職人: 493 Terms and Phrases

• 職人
• worker
• mechanic
• artisan
• craftsman
• Shokunin
• journey man
• craftsworker
• operative
• workman
• Craftsmen

• 諸職人
• Craftsmen

• 職人町
• Shokuninchou
• Shokuninmachi
• Shokuninmachi (artisans town)

• 職人郷
• Shokuningou

• 新職人
• Shinshokunin

• 鳶職人
• scaffold constructor
• steeplejack

• 職人技
• craftsmanship
• artisanal

• とび職人
• scaffold constructor
• steeplejack

• 新職人町
• Shinshokuninmachi

• 木彫職人
• woodcarver

• 職人気質
• spirit of a true artisan
• pride in one's work

• 職人根性
• spirit of true craftsman
• pride in his work

• 煉瓦職人
• bricklayer

• 宝石職人
• jeweler

• 木彫り職人
• woodcarver

• 職人体の男
• man dressed like an artisan
• man of workmanlike appearance

• 職人らしい
• workmanlike

• 職人ことば
• Craftsmen Language

• 腕のいい職人
• artisan

• 一人前の職人
• journeyman

• 凝り性の職人
• a meticulous craftsman

• 布を織る職人
• a craftsman who weaves cloth

• 縄を作る職人
• a craftsman who makes ropes

• 用明天皇職人鑑
• Yomei Tenno Shokunin Kagami (The Mirror of Craftsmen of the Emperor Yomei)

• 書き言葉の職人
• a craftsman of the written word

• 木摺をはる職人
• a workman who puts up laths

• 殺戮職人芝刈男
• The Greenskeeper

• 盲目の時計職人
• The Blind Watchmaker

• 職人の繊細な手
• the fine hand of a master

• 屋根職人の技能
• the craft of a roofer

• 見習いケーキ職人
• Apprentice Baker

• 最高のケーキ職人
• Baker Supreme

• 国家最優秀職人章
• Meilleur Ouvrier de France

• 職人らしくない道具
• an unworkmanlike tool

• しっくいの塗装職人
• a worker skilled in applying plaster

• 職人 （しょくにん）
• Sushi chef

• 石やれんがを扱う職人
• a craftsman who works with stone or brick

• 彼は砂糖の精製職人だ
• he was a sugar refiner

• 煉瓦建築に長けた職人
• a craftsman skilled in building with bricks

• 皮や毛皮をなめす職人
• a craftsman who tans skins and hides

• 石工衆、石垣職人とも。
• The Ano-shu Guild was also referred to as stone masons and stone wall craftsmen.

• 信三郎一家と職人の独立
• Independence of the Shinzaburo family and craftsmen

• 家具に布張りをする職人
• a craftsman who upholsters furniture

• 金を金箔に叩きのばす職人
• an artisan who beats gold into gold leaf

• 鋲を留めて打ちつける職人
• a worker who inserts and hammers rivets

• 金で装身具などを作る職人
• an artisan who makes jewelry and other objects out of gold

• ２２７．医者になった靴職人
• The Cobbler Turned Doctor

• 屋根を葺いたり修繕する職人
• a craftsman who lays or repairs roofs

• 茶釜を作る職人を釜師という。
• A craftsman making chagama is called kamashi (a tea kettle caster).

• 下手な職人は道具のせいにする
• A bad workman blames his tools.

• 家具職人の手で仕上げた木工品
• woodwork finished by hand by a cabinetmaker

• 工作機械の操作に熟練した職人
• a craftsman skilled in operating machine tools

• 建物や機械の設計図を書く職人
• a skilled worker who draws plans of buildings or machines

• 表面を削るための木工職人の刀
• a woodworker's knife to shave surfaces

• 職人は複雑なツールを手で作った
• The artisan crafted a complicated tool

• ジョン・ハリソン (時計職人)
• John Harrison

• 私は彼がよい職人だと分かった。
• I found him to be a good workman.

• へたな職人は道具のせいにする。
• A bad workman blames his tools.

• それぞれの工程の職人は次の通り
• A craftsman engaged in each process is as follows.

• 職人（鍛冶、鋳物師、紺屋、番匠）
• Craftsmen (blacksmiths, metal casters, dyers, and carpenters)

• 彼はもちろん職人ではなかったし、
• He certainly was not a manufacturer;

• 技能が他に匹敵するもののない職人
• craftsmen whose skill is unequaled

• 金細工職人はダイヤモンドを嵌めた
• The goldsmith set the diamond

• 鋤を作ったり修理したりする]職人
• a workman who makes and repairs plows

• 最後のステップを実行する服飾職人
• a garmentmaker who performs the finishing steps

• 馬車を作ったり修理したりする職人
• a workman who makes and repairs carts and wagons

• 彩色を行う専門の職人が存在する。
• There are craftsmen dedicated solely to coloring.

• へたな職人は道具に難癖をつける。
• It's a poor workman that blames his tools.

• 下手な職人は道具にけちをつける。
• A bad workman quarrels with his tools.

• 職人が表面に光沢の加工を施します。
• The craftsman gives the surface a gloss processing.

• 釜師（かまし）は、茶釜を鋳る職人。
• Kamashi is a craftsman to found chagama (iron tea ceremony pot).

• 使用目的で革のなめしを仕上げる職人
• a craftsman who curries leather for use

• 職人がその家にペンキを塗っている。
• A professional is painting the house.

• 建築現場で必要な足場を設置する職人。
• Ashibatobi is a workman who assembles scaffolds required on construction sites.

• 「この中にブリキ職人はいませんか？」
• 'Are any of your people tinsmiths?'

• 「僕とて雲作り職人ではないのだよ。」
• 'I do not wish to make a mystery,'

• 俳優として、彼は完成された職人だった
• as an actor he was a consummate craftsman

• ヒンズー教の神における三職人のひとり
• one of three artisans of the Hindu gods

• 他の国友鍛冶職人は重当（旧字：重當。
• Other smiths in Kunitomo took the name Shigetomi.

• ケーキ職人は小さい頃からの夢でした。
• From childhood I dreamed of being a pastry cook.

• 道具なしでは職人は何の役に立とうか。
• What is a workman without his tools?

• 江戸時代には職人の町として知られた。
• During the Edo period the area along the street was known as a district of craftsmen.

• 物にペンキを塗るために雇われている職人
• a worker who is employed to cover objects with paint

• 職人が作った物が、売りに出される定期市
• a fair at which objects made by craftsmen are offered for sale

• 木の樽や桶を作ったり修理したりする職人
• a craftsman who makes or repairs wooden barrels or tubs

• 石工か煉瓦積み職人まで物資を運ぶ労働者
• a laborer who carries supplies to masons or bricklayers

• 須弥壇を専門に製作する職人が存在する。
• There are craftsmen dedicated solely to manufacturing of sumidan (An altar made of fine timber, generally with paneling, hame).
• A craftsman dedicated solely to manufacturing of sumidan.

• 各職人の担当領域で見た、他産地との比較
• Comparison with Buddhist altars produced in other regions, from the viewpoint of fields undertaken by each craftsman

• 主に木造軸組工法の家屋の建築を担う職人。
• Tobishoku is a worker mainly engaged in building houses using timber framework method.

• 職人給田の多くは国衙の近隣に設定された。
• Many Shokunin Kyuden were placed close to the Kokuga.

• が、日本の鍛冶職人の水準も上昇してきた。
• However, the skill of Japanese swordsmiths was improving.

• とても腕のいいブリキ職人が何人かいます」
• Some of us are very good tinsmiths,'

• 展示用に動物に詰め物をし、剥製にする職人
• a craftsman who stuffs and mounts the skins of animals for display

• 木材を組み合わせることでものを作る木職人
• a woodworker whose work involves making things by joining pieces of wood

• 私はその職人がとても腕がよいと分かった。
• I found the workman very good.

• 呂色磨きのみを行う専門の職人が存在する。
• There are craftsmen dedicated solely to only roiro-migaki (polishing roiro).

• その家は職人の手でペンキを塗られている。
• The house is being painted by a professional.

• 下手な職人はいつも道具に難くせをつける。
• A bad workman always blames his tools.

• 担当スタッフが、職人さんと打合せをします。
• The people in charge will meet with the craftsmen.

• 毛が欲しいなら、毛刈り職人に頼んで下さい。
• What weight can my blood add to the wool?

• 英国の詩人で職人（1834年−1896年）
• English poet and craftsman (1834-1896)

• 工場やフライス盤を設計または組み立てる職人
• a workman who designs or erects mills and milling machinery

• このうち職人などは早い時期に支配を脱した。
• Out of these people, the craftsmen got out of Danzaemon's control at an early stage.

• 兼業農家である築堤職人の息子として育った。
• He was a son of an embankment workman who also worked as a part-time farmer.

• 下手な職人は自分の道具の不平を言うものだ。
• A bad workman complains of his tools.

• 『早撮り』『職人監督』の国際的評価を得た。
• He obtained an international reputation as a 'quick shooter' and an 'artisan director.'

• また笛師の下には笛職人である笛工が付属した。
• A fueko (flute craftsman) was assigned to fuenoshi (flute player).

• そこへ今度は、なめし皮職人がしゃしゃり出た。
• Upon which a Currier stood up and said,

• モルタルを乗せたり持ち運ぶのに石工職人が使う
• used by masons to hold or carry mortar

• 組み継ぎによって木材の断片を結合する木工職人
• a woodworker who joins pieces of wood with a splice

• 職人たちははしごを昇ったり降りたりしていた。
• The workmen were climbing up and down the ladder.

• 鋳掛屋（いかけや）とは、鋳掛を行う職人を指す。
• Ikakeya indicates the craftsman who does the work of ikake (repairing pots and rice cookers).

• 薄く削るには職人による高等技術が必要とされる。
• It is believed that only craftsmen with excellent technique can shave kelp thinly.

• れんが職人もマイミーの足元で作業を始めました。
• a bricklayer's yard sprang up at her feet,

• 字入れして職人に依頼して作成せざるえなかった。
• Therefore, they had to ask a craftsman to carve a seal, telling him which letters to use.

• しかし、古くから実績のある奈良に職人が集まった。
• However, artisans gathered in Nara, where the production had taken place since the ancient times.

• また、職人が使う符丁として「ネタ」と逆に読んだ。
• Sushi chefs used to call it upside down as 'Neta' in their secret language.

• とはいっても、職人気質モデルは捨てないでおこう。
• Nevertheless, we'll keep an eye on the craftsmanship model.

• その宝石は世界的に有名な職人の手によって作られた
• the jewelry was made by internationally famous craftsmen

• 岩野 平三郎（いわの へいざぶろう）は和紙職人。
• Heizaburo IWANO is a maker of traditional Japanese washi paper.

• 文化9年、高知市に髪結い職人の子として生まれる。
• He was born in Kochi City in 1812 as a son of a hairdresser.

• そんないい加減なことはわしの職人気質が許さない。
• My artisan pride cannot tolerate such sloppiness.

• 次男のため士分を離れ、京都に出て陶器職人となる。
• Since he was the second son in the family, he abandoned the samurai class and went to Kyoto to become a craftsman of ceramic wares.

• 単純に食品を売るよりも、多少の職人技が求められる。
• Rather than simply selling foods, some artisan skills were required.

• 発明者はアメリカですし職人をしていた日本人である。
• The inventor was a Japanese sushi chef working in the United States.

• 換気し、熱しまたは冷蔵する設備を設置し維持する職人
• a craftsman who installs and maintains equipment for ventilating or heating or refrigerating

• 曲物を作る職人を曲物師、特に曲げ職人を曲師という。
• The craftsmen who make magemono are called 'magemonoshi' while those specialized in bending are called 'mageshi.'

• 和菓子職人としての修行を積み、のれん分けにより独立。
• He trained to become a skilled artisan of Japanese sweets, and became independent by setting up a branch of the same shop to share the clientele.

• 町人地は、侍町の外側に配された商人や職人の町である。
• The townsmen district was located outside of the Samurai towns and was the town for merchants and craftsmen.

• 私たちが話しているあいだにも、職人たちがやってきて、
• The tradesmen came while we were yet speaking;

• 農業や職人よりもむしろ大工場を基礎に築かれた経済制度
• an economic system built on large industries rather than on agriculture or craftsmanship

• 良い職人の特徴がない、または、良い職人に適していない
• not characteristic of or suitable for a good workman

• 下級武士・農民・職人・商人は一括して「平民」とされた。
• The low ranking samurai, the peasants, the artisans, and the merchants were collectively categorized as 'Heimin' (commoner).

• それは職人芸の粋を凝らした精巧で優美なオルゴールだった
• It was a most exquisite and beautiful piece of workmanship

• 一人は、庭師と結婚し、もう一人は、煉瓦職人と結婚した。
• the one married to a gardener, and the other to a tile-maker.

• しかし、寿司職人は用を足した後丁寧に手洗いに努めている。
• However, sushi chefs make efforts to wash hands carefully after going to the toilet.

• 穴太衆は石垣職人であるので実際は玉石積や切石積も行えた。
• The Ano-shu Guild people were stone wall craftsmen and they also had skills in tamaishizumi (boulder masonry) and kiriishi zumi (masonry laid with regularly cut stones).

• 善良で正直なレンガ職人とパブの主人とどこが違う−−ええ？
• What's the difference between a good honest bricklayer and a publican--eh?

• 彼女は道徳上の諸問題を肉切り職人が肉を扱うように扱った。
• She dealt with moral problems as a cleaver deals with meat:

• レンガ職人は石を拾い上げるために粘土の上のペダルを踏んだ
• the brick maker treadles over clay to pick out the stones

• 椅子の布張り職人が使う非常に重く時に曲がっている各種の針
• any of several very heavy and sometimes curved sewing needles used by upholsterers

• 弦楽器（リュート、ギターまたはバイオリン）を製作する職人
• a craftsman who makes stringed instruments (as lutes or guitars or violins)

• ただし、会社・職人によっては複数の職をこなせる場合がある。
• However, depending on the companies or the workmen, multiple works may be done at the same time.

• 今は客へ一般化したが、本来は寿司職人の間のみの符牒である。
• They are now popularized among the public, but originally they were secret languages only among sushi chiefs.

• 専門の職人も現れ、非常に精巧なものが作られるようになった。
• Professional craftsmen were born, and they crafted extremely sophisticated dolls.

• かぐや姫はただちにこれを返品し、職人たちには褒美を与えた。
• Kaguya-hime immediately returned the branch to them and gave rewards to the craftsmen.

• 兄から家督を譲られ、形物塗師職人（茶道具漆器制作）となる。
• He was made head of the family by his brother and became a Katamono nurishi (producer of lacquer ware tea utensils).

• 煉瓦職人はその塀には５００個のレンガが必要だと見積もった。
• The bricklayer calculated that he would need 500 bricks for the wall.

• 温度管理は職人の勘によって行われるが、かなりの練達を要する。
• Controlling the temperature is entrusted to the intuition of craftsman, which is quite a skilled job.

• 漆器職人を会津に招いたため、日野の漆器製造は一時期衰退する。
• He invited the lacquerers to Aizu, which resulted in the temporary decline of the lacquerware production in Hino.

• これが寿司職人によって客の目の前で捌かれ、寿司に調理される。
• They are cut in front of the customers by a sushi chef and made into sushi.

• 布は正絹が基本で、かつては職人が自分で染めから手掛けていた。
• Pure silk was used in principle and in the past craftsmen dyed cloth by themselves.

• （ティンカーは、ティン（すず）のワーカー（職人）という意味）
• [Similar to 'cinder' plus 'elle' to get Cinderella]

• 光悦の一族や様々な工芸の職人らが移り住み芸術の集落となった。
• Koetsu's family and numerous artisans moved into the area and formed an art community.

• また職人や廻船業者へ与えられた給田もあり、小給などと呼ばれた。
• There were also Kyuden given to handicraftsmen and Kaisengyosha (shipping agents), which were called Shokyu.

• 本は、年代記と参考文献とインデックスのある職人らしい仕事である
• the book is a workmanlike job with chronology and bibliography and index

• 靴、フットボールのボール、または（製本中の）本をひもで縛る職人
• a workman who laces shoes or footballs or books (during binding)

• 更に玉の美しさに見とれた植木職人を手討ちにしたという話もある。
• It is also said he had a gardener who was captivated by Tama's beauty put to death.

• 間重富と共同出資で、傘職人の橋本宗吉を江戸の芝蘭堂へ学ばせた。
• Through join-investment with Shigetomi HAZAMA, he stationed Sokichi HASHIMOTO, an umbrella craftsman, to Shiran-do in Edo (for the master of Rangaku).

• - 「刺青　紙と肌と職人の顔」CLBE PARADA(名古屋)
• Irezumi Kami to Hada to Shokunin no kao (Tatoo paper, skin and face of artisan)' at CLBE PARADA (Nagoya)

• 車持皇子は職人たちを逆恨みし、血が出るほどお仕置きしたという。
• Prince Kuramochi unduly resented and punished the craftsmen to the extent that they bleed.

• 一般によくいわれる、有職人形はこのような製作手順がとられている。
• The commonly called yusoku ningyo (noble dolls) are made by this method.

• また、機械で削ったものをとろろ、職人の手になるものをおぼろという。
• Additionally, kelp that has been shaved by machine is referred to as tororo, whereas, kelp that has been manually shaved by craftspeople is referred to as oboro.

• ある重要な一点で、「職人気質」モデルは「贈与文化」モデルより弱い。
• In one important respect, the craftsmanship model is weaker than the `gift culture' model;

• 名称の差異も存在するが、ここでは各職人の仕事内容の違いに絞り込む。
• The name differs, but, this section puts a focus on the difference in the contents of work for each craftsman.

• 家庭で作られることはまれで、基本的にすし屋のすし、職人のすしである。
• Edomae-zushi, rarely made as a home-cooked meal, is basically the work by sushi chefs.

• 一流の職人になるという意味ではある程度長い修行が必要であると言える。
• It is true that long training is required to become a first-class sushi chef.

• 表面を削ったり腐食させることで意匠や文字をしるすことのできる技術職人
• a skilled worker who can inscribe designs or writing onto a surface by carving or etching

• 現在は染め職人より型紙職人の後継者不足が江戸小紋の問題となっている。
• At present, shortage of successors to paper pattern artisans became a larger issue of Edo-komon, rather than dye artisan.

• 代価を支払われるまで、職人が作品の占有権を留保することができる先取特権
• lien permitting an artisan to retain possession of a piece of work until has been paid for

• 付近の村落を城下に移住させたり、商人や職人を職種ごとに分けて移住させた。
• People from surrounding villages were moved into the joka and merchants and craftsmen were separated into their occupation.

• 宝石、衣服または靴を作るのに職人によって使用されたツールと他の記事の収集
• a collection of tools and other articles used by an artisan to make jewelry or clothing or shoes

• しかし、宗達は単なる扇絵職人ではなく、当時の皇室から作画の依頼があった。
• Sotatsu was not just a fan painter, but also well known for his painting--so much so that the Imperial family requested his work.

• だが、職人たちが玉作りの報酬をもらっていないと訴え出たために偽物と判明。
• However, it turned out to be a fake as the craftsmen claimed that they didn't receive rewards for the fake branch.

• 初期に到着したヨーロッパ人たちは日本の職人の技能と金属細工に驚かされた。
• Europeans who visited Japan in the first stage of this era were surprised at the art of craftsmen and metal crafts from Japan.

• 八つぁん・熊さん等の名で代表される町人や職人が登場するものでは羽織を脱ぐ。
• Thirdly, the haori is taken off in performances where an ordinary merchant or artisan, typically named Hattsuan or Kumasan, appears.

• 江戸では飴職人が細工をした飴を街に出て売り歩き、細工の技術と種類が増えた。
• In Edo candy craftsmen made candy and walked around selling the products, and the techniques and varieties of amezaiku increased.

• 西陣で織物生産を営んでいた秦氏ゆかりの綾織物職人集団を「大舎人座」という。
• A group of artisans who manufactured twilled fabrics in Nishijin were called 'Otoneri za' they were relatives of the Hata clan.

• やがて各地にそれぞれ地域的な特徴を持った杜氏の職人集団が生成されていった。
• Soon, various craftsmen groups of toji who had various local characteristics had been formed.

• その際、信三郎だけでなく、一澤帆布加工所へ転籍した職人たちも共に店を退去。
• At the same time, not only Shinzaburo but also the craftsmen who moved to Ichizawa Hanpu kakosho Ltd. left the store.

• でも折良くブリキ職人が通りがかって、ブリキで新しい頭を作ってくれたんです。
• But the tinsmith happened to come along, and he made me a new head out of tin.

• 建築現場の職人の間では、高所を華麗に動き回る事から「現場の華」とも称される。
• Among the workmen in the construction sites, tobishoku is also called 'on-site brilliance' because it gracefully moves about in high places.

• それに伴いそれ以降は機械製麺が発展し、それにこだわりを持つ職人も少なくない。
• The machine-production of noodles developed accordingly, and quite a few workmen stick to it.

• 一般には、他の和食と同様に、寿司職人も男性優位な世界であると考えられている。
• It is generally believed that a sushi world is male-dominated as well as the rest of the washoku (Japanese food) world.

• そこでブリキ職人のところへいって、ブリキで新しい脚をこしらえてもらいました。
• So I went to a tinsmith and had him make me a new leg out of tin.

• またもやわたしはブリキ職人に頼んで、またもやブリキの脚を作ってもらいました。
• Again I went to the tinsmith, and again he made me a leg out of tin.

• が、評判を呼び、職人の意匠手引書などにも用いられることとなって広く普及した。
• However, it received a high reputation and became widespread such as for the manuals of design for craftsmen.

• 大村はこの謙虚で身分の低いほとんど無学の職人・嘉蔵の才能に驚かされたという。
• Omura was very impressed by the talent of Kazo who was modest, uneducated and of low class.

• (300種以上、京の多職種の職人と多品種の物産の存在をうかがわせてくれる。)
• (It reveals that there were a wide variety of craftsmen across many different fields and products totaling over 300 kinds in the Kyo.)

• （日本国外における寿司職人養成の一端に付いては、前述の項目「職人」を参照。）
• (For the part about training of sushi chef outside Japan, refer to 'Sushi chef' stated above.)

• しかしながら、昔は基本とされた本手返しでつける職人はもうほとんどいなくなった。
• However, nowadays, few sushi chefs use the hon-tegaeshi technique, which was recognized as the basic in the past.

• こうした大名による職人支配の体制が幕藩体制の大工組織へと継承されることになる。
• Such a system of control over builders by the Daimyo was handed down to the carpenter organization in the feudal system, characteristic of the Shogunate.

• 好事福櫨（こうずぶくろ） は、明治に京都の和菓子職人が考案したと云われる珍菓。
• Kozubukuro is nice Japanese sweet created by a Japanese pastry chef in Kyoto during the Meiji period.

• 評判インセンティブは、職人がそれを認識しているかどうかによらず、機能し続ける。
• The reputation incentives continue to operate whether or not a craftsman is aware of them;

• と警告して、ロバが煉瓦職人のところへ売られて行くように、取りはからってやった。
• caused him to be sold to a tile-maker.

• ある煉瓦職人は、抗戦する際に最も有用になるのは煉瓦である。と、熱心に主張した。
• A Bricklayer earnestly recommended bricks as affording the best material for an effective resistance.

• 彼女は父親の店の職人頭と結婚し、スプリング・ガーデンの近くに肉屋の店を開いた。
• She had married her father's foreman and opened a butcher's shop near Spring Gardens.

• 会津でも日野や松坂から多くの商人や職人を連れ、会津塗などの発展に力を尽くした。
• Many merchants and tradespersons were bought to Aizu from Matsuzaka and Hino, and efforts were made to develop Aizu lacquerware and other goods.

• それゆえ日本人はその限りある資源を職人の技術で有効利用することで有名となった。
• Therefore the Japanese became well known as craftmen who were able to make effective use of their limited resources.

• 伝統的な職人の技術をベースに洋風要素を採り入れたこれらのものを擬洋風建築と呼ぶ。
• The western-style buildings that Japanese craftsmen built based on their traditional techniques are called Gi-yofu-kenchiku (literally, 'quasi-western-style buildings').

• 2006年、一澤帆布工業（一澤帆布店）から全ての職人と従業員が独立して創設した。
• In 2006, all the craftsmen and employees became independent from Ichizawa Hanpu Co., Ltd (Ichizawa Hanpu Store) and established a new company.

• 町人（ちょうにん、まちにん）とは、江戸時代に都市に居住していた職人、商人のこと。
• Chonin (or machinin) is a term referring to craftsmen and merchants who lived in the urban area during the Edo period.

• 工部七職（こうぶしちしょく）とは彦根仏壇の製造における、7種の工程の職人の総称。
• Kobushichishoku refers to a collective name of craftsmen engaged in seven processes in manufacturing the Hikone Buddhist altar.

• 「総絞り」は、非常に手が込んでおり、専門の職人が三年近くを費やして作るほどである。
• So-shibori' is so elaborate that professionals in dyeing cloth spend about three years making it.

• 有名な文人や職人による細工がほどこされた物は高価で取り引きされることも少なくない。
• The works of famous literati and craftsman were traded with high price.

• 朝鮮民族が主催する同教室では、1日4時間・6週間を全課程として寿司職人を養成する。
• This course, sponsored by Korean people, is to develop sushi chefs through six-week programs held four hours a day.

• 酒造り職人の食卓において、日本酒の仕込み期間中の納豆は禁忌とされている所以である。
• This is the reason why eating natto is prohibited for sake brewing professionals during the preparation period for the sake brewing.

• 更に宗教者・職人などを特定の公家や寺院（院家）に家職として統制させることを図った。
• Furthermore, religious persons and craftsmen were to come from specific aristocratic families and temples (Inke) for which it was Kashoku.

• また、必然的に、もう一方では、仕事の訓練は職人的な態度を発展させるように作用した。
• And necessarily also, on the other hand, the discipline of work has acted to develop a workmanlike attitude.

• 利休の茶風を残そうとした千宗旦も職人を指導し、利休好みの作品を作れる者を重用した。
• SEN no Sotan, who attempted to hand down the style of tea ceremony by SEN no Rikyu, trained artisans and preferentially treated those who were able to make works which were in line with Rikyu's taste.

• 法被（はっぴ）とは、祭などの際に着用し、また、職人などが着用する印半纏のことである。
• Happi (written 法被) coat is worn at festival, and also is a craft man's livery coat with the crest or name of store on the back and lapels.

• 唐紙師は、漉き上がったかみにさまざまな技法を用いて紋様絵付けを摺る職人のことである。
• The 'kami-shi' refers to a craftsman who prints patterns on newly made paper by using various techniques.

• 手間がかかる前者の焼型の使用は減少を続けているが、こだわりを持つたい焼き職人もいる。
• Since the using single molds is time consuming, fewer people use these although some professionals prefer them.

• ブリキ職人たちは木こりを慎重に検分すると、新品同然に修理できると思う、と述べました。
• The tinsmiths looked the Woodman over carefully and then answered that they thought they could mend him so he would be as good as ever.

• （鋲を使って、または、スポット溶接することによって）それらを留めることで固定する職人
• a worker who fastens things by tacking them (as with tacks or by spotwelding)

• いずれも職人仕事なので、特定の町内に職人の職住一致の仕事場が点在している、のが実態。
• As brushes are made by craftsmen, their workplaces combined with their home are scattered throughout each of these areas.

• 一時、茅葺き職人の後継者がいなくなりそうだったが、近年、住民の中から職人が誕生した。
• At one point, it was feared that thatched-roof workers might become extinct with no successors around but several residents of the village became thatched-roof craftsmen in recent year.

• この皮むきの作業は非常に高い専門性を有し、限られた職人や加工場での作業が必要であった。
• As this skinning process required expertise, only a limited number of professionals and processing factories were able to do it.

• 仕上がりの形状を、俵型、箱型、船型、地紙型とよび、現代では船型につける職人がほとんど。
• The finished shapes of sharidama include tawara-gata (barrel shape), hako-gata (box shape), funa-gata (boat shape), jigami-gata (fan shape) and most sushi chefs adopt funa-gata today.

• 日本国内外で数々の賞を受賞し、単なる職人としてではなく「陶芸作家」としての評価も高い。
• He has received various prizes from home and abroad, and also received high evaluation as a 'ceramic artist' not as just a craft worker.

• よって、現存する板葺の文化財は多くが杮葺で、栩葺・木賊葺は少なく屋根職人も殆どいない。
• Therefore, most extant cultural properties with itabuki roofs use kokerabuki, and few of them use tochibuki or tokusabuki, so it is hard to find craftsmen who can work on these methods.

• 江戸の鍛冶職人の隠語として、あぶり過ぎて鈍ってダメにしてしまった金物に対して使用する。
• Smithies in Edo used the patter to describe failed metallic products due to overroasting.

• 分業の場合、まず染め職人が工房に保管してある膨大な図案見本を参考に、下絵を書き始める。
• In the case of the division of labor, first a dyeing artisan draws a preliminary sketch with reference to a huge amount of design samples stored in the workshop.

• 一澤帆布工業の製造部門の職人65人全員が、長年社長であった信三郎を支持して同社へ転籍。
• All 65 craftsmen worked in the manufacturing department of Ichizawa Hanpu Co., Ltd. supported Shinzaburo, who was the president for years, to transfer to Ichizawa Hanpu kakosho Ltd.

• そしてその木からエペイオスと職人たちが何千枚もの厚板を切りだし、三日で木馬を完成した。
• and thousands of planks were cut from the trees by Epeius and his workmen, and in three days he had finished the horse.

• そしてブリキ職人が、道具をみんなかごに入れてやってくると、ドロシーは問いただしました。
• And when the tinsmiths came, bringing with them all their tools in baskets, she inquired,

• 逆にすっきりした髷が好みの職人は細い髷にして刷毛先を粋にちょっと曲げてみたりなどもした。
• In contrast, craftsmen who were fond of simple styles made the topknot thin, and twisted the ends of the topknot sideways a little.

• 大工・鍛冶は、職人身分に属する者が営む場合、水呑・借家あるいは百姓が営む場合、があった。
• Carpenters and smiths were practiced by people who belonged to the craftsmen rank, or by mizunomi (landless farmers), tenants, or hyakusho.

• 擬洋風建築（ぎようふうけんちく）とは、欧米の建築を日本の職人が見よう見まねで建てたもの。
• 'Gi-yofu architecture' is an architectural style that Japanese carpenters created by imitating Western-style architecture.

• また浮世絵は版画の技法で複数の職人により原画から版が作られ多くの数が刷られるものである。
• Also, an ukiyo-e printing involves a number of craftsmen who utilize the technique of woodblock printing to make printing blocks based on the original picture, and this makes ukiyo-e mass-produced.

• （だって、純粋な職人は評判ゲームなんか気にしないから、そんなことを気にする動機がない）。
• ?because a pure craftsman, one unconcerned with the reputation game, would have no motive to care.

• ある時、この靴職人が重い病気に罹り、これを不審に思った町の長が、彼の腕を試してみようと、
• When the Cobbler happened to fall sick himself of a serious illness, the Governor of the town determined to test his skill.

• 瓦を屋根に施工することを瓦を葺くといい、その施工に携わる業者を瓦葺き職人と呼ぶことがある。
• Laying Kawara tiles on a roof is called 'Kawara wo fuku,' and workmen who are in charge of tile roofing are sometimes called 'Kawara buki' workmen.

• 手打ち蕎麦を製麺する専門的な技術を習得した者を蕎麦職人（そばしょくにん）と呼ぶことがある。
• Persons who have mastered professional skills to make soba by hand are sometimes referred to as soba chefs.

• 一方、伝法肌の職人は、髷尻短く反りあがり、全体に太短い髷は先を散らして男っぽく結い上げる。
• Additionally, spirited craftsmen were fond of the hairstyle in which the U-shaped part of the topknot was bent up at the tip, and the ends of the topknot that was fairly thick and short were roughly splayed out to look manly.

• 支配階層を武士として、それ以外の農民、職人、商人はその下に入る階層として厳密に区別された。
• The social class in Japan was precisely divided into four classes, putting the samurai at the top as the ruling class and farmers, craftsmen, and merchants into lower classes in order to put them under the samurai class.

• 日本刀は刀工だけが造るものではなく、研師や鞘師などの職人によって初めて完成するものである。
• Japanese swords are not completed soley by a sword craftsman, other craftsmen including a Togi-shi (polisher) and Saya-shi (Sheath craftsman) add the finishing touches.

• 職人の確保も、若手を育成している建築会社が出現するなど、減少に歯止めが掛かろうとしている。
• Some building companies have started to train young craftspeople in thatch-roofing, and therefore, the decrease of craftspeople has begun slow.

• 職人としては一流であったが、伝統工芸に理解のない時代だったため世間からは認められなかった。
• Joeki was a first-class artisan but since he worked during times when traditional arts and crafts were not appreciated, he received no public recognition.

• 物質が現われるときにとる形態が限りないのは、外部の職人によって押しつけられたのではなくて、
• The infinity of forms under which matter appears were not imposed upon it by an external artificer;

• その後すぐ、男は、もう一方の煉瓦職人と結婚をした娘の所へ行き、暮らし向きはどうかと尋ねた。
• Not long after, he went to the daughter who had married the tilemaker, and likewise inquired of her how she fared;

• どうも、職人気質文化はけっきょくのところ、評判ゲームを通じて組織されるしかないんじゃないか
• It appears that any craftsmanship culture ultimately must structure itself through a reputation game

• 宝永2年 (1705) に竹本座の座元が竹田出雲に替わっての顔見世興行『用明天王職人鑑』。
• In 1705 Izumo TAKEDA became the managing director of Takemoto-za theater, and Monzaemon wrote 'Yomei Tenno Shokunin Kagami' (The Mirror of the Craftsmen of the Emperor Yomei) for its kaomisekogyo (all-star performance).

• それに対して、本多の作品は会社の求める企画を予算や時間を守って仕上げる職人タイプであった。
• In contrast, HONDA was a typical craftsmen whose work was tailored to the company's plans and kept within the budget and time limit.

• このことは字を模写する人間や彫る職人の腕に、直接模刻の出来がかかっていることを意味している。
• This means that how well the mokoku is conducted directly depends on skills of those who copy and engrave characters.

• 前園は寛文12年（1673年）に晒職人であった清須美道清の作庭で、茶室「三秀亭」がシンボル。
• The front garden was designed and landscaped by Michikiyo KIYOSUMI, a bleacher in 1673 and there is a tea house 'Sanshu-tei' which symbolizes the garden.

• 大仏殿再建に関わった職人は各地へ移り、大仏様の影響を受けた和様も生まれ、これを折衷様と呼ぶ。
• The craftsmen who were engaged in the restoration of the Great Buddha Hall moved to various places after that project and a new Japanese architectural style, known as Setchu-yo (cross style) was born with the influence of Daibutsu-yo.
• The craftsmen involved in the restoration of the Great Buddha hall spread throughout the country and a form of daibutsu-yo-influenced wa-yo, known as 'setchu-yo', was born.

• 基本的に手作りで、店頭では職人がおちょこのような型に詰めて作っている光景が見られることもある。
• Basically, awa manju is made by hand and in some shops, you can see pastry cooks making awa manju in sake cup-shaped molds.

• 漆喰の壁には、左官職人が鏝によって文字や絵などを表現するレリーフ（鏝絵）を造られることもある。
• In some cases plasterers use trowels to create reliefs of pictures or words on the plaster walls.

• 現在は、様々な事情で作成が困難であるため、専門の木刀職人に流派独特のものを注文することが多い。
• Artisans specializing in bokuto often make these school-specific weapons to order as today, for various reasons, they are difficult to produce.

• 戦後はリュックサックやテントも手がけ、職人用カバンを基にした各種のかばんで知られるようになる。
• After the war, the company also manufactured rucksacks and tents and became known for various bags based on bags for workers.

• 大坂では、刃物の街である堺市の職人が、乾燥昆布を甘酢に浸し、表面を削ったおぼろ昆布が生まれた。
• In Osaka, a craftsman in Sakai City, a town of cutting tools, created the shredded tangle by shaving the surface of sweet vinegar-soaked dried kelp.

• 匿名で寄せられた、評判インセンティブが職人自身も気づかないうちに機能しているという見解を加筆。
• An anonymously contributed observation about reputation incentives operating even when the craftsman is unaware of them.

• 左 甚五郎（ひだり じんごろう、生没年不詳）は江戸時代初期に活躍したとされる伝説的な彫刻職人。
• Jingoro HIDARI (Dates of birth and death unknown), was a legendary sculptor living in the early Edo Period.

• 公定尺は税の取立てや商取引のために制定されるものであり、職人の使う尺に干渉することはなかった。
• The official shaku unit was defined for the collection of tax or business transactions, and that did not concern with the shaku unit used among artisans.

• また、延宝4年（1674年）に瓦職人西村半兵衛が丸瓦を必要としない桟瓦を開発したと言われている。
• It is believed that a Kawara workman, Hanbe NISHIMURA has developed a pantile in 1674, which needs no concave tiles.

• 自由商業都市を目指し安土城下などの商人・職人を呼び寄せ、碁盤上に区切った城下町に居住区を設けた。
• In the drive to create a free commercial town, he encouraged merchants and artisans living close to Azuchi-jo Castle to relocate and created a residential area that was divided into squares.

• 重源自らも中国で建築・土木技術を習得したといわれ、中国の技術者陳和卿の協力を得て職人を指導した。
• It is said that Chogen himself also studied architecture and civil engineering in China, and he guided the construction workers with the cooperation of Chinese engineer CHEN Heqing.

• 上記のような西洋館に刺激されて、次第に各地域でも地元の職人による西洋館が建てられるようになった。
• Stimulated by the seiyo-kan buildings described above, seiyo-kan buildings began to be built by local craftsmen in various regions.

• 穢多は、死牛馬（「屠殺」は禁止されていた）の皮革加工、履物職人、非人の管理などを主な生業とした。
• The main regular occupations of Eta were the leather processing of dead livestock ('slaughter' was prohibited) as well as the management of footwear craftsmen and Hinin (a group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system).

• ――そして中世ギルド以来の多くの職人文化では、まさにこの力学が機能しているのがうかがえるんだ。
• ?and, in fact, we can observe exactly this dynamic in many historical craftsmanship cultures from the medieval guilds onwards.

• 弾左衛門は非人、芸能民、一部の職人、傾城屋などを支配するとされていた（「弾左衛門由緒書」偽書）。
• Danzaemon was given the authority to rule over the hinin, geinomin (entertainers without permanent residence), some craftsmen and keiseiya (brothels) (according to a bogus document, 'History of Danzaemon').

• 1864年、筑前国遠賀郡広渡村（現・福岡県遠賀郡遠賀町）の職人・添田新三郎の三男として生まれる。
• He was born as the third son to Shinzaburo SOEDA, a craftsman who lived in Hirowatari-mura, Onga County, Chikuzen Province (present-day Onga-cho, Onga County, Fukuoka Prefecture), in 1864.

• 具体的には、瀬戸焼、美濃焼や唐津焼の職人とその技法をベースとして高麗茶碗の写しなどが作られている。
• Specifically, Seto-yaki (Seto pottery), Mino-yaki (Mino pottery), and Karatsu-yaki (Karatsu pottery) craftsmen made copies of Goryeo tea bowls, taking advantage of their techniques.

• 握り寿司において飯（酢飯）の握り方は寿司職人の技術が最も発揮されるところであり、様々な技法がある。
• When making Nigiri-zushi, forming of bite-sized rice (vinegared rice) is the highlight for a sushi chef to show his technique, and there are various techniques.

• 中世の給田は、荘官等へ給与する荘官給田、年貢輸送者や手工業者へ給与する職人給田に大きく分けられる。
• Kyuden in the middle ages were largely classified into Shokan kyuden given to shokan, and shokunin kyuden given to nengu couriers and handicraftsmen.

• 寿司屋に似ており、カウンターの前に種の入ったショーケースがあり、職人が目の前で揚げて客へ提供する。
• A tempura restaurant resembles a sushi restaurant in several aspects and cooks deep-fry tane stored in a showcase on a counter in front of customers and serve it to them.

• マツバとカッパを一緒に見ると、河童の顔に似ていることから職人さんの間で使われたのが語源と言われる。
• The origin of the term is said to be workmen who used the term because the appearance of matsuba and kappa together resembles the face of kappa (water imp).

• 仕事がうまくゆかずに、暮らしが立ち行かなくなった靴職人が、貧乏に窮して、知らない町で医者を始めた。
• A COBBLER unable to make a living by his trade and made desperate by poverty, began to practice medicine in a town in which he was not known.

• 自ら種子島に渡り、領主・種子島時堯から一丁の種子島銃を買い、職人・芝辻清右衛門に鉄砲を複製させた。
• He traveled to Tanegashima Island and bought a Tanegashima rifle from the feudal lord Tokitaka TANEGASHIMA, and made Seiemon SHIBATSUJI, a craftsman, to reproduce the rifle (teppo).

• 一人前の職人になるためには『飯炊き三年握り八年』と言われるように約10年の修行が必要と言われている。
• It is said that to become an accomplished chef, training for about ten years is required as the saying goes, 'Three-years of training for cooking rice and eight-years for making sushi.'

• 客によっては職人がカウンターから離れ戻ってきたときは、しばらく注文を差し控えるなど気にする人もいる。
• Some customers may care about sanitation like refraining from ordering sushi for a while after a sushi chef leaves from and returns to the counter.

• 堀の北側を武士、南側を町人の居住区域とし、さらに、町人の居住区の西を商人、東北を職人の居住区とした。
• Samurai families were to live on the north side of the canal, and the common folk were to be located on the south side, which was divided further, with merchants on the western part of the area and artisans on the northeastern side.

• あらゆる産業上の改善の直接の目的というのは、職人の課業のできばえをよりよくすることにあったのである。
• The proximate aim of all industrial improvement has been the better performance of some workmanlike task.

• 彼によれば、こうした驚異は、人間のような職人の「技巧」ではなく、自然のとる手法を説明しているのです。
• They illustrate, according to him, the method of nature, not the 'technic' of a man-like Artificer.

• 翌年の3月3日、指示を受けていた職人らによって「源氏物語錦織絵巻」全四巻のうちの最終巻は完成された。
• The craftsmen who were given his instructions finished the last scroll of the four of 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' on March 3 of the following year.

• 用明天皇職人鑑（用明天王職人鑑、ようめいてんのうしょくにんかがみ）は近松門左衛門が書いた文楽の物語。
• Yomei Tenno Shokunin Kagami (The Mirror of Craftsmen of the Emperor Yomei) is a play written by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU for Bunraku (Japanese puppet theater).

• また、町人の職業が「工」か「商」かを制度的に区別することはなく、商人を職人より冷遇する制度もなかった。
• Townsmen were not distinguished systematically by their occupation whether they were 'ko' or 'sho,' and there was no system of discriminating merchants against artisans.

• 鳶職（とびしょく）（曳き屋、遣り方と同じ）とは、一般的に建設業で、高い所での作業を専門とする職人を指す。
• Tobishoku (same as hikiya [a workman who moves a whole building without demolishing] and yarikata [a workman who make a rough design before building]) generally means a workman specializing in working in high places in the construction industry.

• 寿司に用いられる魚介類その他は「タネ」、またはそれを逆さにした符牒(職人用の隠語)で「ネタ」と呼ばれる。
• Seafood and other ingredients which are used for sushi are called 'tane,' or 'neta' in jargon (jargon among sushi chefs) by reversing 'tane.'

• 職人給田には、梶取給、夫領給、船給、鍛冶給、番匠給、絵所給、檜物給、土器作給、道々工等例給などがあった。
• Shokunin kyuden included Kajitori (rower) kyu, Furyokyu, Fune (ship) kyu, Kaji (blacksmith) kyu, Bansho (builder) kyu, Edokoro (art office) kyu, Himono (craft of bending Hinoki bark) kyu, Dokisaku (pottery) kyu and Dodoukutorei (road building) kyu.

• ただし、その製法および感性は菓子店、職人によって千差万別であり、微妙な違いがそれぞれの個性になっている。
• However, the technique and sense of manufacture depend on each confectioner and shop, and the sensitive differences show their originality.

• 友人が現在調査中の事の本質は別にしても、状況を把握する職人技、鋭く切れる推理も確かに私を楽しませるのだ。
• Indeed, apart from the nature of the investigation which my friend had on hand, there was something in his masterly grasp of a situation, and his keen, incisive reasoning, which made it a pleasure to me

• だったら、職人気質の純粋なよろこびが主な動機となっているハッカー行動のモデルを考えたほうがいいのかな？　
• So perhaps we should consider another model of hacker behavior in which the pure joy of craftsmanship is the primary motivation.

• 当時の京都には富を蓄積した商人、五山版以来の職人、読者層が存在していたことが嵯峨本が生まれた背景である。
• Behind the birth of the Sagabon lay the fact that in Kyoto at the time there was already an existing base of readers in the form of a merchant class with accumulated wealth, and craftsmen from the Gozanban (Five Mountains Editions).

• 自らの作家性よりも脚本の意図に忠実に撮影する職人気質で知られるが、仏心を描こうと常に心がけていたという。
• He is known for having the spirit of a true workman, who filmed movies focusing on the intentions of scriptwriters instead of his own creativity, but always tried to express Busshin in his movies.

• 元々、武士が家紋を大きく染め抜いた法被を着用したのに始まり、それを職人や町火消なども着用するようになった。
• Originally samurai wore a happi coat with large family crest undyed, and craft man and fire brigade also started to wear.

• 現在で言う素麺の生産は江戸時代後期から始まったもので、播州から手練れの職人を招いて技術を学んだものである。
• Production of the presently-called somen started during the late Edo period by inviting veteran workmen from Banshu to learn their techniques.

• 英国の家具職人で、同時代の人に影響を与えた（特に椅子の）優美なデザインで知られる（1718年−1779年）
• a British cabinetmaker remembered for his graceful designs (especially of chairs) which influenced his contemporaries (1718-1779)

• だが、彼は出航せず、綾部内麻呂ら職人たちにそれらしきものを作らせ、帰航を偽装してこれをかぐや姫に献上した。
• However, he didn't head for the eastern ocean, and had craftsmen including Ayabe no uchimaro make a fake and presented it to Kaguya-hime, on the pretence that he had been to the eastern ocean.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)以後に商工業者の自立とともに解体されるが、室町時代には職人の座の名称として用いられた。
• After the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Saikudokoro was dissolved along with the independence of merchants and traders, but was used as a name of za (guild) of workmen in the Muromachi period.

• 本寮の特色として日本古来の律令制期の官吏制度を使わず様々な職人（雑色作手）によって運営されている点である。
• This bureau is characterized by operations conducted by various artisans (Zoshiki tsukurite - various craftspeople) instead of using the system of government officials of the ancient Japanese Ritsuryo system.

• 江戸前ずし屋独特の言葉や言い回しがあり、古くは「すし言葉」と呼ばれた言葉や、職人同士が使う隠語・符丁がある。
• There are words and phrases unique to the Edomae-zushi world including the words called 'sushi-kotoba' (sushi words) in ancient times and the jargons used among sushi chefs.

• しかし関ヶ原の戦いで丹羽氏は西軍に付き改易、浪人となったために剃髪して大津市に移り住み、竹細工職人となった。
• However, the Niwa clan sided with the West Army in the Battle of Sekigahara, and was deprived of samurai status and the family territories forfeited, so Seigen became ronin (masterless samurai), shaving his head, and moved to Otsu City to be a bamboo-ware artisan.

• またもやブリキ職人が助けにきてくれて、ブリキの胴体を作って、ブリキの腕や脚や頭を関節でくっつけてくれました。
• Once more the tinsmith came to my help and made me a body of tin, fastening my tin arms and legs and head to it, by means of joints, so that I could move around as well as ever.

• あなたにはまた多数の職人、すなわち石や木を切り刻む者、工作に巧みな各種の者がある。 (歴代志1 22:15)
• There are also workmen with you in abundance, cutters and workers of stone and timber, and all kinds of men who are skillful in every kind of work: (1 Chronicles 22:15)

• 夷一文字印銀（えびすいちもんじいんぎん）：南鐐座職人により慶長丁銀の鋳造にあたり、家康の上覧に供されたもの。
• Ebisuichimonji Ingin: These are sample Chogin and were presented to Ieyasu by a craftsman of Nanryoza, Sakai City when Ieyasu was planning to produce Keicho Chogin coins.

• また、すしロボットのシャリとは異なり、職人が握ったシャリは内部でご飯粒同士が圧縮されていないという違いがある。
• A difference from 'shari' formed by a sushi robot is that grains of cooked rice are not compressed one another inside the shari of Nigiri-zushi formed by a chef.

• また、東京会館の寿司職人・真下一郎は、マグロの代わりにアボカドを用いた「カリフォルニアロール」の考案者である。
• And Ichiro MASHITA, sushi chief in Tokyo Kaikan Co., Ltd., is inventor of the 'California roll' which uses avocados instead of tuna.

• 千利休はわび茶をさらに発展させ、国産の道具を用いるだけでなく自身で器具を積極的にデザインし、職人につくらせた。
• SEN no Rikyu endeavored to develop wabicha further, and had professionals produce utensils based upon the designs he drew to use for his tea ceremonies in addition to his ordinary Japanese utensils.

• 1971年に織職人の小川善三郎が人間国宝に認定され、1976年6月2日に博多織が国から伝統工芸品に指定される。
• In 1971, the master weaver Zenzaburo OGAWA was designated a Living National Treasure, and on June 2, 1976, Hakata-ori textile was designated as a Traditional Craft of Japan.

• 千家好みの茶道具を作れる職人は限定されており、行事や年忌における役割もあるため、徐々に職方は固定されていった。
• Since the artisans able to make the tea utensils in the taste of the house of Sen were limited, and as they played certain roles in events and Buddhist anniversary services, the shokukata (artisan) gradually came to be fixed.

• 適度な押圧を加えることで瞬時に生じる一体感が江戸前握りずしの醍醐味であり、そのバランスが職人の腕の見せ所である。
• An instantaneous feeling of oneness generated between a sharidama and a topping by pressing them by hand in an appropriate force is the highlight of Edomae-nigiri-zushi, and finding the delicate oneness feeling is the sushi chefs' chance to show their skill.

• しかし土地柄辰巳芸者のお得意客の多くは人情に厚い粋な職人達でその好みが辰巳芸者の身なりや考え方に反映されている。
• Most of the regular customers of Tatsumi Geisha were heartful and fashionable artisans who were typical in Fukagawa, so their tastes affected the style and manner of Tatsumi Geisha.

• - 伝統産業に従事する職人が集まってできた町、あるいはその産業・工芸品の売買によって栄えた町で、上記産業町の一種
• town formed with artisans engaged in traditional industries, or a town that prospered as a result of trading their products, which is a kind of the aforementioned Industrial town

• しかし近年は充分な樹径のあるヒノキの減少や、原皮師（もとかわし）と呼ばれる檜皮採取の職人の減少などの課題がある。
• In recent years, however, there have been a few challenges, including a decreasing number of cypress trees that are large enough, as well as a decreasing number of craftspeople to collect cypress bark known as motokawa-shi.

• これらは外国から技師・技術者が来て建設したものもあるが、日本人の職人にデザインなどを指示して建設したものもある。
• Some of them were built by foreign engineers who came to Japan, but there are others that were built by Japanese craftsmen based on designs taught by foreign engineers.

• 一方ではこの活性炭濾過を専門職とする「炭屋」（すみや）と呼ばれる職人たちを多く抱える越後杜氏の本拠地でもあった。
• On the other hand, it was the center of the Echigo toji, having many workers who specialized in activated charcoal filtration called 'Sumiya' (Professionals of charcoal).

• 一澤帆布工業株式会社を継いだ長男・一澤信太郎は新たな職人と素材をもって2006年10月16日より営業を再開した。
• Shintaro ICHIZAWA, the eldest son who succeeded the Ichizawa Hanpu Co., Ltd., employed new craftsmen and began the business again on October 16, 2006 with new materials.

• しかし、富裕層では裕福の象徴的な意味もあり、新築で建てるなど比較的数が多く、日本の職人も研修などで訪れたりもする。
• However, newly built thatched houses are still relatively numerous because it is a symbol of wealth among the rich and Japanese craftsmen visit these countries for training.

• もし人類がその出自から職人ではなくてスポーツマンであるとしたら、仕事に対する常套的な嫌悪を説明する必要はなくなる。
• If mankind is by derivation a race not of workmen but of sportsmen, then there is no need of explaining the conventional aversion to work.

• この作業のため爪掻本綴織の職人は手を丁寧に手入れしては利き手の爪を伸ばし、それぞれヤスリで独自の刻み目をつけている。
• Because of this work, the weavers of the tsumekaki hon tsurezure ori take good care of their hands, and let the fingernails of their dominant hand grow long, and shave them jaggedly with a file.

• 関西風の鰻屋が存在した理由は参勤交代で江戸までお供した職人や料理人がそのまま江戸に定住しそこで商いを始めたとされる。
• The reason why the Kansai-style eel restaurants existed was that the artisans and cooks, who came to Edo because of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords during the Edo period were required to spend every other year residing in Edo), settled in Edo, and began their trade.

• 同月、信太郎サイドは京都七条公共職業安定所（整理番号 26020- 4057571）を通して、職人5人を新たに募集。
• In the same month, Shintaro recruited five craftsmen through Kyoto Shichijo public employment exchange (reference number: 26020-4057571).

• 家康の関東入部に伴い、三河地方の畳職人も江戸に移り、必然的に江戸でも「田舎間」の畳を作り、それが標準となったという。
• It is said that with entering into the Kanto Region, the tatami craftsmen in the Mikawa Region inevitably moved to Edo and produced the tatami of 'inaka-ma,' which later became the standard.

• [HT] 進化論的にいえば、職人の衝動自体が（内面化された倫理と同じく）裏切りの高リスクとコストの結果かもしれない。
• [HT] In evolutionary terms, the craftsman's urge itself may (like internalized ethics) be a result of the high risk and cost of deception.

• 荘園においても、荘園領主らは必要物資を得るために荘園内に手工業者・職人を確保し、職能に応じて彼らへ給田を与えていった。
• As for Shoen, shoen landholders kept handicraftsmen within their shoen to obtain necessary supplies and gave Kyuden according to their ability.

• しかし、近くには上七軒があり、五番町は職人が通う花街としてのイメージが抱かれたため、発展解消され娼妓本位の街となった。
• Due to the existence of nearby Kamishichiken, many people had the impression that Goban-cho was the geisha quarter for craftsmen; consequently Goban-cho was reorganized into a town that centered on prostitution.

• 温暖多湿という日本の国土条件の中、職人技により製造されるが、現代的な食品の衛生基準との間で伝統を守りづらくなっている。
• It is an artisanal product made in the moderate and humid climate of Japan, but it is becoming difficult to maintain the tradition being subject to modern food hygiene standards.

• 房の形は頭付房、切房、撚房、四ツ目紐房、菊房（梵天房）、利休房（手毬房）などがあり、職人によって更に細かい種類がある。
• As for the shape of tassel, there are several basic patterns such as kashiratsuki tassel (literally, tassel with a head), kiri tassel (cutting tassel), yori tassel (getting together tassel), yotsumehimo tassel (four-eyed string tassel), kiku tassel (or Brahma tassel, chrysanthemum tassel) and Rikyu tassel (or temari ball tassel) but depending on craftsmen, these could be further broken down.

• 西洋建築の技術にも刺激され、大工道具の質も上がり、職人の交流も活発になったことなどで、建築の質は全体に向上していった。
• Affected by technologies in European architecture, carpenters' tools had been improved and craftsmen had interacted with each other actively, improving the quality of buildings as a whole.

• 同トラブルにより、創業一族の一澤信三郎とそれまで勤めてきた職人は退社して、同様のかばんを取り扱う一澤信三郎帆布を設立。
• As a result of the problems, Shinzaburo ICHIZAWA of the founding family and craftsmen who had worked for the company left Ichizawa Hanpu Co., Ltd. and established Ichizawa Shinzaburo Hanpu Co., Ltd. that sells similar bags.

• 職人モデルは、問題（B）「だれがなにについてクレジットを与えられるか」についてのハッカー慣習を説明するには十分ではない
• The craftsmanship model is not, however, sufficient to explain hacker customs about issue (b), who gets credit for what

• また、鉄砲の重要性を早くから認識しており、日野城下に鉄砲職人を招聘している（従前の刀鍛冶を転職させたという説もある）。
• He recognized the importance of Teppo (gun) since early stage, and he invited a Teppo craftsman to the Hino castle town (there is another theory that he got a swordsmith to change the job).

• このため、御金改役を世襲した後藤宗家を小判座（小判師職人）の元締という意味を込めて特に大判座（おおばんざ）とも呼んだ。
• Therefore, the head family of the Goto family who inherited Gokin Aratame-yaku was also especially called Ooban za in the meaning of the manager of koban za (koban-shi workmen).

• また機械の外観が飯桶の形をしていて、客席から一見すると寿司職人が桶からご飯を取り出して握っているように見えるものもある。
• Some machines having a rice-bucket appearance look as if a sushi chef takes rice from a rice bucket and makes sushi.

• 高い技能を持った職人が関与するようになり、工法も礎石の上に柱を据え、梁 (建築)を複雑に組み合わせて造るように変わった。
• As craftsmen with a high level of skill became engaged in building such houses, houses became built in the way that pillars were placed on foundation stones and beams were assembled in complex ways.

• 地染めは着物に仕立てたときに縫い合わせた左右両方の生地の色が同じになるように染めるため、熟練した染職人が行うことが多い。
• To dye the cloth so that the base color is precisely the same shade between connecting pieces when sewn into a kimono, jizome is performed by a skilled dyeing artisan.

• 具体的には好事家や趣味人が、難度が高い特殊な物品の作製を依頼した時などに、携わる技術者（職人）に景気付けに渡す事もある。
• As an example, when a collecter or someone with highbrow tastes or a highbrow orders something which is difficult to make from an expert (a craftsman), they offer shugi as an incentive.

• 中世以前の陶工は無名の職人にすぎなかったが、仁清は自分の作品に「仁清」の印を捺し、これが自分の作品であることを宣言した。
• Before the Middle Ages, potters were nothing but nameless artisans, however, he placed a seal of his name 'Ninsei' to his works to announce that they were his own works.

• 説としては、堺より外国から移入した、地元で作られた、当時は鉄砲作成技術はなく他の地域より職人を招いたなどが言われている。
• There are a variety of theories including that they imported the guns from abroad through Sakai region, that the guns were locally produced, and that craftsmen were invited from other areas as they did not have the technique of producing guns at the times.

• 同年、ベックマンらドイツ人技師が来日し、一方日本からは建築家の渡辺譲、妻木頼黄、河合浩蔵及び職人たちがドイツに留学した。
• In the same year, Böckmann and other German architects came to Japan, and the Japanese architects, Yuzuru WATANABE, Yorinaka TSUMAKI, Kozo KAWAI and artisans went to Germany to study.

• さらに江戸時代には大工らの他に左官や桶職人、鍛冶職人など、様々な職種の職人集団により太子講は盛んに営まれるようになった。
• During the Edo period, Taishiko became much more popular as it began to be held not only by carpenters but also by various other groups of people in the same vocations like plasterers, coopers, and smiths.

• 平安時代の貴族の姫君の遊び道具として愛玩された人形の制作は京の職人が担っており、江戸時代には京の土産品としても珍重された。
• Kyo ningyo, which were cherished as a favorite toy by daughters of nobles in the Heian period, have been made by craftsmen in Kyoto and were appreciated as gifts from Kyoto back in the Edo period.

• 職人が硯を作るときには、墨を入れる海ともりあがっている陸の間の、滑らかなカーブ状の場所を削るのが、最も苦労する場所となる。
• For a craftsman, plaining the smooth curve between umi, which stores ink and raised riku is the most difficult part.

• また、基本的には寿司職人の間での符牒であり、客が使用するものではないが、トロ、ガリのようにすでに一般名詞化したものもある。
• Basically, the following terms are jargon used among sushi chefs, and are not used by customers, but, some jargon like Toro (fatty tuna) and Gari (slices of ginger pickled in sweetened vinegar) are already used as a general noun.

• これは宗氏以外の全ての受職人（朝鮮王朝から官位を貰っている者）・受図書人（通交許可を受けている者）に対しても同様であった。
• This sanction was applied not only to the So clan but also to all Jushokunin (those given an official rank by the Korean Dynasties) and Tsuko Jutoshonin (those granted the permission to practice amicable relations).

• 特に江戸時代から昭和のはじめ頃までに形成された、商家（しょうか、商いの場や仕事の場を兼ねた商人や職人の家）の街並みをさす。
• The term 'machiya' specifically refers to the townscape consisting of merchant houses (houses of merchants and craftspeople that is a combination of family residence and shop) which was formed during the Edo period through the beginning of the Showa period.

• 杜氏（とうじ、とじ）とは、日本酒の醸造工程を行う職人集団、すなわち蔵人の監督者であり、なおかつ酒蔵の最高製造責任者をいう。
• The term 'toji,' written as 杜氏 in Japanese, refers to a person who supervises kurabito, a group of skilled workers responsible for sake brewing, and works as the chief executive brewer at a brewery.

• 最後に、「職人気質」的な動機はそれ自体として、ぼくたちが考えたがるほどは評判ゲームからかけ離れたものじゃないかもしれない。
• Finally, the craftsmanship motivation itself may not be psychologically as far removed from the reputation game as we might like to assume.

• 「職人気質」モデルを検討すると、結局はハッカー社会を贈与文化のように動かしている制約条件と同じ問題に戻ってくることになる。
• In examining the craftsmanship model, we come back to the same problems that constrain hackerdom to operate like a gift culture.

• 主に帯刀を許されない身分の者（農民・商人・職人）の護身用の武器として、また、日本の武術各流派では隠し武器として用いられた。
• Kusarigama was mainly used as a weapon of self-defense for the rank of people who were not permitted to wear a sword (peasants, merchants, craftsmen) and in addition it was used as a hidden weapon in various schools of Japanese martial arts.

• 平安時代から現在の三条釜座近辺に、釜師（茶釜などの鋳物職人）が住む「釜座」（かまんざ）が集まっていたことからこの名がある。
• The name 'Kamanza' comes from many foundry men (artisans who made iron goods such as iron kettles) who lived around present-day Sanjogamaza during the Heian period.

• 当時を知る職人は、「あらかじめダミーの米を入れる袋を用意して店頭に置き、取り締まりを逃れて営業したこともある」と述べている。
• A sushi chef knowing that time said, 'we have operated a shop by preparing a bag to put dummy rice in and putting the bag at the shop to get away from the control.'

• 士農工商（しのうこうしょう）とは、儒教において社会を構成する主要な身分（官吏・百姓・職人・商人）の上下関係を指す概念である。
• Shi-no-ko-sho was a Confucian concept of societal ranking (government official, farmers, artisans, merchants) that accounted for the main part of the society.

• だがその一方で、安土城の築城に延暦寺の職人を利用したり、根来寺の鉄砲を戦争に利用するなど、寺社勢力の高い技術力を活用もした。
• However, they used the advanced technological skills of the jisha seiryoku, for example craftsmen from Enryaku-ji Temple were used to build Azuchi-jo Castle, or rifles made by craftsmen from the Negoro-ji Temple were used in the battle.

• 逆に鉄簪は、一流の職人の手になる細工の凝った物であれば、かえって銀よりも落ち着いた輝きが粋とされて粋好みの芸者に持て囃された。
• By contrast, iron kanzashi, especially refined products of top craftsmen, were appreciated by geisha because of their mild gloss compared with silver products.

• 靴職人は、死ぬのを恐れて、自分は本当は薬の知識など持ち合わせておらず、蒙昧な民衆の評判で有名になったに過ぎないことを白状した。
• The Cobbler, under the fear of death, confessed that he had no knowledge of medicine, and was only made famous by the stupid clamors of the crowd.

• 伝統的な浮世絵や、職人の技術の粋を集めた日本建築は、多くの欧米のその道の権威を唸らせ、ジャポニズムという一種のブームを生んだ。
• Traditional Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and Japanese architecture built with artisans' sophisticated skills made a deep impression on many authorities in the fields in Europe and America, creating a kind of boom called Japonism.

• この「職人気質」モデルは、職人気質発揮機会最大化とその結果の最大化を達成する手段としてハッカー慣習を説明できなくてはならない。
• This `craftsmanship' model would have to explain hacker custom as a way of maximizing both the opportunities for craftsmanship and the quality of the results.

• 京都の風物詩として著名で、「東北院職人尽歌合」や「七十一番職人歌合」など中世の職人歌合において記され、狂言・舞踏にも登場する。
• Since oharame is well known as fubutsushi (a poetic expression for certain events or things) of Kyoto, it is mentioned in works of contests of craftspeople in the medieval period such as ''Tohokuin Shokunin Zukushi Uta-awase' (Poetry Contest of Craftspeople of Tohokuin Temple)' and 'Shichiju-ichi-ban Shokunin Uta-awase' (Poetory Contest Among People of Various Occupations in Seventy-one Rounds), and it also appears in Kyogen (farce played during a Noh cycle) and dance performances.

• なお、以上より転じて、前垂れをよく締めていた商人、商家の奉公人をさして（職人などと対比的に）「前垂れ（掛け）」と言うことがある。
• Derived from an actual outfit, the word 'maedare' or 'maekake' is sometimes also used to refer to merchants and their employees (as opposed to craftsman or other professions) as they often wore a maedare.

• 大正12年（1923年）の関東大震災により壊滅状態に陥った東京から寿司職人が離散し、江戸前寿しが日本全国に広まったとも言われる。
• It is said that as a result of dispersal of sushi chefs from Tokyo devastated by the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, Edomae-zushi spread all over Japan.

• おじいさん、おばあさん、姫、公卿・皇族、職人、商人、天皇、武士と「中世的キャラクター」がこの時代（10世紀）に既に出揃っている。
• All the medieval characters of this period (the 10th century) such as grandfather, grandmother, princess, lords, nobles, craftsmen, merchants, emperors and samurai were already present in this tale.

• その一方で自己の専売を確立した市場では座外の商人・職人の営業を禁止して座衆による独占を図り、座に属する小規模業者の維持に努めた。
• In the market where a za obtained an exclusive right to sell their merchandise, at the same time, they attempted to monopolize the market by prohibiting merchants and artisans who did not participated in that za from engaging in trade, and thus they sustained small traders belonging to the za.

• 現在も数件だが『浅草橋の鮒佐』や『柳橋の小松屋』など、職人の技により手造りの本物の佃煮が日本の食文化として今に受け継がれている。
• These days at a few establishments such as 'Funasa Co. Ltd. of Asakusabashi' and 'Yanagibashi Komatsuya,' etc., the authentic hand made Tsukudani produced by skilled artisans is testament to the heritage of Japanese cuisine that has been handed on to this day.

• それに伴って灘の職人が播州に出稼ぎに出て技術を伝えたことで、品質が向上したともいわれる（ブランドの詳細などは揖保乃糸を参照せよ）。
• Accordingly, it is said that skilled workers migrated from Nada to Banshu and transferred their techniques, thereby improving the quality (refer to Ibonoito for details of brand names).

• これは江戸時代に蕎麦の本場だった信州上田藩の藩主仙石政明が出石藩に国替えとなった際、大勢の蕎麦職人を連れて来て以来の伝統とされる。
• When Masaaki SENGOKU, the lord of the Ueda Domain in Shinshu, which was the major soba producing area in the Edo period, transferred to the Izushi Domain, he brought many soba chefs along to his new territory and it is considered that the Izushi soba tradition began.

• - 伝統産業に従事する職人や、鉱山や土木業などの産業に従事する者が集まってできた町、あるいはその産業・工芸品の売買によって栄えた町
• town formed with artisans engaged in traditional industries and those engaged in industries such as mining industry, civil engineering, and the construction industry, or a town that prospered as a result of trading related products

• 江戸期以前の日本には芸術家としての「画家」という概念が無く、絵画の専門家は絵を描く技能に長けた技能者あるいは職人と見なされていた。
• Japanese people did not use to have the concept of a painter as an artist in and before the Edo period, but they thought of a painting specialist as a technician or a craftsman who had excellent skills of painting.

• ある晩京の猿楽見物に訪れた家族の記事に仮託して当時の世相・職業・芸能・文物などを列挙していった物尽くし・職人尽くし風の書物である。
• This is a kind of mono zukushi (list of things) or shokunin zukushi (list of craftsmen), in which the author listed social conditions, trades, public entertainment, and culture under the pretense of a man who went to see sarugaku (a medieval Noh farce) at Kyo one night.

• また、聖徳太子の父ということで後世様々な説話に引用され、江戸時代には近松門左衛門が「用明天皇職人鑑」という浄瑠璃作品を発表している。
• As the father of Prince Shotoku, he appeared in various stories of the posterity, and Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU in the Edo period, for instance, published a Joruri work 'Yomei Tenno Shokunin Kagami' (The Mirror of Craftsmen of the Emperor Yomei).

• 金仏壇産地によっては木地師とは別に、「宮殿師」とよばれる、宮殿を製作する職人をおくところもあり、中には須弥壇まで製作する場合もある。
• In some producing center of gilded Buddhist altars, there are artisans specialized in Kuden called 'Kudenshi' other than the artisan for making wooden parts, and some of them may make Shumidan.

• 江戸時代中期に最大の隆盛を見せ、髪飾り専門の飾り職人が技術の粋を凝らした平打簪、玉簪、花簪、びらびら簪などさまざまな種類の簪がある。
• Kanzashi was most popular during the middle of the Edo period and ornament artisans using their refined techniques specializing in hair ornaments produced various kinds of kanzashi, such as hirate-kanzashi (kanzashi of flattened metal), tama-kanzashi (kanzashi with balls), hana-kanzashi (flower kanzashi) and birabira-kanzashi (kanzashi with hanging ornaments).

• なお、はがき作成ソフトウェアには筆まめ、筆王、筆ぐるめ、筆自慢、アジェンダ (企業)宛名職人、はがきスタジオ、楽々はがきなどがある。
• The postcard creation software includes Fudemame (Good Correspondent), Fude-O (Writing Brush King), Fude gurume (for postcard making), AGENDA (Kigyo) Atena Shokunin (for postcard making), Hagaki Studio (Postcard Studio) and RakuRaku-Hagaki (The design tool for postcards).

• 元和 (日本)元年(1615年)、光悦は、徳川家康から鷹ヶ峯の地を拝領し、本阿弥一族や町衆、職人などの法華宗徒仲間を率いて移住した。
• In 1615, Koetsu was given land in Takagamine by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and moved into the area along with followers of the Hokke sect (Nichiren sect), including the Honami family, townspeople and craftsmen.

• 刀鍛冶らの職人も、それまでの銘物としての一品生産を中心とする生産方法から、ある程度の使い捨てを念頭に置いた大量生産を行うようになった。
• Craftsmen such as swordsmith also switched from a manufacturing method centering on article-by-article production with swords inscribed with the name of the swordsmith to quantity production with an eye on disposal to a certain extent.

• そして、そこ並んでいたのは、商人の商家や職人の工房であり、それに対し、公家や武家は、より洪水の危険の及ぶ東洞院通以東に居を構えていた。
• The merchant houses and factories of the craftspeople lined the street, whereas the courtiers and military families had homes east of the Higashinotoin-dori Street, which was more prone to flooding.

• 「我々職人の作るものとは違うし、やっと私が境地に入ったところをもうすでに感じとられて作っておられたということに驚愕する」と評している。
• He also commented, 'Those statues are different from what our experts make and I am astonished that he already felt a state of mind that I finally attained with difficulty in making those statues.'

• 最盛期は明治時代から大正時代にかけてのころで、呉服の街として名高い日本橋 (東京都中央区)には葛籠の職人も多く、葛籠屋の組合もあった。
• Its height was from the Meiji period to the Taisho period and there were many tsuzura craftsman in Nihonbashi (Chuo Ward, Tokyo), a famous town for kimono, and there was also a tsuzura traders' union.

• そしてそういうプログラムはもう 10 年とか 15 年とか存在していて、一部一部ごとに、職人が次々と新しい機能を足してったものなんだ。
• And these are programs that have existed for ten years or perhaps fifteen years, growing piece by piece as one craftsman after an other added new features.

• ロシアの金細工職人で、宝石を飾りと琺瑯を塗られたイースターエッグをヨーロッパ王族のために作ったことで知られる（1846年−1920年）
• Russian goldsmith noted for creating a series of jeweled and enameled Easter eggs for European royalty (1846-1920)

• 大坂で傘職人をしていたが、京都の蘭方医小石元俊と天文学者間重富に才能を見出され、ふたりの紹介と経済的支援を得て27歳で江戸に遊学する。
• He was working as an umbrella maker in Osaka when a Ranpoi of Kyoto, Genshun KOISHI and an astronomer Shigetomi HAZAMA recognized his talent, and he went to Edo to study at the age of 27 with their introductions and financial supports.

• 受領名を有する商工業者が扱う商品は、ブランドとしての付加価値が認められ、同じ業種の職人がつくった商品の中でも、破格の値段で取引される。
• Merchandise dealt by merchants and traders with the Zuryomei was more valuable as a brand and traded at the most extraordinary price among the merchandise made by craftsmen in the same industry.

• そして、鍛冶職人八板清定に命じて、鉄砲を分解させて調べさせ、鉄砲製造に成功する（もう一丁は島津氏を通して、征夷大将軍足利義晴に献上）。
• Then, he ordered Kiyosada YAITA, a smith, to disassemble the firearm to investigate and succeeded to manufacture the firearm (The other firearm was presented to Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'] through the Shimazu clan).

• （少なくとも近代以降の）日本刀の製作は分業が徹底されているが、鞘に関してもそれ自体を作る職人と塗りの職人は別の者が担当することが多い。
• Manufacturing of Japanese swords are strictly based on the division of labor, and in most cases scabbard crafting and lacquering were done by different groups of people.

• 当時を知る職人にうかがうと、「あらかじめダミーの米を入れる袋を用意して店頭に置き、取り締まりを逃れて営業したこともある」とのことだった。
• A sushi chef who knows the situation of that time said, 'We sometimes placed in the front of my shop a bag in which dummy rice was put to avoid prosecution.'

• 宝暦5年（1755年）再び江戸に帰ると神田明神境内に蓮華庵を営み、大名・豪商から町人や職人に至るまで幅広い層に茶道の手ほどきをしている。
• In 1755, Fuhaku again returned to Edo and established the Renge-an within the Kanda-Myojin Shrine, whereupon he gave instruction in the tea ceremony to a wide strata of society, from daimyo and wealthy merchants to townspeople and artisans.

• 人に職人的な有用性を称賛させる古風な心の傾向は、この傾向が反映しているような性格の人の人生に長く一貫して慣らされたことの結果なのである。
• The archaic turn of mind that inclines men to commend workmanlike serviceability is the outcome of long and consistent habituation to a course of life of such a character as is reflected by this inclination.

• しかしながら、大衆小説として「身分の低い素浪人」のイメージを守り、早雲を伊勢氏の末流とし、鞍作りを業にする職人的人物として描かれている。
• At the same time, to maintain the image held by the general public of Soun being a lowly samurai, Shiba presented him as the descendent of the Ise clan and a saddle maker.

• 菊一文字印銀（きくいちもんじいんぎん）：慶長3年（1598年）頃に堺の南鐐座職人により慶長丁銀の鋳造にあたり、家康の上覧に供されたもの。
• Kikuichimonji Ingin: These Chogin were presented to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA by a craftsman of Nanryoza, Sakai City in 1598 when Ieyasu was planning to produce Keicho Chogin coins.

• 明治五年にはフランスのリヨンに職人の井上伊兵衛と佐倉常七を派遣してジャカード織機を導入、3年後には荒木小平が国産のジャカードを誕生させた。
• In 1872, artisans Ihei INOUE and Tsuneshichi SAKURA were sent to Lyons, France, and introduced Jacquard weaving machines to Japan, and three years later a Japan-made Jacquard weaving machine was produced by Kohei ARAKI.

• 初めは紺屋の染物職人であったが、初代歌川豊国の門下となり師を超えると言われた才能を持ちながら、最期は引退、歌舞伎役者の仮面売りを営み早世。
• At first he was a craftsman for dyeing goods at a Koya dye shop but later became a disciple of Toyokuni UTAGAWA the first, and although he had a good talent which was said to exceed his master, in the end he retired to run a business for selling the masks of Kabuki actors and died young.

• 楽（らく）をはじめとする職人を指導して好みの道具を作らせるとともに、みずからも茶室の設計、花入・茶杓の製作など道具の製作にも熱心であった。
• He instructed craftsmen like the RAKU family, having them make implements for the tea ceremony, and he also designed a teahouse and created utensils such as Hanaire (flower vase for tea ceremony) and a tea scoop.

• 別当や預 (役職)、奉行などの監督の下に鍛治・番匠・檜物師・鋳物師などの職人が集められ、権門のために工芸品や道具・器具を製造して奉仕した。
• Workmen such as Kaji (smith), Bansho (builder), Himonoshi (hinoki cypress craftsman), Imonoshi (caster) and so on were gathered under the supervision of Betto (administrator of a Buddhist temple), Azukari (an additional post to the chief of Naizenshi [imperial table office]), Bugyo (magistrate) and so on, and gave their service by manufacturing handicrafts, tools and instruments for Kenmon.

• 職人や陶工らを多数抱え、彼らに創作活動をさせ、織部焼、織部流の創始者とされている（ただし、織部焼への関わりを示す資料は殆ど残っていない）。
• He is believed to have hired a large number of craftsmen and pottery workers to have them create works of art, having been the founder of the Oribe-style earthenware and the Oribe school (however, there are few remaining documents that show his relationship with Oribe yaki).

• 江戸はもともと幕府の計画によって造られた都市で、初期は江戸城を中心として周囲に武家地を造り、そこに商人や職人を移住させる形で発展していった。
• The city of Edo was originally built based on the shogunate plan and then developed by building a warrior's district around Edo-jo Castle and allowing merchants and craftsmen to move to the city.

• 本阿弥光悦が、江戸幕府から与えられた、京都の鷹ヶ峰の地に、さまざまな分野の、町衆の文化人や職人、芸術家たちを集めて、独自の文化を築きあげた。
• Koetsu HONAMI gathered artisans and artists from machi-shu (towns people) of various fields in Takagamine, Kyoto, which he received from the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and subsequently build a unique culture.

• 江戸時代において、中層以上の商家などは表通りに独立した店を構えていたが、それ以外の町人、職人などはほとんどが裏町の長屋に借家住まいであった。
• In the Edo period, merchants of the middle class or higher had their stores facing main streets, but most of the other merchants and craftsmen rented dwellings in nagaya located along the back streets.

• そして普請を手がけたとの由緒を持つ石垣職人集団、いわゆる「穴太衆」はその後全国的に城の石垣普請に携わり、石垣を使った城は全国に広がっていった。
• The stone masonry group called 'Ano-shu Guild,' which had engaged in the construction of Azuchi-jo Castle, later took part in constructing stone walls of castle throughout the country, which contributed to the diffusion of the castle adopting the stone wall nationwide.

• 本友禅とも呼ばれる本格的な手描き友禅は多くの工程によって成り立つが、作家がオリジナルの創作を行う場合と職人の分業によって製作される場合がある。
• The authentic hand-drawn yuzen, which is also referred to as 'Hon-Yuzen,' is produced through many steps, and there are cases where an artist creates an original yuzen, and where it is produced by artisans based on the division of labor.

• そのため「B級映画」等と評されることもあるが、本人は「一部で無思想無節操の職人監督の典型との評があるが、それが何よりの褒め言葉」と語っている。
• As a result, his works were regarded as 'second-rate films,' but he himself said, 'some say that I am a typical case of a mindless and inconsistent director, but those words flatter me.'

• 京は富裕層向けを初めとした高付加価値商品生産地、すなわち工業都市として発展し、製品・職人が日本各地へと流れ、付随して京文化の影響を各地に与えた。
• Kyoto had been developed as a high-value-added commodity production area, or industrial city, such as those for the wealthy class, and its products and craftsmen circulated around various areas in Japan, which brought the accompanying influence of Kyoto culture to those regions thereon.

• しかし、浴衣メーカーや履物屋が痛くないように下駄を改良したり、足にあわせて鼻緒を調整する職人が各地で紹介された結果、歩きやすいものが増えている。
• However, as a result of improvement of Geta by yukata manufacturers and footwear companies so as not to cause pain, and of by introducing workmen who adjust Hanao to fit the toes in many places, easy-to-walk Geta are increasing.

• 大正時代になると自転車が普及し、自転車のハンドルに掛ける道具袋の需要が生まれ、薬屋、牛乳屋、大工、植木屋、酒屋などの職人用カバンの製造を行った。
• In the Taisho period, bicycles became widely used, which created demand for tool bags hung on the bicycle: the company thus manufactured bags for workers, including pharmacists, milkmen, carpenters, gardeners, and sake dealers.

• 江戸の中期ごろには鳶職人の間で盛んに唄われていた、町火消が鳶職人を中心に組織されたため、木遣り唄も自然と町火消の中に溶け込み受け継がれていった。
• In the middle of Edo period, kiyari was actively sung among tobishoku, and since machihikeshi was mainly composed of tobishoku, kiyariuta (kiyari song) naturally spread into machihikeshi and was passed on from one to another.

• 偉大な数学者とその数学者のはく靴をつくる職人とでは知性の面では大きな隔たりがある*7が、性質の面から言えば差は全くないか、あっても極めて少しである。
• From the intellectual point of view an abyss may exist between a great mathematician and his boot maker, but from the point of view of character the difference is most often slight or non-existent.

• 七十一番職人歌合に記されているように、室町時代の米売りや餅売りの女性たちは、桂包（かつらつつみ）または桂巻（かつらまき）と呼ばれる白い布を被っていた。
• As recorded in the 'Seventy-one Workmen's Competitions of Waka,' women peddling rice or rice cakes in the Muromachi period wore white cloth around their heads called Katsuratsutsumi or Katsuramaki.

• 江戸幕府は、庶民の暮らしが豪華になるとそれを「身分不相応」として取り締まることが多くあり、1つ六十文もするような高級なすしを作る職人を捕らえたとある。
• As commoners led a luxurious life, seeing it as life beyond their means, the Edo shogunate often cracked down on it and arrested sushi chefs for making expensive sushi costing as much as sixty mon a piece.

• 寿司職人も比較的安易に養成されている傾向があり、一例としてニューヨーク・タイムズ紙（2007年7月29日）は韓国人が主催する「寿司教室」を紹介している。
• Sushi chefs tend to be relatively easily trained and, for example, The New York Times (July 29, 2007) introduced 'Sushi Lessons' managed by Koreans.

• しかし、その福田屋の職人だった人物が御堀堂を、福田屋のういろうをよく食べていた人物が豆子郎を創業し、山口ういろうの味が現在まで受け継がれることとなった。
• However, since an employee of Fukudaya founded Mihorido and a person who favored the Uiro of Fukudaya founded Toshiro, the taste of the Yamaguchi Uiro has been passed on.

• 創造的な仕事の、主に瞑想にも似た見返りは過小評価してはならないけれど、職人の衝動というのは、おそらく部分的にはまさにこうした内面化からくるものなのだろう
• Though the primary meditation-like rewards of creative work should not be underestimated, the craftsman's urge is probably at least in part just such an internalization

• しかし、美味しい寿司が握れる職人になるには、市場で生鮮魚類を見極める力や、多様な魚の旬を知って脂が乗る時季は薄く切る、などの知識や経験、技術が必要である。
• However, to become a sushi chef who makes good sushi, an ability to distinguish fresh fish at a market, knowledge, experiences and techniques such as slicing fish more thinly when fish are fatty based on the knowledge about season of various kinds of fish, and so on are required.

• また、日常的に和服を着る男性は、女性と比べて少なく、作務衣・甚平が宗教関係者・職人など少数の男性に好んで着られているほかは、ほとんど見かけなくなっている。
• The number of men wearing Wafuku everyday is less than that of women such that few men wear Wafuku except for people involved in religion who usually wear Buddhist priest's work clothes called 'Samue' and artisans who usually wear light cotton clothing consisting of shorts and a jacket called 'Jinbei.'

• 応仁の乱の戦火を逃れて避難していた職人たちは、乱が終わると両軍の本陣の跡地である東陣・西陣に帰還し諸国で習い覚えた明などの新技術も加えて京織物を再興した。
• After the Onin War, weavers who had been evacuated to other places returned to the headquarters of both Nishijin (west camp) and Higashijin (east camp), and revived Kyoto textiles, employing new techniques which they had learned at various provinces, and some of them were introduced from the Ming Empire.

• 時代の流れで量産の必要性から、やや粗製濫造の傾向にある東京・大阪の唐紙屋に対して、伝統を重んじる京都の伝統工芸的職人の唐紙師の意地が示されていると言える。
• It can be said that it showed the spirit of kami-shi as traditional craftsmen in Kyoto who regarded tradition highly as opposed to the karakami makers in Tokyo and Osaka who tended to make crude kami-shi because of the necessity of mass production of current times.

• 天正年間（16世紀後半）、瓦職人だった長次郎が千利休の指導により聚楽第を建造する際に使用された土を使って焼いた「聚楽焼」（じゅらくやき）が始まりとされる。
• It is said that Rakuyaki began in the late 16th century when a roof tile artisan Chojiro baked 'Jurakuyaki' by firing the soil used in the construction of Jurakudai villa under the teaching of SEN no Rikyu.

• 倒壊家屋が多かったため、地震後の復興景気により大工や木材商が莫大な利益を上げたことを風刺し、これらの職人や商人がナマズに感謝する姿を題材にしたものもある。
• Because a large number of houses were destroyed and carpenters and lumber dealers earned a tremendous amount of profits thanks to a booming restoration economy after the earthquake, there ware also prints that satirized this and show carpenters and lumber dealers thanking a catfish.

• 古い日用品を発掘しその制作のための技術を復活させ、無名職人による日用の美を世に広め、新しい日用品を制作し普及しようとした「民芸運動」にかかわるようになる。
• He joined the 'Mingei movement,' which aimed to discover old daily necessities and recover the skills to produce them, to promote the beauty of ceramics for daily use produced by unknown artisans, and to produce and spread new daily ceramic necessities.

• さてブリキ職人が木こり自身をなおす作業をしている間に、ウィンキーたちの中の黄金職人は純金の斧の柄を作り、古い折れた柄のかわりに木こりの斧にはめたのでした。
• Now while the tinsmiths had been at work mending the Woodman himself, another of the Winkies, who was a goldsmith, had made an axe-handle of solid gold and fitted it to the Woodman's axe, instead of the old broken handle.

• 当初は、西洋建築の正しい知識を持たない職人が造った奇妙な建築と見られてきたが、第二次世界大戦後の明治建築再評価の中で、次第に高く評価されるようになってきた。
• Although it was initially considered strange architecture made by carpenters with no knowledge of authentic Western architectural techniques, it has gradually become highly regarded within the re-evaluation of Meiji architecture since the end of the Second World War.

• この豆乳が冷えないうちに凝固剤としてにがりを適度に加え、櫂と呼ばれる木の板で撹拌する（にがりを打った以降の一連の作業を寄せと呼び、職人の技の見せ所である）。
• A moderate amount of bittern is added to the warm soy milk as a coagulant, and it's stirred with a wooden board called a kai (paddle) (the series of task after the addition of bittern is called 'yose,' and it's a high point where the workman shows his technique).

• ここには非常に厳格な能力主義（いちばんすぐれた職人性が勝つ）があって、そして品質は自ら語るべきだ（いや、語らなくてはいけない）という倫理が強く存在している。
• There's a very strict meritocracy (the best craftsmanship wins) and there's a strong ethos that quality should (indeed must) be left to speak for itself.

• ここで、評判ゲームは忘れてこれをハッカー文化についての純粋な「職人気質」モデルから見た場合にも、こうした慣習は筋が通っていることは認識しておくといいだろう。
• It's instructive to notice that these customs make sense even if one forgets the reputation game and examines them from within a pure `craftmanship' model of the hacker culture.

• そのいきさつは、こうである。デメテリオという銀細工人が、銀でアルテミス神殿の模型を造って、職人たちに少なからぬ利益を得させていた。 (使徒行伝 19:24)
• For a certain man named Demetrius, a silversmith, who made silver shrines of Artemis, brought no little business to the craftsmen, (Acts 19:24)

• しかし、入港地は薺浦のみに制限され、歳遣船は半減、特送船の廃止、日本人の駐留の禁止、受職人・受図書人も再審査を受けるなど、通交は以前より制限されたものになる。
• However, the Dynasty imposed more restricted conditions such as the restriction on the entrance ports which designated Seiho as the only port where ships were allowed to enter, a 50% reduction in the number of saikensen, the abolishment of the tokusosen system, the prohibition of the settlement of Japanese nationals, and the recertification request for Jushokunin and Jutoshonin.

• 原理の上ではこれと似た意見が、職人階級ではもうすでに広く普及していて、もっぱらこの階級の意見に従順な人たち、つまりこの階級の成員に重苦しくのしかかっています。
• Opinions similar in principle to these, already prevail widely among the artizan class, and weigh oppressively on those who are amenable to the opinion chiefly of that class, namely, its own members.

• 明応9年（1500年）の『七十一番職人歌合』の唐紙師（かみし）の図には、「そら色のうす雲ひけどからかみの 下きららなる月のかげなり から紙師（かみし）」とある。
• On a picture of 'kami-shi' in the 'Shichijuichiban Shokunin Uta-awase' (Seventy-one workmen's waka competition) written in 1500, there is a waka written as; 'Although blue thin clouds were drawn on karakami, the moonlight is dazzlingly beautiful underneath. By a kami-shi.'

• 文安の麹騒動（1444年）以前は、現在では完全に杜氏集団のなかの仕事である日本酒麹についても、まだ酒造りの職人集団の仕事ではなく、造り酒屋の仕事ですらなかった。
• Although the production of koji (malt grown on rice used as a starter to make sake) is completely included in the job of a toji group at present, it was not included in the job of a sake brewing specialist group yet, and it was not even the job of a tsukuri-zakaya before the Koji Riot of the Bunan Era occurred in 1444.

• 爪掻本綴織は、普通の織り方と違って横糸を一気に通さず、縦糸数本ごとに掬い上げていくので糸を締めこむための器具を使わず職人が爪で糸を締めこんでいかなければならない。
• Unlike regular weaving, in tsumekaki hon tsurezure ori (literally nail-scratching genuine-tapestry weave), the weft is not carried through straightaway and the strands of warps are plucked, so the weaver does not use the tool to rake the weft, but has to rake the weft with the tips of his or her fingernails.

• たとえば造形を職業とする人のなかでも、他から決められた形を機械的に生産する職人タイプの人から、自らイメージしたコンセプトを具象化していく造形作家タイプの人までいる。
• Among creators, for example, some are 'craftsman' type people who mechanically produce things according to given designs, and others are 'plastic artist' type people who embody their own idea in their works.

• 江戸末期から明治初期に、江戸の染井村（現在の東京都豊島区駒込）に集落を作っていた造園師や植木職人達によって育成され「吉野桜（ヤマザクラの意）」として売り出していた。
• In the time from the end of the Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period, it was raised by gardeners and artisans of garden trees who had established a colony in Somei Village, in Edo (the present-day Komagome, Toshima Ward, Tokyo Prefecture), and was sold as 'Yoshinozakura' (meaning Yamazakura, or Prunus jamasakura).

• 確かに、何カ所かつぎはあたっていましたが、ブリキ職人はいい仕事をしていましたし、木こりは見栄っ張りではなかったので、つぎが当たっていてもまったく気にしませんでした。
• To be sure, there were several patches on him, but the tinsmiths did a good job, and as the Woodman was not a vain man he did not mind the patches at all.

• この見方では、こうした慣習は評判インセンティブの希薄化よりはむしろ、職人が自分のビジョンを自分の選ぶ形で実行するという職人の権利を守ることを重視していることになる。
• In this view these customs have less to do with the dilution of reputation incentives than with protecting a craftsman's right to execute his vision in his chosen way.

• これらの組み紐は熟練の職人による一点ものの手工芸品だったが、1882年ドイツのバーメンから、工業用の組み紐製造機が輸入され、組み紐業が産業として成立するようになった。
• These braided cord products had been one-of-a-kind handicrafts created by master craftsmen, but a braided cord machine for industrial use was imported from Barmen, Germany in 1882, making braided cord manufacturing an industry.

• だから、もしデメテリオなりその職人仲間なりが、だれかに対して訴え事があるなら、裁判の日はあるし、総督もいるのだから、それぞれ訴え出るがよい。 (使徒行伝 19:38)
• If therefore Demetrius and the craftsmen who are with him have a matter against anyone, the courts are open, and there are proconsuls. Let them press charges against one another. (Acts 19:38)

• この男がその職人たちや、同類の仕事をしていた者たちを集めて言った、「諸君、われわれがこの仕事で、金もうけをしていることは、ご承知のとおりだ。 (使徒行伝 19:25)
• whom he gathered together, with the workmen of like occupation, and said, 'Sirs, you know that by this business we have our wealth. (Acts 19:25)

• 松坂時代、日野から多くの商人や職人を引き連れて松坂の街づくりを推進したが、会津転封により完成を見届けることは出来ず、あとに入ってきた服部一忠、古田重勝に引き継がれた。
• During the Matsuzaka era, Ujisato brought many merchants and tradespersons from Hino to help build the town, but was transferred out of Aizu before the work was completed and the subsequently assigned Kazutada HATTORI and Shigekatsu FURUTA were left to carry on the work.

• しかし町の中でも商店や職人を積極的に贔屓にするが、不文律の拘束は弱く、町鳶、町大工、町火消しなどの「町」を冠する職方には我々の町の、という誇りをこめたニュアンスがある。
• The shop owners and the workmen were strongly favored among the town communities; however, the unwritten law had less binding, implying that people took pride in their own workers with the prefix 'machi' in the occupational titles, such as machitobi, machidaiku, and machihikeshi.

• 同教室では、1日4時間・6週間を全課程として寿司職人を養成し、学費1,000ドルでそのコースを修了した大勢の生徒はアメリカ各地の寿司屋や日本料理店のシェフになるという。
• In those lessons sushi chefs are trained with the entire course of four hours per day and six weeks, and many of the students who finished the course with the tuition 1,000 dollars become chefs in sushi restaurants or Japanese food restaurants across America.

• 現地の作庭家が日本をイメージして奔放に制作したものもあれば、日本から職人を招いて制作したものもあるが、いずれも「日本庭園」（Japanese Garden）と称される。
• Although there are gardens designed by local gardeners who only imagined Japan and produced their own wild designs by the inviting Japanese workmen, they are also called Nihon Teiens (Japanese gardens).

• 受職人（李氏朝鮮から官職を授かった日本人）及び受図書人（「図書」と呼ばれる通交許可証を持つ日本人）に対する再審査を行い、実態の伴わない者の資格を剥奪してその人数を減らす。
• Reducing the number of Jushokunin (Japanese given Korean government post by the Yi Dynasty Korea) and Jutoshonin (Japanese given Korean government evidence called 'Tosho' to be granted special privileges in trading) by re-examining them and disqualifying those who were in name, but not in deed.

• 板戸や明かり障子は建具職人によって作られるが、襖は一般に建具とは言わず、「ふすま」と言い、経師や表具師によって、幾重にも紙を張り重ねることによって「ふすま」となって行く。
• While wooden doors and akari-shoji are made by a workman for doors, fusuma is not included as doors generally, made with pasting paper several times by kyo-ji and hyogu-shi.

• 金座成立以後、後藤家は御金改役（ごきんあらためやく）として本石町の役宅において金貨の鑑定と検印のみを行い、実際の鋳造は小判師（こばんし）などと呼ばれる職人達が行っていた。
• After the establishment of kin-za, the Goto family only worked for appraising and approving of gold coins as Gokin Aratame-yaku (inspector of gold coins) at the official residence in Hongoku-cho and actual casting was performed by workmen called koban-shi.

• 近年は、日本人寿司職人を擁する本格的、もしくは高級志向の日本食レストランと、日本人以外のアジア系移民が配置された安価で気軽な日本風レストランとに二極分化する傾向が見られる。
• Recently there is a bipolar tendency of authentic or high-end Japanese foods restaurants and cheap and easy Japanese-style restaurants, where Asian immigrants are positioned.

• 6・7世紀の古墳に始まり、延暦寺の石垣や里坊等の石垣・石塔などで技術を磨き、大坂城・聚楽第・伏見城等の石垣構築に当たったが、綱家もこうした職人集団に支えられていたのである。
• After they developed their techniques through construction, first, Kofun (tumulus) in the sixth to seventh centuries, and then stonewalls of Enryaku-ji Temple and stonewalls and stone pagodas of small village temples, they got involved in the construction of the stonewalls of Osaka-jo Castle, Jurakudai residence and Fushimi-jo Castle, and it is supposed that Tsunaie got help and assistance from such professional groups.

• 博多織の発展と次世代職人の育成を目的とした特定非営利活動法人「博多織技能開発養成学校（博多織デベロップメントカレッジ）」が2006年4月に設立され、後身の育成が図られている。
• A specified nonprofit organization, 'Hakata-ori Development College' for development of Hakata-ori textile and training of next-generation craftsmen was established in April, 2006, which has fostered the younger generation.

• 日本の飴細工の歴史は、中国から来た職人が京都に住み町で売ったことで技術が伝来したといわれ、延暦15年（796年）の東寺の建立時に飴細工がつくられ、供物としてささげられたという。
• The history of amezaiku in Japan started when craftsmen from China lived in Kyoto and sold the products there, by which the technique was introduced, and in 796 when To-ji Temple was built amezaiku was made and dedicated as an offering.

• 愛染明王信仰はその名が示すとおり「恋愛・縁結び・家庭円満」などをつかさどる仏として古くから行われており、また「愛染＝藍染」と解釈し、染物・織物職人の守護神としても信仰されている。
• Aizen Myoo has been worshipped since ancient times as a Buddha that controls 'love, marriage and household harmony,' as its name shows; moreover, it has been worshipped as a guardian deity of dye and textile manufacturers by interpreting 'Aizen(愛染) as Aizen (藍染), or indigo.'

• 信太郎のものとなった一澤帆布工業は、2006年3月6日以降は営業を休止していたが、新たに本社近くに職人を10人、四国にある別法人の工場で18人（外注）の計28人の職人を確保した。
• Ichizawa Hanpu Co., Ltd. owned by Shintaro had suspended its business since March 6, 2006, but it newly employed 10 craftsmen for the factory near the head office and 18 for the factory of a separate entity in Shikoku region (contracting out) to secure 28 craftsmen in total.

• 技術者、職人、労務者その他の主として自己の知的又は肉体的な労働により職業又は営業に従事する者（前二号に規定する者を除く。）のその業務に欠くことができない器具その他の物（商品を除く。）
• Equipment or any other objects (excluding products) that are indispensable for the work of a technician, an artisan, a laborer or any other person who engages in an occupation or business mainly through his/her own intellectual or physical labor (excluding those prescribed in the preceding two items)

• 日本では飴職人は一人前とされる基準として、一日に一斗缶二缶分の水飴を加工して売り物にしなければならず、その重労働ができなくなると、飴を造形する技術を磨き、売り上げを稼いだといわれている。
• Japanese full-fledged candy craftsmen normally had to make starch syrup in two eighteen liter drums and sell them, and if they were not able to bear such heavy workloads they refined the skill of shaping candies and earned money.

• ただし、寛政3年（1791年）に鋳造を停止された京都・姉小路車屋町にあった金座はその後も廃止されず、禁裏御用の金細工及び上方における金職人統制などを後藤家の支配に従って幕末まで行っている。
• However, kin-za located in Anekoji Kurumaya-cho, Kyoto, where casting was stopped in 1791, was not abolished and gold working for official business of the Imperial Palace and control of gold workmen in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) and so on were performed under the control of the Goto family until the end of the Edo period.

• 当時、61歳だった重源は勧進聖や勧進僧、土木建築や美術装飾に関わる技術者・職人を集めて組織して、勧進活動によって再興に必要な資金を集め、それを元手に技術者・職人が実際の再建事業に従事した。
• Chogen, who was then 61 years old, organized monks (kanjin-hijiri and kanjin-so) as well as engineers and craftsmen to handle the engineering and decoration works so that the monks could collect the funds needed for rebuilding the temple and the engineers and craftsmen could start rebuilding the temple with the funds they'd collected.

• 一説によると、漆器職人が冬になると漆の乾きが悪くて困っていたところ、ある僧から風呂（漆器の貯蔵室のこと）に大根のゆで汁を吹き込み、そこで乾かすとよいと教えられ、その通りにするとうまくいった。
• According to one of them, when an Urushi-ware (Japanese lacquerware) craftsman tried to shorten the time period required to dry urushi-ware in winter time, he was advised by a Buddhist monk to dry urushi-ware in Furo (store room for urushi-ware) filled with water vapor from boiling water used to simmer Japanese radish, and succeeded in it by following this advice.

• 職人衆の知行を記している『小田原衆所領役帳』には、永禄二年(1559)の奥書があり、職人頭の須藤惣左衛門の二九一貫に対して、唐紙師の長谷川藤兵衛は四十余の知行を受けていたことが記されている。
• In the 'Odawarashu Shoryoyaku-cho' (a list of salaries for of people of various jobs, made under the orders of Ujiyasu HOJO) with Okugaki (postscript) of 1559, there are descriptions of salaries of craftsmen, such as; about 40 kan (absolute unit of currency) for Tobei HASEGAWA, a kami-shi, in contrast to 219 kan for Sozaemon SUDO, the head of craftsmen.

• 建前、棟上とは普請を生業にする職人がいる地域では、棟梁（大工）が中心になり大工の作成した番付表（組み立て手順書の様な物）を見て鳶職が軸組みの組み立てを行い一番高い棟木を設置する一連の作業を指す。
• In regions that have construction craftsmen, tatemae and muneage mean a series of processes for scaffolding men to construct the framework by reviewing a banzuke hyo (a kind of the construction procedure manual) made by the head carpenter and to place a ridgepole on the top.

• これは単に伝統にこだわっているだけではなく、特に西洋人の間では「日本の寿司職人は、素手で握っても食中毒を起こさない衛生的で清潔な職人」という西洋人独特のイメージを大事にしたいという理由もあるという。
• This does not only stick to a tradition, but there is a reason that western people want to protect their own image that 'Japanese sushi chefs are as hygienic and clean not causing food poisoning even when making sushi by hand.'

• ただし、寿司職人の間で戦前の寿司一人前分、握り寿司5つと三つ切りの海苔巻き2つを、太鼓のバチ（チャンチキ）に例えて「5かんのチャンチキ」と呼んだと紹介されている（篠田統『すしの本』1970年増補版）。
• However, it described that sushi chefs said five pieces of Nigiri-zushi and two rolls of Norimaki (vinegared rice rolled in a sheet of dried seaweed with various fillings in the center) cut into three pieces, which were equivalent to a sushi set for one person in prewar times, 'chanchiki (gong) of five kan' as compared to drum sticks (enlarged edition of 'Sushi Book' written by Osamu SHINODA in 1970).

• 寿司に魅せられたユダヤ人弁護士が職人を引き抜いて寿司屋を開き、顔のきくハリウッドの有名俳優たちが夜毎訪れて話題になったのもブームを後押しし、寿司屋の常連「寿司通」になることはステータス・シンボルとなった。
• In addition, under the encouragement of a topic that a Jewish lawyer who was attracted by sushi opened a sushi restaurant by headhunting a sushi chef, and famous Hollywood actors and actresses with whom such lawyer had many contacts visited the restaurant every night, it became a status symbol to become a regular customer of a sushi restaurant, a so-called 'sushi connoisseur.'

• 商人や職人に自由に利潤追求を許せば、その経済力によって支配階級が脅かされ、農民が重労働である農業を嫌って商工に転身する事により穀物の生産が減少して飢饉が発生し、ひいては社会秩序が崩壊すると考えたのである。
• The thought was that if merchants and artisans were allowed to freely pursuit profits, their wealth would threaten the ruling class and farmers would give up the hard labor of agriculture start new careers as sho or ko, decreasing agricultural output, leading to famine, and resulting in the collapse of the social order.

• 慶長期は小判師が吹屋職人を率い、各自で製造した判金を後藤役所に持参し、品位および量目（質量）を改めた上で極印の打印を受け両替商に売却することにより発行されるという、いわゆる「手前吹き」という形式であった。
• In the the Keicho Period, Kobanshi leaded Fukiya craftmen, submitting bankin (gold coins) they had made to Goto office, selling it to exchanger after correcting a carat and ryome (a weighed value) and having hallmark printed on it, which was called the form of Temaebuki.

• 生の魚や海苔にあった抵抗感を覆してブームといわれるまでになったのは、寿司は低脂肪で健康的な食べ物というイメージが定着したことの他、カウンターをはさんで職人と対面して注文するという形式のおもしろさがあげられる。
• Reasons why the resistance to raw fish and dried laver was removed and sushi grew to the extent of being called a boom were that an image that sushi was low in fat and a healthy food took root, and the style of ordering sushi to a sushi chef face-to-face over the counter interested them.

• 山東京山（山東京伝の弟）が弘化元年（1844年）に書いた『蜘蛛の糸巻』の中で練羊羹は寛政期（18世紀後期）に江戸の菓子職人である喜太郎という人物が初めて作ったという説を載せており、これを支持する専門家もいる。
• Kyozan SANTO (younger brother of Kyoden SANTO) wrote in 'Kumo no itomaki' (essay literature) in 1844 that neri-yokan was first made in the late 18th century by 喜太郎, a confectioner in Edo, and some experts support his opinion.

• 狩野家直系以外の絵師としては、川越・喜多院の『職人尽図屏風』の筆者である狩野吉信（1552 - 1640）、京都・豊国神社 (京都市)の『豊国祭図屏風』の筆者である狩野内膳（1570 - 1616）らが知られる。
• As painters other than the direct line of the Kano family, Yoshinobu KANO (1552 - 1640), who painted 'Craftspeople, folding screen' in Kawagoe Kitain, and Naizen KANO (1570 - 1616), who painted 'Hokoku Festival, folding screen' in Kyoto Toyokuni-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City), are well known.

• また、おまえの中では、立琴をひく者、歌を歌う者、笛を吹く者、ラッパを吹き鳴らす者の楽の音は全く聞かれず、あらゆる仕事の職人たちも全く姿を消し、また、ひきうすの音も、全く聞かれない。 (ヨハネの黙示録 18:22)
• The voice of harpists, minstrels, flute players, and trumpeters will be heard no more at all in you. No craftsman, of whatever craft, will be found any more at all in you. The sound of a mill will be heard no more at all in you. (Revelation 18:22)

• また、徳川家に服する諸大名の屋敷が設けられ、江戸に居住する大名の家臣・家族や、徳川氏の旗本・御家人近世の御家人などの武士が数多く居住するようになるとともに、彼らの生活を支える商人・職人が流入し、町が急速に拡大した。
• Also, residences of many daimyo (feudal lords serving the Tokugawa family) were built, and a large number of daimyo's vassals and families, and shogunal bannermen and retainers moved in, followed by the influx of merchants and craftsmen who supported the lives of those people, all of which contributed to the rapid expansion of the town.

• 木地師とは、山で木を採り椀や盆などの木製品に仕上げる職人で、奥高野から吉野にかけての山域には近江国小椋村（滋賀県東近江市永源寺町）を本拠地とした江州渡（こうしゅうわたり）木地師と呼ばれた人々が大正の頃までいたという。
• Kiji-shi were craftsmen who collected woods in mountains and made wooden products, such as bowls and trays, and it is said that in the mountain range from Okukoya to Yoshino there had been such craftsmen called 'Koshuwatari Kiji-shi' who had their base mainly in Ogura Village, Omi Province (Eigenji-cho, Higashiomi City, Shiga Prefecture) until the Taisho era.

• 近年、歴史学者の網野善彦が中世社会、近世社会における百姓身分に属する者たちが農民、山民、漁民、職人、商人などの広範な生業の従事者であったことを明らかにし、 '百姓＝農民' と一概にまとめた従来の歴史観に対し批判を行った。
• In recent years, historian Yoshihiko AMINO revealed that people who belonged to the hyakusho rank in the medieval and modern societies engaged in a wide range of vocations including peasants, mountain people, fishing people, craftsmen, and merchants, and criticized the conventional historical view of 'hyakusho = peasants' to collectively refer to them.

• 南北朝時代_(日本)に紙屋院そのものは廃絶したが、その職人と技術はそのまま京都における製紙業者に引き継がれ、蔵人所を本所として結成した紙座（和紙の製造・販売者による座）である宿紙上座は、その流れを汲んでいるとされている。
• Although Kamiyain was abolished during the period of Northern and Southern Courts, paper manufacturers in Kyoto took over Kamiyain's artisans and technology intact, and Shukushikamiza, which was kamiza (a trading association of paper manufacturers and distributors) with Kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) as its honjo (proprietor or guarantor), is said to have been one of their descendants.

• これを紙芝居やキセルの修理屋などのほかの商売の客寄せとして行うこともあれば、職人芸を見世物として独立させ、切り絵のようにその場で客の要望によって作っていくことにより、動物や花などを目の前で仕上げ、楽しませる商売となった。
• They sometimes did it for snaring customers of the other merchants such as Kamishibai (picture-story show) or repairers of kiseru and so on, or did it independently as a show of craftsmanship, where they made candies on the spot following the customer's request like the art of paper-cutting and shaped the forms of animals or flowers and so on in front of them and became an entertaining business.

• もしダーウィンが、ブルーノと同じように、人間のやり方にならって作用する創造の力という概念を拒否するとしたら、それは、この超自然的な職人という考えが基礎を置いている数多くの絶妙な適応を知らなかったためではないのは確かです。
• If Darwin, like Bruno, rejects the notion of creative power acting after human fashion, it certainly is not because he is unacquainted with the numberless exquisite adaptations on which this notion of a supernatural artificer has been founded.

• また、寒造りが主流となったことによって、酒造りは冬に限られた仕事となったので、農民が出稼ぎとして冬場だけ杜氏を請け負うようになり、やがて各地にそれぞれ地域的な特徴を持った杜氏の職人集団が生成されていったという側面もうまれた。
• As kanzukuri became the main method, sake brewing became restricted to winter and farmers became sake brewers as an extra job only during the winter, and toji worker groups began to form in each district.

• 「聖徳太子は観音菩薩の生まれ変わりである」として、太子自身を信仰対象にした例は古くからあるが、特に室町時代の終わり頃から、太子の忌日と言われる2月22日を「太子講」の日と定め、大工や木工職人の間で講が行なわれるようになった。
• Although people worshipped Shotoku Taishi as 'he is a bodhisattva' from a long time ago, particularly from the end of the Muromachi period, the day of 'Taishiko' was set on February 22nd, which was said to be the anniversary of Shotoku Taishi's death, and religious associations began to be held on that day among carpenters and woodworkers.

• 荘園・公領の運営には、運営実務に当たる荘官や、京都の荘園領主（本所）へ年貢などを運送する梶取などの運輸者、本所へ貢納する手工芸品を作る各種職人などの存在が不可欠であり、これら荘官・職人の職務の代償として与えられたのが給田である。
• The management of shoen and koryo required the existence of shokan, who did the daily management, couriers such as Kajitori who transported the nengu to the shoen landholder (Honjo) in Kyoto and various craftsmen who made handicrafts to be given to the Honjo and payment for the services of shokan and craftsmen were Kyuden.

• しかし、幕府の役職人事が知行高のみならずその職務能力なども考慮して行われるようになると、優秀な人材を抜擢して要職に就けた場合、それに伴う経費の負担をその知行高の範囲では賄いきれない場合もあり、却ってその幕臣が困窮する事態も生じた。
• However, appointment to a post in the bakufu came to be decided taking into account not only Chigyo daka (a stipend in terms of rice production of the estate) but also the functional skill of the person, and on occasions, some excellent samurai were chosen by the Shogun's retainers and installed in important posts, but they could not pay for the expenses associated with the post from their 'chigyo daka' alone and could fall into poverty.

• 客は、なじみの職人の前に陣取りあれこれと注文して、バー (酒場)でカクテルを注文するがごとく自分だけの特別な寿司を楽しみ、職人も、握り寿司より巻き寿司の方がバラエティがつけやすいため、これに応じて次々に新しい寿司を考案していった。
• A Customer enjoyed sushi specially made for him/her by taking a seat in front of sushi chef familiar to him/her and ordering this and that like ordering cocktail at a bar, and a sushi chef invented new sushi one after another in order to respond to a customer's request using a character of Maki-zushi that it was easier to give a variety to Maki-zushi than to Nigiri-zushi.

• 村がひとつの工業団地的性格を持ち、銃身等主要部分を作る鍛冶のほかに、銃床を作る「台師」、「からくり」と呼ばれる機関部や各種の金属部品それに銃身や地板（機関部基板）等に施す装飾の象嵌等にそれぞれの専門職人が居り、分業体制がとられていた。
• The entire village operated in a manner similar to an industrial estate, with craftsmen all specializing in a particular facet of firearm production such as those who manufactured important components such as the barrels, others known as 'taishi' who crafted the stocks, and those called 'karakuri' who made the mechanical parts and various metal components as well as the decoration and inlaying that was applied to the barrel and base plate.

• 彼らは、東陣の「白雲村」の練貫職人集団と京都での営業権を争ったが、永正十年（1513年）の下知によって京都での絹織物の生産を独占、天文十七年（1548年）に「大舎人座」の職人のうち31人が足利家の官となり「西陣」ブランドが確立された。
• After vying for the right to trade in Kyoto against a group of artisans of 'Hakuun village' in Higashijin who manufactured nerinuki (silk fabrics), 'Otoneri za' was granted a monopoly to manufacture silk fabrics by a letter of mandate dated 1513, and in 1548 thirty-one artisans of 'Otoneri za' entered public service for the Ashikaga family, establishing the brand 'Nishijin.'

• 現在では社会経済史的視点からの研究や戦国大名武田氏の権力構造の解明、家臣団の個別研究のほか、財政や治水事業、軍事や外交、交通や都市問題、商職人支配や郷村支配、宗教など各分野における実証的研究や民俗学的アプローチなど研究の地平が広っている。
• At present, empirical as well as ethnological studies are being conducted on various themes, including socio-economic history, power structure of the Sengoku daimyo Takeda clan, individual study of vassals, finance, flood prevention projects, military and foreign affairs, urban problem, ruling of merchants/craftsmen, ruling of villages and religion etc.

• 特に鎌倉時代に律宗（真言律宗含む）が再興されると、律宗が僧侶が私利私欲を抱くことを戒めて、利益を得た場合にはその公平な配分を義務付けたこと、更に新しい律宗が従来の教学研究専念を脱却して、布教による職人階層との関係を強めたことで評価を得た。
• After the revival of the Risshu sect (including the Shingon Risshu sect) during the Kamakura period, the Risshu sect gained a high reputation because it prohibited its monks from having self-interest, obliged them to divide profits (if any) equally among themselves, and shifted its priority from the study of teaching to a close tie with the working class through its missionary works.

• わずかに検修技術のみが高水準にあり、その他の技術的不備――機関車自体の基本構造が、その最たるものなのだが――の多くが、機関士や検修員ら、勤勉な現場職員の「職人芸」的な技量によって補われていた、という厳しい実情は、認識しておく必要があるだろう。
• A strict fact should be acknowledged that only checking/repairing technique was at a high level, but many of the technological bugs - the basic structure of the locomotive itself is the best example - were made up for by 'craftsman-like' skills of diligent staff members, like checking/repairing workers.

• 石作は只の鉢を持っていってばれ、車持は偽物をわざわざ作ったが職人がやってきてばれ、阿倍はそれは燃えない物とされていたのに燃えて別物、大伴は嵐に遭って諦め、石上は大炊寮の大八洲という名の大釜が据えてある小屋の屋根に上って取ろうとして腰を打ち、断命。
• Ishizukuri takes an ordinary bowl which is revealed to be a fake; Kurumamochi has a craftsman make an imitation, which is also revealed because the craftsman shows up; What Abe has brought is supposed not to burn, but actually it does; Otomo gives up bringing the treasure because of the storm; Isonokami dies because he tries to take the shell climbing up the roof of a shed on which a big pot called Oyashima of the Oiryo (a part of the Imperial Household) is set.

• 東大寺の再建については、周防国の税収を再建費用に当てることが許されたが、重源自らも勧進聖や勧進僧、土木建築や美術装飾に関わる技術者・職人を集めて組織して、勧進活動によって再興に必要な資金を集め、それを元手に技術者や職人が実際の再建事業に従事した。
• It was permitted that the taxes collected in Suo Province could be used to cover the reconstruction costs of Todai-ji Temple but Chogen personally assembled and organized fundraising monks, civil engineers and artists as well as soliciting donations to raise the funds required to rebuild the temple before proceeding with reconstruction work.

• ベテランの東野英治郎、小沢栄太郎らも含め、台詞を明快に発音できる新劇出身の俳優を多く起用した点は、同世代の石井輝男（新劇俳優嫌いを公言し、娯楽作品でもしばしば確信犯的に破綻させた）と対照的であり、洗練とダンディ、ウェルメイドを至上とする職人監督であった。
• In contrast to Teruo ISHII of the same generation (he publicly declared that he hated actors from the new school of drama, and he often assuredly destroyed the flow of the film even if it was an entertaining movie), Okamoto was a director with the spirit of a true artisan and always sought refinement, dandy-ism, and well-made jobs, by using experienced actors like Eijiro TONO and Eitaro OZAWA, and other actors from Shingeki (the new school of drama), who were trained to pronounce the lines clearly.

• 彼らは近代国家建設に要する技術習得のために日本人のドイツ留学を時の日本政府に進言し、政府は建築技師として妻木頼黄・渡辺譲・河合浩蔵の3人、石工・大工・人造石左官・煉瓦職・ペンキ職・屋根職・石膏職の高等職人17人で構成された総勢20人の青年をドイツに留学・派遣した。
• Based on Ende and Beckmann's suggestion that some delegates be sent to Germany to study and acquire the necessary techniques required for building a modern state, the Japanese government sent a learning mission to Germany consisting of 20 young Japanese people including Yorinaka TSUMAKI, Yuzuru WATANABE, Kozo KAWAI and 17 senior workmen who specialized in stonemasonry, carpentry, artificial stonemasonry, brick-laying, painting, roofing and plastering.

• 一面では、この演説の冒頭で述べた理論と同じく、自然の研究からではなく、人間の観察から導き出された(礼儀正しく言えば)理論、つまり可視的宇宙にその裳裾を見せている力を、人間をモデルにして、人のふるまいと同じように中途半端な努力でふるまう職人に転換する理論を導き出します。
• On the one side we have a theory (if it could with any propriety be so called) derived, as were the theories referred to at the beginning of this Address, not from the study of Nature, but from the observation of mens theory which converts the Power whose garment is seen in the visible universe into an Artificer, fashioned after the human model, and acting by broken efforts, as man is seen to act.

• 諸職人（刀鍛冶や、石工、薬売り、紺屋、筆結、木樵、鎧細工、笠張り、仏師など）や舟渡、陰陽師、宿曜師、山伏、禰宜、巫女、白拍子、舞々、楽人、能役者（端役）、連歌師、俳諧師、通事（飜訳業）、瓦版売り、高利貸（銀行員）などのように地域・時代によっては賎民とされた職業もある。
• Some occupations were defined as Senmin depending on the region/period, such as various craftsmen (swordsmiths, masons, medicine peddlers, dyers, pen makers, wood cutters, armor makers, umbrella makers, sculptors of Buddhist statues and others), boatmen, Yin yang masters, astrologers, mountain priests, shrine priests, shrine maidens, dancing girls, dancers, musicians, Noh performers (minor roles), linked-verse poets, haikai poets, interpreters (translators), news-sheet sellers, and usurers (bankers).

• 慶長丁銀の発行に先立ち堺の南鐐座（なんりょうざ）職人らは、菊一文字印銀（きくいちもんじいんぎん）、夷一文字印銀（えびすいちもんじいんぎん）および括袴丁銀（くくりはかまちょうぎん）を手本として家康の上覧に供したところ、大黒像の極印を打った括袴丁銀が選定され、慶長丁銀の原型となったとされる。
• Prior to issuance of keicho- chogin, workmen in Nanryoza in Sakai presented Kiku-ichi-monji-ingin (Ichimoniji is trims above and below the artwork of a hanging scroll), ebisu-ichi-monji-ingin and kukurihakama-chogin as a sample to Ieyasu, and kukurihakama-chogin where hallmark of Daikokuzo was inscribed was selected, and it was established as original of keicho-chogin.

• またそれ以外に、50年以前の受図書人（朝鮮王朝により通交許可を受けた者）・受職人（朝鮮王朝より官位を受けた者）の通交権の停止、入港場を釜山浦・薺浦（慶尚南道鎮海市）の二港から釜山浦一港に削減、加徳島以西に来泊する者は倭寇とみなす等、壬申約条よりもさらに通交の抑制を進める厳しい内容となっていた。
• In addition to this, the Teibi Yakujo was greater in severity than the Jinshin Yakujo in that it stopped the right to trade for Jutoshonin (Japanese given Korean government evidence to be granted special privileges in trading) and Jushokunin (Japanese given Korean government post who has special technique such as healing art) before 1550, reduced the entry ports from both Busan Inlet and Jepo (Jinhae City, Gyeongsang-namdo Prefecture) to one of only Busan Inlet, and took those who stayed on Gadokdo Island or further west places as wako.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)から室町初期に完成した『庭訓往来』には、「城下に招き居えべき輩」として多くの商人、職人の名を列挙しており、襖障子に関係するものとして唐紙師、経師、紙漉き、塗師、金銀細工師などが挙げられており、襖建具が分業化された職人を必要とするほどに、武士階級に相当普及していた事とが知れる。
• In the 'Teikin-orai' (Epistolary for Home Instruction) completed from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period, many names of merchants and workmen are described as 'people who should stay in the castle town' including masters of fusuma-shoji such as kami-shi, kyo-ji, paper making, craftsmen of lacquer ware and handiworks, and craftsmen of gold and silver handiworks, which shows that fusuma-shoji was widespread in the samurai class and they required specialized craftsmen.

• 日本国外では、手で握る作業を不潔なものと見なし職人が薄いゴム手袋やビニール手袋を嵌めることを求められている規則があるが、日本においては魚介を生食する料理の調理を素手で行うことは家庭でも行われているごく一般的な手法であるうえ、職人の微妙な手指の感覚を阻害するものであると見なされ、そのような習慣はない。
• In other countries, work done by hand is considered unsanitary, and there are regulations demanding sushi chefs wear thin rubber gloves or plastic gloves, but, Japan has no such custom because a method of preparing seafood eaten in fresh by hand is a very general method conducted even at home, and it is considered that rubber gloves or plastic gloves may dull a delicate sense of touch by chef's fingers.

• 土方から依頼されて新撰組の誠の旗をつくった染物屋の女主人を手ごめにし（女主人は恥じて自殺してしまう）、さらに罪のない職人の親方を斬り捨て、その弟子の職人たちと乱闘（大坂力士乱闘事件の改変）、あげくに親方の妹のお梅をまたも手ごめにする（お梅は発狂）など悪行をくりかえし、最後は土方と沖田たちに成敗される。
• SERIZAWA raped the female owner of the dyer who prepared the Shinsen-gumi's banner of loyalty (the owner was so ashamed that she killed herself), also slashed the master craftsman who was innocent, then scuffled with the craftsmen who were apprentices under the master (modified version of the scuffle with sumo wrestlers in Osaka), furthermore, raped Oume who was the sister of the master (Oume became insane), and continued other vicious deeds; he was eventually slashed as a punishment by HIJIKATA, OKITA and others.

• 貴婦人（きふじん）たちは、貴婦人たちで、みんなじろじろと、サンドリヨンの着物から、頭のかざりものをしらべてみて、まあ、まあ、あれだけのりっぱな材料（ざいりょう）と、それをこしらえるりっぱな職人（しょくにん）とさえあれば、あしたにもさっそく、この型（かた）で、じぶんもこしらえさせてみよう、と考えていました。
• All the ladies were busy studying her clothes and head-dress, so that they might have theirs made next day after the same pattern, provided they could meet with such fine materials and able hands to make them.

• しかしその一方で、一部の刀匠を除き多くの刀匠は本業（刀鍛冶）だけでは当たり前ながら作刀需要が少ない為生活が難しく、かと言っては上述の本数制限もあり無銘刀は作刀出来ず、武道家向けに数を多く安く作りその分稼ぐという事も出来無い為、他の伝統工芸の職人と同じく数々の問題を抱えているという事も理解しなくてはならない。
• On the other hand, however, most sword craft masters except some, naturally have difficulty making a living only by making swords due to the little demand for the creation of swords, but they are not allowed to make anepigraphic swords due to the restriction of sword numbers described above, so they cannot make lots of cheap swords for martial artists to earn money, and we must understand that they have various problems like other craftsmen have that are involved in traditional handicrafts.

• これは当時日本で一国ほどの価値があるとされた茶器や陶器を作り出す陶工を大名が藩の庇護の下、士分を与えるなど手厚い待遇をしていたのに比べ、李氏朝鮮では儒教思想による身分制において陶工は最下層の賤民に位置づけられ、奴隷的な労働を強いられるとともに、失策を犯した場合には体罰を課せられるという過酷な状況にあり、職人に対する根源的な差別があったことが原因である。
• The reason is considered as follows: In Japan at that time, potters who produced chaki (tea utensils) and earthenware, considered having a value equal to that of a province, were treated favorably, for example, given the samurai status, but in Yi Dynasty Korea, potters were designated as humble or lowly people with the lowest social status in the social status system based on the Confucian thought: They were forced to work like slaves and were placed in such harsh conditions that they were punished physically when committing an error, or in other words, there existed fundamental discrimination against craftsmen.

• 李氏朝鮮においては「」（ペクチョン/ ペッチョン）と呼び、七般公賤（官奴婢、妓生、官女、吏族、駅卒、獄卒、犯罪逃亡者）八般私賤（巫女、革履物の職人、使令：宮中音楽の演奏家、僧侶、才人：芸人、社堂：旅をしながら歌や踊りで生計をたてるグループ、挙史：女連れで歌・踊り・芸をする人、白丁）と言われた賤民（非自由民）のなかで最下位に位置する被差別民を指す言葉である。
• In Joseon Dynasty, hakucho was called Pekuchon or Petchon and the term for victim of discrimination placed in the lowest rank of the following people of the lower classes (unfree people): Shichihankosen (the following seven kinds of government-owned humble or lowly people: kannuhi [government-owned slave], kisaeng [female entertainers], court lady, Rizoku [lower ranked local government official], ekisotsu [guards], Gokusotsu ogre, criminal fugitive) and Hachihanshisen (the following eight kinds of privately-owned humble or lowly people: miko [a shrine maiden], a craftsman of leather footwear, shirei [musicians of court music], Buddhist monk, saijin [an entertainer], syado [a group which earned a living by singing or dancing, traveling around], kyoshi [people singing, dancing or performing with girls], hakucho).

• その例として、例えば平安時代から鎌倉時代の絵画である「扇面古写経」・「鳥獣人物戯画」・「信貴山縁起絵巻」・「男衾三郎絵詞」・「北野天神縁起（弘安本）」・「東北院職人歌合絵巻」などには「桶」が描かれており、絵画の制作年代から類推して、この「桶」は鎌倉時代以降に作られた結桶ではなく曲桶であり、曲物の「桶」が遅くても平安時代以降には日用的に使用されていたとされている。
• For instance, the paintings from the Heian period through the Kamakura period, such as 'Senmen Koshakyo' (ancient sutra manuscripts on a fan), 'Choju Jinbutsu Giga' (caricatures of frolicking birds, animals and humans), 'Shigisan Engi Emaki' (picture scroll depicting the stories about Mt. Shigi), 'Obusuma Saburo Ekotoba' (picture scroll of the Kamakura period), the Koan version of 'Kitano Tenjin Engi' (history of Kitano Tenjin Shrine), and 'Tohoku-in Shokunin Utaawase-emaki (Touhoku-in poetry Contest among persons of various occupations), depict 'oke' (wooden bucket); judging from the periods when these paintings were produced, these oke are not 'yuioke' (wooden bucket with a bottom) which were developed after the Kamakura period, but are 'mageoke,' which suggests that the 'oke' in a form of magemono was used on a daily basis after the Heian period.

• 1階の細部や内部については不明だが、上記フロイスの書簡では、キリシタンの身分ある女性が畳100畳を寄進したこと、「指物細工や木の細工」について京の職人の水準の高さ、および「イタリア人のオルガンティーノ師の建築上の工夫」に言及していることから、日本人職人の手による和風を基本としながら、ヨーロッパ特にイタリアの建築様式やキリスト教に関連するモチーフが加味されたものと推測される。
• The details of the 1st floor and the appearance of the interior are unclear but references in Luís Fróis's letter to the donation of 100 tatami mats by a Christian woman, the high standards of 'joinery and carpentry' among Kyoto craftsmen and 'the architectural expertise of the Italian missionary Organtino' have led to the assumption that the church, although created in a Japanese style by local craftsmen, was adorned with particularly European, and in particular Italian Christian motifs.

• 日本民藝館の創設者であり民芸運動の中心人物でもある柳宗悦は、日本各地の陶磁器、染織、漆器、木竹工など、無名の工人の作になる日用雑器、朝鮮王朝時代の美術工芸品、江戸時代の遊行僧・木喰（もくじき）の仏像など、それまでの美術史が正当に評価してこなかった、西洋的な意味でのファインアートでもなく高価な古美術品でもない、無名の職人による民衆的美術工芸の美を発掘し、世に紹介することに努めた。
• Muneyoshi YANAGI, who was the founder and key figure of the Mingei (National Art) Movement worked hard to discover beauty of folkish art craftworks by unknown craftsman of ceramic ware, dyeing and weaving, lacquer ware, and woodwork such as daily use ware in various places in Japan and art crafts in Korean Dynasties period and Buddha statues of traveling monk or mokujiki in the Edo period which had not been fairly evaluated and not fine arts or expensive antiquities in the western sense and introduced them to public.

• 学校は植民地が少なくとも4の人口を持つことで建設することができます。学校では親方職人が未熟な入植者に取引を教えます。人口が8に達すると大学にアップグレードすることができます。大学は二人の入植者によってさらに高度な取引を教えることができます。人口が10に達すると大学は総合大学になり、3人の入植者によりすべての取引を教えることができます。学校は教員一人がスキルを教えることができます。
• A colony with a population of at least 4 may build a schoolhouse, which enables some master craftsman to teach an unskilled colonist their trade. As soon as the population reaches 8, it can be upgraded to a college, in which additional trades can be taught by two colonists. Once the population reaches 10, the college can be replaced by a university, at which all trades can be taught by three colonists.A schoolhouse allows teaching skill faculty 1.

• 学校は植民地が少なくとも4の人口を持つことで建設することができます。学校では親方職人が未熟な入植者に取引を教えます。人口が8に達すると大学にアップグレードすることができます。大学は二人の入植者によってさらに高度な取引を教えることができます。人口が10に達すると大学は総合大学になり、3人の入植者によりすべての取引を教えることができます。大学は教員二人がスキルを教えることができます。
• A colony with a population of at least 4 may build a schoolhouse, which enables some master craftsman to teach an unskilled colonist their trade. As soon as the population reaches 8, it can be upgraded to a college, in which additional trades can be taught by two colonists. Once the population reaches 10, the college can be replaced by a university, at which all trades can be taught by three colonists.A college allows teaching skill faculty 2.

• 学校は植民地が少なくとも4の人口を持つことで建設することができます。学校では親方職人が未熟な入植者に取引を教えます。人口が8に達すると大学にアップグレードすることができます。大学は二人の入植者によってさらに高度な取引を教えることができます。人口が10に達すると大学は総合大学になり、3人の入植者によりすべての取引を教えることができます。総合大学は教員三人がスキルを教えることができます。
• A colony with a population of at least 4 may build a schoolhouse, which enables some master craftsman to teach an unskilled colonist their trade. As soon as the population reaches 8, it can be upgraded to a college, in which additional trades can be taught by two colonists. Once the population reaches 10, the college can be replaced by a university, at which all trades can be taught by three colonists.A university allows teaching skill faculty 3.