、本心はともかく勝家の滅亡後は、あっさり抗戦する事なく剃髪し秀吉に降っていたり、上杉家への備えという建前もあるが、賤ヶ岳の戦いでも僅かな援兵しか派遣していない事などから、ことさら信長死後は、お互い背後に敵を作りたくないという利害関係上、結んでいたという見解が強い。
- Actually, whatever his real feelings might be, after the ruin of Katsuie, he simply took the tonsure without resistance and bowed before Hideyoshi, and he dispatched only a small troop for the Battle of Shizugatake, which might be due to public position of preparations for the Uesugi clan, it is widely thought that especially after the death of Nobunaga, they tied the relationship due to the interest that they did not want to create enemy each other.
- この時代には前代に引き続き来迎図や装飾経なども制作されているが、六道輪廻思想を背景とした六道絵、亡者を裁く冥界の王たちを描いた十王像、日本の神を仏教の仏が姿を変えたものとする本地垂迹説に基づく垂迹画など、新しいジャンルが現れた時代でもあり、仏教絵画の内容は多彩になった。
- In this period, Raigo-zu (painting of Descent of Amitabha Tathagata) and sosyoku-kyo (copying of a sutra with decorative ryoshi-paper) were created following the previous period, but we see the advent of new genres such as Rokudo-e (paintings of the six realms) in the context of philosophy of the six realms, Juo-zo (the statue of Juo) depicting the dead realm's king who judges the dead, and suijakuga which are paintings based on the theories of Buddhist/Shinto unity, and the contents of Buddhist paintings became diverse.
- (藤原良房の権力掌握開始が家父長的権力を有した嵯峨上皇の崩御に始まり、宇多法皇が家父長として背後にあった醍醐天皇の時代に一時摂関政治が停滞し、久しく絶えていた家父長的な上皇の復活である白河上皇が摂関政治に代わる院政を開始した事は偶然では決して片付けられないものである)。
- (It was far from a coincidence that the death of the Retired Emperor Saga, who had patriarchal authority, was the start of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa's taking over power, and that the regency stagnated for a while in the reign of Emperor Daigo, when the Cloistered Emperor Uda was supporting him as a patriarch, and also that the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, in a revival of the patriarchal retired emperor that had disappeared for a long time, started cloistered government in place of the regency.)
- しかしやがて憲法が施行され、内閣総理大臣の「内閣総理大臣臨時代理内閣総理大臣「臨時兼任」と「臨時代理」」や「内閣総理大臣臨時代理内閣総理大臣「臨時兼任」と「臨時代理」」が制度として定着すると、この三條による総理兼任の背後事情は次第に過去の特別な例外として扱われるようになった。
- However, once the constitution was put in force and the position such as 'provisional double duty' or 'provisional duty' settled down as a system, the background of the double duty of SANJO had gradually come to be treated as a special exception in the past.
- この指定制度が発足した背景には、平凡な人々のあいだに繰り返されてきた伝承文化が保護の対象になる、という考え方が定着したことにもよるが、昨今の社会の急激な変貌により、営々として長期にわたって継承されてきた「民間伝承」が、今絶滅の危機に瀕しているという問題意識によるところも大きい。
- This designation system was introduced in part because of the increasing belief that traditional culture passed down from generation to generation by ordinary people is to be protected, but mostly due to awareness that well-established 'folk traditions' with a long history have been put in danger of disappearing by drastic changes in society in recent years.
- 「新皇」と名乗った史実に反し「日本将軍平親王」としての伝説が中世近世を通じて流布した背景に、板東の分与・独立という危険な思想を意味する前者を排除し、遵法的存在としての名称に換え伝えたもので、軍事権門として朝廷と併存する道を選択した源頼朝を投影したものだとする関幸彦の指摘がある。
- As to the background of the spread of his legend during the middle ages and in the modern era under the title 'Hinomoto Shogun TAIRA no Shinno' as opposed to the title he had assumed himself, 'New Emperor,' Yukihiko SEKI points out that the legend was passed down with the new title as a means of eliminating the possibility of interpreting the name as representing the potentially divisive and dangerous notion of a separate, independent Bando, thereby facilitating respect for the law, and that it reflects the administrative philospphy of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who chose to become the head of a separate military administration that could peacefully coexist with the Imperial Court.
- 以上に見るように、政治世界における武力が占める比重の増加、後白河と清盛の強い連携、後白河と滋子の関係、高倉の即位、清盛の大臣補任、日宋貿易や集積した所領(荘園)に基づく巨大な経済力、西国武士や瀬戸内海の水軍を中心とする軍事力などを背景として、1160年代後期に平氏政権が確立した。
- As shown above, the Taira clan administration was established in the latter half of the 1160s due to increased influence of military force in the political scene, strong collaboration between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori, the relationship between Goshirakawa and Shigeko, Takakura's ascension, Kiyomori's support of the Daijin, substantial financial power based on Japan-Song trade and accumulated properties (shoen), and military power based on the western bushi and the Seto Inland Sea naval force.
- そのような背景の中で「二重の利を取り、甘き毒を喰ひ、自死するやうなこと多かるべし」「実の商人は、先も立、我も立つことを思うなり」と、実にシンプルな言葉でCSRの本質的な精神を表現した石田梅岩の思想は、近江商人の「三方よし」の思想と並んで、「日本のCSRの原点」として脚光を浴びている。
- Within the context, Baigan ISHIDA's thought, which expressed the essential spirit of CSR with very simple words, such as 'taking double profit and eating sweet poison often cause destruction' and 'a true merchant thinks others as well as one self,' is spotlighted as 'the origin of Japanese CSR,' along with 'Sanpo-yoshi principle' of Omi shonin (Omi merchants).
- ところが、その背景にキリスト教の信奉者である森有礼が文部省御用掛に内定したことを天皇が「教学聖旨」を無視したものと不快感を示して公務への復帰を拒んでいたことが明らかとなり、しかもそれが政府が報告するよりも先に宮中の側近達から天皇に対して報告されていたことに伊藤は衝撃を受けたのである。
- Ito was shocked to know that the reason of Emperor's rejection to return to public service was because the Emperor was upset about the informal appointment of Arinori MORI, a Christian, as Goyogakari (a general affairs official of the Imperial Household) which he thought was a neglect of his 'Imperial Thoughts on Education', and that the appointment was reported to the Emperor by the close advisers in the Imperial court before the government.
- しかしこの多川と月岡の両名は、荒木、榊原と小田原あたりで行き違いになり、江戸に到着後、「目付に直接手渡すように」という内蔵助の命令に背いて江戸家老安井彦右衛門に報告してしまい、安井の報告を受けた大垣藩主の戸田氏定の「穏便に開城するように」という書状を持って帰ってくるだけに終わっている。
- However, since Tagawa and Tsukioka missed Araki and Sakakibara on the way around Odawara, after arriving in Edo they went against Kuranosuke's order to 'hand the letter directly to the inspectors' and gave it to chief retainer in Edo Hikoemon YASUI, who reported the matter to the lord of Ogaki Domain Ujisada TODA, and they brought back the letter from him, which stated 'surrender the castle without fighting.'
- 1837年(天保8年)から約30年間書き続けられ、近世風俗研究のための第一級史料とされる「守貞漫稿」には振売について'三都(江戸・京都・大坂)ともに小民の生業に、売物を担い、あるいは背負い、市街を呼び巡るもの'とあり、社会的弱者も振売によって健全に働き、生活できていたことがうかがえる。
- The 'Morisadamanko' written for about 30 years since 1837 and considered as the first-rate historical material to study early-modern folkways describes the furiuri as 'a commoner's job to walk around the city with a cry while carrying products on the shoulder or back in three cities (Edo, Kyoto and Osaka),' which shows that the socially vulnerable were able to make living by doing the furiuri healthily.
- 特に聖武天皇の発願によって建立されて、以後鎮護国家体制の象徴的存在として歴代天皇の崇敬を受けてきた東大寺と藤原氏の氏寺であった興福寺は、それぞれ皇室と摂関家の権威を背景と大衆と呼ばれる僧侶集団が元来自衛を目的として結成していた僧兵と呼ばれる武装組織の兵力を恃みとしてこれに反抗していた。
- Especially Todai-ji Temple which was constracted at the wish of the Emperor Shomu and since then had been revered by successive emperors as a symbol of polity for nation protection, and Kofuku-ji Temple built for praying Fujiwara clan's glory, rebelled against this, relying on military power of armed organization called armed monks which was originally organized for self-defense by Buddhist monk group called as Daishu, each with authorities of Imperial family and Sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers) in the background.
- 上総介広常の父・常澄の所領である印東庄において、「預所」菅原定隆との、年貢をめぐった相論に関する文書数通が、『醍醐雑事記』の紙背文書(しはいもんじょ)に見つかり、それによって、印東庄を構成する「村郷」には、「藤原」「中臣」「文屋」「平」「刈田」などの本姓をもつ郷司、村司が居たことが知られる。
- There were several letters discussing nengu (land tax) exchanged between Intonosho manor owned by the father of Hirotsune of Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province), Tsunezumi, SUGAWARA no Sadataka, who was the 'azukaridokoro' (a deputy of 'Shoen' manor lord), in shihai monjo (an old document which was written on the other side of a piece of used paper) of 'Daigo-zojiki' (records of the history of Daigo-ji temple) that clarified that 'villages' that formed Intonosho manor had Goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and Sonshi (村司) with surnames of 'Fujiwara', 'Nakatomi,' 'Funya,' 'Taira,' and 'Katta.'
- 奇想天外な着想とリアリズムに徹した背景描写を得意とし、殺人現場で婚礼を行ったり(『東海道四谷怪談』)、花魁が長屋に来たり(『浮世柄比翼稲妻』)、公家が生活苦のため陰間になったり(『四天王楓江戸粧』)、姫君が辻君になったりする(『櫻姬東文章』)など、全く異なる世界をないまぜにする展開が特徴的。
- He was good at expressing the background of the play by sticking to his fantastic idea and realism, which features the development of his plot by mixing quite different worlds such as: having a wedding ceremony at the scene of a crime ('Tokaido Yotsuya Kaidan'); making a courtesan visit a row house ('Ukiyozuka Hiyoku no Inazuma'); making the court noble become professional homosexual from hardship of life ('Shitenno Momiji no Edoguma'); and making a princess become a prostitute ('Sakurahime Azumabunsho').
- ここから馬子による崇峻天皇の暗殺や、推古天皇への葛城県の割譲の要求、蘇我蝦夷(えみし)による天皇をないがしろにするふるまい、蘇我入鹿(そが・の・いるか)による上宮王家(山背大兄王)の討滅、境部摩理勢の失脚などの専横ぶりが伝えられており、蘇我氏三代にわたって権力を欲しいがままにしたとされている。
- The abuse of power under three generations of the Soga clan can be gleaned from events such as the assassination of Emperor Sushun by SOGA no Umako, the demand for the ceding of Katsuragi-ken from Empress Suiko, neglect of the throne by SOGA no Emishi, and the coup against Jogu Ooke (Prince Yamashiro no oe) by SOGA no Iruka, and the overthrow of SAKAIBE no Marise.
- 平安時代の源氏物語に見られるような、貴族階級による願掛けを中心とした神社参詣がその初期形態ではないかとされ、その後仏教の末法思想の流行により、後白河法皇の熊野三山詣でなど浄土信仰を背景とした極楽往生を願う巡礼へと変化し、中世に入ると、戦乱や貧困の中で一般階級による巡礼も行なわれるようになった。
- As depicted in the Tale of Genji set in the Heian period, the initial form was thought to be the shrine visits that the nobility made, which further transformed into Junrei to wish for a peaceful death through Jodo Shinko (belief of a pure land after death) such as the Kumano Sanzan (three shrines in Kumano) visits of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa due to the spread of pessimism in a decadent age, and in the middle ages, Junrei were done by the ordinary public during the age of war and poverty.
- これは、宗綱自身が八田を称していたことはもとより、諸氏系図で父・宗円が益子の豪族である益子正隆の娘を室としていることや、宗綱自身が常陸国大掾の平棟幹(大掾棟幹)の娘を室としていること、小田氏始祖となる次男の知家も八田を号されていること、嫡男の朝綱の母が八田局と号されていることなどが背景にある。
- This theory is based on the following several facts; first, Munetsuna called himself Hatta; second, in the genealogies of various clans, it is described that his father Soen took the daughter of Masataka MASHIKO, a powerful family in Mashiko, for his wife; third, Munetsuna himself took the daughter of TAIRA no Mikimune, Daijo (the third rank official of Hitachi Province), for his wife; fourth, Tomoie, Munetsuna's second son, also called himself Hatta; fifth, the mother of Asatsuna, Munetsuna's eldest legitimate son, was called Hatta no Tsubone.
- その背景には皇太后が実子の竹田皇子の擁立を願ったものの、敏達の最初の皇后が生んだ押坂彦人大兄皇子(舒明天皇の父)の擁立論が蘇我氏に反対する勢力を中心に強まったために、馬子と皇太后がその動きを抑えるために竹田皇子への中継ぎとして即位したのだと言われている(だが、竹田皇子は間もなく死去してしまう)。
- Behind this, there is a story that the Empress Dowager hoped for enthronement of her biological son Prince Takeda, but because an opinion for enthronement of OSHISAKA no Hikohito no Oenomiko became stronger, centering around the opponents of the Soga clan and, in order to suppress that movement, Umako and the Empress Dowager decided that she be enthroned (however, before long, Prince Takeda passed away).
- 兄弟が畿内周辺を彷徨し、聖なる新室宴において唱え言をあげたことや、弘計の別名である「来目稚子」が久米舞を継承する来目部(くめべ)を連想させること、神楽歌における囃し言葉を「おけおけ」ということなどから、当時に溯る民俗的背景がほのみえ、両皇子発見譚に史実性を認めながらも、詳細には意見は割れている。
- From stories that the brothers wandered around Kinai and chanted at a sacred celebration party for a new house, that the different name of the younger Oke, 'Kume no wakugo,' reminds Kumebe which inherits Kumemai dance, that the cheering refrain in Shinto music and dance numbers says 'Oke, Oke,' etc., there are recognized a slight ethnic background which goes back to that age and historicity of the story of discovery of the two princes, but opinions about the details are divided.
- もっとも、かつては神功皇后の三韓征伐が史実と考えられていたこと、鎌倉時代の『曾我物語』(妙本寺本)においても日本の西の果てを「鬼界・高麗・硫黄嶋」と記されており、島国に住む日本人(外国と接する機会のある僧侶や商人などの例外を除く)における長年にわたる対外意識の希薄さが背景にあったと考えられている。
- This is because of such a background that the conquest of three Korean countries by Jinguu Empress was believed as a truth and that Japanese who lived in an island country (except priests or merchants who had a chance to meet foreigners) were less conscious on abroad for a long time, as 'Soga monogatari' (Myohonji-bon) written in Kamakura Period described western Japan as 'Kikai, Korea and Io-island'.
- 家宣の埋葬された増上寺で徳川将軍家の墓地が改葬された際に、これに立ち会い被葬者の遺骨の調査を担当した鈴木尚の著書『骨は語る 徳川将軍・大名家の人びと』によると、家宣は細面で鼻筋が通っていて穏やかな顔立ちをした美男であったといい、父・綱重とは猫背であったこと以外に似ている部分は非常に少なかったという。
- According to 'Hone ha kataru: Tokugawa Shogun Daimyoke no hitobito' (Bones talk: the people of Tokugawa shogun and daimyo families) by Hisashi SUZUKI, who observed the refurbishment of the Tokugawa shogun family's grave site at Zojo-ji Temple where Ienobu was also buried and who was also in charge of inspecting the remains, Ienobu was apparently a soft-looking, lean-faced handsome man with a shapely nose and he shared very little resemblance with his father Tsunashige except for the fact that he was round-shouldered.
- 上杉氏はもともと公家であったが、武家の足利氏と結び付いて関東の新興勢力となり、従兄弟の上杉重能(詫間上杉家)や上杉朝定(二橋上杉家、後の扇谷上杉家)、それに兄弟の上杉憲藤(犬懸上杉家)などを祖とする上杉諸家が、将軍家・足利氏との姻戚関係を背景として、室町時代を通し関東で勢力抗争を展開することとなる。
- Uesugi clan was a court noble at the beginning, and became an emerging power in Kanto region through having a relationship with the samurai family, Ashikaga clan; then the Uesugi families founded by his male cousins, Shigeyoshi UESUGI (Takuma-Uesugi family), Tomosada UESUGI (Futahashi-Uesugi family, later Ogigayatsu Uesugi family), and his brother Norifuji UESUGI (Inukake-Uesugi family) underwent power conflicts to expand its influence in the Kanto region while taking advantage of matrimonial relations with Ashikaga clan of the shogun family throughout the Muromachi period.
- また、坂本多加雄元学習院大学法学部教授は、甲申事変の失敗と清国の強大な軍事力を背景にして、「「脱亜論」は、日本が西洋諸国と同等の優位の立場でアジア諸国に臨むような状況を前提にしているのではなく、むしろ逆に、朝鮮の一件に対する深い失望と、強大な清国への憂慮の念に駆られて記された文章ではないか」と説明する。
- Takao SAKAMOTO, a former professor of the Faculty of Law of Gakushuin University explained that, with the background of the failure of the Gapsin Coup and China's strong army, ''Datsu-A Ron' was not written from an assumption for Japan to go against other Asian countries with the same position of superiority as European countries, but was written because he felt deeply disappointed by the incident in Korea and was concerned about China.'
- その背景について、幼少の清和天皇が外祖父藤原良房の政治権力によって、異母兄惟喬親王を推す世論に反して擁立されたことに由来する政治基盤の不安定さを克服するために、幼い天皇の君徳の涵養を図るとともに、天皇への忠誠を官人教育を通じて強く認識させる目的によって、藤原良房と大春日雄継が導入を図ったものと考えられている。
- It is believed that FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa and OKASUGA no Otsugu adopted this edition with the purpose of giving government officials an official education to foster allegiance to the Emperor, as well as to foster 'Kuntoku no Kanyo' in the young Emperor Seiwa, thereby tried to overcome the instability of political foundation, which was caused by the enthroning of the infant Emperor Seiwa, with the help of the political power of his maternal grandfather, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, against public opinion that pushed for his paternal older half-brother, Imperial Prince Koretaka.
- 金方慶「兵法に『千里の県軍、その鋒当たるべからず』とあり、本国よりも遠く離れ敵地に入った軍は、却って志気が上がり戦闘能力が高まるものである。我が軍は少なしといえども既に敵地に入っている。我が軍は自ずから戦うことになるがこれは秦穆公の孟明の『焚船』や漢の韓信の『背水の陣』の故事に沿うものである。再度戦わせて頂きたい。」
- Bang-gyeong KIM said, 'an art of war teaches us not to fight with an army that has come from far away. It means that entering into the enemy's territory, far away from home, rather raises the morale and fighting strength of the army. Our army is small, but already in the enemy's territory. Although we ourselves are to fight, it is in accordance with historical lessons such as 'burning his own ships to fight' of Ming MENG, who served Duke Mu of Qin, and 'fighting with his back against the river' of Xin HAN, who served the Han Dynasty. Please let us fight again.'
- その背景として国衙や武士による寺社領の横領という問題もあったが、僧侶や神官によって信仰に付随して施設や儀式の維持とそのために必要な所領が相続継承されていく(僧侶の場合は師弟間の継承が神官の子弟間の相続に相当する)うちに私有化され、宗教とは関係のない私的目的に利用されたり、場合によっては勝手に他者に売却される場合もあった。
- The problem of embezzling of jisharyo (holdings of temples and shrines) by kokuga (imperial household officials or an estate manager) or bushi (samurai) was the background of the tendo -- But in some cases, as Buddhist monks and Shinto priests inherited the shoryo, which was necessary for maintenance of the facilities and support of the rituals, accompanying their religious belief (Buddhist monks inherited the shoryo from the master to the disciple, correspondingly to the case of the Shinto priests where they inherited the shoryo from father to children), they began to privatize the shoryo such that they could use the shoryo for private purposes, which had nothing to do with their religious activities, or that they sold the shoryo to the other person at their own discretion in the worst cases.
- 異母弟で9代藩主の島津斉宣が隠居後、財政難を理由に幾度も幕府に要請した薩摩帰国が却下されたのは、広大院の意図によるものとされるが、その理由は享和元年の母・お登勢の方(市田氏)死後に斉宣が市田一族を薩摩藩政から排除したことに対して広大院が激怒したことにあるといわれ、御台所の権威を背景に、薩摩藩政にも大きな影響力を及ぼした。
- Repeated denials of the petition by the 9th Satsuma domain lord Narinobu SHIMAZU to return to Satsuma after his retirement for financial reason were believed to be the works of Kodaiin because of her anger stemming from the event that Narinobu excluded Ichida clan from Satsuma government and as such she wielded a considerable clout under the authority of Midaidokoro to Satsuma government.
- 鎌倉時代中期の説話集『古今著聞集』には前九年の役の後、捕虜となったのち、家来とした(事実ではないが)安部宗任との話がいくつかあり、射芸に秀で、意味もなく動物を殺そうとしない優しさ、更に射た矢を取ってきたかつての敵・安部宗任に背中を向け、背負った矢入れに入れさせた剛胆さ、更には神通力まで備えた超人的な武士として描かれている。
- The collection of tales, 'Kokon chomon shu' (Collected Stories of Ancient and Modern Times), written in the mid-Kamakura period, mentioned several conversations with ABE no Muneto, who was captured after the Earlier Nine Years' War and became a servant (though this was not true), that portrayed Yoshiie as a supernatural warrior who excelled in archery, was kind to not unnecessarily kill animals, and was bold in the way that he turned to his back to his one-time enemy, ABE no Muneto, and let him insert arrows into the arrow holder.
- もともと公武合体派とはいっても、天皇のもとに賢侯を集めての中央集権をめざす薩摩の思惑と将軍中心の中央集権をめざす幕府の思惑は違っていたが、薩英戦争で活躍した旧精忠組の発言力の増大と守旧派の失脚を背景に、薩摩流の公武周旋をやり直そうとした久光にとっては、京大坂での薩摩藩の世評の悪化と公武周旋に動く人材の不足が最大の問題であった。
- It was even called the supporter of the coalition of court nobles and Samurai originally, but it was different from the thought of Satsuma which centralized power by gathering sages to the Emperor, and Hidemitsu, who tried to reorganize the procurement of court nobles and Samurai in the style of Satsuma used as background the increasingly influential voice of the former Seichu-gumi organization, which worked well at the Satsuei War and during the downfall of the old-guard cronies, but the biggest problems were the bad reputation of Satsuma domain, and being short of people who could work to procure court nobles and Samurai.
- 成立時期はこの1120年代~1449年の間ということになるが、保元の乱、平治の乱、治承・寿永の内乱など、12世紀半ば以降の年代に生きた人ならば驚天動地の重大事だったはずの歴史的事件を背景とする説話がいっさい収録されていないことから、上限の1120年代からあまり遠くない白河法皇・鳥羽法皇による院政期に成立したものと見られている。
- The collection seems to have been compiled sometime between the 1120s and 1449, but it is believed that it came into existence sometime not long after the 1120s, during the regime of cloistered government by the Cloistered emperors Shirakawa and Toba, because there are no setsuwa against the backdrop of historical incidents such as the Hogen Disturbance, the Heiji Disturbance and the Jisho-Juei (civil war), which certainly would have been world-shaking, critical events for people living after the mid-twelfth century.
- 『先代旧事本紀』では「三世孫 天日方奇日方命 亦名 阿田都久志尼命 此命娶日向賀牟度美良姬 生一男一女 兒 健飯勝命 妹 渟中底姬命 此命 片鹽浮穴宮天皇 安寧 片鹽浮穴宮 或本坐輕地曲峽宮 立為皇后 誕生四兒 即 大日本根子彥耜友天 懿德 次 常津命 次 磯城津彥命 次 手研彥奇友背命也」とあり渟中底姬命といい、天日方奇日方命の娘。
- In 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History), she is described as a daughter of Amehikatakushihikata no mikoto, called Nunasokohime no mikoto, as the following phrase describes:三世孫 天日方奇日方命 亦名 阿田都久志尼命 此命娶日向賀牟度美良姬 生一男一女 兒 健飯勝命 妹 渟中底姬命 此命 片鹽浮穴宮天皇 安寧 片鹽浮穴宮 或本坐輕地曲峽宮 立為皇后 誕生四兒 即 大日本根子彥耜友天 懿德 次 常津命 次 磯城津彥命 次 手研彥奇友背命也 (意味不明のため訳出不能).
- だが、病弱であった上に父天皇との関係も微妙であり、『日本後紀』によれば、延暦12年(793年)に春宮坊帯刀舎人が殺害された事件の背景に皇太子がいたと噂された事や、同24年(805年)に一時重態であった天皇が一時的に回復したために皇太子に対してに参内を命じたのにも関わらず参内せず、藤原緒嗣に催促されて漸く参内したことなどが記されている。
- However, the Emperor was in poor health when he became the Crown Pprince and had a sensitive relationship with his father the Emperor at that time; according to 'Nihon Koki,' there was a rumor that the crown prince was involved in the incident of Togu-bo Tachihaki (no) Toneri being killed in 793, or that in 805 the Emperor, who was in serious medical condition, recovered temporarily and ordered the Crown Pprince to go to the Imperial Palace, but when he refused to do so, FUJIWARA no Otsugu reprimanded him and he finally went to the Imperial Palace for a while.
- 安康暗殺の背景に葛城氏が直接関与していた可能性も指摘されているが、生前の安康は押磐皇子に後事を託そうとしていたという記述(雄略即位前紀)からすれば、むしろ安康(允恭系)と押磐皇子(履中系)・葛城氏との間には王位継承に関する妥協が成立していて、このことに強く反発した大泊瀬皇子が安康を含む敵対勢力の一掃に踏み切ったと解釈することも出来よう。
- It has been pointed out that the Katsuraki clan was involved in the assassination of Emperor Anko; however, there is a record that Emperor Anko was planning to hand over his future affairs to Prince Oshihano, which could mean that there was a compromise between the Emperor Anko (the Ingyo family), and Prince Oshihano (the Richu family) and Katsuraki clan, but Pince Ohatsuse was strongly opposed to this plan and decided to wipe out his opponents, including Emperor Anko.
- 『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の大星由良之助、『伽羅先代萩』の荒獅子男之助、『勧進帳』の武蔵坊弁慶、『博多小女郎浪枕』の毛剃、『暫』の鎌倉権五郎、『助六所縁江戸櫻』の花川戸助六、『天紛衣上野初花』の河内山宗俊、『助六』の大口屋暁雨、『菅原伝授手習鑑』の菅原道真や武部源蔵、『増補桃山譚』の加藤清正、『妹背山婦女庭訓』の大判事やお三輪など、当り役も数多い。
- Many of his star roles were as follows: Arajishi Otokonosuke in'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers), Musashibo Benkei in'Kanjincho,' Kesori in 'Hakata Kojoro Namimakura,' Gongoro KAMAKURA in 'Shibaraku,' Hanakawado Sukeroku in 'Sukeroku Yukarino Edozakura,' Soshun KOCHIYAMA in 'Kumonimagou Ueno no Hatsuhana,' Gyou OGUCHIYA in 'Sukeroku,' SUGAWARA no Michizane and Genzo TAKEBE in 'Sugawara Denju Tenanai Tekagami,' Kiyomasa KATO in 'Zoho Momoyama Monogatari,' a daihanji or Omiya in 'Imoseyama Onna Teikin' and so on.
- 室町幕府においては、守護(守護大名)に対して、既存の大犯三箇条に加えて、苅田狼藉検断、使節遵行権、段銭徴収権などの広範な権利が付与されていたが、幕府御家人は、足利将軍家の威光を背景に守護使不入の特権を得て、守護からの段銭徴収を拒絶し、幕府からの段銭要求に対しても幕府への直接納付(京納)が認められて守護からの加重徴収の危険を免れる事を可能とした。
- In the Muromachi bakufu, extensive rights were given to shugo (or shugo daimyo, shugo that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), such as Karita Rozeki Kendan (the shugo's right to suppress provincial warriors who entered shoen unlawfully to harvest rice, and to prosecute and convict them), Shisetsu Jungyo Ken (a right empowered to shugo to implement shisetsu jungyo, in which shugo who received orders from the bakufu sent jungyo-shi, emissaries, to a region and have them execute the orders) and Tansen Choshu Ken (a right to collect surtax), in addition to the existing Taibon Sankajo, but bakufu gokenin (an immediate vasal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who had been granted the shugoshi-funyu privilege backed by the authority of the Ashikaga family positioned to accede to the shogunate, refused collection of tansen (surtax) from shugo, and responded to one from the bakufu as direct payment to the bakufu (known as kyono) was approved, which enabled them to escape from a danger of being surcharged by the shugo.
- 第一に、上記に掲げた太閤蔵入地約200万石、第二に、直轄領とした金山・銀山(佐渡国佐渡金山、石見国石見銀山、但馬国生野銀山)から上がる金銀の収益(金銀の収益を背景に、平安時代に発行された皇朝十二銭以来となる国内発行の貨幣(天正大判・天正通宝)を発行)、第三に、商業が発達した都市(大坂、堺、京都、伏見、長崎)を直轄地とすることから上がる収益であった。
- First, by gaining approximately two million koku from the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi; second, by gaining profits of gold and silver from gold and silver mines, which were part of Hideyoshi's directly controlled territories (Sado Gold Mine of Sado Province and Iwami Silver Mine of Iwami Province and Ikuno Silver Mine of Tajima Province) (Hideyoshi issued the new coins, 'Tensho-Oban' and 'Tensho Tsuho' after a long interval since 'Kocho-Junisen' (twelve coins casted in Japan) had been issued in the Heian period; third, gaining profits by directly controlling cities where commerce had developed (Osaka, Sakai, Kyoto, Fushimi and Nagasaki).
- 延喜22年4月20日(913年6月2日)、従二位大宰権帥から右大臣に復し、正二位を贈ったのを初めとし、正暦4年(993年)には贈正一位左大臣、同年贈太政大臣(こうした名誉回復の背景には道真を讒言した時平の早死にで子孫が振るわなかったために、宇多天皇の側近で道真にも好意的だった時平の弟・藤原忠平の子孫が藤原氏の嫡流となった事も関係しているとされる)。
- On May 20, 922, after being reinstated as Udaijin from the Junii rank Dazai Gon no sochi and posthumously granted the Shonii rank, and was granted additional posthumous posts of the Shoichii rank Sadaijin and then the Daijo-daijin in 993 (it is believed that his honor was restored in this way partly because Tokihira, who had accused Michizane, died young leaving no descendants and therefore, descendents of his younger brother, FUJIWARA no Tadahira, who was an aide to Emperor Uda and friendly to Michizane, became the Fujiwara clan's direct-line descendants).
- 家臣の三輪文屋君は、「乘馬詣東國 以乳部爲本 興師還戰 其勝必矣」(東国に難を避け、そこで再起を期し、入鹿を討つべし)と進言するが、山背大兄王は戦闘を望まず「如卿所 其勝必然 但吾情冀 十年不役百姓 以一身之故 豈煩勞萬民 又於後世 不欲民言由吾之故 喪己父母 豈其戰勝之後 方言丈夫哉 夫損身固國 不亦丈夫者歟」(われ、兵を起して入鹿を伐たば、その勝たんこと定し。
- Vassal MIWA no Fumiya no Kimi advised the prince '乘馬詣東國 以乳部爲本 興師還戰 其勝必矣 (Escape to the East and prepare to fight back against Iruka), but the prince didn't want to fight and said '如卿所 其勝必然 但吾情冀 十年不役百姓 以一身之故 豈煩勞萬民 又於後世 不欲民言由吾之故 喪己父母 豈其戰勝之後 方言丈夫哉 夫損身固國 不亦丈夫者歟' (if we take up arms and fight against Iruka, surely we will win.
- 房前大臣(藤原房前)が、幼少のころに亡くした母は讃岐国志度津の人と聞かされ、菩提を弔うためその地をたずねると、その浦の海女が登場、自分が房前の母であり、龍宮に奪われた「面向不背の珠」をとりかえした経緯を物語る前段、その土地の住人が前段のストーリーを改めて語る間狂言部分、房前が妙法蓮華経で母の追善供養をしていると、龍女に姿をかえた母があらわれ供養を謝す後段からなる。
- The first part tells the story of Fusasaki no Otodo (FUJIWARA no Fusasaki) who, on hearing that his mother he had lost during childhood had come from Shidotsu, Sanuki Province, visits there to perform religious rites for the repose of her departed soul; there, he meets a female diver from the area who tells him that she is his mother and how she had retrieved 'Menko huhai no tama' (an oval treasure that shows the frontal figure from any angle) which was stolen by the Palace of the Dragon King; this is followed by the aikyogen (comic interlude) where an inhabitant of Shidotsu recounts the story that was told in the first part; and in the latter part Fusasaki's mother appears as Ryunyo (a form that a woman must turn into in order to rest in peace) and thanks Fusasaki for the memorial service featuring the Myohorenge-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra) he is performing in honor of her.
- さて、先の検勘の際に強引な日程を組んだ背景には、外国との関係の都合上贋貨と正貨の等価交換をやむなく認めたものの、実際に全ての贋貨を同じように正貨と等価で引き換えた場合には明治政府の財政が破綻するのは目に見えていたからであり、その額をなるべく抑制したいという明治政府と貿易関係の維持のために政府の崩壊に至る事態は避けたいと考える外国公使との思惑の一致があったからである。
- Now, the main reason behind the scheduling of such a tight agenda for the authenticity testing was that, while the exchange of equivalent amounts of counterfeit for specie was accepted as unavoidable given the government's relationship with foreign countries, it was clear that if all the counterfeit money was exchanged for specie of an equivalent price, the Meiji Government would face financial ruin, so the Meiji Government wanted to keep this amount to a minimum; at the same time, the foreign ministers of Japan's trading partners wanted to avoid a situation in which the government might collapse so as to ensure that they could maintain their trade relationships with the Meiji Government, so the motives of both sides coincided.
- 一方、本能寺から200mの近辺に教会のあったルイス・フロイスの『日本史』(Historia de Iapan)では、「(午前3時頃と言われる)明智の(少数の)兵たちは怪しまれること無く難なく寺に侵入して(6月2日に御所前で馬揃えをする予定であったのを織田の門番たちは知っていたので油断したと思われる)、信長が便所から出て手と顔を清めていたところを背後から弓矢を放って背中に命中させた。
- According to 'Historia de Iapan' by Luis Frois whose church was only 200 meter away from the Honno-ji Temple, '(Around three o'clock in the morning), (a small number of) warriors of the Akechi clan invaded the temple without being suspected (It seems that Oda's gatekeepers lost their sharpness because they knew that umazoroe (a troop review) in front of the Imperial Palace was planned for the next day.), and shot Nobunaga, who came out from the toilet and was washing his hands and face, in the back using bows and arrows.
- 一説に、こうした鈴鹿王の立身の背景には、無念の思いを抱いて死んだ長屋王の霊を鎮めたいという朝廷の意図が込められていたといわれているが、その一方で天平9年の疫病によって議政官級の皇族・貴族のほとんどが死去してしまい、大臣に就任できる要件を満たした人材がいなくなってしまったために、大臣と同格で皇族であることが唯一の条件であった知太政官事を急遽立てなければならないという切迫した事情も介在していた。
- While there is a theory that such speedy promotion of Suzuka no Okimi was the results of the Imperial Court's influence, who intended to appease the spirit of Nagayao, who died feeling mortified, another theory says that as a plague in 737 killed most members of the Imperial Family and nobles working in the Giseikan (Legislature), leaving very few princes and nobles meeting the requirements to fill ministerial positions, there was a desperate need to quickly fill in the position of Chidaijoikanji whose only requirement was being a member of the Imperial Family and in a position equivalent to the ministers.
- 元文元年には深川十万坪、淀鳥羽 (洛外)横大路、京都伏見区、元文2年には江戸亀戸、江戸本所小梅(背面に「小」字)、下野国日光市、紀伊国宇津、元文3年(1737年)には秋田阿仁銅山、元文4年(1738年)には深川平田新田、相模国藤沢市、相模吉田島、寛保元年(1741年)には大坂高津(「元」字)、下野足尾(「足」字)、長崎一ノ瀬(「一」字)、明和4年(1767年)には肥前国長崎市(「長」字)、など各地に銭座が設置された。
- Zeniza was established in various places such as Jumantsubo of Fukagawa and Yokooji of Yodo-Toba (Rakugai (outskirts of Kyoto)) in 1736, Kameido in Edo and Honjo-Koume in Edo (coin marked with a letter of '小' on the reverse side), Nikko City in Shimotsuke Province and Uzu in Kii Province in 1737, Anidozan Copper mine, Akita Prefecture in 1738, Hirata-Shinden of Fukagawa, Fujisawa City, Sagami Province and Yoshidajima, Sagami Province in 1739, Takatsu, Osaka (coin marked with a letter of '元'), Ashio, Shimotsuke Province (coin marked with a letter of '足') and Ichinose, Nagasaki (coin marked with a letter of '一') in 1741, Nagasaki City, Hizen Province (coin marked with a letter of '長') in 1767 and so on.
- また婿である信長を美濃国の後継者と定めた道三の国譲状がある以上は、濃姫を正室としておくことが信長にとっても必用不可欠であった事もあり、その道三と対立した、兄・斎藤義龍筋の斎藤氏との諍いにより離縁して実家に返したという可能性は考えられず、美濃攻略を推し進めて行った背景には道三息女であり、また土岐氏の傍流明智氏の血を引く濃姫の(義龍が道三実子であった場合、土岐氏と血縁関係はない事になる)、婿である信長こそ正統な美濃の後継者であるという大義名分があったためという推測も成り立つこと、美濃攻略後に美濃衆が尾張衆と同様に待遇されていることからも、濃姫が美濃攻略前に病気などで亡くなったという可能性もないと思われる。
- It can also be assumed that Nobunaga could never divorce Nohime due to a dispute with the Saito clan led by Dosan's opposing older brother Yoshitatsu SAITO, because it was essential for Nobunaga to keep Nohime as his lawful wife, for he received the letter from Dosan in which Dosan appointed his son-in-law Nobunaga as successor of Mino Province, and in addition, it can be understood that Nohime did not die of sickness or some other reasons before the Capture of Mino Province, in view of the fact that Nohime encouraged the attack on Mino Province for she was the daughter of Dosan and was linked by blood to the Akechi clan, a branch of the Toki clan (however, she wouldn't be linked by blood to the Toki clan if Yoshitatsu was actually the son of Dosan), which could give her husband Nobunaga a good reason to be the legitimate successor of Mino Province, and also that the high-ranking officials of Mino Province were treated the same way as those of Owari Province.
- この追放令が出た背景には諸説あり、秀吉が有馬の女性を連れてくるように命令した際にキリシタンであることを理由に住民が拒否し秀吉が激怒したとも、九州征伐に向かった秀吉の目の前で、当時の日本イエズス会準管区長でもあったコエリョがスペイン艦隊が自分の指揮下にあるごとく誇示した事が原因とも、九州の有馬氏や大村氏などのキリシタン大名が寺社仏閣を破壊すると同時に、僧侶にも迫害を加えたり教会へ莫大な寄進を行っていた事が理由とも、また織田信長から継承した旧来の寺社領を解体して統一政権の支配下におく政策をイエズス会領である長崎にも適用しようとしてイエズス会側が従わなかったとも、宣教師の一部が人身売買(日本人を奴隷商品として国外へ売り払う)を行っていた事が原因とも言われている。
- There are various theories about the issuing of this Expelling edict and the cause could be that Hideyoshi was furious at the residents rejecting his order to bring a woman of Arima because she was Christian, that Coelho, Vice-Provincial of the Society of Jesus in Japan at that time boasted as if the Spanish Armada was under his command in front of Hideyoshi during the expedition to Kyusyu, that the Christian feudal lords such as ARIMA and OMURA in Kyushu destroyed shrines and temples as well as persecuted monks and made huge donations to the churches, and that the Society of Jesus did not obey when he tried to apply the policy to Nagasaki, the domain of the Society, they dissolved the old domains of temples and shrines inherited from Nobunaga ODA and place them under a unified regime, and that some of the missionaries conducted human trafficking (selling the Japanese to outside Japan as slaves).
- 飛ぶ鳥の 明日香の河の 上つ瀬に 石橋渡し 下つ瀬に 打橋渡す 石橋に 生ひ靡ける 玉藻もぞ 絶ゆれば生ふる 打橋に 生ひをれる 川藻もぞ 枯るれば生ゆる 何しかも わが王の 立たせば 玉藻のもころ 臥せば 川藻のごとく 靡かひし 宜しき君の 朝宮を 忘れたまふや 夕宮を 背きたまふや うつそみと 念ひし時 春べは 花折りかざし 秋立てば 黄葉かざし しきたへの 袖たづさはり 鏡なす 見れども飽かず 三五月の いやめづらしみ 念ほしし 君と時時 幸して 遊びたまひし 御食向ふ きのえの宮を 常宮と 定めたまひて あぢさはふ 目言も絶えぬ しかれかも あやにかなしみ ぬえ鳥の 片恋嬬 朝鳥の 往来はす君が 夏草の 念ひ萎えて 夕星の か往きかく去き 大船の たゆたふ見れば なぐさむる 情もあらず そこゆゑに せむすべ知れや 音のみも 名もみも絶えず 天地の いや遠長く 偲び行かむ み名に懸かせる 明日香河 万世までに はしきやし わが王の 形見かここを 巻2-196
- Birds are on the wing, Over the Asuka River, Whose upper rapids Were spanned with a stone bridge, Whose lower rapids Were spanned with a wooden bridge; Towards the stone bridge, Fine and green water-weeds grow, And then withering, Soon prosper exuberantly; Toward the wooden bridge River-weeds grow up waving, And then withering, Soon prosper exuberantly; Like those water-weeds As soon as the Prince arose, The Princess rose, too, Waving like the water-weeds; When the Prince lay, The Princess after him lay, Toward him waving; Why could she forget the Prince By whose side she stood, In the Palace where he passed His mornings and evenings? Why did she leave it vacant? When she was alive, when she was well and happy, In the springtide She decked her hair with flowers, And in the autumn Adorned it with yellow leaves; She intermingled Her sleeves with the Prince's sleeves, And she watched the moon Full and clear as a mirror With admiration, With love and deep affection, Standing by his side; On another occasion She went out with him To the Palace of Kinoe, Where delicacies Were graciously offered to them; This part of Kinoe As her everlasting place, The Princess departed; And we can't see nor speak with her; Be that as it may (or Yet, nevertheless,) Swollen with the deep sorrow, Like the fairy bird, Longing for the departed, Line the morning bird, The Prince did come and go, Like the summer grass Pining and withering away, Like the evening star Going and sinking in grief; Like a swaying ship, The Prince's heart kept wavering; As this I know not How to comfort his sorrow; So I know no way And simply wish to retain The tone of her voice, Only to remember her name For ever and ever, As long as heaven and earth, Her beloved name Committing to memory, And love on her name By the Asuka River For generations As the precious memento Of the dear, deceased Princess (Manyoshu, Volume 2 -196).