耕地: 99 Terms and Phrases

• 耕地
• arable land
• Kouchi
• cultivated land
• Plow

• 艮耕地
• Konkouchi

• 三耕地
• Sankouchi

• 下耕地
• Shimokouchi

• 壱耕地
• Ichikouchi

• 上耕地
• Kamikouchi

• 農耕地
• arable land
• farmland

• 未耕地
• uncultivated land
• unreclaimed land

• 参耕地
• Sankouchi

• 西耕地
• Nishikouchi
• Nishigouchi

• 可耕地
• arable land

• 餅耕地
• Mochigouchi

• 北耕地
• Kitakouchi

• 弐耕地
• Nikouchi

• 前耕地
• Maekouchi

• 中耕地
• Nakagouchi

• 東耕地
• Higashikouchi
• Higashigouchi

• 南耕地
• Minamikouchi

• 耕地課
• Agricultural Land Division

• 耕地区画
• farm block
• farm size

• 傾斜耕地
• sloping cultivated land

• 高耕地山
• Koukouchiyama

• 五耕地山
• Gokouchiyama

• 壱ノ耕地
• Ichinokouchi

• 和田耕地
• Wadakouchi

• 耕地整理
• redeployment of arable land
• cultivated land consolidation

• 開放耕地制
• open field system

• 耕地向きの
• arable

• 耕地防風林
• windbreak forest for arable land

• 耕地収益力
• earning capacity in cultivated land

• 耕地排水管
• land pipe

• 耕地整理手法
• technique for readjustment of farm land

• 馬越二番耕地
• Umagoenibankouchi

• 休閑中の耕地
• fallow farmland

• 農耕地(樹園地)
• fruit orchards, mulberry plantations, tea gardens, and other horticultural areas

• 耕地かんがい用水量
• farm delivery requirement

• 農耕地(水田、畑)
• paddies, fields, and other arable land, residential area with abundant trees

• しばしば農耕地に有毒な雑草である
• often noxious weeds in cultivated soil

• 反対側は狭い谷間の農耕地であった。
• The other side of the station consisted of croplands in a narrow valley.

• 農場の建物および耕地を一体にしたもの
• workplace consisting of farm buildings and cultivated land as a unit

• ビスケー湾に臨むフランス西部の農耕地方
• an agricultural region of western France on the Bay of Biscay

• 当該農民は本村・新田それぞれの耕地において年貢負担を行った。
• In this case, the farmers paid Nengu to both lords of their home village and their working fields.

• 唐宋期の荘園は庭園及び農地の他、複数の耕地で構成されていた。
• The shoens during the Tang and Sung dynasty consisted of gardens, farmlands, and several cultivated lands.

• さらに、条里制による耕地の区画整理が進み、班田が与えられた。
• Moreover, Jori system (the system of land division) facilitated the readjustment of cultivated land and each member was allotted farmland.

• 在家（ざいけ）とは、住屋及びそれに付属する耕地及び住民のこと。
• Zaike was a house, and the cultivated land and residents belonging to the house.

• 一方で、社会の安定化に伴い、耕地開発の大事業が各地で実施された。
• On the other hand, as the society became stable, big projects of developing new arable lands were carried out in various areas.

• 検田（けんでん）とは、農耕地の面積や耕作者・土質などを調査すること。
• Kenden was a survey of farmland, recording area, cultivator, soil and so forth.

• 耕地整理も奈良の指導で仙北郡内で最初に行われ、今日の農業の礎を築いた。
• The first redevelopment of arable land was operated in Senboku District under the instruction of NARA, which laid the foundation of modern agriculture in Japan.

• 一般には、耕地・林野の面積には歩が、家屋・敷地の面積には坪が使われていた。
• In general, bu unit was used for measuring the area of arable land, forest and field, while tsubo was used for the area of building sites and houses.

• 太陽が耕地をからからにして、小さなひびの入った灰色の土地にしてしまいました。
• The sun had baked the plowed land into a gray mass, with little cracks running through it.

• 文明年間居村ニ耕地ノ乏シキヲ患ヒ民ニ製紙ノ業ヲ授ケ遂ニ一方物ヲ成ス 後生（き）
• You worried about the insufficient cultivated land in your home village during the Bunmei Era and you taught paper making methods to the local people, and finally successful production was achieved in subsequent generations.

• 近年区画整理が進むにつれ住宅が増えてきているが、まだまだ農耕地や駐車場が目立つ。
• Recently, with the progress of land readjustment, more residential buildings have been built, but numerous croplands and parking areas remain.

• 乙名になりうるのは、かつての名主層や多くの耕地を保有する者などの有力者たちであった。
• Only people of great influence who had been myoshu or had cultivated lands could be members of Otona.

• 山間の狭い所にある集落であり、農耕地は主に駅と反対側の民家裏に少し存在する程度である。
• They form a narrow village between the mountains; a bit of farmland exists as well, mainly behind the houses on the opposite side of the station.

• 各地域において弥生集団が急激な人口の増加を背景に可耕地の拡大を求めた時期であるとされる。
• It is suspected that many settlements sought more cultivation areas in each region, due to the rapid increase in population of the Yayoi group.

• もう業方面では地籍登録事業により台湾の耕地面積を確定させた後、水利事業の整備を推進した。
• For agricultural development, the Stoke-fu confirmed the farming area by the land registry system and then set on the development of water supply.

• しかしながら、過剰な放牧や耕地拡大などの農業の問題、生活や経済の問題がその原因とされている。
• However, it is said that this desertification originated in agriculture-related problems, such as excessive pasturing and an enlargement of arable land, and in living and economy related problems.

• 干拓によって、634haの干拓田ができ、あわせて周辺の1,260haの既存耕地の改良が行われた。
• As a result of reclamation, 634 ha of reclaimed farmland became available and, in conjunction with reclamation, a work to improve the existing 1,260 hectares of cultivated fields in the surrounding areas was carried out.

• このため河川の整備に伴う開墾・排水整備として行われた耕地整理は、条里とは無関係な地割となっている。
• Therefore, readjustment of agricultural lands performed as cultivation and improvement of drainage together with improvement of rivers were done independantly from jori.

• まず畿内・近畿周辺において、耕地から住居が分離して住宅同士が集合する村落が次第に形成されていった。
• First, villages in which residences separated from cultivated lands gathered together gradually formed in parts of the Kinai region (the provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and around the Kinki region.

• 財政及び食糧不足の解消のための緊急措置として耕地の維持・拡大政策を採った結果であると考えられている。
• It is considered that it was the result of policies that were formulated to preserve and expand cultivated land for emergency measures in solving financial and food shortage.

• 条里遺構には、現在も耕地としてほぼそのままの形状が維持されているものと、地下に埋没しているものがある。
• Some jori remains are maintained as agricultural lands virtually unchanged even now, while others are buried underground.

• 律令の条文を丹念に読んでみると、活用可能な耕地は最大限に活用する、という趣旨をくみ取ることも可能である。
• When one reads the articles of the Ritsuryo Codes carefully, one may be able to understand the purpose of making the most use of cultivated land that were available.

• （東北地方・北陸地方などでは雪融け水が利用できるため、夏季の気温要件が充分なら可耕地が更に広く出来た。）
• (In the Tohoku and Hokuriku regions, due to the availability of meltwater, cultivable lands were made even larger if the temperature in the summer was appropriate.)

• ブラジルでの最初の相撲大会は1914年8月31日、天長節を祝してサンパウロ州グアダバラ耕地で、開催された。
• The first sumo tournament in Brazil was held on August 31, 1914, at a cultivated field in Guadabara, Sao Paulo, to celebrate the Tencho-setsu (the Emperor's birthday festival).

• 明治時代になると、各地で田区改正が行なわれ、明治32年(1889年）には耕地整理法の制定がそれを加速した。
• After the Meiji period, revision of rice fields were done in various regions, and enactment of The Readjustment of Arable Land Act in 1889 accelerated it.

• これにより、耕地が大幅に増加し、17世紀当初の約160万町歩が18世紀初めには約300万町歩にまで激増した。
• Cultivated areas dramatically increased with these measures, from about one million six hundred thousand choho in the early seventeenth century to about three million choho in the early eighteenth century.

• 私出挙においては、借受側の百姓らの宅地・耕地・奴婢などが担保とされていたが、高利のため返済できない例も多かった。
• In Shi-Suiko, debtors gave the residential lands, cultivated lands, slaves and others as collateral, but many failed to repay the debts due to the high interest rate.

• 弥生前期後半から中期前半は、西日本の多くの地域で集落が可耕地に乏しい丘陵上へと一斉に進出することが指摘されている。
• Many settlements in western Japan are said to have been moved up hill, that lacked large cultivation areas, at once in the latter half of early period to the first half of middle period in Yayoi period.

• 大坂・江戸などの中央市場での米価の低下が深刻化し、新田開発による耕地の増大や年貢増徴による収入の増加も頭打ちとなった。
• The price of rice became alarmingly low on such central markets as Osaka and Edo, and the increase in the income due to the increase of agricultural land made by the development of new fields and the increase of land tax also reached the limit.

• その成果は着々と実り、1868年、永原村など11ヶ村の耕地実測や農事改良、稲種選抜などの功績で大和各藩から表彰された。
• He steadily achieved fruitful results, and he was officially commended from each domain of Yamato Province in 1868 for his great achievements, such as his agricultural land survey of 11 villages including Nagahara Village, his participation in the improvement of agricultural methods, and the successful production of new varieties of rice through the comparison and selection of various kinds of rice.

• 奈良時代には、おそらく既に耕地化された田地が支給されていたが、平安時代に入ると荒廃地・空閑地が賜与される事例が増えていく。
• In Nara period, the provided shiden was already cultivated before provision, but in Heian period, the cases increased that the provided shiden was ruined, empty land.

• 公領経営に深く携わるようになった田堵は、名主の地位を得て耕地の経営に当たるとともに、自ら墾田して領主（開発領主）となった。
• Tato that became deeply involved in the management of Imperial demesne, obtaining the position of myoshu (owner of rice field), not only ran the management of cultivated land but also developed new rice fields by themselves, and became feudal lords or kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who developed the land).

• その後政府の強硬姿勢は、頃まで続いたが、税収の見込みがつくようになると徐々に緩和されていき、に耕地宅地の改正作業が完了した。
• The hardline stance of the government continued through 1878; but the strict stance was gradually eased as the government was able to have the prospect of receiving revenue from tax and the work of reformation of arable land and the residential land was completed in 1880.

• しかし、一人あたりの耕地面積は狭く、農家は零細的経営を余儀なくされたため、農村の貧困状態を根本的に改善することはできなかった。
• However, as the area under cultivation per farmer was small and the farmers were forced to manage small farms, the poverty of the farmers was never fundamentally improved.

• 墾田永年私財法の施行により、富豪や大寺院などが私有耕地を拡大していったため、政府として一旦、墾田を禁止したものと考えられている。
• It is believed that in its capacity as a government, cultivation of new land was once prohibited, for the wealthy and large temples increased their own cultivated lands by the enforcement of the Konden Einen Shizai Law.

• 彼らは必要な農具や耕牛の提供を所有者や管理者から受けながら荘園内の耕地を耕作して租税や小作料を納めた他、荘園内の労働にも従事した。
• They received necessary farming implements and cattle for cultivation from the owners or the managers, cultivated the farmlands in shoens, paid taxes and farm rent and did labor services in the shoens.

• 平均してみれば、領地（領主の直轄地）は耕地可能な土地のおよそ3分の1を占有し、農奴の保有地はそれよりも広いというケースが多かった。
• On average, the land (the land directly controlled by the lords) occupied more than one-third of the cultivatable lands and the lands owned by serfs were wider than these.

• 倍増した耕地面積は食糧増産と人口増加をもたらし、村請を通じて幕府財政や藩財政を支えるとともに、全国的な流通経済を大きく発展させた。
• Doubling the arable land increased the population as well as the amount of food produced, supporting the finance of the bakufu and that of each domain through the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) and greatly advancing nation-wide distribution-related economy.

• 江戸幕府をはじめとした領主は、このような本百姓数の維持増加に努め、平和が続いたことによる社会の安定化によって耕地の開発も進んでいった。
• Feudal lords, exemplified by the Edo bakufu, made efforts to increase and maintain the number of such hon-byakusho, and as the peaceful period continued to realize social stability, cultivation of land was developed.

• これに対して荘園領主もこれを受け入れて反対にこれを利用して彼らが本来耕していた耕作地（公領や他の荘園耕地）を自己に収めようとする者も現れた。
• Some shoen landowners accepted such people and used this to try and make the farm land (koryo and other shoen farm lands) that they farmed their own property.

• 屯田（とんでん）は、一般に、兵士に新しく耕地を開墾させ、平時は農業を行って自らを養い、戦時には軍隊に従事させる制度、またその場所や地域を言う。
• Tonden refers to a system or the place/region where soldiers who were made to plow new fields were recruited at war time but farmed the land to sustain themselves at peace time.

• また、免田も当初は特定の耕地を指定せず一定の地域（郡・郷・荘）の中に一定の面積が指定されるだけで、下地が固定していない浮免（うきめん）だった。
• In addition, Menden originally did not specify a certain field but was a designation of a certain surface area within a certain region (gun, go, sho) and was an Ukimen (floating concession) without a base.

• 片荒による休耕地は放牧地などとして用いられたが、こうした土地に再度鍬を入れて農地として回復させる荒田打（あらたうち）を行うことは困難であった。
• The property in fallow years for Kataarashi were used as grazing land but it was hard to plow and restart (called Aratauchi) such property for agricultural use.

• 武田氏の本拠地である甲斐は平野部である甲府盆地を有するが、釜無川、笛吹川の二大河川の氾濫のため利用可能な耕地が少なく年貢収入に期待ができなかった
• Although the base of the Takeda clan, Kai Province included a flat land known as Kofu basin, there were few usable fields available due to the flooding of two major rivers, Kamanashi-gawa River, Fuefuki-gawa River, for which high income from nengu (land tax) was not expected.

• 市域は旧丹波国天田郡を中心とし何鹿郡（佐賀村の一部）と丹後国与謝郡（雲原村）と加佐郡（大江町）に広がり、市域面積の76%は林野が占め耕地面積は7%程度で
• The city area extends around former Amata-gun, Tanba Province, and to Ikaruga-gun (part of Saga-mura), Yosa-gun, Tango Province (Kumohara-mura) and Kasa-gun (Oe-cho); the area consists of forest taking up 76% of the total, while agricultural lands make up approximately 7%.

• 暗緑色のライ麦の小さい畠が、青く未熟な小麦が、眠っている耕地と牧草地が、そして暗い松の群々が、白い輝きを放つ空の下に、くすんだ、熱れた絵模様に広がっていた。
• dark green patches of rye, pale young corn, fallow and meadow and black pine woods spread in a dull, hot diagram under a glistening sky.

• この可耕地の拡大が原因となって、各地で土地と水に絡む戦いが頻発したものと考えられ、中でも北部九州における受傷人骨の多さは、こうした争いが頻発した証拠と考えられている。
• This expansion in cultivation areas caused many battles over land and water in various regions, especially the number of human bones with trauma found in northern Kyushu provide the evidence of the frequent occurrence of battles.

• 検注帳は荘園によって形式の違いがあるものの、大まかには耕地の一筆もしくは1坪単位の所在地、面積、所定の租税量、名請人などを書き上げ最後に項目ごとにまとめた集計を載せる。
• Although there are differences in methods between different manors, in general, kenchucho records, in regard to a unit of 3.3 sq.m. of cultivated field, the address, dimensions, given amount of tax from the land, and the name of naukenin (cultivator assigned to the piece of land), as well as the tally for each item inserted at the end.

• が、近世に入ると公儀による土地支配体制が築かれ、武士の所領は全て恩給地となり、農民の耕地は全て検地帳に登録・管理されるようになったために、年紀法が成立する余地が無くなっていった。
• However, in the recent times, the land ruling system by the kogi (shogunate) was established, which made all the territory of samurai onkyuchi (land awarded by the lord), and all the agricultural land of peasants were registered in and managed by the cadastral register, so there was no room left for the Nenkiho to enact.

• それに対し、対馬は山がちで耕地が少なく土地を通じた領国支配は困難であった。そのため、宗氏は通交権益の知行化を通じて有力庶家の掌握や地侍の被官化を行い、領国支配を推し進めていた（宗氏領国）。
• On the other side, Tsushima was a mountainous country with small arable land, so it was difficult to govern the territory only with taxes imposed on the land.

• 死者・行方不明者112人、負傷者386人、家畜・牛馬の死亡・行方不明約48万3千頭、4,600本の電柱が倒壊、被害を受けた耕地21万ヘクタール、森林被害18万ha、経済損失66億円に達した。
• In this case, the number of killed or missing persons reached 112, the number of injured persons 386, the number of killed or missing livestock, horses and cattle 483 thousand, the number of tumbled electric poles 4,600, the size of damaged farm land area 210 thousand hectares, the size of damaged forests 180 thousand hectares, and the total economic loss 6.6 billion yen.

• 勧農は非常に広い概念を有する語であり、例えば、潅漑用水の整備・維持、種子・農料の貸与・給付（出挙もこれに含まれる）、耕地の配分、農業労働力の組織編成、荒廃地の開発、税率の上下調整などが含まれていた。
• Kanno is a term covering very wide-ranging concepts, it included the maintenance of irrigation facilities, lend-lease and benefit of seeds and agriculture fees ('suikyo,' land lease at interest was also included), the allocation of farm lands, the organization of the agricultural labor, the development of denuded lands, the up-down adjustment of the tax rate, and so on.

• その内容は、侍(さむらい)、中間(ちゅうげん)、小者(こもの)ら武家奉公人が百姓・町人になること、百姓が耕地を放棄して商いや日雇いに従事すること、逃亡した奉公人をほかの武家が召抱えることなどを禁じたもの。
• It banned the following things: Servants for samurai families such as samurai, chugen (warriors who took their orders from samurai) and komono (lowest-ranking warriors) settling as peasants or townspeople, peasants abandoning their farmland and engaging in business or working as day laborers, and samurai families employing servants who had fled from other samurai families.

• 大きな荘園では（領地（領主の直轄地）での義務労役という大きな潜在的供給力を持つ領主がいれば、）農奴保有地の割合が大きかったのに対して、小さな荘園では、領地における耕地可能な面積の割合が大きくなりがちであった。
• In the case of large shoens (if the lords had the large potential supply, that is, the compulsory service in the land directly controlled by the lords), the ratio of the serf's lands was large, but in small shoens, the ratio of the cultivatable area in the land tended to be large.

• 墾田永年私財法（こんでんえいねんしざいのほう）とは、奈良時代中期の聖武天皇治世、天平15年5月27日 (旧暦)（743年）に発布された勅（天皇の名による命令）で、墾田（自分で新しく開墾した耕地）の永年私財化を認める法令。
• 'Konden Einen Shizai no Ho' was a law which was proclaimed as 'choku or mikotonori' (an order under the name of Emperor) on June 27, 743, during the reign of Emperor Shomu in the middle of the Nara Period that allowed permanent ownership of 'konden' (land that farmers newly cultivated).

• また、砂漠より少し降水量が多い黄土高原などでは、もともと雨水だけに頼り、休耕地をつくって雨を蓄えさせる（黄土や黄砂は粒子が細かく、表面張力によって粒子同士の隙間に水が蓄えられるため、実は保水性がある）伝統的な天水農法が行われていた。
• In the Loess Plateau where slightly more rain than in desert falls, the traditional rain-fed farming method, in which, relying solely on rainfall, fallow land was used for accumulating rain, was originally utilized (particles of loess and of kosa are so fine that surface tension enables water to be accumulated among the particles, providing them with a water-retaining characteristic).

• 総督府技師の八田与一は10年の歳月を費やし、当時東南アジアで最大となる烏山頭ダムを完成させると、1920年には嘉南大圳建設に着工、1934年に主要部分が完成すると嘉南平原への水利実現に伴い、台湾耕地面積の14%にも及ぶ広大な装置を創出した。
• Yoichi HATTA, a civil engineer of the Sotoku-fu, spent ten years to complete the Ushantou dam, the largest in the south east Asia at that time, and started the construction of Chianan Canal in 1920, and, with the completion of the major part in 1934, it became a huge water supply facility to supply water to the Chianan Plain, which covered as much as 14% of the total farming area in Taiwan.

• 御所ヶ谷のように「最初期形成時代以降にかなりの手が入っていると思われるもの」や、雷山のように「生活域、食料生産域との隔絶性が高く、水も確保しづらく、籠城に向かず、、祭祀遺跡との位置関係が特殊であるもの」、おつぼ山のように「稲作農耕地域の小丘陵に設置されているもの」などである。
• There are those such as Goshogatani which seem to have been repeatedly reconstructed, others such as Mt. Rai which are very far from the living space and food-production areas, which could not easily provide water, were inadequate for taking refuge and unusual in their position in relation to the sacred area, and those such as Mt. Otsubo located on a small hill with an area of rice cultivation and agriculture.