職: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 京職
- Kyoshiki
- Kyoshiki (the Capital Bureau)
- 職分田
- Shikibunden
- Shikibunden (rice fields granted to government officials according to their position).
- 摂津職
- Settsu Shiki (Administrative Agency of Settsu Province)
- Settsushiki
- かざり職
- maker of metallic ornaments
- 職と嫡流
- Job and main family line
- 職分家。
- Occupational Branch Families
- 職業性外傷
- occupational injury
- 京都守護職
- The Kyoto Shugoshoku
- 武士職能論
- The theory of samurai function
- 帳台の有職
- Knowledge of chodai
- 組織と役職
- Organization and Title
- 几帳の有職
- Parts of Kicho Screens
- 役職的地位
- Ranking of positions
- 三職推任問題
- Sanshoku suinin mondai (the question of the three alternative positions
- 地下家の世職
- Jigeke - Hereditary officials
- 2.水野忠職
- 2. Tadamoto MIZUNO
- 律令と官職制度
- Ritsuryo and the government service system
- 家職は明経道。
- The family inherited the hereditary academic skill of Confucian studies 'Myogyodo.'
- 武士職能論以降
- After the theory of samurai function
- 軍事貴族の官職
- Posts of Military Aristocrats in the Government
- 家業は有職故実。
- Family business was Yusoku kojitsu (usages or practices of the court or military households).
- 役職としての普請
- Fushin as an official title
- 「職能」武士起源論
- The theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function'
- 「職能」武士の起源
- The origin of bushi by 'samurai function'
- 終身の職であった。
- The position was held for life.
- 「職能」起源論の限界
- The limitation of the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function.'
- 吉田神社社職を世襲。
- For generations, the family head served as the administrator of Yoshida-jinja Shrine by succession.
- 職制機関における寄人
- Yoriudo within an occupational institute
- 「僧承瑾名主職売券」
- Deed of sale of the myoshu rights of Shokin (承瑾), a Buddhist monk'
- またその職にある人。
- It may also refer to a player of the otsuzumi.
- 四代(藩主) 徳川頼職
- The fourth (the lord of the domain): Yorimoto TOKUGAWA
- 家業は有職故実・装束。
- The family specialized in Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) and shozoku (costumes, clothing).
- 本職ガイドとのすみわけ
- Separation from professional guides
- 戦後、公職追放とされた。
- After World War II, Yukimitsu was purged from public service.
- 役職としての「武家執奏」
- Bukeshisso' as a government post
- 在庁官人の職務と別の側面
- Duties of zaichokanjin and other aspects
- 九皐会を主宰(職分家)。
- It presides over Kyukokai (an occupational branch family).
- 梅若会を主宰(職分家)。
- It presides over Umewaka kai (an occupational branch family).
- 名主職の売券の例(室町期)
- An example of a deed of sale of myoshu rights (Muromachi Period)
- 売渡申時久名之田畠名主職事
- I hereby certify that I sold my myoshu rights over the land in Tokihisa Myo village.
- 家業は香道、和歌、有職故実。
- Family business was kodo (traditional incense-smelling ceremony), waka poetry, Yusoku kojitsu (usages or practices of the court or military households).
- 1862年 京都守護職設置。
- 1862: 'Kyoto Shugo Shoku' (a position for keeping the order in Kyoto, placed over Kyoto Shoshidai) was introduced.
- 梅若研能会を主宰(職分家)。
- It presides over Umewaka Ken-Noh-Kai (Research Society of Umewaka Noh) (an occupational branch family).
- 茶釜を作る職人を釜師という。
- A craftsman making chagama is called kamashi (a tea kettle caster).
- 杉原氏盛:紀伊国加太庄地頭職。
- 杉原氏盛 - Jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) of Kada Sho in Kii Province
- (詳細は能職掌・能流派を参照)
- (Refer to the Noh Roles and Noh Schools for more details.)
- 職人(鍛冶、鋳物師、紺屋、番匠)
- Craftsmen (blacksmiths, metal casters, dyers, and carpenters)
- 美濃守護職は土岐頼康(頼貞の孫。
- After that, Yoriyasu TOKI (the grandson of Yorisada and the nephew of Yorito) succeeded to the position of Mino no Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Mino Province).
- 寛永年間に千家出入の職方となる。
- Joeki was an artisan who regularly worked for the Sen family during the Kanei era.
- 呪禁生 陰陽寮に職掌を奪われて消滅
- Jugonsei (students of healing sorcery); they also disappeared after their official duties were usurped by the Onmyoryo
- 釜師(かまし)は、茶釜を鋳る職人。
- Kamashi is a craftsman to found chagama (iron tea ceremony pot).
- 一 紫衣の寺住持職、先規希有の事也。
- In previous times, monks in purple robes were rare.
- 執権に次ぐ、もしくは執権に並ぶ役職。
- The position below shikken or equal to shikken.
- 戦闘には参加しないが名誉な職である。
- They did not participate in the battle, but this was an honorary job.
- 5月には諸国の本家、領家職が廃される。
- In the fifth month, the roles and responsibilities of the honke and ryoke within the shoen system were abolished.
- 父親の職は息子が世襲するものとされた。
- The son was supposed to succeed to the profession of his father.
- 市職員数 1,062人(2005年度)
- Total staff member of the municipality: 1,062 (Fiscal Year 2005)
- 売官(ばいかん)とは、官職を売ること。
- Baikan means selling government posts.
- 後に転じて「有職」と呼ぶようになった。
- This later became 'yusoku.'
- また、北条一門の諸国守護職の独占も進む。
- In addition, the Hojo clan occupied more and more positions of Shugo throughout the country.
- 地下家も堂上家と同様、世職世業であった。
- Like those of Toshoke, offices and businesses of Jigeke were hereditary.
- 職人給田の多くは国衙の近隣に設定された。
- Many Shokunin Kyuden were placed close to the Kokuga.
- そのほかに事務職員の主張が一人置かれた。
- In addition, one member of administrative staff was embedded.
- この場合の地頭の権利は地頭職と呼ばれた。
- In this case, the rights of jito were called Jito shiki (manager and lord of manor).
- 右件田畠名主職者、僧承瑾先祖相伝之地也。
- Myoshu rights over the above land were inherited by Shokin, a Buddhist monk, from his ancestors.
- 琵琶を弾くことを職業とした盲目僧の芸人。
- This term represents blind priest performers who vocationally play the biwa.
- 巻九 刑部省・大蔵省・宮内省・弾正台・京職
- Volume 9: Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Finance, Imperial Household Department, Imperial Prosecuting and Investigating Office and Kyoshoku (Administrative Agency of Kyoto)
- Volume 9: Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice), Okura-sho (Ministry of the Treasury), Kunaisho (Ministry of the Sovereign's Household), Danjodai (Board of Censors), Kyoshiki (the Capital Bureau)
- 近衛府の下級の官職名を代々与えられていた。
- The family had been given for generations lower-grade job titles at the Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards).
- - 神社の神職などの社家が集まってできた町
- town formed where shinto priests of a shrine gathered
- 駿河今川家:駿河国守護職を代々継承した嫡流。
- Suruga Imagawa clan: The main branch succeeded to Suruga no kuni shugo (provincial constable of Suruga Province) from generation to generation
- 地名は官職の唐名である『中書省』に由来する。
- The name was derived from 'Chushojo,' the Chinese name for an official rank.
- 寛文8年、父忠職の死により松本藩を相続する。
- In 1668, he inherited the Matsumoto Domain upon his father Tadamoto's death.
- これらは太政官の経費や職員給与に充てられた。
- The tax was then used to pay the expenses of the Daijokan or provide for workers.
- また、勧学田や博士職田の充実なども行われた。
- The court gave other preferential treatment as well, such as enlarging 'kangakuden' (fields provided in order to cover the students' expenses) and 'hakase-sikiden' (fields provided in order to cover the masters' expenses).
- 匠丁は木工寮や修理職に所属して工事を行った。
- Belonging to Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry) or Shurishiki (Office of Palace Repairs), Shotei were engaged in construction work.
- この場合の権門層の持つ作合を本家職といった。
- The sakuai that the influential families had was called honke shiki (the right that the honke had).
- また笛師の下には笛職人である笛工が付属した。
- A fueko (flute craftsman) was assigned to fuenoshi (flute player).
- また職分家は独自に玄人を養成する特権を持つ。
- Also, shokubunke has the privilege to train professionals by its own system.
- その最たるものが豊臣秀吉の関白職就任であろう。
- The most conspicuous example was probably Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's taking the post of chancellor.
- 征夷大将軍職は必須ではない)を中心としていた。
- The position of Shogun (Seii taishogun) was not strictly necessary).
- この時に、伊勢守護職を奪われたという説もある。
- There is a theory that Mochiyori was dismissed as Ise no Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Ise Province) on this occasion.
- それに伴って河内国司を格上げして河内職とした。
- On completion, the office of Kawachi kokushi replaced by the special administration structure of Kawachi Shiki.
- このうち山本は捜索を理由に同大を免職となった。
- Because of this searching YAMAMOTO was dismissed from the University.
- また翌2年には醍醐寺清滝宮の楽頭職を奪われた。
- And the next year, they were deprived of their Gakuto shiki (right to play sarugaku) in Daigoji Temple, Kiyotakimiya Shrine.
- (定年退職後、フルタイムのプロ落語家に復帰。)
- (After he retired, he came back as a professional rakugoka.)
- 又、経営形態も職業的経営に移行する傾向を見せた。
- There also was a trend for management to become more occupational.
- 在庁官人という名前の役職が存在したわけではない。
- This does not mean that an official position actually called 'zaichokanjin' existed.
- 内薬司は天皇家の診察と薬の処方が主な職掌である。
- The main duties of Naiyakushi were medical examinations of the Imperial Family and prescriptions for them.
- 昨今の減塩政策と職種で変る発汗量が関係している。
- The current low salt policy and the amount of perspiration varying by occupation are related to this.
- 室町幕府の職制はほぼ鎌倉幕府の機構を踏襲している。
- The staff organization of Muromachi Bakufu is more or less adapted from the organization of Kamakura Bakufu.
- 以後小槻氏は算博士と史 (律令制)の職を世襲する。
- Thereafter, members of the Ozuki clan inherited the positions of Sanhakase and Shi (official in charge of recording and managing the official documents).
- なお、江戸時代の平田職忠の同名の著書とは別である。
- A book with the same title written by Mototada HIRATA during the Edo period is a different one.
- 長である鎮守府将軍の職位は五位から四位相当である。
- The job grade of Chinju-fu shogun, Commander-in-chief, was equivalent to goi (Fifth Rank) or shii (Fourth Rank).
- - 寺院の住職や関係者・信者などが集まってできた町
- town formed with temple priests, people involved in temples, and where devotees gathered
- - 収入が少なく職の無い下級武士の救済でもあった。
- Kobushin was also done as a form of relief for poor and unemployed lower-ranking samurai.
- 発明者はアメリカですし職人をしていた日本人である。
- The inventor was a Japanese sushi chef working in the United States.
- 町人地は、侍町の外側に配された商人や職人の町である。
- The townsmen district was located outside of the Samurai towns and was the town for merchants and craftsmen.
- これにより敵対する斯波氏を廃して、遠江守護職を獲得。
- He defeated the hostile Shiba clan and became Totomi shugoshiki (military governor).
- しかし、平安時代末に小槻隆職が源頼朝の不興を買った。
- However, during the late Heian period, OTSUKI no Takamoto fell from favor with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 呪禁博士(従六位従七位) 陰陽寮に職掌を奪われて消滅
- Jugonhakase, of Jushichiinojo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade); this position disappeared after the Onmyoryo usurped their official duties
- 師義の子の山名満幸は新たに播磨国の守護職も得ている。
- In addition, Moroyoshi's son, Mitsuyuki YAMANA, newly gained a position as a shugo of Harima Province.
- 'また、僧尼を統括する僧綱という官職が設けられた。'
- Moreover, the Sogo (Office of Monastic Affairs), which controlled monks and nuns, was established.
- 当然彼らは荘官や郷司・保司以上の職は持たないのである。
- They, of course, did not have a Shiki which was higher than Shokan, Goji or Hoji.
- この時に奥州探題職を得たと言う説もあるが定かではない。
- Some suggest that he was appointed as Oshu Tandai (supervisors for the civil government and military affairs in Mutsu Province) in return, but it has not been verified yet.
- 江家次第(ごうけしだい)は、平安時代後期の有職故実書。
- 'Gokeshidai' is a collection of the books on 'yusoku kojitsu' (court rules of ceremony and etiquette), written in the later Heian period.
- また異なる身分・職業間の結婚も認められるようになった。
- In addition, marriage between men and women of different classes and occupations started to be allowed.
- いわゆる外様家臣は幕府の職につくことを潔しとしなかった。
- For vassals of collateral line, they was too proud to take a post of bakufu.
- しかし、土岐氏の伊勢守護職は認められずに仁木氏へ移った。
- However, The TOKI clan was not allowed to be assigned to Ise no Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Ise Province) and was transferred to the Niki clan.
- 15年、多病を理由に老中を免職となり家督を子忠輝に譲る。
- In 1730, he was dismissed from his service for frequent illness and the family estate was passed over to his son, Tadateru.
- しかし一人で三つの官職を同時に兼帯することは稀であった。
- However, cases where a person assumed three official positions concurrently were seldom seen.
- 当初は講堂や職員室・校長室内部に奉安所が設けられていた。
- At first, Hoan-sho (place for displaying the goshin-ei portraits and the Imperial Rescript on Education, the predecessor of Hoan-den) was established at the auditorium or inside the staff room or principal's office.
- 現代の日本において、勤務医の辞職を逃散と呼ぶことがある。
- In present-day Japan, the resignation of public practice physicians is sometimes called chosan.
- (年末には残留組に近かったとされる宮本英脩が復職した)。
- (At the end of the year, Hidenaga MIYAMOTO, who was close to those who stayed, returned to work).
- 針博士(はりはかせ)は、宮内省典薬寮に属する職員の1つ。
- Hari hakase (Doctor of acupuncture) is a member of Tenyakuryo (medical and pharmaceutical department) of the Imperial Household Ministry.
- 8月(司法制度、訴訟手続き、問注所・侍所の組織と職掌)、
- August: Judicial system, law procedures, organization and management of monchujo (board of inquiry) and samurai-dokoro (board of retainers.)
- ただしこの育成課程を終えた後もただちに職分にはなれない。
- However, the successor cannot become a shokubun immediately after this period of apprenticeship.
- しかし、寿司職人は用を足した後丁寧に手洗いに努めている。
- However, sushi chefs make efforts to wash hands carefully after going to the toilet.
- 「職能」起源論では地方の武士を十分説明できるわけではない。
- The bushi in local regions cannot be explained fully by the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function.'
- 官職についての解説について記した現存する最古の書籍である。
- The Kanshoku Hisho is the oldest reference book on government posts in existence.
- 美濃守護職は土岐頼忠(頼康の弟。康行の叔父)に与えられた。
- Yoritada TOKI (the younger brohter of Yoriyasu and uncle of Yasuyuki) was assigned to Mino no Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Mino Province).
- 当主は、大番や若年寄といった役職に就任する機会が多かった。
- The family heads mainly assumed the positions of Oban (a group of guards in the Edo shogunate) and wakadoshiyori.
- また、それに伴う得分(所務職(しょむしき))のことを指す。
- It also meant the income from management (shomu shiki).
- 翌2日、澄元は将軍に拝謁し、京兆家の家督と管領職を継いだ。
- On September 18, Sumimoto had an audience with the shogun and succeeded the head of the family as well as the post of kanrei.
- 更に朝廷の官職への推挙権や幕府の役職も恩賞の対象となった。
- Rights to commend meritorious warriors to posts in the Imperial Court or to appoint them to posts in the Shogunate were also regarded as rewards.
- 幕府は納銭方と呼ばれる役職を設けてこれらの徴税にあたった。
- The bakufu formed Nosenkata (an institution for collecting taxes from moneylenders and sake breweries) and collected taxes from these institutions.
- 売官とは、任料を納めた散位の者を官職に叙任することをいう。
- Baikan meant to give a certain government post to Sani (courtier without post) who paid ninryo (fee for getting an official rank).
- 若於此名主職仁違犯煩申輩出来時者、以本銭一陪可弁沙汰申候。
- If any third party should file complaints about this sale of myoshu rights in the future, I hereby agree to negotiate with the third party to refund the payment in full.
- 遊廓などで、多くは職業的芸人でない素人によって演じられた。
- In such a place as yukaku (a red-light district), it was often performed by ordinary persons who were not professional entertainers.
- 第83段「職の御曹司におはしますころ、西の廂に」(二場面)
- Passage 83 'When her majesty was residing in a room of the office, at the western part...' (two scenes)
- 専門の職人も現れ、非常に精巧なものが作られるようになった。
- Professional craftsmen were born, and they crafted extremely sophisticated dolls.
- 神職による修祓、祝詞奏上の後、神前に玉串を捧げて拝礼する。
- After a Shinto priest performs shubatsu (purification ceremony) and chants norito to gods, they present tamagushi (branch of a sacred tree) before the gods and then bow.
- 兼任する奏者としては、太神楽師や神楽師、邦楽家、神職など。
- Instrumentalists often perform roles in more than one genre as temple or shrine musicians, traditional Japanese music performers or as Shinto priests etc.
- 玄人は通常、修行後に師範もしくは準職分の職位を与えられる。
- A professional, after apprenticeship, is usually given the rank of shihan or jun shokubun.
- そのため、幕府で要職を占めるのは将軍家の譜代家臣達であった。
- Therefore, the important posts in the bakufu were occupied by shogun family's hereditary vassals.
- 送使・迎使など正式な朝貢の使いでない役職は人名の前に付した。
- The name of an unofficial post such as dispatching and receiving clerks was followed by the name of the holder of this post.
- 畠山・斯波両氏は没落し、京兆家は管領職を独占するようになる。
- Both the Hatakeyama clan and the Shiba clan were ruined and the Keicho family gained exclusive possession of kanrei post.
- 厳島神官松井氏 ; 周防国厳島神社の神官(祝詞職)の松井氏。
- The Matsui clan as priests of the Itsukushima-jinja Shrine: They served as Shinto priests of the Itsukushima-Jinja Shrine in Suo Province.
- かつては職員が配置されていたが、現在は完全自動化されている。
- Staff was once stationed at the lighthouse, but now the system is fully automated.
- 関東御口入地 - 将軍が地頭職を推薦、斡旋できる荘園、国衙領
- Kanto gokunyuchi - manors and provincial lands for which the shogun had the right to recommend Jito.
- 主計寮は税収(特に租庸調)を把握・監査することが職掌である。
- The job of Shukeiryo was to figure out and audit the tax revenues (especially those from So-Yo-Cho tax system).
- その本部は「職屋敷(邸)」と呼ばれ、京都仏光寺近くにあった。
- The headquarters of the organization were called 'shokuyashiki' (the national organization of the guild for the blind) located near Bukko-ji Temple in Kyoto.
- この場合も一般には再拝二拍手一拝であるが、神職の指示に従う。
- In this case, they are generally supposed to follow the same steps of bowing twice, clapping hands twice, and bowing once, but following the instructions of the Shinto priest is more important.
- 本職ガイドが居る地域ではそれとのすみわけが必要になってくる。
- The need to separate tourism volunteer guides from professional guides arises in areas where both are active.
- 大鼓は能楽の職掌のうちでももっとも役者数の不足に悩んでいる。
- Among the Nogaku performers, otsuzumi players are most shorthanded.
- 落胆した秀吉は甥秀次を後継者と定め、1591年に関白職を譲る。
- Downhearted Hideyoshi decided his nephew Hidetsugu as his successor, and he passed over the position of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the emperor) in 1591.
- 公家社会においては、家格によって昇進できる官職が定まっていた。
- In the kuge society, the highest government post one could reach depended on one's kakaku.
- 以後小槻氏は代々官人としての職を担い、地下家筆頭の地位を得る。
- Thereafter, generations of the Ozuki clan served as government officials (esp. ones of low to medium rank) and finally reached to the status of top Jige-ke (non-noble retainers who are not allowed into the Emperor's living quarters in the imperial palace).
- 家職を歌道とする三条西家の分家だが、漢詩の家柄として知られた。
- The Oshikoji family was a branch of the Sanjonishi family; although the hereditary business of the Sanjonishi family was the composition and study of waka poetry, the Oshikoji family was famous for their Chinese poetry.
- 1867年 王政復古 (日本)、京都町奉行所、京都守護職廃止。
- 1867: 'Osei fukko' (restoration of Imperial rule) in Japan was achieved and the positions of 'Kyoto Bugyosho' (in charge of the civil affairs in Kyoto) and of Kyoto Shugoshoku were abolished.
- しかし周防・長門の守護職は義弘の弟である大内弘茂に安堵された。
- However, the shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) of Suo and Nagato Provinces was assured to Yoshihiro's younger brother, Hiroshige OUCHI.
- また職人や廻船業者へ与えられた給田もあり、小給などと呼ばれた。
- There were also Kyuden given to handicraftsmen and Kaisengyosha (shipping agents), which were called Shokyu.
- または荘官職に補任することによって新たな所領を宛がったりした。
- They were also granted new territory by appointed to shokan-shiki (estate manager).
- 幕府の組織である公文所・政所・問注所・侍所に属する職員を指す。
- It indicates the staff that worked at bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) organizations such as Kumonjo (administration office), Mandokoro (administrative board), Monchujo (court of justice), and Samuraidokoro (board of retainers).
- 武家の官職の格付けは大名のランクに応じて明確に決められていた。
- A post which could be allotted to a certain buke was strictly specified according to the rank of that daimyo.
- その職務は耕作、雑務、馬引きなどであり、合戦にも駆り出された。
- Their duties were cultivation, routine tasks and umahiki (a job title where servants used horses to transfer people or trading goods one place to another), etc. and they were also used in battle.
- それでも職名には「とじ」の音だけが受け継がれたとする説である。
- This opinion insists that only the sound 'toji' was inherited in the job's name after all.
- が、やがて烏亭焉馬や三笑亭可楽などの職業咄家たちがあらわれた。
- Then later, professional story tellers such as Enba UTEI and Karaku SANSHOTEI appeared.
- 町人や大店は名誉職と割り切り利潤の還元という処世術でもあった。
- Chonin or odana thought of this as an unpaid job, and knew how to succeed in life by plowing a part their profits back into society.
- 芸風から分類すると片山家、橋岡家そのほかの職分家が宗家に近い。
- In terms of performance style, the Katayama family, the Hashioka family and other occupational family branches are close to soke.
- 乱の以前、平氏政権は主要官職を占めて多くの知行国を保有していた。
- Before the rebellion, the Taira clan government held many principal posts and had obtained governorship of many provinces.
- 春記の名は、死没するまで12年間在任した春宮権大夫の職名による。
- The name Shunki originated from the title of Togu Gon no Daibu (Provisional Master of the Crown Prince's Quarters) assumed for twelve years until his death.
- 政府による救済措置として、士族を職につかせる士族授産が行われた。
- As government relief measures, Shizoku jusan was implemented to get them into the workforce.
- 同年11月、満幸は出雲守護職を剥奪され京から追放されてしまった。
- In December of the same year, Mitsuyuki was stripped of his position as shugo of Izumo Province and he was banished from Kyoto.
- 「記念スタンプ」とは違い、寺社の職員や僧侶、神職などが押印する。
- Different from a 'memorial stamp,' it is stamped by staff or a Buddhist monk of a temple or a Shinto priest.
- 職業としての「酒屋」への移行に関しては「中世以前」を参照のこと。
- For how the 'sakaya' business started, refer to the section of 'In the medieval period or before.'
- 時には光瑞みずからが、技手、職工として鋭意従事することもあった。
- Kozui himself sometimes worked hard as an engineer and a workman.
- 落語家(らくごか)は、落語を演じて視聴させることを職業とする人。
- A rakugoka performs rakugo (traditional comic storytelling) as an occupation.
- 男性の職業として「らしくない仕事」の代名詞とされた時代もあった。
- There was a time when it was regarded as a synonym for 'less masculine' as a profession of men.
- 一般によくいわれる、有職人形はこのような製作手順がとられている。
- The commonly called yusoku ningyo (noble dolls) are made by this method.
- これには先述の奏法の違いや奏者の兼任する職業なども影響している。
- As mentioned before, this may also depend on the instrument being played as well as the type of employment concurrently held by the performer.
- 結果家斉の機嫌を損ね、事件後に松平定信が失脚、辞職する遠因となる。
- As a result, Ienari was offended, and Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA was ousted after the incident and so became the remote cause of a resignation.
- その後、彼らの多くは乞われて新政府に出仕し、新政府の要職に就いた。
- After that, they were asked to work for the new government, and were appointed to high-ranking positions.
- 大社の世襲神職家14家、浄土真宗系の世襲門跡家4家も男爵となった。
- Fourteen families of hereditary head shinto priests at taisha (powerful shrines or time-honored shrines) and four hereditary head priests at temples of Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) were also ranked as Danshaku.
- 小野宮流(おののみやりゅう)は、平安時代に始まった有職故実の流派。
- The Ononomiya school was a school of Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past), which dated back to the Heian period.
- 忠能の孫の中山孝麿は宮内庁東宮職や東宮大夫、宮中顧問官を歴任した。
- Takamaro NAKAYAMA, who was a grandson of Tadayasu filled various posts including being a member of the Board of the Crown Prince's Affairs of the Imperial Household Agency, Togu-daifu (the Lord Steward to the Imperial Prince) and imperial court councilor.
- 相模松田氏は北条家家臣団として御由緒家七家に列し、家老職を勤める。
- The Sagami Matsuda clan ranked the seven families of Goyuishoke (successive retainers of the Hojo family) as vassals of the Hojo family, and served as Karo (chief retainer).
- 応仁の乱の末期に南北伊勢守護職は一色氏、次いで北畠氏に与えられた。
- On the final stage of Onin War, Shugoshiki in the northern and southern parts of Ise Province were assigned to the Isshiki clan, followed by Kitabatake clan.
- また、代々鎌倉幕府執権職を継承したことから執権北条氏ともいわれる。
- It is also known as the Regent Hojo clan owing to its control of the hereditary title of regent of the Kamakura Shogunate.
- 室町時代中期以後には既に廃止されたらしく、幕府職制に確認できない。
- However, it seems to have been abolished after the middle of the Muromachi period because it cannot be found in the organizational chart of the bakufu thereafter.
- また、その他の武士の所領も元は自己の荘園や公領の所職が主であった。
- The shoryo of the other bushi (samurai) also mainly originated in the various shiki of their own shoen and koryo (public lands).
- また、医博士・針博士・案摩博士とともに医学に冠する専門職とされた。
- The position of jugon hakase was also ranked, together with i hakase (Master of medicine), shin hakase (Master of acupuncture), and anma hakase (Master of massage) as one of the medical professions.
- これに対して平家は横田河原の戦いで破れた城資職を越後国司に任じる。
- In response, the Taira clan appointed Sukemoto JO, who had been defeated in the battle at Yokota River, as the provincial governor of Echigo Province.
- 後に有職故実を司る徳大寺家(九条流)、大炊御門家(御堂流)が出た。
- The Tokudaiji family (Kujo school) and the Oinomikado family (Mido School) who governed Yusoku kojitsu subsequently emerged.
- 安芸武田氏が若狭国守護職を得たことから武田氏若狭武田氏に伝わった。
- When the Aki Takeda clan held Wakasa shugoshiki (the military governor of Wakasa Province), the Tekeda clan of Wakasa, Wakasa Takeda clan inherited the ancient practices.
- また各方はそれぞれに流儀があり、他の職掌を兼務することは一切ない。
- Each role has different styles, and one actor never plays multiple roles.
- 明治維新に伴い、職分の廃業や宗家の断絶などが相次ぎ、一時衰微した。
- Following the Meiji Restoration, the Okura school waned temporarily due to a series of troubles, including the closure of the occupational branch families and the extinction of the head family.
- 応永元年(1394年)義満は将軍職を足利義持に譲り、太政大臣に昇る。
- In 1394, Yoshimitsu passed the role and responsibilities of Shogun on to Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and ascended to Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state).
- 主に官職の呼称と変遷、それにつくための家格・経歴について論じている。
- The book mainly discusses the titles of the government posts and their transitions as well as family social standing and experience required in order to be allowed to assume these posts.
- 町長職務執行者:津田雅司(旧上中町長)※町長の任期開始とともに失職。
- Executor of mayoral duties: Masashi TSUDA (former Kaminaka-cho town mayor) * Out of work as of the start of the mayoral term.
- 幕末に設置された京都守護職である会津藩主、松平容保の配下に置かれた。
- It was placed under the control of Katamori MATSUDAIRA, the feudal lord of the Aizu Clan, who held the position of Kyoto Shugoshoku, which was established during the last days of the shogunate.
- 現在では日本国憲法第14条において家職の概念は明確に否定されている。
- Currently, the fourteenth article of the Japanese Constitution clearly negates the concept of Kashoku.
- 一方、民間に対しては太閤検地や刀狩などを通じて家職への専念を求めた。
- On the other hand, the government reinforced Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and Katanagari (sword confiscation) on the public and asked it to devote itself to Kashoku.
- さらに摂津の国には摂津職(せっつしき)が置かれ、国司の職務も兼ねた。
- Settsu Shiki was located in Settsu Province and conducted the duties of a kokushi.
- 現代では政府の人事において賄賂により官職をあてがう場合に用いられる。
- These days, the term, Baikan, refers to gaining a government post by bribe.
- 衣裳人形は、様々な衣裳で製作され、その姿から身分や職業がわけられる。
- Isho-ningyo dolls are made with a variety of costumes, which can be used to distinguish the position in society and occupation of the doll.
- 矢来観世家(やらい-かんぜ-け)は能楽シテ方観世流の職分家のひとつ。
- The Yarai Kanze family is one of the occupational branch families of Kanze school of Nohgaku theatre shite-kata (main roles).
- 能楽師(のうがくし)は職業的に能楽を演じる人を指し、能役者ともいう。
- Those who perform Noh plays as a profession are called the Noh actors or Noh performers.
- 神社本庁で規定された女性神職装束はこの「袿袴装束」が基になっている。
- The costume of female Shinto priests specified by Jinja-Honcho (The Association of Shinto Shrines) is based on the 'keiko-shozoku.'
- ここで晴季は先年の信長への三職推任問題を念頭に秀吉に関白就任を勧めた。
- With Nobunaga's sanshoku-suinin-mondai of a few years back in mind, Harusue at this point recommended that Hideyoshi assume the position of Kanpaku.
- 中原祐安(清原頼業弟・中原師元養子)の子・平田職国(長兼)を祖とする。
- The founder of the Suino family was Motokuni (or Nagakane) HIRATA, a son of NAKAHARA no Sukeyasu (the younger brother of KIYOHARA no Yorinari, an adopted son of NAKAHARA no Moromoto).
- その子孫は守護職を斯波氏に譲った後も遠江に土着して駿河今川家に仕えた。
- His descendents continued living in Totomi and served the Suruga Imagawa clan after transferring shugoshiki (military governor) to the Shiba clan.
- 天明8年に免職となるが、寛政9年(1797年)には西丸老中に復帰する。
- In 1788, he was dismissed from the office but returned to the position of Nishinomaru roju in 1797.
- 長崎警護の役目がある唐津藩時代を除いて幕府の要職に付くことが多かった。
- Except the time in the Karatsu Domain when they served as police escort in Nagasaki, they mainly assumed Shogunate's key posts.
- 『官職秘抄』・『職源鈔』と並んで中世を代表する官職制度の解説書である。
- Along with 'Kanshoku Hisho' and 'Shokugensho,' this book is a typical instruction manual of the court official system during medieval times.
- 呪禁師(従六位正八位) 呪文等によって治療・陰陽寮に職掌を奪われて消滅
- Jugonshi, of Shohachiinojo (Senior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade), who attempted to heal patients using incantations; jugonshi disappeared from the Tenyakuryo after their official duties were usurped by the Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination).
- 河内職は道鏡が権力を握っていた時代、河内国に由義宮を建設し副都とした。
- Kawachi Shiki established Yuge-no-Miya Palace in Kawachi Province as a separate capital during the period in which Dokyo held power.
- これは備のみならずそれより上位・下位の部隊・役職総てに言える事である。
- This applies not only to sonae, but also to the troops above and below it, as well as all the positions.
- 前任者は、解由状を式部省へ提出して初めて、次の官職に就くことができた。
- Only after submitting a geyujo to Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies), is the former officer able to assume the next official position.
- 東京府東京市日本橋区日本橋蛎殻町の仕立職・中村力蔵の子として生まれる。
- He was born as a child of Rikizo NAKAMURA, who was a tailor, in Nihonbashi Kakigara-cho, Nihonbashi Ward, Tokyo City, Tokyo Prefecture.
- さらに教科書改訂を行い、教科書執筆責任者である喜田貞吉を休職処分とした。
- Furthermore, the textbooks were revised and the person responsible for writing the textbooks, Sadakichi KIDA, was suspended from his job.
- 付近の村落を城下に移住させたり、商人や職人を職種ごとに分けて移住させた。
- People from surrounding villages were moved into the joka and merchants and craftsmen were separated into their occupation.
- 老中支配であるが、任地の関係で実際には京都所司代の指揮下で職務を行った。
- Roju (member of shogun's council of elders) theoretically held control, but Kyoto Shoshidai (the administrative and political office) in fact held power due to its place of appointment.
- 1426年(応永33年) - 丹波猿楽の矢田座が伏見御香宮の楽頭職を得る
- 1426: Yata-za of Tanba Sarugaku (form of theater becoming the basis for Noh) assumed the post of Gakuto-shiki (right to play sarugaku) of Fushimi Gokogu-jinja Shrine.
- 治頼の子孫は紀州徳川家に仕え、徳川吉宗が将軍職を継いだ時に幕臣となった。
- The descendant of Haruyori served the Tokugawa clan, where he became a Shogun's retainer when Yoshimune TOKUGAWA ascended to the Shogunate.
- 同年父が老中在職中の不正を咎められ、2万石減封の上出羽山形に転封となる。
- In the same year, his father was accused of his misconduct during the time he served as roju; as the punishment for this, 20,000 koku was diminished and the territory was moved to Yamagata, Dewa Province.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)末期には組織・役職としては消滅したと考えられている。
- They were thought to have disappeared as an organization and post during the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- また、春澄善縄ら恒貞親王に仕える東宮職・春宮坊の役人が多数処分を受けた。
- Moreover, a lot of government officers of Togu-shiki (the Board of the Crown Prince's Affairs) and Togu-bo (Crown Prince's Quarters) serving the crown prince were punished.
- なお、加地子のみを得る名主を加地子名主職(かじしみょうしゅしき)という。
- In the meantime, myoshu, who only gained Kajishi, was called Kajishi myoshushiki.
- 室町幕府、江戸幕府などで、築城などの役務・役職名として普請も用いられた。
- Fushin was also used as a title for laborers during castle construction and so forth in the Muromachi and Edo periods.
- 季鷹は、有栖川宮職仁親王に手ほどきを受けた後、江戸にて文人墨客と交わった。
- Suetaka learnt poetry from Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Yorihito and moved to Edo to be with other writers and artists.
- 公事根源(くじこんげん)は、室町時代に一条兼良によって書かれた有職故実書。
- Kuji Kongen was a book on ancient practices and precedents of the imperial court written by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO during the Muromachi period.
- ただし天皇を君主とみなすのであれば、天皇の地位が「職」であるとは言い難い。
- However, if the Emperor is considered as the sovereign, it would be difficult to consider the position of Emperor as 'shoku (occupation).'
- 時頼は、病のため執権職を北条氏支流の北条長時に譲ったが、実権を握り続けた。
- Because of illness, Tokiyori ceded the position of shikken to Nagatoki HOJO, member of a branch of the Hojo clan, but he continued to hold the real power.
- 様々な公的行事で雅楽を演奏すること、また演奏者を養成することが職務である。
- Its duty was to play gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music which was introduced from China to Japan) at various public events and to train gagaku players.
- やがて各地にそれぞれ地域的な特徴を持った杜氏の職人集団が生成されていった。
- Soon, various craftsmen groups of toji who had various local characteristics had been formed.
- 当初萩原兼従は豊国神社 (京都市)の社務職となるが、豊臣家の滅亡により失職。
- At the beginning, Kaneyori HAGIWARA became a clerical worker of Toyokuni-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City), but he lost his job because of demise of the Toyotomi family.
- 信光は承久の乱でも戦功を上げ、安芸国守護職に任ぜられ、安芸武田氏の祖となる。
- Nobumitsu achieved distinguished war service during the Jokyu War as well, and he became the founder of the Aki Takeda clan after being appointed to shugo of Aki Province.
- 大名復帰後は、当主が側用人や老中といった幕府要職に就任する機会が多くなった。
- After returning to the daimyo position, they were assigned more important posts by the Shogunate such as sobayonin (lord chamberlain) and post of roju (member of shogun's council of elders).
- 清和源氏の河内源氏の流れをくみ、武家の有職故実を伝える一族としても知られる。
- The clan which is descended from Kawachi-Genji line of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), is also famous for handing down yusoku kojitsu (studies in ancient court and military practices and usages) of samurai families.
- 高橋はその武士論の前提として、身分を「出生身分」と「職業身分」にまず分ける。
- Takahashi first divided social rank into 'birth' and 'job' ranks as a premise of the samurai theory.
- 寿永二年閏十月十三日条には小槻隆職からの伝聞として、次のように記されている。
- In the section of 13th day of intercalary 10th month of 1183, the following is described as the report from OTSUKI no Takamoto.
- 宮中の侍臣、官人に職務上の怠慢や失錯があったとき、殿上口や近衛陣に監禁した。
- If court staff or officers neglected their duties or made a mistake, they were held at the entrance of the court or guard offices.
- 朝廷の官衙である和歌所・御書所・記録所・院文殿・後院などにおける職員を指す。
- It indicates the staff that worked in Kanga (government office) of the Imperial Court such as Wakadokoro (office of waka), Goshodokoro (office to maintain books in the Imperial Court), Kirokujo (land record office), Infumidono (the retired emperor's documents bureau), Goin and so on.
- 難波宮の廃止に伴い793年(延暦12)には摂津職が廃止され、摂津国と改めた。
- Settsu Shiki was abolished in 793 with the abolition of Naniwanomiya Palace and was replaced by Settsu Province.
- 平安時代中期から春宮坊に対して東宮傅と併せて「東宮職」と呼ばれることがある。
- Togubo (Crown Prince's quarters) was sometimes also called Togu-shiki (the board of the Crown Prince's affairs) in conjunction with Togunofu (an official in charge of education of the Crown Prince) from the mid Heian period.
- 造り酒屋(つくりざかや)とは、蔵で日本酒を醸造し、店舗でそれを販売する職業。
- The trade of sake brewers in Japan involves; making Japanese rice wine (sake) in warehouses and selling sake in retail outlets.
- それに伴いそれ以降は機械製麺が発展し、それにこだわりを持つ職人も少なくない。
- The machine-production of noodles developed accordingly, and quite a few workmen stick to it.
- 禁裏御用を勤めていた縁により、家元をはじめとする職分の多くが東京に移住した。
- Not only the head family but also many occupational branch families moved to Tokyo, taking advantage of the history that the Izumi school had long served as an official Kyogen school in the Imperial Palace.
- 後に建武の新政において役職を務める伊賀兼光や律僧の文観の関与も指摘されている。
- The participation of Kanemitsu IGA, who later became an official during the Kenmu Restoration, and the risso, Monkan, have also been suggested.
- 更に豊臣政権の確立を間近に控え、秀吉にそれ相応の官職を与える必要性が出てきた。
- Furthermore, it was necessary for the Imperial Court to designate Hideyoshi, who was on the verge of establishing the Toyotomi administration, in an appropriate official position.
- また、享保7年(1722年)には大津奉行の職務を統合して大津市の支配も行った。
- Also, in 1722, it merged with the duties of Otsu Magistrate to control Otsu City.
- 頼長のあと、持有、教春、常有(教春の弟)、元有(常有の孫)と守護職を世襲した。
- Mochiari, Noriharu, Tsuneari (a younger brother of Noriharu) and Motoari (a grand son of Tsuneari) served as Shugo by heredity, after Yorinaga.
- しかし、山名宗全(宗全)に一歩遅れる形となり、播磨守護職は山名氏のものとなる。
- However, he fell a step behind of Sozen YAMANA, and the Yamana clan took the post of Harima Shugo.
- 実頼・実資をはじめ、藤原公任や藤原資仲らの有職故実を輩出したことでも知られる。
- The family is also known for having produced Yusoku-kojitusu practitioners such as FUJIWARA no Kinto and FUJIWARA no Sukenaka as well as Saneyori and Sanesuke.
- いずれも校長室、職員室、宿直室その他に近い清浄な位置に設けられることとされた。
- In either case, it was a rule to establish Hoan-den at a pure location near the principal's offices, staff room, night watchman's room and so on.
- 9月末から10月上旬にかけて学生センター職員が二度にわたって吉田寮を訪問した。
- From the end of September to early October, officers of the student center visited Yoshida dormitory twice.
- 軍事貴族の「武家」としての職能はこの国衙軍制の中で十二分に発揮されたのである。
- In this military system, military aristocrats as 'samurai families' demonstrated more than enough capabilities.
- こうして、律令制以来の国司の職権は、室町期において名実ともに消滅したのである。
- Thus, the authority of kokushi, which had been maintained since the enforcement of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), disappeared both in name and reality in the Muromachi period.
- そのため家門は血縁関係以外に所領、官職、位階など人的要素とは別の拠り所をもつ。
- So, apart from its blood relationship, a kamon (family) has an anchorage other than a human element, such as territorial land, a government position or a court rank.
- 大弐三位のように夫の官職(大宰大弐)と本人の位階(従三位)をあわせる例もある。
- Another example is Daini no Sanmi that was made from a combination of her husband's title, dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) and her own court rank, jusanmi (junior third court rank).
- 平安時代中期から春宮坊に対して東宮学士と併せて「東宮職」と呼ばれることがある。
- From the middle of the Heian period, Togu gakushi and Togu-no-fu were collectively called Togu-shiki (the Board of the Crown Prince's Affairs) as contrasted to Togubo.
- 平氏一門は院庁別当・左馬寮・内蔵寮などの要職を占め、政治への影響力を増大させた。
- The Taira family took charge of several important offices, including the posts of Innocho Betto (chief administrator of the Retired Emperor's Office), Samaryo (Left Division of Bureau of Horses), and Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses), thereby greatly increasing their political influence over the government.
- 明徳の乱では義弘は大いに奮戦して武功著しく、和泉国・紀伊国の守護職を与えられる。
- Yoshihiro fought very hard and valiantly during the Meitoku rebellion, achieving a remarkable number of military victories and exploits, so he was also made shugo of Izumi and Kii Provinces.
- しかし、後醍醐天皇によって勲功第一と賞された尊氏は、新政の役職には就かなかった。
- Takauji, however, did not assume an official post in the new government, despite being rewarded, due to Emperor Godaigo's policy of valuing merit and distinguished service above all.
- 以下、まず古典的「開発領主」武士起源論と近年流行の「職能」武士起源論を記述する。
- First, the classical theory on the origin of bushi by 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' (local notables who actually developed the land) will be described below, followed by the recently popular theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function.'
- 荘園が消滅した後も、その名残として庄屋の職名や○○荘(庄)などの地名が存続した。
- Also after shoens disappeared, the job titles of shoya (village headman) or the names of places such as XXX sho (荘, 庄) and so on remained as their remnants.
- 基之のあと、持久(基之の孫)、勝信(基経の誤記か)、細川政久が守護職を継承した。
- Mochihisa (a grand son of Motoyuki), Katsunobu (could be a recording error of Mototsune) and Masahisa HOSOKAWA successively served as Shugo, after Motoyuki.
- 正親が南町奉行在職中であるので、その兄弟ではないかと推測されるが断定はできない。
- As this preiod is during the time of Masachika's tenure, it is conjectured that they could have been brother but there is no clear evidence to support this theory.
- 京に帰った後は上賀茂神社で神職となり、「雲錦亭」と名付けた文化サロンを主宰した。
- He then returned to Kyoto to become a priest in Kamigamo-jinja Shrine and organized a cultural salon named 'Unkintei.'
- 市長職務執行者(初代市長選出まで)藤原 秀夫(ふじわら ひでお) - 旧山城町長
- The administrator as the mayor (until the first mayor was elected): Hideo FUJIWARA, who was the mayor of the former Yamashiro-cho.
- 新規取立の城主として雁間に詰め、大番頭や奏者番といった役職に就く機会が多かった。
- As the new castellan, memebers of this family worked at Kari no ma (room for castle-owning fudai daimyo newly assigned after the establishment of the Edo bakufu) and often assumed the positions such as Oban gashira and sojaban.
- 本領美濃の他にも、尾張国と伊勢国の守護職を兼任する大大名となり、最盛期を迎えた。
- At the height of his prosperity, Yoriyasu became Daidaimyo (a feudal lord having a greater stipend), being in charge of shugoshiki not only in Mino Province, his honryo (main domain), but also Owari and Ise Provinces.
- 宝暦8年(1758年)に小姓組番頭格、宝暦10年に側衆と将軍近侍の職を歴任する。
- He served as Koshogumiban gashira (the chief of the bodyguard of the Shogun) in 1758 and Sobashu (aide of the shogun) and shogun-kinji (attendant of the shogun) in 1760.
- 律令(田令)において、口分田・位田・職分田・功田・賜田が班田収授の対象とされた。
- In the Ritsuryo system, Kubunden (rice fields given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system), Iden (fields given according to the court rank), Shikibunden (rice fields given according to the position of government officials), Kuden (rice fields given to those who did meritorious deeds for the state) and Shiden (rice fields especially given by the emperor) were rice land subject to Handen Shuju.
- 壽屋が「われら愛す」、日本教職員組合は「緑の山河」という楽曲をそれぞれ選出した。
- Kotobukiya selected 'Warera Aisu' (We Love our Country) and the Japan Teachers Union selected 'Midori no Sanga' (Green Mountains and Rivers).
- 平安時代には相撲司と呼ばれる親王を別当とした臨時の役職が設置されるようになった。
- During the Heian period, a temporary sumo office, the Sumai no tsukasa, was set up and supervised by Imperial princes given honorary roles as Betto (chief of the sumo office).
- 和服仕立職や染色工など、和服関連の職業の卓越した技能者が、今まで多数表彰された。
- Many of the prominent technicians in the trade related to wafuku, such as tailoring and dying, have been commended.
- そして職の体系を基盤として11世紀後期~12世紀に成立した体制を荘園公領制という。
- The system established from the late stage of the 11th century to the 12th century based on the Shiki system is called Shoen Koryo Sei.
- 馬寮の官職は清和源氏ゆかりのもので次期将軍候補とされた人物が歴任する事も多かった。
- The position at the head of Meryo (the imperial horse caring section) dates back to Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), and was often held by a supposed heir to the Shogunate.
- 頼之の末弟・細川満之を祖とし、細川頼重、細川氏久、細川勝久と代々守護職を継承した。
- The founder of the family was Mitsuyuki HOSOKAWA, the youngest brother of Yoriyuki, and a post of Shugo was successively taken over to Yorishige HOSOKAWA, Ujihisa HOSOKAWA and to Katsuhisa HOSOKAWA.
- 頼貞から守護職を継いだのは、勇猛な武将でバサラ大名としても知られる土岐頼遠である。
- Yorito TOKI, who was a brave busho (Japanese military commander) also known as 'Basara daimyo' (a feudal lord who behaves audaciously), took over the position of Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Mino Province) from Yorisada.
- 当時、ヤマト政権内において特定の職務を担当する同族集団、すなわち氏が存在していた。
- At that time, there were uji, or clan-based groups that were in charge of specific tasks under the Yamato administration.
- 更に宗教者・職人などを特定の公家や寺院(院家)に家職として統制させることを図った。
- Furthermore, religious persons and craftsmen were to come from specific aristocratic families and temples (Inke) for which it was Kashoku.
- なお、任官されながら実際に任国に赴かず官職に伴う給付だけを受ける国司を遥任と呼ぶ。
- A 'yonin' was a kokushi (provincial governor) who received all the benefits as the governmental officer without having ever gone to the place of appointment.
- 源氏の源頼朝により藤姓足利俊綱が滅ぼされると、源姓足利氏が領して地頭職を歴任する。
- After Toshitsuna ASHIKAGA of the Fujiwara family was ruined by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo of the Minamoto clan, the Ashikaga clan of Minamoto family owned it and successively inherited the position of jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor).
- そのため数学(算道)に関する技術が求められ、枢要の職として律令制崩壊後も存続した。
- Therefore the skill of mathematics (Sando) was required, by which it continued as a principal job after the collapse of the Ritsuryo system.
- ここで云う奉行とは、町奉行などの地方(ぢがた)の奉行職とは、全く異なるものである。
- Bugyo here is completely different from the provincial bugyo jobs such as machi bugyo (town magistrate).
- 有職料理 - 平安時代の貴族の社交儀礼の中で発達した大饗料理の流れをくむ料理様式。
- Yusoku-ryori dishes: Their style belonged to the line of the dishes for grand banquets that developed based on the codes of honor among nobles during the Heian period
- 盤鹿六雁命は大膳職長に任じられたと言われ、後に料理の神として祭られるようになった。
- It is said that Iwakamutsukari no Mikoto was appointed to the chief of Daizenshiki (Office of the Palace Table), and was enshrined later as the god of cooking.
- 当代は16代にあたり、12代・中村宗哲と並ぶ千家十職としては珍しい女性当主である。
- The family is now in the 16th generation, and the present head of the family is a woman, which is unusual for the Senke jusshoku and which joins the 12th Sotetsu NAKAMURA.
- 現宗家は喜多六平太 (16世)であるが、現在喜多流は職分会が宗家と絶縁状態にある。
- The Kita school, whose current headman is Roppeita KITA (the 16th generation), is currently disconnected with the school's shokubunkai (gathering of a school's occupational branch family).
- それぞれ専門の職掌の者が行うほかに、謡の稽古の際に師匠がアシライをすることもある。
- Each specialist performs, while a master sometimes conducts Ashirai in practicing Utai (the chanting of a Noh text).
- 太閤検地の実施を通して荘園公領制・職の体系を消滅させ、これにより中世は終焉を迎えた。
- Through Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), he abolished shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) and related posts, ending the medieval period.
- 天皇の勅旨を奉じた職事蔵人は太政官の陣定に赴いて上卿に対してその内容を口頭で伝えた。
- When the shikiji kurodo received the imperial edict, he took it to the jin no sadame (Council of State deliberation) and verbally conveyed it to the shokei.
- また、書博士の職務も本科(後の明経道)の学生に書を教えることが主であったようである。
- It also appears to be the case that the main duty of sho hakase was to teach calligraphy (which later became myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics)) to students.
- 一般に「荘園領主」と呼ばれる階層は複数の職の体系による重層的支配の下に成立している。
- A class called 'lord of the manor' was established on the basis of stratified ruling structures composed of Shiki systems (Shiki is a unit or an agency of sharing revenues and rights commended by landowners or name holders in Shoen system).
- 戦功として氏清には但馬国と山城国、満幸には伯耆国と隠岐国の守護職が新たに与えられた。
- As a reward for their achievements in the war, Ujikiyo was given the position of shugo of Tajima and Yamashiro Provinces, and Mitsuyuki was given the position of shugo of Hoki and Oki Provinces.
- 鎌倉時代から室町時代には、京都の公家が古典研究や有職故実の学問の担い手となっていた。
- From the Kamakura to the Muromachi period, nobles in Kyoto took responsibility for studying the classics or Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past).
- これは官職やレーエンが世襲化された結果で、大公家門、辺境伯家門、伯家門が形成された。
- This was the result of government positions and fiefdom being assumed on the basis of heredity; families of grand dukes, Markgraf and counts were formed.
- 北条氏(ほうじょうし)は、伊豆国出身の豪族で、鎌倉幕府の執権職を世襲した一族である。
- The Hojo clan was a gozoku (local ruling family) originating in Izu Province which provided hereditary regents of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 中国の律令制を元に作られた大宝律令では、算博士・算師と呼ばれる官職が定められていた。
- In Taiho Code, based on the Chinese system of centralized governance, there were the governmental posts of San hakase (Professor of Mathematics) and Sanshi (a court official in charge of calculation).
- 立花はこの解釈に基づき、三職推任を信長の勝利と位置づけ、朝廷が拒めなかったものとした。
- Based on this interpretation, Tachibana concluded that Sanshoku suinin indicated Nobunaga's victory over the Imperial Court which it was unable to veto.
- 和氏の嫡子である細川清氏は、当初将軍義詮の執事職(後の管領)として幕政の実権を握った。
- At first, Kiyouji HOSOKAWA, a legitimate child of Kazuuji, held the real power of the shogunate government as a steward (later kanrei [shogunal deputy]) of the Shogun, Yoshiakira.
- 平安時代後期の正三位修理職藤原顕季(1055年-1123年)を祖とする和歌の家である。
- The family was founded by Shosanmi-Shurishiki (officer of palace repairs at senior third rank) FUJIWARA no Akisue (1055-1123) during the late Heian period, and the family business was waka (poetry).
- 観応の擾乱に際して、範国の嫡男今川範氏は足利尊氏方に属して功を立て、駿河守護職を継承。
- At the time of Kanno Disturbance, Noriuji IMAGAWA, a legitimate son of Norikuni, sided with Takauji ASHIKAGA, distinguished himself on the fields of battles and succeeded to the military governor of Suruga.
- そのため、徳川家綱の補佐役として幕政に参与した保科正之は、幕府の役職にはついていない。
- Therefore, Masayuki HOSHINA held no post in the shogunate government although he took part in the government as an assistant to Ietsuna TOKUGAWA.
- 2004年(平成16年)6月 - 現職の市長である高日音彦が9代目市長として就任する。
- June 2004: Otohiko TAKAHI, current mayor, took office as the ninth mayor.
- 元宮内省の職員であった上野竹次郎が書いた『山稜』(1929年、増補1925年)による。
- This information comes from 'Sanryo,' which was written in 1925 and was enlarged in 1929 by Takejiro UENO, an officer of former Imperial Household Ministry.
- 新田氏惣領職は没収され、一族の世良田頼氏に与えられ、世良田氏とともに岩松氏が分担する。
- Nitta clan's soryo-shiki (clan leadership rights) was confiscated and awarded to one of its families, Serada clan, which was shared by the Iwamatsu clan, as well as the Serada clan.
- 名目鈔(みょうもくしょう)は、室町時代中期に左大臣洞院実熈によって書かれた有職故実書。
- Myomokusho was a book on the study of ancient courtly traditions and etiquette written by Sadaijin (minister of the left) Sanehiro TOIN during the mid Muromachi period.
- それらの学説は「武士職能論」と呼ばれ、その後髙橋昌明がラディカルな論客として登場する。
- These academic theories are called the 'Theory of Samurai Function,' and Masaaki TAKAHASHI appeared later as a radical debater.
- また、家制度の元で家業の維持が優先されたのも民間における家職の残滓と言える者であった。
- Under the influence of the Ie system, the maintenance of Kagyo continued to be prioritized among the public and this could be considered as a relic of Kashoku.
- ここに一門の持つ門業は家ごとに相伝される家業、すなわち家職へと転換されるようになった。
- The mongyo that a mon had became kagyo that was passed down the ie, in other words, transformed into Kashoku.
- 政府や諸官庁に勤めたり、軍人、教員などになる者もいたが、職がなく困窮する例も多かった。
- There were some who started working for the government and government agencies, or who became military men or teachers, but there were many who became impoverished without work.
- 律令制では、勧農は国司の職務として規定されており、国司による各種の勧農施策が行われた。
- Under the ritsuryo system, kanno was defined as the duty of kokushi and the measures and policies of kanno were implemented by kokushi.
- 国民的基盤に立った大学改革を唱えて東京工業大学教授を辞職し、朝日新聞論説委員になった。
- He resigned from his post, a professor of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, advocating the need for university reform based on people and became an editorial writer for Asahi Shimbun Company.
- 中には、経済力を背景として国司・荘園領主から名主職に任じられて名主階層となる者もいた。
- Some of these peasants were even appointed as myoshu by territorial governors or manorial lords and became members of the myoshu class.
- 千家十職の一つ「土風炉・焼物師」であり、代々土風炉(どぶろ)、茶碗などを製作してきた。
- They are designated to the 'doburo yakimono shi' (brazier maker and potter), which is one of the Senke jusshoku (which means 'Senke's ten designated craftsmen families,' representing the ten highly skilled craftspeople who are the recipients of traditionally transmitted skills within specific families designated to serve the major tea schools [Senke] in Kyoto), and they have produced doburo (a ceramic portable stove for boiling water to make tea) and tea bowls for generations.
- この皮むきの作業は非常に高い専門性を有し、限られた職人や加工場での作業が必要であった。
- As this skinning process required expertise, only a limited number of professionals and processing factories were able to do it.
- 日本国内外で数々の賞を受賞し、単なる職人としてではなく「陶芸作家」としての評価も高い。
- He has received various prizes from home and abroad, and also received high evaluation as a 'ceramic artist' not as just a craft worker.
- 柴司は自らの職務を遂行したのみであったが、自ら犠牲となる事で両者の関係悪化を食い止めた。
- Although Tsukasa SHIBA merely did his duty, he prevented the relationship between the two clans from being damaged, despite it costing his life.
- 網野善彦は職能民など非農民層に着目し、南北朝時代が日本史の転換期にあたると主張している。
- Yoshihiko AMINO focused on people with occupations other than farmers and suggested that the Nanbokucho period was a transitional time in Japanese history.
- 尊皇攘夷派は勢力挽回を試みており、京都守護職は新撰組を用いて市内の警備や探索を行わせる。
- The 'revere the emperor, expel foreigners' faction was trying to recover its strength, and the Kyoto protectorate used the Shinsen-gumi for security and searches in the city.
- 神祇伯は神祇官の長官であり、最上位の官職であるとともに、奉幣使としても重要な職務である。
- Jingi haku, the head of Jingikan, not only held the highest rank of the official posts but also played an important function as Hoheishi (an imperial messenger to a Shinto shrine).
- 久我家の諸大夫であった竹内季治(1518年 - 1571年:正三位・大膳職)を祖とする。
- The founder of the family was Sueharu TAKENOUCHI (1518-1571; Shosanmi - Senior Third Rank), Daizenshiki (Office of the Palace Table) who was a shodaibu (aristocrat lower than Kugyo) of the Kuga family..
- なお、歴史的な表現の方法として、親王または前職の征夷大将軍の尊称として大御所が使われた。
- As a form of historical expression, moreover, the honorific title, Ogosho (literally Big Gosho), was awarded to Imperial princes and cloistered Seii Taishogun.
- 尊氏の意向で下野国・上野国・越後国守護職を務め、北関東での支配的地位を磐石なものとした。
- On Takauji's wish, he served as Shugoshoku (Provincial Constable) of Shimotsuke Province, Kazusa Province and Echigo Province and built a solid dominant position in the Northern Kanto region.
- 応仁の乱の際にいち早く斯波氏が守護職をつとめる越前で下克上が発生するのはそのためである。
- When the Onin War started, the above situation resulted in Gekokujo (revolt of vassals against their lords) which quickly began in Echizen Province where the Shiba clan was serving as Shugoshiki.
- 大工・鍛冶は、職人身分に属する者が営む場合、水呑・借家あるいは百姓が営む場合、があった。
- Carpenters and smiths were practiced by people who belonged to the craftsmen rank, or by mizunomi (landless farmers), tenants, or hyakusho.
- こうした状況に疲弊しきった勤務医が、最後にとりうる抵抗手段として辞職を選ぶようになった。
- Exhausted physicians eventually chose to resign out of protest.
- このため天長3年当時、多数ある親王家を維持する財源と親王に充てるべき官職が不足していた。
- As a result, the government faced, in 826, a financial problem in supporting many Imperial Prince's families as well as the shortage of posts to be allocated to Imperial Princes.
- 飛来 一閑(ひき いっかん)は千家十職の一つ、一閑張細工師の当主が代々襲名している名称。
- Ikkan HIKI is one of the Senke jusshoku (Senke's ten designated craftsmen families) and the name is succeeded by the head of Ikkanbari saikushi (artisan of lacquered papier-mache) from generation to generation.
- 一方、権威が落ちた貴族達は大饗料理を作る余裕が無くなり、大饗料理は有職料理に姿を変えた。
- On the other hand, nobles who lost authority could not afford to serve dishes for grand banquets, and these dishes were altered into Yusoku ryori dishes (dishes prepared for the royal court).
- これらの所役は「披講会」という団体に属する旧華族の子弟が宮内庁式部職の嘱託として務める。
- Their functions are entrusted to descendants of the former nobility belonging to the group 'Hikokai' by the Board of the Ceremonies of the Imperial Household Agency.
- 守護は一国に1人ずつ配置され、謀反人の殺害など大犯三ヶ条や国内の御家人の統率が役割の役職。
- A single shugo was sent to each province and given responsibility for the Three Duties concerning arch-criminals, which included killing traitors and rebels, and put in charge of leading all the gokenin in the province.
- 守護大名は幕府から守護職に任命されたという権威を背景に、領国の支配を進めていったのである。
- The Shugo daimyos proceeded to exercise control over their lands by the authority that they were assigned to the position of Shugo by Bakufu.
- なお、現在では宮内庁長官官房(皇室経済主管及び主計課・用度課)がその職務を引き継いでいる。
- Currently, the Grand Steward's Secretariat (Treasurer of the Imperial Household, Accounting Division and Supply Division) is in charge of duties.
- 江戸時代には、滋野井公澄・滋野井実全・滋野井公麗と3代にわたって有職故実の大家を輩出する。
- During the Edo Period, three leading figures of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) in successive generations, Kinzumi SHIGENOI, Sanemasa SHIGENOI and Kinkazu SHIGENOI, were produced.
- そして神職における吉田家の優位は江戸時代になって寛文5年諸社禰宜神主法度の制定で確定する。
- During Edo period, predominance of the Yoshida family in Shinto priesthood was settled by the establishment of the shosha neki kannushi hatto (ordinances for shrine priests) in 1665.
- 子孫の一人である吉見頼行は能登吉見氏の庶家で、石見鹿足郡の地頭職を得て下向したものである。
- One of the descendants, Yoriyuki YOSHIMI was from a branch family of the Noto-Yoshimi clan and left the capital when he was appointed as a Jitoshiki (manager and lord of an estate) of Kanoashi District, Iwami Province.
- この佐々木氏は、源頼朝が関東地方で勃興するとこれに積極的に加わり、近江一国の守護職を得た。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised his army in the Kanto region, the Omi Sasaki clan took part in it positively and gained Omi shugoshiki (provincial constables of Omi Province).
- 奈良時代に孝謙天皇の発願により、僧・常騰(じょうとう)を開山(初代住職)として建立された。
- It was built in the Nara period at the wish of the Empress Koken having Joto, a priest, as kaisan (the first chief priest).
- さらにある者は上記の複数の地位を兼職することにより、現地での所領経営・支配に当たっていた。
- Some of them assumed several of these posts concurrently.
- 一時奥羽は鎌倉府管内に編入されるが、奥州探題職が作られた後は、大崎氏が代々探題に就任する。
- The Ou region was at one time incorporated into the jurisdiction of the Kamakura Government, but after the Oshu Tandai was established, the Osaki clan filled the position of Tandai for generations.
- 西宮記(さいきゅうき/さいぐうき)は、平安時代に源高明によって撰述された有職故実・儀式書。
- Saikyuki (Saiguki) was a book on Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) and rites, which was compiled by MINAMOTO no Takaakira during the Heian period.
- 四大節祝賀式典の際には、職員生徒全員で御真影に対しての最敬礼と教育勅語の奉読が求められた。
- In the four major festivals, all school staff and students were obliged to make a deep bow and read the Imperial Rescript on Education with respect.
- 翌仁和4年(888年)4月、天皇は左大臣源融に命じて博士らに阿衡に職掌がないか研究させた。
- In April 884 the next year, the Emperor ordered Sadaijin (minister of the left) MINAMOTO no Toru to get hakase etc. to study whether or not Ako was a position with no jobs.
- これを文章博士藤原佐世が「阿衡は位貴くも、職掌なし」と基経に告げたことにより大問題となる。
- As Monjo hakase (professor of literature) FUJIWARA no Sukeyo told Mototsune that 'Ako was a high-ranking position with no jobs,' this phrase developed into a big problem.
- 支配階層を武士として、それ以外の農民、職人、商人はその下に入る階層として厳密に区別された。
- The social class in Japan was precisely divided into four classes, putting the samurai at the top as the ruling class and farmers, craftsmen, and merchants into lower classes in order to put them under the samurai class.
- 女房名は、本人の父または兄弟、夫など、帰属する家を代表する人物の官職名を用いることが多い。
- Nyobona is usually created from the title or rank of the household head, such as her father, brother, or husband.
- 職人としては一流であったが、伝統工芸に理解のない時代だったため世間からは認められなかった。
- Joeki was a first-class artisan but since he worked during times when traditional arts and crafts were not appreciated, he received no public recognition.
- 手打ち蕎麦を製麺する専門的な技術を習得した者を蕎麦職人(そばしょくにん)と呼ぶことがある。
- Persons who have mastered professional skills to make soba by hand are sometimes referred to as soba chefs.
- 長慶は晴元の後任に傀儡の管領を立ててその職権を奪い、相伴衆の一員として幕政の全権を掌握した。
- Chokei raised another puppet up to be Harumoto's successor as Kanrei, meanwhile usurping the Kanrei's authority himself, and managed personally to seize the full power and authority of the shogunal government from his position as one of the Shobanshu (Shogunal advisor).
- 旧主の斯波義敏が越前守護職を回復せんと、朝倉氏の越前実効支配について幕府に異議を申し立てる。
- The former lord of the province, Yoshitoshi SHIBA brought to the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) an objection about the Asakura clan's effective control over Echizen Province, in order to recover the post of Shugo (military governor) of Echizen Province.
- 平安末期から鎌倉時代にかけて公家の家格が固定化され、家柄によって昇進できる官職が限定された。
- Between the late Heian period and the Kamakura period, kakaku of the kuge was fixed and the government posts one could attain were restricted depending on one's lineage and pedigree.
- 南蛮貿易や朱印状貿易、伏見銀座の運営にかかわり、江戸時代は徳川幕府の代官職を務めるなどした。
- The Sueyoshi clan was involved in trading with Spain and Portugal, trading with foreign countries which had a shogunal license called Syuinjo, and operating Fushimi Ginza (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver), and served as a local governor of Tokugawa Bakufu during the Edo period.
- 戦いに勝利した足利義尹が義稙と改名して将軍に復職し、細川高国・大内義興の連合政権が成立した。
- Yoshitada ASHIKAGA, who won the battle, changed his name to Yoshitane and reinstated as Shogun; a coalition government of Takakuni HOSOKAWA and Yoshioki OUCHI was formed.
- そして、貞治4年(1365年)には義種を侍所に推し、幕府中枢の要職を一族で集中させていった。
- Finally, he recommended Yoshitane to the post of samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) in 1365 and his family monopolized the important posts of the bakufu.
- 同年の南朝軍の摂津国侵入を阻止できなかったことから高経が道誉の摂津守護職を解いたためという。
- It is said that the above movement was triggered by the fact that Takatsune removed Doyo from the post of the Governor of Settsu Province on the ground of his failure in stopping the invasion of Southern Court's forces into Settsu Province in the same year.
- 京(平城京・平安京ほか)には左右の京職(きょうしき)が置かれ、京内の政務全般をつかさどった。
- The affairs of the capital city (Heijo-kyo, Heian-kyo etc.) were governed by Kyoshiki.
- この頃になると、直接の耕作者である作人の耕作権が作職として確立し、惣村の形成が見られ始めた。
- By this period, the right to cultivate by sakunin (local cultivators) was established as saku-shiki (the right of the cultivator), and the formation of soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) began to appear.
- 更に建武の新政では諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化は急速に進んだ。
- Moreover, at the Kenmu Restoration honke shiki and ryoke shiki in various provinces were abolished and Kansha (shrines) kaiho (liberation) edict was issued, therefore the monistical ruling was rapidly advanced.
- 4月(領地の繁栄と為政の心得、市町の経営と諸職業人の招致、商取引の施設と業種、諸国特産品)、
- April: Prosperity of territories, understanding of politics, administration of villages and towns, invitation of various professionals, facilities for commercial trades and types of business, and indigenous local products
- 寺社や宮司などに官職を給与した成功 (任官)(じょうごう)と同じく、売官によるものであった。
- It was the sale of official posts, like the jogo system under which temples/shrines and guji (the chief of those who serves a shrine) were given posts for the same purpose.
- 室町時代、東国では荘園領主の権限がかなり小さくなっていたため、名主職の形骸化が激しく進んだ。
- During the Muromachi period, manorial lords lost much of their control in eastern regions, causing myoshu rights to deteriorate considerably.
- 有職故実(ゆうそくこじつ)とは、古来からの先例に基づき、官職・儀式・装束などを研究すること。
- Yusoku kojitsu is the study of government positions, ceremonies, and costumes based on their ancient precedents.
- またはその流派や道場から門下生を指導教授する者に対して与えられる職位または免許・称号のこと。
- Or, it is a job grade, license, and title granted to teachers who instruct students from school or Dojo (training hall).
- (今日、ボランティアガイドが組織されている地域で「本職」が成り立つかいささか疑問であるが。)
- (There is now a slight problem that it is difficult for professional guides to become established in areas in which volunteer guides are organized.)
- 大内義弘は九州探題今川了俊に従軍して九州の南朝方と多年にわたり戦い、豊前国守護職を加えられた。
- Yoshihiro OUCHI joined the army of the local military commissioner (tandai) in charge of Kyushu, Ryoshun IMAGAWA, and fought against the Southern Court forces in Kyushu for many years, and as a reward was made shugo over Buzen Province (eastern Fukuoka today) as well.
- 京都守護職であった会津藩の京都における勤王・倒幕浪士の捕殺や、庄内藩による薩摩藩邸の焼き討ち。
- The catching and killing of loyal and leaderless warriors by the Aizu Domain in charge of the Kyoto Shugoshoku; burning down of the Satsuma Domain residence in Edo.
- 神領興行令により武家や凡下(一般民衆)による諸職は排除される結果となり、神領一円知行が進んだ。
- Under Shinryo Kogyo-rei, samurai and bonge (commoners) were excluded from various shrine positions, and Shinryo ichien chigyo (unified proprietorship of shrine estates) became more prevalent.
- 今雄が左少史兼算博士の職を与えられた後、853年平安京に移住を許され、名実ともに官人となった。
- After appointed as Sashoshi (assistant recorder of the left) and Sanhakase (official in charge of teaching mathematics and looking after mathematicians), Imao was allowed to move to Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan at present-day Kyoto) in 853 and became a government official both in name and reality.
- 時頼以後には執権職に就いた後にそれを一族のものに譲り出家し、実権を握り続けるケースが見られる。
- After Tokiyori, the head of the family would sometimes retain the real power after assuming the post of regent, handing over the position of head of the family to another member of the family and entering the priesthood.
- 1246年、経時が嗣子無くして没した際、時頼の得宗家家督、執権職就任は就任寄合で決定している。
- In 1246, when Tsunetoki died without a heir, the decision was taken at a meeting to choose his successor that Tokiyori would assume the reins of the Tokuso family and the regent post.
- 中原氏は明法道、明経道を司る家系で、大外記、少外記を世襲職とする朝廷の官務家として長く続いた。
- The Nakahara clan was specialized in Myobodo (the study of Codes) and Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics) and maintained for a long time its status as the Kanmu(a provider of official services) family for the Imperial court by inheriting positions Daigeki (senior secretary in charge of official documents) and Shogeki (junior secretary in charge of official documents).
- 室町幕府の成立によって一色満範が丹後国守護職となり舞鶴を含む加佐郡も一色家の統治下に置かれた。
- Kasa-gun including present-day Maizuru, came under the control of the Isshiki family, following Mitsunori ISSHIKI's rise to Shugoshoku (regional governor) of Tango Province after the establishment of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- しかし貞治2年(1363年)、再従兄弟である斯波高経と対立し、全役職をとかれて失脚してしまう。
- However, in 1363, he had an argument with his second cousin Takatsune SHIBA and lost all his posts.
- 義将の甥である斯波満種は1414年に将軍足利義持の不興を買い、加賀守護職を失って高野山に隠退。
- Mitsutane SHIBA, a nephew of Yoshimasa, incurred the displeasure of the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA in 1414, lost his position as Shugoshiki of Kaga Province, and retired to Mt. Koya.
- 南北朝時代には室町幕府の守護が自らの家人に対して、官途状を発給し、事実上の官職の私称を許した。
- In the period of Northern and Southern Courts, shugo of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) issued written appointments to their kenin, who were effectively allowed to call themselves governmental or provincial officers.
- 泰統は晴明から11代の子孫であるが、『尊卑分脈』によると泰統自身は陰陽師の役職に就いていない。
- According to ''Sonpi Bunmyaku', Taito himself was not Onmyoji though he was the 11th descendant of Seimei.
- また、村役人を勤める百姓を大前百姓、そのような役職に就かない百姓を小前百姓と呼ぶようになった。
- Hyakusho who held the position of a village officer were called omae-byakusho (wealthy farmers), whereas hyakusho who did not hold such a position were called komae-byakusho (small farmers).
- 治承5年(1181年)6月の横田河原の戦いにおいて源義仲が平家方の越後国の雄城助職を打ち破る。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka defeated Sukemoto JO in the battle at Yokota River in July or August 1181 (June 1181 by the old lunar calendar).
- 同じ談話者の『富家語』とともに、有職故実・公事を中心に当時の公家社会の実況を伝えて貴重である。
- As well as 'Fukego,' a quotation collection from Tadazane's discourse, Chugaisho is precious because it conveys the real lives of aristocracy at the time including yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) as well as official court events.
- また、10世紀後期には国衙職員と郡司が雑色人(ぞうしきにん)と一体的に呼ばれるようになっいる。
- In addition, officials in kokuga (provincial government offices) and Gunji began to be collectively called Zoshikinin (lower-level functionaries in the provincial government) in the latter half the 10th century.
- 現在は、様々な事情で作成が困難であるため、専門の木刀職人に流派独特のものを注文することが多い。
- Artisans specializing in bokuto often make these school-specific weapons to order as today, for various reasons, they are difficult to produce.
- 貴族社会の官職に依存していること、院政と連携して政策推進を行っていたこと、などがその理由である。
- The reason for this was because they relied upon the positions within the aristocracy, and governmental policies were in collaboration with the cloistered government.
- なお、この重層的支配構造は「職の体系」とも呼ばれ、それぞれの立場の職務と権限を「~職」と呼んだ。
- This multilayered governance structure was also called the 'Shiki system' and each job title and authority was referred as 'XXX shiki.'
- 元治元年(1864年)、江戸幕府は京都守護職配下として蒔田廣孝と松平康正を京都見廻役に任命した。
- In 1864, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed Hirotaka MAITA and Yasumasa MATSUDAIRA to Kyoto Mimawariyaku under the command of the Kyoto shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto).
- 武士は社会的な身分であるのと同時に、武芸という芸能を家業とする職業的な身分であるとも規定できる。
- The bushi can also be defined as a professional status whose family business was the public entertainment of military art as well as social status.
- 社会構造が急速かつ大幅に変質していき、従前の社会体制の荘園公領制を支えていた職の体系が崩壊した。
- Social structure changed quickly and in large scale and the Shiki system that had supported shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), which was the traditional social regime.
- 常照愚草(じょうしょうぐそう)は、戦国時代 (日本)初期の山城国守護職・伊勢貞陸による有職故実。
- Jisho-guso is a Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) written by Sadamichi ISE, the military governor of Yamashiro Province in the early Sengoku Period (the Period of Warring States) in Japan.
- 鎌倉時代初期に小槻隆職子孫の壬生家壬生家(小槻姓)と小槻広房子孫の大宮家大宮家(小槻氏)に分裂。
- In the early Kamakura period, the clan split into the Mibu family, the descendants of OZUKI no Takamoto, and the Omiya family, the descendants of OZUKI no Hirofusa.
- そして、三河における足利氏の所領のうち、八条院領上野荘の地頭職を得て足利一門として重きをなした。
- Moreover, the family established a presence by gaining stewardship for the Hachijoin's manor (Ueno no sho) which was one of the family's territories in Mikawa Province.
- 自由商業都市を目指し安土城下などの商人・職人を呼び寄せ、碁盤上に区切った城下町に居住区を設けた。
- In the drive to create a free commercial town, he encouraged merchants and artisans living close to Azuchi-jo Castle to relocate and created a residential area that was divided into squares.
- 平安時代には洛中は京職・検非違使の管轄であるが、辺土(洛外)は山城国国府の管轄と考えられていた。
- In the Heian period, Rakuchu was under the control of the Kyoshiki (Capital Bureau) and kebiishi (a police and judicial chief), but Hendo (Rakugai) was considered to be under the control of the kokufu (provincial office) of Yamashiro Province.
- まず、開発領主の領地領有とは、郡司、郷司という、役職において国衙から保証されたものだということ。
- First, possession of a territory by kaihatsu-ryoshu was guaranteed by kokuga in association with the positions such as gunji and goji.
- 更に本所が持つ荘園内での職の地位や本所自身の現地及び中央に対する影響力も荘園ごとに差が存在した。
- The honjo's statuses as shiki in the Shoen and their influences over their own regions and the central government varied with each Shoen.
- 蹴鞠の歴史・ルール・技術論及び公家における蹴鞠の儀式及び装束に関する有職故実について論じている。
- In this book, the author explained Kemari's history, rules and technique as well as the ancient courtly traditions and etiquette concerning the ceremony and clothing of kemari.
- 鎌倉幕府の地奉行は、下部の役職である保奉行人とともに北条泰時によって整備されたと考えられている。
- It is considered that during the Kamakura period, Yasutoki HOJO appointed Jibugyo together with Hobugyonin (person who monitors and polices villains and street traders), a low-level position.
- 幕末に内外の緊張が高まると、浪人の再就職(仕官)が増えた事により、町人出身の師匠の比率が増えた。
- When tension both internally and externally increased near the end of the Edo period, ronin found more work (in government service) and the ratio of shisho who were townspeople rose.
- 幕末諸隊の指揮官などは多くはそれぞれの官職、職名(隊長、総督、参謀、下参謀など)で呼ばれている。
- For example, the commanders of various end-of-Edo-period corps are called by their official titles, such as, taicho (captain), sotoku (chief), sanbo (staff officer), and shimo-sanbo (lower staff officer).
- ただし村普請方という役職もあり御上(おかみ)主導で集落や自治単位の負担で行われる村普請もあった。
- However, some mura fushin were executed through a managerial position called mura fushin kata by the okami in each community or municipality.
- 後に帰参は認められるものの、十世左近重成に大夫職を譲り、事実上の蟄居状態が続いたと見られている。
- Although later he was allowed to return, he handed over the position to the tenth Sakon Shigenari and it is considered that he was put under virtual house arrest.
- また、1522年伊達稙宗が奥州探題・大崎氏らを差し置いて陸奥守護職に就くなど下克上の芽は見られる。
- Also, a sprout of gekokujo could be seen in the fact that Tanemune DATE assumed the position of Mutsu shugoshiki (provincial constables of the Mutsu Province) in 1522 over the head of the Osaki clan (in the post of Oshu Tandai (supervisors for the civil government and military affairs in Mutsu Province)) and his son.
- 宗家(征夷大将軍)を補佐する役目にあるとも言われているが、制度・役職として定められたものではない。
- While it is said by some that Tokugawa Gosanke assisted the head family or Seii taishogun, this was not officially defined as a system or official post.
- 一方、傍流の和泉上(半国)守護家の細川幽斎(幽斎)は足利義昭の側近としてその将軍職就任に奔走した。
- On the other hand, Yusai HOSOKAWA (Yusai) from a branch line of the Shugo family of upper Izumi (hangoku [half a province]), served Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA as a close associate for Yoshiaki's appointment to the shogunate.
- 細川勝元は3度にわたり計23年間も管領職を歴任し、山名宗全(持豊)と手を結び畠山氏を弱体化させた。
- Katsumoto HOSOKAWA successively took the post of kanrei for 3 times, total of 23 years, and weakened the Hatakeyama clan linking up with Sozen (Mochitoyo) YAMANA.
- 古代において何代にもわたっては博士を職を継承しながら断絶した家系が存在するのはそうした事情による。
- That was the reason why in ancient times there were such family lines that had succeeded to the position of the hakase for generations, but failed in the end.
- 中世の給田は、荘官等へ給与する荘官給田、年貢輸送者や手工業者へ給与する職人給田に大きく分けられる。
- Kyuden in the middle ages were largely classified into Shokan kyuden given to shokan, and shokunin kyuden given to nengu couriers and handicraftsmen.
- その職業の性格上、その居住地とつながる権門以外の権門に属したり、複数の権門の寄人になる例もあった。
- Due to the characteristics of their occupation, some would belong to a power structure other than that related with their living area or became yoriudo of various power structures.
- これを受けて日本全国を統一した豊臣政権は社会秩序の維持のための手段として公武官民の家職を利用した。
- With this, the Toyotomi government which unified Japan used Kashoku of the aristocracy, military, officials and public as a method of maintaining civil order.
- 小森家は六位蔵人を兼ねたため、典薬頭であっても実際の天皇の拝診には携わらない事務職的存在となった。
- But because the Komori family at that time were only Rokui no Kurodo (Chamberlain of Sixth Rank), even as the Tenyaku no kami (the head of Tenyakuryo) they were too low-ranked to take part in the actual medical examinations given to the Emperor, meaning their job was limited to more clerical and administrative duties.
- 自らは荘官として土地の実効支配権を持ちながら、一定の税を寄進先の受領層に納めた(職権留保付寄進)。
- Then, these kaihatsu ryoshu paid a certain amount of tax to the zuryo while holding the right to control those donated lands as shokan, or officers governing shoen (donation while retaining authority).
- 一門で執権、連署、六波羅探題などの要職を独占し、評定衆や諸国の守護の多くも北条一族から送り出した。
- These families dominated the major positions including that of regent, rensho (assistant to regent) and Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto), and also provided many of the Hyojoshu (members of Council of State) and the Shugo (provincial constables).
- 具体的には、メールで願い事を送信し、それを神職・住職が直接神前・仏前へ祈願する形式が一般的である。
- More precisely, it generally refers to the act of Shinto priests and Buddhist priests directly praying in front of the altar of shrines or temples on behalf of people who send in their wishes and prayers via email.
- 有職料理は貴族の饗応料理、本膳料理は武家の饗応料理で、それぞれ過去には最も正統な料理形式であった。
- Yusoku-ryori were dishes for entertaining nobles and honzen-ryori dishes for entertaining samurai, and the style of either of them was most formal in the past.
- 出初め式(でぞめしき)は、概ね1月上旬に行われる消防職員・消防団によるその年最初の消防訓練である。
- Dezomeshiki is a fire fighting training undertaken by fire department and fire company personnel, which is generally conducted in the early part of January as the first training for the year.
- ゆえに流儀という制度には家元もしくはそれに類する存在(たとえば職分会等の機関)が絶対に必要である。
- Therefore, iemoto or an entity equivalent thereto (such as organizations like shokubunkai (gathering of a school's occupational branch family)) is indispensable for the ryugi system.
- 現存記事の大部分は蔵人頭在職時期のもので、平安時代における蔵人の活動を具体的に記述しているのが特色。
- Most of the currently existing entries in the Shunki were written when Sukefusa served as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), and they are unique in describing concrete activities of Kurodo (Chamberlain) in the Heian period.
- - 三代当主伊達義広の流れで、鎌倉時代に同国の地頭職に補任されたことにより庶流が土着したものである。
- It originally started when the third family head, Yoshihiro DATE, was appointed as jitoshiki of the Tajima Province during the Kamakura Period, and his descendants remained in the area as a branch family in the Province.
- 自らは病の為執権職を退くが、嫡子北条時宗が幼少だった為、北条氏 (極楽寺流)の北条長時に執権を譲る。
- He himself retired from the post of regent because of illness, but as his heir (Tokimune HOJO) was still a child, he handed over the position to Nagatoki HOJO, who was a member of the Gokurakuji line of the Hojo clan.
- 堀の北側を武士、南側を町人の居住区域とし、さらに、町人の居住区の西を商人、東北を職人の居住区とした。
- Samurai families were to live on the north side of the canal, and the common folk were to be located on the south side, which was divided further, with merchants on the western part of the area and artisans on the northeastern side.
- 永享7年(1435年)に発生した和賀・稗貫の乱では大崎氏の職務代行者として北奥の諸氏を指揮している。
- In the Rebellion of Waga/Hienuki which occurred in 1435, it took command of the clans in the northern part of Oshu region in place of the Osaki clan.
- 通常は将軍の意向を受けて朝廷との交渉役にあたる役人が、役職としての武家執奏に申入れを行うことが多い。
- In general, on behalf of the Shogun the official who acted as the negotiator often made a proposal to perform bukeshisso for the post.
- 滝川事件に関連して京都帝大を辞職した教官のうち、18名が立命館大学に教授・助教授などの形で移籍した。
- Among the staff who quit Kyoto Imperial University over the Takigawa Incident, 18 of them transferred to Ritsumeikan University as professors, associate professors, etc.
- 年官(ねんかん)とは、日本の古代・中世前期において、皇族及び貴族が保有していた官職推薦権を指す用語。
- The term Nenkan means the right to recommend a person to an official post that was granted to Imperial families and court nobles in the ancient/early medieval period in Japan.
- 中川浄益(なかがわじょうえき)は千家十職の一つ、金物師(かなものし)の中川家当主が代々襲名する名称。
- Joeki NAKAGAWA is a name that has been succeeded for generations by the head of the Nakagawa family, one of the Senke jissoku (the 10 artisans of the Sen family) specialized in the hardware craftwork.
- 大鼓は小鼓の連調から発達した職掌であるため、その独立は、他の囃子方観世流に比べても遅いものであった。
- As otsuzumi had derived from rencho (a play performed by utai and a single percussion instrument in combination) of kotsuzumi, its independence was later than other hayashi kata (musician in Noh) groups.
- 大鼓方(おおつづみ がた、おおかわ がた)は、能楽囃子や歌舞伎鳴物において大鼓を担当する専門の職掌。
- Otsuzumikata refers to a special duty that is to take charge of an otsuzumi (big drum) in Nogaku-hayashi (Japanese orchestra for Noh performance) or kabuki musical accompaniment.
- 客によっては職人がカウンターから離れ戻ってきたときは、しばらく注文を差し控えるなど気にする人もいる。
- Some customers may care about sanitation like refraining from ordering sushi for a while after a sushi chef leaves from and returns to the counter.
- 1423年に実子の足利義量に将軍職を譲るが義量が早世し、さらに義持自身も後継者を決めないまま死去する。
- In 1423, he handed the position of Shogun over to his own child Yoshikazu ASHIKAGA, but Yoshikazu died young, and Yoshimochi himself died before he was able to choose a successor.
- この時期は、律令制の再建へ積極的な取り組みがなされ、形骸化した律令官職に代わって令外官などが置かれた。
- Positive efforts were made to reestablish the Ritsuryo system, putting in place Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) instead of the Ritsutyo government posts, which lost importance.
- 東常縁や細川幽斎(藤孝)といった文化人の武家をも巻き込んで有職故実や古今伝授という文化の相伝を続けた。
- Involving also men of culture among samurai, such as Tsuneyori TO and Yusai (Fujitaka) HOSOKAWA, they continued to hand down culture of yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) and kokin denju (the secret transmissions of the 'Kokinshu,' Anthology of Old and New Japanese Poems).
- 織田信長は天正6年(1578年)4月に、右大臣兼右近衛大将を辞官して後、何らの官職に就いていなかった。
- Nobunaga ODA held no official title after resigning as Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) in May (April in old lunar calendar), 1578.
- 「王」の身位は天皇との血縁関係で決まり、本来は官職に付随する性質のものではない(詳しくは皇族を参照)。
- Whether the title of 'prince' could be given or not was decided by the blood relationship with the emperor, and so a certain post was not essentially accompanied by the title (for details refer to the article of 'Imperial Family.')
- 特に三条実美は、内閣総理大臣が置かれるまでの日本の首相にあたる右大臣や太政大臣の職をつとめて活躍した。
- Sanetomi SANJO, in particular, played an active role in the government serving as Minister of the Right and Dajo Daijin that were equivalent of the Prime Minister of Japan in the days before that position became established.
- 源平合戦の功で幕府の西国御家人となり筑後国三潴郡の地頭職となった嵯峨源氏の源久直が橘氏の娘婿となった。
- MINAMOTO no Hisanao of Saga Genji (Minamoto clan), who became Saigoku gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate of the western part of Japan in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) of Mizuma County, Chikugo Province, in recognition of his services in the Genpei War, was adopted by his wife's family, which was the Tachibana clan.
- 1609年に締結された己酉条約によって、朝鮮は対馬藩主らに官職を与え、日本国王使としての特権を認めた。
- Based on the Kiyu Treaty concluded in 1609, Korea bestowed government posts on the Tsushima clan and a few others, and granted them privileges as Japanese envoys.
- また、登下校時や単に前を通過する際にも、職員生徒全てが服装を正してから最敬礼するように定められていた。
- Moreover, they had to make a deep bow after straightening their clothes not only when they arrived at school and left school, but also whenever they passed in front of the portraits.
- この京(京職)、条(坊令)、坊(坊長)の行政組織は、国(国司)、郡(郡司)、里(里長)と対応している。
- This capital city (kyoshiki), jo (jorei) and bo (bocho) administrative organization system corresponded to the koku (provincial governor), gun (district manager) and ri (village chief) system.
- よって、より権威のある院宮家、摂関家、大寺社等の権門層へ領家から領家職の一部を寄進することが行われた。
- For this reason, ryoke donated a part of ryoke shiki to more influential families such as the Innomiya family, Sekkan-ke, and major temples and shrines.
- また、摂関政治の前提である摂政・関白自体が延喜・天暦期には臨時の職に過ぎなかったことも明らかにされた。
- It was also revealed that, the assumption of a regency government, Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), was only a temporary post in the Engi and Tenryaku eras.
- こうした荘官、領家、本家と重層的になった土地支配の構造において、各主体の保有する権利を「職」と呼んだ。
- In the structure of stratified land ruling by shokan, ryoke and honke, the right held by each subject is called 'shiki.'
- 杜氏の統率の下に部門別に工程を分担し、蔵人の直接指導をする責任者であり、中間管理職のような役割も負う。
- These people take partial charge of the brewing process by section and directly instruct kurabito under the command of the toji, and they also play a role of middle level executives.
- 謡曲本(謡本)においては、能職掌であるシテ、ワキ、地謡などの役割がかわるところで、語句の頭に使われる。
- In a sheet music of a Noh song (Utai-bon), ioriten is used at the beginning of a word when a part of each Noh player including Shite (a main actor of a Noh play), Waki (a supporting actor) and Jiutai (Noh chorus) starts.
- また大内氏の直奏による大宰大弐の獲得に始まる戦国大名の勢力拡大の実利目的の官職任免もされるようになった。
- Moreover, appointment and dismissal of the government post for utilitarian purposes to expand the power of the daimyo in the Sengoku period, starting from acquisition of Dazai no daini (the next seat position of Dazaifu) by directly reporting to the throne of the Ouchi clan, also began.
- これらの職についた中下流貴族らは自らが得た職の確保をはかり、職を「家業」として世襲することに努めている。
- The middle and lower class nobles who gained such positions strived to secure such positions, attempting to make them hereditary or a 'family business.'
- さらに平氏一門の平頼盛・平親宗、縁戚の花山院兼雅も、それぞれ右衛門督・右中弁・春宮大夫の官職を解かれた。
- Furthermore, TAIRA no Yorimori and TAIRA no Chikamune of TAIRA clan, and also their relative, KASANNOIN Kanemasa were dismissed from their court posts of Uemon no Kami (the chief of a government office called 'uemonfu'), Uchuben (dupty minister of department overseeing some major ministries), and Togu no Daibu.
- 細川氏の嫡流で、摂津国・丹波国などの守護大名を世襲したと同時に、代々「室町幕府」の管領職に任命を受けた。
- The family was the legitimate line of the Hosokawa clan, and the family was successively appointed to the post of kanrei in 'Muromachi bakufu,' as well as being hereditary Shugo daimyo in Settsu Province, Tanba Province and so on.
- 824年(天長元年)には治水を担当する防鴨河使(ぼうかし)という官職が設けられたが、洪水はやまなかった。
- The government post Bokashi, charged with river improvement was established in 824, but did not prevent floods from occurring.
- 2007年6月、奈良新聞が「吉野晴夫が暴力団関係者を通じて榎信晴・前市長に辞職を強要した」疑惑を報じた。
- In June, 2007, Nara Newspaper reported a suspicion that 'Haruo YOSHINO would have forced the former mayor, Nobuharu ENOKI into resigning his office through people relating to gangster organizations.'
- 平安・鎌倉時代の武士は「武芸を特業とする職能集団」であり、その「武芸の中心は騎馬と射技(弓)」であった。
- The bushi of the Heian and Kamakura periods were a 'functional group that specialized in martial arts,' and the 'center of martial arts was cavalry and archery.'
- 職人給田には、梶取給、夫領給、船給、鍛冶給、番匠給、絵所給、檜物給、土器作給、道々工等例給などがあった。
- Shokunin kyuden included Kajitori (rower) kyu, Furyokyu, Fune (ship) kyu, Kaji (blacksmith) kyu, Bansho (builder) kyu, Edokoro (art office) kyu, Himono (craft of bending Hinoki bark) kyu, Dokisaku (pottery) kyu and Dodoukutorei (road building) kyu.
- だが、長い内乱や半済令の影響で寺社本所領や公領の衰退が著しく、彼らが持っていた職は名目上のものとなった。
- Under the influences of the long-lasting civil war and hanzeirei (half-tax decrees), Jisha honjoryo (lands of temples and nobles) and koryo were severely declined, and the shiki associated with the lands became in name only.
- 説話には、仏教説話、世俗説話のほか、貴族社会の有職故実や宮廷の裏話を語るものがあり、貴族説話と呼ばれる。
- The Buddhist anecdotes and common tales are included in anecdotes as well as Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) in the society of court nobles and inside stories of the Imperial Court, which are called court noble tales.
- また、大学寮の博士家などの学術系の官職においても何代にもわたって博士が登場する事例が現れるようになった。
- In addition, for academic official positions such as Hakaseke of the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) had cases were Hakase came from the same family for generations.
- このような領家の持つ、荘園領主としての支配権や地子、公事等の収益権(作合(さくあい))を領家職といった。
- These rights to profit from ryoke (sakuai or each shiki's share of collected taxes) such as the right to control, collect jishi, and impose labor services as shoen ryoshu (lord of the manor) were called ryoke shiki (economic rights as a lord of the manor).
- 毎年の除目において、院宮や有力寺社に給与された位階や特定の官職を申任(推薦)する権利を与えることをいう。
- At annual Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) persons with the rights were entitled to recommend people of their choices for Ikai (Court rank) and specific government posts which were given to influential temples and shrines as well as ingu (ex-emperor, ex-emperor who became a monk, imperial lady, grand empress dowager, empress dowager, empress consorts and crown prince).
- その後、武士の起源に関する研究は、職能論などが議論の中心となり、国衙軍制論は半ば忘れられた状態となった。
- After that, research about the origin of samurai was conducted centered on job-function-based theories, and theories based on the kokuga forces system were almost forgotten.
- 職の体系(しきのたいけい)とは、日本の歴史上、中世日本における、重層的土地支配構造を指し示す用語である。
- The shiki system is the term to indicate the stratified ruling structure in medieval Japan.
- 文献上で日本の「醤」の歴史をたどると、701年の「大宝律令」には、醤を扱う「主醤」という官職名が見える。
- Tracing the history of Japanese '醤' in documents, '主醤,' the name of an official position which deals with 醤 (hishio), was found in 'Taiho Ritsuryo' (Taiho Code) in 701.
- 首長となったサバーハは、異母弟ナワーフを皇太子に、甥ナーセルを首相に任命し、要職をジャービル系で独占した。
- After Sabah became Chief, he named his younger half brother Nawaf, who has the same father, as Crown Prince and his nephew Nasser as Prime Minister, and major positions are taken up by the Jabir line.
- しかし所司代のみでは、防ぎきれずと判断した幕府は京都守護職を新たに設け、幕府の威信、治安の回復をはかった。
- However, the bakufu soon discovered how impossible it was for the Shoshidai alone to prevent riots and so the bakufu newly founded the Kyoto Shugoshoku to facilitate recovery of the their prestige and to achieve order in the town.
- 各主体が保有する権利は「職」(しき)とよばれ、職が重層的な体系をなしていたことから、これを職の体系という。
- Land ownership was known as 'Shiki' (literally means profession) and since Shiki was comprised of a multilayered system, this system was called the Shiki system.
- 律令法や儒教に詳しい中下級公家が職員として置かれて、院評定を円滑に行うための補助的業務を行うようになった。
- The venue was staffed with middle to low-ranked court nobles who were versed in the Ritsuryo codes and Confucianism to assist and facilitate the in-no-hyojo processes.
- この様な執権職と得宗の関係は、同時代の朝廷における天皇と治天の君との関係に類似しているとも指摘されている。
- It has been pointed out that the relationship between the regent and the head of the Tokuso was similar to that between the emperor and the retired emperor in the Imperial Court during the same period.
- 代々平野神社預かりを兼ねた家で、藤井充行(従二位・民部省・京職)(1722年 - 1792年)を祖とする。
- For generations, this family was also responsible for the management of Hirano Jinja Shrine and the founder of the family was Mitsuyuki FUJII (Junii - Junior Second Rank, Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), and Kyoshiki (the Capital Bureau) (1722-1792).
- 南北朝時代には駿河国守護今川氏と対立していたが、やがて今川氏が遠江国の守護職を得るとその支配下に置かれる。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Ii clan was in rivalry with Suruga no kuni shugo (provincial constable of Suruga Province) Imagawa clan, but eventually, the Ii clan was put under the control of the Imagawa clan after the Imagawa clan was appointed to the position of shugo of Totomi Province.
- 斯波義重は1399年の応永の乱における大内氏討伐の功により越前国・尾張国の守護職を与えられ、以降世襲する。
- In recognition of his conquest of the Ouchi clan in the Oei Rebellion of 1399, Yoshishige SHIBA was appointed as Shugoshiki (military governor) of Echizen and Owari provinces which was kept in the order of succession after that.
- 美濃守護職を務めた土岐氏は徳川氏の旗本となったが、数多く在る美濃土岐氏の傍系には大名を輩出した1派がある。
- In contrast to the Toki clan, who served as Mino no Shugo (provincial constable in Mino Province), became Hatamoto (a direct retainer) of the Tokugawa clan, one of the many collateral lines of the Mino-Toki clan produced daimyo (Japanese feudal lord).
- 李氏朝鮮成立の過程で土地制度の改革が行われ、科田制及び職田制が導入され、多くの既存荘園が没収されていった。
- During the formation process of the Yi Dynasty Korea, the land system was reformed, the rank-land system (kwajonbop) and the 'office land' (chikchon) system were introduced and lots of existing manors were confiscated.
- これを職事の仰詞と称したが、勅旨の内容を口で伝える(宣べる)ことから、「口宣」もしくは「宣旨」とも称した。
- That was referred to as Oosekotoba (the words of His Majesty) given through the shikiji, also referred to as 'kuzen' (literally means stated by mouth) or 'senji' (literally means to state to that effect) because the order was verbally conveyed (verbally stated).
- 室町時代には大和国八木(現在の奈良県橿原市)に馬借の座が形成されたほか、各地に同様の職業が広まっていった。
- During the Muromachi period, a bashaku guild was organized in Yagi, Yamato Province (present Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture), and similar occupations prevailed in various areas.
- 「大索(おおあなくり)」は結果的には官職によらず「武」を担う、「兵の家」の最初の認定式であったとも言える。
- Oanakuri' could be said to be the first qualification ceremony of the 'house of tsuwamono' carrying 'mu' (military) without the concern for a court position.
- このため同年4月、進退窮まった沢柳総長は辞職に追い込まれた(後任総長は山川健次郎東京帝大総長が兼任した)。
- Under such circumstances, the president of the university, Sawayanagi, was driven into a corner and was forced to resign from his post in April of the same year (Kenjiro YAMAKAWA, the president of Tokyo Imperial University, was concurrently appointed as a successor).
- また実際に関東大震災や空襲、校舎火災の際に御真影を守ろうとして殉職した校長の美談がいくつか伝えられている。
- Indeed, some heroic tales of principles who died protecting the goshin-ei portrait in the Great Kanto Earthquake, air raids and fires have been passed on.
- 辞職はしばしば連鎖的に発生し、地方か都市かを問わず、基幹病院の診療体制を崩壊させる深刻な影響を与えている。
- There were often a chain reactions of resignations which had the serious effect of causing treatment systems of foundation hospitals in both rural and urban areas to collapse.
- 平安時代中期の貴族社会において、官職や職能が特定の家系に固定化していく「家業の継承」が急速に進展していた。
- In the society of the nobility of the middle Heian period, the trend of the 'succession of family business' rapidly became popular, and only specific families began to occupy certain government official posts or occupations.
- 典薬寮医師という意味での御典医は、名誉職であった典薬頭を除き、実際に天皇の治療に携わる医師のことを指した。
- Goteni in the meaning of doctors of Tenyakuryo indicates, except Tenyaku no kami (the head of tenyakuryo) which was an honorary position, the doctors who were indeed engaged in treatment of emperors.
- 親王任国とは、増加した親王に官職をあてがうため、特定の国の長官(国守)に親王を当てることとしたものである。
- A shinno-ninkoku indicates a province where, to assign a governmental position to each of the shinno (princes) whose number had increased, the post of the provincial government head (kokushi) was allocated to a shinno.
- 主となった者に武芸や律令知識などの家業とする専門技能で奉仕し(奉公)、代わりに官職等の利益(御恩)を得た。
- They served a master with a special skill of family businesses, such as military arts and knowledge of the Ritsuryo codes, (service) and gained benefit, such as a government post, in exchange (favor).
- - 小普請をする際に収入が少なく役職の無い御家人や旗本を救済する意味も兼ねて臨時雇用しその采配をする役職。
- Kobushin shihai is a post to hire temporarily gokenin (low ranking vassal) or hatamoto (shogun's retainer) with low income and no official position as a part of relief measures and manage them when carrying out kobushin.
- また、手軽さ、安さ、栄養などの面から、就職や進学等で一人暮らしをはじめる際に、好んで食べられる場合がある。
- For its convenience, low price, and high nutrition, it is often preferred by young people who just started to live alone to work or go to school.
- なお翌年には太政大臣となるが、太政大臣はすでに実権のない名誉職となっていて、清盛は僅か3ヵ月で辞任している。
- The next year, he became the Grand Minister of State, but this position was in name only and Kiyomori resigned after only 3 months in this post.
- 聖職者の保有する荘園は、隣接する在俗領主の荘園よりもはるかに広大な農奴地を持っており、次第に拡大していった。
- The shoens owned by the clericals had much wider serf lands than that of neighboring secular lords and gradually widened.
- お抱えは、一代限りの雇用の者だが、実際は世襲することも多く、軽輩の者が多いなかで、専門職で侍身分の者もいた。
- Okakae (retainer) was hired only in one generation, but in fact was often inherited, and among many of keihai some of them were professional and in the class of samurai.
- かたや義輝は、全国の戦国大名へ合戦の調停を行なったり、幕府の役職を与えたりするなど、幕府権威の回復を図った。
- Yoshiteru, on the other hand, tried to restore the authority of the Bakufu by mediating among warring lords throughout the country and appointing some of them to honorable offices in the Bakufu.
- 時氏の子・山名氏清のとき、一族で全国66ヶ国中11ヶ国の守護職を占め、「六分の一殿」と称されて権勢を誇った。
- During the generation of Ujikiyo YAMANA, the son of Tokiuji, the Yamana clan served as the shugo of 11 provinces out of the 66 provinces in Japan, and prevailed their power as to be called 'Roku-bun no ichi dono' (Mr. One-Sixth).
- 丹波亀山藩主は代々老中や寺社奉行、京都所司代、大坂城代等の要職を務めたために出費は大きなものであったようだ。
- Since the lord of the Tanba Kameyama domain had served for generations as the Roju (member of shogun's council of elders), the Jisha-bugyo (samurai responsible for the management of temples and shrines), Kyoto shoshidai (deputy of Kyoto) and the castle keeper of Osaka Castle, the expenses seems to have been fairly large.
- 更に算博士も必ず主税寮か主計寮の頭か助を兼務して更に2名中1名は五位史を兼ねることになった(『官職秘抄』)。
- Furthermore, San hakase always had additional duties as heads or assistants in the Shuzeiryo (Bureau of Taxation) or Syukeiryo (Bureau of Popular Affairs), and one in two also worked as Goinosakan (the lowest class official in four class officials) ('Kanshoku hisho' (a text describing rules of ceremony and etiquette to be observed in the Imperial Court and by samurai that was written during the early Heian period in around 1200)).
- それは、後に平家の残党が起こした三日平氏の乱やかつての平家方 城助職の起こした謀叛などをみても明らかである。
- This fact is proved by Mikka Heishi no ran (Three days rebellion of the Taira clan), which was initiated by the remnants of the Taira family, and the rebellion initiated by Suketomo JO, who sided with the Taira family.
- そのような中で有職故実の大家であり、連歌の発展に尽力した良基がその両方の振興を図るべく企画したものであった。
- Under such circumstances, Yoshimoto, an expert of yusoku-kojitsu (ancient courtly traditions and etiquette) who strived for the promotion of renga (linked verse), organized this event with the aim of promoting both of the above.
- 屯食(とんじき)は、平安時代、宮中、貴族の邸宅ど饗宴で庭上に並べて下級職員、時に身分ある人に賜った物である。
- Tonjiki refers to food given to lower officials or sometimes respectable persons at a banquet in the garden of the Imperial Court and nobles' residence during the Heian period.
- このため、本書は平安時代の有職故実の研究のみではなく、現存しない逸文を復原する研究においても有益な書である。
- Therefore, this document is useful not only for research on Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) but also for the research for restoring descriptions that have been lost.
- 当初は地頭職というものはなく、あくまで荘官や郷司、保司のうち幕府と主従関係を結んだものが地頭と呼ばれていた。
- At first there was no such thing as Jito shiki (manager and lord of a private estate), but among shokan, Goji and hoji only the ones who established the relationship between lord and vassal with the bakufu were called jito.
- なお、近年の研究では、荘園の職の体系についての理解としての「職権留保付寄進」という概念に疑問が呈されている。
- In addition, recent studies question the concept of 'contribution with reserving authority' as the understanding of the shiki system in shoen.
- この場合、郷司は郷司職、保司は保司職と呼ばれ、実際の現地支配において荘園と公領の区別は外見上ほぼなくなった。
- In this case, Goji were called Goshi shiki (sub district headships) and Hoji were called Hoshi shiki (executive officer of an Imperial demesne), and the difference between the shoen and koryo on actual local land ruling apparently almost disappeared.
- こうして経済力をつけた酒屋が、それまで酒屋とは別個の職業であった麹造りにも進出し、従来の麹屋の座と対立した。
- Such a sake brewery with economic power also began to produce rice malt which had been done by different industries from sake brewery, and as a result, it came into conflict with the guild of conventional suppliers of malts.
- 式神とは陰陽師といわれる神職が、人の悪行や善行を監視するために、神域から呼び出し使役した妖怪(鬼神)である。
- Shikigami is a yokai (kijin, demon) that is called upon from the sacred realm and used by onmyoji, a sacred ritual performer, in order to monitor people's evil and good deeds.
- なお、秀満の官職が金吾(左衛門尉)であったことから、この挙兵だけを指して金吾騒動(きんごそうどう)とも称する。
- Moreover, because Hidemitsu's official government post was 'kingo' (saemon no jo under the ritsuryo system), when referring to just his raising of troops it is also called the Kingo Disturbance (kingo sodo in Japanese).
- 武家権力は決定的な勢力となるがその一方で成り上がった戦国大名は朝廷から官位官職を受けて、権威や大義名分を得た。
- The samurai authority became a decisive power, but parvenu daimyo in the Sengoku period, on the other hand, received official rank and government post from the Imperial Court and obtained administrative power and legitimate reasons.
- 結成当時には財政難であったと推測されるが、京都守護職配下時代は、隊の運営資金を会津藩からの御用金で賄っていた。
- It is assumed that they were short of funds upon start of the group, but during the time when the group was placed under the control of Kyoto Shugoshoku, operating expenses of the group were covered by goyo-kin financed from the Aizu Clan.
- 駄賃馬稼(だちんうまかせぎ)とは、近代以前の日本においてウマの背中に貨物や人を乗せて輸送に従事する職業のこと。
- Dachin-uma kasegi refers to an occupation in Japan before modern times that engaged in the transportation of freight and people by carrying them on horseback.
- 半済令によって本所領を占拠している地頭が武家ではなく、幕府より勲功によって地頭職を与えられた公家の場合もある。
- In some cases, the Jito occupying a territory of a honjo was not a samurai family, but a Kuge (court noble) who was given the position of Jitoshiki (manager and lord of a manor) as a reward by the bakufu for meritorious service
- また、勧学田の拡張や大学教官への職田設定、学生に対する学問料・給料(学資)支給制定などの財政支援策も採られた。
- Daigaku-ryo also promoted financial assistance measures such as the expansion of kangakuden, the offering of shikiden (a rice field provided for dainagon and the higher rank) to professors, and the provision of a study stipend and salary (financial aid) to students.
- こうした例に熊本藩の「地筒・郡筒(じづつ・こうりづつ)」の鉄砲隊があり、これは無給に等しい「名誉職」であった。
- An example of this was the 'Jizutsu Korizutsu' firearm unit of Kumamoto Domain, which was essentially an unpaid honorary position.
- やがて杜氏の職業的先駆にあたる酒師(さかし)が民間で自分で酒を造り、売るところを酒屋というようになっていった。
- Then sake brewers called sakashi, who were predecessors of toji (sake brewing experts), came to manufacture and sell sake privately by themselves, and the place where such sake was sold came to be called sakaya.
- 転じて本来なら役職上、現地に下向して執務しなければならない人物の代理として派遣された代官などの役人の事を指す。
- It turned into a government official position, such as a local governor, sent in behalf of an officer who was supposed to leave the capital and work at the place.
- そこでは酒部(さかべ)と呼ばれる、今でいうなら国家公務員のような地位を与えられた専門職が酒造りを担当していた。
- In that division, specialists who were given a position called sakabe, whose status was equivalent to the status of a present-day government official, were in charge of sake brewing.
- 外部に対しては、平曲(平家琵琶)及び三曲(箏、地歌三味線、胡弓)、あるいは鍼灸、按摩などの職種を独占していた。
- Externally, the organization monopolized the rights of professionals such as heikyoku (the music played on Heike biwa as accompaniment for the recitation of Heike Monogatari), sankyoku (so [thirteen-stringed Japanese zither], jiuta shamisen [a genre of traditional songs with samisen accompaniment] and kokyu [Chinese fiddle]), shinkyu and anma massage.
- 観世流シテ方の場合、玄人及びそれに準ずる者の職位として、宗家、分家、職分、準職分、師範、準師範の六段階がある。
- In the case of Kanze-ryu shite-kata (main roles of Kanze school), there are six ranks in professionals and quasi-professionals: soke, bunke, shokubun (occupational), jun shokubun (quasi-shokubun), shihan (instructor) and jun shihan (quasi-shihan).
- 無力化した公家は有職故実や和歌、古典の研究を行い、一条兼良や東常縁、三条西実隆などの公家より古典文化が守られた。
- The now effectively powerless nobility busied themselves by researching the intricacies of court practices, waka poetry, and classical literature, and indeed, it is thanks to the efforts of aristocrats like Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, Tsuneyori TO, and Sanetaka SANJONISHI that the classical canon was preserved.
- 京都守護職の松平容保は犯人捕縛を命じ、浪士の一斉蜂起も懸念されたが、4月には犯人は逮捕され、8月には処罰される。
- Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto shugoshiki (post of provincial constable), ordered the criminals arrested despite concern about an all-out uprising by the roshi, but the criminals were arrested in April and punished in August.
- 信長によって閑職へ追いやられた光秀はこの申し出を受け、信長の天皇謁見を妨害するため本能寺の変を計画したとされる。
- It is told that Mitsuhide, who had been moved to a sinecure by Nobunaga, accepted this proposal and made a plan for Honnoji Incident.
- 以後鎌足の子孫は藤原氏を名乗ったが、本系は依然として中臣を称し、代々神祇官・伊勢神官など神事・祭祀職を世襲した。
- The descendants of Kamatari declared themselves the Fujiwara clan while the original line continued to use the name of Nakatomi and maintained their hereditary position of Shinto rituals and religious services providers such as Jingikan (department of worship) and a Shinto priest of Ise-jingu Shrine for generations.
- これは、地権者に対する事前説明がなされずに遺産登録されたため、地権者の職業である林業ができなくなったためである。
- This is because their lands were registered as world heritage without explanations in advance, and forestry, which is their occupation, came to be prohibited.
- これは、算博士の職掌が次第に算生の教育よりも中央の財務・経理官人としての職務に移りつつあったことの反映であった。
- This reflected the gradual shift of the official duties of San hakase to those of central government officials of finance and accounting, rather than those of Sansho educators.
- これにより丹波氏の優位は決定的となり、「医道の極官」(『職源鈔』)とされた典薬頭は丹波氏の家職となったのである。
- This gave the decisive advantage to the Tanba clan, and the clan thereafter occupied Tenyaku no kami, which was depicted as the supreme leader within the I-do community in 'Shokugensho' (book on the history of Japanese governmental posts written by Chikafusa KITABATAKE).
- その後、執権職は貞時に代わって北条氏支流の4人が次々に受け継いだが、貞時は得宗として幕府を実質的に支配し続けた。
- After this, when Sadatoki left the position of Shikken (regent), he was succeeded by four men from the branch line of the Hojo clan in succession; Sadatoki himself retained the position of Tokuso (patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), however, which means that he held the real power to control the bakufu.
- - 伝統産業に従事する職人が集まってできた町、あるいはその産業・工芸品の売買によって栄えた町で、上記産業町の一種
- town formed with artisans engaged in traditional industries, or a town that prospered as a result of trading their products, which is a kind of the aforementioned Industrial town
- 国家において認められた家職とみなしうるものは、国民としての人権保障の枠外に置かれている天皇のみであるとも言える。
- The only position that could be considered as recognized by the nation is the Emperor, who is not guaranteed the same human rights as a citizen.
- 後白河は平時忠ら堂上平氏の官職は解かずに天皇・神器の返還を求めたが、交渉は不調に終わる(『玉葉』8月12日条)。
- Although Goshirakawa requested the return of the emperor and the sacred treasures without removing the Tosho family of the Taira clan including TAIRA no Tokitada from government posts, the negotiation was unsuccessful ('Gyokuyo,' entry of September 7).
- だが、実際には華族制度は家職的な要素を含み、特に公爵・侯爵は原則的に貴族院 (日本)に議席を有することが出来た。
- However, in actuality, the Kazoku (peerage) system had elements of Kashoku, and dukes and marquis were in principle eligible for a seat in the Kizokuin.
- また、「家」の成立が在地領主層の間でも見られるようになり、得分権を伴う「職」の親子間継承が行われるようになった。
- The establishment of 'Ie' was also seen among the resident landowner class and the parent-child inheritance of 'shoku (occupation)' accompanied by rights was commonplace.
- 一方ではこの活性炭濾過を専門職とする「炭屋」(すみや)と呼ばれる職人たちを多く抱える越後杜氏の本拠地でもあった。
- On the other hand, it was the center of the Echigo toji, having many workers who specialized in activated charcoal filtration called 'Sumiya' (Professionals of charcoal).
- 樂 吉左衛門(らく きちざえもん)は、千家十職の一つ、楽焼の茶碗を作る茶碗師の樂家が代々襲名している名称である。
- Kichizaemon RAKU is a name inherited from generation to generation by the leader of the Raku family of chawanshi (tea bowl maker) who makes Raku-yaki ware, which is one of the Senke jissoku (Senke's ten designated craftsmen families).
- 禅譲を持ちかけられた義尋は、まだ若い義政に後継男子誕生の可能性があることを考慮して将軍職就任の要請を固辞し続けた。
- Hearing about the offer of the position, Yoshihiro, considering the young enough age of Yoshimasa to have an inheriting son, firmly declined the proposal for voluntary transfer of the Shogunate.
- 当時、京都守護職であった会津藩主・松平容保は薩摩藩と連携して、長州の尊攘急進派を弾圧する体制を整えていたのである。
- At that time, the daimyo of Aizu, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, who was charged with the defense of Kyoto, had started cooperating with the Satsuma clan, and set up a system to oppress the radical loyalist faction in Choshu.
- 地域などから依頼を受けて三十三箇所を33回巡礼することで満願となる「三十三度行者」と呼ばれる職業的な巡礼者もいた。
- There were even professional pilgrims called 'sanjusando gyoja' (literally meaning 'thirty-three times ascetic') who completed one pilgrimage by making the Sanjusankasho pilgrimage thirty-three times at the request of others such as a local area.
- 「公職選挙法に基いて行う各種選挙の投票区(伏見区)」(昭和27年9月1日伏見区選管告示第7号)(略称「選管告示」)
- Election districts (Fushimi Ward) for elections to be conducted under the Public Offices Election Act (Announcement of the Election Committee of Fushimi Ward No. 7, September 1, 1952) ('Announcement of the Election Committee' for short)
- 名主百姓はさらに小百姓、小作人、間人(もうと)といった領内下層民に対する支配権である名主職を有し、これを世襲した。
- Nanushi hyakusho also had myoshu-shiki, which were the rights to dominate local lower-class people, such as hyakusho who owned little plow land, tenant farmers, and moto (new comers in a community), and the myoshu-shiki was transferred by heredity.
- 明治政府は宮中と政府の分離を図るとともに既に流動化しつつあった身分規制の撤廃を進めて国民に職業選択の自由を認めた。
- The Meiji government tried to separate the court and government and proceeded in taking away the class restrictions that were already starting to become fluid and allowed the public to have the right to select an occupation.
- しかし、7世紀後期に形成していった律令制は、官僚制を原則としており、ある氏族が特定の官職を世襲することを否定した。
- The ritsuryo codes formed in the late 7th century, however, were based on the bureaucracy system and were against the idea of certain clans inheriting specific government posts.
- 元は中国古典に見られる『勧課農桑』という句が略されたもので、日本では律令において国司の職務とされたのが初見である。
- Originally, kanno was a shortened term for 'kankanoso' written in the Chinese classics and in Japan that was first regarded as the duty of kokushi in the ritsuryo system of governance (a constitutional form of governance).
- 大犯三ヶ条と大番役などの軍事・警察的職権に限定されていた鎌倉期守護と比べて、室町期守護の権能は非常に拡大していた。
- Compared with the shugo in the Kamakura period, whose authority was limited to military and police authority relating to Taibon-sankajo, Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto), etc., the shugo in the Muromachi period had drastically expanded authority.
- 戦場では主君の前駆をなし、平時は城内の護衛(徒士組)や中間管理職的な行政職(目付、勘定奉行の配下など)に従事した。
- At the battle field, they fought as the forerunners of their lords and in peaceful time, they served as the guards (Kachi-gumi (Kachi teams)) of castles or engaged in administrative jobs (metsuke (police)) or subordinates of kanjo-bugyo (commissioner of finance) as middle class managers.
- したがって、のちの杜氏集団の中における麹師(もしくは麹屋などとも)の役職は、このころは杜氏集団に属していなかった。
- At that time, therefore, a toji group did not have a position which was equivalent to a kojishi (a person in charge of the koji production) or koji-ya in a latter-day toji group.
- 京都守護職は京都所司代・京都町奉行・見廻役を傘下に置き、見廻役配下で幕臣により結成された京都見廻組も支配下となった。
- Under the Kyoto Shugoshoku was the Kyoto Shoshidai, the Kyoto Machibugyo, and the Mimawariyaku (patrol troops) and the Kyoto Mimawariyaku, that was under the Mimawariyaku formed by the bakufu's direct followers and also incorporated under the Kyoto Shugoshoku.
- また、会津藩士のみでは手が回りきらなかったため、守護職御預かりとして新選組をその支配下に置き治安の維持に当たらせた。
- Because the warriors of Aizu could not fulfill their duties, the Shinsengumi was also incorporated under the Shugoshoku being retained by the Shugoshoku and were assigned to maintain order in the town.
- 忠平以降は朝政の中心としての摂関が官職として確立し、忠平の子孫のみが摂関に就任するという摂関政治の枠組みが確定した。
- After Tadahira, Sekkan (regents and advisers) was established as a central post in the government and also the framework in which only descendents of Tadahira were able to become Sekkan was established.
- 官職秘抄(かんしょくひしょう)とは、鎌倉時代初期の元治2年(1200年)頃に平基親によって書かれた有職故実の解説書。
- The Kanshoku Hisho was a reference book concerning the yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) written by TAIRA no Motochika in 1200 in the early Kamakura period.
- 平安貴族たちの主な収入源は必ずしも荘園ではなく、むしろ官職に応じて国家から給与される田地や禄などが主要収入であった。
- The income source of the Heian nobles was not necessarily their shoen (manor in medieval Japan), but rather mainly in farmland and stipend given by the government depending on government post.
- 平田職忠(天正8年(1580年)-万治3年(1660年))は、幼くして蔵人所に出仕して、舟橋秀賢に有職故実を学んだ。
- Mototada HIRATA (1580-1660) entered the service of the Bureau of Archives while quite young, and studied the precedents of customs and practices in the imperial court and their rules under Hidekata FUNABASHI.
- 国府には国司の他、史生、国博士、国医師、徭丁などの職員が勤務しており、小国で数十人、大国では数百人の人数規模だった。
- In addition to Kokushi, there were various staff such as Shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties about documents), Kunihakase (teacher of Japanese classical literature), Kuniishi (local governmental doctor) and Yocho (laborer), whose numbers reached several dozens for small provinces and several hundreds for large province.
- やがて明経道の教官職は中原氏・清原氏による世襲が事実上慣例化し、明経道そのものも専ら訓詁学研究に終始したようである。
- Before long, the position of Myogyodo lecturer became conventionally inherited by the Nakahara and Kiyohara clans and Myogyodo itself became the study of Kunkogaku (annotation and interpretation of classical books) as well.
- 神職:江戸時代においては、吉田家と白川家(伯家)が本所として全国の神社・神職を配下にしようと争奪しあう状況にあった。
- Shinto priest: In the Edo period, the Yoshida family and the Shirakawa family (Hakke) competed as honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) to gain shrines and Shinto priests across the country.
- 室町期の守護は、当初(14世紀中葉)、室町幕府から数年ごとに補任されており、守護職の交替は比較的頻繁に行われていた。
- The shugo in the Muromachi period were initially (around the mid 14th century) appointed by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) once in several years, which resulted in the comparatively frequent alternation of the shugo-shiki (the post of shugo).
- 11世紀に入ると、ある家系が特定の官職を世襲する「家業の継承」または官司請負制が貴族社会内で次第に確立されていった。
- In the 11th century, the 'family business takeover' or the hereditary government office system, in which certain families inherited certain government positions, was gradually established in the aristocratic society.
- 本来、国司の最高職は国守だったが、遥任により現地に在住しなかった場合は、介・掾・目のうちから受領が出ていたのである。
- Originally, the highest position of kokushi was kokushu, but when kokushu did not live in his assigned province, a person at the rank of suke, jo or sakan (these ranks were in this order, with suke the highest) was appointed to zuryo.
- 関西風の鰻屋が存在した理由は参勤交代で江戸までお供した職人や料理人がそのまま江戸に定住しそこで商いを始めたとされる。
- The reason why the Kansai-style eel restaurants existed was that the artisans and cooks, who came to Edo because of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords during the Edo period were required to spend every other year residing in Edo), settled in Edo, and began their trade.
- 旧幕府軍は淀藩主(京都市伏見区)稲葉正邦(慶喜の側近の一人で現職の老中)を頼って、淀城に入り建て直しをはかろうとした。
- The former Shogunate forces requested the lord of the Yodo domain (Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City), Masakuni INABA (a close aide to Yoshinobu and an incumbent senior councilor) to open Yodo Castle to them so they could regroup their forces.
- 天正7年(1579年)に織田信長が今までついていた右大臣兼右近衛大将の官職を辞任してから、散位官の状態のままにあった。
- In 1579, Nobunaga ODA resigned from the positions of Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and Ukone-no-daisho (Commander of the right division of the Inner Palace Guards), and remained as the sanikan (ranking personnel without an official position).
- ただし、狭義においては戦国時代 (日本)の平田職定(職国12代目の子孫)の子平田職清及びその養子平田職忠の系統を指す。
- In a narrow meaning, the Suino family refers to the family line descended from the twelfth generation descendant of Motokuni, Motosada HIRATA who lived during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States)--Motosada's son Motokiyo--Motokiyo's adopted son Mototada.
- 他の安倍氏とは一線を画して陰陽師としての公的な職務は全て安倍氏(土御門家)と賀茂氏(幸徳井家)が取り仕切る事となった。
- All the official duties of Onmyoji came to be conducted by the Kamo clan (Kotokui family) and the Abe clan (Tsuchimikado family), apart from other Abe families.
- しかし氏信は1368年(応安元年)に幕府によって守護職を解任され、以降安芸守護職は今川氏や細川氏等の足利一門が担った。
- Ujinobu was removed by the bakufu from the position of shugo in 1368 and the clans of Ashikaga side, such as the Imagawa clan and the Hosokawa clan, served as shugo.
- しかし、近くには上七軒があり、五番町は職人が通う花街としてのイメージが抱かれたため、発展解消され娼妓本位の街となった。
- Due to the existence of nearby Kamishichiken, many people had the impression that Goban-cho was the geisha quarter for craftsmen; consequently Goban-cho was reorganized into a town that centered on prostitution.
- そして6年後の大治 (日本)5年(1130年)6月11日、所領の「相馬郡布施郷」を伊勢神宮に寄進し、その下司職となる。
- Six years later, he donated his shoryo (territory) 'Fuse-go village, Soma county' to the Ise-jingu Shrine on July 24, 1130, and became a local official to manage it.
- 荘園においても、荘園領主らは必要物資を得るために荘園内に手工業者・職人を確保し、職能に応じて彼らへ給田を与えていった。
- As for Shoen, shoen landholders kept handicraftsmen within their shoen to obtain necessary supplies and gave Kyuden according to their ability.
- 彼らの多くは鎌倉幕府の守護や地頭になって獲得した軍事的・警察的権限を自己の所領にも展開し、他の所職を排除しようとした。
- Many of the gokenin applied military and police powers, which they had obtained after becoming shugo or jito of the Kamakura bakufu, on their own shoryo to remove various kinds of shiki associated with their own shoryo.
- 総長と法科の対立は激化し、翌1914年1月になって法科教授・助教授は抗議の連帯辞職を敢行し、学生たちも教官を支持した。
- When confrontation intensified between the president and the law school, professors/assistant professors of the law school jointly resigned from their posts in January 1914, and students also supported them.
- 京大法学部教授会および小西総長は文相の要求を拒絶したが、同月26日、文部省は文官分限令により滝川の休職処分を強行した。
- The board of professors at the Faculty of Law, Kyoto University and Dean Konishi refused the Minister of Education's demands and on the 26th of the same month, the Ministry of Education forced a decision on Takigawa's suspension from work through the Bunkanbungen law (ordinance on the status of civil servants).
- 平安時代には神職が道教の陰陽五行思想を取り込み陰陽道と陰陽師という思想と役職を得て官僚として大きな勢力を持ち執政した。
- In the Heian period, the Shinto priesthood, who adopted Inyo (also referred as Onmyo) gogyo shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Zing Idea) of Taoism and obtained the idea of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of five elements) and the position of Onmyoji (Master of Ying yang), controlled the administration with a strong power as a bureaucrat.
- 河内国の壺井義知は民間の出ながら、官職・装束の研究においては当代随一とされて、公家さえもが教えを乞うたと言われている。
- Although Yoshichika TSUBOI of Kawachi Province was an ordinary citizen, he was considered top of the field of research into official posts and costume, and it is said even kuge sat at his feet.
- 温暖多湿という日本の国土条件の中、職人技により製造されるが、現代的な食品の衛生基準との間で伝統を守りづらくなっている。
- It is an artisanal product made in the moderate and humid climate of Japan, but it is becoming difficult to maintain the tradition being subject to modern food hygiene standards.
- 野村又三郎家、三宅藤九郎家、野村万蔵家といった有力な職分家が活発に活動していたこともあり、宗家の不在は長らくつづいた。
- As powerful occupational branch families such as the Matasaburo NOMURA family, the Tokuro MIYAKE family, and the Manzo NOMURA family were active, the absence of the head family, Soke, continued for a long time.
- 中央政府は二官、八省、一台、五衛府で構成され(二官八省)、各省は職、寮、項目名司の名をもった若干の官庁をしたがえている。
- The central government was composed of nikan (two departments), hassho (eight ministries), ichidai (one office), and goefu (five guards) (two departments and eight ministries), and there were several government offices named shiki (agency), ryo (bureau), and Komoku-meishi under the ministries.
- 京都守護職(きょうとしゅごしょく)は幕末に新たに設けられた江戸幕府の要職であり、政事総裁職・将軍後見職と並ぶ三役の一つ。
- The Kyoto Shugoshoku (literally, 'office of the protector of Kyoto') was an important post in the Edo bakufu that was newly created at the end of the Edo period; it was one of the three key posts in the bakufu, the others being the Seiji-Sosaishoku (literally, 'political governor') and the Shogun-Kokenshoku (literally, 'guardian of the Shogun').
- なお、新選組の組織編制は、職務の複数制を原則とする江戸時代の各組織と違い一人制であり洋式軍制などの影響が指摘されている。
- Furthermore, the organization of Shinsen-gumi was such that one person held one post, unlike many organizations in the Edo era where a post was generally held by more than one person, and influence of western military systems is pointed out.
- この功績によって山名氏は、備後国・安芸国・石見国・備前国・美作国・播磨国などの守護職を与えられ、再び全盛期を築き上げた。
- By this great achievement, the Yamana clan was given shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) in the provinces of Bingo, Aki, Iwami, Bizen, Mimasaka, Harima, etc., and regained their glory.
- 宇都宮庶流としては藤原宗円の次子である中原宗房が豊前国仲津郡城井郷に地頭職として赴任したことが城井氏の始まりといわれる。
- Munefusa Nakahara, the second son of FUJIWARA no Soen left for Kiigo, Nakatsu District, Buzen Province as Jitoshiki (manager and lord of a private estate) and this is said to be the origin of the Kii clan as a branch family of the Utsunomiya clan.
- その後、頼氏が北条氏の得宗家と反得宗家の争いである二月騒動に連座して佐渡島に流罪となると、惣領職が新田氏本宗家に復する。
- Thereafter, when Yoriuji was exiled in Sadoga-shima Island, being implicated in the Nigatsu-sodo (February rebellion), a dispute between the Tokuso family of the Hojo clan and anti Tokuso family, the soryo-shiki returned to the head family of the Nitta clan.
- 長久元年(1040年)より国府の推挙により数ヵ年修理職として在京し、陸奥国・藤原登任の下向に同行し帰省したとの説もある。
- There is a theory which says that he had worked as shurishiki (a government officer responsible for the construction and repair of buildings in the Imperial Palace) in Kyoto for several years since 1040 on the recommendation of kokufu (a provincial office) and that he returned to his hometown accompanying Mutsu no Kami (the governor of Mutsu Province), FUJIWARA no Narito.
- 例えば石井進の国衙軍制論を発展させるとして、「国衙軍制」を中心に武士を論ずる下向井龍彦は「武士職能論」を激しく批判する。
- For example, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI who argued that bushi centered around 'the kokuga forces system' to develop 'the theory of the kokuga forces system' and greatly opposed 'the theory of samurai function' of Susumu ISHII.
- が、やがて東国においては、これらの荷の運搬と安全を請け負う僦馬(しゅうめ)と呼ばれる職業的に輸送に従事する集団が現れた。
- Before long, however, a group called Shume emerged in Togoku (Kanto region) that engaged in transportation as a business, engaging in the safe transfer of such loads.
- 彼らもまた、小さい単位ながら、農民を支配する側の荘園下級役職者であると同時に、小規模ながら、その「村郷」の領主であった。
- They were also the estate owners of that 'village' at the same time they were lower ranking officers of Shoen that ruled over peasants despite being in a small scale unit.
- 北朝(朝廷)に設けられた役職の1つで将軍からの武家執奏を取次、反対に治天の君・天皇の意向を将軍に伝達する役目を果たした。
- And the other is that it is a post set in the Northern Court (the Imperial Court) that relayed the bukeshisso from the shogun and vice versa, played the role of conveying the intention of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) and the emperor to the shogun.
- また、荘園と同様に商工業者・職能人の間でも荘園の寄人のように特定の権門の隷属下に入ってその庇護を受けた者も寄人と呼んだ。
- As with shoen, among merchants and craftsmen, people who belonged to a specific power structure and received protection were called yoriudo, similar to the yoriudo of shoen.
- 類義語として家道・家業が挙げられるが、家職には国家などの公権力からの特権の承認と支配、それに対する奉仕という要素がある。
- Similar terms are Kado, Kagyo, but Kashoku has the national or official approval and control of the privilege and had an aspect of voluntary work for the authority.
- 荘園公領制の進展の中で、国司・荘園領主から認められた名田に対する諸権利は、名主職(みょうしゅしき)として確立していった。
- As the manorial public territory system developed, various rights over myoden land were officially acknowledged by territorial governors and manorial lords as myoshushiki (myoshu rights).
- 瑞阿弥は京都興聖寺の住職浅野牧仙に式正茶法を伝え、以後、同寺の住職が世襲することになったため、茶法が伝わりづらくなった。
- Zuiami taught the Shikisei tea ceremony to Bokusen ASANO, the chief priest of Kosho-ji Temple in Kyoto, and subsequently the chief priests of this temple followed a hereditary succession; as a result, the tea ceremony was difficult to pass on.
- そこで佐藤進一、上横手雅敬、戸田芳実、高橋昌明らによってこれら在京の武士を武士の起源とする「職能」武士起源論が提唱された。
- And Shinichi SATO, Masataka UWAYOKOTE, Yoshimi TODA, Masaaki TAKAHASHI and others proposed the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function' that the bushi originally came from the bushi staying in Kyoto.
- 細川氏は足利将軍家同様、足利氏の流れを汲み、同じく将軍家と同族である斯波氏、畠山氏とともに、管領職を持ち回りで司ってきた。
- Like the Ashikaga family positioned to accede to the shogunate, the Hosokawa clan was related to the linage of the Ashikaga clan and bore the role of kanrei alternately with the Shiba and the Hatakeyama clans in the same family linage of the Ashikaga family like the Hosokawa clan.
- その功により播磨1国の守護に任じられると共に、室町幕府では京極氏・一色氏・山名氏と並ぶ四職のひとつとなって幕政に参画した。
- For these distinguished services, the Akamatsu clan was appointed to Shugo (constable) of the Harima Province, and also raised to one of the four distinguished posts, comparable to those of the Kyogoku clan, the Isshiki clan, and the Yamana clan to participate in the shogunate administration in the Muromachi bakufu.
- 菅原氏の当主は大学寮における公的な職務以外に、自宅にこうした私塾を開いて教えを請う学生たちに紀伝道を講義したとされている。
- It was considered that the head of the Sugawara clan established the private school for lecturing on the Kidendo for students who were asking the head to teach them, besides performing his official duties at the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).
- 下鴨社領の歴史は、天文 (日本)16年(1547年)に神保長職が近隣国人へ神用年貢の納入を督励したことが最後の記録となる。
- The last record on the history of the estate of Shimogamo-jinja Shrine was made in 1547 describing Nagamoto JINBO encouraging people in neighboring provinces to pay local taxes for god.
- 大名の中で唯一、老中などの幕閣を占める前途を保証された譜代大名に対しては、所領の加増はもとより、役職の昇進も恩賞となった。
- Among daimyo, only fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), who were promised to become members of the cabinet of advisors such as roju (senior councillor), were given both additional territories and promotions as rewards.
- そのため、令制や他の官職解説と異なる記述や任命されることが無くなっていた四等官主典級及び判官級の一部の記事が省かれている。
- As a result, some of its descriptions are different from those of the Ritsuryo system or other instruction manuals and the explanations of fourth grade Sakan (secretary) or Hangan (inspector), to which none were appointed at the time, were omitted.
- これは宗氏以外の全ての受職人(朝鮮王朝から官位を貰っている者)・受図書人(通交許可を受けている者)に対しても同様であった。
- This sanction was applied not only to the So clan but also to all Jushokunin (those given an official rank by the Korean Dynasties) and Tsuko Jutoshonin (those granted the permission to practice amicable relations).
- 擬漢文体で書かれ、衣食住、職業、領国経営、建築、司法、職分、仏教、武具、教養、療養など、多岐にわたる一般常識を内容とする。
- Written in pseudo-Chinese style, Teikin Orai covered a wide range of topics on general knowledge including lifestyle, vocation, territory management, architecture, law, duty, Buddhism, weapons, education, and medical treatment.
- 杜氏(とうじ、とじ)とは、日本酒の醸造工程を行う職人集団、すなわち蔵人の監督者であり、なおかつ酒蔵の最高製造責任者をいう。
- The term 'toji,' written as 杜氏 in Japanese, refers to a person who supervises kurabito, a group of skilled workers responsible for sake brewing, and works as the chief executive brewer at a brewery.
- 特に江戸時代から昭和のはじめ頃までに形成された、商家(しょうか、商いの場や仕事の場を兼ねた商人や職人の家)の街並みをさす。
- The term 'machiya' specifically refers to the townscape consisting of merchant houses (houses of merchants and craftspeople that is a combination of family residence and shop) which was formed during the Edo period through the beginning of the Showa period.
- 日本教職員組合などの反対派は憲法が保障する思想・良心の自由に反するとして、旗の掲揚並びに「君が代」斉唱は行わないと主張した。
- Opposition factions such as Japan Teachers Union (Nikkyoso) asserted that they did not raise the flag and did not carry out chorus reading of 'Kimigayo' on the grounds that it was against freedom of thought and freedom of conscience guaranteed by the Constitution.
- 江戸時代以降は社会の全てを覆うようになり、元来軍人・「武官」に相当する職務であった武士が「文官」として働くことが多くなった。
- After the Edo period bushi spread across all of society, many of them came to work as 'civil officers,' though they were traditionally in charge of duty positions corresponding to warriors or 'military officers.'
- もちろん次官の仕事などしていないのはいうまでもないが、前記のように内蔵寮と浅野長矩が長官を務める内匠寮とは職務上関連が深い。
- It goes without saying that he did not do have any duties as deputy, but as mentioned previously, the Kuraryo and Naishoryo, where Naganori ASANO was head, have a close relationship regarding duties.
- ただし、当時はまだ京都奉行にあたる役職が無かったために小出は定数外の伏見奉行として派遣されて、前京都郡代の役宅に入っている。
- Note that KOIDE was despatched as a non-regular Fushimi Magistrate as there had been no title equivalent to Kyoto Magistrate at the time of his appointment, and KOIDE resided in the official residence of the former Kyoto Gundai.
- 後継の甲斐守護職は、逸見氏との甲斐源氏同士の内紛の末、幕府の追及を恐れて高野山で出家した信満の弟である武田信元が任じられる。
- Nobumoto TAKEDA, a younger brother of Nobumitsu who had become a monk at Mt. Koya in fear of bakufu's interrogation, was appointed as the successor of the shugo of Kai Province after the internal strife in Kai-Genji with the Hemi clan.
- しかし、幕末に至っても両家による全国編成は完了せず、百姓身分のまま神職を勤める '百姓神主' がかなりの割合で存在していた。
- However, nationwide organization by the families did not end even at the end of the Edo period, and there was a significant proportion of 'hyakusho priests,' who served as Shinto priests while staying at the farming rank.
- 武家との連携によって北朝の維持を図ろうとしていた良基はその要望に応じて、官職制度の故実・職掌などを解説するために執筆された。
- In response to Yoshimitsu's request, Yoshimoto, who intended to maintain the Northern Court through cooperation with samurai family, wrote this book in order to explain the ancient practices and official duties concerning the court officials system.
- だがその一方で、安土城の築城に延暦寺の職人を利用したり、根来寺の鉄砲を戦争に利用するなど、寺社勢力の高い技術力を活用もした。
- However, they used the advanced technological skills of the jisha seiryoku, for example craftsmen from Enryaku-ji Temple were used to build Azuchi-jo Castle, or rifles made by craftsmen from the Negoro-ji Temple were used in the battle.
- しかし、14世紀末ごろになると、一定の氏族がその国の守護職を相伝(世襲)するという守護職の固定化が見られるようになっていた。
- However, in around the end of the 14th century, the shugo-shiki was exclusively possessed by a certain clan that inherited the post of its province, which was called 'monopolization of the shugo-shiki.'
- 当時、名主職は相伝や譲与できる権利と認識されており、農村社会内部の均質化によって、名主の地位や権利は徐々に分割されていった。
- In this period, myoshu rights were already recognized as rights that could be inherited or sold, and as rural society became more and more homogenized the position and rights of myoshu were split into smaller elements.
- 12世紀には既に荒廃していたが、付属の荘園群や地方官への推薦権(年挙)は中世まで残り、学館院別当の称号も名誉職として残った。
- Although it was already ruined by the 12th century, affiliated private estates and the chihokan (local official) recommendation (nenkyo) system remained up to the Middle Ages, and also, the title Gakkanin-betto (the chief officer of Gakkanin) also remained to indicate an honorary position.
- その後1971年(昭和46年)には正式に同協会会長に就任し1999年(平成11年)まで28年もの長きにわたりその職を務めた。
- Then, in 1971, he was officially appointed as chairman of the association and served the position for twenty eight years until 1999.
- 現在、摂政のみが存続を認められ、天皇の公務を代行する役目として皇太子など皇族のみが任ぜられる職として皇室典範に定められている。
- At present, only the position of the regent still exists, and the Imperial Household Law provides that the post is only for members of the Imperial family, such as the Crown Prince, and is used to conduct the Emperor's official duties in his place.
- 御霊合戦ののち、細川勝元は領地の四国9カ国から兵を集結させ、細川派の大名では赤松政則が播磨で山名領へ侵攻して守護職を奪還した。
- After Goryo Gassen, Katsumoto HOSOKAWA mobilized troops from nine provinces in Shikoku and, among the daimyos on the Hosokawa side, Masanori AKAMATSU invaded Yamana's territory in Harima and recaptured the position of shugo.
- そこで、地頭の年貢の滞納や領民の不法使用など、地頭職を越えた越権行為が行われるようになり、荘園領主や国司との間に紛争が生じた。
- Jito's acts beyond their authorities, including arrears in taxes and illegal use of the people in the province, gave rise to disputes with the Shoen-ryoshu and the Kokushi.
- 初代家康が慶長10年(1605年)に将軍職と当主の座を辞して隠居するまでに徳川姓を称したのは、世子の徳川秀忠ただ一人であった。
- In 1605, the founder Ieyasu stood down from his roles as shogun and family head and until his retirement use of the 'Tokugawa' surname was limited to one individual: his heir Hidetada TOKUGAWA.
- 京都では内裏で天皇の警護(近衛部隊の前身のようなもの)に就く滝口武者を世襲し、他にも衛門府、兵衛府など中央の官職を有していた。
- In Kyoto, in addition to serving by succession as Takiguchi no musha (samurai guards of the Imperial Residence and the forerunner of the Konoe troops), the members of the Watanabe clan held some central governmental posts including Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards) and Hyoefu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards).
- 平松時方(従二位・中納言)(1651年 - 1710年)は、野宮定基らと並び有職故実に詳しく「有職四天王」の一人に数えられる。
- Tokikata HIRAMATSU (Chunagon of Junii) (1651-1710) had a profound knowledge of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) and was counted among the 'Yusoku-shitenno' (the four specialists of the ancient practices) along with Sadamoto NONOMIYA.
- 御成敗式目(貞永式目)第十条には、殺人や傷害、役職目的の殺人や強盗殺人の規定があるが、このなかに敵討の禁止を定める規定がある。
- Article 10 of Goseibai-shikimoku, or Joei-shikimoku (another term for Goseibai-shikimoku, later named after the Joei period during which Goseibai-shikimoku was established), contains provisions on murder, injury, murder targeted at a post, and murder-robbery; the prohibition of Katakiuchi is stipulated therein.
- また滝川を法学部長とし、法学部再建の全権を委ねる旨密約がなされ、黒田法学部長は解任され、佐伯ら前記「復帰組」教官らは辞職した。
- There also was a secret pact that made Takigawa head of the Faculty of Law and have all the rights to rebuild the faculty, which led to Kuroda who was faculty head being fired and the staff who returned such as Saeki resigning.
- - 町の社会基盤の整備であるが、村普請と違う点は出資者が町人や大店であり、労役は専門職の者が行ったので普く請う形ではなかった。
- Machi fushin refers to the development of the public infrastructure of a town, though, unlike mura fushin, it was supported financially by chonin or odana and was carried out by a staff of specialists, and therefore was not widely (fu) asked (shin) for.
- そのため、日本においては、映画作品の内容にあわせて台本を書き、上映中に進行にあわせてそれを口演する特殊な職業と文化が出現した。
- There therefore emerged in Japan the peculiar occupation (and its culture) that he or she wrote a script in accordance with the movie content, and that he or she spoke it simultaneously as the movie ran.
- 義政は29歳になって、富子や側室との間に後継男子がないことを理由に、将軍職を実弟の浄土寺門跡義尋に譲って隠居することを思い立つ。
- At the age of 29, Yoshimasa thought of retiring, transferring the position of Shogun to his real younger brother Yoshihiro, Monzeki (chief priest of a temple qualified to accept a member of the imperial family or of the nobility) of Jodoji Temple, by reason of the absence of an inheriting son, born to either Tomiko or the concubine.
- 信長が帰依していたとする阿弥陀寺(上立売大宮)縁起によれば、住職清玉が裏の生垣から割入って密かに運び出し、荼毘に付したとされる。
- According to Amidaji (Kamidachiuriomiya) Engi (the history of the Amida-ji Temple), of which temple Nobunaga was a believer, the chief priest, Seigyoku, sneaked in through the hedge in the back of the temple and carried out the body and burnt it.
- おじいさん、おばあさん、姫、公卿・皇族、職人、商人、天皇、武士と「中世的キャラクター」がこの時代(10世紀)に既に出揃っている。
- All the medieval characters of this period (the 10th century) such as grandfather, grandmother, princess, lords, nobles, craftsmen, merchants, emperors and samurai were already present in this tale.
- その一方で自己の専売を確立した市場では座外の商人・職人の営業を禁止して座衆による独占を図り、座に属する小規模業者の維持に努めた。
- In the market where a za obtained an exclusive right to sell their merchandise, at the same time, they attempted to monopolize the market by prohibiting merchants and artisans who did not participated in that za from engaging in trade, and thus they sustained small traders belonging to the za.
- 円心の長男・赤松範資には摂津国、次男の赤松貞範には美作国、三男の赤松則祐に備前国の守護職が与えられ、合わせて4ヶ国の守護となる。
- Enshin's first son, Norisuke AKAMATSU was appointed to Shugo (military governor) of Settsu Province, the second son, Sadanori AKAMATSU was appointed to Shugo of Mimasaka Province, and the third son, Norisuke AKAMATSU was appointed to Shugo of Bizen Province, respectively, and the clan resulted in producing four Shugo (military governors) in total.
- 神職身分を獲得したい百姓神主と百姓身分に留めたい村落側との意向が異なる場合があり、百姓神主と村落とが裁判を繰り返すこともあった。
- There were cases in which a hyakusho priest, who desired to obtain the Shinto priest rank, and a village, which desired to keep the hyakusho priest at the hyakusho rank, had different wishes and repeated trials.
- 魚魯愚鈔(ぎょろぐしょう)は、除目に関する申文や大間書などの資料や『清涼記』・『西宮記』などの除目関係記事を集成した有職故実書。
- Gyorogusho was a book on the study of ancient courtly traditions and etiquette which compiled documents relating to the appointment to official positions such as moshibumi (letter of appointment) and omagaki (a list of candidates) as well as other related records such as 'Seiryoki' and 'Saikyuki.'
- 江戸時代の大名以下の武家の官職は員外の官とされ、同じ官職名でも従来の公家の官職、定員数とは関係の無い別のものとして扱われていた。
- During the Edo period, Imperial posts assigned to buke such as daimyo were regarded as ingai-kan (supernumerary positions), and these positions had nothing to do with traditional posts given to kuge even if they had the same post names; additionally, samurai at these positions were excluded from the prescribed number of personnel of such traditional posts.
- その結果、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなり、次第に荘園公領制の解体が推し進められることとなった。
- As a result, the nature of ryoke shiki (rights and responsibilities of the lord of shoen) and jito shiki at shoen/koryo changed substantially and the collapse of shoen koryo sei was prompted.
- 1746年(延享3年)1月6日には信州佐久郡岩村田の割元職の篠澤佐五右衛門包道が伊勢神宮神官福島鳥羽太夫に鯉こくを献上している。
- On January 6, 1746, 篠澤佐五右衛門包道, an official liaison (warimoto) of Iwamurata, Saku County, Shinshu, presented koikoku to Toba FUKUSHIMA, a low-ranking Shinto priest of Ise Jingu Shrine.
- これによって二重政権は解消され、豊臣政権は再び秀吉のもとに一元化されるが、政権の正統性の拠り所である関白職は豊臣宗家から失われた。
- By Hidetsugu's death, the dual government was dissolved and the Toyotomi administration was unified again under Hideyoshi, however, the head family of TOYOTOMI lost the post of Kanpaku, by which the government could justify itself.
- 当初は職住一体の街を計画していたが、実際には大阪市や京都市の都心に働きに行く人が多く、両市へのベッドタウンの傾向が強くなっている。
- Initially, it was planned that people working in the city would also be able to live there, but in reality, commuters to Osaka City or Kyoto City are on the rise, resulting in a bedroom community for both cities.
- 当村の前身の小学校は当地の真宗本廟(東本願寺系・真宗大谷派)西乗寺の寺子屋が発祥で、公立化後の初代校長には西乗寺の住職が就任した。
- The former elementary school of this village originated in the terakoya (temple school) at Saijo-ji Temple in this village, which is related to Shinshu Honbyo Temple (Higashi Hongan-ji Temple of the Otani school of Shin-shu Sect), and the priest of Saijo-ji Temple assumed the post of the first schoolmaster after it was converted to a public school.
- 1409年に管領職を譲られた孫の斯波義淳もまもなく解任され、足利義教が6代将軍に就任するまで長い間、幕府から冷遇される事となった。
- After Yoshiatsu SHIBA, a grandchild of Yoshimasa who had been given the Kanryo shoku (a post of Chief Adviser) in 1409, was soon dismissed, the Shiba clan had been treated coldly by Bakufu for a long time until the inauguration of the sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 律令の解釈は主に渡来人系の人々からなる令師と呼ばれる一種の技術職によって行われ、その育成も令師が私的に行っていたと考えられている。
- The interpretation of ritsuryo was handled mainly by people from China called Ryoshi, experts who probably also cultivated future Ryoshi privately.
- - 伝統産業に従事する職人や、鉱山や土木業などの産業に従事する者が集まってできた町、あるいはその産業・工芸品の売買によって栄えた町
- town formed with artisans engaged in traditional industries and those engaged in industries such as mining industry, civil engineering, and the construction industry, or a town that prospered as a result of trading related products
- そうした所領や荘園をそれぞれの本主の官職・位階に基づいて区別され、本主の政所によって統括され、家司を預所に補任して荘務を行わせた。
- Those shoryo and shoen were classified according to the kanshoku (official position) and ikai (court rank) of the respective main family, controlled over by the mandokoro (administrative office) of the main family, and the Ie no tsukasa was appointed to carry out the role.
- 院政期という比較的早い時期において成立し、有職故実・公事を中心とする題材を後世の説話集に提供したため、説話に分類されることもある。
- Fukego is sometimes classified as a setsuwa (a collection of anecdotes) because it was written in the earlier period, in the times under cloistered rule, and presented such subjects as yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) and official court events to setsuwa collections of the later period.
- これらの部隊は小屋懸け組(戦地における宿営地を建築する部隊)の様に独立した隊として編成されたものもあり、多種多様な職種が存在した。
- Like the living quarters construction unit (division that constructed camp at the battleground), there were squads organized as independent troops, and there existed various job types.
- 地元の小学生から長老まで約40人が壬生大念仏講中を構成し、学校通い、会社勤め、商いなどの本職のかたわらに練習をし、公演をしている。
- The Mibu Dainenbutsu Association is formed from approximately 40 members, spanning a wide age group from local elementary school students to senior citizens, who take time out from their normal occupations as commuting students, salaried employees, running small business and the like to rehearse and perform.
- The Mibu Dainenbutsu Association consists of around 40 members ranging from elementary school students to senior citizens who rehearse and perform outside of school and work.
- これは江戸時代に蕎麦の本場だった信州上田藩の藩主仙石政明が出石藩に国替えとなった際、大勢の蕎麦職人を連れて来て以来の伝統とされる。
- When Masaaki SENGOKU, the lord of the Ueda Domain in Shinshu, which was the major soba producing area in the Edo period, transferred to the Izushi Domain, he brought many soba chefs along to his new territory and it is considered that the Izushi soba tradition began.
- 日本料理には宮廷料理の系統である有職料理、大名の宴会料理である本膳料理、江戸時代に町人の宴会料理として確立した会席料理などがある。
- Japanese cuisine is categorized into Yusoku ryori (dishes prepared for the royal court) derived from court dishes, honzen ryori (full-course haute cuisine) which are party dishes for feudal lords, Kaiseki ryori (formally arranged dinner to enjoy sake) established as party dishes for townspeople in the Edo period, and so on.
- 徳川幕府や諸大名のお抱えとして、長年にわたり手厚い庇護を受けていた大蔵流の狂言師たちはみな俸禄を失い、転業・転職を余儀なくされた。
- Every Kyogen performer, who had been retained and cordially supported by the Tokugawa bakufu and many Daimyo over long periods, lost Horoku, with the result that they had no choice but to change their jobs.
- 義満は度々義弘へ上洛を催促するが、「和泉、紀伊の守護職が剥奪される」「上洛したところを誅殺される」との噂が流れ、義弘を不安にさせた。
- Yoshimitsu repeatedly summoned Yoshihiro to the capital, but rumors had spread that 'You'll be deprived of your governorship (shugo) over Iwami and Kii' or even 'You'll be assassinated on the road to Kyoto,' and hearing these, Yoshihiro felt uneasy.
- 「三職推任問題」での信長の対応をみて、朝廷側が、信長は朝廷を滅ぼす意思を持っているのではないかと考えたことを根拠の一つとして挙げる。
- One of grounds for this view is that the imperial court might consider that Nobunaga had an intention to overthrow the imperial court surmising from Nobunaga's response with respect to 'sanshokusuininnmonndai' (matters related to the Imperial Court's offer to Nobunaga to appoint him to Semi Daishogun, Daijo Daijin, or Kanpaku according to Nobunaga's wish).
- 主に、神社用の田である神田、寺院用の田である寺田、官職に応じられて与えられた田である官田をはじめ勅旨田・公廨田などが不輸租田である。
- Fuyusoden mainly included shinden (also referred to as kamita, kanda) which was a paddy field affiliated with a shrine, jiden (also referred to as terada) which was a paddy field affiliated with a temple, kanden (imperial estates) which was a paddy field allotted according to government rank, chokushiden (imperial proprietorships and land), and kugaiden (estates belonging to government officers.)
- 所領安堵や武家官位のみならず、公家の官職任免などの人事や家門安堵、寺社に対する政策、勅撰和歌集の撰進など朝廷のあらゆる分野に及んだ。
- Bukeshisso came to cover not only shoryo ando (the act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) and bukekani (official court titles for samurai) but also almost all areas such as Court nobles' appointment and dismissal in the Imperial Court, kamon ando (providing authorization for family lineage), policies to temples and shrines and senshin (the dedicating of entitled documents and poetries) of Chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command).
- 有職故実書として高い評価を得ており、これに対する注釈書として、一条兼良の『江(家)次第抄(鈔)』、尾崎積興の『江家次第秘抄』がある。
- Gokeshidai has been highly valued as the books on yusoku kojitsu, and there exist two commentaries about it, that is, 'Goshidaisho' by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO and 'Gokeshidai hisho' by Tsumioki OZAKI.
- つぎに自由貴族においても官職や位階、領地を基盤として家門形成が進み、中世盛期には下級貴族や都市の支配階級においても家門が形成された。
- In the world of noblemen, a family formation developed based on government positions, court ranks and territorial lands; during the prime of the medieval ages, families were formed among lower-ranking nobles and the ruling class in cities.
- 江戸時代後期には「有職雛」とよばれる宮中の雅びな平安装束を正確に再現したものが現れ、さらに今日の雛人形につながる「古今雛」が現れた。
- In the late Edo period, the 'yusoku-bina,' dolls clad in the exact replica of the elegant court costume of the Heian period, appeared, and the 'kokin-bina' (traditional dolls with new designs), the precursor of the present-day Hina-matsuri dolls, also appeared.
- 現在では東京に数名、関西には1名しかおらず絶滅寸前の職業とまで言われ、後継者の減少から伝承されてきた「お座敷芸」が失伝されつつある。
- Currently, this profession is said to be on the verge of extinction because there are few Hokan in Tokyo and only one in Kansai area, and 'party tricks' that have been handed down generations are being lost due to decrease of successors.
- 有職故実書の中でも、源高明の『西宮記』、藤原公任の『北山抄』、大江匡房の『江家次第』の三書は「後世の亀鑑」と仰がれ別格扱いであった。
- Among books on yusoku kojitsu, the three books 'Saikyuki' written by MINAMOTO no Takaakira, 'Hokuzansho' written by FUJIWARA no Kinto, and 'Goke-shidai' written by OE no Masafusa were respected as 'kosei no kikan' (a paragon for the future generation) and treated as special cases.
- 室町幕府は守護大名による連合政権であり、足利家の執事職を起源とする管領は鎌倉幕府の執権ほどは実権が無く、幕政は原則的に合議制であった。
- Muromachi Bakufu was a united government of Shugo daimyos, and the control originating from the chamberlain position of the Ashikaga clan did not have the actual power that the regents of Kamakura Bakufu had; consequently, government by bakufu was in principle conducted through a council system.
- 刀鍛冶らの職人も、それまでの銘物としての一品生産を中心とする生産方法から、ある程度の使い捨てを念頭に置いた大量生産を行うようになった。
- Craftsmen such as swordsmith also switched from a manufacturing method centering on article-by-article production with swords inscribed with the name of the swordsmith to quantity production with an eye on disposal to a certain extent.
- 天正10年5月に至り、朝廷から武田征伐の戦勝祝賀として信長に、太政大臣、関白、征夷大将軍の三職いずれかに推任しようとする動きがあった。
- In June (May in old lunar calendar), 1582, there was a move in the Imperial Court to endorse Nobunaga for one of the three posts, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), or Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') as a reward for his subjugation of Takeda.
- しかし、主流の美濃守護職は頼忠の家系(西池田家)に奪われたために、康行の家系は世保家と称して、伊勢守護職を断続的に継承することになる。
- However, as Yasuyuki's family line was deprived of Mino no shugoshiki (provincial constable of Mino Province) by Yoritada's family line (the Nishiikeda clan), Yasuyuki's family line referred to itself as the Seho clan, and intermittently took over Ise no Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Ise Province).
- これに伴う得分は職の体系の中で所務職として確立され、また所務を預所が務める事が多かった事から、預所職(あずかりどころしき)とも称した。
- The income from management and rights and obligations involved therein was established as shomu shiki in the structure of offices, and as azukaridokoro (a deputy of 'Shoen' manor lord) often did shomu, it was also called azukaridokoro shiki (the right that azukaridokoro - a deputy of Shoen manor lord - had.)
- そして、そこ並んでいたのは、商人の商家や職人の工房であり、それに対し、公家や武家は、より洪水の危険の及ぶ東洞院通以東に居を構えていた。
- The merchant houses and factories of the craftspeople lined the street, whereas the courtiers and military families had homes east of the Higashinotoin-dori Street, which was more prone to flooding.
- 家格に基づいて、1家もしくは少数の家の家督継承者の相対的に安定した家職及び官職昇進次第が保証された制度が公家社会各層において確立した。
- A system of relatively stable Kasho and position promotion path for the head of one or several families depending upon the family class became established as a system for every layer of the aristocracy.
- 最盛期は明治時代から大正時代にかけてのころで、呉服の街として名高い日本橋 (東京都中央区)には葛籠の職人も多く、葛籠屋の組合もあった。
- Its height was from the Meiji period to the Taisho period and there were many tsuzura craftsman in Nihonbashi (Chuo Ward, Tokyo), a famous town for kimono, and there was also a tsuzura traders' union.
- 千家十職の中には同じく茶碗を作る樂吉左衛門がいるが、善五郎は主に伝世品の写しなどを作っており楽焼のみの樂家とは住み分けがなされている。
- Although the Senke jusshoku includes another tea bowl maker family called Kichizaemon RAKU, they and Zengoro have their own territories because Zengoro's major products are replicas of works which have been prized for a long time, while the Raku family focuses only on rakuyaki (hand-molded pottery).
- たとえば、官職制度のなかにも各種の重要な変化がおこったが、そのなかで著名なものは蔵人(くろうど)および検非違使(けびいし)の制度である。
- For example, among the variety of important changes that occurred in the government service system, the system of kurodo (keeper of imperial archives) and kebiishi (statutory office in the Heian and Kamakura periods) is notable.
- 約束どおり将軍職位譲を行わない義政、義視将軍就任のために積極的に動かない後見人勝元、富子に見守られ僧門に入ることもなく成長して行く義尚。
- Yoshihisa had grown up without entering priesthood, watched over by Yoshimasa who would not hand over the Shogunate as promised, guardian Katsumoto and Tomiko who would make no active move to place Yoshimi in the position of Shogun.
- 10世紀中葉から後期にかけて、ある官職に伴う権限義務を特定の家系へ請け負わせる官司請負制が中央政界でも地方政治でも著しく進展していった。
- From the middle to the end of the 10th century, the government official contract system developed in the national political arena as well as in regional politics: specific family lines were given contracts to have authority and duties associated with certain government posts.
- 室町時代以降、武家社会で有職故実の中心的存在となり家の伝統を継承していったことから、時の幕府からも礼典や武芸の事柄においては重用された。
- Since the Muromachi period, because it passed the family tradition down as a key player of yusoku kojitsu in the samurai society, its ceremonies and military arts treated preferentially by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) of the period.
- 百寮訓要抄(ひゃくりょうくんようしょう)は、南北朝時代 (日本)に関白二条良基が室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義満のために執筆有職故実の解説書。
- Hyakuryo Kunyosho was a book on the study of ancient courtly traditions and etiquette which Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Yoshimoto Nijo wrote for Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians) of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 明治政府の成立後、国家統治機構の近代化と人材登用を標榜して、公家の官職世襲によって支えられてきた朝廷のシステムを「悪しき遺制」と捉えた。
- After the establishment of the Meiji government, with the aim of the modernization of national management systems and utilizing human resources, the court system of hereditary positions held by the aristocracy was considered as an 'evil old custom.'
- 更に職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
- Moreover, shiki itself became mere tokubunken (the right to share of profits of each shiki) from the one indicating the class difference, and the cases that honke (head family) and ryoke held the shiki containing the feature of local lords and vice versa came to be seen.
- また、描かれる人物は、老若男女や貴賤を問わず、多種多様な職業の人びとを対象としており、その点でも歴史資料としてきわめて貴重なものである。
- In addition, men and women of all ages, ranks and vocations are depicted, and so the paintings also provide valuable historical data in that sense.
- 活動弁士(かつどうべんし)は、活動写真すなわち無声映画(サイレント映画)を上映中に、その内容を語りで表現して解説する専門の職業的解説者。
- A katsudo benshi is a Japanese professional narrator of an old motion picture, or a silent movie, who gives live narration to the audience.
- 1473年(文明5年)になると、3月18日に宗全が、5月11日に勝元が相次いで死去し、12月19日には義政が義尚に将軍職を譲って隠居した。
- In 1473, Sozen and Katsumoto successively died, respectively on March 18 and May 11, and on December 19 Yoshimasa retired, handing over the Shogunate to Yoshihisa.
- 江戸時代には清原氏の子孫である舟橋家・伏原家が博士の職を世襲したが、儒教の中でも新興の宋学全盛の時代にあっては名目のみの官となっていった。
- During the Edo period, the Funabashi and Fusehara families, as descendants of the Nakahara clan, inherited the position of hakase (professor); the inherited position was in name only, however, since it had become the golden days of the newly emerged Sogaku (Song-period neo-Confucianism).
- 72時間連続の当直明け勤務など、労働基準法に違反する長時間労働を強いられている病院の医師が、待遇が改善されずに絶望して辞職することを指す。
- It refers to hospital doctors who, forced to work long hours which violate Labor Standards Law such as working continuous 72 hour shifts, despair at the lack of improvement in working conditions and resign.
- なお、鳩山一郎が戦後連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の公職追放指令を受けたのは、かつて文相として滝川の処分を強行したことに関係があるといわれる。
- It is said that the forced punishment of Takigawa was one of the reasons why Ichiro HATOYAMA was banished from official positions by the GHQ in the post-war years.
- それまでは、名主職は代々相続される権利と認識されていたが、この頃から人々の間を移り変わる権利、すなわち遷代の職と認識されていったのである。
- In other words, myoshu rights, which had been inalienable and hereditary, were now regarded as being transferable or non-hereditary rights, whose ownership changed from one generation to the next.
- 従前、解由状を必要とするのは国司だけだったが、内官(京都の各官職)も交替の際には解由状の発給が必要となり、勘解由使の監査対象に加えられた。
- Although formerly a geyujo was necessitated for kokushi alone, naikan (government officials in Kyoto) as well became necessary to have a geyujo issued when they left their positions, and became audited by kageyushi as well.
- この対立は文安1年(1444年)、文安の麹騒動という武力衝突にまで発展し、その結果、京都における麹屋という専門職は滅亡し、麹座も解散した。
- This conflict developed into the military conflict called the koji riot in the Bunan era in 1444, and as a result, the profession of supplying malt in Kyoto was extinguished and the koji-za (rice malt guild) was dismissed.
- 能楽師には、シテ方、ワキ方、狂言方、囃子方(笛方・小鼓方・大鼓方・太鼓方)の職掌があり、特にワキ方・狂言方・囃子方を総称して三役ともいう。
- Noh actors are divided into shite-kata (main actors), waki-kata (supporting actors), kyogen-kata (farce actors) and hayashi-kata (musicians; further divided into fue-kata [flute players], kotsuzumi-kata [small hand drum players], otsuzumi-kata [large hand drum players] and taiko-kata [drum players]) according to their roles, the last three of which are collectively called the sanyaku (three roles).
- 幕府もこれを認めざるえなくなり応永12年(1405年)頃に盛見に周防・長門の守護職を与え、更に豊前・筑前の守護まで加えてようやく帰順させた。
- The shogunate, no longer able to avoid acknowledging Morimi's overlordship of these lands, officially granted him the title of shugo over Suo and Nagato Provinces in 1405, and when they added the provinces of Buzen and Chikuzen to his dominion as shugo, he finally swore allegiance to the Shogun again.
- 将軍職を解任され、建武政権における発言力をも失っていた護良親王は武力による尊氏打倒を考えていたとされ、10月には拘束され、鎌倉へ配流される。
- Dismissed from his position as Shogun and having lost his influence over the Kenmu administration, Imperial Prince Morinaga was accused of plotting to overthrow Takauji through force of arms, so in the tenth month he was seized and exiled to Kamakura.
- だが、徴税体制の中に依然として従来の名体制・職の体系を継承した部分も残されたものの、次第に大名主導による年貢などの負担の平均化が進められた。
- Although a part of myo taisei (local tax management system based on rice land) and the shiki system (system of occupation) was left in the taxation system, averaging of burdens such as tax progressed gradually led by daimyo.
- 本阿弥光悦が、江戸幕府から与えられた、京都の鷹ヶ峰の地に、さまざまな分野の、町衆の文化人や職人、芸術家たちを集めて、独自の文化を築きあげた。
- Koetsu HONAMI gathered artisans and artists from machi-shu (towns people) of various fields in Takagamine, Kyoto, which he received from the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and subsequently build a unique culture.
- これに家伝の儀式・有職書や図面、重要な儀式について日記とは別個に記した記録「別記」のみを編纂した「平田家日記部類」32冊などが残されている。
- Records remaining other than the diaries include: hereditary documents of ceremonies and precedents of customs and practices in the imperial court and their rules; drawings; and 32 volumes of 'Hiratake nikki burui' in which only the records 'bekki' on important ceremonies are compiled separately from the diaries.
- 両家は互いに地位を争うも、1551年大宮家が大宮伊治のときに断絶したため、それから後は壬生家壬生家(小槻姓)が明治維新まで官人の職を果たす。
- The two families initially vied with each other for position, but the Omiya family ceased to exist when Koreharu OMIYA died in 1551 while the Mibu family kept positions of government official until the Meiji Restoration.
- しかし、羽林家が近衛府等の武官職系を経て大納言に進むのに対し、侍従・弁官(蔵人・蔵人頭を兼任)等の文官・事務系職を経て中納言・大納言に進む。
- However, in the case of the House of Urin, one was promoted to Dainagon after the posts of military officers such as Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards), while in the case of Meike, one was promoted to Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) and Dainagon after the posts of civil officers and administrative officers such as jiju (a chamberlain) and benkan (a controller of the Oversight Department) (also served as kurodo (chamberlain) and Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) at the same time).
- 江戸時代の彦根藩家は井伊直澄、井伊直興、井伊直幸、井伊直亮、井伊直弼と5代6度(直該が2度。)の大老職を出すなど、譜代大名筆頭の家柄となる。
- During the Edo period, the Hikone domain family became the top fudai daimyo family producing five Tairo (chief ministers) in six terms: Naozumi II, Naooki II, Naohide II, Naohide II, Naoaki II, and Naosuke II, among which Naomori assumed the position twice.
- 恐らくは書道よりも早い段階で明経道に事実上吸収されていき、明経道を独占した中原氏・清原氏が明経道の職に就くまでの暫定的な地位となっていった。
- It was most likely absorbed by Myogyodo even before Calligraphy and maintained a temporary place there until the Nakahara clan and the Kiyohara clan got appointments to Myogyodo and were later able to dominate Myogyodo.
- 経顕の活動は10年余りであるがこの時期に朝幕交渉の具体的な手続などが整備され、「武家執奏」の職制と名称が定まり、文書にも登場するようになる。
- Tsuneaki did his duties for about 10 years, and during the period the procedures in relation to negotiations between the Court and the bakufu were established, and the office organization and name of 'bukeshisso' were consolidated, and the word bukeshisso began to appear in documents.
- 公家社会に対しては文禄4年(1595年)に「御掟追加」によって家職をたしなみ、公儀に奉公することを義務付け、その代償に所領を保証・加増した。
- Towards the aristocracy, the 'On okite tsuika (additional regulations)' in 1595 ordered diligence towards their Kashoku and Kogi as mandatory in exchange for guaranteeing or increasing land.
- 本家(ほんけ)は、日本の荘園における重層的土地支配構造(荘園公領制、職の体系を参照)上、最上位に位置づけられる土地の名義上の所有権者である。
- Honke is a nominal owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Japanese Shoen (refer to the Shiki system in the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) section).
- より後方支援的な職種である工兵(金堀衆、黒鍬、小普請組)、主計(納戸方、右筆)、調理人(台所方)、医者、僧侶(陣僧)などといったものを含む。
- It included additional supporting personnel of kohei (military engineer) (mine development specialists, kurokuwa (construction workers), kobushin gumi (samurai without official appointments who received small salaries)), accountant (nandokata clerk, yuhitsu (secretary)), cooks (kitchen workers), physicians and monks (monks accompanying samurai to war).
- しかしながら、平安中期から後期になると、ある官職を特定の家系が相伝する「官司の家職化」が進行していき、内官の解由状は次第に形骸化していった。
- However, in the middle to the latter half of the Heian period, the trend of an office position monopolized by members of a specific family progressed, making geyujo for naikan gradually ineffective.
- 家門の創設に当たっては王位や官職、あるいは一定の支配権の獲得、領地の取得、城塞や館の建設など歴史的な事件となりうる行為をもっておこなわれる。
- In establishing a kamon (family), a deed that can be considered a historical incident is necessary: ascension to the throne, obtaining a government post or a certain mastermanship, or a territorial land or building such as a castle or a manor.
- - 「結い」ともいい、職業や立場など関係ない根源的な相互扶助であり、無償である事が前提である普請で近所付き合い(十分の付き合い)ともいえる。
- It is also called 'yui,' and implies fundamental mutual aid regardless of one's occupation or position, and is supposed to be voluntary, so it can be considered a social obligation in relationship with one's neighbors (or jubu relationship).
- その後、武家政治によって摂関政治は完全に消滅したかに見えたが、摂政・関白職は存続していたため、武士達は権力の拠所として摂関家を大いに利用した。
- Later, the regency seems to have disappeared due to military rule, although warriors took advantage of the regent's house as a foundation of power because the posts of regent and chancellor still remained.
- そこで「延久の荘園整理令」では従来の荘園整理令よりも強固に実行するためにそれまで地方諸国の国司達に依存していた職務を全て中央で行うようにした。
- Therefore, in the 'Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei,' for a more solid execution compared to traditional Shoen Seiri-rei, all duties that depended upon the kokushi in provinces were performed centrally.
- その後、小早川茂平は承久の乱で戦功をあげ、同国の都宇荘・竹原荘(つうのしょう・たけはらのしょう 現在の広島県竹原市周辺)の地頭職を加えられた。
- After that, Shigehira KOBAYAKAWA played a great role in the Jokyu War and was given another position of Jitoshiki at estates of Tsuunosho and Takeharanosho in the same province (around Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture).
- 当時において和与とは、合意に基づく所領や所職等権利の譲与を指しており、和与に基づく権利の移転は悔返を認めない法理(『法曹至要抄』)が存在した。
- At that time, a compromise indicated a consensus transfer of a right, such as territory or position, and there was doctrine that did not allow Kuikaeshi (a right of claim for return in the Middle Ages' Law) with respect to a consensus transfer of a right ('Hosso shiyosho' [The Essentials for the Judiciary]).
- この地位は河内源氏宗家断絶後も歴代征夷大将軍に継承され、承久の乱などの内乱や御家人の不祥事などで没収された所領や所職を接収して拡大していった。
- Even after the whole family line of the Kawachi Genji was destroyed, the position was taken over by the successive seii taishogun (barbarian-subduing generalissimo), which expanded its power by taking over the shoryo and various shiki (the right to use land and to share in the products of the land) which were confiscated in disturbances such as the Jokyu no ran (Jokyu disturbance; 1221) and in times of crisis and rebellion of gokenin.
- 『葉隠』(武士)や『町人嚢』、『盲安杖』(僧侶)などはそれぞれの立場からの家職・家業を全うさせる事が社会的義務であることを説いた書物であった。
- Documents such as 'Hagakure (The Book of The Samurai' (bushi), 'Choninbukuro' 'Moanjo'(monk) encouraged people that staying and succeeding in their Kashoku/Kagyo was a societal responsibility.
- なお、『武家名目抄』には「問注所は政所の別庁にて、ともに政事を沙汰する中にも、訴訟の裁判を本務とする所なり」(職名部(ハ)上)と記されている。
- In the 'Buke myomoku-sho' (Compilation of Historical Data of the Warrior Class), it is written (under the entries for the titles of offices of the first volume): 'Monchujo is a government body different from Mandokoro (Administrative Board) but makes political decisions together and functions as a court of justice.'
- また、これとは別に職務の一環として兵衛・内舎人は宮中を、大舎人・東宮舎人・中宮舎人は、それぞれ天皇・東宮・中宮を警備するために交代で宿直した。
- Besides above, as a part of their duties, Hyoe (palace guard) and udoneri (Ministerial equerry) guarded the Imperial Palace, and Otoneri (Royal Attendant), Togu Toneri (Officer of the Crown Prince's palace) and Chugu Toneri (Officer of the Household of the Empress) guarded the Emperor, Togu (Crown Prince's Palace) and Chugu (Empress's Palace) respectively in alternate shifts.
- 乙名が惣村の構成員から年功序列で選出されたのに対し、沙汰人は領主・荘官の執行人という職を出自とし、またその地位を世襲していた点で異なっていた。
- A point of differentiation between the Otona and satanin was that the members of the Otona were selected by seniority from among the members of the soson, but the satanin was selected from among people who acted as executers on behalf of a lord or a shokan, and its position was transferred by heredity.
- 給主たる院宮・寺社は毎年、叙位或いは特定の官職への任官希望者を公募し、応募者に叙爵料、任料を納める代償として希望する官位を与えることができた。
- As the owners of the territories, ingu, temple and shrines were allowed to publicly seek applicants for joi (investiture of a Court rank) or specific government posts every year and grant official ranks in return for Joshaku (conferring of a Court rank) fee and ninryo (fee for getting an official rank).
- それぞれの見廻役が配下の組を持ち、それぞれ見廻役の官職名から相模守組(蒔田廣孝)と出雲守組(松平康正)と呼ばれ、各200名ほどの組員を指揮した。
- The two Mimawariyaku respectively formed brigades under their command which were named after the official titles of the commanders as the Sagami no kami (governor of Sagami Province) brigade (Hirotaka MAITA) and the Izumo no kami (governor of Izumo Province) brigade (Yasumasa MATSUDAIRA) with about 200 soldiers under their command.
- 護良親王は征夷大将軍の職を望み、一時は補任するものの、1334年(建武 (日本)元年)に護良親王が失脚して鎌倉に幽閉されると将軍職も剥奪される。
- Imperial Prince Morinaga had desired the position of Seii taishogun, and was in fact temporarily appointed as Shogun, but in 1334 he lost his standing, was imprisoned in Kamakura, and was divested of his position as Shogun.
- 特に内蔵寮など自己に属していた官人の多くを失った壬生家の反発は強く、寛永11年(1634年)に出納平田職忠と官務壬生孝亮との間の相論に発展した。
- Especially, the Mibu family reacted sharply because their former subordinate officials, including those of the Palace Storehouse Bureau, were taken over by the Hirata family, which culminated in the dispute between 'suino' Mototada HIRATA and 'kanmu' Takasuke MIBU in 1634.
- 尊氏の世がくると時氏も運気を掴み、守護大名として山陰地方に大勢力を張り、また赤松氏や京極氏、一色氏と並んで四職家の一つにまで数えられるに至った。
- When Takauji came into power, this enabled Tokiuji and the Yaman clan to wield their influence as the shugo daimyo in the Sanin region; they came to be considered as one of the Shishiki-ke (four administrators' families: Yamana, Isshiki, Akamatsu, Kyogoku).
- 京は富裕層向けを初めとした高付加価値商品生産地、すなわち工業都市として発展し、製品・職人が日本各地へと流れ、付随して京文化の影響を各地に与えた。
- Kyoto had been developed as a high-value-added commodity production area, or industrial city, such as those for the wealthy class, and its products and craftsmen circulated around various areas in Japan, which brought the accompanying influence of Kyoto culture to those regions thereon.
- 軍事貴族たちはこのようにして受領を勤めた後、再び別の国の受領となったり、あるいは衛門府尉や刑部省丞などの武官的な官職に補任されることが多かった。
- After serving as zuryo as described above, military aristocrats often became zuryo of other provinces or were appointed to be military officers such as emonfu jo (lieutenant at the outer palace guard headquarters) and senior or junior secretaries of Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice).
- 国にも大・上・中・下の四等級があり、中国には介がなく、下国にはさらに掾も置かれないなど、職員の異同があるが、等級区分の基準はつまびらかではない。
- Provinces were ranked according to their size, as taikoku, jokoku, chukoku and gekoku, and were governed by different officials so that, for example, chukoku would not have a suke and gekoku would not have a jo, but the size classification criteria are unknown.
- 明治維新後、雅楽寮は楽所と統合されるなどの紆余曲折を経て宮内省式部職楽部(がくぶ)に改組され(1908年)、現在の宮内庁にそのまま引き継がれる。
- After the Meiji Restoration, with some bumps and detours such as being integrated into the gakuso, Utaryo was reorganized into Shikibushoku Gakubu (Music Department of Imperial Household Agency) in 1908 and was taken over by the present Imperial Household Agency as it was.
- また戦国時代の築城は城壁に纏わる土木・組石造などの技術が培い、その後の江戸時代のとび職の祖となった曳き屋業や土手人足などの土木技術の礎となった。
- Also, castle construction during the Sengoku period developed techniques such as civil engineering and masonry construction related to castle walls and these techniques formed the foundation for the civil engineering techniques of hikiya gyo or dote ninsoku, who later became scaffolding men during the Edo period.
- この頃、管領職にあった勝元派の畠山政長と宗全派の畠山義就との間にあった家督継承権をめぐる闘争が激化し、さらに義政の気紛れが両派の対立に油を注いだ。
- About that time, a fight over family heirship between Masanaga HATAKEYAMA of the Katsumoto camp, who was then the Shogun's deputy, and Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA of the Sozen camp intensified, and Yoshimasa's caprice added fuel to their strife.
- 鎌倉時代から京都には酒屋が隆盛をきわめていったが、当時はまだ麹造りは酒屋の職業範囲ではなく、麹の製造から販売までをつかさどる麹屋が別個に存在した。
- Although the sakaya industry had existed in Kyoto since the Kamakura Period, production of koji malt did not fall under the sakaya industry at the time, with the production and sale of kojiya malt being independent.
- 詮春から数えて4代目の細川持常は、6代将軍足利義教の信任が厚く、永享12年(1440年)に戦死したとされる一色義貫に代わり三河国守護職も兼任した。
- Mochitsune HOSOKAWA, the fourth family head counting from Akiharu, gained trust from the sixth shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and he served as an additional post of the Shugo of Mikawa Province, replacing Yoshitsura ISSHIKI who was said to have died in a battle in 1440.
- 保延2年(1136年)に受領・下総守藤原親通に郡司職(事実上の領主権)を奪われて以降、常胤一族は必死になってその南部を開発していたのかもしれない。
- Since the time when the position of gunji (de facto feudal rights) was captured by zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) and Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi in 1136, Tsunetane and his family were likely to have struggled to develop the southern part.
- 江戸時代には系図知りと呼ばれる職業の者が村々を廻り、土地の者のために史上の名家から連なる系図を作成して生計を立てていたことにも留意する必要がある。
- Also, attention should be paid to the fact that in the Edo Period, people who were engaged in the profession called keizushiri made their living by visiting villages and drawing for local residents genealogical tables showing that they came from a distinguished historical family.
- 本書の執筆年代は不明であるが、動機の1つとして安和の変の際にともに大宰府に送られた息子源俊賢に有職故実を伝授するために執筆されたとする見方もある。
- It is not known when the book was written, but some people say that one of the motivations to write it was to initiate Yusoku kojitsu to his son MINAMOTO no Toshikata who had been sent to Dazai-fu with him during the Anwa Incident.
- しかし承久の乱以降は西日本を中心に荘官と地頭が並立する荘園も見られ、後述するように地頭請が行われるようになると、徐々に地頭職という観念が定着した。
- However, after the Jokyu War, shoen in which shokan and jito stood abreast were also seen mainly in western Japan and, as described below, with the beginning of Jitouke (the contract system that manor's owner entrust a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) the conception of Jito shiki gradually took root.
- 家元の存在する分野としては、各種の武術・武道、江戸期の公家家職に由来する有職故実・礼式の類、華道、茶道、書道、盆庭、能、邦楽、日本舞踊などがある。
- Iemoto exist in fields including various martial arts, practices and etiquette of the court or military households originating from Edo period court nobility professions, flower arranging, tea ceremony, calligraphy, bontei (tray gardening), noh, traditional Japanese music, and Classical Japanese dance.
- 仙洞御所での演能の中止(1429年)や醍醐寺清滝宮の楽頭職を音阿弥と交代させられるなどさまざまな圧迫が世阿弥・元雅親子に加えられた(国史大辞典)。
- Much pressure including the cancellation of the Noh performance at Sento Imperial Palace and replacement of gakuto-shiki (right to play sarugaku) in Daigoji-Temple, Kiyotaki-miya Shrine with Otoami was put on the father and son of Zeami and Motomasa (Great Dictionary of National History).
- 彼らは地頭という全く新しい職に付いたわけではなく、あくまで荘官や郷司・保司のうち幕府と主従関係を結んだものが地頭と呼ばれる点に付いては注意されたい。
- Note that it does not mean that they took up a completely new Shiki called Jito; Jito was simply a position, among Shokan, Goji and Hoji, which had a master-subordinate relationship with the feudal government.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)では南朝 (日本)に付くが後に北朝 (日本)に帰順して九州の菊池氏らと戦い、幕府から周防国・長門国・石見国の守護職に任じられた。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), they initially sided with the Southern Court, but afterwards switched their allegiance to the Northern Court and fought against the Kikuchi clan and other Southern Court supporters in Kyushu; the Muromachi bakufu rewarded them by appointing them shugo (a position tantamount to military governor) over the provinces of Suo, Nagato, and Iwami.
- この給与は莫大なもので、例えば藤原北家の当主は、職田・位田・職封・位封・資人・季禄など現在の貨幣価値に換算して約3-5億円の収入を国家から得ていた。
- This salary was huge, and for example, the head of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan earned about 300 to 500 million yen by the government when converted to modern currency, which included Shikiden (a rice field provided for Dainagon and the higher rank), Iden (a rice field provided for yuhon-no-shinno or the fifth and higher rank officials), Shikifu (a fief to the Imperial families, higher-rank officers, and shrines and temples), Ifu (a fief to the third rank and higher vassals and princes), Shijin (lower-rank officers provided to the Imperial or noble families and used as a guard or miscellaneous services), and Kiroku (salary paid to the officers under the ritsuryo system).
- その結果36人余の集団となった壬生浪士組は、京都守護職・松平容保より、主に尊攘激派(勤王倒幕)浪士達による不逞行為の取り締まりと市中警護を任された。
- As a result, Mibu Roshi-gumi became a group of about 36 men, and was assigned by Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto Shugoshoku, to control lawless acts by Sonno-joi extremists (loyalists aiming for overthrow of the shogunate), and guard in the city of Kyoto.
- 幕府において三管領四職七頭の制ができると、斯波氏は畠山氏、細川氏と管領を出す家柄として重んじられ、他の二家を抑えて三管領筆頭の家柄を有するに至った。
- After the establishment of Sankanrei, Shishiki (Four influential families) and Shichito (Seven influential families) in Bakufu, the Shiba clan was treated with respect as a Kanrei family together with the Hatakeyama clan and the Hosokawa clan and ended up becoming the head of the three Kanrei families by suppressing other two families.
- しかし、それが、郡司、郷司という、役職において保証されたものである限り、国司側はその任を解く権限を持っており、それは相馬郡において現実に行使された。
- However, since such possession was guaranteed in association with the positions such as gunji and goji, kokushi had a right to dismiss, which was in fact executed in the Soma-go village.
- ところが1933年3月になり日本共産党員およびその同調者とされた裁判官・裁判所職員が検挙される「司法官赤化事件」が起こり状況は一変することになった。
- However, in March 1933, the situation changed drastically when the 'Communist Judiciary Incident' occurred and Japanese Communist Party members and judges and court staff who were sympathetic to the party were arrested.
- 小西総長は辞職に追い込まれ、7月に後任の松井元興総長(博士 (理学)、のちに立命館大学学長)が就任したことから事件は急速に終息に向かうこととなった。
- Dean Konishi was forced to resign and with the appointment of Motooki MATSUI as dean (D.Sc., later Ritsumeikan University dean), the incident quickly headed towards a conclusion.
- この頃になると、職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
- Meanwhile, shiki itself shifted from being an expression of an official position to being the right to tax profit, and there were cases where honke or ryoke directly held the shiki of a local lord, or the other way around meaning local lords holding the shiki of honke or ryoke.
- 太上天皇をはじめ皇族、公卿に対して毎年、一定の官職を給与し、給与を受けた者が任官希望者を募り、任料を納めさせる代わりに希望者を申任させる制度である。
- Under this system, the Retired Emperors, Imperial families and court nobles were given certain official posts every year, invited applicants for the posts in question and recommended one of the applicants to the post in return for the payment of ninryo (fee for getting official post).
- 当時は摂関家が政治の上層を独占する摂関政治が展開し、中流・下流貴族は特定の官職を世襲してそれ以上の昇進が望めない、といった家職の固定化が進んでいた。
- At that time, the regency government that Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor) monopolized the highest level of political power was developed and the forming social standing and fixing family business and trade were undergoing so the nobility in the middle lower class only inherited a specific government post and could not ask any more promotion.
- 「本職」の領域に近づけば近づくほど、本職の本分を侵すことになり、「無償」ないし「低額」が正当な市場形成を阻害することになりかねないという心配がある。
- As volunteer guides operate ever more closely to areas worked by professional guides, they may encroach on their areas of operation and there is concern that the volunteer or low-fee sector will impede the fee-charging market.
- 以後、澤宣嘉は外務卿、三条実美は太政大臣や内大臣、三条西季知は参与や神宮祭主、東久世道禧は枢密院副議長や貴族院副議長になるなど明治政府の要職に就いた。
- Later, Nobuyoshi SAWA became the foreign affairs minister, Sanetomi SANJO became the grand minister and the inner minister, Suetomo SANJONISHI became the councilor and the lord custodian of the shrine, Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE became the vice president of the privy council and the vice president of the house of lords, appointed to important positions in the Meiji government.
- しかし、吉良氏自体は京都にあって将軍家の近臣として仕える他は三河や武蔵にあって守護職を世襲することもなく実質的には小領主としての勢力しか持たなかった。
- However, besides the Kira clan remained in Kyoto and served as a trusted vassal of the shogun family, the clan did not inherit the shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) in Mikawa Province, or Musashi Province, their substantial power was limited to that of a small feudal lord.
- 荘官給田には、預所給、地頭給、公文給、下司給、田所給、惣追捕使給、刀禰給、番頭給、定使給、案主給、名主給、職事給、散仕給、図師給、公人給などがあった。
- Shokan kyuden were classified into Azukaridokoro (a deputy of 'Shoen' manor lord) kyu, Jitokyu, Kumon (a local shoen official) kyu, Geshi (a local keeper) kyu, Tadokorokyu, Sotsuibushi (government post in charge of police and military roles) kyu, Tonekyu, Bantokyu, Jotsukai (a lower-ranked officer who governs Shoen manor) kyu, Anju (officer who recorded and stored documents at Shoens, authorities) kyu, Nanushi (village headman) kyu, Shikiji (a person with an official rank but has no corresponding position) kyu, Sanshikyu, Zushi (temporary officer who made maps of rice fields) kyu, Kunin (low ranking staff who did odd jobs) kyu, etc.
- この時期には守護が自国の領内における荘園、公領の年貢を本家、領家や知行国主に対して請け負う守護請が広まったが、このような守護の権利も守護職と呼ばれた。
- In this period, Shugouke, the contract system that Shugo undertook nengu collection from shoen and koryo within Shugo's territory for honke, ryoke, and chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor) was spreading, and such a right was called shugo shiki.
- 古代の氏制度以来、一族の家系・家格・家祭・家業・家産・家門・家職の維持・継承が日本の上流階層特に本家・嫡流と呼ばれる家においては最も重要視されてきた。
- Ever since the clan system was established in ancient Japan, it has been deemed to be most important for those people in the upper class, especially in the families called honke (the head family) or chakuryu (the main branch of the family) to maintain and succeed for generations the line, status, rite, business, properties, kamon (family), and trade or profession of the family.
- 雅楽の楽器を伴奏に使う場合のみ、雅楽の謡物に該当する(宮内庁式部職楽部のレパートリーには入らないが、民間の雅楽団体のレパートリーには入る場合が多い)。
- Etenraku Imayo falls under utaimono (utai [Noh chant] piece for recitation) of gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) only when accompanied with gagaku instruments; the repertoire of the Music Department of Imperial Household Agency does not include Etenraku Imayo, but that of private gagaku groups often includes Etenraku Imayo.
- 七十一番職人歌合に記されているように、室町時代の米売りや餅売りの女性たちは、桂包(かつらつつみ)または桂巻(かつらまき)と呼ばれる白い布を被っていた。
- As recorded in the 'Seventy-one Workmen's Competitions of Waka,' women peddling rice or rice cakes in the Muromachi period wore white cloth around their heads called Katsuratsutsumi or Katsuramaki.
- 平氏政権は、各地の武士を系列化したり、家人の武士を各地へ派遣し、知行国においては国守護人、荘園においては地頭と呼ばれる職に任命して現地支配に当たらせた。
- The Taira clan administration organized the local bushi and sent their retainers to provinces and assigned them as local custodians at provinces and Jito at shoens in order to facilitate local governance.
- 義政は、守護大名を統率する覇気に乏しく、もっぱら茶・作庭・猿楽などに没頭し、幕政は実力者の管領家の勝元・四職家の宗全、正室の日野富子らに左右されていた。
- As Yoshimasa lacked dynamism to lead shugo daimyos and immersed himself solely in tea ceremony, gardening and sarugaku plays, the actual steering of the Bakufu was in the hands of strongmen including Katsumoto of the deputy family, Sozen of one of Shishoku ke (four families appointed to deputy directorship of the Board of Retainers) and Yoshimasa's legitimate wife Tomiko HINO.
- 幕府要職や複数国守護のほとんどが細川氏、斯波氏、山名氏、一色氏、畠山氏、渋川氏、今川氏、上杉氏(外戚)など足利一門によって占められているのが特徴である。
- Major posts of the bakufu and shugos governing several lands were held by the Ashikaga family such as the Hosokawa clan, Shiba clan, Yamana clan, Isshiki clan, Hatakeyama clan, Shibukawa clan, Imagawa clan, Uesugi clan (cognate), etc.
- 応仁の乱以降、将軍の権威が失墜すると細川氏以外の三管四職も没落し、さらに戦国時代中期に至って細川氏の勢力が減退すると室町幕府の諸制度は形骸化していった。
- Upon the abasement of the Shogun's authority after the Onin Rebellion, Sankan Shishiki (other than the Hosokawa clan) also fell, and when in the middle of the Age of Civil War the power of the Hosokawa clan weakened, the various systems of Muromachi Bakufu became mere terms.
- 美濃の守護職を務める頼忠の子の土岐頼益は、優れた武将で合戦でたびたび戦功があり、「幕府七頭」の一家として評定衆に列し、侍所別当として幕閣の重鎮となった。
- Mino no Shugo (provincial constable of Mino Province) Yorimasu TOKI, the son of Yoritada, was an excellent busho (military commander) and often distingushed himself in battles, who was listed in Hyojoshu (a member of the Council of State) as one of the head of the Bakufu-Shichito (7 greatest families of bakufu), and became a grand person of the Shogunal cabinet as Samurai-dokoro betto (an administrator of the Board of Retainers).
- 貞観 (日本)13年(871年)に算博士の官位相当が正七位下に引き上げられたのも、算道の隆盛とは正反対の算博士の算道以外の職務が重視された結果であった。
- In 871, in stark contrast to Sando's waning prosperity, the official court rank equivalent to San hakase was raised to Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade), a result of the high regard given to the duties of the San hakase other than Sando.
- 時行勢の侵攻を知らされた建武政権では、足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇に対して時行討伐の許可と同時に武家政権の設立に必要となる総追捕使と征夷大将軍の役職を要請する.
- Being informed of Tokiyuki's rebellion, Takauji ASHIKAGA requested Emperor Godaigo to permit him to suppress Tokiyuki and to confer on him the title of so-tsuibushi (job title which has the right of government, military affairs and police authority) and seii taishogun (literally, a general who subdues the barbarians) that were necessary for the establishment of military government.
- しかし、平安時代に入ると、弘仁年間には議政官にも関わらず職封(封戸)が低かった参議に対して国守との兼務・遥任を認める例が慣例として現れた(参議兼国制)。
- However, entering the Heian period, the following custom began to be employed: When there was a Sangi (councilor) while being a legislator, was awarded with a small number of shikifu (or fuko) (families that the Sangi could control), he was appointed to kokushi as well, with his yonin approved, (called sangikenkokusei - literally, the system in which a Sangi was allowed to assume a kokushi as well).
- 官位を得るためには京都にあった当道職屋敷に多額の金子を持っていく必要があった(江戸の惣禄屋敷が設置されていた時には、関八州の盲人はここで官位を受けた)。
- It was necessary to bring quite a large amount of money to todo shokuyashiki in Kyoto for the blind in order to get an official court rank (during the period when soroku yashiki was founded in Edo, the blind in Kanhasshu were given the rank there).
- 内蔵寮の職掌は大蔵省より宮廷運営のために送付された金銀絹などをはじめとする天皇家の財産管理・宝物の保管・官人への下賜・調達など天皇家関係の出納事務である。
- The official duties of the Kuraryo are accounting duties related to the Emperor's family such as managing the Emperor's family fortune which included gold, silver and silk sent by the Ministry of Finance for running the court, the keeping of treasures, grants to courtiers, and procurement.
- そのため、天皇は三条西実世(大納言)と中院通勝(中納言)、烏丸光広(近衛府内部官職)の三人を勅使として田辺城の東西両軍に派遣し、勅命講和を命じたのである。
- For this reason, the Emperor sent Saneyo SANJONISHI (Chief Councillor of State), Michikatsu NAKANOIN (Vice-councillor of State) and Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU (Konoefu naibukanshoku (a post guarding inside the palace and imperial families)) as Imperial messengers to both the eastern army and western army at Tanabe-jo Castle in order to propose a royal peace command.
- 大日本帝国憲法制定に際し、伊藤博文は『憲法義解』の中で「官が家に属し、族によって職を世襲」する陋習(すなわち、家職)を臣民権利義務規定に反するものとした。
- Upon the ratification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, Hirobumi ITO wrote in the 'Kenpo Gikai' that the custom of 'officials affiliated with an Ie and passing down positions amongst their clan,' in other words, Kashoku, was against the rights and obligations of the people.
- 武芸を職能とする下級貴族もまた、「兵(つわもの)の家」として武芸に特化した家柄を形成し、その中から軍事貴族という成立期武士の中核的な存在が登場していった。
- On the other hand, lower-ranked nobles whose function was to be skilled in the military arts had also developed their own family characteristics specialized in the military arts, and such families were called 'tsuwamono no ie' (literally, 'soldier family'). Subsequently, some of such families began to play a key role as the military elite at the dawn of samurai.
- 彼らの多くは六位どまりの侍身分の技能官人であったが、上層階級の者は諸大夫身分の一角を占めて四位・五位クラスまで昇り、受領級の官職に任命されるようになった。
- Many of them were technical samurai officers of the sixth rank which was the highest rank for them, but those who were in higher classes dominated a part of shodaibu (aristocracy lower than kugyo) positions, were promoted to the fourth or fifth rank, and were appointed to zuryo-level government positions.
- 第二次世界大戦後の1950年代初頭、新たな「国民歌」を作ろうと日本教職員組合と壽屋(現:サントリー)がそれぞれ募集し、別々に「新国民歌」を選定し公表した。
- After World War II, at the beginning of the 1950s, the Japan Teachers Union and Kotobukiya (now Suntory) respectively accepted entries, selected and announced 'Shinkokuminka' (new national anthems), in an attempt to create a new 'kokuminka' (national anthem).
- 近年では、さくらの開花については特にマスコミの注目を集める傾向にあり、開花の時期になると、職員の観察を複数のマスコミが取材に訪れる様子がしばしば見られる。
- In recent years, especially the mass media tends to pay attention to the flowering, and multiple media representatives often come to see the observations of the staff and to gather information during the season.
- 天正10年(1582年)5月、朝廷は安土城の信長に使者を送って征夷大将軍・関白・太政大臣のうちから希望する官職に任じる用意がある事を伝えた(三職推任問題)。
- In May, 1582, the Imperial Court sent an emissary to Nobunaga at Azuchi-jo Castle to inform him of its being ready to award him the position of either Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Kanpaku, or Dajodaijin (Prime Minister) of his choice (the sanshoku suinin mondai, or the matter over the three recommended positions).
- その後、隆職が復帰すると官務の地位は広房の子孫(大宮家)と隆職(壬生家壬生家(小槻姓))の子孫のうち、小槻氏の氏長者にある方が官務の地位に就くことになった。
- Later, after Takamoto was returned to his job, the government post of Sadaishi Joshu was held by whichever descendant of Hirofusa (i.e. the Omiya family) or Takamoto (i.e. the Mibu family) became head of the Otsuki clan.
- 後陽成天皇の信任が厚く、しかも天海を通じて江戸幕府とも関係があった平田職忠はまさにその役目に適した人物であり、それが出納平田家の上昇にもつながったのである。
- Trusted by Emperor Goyozei and enjoying a relationship with the Edo shogunate through the Buddhist monk Tenkai, Mototada HIRATA was the right person to play the role, which led the rise of the Suino Hirata family.
- 鎌倉時代には陸奥国・下野国・常陸国の他にも出雲国、但馬国、伊勢国、駿河国、備中国、上野国、出羽国、越後国などでも地頭職を得ており、各地に分流が派生している。
- During the Kamakura Period, the Date clan was appointed as jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) not only in Mutsu Province, Shimotsuke Province and Hitachi Province, but also in other provinces including Izumo Province, Tajima Province, Ise Province, Suruga Province, Bicchu Province, Kozuke Province, Dewa Province and Echigo Province, which helped its branch families spread in those areas.
- その子 伊達晴宗は足利将軍家有力一門 斯波氏の流れをひく大崎氏歴代の職である奥州探題に補任されたが、一方で隠居の稙宗の専制に対する家臣団の反発が蓄積された。
- The son of Tanemune, Harumune DATE, was first appointed as Oshu Tandai, the post successively held by the Osaki clan, a branch family of the Shiba clan (a powerful family of the Ashikaga Shogun Family), while a dictatorship by retired Tanemune caused anti-Tanemune feeling to build up among the vassals.
- 戦後の山名氏は存続こそ許されたものの、時義の子・山名時熙の但馬国守護職、同じく時義の子・氏幸の伯耆国守護職のみとなり、一族は大幅にその勢力を減ずるに至った。
- After the war against the bakufu, although the Yamana clan was permitted to have successors, only two members of the clan were allowed to serve as shugoshiki (provincial constables), Tokihiro, in charge of the Tajima Province, and Ujiyuki, in charge of the Hoki Province, both of who were sons of Tokiyoshi YAMANA.
- ただし、公職選挙法に基づく投票区を定めた告示(昭和42年11月2日中京区選管告示第5号)では、第19投票区に属する町名の1つとして「西ノ京日扇町」がみえる。
- However, in an announcement that determined the election district based on Public Offices Election Act (Announcement No. 5 by the Nakagyo Ward Electoral Management Committee, November 2, 1967), 'Nishinokyo Hiogi-cho' was shown as one of the town names that belong to the 19th election district.
- 郡司・郷司・保司・別名名主などの職の体系に補任された開発領主は、開発田の勧農を中心とする所務、私的な雑役・夫役の徴収、検断権といった根本領主権を保証された。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshu were assumed the position of the officers' organization, such as Gunji (a local government for Gun territory), Goji (a local government official for Go territory), Hoji (a local government official for Ho territory), and Bechimyo myoshu (a local government official for Bechimyo territory), and guaranteed the local load rights, which included the rights for shomu (land management) centered on Kanno (encouragement of agriculture) of developed fields, private tax collection of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) and buyaku (labor service), and judgment of criminal cases.
- 明治2年(1869年)、明治維新に伴う官制改革によって廃止されたが、律令制に基づく機関の中では、最後まで設置当初の職掌を名実ともに保った稀有の存在であった。
- In 1869, the Tenyakuryo was abolished during the reform of government institutions that followed the Meiji Restoration, but among all the institutions based on the ritsuryo system, the Tenyakuryo had the rare distinction of having managed to maintain, both in word and in deed, its official functions from when it was founded right up until the moment it was dissolved.
- 詳細については不明な点が多く、租庸調と並び基本的な税目とであったとする説と基本的な労役は租庸調とは別系統である差科(職役などが代表例)であるとする説がある。
- Many details remain to be clarified, and there are two theories about the zatsuyo (zoyo): one is that the zatsuyo as well as the soyocho (a tax system under the kinden system, or the equal-field system) was a basic tax; the other maintains that the labor to the government was basically provided in the form of the saka (labor allocated by rank, 差科), a major example of which was the shokueki (職役), or the transport of goods), being a different tax system from the soyocho.
- 平氏の荘園は500余箇所だったとされているが、平氏は本家などといった最上位の領主として荘園を支配したのではなく、領家や預所といった職で荘園管理に当たっていた。
- It is said that the shoen of the Taira clan numbered over 500, but the Taira clan controlled these shoen not as the Honke (main house), which is the highest grade of owner, but worked for shoen management as the Ryoke (main proprietor) and Azukari dokoro.
- 将軍を補佐する管領には細川氏、斯波氏、畠山氏の三管とよばれる有力守護大名が交替で、侍所長官である所司には赤松氏、一色氏、山名氏、京極氏の四職が交替で就任した。
- The major Shugo daimyos referred to as Sankan--the Hosokawa clan, Shiba clan and Hatakeyama clan--assumed the position of control and supported the Shogun, while the Akamatsu clan, Isshiki clan, Yamana clan and Kyogoku clan, as Shishiki, assumed by turns the position of Shoshi, the chief of Samurai-dokoro.
- 武士は、一般に「武芸に通じ、戦闘を職業とする軍人、あるいは兵法家のこと」とされるが、これだけでは平安時代以前の律令制体制下の「武官」との違いがはっきりしない。
- Generally, bushi refers to 'a service member who is a master of military art and battle or a military strategist,' but by this definition, the difference between the 'military officer' under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) before the Heian period and the bushi is not clear.
- しかし、幕府は将軍家の家政機関であり、将軍家とほぼ同列の格式を持つ斯波氏が幕府の要職に就くということは、将軍家より格下で臣下だということを認めることであった。
- However, since Bakufu was the domestic governing institution for the Shogun family, for the Shiba clan, which was almost on the same level of status as the Shogun family, holding an important post in Bakufu meant its acceptance as being lower than the Shogun family in status as well as being a retainer of the Shogun.
- 歌合の句と良基の題材の解説及び判詞は、中世・近世を通じて有職故実書としても重んじられて書写・流布されたため、現在知られている物だけで80の伝本が存在している。
- These waka poems, and the subject matter selected by Yoshimoto as well as his hanshi were regarded as the important yusoku-kojitsusho (a book of courtly traditions and etiquette) during the medieval and pre-modern times and many manuscripts, at least 80 of them are known at present, were created and circulated.
- しかし、入港地は薺浦のみに制限され、歳遣船は半減、特送船の廃止、日本人の駐留の禁止、受職人・受図書人も再審査を受けるなど、通交は以前より制限されたものになる。
- However, the Dynasty imposed more restricted conditions such as the restriction on the entrance ports which designated Seiho as the only port where ships were allowed to enter, a 50% reduction in the number of saikensen, the abolishment of the tokusosen system, the prohibition of the settlement of Japanese nationals, and the recertification request for Jushokunin and Jutoshonin.
- が、皇學館大學教授の清水潔によれば藤原通俊や大江匡房という知識人はその存在を知り才を磨く参考にしていたという、また一条兼良も有職故実の研究に活用したとされる。
- However, according to Kiyoshi SHIMIZU, a professor of Kogakkan University, some intellectuals such as FUJIWARA no Michitoshi and OE no Masafusa referred to it in order to develop their talents, finding its existence, and Kaneyoshi ICHIJO also utilized it for research of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette).
- このような行いは、漁師や猟師だけに限らず、その他の農林水産に係わる生業(なりわい)から、現在の醸造や酒造など職業としての神事や、各地域の「おまつり」にもある。
- Not only fishermen and hunters, but also those who make a living from agriculture, forestry, or fishery, as well as those engaged in present-day 'sacred callings' such as the brewing of sake or soy products such as soy sauce return part of their 'catch' at the 'Omatsuri' (festivals) held in each of Japan's regions.
- - 道具塚とは普段使っている生活道具が使用できない状態になったとき感謝を込めて埋めたり、様々な職業の道具を埋め感謝しその職の技術の向上を祈願して建てられた塚。
- - Dogu zuka (grave for tool) is a mound erected to bury old worn tools used in daily life and tools used in various professions in appreciation of their many years of service as well as to pray for improving skills in one's work.
- 大流であるためにいくつもの名家があること、すべての玄人を宗家のもとで修行させる宝生流などとは異なり一定の家格を持つ家(職分家以上)に能楽師の養成を認めている。
- There are many distinguished families within Kanze-ryu as it is a big school, and it allows families having a certain family status (being an occupational branch family or higher) to train Noh actors unlike Hosho-ryu that has all the experts have training at soke (the head family).
- 史料によれば、平氏政権は支配地域の勢力を武士として系列化し、知行国・荘園に国守護人・地頭などといった従来あまり見られなかった職を置いて、半軍事的な支配を進めた。
- According to historical documents, the Taira clan administration organized the forces in areas under its control as bushi, and established positions such as Province bakufu officers and Jito in their fiefdom and shoen, and developed a semi-militaristic control.
- また、中世のもう一つの歴史認識は、年中行事や有職故実などの儀礼を通じて歴史を考えるというもので、そのため、故実を伝えるための日記や各種記録文書が多数作成された。
- During the medieval period, history was also recognized through ceremonies in annual events and in Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette), and therefore, many diaries and records were written to hand over practices from older days to later generations.
- 伊達稙宗は陸奥守護職に補任し、奥州探題であった大崎氏の内紛を解決して、大崎義宣を養子に入れて傘下に取り込み、出羽国の最上氏も勢力圏に組み込むなど大きく飛躍した。
- After appointed as Mutsu shugoshiki (provincial constables of Mutsu Province), Tanemune DATE drastically increased its influence by adopting Yoshinobu OSAKI in return for solving an internal conflict of the Osaki clan (then-Oshu Tandai), and putting the Osaki clan and later the Mogami clan of Dewa Province under control.
- 武家に付随する所従は合戦において戦場に同行し、馬の口引き、敵の首担ぎなどの職責を担ったが、通常士分とは認められておらずその首を取っても手柄とは見なされなかった。
- As Shoju were subordinate to the military family, they attended their master on the battlefields in wartime doing such labor as packhorse driving or carrying the enemy's head; nevertheless, they were not regarded as samurai warriors, and even if they carried the enemy's head, it was not considered as a military achievement.
- すなわち戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の方針により滝川は京大に復帰したが、他の「辞職組」教官らは復帰しなかった(ただし恒藤は戦後に兼任教官として短期間在任)。
- In other words, the GHQ allowed Takigawa to return to Kyoto University but other staff who resigned did not return (however, Tsuneto returned for a short period with a joint appointment in the post-war years).
- なお、親王任国においては、太守の俸禄は太守の収入に、その他の料物については無品親王(官職に就けない内親王含む)に与えられたと考えられているが、詳細は不明である。
- Although it is believed that Taishu of Shinno-ningoku received their salary but gave other revenues to Muhon-Shinno (Imperial prince without court rank) (inclusive of Imperial Princesses without official position), the details are not clear.
- ある土地からの収穫物またはその土地自体に対して、百姓・名主・荘官・地頭・領家・本家などといった多様な権利が重層的に存在していたのである(これを職の体系という)。
- Farmers, myoshu (owner of rice fields), shokan (an officer governing shoen or manor), jito (manager and lord of manor), ryoke (a lord of a manor) and head family had their ownership to harvests generated from a certain piece of land or to a certain piece of land itself and these various ownerships were multilayered (this is called 'shiki no taikei (定訳不明, framework of tasks or authorities in specific functions of administration.)'
- 文安の麹騒動(1444年)以前は、現在では完全に杜氏集団のなかの仕事である日本酒麹についても、まだ酒造りの職人集団の仕事ではなく、造り酒屋の仕事ですらなかった。
- Although the production of koji (malt grown on rice used as a starter to make sake) is completely included in the job of a toji group at present, it was not included in the job of a sake brewing specialist group yet, and it was not even the job of a tsukuri-zakaya before the Koji Riot of the Bunan Era occurred in 1444.
- 院政期は律令制に代わり、院を頂点とした主従制的関係が形成され、官職や土地を恩給として臣下に与えて奉仕させるようになり、知行国・荘園制度が確立していった時期だった。
- The cloistered government took the place of the Ritsuryo system, developing lord-vassal relationships with the cloistered Emperor at the apex, and making subordinates work in exchange for positions and land as rewards, and was a period when the system of custodial provinces and shoen were established.
- 後嵯峨院は、奏事(弁官や蔵人による奏上)を取り次ぐ役職である伝奏の制度化、そして院が評定衆とともに相論(訴訟)裁許に当たる院評定を確立し、院政の機能強化に努めた。
- Gosaga-in strengthened the function of insei by formalizing the system of delivery, which was a position for the delivery of reports from Benkan (弁官) and Kurodo (蔵人) to the Emperor, and by establishing In-no-hyojo, where the In, together with Hyojo-shu, participated in decision/permission regarding lawsuits.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の平田職盛・平田職定の日記が残闕は存在しているものの、現存するまとまった形式の日記としては平田職忠が書いた天正11年(1588年)の日記となる。
- Fragments of the diaries of Motomori and Motosada HIRATA during the Sengoku Period exist, but only the diary of Mototada HIRATA of 1588 remains in complete form.
- 明応の政変において足利義材から将軍職を奪った足利義澄・細川政元は、義材を擁する大内義興所有の牙符を無効化しようと図り、1504年、朝鮮王朝に牙符の改給を提案する。
- Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA and Masamoto HOSOKAWA, who deprived Yoshitane ASHIKAGA of the position of shogun in the Meio disturbance, planned to invalidate Gafu owned by Yoshioki Ouchi, who supported Yoshitane, and in 1504, asked the Yi-Dynasty to renew Gafu.
- ただし、摂政・関白が務める大臣職よりも上位の大臣が存在したり、現在大臣の職に無い(前大臣)の場合には、当該摂政・関白を一座に定める宣旨が出されることになっていた。
- However, if there was a minister who was positioned higher than Sessho or Kanpaku, or if they did not currently hold a ministerial post (such as a previous minister), there was a rule that a Senji (imperial decree) was to be declared to allow the Sessho or Kanpaku to be seated at the Ichiza.
- 近世以前に行われた合戦において、主君が武士が戦功を挙げた家人や武士に対して表彰し、所領もしくは官途状、感状、物品の授与、格式の免許、官職への任官の推薦を行うこと。
- In the battles fought before the early modern times, the master honored his kenin (retainers) or samurai warriors who rendered outstanding military service and granted them territories, written appointments, testimonials, goods, rank and office confirmations, or commendation to governmental posts.
- これによって大学寮に残って博士などの教官職を目指す者以外にとっては卒業は任官の必須の要件ではなくなり、大学寮の試験そのものが形骸化・簡略化されるきっかけとなった。
- As a result, for students other than those who stayed in Daigaku-ryo and aspired to a teaching career such as hakase (professor), graduation was no more a prerequisite for job appointment, and this prompted Daigaku-ryo's examinations to lose substance and to become simplified.
- 滝川の休職処分と同時に、京大法学部は教授31名から副手に至る全教官が辞表を提出して抗議の意思を示したが、大学当局および他学部は法学部教授会の立場を支持しなかった。
- At the same time as Takigawa's suspension, all law faculty staff, from 31 professors to the technicians, submitted their resignation as a sign of protest, but the University itself and other faculties did not support the stance of the board of law faculty professors.
- 活躍のできる場を失った忍者達はその後、農業や警察関係(警察官)の職業、火術の特技を活かして花火師や、薬の知識を活かして医師や薬剤師など、新たな職に就いたとされる。
- It is said that after ninja lost the scene of their activities, they got new jobs such as farmers, policemen, pyrotechnicians with special skills of using fire, doctors or pharmacists with knowledge of medicine.
- 元来は有力貴族や諸大夫に仕える位階六位どまりの下級技能官人層(侍品さむらいほん)を指すが、次第にその中でも武芸を職能とする技能官人である武士を指すことが多くなった。
- Originally, this was a term for the class of low-ranking technical palace officials up to the sixth rank who worked for aristocracy and Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo), but eventually was used to define the bushi, who were technical palace officials with military skills.
- 出納平田家は催官人であり職掌面では局務押小路家・官務壬生家と同格であったが、伝統的な公家社会では壬生孝亮が唱えたように出納を「凡卑」と捉える考え方は依然と強かった。
- The Suino Hirata family was in the controlling class equivalent to the Kyokumu Oshinokoji family and the Kanmu Mibu family; yet in the traditional court noble society, Suino was regarded as people of humble origin as stated by Takasuke MIBU.
- 安倍氏の一族としては500年以上絶えてなかった事であり、その職掌柄から時には恐れ忌み嫌われる立場にあった陰陽師が公卿になったことは当時としては衝撃的な事件であった。
- This never happened to the Abe clan in the past 500 years, and it was a startling event at that time because a person of Onmyoji, which was a position that was sometimes hated or feared by others, became a Kugyo.
- 戦国時代 (日本)末期の1575年、織田信長から丹波・丹後進攻の命を受けた家臣の明智光秀と細川幽斎らに侵攻され、旧守護職の一色義道は殺され、一色氏は完全に没落した。
- In 1575, during the end of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), Mitsuhide AKECHI and Yusai HOSOKAWA who were ordered to invade Tanba and Tango by Nobunaga ODA, killed former Shugoshoku Yoshimichi ISSHIKI, leading to the downfall of the Isshiki clan.
- この職業に従事する人を馬借(ばしゃく)あるいは馬子(まご)、使用された馬を駄馬(だば)あるいは稼馬(かせぎうま)・荷馬(にうま)、輸送料金を駄賃(だちん)と称した。
- Those engaged in this occupation were called a bashaku (shipping agent using horses) or mago (packhorse driver), while the horse was called a daba (packhorse), kasegiuma (horse for earning) or niuma (draft horse), and the transportation fee was called dachin (carriage charge).
- 東京帝国大学法科の首脳は京大法科を支持、当時の奥田義夫文部大臣も「教授ノ任免ニ付テハ総長カ職権ノ運用上教授会ト協定スルハ差支ナク且ツ妥当ナリ」と京大法科を支持した。
- The head of the law school of Tokyo Imperial University supported the law school of Kyoto Imperial University, and then Minister for Education Yoshio OKUDA also supported the law school of Kyoto Imperial University by saying 'in the case of the appointment and dismissal of professors, it is all right and appropriate for the president to conclude the agreement with faculty councils.'
- たとえば造形を職業とする人のなかでも、他から決められた形を機械的に生産する職人タイプの人から、自らイメージしたコンセプトを具象化していく造形作家タイプの人までいる。
- Among creators, for example, some are 'craftsman' type people who mechanically produce things according to given designs, and others are 'plastic artist' type people who embody their own idea in their works.
- また、著名な公家研究家として著名な人物としては南北朝時代 (日本)の洞院公賢・二条良基、室町時代の甘露寺親長、安土桃山時代・江戸時代初期の平田職忠などが挙げられる。
- Well-known researchers of famous kuge (court nobles) include Kinkata TOIN and Yoshimoto NIJO in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Chikanaga KANROJI in the Muromachi period, and Mototada HIRATA in the Azuchi-Momoyama period through to the early Edo period.
- 下野国一之宮名神大社であった宇都宮二荒山神社座主および日光別当職等を務め、紀氏清原氏両党を率い22代・500年に亘って下野国、さらには日本国土の治安維持を司った名家。
- Serving as the head priest of the Utsunomiya Futaarayama-jinja Shrine which was ranked as Ichinomiya and Myojin-taisha Shrine in Shimotsuke Province and Nikko Betto shoku (head administrator of a temple in Nikko), the Utsunomiya clan was an important family that led both the Ki clan and the Kiyohara clan and maintained security in Shimotsuke Province as well as Japan for 22 consecutive generations for 500 years.
- また、武家や民間に対してはそれぞれの家業への専念と維持、継承に努めさせることをそれぞれの家職とし、それを社会全体に徹底させることで身分統制・社会秩序維持の手段とした。
- In addition, for the buke and public, the government considered devotion and maintaining each family's Kagyo (family business) as their Kashoku and made this widespread throughout society to make this a method of controlling class and maintaining societal order.
- 主なプログラムについては、放水訓練、消防団・消防自動車のパレード、消防職員・消防団・消防功労者に対する表彰などが行われ、そのほか地域によってさまざまな行事が行われる。
- Major programs include: water-discharge exercise, parade of fire companies and fire engines, recognition of deserving people selected from fire departments and fire companies, and various others depending on the region.
- また、中世になり武門の家が確立した後でも、それとは別に朝廷の武官に相当する職種が一応存在したが、たとえこの官職を得ても、武士身分出身でなければ武士とは認められなかった。
- And even after the military families were established in medieval times, apart from this, the post corresponding to the military officer in the Imperial Court existed, but he could not be admitted as bushi unless coming from samurai status even though he got the government post.
- 御三家同士、特に尾張家と紀州家の間には将軍職の継承を巡って競争意識があり、紀州家出身の将軍吉宗と尾張家当主徳川宗春の間には吉宗の毒殺疑惑があり確執があったとされている。
- Gosanke, especially the Owari and Kishu families, were competitive against each other over the succession of shogunate, and it is believed that Yoshimune, who was from the Kishu family, and Muneharu TOKUGAWA, who was the head of the Owari family, were at odds, with the Owari family suspected to have poisoned Yoshimune.
- 1190年、頼朝は常設武官の最高職である右近衛大将に補任されたが、同職には様々な政治的制約も付随していたため、すぐに辞し、より自由度の高い征夷大将軍を望むようになった。
- In 1190 Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards), the highest job of regular military officers, but the post was associated with various political constraints and he therefore soon resigned, hoping to become shogun with the higher degree of freedom that the position afforded.
- 天皇の来学に先立ち、京大吉田(本部)キャンパスでは、2,000人にのぼる学生・教職員などが正門近くの本部(時計台)前広場(画像参照)に見物(あるいは歓迎)に押しかけた。
- At Kyoto University Yoshida (headquarter) campus, two thousand students/school personnel gathered, before the arrival of the Emperor, at an open space in front of the university headquarter building (clock tower) (refer to the picture) in order to see (or welcome) the Emperor.
- 同様に技術系・学術系の官職においても、陰陽寮の賀茂氏・阿倍氏、大学寮紀伝道(文章博士)の菅原氏・大江氏のように家学の成立を背景とした世襲的な継承が行われるようになった。
- In the same way, technical and academic official positions were also held by certain clans such as the Kamo clan and Abe clan of the Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination), Sugawara clan and Oe clan of the Daigakuryo Kidendo (the study of the histories) (Bunsho hakase) with the background of the establishment of Kagaku.
- 巡爵とは、太政官において式部・民部・外記・史記など特定の部署に属する六位の官人の中から、1人を年労即ち在職年数に応じて毎月正月の除目において従五位に叙爵することをいう。
- Junshaku is promoting one of the government officials of the sixth rank belonging to the divisions of Shikibu, Minbu (popular affairs), Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State), or Shiki to Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank), in accordance with tenure (the number of years in service), at Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) performed by Daijokan (Grand Council of State) on every New Year's day.
- 幇間(ほうかん、または、たいこ、とも読む。)は、宴席やお座敷などの酒席において主や客の機嫌をとり、自ら芸を見せ、さらに芸者・舞妓を助けて場を盛り上げる男性の職業をいう。
- Hokan (also called Taiko) is a profession of a man who indulges hosts and guests at a drinking party such as a banquet or ozashiki (banquets in which guests are attended by geisha), does performances himself, and helps geisha (Japanese professional female entertainers at drinking party) and maiko (apprentice geisha) to set the groove.
- また、才覚よりも家格を官職就任の最優先の要件とするという見解は、南北朝時代 (日本)の北畠親房による一連の著作とも共通しており、親房は同書の影響を受けたとする見方もある。
- Additionally, Motochika's position to prioritize the family's social standing rather than talent for the appointment of the government posts coincided with Chikafusa KITABATAKE's series of books in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts; some believe that Chikafusa had been influenced by the Kanshoku Hisho.
- 鎌倉時代には、得宗家は専属の被官である御内人、家政機関(公文所)と所領を持ち、諸国の守護職や、六波羅探題をはじめ幕府の要職の過半を占める北条一門の最上位に位置づけられた。
- In the Kamakura period, the Tokuso family had their own miuchibito (vassals who served as low-level bureaucrats), Kumonjo (office of administration), and territory, and were the most senior family in the Hojo clan, which held the position of shugoshiki (provincial constable) in various provinces and the majority of the most important posts in the bakufu, such as that of head of the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
- 宇都宮氏には引き続き下野守護職が残されたものの、鎌倉公方の理不尽な方針に不満を抱かせ、室町幕府直属の京都扶持衆に加わって鎌倉公方に対して抵抗を続けながら勢力挽回を図った。
- Although the Utsunomiya clan kept the post of Shimotsuke Shugoshoku, it was dissatisfied with the Kamakura Kubo's unreasonable policy, and therefore it tried to regain its power while continuing resistance against the Kamakura Kubo by joining Kyoto-fuchishu (warriors in the Kanto and the northeastern regions) directly under the Muromachi bakufu's command.
- 6代将軍の足利義教の頃には将軍家の「弓馬師範」としての地位を確立し、以後的始め、馬始めなど幕府の公式儀礼をしばしば差配し、当時における武家の有職故実の中心的存在となった。
- In the period of the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, it established the position of 'the master of kyuba' of the shogun family and often managed the official ceremonies of bakufu such as Mato-hajime and Uma-hajime (first horse riding in beginning of year) as the key player of yusoku kojitsu of samurai families around that time.
- 受職人(李氏朝鮮から官職を授かった日本人)及び受図書人(「図書」と呼ばれる通交許可証を持つ日本人)に対する再審査を行い、実態の伴わない者の資格を剥奪してその人数を減らす。
- Reducing the number of Jushokunin (Japanese given Korean government post by the Yi Dynasty Korea) and Jutoshonin (Japanese given Korean government evidence called 'Tosho' to be granted special privileges in trading) by re-examining them and disqualifying those who were in name, but not in deed.
- この法令の直後に頼之が近江国守護職六角氏頼(六角氏頼)に対して発給した御教書がある。その中で、この法令に北朝 (日本)後光厳天皇の勅許が付けられている旨が述べられている。
- Immediately following the establishment of the law, a Migyosho was issued to the Omi Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Omi Province) Rokkaku Ujiyori where it was mentioned that the law had been accompanied by imperial sanction authorized by Emperor Gokogon of the Northern Court (Japan).
- 前者は荘園住民のうちの上級層にあたり、年貢納入の義務を負う代わりに作人・小百姓らを動員して荘園内の円滑な耕作を行い、更に有力者には荘官の職の体系に補任されることもあった。
- The former group belonged to the upper class which was in charge of the smooth operation of cultivation in shoen by recruiting sakunin and kobyakusho, and some of the influential figures in the group also became a shokan as a part of the managerial side of shoen.
- 斯波氏没落後、足利義詮はすぐにその領国である若狭国・越前・越中国・摂津などの守護職を没収し、幕府の御料所となし、奉行人を派遣して、寺社本所領の返付や半済の停止を執行した。
- After the collapse of the Shiba clan, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA immediately deprived it of shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) of the provinces of Wakasa, Echizen, Ecchu and Settsu, made these provinces bakufu's territory, dispatched bugyonin (group of magistrates), returned Jisha Honjo Ryo (lands formerly owned by temples/shrines) and suspended hanzei (shugo's right to collect half of the taxes).
- また若者も、安定収入が得られる企業に就職を希望するようになり、かつての地方の青年が抱いていた「杜氏になれば御殿が建つ」といったイメージは、すでに過去のものになりつつある。
- In addition, young people now want to find a job at a company which can provide steady income, and the image that young people in countryside used to have, which was described as 'once becoming a toji, you can build a mansion,' is becoming old-fashioned.
- この射撃手・助手を分業する射撃運用法を烏渡しの法と上杉流軍学では称したと伝えられ、また後世紀州徳川家においては薬込役という、御庭番の前身である職名にその痕跡を残している。
- In military science of Uesugi-ryu school, this shooting method, dividing the labor into shooters and assistants is said to have been called the way of Karasu-watashi (crow handing) and in future generations, in the Kishu Tokugawa family, the job title of kusurikomeyaku (a gunpowder charger), the predecessor of Oniwaban (the shogunate's guard of the inner garden), retains a trace of it.
- 生活の中では、襖や障子を閉め忘れたり乱暴に扱ったり、また技術職の徒弟で後片付けなどを怠ると「残心がない」や「残心が出来ていない」といって躾けとして用いられる言葉でもある。
- In everyday life, the term is used for teaching manners as in the expression 'there is no zan-shin' or 'zan-shin is not performed well', when one forgets to close or roughly handles fusuma (Japanese sliding door) or shoji (partitions that can divide the interior of a building into separate rooms), or when an apprentice of craftsmanship neglects cleanup.
- 江戸時代においては、当道座は内部に対しては、盲人の職業訓練など互助的な性質を持っていたが、一方では、座法による独自の裁判権を持ち、盲人社会の秩序維持と支配を確立していた。
- In the Edo period, todoza internally had the feature of mutual organization to provide the blind with vocational training, and on the other hand it had its own jurisdiction to establish and maintain the order within the blind society.
- 家臣である管領が将軍を廃したこの事件によって政元は細川京兆家による管領職の世襲化と独占状態を確立し、さらに将軍の廃立権をも手中に収めたのだが、その天下も長くは続かなかった。
- With this coup, in which the Kanrei, a retainer of the Shogun, deposed the Shogun, Masamoto managed to create a hereditary monopoly over the position of Kanrei for his Keicho branch of the Hosokawa clan, and moreover arrogated to himself the right to depose and appoint the Shogun, but such a state of affairs did not continue for long.
- 確かに源平藤橘といった貴族を起源とする武士や技術としての武芸については説明ができるが、彼らの職能を支える経済的基盤としての所領や人的基盤としての主従関係への説明が弱すぎる。
- Certainly the bushi who originated from the aristocrats such as genpeitokitsu (shortened expression of four major families) or the military arts as a technique can be explained, but the explanation of the shoryo as economic base which supported their samurai function or the master-subordinate relationship as a human base is too weak.
- 堀河天皇・鳥羽天皇・崇徳天皇の3天皇(つまり白河・鳥羽院政)時代の朝廷における行事・叙位・修法などの諸儀式について詳細に記述してあり、後世有職故実の書物として重んじられた。
- Various ceremonies such as events, investitures, and incantations that happened during the eras of the three emperors, Emperor Horikawa, Emperor Toba and Emperor Sutoku (in other words, the cloistered government period of Shirakawa and Toba) are described in detail and the document is treasured by researchers as a well-written knowledgeable account.
- だが、平安時代中期に官司請負制の進行とともに官職が一種の利権として認識されて世襲が進むと、こうした教官(博士)の地位を世襲する特定の氏族(「博士家」)が出現するようになる。
- However, in the midst of Heian period, as hereditary government office system developed and the government post, regarded as a kind of interest, became taken over by heredity, particular clans ('hakase family') that took up the post of instructors by heredity emerged.
- だが、国家財政の逼迫と地方政治の衰微によって収入が減少すると、臨時給や合爵(官職への推挙権を返上する代わりに、より実入りのある年爵を1名分増加させる)などの措置も取られた。
- When the revenue dropped due to the nation's hard-pressed economy and decline of local governments, however, such measures were taken to add a portion for one person to nenshaku.
- 自領が公領に収公されることを防ぐため、その土地を荘園として受領層に寄進し、自らは荘官として土地の実効支配権を持ちながら、一定の税を寄進先の受領層に納めた(職権留保付寄進)。
- And in order to avoid one's domain being confiscated into Koryo (an Imperial demesne), they donated their land as shoen (manor in medieval Japan) to Juryoso (career provincial class) and paid a certain amount of tax to Juryoso, maintaining effective dominion on the land as shokan (an officer governing shoen), which is called contribution with reserving authority.
- 同じく鎌倉幕府で政権を掌握した北条氏も一門で幕府の要職を独占したが、執権の職は数例を除いてそのほとんどが得宗により継承され、惣領たる地位を継ぐ嫡流の地位は非常に重んじられた。
- The Hojo clan, who also held the reins of the Kamakura bakufu, dominated the important positions of the bakufu, and yet, the position of Shikken (Chief of Staff to the shogun) was succeeded mostly by the Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) except for a few examples; the position of the chakuryu used to succeed the position of the soryo was highly valued.
- 出納は本来は蔵人所のみの金品の出納を担当していたが、戦乱期の朝廷機構の衰退に伴って諸官司が機能停止していく中で、その職掌は朝廷各部門の出納業務へと拡大の方向に向かっていった。
- Suino' was originally in charge of taking managing money and materials exclusively for the Bureau of Archives; however, as the Imperial Court was losing authority and accordingly the court offices stopped their functions during the warring period, 'suino' began to provide the service for other imperial offices.
- 吉良家と今川家から管領や侍所が1人も出ていないのはこのためである(これらの役職は「家臣の仕事」であり、足利宗家の継承権を持つ両家の者は管領などに任じられる身分ではなかった)。
- For this reason, members of the Kira and Imagawa clans did not become kanrei (shogunal deputy) or Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) (these positions were 'jobs of vassals' and the members of both the clans with the right of succession to the head family of Ashikaga had too high social status to be assigned to kanrei and so on).
- このとき、三守護職を代官として設置した(道南十二館)ことが『新羅之記録』に記載されているが、実態は安東家政或いは安東定季が一人守護として統括していたとする見解も出されている。
- According to 'Shinra no Kiroku,' Masasue then set up the post of Sanshugoshoku as daikan (local governor) to carry out decentralized control (Dokan Juni Tate [12 castles of the Oshima Peninsula]), however, according to another observation, Iemasa ANDO or Sadasue ANDO practically controlled alone as Shugo.
- 許可条件への違反状況の視察と採証職務に従事していた京都府警の巡査、この状況を実際に確認し、許可条件への違反があったものと判断して、歩道上から、デモ隊の先頭集団を写真撮影した。
- A Police Officer of Kyoto Prefectural Police, who was engaged in inspecting the demonstration march to see whether or not there was violation of the conditions for permission and collecting evidence of any such violation, found that the march was in violation of the conditions for permission, and photographed the front part of the marching crowd.
- 大宝律令において律令の解釈に関する官職や専門家を育成する仕組は存在せず、当初の大学寮においては本科にあたる後の明経道と数学の学科である算道の2つで構成されたと考えられている。
- Under Taiho Code, there were no system to develop the government posts and specialists handling the interpretation of ritsuryo and in Daigakuryo there seemed to be two subjects at first - future Myogyodo as the main course and Sando, a subject of mathematics.
- 職業として能楽を行う者としての玄人の資格は各流儀によってまちまちであるが、現代においては各方各流儀とも玄人として承認した者は社団法人能楽協会に登録するという申し合わせがある。
- Qualifications for professional noh actors differ from school to school, but all the schools of each noh role now agree to make those professional actors they approved, register for the Nohgaku Performers' Association.
- だが、南北朝時代 (日本)を経て、室町幕府が京都を支配して朝廷・院庁の政治機能を吸収するようになると、形骸化していくようになり、有職故実の学問として命脈を保つに過ぎなくなった。
- However, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi bakufu dominated Kyoto and took over the government function of the Imperial Court and Innocho, and Myohodo became a mere name and survived only as a study of historical precedents.
- 職業の世襲という概念は氏姓制度の時代から存在しており、律令制度に入ってからも何世代にもわたって技能・学術を継承してきた「世習」の家柄を優先して技術系の官職に就ける事例があった。
- The concept of hereditary occupations existed from the time of the Shisei system, and even in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based upon the ritsuryo code), there were cases where families that had passed on techniques and knowledge down the generations had priority in obtaining technical official positions.
- 更に院政期において公家社会が再編される中で官職昇進次第や極位極官が出自によって決定される傾向が強まっていくと、古代からの貴族諸氏は一門に分化して中世的な「家」へと変質していく。
- Furthermore, as the aristocratic society was restructured during the cloistered government, promotion path to official positions and the final achievable position/rank became determined more by birth, and the aristocratic clans from the ancient times differentiated into each mon and transformed into the 'Ie (family, house)' of the middle ages.
- 以上のように、守護職の固定化および権能の大幅な拡大を背景として、室町期守護は、領国内の在地領主(国人)、土地、人民(百姓など)に対する一円支配(一元的な支配)を強化していった。
- Thus, taking advantage of the monopolization of the shugo-shiki as well as the drastically expanded authority, the shugo in the Muromachi period strengthened the comprehensive (unified) control over the resident landholders (called 'kokujin' [local lord]), lands, people (including peasants) and so on.
- 古典的理解での摂関政治では、幼帝の外祖父とその血縁者のみが摂政、後に関白や公卿の権利を持っていたが、院政の成立後には藤原北家頼通流にのみ摂政・関白職が世襲されることが公認される。
- In the traditional sense of the regency, only an infant emperor's maternal grandfather and his relatives had the right to take the post of regent, and then the post of chancellor or court noble, but after the cloistered government was formed, it was officially recognized that the posts of regent and chancellor were to be passed down from generation to generation only within Yorimichi's line in the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- しかし、先の北条氏他氏排斥に伴い、諸国の守護職などは大半が北条氏に占められるようになり、さらに北条氏の家臣である御内人が厚遇され、御家人や地方の武士たちの不満を招くことになった。
- But in addition to purging from true power all other warrior clans, the Hojo also saw to it that the majority of shugo (governor) positions in the various provinces were held by Hojo clan members, and moreover, that their private vassals the Miuchibito were treated very well, which invited malcontent among the gokenin and provincial warriors.
- これに対応するために与力の嫡子を見習名目で職務に当たらせて給銀だけを与える事で与力の数を事実上水増ししたり、本来は町役人の元締であった町代に事務業務を委任したりするようになった。
- To cope with the realignments, the number of yoriki was effectively padded by assigning children of yoriki to such duties as paid trainees, and the administrative work was outsourced to Machi-dai who used to be the head of town officials.
- 明治2年(1869年)5月には華族を『公』・『卿』・『太夫』・『士』の四つに分け、公と卿は上下の2段階、太夫と士は上中下の3段階という計9等級に分ける案が三職会議から提出された。
- In May of 1869, the following plan was proposed by the Sanshoku (three-post) meeting: Kazoku should be divided into 'Ko' 'Kei' 'Taifu' and 'Shi'; 'Ko' and 'Kei' and Kei were each further divided into the upper grade and the lower grade; 'Taifu' and 'Shi' were each further divided into the upper grade, the middle grade and the lower grade.
- また、政務の交替とともに朝廷の高官・要職が一斉に入れ換えられ、一方の皇統の治天が下した訴訟の判決が他方の皇統の治天によって安易に覆されるなどの混乱も生じ、朝廷の権威の低下を招いた。
- Since the high officials and important positions were all changed when the heads were changed, confusion such as the judgment of a court cases during a Chiten in one line being easily upturned by the other line's Chiten occurred and this led to a decline in the Imperial Court's authority.
- 義視出奔の原因は、武衛騒動で追放されていた宿敵伊勢貞親が幕府に復権したことが一因とされるが、このころ義政や後見人の勝元が自らの廃嫡と義尚の将軍職就任に傾いたことが主な原因であろう。
- Yoshimi's escape is partly attributed to the reinstatement of his archenemy Sadachika ISE, who had been expelled as a consequence of Buei sodo, in the Bakufu, but the main reason seems to be that Yoshimasa and guardian Katsumoto had inclined by then to favor the disinheritance of Yoshimi and the appointment of Yoshihisa as Shogun.
- 「侍」の内、1000石程度以上の者は大身(たいしん)、人持ちと呼ばれることがあり、戦のときは備の侍大将となり、平時は奉行職等を歴任し、抜擢されて側用人や仕置き家老となることもある。
- Among 'samurai,' those who had about more than 1000 koku (about 180,000 liters) were called taishin (big feudal lord) or hitomochi (big feudal lord) and when war occurred they were appointed to the samurai general and in times of peace they held a post in the magistrate's office and sometimes were selected to sobayonin (lord chamberlain) or a chief retainer of management.
- 皇太子の後見人・東宮傅(とうぐうのふ)は左大臣・藤原経宗が任じられ、春宮坊の職員には、春宮大夫・平宗盛、権大夫・花山院兼雅、亮・平重衡、権亮・平維盛と一門と親平氏公卿で固められた。
- The position of guardian and togu-no-fu (an official in charge of education of the Crown Prince) was assigned to FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, Sadaijin (Minister of the Left), and as the staff of Togubo (Crown Prince's Quarters) was assigned to TAIRA no Munamori, Togu no Daibu (a chief officer of Togubo), Kanemasa KASANNOIN, Gonno Taifu (vice chief officer), TAIRA no Shigehira, suke (an assistant secretary of an office), TAIRA no Koremori, gon no suke (provisional assistant master), who were the Taira family and the court nobles close to the Taira clan.
- 1603年に家康は征夷大将軍に就任して江戸幕府を開き、1605年には将軍職を子の徳川秀忠に譲って徳川政権の正統性を確立していき、豊臣宗家は全国政権の座から完全に滑り落ちてしまった。
- In 1603, he became the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and established the Edo bakufu (feudal government headed by Ieyasu), and in 1605, he passed over the shogunate to his son Hidetada TOKUGAWA in order to secure the legitimacy of the Tokugawa Administration, and consequently, the head family of Toyotomi completely lost its authority over the country.
- これにより、土地に対して重層的にあった中世的な中間権利である様々な職が否定され、耕作者は直接領主に納税することとなり、農村にいた中間搾取者としての武士はほぼ一掃されることとなった。
- As a result, the legitimacy of the positions of a great many medieval-period middleman tax collectors and the like were repudiated, since now cultivators were paying taxes directly to their local lords; at the agricultural village level, Hideyoshi's survey had eliminated nearly all the extortionist middleman warriors who lived off others' effort in one clean sweep.
- 弘仁元年(810年)の薬子の変をきっかけに蔵人所が設置されると、従来は後宮の内侍司を通して伝えられていた天皇の勅旨の太政官への伝達が、次第に蔵人所の職事によって行われるようになった。
- When the kurodo dokoro was founded after the Kusuko Incident in 810, the shikiji at the kurodo dokoro gradually assumed the role of conveying the imperial edict to the Daijokan -- the order had conventionally been conveyed by naishishi (also referred to as naishi no tsukasa; messengers from the palace attendants) at kokyu (the women's quarters of the Imperial Palace).
- 一方、作人や小百姓は一色田や散田など年貢の一部のみの納入で許されたが、1年ごとの更新制が普通で百姓名主や在家住人よりも土地その他に対する権利保障が無く、職が与えられることも無かった。
- Those who belonged to the latter group, such as sakunin and kobyakusho, on the other hand, were given much less rights and security over the land they worked in comparison to hyakusho-myoshu and zaike-junin, as they were usually given a one-year contract and never had a possibility to attain a managerial post, in exchange for the partial payment of nengu for fields such as isshikiden and sanden.
- 倭館に居住することを許された日本人は、対馬藩から派遣された館主以下、代官(貿易担当官)、横目、書記官、通詞などの役職者やその使用人だけでなく、小間物屋、仕立屋、酒屋などの商人もいた。
- Other than the manager of the wakan dispatched by the Tsushima clan, among Japanese who were allowed to reside in the wakan were officers such as local governors (governors in charge of trading), Yokome (job title in samurai family, the job involves watching over officers), the secretary, translators; their respective employees; and also merchants like haberdashery shop owners, tailors, and liquor shop owners.
- そのために徳川家康をはじめ臣従した諸大名や石田三成・加藤清正ら譜代の家臣達に次々と官職を授けて本来は公家主体のものであった官位体系に組み込もうとした(武家関白制(ぶけかんぱくせい))。
- To achieve this, Hideyoshi continuously appointed vassal daimyo including Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and hereditary retainers such as Mitsunari ISHIDA and Kiyomasa KATO to government posts, so that he could break into the system of official ranks originally awarded to court nobles (Buke Kanpaku sei).
- そのため、戦国大名家の職制では、武者奉行と同格の戦闘経験が豊富な熟練の老臣が任じられるケースが多く、直接戦闘に参加して武功を上げるよりも輸送する小荷駄を敵軍から防衛する事が求められた。
- As a preventative measure, an accomplished roshin (key retainer) with a wealth of combat experience in rank with Musha bugyo (magistrate of warriors), who was often appointed in the organization of a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period) family, was given the task of protecting the transport of Konida from enemy armies rather than directly joining the battle in order to distinguish himself.
- 1995年、十三世宗家和泉元秀の死去後、和泉流は宗家を定めておらず、能楽に関する決め事については、和泉流職分会 (会長:野村萬、代表幹事:井上菊次郎) における会員合議制を取っている。
- Since the death of the 13th Soke Motohide IZUMI in 1995, the Izumi school does not have Soke, and decisions regarding Nogaku (Noh and Kyogen) are made by a membership council system called Izumi-ryu shokubunkai (Chair: Man NOMURA, Secretary: Kikujiro INOUE).
- だが、後には一献料(いっこんりょう)とも呼ばれて、官職や訴訟における有利な判決と引き換えに謝礼として室町幕府や朝廷、守護大名、あるいはそれらに仕える役人達に対して献上される金品を指した。
- The reisen was later called the ikkonryo to indicate the gifts (money or goods) presented to the Muromachi bakufu, the Imperial Court, Shugo Daimyo, and the government officials working for them in exchange for receiving a government post or a favorable ruling in a lawsuit.
- 2代野宮定縁・3代野宮定基は中院家からの養子で、定縁は熊沢蕃山に和漢の学を学び、定基は有職四天王(滋野井公澄・平松時方・東園基量・野宮定基)の一人として名高く、賀茂祭の復興にも尽力した。
- The second head of the family, Sadayori NONOMIYA, an adopted son from the Nakanoin family, learned Japanese and Chinese culture from Banzan KUMAZAWA, and the third head of the family, Sadamoto NONOMIYA, also an adopted son from the Nakanoin family, was well known as one of the Yusoku-shitenno (the four specialists of the ancient practices) (Kinzumi SHIGENOI, Tokikata HIRAMATSU, Motokazu HIGASHIZONO and Sadamoto NONOMIYA) and a sponsor to restore the Kamo Festival.
- 江戸時代に至っては、京都や諸国の優秀な民間医が官位を与えられて典薬寮医師(御典医)に登用されるケースが多くなり、典薬大允以下の役職は、典医の中から技術の優劣や年功の長幼によって選ばれた。
- Leading up into the Edo period, there were many cases where the most outstanding private civilian doctors in Kyoto and the other provinces were given office and rank and appointed as Tenyakuryo physicians (goteni); candidates--both young and old--for official posts of Tenyaku Taijo (Senior Secretary of the Bureau of Medicine) rank or lower were chosen from among the teni (doctors) either due to their superior skills or due to a long record of distinguished service.
- 摂津職は、京に置かれ難波津を管理し、京と西国の間を上下する公使の検査などを本来の任務としたが、天武朝に難波が陪都(副都)とされ、また聖武朝にも難波宮が造営されると、その管理にも当たった。
- Settsu Shiki was situated in the capital and originally served to manage Naniwa no Tsu (Naniwa Port) as well as conduct inspections of envoys traveling between the capital and the west of the country, but later went on to conduct the administration of Naniwa which was made a baito (secondary capital city) during the Reign of Emperor Tenmu and Naniwanomiya Palace which was constructed during the reign of Emperor Shomu
- 1987年(昭和62年)に地域おこしの一環として当時の豊平町長や農協を中心に町役場(当時)職員や農家や町民達によって、新たに江戸流の更科系を取り入れた白いそばによる町おこし活動が始まる。
- In 1987, as part of the regional development, the town hall staff of the time, farming families and town people, with the then mayor of Toyohira-cho and agricultural cooperative taking the lead, started activities related to the Edo style white buckwheat noodles by newly bringing in the Sarashina variety as a flagship item for the economic development projects in the area.
- 秀吉もこれに賛同して、晴季と玄以は早速先に引退していた信輔の父・近衛前久(元関白・太政大臣)に対して秀吉を前久の猶子として関白を継がせ、将来的には信輔を後継として関白職を譲る案を提示した。
- Hideyoshi agreed with the recommendation, and then, Harusue and Geni proposed to Nobusuke's retired father, Sakihisa KONOE (former Kanpaku and Dajodaijin), that Hideyoshi be adopted by Sakihisa and be appointed to Kanpaku, and that the position of Kanpaku be given in the future to Nobusuke as Hideyoshi's successor.
- 更に建武の新政において元弘3年(1333年)、諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化が急速に進んだため、室町時代の法令には初発から寺社領、本所領、武家領の表現が現れる。
- Furthermore, under the Kenmu Restoration regime in 1333, as the positions of honke (nominal landowners) and ryoke (virtual landowners) of manors were abolished in various provinces and Kansha Kaihorei (Order to Release Officially Authorized Shrines) was issued, resulting in rapid progress of proprietorship unification, and such expressions as jisharyo (estates of temples or shrines), honsho ryo (estates of honsho) and bukeryo (estates of samurai families) began to be found in the initial forms of these orders of Muromachi period.
- 元来は務めるところという字義どおり仕事・職務を意味しており、『続日本紀』に事例を見出せるが、平安時代の荘園公領制の展開に伴い、荘園や公領の管理とこれに付随する権利・義務を表すようになった。
- It originally meant job and duty as the Chinese character 所務 literally means (where a person works), an example of which was shown in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued); and in the Heian period, as shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) developed, it came to mean the management of private estates and public lands and rights and obligations involved.
- 書生は書の良し悪しによって優越が判定され、『説文解字』の理解など字体などについての知識も求められた唐の制度よりも簡素化されており、試験に及第して内記などの書記的な官職に配されたようである。
- It appears that the superiority of a shosei's calligraphy would be judged based on its quality, that the curriculum was simpler than the system of Tang Dynasty China which demanded knowledge of disciplines such as 'Shuowen Jiezi' and the formation of characters, and that students who passed examinations were placed in clerical government posts such as that of naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs).
- しかしそれは髙橋昌明の武士論は自ら語るように、発生論、「武士という職能」の発生論だからであって、髙橋昌明は、「武士」の存在の2つの側面、平安時代後期における社会的背景も十分に承知している。
- However, while the samurai theory of Masaaki TAKAHASHI said the origin theory was based on 'bushi as a job performance' origin theory, he recognized the two sides of 'bushi' existence and the social background of the late Heian period.
- 織田信長が「上総介」を僭称し松平忠輝が任官し、本多正純、吉良義央、小栗忠順が「上野介」を任官したのも、名目のみとは言え、「上総守」「上野守」の官職が親王のみにしか許されなかったからである。
- The reason why Nobunaga ODA called himself 'Kazusa no suke' and Tadateru MATSUNAGA was appointed to 'Kazusa no suke,' or Masazumi HONDA, Yoshinaka KIRA, and Tadamasa OGURI were appointed to 'Kozuke no suke' was because the use of 'Kazusa no kami' and 'Kozuke no kami' was limited to Imperial Princes, though these titles were only nominal.
- 中世期の特徴は、土地の支配権および収益権をめぐって、中央貴族や有力寺社、在地領主・地頭・名主など様々な主体が入り組みながら重層的な権利関係を形成している点にあった(これを職の体系という)。
- A feature of the medieval period was that, concerning land-controlling rights and tax-collecting rights, persons in various social statuses, such as nobles in Kyoto, powerful temples and shrines, local ryoshu, jito and nanushi, were related with each other and formed multi-tiered right oriented relationships (this structure called shiki-no-taikei (literally, a job system)).
- 1465年12月11日(寛正6年11月23日)、義政と富子との間に足利義尚(のち義煕)が誕生すると、実子義尚の将軍職擁立を切望する富子は、宗全に接近し義視の将軍職就任を阻止しようと暗躍する。
- When Yoshihisa (later renamed Yoshihiro) ASHIKAGA was born on December 11, 1465 between Yoshimasa and Tomiko, the latter, eager to have her own son Yoshihisa succeed the Shogunate, approached Sozen in secret maneuvers to prevent Yoshimi from assuming that position.
- 永徳期以後、朝廷の実権を掌握した義満に対して朝政参加のために必要な官職に関する実用的な知識を伝授するとともに、官職制度を含めた朝廷の再興を期待する良基の意向が反映されていると考えられている。
- It seems that Yoshimoto hoped to restore the Imperial Court as well as its officials system by giving practical knowledge of the court officials system needed to participate in the affairs of the Imperial Court to Yoshimitsu, who held the actual power in the Imperial Court since the Eitoku era.
- 中世の朝廷は朝儀に関する有職故実を家学化して、公家の諸家がそれを家職として分掌することで維持され、万が一断絶に至った場合にはそうした家を養子縁組によって再興・継続させる方針が採られていった。
- The court of the middle ages was maintained by establishing Yusokukojitu (precedent cases and stories about court protocol) of Chogi as a Kagaku and the various aristocratic families became in charge of it as Kashoku and if the family had no successor, such families were reestablished by taking members in by adoption.
- 元来、職制律(在官応直不直条)においては昼の警備を「宿」、夜の警備を「直」と書いて「とのい」と読ませていたが、後世においては、夜の警備を「宿直」もしくは「殿居」と書いて「とのい」と読ませた。
- Originally under the Shikisei-ritsu (Office Penal Laws) (Zaikan Ochoku Fuchoku no jo (在官応直不直条, the article of guarding activities)) the guarding activity during the day was expressed as '宿' and the night activity as '直' and the combination of '宿直' was read as 'Tonoi,' but later it only came to mean the guarding activity during the night, which was described '宿直' or '殿居' and both were read as 'Tonoi.'
- 国司制度は、基本の形式は平安時代になっても律令法と変りはなかったが、国司の職が封禄と化し、任地におもむかない遥任の国司が増加するにつれて、諸国の行政は留守所あるいは在庁官人が行うようになった。
- The basic format of the kokushi (provincial governors) system was not different from that of ritsuryo law even during the Heian period, but when the position of kokushi turned into a salaried one, and yonin, who are kokushi who would not go to their place of appointment, increased, provincial administration was performed by rusudokoro (the center for all local government administration in a province) or zaichokanjin (local district officials).
- 後嵯峨院政以来整備されてきた朝廷の訴訟処理機構で伝奏や奉行などの役職に就き実務を担う家柄(名家の家柄)を確立させてきた貴族たちは、すでにいずれかの皇統に組織されてそれぞれ主従関係を結んでいた。
- The aristocrats that have established the lineage (lineage of reputable families) of who becomes Tenso, Bugyo, and other practical positions in the court management system of the Imperial Court that had been worked on since the cloistered government of Gosaga, had already tied master-subordinate relationships with one of the Imperial lines.
- 嘉吉の乱鎮圧に功労のあった宗全は主謀者赤松氏の再興に反対していたが、1458年、娘婿の勝元が宗全の勢力削減を図って赤松政則を加賀国守護職に取立てたことから両者は激しく対立するようになっていた。
- While Sozen, having contributed to the pacification of Kakitsu Incident, was against the reinstatement of the Akamatsu family who had masterminded the incident, he and his son-in-law Katsumoto came to an outright confrontation as Katsumoto appointed Masanori AKAMATSU shugo of Kaga Province in 1458 with a view to weakening Sozen's influence.
- 平成11年(1999年)には広島県立世羅高等学校で卒業式当日に校長が自殺し、君が代斉唱や日章旗掲揚の文部省通達とそれに反対する日教組教職員との板挟みになっていたことが原因ではないかと言われた。
- In 1999, the principal of Hiroshima Prefectural SERA Senior High School committed suicide on the day of the commencement ceremony and it was rumored that the cause of this suicide was the fact that he had been caught in the middle of the instruction by the Ministry of Education chorus reading Kimigayo and raising the Japanese (rising sun) flag and opposing teachers who belonged to Nikkyoso.
- これに対して職忠は現在の出納の職掌・待遇は慶長年間の「新儀」であることは認めた上で、これは東照大権現(徳川家康)が朝廷再興のために定めたものであり、局務や官務はこれに従うべきであると反論した。
- Against that opinion, Morotada stated that the task and treatment of 'suino' were under 'the new rules' made during the Keicho era, but were stipulated by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA for restoring the Imperial court; therefore, 'kyokumu' and 'kanmu' had to comply with it.
- これは神物・仏物であった所領を現在の所有者から没収して強制的に寺社に返還させる一方、僧侶・神官の相続が私物化の原因にあるとして僧侶・神官が職の体系を弟子や子弟に無条件に継承させることを禁じた。
- Those Jisha Kogyo forfeited the shoryo, which should have been the god's belongings or Buddha's belongings, from the current holder and forcefully returned the shoryo to the temples or the shrines; besides, based on the reasoning such that the privatization was caused by the inheritance of the positions of the Buddhist monks and shrine priests, the Jisha Kogyo prohibited the monks and priests to inherit the position to disciples and children at their own discretion.
- 関東七流は、日本神話で葦原中国平定を成功させた経津主神とタケミカヅチが香取郡鹿島郡 (茨城県)地方に居ついて以降、天孫降臨より香取神宮・鹿島神宮の神職に伝承され、その7家から発すると云われる。
- It is said that Kanto-Shichiryu was established by seven Shinto priest families from Katori-jingu Shrine and Kashima-jingu Shrine to whom the art of kenjutsu had been passed on by Futsunushi no kami and Takemikazuki when these kami settled in Katori county and Kashima county (Ibaragi Prefecture) after the conquest of Ashihara no nakatsukuni due to the tenson korin (descent of the grandson of the sun goddess).
- 吉良氏は「足利将軍家が滅んだ後は吉良氏が将軍職に」と定められた将軍継承権を有する家であったが、斯波氏も鎌倉時代以降、足利の名字を有し続け、幕府にて高い格式を誇り、引け目はないと主張したのである。
- Although the Kira clan had the succession right determining that 'the Kira clan will become Shogun after Ashikaga Shogun Family falls,' Nobunaga insisted that the Shiba clan was equally high in status in Bakufu, maintaining the family name of Ashikaga after the Kamakura period.
- 大和国の守護職を収めた興福寺の傘下にあった衆徒(大和武士)の指導者は幕府成立後も「棟梁」の地位を保ち、一乗院系の棟梁・筒井氏と大乗院系の棟梁・古市氏が互いに大和武士の指導者の地位を巡って争った。
- The leader of shuto (monk-soldiers) (Yamato bushi (samurai)) belonged to Kofuku-ji Temple, which was then the provincial governor of Yamato Province, maintained his position as 'Toryo' even after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu and the Tsutsui clan, toryo of Ichijo-in Temple's shuto, and the Furuichi clan, toryo of Daijo-in Temple's shuto, competed against each other for the status of the leader of Yamato bushi.
- 『日本書紀』の天智天皇10年(671年)紀に「学識頭」という役職が見られ、また『懐風藻』の序文に天智天皇が学校を創設したという記述が見られるため、この時代に大学寮の由来を求める考え方が有力である。
- Because a post named 'Fumi no Tsukasa no Kami' (head of Minister of Education) is mentioned in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) entry for the year 671, and the preface of 'Kaifuso' (Found Recollections of Poetry) includes the statement that the Emperor Tenchi founded a school, it is generally understood that the origin of Daigaku-ryo dates back to this era.
- これは祀りが、祈りに通じることから神職やそれに順ずる者(福男・福娘や弓矢の矢取り)などが行う「祈祷」や「神との交信の結果としての占い」などどであり、いわゆる「神社神道」の本質としての祀りでもある。
- This is because a worship leads to a prayer, and a worship refers to 'a prayer' or 'fortune-telling as a result of communication with a god' which is conducted by Shinto priesthood or a person subject to it (such as fukuotoko [the luckiest man], fukumusume [Good fortune girls], or arrow picker of Yumiya [bow and arrow]), and is so called a worship as an essence of 'Shrine Shinto.'
- これに対し、後鳥羽上皇は近臣藤原忠綱を鎌倉に送り、愛妾伊賀局(元は遊女の亀菊)の所領である摂津国長江荘、倉橋荘の地頭職の撤廃と院に近い御家人仁科盛遠(西面の武士)への処分の撤回を条件として提示した。
- In response to this request, the retired Emperor Gotoba sent his vassal Tadatsuna Fujiwara to Kamakura, who submitted as requirements that the punishment of the gokenin (low-ranking warrior vassal) Morita NISHINA (a member of the Western Guard Corps), who was close to the retired Emperor, be overturned, and the annulment of responsibility over the Nagae estate in Settsu Province, which belonged to the courtesan Igakyoku (formerly the prostitute Kamegiku), and the Kurahashi estate be repealed.
- 後水尾天皇の側近だった西洞院時直(従二位・参議)(1584年 - 1636年)は長兄、長谷家の祖長谷忠康(正三位・民部省)(1612年 - 1669年)及び交野家の祖交野時貞(大膳職)は弟に当たる。
- Tokitsune's brothers were: Tokinao NISHINOTOIN (Sangi, Junii) (1584-1636) who was a close retainer of the Emperor Gomizuno (eldest brother); Tadayasu NAGATANI (Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank)) (1612-1669), the founder of the Nagatani family (younger brother); and Tokisada KATANO (Daizenshiki (Office of the Palace Table)), the founder of the Katano family (younger brother).
- 過大な財政負担を懸念しての慟哭であったろうが、後に、京都守護職の任務によって尊皇派の恨みを買った会津藩は戊辰戦争で最後まで抵抗せざるを得なくなり、藩都・会津若松市で壊滅し、現実のものとなってしまった。
- Though they seemed to cry because they were worried about the excessive financial load, the Aizu clan which later incurred the ill will of those advocating reverence for the Emperor because of its duties in the Kyoto Shugoshoku, had to resist to the end of the Boshin Civil War, was completely annihilated in Aizu-Wakamatsu City the clan's capital, and its collapse was indeed realized.
- 各ページ5段構成となっており1段目には天皇の略歴、2段目には皇居及び重要な事件、3段目には上皇・東宮・皇子皇女・后妃、4・5段目には摂政・関白・大臣・征夷大将軍・近衛大将などの要職補任が記されている。
- Each page has five columns: the first column has the Emperor's brief biography; the second column has important incidents around the Imperial Palace; the third column has matters about the Retired Emperor, the Crown Prince, the Imperial Prince, the Imperial Princess, and an empress; the fourth and the fifth columns have personnel affairs of important offices such as sessho (regent), kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), a minister, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), and Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards).
- 岩沢の解釈では、「太政大臣、関白、将軍の三職いずれかに推任するのがよい」と言った主体を天皇の意向を受けた晴豊としており、以後もこの解釈を受け、信長はこの天皇の意向を突っぱねたとする説が通説化していた。
- Iwasawa's interpretation of the line 'he should be endorsed for Daijo daijin, Kanpaku, or Shogun' was that it was Haretoyo who said it in line with the Emperor's wish, and later this interpretation prevailed to form a common belief that Nobunaga refused the Emperor's wish.
- 算得業生成立後は、7年学習して奉試に及第すると合格者は算博士や主計寮・主税寮・大宰府・造宮省(後には修理職・木工寮)に設置されていた算師に任じられる他、地方の下級国司となって租税会計事務などを扱った。
- After the establishment of San tokugosho, those who learned for seven years and passed Hoshi were appointed as San hakase or Sanshi (a court official in charge of calculation) and placed in the Shukeiryo (account office), Shuzeiryo (bureau of taxation), Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), Zogusho (ministry of making and mending palaces) (later Shurishiki (The Palace Repairs Office) and Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry), and were also made lower provincial governors who handled land tax accountancy and other such matters.
- 『書紀』によれば、允恭天皇5年(416年)7月に地震があったが(最古の地震記事である)、玉田宿禰は先に先帝反正の殯宮大夫に任じられていたにもかかわらず、職務を怠って葛城で酒宴を開いていたことが露顕した。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' when there was an earthquake in July, 416, Tamada no sukune, who was in charge of Mogarinomiya daibu for the former Emperor Hanzei, was caught neglecting his duty and holding a drinking party.
- 翌寛文6年3月11日 (旧暦)(1666年4月15日)には伏見奉行水野忠貞が兼ねていた畿内・近江国・丹波国・播磨国の奉行職を免じられて両名に移管された(水野の伏見奉行辞任は寛文9年(1669年)である)。
- On April 15, 1666, the Magistrate in Kinai, Omi Province, Tanba Province and Harima Province, which Tadasada MIZUNO had assumed, was transferred to Miyazaki and Amemiya (Mizuno officially resigned as Fushimi Magistrate in 1669).
- 文献に見える一番古い記録は興国6年(貞和元年、1345年)の山城国嘉祥寺領伯耆国布美庄に関するもので進三郎入道長覚が領家職を押領しようとしたとの記録が最古である(布美庄は現在の米子市付近に位置していた)。
- The oldest record on the Shin clan is about Fumi-sho Manor in Hoki Province which had been possessed by Kajo-ji Temple of Yamashiro Province; according to the article, in 1345, SHIN no Saburo Nyudo (priest Chokaku) tried to take Ryokeshiki (an economical right as a lord of a manor); Fumi-sho Manor was located near present Yonago City.
- まず開発領主の領地領有とは、郡司、郷司という「職の体系(しき)」において国司・国衙から保証されたものであるが、しかしそうである限り国司側はその任を解く権限を持っおり、それは相馬郡において現実に行使された。
- First, the territorial possession of kaihatsu-ryoshu was guaranteed by governor and kokuga as a 'job structure' called as gunji (district managers) and goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system), but the governor side had the power to dismiss them from the position as in the case of Soma County.
- 徳川政権もこの路線を継承、徹底させ、公家に対しては禁中並公家諸法度によって家職に付随する「諸家昇進之次第(官職昇進次第)」を再確認・保証するとともに、徳川将軍家自体が将軍職を家職とすることを明らかにした。
- The Tokugawa government followed and reinforced this approach and issued the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles) for the aristocracy and reconfirmed and guaranteed the promotion path accompanying Kashoku and made it clear that the Tokugawa shogun family itself would make the shogun position as its Kashoku.
- 一方において任官制度にも変化が生じ、「道挙」と呼ばれる在学中の学生が教官の推薦によって無試験で判官・主典級官職に任官される制度(紀伝道では9世紀中期、紀伝道・明法道・算道では9世紀末期以後)が導入された。
- Meanwhile, there was a change in the government official appointment system; the system called 'Dokyo' was introduced (in the mid-ninth century for the Kidendo department and after the late ninth century for the Kidendo, Myobodo [study of Codes], and Sando [study of mathematics] departments), whereby Daigaku-ryo students, by the recommendation of professors, were appointed as government officials of the jo (inspector [third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period]) and sakan (secretary) ranks without examination.
- 商人や職人に自由に利潤追求を許せば、その経済力によって支配階級が脅かされ、農民が重労働である農業を嫌って商工に転身する事により穀物の生産が減少して飢饉が発生し、ひいては社会秩序が崩壊すると考えたのである。
- The thought was that if merchants and artisans were allowed to freely pursuit profits, their wealth would threaten the ruling class and farmers would give up the hard labor of agriculture start new careers as sho or ko, decreasing agricultural output, leading to famine, and resulting in the collapse of the social order.
- また、新しい世代の蔵元は、杜氏の流派にもこだわらず、前の杜氏が勇退したり辞職したりすると、とりあえず求職メディアに応募を出して、雇用条件の折り合う応募者ならば誰でも採用する、という人も多くなってきている。
- Also, new-generation breweries do not pay too much attention to toji schools, and when a previous toji steps down to make room for another person or just leaves his position, many breweries now have the attitude that they invite new personnel through recruitment advertisements and they are willing to accept any applicant who agrees to their conditions of employment.
- 加えて芸力の不足や度重なるトラブルとスキャンダルを引きおこしたこともあって、能楽協会からは退会命令(「除名」の次に重い処分、復帰の可能性は残されている)の処分を受け、流内職分から宗家相続無効を主張された。
- In addition, as he lacked talent and repeatedly caused troubles and scandals, he was given an order by the Nohgaku Performers' Association to withdraw from membership (which is the second heaviest punishment after expulsion, but still leaves room for coming back) while occupational branch families in the school claimed that his succession should be invalid.
- イングランドで1086年に編纂された統計大鑑ドームズデイ・ブックに残された記録から推計してみると、国王が直接支配した荘園は全体の17%を占め、さらに大きな割合(4分の1以上)を主教職や修道院が保有していた。
- Estimated from the records remaining in the great statistical survey book Domesday Book edited in 1086 in England, the shoens which the king directly dominated occupied 17 % and the larger ratio (more than one-fourth) was owned by bishops or monasteries.
- 11世紀に入ると、書博士そのものが明経博士を世襲した清原氏・中原氏の一族のための待機ポスト(明経道の職に空きが出来るまで暫時任じられる官職)と化してしまい、学科としての書道は完全に消滅したと考えられている。
- In the 11th century, the position of sho hakase became a standby post (a post to which clan members were temporarily appointed until a myogyo-do position became available) for members of the Kiyohara clan and Nakahara clan which inherited the position of Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucian classics), and it is though that shodo completely disappeared as an area of study.
- 慶応3年12月9日 (旧暦)(1868年1月3日)、この年の10月に行われた大政奉還後の王政復古の大号令クーデターによって薩摩藩・長州藩が京都の支配権を確立したため、京都守護職は設置後6年をもって廃止された。
- On January 3, 1868, due to the coup of Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule after Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) was implemented in October in the same year, the Satsuma and the Choshu clans established the right to rule Kyoto and, therefore, the Kyoto Shugoshoku was abolished six years after its foundation.
- その後明治13年(1880年)に宮内省宮内庁式部職雅楽課の伶人奥好義がつけた旋律を一等伶人の林廣守が曲に起こし、それを前年に来日したドイツ人の音楽家であり海軍軍楽教師フランツ・エッケルトが西洋風和声を付けた。
- After that, in 1880, Hiromori HAYASHI, who was an itto reijin (literally, first class performer of gagaku) prepared the setting based on the melody composed by Yoshiisa OKU, who was a Reijin (performer of gagaku) belonged to Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) Section, Shikibushoku of Imperial Household Agency and Franz Eckert, who was a German musician came to Japan in 1879 as a teacher for the military band of the Imperial Japanese Navy, added western-style harmony to the setting.
- 相馬御厨も大庭御厨も、本所の伊勢神宮は必ずしも下司となった寄進主(開発領主)を保護出来きれなかった、自分の取り分が確保され、更には増えるのなら、下司職が、源義朝でも、千葉常胤でも構わなかったということである。
- That indicates that honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) Ise-jingu Shrine could not always protect donators, or kaihatsu-ryoshu, who became their local official, and rather, it did not matter to them whether the position of the local official was held by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo or Tsunetane CHIBA, as long as their share was guaranteed and, even more, increased.
- 「本所」とは複数ある職のうち、荘園内において荘務すなわち、司法・行政・警察活動を行う権限を有して法的支配を行使した者を指す(領家・本家の別称としての「本所」という語も存在するが、本来の意味での使用ではない)。
- Among a variety of shiki, 'Honjo' exercised legal control over Shoen with the authority to carry out Shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in Shoen) or judicial, administrative and police activities (The word, 'Honjo' is also used when referring to Ryoke and Honke, but it is not the original meaning of the word.).
- さらに同時期までに、守護職には大犯三ヶ条の検断沙汰権、刈田狼藉の検断権、使節遵行権、半済給付権、闕所地給付権、段銭・棟別銭の徴収権など、軍事・警察的職権から経済的利得権まで広範な権能が付与されるようになった。
- In addition, in the same period, the shugo-shiki came to assume a wide spectrum of authority ranging from military and police authority to the authority for gaining an economical profit, such as the authority to make an investigation and give instruction (kendan-sata) over three kinds of criminal cases (Taibon-sankajo, three major tasks for peacekeeping), the authority to investigate the karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the authority to pass delegation of the word, the authority to collect half of the nengu (land tax), the authority to provide confiscated land or land without a governor (called kessho-chi), as well as the authority to collect tan-sen (surtax on the rice fields) and munabechi-sen (surtax on the houses).
- 三職推任問題(さんしょくすいにんもんだい)とは、天正10年(1582年)4月25日 (旧暦)、5月4日 (旧暦)両日付けの勧修寺晴豊の日記『晴豊公記(天正十年夏記)』の記事の解釈を巡る日本の歴史上の論争である。
- Sanshoku suinin mondai is a controversy in relation to the interpretation of the articles in Haretoyo KAJUJI's diary 'Haretoyo-koki (summer in the 10th year of Tensho)' dated April 25 (old calendar) and May 4 (old calendar) of 1582.
- すでに天養2年(1145年)3月、義朝による寄進があったが、常胤は「親父常重契状」の通り、領主・荒木田神主正富(伊勢内宮神官)に供祭料を納め、加地子・下司職を常胤の子孫に相伝されることの新券を伊勢神宮へ奉じた。
- Although the donation was already made by Yoshitomo in April 1145, Tsunetane offered money for festivals to the feudal lord Masatomi of the Ise priest family, a Shinto priest of the Ise-naiku (inner shrine), in accordance with 'a deed of father Tsuneshige,' and offered the Ise-jingu Shrine a deed stating that kajishi and the position of a local official to manage a shoen estate would be inherited by his children and descendants.
- しかし、地方に本拠を置く軍事貴族も、中央の有力貴族に名簿 (名札)(みょうぶ)を差し出し、私的な主従関係を結んで、多くの場合は直接京に出向いて奉仕し(それが「侍」であるが)、その推挙により武官の官職を得ている。
- However, military aristocrats with a main base in districts submitted the Myobu (identification) to central powerful aristocrats, held the private master and servant relationship, and many went directly to Kyoto to serve (that was 'samurai'), and obtained the court position of military officer by their recommendations.
- 一代限りの身分ではあるが、実際には引退に際し子弟や縁者を後継者とすることで世襲は可能であり、また薄給ながら生活を維持できるため、後にその権利が「株」として売買され、富裕な農民・商人の次・三男の就職口ともなった。
- The status of ashigaru was restricted to a single generation but in actuality could be inherited by a child or relative upon retirement and, this right later went on to be bought and sold as 'kabu' and also became a position of employment for the second and third sons of wealthy farmers and merchants, because they could make their living by being an ashigaru although their salaries were low.
- しかし、次第に蝦夷島が安東氏の統制から離れ始め、特に蝦夷において被官であった蠣崎氏が上国守護職に加えて松前守護職を名乗ったことを追認せざるを得なくなるなど、戦国時代 (日本)前期には実質上北出羽の一豪族となった。
- However, Ezogashima began to leave from the Ando clan's control, and as a result, in the earlier Sengoku Period the clan degraded practically to a mere local ruling lord in the northern Dewa Province, as particularly the clan had to echo the fact that the Kakizaki clan, who had been the hikan in Ezo, proclaimed its position of Matsumae shugo (military governor of Matsumae) as well as Kaminokuni shugo.
- この詔には、天平3年(731年)に解由制の徹底を通達したにも関わらず、後任の到着前に前任国司が帰京したり、後任が解由状を発給しないために前任が次の官職に任命されない、といった状況が発生していたことが記されている。
- This mikotonori included the description of the following situations: Although instructed to follow the geyu system thoroughly in 731, a former kokushi (provincial governor) at a province returned to Kyoto before his successor arrived at the province, and the former officer could not be appointed to the new position because his successor did not issue a geyujo.
- 幕府の強硬な態度に対して朝廷は、これまでに授与した紫衣着用の勅許を無効にすることに強く反対し、また、大徳寺住職・沢庵宗彭(たくあんそうほう)や、妙心寺の東源慧等ら大寺の高僧も、朝廷に同調して幕府に抗弁書を提出した。
- Against the strong-handed stance of the bakufu, the Imperial Court strongly objected to the annulment of Imperial decrees allowing the wearing of Shie and high priests of major temples such as Takuan Soho, the resident priest of Daitoku-ji Temple and Eto TOGEN of Myoshin-ji Temple also agreed with the Imperial Court and submitted a document of complaint.
- 江戸時代には地下の世職は局務(外記上首:押小路家が世襲)・官務(左大史上首:壬生家が世襲)・蔵人所出納(平田家が世襲)が、それぞれ外記方・官方・蔵人方の世襲の諸役人を管掌し、朝廷の各種行事の運営を司った(催官人)。
- During the Edo period, hereditary officials from Jigeke--the Head of Secretaries 'Kyokumu' (leader of secretaries in the Council of State Secretaries, inherited by the Oshinokoji family), the Head of Secretaries 'Kanmu' (leader of Senior Recorders of the Left, inherited by the Mibu family), and the court official at the Bureau of Archivists 'Kurodo dokoro Suino' (inherited by the Hirata family)--were collectively called 'Saikanjin' and respectively managed events and ceremonies of the Imperial Court by supervising the hereditary officials of secretaries, recorders, and staff of the Bureau of Archivists.
- 今出川兼季や西園寺実俊(ただし、貞治3年以後)といった現職・前職大臣に勅裁を伝える場合には当時の公家社会の慣例に従って院宣や綸旨はその家の家司宛に出されたのに対して、武家執奏が大納言以下の場合には本人宛に出された。
- In cases where the chokusai was conveyed to the current or former ministers such as Kanesue IMADEGAWA and Sanetoshi SAIONJI (1224 or later), the messages of inzen and rinji were conveyed to the keishi (household superintendent) of the household in accordance with the court nobles' customary practice at that time, while in cases where the bukeshisso's rank was Dainagon (Chief Counselor of State) or lower, the messages were sent directly to the designated person.
- 和泉流は、江戸極初期に京都の手猿楽師(てさるがくし。素人出身の職業狂言師)として禁裏御用を勤めつつ、尾張藩主徳川義直に召し抱えられていた7世山脇和泉守元宜が、同輩の三宅藤九郎家、野村又三郎家を傘下に収めて創流した。
- While dominating his colleagues, the Tokuro MIYAKE family and the Matasaburo NOMURA family, Yamawaki Izumi no Kami Motoyoshi, the seventh established the Izumi school soon after the Edo period came, and was an official Tesarugaku-shi (a professional Sarugaku performer who was originally an outsider) in the Imperial Palace living in Kyoto, as well as a retainer of the Lord of Owari Domain Yoshinao TOKUGAWA.
- この惣官職は、畿内近国を軍事的に直轄支配することを目的に設置されたもので、平氏政権の武家政権としての性格を如実に表しており、平氏政権が本格的な武家政権へ成長していく可能性をここに見出しうると、学界では考えられている。
- This Sokan position was established to directly control the military aspects of Kinai and its surroundings, clearly indicating the characteristics of the Taira clan administration as a bushi government and the academic field considers that it is possible to see this as a possibility for the bushi government established by the Taira clan administration to grow.
- その結果、局務押小路家が外記方、官務壬生家が官方、そして出納平田家が蔵人方の地下官人を統率して奉行・職事の指示に従って傘下の地下官人を率いて儀式のために必要な事務・雑務を行うことになった(「禁中諸政諸司等作法事」)。
- It was decided that the head secretary of the Council of State Secretaries 'kyokumu,' the Oshinokoji family; the head secretary of the Senior Recorder of the Left 'kanmu,' the Mibu family; and a secretary of the Bureau of Archives 'suino,' the Hirata family were to lead the lower ranking officials in respective offices to carry out clerical work and miscellaneous business for the ceremonies under the command of commissioners and court officials (according to 'Kinchu shosei shoshi to shoji').
- As a result, Kyokumu Oshikoji family, Kanmu Mibu family and Suino Hirata family became responsible for various clerical and administrative jobs relating to ceremonies under the instruction of bugyo and shikiji (the head of office) while commanding the jigekanjin of Gekikata (Secretaries' Office), Kangata (one of government office) and Kurodogata respectively ('Kinchu Shosei Shoshi to Sahonokoto' (manners in political affairs and officers of the Imperial Court)).
- 若狭武田氏は安芸武田氏4代武田信繁 (室町時代)の長男である武田信栄が、室町幕府6代将軍足利義教の命を受けて1440年(永享12年)に若狭守護職・一色義貫を誅殺した功績により若狭守護職を任命されたことによって始まる。
- The history of the Wakasa-Takeda clan dates back to the time when Nobuhide TAKEDA, the eldest son of the fourth head of the Aki-Takeda clan Nobushige TAKEDA (Muromachi period), was appointed to shugo of Wakasa Province after he killed in 1440 the shugo of Wakasa Province Yoshitsura ISSHIKI at the behest of the sixth shogun of Muromachi bakufu Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 木地師とは、山で木を採り椀や盆などの木製品に仕上げる職人で、奥高野から吉野にかけての山域には近江国小椋村(滋賀県東近江市永源寺町)を本拠地とした江州渡(こうしゅうわたり)木地師と呼ばれた人々が大正の頃までいたという。
- Kiji-shi were craftsmen who collected woods in mountains and made wooden products, such as bowls and trays, and it is said that in the mountain range from Okukoya to Yoshino there had been such craftsmen called 'Koshuwatari Kiji-shi' who had their base mainly in Ogura Village, Omi Province (Eigenji-cho, Higashiomi City, Shiga Prefecture) until the Taisho era.
- 遠平は平氏討伐の恩賞として平氏家人沼田氏の旧領であった安芸国沼田荘(ぬたのしょう、現在の広島県三原市本郷町付近)の地頭職を拝領し、これを譲られた養子・小早川景平(実父は平賀義信であったとされる。)が、安芸国に移住した。
- Tohira was given the position of Jitoshiki (manager and lord of a private estate) when he received the Nutanosho estate in Aki Province (current Mihara City, Hiroshima Prefecture), the former territory of the Nuta clan who were the housemen of the Taira clan, as a reward; and the adopted child Kagehira KOBAYAKAWA (whose biological father was believed to be Yoshinobu HIRAGA) moved to the Aki Province.
- 南北朝時代_(日本)に紙屋院そのものは廃絶したが、その職人と技術はそのまま京都における製紙業者に引き継がれ、蔵人所を本所として結成した紙座(和紙の製造・販売者による座)である宿紙上座は、その流れを汲んでいるとされている。
- Although Kamiyain was abolished during the period of Northern and Southern Courts, paper manufacturers in Kyoto took over Kamiyain's artisans and technology intact, and Shukushikamiza, which was kamiza (a trading association of paper manufacturers and distributors) with Kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) as its honjo (proprietor or guarantor), is said to have been one of their descendants.
- これらの史料から安東氏は、鎌倉中期頃から陸奥に広範囲の所領を有した北条氏宗家(得宗)の被官(御内人)として蝦夷の統括者(蝦夷沙汰代官職)に任ぜられ、北条氏を通じて鎌倉幕府の支配下に組み込まれていったものと考えられている。
- Based on these historical materials, it is thought that the Ando clan was appointed to the administrator of Ezo (Ezosata daikan [local governor]) as a hikan (bureaucrat) (Miuchibito) of the head family of Hojo clan (Tokuso [the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan]), which had an extensive territory in Mutsu Province from the mid-Kamakura period, and then through the Hojo clan, the Ando clan came to be controlled under the Kanamura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 近年、歴史学者の網野善彦が中世社会、近世社会における百姓身分に属する者たちが農民、山民、漁民、職人、商人などの広範な生業の従事者であったことを明らかにし、 '百姓=農民' と一概にまとめた従来の歴史観に対し批判を行った。
- In recent years, historian Yoshihiko AMINO revealed that people who belonged to the hyakusho rank in the medieval and modern societies engaged in a wide range of vocations including peasants, mountain people, fishing people, craftsmen, and merchants, and criticized the conventional historical view of 'hyakusho = peasants' to collectively refer to them.
- その後も義昭は征夷大将軍職を解任されていない事を盾に各地で幕府再建運動を行うが、信長、そして豊臣秀吉による新秩序形成の勢いを前には全くの無力であり、義昭の京都追放の時点をもって室町幕府および室町時代の終期と看做されている。
- Thereafter, using the fact that Yoshiaki had never officially been dismissed from the post of Seii taishogun as a pretext, movements did arise in various provinces to restore the bakufu to power, but against the momentum of the new governmental structure created by Nobunaga and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, such efforts were entirely fruitless, and so the Muromachi bakufu--and the Muromachi period itself--is considered to have ended at the point Yoshiaki was driven from Kyoto.
- 南朝側は、北朝の意向により天台座主や寺社の要職に就いた者などを更迭して南朝方の人物を据えることや、建武の新政において公家や寺社に与えるため没収された地頭職を足利政権が旧主に返還した事の取り消しなどを求め、北朝方と対立する。
- The Southern Court confronted the Northern Court by proposing to fire the people selected by the Northern Court to become Tendaizasu (chief of Tendaishu) and important positions in temples and shrines and replace them with Southern Court related people, and wanted the cancellation of the return by the Ashikaga administration of jito (land steward) positions that were taken away during the Kenmu Restoration to give to kuge and temples and shrines.
- 戦国時代、出雲国においては京極氏が出雲守護職に補任されてきたが、同氏が室町幕府において三管領に次ぐ四職の家柄にあり、北近江守護職を兼務していたことから、京極氏の庶流である尼子氏が、京極氏の守護代として出雲国を任されていた。
- During the Sengoku Period, in Izumo, the Kyogoku clan helped with the duties of Izumo shugoshoku and the Kyogoku clan was the linage of the fourth post next to the three kanrei in the Muromachi bakufu and also acted as Kitaomi shugoshoku and, therefore, the Kyogoku clan left the Izumo Province to the Amago clan which was shoryu of the Kyogoku clan, as shugodai (deputy of Shugo).
- 「文人」に対する「武人」、「文官」に対する「武官」と同じような使い訳で、「文士」に対する「武士」といういわれ方は奈良・平安時代初期にも僅かに見られたが、職能としてはともかくとして、それは後の「武士」につながるものではない。
- The 'literati' in contrast to 'warrior,' 'civil officer' in contrast to 'military officer' were referred a little during Nara and early Heian periods but not as a work duty nor connected to later 'bushi.'
- こうした武家の棟梁に対する恩賞は、所領を棟梁から家人へ分け与える一方、棟梁自らはさらなる勢力拡大のために収入の多い国の国司職や、中央政界における地位向上につながる位階の昇叙、御所への昇殿などを獲得するよう積極的に運動した。
- While Buke no toryo distributed territories to their kenin, they actively sought to become kokushi, which would provide them both handsome income, or to obtain a higher rank, which would lead higher grade in the central government, or to access to the Imperial Palace to advance their political status in the Imperial Court.
- 「御所(足利将軍家)が絶えなば吉良が継ぎ、吉良が絶えなば今川が継ぐ」と言われていたように、足利宗家(室町将軍家系統と鎌倉公方家系統)が断絶した場合には吉良家とともに足利宗家と征夷大将軍職の継承権が発生する特別な家柄であった。
- As it was said that 'if the Imperial Palace (Ashikaga Shogunate house) ceased, Kira succeeded and if Kira ceased, Imawaga succeeded,' the Kira clan and Imawaga clan were special families that had the right of succession to the head family of Ashikaga and the Seii taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians) if the head family of Ashikaga (Muromachi shogunate family and Kamakura kubo [shogunate] family) ceased.
- 康安元年(1361年)執事の細川清氏が失脚(康安の政変)、南朝 (日本)へ降伏した後、斯波高経(出家して道朝と名乗る)は、将軍足利義詮の信任を受け、貞治元年(1362年)には子息の義将を執事(後の管領職にあたる)に推薦した。
- After shitsuji Kiyouji HOSOKAWA lost his position (Koan Coup) and surrendered to the Southern Court (Japan) in 1361, Takatsune SHIBA (he called himself Docho after becoming a monk) gained the trust of shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and recommended his son Yoshimasa to the post of shitsuji (kanrei) in 1362.
- 検断とは統治すること・裁判することを意味する言葉であり、中世日本では治安行政と刑事司法とが未分化だったため、統治することが裁判を行うことと密接につながっていたのである(日葡辞書によると、検断は統治・裁判を行う役職、とある)。
- 'Kendan' is a word which means both to govern and judge; since public safety administration and criminal justice were undifferentiated in medieval Japan, the concept of governing was closely associated with the concept of judging (according to a Japanese - Portuguese dictionary, 'kendan' is a role which governs and judges).
- しかし、租税納入を怠った、あるいは規定額を達成できなかった受領は、受領功過定(ずりょうこうかさだめ)と呼ばれる人事評定によって厳しい審査・処分を受けていたのであり、受領を巨富が得られる官職と理解することに疑義も出されている。
- However, some people assert that the position of zuryo should not be understood as such a profitable one because they were also subject to severe penalty, according to the result of personnel evaluation called zuryo koka sadame, if they failed to pay taxes or failed to achieve a pre-determined amount.
- また、寒造りが主流となったことによって、酒造りは冬に限られた仕事となったので、農民が出稼ぎとして冬場だけ杜氏を請け負うようになり、やがて各地にそれぞれ地域的な特徴を持った杜氏の職人集団が生成されていったという側面もうまれた。
- As kanzukuri became the main method, sake brewing became restricted to winter and farmers became sake brewers as an extra job only during the winter, and toji worker groups began to form in each district.
- 水戸家は頼房が駿河家断絶後の1636年(寛永13年)に徳川賜姓された家であり、他の2家よりも官位・官職の点では下ではあるが、朝廷に対して次期将軍家の奏聞をし、また、江戸常勤であることなどから五代綱吉のころから御三家と呼ばれる。
- Since the Mito family founded by Yorifusa only received the honor of taking the name of Tokugawa after the Suruga family became extinct in 1636, they were lower in rank and grade than the other two families; however, they reported to the Emperor on the next shogun family, and they worked full time in Edo, so that they came to be called Gosanke when Tsunayoshi became the fifth shogun.
- 更に12世紀に入ると、官司の運営とそれに伴う収益、そうした業務の財源として確保されてきた官司領(官衙領)が世襲氏族によって官職そのものを含めた「職の体系」として私的に所有されるようになり、「知行」として行使されるようになった。
- Furthermore, in the twelfth century, the management and accompanying profit of Kanji and Kanjiryo that was maintained as the funds for the job (Kangaryo) began to be privately owned by the hereditary clans as part of the job system including the position itself and used as 'Chigyo (enfeoffment).'
- しかし実際には自身が病弱である事、重度の吃音である事、実家の母から過大な期待を寄せられている事、同寺が観光客の参観料で運営されており、僧侶よりも事務職の方が幅を利かせるなどの現実から、厭世感情からくる複雑な感情が入り乱れていた。
- However, the truth was that it was much more complicated because HAYASHI was pessimistic towards life, based on him being rather sickly with serious dysphemia, while his mother had placed extremely high hopes on him.
- 荘園は度重なる寄進によって重層的な支配構造となっていたが、実際に直接あるいは雑掌などを派遣して、荘園内の在地勢力(荘官及び荘民)に対して諸権限を行使しえたのは荘務権を持っている職の体系であり、本来本所とは荘務権を持つ職を指した。
- Shoen was often placed under the complicated control system due to repeated donations; the honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a private estate) originally referred to the individuals who held the shomuken, and those who were in the position to hold the shomuken could administer various authorities against the local power within shoen, such as shokan (an officer governing shoen) and shomin (people of the manor), by personally going to the shoen himself or by sending a zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) there.
- 中世における家門とは、家督を有する当主とその管領(管理)のもとにある家業・家職・家記(日記)・家屋・寺院・道具及びその共有者である当主夫婦・親子を中心とした親族集団を指し、家門そのものも家督とともに継承される性質のものであった。
- The term for family in the Medieval Age referred to a kinship group that was mainly composed of the family head who owned the family estate and the family business, trade, record (diary), their house, temple and tools under his reign (control), as well as his wife and children, who were the joint owners; the family itself, as well as the family estate, was succeeded to the descendents.
- だが、平安時代後期から官司請負制のもとで官職の世襲化が進み、大学寮の教官も特定の氏族の世襲となって、教官たちは世襲の存続のために自己の子弟・一族や限られた門人に対してのみ限定して、大学寮外の自宅などで教授するという家学化が進んだ。
- However, from the latter half of the Heian period government posts were transferred by heredity, as were the instructors of Daigakuryo; in order to keep the heredity system, family education developed, in which the instructors taught only their sons or selected disciples outside Daigakuryo, for example, in their own houses.
- ところが、尊氏が死ぬと鎌倉公方であった足利基氏(尊氏の子)は自分の腹心でありながら観応の擾乱では尊氏と敵対した前上野・越後守護職上杉憲顕を強引に関東管領に復帰させた上に、上杉憲顕が上野・越後守護職を氏綱から強引に返還させようとした。
- After Takauji died, however, Motouji ASHIKAGA (Takauji's son), the Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) forcibly reinstated the former Kozuke and Echizen Shugoshoku, Noriaki UESUGI, who was his trusted retainer but an opponent of Takauji in the Kanno Disturbance, as the Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), and Noriaki UESUGI tried to make Ujitsuna return the post of Shugoshoku to him.
- また治承5年(1181年)に設置した畿内惣官職や諸道鎮撫使は、これもその職能の詳細は不明な点もあるが、数か国にわたる広い領域を軍事的に直轄支配するものと見られており、特に畿内惣官職は征夷大将軍と同様の性格を見出しうるとする見解もある。
- Although some points about the actual details of their work are unclear, Kinai Sokanshiki (a military position with power over the provinces of the Kinai) and Shodo (various roads) chinbushi (one of the posts that were not originally specified in the Ritsuryo system) which were established in 1181, are considered to have directly ruled a wide area with several provinces regarding military aspects and in particular Kinai Shokanshiki is proposed to have had similar properties to the Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- また1934年(昭和9年)には、斎藤内閣の商工大臣であった中島久万吉が雑誌「現代」2月号に転載された足利尊氏と足利時代(室町時代)を再評価すべきという感想を述べたことに対して、菊池議員と共に中島大臣を攻撃し辞職させたことでも知られる。
- It was well-known that, in 1934, Kumakichi NAKAJIMA, the Minister of Commerce and Industry in the Sato Cabinet, stated in his article reprinted in the February issue of the monthly magazine 'Gendai' (Modern times) that Takauji ASHIKAGA and the Ashikaga era (i.e., the Muromachi period) should be transvalued; and Yukimitsu, together with Takeo KIKUCHI, censured Kumakichi NAKAJIMA and forced him to resign.
- これは他の分野でも同様の現象が起きており、やがて特定の博士家が博士の職を世襲するために、家説を秘伝化・神秘化しながらこれに権威性と絶対性を与えていくことによって、学術そのものを氏族内部のみで世襲化する「家学」へと発展させることとなる。
- The same phenomena took place in other fields, and in order to take up the position of hakase by heredityparticular hakase families developed the learning itself into 'kagaku' inherited within the clan by making their family's theory esoteric and mystified, and by giving it authority and unequivocalness.
- 一条兼良の『樵談治要』の「諸国の守護たる人廉直をさきとすべき事」の条に「諸国の国司は一任四ケ年に過ぎず、当時の守護職は昔の国司に同じといへども、子々孫々につたへて知行をいたす事は、春秋の時の十二諸侯、戦国の世の七雄にことならず」とある。
- In the section 'Shugo (provincial military governor) should give high priority to honesty' in 'Shodanchiyo' by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, it is described as 'the term of office for kokushi (provincial governor) was four years a term and although the present shugo corresponds to kokushi in the former time, they are equivalent to the Twelve Feudal Lords in the Chunqiu period and the Seven Influential Lords in the Zhanguo period, because they govern and succeed the fief from father to son.'
- 更に頼之の没後、義満は息子足利義持に将軍職を譲って自らは出家するが、幕府の実権を握り続け、表面上引退しているために自らは召集できない公式な評定に代わって自ら主宰する御前沙汰を開いて幕府の政策決定を行い、将軍義持はこれに従う存在となった。
- After Yoriyuki died, Yoshimitsu abdicated the office of shogun in favor of his son Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and entered the priesthood, yet he kept controlling the bakufu and made bakufu's policy decisions by chairing and holding gozen-sata instead of formal consultations, which nominally retired shogun Yoshimitsu could not convene -- and the shogun Yoshimochi followed the decisions.
- 更に時代が下ると、腐敗した朝廷の口向(経理)を監督するための「御所向御取扱掛」(安永3年設置、奉行が兼務)や京都市街の無秩序な拡大を防止して適正な町割をするための「新地掛」(文化 (日本)10年設置、与力が兼務)などの新たな職掌が生まれ、
- Along with the passage of time, new divisions emerged such as 'Gosho-muke otoriatsukai-gakari' (founded 1774, assumed by Magistrate) responsible for overseeing the corrupted kuchimuke (finance division) of the Imperial court and 'Sarachi-gakari' (founded 1813, assumed by yoriki) responsible for preventing random expansion of the Kyoto urban land and implementing appropriate urban development plans.
- 池田屋事件(いけだやじけん)は、江戸時代後期の元治元年6月5日 (旧暦)(1864年7月8日)に、京都三条通木屋町通(三条小橋)の旅館池田屋で京都守護職配下の治安維持組織である新撰組が、潜伏していた長州藩の尊皇攘夷派を襲撃した事件である。
- The Ikedaya Incident is the name given to an event that took place on July 8,1864 towards the end of the Edo Period in which the Shinsen-gumi, who was a peacekeeping organization under the Kyoto protectorate, attacked the imperial loyalist faction from Choshu who were hiding out at the Ikedaya Inn at Kiyamachi (Sanjou-Kobashi Bridge) on Sanjou-Street in Kyoto.
- 現在では社会経済史的視点からの研究や戦国大名武田氏の権力構造の解明、家臣団の個別研究のほか、財政や治水事業、軍事や外交、交通や都市問題、商職人支配や郷村支配、宗教など各分野における実証的研究や民俗学的アプローチなど研究の地平が広っている。
- At present, empirical as well as ethnological studies are being conducted on various themes, including socio-economic history, power structure of the Sengoku daimyo Takeda clan, individual study of vassals, finance, flood prevention projects, military and foreign affairs, urban problem, ruling of merchants/craftsmen, ruling of villages and religion etc.
- 特に宮中において天皇に近侍する蔵人・太政官において行政事務を担当する弁官・平安京の司法・警察・民政の実務を行う検非違使佐は仕事量が多く重要な官職であったこのため、それらの職務を同時にこなすことは実務能力に優れた官僚でなければ不可能だった。
- As Kurodo who valeted the Emperor at court, Benkan in charge of administrative jobs at Dajokan and Kebiishi no suke responsible for judiciary/police/civil affairs in Heiankyo (Kyoto) were particularly important official positions with a heavy workload, it was impossible for an official to assume these three positions concurrently unless he had an excellent business ability.
- 武家の有職故実の大家だった伊勢貞丈の『貞丈雑記』には蕎麦切りを食することは「古くありし物なれ共、表向などへ出さざる物故、喰様の方式なども記さざるなるべし」と記して、武家や公家などの間では人前で蕎麦を食するものではなかったと解説されている。
- In 'Teijo Zakki' (Teijo's Notes) written by Teijo ISE, who was the expert on Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) of the Samurai class, it was documented that 'although it had been around since ancient times, since it was not to be brought out in public, the manner in which soba was eaten need not be mentioned' explaining that soba was something that the Samurai and Noble Class people ate in private.
- だが、実際の政務を行っているのが最大の荘園領主である摂関家以下有力貴族であったこと、国司側も任期が終了に近づくと次の役職を得るための一種の猟官運動として有力貴族による荘園実施を認める傾向にあったために多くの例外が生まれ、実効性が乏しかった。
- However, since actual government affairs were performed by sekkan-ke and powerful nobles who were also the most powerful manor lords, and kokushi, towards the end of their term, who had a tendency to approve manors by powerful nobles as a form of office-seeking activity to secure their next post, it was not very effective with many exceptional cases.
- 鎌倉時代以降、専門分化して、研究が盛んとなり、儀式については順徳天皇の『禁秘抄』、後醍醐天皇の『建武年中行事』、一条兼良の『公事根源』、官職制度については北畠親房の『職源抄』、服飾については源雅亮の『雅亮装束抄』などの有職故実書が著された。
- After the Kamakura period, yusoku kojitsu became as specialist field and the subject of active research, leading to the authorship of books including those on ceremonies such as 'Kinpisho' written by Emperor Juntoku, 'Kemmu Nenchu Gyoji' written by Emperor Godaigo, and 'Kuji kongen' (the Rules of Court) written by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO; those on the government system such as 'Shokugensho' written by Chikafusa KITABATAKE; and those on clothing such as 'Masasuke Shozoku Sho' (Masasuke's rule book on costumes) written by MINAMOTO no Masasuke.
- 2007年(平成19年)2月11日の市長選挙では現職の江守光起が引退を表明した事から、市立舞鶴市民病院の諸問題(民間病院への業務委託の是非)と江守市政の継続を唱えて前助役が、谷垣禎一・伊吹文明ら国会議員と一部の府会議員および自民党に推薦された。
- At the mayoral election held on February 11, 2007, after the incumbent mayor Mitsuoki EMORI had announced his retirement, the previous deputy mayor, who had raised problems such as those involving the Maizuru Municipal Hospital (the pros and cons of private consignment of its management), and advocated the continuation of the EMORI administrations, was recommended by Mps such as Sadakazu TANIGAKI/Bunmei IBUKI, some Kyoto Prefecture assembly members and the LDP.
- なお、用紙は職事蔵人がいつ勅旨を受けても対応できるように、またあくまでも勅旨伝達は口頭であり口宣は覚書(メモ)として作成されるという性格により、製造が簡便である中古紙を再生した宿紙を用いるのが例とされ、後に書式の一環として定着するようになった。
- In order to make the shikiji, kurodo always prepared for the imperial order and because the imperial edict was entirely conveyed verbally and the kuzen was made just as a memorandum (memo), the custom was established using sheets of shukushi (also referred to as sukushi), which was simply made by recycling used paper -- That choice of paper formed a part of the document standards later on.
- だが、教官(博士)を務める家では貴重な書籍などが私邸に蓄積され、子弟も早くからそれらに触れる機会が多いこと、父兄である教官(博士)も家庭教育の一環としてこうした書籍を活用する事から、優秀であれば博士の子弟もまた同じ官職に就くようになっていった。
- But, because of stockpiling valuable books in the instructors' (hakase's) house which their younger brothers or children could have more time to read at their younger ages and the instructors, the older brothers or father, used in their family education, their younger brother or children also came to assume the same government position as their older brothers' or fathers' if they were excellent at the skill.
- しかし髙橋昌明が「ここでは中心的な問題ではない」というその「ここ」、つまり「武士職能の発生論」ではなくて、「武士」という存在全体、髙橋昌明がいうところの「存在の真の根拠」を理解しようとするときには、在地領主としての存在も無視する訳にはいかない。
- However, the existence of estate owners cannot be ignored in order to understand 'bushi' existence and 'the real origin of existence' mentioned by Masaaki TAKAHASHI, but excluding 'the theory of origin of bushi performance' that he pointed out in 'this' is not a central problem.'
- 戦後では、栄典や顕彰・表彰・人事考課などという概念が一般的となり、公的に恩賞の概念は用いられないが、政権獲得や内閣成立に功績のあった与党政治家の重要役職への就任や入閣があった場合に、論功行賞人事や恩賞人事と揶揄される場合に用いられることもある。
- After the War the notions of honor, public recognition, commendation, and performance review have become common and the concept of onsho (rewards) has not been publicly used, however, when ruling-party politicians who rendered service in the formation of the government or cabinet are appointed to important posts or enter the cabinet, this is sometime ridiculed as onsho or reward-oriented appointments.
- 平安時代中期頃から見られるが、当初は親王・女御などの生計に資するために判官以下の官職に限って給したが、後には太上天皇や三宮 (后妃)、大臣などに支給対象が広げられ、支給される役職も権守や介などにも広げられた(ただし大臣は掾・大舎人に制限された)。
- The custom had been observed from the mid Heian period: at first, it was limited to the government posts at the rank of hangan (inspector [third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period]) and below in order to support Imperial Princes and consorts financially; later it was extended to Daijo Tenno (retired emperors), Sangu (the Empress, the Dowager Empress, the Grand Dowager Empress), and ministers (however, it was limited to jo [secretary of provincial offices] and Otoneri [royal attendant] among ministers), and the government posts granted were also extended to gon no kami (provisional governor) and suke (provincial governor) other than hangan.
- 江戸時代に入ると主従関係の再編成によって制度としての寄親・寄子は消滅するが、奉行所における与力・同心のように下級役人の役職名などに残されたほか、各種奉公人の斡旋を行う口入屋を「頼親(寄親)」、奉公人を「寄子」と呼ぶなど制度の名残が広く残されていた。
- During the Edo period, as the master-servant relationship was restructured, Yorioya-Yoriko ceased to exist as a system, but the vestiges of the system remained widely, and yoriki and doshin remained as the titles for low-level functionary at magistrate's office, as well as 'Yorioya' the name for an employment agency that placed various servants and 'Yoriko' which meant servants.
- 成功(じょうごう)とは、朝廷の公事・行事及び殿舎の営繕、寺社の堂塔修造費用など本来、朝廷の公費で負担すべきところを、任官希望者を募り任料を納めさせるか、または自己負担でそれぞれの事業の功を成らせて、見返りに官職に叙任するという売官制度の一種である。
- Jogo was a system by which those aspiring to a government post would either pay directly to gain an appointment, or pay for expenses that would otherwise have had to be paid from the coffers of the Imperial Court, such as those incurred in carrying out public functions or events for the Imperial Court, building or repairing the palace, or repairing the buildings and pagodas of shrines and temples.
- だが、16世紀末から17世紀初めにかけて起きた壬辰倭乱・丁酉倭乱・丁卯胡乱・丙子胡乱の4つの戦乱によって職田制が崩壊し、17世紀後半には免税特権を国家から与えられた宮荘や屯庄が設置されるとともに土地売買の制約が一層緩くなり、荘園制度は最盛期を迎えた。
- However, by the four wars of Jinshin waran (the Bunroku War in Korean), the Japanese Invasion in 1597, the First Manchu invasion of Korea and the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, the 'office land' (chikchon) system collapsed and during the late seventeenth century, kyuso or tonsho which were given the privilege of tax exemption from the nation were set up and the constraints on the purchase and sale of land were increasingly loosened and the shoen system culminated.
- 藤原氏一族の藤原北家の藤原道兼の曾孫を称する藤原宗円が、源頼義、源義家の奥州安倍氏 (奥州)討伐(前九年の役)での功により宇都宮(現・栃木県宇都宮市宇都宮二荒山神社の別称)別当職に任じられ、宗円の孫の宇都宮朝綱から苗字(名字)として宇都宮氏を名のる。
- In recognition of his military service for the subjugation of the Oshu-Abe clan (the subjugation of Oshu) (the Zen Kunen no Eki [the Early Nine Years' War]) by MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi and MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, FUJIWARA no Soen who called himself a great-grandchild of FUJIWARA no Michikane of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan was appointed to the Bettoshiki (office of head administrator) of the Utsunomiya (another name of the present Utsunomiya Futaarayama-jinja Shrine in Utsunomiya City, Tochigi Prefecture), and since the era of his grandson, Tomotsuna UTSUNOMIYA, the family had taken the surname of Utsunomiya.
- 久安2年(1146年)4月に、常胤はまず下総国衙から官物未進とされた分について「上品八丈絹参拾疋、下品七拾疋、縫衣拾弐領、砂金参拾弐両、藍摺布上品参拾段、中品五拾段、上馬弐疋、鞍置駄参拾疋」を納め、「其時国司以常胤可令知行郡務」と相馬郡司職を回復した。
- In May 1146, Tsunetane first paid the unpaid kanmotsu according to Shimosa no kokuga (local government of Shimosa), which was '30 hiki (one hiki is approx. 10.6m in length and approx. 34 cm in width) of high-quality silk cloths, 70 hiki of low-quality silk cloths, 12 ryo (an old unit of a weight) of clothes, 32 ryo of sakin (gold dust), 30 dan (an old unit of area) of high-quality printed textile dyed with various shades of indigo blue, 50 dan of high-quality medium-quality printed textile dyed with various shades of indigo blue, two horses, and 30 saddled horses,' and recovered '其時国司以常胤可令知行郡務' and the position of Soma gunji.
- またルイス・フロイスの『日本史』(Historia de Iapan)や、変に従軍した光秀配下の武士が江戸時代に書いたという『本城惣右衛門覚書』によれば、当時、重職以外の足軽や統率の下級武士は京都本能寺にいる徳川家康を討つものと信じていた、とされている。
- According to 'Historia de Iapan' by Luis Frois and 'Honjo Soemon Oboegaki' (literally, 'memorandum of Soemon HONJO') that is reportedly written by a samurai under Mitsuhide who followed the army in the Incident, ashigaru (foot soldier) and low-level samurai in command of them believed at that time that they would attack Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who was staying in the Honno-ji Temple in Kyoto.
- 頼之は義詮の子で幼少の足利義満を補佐し、半済令の試行や南朝との交渉などの政策を実施するが、旧仏教勢力の比叡山と新興禅宗の南禅寺との対立においては南禅寺派を支持していたため叡山派と対立し、南禅寺の住職春屋妙葩が隠棲して抗議するなど宗教勢力とも対立していた。
- Yoriyuki acted as advisor and regent to Yoshiakira's son Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who was still a child, and carried out policies like experimenting with a new hansei (half-tax) law, which was designed to protect existing land holdings, and he attempted to negotiate with the Southern Court, but he also became embroiled in a religious conflict between Mt. Hiei, the powerful old Buddhist sect, and Nanzen-ji temple, a center of the rising new Zen sect; he opposed the Mt. Hiei faction because he was supporting the Nanzen-ji faction, yet he also clashed with Nanzen-ji's own powerful religious leaders, for example, when he opposed chief priest Myoha Shunnoku's seclusion from public life.
- 「職能」起源論では、武士とみなされる社会階層は源氏、平氏などの発生期には武芸を家業とする諸大夫、侍身分のエリート騎馬戦士に限定されていたとし、その後、中世を通じて「狭義の武士」との主従関係を通じて「広義の武士」とみなされる階層が室町時代以降拡大していった。
- According to the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function,' the social class considered as bushi was limited to shodaibu or elite cavalry warriors coming from samurai status, whose family business was military art, during the period when the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan emerged; and later, through the medieval times, the class of 'bushi in a broad sense' came to have the master-subordinate relationship with 'bushi in a narrow sense' and expanded after the Muromachi period.
- 三室戸敬光は昭和初期に貴族院 (日本)議員(会派は研究会)に互選され、特に1935年(昭和10年)に起こったいわゆる天皇機関説問題に際して、男爵菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)議員とともに美濃部達吉を追求し辞職に追い込み、さらには国体明徴声明を岡田内閣に出させている。
- During the early Showa period, Yukimitsu MIMURODO was elected a member of the House of Peers (belonging to the group 'Kenkyukai') through mutual election; and in a dispute over the 'Emperor as an organ of government Theory' started in 1935, Yukimitsu, together with another member of the House, Baron Takeo KIKUCHI (a Japanese Imperial Army soldier), questioned Tatsukichi MINOBE, the advocate of the theory, and forced him to resign from the House of Peers, and also, made the Okada Cabinet to issue the Kokutai Meicho proclamation.
- 地域の事情により古くから大工と言う職業が多数存在する地域もあったが、自治単位の人口の少ないところでは、十分の付き合い(相互扶助のこと村八分と言う言葉で知られる)の一つとして建前(上棟)には人手がいるためお互い様として地域住民が積極的に手伝う事が当然であった。
- In some communities there were traditionally many carpenters, while in other communities with smaller populations, it was natural that the residents would be proactive in supporting each other when building the framework of a house (framework raising) which is very labor intensive, and due to the social obligation called jubu-no-tsukiai (adequate relationship) those who did not cooperate may be ostracized or become 'murahachibu.'
- 江戸中期には、農村生活の疲弊が見られるようになったが、18世紀後期~19世紀前期(寛政期~文化文政期)ごろ、幕府は農村復興を大々的に進め、潅漑用水の整備や荒廃地の開発、そのための資金融資を実施するとともに、有能な者を代官に任命して長期間、同一職務にあたらせた。
- During the middle of the Edo period life in farming villages was exhausting, but during the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century (from Kansei era to Bunkabunsei era) the Edo bakufu began to drastically revive the farming villages, maintained irrigation facilities and developed denuded lands as well as made loans for them, appointed competent men as daikan (managing post instead of the landlord) and made him perform the same duties for a long time.
- 1464年12月24日(寛正5年11月26日)、義尋は、義政が『今後男子が生まれても僧門に入れ、家督を継承させることはない』と起請文までしたため、再三、将軍職就任を説得したことから、意を決して還俗し名を足利義視と改めると勝元の後見を得て今出川邸に移ることにした。
- On December 24, 1464, Yoshihiro made up his mind to return to secular life as Yoshimasa had even prepared a written oath 'Even if a son is born to me, I will make him become a Buddhist priest and not allow him to succeed the headship of the family' and tried to persuade Yoshihiro once again to inherit the office of Shogun; renaming himself Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, the younger brother decided to move to the Imadegawa residence under the guardianship of Katsumoto.
- 通常は、各種の武芸である日本武術、江戸期の公家家職に由来する有職故実・礼式、そのほか能楽、歌舞伎、人形浄瑠璃などの芸能、邦楽、茶道、華道、香道、書道、盆庭などをはじめとして、伝統工芸的な手工業、古典園芸など、ひろく技術を伝承する分野においてこうした観念が見られる。
- This concept can normally be seen in the various Nihon bujutsu (Japanese martial arts) and the Yusoku kojitsu (traditional protocol of the imperial court and samurai families) or reishiki (etiquette) that are derived from the practices and manners observed by court nobles in the Edo period; it can also be seen in fields where skills are passed down from one generation to the next, ranging from performing arts such as Nohgaku, Kabuki, and Ningyo Joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater), Hogaku (traditional Japanese music), Sado (tea ceremony), Kado (flower arrangement), Kodo (traditional incense-smelling ceremony), Shodo (calligraphy), Bontei (tray garden) to traditional handicrafts and classic gardening.
- 『権記』には長保元年令公布の翌長保2年5月8日条の出来事として検非違使別当である藤原公任が藤原行成(『権記』筆者)に対して、前日に新制による取締が緩んでいることに対して一条天皇から菅原孝標(蔵人)を通じて検非違使の職務怠慢であると注意を受けたことについて語っている。
- According to 'Gonki,' on May 8, 1000, the day after the issuance of Chohogannenrei, Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) FUJIWARA no Kinto told FUJIWARA no Yukinari (the author of 'Gonki') that on the previous day Kinto had been reprimanded by Emperor Ichiijo via SUGAWARA no Takasue (Kurodo (Chamberlain)) for insufficient enforcement of the shinsei, which was regarded as negligence of the kebiishi.
- 検断とは、統治すること・裁判することを意味する用語であり、中世日本では治安行政と刑事司法、さらに軍事までもが未分化だったため、領地・村落内の内政、外交を行い、統治することが裁判を行うことと密接につながっていた(日葡辞書によると、検断は統治・裁判を行う役職、とある)。
- The kendan is the term to mean to rule and to hold a trial, and addressing domestic policies, diplomacies, and governing territories and rural communities were closely connected to holding a trial because security, government, and criminal justice, even the military, were not separated in medieval Japan (according to 'Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam:' Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603 - 1604), kendan was described as a post to rule and hold a trial).
- 信輔は「近衛家では前官(前職大臣)の関白の例はない」と主張して左大臣を秀吉に譲る前に現職の大臣として関白に就任したい旨を正親町天皇に奏上し、これに対して昭実は「二条家では初めて任命された関白が1年以内に辞めた例はない」と主張して信輔の理不尽な要求を退けるように訴えた。
- Nobusuke insisted that no one in the Konoe family assumed the position of Kanpaku as former minister, and he presented a petition to Emperor Ogimachi, requesting he be appointed to Kanpaku as an incumbent minister before yielding the position of Sadaijin to Hideyoshi; on the other hand, Akizane maintained that no one in the Nijo family resigned from the position of Kanpaku within a year when he assumed the position for the first time, and he made a request to Emperor Ogimachi for rejecting Nobusuke's unreasonable demands.
- とはいえ一介の国人であった伊達氏が、京都扶持衆に列したのを契機に中央政界との緊密性を獲得し、陸奥国守護職補任、さらには室町幕府において足利一門にのみ許されてきた奥州探題職に補任、かつ足利一門屈指の名門で斯波氏の同族 大崎氏に庶子を入嗣として送り込み事実上の傘下に治めた。
- Nevertheless, what a mere local lord, the Date clan, had done at that time, such as establishing a close relationship with a central government after appointed as Kyoto fuchishu, holding the posts of Mutsu shugoshiki and even Oshu Tandai which was reserved for the Ashikaga clan and also putting the Osaki clan, a family line of the Shiba clan (the most powerful Ashikaga family) under its control by sending its illegitimate child to the Osaki clan, were not what other local lords could easily achieve.
- 第三次大谷探検隊をはじめとする教団事業の出費がかさみ、大谷家の負債が表面化するとともに、大正3年(1914年)には本願寺に関する疑獄事件が突発するなど多くの問題を抱える中で、同年3月、二楽荘そして武庫中学も閉鎖され、大谷光瑞は西本願寺住職・本願寺派管長を辞任するにいたった。
- While there were a lot of problems that the debts of Otani family came into surface because of the large expenses of the temple's projects like the 3rd Otani Expedition and in 1914 Hongan-ji Templea had a corruption scandal suddenly, Nirakuso and Muko Middle School were closed and Kozui OTANI finally resigned as the chief priest of West Hongan-ji Temple and leader of Hongan-ji Temple school in March of the same year
- 日記の家では歴代の当主が単に日記を執筆したり所持するだけでなく、家記から写本や抄本、部類記の作成や内容の研究を通じてそこに書かれた有職故実の内容を吸収するとともに、家記の喪失を防いで朝廷の官吏あるいは摂関家の家司・家礼として奉仕できる体制を整えることで家名の安定を図っていった。
- In such 'houses with diaries,' beyond simply having the family head of each successive generation record and then maintain ownership of a diary, family members would also make manuscript copies, abridged versions, and indices (by topic or category) of the house diary, and gain a thorough understanding and knowledge of court practices through research into what was recorded therein; moreover, such families also tried to guard against the possibility of losing their house diaries by setting up a governmental system in which they themselves could serve the Imperial Court as officials or the Sekkanke (the line of regents and advisors) as keishi (clerks and household superintendents) and karei (house retainers), thereby aiming to keep their family name stable and secure.
- ただし、その支配は荘園公領制の範疇におけるものであり、他の権門との協調を掲げる鎌倉幕府の所領よりも地方にある御家人の所領の方が武士による所領の独占的支配の傾向が早く出現するものの、この時代には上級の所職を占める公家・寺社や現地の国衙からの影響力を完全に排除するには至らなかった。
- The rule of the gokenin remained subject to the shoen koryosei system; therefore, although samurai's monopolistic control of the shoryo was liable to appear earlier in the local shoryo of the gokenin than the shoryo of the Kamakura bakufu, which stated the policy of having gokenin in harmony with the other powerful houses, influences of the court nobles, temples, and shrines, which occupied higher various shiki, and the local kokuga cannot be completely removed during this period.
- 「三職推任問題」は、本能寺の変の直前の出来事であり、その性質上、信長が即答可能な問題ではないこと、京への立ち寄りの理由の1つは、それへの返答にあったと考えられることは、上記根拠への疑問を投げかける(信長が返答することを阻止するためにこの日程で本能寺を襲ったと解する事は可能ではある)。
- The facts that 'sanshokusuininmondai' occurred immediately before Honnoji Incident and from its nature, it was not a matter for which Nobunaga could answer instantly and it seems that the purpose of making stopover at Kyoto was to give his answer raise a doubt with respect to the above-described grounds (It is possible to interpret that Mitsuhide attacked the Honno-ji Temple in order to prevent Nobunaga from giving an answer).
- 書博士が書生を教えることとされていたが、学令には書生に関する規定はあるものの、学生定員を定めた職員令には書生の定員規定が書かれておらず、若干名であったと考えられている(『続日本紀』天平宝字2年11月甲午条に淳仁天皇から書生に生糸が授けられたとする記事があり、全くいなかった訳ではない)。
- It was thought that shosei (students who were given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties) were taught by sho hakase (professors of calligraphy) but despite the fact that there were regulations regarding shosei in education laws, there were no regulations regarding the fixed number of shosei written within the shikiinryo (law which stipulates duties of the ministries) which fixed number of students, and they are thought to have been few in number (an entry in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for December 758 contains an article stating raw silk thread was awarded to shosei by Emperor Junnin, so it was not the case that there were not any shosei at all.)
- またそれ以外に、50年以前の受図書人(朝鮮王朝により通交許可を受けた者)・受職人(朝鮮王朝より官位を受けた者)の通交権の停止、入港場を釜山浦・薺浦(慶尚南道鎮海市)の二港から釜山浦一港に削減、加徳島以西に来泊する者は倭寇とみなす等、壬申約条よりもさらに通交の抑制を進める厳しい内容となっていた。
- In addition to this, the Teibi Yakujo was greater in severity than the Jinshin Yakujo in that it stopped the right to trade for Jutoshonin (Japanese given Korean government evidence to be granted special privileges in trading) and Jushokunin (Japanese given Korean government post who has special technique such as healing art) before 1550, reduced the entry ports from both Busan Inlet and Jepo (Jinhae City, Gyeongsang-namdo Prefecture) to one of only Busan Inlet, and took those who stayed on Gadokdo Island or further west places as wako.
- そして2年後、秀頼は右大臣に昇ったものの、この年に家康は将軍職も2年後に息子徳川秀忠に譲って将軍職の世襲の意思を表し、同じ年に九条兼孝に代わって一連の問題の発端となった近衛信尹(信輔改め、慶長6年(1601年)左大臣還任)が相論発生以来21年目にして関白に任命されて五摂家による持ち回りが復活した。
- Two years later, Hideyori was elevated to the position of Udaijin, and yet, Ieyasu yielded the position of Shogun to his son, Hidetada TOKUGAWA, showing his determination to pass down the position by hereditary succession; in the same year, in place of Kanetaka KUJO, Nobutada KONOE (whose name had changed from Nobusuke and who had been reinstated to Sadaijin in 1601) was appointed to Kanpaku for the first time in twenty-one years since he had started the soron, having caused a series of troubles thereafter; here, the tradition of rotating the position of Kanpaku among the five sekke was restored.
- 律令制が解体すると、貴族や寺社に給付する封戸物(ふこもつ、位・官・勲功などによって位封・職封・功封があり、貴族・寺社の収入の大部分を占める)や、寺社への正税物(しょうぜいもつ、国衙が徴収した田租・官稲を合わせた正税を交易により他の必要物資に変えて給付するもの)といった国家的給付が滞るようになった。
- After the break up of the Ritsuryo system, benefits from the government such as Fukomotsu (depending upon the class, position, awards, there were Ifu, Shokufu and Kofu and this made up a large part of the income for the aristocracy and temples/shrines), which were given to the aristocrats and temples/shrines, and Shozeimotsu (shozei, a combination of rice tax and government rice collected by kokuga that were exchanged with other necessities by trade and given) to temples/shrines started to fall into arrears.
- この結果法学部教官は、解決案により要求が達成されたとして辞表を撤回した残留組(中島玉吉、末広重雄、牧健二など)と、辞表を撤回せず解決案を拒否した辞職組に分裂し、前記6教授以外に恒藤恭(のちの大阪市立大学初代学長)および田村徳治の教授2名、助教授5名、専任講師以下8名が辞職という形で事件は決着した。
- As a result, law faculty staff became divided into those who decided that their demands had been reached by the solution and retracted their resignations and stayed (Tamakichi NAKAJIMA, Shigeo SUEHIRO, Kenji MAKI, etc.), and those who resigned because they did not retract their resignations and refused the solution, who were the aforementioned six professors, two professors, Kyo TSUNETO (later the first president of Osaka Prefectural University) and Tokuji TAMURA, five associate professors and eight lecturers and the incident was concluded.
- また、実恵の師である三筆の1人空海も同族であった)ように、明経道の教員の一員同然となり、酒麻呂の子佐伯豊雄も「以彫虫之小、忝学館之末員」(『日本三代実録』貞観 (日本)3年11月11日条)と評されるように官印の刻印を担当する職務(『延喜式』太政官式・中務省式に規定がある)が主となっていくようになる。
- Jichie's master Kukai, one of the three famous ancient calligraphers of ancient Japan, was also of the same clan), they took on the role of myogyo-do teachers and Sakemaro's son SAEKI no Toyoo also held the position of engraving official seals (regulations under the 'Engishiki' (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) Department of State codes and Ministry of Central Affairs codes) following the statement that 'owing to his fine seal engraving, he was made a member of the Tengaku Kan' ('Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts), December 20, 861).
- また、文部省が京大総長の具状を待たずに分限委員会を開き滝川の休職処分を決定したことは、京大における沢柳事件(1913年 - 1914年)以来、「教授会自治」として認められていた慣行(総長の具状は教授会の同意を必要とするというもの)を無視するものであったうえに帝国大学官制にすら違反する可能性があった。
- The decision for Takigawa's extended leave by the Bungen (change in employment status) board of the Ministry of Education without waiting for an explanation from the President of Kyoto University ignored the tradition of 'Ruling by the Board of Professors' that was established by the Sawayanagi Incident (1913-1914) at Kyoto University (the explanation of the president requires the consent of the board of professors) and may have possibly been against the Imperial University Rules.
- その職務が過重となってきたために、京都郡代を経済・財政部門を扱う京都代官に改め、今まで京都郡代が担当していた京都とその周辺(山城国・丹波国・近江国・大和国)の裁判及び天領に関する行政の権限については、万治3年11月22日 (旧暦)(1660年12月24日)に小出尹貞が執り行う事になった(『万治日記』)。
- However, due to excessive workload, Kyoto Gundai was reorganized into Kyoto Daikan, responsible for the economic and finance division, and Masasada KOIDE took over judicial power in Kyoto and the neighboring areas (Yamashiro Province, Tanba Province, Omi Province and Yamato Province) as well as administrative power in the shogunate demesne from Kyoto Gundai on December 24, 1660 ('Manji Nikki (Manji Diary)').
- 1338年(延元3年/建武 (日本)5年)には北畠顕家が出陣前に新政の失敗を諌める諫奏を行い、北畠親房の『職原抄』や公家の日記などにも新政への批判や不満を述べる文章があるなど、武家や庶民のみならず、後に後醍醐天皇方について北朝と対立した北畠父子のような公家でさえ、新政を支持していなかったことが示唆される。
- Criticism of the new government was not limited to warrior families and commoners, however; in 1338, before Akiie KITABATAKE led his army out, he remonstrated with Emperor Godaigo about the failures of the new government, and his father Chikafusa KITABATAKE's 'Shokugensho' as well as other nobles' diaries record comments critical of and indicating their dissatisfaction with the government, showing that later on, even nobles like the Kitabatake father-son duo, who fought to oppose the Northern dynasty, did not fully support the new government.
- より一般的だったのは、完全な所有権の下で土地を保有するシステム(1人の土地所有者の他にその土地の権利を有する者が皆無というシステム。英語でallodialという。)であり、もう一つのシステムは、土地を条件付きで保有する形態である神への贈与(precaria)又は聖職禄(beneficium)の利用であった。
- More generally, one system was the one which had the land under complete ownership (the system where there was no one who had the rights for the land except for the one land owner), and the other system was the tribute to the God (precaria) or the use of beneficium, which were ownership forms with some conditions.
- 通説によれば、延喜年間に延喜格式と並行して編纂が行われたとされ、『本朝法家目録文書』及び『本朝書籍目録』によれば、ともに10巻とし、前者には約90条の目録を掲げているが、『北山抄』・『江家次第』・『中右記』などにその逸文とされるものが記載されており、藤原俊憲の『貫首秘抄』でも職事が持つべき書として挙げている。
- It was commonly accepted that Engi Gishiki was compiled in parallel with Engi Kyakushiki during the Engi era -- According to 'Honcho hoke mokuroku monjo' (Catalogue of legalist documents in our country) and 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' (Catalogue of books in our country), Engi Gishiki and Engi Kyakushiki were in ten volumes respectively and ninety items were listed for the former; and such documents as 'Hokuzansho' (Manual of court rules and customs), 'Goke shidai' (Ritual Compendium by the House of Oe), and 'Chuyuki' (The Diary of the Minister of the Right, written by Munetada FUJIWARA) recorded the parts which was considered to be a surviving fragment of the former; and 'Kanju hisho' (also referred to as Kanzu hisho; Secret Notes by Head Chamberlain) written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori recommended the former as a must for Shikiji (Chamberlains).
- 更に『吾妻鏡』建久2年正月15日条に書かれた職制においても、政所と侍所については行を改めて別当以下を記載しているのに対して、問注所については政所の項目の最後に「問注所執事」と1行で記されていることから、初期の問注所は政所に属する1機関であり、後に政所から分離して独立した機関となったとする説もある(佐々木文昭説)。
- Furthermore, in the entry about the titles of office written on January 15, 1191 in 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), while the betto (the assistant chief officer) and other officers of Mandokoro and Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) were each inserted at the start of a new paragraph, the 'head of Monchu-dokoro' is described in the last line of the paragraph concerning Mandokoro, which may explain, according to Fumiaki SASAKI, that the Monchu-dokoro in the beginning might have been a body belonging to the Mandokoro but later become a separate and independent body.
- 国家権限の委譲とこれによる中央集権の過大な負担の軽減により、中央政界では政治が安定し、官職が特定の家業を担う家系に世襲される家職化が進み、貴族の最上位では摂関家が確立し、中流貴族に固定した階層は中央においては家業の専門技能によって公務を担う技能官人として行政実務を、地方においては受領となって地方行政を担った(平安貴族)。
- The transmission of governmental power and authority reduced the burden of the government, which enabled political stabilization of the central government, and facilitated the transfer of government posts according to heredity: among the aristocracy, the highest became Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the middle-class carried out administrative affairs based on the specialized skills related with their family businesses in the central government and carried out administration as Zuryo in the local regions (Nobles in the Heian period).
- 後に「武士」として登場する、関東の開発領主達の11世紀末までの状況がどうだったかといえば、当時はその所領支配は、郡司、郷司などの公的な職の体系を媒介として、開墾を行い、村落を形成することを課題としはじめた頃であり、領地支配、あるいはその拡大において、隣接する開発領主との抗争が日常化するほどの飽和点にはまだ至ってはいない。
- The situation of kaihatsu-ryoshu in the Kanto region that later appeared as 'bushi' in the late eleventh century used soryo ruling through gunji, goji, and other public duties to start cultivating and forming villages and was not up to a saturated level to quarrel constantly with neighboring kaihatsu-ryoshu over the ruling and expansion of manors.
- 室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)の朝廷・室町幕府の財政基盤が大変弱かった事から、官職・役職への補任や継目安堵(将軍の就任に際して引き続き所領安堵の安堵状を得る事)の文書発給条件として謝礼としての礼銭の献上が期待されるようになり、いつしか論理がすり替わって礼銭の献上の多寡によって発給の是非が決定されるようになっていったのである。
- In the Muromachi and Sengoku (warring states) periods, the Imperial Court and the Muromachi bakufu were in severe financial difficulties, and as a result, the reisen as a gratuity was expected to be presented as a condition for receiving the documents of awarding government posts and official positions as well as of the tsugime ando (receiving again the ando-jo, or document to authorize the ownership and control of the shoryo, or territory, in case of appointment of Shogun); before long, the logic was changed, and whether the documents were issued or not came to depend on the amount of the reisen presented.
- 1469年(文明元年)になると、大内氏の重臣で文武両道の名将として知られた益田兼堯が石見国で離反、九州の大友親繁・少弐政資とともに大内教幸を擁して西軍方の大内領に侵攻、この動きは鎮圧されたものの、1471年(文明3年)には守護代でありながら西軍の主力となっていた朝倉孝景が義政自らの越前守護職補任をうけて東軍側に寝返ったのである。
- By 1469, Kanetaka MASUDA, a high-ranking vassal of the Ouchi family and known as a general distinguished in both literary and military arts, severed from his lord in Iwami Province and, joining hands with Chikashige OTOMO and Masasuke SHONI in Kyushu, invaded Ouchi's territory on the Western side under the banner of Noriyuki OUCHI; though this action was subdued, in 1471 Takakage ASAKURA who, in spite of his status as shugodai (deputy shugo), had led the main force of the Western camp, was personally appointed by Yoshimasa to the position of shugo of Echizen and went over to the Eastern side.
- 鎌倉末期から南北朝時代における安東氏の支配領域は、安藤宗季(上記の季久とする説が有力)による譲り状や安藤師季に対する北畠顕家安堵状によると、陸奥国鼻和郡絹家島、尻引郷、行野辺郷、蝦夷の沙汰、糠部郡宇曾利郷、中浜御牧、湊、津軽西浜以下の地頭御代官職となっており、現在の青森県地方のうち八戸近辺を除く沿岸部のほとんどと推定されている。
- It is supposed that, the Ando clan's territory during the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts consisted of the major part of the coastal regions except for the vicinity of current Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture, according to the documents such as a letter of concession by Munenori ANDO (the widely-accepted theory is that it was the same person as the above mentioned Suehisa) and Akiie KITABATAKE's certificate for the land directed to Morosue ANDO, in which it is mentioned that the clan was in charge of Jitoondaikan (deputy military governor) in Kinuka-jima, Shirihiki-go and Ikunobe-go, Ezo no sata of Hanawa County, Mutsu Province and in Usori-go, Nakahama-mimaki and Minato Tsugaru-nishihama of Nukabe County, Mutsu Province, and others.
- ただし、寺院と神社では支配の傾向に違いがあり、寺院では荘園領主としての権限が複数の職の体系に分割されずに一元的な支配が行われるか、寺院本体とそこに属する院家の間で分割され、他者の参入を防ごうとしたが、14世紀になると武士による侵略に晒されたために、寺院周辺の荘園における直務支配を強化して確実に加地子得分の確保を目指すようになった。
- The state of rule differed between the temple and shrine -- In the temples, the right of shoen ryoshu (estate proprietor) was not divided into multiple positions in a system and the estate was put under centralized control, or alternatively, the right was divided between the main temple and inge (temple next in rank of monzeki that had imperial connections), that belonged to the main temple, to prevent an invasion from outside; but in fourteenth century, as the temples were exposed to invasions of bushi, the temples enhanced its direct rule in the shoen near the precinct of the temple to secure its kajishi (additional tax).
- 近年ではかわぐちかいじの漫画作品『ジパング (かわぐちかいじ)』に「滝川事件に連座して京大理学部を免職になり、日本軍の原子爆弾計画に関与する科学者」という設定の倉田万作(モデルは『世界文化』同人として検挙されたことがあり、戦時期には理化学研究所を中心とする日本の原子爆弾開発に関わっていた物理学者・武谷三男であると思われる)が登場する。
- In recent years, the manga work of Kaiji KAWAGUCHI 'Jipang' set Mansaku KURATA (the model is thought to be the physicist Mitsuo TAKETANI, who was involved in developing a nuclear bomb in Japan during the war period at Rikagaku Kenkyujo who had also been arrested as a member of 'Sekai Bunka') as a 'scientist who was working on the nuclear bomb plan of the Japanese army and was fired from the Faculty of Science at Kyoto University in relation with the Takigawa Incident.'
- これに対して後嵯峨天皇の頃から実際の人事権者である治天の君の人事決定を迅速に人事担当者に伝える必要性から、治天の君(天皇親政の場合は天皇)の命令を受けた職事蔵人が、口宣を上卿に渡す前にあらかじめ下書きを名目としてもう1通案文を口宣と全く同じ様に作成して、この案文に口宣を出した治天の君の院宣(あるいは天皇の綸旨)を添えて実務担当者に渡した。
- But from the tenure of Emperor Gosaga, in order to meet the requirement of conveying personnel change made by the Chiten no kimi -- who had the virtual right of personnel management -- to the official responsible for personnel matters as soon as possible, the shikiji kurodo who received the order issued by the Chiten no kimi (or the Emperor if under the personal rule of the Emperor) drew up a copy of the draft proposal of kuzen on the pretext of making an incomplete version of the kuzen and handed the copy of the draft proposal with inzen (document transcribed a retired emperor's order) of the Chiten no kimi who issued the kuzen (or a document transcribed of the Emperor's order) to the working-level officials, before submitting the kuzen to the shokei.
- 3代将軍足利義満の時代には幕府組織の再編が進み一時御前沙汰は行われなくなるが、出家していた元管領細川頼之を幕府に呼び戻す際に、幕府役職になかった頼之を幕府の政策決定に関与させるために正式な評定ではなく、出席者の人選に決まりが無く主宰者である将軍の意向が反映しやすい非公式な評定である御前沙汰の形式で評定を行って幕府の政策に関する重要決定を行った。
- In the tenure of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the bakufu was substantially reorganized and gozen-sata ceased once, but the shogun began holding consultations in the informal style of gozen-sata for making bakufu's important policy decisions for the purpose of having the former shogunal deputy Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had entered the priesthood and had been out of bakufu office, participate in the bakufu's policy-making when the shogun sought to bring him back to bakufu -- because gozen-sata was not a formal consultation, the members of which were selected mostly at the discretion of shogun, the head of the consultation.
- これは当時日本で一国ほどの価値があるとされた茶器や陶器を作り出す陶工を大名が藩の庇護の下、士分を与えるなど手厚い待遇をしていたのに比べ、李氏朝鮮では儒教思想による身分制において陶工は最下層の賤民に位置づけられ、奴隷的な労働を強いられるとともに、失策を犯した場合には体罰を課せられるという過酷な状況にあり、職人に対する根源的な差別があったことが原因である。
- The reason is considered as follows: In Japan at that time, potters who produced chaki (tea utensils) and earthenware, considered having a value equal to that of a province, were treated favorably, for example, given the samurai status, but in Yi Dynasty Korea, potters were designated as humble or lowly people with the lowest social status in the social status system based on the Confucian thought: They were forced to work like slaves and were placed in such harsh conditions that they were punished physically when committing an error, or in other words, there existed fundamental discrimination against craftsmen.
- だが、当時はまだこの状態を常に維持するための政治的組織や財政的・軍事的裏付けが不十分であり、平安時代中期には幼く短命な天皇が多く十分な指導力を発揮するための若さと健康を保持した上皇が絶えて久しかったために、父系によるこの仕組みは衰退し、代わりに母系にあたる天皇の外祖父の地位を占めた藤原北家が天皇の職務・権利を代理・代行する摂関政治が隆盛していくことになる。
- However, the political structure and financial/military support at that time were insufficient to maintain such a situation, and because many Emperors were young and short-lived in the middle of the Heian period, there was no Joko with the energy and health needed to exercise sufficient authority; consequently, this structure by which authority was exercised by the Emperor's father gradually declined and was eventually replaced by a system called Sekkan seiji (摂関政治), in which a member of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan exercised rights and performed duties in place of the Emperor, became widespread.
- 新制の一環としての寺社興行令は院政期から出されており、職の体系や神人・供御人制を確立したとの評価がある保元元年(1156年)の「保元新制」においても、後白河天皇による神事興行令が出されているが、具体的な施策としては、後嵯峨上皇新制において、建長5年(1253年)官司国司による神事執務怠慢を諌め、神人、供御人の増加を防止する方針が打ち出されたことが最初の事例である。
- Jishakogyo-rei (literally 'law on the performance of temples and shrines') had been issued as part of such new policy systems since the rule by cloistered emperors; under Hogen Shinsei (Hogen new law) of 1156 acclaimed as having established the Shinjin (godlike person) Kugonin (people who presented food and other supplies to the Imperial Court, noble families, temples and shrines) Sei (system), Emperor Goshirakawa promulgated his own Shinji Kogyo Rei (literally 'law on the performance of religious rituals') but as a specific policy action, the first instance is found in the policy advocated under the Shinsei of the Retired Emperor Gosaga in 1156 to admonish government officials and provincial governors against neglect of religious rituals and to prevent Shinjin and Kugonin from increasing in number.
- しかしながら堀新 (歴史学者)から出された反論では、同日記の5月4日 (旧暦)付けの記事や、『誠仁親王消息』などの資料から、三職いずれかなどという曖昧な推任をしたのは誰も信長の真意を理解していなかったための行動であり、貞勝と信長との間にこの件に関する打ち合わせをした形跡がないことなどから、三職推任は信長の意向とは言えず、5月4日の晴豊の言葉も晴豊個人の見解であるとした。
- Shin HORI (a historian) argued against these interpretations that Haretoyo expressed his own opinion on May 4 (old calendar) at that time and Sanshoku suinin had nothing do to with Nobunaga's intention, because: the article of the diary dated May 4 and 'Message from Imperial Prince Sanehito' (誠仁親王消息) suggest that such an unspecific Sanshoku suinin came from a situation where no one knew what Nobunaga wanted; and nothing suggests Nobunaga and Sadakatsu had talked about this matter.
- 倒幕の功に応じて十分な恩賞を与えられた武士は、足利尊氏、新田義貞、楠木正成ら一部に過ぎず、最初から倒幕運動に加わって六波羅攻略に功を立てた赤松則村(円心)が播磨国の守護職を没収されたり、1つの土地に何人もの領主が現れて混乱するなど倒幕の功に対する恩賞が不公平で、新政の初期から武士の不満は強かったと推測され、後醍醐の近臣である吉田定房や千種忠顕が詰め腹を切らされる形で出家させられている。
- Those who were amply rewarded for their meritorious contribution to the shogunate's defeat--Takauji ASHIKAGA, Yoshisada NITTA, Masashige KUSUNOKI, etc.--were only a tiny fraction of those who fought, and Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU, who had joined the struggle to overthrow the shogunate from the very beginning, was forced to forfeit his Protectorship of Harima Province, and the chaos caused by situations, like when a single plot of land found itself with multiple owners, showed the unfairness of the system to reward distinguished service against the shogunate, making it likely that discontent against the new government was strong right from the beginning; but Emperor Godaigo's vassals Sadafusa YOSHIDA and Tadaaki CHIGUSA were made to take the blame for this situation and were driven out of office and forced to take the tonsure.
- また、元々頒暦が官庁に備え付ける暦であり、貴族や僧侶は自らの日記を執筆するために用いる具注暦をそれぞれが暦博士や暦生に依頼して制作もしくや書写の便宜を受けるのが慣例となっていた(藤原実資は予め(陰陽寮職員である)陰陽師に料紙を支給して暦を注文を行い、完成後に代金として絹1疋を支払っていたことが知られ(『中右記』長和3年10月2日条)、摂関家に至っては暦博士側から具注暦を献上してくることが慣例化していた(『後二条師通記』・『殿暦』・『玉葉』)。
- Hanreki was originally a calendar to be distributed to government offices, nobles and monks made it a practice to ask rekihakase or rekisei to make or transcribe guchureki in order to write their own diary (on this point, it is known that FUJIWARA no Sanesuke ordered calendars to an onmyoji (practionner in the Onmyoryo) by paying for paper and paid one hiki of silk when the calendar was completed (according to the article of 'Chuyuki' (diary written by FUJIWARA no Munetada) dated on October 2nd, 1014) and the line of regents and advisers made it rule that rekihakase presented guchureki to them (according to 'Gonijo Moromichi ki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi), 'Denryaku' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Tadazane) and ''Gyokuyo' (The Diary of Kanezane KUJO)).
- 従って、後白河法皇が自己の政権維持のために平氏を利用して、高い官職を与え知行国を増やさせてきたという経緯や当時の社会問題に対する貴族社会の対応能力の無さという点には触れず、清盛と平氏一門がいかに専横を振るい、「驕れる者」であったかを強調している(だが、実際には少なくても治承3年以前における平氏の権力は後白河との強い関係の下で行使されたものが大半であり、その段階において清盛及び平氏一門が独裁的権力を有していたという具体的な事実は存在していない)。
- Therefore, they do not mention that the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa used the Taira clan to maintain his government by giving them high positions and increasing the number of provinces that they were custodians of, and the inability of the aristocracy at that time to deal with the social problems that they faced, but instead emphasize the arrogant behavior of Kiyomori and the Taira clan members (whereas in reality, at least up to 1179, the authority of the Taira clan was mostly due to the strong relationship with Goshirakawa and there is no specific evidence that Kiyomori or the Taira clan members had any dictatorial powers).
- また、上奏する資格も平安時代中期以後には天文博士を世襲した阿倍氏と局務の中原氏の両家のみに限定されるようになっていく(なお、中原氏の天文密奏は醍醐天皇の時代の中原以忠(後に天禄2年(972年)に宗家の中原有象とともに中原のカバネを与えられて同氏の祖となる)に遡り、同氏本来の外記の職務とは別に同氏が家学としていた明経道の出典である漢籍には天文現象の解釈に関する記述が含まれていることが多く、天文道に通じた人物を輩出することが多かった事によるとされている)。
- After the mid Heian period, such direct access to the emperor was only allowed to the Abe clan whose hereditary occupation was tenmon hakase and the Nakahara clan which was kyokumu (the chief secretary of the Daijokan, or Grand Council of State); incidentally, the Nakahara clan had assumed the role of tenmon misso from Mochitada NAKAHARA in the tenure of Emperor Daigo (afterwards in 972, he was granted the family name of NAKAHARA along with Uzo NAKAHARA [中原有象] of the head family and originated the clan), allegedly because, besides the clan's hereditary occupation of Geki [Secretary of the Grand Council of State], it inherited the family learning of Myogo-do [the study of Confucian classics] and used many Chinese classics as source books, many of which contained elucidation of astronomical phenomena so that the clan produced many persons well versed in tenmondo.
- これは、2月に太政大臣に就任したばかりである近衛前久が5月に突如辞任していること、本能寺の変後の7月17日_(旧暦)に羽柴秀吉から毛利輝元に宛てられた手紙において、秀吉が信長のことを「大相国」と呼んでいるが、信長に対する太政大臣贈官が宮中で論じられたのは同年10月の事であること、加えてその結果出された贈官の宣命には「重而太政大臣」の語句があり、これを太政大臣の辞令が出されたのが2度目であると解釈して、1度目の辞令を三職推任問題の時に既に太政大臣就任の内諾を信長から得たことにより、非公式な内定が出されていたと解している。
- He thinks that the informal decision of appointing Nobunaga as Daijo daijin had been already made after confirming his informal consent when Haretoyo talked about Sanshoku suinin mondai based on the following facts: Sakihisa KONOE, who assumed Daijo daijin in March (February in old lunar calendar), abruptly resigned in June (May in old lunar calendar); Hideyoshi called Nobunaga 'Daishokoku' (the Grand Minister) in his letter to Terumoto MORI on August 15 (July 17 in old lunar calendar) after the Honnoji Incident, while the formal discussion at court on granting a posthumous title of Daijo daijin to Nobunaga was in October; and the subsequently issued Emperor's order of the posthumous title for Nobunaga contained a word 'choji Dajodaijin' (重而太政大臣) (the Grand Minister again), which Hashimoto believed meant the second appointment of Nobunaga as Daijo daijin.
- その内容ははなはだ多様であって一概に語ることはむずかしいが、(1)世襲による家元に流儀の芸事に関する規範性・正統性を求め、流儀の同一性を保持すること、(2)家元を政治的な権威として流儀内の統率を行い、上意下達方式を中心にして流儀の運営を行うこと、(3)経済的には流儀内の素人、玄人(職分)などから資金を集めこれを流儀全体のために家元が再分配するかたちをとっていること、(4)免状発行の権限が家元にあること、(5)家元個人またはその家の私的な部分と流儀の公的な部分とが未分化な状態にあり、家元の存在そのものが流儀の根幹にかかわる制度をしいていること、などが特徴として挙げられる。
- Although this system cannot be defined clearly because of its diversity, here are some characteristics: (1) hereditary Iemoto exists as a normative and legitimate model with regard to the school's accomplishments in order to preserve the identity of the style; (2) as a political authority, Iemoto leads and manages the school by top-down control system; (3) financially, Iemoto redistributes money collected from novices, experts, et al. to the entire school; (4) Iemoto has the authority to issue certificates; (5) Iemoto himself or herself is at the core of the school, and Iemoto's or his/her family's private matters and the school's public matters are not clearly differentiated.