考え: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 流派と考え方
- Schools and Thoughts
- とらわれた考え
- prejudiced opinion
- conventional ideas
- 考え過ぎないで。
- Don't think too much of it.
- 縄文時代後期の作と考えられる。
- This was thought to be manufactured in the late Jomon period.
- それは十分考えられることである。
- It is highly likely that the latter theory is correct.
- 液状化現象が発生したと考えられる。
- It is thought that this was caused by ground liquefaction.
- 加藤磐斎により著されたと考えられる。
- The book is thought to have been authored by Bansai KATO.
- 都人に大変親しまれたと考えられている。
- Thus, 'The Tales of Ise' was probably very popular among the nobility in Kyoto.
- この点に両者の差異があると考えられる。
- This is thought to be a difference between the two.
- と、これらが『霊異記』の考え方である。
- The foregoing summarizes the philosophy of Ryoiiki.
- このためおそらく欠落したと考えられる。
- For this reason, the 'Kumogakure' chapter is considered to have likely gone missing.
- ヤマト王権の成立はこの頃と考えられる。
- It is believed that the Yamato kingship was established around this time.
- (この考え方は現代でも行われている)。
- (This still applies today).
- 家の中心は、大まかに3つの考え方がある。
- There are roughly three ways in selecting the center of the house.
- 奴国は女王国の一部であったと考えられる。
- It is assumed that Nakoku was a part of Jo koku.
- 短期間に一気に書き上げられたとする考え方
- The view that she completed the writing within a short period of time
- このことも大敗の重要な要因と考えられる。
- This can be also regarded as a crucial factor for their defeat.
- また「狭衣物語」の作者とも考えられている。
- She is also believed to be the author of 'Sagoromo Monogatari.'
- 遅いものは13世紀以後の作品と考えられる。
- The latest piece was most likely written in the 13th century or later.
- そこで、これを利用した便法が考え出される。
- Therefore, making use of such concept, one adopted a convenient practice of Katatagae.
- おそらくこの刀が造られた年紀と考えられる。
- This is probably the year when this blade was made.
- 他の単位は尺と独立に発生したと考えられる。
- It is believed that other units came into existence separately from the shaku.
- こうした状況を見た伊藤博文は考えを改めた。
- Observing this situation, Hirobumi ITO changed his mind.
- 3世紀の紀年鏡をいかに考えるべきかという点。
- Points to consider where the date-inscribed mirrors in the 3rd century are concerned.
- 少なくとも栄禄ら戦争消極派はそう考えていた。
- At least, Ronglu and others who had a negative attitude toward war were thinking so.
- 長期間に渡って書き継がれてきたとする考え方。
- The view that she had written the tale over an extended period of time
- (この他に「伊勢系」を分けて考える説もある)
- (In addition to this, 'the Ise group' can be another group according to another theory)
- 文面からは、対等の関係での贈与と考えられる。
- According to the sentence, it is considered that both countries were on equal terms.
- 彼自身は、この覚書に関しては、こう考えていた。
- He thought about this memorandam as follows.
- 江戸時代初期迄、行われていたと考えられている。
- It is considered that yugisho was conducted until the early Edo period.
- この過酷な気象条件が遭難の一大要因と考えられる。
- Such harsh weather conditions are regarded as the biggest factor of the disaster.
- しかし、これは伝説の域を出ないとする考えもある。
- According to an estimate, this reference was considered as no more than a legend.
- 孝徳天皇は実は文武天皇のことであると考えられる。
- It is believed that Emperor Kotoku is actually Emperor Monmu.
- 政体書は、権力分立の考えを入れた七官を設置した。
- According to Seitaisho, seven new departments were established to realize the separation of the powers.
- 通説では大久保長安事件への連座と考えられている。
- It is commonly believed that the punishment of the ISHIKAWA clan was due to the their involvement in the Nagayo OKUBO incident.
- 倭の首都として十分な威容を備えていたと考えられる。
- It can be said that it had sufficient presence as the capital of Wa.
- この事件の裏には土御門通親がいたと考えられている。
- It is thought that Michichika TSUCHIMIKADO was somewhere in the background of this incident.
- 長元2年(1029年)以前の成立と考えられている。
- However, it is said that it was established before 1029.
- この事から、立場の違いに起因する異字と考えられる。
- In view of the above, the difference of letters comes from the difference of positions.
- 再度世論が沸騰するのを防ぐためだと考えられている。
- It is said that it was because they wanted to prevent the another rising tide of public opinion.
- 前述の通り、もとは別の書であったと考えられている。
- As mentioned previously, these were originally considered separate books.
- つまり博多湾の近くに倭国の首都があったと考えられる。
- That means the capital of Wakoku was located in the vicinity of Hakata Bay.
- 両者の間には隠逸に対する本質的な考え方の変移がある。
- The existence of these two types of recluses demonstrates an essential change in the views about recluse over times.
- これは当時の日本の状況を考えると妥当な選択であった。
- It was an appropriate decision considering Japan's circumstances at the time.
- が、実際には、明治時代以後も続いていると考えられる。
- It is assumed, however, that this school still existed after the Meiji period.
- これらの遺跡からムラを防御していることが考えられる。
- The layout discovered at these sites suggests that the moat was for defending the village.
- これに前後して横山城は廃城となったと考えられている。
- It is assumed that Yokoyama-jo Castle fell into ruin around that time.
- 太田城でその二の舞を演じることを恐れたと考えられる。
- It seems that he was afraid of a repeat of Ota-jo Castle.
- むしろ認識と実践(あるいは体験)とは不可分と考える。
- Instead, it is considered that recognition and practice (or experience) are inseparable.
- 一方、銅鐸は出現当初から祭祀に用いられたと考えられる。
- On the other hand, dotaku is believed to be a tool for rituals from the time of emergence.
- 当初は枕木に関し、鉄製のものを輸入しようと考えていた。
- In the beginning, they considered importing iron crossties.
- 現存諸本はすべて同一祖本から派生したものと考えられる。
- The existing transcription and published books are thought to have been derived from the same original document.
- 中央の浦島物語と呼応する形で出てきたものと考えられる。
- It is considered that this expression of faith appeared in response to Urashima Monogatari.
- 以下のことから大化元年は、695年であると考えられる。
- As described below, the first year of the Taika period was considered to be 695.
- このあたりの年次は実年代を反映しているとも考えられる。
- It can also be thought that the date around this period reflected the real date.
- いわゆる「大化の改新」はその後に行われたと考えられる。
- It is thought that the so called 'Taika Reforms' were carried out after that.
- 法的には斬罪よりは軽く、遠流よりは重いと考えられていた。
- From a legal point of view, it was regarded as a less serious punishment than an execution by decapitation, but it was regarded as a more serious punishment than a banishment.
- 大君の意思を知った薫は中の君を匂宮と結婚させようと考える
- Kaoru, who knew Oigimi's intention, thought of marrying Naka no kimi to Nioumiya.
- そう考えると、彼が義忠流であったとする説が妥当性が高い。
- From the above, the opinion that he belonged to the Yoshitada lineage is entirely appropriate.
- 以後、京都十合枡が公定の枡として考えられるようになった。
- From this time forward, Kyoto jugo-masu was considered the official masu.
- 以下のことから壬申の乱の舞台は、九州であると考えられる。
- As described below, It is believed that the Jinshi Rebellion took place in Kyushu.
- 以下のことから磐井は九州王朝の天皇であったと考えられる。
- As described below, Iwai is considered to be the emperor of Kyushu.
- 百済三書の実態について今日では次のように考えられている。
- Today, the actual condition of the three books of Baekje is thought of as follows.
- (ちなみに年代の錯簡は後者の方が少ないと考えられている)
- (The latter is thought to have less pages chronologically out of order due to binding errors than the former.)
- 筆を誤ったのでその場で加筆したというのも少々考えにくい。
- This makes it unlikely that the scribe corrected the mistake on the spot.
- その考え方の違いの根底には異なった死生観が存在していた。
- These two thoughts were based on different views of life and death.
- これらの説の考えは現在、九州王朝説へと引き継がれている。
- These theories have been passed down to become the Kyushu Dynasty theory.
- この乱によりキリスト教は幕藩体制を揺るがす元凶と考えた。
- This war made the Bakufu believe that Christianity might shake the feudal system that was characteristic of the shogunate.
- 一方、銅鐸の生産は近畿地方などで行われたと考えられている。
- On the other hand, dotaku was manufactured in the Kinki region.
- 『伊勢物語』の(ややくだけた)別称だったと考えられている。
- 'Zaigo ga Monogatari' is regarded (a little casual) name of 'Ise Monogatari.'
- またおそらくは次のような内容を含んでいると考えられている。
- It is also thought to have probably included the following contents;
- さらに史料には以下のようなものが含まれると考えられている。
- Furthermore, it is thought that historical materials include the following.
- 影響は、『雨月物語』にも反映された、と考えてもよいだろう。
- It could be considered that such influences were reflected in 'Ugetsu Monogatari.'
- このような状況からみて、狩猟具が武器に変質したと考えられる。
- It is thought from these circumstances that tools for hunting became weapons.
- 政治に対する学問の独立性及び中立性を考えさせるものになった。
- This incident made people think of the academic independence and neutrality for the politics.
- 長子挙周の出生時期から天元年間の婚姻であると考えられている。
- Their marriage lasted from the birth of their first child, Takachika, to the end of the Tengen era (978 - 983).
- 年が明けたら出家を果たす考えの源氏は、身辺を整理しはじめる。
- Genji, who is planning to become a priest after the New Year comes and begins to tidy things up.
- 現代的な著作物の観念から見た作者とは分けて考える必要がある。
- It is therefore necessary to consider pre-modern authorship in different light from the authors of modern writings.
- これらの問題は「物語」の定義の持つ幅広さを示すと考えられる。
- These matters suggest the wide definition of 'monogatari.'
- 1113年成立と考えられている。別名『俊頼口伝』『俊秘抄』。
- Considered to have been completed in 1113, it is also called 'Toshiyori Kuden' and 'Shunbisho.'
- 黒田ら全権大使たちの個人的判断で挿入されたと考えられている。
- It was thought that this provision was inserted at the personal decision of the ambassador plenipotentiary, Kuroda, and his team.
- 日本では1965年の条約締結以降に無効になったと考えている。
- In Japan it has been considered to become invalid after the conclusion of the treaty of 1965.
- 現存の弘仁格・弘仁式の条文はこの改正後のものと考えられている。
- The existing copies of the Konin-Kyaku and Konin-Shiki are believed to be from after the final revision.
- 「しのびね」は悲恋に「しのび泣く」姫君を表すと考えられている。
- The title, 'Shinobine,' represents the heroin 'silently weeping' from her painful love.
- 本来は源氏物語の54帖全体について作成されたと考えられている。
- It is considered that it was originally created based upon the entire 54 chapters of The Tale of Genji.
- 同時にこのような大規模な土木事業を多数行うことは考えられない。
- It is unthinkable that such large-scale construction works were frequently implemented.
- なお、紫式部ひとりが書いたとする説の中にも以下の考え方がある。
- The supposition that Murasaki Shikibu wrote the tale by herself also suggests certain views, as follows:
- 原本では古本系統諸本と同じく小書双行であったと考えられている。
- It is thought that the original book was written in the style of kogaki sogyo, same as various books of the Old book group.
- 庄司はこの事態を考え、今度は道成寺の法海和尚にたのむ事にした。
- The steward thinks of this situation, and he makes up his mind to ask a priest called Hokai at the Dojo-ji Temple this time.
- また、『今鏡』の著者と考えられている寂超は隆信の実父にあたる。
- Also, Jyakucho, who is considered the author of 'Ima Kagami,' was Takanobu's real father.
- 帝はみずからの子と信じて疑わず、これを皇太子にしたいと考える。
- The emperor believes that it is his own son, and thinks about making him the heir apparent.
- ただし吾妻鏡の編纂自体はおそらく未完であったと考えられている。
- However the compiling work of Azuma Kagami itself seems not to have been completed.
- 金本位制には、国際収支を均衡させる効果があると考えられている。
- Gold standard system is considered to have an effect on providing equilibrium to international balance of payment.
- 秀吉は当初、水攻めが始まれば数日で降伏させられると考えていた。
- At first Hideyoshi thought that he could make it surrender in a few days after the start of inundation tactics.
- 七曜や旬 (単位)のような使い方がされていたと考えられている。
- It is considered to have been used like shichiyo or shun (one of three equal parts in a month) (unit).
- この物語が不老不死への願望から生じた作品だったと考えられている。
- It is thought that this story was created out of a yearning for eternal youth and immortality.
- 下記のように「大化の改新」は7世紀末の出来事であると考えられる。
- As described below, it is believed that `the Taika Reforms' took place at the end of the seventh century.
- そのため、会談自体は3月14日以降に行われたと考えざるをえない。
- Therefore, we must conclude that the meeting itself, was held after March 14th.
- 決して近代的な国際関係の中に自国が置かれたとは考えていなかった。
- Korea certainly did not think they were involved in modern international relations.
- そのため従来の百済一辺倒の外交を改め各国と協調外交を考えていた。
- Therefore, they considered shifting the policy which was focused on Baekje to another that would build cooperative diplomatic relations with each country.
- これは稲葉家が上総から淀に移封する際に付いてきた物と考えられる。
- It seems due to the transfer of fief of the Inaba family from Kazusa Province to Yodo.
- 賜田が支給されていたのは、主に有力貴族層だったと考えられている。
- It is considered that shiden was maily provided to a dominant nobility class.
- こうして、建築はもっぱら工学的な学問と考えられる風潮が強まった。
- As a result, there developed a tendency to view architecture solely as an engineering concept.
- さらに関津遺跡の幅18mの道路跡も関連する遺跡であると考えられる。
- Besides, remains of a road 18 meters wide in the Sekinotsu site are considered to be related.
- 奴国は2万戸と記され倭の首都として十分な人口があったと考えられる。
- Nakoku is stated as a country with 20,000 families, which shows that Nakoku was the country with a population sufficient to the capital of Wa,
- 更に漂流船を流船と呼んで、寄船を漂着船のみに限定する考え方もある。
- Furthermore, it is also said that drifting ships were particularly referred to as 'nagarebune' while only ships drifted ashore were referred to as 'Yorifune.'
- 縄文時代に植物栽培が行われていたことは確実であると考えられている。
- It is agreed that the people certainly cultivated plants during the Jomon period.
- が、画の価値については一定の評価を得られていなかったと考えられる。
- However, it can be thought that their paintings failed to receive a certain appreciation.
- 転写の際の誤記による相違だけで、内容に違いはないと考えられている。
- It is thought that all these types of books are the same in content, and that their difference is due to scribal errors in their transcription.
- 長治から嘉承にかけて(1104-1108年)成立したと考えられる。
- This book is believed to have appeared between the Choji era and the Kasho era (between 1104 and 1108).
- 口伝集は各ジャンルの歌に関して書きつづったものだと考えられている。
- Kuden shu was considered that it wrote about songs for each genre.
- 「輝く日の宮」の帖は元から存在しないとする考え方も根強く存在する。
- There is a deeply ingrained theory that the 'Kagayaku Hinomiya' chapter never existed in the first place.
- 「文意あざやかにて」解読しやすく、最も古態に近いと考えられている。
- It is 'clear writing' and is easy to understand, being considered the most similar to the original form.
- しかし、それをもって盗作あるいは剽窃と考えることはあやまりである。
- However, it is wrong to take the work as a literary theft or plagiarism because of this.
- 厩戸王子はヤマト王権の人物で、これといった実績はないと考えられる。
- Umayadono-Oji (Prince Umayado) is a person of Yamato kingship, and it is believed that he didn't have any particular achievements
- このことから、この「井真成」は、九州王朝の皇族であると考えられる。
- From this, `Manari INO' is considered to be a member of the imperial family of the Kyushu dynasty.
- 狭い船内での斬り合いでは、日本の武士の方に分があったと考えられる。
- It is considered that Japanese samurai had an advantage in the battles in narrow spaces inside the ships.
- 当時の織田家が鉄砲をどのくらい集めることができたかを考えてみたい。
- Let us consider how many teppo the Oda family could collect at the time.
- 律は編纂されず、唐律をそのまま用いたのではないかと考えられている。
- A new penal law was not compiled, and it is thought that the Tang penal law was used as it was.
- 五芒星に五星を対応させる考え方は、後のヨーロッパにも見受けられる。
- The idea of the Gobosei representing five planets was also seen in later Europe.
- 天から御札が降ってくる話はお蔭参りの御札降りに由来すると考えられる。
- Widespread stories that talismans would fall from heaven probably derived from the tale of the falling down talismans that triggered the okagemairi pilgrimage.
- 「南進」はその後の国策の有力な選択肢の一つと考えられるようになった。
- 'Southward advance' was considered as one of the powerful options for Japan's prospective policy.
- これはロシア沿海州やシベリア地方との関連の深い遺物と考えられている。
- These are believed to be the relics deeply connected with Russian maritime provinces and Siberian region.
- そして恋しい藤壺の身代わりに理想的な女性に育てようと考えるのだった。
- Then he considered bringing her up to an ideal lady instead of Fujitsubo, whom he loved.
- また、軍記物語の下地となりうる軍注記を利用したとも考えられていない。
- Nor is the author thought to have used Gunchuki, which can be and were often used as the basis for war chronicles.
- 以下のことから大宰府は、九州王朝の首都(倭京)であったと考えられる。
- As described below, Dazai-fu is regarded as the capital (wakyo) of the Kyushu dynasty.
- そのため、事前にパークスの発言が西郷の耳に届いていたとは考えがたい。
- So, it is hard to believe Saigo had heard Parkes's statement prior to the negotiations.
- 白石は歴史の発展を「大勢」と考え、この体制の転換を「変」と表現した。
- Hakuseki thought that the development of history was in 'general trends' and expressed the turning points in the system as 'changes.'
- 鎌倉期でいう「城郭を構える」と呼ばれる行為に類するものと考えられる。
- It is considered to have been a kind of act called 'building castle walls' in the Kamakura period (which meant preparing for a battle).
- 現在の京都市中京区二条殿町及び御池之町、龍池町付近と考えられている。
- It is thought that the residence was located around the area where Nijoden-cho, Oikeno-cho, and Tatsuike-cho in Nakagyo Ward in Kyoto City are today.
- 中国には、埋葬に関して薄葬と厚葬という二つの対立する考え方があった。
- In China, there are two opposing thoughts about funerals, simple funerals and extravagant funerals.
- このため、江戸時代までは、卑弥呼イコール神功皇后だと考えられていた。
- Until the Edo period, because of this record, it was thought that Himiko was, in fact, Empress Jingu.
- したがって、天武朝の初め670年代には成立していたと考えられている。
- Therefore, it is considered that the Ryosei province was established in the 670s, the beginning of the Reign of Emperor Tenmu.
- この戦乱は、中国の史書に書かれたいわゆる「倭国大乱」と考えられている。
- This war is thought to be the 'civil war in Wa' referred to in a Chinese history book.
- ただし典拠となる漢籍には、このような考え方は存在しないとも述べている。
- However, it is mentioned that such an idea does not to exist in the Chinese book as an authority.
- このことから、公事方御定書の補完的な役割を持っていたと考えられている。
- Therefore, it is considered that the collection was used complementarily for compiling the Kujigata-osadamegaki.
- 柳はこうして収集した工芸品を私有せず広く一般に公開したいと考えていた。
- Yanagi did not think to make his collection of handicrafts private, but wanted to show it to the public.
- これは穂の部分だけをむしるように切り取っていたためだと考えられている。
- It is considered that because only the part of rice ear was plucked off.
- 枕詞の起源は明らかではないが、古くは序詞と一組のものと考えられていた。
- While the beginnings of makurakotoba are unknown, but makurakotoba was thought to pair up with jokotoba.
- 作中での彼らは古記録から考えられる以上に零落した境遇が強調されている。
- The text underscores that the Ki clan are in more reduced circumstances than ancient records would tell us.
- 後付の逸話であるからこそ、年代の矛盾が出てくると考えるのが自然だろう。
- It is natural to think that since it was an added episode there are some contradictions on dates.
- ヒスイは海底からもたらされるため海神からもたらされる神宝と考えられた。
- Because green jadeite is brought from the bottom of the sea, it was considered to be sacred treasure given by the god of the sea.
- 海道記(かいどうき)は、貞応2年(1223年)成立と考えられる紀行文。
- Kaido-ki (Travel Diary) is a traveler's journal that is thought to have been written in 1223.
- これは当時日本に存在していた唯一の都市である大宰府のことと考えられる。
- Therefore, it is believed that Yamato no miyako refers to Dazai-fu, the only city that existed in Japan at that time.
- It is considered that Wakyo is Dazai-fu which was the only city that existed in Japan at this time.
- これをもっともと考えた将軍綱吉は赤穂浪士へ切腹を命じることを決意した。
- Shogun Tsunayoshi agreed with this opinion and decided to issue an order to Ako Roshi to commit seppuku.
- 日本の律令法においては、最も古くから存在した規定の1つと考えられている。
- In the Japanese Ritsuryo law system, the Kushiki-ryo law was one of the oldest rules and regulations existed in Japan, as it has been so believed.
- 時代の進行とともに連合していき、一つの勢力が出来ていった、と考えられる。
- It is believed that smaller groups combined to form one power as period went forward.
- その場合は、骨角器である回転式離頭銛の先端に付けたものと考えられている。
- Sekizoku is thought to be attached to the top part of a rotary-type separation head harpoon (a bone tool) when it was used as a fishing tool.
- 源時明の娘であるが、実父は時明の兄源致明(むねあきら)と考えられている。
- Her father was MINAMOTO no Tokiaki, but her biological father is thought to have been MINAMOTO no Muneakira, Tokiaki's elder brother.
- (またヤマト王権の都にはない都城周辺の城壁があったとも考えられている)。
- (It is believed that there were castle walls, which were not seen in the capital of the Yamato kingship, in the vicinity of Miyakonojo).
- 六世紀後半はもちろんのこと「推古朝」にも存在していないと考えられている。
- It is thought that it not only didn't exist in the latter part of the sixth century but also in the era of 'the Empress Suiko.'
- 翁は、その仏教の教えはいい加減なものであると批判し、自分の考えをのべた。
- The old man criticizes the teaching of Buddhism as perfunctory, and states his opinion.
- その他の本は鈴鹿本から書写され、流布されていったものだと考えられている。
- The other books are thought to have been copied from the Suzuka manuscript and subsequently disseminated.
- この令は、律令制の本格施行ではなく先駆的に施行したものと考えられている。
- It is considered that the ryo anticipated enforcement of the Ritsuryo system, and not full-scale enforcement of the Ritsuryo system.
- その後に半植民地化されたことを考えれば鎖国は必要だったという意見もある。
- Some hold to the view that national isolation was indispensable, given the fact that the dynasty later became a half-colonized country.
- そのため、ヤマト王権の支配権もそれらの地域を中心としていたと考えられる。
- It is thought that the Yamato Kingdom also exerted its hegemony mainly in these regions.
- 常識的に考えれば、強大なロシアが日本との戦争を恐れる理由は何も無かった。
- They believed that a country as powerful and large as Russia had nothing to fear in a war against Japan.
- 社会進化論は、あらゆる人類が同じ発展をすると考える単一的発展史観を取る。
- Evolutionism takes a simple view of humankind development that all mankind develop through the same process.
- 現在の巡査階級の警察官に当たるのは三廻などの同心と考えるのが妥当である。
- It is a good guess that Doshin such as Sanmawari corresponded to current policemen with the rank of constable.
- 実際にこれらの墨書小判を作り直したと考えられる慶長古鋳小判が現存している。
- There actually exists Keicho Koban which is thought to be recast of these Sumigaki Koban.
- 政元は将軍殺しの汚名を嫌い、義材を小豆島あたりに流罪にしようと考えていた。
- Masamoto didn't like the stigma of killing a shogun, so he was thinking about expelling Yoshiki to Shodo-shima Island or somewhere else.
- そこで前軍と合流しようと考えたが、前軍は蝦夷軍に阻まれて渡河できなかった。
- Thereupon, the main forces tried to join with the front troop which, however, was not able to cross the river being blocked by the Emishi forces.
- この名称はこの時期に限られており、後代に贈られた和風諡号とは考えられない。
- This name is limited to this period of time and it is not regarded as the Japanese-style okurina (the posthumous title given after the death of the person in question).
- このような各種の公的証明を端的に行うために考え出されたのが「官印」である。
- Kanin' was created to easily provide official evidence for those cases.
- これは当時洛水をまたいで造営されていた唐の洛陽城に倣ったものと考えられる。
- This is considered to follow the Luoyng Castle in Tang, which was built across the Luo River.
- 以下のことから、「倭の五王」は畿内ではなく九州の大王であったと考えられる。
- As described below, `the five kings of Wa' is assumed to be the king of Kyushu, not the king of the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto).
- ただし『寝覚』の独自性は作者の趣向であるという考えかたに基づく反論もある。
- However, there is an opposing theory based on the view that the originality of 'Nezame' is the author's style.
- ただし、『日本書紀』と比べれば、続紀の信頼性はずっと高いと考えられている。
- Compared with 'Nihon Shoki,' however, Shoku Nihongi is considered much more reliable.
- 旧年立と新年立を比べて見ると、概ね新年立のほうが合理的であると考えられる。
- Compared to the old chronology, it is regarded that, on the whole, the new chronology is more reasonable.
- これらは、いわゆる「ナラティブ」の概念の影響を受けた物語研究と考えられる。
- It seems that the study of monogatari could have been influenced by the concept of a 'narrative.'
- これらはそれぞれ別々のグループによって作成されたと考えられるようになった。
- Therefore, these chapters were thought to have been written by different groups respectively.
- 日本書紀の編者はその原文を価値あるものとして重んじていたと考えられてきた。
- It was thought that the editor of Nihonshoki put a high value on those original texts.
- 水稲農耕とともに大陸からもたらされた新しい集落の境界施設と考えられている。
- The use of moat is thought to have been introduced to Japan from the Chinese continent along with wet-rice cultivation, forming a new style of village boundary.
- 結論としては、正徳の治と享保の改革には断絶があると考えるのは相当ではない。
- As a conclusion, it is not reasonable to think that there was a discontinuity between Shotoku no chi and Kyoho reforms.
- 唐の永徽律令(えいきりつれい、651年制定)を参考にしたと考えられている。
- It is believed that Eiki Ritsurei (the Ritsuryo code that was established in Tang Dynasty in 651) of Tang was referred to.
- 作者名が空白となっている曲については、世阿弥自身の作曲であると考えられる。
- Songs, for which the playwrights are not given, are thought to have been written by Zeami himself.
- 屯営では行軍隊が三本木方面に抜けているのでは考え、三本木警察に電報を出した。
- The people waiting in the barracks sent a telegraph to Sanbongi police, thinking the troop might be marching toward Sanbongi.
- この計画都市(奴国)こそ邪馬壹國にあった3世紀の倭の首都であると考えられる。
- This developed city (Nakoku) is believed to have been the capital of Wa during the third century.
- 大宝律令の公式令 (律令法)の牒はこの文書のみを指していたと考えられている。
- It is believed that cho, as referred to in Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code) of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) (Ritsuryo law), refers only to such documents.
- のちにひとつにされ「口伝集巻第十一」以下の題名を付けられたと考えられている。
- It was considered that these were made into one later and titled 'Kuden shu Book 11' and below.
- そのため現在では紫式部が書いた原本の復元はほぼ不可能であると考えられている。
- Thus it is now considered nearly impossible to restore the original text that Murasaki Shikibu had written.
- 以下のことから蘇我氏とは九州王朝(倭国)の天皇家のことであったと考えられる。
- As described below, the Soga clan is regarded as the imperial family of the Kyushu dynasty (Wakoku).
- 屯田制を北海道に実施するという考えは、明治初年から様々な方面に生まれていた。
- The idea of executing the Tondensei (Duntian system) in Hokkaido had arisen in various lines since the first year of the Meiji period.
- これは当時の欧米(白人社会)に広まっていた人種差別の考えがあったと思われる。
- The racism that was spreading in Western countries (the white community) at that time seems to have underlain it.
- 律令制の確立を以って、古代日本の国家建設がひとまず完了したと考えられている。
- It is considered that the formation of the ancient Japanese state was completed with the establishment of the Ritsuryo system.
- 朝幕共存共栄の見地から、皇家の血統に万一があった場合を考えての創設であった。
- Considering the mutual benefit and harmony between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court, the Kaninnomiya family was founded to prepare for an emergency of the genealogy of the Imperial family.
- イギリスは、義和団事変以来満州から撤兵しないロシアを牽制したいと考えていた。
- Britain had wanted to keep Russia in check, which had not withdrawn troops from Manchuria since the Boxer Uprising.
- そもそも朝鮮側は、江華島事件に関する謝罪と賠償が交渉のテーマだと考えていた。
- Korea thought from the beginning that the theme of negotiations would be an apology and compensation for the Ganghwa Island incident.
- この時期に、難波宮の周辺に京域、すなわち難波京も造営されたと考えられている。
- It is thought that the capital city surrounding Naniwa no miya, that is, Naniwa no kyo, was constructed around the same time.
- 環濠集落は、このような集団同士の争いに備えた防衛集落であったと考えられていた。
- A moat settlement was believed to be a defense against battles between groups.
- 筆跡などから伴存自筆本と見られ、伴存の遺族から譲り受けたものと考えられている。
- From the style of the handwriting, it is said to be the manuscript in Tomoari's own hand and is thought to be given to Hotta by Tomoari's family after Tomoari's death.
- 縄文時代前期の遺物とみられるが、使用痕跡もなく、祭祀のための遺物と考えられる。
- Although it is regarded as a relic in the early Jomon period, it showed no sign of having been used, so it is seen as a relic for religious service.
- 正史に人麻呂の記述が無い点を指摘し、無理があると考える識者の数が圧倒的に多い。
- The overwhelming majority of informed circles believe that the view described above is illogical, pointing out the fact that there is no record on KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro in the official history.
- 九州年号に倭京元年(618年)とあることから、この年に建設されたと考えられる。
- Since 618 was stated during the Kyushu era, it is believed that it was constructed in 618.
- また、完成したとする記録も見られない事から未完に終わったものと考えられている。
- Furthermore, as there is no record mentioning its completion, the work is thought to have been left unfinished.
- これらについては系図に記載があるために記載を譲ったためであると考えられている。
- It is thought that they are omitted because they are explained in the genealogy.
- なお、一部には、『日本紀』と『日本書紀』とは別の書であると考える研究者もいる。
- In addition, some researchers think that 'Nihongi' is a different book from 'Nihonshoki.'
- 前述の1万2000という数は、途中で合流した農民を含む数と考える研究者もいる。
- Some researchers say that the number of 12,000 demonstrators includes those who joined the procession later.
- これは唐の外圧に対して共同で対抗しようとする動きの一環だったと考えられている。
- It is thought that this was one of their strategies to counteract external pressure from the Tang Dynasty.
- 環濠集落は稲作文化と同時に大陸から伝来し、列島東部へ波及したと考えられている。
- The moat settlement is thought to have introduced to Japan from the Chinese continent along with wet-rice cultivation, spreading eastward on the archipelago.
- この柄頭は、三葉環頭と称されるもので、埋葬の直前に付け替えられたと考えられる。
- This tsuka gashira is called Sanyokanto, and it seems to have been replaced right before burial.
- これを探知した新聞社は、払い下げの主役を薩摩の政商五代友厚だと考えて攻撃した。
- However, it was uncovered by newspaper companies and the media attacked Tomoatsu GODAI, a Satsuma businessman with political ties, as a leading player of the matter.
- その理由は「諸侯会議を以て第一着の事業と考え」たためと福岡自身が回顧している。
- Fukuoka himself looked back that it was because he thought 'establishment of lords conference is the first work to be done.'
- なお、実際の経営は付近の農民による賃租によって耕作されていたと考えられている。
- It is considered that actual farming of Koden was done by tenant farmers in the neighbor.
- 三重県津市に現存する一身田の地名は、賜田としての一身田の痕跡と考えられている。
- The existing name of Isshinden in Tsu City, Mie Prefecture, is considered to be the trace of shiden given as an Isshinden in those days.
- 弥生時代の開始についてはかつて中国の春秋戦国時代の混乱と関連付ける考えがあった。
- There used to be a theory that related the beginning of the Yayoi period with disturbance of the Spring and Autumn periods and the Warring States period in China.
- 現在の民間での六曜信仰に、赤舌日とともになんらかの形で影響したと考えられている。
- It is thought that Syakkonichi, with Shakuzetsunichi (the day ruled by Syakuzetsujin [the guardian god of the west gate of the capital of Taisaijin]) had some influence on the present folk belief in Rokuyo (literally, 'six days,' the traditional six days in Japanese calendar).
- 現在の民間での六曜信仰に、赤口日とともになんらかの形で影響したと考えられている。
- Shakuzetsu-nichi Day together with Shakko-nichi Day is thought to have influenced folk belief of Rokuyo (a recurring six-day series of lucky or unlucky days that is incorporated into the Japanese calendar) one way or another.
- マルコポーロが金の寺や宮殿の説明をしていたので、日本は黄金の国と考えられていた。
- Marco POLO described Japan as having a golden temple and palace, therefore Japan was considered to be a country of gold.
- 忍器(にんき)は、かつて忍者達が使用していたであろうと考えられている道具の総称。
- Ninki is a general term for tools that were supposedly used by the Ninja (a secret agent in feudal Japan highly skilled in stealth and secrecy).
- このため、各地の攘夷派は新政府が成立すれば当然攘夷が断行されるものと考えていた。
- For this, local anti-foreigner factions thought that anti-foreigner policy will be operated if when the new government realized.
- この事はもともと、隼人が朝廷の軍事に従事していた伝統によるものと考えられている。
- This was originally by the tradition that Hayato served for the military of the Imperial Court.
- 花山天皇歌壇で活躍し、勅撰和歌集『拾遺和歌集』の撰定に関与したと考えられている。
- It is thought that he was active in the poetry circle in the era of the Emperor Kazan and took part in compiling 'Shui Wakashu' (Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poems) of chokusen wakashu (anthologies of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command).
- 源氏物語の他の部分と異なる点が多いことから他の部分とは分けて考えられる事が多い。
- It is often thought that these quires are separated from the other quires, because there are a lot of differences like this.
- 歌作りにおいて重視された当時の源氏物語の受け取られ方を反映していると考えられる。
- It is believed that the comment reflects how the Tale of Genji was taken at that time, when it was regarded as important in poetry composition.
- 袋草子などに朗詠江注からの引用がみられることから、従来より逸書と考えられていた。
- The commentary was believed to have been lost, indicated by quotations from the Roei Gochu being seen in other works such as the Fukurozoshi (Notes in a Folder, the collection of poetic lore).
- 水軍の登場する古い戦乱として、5世紀のことと考えられる吉備氏の乱などが知られる。
- The Kibi clan Disturbance, which is believed to have happened in the fifth century, is an example of old wars which Suigun (warriors battle in the sea) were involved in.
- これは防人の当初の目的が外敵に対する防衛ではなく九州制圧にあった為と考えられる。
- This is because the establishment of Sakimori was initially intended to conquer Kyushu, and was not intended to defend against foreign enemies.
- これらから、政治的・経済的集落であり、拠点的集落という性格を有すると考えられる。
- These findings show that larger moat settlements functioned as a central foothold of politics and economy.
- これが『公卿補任』及び『歴名土代』の元になった公的記録であったと考えられている。
- It is considered that this was the formal record that became the base of 'Kugyobunin' (directory of court nobles) and 'Ryakumyo dodai.'
- 明智光秀の娘は荒木村次の妻となっていたため、親戚の縁で選ばれたと考えられている。
- It has been considered that Mitsuhide AKECHI was chosen as an emissary due to the relation as a relative because his daughter had married Muratsugu ARAKI.
- これは、朝廷・院が検断権を有し幕府はそれを委ねられた存在であるという考えによる。
- This is because the right to judge criminal cases was held by the Emperor or the retired emperor, and the enforcement was delegated to the bakufu.
- 材質が木製であることや呪術的な文様などから実戦用ではなく祭具用と考えられている。
- They are believed to have been used as a ceremonial implement not used in an actual battle since they are made of wood and have magical patterns.
- 滋賀県から福井県にかけて、北北西方向にのびる柳ヶ瀬断層が活動したと考えられている。
- It is thought that it was caused by the movement of the Yanagase fault expanding toward north-northwest from Shiga Prefecture to Fukui Prefecture.
- したがって信玄も北畠顕家の風林火山の陣旗を参考に陣旗を作ったと考えられるのである。
- Thus, it is considered that Shingen made his battle flag by making reference to the Fu-Rin-Ka-Zan battle flags of Akiie KITABATAKE.
- 前述のように、縄文前期には日本列島内に九つの文化圏が成立していたと考えられている。
- As mentioned above, it is assumed that nine cultural regions were established in the Japanese archipelago by the early Jomon period.
- 世界にさきがけて中国東北部からシベリアのバイカル湖付近で発達したと考えられている。
- It is considered to have developed first around the northeastern part of China and the Lake Baikal before the rest of the world.
- そのため、河内本と比べると青表紙本の方が原本により近い本文であると考えられてきた。
- That is why the Aobyoshi-bon manuscript has been thought closer to the original text, when compared to the Kawachi-bon manuscript.
- 衝撃を受けた帝は、実の父を臣下にしておくのは忍びないと考え源氏に位を譲ろうとした。
- Shocked, the emperor thought he could not tolerate keeping his biological father being his subordinate, and tried to abdicate the throne in favor of Genji.
- 成立は不明であるが、大江匡房没年の天永2年(1111年)が成立の下限と考えられる。
- Although the period in which it was written is unknown, it is thought to have been written no later than 1111 when OE no Masafusa passed away.
- 漢文による跋文に延宝2年(1674年)とあることから、これ以後の出版と考えられる。
- However, due to the fact that the classical Chinese epilogue includes a reference to the year 1674, it is thought to have been published after this time.
- また、青表紙本と考えられた写本以外の写本の採用は比較的限定されたものになっている。
- Also, the adoption of the manuscript except for the manuscripts considered the Aobyoshi-bon were relatively limited.
- ※695年の大和(大化)以降は、ヤマト王権の建てた元号が混入していると考えられる。
- * It is believed that the eras established by the Yamato kingship were mixed in the eras after 695 during the Yamato (Taika) era.
- 現存する養老律令には、天皇を規定する条文がない(大宝律令も同様と考えられている)。
- The extant Yoro Ritsuryo Code does not contain any provisions regarding the Emperor (this is considered to have been the same for the Taiho Ritsuryo Code).
- これらに代わる整備された社格制度を作ることを考えられたが、成立するに至らなかった。
- It was planned to establish more organized shrine ranking system to replace this system, but it was not realized.
- 東の駿河国の今川家との全面対決となった家康は西の織田信秀の子信長への接近を考えた。
- Ieyasu who became all-out confrontation with the Imagawa family of east Suruga Province thought about approach to the child of west Nobuhide ODA, Nobunaga.
- 『続日本紀』には罪状についての記録はないが、川継の事件に連座したものと考えられる。
- There is no record about Uona's crime in 'Shoku Nihongi,' however, it is thought that he was implicated in Kawatsugu's incident.
- 諸国牧・近都牧がいつ設置されたのかは定かではないが、飛鳥時代の頃だと考えられている。
- It is not clear when shokokumaki and kintomaki were established, but it is believed that they were established around the Asuka period.
- 一分判の一種とされ、鋳造時期は不明であるが天正年間末期から慶長年間までと考えられる。
- It was thought to be one of Itibuban and cast from the end of Tensho era to Keicho era, though it is not clear.
- しかし、このときの人数は警察発表の2500人のほうがより確かだと考える研究者は多い。
- Many researchers, however, say the correct figure was 2,500 which the police had announced.
- しかし、それ以上追求することはなく終生兄として庇護し、一時は六の君の婿にとも考えた。
- However, he does not pursue it any further, protecting him for all his life as his older brother, and even thinks of Kaoru's marriage to Roku no Kimi for a time.
- このことから、枕詞が五音節化するのは三十一文字の定型化とかかわっていると考えられる。
- From this point, it is thought that makurakotoba became five-syllable phrases under the influence of the formalization of Misohitomoji (thirty-one characters).
- 近年ではそのような業平の伝説や、『業平集』とは一線を画す必要があると考えられている。
- Recently, therefore, many have considered it necessary to dissociate the text from the legendary authorship of Narihira and 'Narihirashu' (Collection of Poems of ARIWARA no Narihira).
- その状況で、藤原定家が校訂したいわゆる「青表紙本」が最も原文に近いと考えられている。
- In this situation, the so-called 'Aobyoshi-bon' revised by FUJIWARA no Sadaie is considered to be the most similar to the original.
- それゆえに、古典の「物語」と近現代以降の「物語」の概念の混同が進んだとも考えられる。
- Therefore, the concepts of classical 'monogatari' and those of the 'narratives', which came after the modern and postmodern eras may have become mixed.
- これらの例は、上述の「お喋り」としての「物語」の側面が強く残っている例と考えられる。
- These works are considered as examples of 'monogatari' that strongly retain the 'chatting' aspect mentioned above.
- なお、記紀編纂の基本史料となった『帝紀』、『旧辞』は7世紀頃の成立と考えられている。
- In addition, it is thought that 'Teiki' (a genealogy of the Imperial Family) and 'Kyuji' (a record of stories current at court) which were the basic historical materials for the compilation of Kojiki and the Nihonshoki were established around the seventh century.
- 『今昔物語集』の話はすべて創作ではなく、他の本からの引き写しであると考えられている。
- It is thought that not all the tales in 'The Collection of Tales of Times Now Past' are original but have been taken from other books.
- 左内は与えられた詩について考え、その意味に思い至ると、これを深く信じるようになった。
- Sanai thinks of the given poem, and when he grasps the meaning he comes to believe it deeply.
- それを補うものとして藤原定員や、得宗家被官平盛綱 (三郎兵衛尉)の記録も考えられる。
- He also considers that records written by FUJIWARA no Sadakazu and TAIRA no Moritsuna (Saburo-hyoenojo), retainers of the Tokuso family, might have supplemented the work.
- 中央下部に埋め金があり、譲葉金などの判金に足し金して量目を調整したものと考えられる。
- For the trace of additional gold at the middle of the bottom, it is considered that craftsmen added some gold to the past current coin which has been called Yuzuriha Kin (the shape and the period in which it was minted are unknown) to adjust its weight.
- しかし現在も佐波賀には下志万の姓を持つ世帯があり、下志万水軍の子孫と考えられている。
- However, even today, there are some families that have the family name of Shimojima and they are said to be the descendants of the Shimojima navy.
- 当初の寸は親指の幅を指す身体尺であったと考えられている(これはインチも同様である)。
- Sun is thought to have originated from an anthropomorphic unit for showing the breadth of a thumb (just the same as inch).
- 元勲世代からの総理大臣擁立は困難と考えた元老によって、新たに推されたのが桂であった。
- Genro (elder statesman) thought it almost impossible to elect a Prime Minister from the generation of Genkun (the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration), so they decided to chose Katsura.
- 絶対多数の縄文人と少数の大陸系渡来人との協同のうちに農耕社会へと移行したと考えられる。
- It is believed that history moved to an agrarian society in cooperation between Jomon man of an absolute majority and few continental immigrants to ancient Japan.
- この「邪馬台」を「やまたい」と読んだのは国学者の本居宣長が最初であると考えられている。
- Apparently, it was the scholar of Japanese classical literature, Norinaga MOTOORI, who was the first to read '邪馬台' as 'Yamatai.'
- この時期には日本列島に大きく分けて九つの文化圏が成立していたと考えられている(後述)。
- It is assumed that roughly the nine cultural regions were established in the Japanese archipelago during this period (mentioned below).
- 後に頭以下の官職に武士が任官されるのもこうした警察的な要素があったからとも考えられる。
- It is considered that the reason why samurai was appointed to a government post below Kami (Director) later was that it had an element of police.
- またその流行により、自分で印を作ろうと考える者も出始め、やがて篆刻へとつながって行く。
- Moreover, as part of that trend, some people started thinking of making seals by themselves, and before long their idea led to tenkoku (seal-engraving).
- このことを利用して東南アジアを自己の勢力を組み込めば危機的状況から脱出できると考えた。
- Taking advantage of this situation, Japan believed that it could get out of the critical situation if she could make Southeast Asia a part of the country
- これは印刷・編集といった諸問題から発行日が記載されたものとずれたのだと考えられている。
- It is thought that this was because the actual publishing date delayed from the date printed on the bulletin because of some problems such as printing and editing.
- なお、元服に際して改めた「匡衡」の名は漢代の文人である匡衡に由来すると考えられている。
- In passing, the name 'Masahira' (匡衡) which was given to him at Genpuku is thought to derive from the name of a Chinese literary, KYO Ko (匡衡), at the age of the Han dynasty.
- 「松島や ああ松島や 松島や」と詠んだといわれるのは後の人々が考え出した作り話である。
- The legend that Basho composed the haiku that reads, 'Matsushima, Ah! Matsushima! Matsushima,' is a fabrication concocted by modern people.
- 山崎宗鑑のものに後代次々と増補されていったと考えられ、異本が多く収録内容も多様である。
- It is thought that the personal collection of Sokan YAMAZAKI was enlarged periodically in later years, and there are many variants of the collection and the contents differ among them.
- そのため原初的な「物語」の語は、「話をすること」そのものと不可分であったと考えられる。
- Therefore the word 'monogatari' may have been equivalent to 'having a talk.'
- 以下のことから九州から王権が移動しヤマト王権が確立したのは7世紀末であると考えられる。
- As described below, it is believed that in the end of the seventh century, the Yamato kingship was established after a power shift from the Kyushu dynasty.
- 成立時の日本書紀には現在伝えられている30巻の他に系図1巻が存在したと考えられている。
- It is thought that there was one volume of genealogy other than the existing 30 volumes in Nihonshoki when it was established.
- このため、『今昔物語集』は編纂後約300年間にわたって死蔵状態だったと考えられている。
- For this reason, 'The Collection of Tales of Times Now Past' is thought to have been lost for approximately 300 years after its compilation.
- また、太子信仰の風習から、聖徳太子の制定した憲法十七条に影響されたとも考えられている。
- Furthermore, it is also thought to have been influenced by the Seventeen Article Constitution that was established by Prince Shotoku from the traditions of the cult of Taishi.
- また、5世紀には古墳周辺に馬が葬られている例があり、渡来人習俗の影響も考えられている。
- Because there is an example where horses were buried around the ancient tomb built in the fifth century, it is thought to be influenced by the customs brought by the people who came from across the seas.
- 頼信は常陸介在任中に忠常を臣従させており、事態の穏便な解決のためには最適と考えられた。
- Tadatsune served Yorinobu when he was appointed as Hitachi no suke and Yorinobu thought that he was best suited to settling the situation peacefully.
- また、親が悔返権を行使した場合でも事後における幕府への報告義務はあったと考えられている。
- It is thought that even when parents used their right of Kuikaeshi, they were obliged to report to the Shogunate afterward.
- 和与の和訓は「あまなひあたふ(和(あまな)い与える)」という語であったと考えられている。
- Wayo is believed to have been read in the Japanese way as 'amanahi atafu (amanai ataeru).'
- それが養老律令公式令にも反映されており、大宝律令との最大の違いであったと考えられている。
- Such stipulation was reflected in Kushiki-ryo of Yoro Ritsuryo as well, and regarded as one of the greatest difference from Taiho Ritsuryo.
- こうした方針を徹底して日本全国規模において同様の措置を取ろうとしたものと考えられている。
- The Emperor is believed to have tried to thoroughly implement such policy to take similar measures nationwide.
- 一方、北部九州の後・晩期遺跡の遺物で焼畑農業が行われていた可能性が高いと考えられている。
- On the other hand, it is thought that there was a strong likelihood that the burn agriculture was employed at the remains in the end and the last periods in the northern Kyushu region.
- が、大隈らはインドの鉄道のように植民地化の布石になりかねないと考え、これを拒絶している。
- However, OKUMA and others thought that it could become the preliminaries for Britain to colonize Japan as did the railway in India, so they rejected this.
- (ただし平城京の大極殿と歩廊を恭仁京に移築しており、難波との二都の計画とも考えられる)。
- (However, Daigokuden and the corridors in Heijo-kyo were dismantled and reconstructed in Kuni-kyo, so it could be considered that the initial plan was two-capital system of Kuni-kyo and Naniwa.)
- 『後撰和歌集』や『拾遺和歌集』にも『伊勢物語』から採録されたと考えられる和歌が見られる。
- Waka poems that are considered to have been taken from 'The Tales of Ise' are included in 'Gosen Wakashu' and 'Shui Wakashu' (A Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poems).
- 但し現在では須磨の巻から起筆されたとする伝承は事実に基づくものではないと考えられている。
- However, now the legend that she began to write the story from the Suma chapter is not considered to be based in fact.
- 大久保も同様に慶喜が謹慎したくらいで赦すのはもってのほかであると考えていた節が見られる。
- Similarly to Saigo, some evidence supports the idea of Okubo lobbying for consideration of a more severe punishment than confinement of Yoshinobu to his own residence (or house arrest) and that it was not sufficient.
- 多くの研究者は、農民の証言がより正確だと考えているが、それでも説明のつかない部分が多い。
- Many researchers think the testimony given by peasants are more exact than those given by the police, but many of peasants' testimony had no proof.
- この「撤退すべき」という意見は、圧倒的兵力差と落とせない長篠城を考えれば、当然といえる。
- Considering the fact that the Takeda force was vastly outnumbered by the enemy force and that Nagashino Castle was indestructible, their advice 'to withdraw' was more than reasonable.
- 箱式石棺墓との関連性も考えられる(箱式石棺墓の蓋石以外を省略すると石蓋土壙墓となるため)。
- Connection between a hakoshiki-sekkanbo (box-shaped stone coffin grave) is also considered (Hakoshiki-sekkanbo becomes a hole-shaped grave with stone lid if all other parts except the lid is omitted.)
- この部隊単位で考えれば、織田軍の鉄砲が1000丁であったとしても、相対的に相当な数である。
- Even if the Oda family had only 1,000 teppo, this figure can be regarded as significant in relation to the size of each army.
- 7世紀の東アジア情勢を考えると、倭国にとって隋との国交を開いておくことが是非必要であった。
- Considering the situation in east Asia in the 7th century, it was considered extremely necessary for Japan to open diplomatic relations with Sui.
- 黒田が考えたのも士族の活用であったが、彼の場合旧松前藩と東北諸藩の貧窮士族を想定していた。
- KURODA's idea was also based on utilization of shizoku, but he considered shizoku in poverty in former Matsumae Domain and Tohoku Domains.
- 」(意訳)等と、大政奉還から約4年半後の世相を考えれば、かなり先進的な内容だったといえる。
- The way of thinking that he had presented was very advanced at the time when the Taisei Hokan, a transfer of power back to the Imperial family, was achieved only four years back.
- 「万物一体の仁」とは、人も含めて万物は根元が同じであると考え、自他一体とみなす思想である。
- Banbutsu ittai no jin' is the concept of considering all things, including man, identical in their origin, thus, all things form one body.
- 日清戦争中、日本の勝利が間近に迫ると、列強も事の重大性を認識するに至り、干渉を考え始めた。
- When Japan was a step away from winning the Japanese-Sino War, European powerful countries acknowledged the significant risk involved and started considering intervention in Japan.
- 日本史上、最初の体系的な律令法と考えられているが、現存しておらず、詳細は不明な部分が多い。
- Although it is thought to be the first systematic ritsuryo code in Japanese history, the volumes do not exist and many of the details are unknown.
- 時代が下るにつれ、大型集落が小型集落を従え、集落内で首長層が力を持ってきたと考えられている。
- It is thought that later in the period, large settlements subdued smaller settlements and the chief and upper ranks started to seize power in the settlement.
- 平形銅剣をのぞくほとんどの武器形青銅器はこれらの遺跡群で集中的に生産されたと考えられている。
- Most weapon type bronze ware were intensively manufactured in these sites, except for the flat bronze sword.
- 古くは公式令 (律令法)の解釈から、勅旨を在外諸司に伝えるために作成されたと考えられてきた。
- It was formerly considered that tochokufu was created to deliver the chokushi (imperial order) to the officials staying outside of Kyoto, according to the interpretation of the Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code) (Ritsuryo law).
- この皇子の東宮時代から後見として支え、即位後に冷泉帝が事実を知り譲位を考えた時には固辞した。
- Hikaru Genji acts as regent to his child from his Crown Prince years, and when the child becomes Emperor Reizei and plans to abdicate the throne to Genji after learning the facts, Genji strongly refuses.
- 古伝本系別本とは青表紙本や河内本が成立する以前の本文を伝えていると考えられている写本をいう。
- Old tradition line Beppon are manuscripts which seem to contain the text before Aobyoshi-bon and Kawachi-bon were completed.
- 混成本文系別本に分類される別本については、以下のようなさまざまな形での混成が考えられている。
- Among the Beppon which belong to the mixed texts line, there are the following various types of mixture.
- また、『日本紀略』の執筆の際に、新国史の草稿が原典の一部として用いられたとも考えられている。
- Also, it is thought that a draft of the Shinkokushi was used as a source when the 'Nihon Kiryaku' (The Abstracted Records of Japan) was written.
- 大宝令と養老令の編目の順序は異なっていたと考えられているが、大宝令の編目順序は明らかでない。
- It is considered that, the order of the chapter headings differed between the Taiho-ryo and the Yoro-ryo, but the order of the chapter headings of the Taiho-ryo is unclear.
- 特に承久の乱後に急増するようになった御家人間の紛争に対する有効な手段であったと考えられている。
- It is believed that it was an effective measure especially for disputes among gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods)which increased sharply after the Jokyu War.
- ※方可とあるので、対馬南島と壱岐をそれぞれ半周したと考え、(四百里×2)(三百里×2)とした。
- * Because 方可 is stated, it is regarded as a half round of Tsushima Nanto (Tsushima province) and a half round of Iki, and is expressed as (400 ri X2) (300 ri X2).
- 土佐藩は寧ろ天保通寳の密鋳を大々的に行い、試鋳はそのカモフラージュと考えられるべきものである。
- The Tosa Domain minted Tenho Tuho secretly without permission on a large scale, and the trial minting should be regarded as camouflage of their secret minting
- 鳴声は、中国から渡来したものなので中国語を話し、日本人には聞いてもわからないのだろうと考えた。
- He also assumed that the bird talked in Chinese because it was brought from China, and that was why Japanese couldn't understand what it said.
- それぞれ、『源氏物語』の注釈史の中での「古注」、「旧注」、「新注」に対応していると考えられる。
- Each of them seem to respectively correspond to 'ancient annotation,' 'old annotation,' and 'new annotation' in the history of annotation of 'The Tale of Genji.'
- 『隋書』に「邪靡堆則魏志所謂邪馬臺者也」とあり、邪馬臺国は7世紀まで存続していたと考えられる。
- From the statement, 'The capital of Yamatai Kingdom is in Yamadai Kingdom according to Gishi-wajin-den (the first written record of Japan's commerce)' in Suishu (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), it would appear that the Yamatai Kingdom existed until the seventh century.
- 日本書紀の朝鮮関係資料には混乱偽造があると考えられているため、実に様々な意見が提出されている。
- Since it is thought that some historical materials related to Korea in Nihonshoki were confused or forged, there are so many opinions.
- 凶事が起こった際には死者のたたりと考えて寮の役人を不遇であった皇族の陵墓に送ってこれを慰めた。
- When misfortunes took place, they were regarded as a curse of the dead, and officers of Ryo were sent to the mausoleum of the unfortunate imperial family and consoled the spirit.
- そこでドイツやロシアは自国の対中国政策を維持するために、この日本の要求を容認できないと考えた。
- Therefore, Germany and Russia objected to the Japan's demand in order to maintain their policies on China.
- これは銀台金メッキのものは貨幣司による劣位二分金と考えられ、これは「止め分」が多いからである。
- It is because gold plating silver coins are considered as lower rank nibukin of kaheishi which are mostly with 'tomebu'.
- 彼らは「江戸大坂といえども皆田舎である、すむに都に如くはなし(及ぶものはない)」と考えている。
- They believed that 'people of other areas--be it Edo or Osaka--are rural people and there is nowhere else to live but in the capital city.'
- そのため、防寒の知識は皆無に等しく、雪中行軍をトレッキングと同列に考えている者がほとんどだった。
- Therefore, they had little knowledge about cold protection and most of them thought marching in snow and trekking was the same.
- つまり伊都國が魏使の目的地であり、女王國は伊都国(福岡県糸島郡)のすぐ近くにあったと考えられる。
- From this, it is believed that Ito koku is the destination of gishi, and jo koku was very close to Ito koku (Itoshima County, Fukuoka Province).
- 九州南部は縄文早期末に喜界カルデラの大噴火があった為、ほぼ全滅と考えられる壊滅的な被害を受けた。
- The Kikai caldera erupted violently in the southern Kyushu region at the end of the earlier Jomon period; the eruption caused the catastrophic damage to the area which was thought to be virtually annihilated.
- これを見た日蓮とその信者は立正安国論をこの事態の到来を予知した予言書であると考えるようになった。
- These developments led Nichiren and his followers to believe that his Rissho Ankoku-ron was a book of prophecy that predicted the future.
- 元禄8年(1695年)景継は「陰徳記自序」を書いており、この頃には完成していたと考えられている。
- In 1695, Kagetsugu wrote the 'Intokuki jijo' (Authorial Preface to the Intokuki), and it is thought that it was around this date that he completed work on the Intokuki.
- これは当時最も重要視されて、よく利用されていたのがこの系統の本文であったからだと考えられている。
- It is because this line of manuscript were considered important and often used in those days.
- これは後で書かれた玉鬘系の方がより作者の精神的成長を反映しているためであると考えると説明がつく。
- This is because the Tamakazura series, which was written later, reflects the author's character as a more mature person.
- 各篇の並び順は以下の通りだが、これは深い考えのあってのものだ、という説を、高田衛は提唱している。
- The stories were arranged in the following order, and Mamoru TAKADA advocated a theory that the order of the story reflected the author's deep thinking.
- 15代応神天皇から26代継体天皇までの名は、おおむね諱、つまり在世中の名であると考えられている。
- The names from the 15th Emperor Ojin to the 26th Emperor Keitai are considered to be imina, that is, the names during their reign.
- ただし、仏教用語を用いたことで中華的冊封体制からの離脱を表明する表現であったとも考えられている。
- At the same time, it is also thought that they used the Buddhist terms to announce their secession from the Chinese tributary system.
- 吉備国を平定したために吉備津彦を名乗ったと考えられているが、古事記には吉備津彦の名は出てこない。
- He is believed to have called himself Kibitsuhiko as he had suppressed Kibi Province, but there was no such name written in the Kojiki.
- 大学寮における当初の両博士の立場はあくまでも明経道を補完するものでしかなかったと考えられている。
- At first, these two hakase were only there at the daigakuryo to support myogyodo.
- 頼朝死後における時政の謀略の大半は、この牧の方という女性が全て考え出したものとまで言われている。
- It is said this lady called Maki no kata schemed most of Tokimasa's conspiracies after the death of Yoritomo.
- 現在ではおおよそ、水稲農耕技術を安定的に受容した段階以降を弥生時代とするという考えが定着している。
- Presently the Yayoi period is roughly classified as a stage after the stable adaptation of rice-paddy cultivation techniques.
- このような言葉を残し支那で培われてきた家相説を日本に適用すべきではないという考えによるものである。
- The statement such as this remained, because he believed that the theory of Kaso cultivated in China should not be adopted in Japan.
- が、後においては一定の年数を経過した後に発生した法律効果のことも指すようになったと考えられている。
- However it is believed that later it also referred to a legal effect which would result after a certain period had passed.
- 近代以前の作品の有り方は、和歌にせよ散文にせよそれ以前の作品を踏まえるのが前提であると考えられる。
- Literary works, whether poetry or prose, before pre-modern times are assumed to have been based on earlier works.
- 「太平」とは平和を祈願する意味で付けられていると考えられており、怨霊鎮魂的な意義も指摘されている。
- The name 'Taihei' is said to represent a prayer for peace, and some have suggested that it refers to the pacification of vengeful spirits.
- 巻第二十一は欠巻であるが、配列順からここには天皇家に関する説話が入る予定であったと考えられている。
- Volume 21 is missing, but given the order of arrangement it is thought that setsuwa related to the Imperial Family were intended to be in this volume.
- これらのことから、この時期に倭・倭人を代表する倭国と呼ばれる政治勢力が形成されたと考えられている。
- In view of these records, it is considered that a political group called Wakoku representing Wa or Wajin were formed at that time.
- この時期に編纂されたとされる近江令は、国制改革を進めていく個別法令群の総称だったと考えられている。
- It is believed that the Omi Code, which is said to have been compiled in this period, was a general name for the group of laws enforced for promoting the constitutional reforms.
- ペリー艦隊には蒸気船が含まれており、しばしば黒船は蒸気船のことだと考えられるが、帆船も黒船である。
- Because Perry's squadron included a steamship, many associate the term 'black ships' with steamships, but it also refers to the sail ships.
- しかし、韓国以外のアジア・アフリカ地域でもこの種の条約を「無効・違法」と考える動きが出てきている。
- However, in Asia other than Korea and African areas, a movement to see this kind of treaty as 'invalid and/or illegal' is rising.
- 強制調印については、当時から、国家に対する威圧と国家を代表する個人への強制に分けて考えられていた。
- Since those days, the compulsory signing had been thought separately divided into a threat against a state and compulsion against an individual who represents the state.
- これらの現象は地上にある国家やその支配者(国王・皇帝・天皇)に重大な影響を与えると考えられてきた。
- These phenomena were thought to significantly influence nations on earth and their rulers (kings and emperors).
- また、凄まじい勢いで勢力を拡大する隣国の織田信長と同盟を結んでいたほうが得策との考えもあったのか。
- In addition, Ieyasu might have thought that it was a wide policy to form an alliance with Nobunaga ODA of the neighboring province that has been expanding power with the tremendous momentum.
- この事件以後おもに北条氏と有力御家人との間の政争が続くため、この事件をその発端と考える見方である。
- After this incident, a series of political strife between the Hojo and the senior vassals occurred, so this incident is deemed as the beginning of them.
- 「倭」の字が減筆され「委」の字が使用されていることから「倭」は「委」と同じ発音であったと考えられる。
- Since the character `倭' is simplified as `委,' it is assumed that `倭' had the same sound as `委.'
- 政元にとってはこうした守旧派の守護達よりも新しく台頭した一揆勢力の方が信頼が置ける存在と考えていた。
- Masamoto thought that he could believe rather the newly emerging Ikko followers than the old-guard provincial military governors.
- このため、事件となった第4回押出しも、農民側が先に警官に暴力をふるった例はないと考える研究者が多い。
- Thus, many researchers think that it was unlikely that peasants first did violence to the police on the fourth demonstration which developed into an incident.
- これに対して、藩主の参勤交代と共に、在所に帰還する者は、江戸詰めと呼ばれ、定府とは分けて考えられた。
- On the other hand, someone who returned to his hometown when the lord of domain performed Sankinkotai was called Edo-zume (working in Edo) and distinguished from jofu.
- しかし、平曲の音階・譜割から、天台宗大原流の声明の影響下に発生したものと考える説が妥当と判断される。
- However, it is considered appropriate that heikyoku was generated under the influence of shomyo (chanting of Buddhist hymns) by the Ohara School of the Tendai Sect, considering the musical scales and the way the music was composed for heikyoku.
- 彼の経歴を考えると、平家に弱年より仕えていることから父である季遠も平家の御家人であった可能性が高い。
- Taking into consideration the fact that he had been serving the Taira family since he was young, his father Sueto was probably gokenin of the Taira family, too.
- しかし、近代までは口伝集巻第十が『群書類従』に収められたのみで、他の部分は失われたと考えられていた。
- However, only Kuden shu, Book 10 was collected in 'Gunsho ruiju'(Collection of historical documents compiled by Hokiichi HANAWA), and others were thought to be lost until recently.
- しかし、その様子に今はすっかり見捨てられた北の方は絶望し、父親の兵部卿宮も実家に戻らせようと考える。
- However, his wife, who he had completely abandoned by that time, despaired, so her father, Hyobukyonomiya, also thought of making her come back to his residence.
- しかし、その中には定家の自筆本の一部や臨模本等の現在重要と考えられている写本がいくつか含まれている。
- However, of such manuscripts, there are a part of the manuscripts in Teika's own hand and some manuscripts of Rinmo-bon and so on, which are considered important now.
- つまり、大田は全体の正確な鉄砲数を把握していなかったといえ、1500丁は考えうる最低数の数といえる。
- This suggests that Ota did not capture the exact number of teppo, and 1,500 therefore is likely to be a minimum figure.
- 憲法を考えるグループも生まれ、植木枝盛、交詢社(慶應義塾関係者のクラブ)らによる憲法私案が作られた。
- Among other groups that prepared drafts for the constitution, Emori UEKI and the Kojunsha (a club founded by alumni of Keio university) developed the drafts.
- 水稲農耕に必要な首長権力や、共同体の結束強化、内部と外部での階級差を反映しているとも考えられている。
- The different size of moats were probably representing how strong a chieftaincy's controlling power was over wet-rice cultivation in the area, how tight the community was united, or the difference in villager classes who lived inside and outside the moat.
- 特に陰陽では相反する要素と考える男女の関係性などを含む様々な側面でも利用されたことは想像に難くない。
- Especially in the philosophy of Onmyo, it is not hard to imagine that term was applied to various aspects of things including the relationship between men and women, which are considered to be of opposite elements.
- 兵員・物資の補給拠点である雑賀を攻略すれば、大坂の本願寺勢の根を枯らすことができると考えたのである。
- He thought that if he captured Saiga which was the supply base of soldiers and goods he would be able to destroy the roots of the Hongan-ji Temple group in Osaka.
- 大名たちは上納金を貢いでくれる城下町が栄えることは、みずからの発展と同義と考え保護政策をおこなった。
- Feudal lords (daimyo) took a protective policy, considering the more the castle town developed, the more money were paied to them, which meant their own prosperity.
- 攘夷論(じょういろん)は、日本に於いては、江戸時代末期に広まった考えで、夷人(外国人)をしりぞける。
- The theory of 'expelling the barbarians' (Joi ron) was a view that prevailed in Japan during the end of the Edo period and aims to expel foreigners from Japan.
- ここからは築地塀の跡や平城京と共通の760年前後の瓦が出土しており関連した施設の跡であると考えられる。
- Since the traces of tsukijibei (a mud wall with a roof) and tiles around 760, the era of Heijo-kyo were excavated there, they are considered to be the remains of related facility.
- 大仏造立計画のはじめは紫香楽宮からであるが、その背景にあったものとしては、いくつかのことが考えられる。
- The Great Buddha construction plan originally started in the Shigaraki no Miya Palace, but there were several possible backgrounds.
- これを嫌った岩倉具視は、国会開設前に国有財産の相当部分を皇室財産に移し、国会から遮断することを考えた。
- Tomomi IWAKURA, who disagreed with this, aimed to transfer a considerable portion of state property to Imperial property and block it from the Diet.
- ただ興福寺・大仏殿までも焼き払うような大規模な延焼は、重衡たちの予想を上回るものであったと考えられる。
- However, it is considered that such an extended fire even spread to Kofuku-ji Temple and the Great Buddha Hall would have exceeded expectation of Shigehira forces.
- 乳棒状磨製石斧や定角式磨製石斧など伐採具に適した道具が他にあることからも土掘りの道具と考えられている。
- These chipped stone axes were believed to be digging tools because there were other tools more suitable for felling such as mortar shaped ground stone ax or regularly curved ground stone ax.
- これにより、日本では唐とは異なり、位階を主として官職を従とする官位制が導入されたのだと考えられている。
- It seemed to be the reasons that the official rank system was introduced with Ikai to be main and government post to be the following, which were different from Tang.
- 歴史学のように政権の移動に注目することが必ずしもふさわしいとは考えられないが、目安にされることが多い。
- Although paying attention to changes in political power is not always considered to be as suitable as it is for history, it is often used as a reference point.
- 啄木は、自分の経済的な苦しみの原因は社会にあると考え、社会主義思想に関心を持ち国禁の書を読みふけった。
- Takuboku believed his economic problems were caused by society, developed an interest in the socialist ideology and would immerse himself in books that had been banned by the state.
- さらに、その1,2年前に青表紙本系統の極めて良質な写本であると考えられた大島本の存在が明らかになった。
- Moreover, the Oshima-bon manuscript, which was considered a quite good-quality manuscript of the Aobyoshi-bon line was found one or two years before.
- (政庁の位置が創建当時から移動していないことから「都市プランは政庁創建当初からあった」と考えられる。)
- (Because Seicho [government office] is never moved since its establishment, it is considered that `City planning was available when Seicho [government office] was founded.')
- この人類学が描く弥生人の広がりと九州王朝説の九州王朝勢力の拡大は極めてよく一致すると考える意見がある。
- There is an opinion that the spread of Yayoi-jin people stated in the theory in anthropology extremely corresponds with the expansion of the influences of the Kyushu dynasty stated in the theory of Kyushu dynasty.
- この時期に、西日本から東海、関東にかけて政治的状況が大きく変わったことを示すものとして考えられている。
- This is believed to be some sign signifying a radical change in the political situation that was happening around this time, not only in western Japan but also in Tokai and Kanto regions.
- しかしこれらの動きは豪族や民衆に新たな負担を与えることとなり、少なくない不満を生んだと考えられている。
- However, it is thought that this movement became a burden for the local ruling families and citizens and produced a sense of dissatisfaction.
- つまり卑弥呼の死後男子の王(息子か?)が即位したが治まらず、その妃が中継ぎとして即位したと考えられる。
- In short, that story also tells of a male ruler (perhaps Himiko's son) who succeeded to the throne but could not settle the country, which resulted in his wife's ascent as a relay successor.
- 上記は制度改革について論じたものの例であるが、一方で国民の考え方、気風を変えるべきとの姿勢も顕著である。
- The above was an example which was discussed about reforms of system, on the other hand, it had a clear stance that they should change people's way of thinking and spirit.
- その上、作中の行動のあちこちに矛盾が生じており、当時の伝説と作者の創作によって成立したと考えられている。
- Moreover, a great many contradictions surface during the action of the story, and hence it is believed to have been based on both then-contemporary legends and on fabrications by the author.
- 人麻呂・赤人が歌聖として崇拝されたところから、このような家集の意識が生れてきたものと考えることができる。
- It can be said that the people's interest in kashu grew about the time when Hitomaro and Akahito were being revered as 'kasei's (great poets).
- これは『万葉集』の時代には既に固定化されていたもので、先例にならって使用され続けたものと考えられている。
- They are thought to have already been fixed in the period of 'Manyoshu,' and to continue to be used after the precedent.
- 何らかの意図で藤原氏との政争に敗れても、優美であったという紀氏の有り様を美しく描いているとも考えられる。
- This can be taken as the aesthetic rendering of the clan who remained graceful even though, for some reason, they failed to defeat the Fujiwara clan in their political strife.
- これらの内容があるとするといずれも位置的には「桐壺」と「帚木」の間にあるのが自然であると考えられること。
- If they existed, it is reasonable to assume that they were likely placed between 'Kiritsubo' and 'Hahakigi'.
- 柴田郡は地理的な関係から名取団に属したと推定できるので、名簿は胆沢城に駐屯した名取団のものと考えられる。
- Since it is presumable that Shibata County was covered by Natori-dan geographically, it is considered that Myobo was for the Natori-dan stationed at Isawa-jo Castle.
- その中には「置石二で勝つ」などの記述もあり、すでに置き碁によるハンデの考え方が定着していたことがわかる。
- There are descriptions like 'I won using two handicap stones,' which means that a game of go played with a handicap was already common in those days.
- この悲嘆を距離を置いて描く為に、男性の自身や従者でなく、仕える女房という体裁をとったとも考えられている。
- It is also considered that in order to write his lament objectively, he didn't write it from the male point of view such as Tsurayuki himself or his servant, but from a court lady's view.
- これは原本が具注暦の余白に書かれたことに由来すると考えられ、当時の貴族の日記に広く見られる呼び名である。
- This is thought to be because the original manuscript was written in the margins of the Guchu calendar; in any case, the word 'Rekki' appears quite frequently in the diaries of nobles of that period.
- また島津氏の薩摩藩では、およそ田畑にすることは困難であると考えられる土地まで検知帳に載せて徴税を行った。
- In the Satsuma Domain of the Shimazu clan, tax was collected based on the land survey list that even included the land not suitable for rice fields and vegetable fields.
- すると岩倉が「今日の挙はことごとく天子様のお考えの下に行われている。幼き天子とは何事か」と失言を責めた。
- Iwakura remonstrated Yamauchi about his improper comment, saying 'Everything going on is being held according to the Emperor's ideas. How dare you can use the word juvenile Emperor?'
- この選択は、大名家としての家名存続を最優先と考えていたともされ、「名を売った」第一次とは根本的に異なる。
- They say this choice was made valuing survival of their family name as a daimyo family above everything else, which is fundamentally different from the first choice made for publicity seeking.
- この考えはやがて外的権威である経書、ひいては現実政治における権威の軽視にまでいたる危険性をはらんでいた。
- This idea carried the danger that the Classics, which were the external authority, and even the authority of the real government, would become ignored.
- その地は大和神社の付近と推測でき、もとはその周辺をヤマトといったのに始まるのではないかと考える人も多い。
- Yamato-mura is believed to be the area surrounding the present-day Oyamato-jinja Shrine and some view this area as the first one that came to be referred to as Yamato.
- 域内の人民に対して租税の代わりとして専売を行う方法と域外の市場に対して独占的に販売する専売が考えられる。
- There can be a monopolization for the people within the region instead of tax and a monopolization for exclusive sales on the market outside the region.
- 当初は帝室博物館(現在の東京国立博物館)に収集品を寄贈しようと考えていたが、寄贈は博物館側から拒否された。
- At first, he was thinking about donating his collections to the Imperial Museum, but the museum refused the donation.
- この説をとる研究者の多くは、1903年秋以降、鉱毒被害地が豊作になったことで運動が弱体化したと考えている。
- Many of those researchers who supported this idea consider that the movement weakened when the peasants in the copper poisoned area had a rich harvest from autumn in 1903 onward.
- 矢柄(やがら)への取り付けは、管状の植物の凹み部分などを利用し、ヒモなどで縛ったものであろうと考えられる。
- It is thought that Sekizoku was attached to the shaft by tying it to tubulous plants in its hollow areas using string.
- このことから、朗詠江注は、和漢朗詠集本文への書き入れなどが主であり、一書ではなかったと考えるべきであろう。
- For this reason, it should probably be concluded that the Roei Gochu was not written as book, but composed of mainly notes written into the text of the Wakan Roei Shu.
- 11世紀の前九年の役では軍団兵士の活動が見当たらず、この頃までに廃絶したかまったく形骸化したと考えられる。
- Since there were no materials showing the activities by soldiers in Gundan in the Zenkunen War (the Early Nine Years' War) in the 11th century, it is considered that Natori-dan was abolished or lost substance completely before that time.
- 蘇我氏の名は、馬子と入鹿の二人の名を合わせると馬鹿になることや蝦夷など、実名ではないと考えられる点がある。
- It is pointed out that the name of the Soga clan was not a real name in that the integration of the name, Umako (馬子) and the name, Iruka (入鹿) refers to baka (馬鹿) (foolish) or in terms of the name Emishi.
- 摂関政治の開始を境界線とし、「上古」とそれ以後の時代に区分する方法は『神皇正統記』を援用したと考えられる。
- From the method of considering the start of the regency as the dividing line between 'high antiquity' and the time afterwards, it is thought that he borrowed from the 'Jinno Shotoki' (A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns).
- 編纂当時には存在したものが後に失われたのではなく、未編纂に終わり、当初から存在しなかったと考えられている。
- It is not thought that they existed at the time of editing and were later lost but instead that they were left unedited or never existed in the first place.
- 一方で遊女と内裏の舞踊・音楽の教習所である「内教坊」の「伎女」になんらかの関連があると考える研究者もいる。
- On the one hand, there are some scholars who think that yujo had something to do with 'gijo' (music-playing women) in 'Naikyobo,' a training center of Imperial dancing and music.
- 五行思想の特徴は、「相生」と「相剋」という、それぞれの要素同士がお互いに影響を与え合うという考え方である。
- A distinctive feature of Gogyo shiso is the idea that the five elements influence each other.
- 黒田は、北海道の開拓に難渋する現状では自然条件がいっそう不利な樺太まで手が回らないという考えを抱いていた。
- KURODA thought that as the reclamation of Hokkaido was not going smoothly, it was too much work for the government to develop Sakhalin as it was under more severe natural conditions.
- また、武家だけではなく農民も和歌を嗜んだと言われており、その背景には寺子屋の普及があったと考えられている。
- It is also said that waka (Japanese poetry) was not only cherished by samura, but also peasants- it is considered that this is a result of the popularization of terakoya (elementary education offered in temples).
- 当時、田中は与党議員だったため、自身が農商務大臣に直接かけあうことで収拾がつけられると考えていたとされる。
- Tanaka, who then was a member of the ruling party, thought he would be able to settle down this problem through discussion with the Minster of Agriculture and Commerce.
- 両者の人口を合わせた大坂都市圏の人口は、安土桃山時代より大坂の役まで京都の人口を上回っていたと考えられる。
- The population of the greater Osaka area combining the populations of the two cities is believed to have exceeded Kyoto's population during the Azuchi-Momoyama period until Osaka no eki occurred.
- 将門の手許には1000人足らずしか残っていなかったが、時を移しては不利になると考えて、2月1日に出陣する。
- Masakado, realizing that his position would become weaker over time, departed for battle on February 1 with less than 1,000 soldiers.
- 一般的な贈与の意味で「和与」という言葉が用いられるようになったのは院政期に入ってからであると考えられている。
- It is believed to be after the cloister government period that the word 'wayo' began to be used to mean the gift in general.
- また、居城を新たに新築して若松城から遷すことを考え、若松城から北西3kmのあたりに築城を開始した(神指城)。
- Furthermore, he thought of building a new residential castle to move from the Wakamatsu-jo Castle and then started the construction of the new castle (Kozashi-jo Castle), 3 km northwest from the Wakamatsu-jo Castle.
- しかし、当時は少数で院内交渉会派としては成立せず、もっぱら考え方の近い茶話会と行動をともにする事が多かった。
- However, at that time the group could not come into effect as a faction within the Diet due to the small number of members, and it was usually with the Sawa-kai (one of factions within the Diet) that had the similar points of view.
- 日本文学の定義を何に求めるかについては諸説あり、言語、発表された地域、文学の形式など多くの要素が考えられる。
- There are various theories about how to define Japanese literature, and many factors are considered, such as language, the area of publication, and literary form.
- (なお、藤原隆能が本絵巻物を製作したグループのどれかの中にいた可能性はある。ないしは高いと考えられている。)
- (It has been considered that it is likely or highly possible that Fujiwara no Takayoshi was among one of the groups that created this picture scroll.)
- その後、中国の江南や朝鮮との交易によって13から14世紀の日本にも黒色火薬の製法が伝来したと考えられている。
- It is believed that the process to manufacture black gunpowder was introduced to Japan during the period from the 13th century to the 14th century through trades with Konan (Jiangnan) of China and Korea.
- 白石は中世日本の政治史を、公家勢力と武家勢力の対立ととらえ、その上に儀礼的存在として天皇があるものと考えた。
- Hakuseki regarded the political history of medieval Japan as a conflict between the power of the court aristocracy and the power of the warriors, with the emperor being placed above them as a ceremonial figure.
- 上述の3策のうち、高麗ルートを選ばせたのもモンゴル兵力が高麗から離れてしまうことを恐れたためとも考えられる。
- In addition, the reason for recommending the route via Goryeo among the three plans described above might have been to prevent the Mongol army from leaving Goryeo.
- また、当然信長としても鶴翼包囲を予見し、限られた数の鉄砲を両翼に集中的に配置していたと考えるのが自然である。
- Naturally, Nobunaga would have anticipated the two-flanking wings formation to concentrate gunners whose availability was limited on both wings.
- やはり日本の戦国時代における騎馬隊は全員騎乗で戦う遊牧民族や近代兵科の騎兵とは異なるものと考える必要がある。
- It is therefore necessary to distinguish the Japanese cavalry in the Sengoku period from the nomadic or the modern military cavalry in which all fight on horseback.
- 2000年以降の追加指定地は、大部分が1970年代の調査が不十分で調査洩れになっていた地域と考えられている。
- It is considered that the most of the areas designated after 2000 were the land which had been ignored in the cursory investigation in the 1970s.
- これらの埴輪は、古墳の各段や墳頂、造出しなどに列状に並べられ、畏怖的・視覚的な効果を狙ったものと考えられる。
- These Haniwa were displayed in a line on each step of tumulus, on the mound top and the funeral ritual site of the tumulus, giving visual effect and awe.
- また戦争の発生がロシアや清朝の介入を許すきっかけになるかもしれず、その点からも極力戦争は避ける考えであった。
- Also the outbreak of war could have triggered the intervention of Russia and the Qing Dynasty, and because of this, Japan thought it best to avoid war as much as possible.
- 天武10年に皇子表記が使用されていることは、それ以前に天皇表記が用いられていることの証左だと考えられている。
- The fact that the notation of oji is used in 681 is thought of as proof that the notation of tenno was used from before this time.
- 卑弥呼の死については年の記載はなく、その後も年の記載がないまま、1年に起こったとは考えにくい量の記述がある。
- The year of Himiko's death was not mentioned in the record, and while the surrounding writings are also undated, it is unlikely that all of them occurred in the same year.
- 遅くとも3世紀中ばまでにヤマト・吉備・筑紫などの諸勢力が糾合し、初期ヤマト王権が形成されたと考えられている。
- It is thought that some political powers, such as Yamato, Kibi and Chikushi, had grouped together and formed the Yamato Kingdom by the third century at the latest.
- 後世の両替商はこうした業者が後述の三貨制度の確立によって両替の分野にも関わるようになったものと考えられている。
- These money dealers, precursors to the later money changers, came to enter the exchange business after the sanka seido or tri-metallic monetary standard was established, as mentioned below.
- 『月堂見聞集』では鋳造量を35万貫余(約1,310トン)としているが、慶長銀の海外流出高から考えて疑問である。
- 'Getsudo-kenbunroku'(record of society from 1679 to 1734) says that minting amount was a little more than 350,000 kan (about 1,310 ton), but it is doubtful considering the amount of keicho-gin that was distributed to foreign countries.
- 役料の代替とする見解もあるが、役料と役金が併給されている例もあり、別系統に属する手当であったと考えられている。
- It is also said the yakukin is a substitute for yakuryo, but yakukin is now regarded as another allowance deriving from a different system since yakukin was paid together with yakuryo in some cases.
- 『隋書』に「都於邪靡堆、則魏志所謂邪馬臺者也」とあり、邪馬臺国は7世紀まで倭の首都として存続したと考えられる。
- Since there was a description of people from Yamatai-koku in 'Suishu' (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), Yamatai-koku as the capital of Wa probably existed until the seventh century.
- なお、8世紀には日本列島最古の地図(行基図)が作られ、日本国内では津軽海峡の存在が認識されていたと考えられる。
- It was believed in the eighth century that the existence of Tsugaru Straits was recognized on the oldest map of the Japanese Islands (gyogi zu) that were developed in the eighth century.
- なお、移はあくまで官司間における公文書のやり取りであり、保管年限が過ぎれば全て廃棄されたものと考えられている。
- 'I' (移) was limited to exchange of official documents among government officials, and it is believed that all the documents in a form of 'I' (移) were destroyed after the storage period expired.
- 地方貨幣で広く流通したと考えられるのは仙臺通寳、箱館通寳、秋田鍔銭、秋田波銭および琉球通寳ぐらいのものである。
- Reginal currencies that are thought to have been widely circulated are just Sendai Tuho, Hakodate Tuho, Akita Tubasen, Akita Namisen, and Ryukyu Tuho.
- 敵から逃げる際、引き戸にひっかけて動かなくし、逃げる時間を稼ごうと考えられたという戸閉(とじめ)などの「開器」
- '開器' such as Tojime that were used when escaping from an enemy, hitching to a sliding door to lock and gain time for an escape.
- 「字余り・字足らず」という考え方は、詠うことよりも、書き留めた際の定型詩としての美意識から生まれた言葉である。
- The idea of 'extra or insufficient syllables' arose from a sense of beauty for a fixed form of verse to write down instead of reciting it.
- 現代の研究では、『古事記』や『日本書紀』の継体天皇以前の記述、特に編年は正確さを保証できないと考えられている。
- In today's researches, the descriptions on the events before the Emperor Keitai in 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki,' especially the year of edition, are thought to be inaccurate.
- つまり、『世間猿』と『妾形気』の浮世草子二作品と、『雨月物語』という読本作品は連続したもの、という考えである。
- In short, these two Ukiyo zoshi works, 'Sekenzaru' and 'Tekake katagi,' and the Yomihon 'Tales of Moonlight and Rain' were series.
- この事件は、豊臣家攻撃の口実とするため、家康が崇伝らと画策して問題化させたものであるとの考え方が一般的である。
- This incident has been generally regarded as an incident that Ieyasu, Suden and others plotted and made an issue to find an excuse for attacking the Toyotomi family.
- 彼らは赤松氏がこれほどの一大事を引き起こした以上は必ず同心する大名がいるに違いないと考え、形勢を見極めていた。
- They thought that the Akamatsu clan set off such a big thing because some daimyos must had helped them and carefully observed subsequent developments.
- また、『大倭国一宮記』、『日本国一宮記』と題する諸本は内容がほぼ同じで、『大日本国一宮記』の類本と考えられる。
- 'Yamatonokuni Ichinomiya-Ki' and 'Nihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' are highly similar to 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' in content, so those books are considered to have copied 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki'.
- この時代は農本主義のため、幕府・大名の拠点のある城を中心とした町(城下町)の他は基本的に農村と考えられていた。
- Due to the agricultural fundamentalism of this period, places other than towns around castles (castle town), the base of the shogunate government or each daimyo, were basically considered to be agricultural communities.
- なお、養老令職員令における各官司ごとの官職の排列は、まず四等官を掲げた後に品官を記載していると考えられている。
- It is considered that official posts were put in order in the Shokuinrei of Yoro Ritsuryo starting with Shitokan followed by Honkan (professional officials).
- かつて、畿内説は「魏志倭人伝」の方角表記が誤っていると考える研究者(「連続説」、主に京都大学系)に多く見られた。
- The Kinai region theory was found among many researchers who thought the direction written in 'Gishiwajinden' was incorrect ('the contiguous journey theory,' mainly found in connection with Kyoto University).
- 松平英明、本間五郎の著書では、天明から寛政の時代にかけて急増し、享和から化政にかけて再盛期を迎えたと考えている。
- According to Hideaki MATSUDAIRA and Goro HONMA, there was a sudden increase in the practice of Kaso from the Tenmei era to Kasei era, and peaked during the Kyowa era to Kasei era.
- 現在の知見からは邪馬台国時代にすでに古墳築造が始まっていると見るべきであり、偽作と考えるべき前提が成り立たない。
- From our present perspective, it seems that Tumulus construction had already started at the time of Yamatai, and so the assumption that triangular-rimmed mirrors were forged falls down.
- そして、南関東の定住集落の形成には、植物採集活動だけでなく、漁労活動も重要な役割を果たしていたと考えられている。
- It is assumed that not only plant gathering activities but also the fish catching activities played important roles in establishing sedentary settlements in the southern Kanto region.
- 前述の通り、1635年、江戸幕府は史上最大の安宅船である安宅丸を建造し、鉄甲船と同様の考えから銅板を貼っている。
- As mentioned above, the Edo bakufu built the Atake Maru, the largest Atake-bune in history which was covered with copper plates based on the same idea as a tekkosen.
- この蝦夷軍を追って巣伏村に至り、そこで前軍と合流しようと考えたが、前軍は対岸の蝦夷軍に阻まれて渡河できなかった。
- Chasing the Emishi/Ezo army, the Imperial army entered Subuse village, where they had intended to meet the front force of the Imperial army stationed on the west side of the river, which, however, had been blocked by the Emishi/Ezo army and had failed to cross the river.
- (より)九州王朝説でも九州では軍事が民生を圧迫していたと考えるが、九州の勢力は独自に軍事活動を行っていたとする。
- The Kyushu dynasty theory states that military affairs put pressure on the people's livelihood, but it also states the Kyushu forces performed military activities on their own.
- この韻律は開音節という日本語の特質から必然的に成立したリズムであって、俳句の制約とか、規則と考えるべきではない。
- This rhythmic pattern is something that inevitably formed from the characteristics of the Japanese language called 'kaionsetsu' (open syllable), and it should not be considered as a restriction or rule that exits solely for the haiku.
- ある巻では校合に採用されており、別の巻でも採用することが可能と考えられる写本であっても巻ごとに採用を選んでいる。
- He selected the manuscripts by checking each volume, even though certain volumes of the manuscript had already been chosen for collation and other volumes of the same manuscript had possibility to be chosen.
- 「大化の改新」の功績で不比等が藤原姓を賜り、父の中臣鎌足には不比等が自分の功績と藤原姓を後で贈ったと考えられる。
- It would appear that Fuhito, who was granted the name of Fujiwara due to his achievement in`the Taika Reforms,' later gave his father, NAKATOMI no Kamatari his achievements as well as the name of the Fujihara clan.
- だが、『萬葉集』には8世紀以前の防人の歌は無いので、防人が置かれたのは九州王朝が滅亡した7世紀末頃と考えられる。
- Since the waka poems of Sakimori were not contained in 'Manyoshu' (Japan's oldest anthology of poems) before the eighth century, Sakimori is considered to be placed when the Kyusyu dynasty was destroyed at the end of the seventh century.
- さらに、律令制に於ける人民統治の実態は単なる人民圧迫に基づいた搾取構造でしかなかった、という考えも存在している。
- There is an opinion that the government of the people under the Ritsuryo system was simply nothing but a structure of exploitation based on oppression on the people.
- ところが、かぶき者が流行り、追い腹を忠臣の証と考える風習ができ、世間から讃えられると一層まねをするものが増えた。
- However, when Kabukimono (dandy, or people who behave in unique manner believing it is fashionable) became popular, the custom of believing oibara as the proof of loyalty was established, and the public praised the custom, people who committed suicide were increased all the more.
- ちなみに若木のデザインのモデルは特になく、特定のモデルがないからこそ却ってどの木にも通じる、という考え方である。
- There was no specific model for the sapling design, instead the concept is that, because there is no particular model, it can be related to any tree.
- 例えば、上記殺虫効果は、銅イオンが溶出することによると考えられるが、銅イオンが溶出すれば当然十円硬貨は腐食する。
- For example, the pesticidal effect described above is caused by the elution of copper ion from the coin, which of course causes the erosion of 10-yen coins.
- とすれば、表面的に北条氏の活躍が目立つものの、実際は東国有力御家人の諒解のもとにこの事件は進行したと考えられる。
- If so, although the action by the Hojo clan is seemingly notable, the incident can be considered to have developed with the agreement of the senior vassals in the togoku.
- 以上の3回はいずれも新征夷大将軍の御代始を期に行われており、御代始の新政に合わせて編纂が行われたと考えられている。
- These three collections were made when the new Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who was to subdue the barbarians') started his reign, and it is thought that the editing work was conducted to in line with the new reign began.
- 漢の印制度および金印の役割から通説のように金印を博多湾程度の領域しか有しない小国が授かることはないと古田は考える。
- Considering the seal system of Han and the role of the golden seal, FURUTA denied the popular theory and believed that the golden seal wouldn't be given to a small country which has as small a territory as Hakata.
- また、据付石皿や固定式石皿と呼ばれる住居に備え付けられた石皿もあり、まな板として調理に用いていたと考えられている。
- Some stone plates were installed or fixed in living place, and they were considered to be used as a chopping board for cooking.
- 大君は父宮の遺志を継ぎ宇治の主として独身を貫く決意をしており、その一方で妹の中の君を薫と結婚させようと考えている。
- Oigimi had decided to become celibate for good as a master of the Uji residence, following her late father's will, but, on the other hand, she was planning to marry her younger sister, Naka no kimi, to Kaoru.
- このように総じて有季定型派よりも無季、自由律に眼を向けた俳人のほうがより深く季語の役割について考えをすすめている。
- It appears as though the poets who emphasize the muki style and are free from the traditional fixed style are, in general, more deeply interested in studying the role of the kigo when compared to those of the fixed style, uki school.
- 全七編あり、最初の三つが応永7年(1400年)に、残りがその後20年くらいかけて執筆・改訂されたと考えられている。
- It consists of 7 books in all, the first 3 of which are thought to have been written in 1400, and the rest written and revised during the period of about 20 years after that.
- 作者については、近世までは『保元物語』と同一とみる理解が通説であったが、近年は別人であると考えるのが一般的である。
- It was a common view that the author of the story was the same as that of 'Hogen Monogatari' until the early-modern times, but in recent years it has generally been assumed that the two works were written by different authors.
- 正確な成立年は不詳であるが、建暦元年(1211年)10月以降、鴨長明没の1216年までに成立したと考えられている。
- The exact year when it was established is unknown, but it is considered to have been established after November 1211 and before 1216, when KAMO no Chomei died.
- 次のことから記紀の編纂時にヤマト王権以前の都合の悪い記録を意図的に消しさった(徹底した焚書があった)と考えられる。
- As described below, it is assumed that some records that were not convenient for the Yamato kingship were intentionally erased (some books were burnt) when kiki (the Kojiki and Nihonshoki) was compiled.
- 等々の理由で古代からの伝来である可能性は極めて低く、古代史研究における歴史学的な価値は非常に低いと考えられている。
- Due to the above reasons, the possibility that they were handed down from ancient times is quite small and it has very low historical value in regard to the study of ancient history.
- 信玄と謙信の一騎討ちとして有名なこの場面は、歴史小説やドラマ等にしばしば登場しているが、史実とは考えられていない。
- This scene, famous as a man-to-man fight between Shingen and Kenshin, often appears in historical novels or historical dramas, but has not been considered a historical fact.
- まとまりを欠いた「散砂」のような中国の人々を強く結合させるためには、国民精神・道徳が不可欠だと梁啓超は考えていた。
- Liang Qichao thought that national spirit and morality were indispensable to strongly unite the Chinese people, who seemed like scattered sand lacking cohesion.
- また、国内のキリスト教徒の増加と団結は幕府にとっても脅威となり締め付けを図ることとなったと考えるのも一般的である。
- Another conceivable reason for the Bakufu's regulation on diplomatic exchanges was the threat posed to the Bakufu by an increase in Japanese having faith in Christianity and their unity.
- しかし、時代を超えて数字が酷似していることから、数点の元史料をもとに数字が伝えられ、誤記により変化した考えられる。
- However, since the figures remain oddly similar over time, it is thought that they were plagiarized from several historical documents, but changed over time through mis-transcription.
- 蒙古国書への返書を巡り朝廷の動向が重要視されるようになると鎌倉は京都を警戒するようになっていたとも考えられている。
- It is thought when the reaction of the Imperial Court to the Mongol letter was regarded as important, Kamakura became more wary of Kyoto.
- 『吾妻鏡』における義時の重忠擁護、重忠の過剰な賛美記事は武蔵の英雄を滅ぼした北条氏弁護のための作為と考えられている。
- It is thought that the entries that referred to Yoshitoki's protection of Shigetada and excessive praise of Shigetada in the 'Azuma Kagami' were made up to defend the Hojo clan, which had destroyed the hero of the Musashi Province.
- 古代中国において周辺諸国を「化外」という意味で「蕃」と呼称したものが、日本でもこれを模倣して用いたと考えられている。
- In the ancient China, the surrounding countries were referred to as 'Ban' meaning 'Kegai' (out of state reign), which Japan is believed to have imitated.
- (ただし、後世においても例外的に実子が無かった場合に猶子を相続人にする例も存在したが、これは特例として考えられる。)
- (Though in later years there were some cases that a parent had no real child and Yushi became heir, they were regarded as exceptions.)
- 事件によって有力な活動家が拘束され、また、活動を行うと逮捕されるかもしれないという不安からったと考える研究者がいる。
- Some researchers say it was because leading activists were arrested at the Incident and because peasants were afraid that they might also be arrested.
- これに対し、第5回、第6回押出しが行われており、鉱毒反対運動の弱体化は、事件や裁判とは関係ないと考える研究者もいる。
- However, some researchers say the Kawamata Incident or the trials of the Kawamata Incident had nothing to do with weakening of the opposition movement because two demonstrations, the fifth and the sixth, were staged after that.
- まして、政治的には大変な時代であり、しかもその中心にいた後白河法皇その人の事績であると考えると、驚嘆せざるを得ない。
- Beyond that, it was politically difficult times, and it's amazing considering it was the achievement of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa who was in the center of it.
- そのような様々な種類の「物語」中から、現代において文学作品と認められうる、現存する「物語作品」が残ったと考えられる。
- It is considered that existing works of monogatari,' which are recognized as literature today,were those that survived among the various kinds of 'monogatari.'
- これは、異なる系統の本文を安易に比較校合の対象とするべきではないとする池田亀鑑の考えを反映したものであると見られる。
- It is considered that this reflected the idea of Kikan IKEDA, that the texts in the different lines should not been compared and collated easily.
- が、鎌倉時代に存在する書物を集めた記録では「舎人親王撰 帝王系図一巻」とあり、このころまでは存在したとも考えられる。
- However, among the records which gathered books existing in the Kamakura period, there is a record that 'Selected by Imperial Prince Toneri, one volume of imperial genealogy,' so that it can be thought that it had existed until this time.
- 現在のサラブレッドなど(体高約170センチ)に比べれば、甲斐の在来馬をはじめ当時の馬は小型であったと考えられている。
- The horse of the time, including the one indigenous to Kai Province, was presumably smaller than the modern thoroughbred (which is about 170 centimetres tall).
- 「当色」は、位階相当の色として、五行思想に基づいた五常の徳目(仁・礼・信・義・智)の青・赤・黄・白・黒が考えられる。
- The 'colors' mentioned in the 'Nihon Shoki' are believed to have been blue, red, yellow, white, and black corresponding to the five Confucian virtues (charity, courtesy, sincerity, justice, knowledge), which was based on the Wu Xing (Five Phases).
- 全国どこでも一律に律令通りの施政がなされることが律令制の理想ではあったが、それが貫徹されていたとは考えられていない。
- The ideal was for the Ritsuryo system to be uniformly enforced across the country, but this was not necessarily realized.
- ムラの内部と外部を区別する環濠を形成する目的として、外敵や獣などから集落を守る防御機能を備えることが考えられている。
- It is believed that the purpose of creating a moat to divide the inner and outer space of a village was to protect itself from being attacked by any external enemy or wild life.
- これらは天武の子大津皇子を指すと解釈されており、同時出土の他の木簡から天武10年(681年)のものと考えられている。
- These are thought to refer to Tenmu's child, Prince Otsu, and from other excavated mokkan, it is thought that these were from 681.
- 七支刀(しちしとう)の名は、鉾に似た主身の左右から三本ずつの枝刃を出して計て七本の刃を持つ形に由来すると考えられる。
- It is considered that the name of seven-pronged sword was derived from the shape of sword which looks like a halberd and has seven blades in total; From the right and left sides of the main body, three branch blades stick out respectively.
- ただし、この時期の鉄器は鉄素材を半島から輸入して製作されており、列島で製鉄が見られるのは古墳時代後期以降と考えられる。
- However ironware during this period were made from iron imported from the peninsula and iron making in Japan Archipelago is said have started after the end of the Kofun period.
- 収録される太政官符・宣旨のなかに、『類聚符宣抄』には収録されないものもあるため、独自に編集されたものと考えられている。
- But, it is believed to be edited originally since some Daijokanpu and imperial decrees are not included in 'Ruiju fusensho'.
- また、いつまでも藩を存続させておくことは日本の政治的な統一を妨げる原因の1つになると考えて一刻も早い廃止を望んでいた。
- Also keeping up han will be one of the causes to hinder Japanese political integration so Hirobumi ITO wanted to abolish the system as soon as possible.
- 編者は弘文天皇の曾孫にあたる淡海三船と考える説が有力である、また他に石上宅嗣、藤原刷雄、等が擬されているが確証はない。
- As to the editor of Kaifuso, the most popular opinion has been that it was the great grandson of Emperor Kobun OMI no Mifune and while other people such as ISONOKAMI no Yakatsugu and FUJIWARA no Yoshio were also considered, it remains inconclusive.
- つまり、自宅より出先の方が軽くて済むのであれば、本来の自宅以外の場所を「自宅」ということにすれば良いという考えである。
- In other words, the idea was that if the practice of Katatagae for travelling to one place to another except one's home should be more lightly treated than that of involving one's home, it was convenient to assume that a place which, in fact, was not one's home, would be 'one's home'.
- 超然主義を取って議会との対立を続けるよりも自らが目指す近代国家の方向性を実現させるための政党結成に乗り出す事を考えた。
- He started to think of forming a new political party that would lead a modern nation that he wished to create instead of supporting transcendentalism and continuing to have a conflict with the Diet.
- せめて朝鮮における覇権だけは保ちたいと考える清は、威信に懸けても朝鮮をめぐる争いで譲るわけにはいかなくなってしまった。
- Qing, which would like to keep the hegemony in Korea, could not give in the battle over Korea at any cost.
- 安土桃山時代に入り大坂が発達し、京都も長らく分離していた上京と下京の宅地が繋がって30万人規模に成長したと考えられる。
- It is considered that in the Azuchi-Momoyama Period, Osaka began to develop, while Kyoto, where the two separated dwelling areas, Kamigyo and Shimogyo, were unified through the gradual development of the contiguous area in between, had grown into a city of some 300,000 people.
- 船上に設置された箱の中には行者が乗り込むことになるが、この箱は船室とは異なり、乗組員が出入りすることは考えられていない。
- Practitioners get in the box on the boat, which is not designed for the crew members to move in and out.
- 本項目で採り上げられている贈与と和解はともに和い与える性格を有しており、後に両方の意味を持った背景として考えられている。
- Both gift and settlement discussed in this section have the nature of providing benefits through agreement or compromise, and this is probably why the term came to have the two meanings later.
- これについては、公家領や寺社領に関する訴訟を扱ってきた公家社会が年紀法自体に否定的な姿勢を示していたとする考え方もある。
- Some think this shows that the Court noble society, which handled the lawsuits about the territories of the Court nobles, temples and shrines, had a negative attitude against the Nenkiho itself.
- 魏から女王たちに贈られた品々や位が、西のクシャーナ朝に匹敵する最恵国待遇であり、小領主へ贈られたものとは考えにくいこと。
- Gifts and ranks given by Wei to the queen and her people represented 'most favored nation' treatment, comparable to that given to Kusana in the west, and it is difficult to imagine this in the case of a small feudal ruler.
- この状況に大隈は落胆し、30日に現職在任のままで兼務していた会計官副知事(由利の後任)を辞任することも考えるようになる。
- OKUMA was disappointed with this situation, and on the 30th, he began to think about resigning his post as a finance office vice prefectural governor (successor to Yuri), which he held along with his present post.
- 清朝が国際法を学び遵守するのであれば、再度大規模な砲艦外交に頼らずに交渉のスムーズ化と安定化を図れると考えたためである。
- This was because they thought that if the Qing dynasty would learn and abide by international law, it would be possible to make negotiation smooth and stabilized without using large-scale gunboat diplomacy again.
- 詳細な位置は発掘調査がなされておらず確定していないが、福井県敦賀市南部の山間部の北陸道沿いなどにあったと考えられている。
- Precise location is undetermined because excavation and research have not been undertaken, but it is considered to have been along the Hokuriku-do Road in a mountainous area in southern Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture.
- もっとも、どの人物がモデルであったとしても、その人物以外の他の平安貴族の故事なども用いて脚色されていると考えられている。
- Even if the character was modeled after a real person, other stories concerning court nobles during the Heian period seem to have been added.
- このことから、増補されたと考えられる時期に同職を務めた源雅定(あるいは前任の藤原家忠)が増補者であろうと推測されている。
- Accordingly, it is assumed that probably MINAMOTO no Masasada (or his predecessor FUJIWARA no Ietada), who served as the master of the Empress's household during the period when Okagami is thought to have been expanded, was responsible for the additions.
- この太刀の出土した場所などから、額田部臣は出雲臣と同族であり、その地域の部民(べみん)の管理者であったと考えられている。
- Considering the place where this long sword was excavated, Nukatabe no Omi and Izumo no Omi belonged to the same family, and he seems to have been a supervisor of bemin in the area.
- 津軽海峡に面した台地上に立地するこの遺跡では、漁労活動が盛んに行われ、長期にわたる定住生活を営むことが出来たと考えられる。
- The Nakano B remains were located on the plateau facing the Tsugaru Channel; therefore, it is assumed that sustaining a sedentary life over a long period of time was possible since the fishing was the activity pursued.
- 『符宣抄 別巻』と題されたこともあったせいか、『類聚符宣抄』との関連、例えば、『類聚符宣抄』の別本とも考えられなくもない。
- Since it was titled as 'Fusensho Separate volume', it can also be considered to be related to 'Ruiju fusensho', for example, a separate book of 'Ruiju fusensho'.
- 当時の交通事情を勘案すると第七版がアジアにもたらされたのは刊行年より非常に遅く、実際には参照が難しかったと考えられている。
- Taking transportation condition at that time in consideration, however, arrival of the seventh version in Asia was very late compared to the year of publication, it is understood that the reference to the seventh version was difficult.
- 天智天皇の頃に近江宮を東国から防衛するために設けられたとされ、郡衙や軍団 (古代日本)と同等以上の規模だったと考えられる。
- It is considered to have founded to protect Omi no miya from Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) in the period of Emperor Tenchi, its scale could have been either equaling or surpassing gunga (county government offices) and gundan (military service).
- 1905年、チャウは日本に渡って武器援助を仰ごうとしたが、武装蜂起の考え方を批判され、代わって人材育成の重要性を説かれた。
- In 1905, Chau went to Japan, where he sought military aid from Japanese and Chinese revolutionaries for Vietnamese cause, however, they criticized him for his idea of resorting to armed uprising and urged on him the importance of human resource development.
- 欧米の諸制度・思想を紹介して、それを文明国標準とする一方で、旧来既存の日本の考え方や制度に批判を加えようとする姿勢である。
- It was a stance to criticize the conventional way of thinking and system in Japan while it introduced the systems and thoughts of Europe and America and considered them as the standard of civilized country.
- 完成から出版までに22年もかかったのは、内容を改編する必要性と当時の吉川家中、上方情勢を見極めていたためと考えられている。
- 22 years passed between when it was finished and when it was published; this is thought to be due to the fact that a certain amount of time was necessary to revise the contents in light of the then-current circumstances of the Kikkawa family and the situation in the Kamigata region (the area surrounding Kyoto and Osaka).
- (奥入に第一次奥入と第二次奥入の二つがあることなどから、現在では定家自筆本は少なくとも2種類あるとする考えが有力である。)
- (Today the dominant opinion is that at least two manuscripts by Teika's own hand existed, considering that there are two kinds of Okuiri, the first and the second.)
- 37巻とする数え方は仏体37尊になぞらえたもので、28巻とする数え方は法華経28品になぞらえたものであると考えられている。
- It is thought that the idea of 37 chapters was based on 37 Buddha statues, and the number 28 came from 28 Hokekyo (the Lotus Sutra).
- 那須は「日本人の心に昔から根づいていた怪奇なものへの憧れといったものを現代に再現できないだろうか」と考え、執筆したという。
- He asked himself, 'Is it possible to reproduce the yearning for mystery that Japanese people have held in their minds since old times?,' and he is said to have written them.
- 文永の役の理由については南宋への牽制であり、少なくともクビライは最初から日本侵略を望んでいたわけではないと考えられている。
- The reason for Bunei no Eki is considered to have been to warn against the Southern Sung Dynasty, and at least, in the beginning, Kublai did not desire to invade Japan.
- これらは、冠位十二階に組み込まれなかった大臣 (日本)(おおおみ)などを冠位制の序列に組み込もうとした試みだと考えられる。
- These revisions are considered to be attempts to fit hereditary titles, such as O-omi, that had been left out of the twelve cap ranks into the hierarchy of the system.
- 以上のように、白村江の敗戦は、倭国内部の危機感を醸成し、日本という新しい国家の建設を結果としてもたらしたと考えられている。
- It is believed that their loss at the Battle of Hakusukinoe fostered a sense of danger for Wakoku, which resulted in the building of a new nation called Japan.
- 忠棟は朝鮮に出陣しておらず、忠恒らは補給不足の原因が忠棟にあると考えていたことなどもあり島津氏家臣からも深く恨まれていた。
- Tadamune didn't go to Korea, so he was blamed for the insufficient supplies for Tadatsune and was borne a grudge against by the other vassals of the Shimazu clan.
- これらの書物は比較的短文で、また勝手な解釈を混入させるに適当な内容の書物であったため、利用されるに至ったと考えられている。
- It is considered that the books were adopted because they were composed of relatively short sentences and the descriptions allowed readers to interpret them at their discretion.
- 地名の語源は諸説あるが、江は川あるいは入江とすると、戸は入口を意味するから「江の入り口」に由来したと考える説が有力である。
- Although there are many theories on the etymology of the Edo as a place name, the theory that the Character 'e' [江] refers to a river or mouth of a river, and 'to' [戸] as a gate or theshhold and hence 'entry to a river' has been widely accepted.
- この地方という考えは儀式としての相撲における土俵(古来四角であった)に現れていたが、現在ではその特性を失われ円になっている。
- The concept of Chiho (rectangular ground) was represented in the dohyo (ring) (which was rectangular in old times) of sumo as a ritual, but it shapes round today as it has lost the original meaning.
- 大隈や伊藤は当初、贋金貨100両に対する実際の価値を20両前後と見て、それに多少上乗せをして25両で引き換えることを考えた。
- In the beginning, OKUMA and ITO evaluated that 100 counterfeit ryo had around 20 ryo worth actually, so added a little more to this to exchange it for 25 ryo.
- これに対して同書は板垣監修の書であり、仮に板垣自身が関与したとしてもその事実を記載をするとは考えにくいとする史料批判がある。
- Others, however, have criticized ITAGAKI's account on the basis that he himself edited the book and so is an unreliable source.
- そのため公家法に年紀についての考えが全く存在しなかったのか、実務上においては年紀が考慮されていたのかについては定かではない。
- Therefore it is unclear whether the idea about Nenki did not exist at all in the Court noble law, or Nenki was considered on a practical level.
- 鉄板では海水によって腐食するため長期の運用は不可能であり、そのため銅板に換えたと考えられ、鉄甲船からの順当な発展型と言える。
- Iron plates would become eroded so easily by sea water that they were unfit for a long-term use, therefore, they were substituted by copper plates, which can be said to have made a reasonable development from a tekkosen.
- 現存する『源氏物語』の写本のうち、ほぼ全巻が揃い、「青表紙本」系統の本文を持つものとしては最良の写本であると考えられている。
- Among the surviving manuscripts of 'Genji Monogatari,' it has almost all chapters in it and is considered as one of the best among the manuscripts of the 'Aobyoshi-bon' (Blue Book) line.
- 補任は任命者による恩恵であると考えられており、補任された者は任命者に対して成功 (任官)や礼銭を贈ることが礼儀とされていた。
- Bunin was considered as a benefit brought by an appointer, and therefore, the person who was appointed was expected to give the appointer jogo (ninkan) (recruiting officials for court works and spending the money they paid for the post for the work expenses) or rewards as a manner.
- このほか、中国の典籍(『後漢書』『白氏文集』など)との類似点も多数指摘されており、これらの影響を受けていると考えられている。
- Moreover, the resemblance to the Chinese classical books ('History of the Later Han Dynasty,' 'Bai-Shi Wen Ji,' and so on) has been pointed out by many people, so the tale seems to have been affected by these books.
- 「新撰姓氏禄」には、ところどころ「日本紀合」という記述があるが、これは失われた系図部分と照合したものであると考えられている。
- In 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (New Selection and Record of Hereditary Titles and Family Names) there are some descriptions of '日本紀合' (Nihongi go) which is thought to be the part verified by the lost part of the genealogy.
- しかし、弥生時代の墳丘墓や古墳時代には墳丘周辺で副葬品のみられない埋葬施設があり、殉葬が行われていた可能性が考えられている。
- However, burial facilities without funerary goods were found in areas around funkyubo (mounded burials) of the Yayoi period and funkyu (burial mounds) of the Kofun period.it; therefore it is thought that Junso was possibly conducted.
- 直弼の嫡男である井伊直憲は有栖川宮家から夫人を迎えており、井伊家は旧譜代大名のなかでは、むしろ厚遇されたと考えるべきである。
- Naonori II, Naosuke's legitimate son, married a daughter of the Arisugawanomiya family, and it should be noted that the Ii Family were rather treated very well among other old fudai daimyo.
- 一方織田信長は石山本願寺と荒木村重の両軍を敵に回すは得策でないと考えたのか、村井貞勝を使者とし石山本願寺に和議を申し入れた。
- On the other hand, Nobunaga ODA might have thought that to make enemies of both of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and Murashige ARAKI and sent Sadakatsu MURAI as an emissary to Ishiyama-Hongan-ji Temple for making overtures of peace.
- 元寇では過重な軍役に比して所領の加増が少なかったことが鎌倉得宗への不満として蓄積し、鎌倉幕府滅亡の遠因になったと考えられる。
- Since the territory was not increased as much as excessive military services imposed during the Mongolian Expeditions against Japan, dissatisfaction built up among the samurai retainers with the the head of the Hojo clan regent of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which supposedly formed a remote cause of the fall of the Kamakura bakufu.
- このことから、四道将軍が創作された神話ではなく、実際に伝承された祖先伝説を元に構成されたことを示しているとも考えられている。
- This explanation may show that the tales of Shido-shogun are not fictional but composed of ancestral legends which were actually transferred by the forebears.
- 沙沙貴山君一族は、平安時代までその勢力を保っており、いわゆる宇多源氏の佐々木氏の、少なくとも一部を構成したと考えられている。
- It is thought that the family Sasakiyama gimi, which maintained power until the Heian period, was at least a part of the Sasaki clan from the Uda-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 「江戸」という地名は、鎌倉幕府の歴史書『吾妻鏡』が史料上の初見で、おおよそ平安時代後半に発生した地名であると考えられている。
- The first written record pertaining to the name 'Edo' first appeared in 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), a Kamakura-bakufu (c.1185 - 1333) history, but the name itself is said to be a place name that emerged in the latter half of the Heian Period (794 - c.1185).
- ただ同時に見逃せないのは、この事件の背景に専制を強める将軍およびその近臣勢力と東国有力御家人との対立が考えられることである。
- One thing that should not be ignored at the same time is that, behind this incident, there could be a conflict between the shogun trying to strengthen a tyrannical control and his trusted vassals and the senior vassals in the togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) existed.
- 「女論」の詳細は『将門記』に欠落があって不明だが、前常陸国大掾源護の娘、もしくは良兼の娘を巡る争いであったと考えられている。
- The details of the dispute are not clear due to a missing part in the 'Shomonki' (The Chronicle of Masakado), but the subject of the dispute is believed to be either the daughter of MINAMOTO no Mamoru, the former Daijo (an official of the Third Rank) of Hitachi Province or the daughter of Yoshikane.
- 石篦(いしべら)は剥片石器の一種で、木や骨の切削や獣皮の皮なめし、一部には土掘りの道具として使われたと考えられるヘラ状の石器。
- A stone spatula is a kind of flake stone tool in a spatula-like shape, and it is considered to be used for cutting trees or bones, tanning animal skins, or maybe digging ground.
- 『後撰和歌集』まではあまり採られることのなかった人麻呂ら万葉歌人の作が、『拾遺集』になって急増するので、関連が考えられている。
- Poems by Manyo poets such as Hitomaro were not included until 'Gosen Wakashu' (Later Selected Collection of Japanese Poetry), but in the period of 'Shuishu' (Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poems) the number of poems suddenly increased, and this is considered relevant.
- 遅くても奈良時代後期には民間による貿易関係は成立していたとされ、新羅・渤海国などを中継した貿易関係も存在したと考えられている。
- It is said that the private trade relationship came to exist in the late Nara period at the latest, and also the trade relationship that relayed Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom) and Bo Hai seems to have existed.
- 長い時間で見た場合、古代家産制を継承した家司制度が平安時代の変質を通じて中世主従制へと転換していったと考えることが可能である。
- In the long term, it is likely viewed that the Keishi system inheriting the ancient family property system came to be converted into the medieval master-servant system through the transformation in the Heian period.
- 「五月丙午(へいご、ひのえうま)」とは、盛夏を意味し、刀剣や鏡などの金属器を造る時、太陽から火を採る最適の日と考えられている。
- Hinoeuma in May' means the midsummer, which is considered the best day to make fire from the sun when metal utensils such as swords and mirrors are made.
- これによって、天智天皇もしくは天武天皇の時代(7世紀)に創始されたと考えられる「天皇」号は、それ以前にさかのぼって追号された。
- With this, the title of 'emperor' which was believed to have been established in the era of the Emperor Tenchi or the Emperor Tenmu (seventh century) were retroactively given to emperors before them.
- 人には「魂」というものがあると信じられ、熟睡したり悩み事に屈託したときには衰弱した肉体からその「魂」が遊離すると考えられていた。
- It was believed that a person possesses a 'soul,' and when he is in deep sleep, or is troubled by something, the soul drifts away from the weakened body.
- 奴国2万余戸、投馬国5万余戸、邪馬台国7万余戸、更に狗奴国といった規模の集落が九州内に記述通りの順番に収まるとは考えにくいこと。
- It is difficult to imagine that settlements on a scale of more than 20,000 houses in Na, more than 50,000 houses in Toma and more than 70,000 houses in Yamatai, as well as Kuna, could fit into Kyushu as these theories suggest.
- そのため、民間からの資本を入れてでも建設をおこなうべきだという声が出たが、実際に鉄道を見せないことにはそれすら進まないと考えた。
- Then, some insisted that it should be constructed even with some private capital, but also they thought that they needed to show people an actual railway in order to attract capital.
- 河内王朝は、瀬戸内海の海上権を握ったことと奈良盆地東南部の有力豪族葛城氏の協力を得たことが強大な河内王朝をつくったと考えられる。
- It is thought that strong Kawachi Dynasty were built by holding the maritime power of the Seto Inland Sea and having the cooperation of the Katsuragi clan, an influential local ruling family in the southeast part of Nara basin.
- 朝鮮において『万国公法』が読まれたのは、国際法における局外中立が朝鮮を取り巻く国際環境に有効ではないかと考えられたためであった。
- 'Bankoku Koho' was read in Korea because people considered that neutrality might be an effective way in the international circumstances around Korea.
- それでも不動穀引継のための儀式は実態がないまま、国司の制度が存在していた南北朝時代_(日本)頃まで継続していたと考えられている。
- Yet it is thought that the ceremony for transfer of Fudokoku did exist although there was no existence of real warehouse until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in which the provincial governor system still existed.
- 縄文後期・晩期になると呪術的な遺物が著しく発達することからも、磨製石斧も儀器や装飾品としての意味合いを濃くしたものと考えられる。
- Because in the end of the Jomon period occult relics developed remarkably, it was believed that ground stone axes increased the meaning as ceremonial vessels and accessories.
- 凹石とは異なり、板状の石材が選ばれることが多く、凹みは主に回転摩擦痕跡によるものであることから、火きり臼であると考えられている。
- Unlike kubomi-ishi, board-like stones are selected as materials in many cases; because hollows mainly resulted from rotary frictions, beehive stones are seen as making fire mortars.
- しかし加納諸平は土地を褒めたたえる詞章が枕詞の原型であろうと(「枕詞考」)考察し、この考えが以降の研究に大きな影響を与えている。
- But Morohira KANO considered the verse for praising the earth highly to be the prototype of makurakotoba ('Makurakotobako'), and this idea has greatly influenced subsequent studies.
- 当時は「河内本ブーム」と評されたほど今となっては過大とも言えるほどに河内本の発見が源氏物語研究への寄与すると考えられていたこと。
- In those days, the discovery of the Kawachi-bon was regarded as a contribution to the study of The Tale of Genji ---it can be said an overvaluation today, though--- and such situation was called 'Kawachi-bon boom.'
- 『周礼』に「公事不私議」(曲礼・下)という文言があり、中国大陸からの律令制の導入とともに用いられた言葉であったと考えられている。
- There is a wording of 'Kujifushigi 公事不私議' (Kyokurai 〔review of rites〕・ Shimo (the second of two volumes) 曲礼・下) in Shurei (Rites of Zhou), so it could be considered the words began to be used accompanied by introduction of the ritsuryo system from the Chinese continent.
- 作者像として、当時の識字率から庶民は考えられず上流階級に属しており、貴族の情報が入手できる平安京近隣に居住していたと推定される。
- Considering the literacy rate in those days, a common man could not be a possible author, therefore it is conjectured that the author would have been somebody who belonged to the upper class and lived near the Heiankyo (the Heian Palace), easily accessing information of the court nobles.
- 府知事・県令は地方税事項については府県会の議決に従うものとされたが、認可すべきでないと考えた場合には内務卿に報告し指揮を請うた。
- Prefectural governors were to follow the decisions made by Fuken-kai regarding issues on local taxes, but if they thought they should not approve the decisions, they reported it to the minister of interior and asked for supervision.
- しかし、この地域は豪族による百済への割譲と新羅の進出によって弱体化し、562年に(もう少し早いと考えられるが)新羅に滅ぼされた。
- However, this area was weakened as a result of its cession of territories to Kudara by the local rulers, and through the invasion of Silla; in 562 (although it is thought to have been earlier than this), they were destroyed by Silla.
- しかしながら、友軍の川尻突入を見て、機逸すべからずと考え、兵を分けて、自ら撰抜隊を率いて熊本城目指して突入し、遂に城下に達した。
- At the sight of the troops on his side charging into Kawajiri, YAMAKAWA made a snap decision that he must not miss the opportunity, divided his soldiers and led the pick of the troops by himself and rushed towards Kumamoto Castle, and entered the castle town.
- また、北部九州や近畿地方などの西日本では、水稲農耕の定着した時期の弥生時代前期末段階で、ムラづくりが共通していたとも考えられる。
- Village constructions were probably common by the end of Early Yayoi period in regions such as northern Kyushu and Kinki, where wet-rice cultivation had been established by that time.
- ただこのように軍事的高圧な姿勢を表面上見せながら、当時の日本は軍費の負担という点からいって、戦争が好ましいとは考えていなかった。
- However, while Japan showed an oppressive military attitude on the surface, Japan at that time thought that the war would not be preferable from the point of military expenditure.
- また『風口』という伝書中に本著の内容が含まれ、その末尾には金春禅鳳の署名があるが、こちらも記述内容の相違から、仮託と考えられる。
- The content of this publication is included in a book entitled 'Kazekuchi,' which also features the signature of Zenpo KONPARU at the end, but this is believed to be false due to the discrepancy in the book's content.
- 総司令部は、その記事に示された「松本委員会試案」は受け入れ難いと考え、自ら憲法改正案を作成し、日本政府に提示することを決定した。
- GHQ rejected the published 'Matsumoto committee draft' and decided to prepare another draft proposal by themselves and submitted it to the Japanese government.
- また一面では、本来太田城を守る存在であった水を使って城を攻めることで、水をも支配する自らの権力を誇示しようとしたとも考えられる。
- In another aspect, it can be also thought that he tried to show his power which could also control water by attacking Ota-jo Castle with water which had fundamentally guarded the castle.
- ヤマト王権が東北から南九州まで全国的に展開したことは、この朝鮮半島諸国との活発な関係・通交が密接に関係していると考えられている。
- It is thought that the Yamato Kingdom's development nationwide, from Tohoku to southern Kyushu, was strongly connected to its interaction with the Korean kingdoms.
- しかし、これらはいずれも王の居所である宮(みや)にすぎず、国家の中心都市である京(みやこ)には至っていなかったと考えられている。
- However, it is thought that these palaces were just the Emperors' residences (Miya) and were not the capitals which were the central cities of the state.
- 甕棺墓は、縄文時代後・晩期の埋甕習俗を下敷きとし、半島から伝来した壷形土器を埋葬容器として採用することにより成立したと考えられる。
- Kamekanbo was based on the manners and customs of maiyo (custom of burial during the Jomon period, dead body, etc. was placed inside a pot and buried) in the end to last Jomon period, and was completed by adapting a jar-shaped vessel from the Korean Peninsula as a container for burial.
- これを直ちに事実とすることには問題があるものの、陶部の工人(陶人)が新羅や百済の出身を多く抱えていたことの反映とみる考え方がある。
- This could not be soon regarded as a fact, but may be considered as a reflection of the fact that many of the Suebe craftsmen came from Silla and Baekje.
- 近年の研究には、公使館の人々を人質として生かし、列強との外交交渉を有利に運ぶ材料として清朝が考えていたという主張をするものもある。
- Some modern studies state that the Qing dynasty was planning to keep people of the legation alive as hostages and use them to make profitable diplomatic deals.
- 江戸時代においては米価と諸色は連動すると考えられていたが、米の増産による価格低迷が享保年間には「米価安の諸色高直」の現象を招いた。
- In the Edo period rice price was considered to link with shoshiki, however, price slump caused by increased production of rice incurred the phenomenon of 'shoshiki-kojiki by low rice price' in Kyoho era.
- 後半は主に出羽において戦闘が継続したが、伊治呰麻呂らの協力もあり、宝亀9年(778年)までには反乱は一旦収束したと考えられている。
- Although fighting continued mainly in the Dewa province for the last half of this period, most rebellions by Emishi/Ezo people are considered to have ceased by 778, partly thanks to the collaboration of IJI no Azamaro and others.
- 形は石斧によく似ているが、文字通り手に握って、土を掘ったり動物を解体したり木を削ったり、その他多様な用途に用いられたと考えられる。
- Akufu resembled stone axes in shape, and Akufu were used for a variety of applications: Literally gripping these to dig the soil, disorganize animals and shave wood.
- 倭の五王の上表文や隅田八幡神社鏡銘、埼玉県稲荷山古墳出土鉄剣銘文などから、5世紀代には文字が日本で使用されていると考えられている。
- Judging from Johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) of the five kings of Wa, an inscription of the mirror of Sumidahachiman-jinja Shrine, and an inscription on an iron sword which was excavated from Inariyama-kofun Tumulus in Saitama Prefecture, et al., it is thought that characters were used in Japan in the fifth century.
- 8世紀半ばごろまで難波の百済郡には、「天皇」が藩屏として冊立する「百済王」の「小百済国」的実体が存続していた可能性さえ考えられる。
- It can be thought that there was a 'small Baekje country' of 'King Baekje' who was installed as hanpei (protector of the emperor) by the 'emperor' at the Kudara County of Nanba until the middle of the eighth century.
- 現存流布本で全40巻だが、16世紀の時点で22巻は既に欠落しており、前後の巻より素材を抜き出して補完しているものと考えられている。
- The extant circulating text has 40 volumes in total, but Vol. 22 had already been lost by the sixteenth century, and it is believed that the present one was completed by taking material from the volumes before and after it.
- 後述する『吾妻鏡』の北条本、黒川本などの原本は金沢文庫本とされ、その金沢文庫との関係からも全体の統括者として考えやすい人物である。
- The original book of 'Azuma Kagami' published by Hojobon and Kurokawabon, which will be mentioned later, is regarded as the Kanazawa Library book, and it is easy to regard these people as unifiers of the whole book in relation to the Kanazawa Library.
- また、『兵範記』によれば、処刑は息子である義朝自身が実行したと考えられるが、物語では鎌田正清と波多野義通によっておこなわれている。
- According to 'Heihan-ki,' he was executed by his son Yoshitomo, but the tale says Masakiyo KAMATA and Yoshimichi HATANO killed him.
- また、国家への強制に基づく条約調印を無効とする国際慣習法上の規範もしくは規則が1905年にはなかったと考える立場からの主張もある。
- There is also a claim from the position in which they think that in 1905 there were no norms or regulations in the international common law which could invalidate a conclusion of a treaty based on compulsion against a state.
- また、後に安倍氏の主流となる安倍泰親のように、中国由来の天文学よりも陰陽道の考え方を重視して天文道の解釈を行っていくようになった。
- Additionally, like ABE no Yasuchika who later became the mainstream of the Abe clan, they came to interpret tenmondo with more importance given to onmyodo than to the astronomy which came from China.
- 貴族官僚として陰陽頭に任じられた人物はいるものの、専門官僚として陰陽道・天文道の官に就いたのは晴明が最初であったと考えられている。
- Although some members of the family had been appointed as onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) as aristocratic bureaucrats, Seimei was the first to be assigned a job relating to onmyodo and tenmondo as an expert bureaucrat.
- 尺は親指と人差指を広げた時の幅であり、元々の寸は尺とは独立に発生したものと考えられるが、周代に尺の10分の1とされるようになった。
- Shaku originated from the breadth between the thumb and forefinger when they are opened, and sun seems to have been invented independently from shaku, but anyway, sun began to be set at the length of a tenth shaku during the age of Zhou Dynasty China.
- しかし弥生時代の開始年代を繰り上げる説に関連してこれを否定するか、あるいは殷から周への政変に関連付ける考えが検討されるようになった。
- However, in connection with a theory to moving up the beginning date of the Yayoi period, whether or not to reject the previous theory, or to relate a new date with political changes of the Yin Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty has been considered.
- 後鳥羽上皇の院政において訴訟対応への強化が図られ、その一環として明法勘文や実務文書作成のための手本として作成されたと考えられている。
- It is believed that this law book was created as an example used for preparing Myobo kanmon (written reports to the Imperial Court by scholars of the law) and practical documents, as a part of the efforts to reinforce responses to lawsuits under the cloister government of the retired Emperor Gotoba.
- 量目は1匁2分(4.5グラム)程度、金品位も五十二匁二分位(84.3%)程度とみられ、これも慶長一分判に継承されていると考えられる。
- Its ryome is likely to be only 1 monme 2 bu (4.5gram) and gold carat is approximately 52 monme 2 bu (84.3%), and it was also inherited by Keicho Ichibuban.
- 元々中国と西欧とでは法に対する観念が全く異なる上に、国際関係についての考え方も大きく違っているため、その作業には大きな困難を伴った。
- The work involved large difficulties because concept of law was completely different between China and western countries, and there was a big difference in the way of thinking about international relations.
- 『義経記』(ぎけいき)は、源義経とその主従を中心に書いた軍記物語で、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代初期に成立したと考えられている。
- The 'Gikeiki' is a war chronicle focused mainly on MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and his retainers, and is believed to have been created either during the Nanbokucho period (Japan's period of Northern and Southern Courts) or at the beginning of the Muromachi period.
- このため、弘安の役で戦争に勝利した暁には屯田を目的として長期的な日本の占領・支配することを意図していたのではないかと考えられている。
- It is considered, therefore, that he would have been thinking about a long-term occupation and ruling of Japan for the purpose of land cultivation after winning the war of Koan no Eki.
- 薩軍は勇戦し、4月9日、再び隈府に攻め入った官軍を撃退したが、弾丸・武器の不足によりこれ以上の戦闘を不可能と考え、赤星坂へ撤退した。
- On April 9, the Satsuma army bravely fought and drove off the government army that invaded Waifu again, but according to the judgment that it could not keep on fighting due to lack of bullets and arms, it retreated to Akahoshizaka.
- これは朝廷に対し恭順の意を表し、新しく成立するであろう新政府において重要な地位に立って、大名連合政権の上に立とうとする考えであった。
- He intended to signale his allegiance to the imperial throne and planed to be on top of the would-be coalition government composed of feudal lords.
- 宣長は「魏志倭人伝」の記述から邪馬台国は九州にあったと結論し、九州の熊襲の女酋長が勝手に神功皇后の使いを偽って魏へ通交したと考えた。
- Considering the description in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, Norinaga concluded that the Yamatai Kingdom was located in the Kyushu District, and a female chief of Kumaso was cultivating friendly relations with Wei under the pretense of Empress Jingu's envoy.
- このため、紀伝道・文章博士そのものは幕末まで続くが、教育学科としての実態が存在していたのは平安時代末期までであったと考えられている。
- Therefore, although kidendo and monjo hakase continued until the end of the Edo period, it is thought that their existence as an actual subject lasted only until the end of the Heian period.
- 彼らは「公卿は官禄は高くても貧しく、我輩の商賈(大坂商人)に手を下くる(へつらう)。世の中に富より尊いものがあろうか」と考えている。
- They believe that 'the aristocracy may be elevated in status but is poor and ingratiate themselves to us Osaka merchants and there is nothing more important in the world than wealth.'
- 土器の生産は集落ごとに行われ、集落ごとに自給自足によりまかなわれたと漠然と考えられているが、土器生産に関する遺構はほとんど事例がない。
- Earthenware was manufactured in each settlement and it is vaguely believed that the material was self-sufficient in each settlement, but there was hardly any case of ancient structural remnants for earthenware manufacturing found.
- 尚この雑分中の鉛の含有率は2~3%と慶長銀と比較して高くなっており、南蛮吹による銀銅吹分けに伴いかなりの鉛が残存したものと考えられる。
- The lead contained in this miscellaneous was 2 to 3%, which means that its containment was larger than keicho-gin, and a large amount of lead must have remained by cupellating method to seperate silver and bronze, a nanban (Western Europe) -style cupellating method.
- それゆえに、鉄資源の入手ルートの支配権を巡って戦争が起こったのではないかと考えられているが、今はまだ考古学的に立証することができない。
- Therefore, a war may have broken out over the control of the iron acquisition route, but it is not archaeologically proved yet.
- 現在ある青表紙本系統の写本の中では定家自筆本や明融臨模本を除けばこの大島本が定家が校訂した本文を最もよく保存していると考えられている。
- Other than the manuscript written in Sadaie's own hand and the Meiyurinmo-bon, the Oshima-bon manuscript is considered to be the one that best conserves the text revised by Sadaie among the existing manuscripts of the 'Aobyoshi-bon' line.
- とりかへばや物語の原型は1180年以前に成立したと考えられているが、その後後世の手により改作が加えられ、現在の形のものが伝わっている。
- It is considered that the original story of Torikaebaya Monogatari was created before 1180 but that it was ultimately rewritten through posterity, having been passed down to the present day.
- そのため、伊行自身による改訂のほかに別人が独立した注釈書にするために編纂するに当たって大幅な内容の取捨選択が行われたと考える説もある。
- For this reason, there is a theory that in addition to the revisions by Koreyuki himself, someone else made significant decisions on what to include when compiling the Genji Shaku into an independent commentary.
- 当初は江戸時代に発行された刊本をそのまま活字化するだけであったが、次第により古い、より原本に近いと考えられる本文を求めるようになった。
- At first, books were only printed in plain type in the Edo period, but gradually versions older and closer to the original handwritten texts came to be requested.
- また『古事記』の天皇崩御年干支を基に、『日本書紀』の年次を探ろうとする考えもあるが、前述の理由により多くの学者の支持を得られていない。
- In addition, there is another idea to define the dates in 'Nihonshoki' based on the Oriental zodiac of the year of emperors' deaths in 'Kojiki,' but it is not supported by many scholars for the above reasons.
- これは、保元の乱を「武者ノ世」のはじまりであるとする『愚管抄』の認識とも一致しており、時代の画期であると考えてられていたことがわかる。
- This perspective is consistent with the assertion of 'Gukansho (essay),' which regards the Hogen Disturbance as the beginning of 'the age of warriors.'
- これが二条天皇の死後のものであることを考えれば、仮に「旅宿問答」の記述が事実であっても、『保元物語』のことを指しているとは思われない。
- Considering that the article appeared after the death of Emperor Nijo, the account in 'Ryoshuku mondo' can't indicate 'Hogen Monogatari,' even if what was written there is true.
- 以上の内容を考慮して織田家が使用した鉄砲数が通説よりも少ない1000丁だったとみても、当時のことを考えれば十分に特筆すべき数ではある。
- Supposing, on the basis of this, that they used only 1,000 teppo as opposed to the standard figure, this is still a remarkable figure for the period.
- 陰陽道で、ある日ある方向に事を行うと災いが友に及ぶとする「友引日」というものがあり、これが六曜の友引と混同されたものと考えられている。
- In Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), there is 'the tomobiki day' when, if something is done in one direction on the day, a harm will be brought to a friend, which is thought to have been confused with rokuyo's tomobiki.
- これは個々の行政文書の形式で出されていた法令を1つの法典の形式に集積・分類した目録の形式によって公布されたものと考えられたことによる。
- Through this, laws which had been independent administrative documents until that point were brought together into a code and promulgated in the form of a mokuroku.
- これが見世升とか町枡といわれる商業升であり、これは新京升よりやや小さく、古京升に近い量をもっていたと考えられる(寶月圭吾『前掲書』)。
- This masu for commerce, called mise-masu or machi-masu, seems to have been a bit smaller than new kyomasu, and to have had the volume similar to old kyomasu (according to the previously mentioned book written by Keigo HOGETSU).
- そのためには徳目の大意や四書五経の語句を暗誦出来るまでに徹底した反復させる必要があるとして、その考え方を強く反映させた内容となっている。
- For this purpose, he said that they should thoroughly repeat the virtuous phrases of 'Shishogokyo' until they could recite them by heart, which were strongly reflected in the book as his approach to education.
- 日本では古代からそもそも船の遭難そのものを神罰として捉え、漂流船・漂着船は発見者・救出者によって略奪・捕獲の対象になると考えられてきた。
- Since ancient times in Japan, people considered a shipwreck itself as a divine punishment, so that any ship drifting or drifted ashore might be looted and captured by a person or persons who found it or rescued somebody from it.
- 考古学的な見地からは、平群氏の奥津城とされる平群谷古墳群(平群町に所在)の変遷を考えると、同氏の台頭は6世紀中期以前には遡れないという。
- According to archeologists, when they see the changes of Heguridani-kofun Tumulus Cluster (located in present Heguri Town) which is said to be the okutsuki (Shinto tomb) of the Heguri clan, the emergence of the Heguri clan cannot be traced before the middle of the sixth century.
- 貿易を通じて商人から得たのか、あるいはベトナムは朝貢使節を清朝に派遣していたので、そのときに買い求めたものかもしれないと考えられている。
- It is considered that it was brought by merchants or bought in China and brought back to Vietnam by tributary delegates, which Vietnam sent to the Qing dynasty.
- この3分類法はいろいろな別の分野での研究結果とも一致すると考えられたこともあって、説得力のある見解として広く受け入れられるようになった。
- These three groups came to be widely accepted as a plausible view, and were considered to be in accordance with the study in various respects.
- 神呪寺城、鷲林寺城とは三好長慶時代、越水城の支城となっており、この戦い時には越水城は廃城となり有岡城の支城となっていたと考えられている。
- Kannoji-jo Castle and Jurinji-jo Castle were subsidiary castles of Koshimizu-jo Castle at the age of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI and, because Koshimizu-jo Castle had been abandoned already before the time of this war, it is understood that those castles were subsidiary castles of Arioka-jo Castle.
- 特に、季長と対峙する3人の蒙古兵(上の画像)は同じ絵巻の他の蒙古兵と装備や絵のタッチが明らかに異なり、近世に加筆されたと考えられている。
- Especially the three Mongolian soldiers standing face to face with Suenaga (refer to the picture above) are thought to have been added in the early-modern period, because they are apparently different in their equipages, or depicted in different ways from other Mongolian soldiers in the same picture scrolls.
- また、当初の伊藤は政党内閣は事実上主権(国体)が天皇から政党に移るから認められないと考えていた(もっとも、伊藤は後に立憲政友会を結党)。
- Also, at that time, Ito thought that a political party cabinet was not acceptable because it meant that the sovereign power (national structure) would in effect shift from the Emperor to a political party (yet Ito established the Rikken Seiyukai Party later on.)
- これは、埋葬姿勢の差異に由来するものと考えられる(縄文時代の土壙墓には屈葬が多く認められる一方、弥生時代の土壙墓は伸展葬が一般的である)。
- This was due to the difference in burial posture (Crouched burial are often found in a hole-shaped grave during the Jomon period, on the other hand full-length burial was common in a hole-shaped grave during the Yayoi period.)
- 日本の官司の原型はヤマト王権(大和朝廷)の行政事務を複数の伴造が分掌して部民を動員・管理して業務を遂行した組織体であったと考えられている。
- The prototype of kanshi in Japan is thought to be an organization in which several Tomonomiyatsuko (chiefs of various departments at the Imperial Court) shared the affairs of public administration of Yamato dynasty, mobilized and managed their Benotami (officers and people serving the Yamato dynasty) in order to perform duties.
- その原点は朝鮮半島からの渡来人技術者に由来すると考えられ、大化の改新以後の部民制再編によって成立し、主として軍事的技術面で朝廷に奉仕した。
- Zakko, with its starting point likely being toraijin (people from overseas who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) engineers from the Korean Peninsula, were established by the reorganization of the bemin (members of Be) system after the Taika Reforms to serve the Imperial Court mainly with military techniques.
- 漁業面では切目石錘(石を加工して作った網用の錘)の使用が特徴であるが、これは関東の土器片による錘の技術が伝播して出現したと考えられている。
- In terms of fishery, the use of stone sinkers with slits (the sinkers for nets shaped out of stone) was the characteristic of the region; it is assumed that the technique of using earthenware sinker pieces in the Kanto region was handed down and lead to the use of the stone sinkers with slits.
- その国際法を(『万国公法』の訳出を介して)中国に普及することで、西欧を夷狄視する中華思想的思いこみを徐々に是正していこうと考えたのである。
- He intended to correct gradually assumption by Sinocentrism that deemed the western world as iteki by making international law widely understood in China (through translating work for 'Bankoku Koho').
- 入道は源氏を邸に迎えて手厚くもてなし、かねてより都の貴人と娶わせようと考えていた一人娘(明石の御方)を、この機会に源氏に差し出そうとする。
- The Akashi Priest invited Genji to his residence and treated him hospitably, and tried to present his only daughter (Lady Akashi), who he had been thinking of marrying to a nobleman in the capital since long ago, to Genji.
- しかしながらいずれも確証があることではなく、何より軍記物語の生成・成長過程を考えると、特定の作者を想定することが有益とは言えないであろう。
- However not every opinion is based on evidence, and first of all, given the process involved in compiling a military chronicle, there is little use in attributing the work to a particular author.
- 七世紀末~八世紀初めに、滅亡後に移住した百済の王族、貴族が、持ってきた本国の史書から改めて編纂し直して天皇の官府に進めたと考えられている。
- It is thought that the royal family and nobles of Baekje who moved to Japan after it was subverted from the end of the seventh century to the beginning of the eighth century compiled the history book of their home country again and presented it to the government of the emperor.
- 本格的に侵攻し領土とする、または服属させるには、3万人程の人数で、当時の主力武器である弓の矢がすぐに尽きる程度の準備で来るとは考えにくい。
- It is difficult to believe that it seriously tried to invade and conquer, or subject, with only about thirty thousand men and such a small number of arrows that soon run short, which was the main weapon of that time.
- 『阿含経』などもっとも古いと思われるものでも早くて紀元前4世紀、それから長い時間をかけて、徐々に結集として編集されたものと考えられている。
- The oldest transcription such as 'Agonkyo' is from the 4th century BC, at the earliest, and it is thought that the transcription was edited to match the style of collection over a long period of time.
- ただし、埼玉県の稲荷山古墳から出土した鉄剣には「獲加多支鹵(わかたける)大王」とあり、大王号も併用されていたのではないかと考えられている。
- However, on an iron sword excavated from Inariyama-kofun Tumulus in Saitama Prefecture, it says 'Wakatakeru okimi,' and it is thought that the title okimi was also used.
- 「丈」は元々は成人男性の身長を基準とした身体尺であったと考えられる(「丈夫」は元々は身長1丈の男の意で、そこから一人前の男の意となった)。
- It would appear that 'jo' was originally the measurement unit of body length based on the length of adult male ('jobu' (丈夫) originally meant a man whose height was 1 jo [1.8 meters those days], whence it came to mean fully grown man).
- これらのことから、北家主導下で光仁擁立→他戸立太子が行われた事と式家への政権移行後にその廃太子が行われた事には矛盾は無いと考えられている。
- Therefore, it is thought that there was no contradiction between the enthronement of Emperor Konin and the Crown Prince Osabe carried out under the leadership of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan and the dethronement of the Crown Prince after the change of political power to the Ceremonial House.
- 一方銅鐸も半島から伝わったと考えられるが、持ち込まれた製品と列島で作られた製品とは形態にやや差があり、列島での生産開始過程はよくわからない。
- On the other hand, although dotaku is thought to have been introduced from the Korean Peninsula, there was a difference in forms of introduced and manufactured products, and the process of manufacturing in Japan Archipelago is not known.
- が、近年の研究では、必要によっては詔や太政官奏など天皇から出された命令全般が対象となり、かつ在京諸司に対しても出されていたと考えられている。
- However, the recent study shows that all the orders issued by the Emperor including mikotonori (imperial decree) and Daijokanso (report to the emperor from Daijokan) were subject of study as needed, and that it was also issued to the officials staying in Kyoto.
- これを農民らに負担を強いるようしむけたものだと考える研究者もいるが、差し戻し審を前回と別の裁判所で行うのは当時の慣例だったという主張もある。
- Some researchers say the trial was held at a court different from the previous court because that would put a greater burden on peasants, but other researchers say it was customary to hold trials at a different court in those days.
- 従って、「行基図」が実際に行基によって作られたものであるかは定かではないものの、行基とその教団が地図と全く無関係ではあったとは考えられない。
- Accordingly, it is unclear that 'Gyoki-zu' was actually made by Gyoki, but it is unconceivable that Gyoki and his religious community had nothing to do with the map.
- 用途は使用痕の観察から動物の皮や肉、角や骨など動物質の加工や、木や蔦など植物質の加工など、一種の携帯万能ナイフとして用いたと考えられている。
- According to the traces of how they were used, ishisaji is thought to have been used as a kind of portable utility knife to process skin, meat, horns, bone and other animal parts as well as to treat plant materials such as trees and ivy.
- これらのことから、紐を巻きつけて首にかけたり腰にまいたりして持ちはこんだと考えられており、上野佳也は個人所有を明確にしていたと位置づけている
- These facts suggest that people probably were carrying ishisaji around their neck or waist by tying the string around it, and Yoshiya UENO positions it as a manifestation of individual ownership.
- そのことから清和源氏でも満政流や満快流では血縁的に遠すぎ、当時の考え方では同族とは言えないことから、義忠流であった可能性が比較的に最も高い。
- There is a relatively strong possibility that he was of the Yoshitada lineage, because even though he belonged to the Seiwa-Genji, he was a too distant relative to both the Mitsumasa lineage and the Mitsuyoshi lineage, which according to the way people thought in those days, probably meant that they weren't of the same family.
- 作者は、近世、寛文4年に本書が『鴨長明海道記』として、慶長2年の細川幽斎の跋を加えて上梓されていることから、古くから鴨長明と考えられてきた。
- In the early modern period, this book was published in 1664 as 'Kamo no Chomei Kaidoki' with an epilogue written by Yusai HOSOKAWA dating from 1597, and it has therefore long been thought that the author was KAMO no Chomei.
- ここで桐野は官軍による包囲が極めて厳重であり、地形が非常に険しいことから薩軍の全軍が突破することは困難であると考え、熊本城の奪取を提案した。
- Here, KIRINO proposed that they should take back Kumamoto Castle, considering that the siege by the government army was quite tight, the terrain was rugged and therefore, it would be difficult for all forces of the Satsuma army to break through the siege.
- 殉死を禁じる時代もあったが、それは殉死によって優秀な人材を喪失するのを避ける目的や、道徳に反することを恐れて禁ずる目的があったと考えられる。
- There was a time when junshi was prohibited, but it is thought that this prohibition was introduced to avoid the loss of valuable human resources or out of fear of offending public morality.
- 同年10月31日、下野新聞が前年ごろから足尾の木が枯れ始めていることを報じ、これら2つが足尾銅山と公害を結びつける最初期の報道と考えられる。
- On October 31 of the same year, Shimotsuke Shinbun (newspaper) reported that trees in Ashio area had been dying since about the previous year; and those two articles are considered to have been the first reports linking the Ashio copper mine and the pollution.
- 無効論者の多くは本協約について、国家(大韓帝国)と個人(皇帝・高宗 (朝鮮王))の両方に強制と脅迫が加えられたために無効であると考えている。
- Many of the advocates of invalidity think it is invalid because compulsion and a threat were imposed both on the state (The Korean Empire) and the individual (Emperor Gao Zong [Korean King]).
- 倭国における王権形成期とされる弥生時代中期には防御的性格を強め、高地性集落とともに、王権形成過程の軍事的動向を反映していると考えられている。
- As Wakoku was strengthening its position as a kingdom during the mid-Yayoi period, the defensive aspect of moat settlements as well as upland settlements became more evident to reflect the kingdom's military trend.
- 俗称として「文章道」という言葉もまた通用していた可能性はあるものの、「文章道」が公式な学科名として用いられたことは無かったと考えられている。
- The term 'monjodo' may have been used as a common name; however, it is believed that 'monjodo' was never used as an official name for the subject.
- そして、752年(天平勝宝4)もしくは757年(天平宝字元)橘奈良麻呂の変直後に「大倭国」から「大和国」への変更が行われたと考えられている。
- It is considered that the name was changed from '大倭国' to '大和国' immediately after the TACHIBANA no Naramaro Disturbance in 752 or 757.
- 文化・民族・国の根拠を神に依ろうとする発想は世界共通のもので、王の権威は神から授かったのだという考えに依拠する王権神授説などその流れは多様。
- The idea that the cultures, ethnic groups and nations originate in God is universal and developed differently, such as a theory of the divine right of kings in which the authority of kings is thought to be granted by God.
- 江戸時代後期の人口を伝える史料は残っていないが、山城国の人口がほぼ一貫して減少しており、京都の人口も20万人台まで減少していたと考えられる。
- Although no data for the population in the latter Edo period is available, it is supposed that the population in Yamashiro Province was in the consistent decline and the population in Kyoto also went falling to the 200,000 level.
- このように体系性、宗派性が低い事実とあわせ、朝鮮寺は死者儀礼とも無関係であることがほとんどであり、現世利益の祈祷仏教に属すると考えられている。
- In addition to the fact that they are not affected by any systematic or religious influence, Korean Temples have no relation to the ceremony for dead, therefore, it can be considered to belong to Buddhism for prayer, worshipping material benefits.
- 確かに青表紙本や河内本が成立する以前に存在した写本は、すでに失われたと考えられる紫式部の自筆本等を含め、全てこの古伝本系別本ということになる。
- It is certain that all the manuscripts that appeared before completion of Aobyoshi-bon and Kawachi-bon, including the manuscripts in Murasaki Shikibu's own handwriting which have been considered already lost, belong to this old traditional line of Beppon.
- だが、一方で公事に応じることによってそこの共同体(町や村)の構成員としての権利を保障される上での必要な義務として考えられるようになっていった。
- On the other hand, however, it began to be considered that accepting kuji was an obligation to protect their right as a constituent member of the community.
- 『枕草子』は長徳2年(996年)頃から本格的に書かれ、最終稿は長保3年(1001年)から寛弘7年(1010年)の間に完成したと考えられている。
- She put her heart into writing 'The Pillow Book' around 996, and the final manuscript seems to have been completed between 1001 and 1010.
- 同年11月、入鹿は蘇我氏の血をひく古人大兄皇子を天皇に為さんと欲し、そのためには有力な皇位継承権者である山背大兄王の存在が邪魔であると考えた。
- In November of the same year, Iruka felt the need to kill Prince Yamashiro no Oe who had the right of succession to the Imperial Throne since he wanted Prince Furuhito no Oe to be the next emperor who was biologically related to the Soga clan.
- 根来・雑賀衆は、相手がどれほどの大軍であっても、先陣を切って攻めてくる敵の精鋭さえ撃ち倒してしまえばそれで敵を退けることができると考えていた。
- Negoro and Saiga shu thought that they could stand down enemies if they defeated the vanguard elite troops even against a big army.
- 大石は、内心では開城してのお家再興派だったが、これを主張すれば収まりがつかないと考え、最初は篭城を主張して原惣右衛門ら篭城派の支持を獲得した。
- Oishi was in favor of surrendering the castle as a way to restore the clan; however, he thought it would not be accepted by many and therefore he supported the idea of besieging the castle at first and gained support from people such as Soemon HARA who were in favor of the besiegement.
- これに対して、受傷人骨の中でも、明らかに武器によってつけられたと考えられる傷のある人骨の存在は、戦闘の存在を示す証拠として扱うことが可能である。
- Among these human bones with trauma, there are human bones with a clear sign of weapon trauma and they are treated as the evidence of the existence of battles.
- こうした考えを支持する人々・党派を対外硬派(たいがいこうは)と呼び、明治後期の条約改正から日清戦争・日露戦争、韓国併合の時期に最も盛んであった。
- People or parties who support those ideas were called 'Taigaiko Group' and they were at peak over the period from the revision of treaty in the end of the Meiji Period to the Japanese-Sino War, Japanese-Russo War, and annexation of Korea.
- すり潰すための石器である磨石と対になり、ドングリなど種実類の製粉など植物加工をはじめ、顔料や土器の材質となる石の粉砕などの用途が考えられている。
- It is considered that they were used with a mill stone as a pair and were used for grinding acorns or various seeds to produce flour, or for grinding stones to get materials for pigment or earthenware.
- 徳川家としては、今後の遠江攻略を視野に入れると、今回是非とも合戦を発生させて、強力な織田の援軍のいる時に武田を叩いておきたいという考えがあった。
- Seeking to acquire Totomi Province in future, the Tokugawa family was in desperate need of the battle in which to defeat the Takeda family while Oda's powerful reinforcements were still available.
- そのおそらく最初のものは、徳川氏の遺臣を移して北方警備と開墾に従事させようとする榎本武揚の考えで、彼はこの計画を掲げて新政府と箱館戦争を戦った。
- The idea might be first suggested by Takeaki ENOMOTO: He thought of moving surviving retainers of the Tokugawa Clan to Hokkaido and letting them undertake the guard and reclamation of the northern territory, and holding up this plan, fought the Battle of Hakodate against the new government.
- 軍船が他国の河川を無断で遡航することは国際法違反であり、この場合さらに首都方面に行こうとしたことから、日本軍の行動は挑発だったと考えられている。
- Sailing the rivers of foreign countries without permission is a violation of the international laws, and in this case, it was assumed that the Japanese army's act was provocation against Korea, because they were going to the capital.
- ちなみにヨロヅハタトヨアキツシヒメは伊勢神宮の内宮の三神の一人であり(もう一人はアマテラス)、単なる息子の妃では考えられない程の高位の神である。
- Incidentally, Yorozuhatatoyoakitsushi Hime (along with Amaterasu) was one of the three gods of the Naiku (the Inner Shrine) in Ise-jingu Shrine, which names her as a high-ranking god that cannot have been a mere wife of another god's son.
- これは文章博士が紀伝道成立以前からある官である事と「紀伝」を学ぶために設置された官職であった事実との間でバランスを取った結果とも考えられている。
- This can be understood as them trying to keep balance between the fact that monjo hakase existed before the establishment of kidendo and that they were the positions set for studying 'kiden.'
- このことから、当時の実態はヤマト王権が他の首長より優越はしているが強い支配関係にはなく、ヤマトと他地域の連合政権的な性格だったと考えられている。
- From these records, it is thought that although the Yamato Kingdom was superior to other chiefs, it was not a strongly dominant relationship, but rather more like a coalition government.
- 邪馬台国と対立した狗奴国を熊本(球磨)の勢力と比定すれば、魏志倭人伝に登場する狗奴国の官「狗古知卑狗」が日本名の「菊池彦」の音訳と考えられること。
- If it is presumed that the Kuna state, which conflicted with Yamatai, was the group in Kumamoto Prefecture (球磨 [Kuma]), a Kuna officer, 'Kukochihiku,' who appeared in Gishiwajinden, can be thought the transliteration of Japanese name '菊池彦' (Kukuchihiko or Kikuchihiko).
- なお、山城国愛宕郡小野郷(現在の京都市左京区内)も支配下にあったと考えられており、京都市左京区上高野西明寺山の崇導神社内には小野毛人の墓碑がある。
- It is thought that Ono-go, Otagi County, Yamashiro Province (present day Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City) was also under the control of the Ono clan; there is the gravestone of ONO no Emishi in Sudo-jinja Shrine in Kamitakano-Saimyojiyama, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.
- よって、国家に自力で自存・自立しなければ、国際法を利用することができないと考えられるようになり、以後改革に前向きな姿勢が導き出されるようになった。
- Therefore, people recognized the self-existence and independence were essential for a state to take advantage of international law, and reforms were promoted in a proactive manner.
- しかしながら彼らの死後二百年以上経ってからの成立であるため、『義経記』の作者は当事者たちの人柄を、直接的にも間接的にも知っていたとは考えられない。
- However, since it was written more than 200 years after all its main characters' deaths, it is impossible to believe that the creator of the 'Gikeiki' actually had any sort of knowledge, either direct or indirect, of these historical figures' personalities.
- 一方では藤原氏の政権掌握の功績は記述したいが、他方では皇権簒奪の事実は隠匿したいという欲求から生まれた年代・背景を改竄した記事であると考えられる。
- The article was intended to describe the Fujiwara clan's achievements on gaining political power while it was intended to keep the fact of the seizure of power secret, which led to the falsification of the year and the background.
- 通説では前者を増補改訂して後者が作られたと考えられているが、後者の方が先に書かれて後に様々な事情によって一部が削除したものが前者だとする説もある。
- The standard theory is that the latter text was produced by enlarging, expanding, and revising the former, but there is another theory that it was written first, and that the former text was produced from various sections that had been deleted from the latter.
- 「環濠」と「環壕」のルーツはそれぞれ、長江中流域と内蒙古(興隆窪文化)であると考えられており、日本列島では、弥生時代と中世にかけて各地で作られた。
- Water moat and dry moat are respectively thought to have its origin in the midstream of the Yangtze River and in Inner Mongolia (where the Xinglongwa Culture flourished), and were built in various places on the Japanese archipelago since the Yayoi period until the medieval period.
- さらに1987年の球場外野席改修工事で、破壊されたと考えられていた遺構の一部が良好な状態で発見され、残る遺構も同様に残存している可能性が浮上した。
- Furthermore, some of the ancient structural remnants were discovered in good condition when repair work for the outfield bleachers of the stadium was being conducted in 1987, which raised the expectation that other remnants were remaining.
- 正史(特に後述する「断代史」の形式をとる正史)は、その名から「正しい歴史」の略と考えられることがあるが、実際には事実と異なることも記載されている。
- The term 'seishi' (particularly seishi that take the form of danseishi, or dynastic histories, which will be discussed further below) might at first glance be thought to be merely an abbreviation for 'true history' as the two characters used are 'sei' ('correct, true') and 'shi' ('history'), but in fact seishi may include sections where events did not actually occur as described.
- 勝負事に関する内容が多く、「ゲン(元または験)を担ぐ」ことから、元々は賭場の遊び人や勝負師などの間で用いられ出したものではないかと考えられている。
- They are thought to have originally begun to be used among prowlers or gamblers in gambling parlors because many of them are concerned with games and these people 'believed in omens'.
- 岡本の考えは、日露和親条約は条約締結権のない徳川家の家臣が結んだものだから、天皇親政の時代には改めて国境を決定しなければならないというものだった。
- OKAMOTO thought that since a vassal of the Tokugawa family without the right of conclusion of a treaty contracted the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan, the border must be determined anew at the period of direct rule by the emperor.
- 他の三種は「貝」が横広でほぼ字体も同一で郭はほぼ正方形であり、郭の幅により分類されているが中間的なものも存在し、制作上の移行期のものと考えられる。
- The other three types of coins have wider '貝' with similar styles of writing and the holes in the center are square shaped; therefore, they are categorized by the width of kaku (frame surrounding the hole of a coin), but some of them cannot be clearly categorized and are considered to have been made during the stage of transition from one type to another.
- ニコライ2世も「わがロシア帝国と日本との戦争は有り得ない。なぜなら朕がそれを欲しないから」といい、日本は戦争を決断しないだろうと考えていたという。
- Nicholai II said, 'A war between the Russian Empire and Japan is impossible. I do not desire to go to war,' and he thought that Japan would not decide to go to war.
- 今日の法制史の研究者の間ではその存在を否定されており、公家政権(朝廷)に対する江戸幕府の優越的地位を示すために創作された偽書であると考えられている。
- The existence of Kobu-ochoku juhakka-jo is being denied by the researchers of legal history of the present day, and it is assumed that the document was a apocryphal book which was created by the Edo bakufu to display its superiority in social position over the Kuge (court nobles) Government (Imperial Court).
- 1953年(昭和28年)12月、霧島市の向花小学校拡張工事中に刀剣や土器などが発見され、隼人の反乱で殺害された国司の墓所ではないかと考えられている。
- The premises of the Muke Elementary School in Kirishima City is thought to have been the graveyard of the provincial governor who was killed during the uprising of the Hayato people since swords and earthenware were found during the school's expansion work in December 1953.
- (早期は紀元前5世紀半ば頃から)前期は紀元前3世紀頃から、中期は紀元前1世紀頃から、後期は1世紀半ば頃から3世紀の半ば頃まで続いたと考えられている。
- (The Earlier period started from the middle of fifth century B.C.) early period started from the third century B.C., middle period started from the first century B.C., end period started from the first century and lasted until the middle of third century.
- また旅客と貨物の比率について、鉄道側に貨物運用の準備不足もあったが、明治維新直後で近代産業が未発達な時期であり「運ぶ荷物がなかった」事も考えられる。
- The high ratio of passenger to freight transport might have been partially due to insufficient preparation for freight management, but also due to the circumstances where there was 'nothing to transport' since it was just after the Meiji Restoration and modern industries were still underdeveloped.
- The utilization ratio between passenger and cargo was due to the fact that there wasn't adequate preparation to handle cargo and there wasn't enough freight to carry just after the Meiji Restoration Period, when no modern day industries were yet fully developed.
- 以下のことから、漢代から代々中国に朝貢していたのは九州の大王であり、日本列島を代表して中国・朝鮮と交流・交戦していたのも九州王朝だったと考えられる。
- As described below, it is believed that the great king of Kyusyu paid tribute to China for generations since the age of the Han dynasty while the Kyushu dynasty had cultural exchanges with or battles against China and Korea on behalf of Japan.
- 従って、二階堂行光の筆録が一般的にはベースであったとしても、頼家・実朝と北条氏の関係に関する部分では相当の加筆・修整がなされていると考えられている。
- Therefore it is considered that even though the book was generally based on the written records by Yukimitsu NIKAIDO, it contains considerable additions and revisions in its descriptions of Yoriie, Sanetomo, and the Hojo clan.
- 天王寺合戦は島津家の「薩藩旧記」で「真田日本一の兵、古よりの物語にもこれなき由、徳川方、半分敗北」、「家康が切腹も考えるほどだった」などと記された。
- The Battle of Tennoji was described in 'Sappan Nikki' of the Shimazu Family as follows: 'Because the Sanada troop was the srongest troop in Japan, stronger than any troop in stories from ancient times, the Tokugawa army was half defeated', 'Ieyasu even thought of committing seppuku', and so on.
- ヤマト王権が成熟し、大王家を中心として有力氏族の職掌や立場が次第に確定していく中で、各有力者の職掌や地位を明示するために付与されたと考えられている。
- It is believed that they were given to powerful clans to show their ranks and official duties as they began solidifying their positions in relation to Royal Family when Yamato sovereignty became stable.
- 当初、日本が朝鮮の独立を尊重するならば日本が中国を占領してもよいと考えたが、セルゲイ・ヴィッテの登場により極東に艦隊を派遣するなど干渉に乗り出した。
- Originally, Russia took the view that if Japan respected the independence of Korea, Russia would not contend the occupation of China by Japan, but Sergei Yul'jevich Witte changed the policy and Russia began interfering with Japan's affairs by deploying fleets in the Far East.
- 木棺のうち刳りぬき式のものは、巨木を縦に二つに割って、それぞれ内部を刳りぬき、蓋と身とが作られたものと考えられ、「割竹式木棺」と呼び習わされている。
- A hollowed out wooden coffin is called a 'Sakitake-shiki mokkan' (split bamboo type wooden coffin) and made of a big tree which is divided into two pieces; the inside of both pieces is then hollowed out and became a cover and body of the coffin.
- 初期の大学寮においては儒学を教える明経道が中心とされ、律令を教える明法道と算術を教える算道が実務的な観点からこれを補う構造であったと考えられている。
- It is thought that in the early daigakuryo, myogyodo, which was the study of Confucian classics, was centered on supplementary subjects: myobodo to teach the Ritsuryo codes and sando to teach arithmetic, added from practical viewpoints.
- 日本における尊王論とは、『古事記』・『日本書紀』が日本という国家の根拠を示したことに基づいて、日本国の存在の根拠を天皇(神)に依ろう、とする考え方。
- In Japan, Sonnoron is a philosophy that, based on the concept of Japan as the nation defined in the 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), claims that Japan exists because of the will of the Emperor (God).
- このことは、旧幕臣の腐敗こそが江戸幕府の滅亡の原因で維新のために尽力した薩長土肥の若い人材こそが政府に必要であると考える大久保には理解できなかった。
- Okubo couldn't understand Kido's decision because he thought that the corruption among the retainers of the shogun was the cause of the Edo bakufu's fall and young people of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen who strived to bring about the Meiji Restoration should be utilized for the new government.
- 無格社は、法的に認められた神社の中で村社に至らない神社であり、社格を有する神社と区別するために設けられた呼称であるが、一種の社格とも考えられている。
- Mukakusha is shrine which is legally approved but not qualified to be Sonsha, and this term is used to distinguish them from shrines with shrine rankings, but it is also considered as a kind of the shrine rankings.
- 政府による官庁集中計画が立てられると、専門家育成が必要になり、ヨーロッパの中でも日本がめざすべき先進国と考えられたドイツ政府に指導的人物を打診した。
- With a plan to construct numerous government offices and realizing the need to develop specialists in the field of architecture, the Japanese government sought assistance from the German government, an advanced European nation that the Japanese admired.
- 木棺墓は、明確な出自は明らかになってはいないものの縄文文化には認められない墓制であることから半島から渡来した墓制と考えられている埋葬様式の一つである。
- Although it is clear the place of origin for mokkanbo (wooden coffin grave) is not yet known, it is a burial system not found in the Jomon culture therefore it is considered as a burial system introduced from the Korean Peninsula.
- これらを280年以降の製造と考えると、紀年鏡に記される年号が何ゆえに三国時代 (中国)の235年から244年に集中しているのか、整合的な理解が難しい。
- If it is argued that these mirrors were produced after 280, it is difficult to understand why the era inscribed in them was between 235 and 244 during the Three Kingdom Period (China).
- 自らの政治的影響力を保持したいと考えた将軍徳川慶喜はこれを受け入れ、10月13日在京の諸藩士を二条城に招集し、大政奉還を諮問した(翌日、朝廷へ奏上)。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, a shogun who wished to continue to hold his political clout, accepted this theory and convened feudal retainers of local domains living in Kyoto to Nijo-jo Castle on October 13 to consult Taisei Hokan (which was reported to the Emperor next day).
- またこうした自然法を強調する翻訳傾向は総理衙門から派遣され訳書を校訂した4人の章京たちによる語彙選択も影響していると考えられている(張嘉寧1991)。
- It is believed that selection of vocabulary by four government officials who were dispatched from sorigamon and revised translation also affected to this tendency of attaching importance to natural law (張嘉寧1991).
- なお、蝦夷の哲学とは、女性の大虫の周期が日の自転周期に一致する事から、その胎から生まれたなん人にも宇宙の理が備わり、日の恩恵を受けているという考え方。
- Based on the belief that the female menstruation cycle was the same as the rotation cycle of the sun, the philosophy of the Ezo people taught that everyone born by a woman embodies cosmic principles and receives benefits from the sun.
- また、武家政権である鎌倉幕府の性格からの武断的措置であるとする解釈や、対外危機を意識させ防戦体制を整える上での決定的措置であるとする考え方などがある。
- Some also consider that a decision was made, trying to solve the problem by force of arms, taking into consideration the nature of Kamakura bakufu as a military government, or trying to prepare the defense system by alerting its people about a threat from foreign countries.
- 秀忠は同日4日に岡山に着陣し、家康が講和を策している事を知り家康に総攻撃を具申するが、家康は敵を侮る事を戒め戦わずに勝つ事を考えよとこれを退けている。
- Hidetada, arriving at Okayama on 4th of the same day, and knowing that Ieyasu was thinking of pacification, advised Ieyasu to make an all-out attack, however, Ieyasu rejected it, telling him not to take the enemies lightly, but to think of winning without fighting.
- 西郷軍の士気が高かったのは西郷隆盛が総大将であったからだと考え明治政府は、天皇を大日本帝国陸軍・海軍の大元帥に就かせて軍の士気高揚を図るようになった。
- Reasoning that the supreme commander Takamori SAIGO raised the fighting spirit of Saigo's army, the national government in the Meiji period appointed Emperor to the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Army and Navy to raise the morale of the armies.
- この規定では国の正丁人口の三分の一が軍団に勤務することになるが、実際の徴兵はこれより少なかったようで、一戸から一人が実情ではないかとも考えられている。
- Under this statute, one third of the population of Seitei in the nation was obliged to work in Gundan, but the actual number of soldiers inducted seemed to be smaller than that, and it is considered that, in fact, one Seitei was inducted from one Ko (smallest organization unit in provincial administration).
- その根底には、壮麗な都を建設することが、外国使節や蝦夷・隼人などの辺境民、そして地方豪族や民衆に対して天皇の徳を示すことに他ならずとする考えがあった。
- The basis for this decision was that construction of a grand capital would show emperor's virtue to foreign envoys, frontiersmen such as Ezo and Hayato, and local clans and people.
- また「大黒像」、「常是」、「寳」に加えて家紋の一覧沢瀉(おもだか)の極印が打たれた澤瀉丁銀(おもだかちょうぎん)は初期の試鋳貨幣的存在と考えられている。
- In addition to 'daikokuzo','joze' and 'ho', omodaka-chogin where hallmark of family crest of ichiran-omodaka was inscribed was regarded to be the trial of minting coin in the beginning.
- 近年、畿内の弥生時代IV・V期の年代観の訂正により、これらはおおよそ弥生時代後期後半 - 末(V期後半 - VI期)に併行するという考えが主流になった。
- As a result of recent chronological corrections to the Yayoi IV/V period in Kinai, the description is now considered to fall under the latter to the end of the Yayoi period (latter V period to VI period).
- 包丁と名はついてはいるが、一般に魚や肉・野菜の調理に用いられた訳ではなく、米の収穫時にイネから稲穂の部分だけを切り取るために使ったものと考えられている。
- Although ishi-bocho means a knife made of stone in Japanese, it was not used for the cooking of fish, meat and vegetable, and it is believed that the tool was used to cut off the rice ear from rice in the time of rice harvesting.
- 式部省もしくは兵部省が選考して太政官が任命するが、実質的な任命権限は省にあり、更に選考には補任される官職が属する官司の意向も考慮されてと考えられている。
- The appointment was made by Dajokan upon selection by Shikibu-sho or Hyobu-sho (the Ministry of Military), but the ministry substantially held the appointing power, and furthermore, it is considered that the selection was conducted in consideration of an intention of government official who would supervise a government post to subject to Bunin.
- これが小島法師(児島高徳と同一人物か?)などの手によって増補改訂されてゆき、1370年ころまでには現在の40巻からなる太平記が成立したと考えられている。
- That version was revised and enlarged at the hands of Priest Kojima (the same person as Takanori KOJIMA?), among others, and it is thought that the present Taiheiki in 40 books had come into existence by around 1370.
- などがあり、すでに動作しているパーツやドライバが原因の可能性も考えられ、この状態に陥ると、解決を目指すよりも、諦めて構成を変更したほうが良い場合が多い。
- And, it is also possible that some operating parts and drivers are the cause and when the computer falls into such a state, it is often better to change the configuration rather than trying to solve the problem.
- 現在の考古学は箸墓古墳を卑弥呼の墓の最有力候補と見ているから、倭迹迹日百襲媛命(やまとととひももそひめのみこと)は卑弥呼の有力な候補の1つと考えられる。
- According to today's archaeology, the Hashihaka Tumulus is the most probable resting place of Himiko, so Yamatototohimomoso Hime no Mikoto is considered the most likely person to be identified with Himiko.
- なお、絵巻物自体は中世のものと考えられているが、蒙古兵と日本騎馬武者の描写の違いなどから、後世の加筆、改竄、または編纂があったとする説も提唱されている。
- Although the pair of picture scrolls itself is thought to have been made in the Medieval period, some people argue that it was later revised, altered or edited, considering some differences between depictions of Mongolian soldiers and Japanese mounted samurai warriors.
- このことから、狭々城山君の姓は陵戸とは無関係に存在していたと考えられ、実際には仁徳天皇の名代である雀部(ささきべ/ささべ)を祖先とする一族だと思われる。
- Consequently, it is thought that the family name of Sasakiyama gimi would have nothing to do with Misasagi no He but would instead be a family descended from Sasakibe (or Sasabe) owned by Emperor Nintoku.
- 古紙,古着,金物,番傘,屎尿,樽,桶,糠など様々で,江戸時代は最近の研究では,全ての時代の世界の中でも高い水準でのリサイクル社会であったと考えられている。
- The vendors purchased wide variety of things including used papers, used clothes, metal utensils and fittings, coarse oil-paper umbrellas, human waste, used barrels, used wash tubs, and rice bran; according to a recent study, Japan was one of the most advanced society in recycling throughout the history of the whole world.
- ただし、院政期には公家社会における土地を巡る訴訟においては基本的な判断材料とされた証文の有無とともに「多年領掌」「経年序」の考え方も合わせて存在している。
- In the insei period (period of the government by the retired Emperor), however, there existed the ideas of 'Tanen ryosho' (long-term territory reign) and 'Keinenjo' (order over time) as well as the existence of a deed as a basic criterion in lawsuits about lands in the Court noble society.
- またこの隠逸そのものの考え方も時代的変遷が著しいが、大まかに六朝以前を儒家的隠逸、以降を儒家的隠逸と道家的隠逸のせめぎ合いというように分けることができる。
- In addition, although the idea of recluses itself greatly changed depending on periods, it can be roughly classified into the period of Confucianist recluse before the Six Dynasties and the period of rivalry between the recluse of Confucianists and the one of Taoists after that.
- 後深草天皇が退位する1259年で完結し、かつ本文中には「新院」として登場することから原本が完成した時点では次の亀山天皇は未だ在位していたと考えられている。
- Because the book was completed in 1259 when the Emperor Gofukakusa retired and he appeared in it as 'Shin-in' (new ex-Emperor), the next Emperor Kameyama was presumably still on the throne at the completion of the original book.
- 落書(らくしょ)などもその系譜に含めて考えることができるが、独自のジャンルとして発達したのは江戸時代中期で、享保頃に上方で活躍した鯛屋貞柳などが知られる。
- While rakusho (lampoon) can be in the same category, Kyoka was established as a unique genre during the mid Edo period, and among famous Kyoka poets was Teiryu TAIYA, who was active in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) during the Kyoho era.
- 儀鳳暦とは、唐の李淳風(りじゅんほう)がつくって高宗の麟徳(りんとく)二年(天智天皇4年665年)から用いられはじめた麟徳暦のことを指すと考えられている。
- It is thought that Giho reki refers to the Linde Calendar which was devised by Ri junho in the Tang and began to be used since 665.
- そのため、豊臣方の制止を無視して「だまし討ち的に」内堀まで埋め立てたとする通説は俗説であるが、以上のような経緯が誇大に伝えられた結果と考えることができる。
- Therefore, a popular theory is that the Tokugawa side reclaimed even the uchibori 'in a cheating way', ignoring the determent of the Toyotomi side, however, the theory may have come from the results that the exaggerated above-mentioned process has been passed down
- これは、人類の歴史を原始社会→奴隷制社会→農奴制社会→…と類型化したヨーロッパ的な発展史観、なかんづくカール・マルクスの唯物史観に準拠した考え方であった。
- That idea complied with a historical view of European development, particularly Karl MARX's historical materialism, that classifies human history as primitive society to slavery society to villeinage and so on.
- 彼らは「諸侯でさえも貧しい(財政難で多額の負債を抱えた)時節である。貧しいは愧ることではなく、実を置いても立身する(名声を得る)ほうがいい」と考えている。
- They believe that, 'when even feudal lords are poor (having debts due to financial problems), being poor is not a shame and making achievements (winning fame or recognition) at the expense of money is better.'
- 出雲地域に存在する安来・西谷の両墳丘墓集積地には特殊器台形土器と特殊壺形土器し、出雲と吉備の両地域に同盟関係が生まれていたことを示していると考えられている。
- Tokushu-kidai (ceremonial vessel stand) shaped earthenware and tokushu tsubo (ceremonial jar) shaped earthenware were excavated from a concentrated distribution center of Yasugi Grave and Nishidani Grave Mounds, which indicate Izumo and the Kibi region formed an alliance.
- その代替として調及び雑徭などの課役の一部が免除され、また兵役も免除されていたが、品部と比較すると、内容・待遇の両面において重労働に従事したと考えられている。
- In return, they were exempted from part of assignments imposed, such as cho (tributes) and zoyo (irregular corvee), as well as from military service, but it is thought that they were engaged in harder work than shinabe in terms of both contents and treatment.
- この時点では連邦型国家の中でも、ドイツ連邦のような分権型国家か、あるいはアメリカのようなより中央集権を強めた国家とするかという二つの選択肢が考えられていた。
- Two models of federal states were considered at that time and one option was decentralized government of German Confederation and another was centralized government of the United States.
- ひとつは、土地で知行を与える行為を中世のものとみなし、地方知行を中世の制度の名残として次第にそこから脱却して近世的な蔵米知行に移行していった考える説である。
- The first one is the theory that providing chigyo in a form of territory was a medieval practice and chigyo, which was a legacy of the medieval system, was gradually transferred to a form of kuramaichigyo in the early-modern times.
- 例えば『源氏物語』の代表的な補作である「雲隠六帖」が6巻からなるのも、もとからあった54帖にこの6帖を加えて全60巻になるようにするためだと考えられている。
- For example, 'Six Quires of Kumogakure,' a typical supplement of 'The Tale of Genji,' has six chapters, so it has been considered that these six chapters bring the original 54 chapters to a total of 60.
- 寺社に合わせて条坊が建設されることはない、寺社が条坊に合わせて建設されたと考えられることから、太宰府の条坊は観世音寺が創建された7世紀中頃には存在していた。
- The jobo of Dazai-fu existed around the middle of the seventh century when Kanzeon Temple was built because it is believed that temples and shrines were constructed keeping with the jobo constructed earlier, not that the jobo were constructed keeping with the temples and shrines which were constructed earlier.
- 元々、口承説話として伝えられたものが『後漢書』や『白氏文集』など漢籍の影響を受けて一旦は漢文の形で完成されたが、後に平仮名で書き改められたと考えられている。
- Under the influence of the Chinese books like 'History of the Later han Dynasty' and 'Bai-Shi Wen Ji,' the original tale, which had been passed on by word of mouth, was once written down in Chinese, and then it seems to have been rewritten in kana later.
- 前述のような学説は皇国史観の強い影響下に成ったものとする考えから、その反動として戦後の研究では、日本の出先機関が存在したことを否定しようとする姿勢が強かった。
- After the World War II, the studies strongly attempted to deny the existence of a regional office of Japan in the Korean Peninsula on the rebound because the above-mentioned theory was thought to have been born under the strong influence of Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).
- ところが、下記「大宰府(倭京)」で説明するように7世紀の倭の首都は大宰府はであるので、大宰府(倭京)が『隋書』の伝える邪靡堆にある倭の首都のことと考えられる。
- However, as described in `Dazai-fu' (Wakyo) below that the capital of Wa in the seventh century was Dazai-fu, therefore, Dazai-fu (wakyo) is assumed to be the capital of Wa in Yamato, which is stated in 'Suishu.'
- 中国側の認識では条約体制は、それまであった朝貢や互市といった華夷秩序の一部が変形したものとしか考えておらず、国際法もほんの一部分の特例に過ぎないと捉えていた。
- Chinese side understood that treaty system was partially-modified Kaichitsujo based on choko and goshi and acceptance of international law was just a special case.
- 父は下野国守・清原春光(父の名を「顕忠」とする説は、藤原元輔の父と混同した誤りと考えられている)、祖父は内蔵允・清原深養父(元輔の父を深養父とする説もある)。
- His father was KIYOHARA no Harumitsu, the governor of Shimotsuke Province (some people believe his father's name was Akitada, but this is thought to be a mistake caused by the confusion with the father of FUJIWARA no Motosuke), and his grandfather is KIYOHARA no Fukayabu, a senior officer of the Office of the Imperial Household (some people believe he was Motosuke's father).
- 日本の「飴を買う女」の怪談は、南宋の洪邁が編纂した『夷堅志』に載せる怪談「餅を買う女」と内容がそっくりであり、もともとは中国の怪談の翻案であったと考えられる。
- The Japanese ghost story 'A Woman Who Buys Candy' is quite similar to the ghost story 'A Woman Who Buys Rice Cakes' collected in 'Yijian zhi' compiled by Hong Mai of the Southern Song, therefore it might have been adapted from the Chinese ghost story.
- この系統は内閣文庫蔵本をはじめ、いずれも室町時代後期以降の写本であるが、文保本と内容がきわめて近似していることから、もっとも古態を残していると考えられている。
- This lineage of the text was copied after the Muromachi period, including a text housed in the Cabinet Library; moreover, its overall content is quite close to that of Bunpobon, so it is considered to most faithfully preserve the original form.
- 特に、戦後の歴史学に強い影響を及ぼした唯物史観は、発展史観の度合いをさらに強め、古代アジアの社会はアジア的生産様式の中で総体的奴隷制度が行われたと考えていた。
- In particular, historical materialism, which strongly influenced the Japanese post-war historical school, further advanced the historical view of development to consider that ancient Asian society was generally based on slavery in the Asiatic mode of production.
- フランスは、ロシアとドイツの緊張緩和は自国にとっても安全だと考え、さらに1892年にロシアと秘密同盟(露仏同盟)を結んでおり、その実行のためロシアと協力した。
- France cooperated with Russia to enforce the secret alliance with Russia (Franco-Russian Alliance) signed in 1892, and also it considered an easing of tensions between Russia and Germany would bring peace to France.
- 日本で作られたと考えられる古墳時代の他の銘文について字数が多い例は、熊本県江田船山古墳出土の大刀銘75字、和歌山県橋本市隅田八幡宮所蔵の鏡銘48字などがある。
- The other examples of inscription in the Kofun period which seem to have been made in Japan and has a lot of letters are an inscription of long sword (75 letters) unearthed from Eta Funayama Tumulus in Kumamoto Prefecture and an inscription of mirror (48 letters) owned by Sumida Hachimangu Shrine in Hashimoto City, Wakayama Prefecture.
- ただし現代では、神話伝説を歴史的事実の反映であるとして自説にあうようにそれらしく解釈することは水掛け論を生むばかりで、あまり有意義な議論とは考えられていない。
- Interpreting myth and legend as reflections of historical fact, however, can lead to support for any theory, which only paves the way to endless dispute.
- この水攻めの策は中国の春秋時代に晋 (春秋)の智伯が晋陽城を水攻めしたことからヒントを得たと考えられ、低湿地にある沼城の利点を逆手に取ったまさに奇策であった。
- Considered to have taken a cue from an episode in which Zhi Bo during the Chunqiu period in China conquered Jinyang Castle by inundation, the inundation tactic was a clever idea which made full use of the merits of numajiro that was a swamp.
- また、陸続きの隣国が存在せず、また天皇を君主とした国家体制が続いてきたこともあり、隣国との通謀や亡命の可能性が低く、天皇を抜きとした政権転覆も考えにくかった。
- Japan was an island country and with its stable state system with the emperor, betrayal or defection to neighboring countries, as well as overthrowing the government without an emperor, was unlikely.
- なお、実際には家臣などを代官として支配・経営させている場合も多く、実態としては朝廷や幕府を本所や本家あるいは領家とした荘園に近い形態であったとも考えられている。
- In many cases Goryosho was actually controlled and run by local governors and was almost like a manor where Imperial Court and Shogunate took the place of honjo (the administrative headquarters of manor) or of Honke, the head family (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Shoen) or of ryoke (virtual proprietor of manor.)
- 1903年、夕張からやってきた永岡鶴蔵は、夕張にある大日本労働至誠会と同じような鉱山労働者の組織を足尾でも結成しようと考えたが、この時代にはうまくいかなかった。
- In 1903, Tsuruzo NAGAOKA who came from Yubari thought of establishing an organization for mine workers in Ashio, like Dainihon Rodo Shiseikai in Yubari, but it didn't work out at that time.
- 政権の性格は、「鬼道を事とし、能く衆を惑わす」卑弥呼を女王とする邪馬台国の呪術的政権ではなく、宗教的性格は残しながらもより権力的な政権であったと考えられている。
- The nature of the regime is considered not like that of the magical regime of Yamatai-koku Kingdom with Queen Himiko who 'used the art of shaman and often misled the people,' but more powerful government remaining the religious nature.
- つまり、声の出して歌を詠み、一回的に消えていく時代から、歌を書記して推敲していく時代を迎えたことによって、より複雑で、多様な枕詞が生み出されたと考えるのである。
- That is to say, getting out of the time when a poem is sung loudly and disappears at once and entering the time a poem is written down and gets polished are thought to have resulted in inventing more complex and various makurakotoba.
- しかし、長篠合戦に参戦した織田軍の兵力を通説に従って3万、また先述のように参戦しない武将にも鉄砲隊を供出させた史実を考えれば、数千挺ほど用意出来た可能性はある。
- However, the Oda family could have acquired a few thousand teppo, if we take the standard number of 30,000 men deployed by the family, and if we recall the historical fact that they ordered the non-participating busho to provide teppo.
- 『日本書紀』の記述には主語はないが、『上宮聖徳法王帝説』では聖徳太子と蘇我馬子が「共に天下の政を輔けて」と記されていることから、この二人の事蹟と考えられている。
- The 'Nihon Shoki' makes no mention of who established the twelve cap rank system, but from a description in the 'Jogu Shotoku Ho-o Teisetsu' that Prince Shotoku and SOGA no Umako 'together reinforced rule over the whole country,' it is believed that the system was a legacy of these two.
- しかし御成敗式目第8条自体が単に武家社会における年紀法に関する考え方を示したに過ぎず、当時の公家社会において年紀法が採用されていたかどうかとは別次元の問題である。
- But the Goseibai-shikimoku Article 8 itself just shows the idea on the Nenkiho in the samurai society, and whether or not the Nenkiho was adopted in the Court noble society at the time is another issue.
- だが、この命令を実施するために旧雑戸籍の調査を命じているのは、廃止以後公民に編入された旧雑戸の人々に関する把握が行われていなかったことを反映していると考えられる。
- It is believed, however, that old zakkoseki was ordered to be investigated to implement this order, reflecting the fact that the situation of those who were formerly members of zakko and became citizens after the abolishment of zakko was not grasped.
- 義政は弟の義尋を還俗させて(足利義視)将軍を譲ろうと考えたが、正室日野富子に足利義尚が誕生したため、両者の間で継承を争うことになり、応仁の乱の原因の一つとなった。
- Yoshimasa considered making his younger brother Gijin return to secular life (his secular name was Yoshimi ASHIKAGA) and transferring shogun to him, but Yoshimasa's lawful wife Tomiko HINO gave birth to Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, and they conflicted with each other about succession, causing the Onin War.
- しかしながらこの説が主張するように、政治的な粛清に人麻呂があったのなら、当然ある程度の官位(正史に残る五位以上の位階)を人麻呂が有していたと考えるのが必然である。
- If Hitomaro was politically purged as advocated by this view, however, it is logical to consider that Hitomaro had a certain level of official rank (not lower than the Fifth Rank) that should have been recorded in the official history.
- その後の来歴は不明であるが、本写本の全体にわたって複数の異なる筆跡によるおびただしい補訂の後が見られることから死蔵されることなく読まれ続けていたと考えられている。
- Although the history after that is unknown, the manuscript is considered to have been read without being buried because throughout it there are a large number of revisions made by multiple different hands.
- 3代の格は弘仁格の目録を除いては現存しておらず、格の原文がほぼそのまま引き写されたと考えられる「類聚三代格」は、当時の古代法制の実態を知るために貴重な史料である。
- Because those three kyaku books do not exist now except for the index of the Koninkyaku, 'Ruijusandaikyaku' in which original text of kyaku is considered to be copied virtually unchanged, is a valuable historical material to know the actual situation of ancient legislative system.
- 紫式部日記には、寛弘5年(1008年)に源氏物語と思われる物語の冊子作りが行われたとの記述があり、そのころには源氏物語のそれなりの部分が完成していたと考えられる。
- 'Murasaki Shikibu (Diary)' has a description that in 1008 she made a book that seems to have been 'The Tale of Genji,' so it is thought that most of 'The Tale of Genji' was completed around this time.
- 他の公家が経済的困窮のために地方に下る例が後を絶たない中、実隆が京都にとどまることができた大きな理由は、文化人としての収入が大きかったこともあると考えられている。
- While other court nobles couldn't help moving to the local areas, Sanetaka could stay in Kyoto probably because he had a comfortable income from such cultural activities.
- 戦死を肯(がえ)んぜず、挙兵の意を法廷で主張すべきと考えていた別府九郎・野村忍介・神宮司助左衛門らは熊本鎮台の部隊に、坂田諸潔は第四旅団の部隊にそれぞれ降伏した。
- Those including Kuro BEPPU, Oshisuke NOMURA, and Sukezaemon JINGUJI, who did not accept death in battle and considered that they should insist on the meaning of having taken up arms in court, surrendered to a troop of Kumamoto Garrison, and Morokiyo SAKATA to a troop of the 4th brigade.
- また唐の文化や国力、首都長安の偉容や繁栄などを報告したことが、藤原京と長安との差がかけ離れていることを自覚することとなって、遷都を決めた要因となったと考えられる。
- Also, his reporting on culture, power of the nation and the dignity and prosperity of the capital, Changan, of Tang made the government conscious of the large difference between Fujiwarakyo and Changan, which resulted in the decision to transfer the capital.
- そのような幼児が信長や今川氏と渡り合えるはずがないと考えた家臣団は、信康が成長するまでは、替え玉である世良田二郎三郎元信に松平氏の家督を代行させたというのである。
- MURAOKA argues that Motoyasu's followers did not consider the infant to be an equal match for the ODA and IMAGAWA Clans, so they allowed Motonobu SERATA to lead the MATSUDAIRA Clan until Nobuyasu grew up.
- つまりアフリカやアジアの文明は、かつてヨーロッパが遠い過去において経験した発展段階だと考え、ヨーロッパ文明圏以外の人々・地域を「遅れた」「劣った」文明とみなした。
- In other words, civilizations of Africa and Asia were considered as the stage in development which Europe had experienced in distant past, and those civilizations and people outside Europe were regarded as'primitive' and 'inferior'.
- 法隆寺西院伽藍は、かつては聖徳太子の時代の建築と信じられていたが、近代における研究の進展の結果、670年の火災以後、7世紀末から8世紀初めの再建と考えられている。
- Saiin Garan of Horyu-ji Temple was once believed to have been built in the age of Prince Shotoku, but it is now considered, thanks to the development of research in the modern times, that the complex was destroyed by fire in 670 and rebuilt sometime between the late seventh and early eighth century.
- さらに、佐賀県吉野ヶ里遺跡や福岡県筑紫野隈・西小田遺跡などでは、中期前葉の男性甕棺数が女性の倍にも達する事実は男性が戦闘に参加する機会が多いことを示すと考えられる。
- Moreover, the fact that a number of kamekan (earthenware jar-coffin) for males excavated at the Yoshinogari site at Saga Prefecture and Kuma/Nishioda site at Chikushi City, Fukuoka Prefecture is double the number of female's, which is interpreted as the males had more occasion to join in battle.
- 九州説は距離表記が誤っていると考える研究者(「誤記説」、主に東京大学系、白鳥庫吉及び内藤湖南を参照)あるいは榎一雄に代表される「放射説」を取る研究者に多く見られた。
- The Kyushu theory was found among researchers who doubted the description of distance ('the writing error theory,' mainly held in connection with the University of Tokyo; see Kurakichi SHIRATORI and Konan NAITO for details) or researchers who took 'the radial journey theory' as represented by Kazuo ENOKI.
- この、「譜」と呼ばれているものはおそらく源氏物語を読むに当たって役立つ何らかの書き物を表していると考えられるが、具体的にどのようなものであったのかは明らかではない。
- What is called '譜' is probably considered a kind of book which helped to read The Tale of Genji, but it is not clear what it exactly was.
- 皇后の名の中にある「タタラ」とは、たたら吹き製鉄の時に用いられる道具であり、このことは、皇后の出身氏族が、製鉄と深い関係があったことを物語っていると考えられている。
- It is considered that the empress was from a clan which was involved in iron-making because 'Tatara' in the name of the empress was a device used in tatarabuki iron-making (a method of making iron by using a tatara (bellows)).
- 日本各地の寺社の縁起や地方の地誌・歴史書等にヤマト王権以前に九州王朝が定めたとも考えられる「九州年号表」(517年~700年(695年)下記参照)が多数散見される。
- `The list of the Kyushu era' (517 - 700 [695] see below), which is considered to be established by the Kyushu dynasty before the Yamato kingship are frequently appeared in local reports on engi (writing about the history) of temples and shrines or on localities in many parts of Japan.
- 蘇我氏を逆臣として誅滅を図ったクーデターに関しては、元明天皇(天智天皇の子)、藤原不比等(藤原鎌足の子)の意向を受けて「加筆」されたのではないかと考える学者もいる。
- Some scholars think that the description of the coup which aimed to kill the Soga clan as treacherous retainers was 'added,' following the intentions of Emperor Genmei (a child of the Emperor Tenchi) and FUJIWARA no Fuhito (a child of FUJIWARA no Kamatari).
- ただ人欲を人間本来の自然とみる考えを全否定することはなく、それを認めつつ、人欲をコントロールする役目を「理」に与えることにより現実的な政策・思想を構想しようとした。
- The Dongling movement did not deny the idea of considering desire to be innate human nature, rather, it approved the idea, while making 'ri' play the role of controlling desire to establish more realistic policy and ideology.
- 幕藩体制維持のため各藩の拠点は一箇所の城下町に固定化され、更に領外への経済圏の自由な拡大が制約されたため、全国的な拠点とされた三都との間に格差が生じたと考えられる。
- Such a difference between the three major cities positioned as national centers and the rest of the cities is believed to have been deliberately brought about by the bakufu's policy to secure the shogunate system, by concentrating the center of each domain into a single castle town, and by restricting the free economic expansion of the city beyond the sphere of the domain.
- そこから単純に100里+100里=200里が不弥国(大隅半島付近?)と考えると、さらに10日南に水行する邪馬台国なるものは日本列島を飛び越えて太平洋上になってしまう。
- If the journey is simply 200 ri (100 ri plus 100 ri) from Ito, ending up in the state of Fumi (possibly near today's Osumi Peninsula), to then travel south by sea for 10 days would mean that Yamatai is located in the Pacific Ocean, past the Japanese islands.
- このため、遅くても8世紀には陶部は解体して、民間の工人集団に吸収され、朝廷は調や正税交易などの方法で民間から須恵器などの土器類を調達するようになったと考えられている。
- So, Suebe was dissolved and its members were absorbed in a private group of craftsmen in the eighth century at the latest, and the Imperial Court was considered to have been given earth wares including Sueki from private sectors through tributes or exchanges with the rice tax.
- 記録で確認できる最古の例は大坂の役大坂冬の陣の時のことであり、当時江戸城の普請が進行中であったことから、普請と軍役の二重負担に配慮して支給されたものと考えられている。
- The oldest example of Haishakukin that can be confirmed from the record was the one at the time of Osaka Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka) during Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka), at which time, Edo-jo Castle was under construction, therefore it seems that the loan was issued in consideration of the double burden of the construction and the military service.
- 源氏釈は、もともとは独立した注釈書ではなく藤原伊行が所有する源氏物語の写本に頭注、傍注、付箋などの形で書き付けていった注釈を改めて一冊にまとめたものと考えられている。
- It is considered that the Genji shaku was originally not an independent commentary, but rather that FUJIWARA no Koreyuki added headnotes, glosses and tags to a manuscript of the Tale of Genji that he possessed, and later put them together in one manuscript.
- これは儒教的な封建社会において金利を伴う取引が卑しまれた事に加え、こうした取引は相互信頼に基づくものであり本来は内部で解決されるべき問題であると考えられたからである。
- This was because, in Confucian feudal society, it was thought that deal accompanied by interest was vulgar, that it should had been based on the mutual trust, and that it was an issue basically to be settled inside.
- この結果、朱子学とその派生形態である陽明学の中にある、思弁的側面に集中的に研究が加えられ、或はその思弁的側面こそが朱子学ないし陽明学の特徴であると考えられるに至った。
- As a result, the speculative sides of Shushigaku and its derivative Yomeigaku have been intensively studied and these speculative sides are considered to characterize Shushigaku and Yomeigaku.
- ロシアの南下が自国の権益と衝突すると考えたイギリスは危機感を募らせ、1902年に長年墨守していた孤立政策(栄光ある孤立)を捨て、日本との同盟に踏み切った(日英同盟)。
- England became alarmed that Russia's southward expansion could clash with its own interests, abandoned the isolationist policy (Splendid Isolation) it had adhered to for many years, and decided to enter into an alliance with Japan in 1902 (Anglo-Japanese Alliance).
- この当時にイギリスの死刑執行人を務めていたウィリアム・マーウッドが考案した物と金具の形状やロープの長さ、床の開き方などが酷似しており、参考にされた可能性が考えられる。
- The shape of metal fittings, the length of the rope and the way the floor opens are similar to those devised by William Marwood, who served as executioner in England in those days, so it is possible that his method was used as a guide for preparing the Scheme.
- しかし、木戸の説得に押され、また『板垣を在野で放置して過激派と結びつかれるよりも、政府につなぎとめておいた方が、政府への反対運動を分断できる』と考え、態度を軟化させた。
- Nevertheless, he was moved by Kido's s persuasion and also thought that 'instead of leaving Itagaki outside the government to let him join radical groups, he should keep him inside in order to sever the anti-government movement,' and thus he took a softer line.
- それまで法とは、皇帝がつくり制定するものである(「国法とは皇帝の家法」)とする伝統的な考え方が支配的であったが、自然法という皇帝を介さない天与の法という観念が伝わった。
- Although traditional way of thinking which understood that laws should be prepared and enacted by an emperor ('national laws are family laws of an emperor') was dominant until that time, new conception of heaven-sent law without mediation by an emperor was brought in.
- というのも当時の江戸幕府倒壊直後の日本は諸藩割拠状態であって、諸藩をどのようにまとめ上げて統一国家とするかという点において、国家スタイルとして連邦制が妥当と考えられた。
- After the collapse of the Edo bakufu, federal system was considered to be the best way to unify domains, which were defending authority and created a unified nation.
- これを憂慮した島津斉彬・松平慶永・徳川斉昭ら有力な大名は大事に対応できる将軍を擁立すべきであると考えて斉昭の実子である一橋慶喜擁立に動き、老中阿部正弘もこれに加担した。
- Several main daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) who were concerned with that, such as Nariakira SHIMAZU, Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, and Nariaki TOKUGAWA, considered that they should put up a shogun who could deal with crises and attempted to back up Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI, a real son of Nariaki, as shogun, with a support of roju Masahiro ABE.
- 平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期にかけて作成されたと見られるものが現存しているため、このような「源氏物語系図」は院政期にはすでにまとまったものが作成されたと考えられている。
- Because the genealogies which seem to have been made between the late Heian period and the early Kamakura period are extant, it is considered that such well-organized 'genealogies of The Tale of Genji' were already created during the insei period (the period of the government by the Retired Emperor).
- 実際には鎌倉幕府の摂家将軍や宮将軍、江戸幕府の大政委任論のように、幕府もまた朝廷の実質とは一線を画しつつも、朝廷から分離してその存在を考えることはできないものであった。
- As a matter of fact, the bakuhu also could not exist without the Imperial Court while keeping the characteristic of its own which is different from the one in the Imperial Court, such as Sekke Shogun and Miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) from Kamakura bakufu, and Taisei-ininron (a theory holding that government powers were delegated to the Shogun by the Tenno) of Edo bakufu.
- このことから、「律令制=奴隷制」、「律令制=独裁制に基づく搾取制」という考えが否定されていき、代わって百姓を隷属農民として見る隷農制という概念が提示されるようになった。
- Accordingly, the idea of 'the Ritsuryo system equals slavery' or 'the Ritsuryo system equals a system of exploitation based on a dictatorship' was refuted and, instead, the concept of villeinage that views the peasants as serfs, has been suggested.
- この時代、鉱毒が減ったような報道が多くされたのは、鉱毒発生当初は山田郡は鉱毒激甚地とはみなされていなかったため、マスコミが取材に訪れなかったためだと考える研究者がいる。
- During this period, it was reported that the mining pollution was decreased in many presses, however, some researchers consider that it was because Yamada County had not been regarded as heavily polluted area in the beginning of the mining pollution and journalists did not visit there yet.
- 宣長は、日本は古来から独立を保った国という考えを強く持っており、「魏志倭人伝」の卑弥呼が魏へ朝貢し、倭王に封じられたという記述は、宣長の受け入れられるものではなかった。
- Norinaga strongly believed that Japan had been an independent country since ancient times, and therefore to him, the article in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei that described Himiko's tribute to Wei as a fiefdom and appointed her as Queen of Wa was not acceptable.
- 文献においては「短甲一領」が胴部のみのものを意味し、「短甲一具」が草摺や冑、肩甲、頸甲、篭手、脛当などの装備一式を意味すると考えられているが、一具の出土例は見られない。
- According to documents, 'Tanko ichiryo' means the armor covered only torso and 'Tanko ichigu' means complete equipment including Kusazuri tassets, samurai warrior helmet, pauldron, neck armor, gauntlet and shin guard, though there is no example of complete equipment unearthed.
- 日本政府は治外法権(領事裁判権)、関税自主権の問題解決の足がかりとして、アジア以外の国の1つとまず対等条約を結び、それを前例として欧米諸国と再交渉することを考えていた。
- The Japanese government was hoping to renegotiate the unequal treaties with the Western countries and solve the issues concerning extraterritoriality (consular jurisdiction) and tariff autonomy by concluding the first equal treaty with a non-Asian country as a precedent.
- 現存する「物語」として認められる作品以外にも、平安時代には様々な「散逸物語」があったと考えられているが、「物語」の語が捉える範囲そのものが現代と違うことに注意を要しよう。
- Other than the works which are currently recognized as 'monogatari,' there seems to have been various 'lost and dispersed monogatari,' but we have to be careful about the difference between the current definition of 'monogatari' and what 'monogatari' meant in those days.
- 先に顕彰記事に関して紹介した「守護・地頭」設置に関わる学会での論争が、『中世法制史料集』編纂より後に起こったものであることを考えれば、佐藤進一らが慎重になったのも頷ける。
- It is agreeable that Shinichi SATO and others were so careful, considering the dispute that arose after the compilation of 'A Collection of Historical Materials on the Medieval Legal System' in the conference concerning the establishment of 'Shugo and Jito,' which was introduced in the article on 'intended praises' above.
- また、フランシスコ会の活発な活動が禁教令に対して挑発的であると考え、京都奉行の石田三成に命じて、京都に住むフランシスコ会員とキリスト教徒全員を捕縛して処刑するよう命じた。
- Hideyoshi also thought that Franciscan's energetic activities were provocative against the Ban on Christianity and ordered to the Kyoto magistrate, Mitsunari ISHIDA, to arrest and execute all Franciscan members and Christians.
- ただし、これらの報道については、当時のマスコミのみの取材能力では、渡良瀬川沿岸全域を調査したとは考えられず、一部地域のみの情報を元にしたものであるという指摘がされている。
- However some people point out that such report must have been based on a research at very small part of the area, as the press's researching capacity of that time was limited and they could not research all the parts of the area along Watarase-gawa River.
- 戦国時代 (日本)、織田信長の一向一揆の北庄攻めの際には矢野水軍、桜井水軍、大島水軍らが織田側について戦ったことから下志万水軍もそうであったのではないかと考えられている。
- It is believed that the Shimojima navy fought on the side of Nobunaga ODA as all the Yano navy, the Sakurai navy, and the Oshima navy and others also fought for ODA when an uprising of Ikko sect followers attacked Kitanosho in the Sengoku period (Japan).
- その他、古代の戸籍制度を6年に1回作成すること(六年一造)、50戸を1里とする地方制度、班田収授法に関する規定など、律令制の骨格が本令により制度化されたと考えられている。
- It is believed that the structural framework of the ritsuryo system was systematized by this code, which included the stipulation that the ancient family register had to be revised every six years, definition of the smallest administrative division consisting of 50 families in the regional system, and the enactment of the law of the rice field allotment system.
- この松菊里型住居は、縄文時代後・晩期に西日本一帯でしばしば見られる円形プランの住居跡とともに、弥生時代前期から中期にかけて主流となる円形住居の祖形となったと考えられている。
- It is assumed that the dwelling (habitation) site from the end to last of Jomon period around western Japan and 'Shokikurigata dwelling' became original forms of round plan dwellings that became main stream in the early to middle Yayoi period.
- すると、弥生時代とは、水稲農耕による食料生産に基礎を置く農耕社会であって、前段階である縄文時代(狩猟採集社会)とはこの点で区別されるべきだとする考え方が主流になっていった。
- Then the point of view that the Yayoi period was an agrarian society based on food production by rice-paddy cultivation and should be distinguished from previous periods, Jomon period (a hunting and gathering society), became mainstream.
- しかし、お雇い外国人であるエドモンド・モレルの発案により、予算の問題や今後の鉄道敷設のことを考えると、加工しやすい国産の木材を用いたほうがよいということになり、変更された。
- However, the plan was changed because the employed foreigner Edmund Morel suggested using Japanese lumber, which was easier to process hence a better choice for future railway construction and also preferable in terms of the budgetary issue.
- エドモンド・モレルなどお雇い外国人が予算や輸送需要を考えれば、狭軌を採用して鉄道を早期に建設すべきと主張して、それら外国人の説得に押されてしまったことに拠るという説もある。
- Some say that employed foreigners such as Edmund Morel insisted to adopt narrow gauge in order to construct the railway quickly in consideration of the budget and transportation demand and that he was persuaded by them.
- そのため最初に予定されていた出版社からは出版を断られてしまう事態になり、一時は出版を諦めて完成原稿を資料として東京大学図書館に所蔵するに止めるといったことも考えられていた。
- That is why the publishing company which was supposed to publish his work turned it down, so he gave up publishing it and thought of having the Tokyo University Library own his final draft as a material for a while.
- 『紫式部日記』、『更級日記』、『水鏡』などのこの物語の成立時期に近い主要な文献に「源氏の物語」とあることなどから、物語の成立当初からこの名前で呼ばれていたと考えられている。
- Major contemporary works such as 'Murasaki Shikibu Diary,' 'Sarashina Nikki (As I Crossed a Bridge of Dreams),' and 'Mizukagami (The Water Mirror)' mention the title of 'The Tale of Genji'; therefore, it is thought that the tale had that title from the beginning.
- 漢籍などを参照したと考えられ、完成した内容を持つ『竹取物語』とは異なり、今昔所収の説話は口頭伝承されてきた「竹取の翁の物語」の古態を伝えているのではないかと想定されている。
- The tale collected in Konjaku Monogatari seems to have been referred to the Chinese books, being different from the consummate work of 'Taketori Monogatari,' and has been assumed that it told an old form of 'The Tale of Taketori no Okina,' which had been handed down orally.
- ただし、半井本・鎌倉本などの『保元』と延慶本・長門本などの『平家』に崇徳院の怨霊にまつわるほぼ同じ内容の文章が見られ、これは明らかに一方が一方を参考にしたものと考えられる。
- However, Nakaraibon and Kamakurabon of 'Hogen,' and Enkeibon and Nagatobon of 'Heike' have nearly the same texts concerning a vengeful ghost of Sutoku-in, so it seems to be clear that one was modeled after the other.
- これは当時天文道が特殊な技術と考えられ、その学術が親子間の相伝(家学)となり、朝廷も天文占術技術の維持を目的としてそれを許容したこと、官司請負制の定着によるところが大きい。
- There were reasons for this: first, as tenmondo was then considered to be a special skill and was only passed down among family members (hereditary learning), the Imperial Court allowed it in order to preserve divination techniques, and second, a hereditary government office system had been established.
- これに対応するためには、「開国」して外来者を受け入れ自らも外へ出て行くか、外来者を追い払って(これまでの)平和を維持するかのどちらかであるが、「攘夷」は後者の発想・考え方。
- Although, to deal with the situation, they could either accept foreign visitors by 'Kaikoku' (opening the country to the world) and go overseas themselves, or expel the visitors to keep the (previous) peace, 'Joi' was the idea and concept of the latter.
- ただし、土地の交換などに用いられた相博状などに「謹辞」などの辞の影響を受けたと考えられる語句が用いられているものがあり、辞が全く作成されていなかった訳ではないとみられている。
- But it is believed that zi was actually made, because phrases such as 'kinji,' which are thought to be influenced by zi, are used in letters of sohaku used for exchange of territories.
- これらの、嗅覚が鋭く行動の機敏な動物の捕獲には、手持ちの槍よりも投げ槍が狩猟具として適していたものと考えられ、特に有舌尖頭器の急増は、こうした事情を物語っていると推定される。
- A javelin was considered more suitable than a spear as a tool for hunting these sharp-nosed and nimble animals, and probably the particularly rapid increase of the hafted point can be explained by these reasons.
- しかし、当時、藤原宇合(うまかい)・高橋虫麻呂をはじめ、なまえに動物・虫などのを含んだ人物は幾人もおり、「サル」という名前が蔑称であるとは考え難いことはすでに指摘されている。
- However, it has already been pointed out that in those days there were many people whose name included the name of an animal or an insect such as FUJIWARA no Umakai and TAKAHASHI no Mushimaro, and it is hard to consider the name 'saru' (monkey) a derogatory name.
- 両方合わせて重複部分を除いても内容が一部欠ける(完本に至らないが、散逸推定分を加えても30巻には至らないと考えられる)状態であるため、原本がどういう形であったかは不詳である。
- Because some of the book is missing even these two versions are combined and the overlapping parts were removed (even though these versions are not complete, it is considered that there are less than 30 volumes after adding the lost and estimated parts), it is unknown what style the original book had.
- 例えば、隋以前に均田制は北朝のみで施行されており、南朝では実施されていなかったので、唐初期において均田制は、おそらく華北を中心に施行されたにとどまっただろうと考えられている。
- For example, as the equal-field system before the Sui period was enforced only in the Northern Dynasties and not in the Southern Dynasties, it is considered that the it was enforced only around the North China in the early Tang Dynasty.
- しかし、高梨氏は仁科氏と同じく中原兼遠の婿になっていたので、この婚姻関係によって執るべき軍事行動が変化(男系親族井上氏に従わず、外戚中原氏へ加担)したということも考えられる。
- However, a member of the Takanashi clan (as well as one from the Nishina clan) was a son-in-law of Kaneto NAKAHARA, so that the relation by marriage may have made the Takanashi clan join the army of the Nakahara clan, a consort clan, instead of the Inoue clan, the paternal relative.
- 特に欧米の事情に通じた人材となると、自然と幕末に留学をした旧幕臣が占める割合が高くなってしまい、特に旧幕臣の一掃こそが改革の早道と考える大久保利通らの反感を強める原因となった。
- Especially, since most personnel who knew well about Europe and America were naturally those who had studied abroad and they were former retainers of shogun, this caused strong antipathy from Toshimichi Okubo who thought the fastest way of reformation was to wipe out old retainers of shogun.
- その一方で、石高が1万石に満たないために旗本とされながら、参勤交代を行い、大名と同様の支配体制を保障された交代寄合は、やや主体性の高い紙幣発行の事情があった可能性も考えられる。
- On the other hand, for the kotaiyoriai (alternate yoriai, a family status of samurai warriors in the Edo period), that were Hatamoto but were obliged to keep Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year residing in Edo) and ensured the control system similar to that of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) because their earnings were less than 10,000 koku of rice (approximately 180 liters per koku), it is also considered that there might have been slightly more independent situations to issue paper money.
- 『䕃涼軒日録』によると義満は土岐氏の断絶を考えたが、雲渓支山のとりなしでこれを思い止まり、義満は頼世へ支山に感謝して在所を寄進するよう命じ、頼世は美濃国玉村保を寄進したという。
- According to 'Inryoken Nichiroku' (Inryoken's Diary), Yoshimitsu at first thought to end up the family line of the Toki clan, but held back the idea by the intervention of Unkei Shizan, a monk; in the end Yoriyo was ordered by Yoshimitsu to donate some places to the monk as a graditude, and Yoriyo donated Tamamura no ho of the province of Mino.
- 名の由来は明治時代の研究者らが北方ネイティブ・アメリカンの利用していた石の調理用ナイフに形状的に似ることからこう呼んだものが広まったもので、当初は調理器具と考えられていた模様。
- The name ishi-bocho derived from researchers in the Meiji period who called it the name because ishi-bocho resembled the cooking knife used by Northern Native Americans in shape, and afterwards the name became common; it seems that ishi-bocho was believed to be cookware at first.
- 青表紙本が出来た経緯についても、源氏物語を極めて重要視した藤原定家の態度を考えると30年もの間源氏物語の写本を全く持っていなかったとするのは極めて不自然であるとする意見もある。
- There is also a view about the completion of the Aobyoshi-bon manuscript that it is quite unnatural he had not kept The Tale of Genji at all for thirty years, taking into consideration the fact that FUJIWARA no Teika treated The Tale of Genji as a very important literary work.
- 倭は朝鮮半島で数世紀に渡って継続的な戦闘を続け、「白村江の戦い」では約1千隻の軍船・数万の軍勢を派遣し唐の水軍と大海戦を行うなど、高い航海術・渡海能力を有していたと考えられる。
- It would appear that Wa had a high level of seamanship and the ability to travel across the ocean in that Wa continuously fought on the Korean Peninsula more than a few centuries and in `the battle of Hakusukinoe,' they dispatched one thousand warships and several tens of thousands of soldiers to fight against Suigun (warriors battle in the sea) of Tang at sea.
- 5世紀後半までに大王・治天下大王(あめのしたしろしめすおおきみ)の称号が成立し、この称号が飛鳥浄御原令の編纂が始まった680年代まで日本国内において用いられたと考えられている。
- The title okimi and amenoshitashiroshimesu okimi (the title of the king of Wa) were established at least by the latter half of the fifth century, and it is thought that these titles were used in Japan until the 680s when the compilation of the Asuka Kiyomihara Code began.
- 徳川家康の影武者説(とくがわいえやすのかげむしゃせつ)、は江戸幕府を開いた徳川家康の生涯は通説で考えられているものと異なり、人生のいずれかの段階で別人と入れ替わったという俗説。
- Although it is commonly believed that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA founded the Edo shogunate, there is another theory that suggests an imposter took the place of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA at some stage of his life.
- つまり、最初に渡来人が来たと考えられている北部九州や大陸系渡来人が移住した可能性のある瀬戸内・近畿地方でさえ、弥生時代初期の遺跡からは渡来系の人と判定される人骨の出土数は少ない。
- In other words, the number of excavated human bones confirmed as immigrants to ancient Japan are very rare in sites from the early Yayoi period, even in northern Kyushu where it is said immigrants to ancient Japan first entered, and in the Setouchi and Kinki region where it is believed continental immigrants to ancient Japan migrated.
- なお、かつてこの「源氏物語絵巻」は平安時代末期に名高い絵師として活躍した藤原隆能が1人でこれを描き上げたと考えられていたために一般的に「隆能源氏」といった呼ばれかたをされていた。
- FUJIWARA no Takayoshi, who was active as a well-known painter at the end of the Heian period used be thought to have painted this all by himself, so it used to be generally called 'Takayoshi Genji.'
- 現在の大阪府大阪市の中央区 (大阪市)と北区 (大阪市)に架かる天満橋から天神橋 (大阪府)の間、あるいは中央区高麗橋近辺、または中央区心斎橋筋の三津寺付近にあったと考えられる。
- There are three opinions surrounding the location of Korokan; the first opinion was the area lying between the present Tenma-bashi Bridge and Tenjin-bashi Bridge (Osaka) connecting Chuo Ward and Kita Ward (Osaka City), the second opinion was the area near the present Korai-bashi Bridge in Chuo Ward, and the last opinion was the area near Mitsu-tera Temple in the present Shinsaibashi-suji Street, Chuo Ward.
- 漢書で一般的な里約400メートルを用い、方角も正確だとの前提に立って直線距離で考えると、上陸地点から陸行500里の伊都国は、九州北岸から200km東南の宮崎県=日向としか読めない。
- If you use ri as a measurement of distance, which is about 400 meters and is generally used in historical records of the Han Dynasty, and think in a straight line bearing right, there is only one possible location for the state of Ito which was 500 ri in-land from the embarkation point, that is Hyuga, Miyazaki Prefecture, 200 Km to the southeast of the northern shore of Kyushu.
- 魏志の魏書三少帝紀によれば、同じ年に東夷が朝貢して禅譲革命の準備がなされたという記事があるので、この女王は壹与で、魏に代って成立した西晋の皇帝(司馬炎)に朝貢したと考えられている。
- Because there is an account that the Eastern barbarians brought a tribute to the Chinese court in the same year and made preparations for Zenjo (one of the forms of the emperor replacement whereby the emperor was not decided by succession but instead the throne moved to the most virtuous person) according to 三少帝紀 in Wei chih, this queen must have been Iyo and her envoys apparently brought a tribute to the emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty (Sima Yan) which was established after Wei.
- また、仙台小槌銀および合津銀判などは通貨としては手の込んだつくりであり、質量および額面は一般の通貨との整合性が見られないことから、流通目的というよりは祝鋳銭の部類と考えられている。
- Sendai Kozuchigin and Aizu Ginban are elaborate in their designs as a currency, and as there is no consistency in weight and nominal value with those of a general currency these coins are thought to have been used as Shukuchusen (coins to celebrate) rather than for circulation.
- また、領国貨幣の中には後世による創作によると考えられる素性の不確かな物も存在し、そのような物も文化 (元号)7年(1810年)刊行の貨幣解説史料である『金銀図録』に掲載されている。
- There are also some doubtful Ryogoku Kahei that are thought to have been created by someone in later generations, and such currencies are also listed on 'Kingin Zuroku' (A Record of Gold and Silver in Picture), which was published in 1810.
- 蛍光X線分析によると青森県の「三内丸山遺跡」や北海道南部で出土されるヒスイは糸魚川産であることがわかっており、このことから縄文人が広い範囲でお互いに交易をしていたと考えられている。
- The fluorescent X-ray analysis shows that the jade excavated at 'Sannai-Maruyama Site' in Aomori Prefecture and southern Hokkaido is from Itoigawa; therefore, it is assumed that the Jomon people traded among themselves over the wide area.
- 藤原定家により写本の奥に書き付けられた注釈にである『奥入』に第一次と第二次があることを考えても青表紙本の定義である「藤原定家の定めた本文」がそもそも一通りではないとする見方もある。
- Considering that there are the first and the second 'Okuiri,' the commentary which was added at the end of the manuscript by FUJIWARA no Teika, some people think that the Aobyoshi-bon, which was defined as 'the text fixed by FUJIWARA no Teika,' has several versions in the first place.
- 父桐壺帝は光る君を東宮(皇太子)とすることを考えたが、実家の後援がないことを危ぶみ、また光る君が帝位につけば国は乱れると高麗人に予言されたこともあり、臣籍降下させ源氏の姓を与えた。
- His father, Emperor Kiritsubo, had intended to make Hikaru Kimi the Crown Prince but instead demotes him to the status of a subject and gives him the family name of Genji because he fears the fact that his son would not be supported by his mother's family, and because a Korean predicted that the country will be in a state of disorder if Hikaru Kimi became emperor.
- 本来本説と同書に関する議論とは直接的な関係はないものの、古田が同書の一節「磐井王は筑紫の邪馬壹之系なり」を本説の補強に考えていたこともあり、本説をも誤謬であると断ずる声もあがった。
- While the Kyushu dynasty theory doesn't have a direct relationship with 'Tsugaru Sangun-shi,' some people say that the Kyushu dynasty theory, too was a fallacy in that FURUTA regarded the phrase, 'King Iwai is from the family line of Yamadai Kingdom in Chikushi' from 'Tsugaru Sangun-shi' backing up the Kyushu dynasty theory.
- 記録期間については、日記全体が残っていないため定かではないが、上記の抄本や逸文などの残存状況から勘案して、師輔23歳の延長8年から師輔歿年の天徳4年までの期間であったと考えられる。
- Although the period of record is not clear since the complete diary is not extant, considering the state of the remaining abridgements and fragments, the diary is thought to have been kept from the eighth year of Encho, when Morosuke was 23 years old, up to his death in the fourth year of Tentoku.
- しかしそれだけではなく、藤原京は唐との交流が途絶えた時期に造られたため、古い書物(『周礼』)に基づいた設計を行ったと考えられ、当時の中国の都城と比しても類例のないものとなっていた。
- However in addition, because Fujiwarakyo was constructed in a period when interaction with Tang was disrupted, it seemed to have been designed in accordance with the old book ('Shurei (Rites of Zhou)') and it has no comparable example among capitals of China of the era.
- 多くの学者の努力によって「大島本」などの「青表紙」系統の写本や当時はすでに失われてしまったと考えられていた「河内本」系統の写本など多くの古写本が発見され、学問的な比較作業が行われた。
- Many old manuscripts such as 'Oshimabon (Oshima book),' which is a manuscript in the 'Aobyoshibon' line, and the 'Kawachibon' line manuscripts (which had already been considered lost in those days) were found, and these manuscripts were compared from the academic perspective.
- 第二次世界大戦終了後日本を占領した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、国家のための自己犠牲を奨励していた皇民化教育が軍国主義国家形成に果たした役割が大きかったと考え、教育改革に乗り出した。
- The General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which occupied Japan after the Second World War worked on education reform, thinking that Japanization education, which promoted sacrificing oneself for the nation, played a big role in forming the militarism nation.
- 安帝紀に「倭国王帥升等」とあるように、倭国王は地域の小国家ではなく、いくつかの地域国家連合の首長としての「倭国の王」と考えることができ、これは倭国の成立を示すものではないかとされる。
- As it is written 'the King of Wa Suishora' in the Record of Emperor An, it is possible to think that the King of Wa was not a toparchy of the region, but was a 'King of Wa' as a chief of several regional nations, and this is thought to be the establishment of Wakoku (country of Wa).
- そればかりでなく、素性の不明ないわゆる「不知銭(ふちせん)」とされる天保通寳も多種存在し、現在のところ判明していない他の藩によるもの、あるいは小規模な民鋳によるものなどが考えられる。
- There are also many kinds of the Tenpo-tsuho coins whose origins were not clear called 'Fuchisen;' they are thought to have been produced by unknown clans or small private casting organizations.
- そのルートは「弘前~十和田湖畔~三本木~田代~青森」と「青森~田代~三本木~八戸」の2ルートが考えられ、弘前ルートは弘前第31連隊が、八戸ルートは青森5連隊がそれぞれ受持つ形となった。
- One of the two routes considered was 'Hirosaki-the bank of Lake Towada-Sanbongi-Tashiro-Aomori' and the other was 'Aomori-Tashiro-Sanbongi-Hachinohe;' the 31st Hirosaki Regiment took on the former and the 5th Aomori Regiment the latter.
- また、九州王朝説の支持研究者間でも、白村江の戦いまでを九州王朝の歴史と見る、壬申の乱までを九州王朝の歴史と見る、大化の改新まで九州王朝の歴史と見る 等考え方は様々であり定まっていない。
- Among the researchers who support the Kyushu dynasty theory, opinions are varied and not fixed, some people regard the period until the battle of Hakusukinoe as the history of the Kyushu dynasty while other people regard the period until the Jinshin rebellion or the period until the Taika Reforms as the history of the Kyushu dynasty.
- この考え方にもとづき、後醍醐天皇は作中で徳を欠いた天皇として描かれるが、徳川光圀は修史事業として編纂していた「大日本史」において天皇親政をめざした後醍醐こそ正統な天皇であると主張した。
- Based on these concepts, Emperor Godaigo is depicted in the story as an emperor who lacks virtue, although Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA argued in his historical complication, the 'Dai Nihonshi (History of Japan),' that Godaigo, who aimed at direct imperial administration, was in fact very orthodox.
- しかしこれを予め知りたいという欲求も、人間がその関係性のなかでしか存在できない(社会的動物)という面もあるために無理の無いところで、しばしばこういった相性を知ろうという考えも存在する。
- However, it cannot be denied that, as social animals that cannot exist outside the social relationships, humans have desire to know it beforehand; as such, often there is a tendency in us which tries to know the compatibility with others in advance.
- 源満仲以来の本拠地である多田に隣接する能勢地方は古くから源氏一族とも関係の深い土地であったと考えられ、能勢氏や地元の伝承などによると源頼光の長子・源頼国が最初に入部し開発したとされる。
- Lying next to Tada, which was the home to the Minamoto clan since the time of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, the Nose region is considered to have been closely related to the Minamoto clan and according to the local and the Nose clan's tradition, MINAMOTO no Yorikuni, the eldest son of MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, first entered this place and exploited it
- 消費物資から租税を徴収する仕組としては消費税などが考えられるが、専売制はこれを更に徹底して生産・流通・販売の過程を全面的に支配することで競争原理を排除して独占的利益を収める方法である。
- One of the systems for collecting tax from consumption goods is consumption tax, but monopolization is a system that develops this further and monopolizes profits by completely controlling the processes of production, distribution, and sales and excluding competition.
- しかし、時代が下るにつれて徐々に大型化するとともに、つるす部分が退化することから、最初は舌を内部につるして鳴らすものとして用いられたが、徐々に見るものへと変わっていったと考えられている。
- However, dotaku became larger and part for hanging was lost as period went forward, therefore it became an object for viewing whereas originally it was a bell with metal parts hung inside for ringing.
- 藤原公任の撰という『拾遺抄』との命名の相似性を考え、それをベースに編まれたと思われる(両者の先後関係については、古来論争が続いて来たが、近代になって拾遺抄から拾遺集へとの説が固着した)。
- It is thought to have been compiled based on 'Shui sho' selected by FUJIWARA no Kinto, considering the similarity with the name (the issue of which one was the earlier was controversial for a long time, but in modern days the theory that 'Shui sho' was the earlier has been established).
- 複数の物語をばらけないように包んでおいたため「つつみの物語」と称され、それがいつの間にか実在の堤中納言(藤原兼輔)に関連づけられて考えられた結果「つつみ」中納言物語となったのではないか。
- According to one theory, it was called 'Tsutsumi no Monogatari' because various stories (monogatari) were wrapped (tsutsumi) so that the stories might not come apart; then it was related to a real person, Tsutsumi Chunagon (FUJIWARA no Kanesuke) and in the end became 'Tsutsumi Chunagon Monogatari.'
- 『源氏物語』の巻々が執筆された順序については、「桐壺」から始まる現在読まれている順序で書かれたとするのが一般的な考えであるが、必ずしもそうではないとする見方も古くから様々な形で存在する。
- The order in which the chapters of 'The Tale of Genji' would have been written is generally considered the same as the present order, starting with 'Kiritsubo,' but in this regard there have been various opinions since the old times.
- 一方、鹿児島では、2月9日に県庁に自首してきた野村綱から、「大久保から鹿児島県内の偵察を依頼されてきた」という内容の自供を得て、西郷暗殺計画には大久保利通も関与していたと考えるに至った。
- On February 9, in Kagoshima, Tsuna NOMURA surrendered to the prefectural office and confessed that he was sent by OKUBO on reconnaissance in Kagoshima Prefecture; accordingly, it was concluded that Toshimichi OKUBO was engaged in the plan of assassinating SAIGO.
- しかし、710年(和銅3)に遷都された時には、内裏と大極殿、その他の官舎が整備された程度と考えられており、寺院や邸宅は、山城国の長岡京に遷都するまで、段階的に造営されていったと思われる。
- However, when it was relocated in 710, it is believed that the construction of only a few facilities such as the Imperial Palace, Daigokuden (the central building) and official residences were completed, and other facilities like the temple and residence were being constructed step by step until the capital was transferred to Nagaoka-kyo in Yamashiro Province.
- ただし、秀才 (科挙)・進士を選考する際に文選_(書物)・爾雅から問題が出されていたことが、『令集解』の内容から判明しており、文学なども教育課程には組み込まれていたものと考えられている。
- Meanwhile, it is also thought that other subjects such as literature were incorporated into the education program, as it was revealed from the content of 'Ryonoshuge' (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) that there were some questions from Wen Xuan (a book), as well as Erya, in examinations to appoint shusai (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test) (the Imperial Examination) and shinshi (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test).
- 不平等条約における片務的最恵国待遇についても、当初は不平等であるという意識すらなく、「一視同仁」(中国はそれ以外の夷狄を平等に扱う)という儒教的観点から中華が夷狄に与える恩恵と考えていた。
- With regards to one-sided most-favored-nation treatment based on unequal treaties, it was not considered unfair at first but as benefits for iteki given by China based on a thought '一視同仁' (China treats all iteki equally).
- そこで、家慶は水戸藩徳川斉昭の子で一橋家を継いでいた徳川慶喜(一橋慶喜)を養子とする事を考えたが、老中阿部正弘の反対で思いとどまり、家定に不測の事態が起きた際に慶喜を後継とすることとした。
- Ieyoshi considered adopting Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA (Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI), a son of Nariaki TOKUGAWA of the Mito Domain, who succeeded the Hitotsubashi family, but was persuaded not to do so by roju (senior councilor) Masahiro ABE, and made a decision to make Yoshinobu an heir if an unexpected accident occurred on Iesada.
- 序文に天武天皇が撰録帝紀 討覈舊辭 削僞定實 欲流後葉帝紀を撰録し、旧辞を討覈して、偽りを削り実を定めて、後葉に流(つた)へむと欲(おも)ふと詔していることから、勅撰と考えることも出来る。
- However, it is possible to consider it as official history given that Emperor Tenmu stated in the preface that the emperor would advisedly select Teiki, and find kyuji to eliminate the false parts and find the truth for it to succeed to the later ages.
- しかし、現在の研究では双方共に被害を出していることが判明していることから、日本側もある程度まとまった兵力を投入できた局面などでは、一方的に圧倒されたわけではないケースもあったと考えられる。
- However, present studies have confirmed that both parties suffered damage, and therefore, there would have been cases in which Japan could employ a fairly large number of warriors and fought well.
- 以上の説は、「卑弥呼」に該当する人物が『記紀』や古系図に明確に特定できる形で残っているとする前提があるが、日本古代の記録の残存状況から考えると、そのようなことは期待できないとする説である。
- The theories mentioned above assume that Himiko is identifiable as a character in the Kiki, or old genealogies, but there are also opinions that insist this cannot be done, especially considering the state of the remaining records of ancient Japan.
- その一方で長期に渡る鎖国の反動からか文化・風土面においても世界的に類を見ない規模の欧化政策(脱亜入欧)を行い、現代に至るまでの日本人における白人コンプレックスの礎となったと考える者もいる。
- On the other hand, there is also an opinion that the Japanese government introduced a Europeanization policy (leave Asia, enter Europe) into its culture and its natural features on an such an unprecedented scale due to a backlash against its extended seclusionism, that it layed a foundation for the people of Japan to have an inferior complex to the Caucasian that remains even today.
- 奈良盆地を指す令制国の名称が、三野が美濃国、尾治が尾張国などと好字をもって二字の国名に統一されたのと同じく、和銅初年(701年)には「倭国」を「大倭国」と書くようになったと考えられている。
- The name of ryoseikoku (province) that indicated the Nara Basin was considered to be changed from '倭国' to '大倭国' in 701 in the same way as 三野 was changed to 美濃国 and 尾治 was changed to 尾張国 by using koji (letters signified good meaning and often used for person's name or place name).
- かねてより厚く仏教を信仰していた聖武天皇は鎮護国家の思想により、社会の動揺をしずめようと考え、741年(天平13年)に国分寺建立の詔、743年(天平15年)には盧舎那大仏造立の詔を発した。
- The Emperor Shomu, who was a deep believer in Buddhism, wanted to settle social unease based on the ideology of Chingokokka (keeping the nation tranquil by the reciting of Buddhist prayers and other Buddhist ceremonies) and issued in 741 an Imperial edict establishing Kokubunji (state-supported provincial temples) and, in 743, an Imperial edict for construction of Rushana daibutsu (a large statue of Buddha).
- 鎌倉時代から室町時代の伊達氏歴代の居城として有名であるが、現在の遺構はむしろ伊達政宗移封後の、蒲生氏時代または上杉氏時代に、対伊達氏政策で防備を強化して改築されたものであると考えられている。
- The castle was famous as the residential castle for the successive Date clan since the time from the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period, and the present structural remnants are what has been rebuilt to reinforce the defense against the Date clan in the era of Gamou clan or Uesugi clan after the Masamune DATE was transferred to other domain.
- かつて東禅寺 (東京都港区)のイギリス公使館襲撃に加わっていた伊藤博文は、その後のイギリス留学を通じて攘夷が非現実的な方針であり、いつまでも実現不可能な路線に固執すべきではないと考えていた。
- Hirobumi ITO who used to be involved in British Legination Attack in Tozenji Temple had thought through study in Britain that anti-foreigner was unrealistic way and that it was wrong to cling to the unfeasible way.
- 大正10年(1921年)の山脇毅による「平瀬本源氏物語」の発見をはじめとする河内本諸写本の発見等によりすでに失われてしまったと考えられていた良質の河内本系の本文が実際に利用可能になったこと。
- The good-quality Kawachi-bon line text which had been considered already lost actually became available thanks to Hatasu YAMAWAKI's discovery of the various kinds of Kawachi-bon manuscripts such as 'Hirase-bon manuscript of The Tale of Genji' in 1921.
- 源氏物語のそれぞれの部分についての研究がより精緻になるに従って源氏物語全体に一貫した主題を見つけることは困難になり、「読者それぞれに主題と考えるものが存在することになる。」という状況になる。
- As the study becomes deeper and more specific regarding each part of 'The Tale of Genji,' it becomes harder to find a consistent theme in the work; therefore, circumstances arise in which 'each reader conceives his or her own theme.'
- ただし、この「白装束の者」たちは「白装束」という甚だしく「異形の者」たちであるため、鎌倉武士団その他の実際の軍勢では無く、「筥崎宮の八幡神による神威の顕現」の類いを描写したものと考えられる。
- However, these 'people in white' are so 'uncanny' that they are considered as a kind of 'manifestation of the power of the God of War in Hakozaki-gu Shrine' and not the warriors of the Kamakura shogunate nor any other actual force.
- 今日においては「朝廷」という言葉が幕府に対応する言葉としてよく使われるが、これは天皇・貴族(公家政権)と武家(武家政権)を対立した存在として捉えるようになった近世以後の考えからの影響が強い。
- Today, 'Chotei' is often used as the word comparable to a bakuhu; this is strongly influenced by the thoughts after the modern times in which the Emperor/aristocrat (the Government of kuge, or the court nobles) and buke (military government) oppose one another.
- 全8点の妖怪が描かれているが、単に妖怪を紹介しているのみのものから、妖怪の物語を綴ったものまであり、蕪村が日本各地を旅していた時期に、あちこちで伝え聞いた妖怪譚を描いたものと考えられている。
- A total of eight works were created, some of which simply introduce the specters, while others describe their tales, giving an impression that Buson presumably drew specters that he had heard about while traveling across Japan.
- こうした志与が土地や所職などによって行われた場合には、贈与の事実を確認するために証文などが交わされたと考えられているが、それでも後日において贈与の事実の有無を巡って紛糾が発生することもあった。
- It is thought when lands and right of an officer governing manors were transferred as a favor in such a manner, the fact of transfer was put in writing for confirmation; nevertheless, conflicts sometimes occurred afterward over the presence of the fact.
- 一方の信長も、美濃国の斎藤氏と交戦している経緯、そして関東の北条氏康や甲斐国の武田信玄に対する抑えへの対抗策から家康との同盟を考えており、家康の母方の伯父に当たる水野信元らに交渉を命じていた。
- The other party Nobunaga also had an idea of forming an alliance with Ieyasu for reasons of his being at war with the Saito clan of Mino Province and his need to have a countermeasure to keep movements of Ujiyasu HOJO of Kanto region and Shingen TAKEDA of Kai Province in check; therefore, Nobunaga himself already had ordered Nobumoto MIZUNO, who was Ieyasu's maternal uncle, and others.
- この時代、所領所職を媒介とした譲与・寄進が盛んになる中で、所有権の安定を図るために悔返の出来ない権利移転である「和与」の原則を導入することで、所有権を巡る訴訟抑制の効果があったと考えられている。
- In those days when an increasing number of people made gift/donation of territories and right of governing manors, the principle of 'wayo,' or transfer of rights which cannot be canceled was introduced to ensure the security of title is believed to have helped to decrease the number of lawsuits about title.
- さらに、これらの王たちの宮(都)は『記紀』によれば、先に挙げた大古墳のある地域と重なっていることを考え合わせると、崇神に始まる政権はこの地域を中心に成立した推測でき、三輪政権と呼ぶことができる。
- Furthermore according to the 'Kojiki' and the 'Nihon Shoki,' the capitals of these kings overlap with a region with previously-mentioned kofun, the regime started with Emperor Sujin is estimated to have been established centering on this region and can be called as the Miwa Regime.
- この思想で考えると斑鳩の地に都を置いた推古天皇9年(601年)の辛酉の年より二十一元遡った辛酉の年を第一蔀のはじめの年とし、日本の紀元を第一の革命と想定して、神武の即位をこの年に当てたのである。
- Based on this idea, the Kanototori year, which was the first year of the former 21 cycles from the Kanototori year of 601 when a capital was placed at Ikaruga, was defined as the first year of the first period and the year of the enthronement of Emperor Jinmu on the assumption that the beginning of Japan was the first revolution.
- そのためヤマト(倭国)内の農業開発が停滞し、ヤマト王権とその傘下の豪族達の経済力・政治力が後退したと考えられており、6世紀前半までのヤマト王統の混乱はこの経済力・政治力の後退に起因するとされる。
- For this reason, it is thought that agricultural development in Yamato (Wakoku) remained stagnant, weakening the Yamato Kingdom and the ruling elite under their jurisdiction, a situation that existed until the beginning of the sixth century.
- 対して、古墳時代に入ると規格化された前方後円墳が奈良盆地に発生し、急速に九州から東北まで普及していることから各地の政治勢力に一定の支配力を及ぼしうる政治権力が奈良盆地に成立したと考えられている。
- However, as it has been found that standardized keyhole-shaped mounds first appeared during the Kofun period in the Nara basin and then spread to Kyushu and Tohoku, it is thought that the political power that had influence over those of other areas was established in the Nara basin.
- このうち曽於乃石城は国分城 (大隅国)と清水城、比売之城は姫木城と橘木城であったと考えられているが、他の5城については国分平野付近に集中していたとする説と九州南部に広く分散していたとする説がある。
- It is presumed that Soonoiwaki meant Kokubu-jo Castle (Osumi Province) and Shimizu-jo Castle and Himenoki meant Himeki-jo Castle and Tachibanaki-jo Castle, while there are conflicting theories concerning other five castles: one claiming that the castles were concentrated near the Kokubu Plain and the other claiming that they were widely dispersed in southern Kyushu.
- 訴訟の和解のために双方の合意に基づいて行われる権利の贈与を意味する「和与」から派生して、訴訟における和解(手続上は原告側の訴え取下)そのもの意味でも「和与」という言葉が用いられたと考えられている。
- It is thought that based on 'wayo' meaning the gift of rights under mutual agreement for settlement in a lawsuit, the word 'wayo' was used to mean settlement in a lawsuit (plaintiff's withdrawal of a claim in terms of procedure) itself.
- 以後、西欧と同じ「文明国」(=富強国)とならなければ、不平等条約を解消し、「万国公法」の恩典には与れないという考えが広がっていき、西欧列強をモデルとした富国強兵改革が推進される思想的要因となった。
- Later, as spreading of thought that to be a civilized country (equal to a strong country) was necessary to dissolve unequal treaties and reap a benefit of 'Bankoku Koho,' the thought became a factor to promote fukoku kyohei reform (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) aiming powerful western countries.
- 『山海経』(戦国-秦漢期成立)には倭が中国東北部にあった燕_(春秋)国に服属していたという記述があり、紀元前6-4世紀頃のことと考えられているが、同書についても依拠することに慎重な見解が存在する。
- There is a description in 'Sengaikyo' (oldest topography of China), written sometime between the Warring States Period and Qin/Han Dynasty) that says Wa was obedient to Yan (Chunqiu period) which was in the northeast of China, therefore it is considered to be in the period from the sixth century to fourth century B.C. but some think the book should also be taken with caution.
- 当時の朝廷には政権を運営する能力も体制もなく、一旦形式的に政権を返上しても、公家衆や諸藩を圧倒する勢力を有する徳川家が天皇の下の新政府に参画すれば実質的に政権を握り続けられると考えてのことである。
- As the Imperial Court at that time had no ability and system to come into power, Yoshinobu thought that the Tokugawa family could practically have control over political administration if the family, which had a power to overwhelm Kugeshu (court nobles) and domains, participated in the new government under the Emperor even if the family formally returned the power.
- つまり、京の貴族社会から脱落しかけていた状況を、当時多発していた田堵負名、つまり地方富豪層の反受領武装闘争の鎮圧の任に当たり、武功を朝廷に認定させることによって失地回復を図ったとも考えられている。
- After that, Takamochi, who had fallen from aristocratic society in Kyoto, tried to restore his status by suppressing anti-Zuryo (provincial governors) movements, which were frequently being staged by tax collectors of the upper class in the province, and thereby highlighting his military prowess to the Imperial Court.
- 早期の北部九州の住居には、縄文時代晩期の系譜を引き継ぐと考えられる平面方形のもののほかに、平面円形で中央に浅い皿状のくぼみを持ち、その両脇に小さな穴(柱穴か)を1対持つ特徴的な形態の住居が存在する。
- A dwelling with square ground shape that carries on the tradition from last period of the Jomon period and a dwelling with a distinctive shape, which has a round ground shape with a bowl like shallow concavity at center and a pair of small hole (could be holes for pillars) at the side of the concavity, both from earlier period are found in northern Kyushu.
- かねてより日本の近代化そのものに否定的な考えを持っていることで知られた元田に警戒感を抱いていた伊藤は、ただちに「教育議」を執筆して元田の主張こそ現実離れの空論であると噛み付き、両者は激しく論争した。
- For a long time, Ito had been wary of Motoda who was known for his adverse opinion towards the modernization of Japan, and Ito immediately wrote 'Kyoikugi' (Proposition on Education) protesting vehemently that Motoda's view is the unrealistic theory; and thus they fiercely confronted each other.
- 現在では共和国元首という意味で「大統領」と訳されるが、当時にあっては読者にそういう知識は無かったので新造語をあてても、正確に読者に伝わらないと考えられ、そのまま言語の音を漢字に置き換えたものである。
- Today, it is translated as '大統領' to mean a head of republic, but, at that time, since readers had no knowledge of that kind, it was considered that, even if they used a newly created word, readers could not understand correctly and it was determined to express pronunciation of the work in Chinese characters.
- 水野の三王朝交替説はその後様々な研究者により補強あるいは批判がなされていくが、現在では万世一系を否定する学者でも水野の唱えるように全く異なる血統による劇的な王権の交替があったと考えるものは多くない。
- Later, Mizuno's changes of three dynasties theory has been reinforced or criticized by various researchers and at present even among the scholars denying the unbroken imperial line, not many think that there was dramatic change of sovereignty with the entirely different blood line as Mizuno advocated.
- 後者を特に『続三代実録』と呼称されている事から、伴信友以来、宇多・醍醐の2代が書かれたのが40巻で残りの10巻で朱雀天皇1代が追加されたために『続三代実録』と呼ばれたとする考え方が通説とされている。
- As the latter especially is called 'Zoku sandai jitsuroku,' the commonly accepted theory holds that it was called so ever since Nobutomo BAN, because after the 40 volumes written about the reigns of the two Emperors Uda and Daigo, 10 volumes were added on the reign of Emperor Suzaku.
- なお、前方後円墳の出現は、ヤマト王権の成立を表すと考えられており、前方後円墳に宮山型の特殊器台・特殊壺が採用されていることは、吉備地方の首長がヤマト王権の成立に深く参画したことの現れだとされている。
- The appearance of large keyhole-shaped tomb mound is thought to be representing the establishment of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) and adopting Miyayama type of ceremonial vessel stand and ceremonial jar in large keyhole-shaped tomb mound showed that a chief of Kibi region deeply involved in the establishment of Yamato sovereignty.
- そのため、府域が京都、東京や周辺地域と比べて最小で銀目廃止令による両替商の相次ぐ倒産に大名貸の不良債権による大阪経済の地盤沈下もあり大阪府を「府」に相応しい規模にするために行われたと考えられている。
- For that reason, it is said that Sakai was incorporated into Osaka to bring Osaka's size up to the level where it was fit to be called a 'Prefecture,' as it was the smallest in size compared to Kyoto, Tokyo or other peripheral prefectures and as the economy of Osaka had hit the bottom due to bad debts incurred by loans made to Daimyos (feudal lords) in addition to continuous bankruptcies of money-exchange businesses from the abolition of silver grain currencies.
- 埴輪の起源は、弥生時代後期後葉の吉備地方の首長のお墓であると考えられている弥生墳丘墓(例えば、楯築遺跡)から出土する特殊器台・特殊壺(特殊器台型土器・特殊壺型土器とも呼称される)であるといわれている。
- The origin of the Haniwa is thought to be Tokushu-Kidai (ceremonial vessel stand) and Tokushu Tsubo (ceremonial jar) (they are also called Tokushu-Kidaigata Doki and Tokushu Tsubo Gata Doki respectively) unearthed from Yayoi grave mound (Tatetsuki Tumulus for example), which was likely to be the grave of a chief of Kibi region in the latter part of the late Yayoi Period.
- 律は制定されず、令のみが唐突に頒布されていることから、草壁の死による政府内の動揺を抑え、天武の(律令制定という)遺志の継承を明示するため、予定を前倒しして、令のみが急遽公布されたのだと考えられている。
- Since all of a sudden only ryo was distributed without ritsu, it is believed that ryo was issued ahead of schedule in haste in order to quell the unrest within the government caused by the sudden death of Prince Kusakabe and to clearly express that the will of Emperor Tenmu to enact ritsuryo would be followed.
- いわゆる貿易も、当初の頃はこういった行商で都市間を巡回していた商人らが担っており、これが交通・輸送技術の発達にも従い、より組織化され相互連結されて海外貿易などの極大な交易網に発展していったと考えられる。
- In the earliest years, merchants peddling from city to city had taken a role in so-called trade, so it is considered to be developed into massive trade routes including overseas trades after the routes were organized and connected each other according to the development of transport technologies.
- その一方、仏教が浸透していく中で、「色恋沙汰の絵空事を著し多くの人を惑わした紫式部は地獄 (仏教)に堕ちたに違いない」という考えが生まれ、「源氏供養」と称した紫式部の霊を救済する儀式がたびたび行われた。
- While in the course of spreading Buddhism the idea emerged that 'Murasaki Shikibu, who wrote fantasies of love affairs and caused many people to become misled, must have been fallen into Hell (Buddhism),' and the rite called the 'Buddhist ceremony for Murasaki Shikibu's soul' was often held in order to save her.
- 令原文が現存していないので、詳細は判明していないが、戸籍を6年に1回作成すること(六年一造)、50戸を1里とする地方制度、班田収授に関する規定など、律令制の骨格がこの令により形成されたと考えられている。
- Details of the ryo are unknown as the text no longer exists, but it is believed that the framework of the Ritsuryo system including the creation of family registers every six years (rokunen ichizo), the local government system grouping 50 households into units called ri, and the regulations of the rice field allotment system was formed in the ryo.
- このため二条良実邸が押小路烏丸や二条京極にはなかったと考えられている(なお、当時二条富小路殿は里内裏である冷泉富小路殿とは二条大路を挟んで斜め向かいにあり、里内裏の出入口(陣)の一部とみなされていた)。
- As such, it is thought that the residence of Yozhizane Nijo was neither Oshikoji Karasuma nor Nijo Kyogoku (in addition, Nijo Tomikojidono residence, at that time, was located across from Reizei Tomikoji-dono residence, which was a satodairi (temporary Imperial Palace) on Nijo-oji Avenue, and it was regarded as a part of the entrance (jin) to satodairi).
- 伴存は、文政5年(1822年)に加賀国白山に赴き、『白山之記』および『白山草木志』(上下巻)を著しているが、これらの著作が郡山記と構想や構成を同じくすることから、いわば白山は試行であったと考えられている。
- Tomoari went to Hakusan, Kaga Province in 1822 and wrote 'Hakusan no ki' and 'Hakusan Somoku shi' (two-volume) and because they were in a similar style in the concept and construction as Gunzanki, they were thought to be an experimental work before writing the Gunzanki.
- 1世紀中葉になると北部九州(博多湾沿岸)にあったとされる倭奴国が後漢へ朝貢している(『後漢書』)が、これは北部九州における倭人の政治集団の統合が進み、その代表として倭奴国が後漢へ遣使したと考えられている。
- In the middle of the first century, 倭奴国, which is thought to have been located in northern Kyushu (the coast of Hakata Bay), paid tribute to the Later Han Dynasty ('Gokanjo' (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty)), which is thought to indicate that Wajin political groups in Northern Kyushu were consolidated and 倭奴国 sent an envoy to the Later Han Dynasty as the representative.
- 対外政策としては明に替わり日本がその中心になる華夷思想を打ち出し、ルソン・琉球国・高山国(当時、台湾に存在すると考えられていた国)・李氏朝鮮などに服属と朝貢を求める武威を背景にした強硬政策を推進している。
- In regards to diplomatic policy, Hideyoshi insisted 'Sinocentrism' in which Japan would be the center instead of Ming and based on military force, applied a hard-line policy that required Luzon, Ryukyukoku, Takasagun (the country believed to exist in Taiwan in those days), Joseon Dynasty and others to yield allegiance and bring tributes to Japan.
- この中西説に対して、細井浩志は『続日本紀』が道鏡政権を批判する際には、後日に'不正の暴露'などの形で対になる事実を提示しており、神託事件についてのみ創作を加えたとは考えにくいとして、中西説を否定している。
- Against this theory by NAKANISHI, Hiroshi HOSOI denies it, by stating that when 'Shoku Nihongi' criticizes the Dokyo administration, it presents a fact that forms a pair such as 'disclosure of injustice' in later dates, and it is hard to believe that the author added fiction to the part which deals with the oracle only.
- ただし、皇族が政争に巻き込まれることは好ましくないという考えから、皇族は議会で催される式典などに参列することはあっても、議員として日常的に議会内に立ち入ることは無く、登院は帝国議会史上、極めて稀であった。
- To avoid having imperial family members involved in political conflict, although they participated in ceremonies, they did not routinely attend the Diet and their appearance in the Diet was extremely rare in the history of the Imperial Diet.
- 落葉性堅果類、いわゆるドングリや栗は秋の一時期に集中的に収穫される為、比較的大きな集落による労働集約的な作業が必要となる為、土偶を用いた祭祀を行うことで社会集団を統合していたのではないかという考え方である。
- Fujio presumes that the nuts from deciduous trees such as acorns and the chestnuts were harvested during a relatively brief period of time in autumn; therefore, a consolidated labor by a fairly large settlement was necessary and the Jomon people used the earthen figures to conduct religious services in order to promote solidarity in the society.
- 季語を必ず入れなければならないとする有季(季語絶対)派から季語よりも季感が大切とする「季感」派、無季でもよいとする無季容認、無季俳句が旧来の俳句的情趣を打破するという「無季」派まで、さまざまな考え方がある。
- Various views exist concerning seasonal references, such as the necessity of a kigo insisted by the uki (kigo zettai) (absolute inclusion of seasonal reference) school, the importance of a 'kikan' (sense of the seasons) backed by the kikan school, and the tolerance of muki (no seasonal reference) by the muki school who believe that the muki haiku can create a far stronger sentiment than the traditional haiku.
- 成立は、隆房の若い時期の習作と考える説(鈴木徳男)や、治承元年(1177年)以降、正治2年(1200年)以前とする説(佐藤恒雄)、文治建久期、遅くとも正治以前とする説(上野順子)などがあり、はっきりしない。
- As for when the Roei Hyakushu was completed, there are various opinions, including that it was an etude made by the young Takafusa (opinion offered by Tokuo SUZUKI), that it was finished after 1177 and before 1200 (opinion offered by Tsuneo SATO) and that it was completed between 1185 and 1198, or before 1199 at the latest (opinion offered by Junko UENO), but the real date remains inconclusive.
- (ただし、家康と対抗可能な勢力を誇っていた前田利家が存命中は、徳川家が豊臣家を上回る権威を持つことは阻止できており、利家が秀吉の死から僅か8ヵ月後に病死しなければ家康の政権獲得は困難だったとも考えられる。)
- (However, the Toyotomi clan could control the Tokugawa clan while Toshiie Maeda was alive, because Toshiie could compete with Ieyasu: if Toshiie had not passed away only eight months after Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu might have had difficulty in gaining control of the government.)
- 阿部死後、老中首座となった堀田正睦は、ハリスの圧力や第二次アヘン戦争における清の敗北などの情勢から通商条約締結は不可避と考え、孝明天皇の勅許を求めるべく、京都において関白九条尚忠を通じて工作をおこなわせた。
- After the death of Abe, Masayoshi HOTTA, who assumed the position of the head of roju, thought the conclusion of the treaty would be inevitable due to pressure from Harris and the surrounding situation in which the Qing dynasty was defeated in the second Opium war, and started work in Kyoto, through Naohisa KUJO, Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), to get imperial permission from the Emperor Komei.
- 更にこうした事件の頻発によって、次第に事件の背景に郡司などの役人の地位を巡る地方単位における政争(政敵の責任追及)や国司・郡司らによる正税虚納や官物押領の隠蔽などを意図したものであると考えられるようになった。
- Furthermore, such incidents came to often happen and they began to think that, behind those incidents, there were political wars in provincial units, concerning positions of government officials such as gunji and so on, or intentional concealment efforts of absence of shozei payment or illegal confiscation of kanmotsu.
- 江戸幕府はスペイン・ポルトガル勢力をアジアから追放しようとするイギリスとオランダの商人によってこの情報を得て、家康の積極外交から鎖国に方針転換したと考えられている(家光が単に外国嫌いであったという説もある)。
- It is believed that the Edo Bakufu changed its policy to seclusionism after obtaining this information from merchants of Britain and the Netherlands who were aiming to oust Spanish and Portuguese power from Asia, even though the Edo Bakufu during the era of the Ieyasu TOKUGAWA shogunate had positive relations with foreign countries (another theory suggests that Iemitsu was simply a xenophobia.)
- なお、公議とは当時討幕派・佐幕派問わずに広く唱えられた公議政体論に由来すると考えられており、明治政府と戊辰戦争で敵対した奥羽越列藩同盟の諸藩代表による議事機関にも公議所(白石城に設置)の名称が用いられている。
- Incidentally, it is said that Kogi derived from Kogi-seitai-ron (parliamentary regime theory) that was then widely advocated without regard to anti-Shogunate group or Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun), and Ouetsu-reppan alliance (alliance of strong domains in the northern part of Japan) also used the name of Kogisho (established at Shiraishi castle) for the assembly body of representatives of the domains who opposed to the Meiji Government at Boshin War.
- また10世紀中葉の承平天慶の乱は、当初平氏一族内の私闘と考えられていたものが、のちに国家への叛逆行為と見なされるようになったものであるが、その最大の要因は平将門が常陸国府を包囲・攻略し、官印を奪ったことによる。
- In another episode, the Johei and Tengyo War in the middle of the tenth century was originally thought as a duel among the Taira family but later came to be regarded as a treason because TAIRA no Masakado surrounded and captured the local government of Hitachi and stole its kanin.
- これは河内本が意味の通りにくい本文に積極的に手を加えて意味が通るようにする方針で校訂されたのに対して青表紙本では意味の通らない本文も可能な限りそのまま残すという方針で校訂されたためであるからだと考えられている。
- This is because positive efforts were made to revise the unclear sentences when the Kawachi-bon manuscript was made, while the Aobyoshi-bon was transcribed with the aim of preserving the original sentences as much as possible even though they were not clear.
- 正確な成立時期は分かっていないものの、仁治元年(1240年)に藤原定家によって書写された『兵範記』(平信範の日記)の紙背文書に「治承物語六巻号平家候間、書写候也」とあるため、それ以前に成立したと考えられている。
- Although it is not known exactly when the tale was completed, the shihai monjo (an old document which was written on the other side of a piece of used paper) of 'Heihanki' (diary of TAIRA no Nobunori) transcribed by FUJIWARA no Teika in 1240 states that 'Jisho Monogatari volume Six, transcribed,' therefore it is considered that the tale was completed before 1240.
- 維新成功の背景として、その前段階たる江戸時代における日本人の労働生産性・教育水準・遵法意識の高さや、近世においてすでに近代的科学(合理)精神を受け入れる素地・教養が準備されていたことなども要因と考えられている。
- Some of the reasons for the success of the Meiji Restoration are that Japanese people in the Edo period worked hard, were well educated, and abided by laws, and they had enough knowledge to accept modern rational scientific spirit.
- また軍を解散させると職を失った大量の兵士達が社会不安の要因となってしまうというものだが、征服した現地兵を次の戦争に投入することは元ではよく行われており、日本との戦いのときのみことさら強調すべきこととは考えにくい。
- It is also said that dissolving the army would cause social anxiety by producing numerous unemployed soldiers, but the Yuan Dynasty often sent local conquered soldiers to the next war and it could not be particularly emphasized only in the case of war with Japan.
- さらに、自国で金本位制を実施出来ない場合でも、これを行っている他国の通貨と自国通貨との一定の交換性が保証されている場合には、為替を通じて間接的に金との兌換が行われていると考えて金為替本位制(きんかわせ-)と呼ぶ。
- Furthermore, it is called gold exchange standard system by considering a foreign exchange transaction as the currency is converted indirectly to gold in other countries, even if a country is unable to implement gold standard system domestically when a certain degree of the currency convertibility between countries is guaranteed.
- しかしながら、この頼朝の提案が事実とすれば為仁親王の外祖父である土御門通親は勿論のこと、守貞に譲位されれば治天の資格を喪失することになる後鳥羽院はともに強く反発したと予想され、朝幕関係は極めて緊張したと考えられる。
- However, if Yoritomo's proposal was true, it is supposed that not only Michichika TSUCHIMIKADO, the maternal grandfather of Imperial Prince Tamehito, but also Gotoba-in (the Retired Emperor Gotoba), who would lose the power to control the nation if Morisada became Emperor, opposed it strongly: it is also thought that relations between the Imperial court and the bakufu were seriously strained at this time.
- いっぽう打製石斧は、縄文時代早期末に、三味線の撥(バチ)に似た形状で、鋭い剥離面を刃部とした片刃の石斧が北日本にみられ、それは「直刃斧」あるいは「トランシェ様石器」といわれ、後世の「手斧」のような使用が考えられる。
- On the other hand, as for chipped stone axes single-edged stone axes of which sharp broken side was blade area, in the form of shamisen (a three-stringed Japanese banjo) stick, were found in the Northern Japan in the end of the early Jomon period, and these are called 'direct blade ax' or 'tranche-style stone tool,' and these are believed to be used as 'hand ax' in the following times.
- また混成の原因には元々あった本文に異なる系統の本文を校合することによる混成の発生と一部分が欠けた写本に残った部分の本文と異なる系統の本文を持つ写本によって補ったことによって発生した混成とが存在すると考えられている。
- There are two reasons for the mixture of the text; one is that when the manuscript was collated, the different group of text was added to the original text, while the other is that the manuscript where the text was partly missing was supplemented by a different group of text.
- 『源氏物語大成』では、基本的な校合方針として「簡明を旨とする」という方針が示されており、漢字と仮名 (文字)の使い分け、変体仮名、異体字、仮名遣いなど意味に影響を与えないと考えられた校異は多くの場合省略されている。
- A fundamental policy of collating 'Genji monogatari taisei' was 'aiming at brevity,' so the differences which seem not to have affected the meanings such as the proper use of distinguishing between kanji (Chinese characters) and kana (the Japanese syllabary), hentaigana (anomalous Japanese cursive syllabary), itaiji (variant character), kana orthography, and so on, were mostly omitted.
- 明治30年代当時は、欧化主義の進展によって日本の道徳倫理あるいは武士道精神といったものが退廃にさらされていると考え、それらを陽明学で蘇らせようという風潮が日本にはあったが、これが明治期における陽明学熱の背景である。
- Around the turn of the century, it was considered that Europeanism was advancing to the detriment of Japanese moral ethics and the samurai spirit, which led Japan to recover these moral ethics and spirit through Yomeigaku; this was background to the Japanese people's enthusiasm for studying Yomeigaku during the Meiji period.
- また、同国の将軍・関羽が中国最大の鹹湖である「解池」がある河東郡 (中国)解県の出身であったために、元々は塩の密売人であったという伝説が伝えられ、そこから後に関羽を「商売の神様」とする考えが生まれたと言われている。
- Also, since Yu GUAN, General of Shu, was from Hai County, Hedong (China), which has 'Hai Lake,' the biggest saltwater lake in China, a legend was transmitted that he was a trafficker of salt, and later this led to the idea that Yu GUAN was 'a god of trade.'
- 646年(大化2年)1月1日 (旧暦)、孝徳天皇によって発せられた改新の詔による、駅馬・伝馬の駅伝制の設置に伴って造られたと考えられており、官吏は駅において、この鈴を鳴らして駅子(人足)と駅馬または駅舟を徴発させた。
- It is believed to have been created along with ekiden-sei (transportation system) consisting of ekiba (horses for transportation of official travelers) and tenma (post horses) established by Kaishin no Mikotonori (the Imperial Reform Edict) which was issued by Emperor Kotoku on January 1, 646 (according to old lunar calendar), and government officials brought ekishi (or ninsoku (coolie, laborer)) and ekiba or ekifune into requisition by ringing this bell at umaya.
- この時期には、畿内を中心として北部九州から瀬戸内、あるいは山陰から北陸、東海地域以東にまで高地性集落が見られること、環濠集落が多く見られることなどから、これらを倭国大乱の証拠であるとする考え方はほぼ定説となっている。
- These are many upland settlements and moat settlements are found around Kinai to northern Kyushu, Setouchi, Sanin, Hokuriku, Tokai region, and east in this period, and it is an established theory that these are evidence for the Wakoku War.
- 元々は禁裏や公家の諸家に除目などの公事の参考とするために同様の本が編纂・所蔵されており、それぞれの家にあった本が互いに貸借・校合されていく過程で詳細な山科家のそれが通行して他家の本が行われなくなったと考えられている。
- Originally, similar books were edited and possessed by the Imperial Palace or each clan of court nobles to consult for political operations and ceremonies of the Imperial Court such as appointment ceremonies, and it is believed that the Yamashina family's detailed version was generally used and books in other families had been no longer in use in the course of borrowing and lending, or collating of those books of each clan.
- 中世ヨーロッパにおける神秘主義の中には、そういった商人の作り上げた嘘が真に受けられたと考えられる物品も数多く伝わっており、例えば「ウニコール」(イッカクの牙)がユニコーンの伝説と関連付けられ、解毒薬として流通していた。
- In mysticism of the Medieval Period of Europe, many goods with lies spread, which were created by merchants and thought to be accepted, for example, 'Unicorne' (fangs of unicorns) circulated as antidotes, related to a legend of unicorns.
- やがて、院政期における摂関の地位を巡る内紛を経た藤原忠実の時代には、御堂流故実を摂家をはじめとする御堂流一門統合の象徴として尊重していく考え方が高まり、御堂流に属する人物のみが用いる故実とする認識が定着することになった。
- In the time of FUJIWARA no Tadazane after the internal conflict over the position of Sekkan in the Insei (cloister government) period, there was a thought raised to value Mido-ryu practices as a symbol of unified of all Mido-ryu family including the Sekke; and the idea of thinking of Mido-ryu as a practice for people who belong to Mido-ryu was well-established.
- 大久保は、木戸を政府へ復帰させることにより、自らの権力集中に対する批判を和らげる良い機会と考え、この会談に応じたが、板垣に対しては政権に復帰させる必要性を感じていなかったので、当初大久保・板垣両者は面会にいたらなかった。
- Okubo took it as a good opportunity to restore Kido to the government for the purpose to alleviate the criticisms against his political supremacy, and so he agreed to meet Kido; however, he did not consider it necessary to bring Itagaki back to the government, so he did not meet him at the beginning.
- これは「河内本」が意味の通りにくい本文に積極的に手を加えて意味が通るようにする方針で校訂されたのに対して、「青表紙本」では意味の通らない本文も可能な限りそのまま残すという方針で校訂されたためであるからだと考えられている。
- This is because 'Kawachibon' was revised positively to make the obscure lines clear, while 'Aobyoshibon' was revised due to a policy of staying as close as possible to the original text.
- 須恵器及びその製造技法は古墳時代に朝鮮半島南部から伝えられたとされ、5世紀初めには茅渟県陶邑(現在の大阪府堺市中区 (堺市)・南区 (堺市)付近)などで大規模な須恵器の製造が行われて、陶部の形成が行われたと考えられている。
- Sueki and its producing technique are said to have been introduced from the Southern area of the Korean Peninsula in the Kofun period, and Suebe is considered to have been formed to manufacture Sueki on a large scale in Suemura, Chinu Province and other places (present-day near Naka Ward and Minami Ward, Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture) in the beginning of the 5th century.
- 更に遣唐使廃止後の唐風文化の衰退と国風文化の高揚が、歌会・歌合などの行事を活発化させ、それにつれてより良い和歌を作成するために必要であると考えられた歌題・題意の組織化と規範化、和歌に関する古典・有職研究の専門化が進展した。
- Furthermore, after Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) was abolished, the decline of Tang culture and uplift of the Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) activated events such as Uta-kai (poem competitions) and utaawase (poetry contests), and organization and establishment of rules of Kadai (subjects of waka Japanese poem) and Daii (meanings of subjects), and specialization in the study of classics and knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorumts regarding waka that were considered to be necessary to compose better waka developed.
- また、源頼朝が彼の命を助けて御家人の列に加えたことからも源頼朝と血縁的に近い人であったことが想像される(ただし、頼朝は親族に対して警戒心を抱いていたことを考えると、近すぎず遠すぎずといった微妙な位置であった可能性が高い)。
- It can also be imagined that he was a close blood relative of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who saved his life and added him to the member of gokenin (however, we should not forget that Yoritomo had wariness toward his relatives, so he would have probably kept his relatives at a discreet distance.)
- 『日本書紀』の持統天皇の吉野行きの記事は、ひと干支(60年)前の「白村江の戦い」時の天皇の佐賀県吉野地方への出撃部隊視察の記事である(部隊は機密保持のため有明海に集結し、有明海→五島列島→韓のコースを辿ったと考えられる)。
- The article on Emperor Jito's visit to Yoshino in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) is an article on the emperor's visits to mission troops to the Yoshino area, Saga Prefecture at the time of `the battle of Hakusukinoe' sixty years ago (the troops gathered at the sea of Areake for maintaining confidentiality, and are believed to have taken the course; from the sea of Ariake, the Goto Islands, to Kan).
- 朝貢を行った理由・背景は明確にはなっていないが、おそらく朝鮮半島南部諸国(任那・伽耶)に於ける利権争いへの参入を有利に進めるためであろうと考えられており、実際に中国史書には倭へ朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める内容を記している。
- Although the reasons for and the background to these tributes by Wakoku remain unclear, it is thought they may have been to provide an advantage in the competition over interests and rights in the kingdoms of the southern Korean Peninsula (the Gaya Confederacy) and in fact, Chinese sources mention Wakoku's hegemony over the southern Korean Peninsula.
- 中国王朝から見た華夷秩序は、中華思想に基づく世界観を現実に投影したもので、中国を「華」(文明)と自認し、中国という同心円的ヒエラルキーの中心から離れるに従い「華」から離れ「夷狄」(野蛮)に近づいていくと考える国際秩序である。
- Kaichitsujo looked from Chinese dynasty was a view of the world based on Sinocentrism projected to the reality and it was international order in which China is recognized as 'Ka' (culture) and the more remote from China, which was the center of concentric circle-shaped hierarchy the more remote from 'Ka' and come closer to 'iteki' (barbarians).
- 対外硬(たいがいこう)とは、国際社会における日本国家の現状を対外的に危機的状況と考え、国際協調を否定して、国家の自主・独立を重んじて軍事力をも視野においた強硬的な外交でのみによってこの危機を打開できるとする思想・主張のこと。
- Taigaiko was the idea or concept that considered the situation of Japan in the international community as the critical externally, and only the forceful diplomacy including the military force which denies the international cooperation, and values national independence can defuse a crisis.
- また、弘仁3年(812年)に紀伝博士在任のまま大学助に任命された勇山文継は、その半年前に初めて連の姓を受けていることから、白丁(庶民あるいはそれに近い身分)のまま大学寮に入ってその教官の地位に就いていたものと考えられている。
- Meanwhile, ISAYAMA no Fumitsugu was appointed as daigaku no suke (Assistant Director of the Bureau of Education) in 812 during his service as kiden hakase, but he was granted for the first time the kabane (hereditary title) of muraji (one of the ancient Japanese hereditary titles denoting rank and political standing) six months before that, and from this we can assume that he had entered the daigakuryo as hakucho (ordinary people or something similar) and had the position of a professor there.
- 3世紀中葉-後期に成立したとされるヤマト王権の王たちも対外的には倭王・倭国王を称したと考えられており、実際に4世紀後期から5世紀末にかけて中国王朝と活発な通交を重ねた諸王も中国に対して倭王または倭国王を称している(倭の五王)。
- It is considered that kings of the Yamato Dynasty, which was supposedly established in mid or later third century, externally called themselves the King of Wa or the King of Wakoku, and in fact, Shoo (princes without imperial proclamation) who were actively involved in friendly relations with Chinese Dynasties from the late fourth to late fifth century called themselves the King of Wakoku (The five kings of Wa).
- また、これまでの輸入品であった綿布、生糸、砂糖、鹿皮、絹織物などの海外品はむしろ国産化を推進すべきである、農民は米穀のみをつくり商品作物の栽培は禁ずるという伝統的な封建制度の政策はその限りにおいて緩和されるべきであると考えた。
- In addition, Arai considered to promote domestic production of traditionally imported goods like cloth, raw silk thread, sugar, buckskin, silk cloth, etc and loosen the policy created under the traditional feudal system, which banned peasants from producing commercial crops except for cultivating rice.
- なお、明治40年制定の現行刑法では、殺人未遂罪に相当すると考えられるが、現行刑法では、自ら積極的に行為を中止した場合(中止未遂)の場合を除き、未遂による減軽は裁判官の裁量によるため、殺人罪の法定刑である死刑となる可能性はある。
- According to the current penal code enacted in 1907, Tsuda may be accused of attempted murder, but still there is a possibility that he is sentenced death penalty, because commutation for failed criminal cases are decided at discretion of judges except when a criminal gave up completion of crime on his own will.
- その他、『隋書』「卷八十一 列傳第四十六 東夷 俀國」に記述される開皇20年(600年)第1回遣隋使の上奏文に「俀王姓阿毎字多利思北孤 號阿輩雞彌」とあり、俀王多利思比孤の号 「阿輩雞彌」が「おおきみ」を表すと考えられている。
- In addition, in the johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) of the first Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China in 600 described in 'Volume 80 chapter 46 Dongyi Wakoku' in 'Suishu' (the Book of Sui Dynasty), it says 'in the year 600, the king of Wa, the surname Ame, the popular name Tarishihoko, calling himself Okimi' and it is thought that the title of the king of Wa, Tarishihiko, represents 'okimi.'
- 建武中元二年(57年)、博多湾沿岸に所在したと見られる倭奴国の首長が、後漢の光武帝から倭奴国王に冊封されて金印(倭奴国王印)の賜与を受けており(『後漢書』「」)、当時は北部九州の勢力が倭国内の中心勢力であったと考えられている。
- In 57, a chieftain of Wanonanokuni (small country in Hakata area of Fukuoka Prefecture), which is believed to have been located along the Hakata Bay, had suzerain-vassal relationship with the Emperor Kobu-tei (Emperor Guangwu) of the Latter Han Dynasty, who invested him with Wakoku by giving golden stamp (Wa no na no kokuo in [the oldest known seal in Japan]), ('History of the Latter Han Dynasty'), therefore, the center of Japanese political force is believed to have been located in the northern part of Kyushu at that time.
- 『源氏物語』がどのような経過で成立したのかを根拠付ける外部資料は少なくとも今のところ存在せず、また『更級日記』などの記述を見ても成立してほど無い時期から『源氏物語』は今のような五十四帖全てが完成した形で読まれてきたと考えられる。
- At present, there is no outside material that allows us to discern how 'The Tale of Genji' was composed, but descriptions such as 'Sarashina Nikki' suggest that 'The Tale of Genji' was read in the form of 54 chapters.
- 理由は不明だが、大正時代、製錬方法が浮遊選鉱法に変更されたことにより渡良瀬川を流れる鉱石くずの粒が細かくなり、浮遊したまま川を流れるようになったため、上流部の渡良瀬川右岸に多く流れ込んで堆積するようになったと考える研究者がいる。
- The reason is unknown, however, some researchers consider that since the method of extraction was changed to froth flotation (flotation) in the Taisho period, copper waste became smaller enough to float on the river, and that a lot of those wastes accumulated in the right side of the upper stream of Watarase-gawa River.
- この姓(カバネ)は、後世での扱われ方からヤマト王権当初から氏族単位に賦与(ふよ)されていたと考えられていたが、実証的な文献研究により、ヤマト王権当初の姓(カバネ)は個人単位で付与されていたことが明らかとなったと主張する人がいる。
- It was believed that the kabane were given to each clan from the beginning of Yamato sovereignty; however, based on the research of historical records, some strongly suggest that they were given to individuals in the beginning of Yamato sovereignty.
- もっともこの場合でも、当時の日本政府の財政事情(西郷隆盛も反対論の理由の一つに財政問題を挙げている)から、ヨーロッパやアメリカ合衆国の本線用の車両を購入して輸送するコストを考えれば、必ずしも日本政府の判断が誤りだったとはいえない。
- But even if it were the case, if the financial conditions of the Japanese government at that time (Takamori SAIGO also mentioned financial reasons to oppose the construction) and the expenses which would have cost to purchase and convey carriages for the main line from Europe or America are considered, it cannot be said that the decision of the Japanese government was a mistake.
- 家康の政治目標は徳川氏を頂点とした長期的かつ安定した政権をつくることであったとされ、徳川家の主君筋に当たり幕府のヒエラルキー社会では別格的存在となる豊臣家に対し、服属させるか、それが拒絶された場合には処分する事を考え始めたという。
- Ieyasu's political goal was assumed to establish a long-term and firm government led by the Tokugawa clan, therefore, he was said to have begun to think how he could make the Toyotomi Family, which kept a lord-like position to the Tokugawa Family and an exceptional existence in the hierarchy of the bakufu, obey the Tokugawa clan or punish them if they would not obey him.
- 本著は先に挙げた先行の作者付を参考にして書かれ、『金春八左衛門書上』、そして『観世太夫書上』・『自家伝抄』の一部を重視し、『能本作者註文』・『歌謡作者考』を参照しつつ、加えて現在知られていない伝書の説も取り入れたと考えられている。
- It is thought that this book was written based on the prior sakushazuke, emphasizes parts of 'Konparu Hachizaemon Kakiage,' 'Kanze Dayu Kakiage' and 'Jika Densho,' and draws inspiration from 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon' and 'Kayo Sakusha Ko' in addition to incorporating the views of the texts now unknown.
- 表面上部に桐紋を囲む扇枠、中央上部に長方形枠の「貮分」、下部に「光次(花押)」、裏面は中央に花押、左下に小判師のものと思われる極印が打たれ、現存極めて稀少であり一枚は造幣博物館が所蔵しているが、試鋳貨幣的な存在であったと考えられる。
- There is fan shape frame around Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns) on the upper part of its head, 'Nibu' with rectangular frame on the upper center, 'Mitsutsugu (Kao[written seal mark]) 'on the lower part, Kao on the center of tail, imprinted hallmark which likely to be Kobanshi's on the lower left, and it is thought to be like a proof coin because it scarcely exists now, one of which Mint Museum owners.
- 同時に官有物の払い下げによって官営工場の民間移管を表明したが、大隈は殖産興業政策そのものは放棄せず、殖産興業を大久保の遺志と考える薩摩藩出身の高官や大隈の下で大蔵省に起用された肥前藩出身の若手官僚(石丸安世・石橋重朝ら)も同調した。
- At the same time, he announced to transfer the control of government-owned factories to private sector as part of disposition of government property, but he did not abandon the encouragement of new industry policy itself which was aligned with high officers from Satsuma Domain, who believed the encouragement of new industry was the wish of Okubo, and the young bureaucrats (including Yasuyo ISHIMARU and Shigetomo ISHIBASHI) from Hizen Domain, who entered the Ministry of the Treasury under the leadership of Okuma.
- 一方清朝や義和団側の死傷者は統計としては正確性を欠かざるをえないが、上で引用したように天津城攻防戦だけで4000名ほどの遺体があったと日本軍が書いていることから考えて、一年ほどの戦争期間に多大な死傷者を出したことは容易に想像できる。
- Meanwhile, the number of casualties of the Qing Dynasty and the Boxers lacks valid statistics, but it can be assumed a huge number of casualties were produced over the one year war period because the Japanese army stated that there were about 4000 dead bodies just from the attack of Tianjin.
- しかし外山・佐阿弥・十二次郎・観世元雅越智観世など他の作者付には見られない作者が挙げられ、これらの人物については信用のおける古書を参照しているとも考えることも出来、信頼には検討を要するとは言え、傍証が得られれば重要な資料となり得る。
- However, it includes writers such as Sotoyama, Saami, Junijiro, Kanze Motomasa and Ochi Kanze who do not appear in other sakushazuke and it can be thought that details regarding these individuals is based on credible ancient texts, so although it is important to remain skeptical, this book will become a valuable resource if its content can be corroborated.
- このことは特に陳献章の弟子湛若水(甘泉)と王守仁とに交流があること、また王守仁と陳献章との学問的関係も絶無とされないことなどが注目され、明初期の江南地方の儒学者と、明中期以後の陽明学者との関係を意味づけるものと考えられる場合もある。
- One important aspect of this is that Zhan Ruoshui (Ganquan), a disciple of Chen Xianzhang, had exchanges with Wang Shouren (Wang Yangming) and, also, that the existence of a scholarly relationship between Wang Shouren and Chen Xianzhang cannot be denied; thus, some believe that all those indicate a relationship between the Confucians in the Jian Nang area in the early Ming period and the scholars of Yomei-gaku after the middle of the Ming period.
- 仮に韓国人研究者たちが考えるように『万国公法』が中国で公刊されてすぐ伝来したのだとすると、1877年までの間表面的には国際法に対応しようとする積極的な動きがなかったことになり、その対応の緩慢さは一層際だつことになる(金容九1999)。
- If 'Bankoku Koho' had been brought to Korea soon after it was published in China, it means there was no action to deal with international law on a superficial level until 1877, so the slow response would stand out (金容丸 1999).
- これを再び統一したのは北宋であったが、宋王朝は遼や金 (王朝)などと対立していたことなどから、中国全土に対して強力な支配を行っていたとは必ずしもいえないが、宋のもとで中国の社会が安定し農業や商業が飛躍的に発展したと考えることはできる。
- It was the Northern Sung Dynasty that unified China again, but it can not be said that the Sung Dynasty was able to exert a controlling force over the whole area of China, since Sung was confronted with the Ryo and Jin Dynasties, but it can be thought that society achieved stability, and agriculture and commerce made remarkable progress in China during this period.
- また、行基とその教団は諸国を移動して布教活動及び各種社会事業を行っており、後の東大寺盧舎那仏像建立にも関与していることから、当然こうした活動を円滑化するための地図を何らかの形で所持あるいは作成を行っていたことは十分考えられるのである。
- On the other hand, Gyoki and his religious community moved around various districts, performing both missionary and social works, and were involved in the construction of Todaiji-ji Temple rushanabutsuzo (the statue of Birushana Buddha), and therefore it is really conceivable that he possessed or was making in some way or other the maps to facilitate these activities.
- しかしそのような説がある一方で、必ずしも長編の物語であるから長い執筆期間が必要であるとは言えず、数百人にも及ぶ登場人物が織りなす長編物語が矛盾無く描かれているのは短期間に一気に書き上げられたからであると考えるべきであるとする説もある。
- On the contrary, there is a view that it doesn't necessarily take a long time to write an extended story, and it should be considered that she wrote it over a short period of time without stopping, which made it possible to maintain the cohesiveness of such a long tale having more than 100 characters.
- また、『鉄炮記』に「五峰」と記されている人物は、日本の平戸市や五島列島を拠点に活動していた倭寇の頭領である王直の号と同じであり、またポルトガル史料にはジャンク (船)であったと記されていることなどから同一人物であるとも考えられている。
- The man called 'Goho' in 'Teppoki' is considered to be the same person as Ochoku who was the leader of wako based on today's Hirado City and the Goto Islands, because Goho coincides with the byname of Ochoku and the record in Portugal shows the ship was a junk one.
- また、ヤマト王権の大王が、「倭の五王」のような讃、珍、済、興、武など1字の中国風の名を名乗ったという記録は存在しない、中国側が勝手に東夷の王に中国風の名を付けることなども例が無く考えられないので、「倭の五王」はヤマト王権の大王ではない。
- It can be said that `the five kings of Wa' is not the great king of Yamato kingship because there is no record of the great kings of Yamato kingship who had Chinese style names consisting of one character such as San (讃), Chin (珍), Sei (済), Ko (興), (Bu) 武 like `the five kings of Wa,' and there was no case of a king of the eastern barbarians named by China without their permission.
- ただし、継体天皇の即位に当たっては前政権の支配機構をそっくりそのまま受け継いでいること、また血統の点でも前の大王家の皇女を妻として入り婿の形で皇位を継承していることなどから、これを「王朝」として区別できるかどうか疑問とする考え方もある。
- However, some scholars think that it is questionable to think that Keitai dynasty as a separate 'dynasty' because at the enthronement of Emperor Keitai he inherited the form of government as it was from the previous government, and in the blood line, he inherited the imperial throne as a man whose wife was a princess of the previous great kings family and became irimuko (man who takes his wife's premarital family name).
- また日本ではインフラ確立など、植民地統治のプラス面が評価されがちだが、それに対し結局は台湾人でなく日本人の利益を第一義に考えての投資、優遇された日本人商人による搾取、日本の食糧庫・南進基地に位置づけられ、工業化が遅れたなどの批判もある。
- The Japanese tended to mention the positive side of the colonial ruling such as establishing the infrastructure, on the other hand, some mentioned the investment that was allegedly done for the benefit of Japanese, not Taiwanese, the exploitation by the privileged Japanese merchants, delayed industrialization as a result of Taiwan being positioned as a source of food or a base for southward advancement.
- 元々、吉備地方に発生した特殊器台形土器・特殊壺形土器は、墳墓上で行われた葬送儀礼に用いられものであるが、古墳に継承された円筒埴輪は、墳丘や重要な区画を囲い込むというその樹立方法からして、聖域を区画するという役割を有していたと考えられる。
- Originally, ceremonial vessel stand form earthenware and ceremonial jar form earthenware started in Kibi region were used in funeral rituals, while cylindrical Haniwa passed on tumulus are thought to have had a purpose to divide the sanctuary based on their arrangement of surrounding a hill tomb and important section.
- 詳しくは自然法と実定法の記事に譲るが、自然法とは法の淵源(法律の拠って立つ根拠、すなわち法源)を人為的に定められたものに求めず、人の理性によって発見される、時代や地域を超越した普遍性(と思われるもの)と正義に由来すると考える法概念である。
- Although details should be consulted with articles on natural law and positive law, natural law is a legal concept which does not look for the origin of law (basis on which law can exist, namely source of law) in artificial provisions but considers that source of law is derived from generality (or what thought to be) and justice.
- つまり、当時の政府もその具体額は把握しておらず、将来的にも全容を明らかにするのは困難である(3,000万両は過大であるとしても、現在明らかになっているだけで800万両近くあり、それを遥かに上回る金額の悪貨・贋貨が発行されたと考えられる)。
- In other words, the government at the time also did not know the concrete amount of fake money coined, and even in the future, uncovering the whole truth would be difficult (even if 30 million ryo is exaggerated, the amount made clear presently is still close to 8 million ryo, and much more bad money and counterfeit money is thought to have been issued.)
- 更に今日かつての平安京からは当時の唐物の代表的商品である中国製陶器が多数発掘されており、遣唐使の減少にも関わらず平安遷都以後においても中国から大量の陶器が流入しており、それらの多くは民間の商人の手によってもたらされていたと考えられている。
- Today, many potteries, the flagship product of karamono (things imported from China) that time have been excavated from the remains of Heiankyo, and many think that although the number of the Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China declined, and even after the transfer of national capital to the city of Heiankyo, many potteries were brought from China into Japan and many of those were brought by private merchants.
- 東北地方に伝わるものはおそらく『古今和歌集』の歌人目録中の「出羽国郡司娘」という記述によると思われるが、それも小野小町の神秘性を高めるために当時の日本の最果ての地の生まれという設定にしたと考えられてもいて、この伝説の裏付けにはなりにくい。
- A tradition handed down in the Tohoku region is perhaps based on the description of 'a daughter of Dewa no Kuni Gunji' in the catalogue of poets in 'Kokinwakashu,' but it is also considered that somebody set her birthplace as far away as possible Japan in order to enhance the mystique of ONO no Komachi; therefore, it is difficult to validate such a description.
- 日本も封建制度の体制下で欧米の近代法にある法治国家の諸原則が存在しておらず、刑事面では拷問や残虐な刑罰が存置され、民事面では自由な契約や取引関係を規制して十分な保護を与えていなかったために、欧米列強からはその対象国であると考えられていた。
- Japan, too, was considered a target of unequal treaties by the allied Western powers because Japan, under the feudal system, did not have various principles of a nation under the rule of law as stipulated in modern Western laws and therefore maintained torture and cruel punishment in criminal cases and regulated free contracts and transactions without giving sufficient protection in civil affairs.
- パークスは薩摩藩・長州藩を支援して明治政府の成立に協力していた経緯があるだけに、政府が極秘で改税約書に違反した悪貨を鋳造していることに気づいていたが、これを放置しておくことは日本と貿易を行うイギリス商人の利益に反することであると考えていた。
- Having the background of cooperating with the formation of the Meiji Government by supporting the Satsuma and Choshu Domain, Parkes realized that the Meiji Government was breaking the kaizeiyakusho and secretly coining bad money, but thought that leaving this matter alone would go against the profit of English merchants who were trading with Japan.
- なおこのほかに「源語(げんご)」、「紫文(しぶん)」、「紫史(しし)」などという漢語風の名称で呼ばれていることもあるが、漢籍の影響を受けたものでありそれほど古いものはないと考えられており、池田亀鑑によればその使用は江戸時代を遡らないとされる。
- It was also referred to with Chinese titles such as 'Gengo (abbreviation of The Tale of Genji),' 'Shibun (Text of Murasaki),' 'Shishi (History of Murasaki),' etc., but these titles seem to have been under the influence of Chinese classics and therefore not so old, while Kikan IKEDA claimed that such usage didn't start until the Edo period.
- 『白造紙』、『紫明抄』あるいは『花鳥余情』といった古い時代の文献には宇治十帖の巻数を「宇治一」、「宇治二」というようにそれ以外の巻とは別立てで数えているものがあり、この頃すでにこの部分をその他の部分とは分けて取り扱う考え方が存在したと見られる。
- Some old literature like 'Hakuzoshi,' 'Shimei-sho Commentary' and 'Kachoyojo' number the 'Ten Quires of Uji' like 'Uji 1,' 'Uji 2,' considering that these chapters are somewhat different from the others, which suggests that some people in those days already considered that this part should be separate from the others.
- 1924年には干ばつがあり、これは、水源地の足尾の山林が荒廃して保水能力を失ったためだと考えた両組合は、それぞれ別個に活動を行い、1925年には群馬県側の農民ら数千人の署名が集められ、貴族院、衆議院、内務大臣、農務大臣宛てに請願書が提出される。
- In 1924, those areas was hit by a drought, and both unions considered it was because the damaged forests had no longer absorbed nor contained water; although the unions took action separately, in 1925 the petition including thousands of signatures of the farmers and peasants and others in Gunma Prefecture was submitted to the House of Peers, the House of Representatives, the Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister of Agricultural Affairs.
- だが、公民や品部のように一般の戸籍には編入されず、「雑戸籍」という特殊な戸籍が作成されてその身分は技術とともに世襲化されて官司に直接付属されるなど、賎民に準じた扱いを受けていたと考えられている(ただし、一部には功労によって位階を授かる者もいた)。
- Zakko, however, are believed to have been treated in a similar way to senmin (with the exception of some who were given ikai [Court rank] in recognition of their contribution), as seen from the facts that they were registered not in the general family register in which citizens and shinabe (technicians in offices) were listed but in the special family register called 'zakkoseki,' and that they passed on their social status as well as skills in a hereditary manner under the direct control of government offices.
- 一方、旧自由党系内部でもとりあえず選挙に備えた新党の母体となる政治結社を結成しようとする(政社系)河野広中らと立憲改進党系が離脱した以上は新党ではなく自由党再興を目指すべきで今は政治結社を考える時ではないとする(非政社系)大井憲太郎らが対立する。
- At the same time, within the former Liberal Party, there was a confrontation between two groups: one led by Hironaka KONO (seisha group) who aimed to form a temporary political organization to prepare for the election which would be a parent organization of a new political party and the other led by Kentaro OI (hi-seisha group) who aimed to restore Liberal Party rather than form a new political party now that the Constitutional Progressive Party left and emphasized that it was not a time to think about a new political party.
- 東京大学史料編纂所には『歴名』、国立歴史民俗博物館には「補任」の引用と見られる『補略』と呼ばれる書物が所蔵されており、その内容より「補任」は公卿を官位順に記したもの、「歴名」は親王・公卿・諸王・殿上人を官位順に記したものであったと考えられている。
- The Historiographical Institute of The University of Tokyo possesses 'Ryakumyo' and National Museum of Japanese History has books called 'Horyaku' cited from 'Bunin' and according to their contents, it is considered that 'Bunin' recorded court nobles in the order of official court rank and 'Ryakumyo' recorded Imperial princes, court nobles, Shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince), or tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) in the order of official court rank.
- これによって、名古屋市当局は市内路線の市有化を強力に求めるべきとの考えを強め、事態収拾のため25年後までの市有化(市内全路線の譲渡)を名電に約束させ、1922年(大正11年)に名古屋電気鉄道の名古屋鉄道と名古屋市電への分割・事業譲渡として結実した。
- The authorities of Nagoya city came to realize the necessity of promoting the municipalization of railways in the city due to this incident, and to settle the situation let Nagoya Denki Tetsudo make an promise they would pass the right to all lines to the Nagoya city within the next 25 years, and Nagoya Denki Tetsudo was spilt into Nagoya Tetsudo (Nagoya Railway Co., Ltd.) and Nagoya Shiden (Nagoya City Railway) in 1922.
- また、三条西実隆による古系図の「整理」も、一から全面的に作り直したのではなく、それまでに存在した源氏物語古系図の一本に証本にしようとして自らが整えた青表紙本の(三条西家系統の)本文に合うように手を加えるという形で行われたにすぎないと考えられている。
- It is also thought that 'organizing' old genealogies by Sanetaka SANJONISHI was not a work thoroughly carried out from the beginning, but he just revised the text of Aobyoshi-bon manuscript (in the Sanjonishi group) which he had arranged in order to make the existing old genealogy of The Tale of Genji a reliable book.
- そこから京の武官の一部を構成する馬寮とのつながり、義家以前の平将門の時代から「牧」は武士団のベースであること、そして奥州は良馬の産地であり、義家以前からの陸奥とのつながりも当然想定され、陸奥守であり、また軍事貴族である義家への接近は十分に考えられる。
- Therefore, considering the relationship with Meryo (the section taking care of imperial horses) which was one of the military officers in Kyoto, the fact that 'Maki' had been a base of samurai groups since the age of TAIRA no Masakado who lived before Yoshiie, and the fact that Oshu was a production area of good horses, it can be guessed naturally that he had a relationship with the Mutsu Province and it is reasonable enough to think that he approached Yoshiie who was Mutsuno kami and a military aristocracy.
- 摂海防禦指揮徳川慶喜は、いまだに条約への勅許が得られていないのが原因と考え、老中らに勅許工作と外国艦隊との交渉をおこなわせるが、独断で兵庫開港を決めた阿部正外・松前崇広らに対し朝廷から老中罷免の令が出される異常事態となり、幕府は慶喜への疑念を強める。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who was in charge of protecting the sea around the Osaka region, had senior councilors negotiate with the foreign squadron, while promoting activities to get permission from the emperor, but things became complicated with the order to dismiss the two senior councilors, Masato ABE and Takahiro MATSUMAE, who had decided to open Hyogo port on their own authority, making the bakufu side suspicious of Yoshinobu.
- これらの公事はかつての庸や調などの人身に対する賦課の延長上にあり、荘園や国衙領に居住する者が「名主百姓の役」である公事を負担することが平民百姓=自由民としての義務と考えられていた(これに対して年貢・所当は田地への賦課である租の延長上に捉えられている)。
- These kuji were on the extended line of the imposition on human body such as cho or yo in the earlier days, so it was considered that bearing kuji of 'myoshu hyakusho no eki' was for people living in the manor or kokugaryo an obligation as commoner peasants = free people (on the other hand, nengu and shoto were positioned on the extended line of so that was an imposition to rice field).
- このように現在の源氏物語の本文研究の学問的水準から考えると問題も多く、批判されることもしばしばある校本ではあるが、歴史上初めて完成した学術的な源氏物語の校本でありながら、21世紀に入っても通常の研究に利用しうる源氏物語の校本としては最も整ったものである。
- As mentioned above, there are many problems from the view of an academic level of the present text study of The Tale of Genji, and the variorum is often criticized, but it was the best organized variorum among those of The Tale of Genji which can be used for the regular study even in the 21st century, although it was the earliest academic variorum of The Tale of Genji in history.
- しかし、10世紀の『大和物語』、『うつほ物語』や11世紀の『栄花物語』、『狭衣物語』などに『竹取物語』への言及が見られ、また『源氏物語』「絵合」巻に「物語の出で来はじめの祖なる竹取の翁」とあることから、遅くとも10世紀半ばまでに成立したと考えられている。
- However, 'Yamato Monogatari' (Tales of Yamato) and 'Utsuho Monogatari' (The Tale of the Cavern) completed in the tenth century, and 'Eiga Monogatari' (A Tale of Flowering Fortunes) and 'Sagoromo Monogatari' (The Tale of Sagoromo) in the eleventh century refer to 'Taketori Monogatari,' and moreover a chapter of 'A Picture Contest' in 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji) says, 'Taketori no Okina, a founder of the tale,' which suggests that the tale was completed at least by the mid-tenth century.
- また、神風によって日本が救われたという出来事は「神国思想」(=日本は神国なのだから負けるはずがないという考え)を日本人に広く浸透させ、それが太平洋戦争末期の日本軍や国民思想の非合理性の温床となり、神風特別攻撃隊をはじめ数々の悲劇を生んだとも言われている。
- It is also said that the event in which Kamikaze saved Japan led Japanese to widely believe in 'Shinkoku Shiso' (the idea that Japan will never lose because it is a country protected by the gods), which became the grounds for the irrational idea held by the Japanese army and people at the end of the Pacific War, causing many tragedies, including Kamikaze Special Attack Units.
- しかし、その届出額は当時の歳入の倍に相当する7413万円(両)にも達して(しかもこの金額には後述の理由で天保年間(1830年~1843年)以前に発生した債務の大半が含まれていないものと考えられている)おり債務を引き受けた新政府にも財政的な余裕はなかった。
- The amount, however, reached 74.13 million yen (ryo), twice the government revenue at the time, and the new government couldn't afford to repay (in addition, the sum of debts which were made before the Tenpo era (1830 - 1843) was not included in this amount because of the reason mentioned below).
- 以前には評に所属していた見られる郡稲との関係やそれ以前から続く屯倉との関連性については様々な学説が出ており、屯倉や国造領に納められていた租税や出挙、評稲などが大化改新以後に再編される過程で大税と郡稲に統合・分離したと考えられるということ以外には不明である。
- It is not clear, despite the various theories, about its connection to gunto (rice stored in a county) that used to belong to kori (provincial administrative organization), and the relation to miyake (a governing system in Yamato sovereignty [the ancient Japan sovereignty]) that was older than the first, but it can be considered that land tax, suiko and hyoto (rice in kori) stored in miyake and Kuninomiyatsuko-ryo (territory of the heads of local governments) were integrated or separated into taizei and gunto in the process of reorganization after the Taika Reforms.
- 索引編は、校異編の完成以後の作業の中心となったものであり、このような作業にコンピュータを利用することなど考えられなかった時代に、この索引編を作成するために、一般語彙については約50万枚、助詞・助動詞については約60万枚の紙によるカードを作成したとされている。
- The book of index was the central work after completion of the book of comparison, and it is said that in order to create this book of index, he made about five hundred thousand cards for the general terms, and about six hundred thousand cards for the postpositional particles and auxiliary verbs in the period when nobody could think of using a computer for such work.
- このことから、この絵巻物を「隆能源氏」と呼ぶことは適切でないと考えられるようになったため現在では古い時代の文献を引用したような場合を除いて「かつて隆能源氏と呼ばれていた」といった表現をされることはあっても昔通りに単純に「隆能源氏」と呼ばれることは基本的に無い。
- For this reason, calling this picture scroll 'Takayoshi Genji' has been thought to be inappropriate, so currently, expressions such as 'used to be called Takayoshi Genji' may be used, but it is not simply called 'Takayoshi Genji' as before except when quoted from a literature during an older period.
- 7世紀末まで日本列島を代表する政権は九州にありヤマト王権は一地方政権に過ぎなかったとする説もあるが、埼玉県稲荷山古墳と熊本県江田船山古墳から「ワカタケル大王」と推定される銘の鉄剣が出土していること、様々な考古学的遺物などから成立する余地はないと考えられている。
- There is an opinion that the main political regime of the Japanese Islands until the end of the seventh century existed in Kyushu and that the Yamato Kingdom was only one regional government, but since iron swords believed to be King Wakatakeru's were found in the Inariyama burial mound (Saitama prefecture) and the Eta Funayama burial mound (Kumamoto prefecture), this theory is not thought to be valid.
- 当初書かれた本文が比較的藤原定家の本文をよく保存しているよい青表紙本系統の本文であると考えられる(但し一部に独自の異文も見られる。)のに対して後の書き込みの多くが河内本系統の本文によるものであると見られている(但し中には定家の自筆本に合わせた訂正も見られる。)。
- The text first written is considered the text of the Aobyoshi-bon line manuscript, which preserved the text written by FUJIWARA no Teika relatively well (although it partly includes different sentences made by Teika, too), while it is considered that most of the notes made by the posterity are based on the Kawachi-bon line manuscripts (however, it also contains some corrections in accordance with the manuscript in Teika's own hand).
- 政府は当初、伝統宗教の権威と地盤を以ってキリスト教防御と維新後の新体制を国民に教導する考えであったが、近代国家の樹立の為には政教分離と信教の自由を国家の基本方針として盛り込むことは避けられず、また西洋諸国との外交関係に於いてキリスト教の禁制解除は不可欠となった。
- At first, the Meiji government intended to keep citizens away from the influence of Christianity and to educate them on the new systems made by the new government renewed after the Meiji Restoration with authority and foundations of the Japanese traditional religion; however, the separation of religion and politics and the freedom of religion were essential policies in order to establish a modernized nation, and the cancellation of a ban on Christianity was indispensable to maintain the diplomatic relationships with Western countries.
- 神主や巫女は神降ろしによって、神を呼び出し憑依させることを、神楽や祈祷というが、これは和御魂の神霊であり、式神は鬼神となっていることから、和御魂の神霊だけではなく、荒御魂の神霊いわゆる「荒ぶる神」や「妖怪変化」の類である位の低い神を呼び出し、使役したと考えられる。
- When the Kannushi (high priest) and Miko (high priestess) summon the god and allow themselves to be possessed by the god through Kagura (Ancient Shinto music and dancing) and Kito (prayers,) they invoke the divine spirit of Nigimitama (spirits of peace), but since Shikigami is said to have been a fierce god, it is believed that Onmyoji employed not only the divine spirit of Nigimitama but also the divine spirit of Aramitama (violent soul,) that is a 'violent god' and 'the gods of lower status who morphed into specters and monsters.'
- こうした公文(公帖)の発給のために献上された礼銭が室町幕府の重要な財政収入になったのみでなく、織田信長によって京都を追放された足利義昭の追放中の活動資金にもなったと言われている(「五山十刹」の住持の任免権は室町幕府ではなく、足利将軍個人にあると考えられていたため)。
- The Reisen (honorarium) presented in exchange of kumon (kojo) is said to have been not only the important financial resource of the Muromachi bakufu, but also the funds for enabling Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA banished from Kyoto by Nobunaga ODA to work underground (because the appointive power over the chief priest of 'Gozan-Jissetsu' was considered being in Ashikaga Shogun himself, not in Muromachi bakufu.)
- その内容は、室町時代の末期の応仁元年(1467年)から文明 (日本)9年(1477年)の10年余りにわたり、都とその周辺で争われ、荒廃させた戦乱を描き、梁の宝誌和尚作と伝えられている『野馬台詩』末六句に予言された「修羅闘諍」の世界を描写する意図があったと考えられる。
- The contents cover a span of more than ten years at the end of the Muromachi period from 1467 to 1477, and describe the wars fought in and around Kyoto that devastated the capital, perhaps with the intention of describing the world of 'pandemonium and fighting' prophesied in the last six lines of the 'Yamatai shi' (Poem on Japan), said be the work of the Liang monk Baozhi.
- 阿部秋生により唱えられたもので、伝承によれば青表紙本とは藤原定家の目の前にあったある写本の一つを忠実に写し取ったものであり、藤原定家の目の前にあったある写本とは別本の一つになるはずであるから青表紙本とは実は別本の一つにすぎないとして青表紙本を別本に含めて考える説である。
- The theory was advocated by Akio ABE, which claims that it is traditionally said that Aobyoshi-bon manuscript was faithfully transcribed from one of the manuscripts which was in front of FUJIWARA no Teika, and it should have been one of the Beppon, therefore Aobyoshi-bon is, in fact, only a variant of the Beppon, and it should be treated as the one in the same group as Beppon.
- 三条西実隆の編集によって削られることになるが、源氏物語古系図には共通して「朧月夜 (源氏物語)」について他の人物と比べると異例なほどの長文の解説が付されているなど、現存するものは読者それぞれが自分の理解に基づいて作成したとすると考えられないほどに言い回しなどが共通している。
- Although it was eliminated in Sanetaka SANJONISHI's editing, the extant old genealogies of The Tale of Genji contain similar expressions, which would be impossible for each reader to make on the basis of his interpretation, for example, they all have an unusually longer commentary on a character named 'Oborozukiyo' (the misty moon) (The Tale of Genji) than on other characters.
- この年代は信頼が置けないが、この頃の書紀の記述は丁度干支二巡分(120年)年代が繰り上げられているとされており、訂正すると372年となって制作年の太和四年(369年)と符合することから、朝鮮の史書『三国史記』には記述がないものの、書紀の記述はこの剣を指していると考えられる。
- This date is not reliable, but the date in Nihonshoki around this period is said to have moved up 120 years, and if it is corrected, the year becomes 372, which corresponds to the year of creation (369), therefore it is considered that the description in Nihonshoki refers to this sword, though there is no description in 'Samguk Sagi,' a history book of Korea.
- ただし、両者は大きく違い別系統に属すると考えられ、前者は典型的な行基図の体裁であるが、後者は元寇以後の軍事的緊迫下にある鎌倉近郊で用いられた事情を反映したものか、日本列島は龍らしき生物に囲まれてその外側に唐土・蒙古などの海外の国々や雁道・羅刹国などの空想上の国々が描かれている。
- However, the two are quite different and seem to belong to different lineages, the former being in the typical Gyoki-zu format and the latter containing the Japanese archipelago surrounded by dragon-like creatures around which foreign countries like China and Mongolia and imaginative countries like Gando and Rasetsu-koku are painted, probably reflecting the circumstance of Kamakura which had been under military tension after the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan.
- 甕棺内に頭部を除く全身が埋葬されていたと考えられる事例が見つかっており、しばしば戦闘の際に敵に頭部を切り取られた死者を連れ帰り、埋葬したものと理解されているが、このような例が本当に戦闘の犠牲者なのか、それとも何らかの儀礼的行為によるものなのかは実際のところは未だ論証されていない。
- Also in some cases, kamekan with whole body except the head part were excavated, and these were interpreted as an enemy taking the victim's head from the battle field and the victim's body was taken back to the settlement for burial, however it is not proven if they really were victims of a battle, or if it was the result of some ritual.
- その最も大きな原因は、話の筋や登場人物の心情を理解するためにはそれ自体として意味のくみとれなかったり、前後の記述に矛盾のある(ように見える)箇所を含んでいる「青表紙本」よりも、そのような矛盾を含んでいない(ようにみえる)「河内本」のほうが使いやすかったからであると考えられている。
- The most plausible reason for it was that 'Kawachibon' was easier to use than 'Aobyoshibon' because it was hard to understand the plot and characters' feelings in 'Aobyoshibon,' which contains obscure parts and discrepancies rather than 'Kawachibon,' which didn't contain (or seem to contain) conflicts.
- 作者・成立時期は不詳であるが、今川貞世の「難太平記」に法勝寺の恵珍上人(円観)が足利直義に三十余巻を見せたとの記事があり、14世紀中ごろまでには後醍醐天皇の崩御が描かれる巻21あたりまでの部分が円観、玄慧など足利幕府との密接な関わりを持つ知識人を中心に編纂されたと考えられている。
- Although the author and the period in which it was written are unknown, there is a description in Sadayo IMAGAWA's 'Nan-Taiheiki ' stating that the priest Echin of Hossho-ji Temple (Enkan) showed Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA its 30-some volumes, and it is thought that the volumes up to the twenty-first, which describes the death of Emperor Godaigo, had been written by the middle of the fourteenth century, likely by men of letters close to the Ashikaga shogunate, such as Enkan, the priest Genne, etc.
- これは古い部民制の残滓である品部そのものが律令制と相容れなかったこと、律令制の衰退によって品部の維持が困難になってきたこと、社会経済水準の向上によって民間からの調達・雇役が可能になったこと(この場合の民間には旧品部の商工業者からの調達を含む)が複雑に絡み合っていたと考えられている。
- This situation was caused by intricately intertwined reasons, i.e., the fact that shinabe, which was the remnant of the bemin system, itself was incompatible with the ritsuryo system, that it became difficult to preserve shinabe as the ritsuryo system was weakened, and that improved social economy standard enabled procurement from and koeki (forced labor under the ritsuryo system) by ordinary citizens (procurement from ordinary citizens here includes procurement from commercial and industrial men in former shinabe).
- また横浜市では、他の多くのアジア諸国と同様に「洋銀(メキシコドル)」での取引が常態化していたため、大隈としては金銀複本位制を考えていたが、当時アメリカ合衆国に出張中の大蔵少輔兼民部少輔伊藤博文の「現在、世界の大勢は金本位に向かいつつあり」との建言に基づき、金本位制の採用を決定する。
- In addition, although OKUMA was considering bimetallism should be introduced as 'nickel silver (Mexican dollar)'-based transaction was normal in Yokohama City as well as many other Asian countries, he decided the gold standard system would be introduced based on the proposal, 'now, most countries are going to the gold standard system.' by Hirobumi ITO, Okura no shofu (Junior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of the Treasury) and Minbu shohu (Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs), who was on a business trip to the United States at that time.
- その一方で明治4年(1871年)に中央政府に復帰して下野するまでの2年間、上京当初抱いていた士族を中心とする「強兵」重視路線が、四民平等・廃藩置県を全面に押し出した木戸孝允・大隈重信らの「富国」重視路線によって斥けられた事に対する不満や反発が西郷の心中に全く無かったとも考えられない。
- Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that SAIGO might have resentment and antagonism toward the incident that a policy of placing a great importance on 'military buildup' mainly with the warrior class, which he had fostered during his early days in Tokyo for two years from his comeback to the central government in 1871 until he left the government, was defeated by a policy of placing a great importance on 'national enrichment' by Takayoshi KIDO and Shigenobu OKUMA, which emphasized the equality of all people and the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures.
- 薩摩藩と長州藩が薩長同盟を結び倒幕運動を推し進めていた幕末も大詰めの時期、公議政体論を主張し将軍の政権返上を政治路線として考えていた土佐藩は、慶応3年(1867年)10月3日 (旧暦)に(坂本龍馬が発案計画し、後藤象二郎協力)大政奉還の建白書を藩主山内豊信を通じ将軍・徳川慶喜に提出した。
- At the very end of the Edo period when the Satsuma clan and Choshu clan formed Satsuma-Choshu Alliance to promote the movement to overthrow the Shogunate, the Tosa clan, which supported the parliamentary regime theory and the Shogun's returning the sovereignty to the Emperor, submitted a petition for Taisei Hokan (proposed and planned by Ryoma SAKAMOTO in cooperation with Shojiro GOTO) to the Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA through the lord of the domain Toyoshige YAMAUCHI on October 29, 1867.
- 冬の陣では出陣させるのは譜代大名のみに限ろうと考えていた徳川家康は、この夏の陣においては豊臣恩顧の大名に敢えて大坂を攻めさせることにより、将来的に徳川家に掛かってくる倫理的な非難を回避しようとしたとされている(江戸時代に徳川家が豊臣家を滅ぼしたことに対する道徳的議論が起こることはなかった。
- It is said that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA thought to use only fudai daimyo (daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) to go into battles of the Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka), while in the Natsu no Jin (Summer Siege of Osaka) by ordering the daimyo who had been favored by the Toyotomi Family to attack Osaka Castle, he tried to avoid ethical accusation to the Tokugawa Family in later years.
- また、秀吉は当初は征夷大将軍への就任に意欲を示したとも言われているが実現せず、代わって偶発的事情から得た関白の地位を武家である豊臣氏による世襲制度(公家である藤原氏の五摂家を排除)に変更して、幕府制度に代わる武家関白制(ぶけかんぱくせい)とも言うべき体制を導入しようとしたと考えられている。
- It is said that after Hideyoshi's failure to accomplish his desire to become 'Seii Taishogun', he introduced a new system, 'the Kanpaku system by the samurai family' instead of the 'Bakufu' system; the status of 'Kanpaku' was given to him through accidental events, and he tried to change the status to the Toyotomi-clan hereditary system (by excluding five Fujiwara Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku)).
- 弥生時代の集落には様々な例があるが、一般的に発見されるものとして、居住施設としての竪穴住居、貯蔵施設としての貯蔵穴や掘立柱建物、ゴミ捨て場や土器の焼成など様々な用途に使われたと考えられる土坑(不定形の穴)、集落の周りを巡らせたり集落内部を区画するように掘られた溝(環濠や区画溝など)の遺構がある。
- There are several examples of settlements in the Yayoi period and common examples of ancient structural remnants are; tateanajukyo (a pit dwelling house) as a dwelling, dug-standing pillar building and storage pit for storage facility, doko (a pit) (non-uniform shaped hole/pit) for various purposes such as garbage pit and firing of earthenware, a ditch surrounding settlement and section in the settlement (a moat and a sectional ditch).
- 一般的にはこの60巻という数字は仏教経典の天台60巻になぞらえた抽象的な巻数であると考えられているが、この推測はあくまで「60巻という数字が事実でなかった場合、なぜ(あるいはどこから)60巻という数字が出てきたのか。」の説明に過ぎず、60巻という数字が事実でないという根拠が存在するわけではない。
- It is generally considered that the number 60 is derived from 60-volume Tendai, of Buddhist scriptures, but this conjecture is just an answer to the question 'where the number 60 came from' and doesn't verify whether there were in fact 60 chapters.
- しかも旧雑戸の人々は身分的に公民から雑戸に戻された訳ではない事は天平勝宝年間以後に雑戸籍が作成された事実が無いことからも明らかであり、旧雑戸の人々が徴用されたとしても、実際には律令で定められた雑徭の範疇で官司に奉仕したと考えられる(これは同様の解放経過を辿った馬飼のその後の待遇からも推定できる)。
- In addition, the rank of former zakko people was not changed from the citizen to zakko again, as is obvious from the fact that zakkoseki was not prepared after the Tenpyo-shoho era, thus they are thought in fact to have served government offices within the scope of zoyo defined under the ritsuryo codes even when requisitioned (this can also be assumed from the subsequent treatment of umakai which followed the similar emancipation process.)
- また、塩谷氏については、小田原の役の際、直接参陣しなかったために改易されたとする見解もあるが、義綱は、天正17年(1589年)6月29日に上洛して秀吉に恭順の意を表しており、小田原の陣では、名代として家臣の岡本正親を派遣していることから、この時に改易になったとは考え難い(『ふるさと矢板のあゆみ』)。
- One theory states that the SHIONOYA clan was ordered 'kaieki' because they did not directly join the Siege of Odawara, but Yoshitsuna went to the capital (Kyoto) on August 10, 1589 to show reverence for Hideyoshi and, in the Siege of Odawara, he sent his retainer Masachika OKAMOTO as a representative; therefore, it isn't plausible that he was ordered 'kaieki' at that time ('Furusato Yaita no Ayumi (History of Our Hometown Yaita)').
- しかしながら、京に伝えられた義家の無限地獄の伝承や、義家の同時代人藤原宗忠が、その日記『中右記』に、「故義家朝臣は年来武者の長者として多く無罪の人を殺すと云々。積悪の余り、遂に子孫に及ぶか」と記したことも合わせ考えると、義家に従って参戦した京武者から伝え聞いた義家のひとつの側面であり実話と見なしうる。
- However, considering the tradition of Yoshiie's hell in Kyoto and a description of 'Chuyuki' (a diary written by FUJIWARA no Munetada who lived in the same period as Yoshiie) as 'The late Yoshiie Ason had killed many innocent people as the head of warriors for a long time. His piling sins may affect on his descendants,' it is one of the aspects of Yoshiie told by a samurai in the imperial capital who joined the war with Yoshiie, so that it can be regarded as the truth.
- このため、『歴名土代』とは元々は「歴名」のうち「補任」(あるいはこれを元にした『公卿補任』)などの他の記録と重複する公卿などの記述を省いて、予め四位・五位の叙位が予定されている人名を列記し、実際の叙位が行われた後に「歴名」を参考にして日付などが追記され、更に校合の過程で一部の整理がなされたと考えられている。
- Therefore, 'Ryakumyo dodai' is considered to have originally listed the names of persons who were scheduled to be conferred a court rank of Shii and Goi and added dates etc. with the help of 'Ryakumyo' after the conferment of actual court rank and also organized parts of them in the process of collating, except for the descriptions of court nobles which overlapped other records such as 'Bunin' (or Kugyobunin based on this) among 'Ryakumyo.'
- このことは藤原定家と源光行らが共に当時の本文の状況を「乱れていてどれが正しいのかわからない。」と認識していたにもかかわらず、定家は「疑問を解決することはできなかった。」という意味のことを述べ、源光行は「調べた結果疑問を解決することができた。」という意味のことを述べていることともよく対応していると考えられてきた。
- It has been considered that this corresponds to the remarks from FUJIWARA no Teika and MINAMOTO no Mitsuyuki; both of them recognized that the sentences in those days were 'out of order, and it was hard to tell which one was correct,' but Teika said, 'I could not solve the questions,' while Mitsuyuki said, 'after investigation, I could solve the problems.'
- 松本隆海は、すべてが鉱毒が原因だとはいえないかもしれないが、当時の日本は出生数のほうが多いにもかかわらず、死者数のほうが多いのは、鉱毒に関連があるとしている(実際には、鉱毒が原因で貧困となり、栄養状態が悪化して死亡した者が多く含まれていると考えられるが、田中正造や松本はこれらも鉱毒による死者とすべきだとしている)。
- Ryukai MATSUMOTO says that it may not be said all the deaths were caused by the mining pollution, however, since there were a greater number of deaths than births while there were more births than deaths in Japan at that time, those deaths should be considered to have been caused by the mining pollution (it is considered that in fact among those deaths, many cases were caused by malnutrition, since the people became poor by the mining pollution; however Shozo TANAKA and Matsumoto and others said that those cases should be counted as the victims by the mining pollution).
- 源氏物語の注釈書においても一般的な注釈を記した「水原抄」に対して秘伝を記した「原中最秘抄」が別に存在するなど、この時代にはこのようなことはよくあることであったため、「源氏物語本文そのものに付いてもそのようなことがあったのだろう」と考えられたらしく、秘伝としての源氏物語60巻説は広く普及することになり、後に多くの影響を与えた。
- As is often the case with commentaries of 'The Tale of Genji' in those days, 'Genchusaihi-sho Commentary,' in which esoterica was written, existed separately in contrast to 'Suigen-sho,' which had general annotations; thus there was the emergence of the idea that 'the text of 'The Tale of Genji' would have had a similar experience,' and 60 chapters of the esoteric 'The Tale of Genji' came to be widely accepted, having a great influence on posterity.
- ところが、宮中行事などの衰退によって大饗が開かれることがなくなった上、相次ぐ戦乱や五摂家の成立による短期間での藤氏長者の交替などによって朱器台盤は散逸してしまったらしく、延文6年(康安元年/1361年)に近衛道嗣が藤氏長者に就任した際には「朱器渡りの儀」が行われていないために、その以前の段階で朱器台盤は既に存在していなかったと考えられている。
- But grand banquets ceased to be held due to the decline of court functions, and in addition, Shuki-daiban seem to have been scattered and lost due to successive conflicts and changes of Toshi choja within a short period of time caused by the formation of Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho [regent] and Kanpaku), and when Michitsugu KONOE assumed the post of Toshi choja in 1361, 'Shuki watari no gi' no longer took place, which suggests that Shuki-daiban had already been lost before that time.
- 鏡面のような心(心即理)の状態に無いのに、致良知に基づいて、自分の心の叫びを行動(知行合一)に移してしまうと、革命志向になりやすいという説もある(後述の山田方谷も、陽明学について誤った理解をすると重大な間違いを犯す危険があると考えて、朱子学を十分に理解して朱子学と陽明学を相対化して理解が出来る門人にのみにしか陽明学を教授しなかったと言われている)。
- Some people say that if a person puts his clamor to his action (to realize Chigyo goitsu) based on chiryochi when he has not attained the state of mind that reflects ri (Shinsokuri), the person is apt to aspire to start a revolution (Hokoku YAMADA, described later, also believed that wrong understanding of Yomeigaku might cause serious mistakes, so that he taught Yomeigaku only to the disciples who understood Shushigaku well enough to understand Yomeigaku in comparison to Shushigaku.)
- また、後に講日本紀(『日本書紀』の講義)に文章博士や紀伝学生(文章生)も関わっている(特に元慶講日本紀を受講して後に「日本書紀私記」をまとめたとされる矢田部名実(擬文章生、後に大内記)などは良く知られている)ことや国史編纂に関与した撰国史所の職員に紀伝学生が加わっていることから、『日本書紀』以下の「六国史」に関する講義も行われていたと考えられている。
- Also, the fact that monjo hakase and kiden students (monjosho) played roles in lectures on the chronicles of Japan (lectures on 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan)) (in particular, YATABE no Nazane (gimonjosho (student passed Ryoshi) later, Dainaiki (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs)) who attended the lecture on the chronicles of Japan in the Gangyo era and later compiled 'Nihonshoki Shiki' (The Private Record of Chronicles of Japan) is well known) and that kiden students joined the staff of the Senkokushisho (History Compilation Bureau), which involved compiling the national history, shows that they probably had lectures on 'Rikkokushi' (the Six National Histories), which includes 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and others.
- このように、商人は「お上」の命に唯々諾々と従う存在であるのだから、政治的基盤が未だ脆弱で「お上」としての権威を十分に持っているとは言えない明治政府が慌てて貨幣改革を行うことによって、万が一命令が行き渡らずに「お上」(=明治政府)に対する「万民の信」の無さと無力ぶりを内外に示すことになっては政権の崩壊につながると考え、通貨改革を不要不急のことと捉えていた。
- Like it says above, merchants were people who obediently followed the Okami (political authorities)'s orders, so OKUBO thought that if the Meiji Government, which was still feeble and did not have enough authority as the 'Okami' (political authorities) reformed the currency in a flurry, by doing so if in the worst case scenario, the orders did not get across, this would reveal the lack of 'people's trust' in the 'Okami' (political authorities) (Meiji Government) and their powerlessness to their own country and foreign countries, which would lead to the collapse of the government, therefore he considered the monetary reform was nonessential and nonurgent.
- また朱子学(旧来の思想に対抗して生れたように考えられた)、特に陽明学(後に説明されるように、これは明朝が正式に認めた学問であった朱子学に対抗して生まれ出たように見えた)は、敗戦後の日本に於ける近代思惟・反権力・人間解放などの概念と容易に結びつき、朱子学及び陽明学の中、比較的それらの概念に近似する部分を抜き取り、そこに思想的価値を与えるという試みが盛んに行われた。
- Shushigaku (considered to have arisen in opposition to traditional thinking), and especially Yomei-gaku (as described later, considered to have arisen in opposition to Shushigaku, which was officially authorized by the Ming Court), were easily linked in a defeated Japan to concepts such as modern thinking, antiauthoritarianism and human emancipation; as a result, most scholars have frequently attempted to extract from Shushigaku and Yomei-gaku the elements that are relatively close to these concepts and attempt to attach an ideological value to them.
- さて、先の検勘の際に強引な日程を組んだ背景には、外国との関係の都合上贋貨と正貨の等価交換をやむなく認めたものの、実際に全ての贋貨を同じように正貨と等価で引き換えた場合には明治政府の財政が破綻するのは目に見えていたからであり、その額をなるべく抑制したいという明治政府と貿易関係の維持のために政府の崩壊に至る事態は避けたいと考える外国公使との思惑の一致があったからである。
- Now, the main reason behind the scheduling of such a tight agenda for the authenticity testing was that, while the exchange of equivalent amounts of counterfeit for specie was accepted as unavoidable given the government's relationship with foreign countries, it was clear that if all the counterfeit money was exchanged for specie of an equivalent price, the Meiji Government would face financial ruin, so the Meiji Government wanted to keep this amount to a minimum; at the same time, the foreign ministers of Japan's trading partners wanted to avoid a situation in which the government might collapse so as to ensure that they could maintain their trade relationships with the Meiji Government, so the motives of both sides coincided.
- しかし、そのように高い信用性をもつと考えられた記事の中に、百済王の言葉として、自分は天皇の「黎民」と「封」建された領土とを治めている、自分たちの国は天皇に「調」を貢いで仕えまつる「官家(みやけ)」の国、元来の天皇の「封」域を侵して「新羅の折れる」加羅諸国を天皇の命令で「本貫に還し属け」てほしいなど、自分は天皇の「蕃」(藩屏)をなす「臣」などこの種の表現があふれている。
- However, among those descriptions which were considered to be highly reliable, there are a lot of words of King of Baekje which show that he was a 'follower' who protected the emperor as follows; He governs 'the people' of the emperor and 'allotted' land, His country is a country of 'Miyake' which makes 'cho' (tributes) and serves the emperor and He hopes that the emperor will make Kaya countries which were originally 'allotted' land of the emperor but 'invaded' by Silla 'belong to the home place again' by an imperial order.
- また、旧薩摩藩士の心情として、鹿児島属廠の火薬・弾丸・武器・製造機械類は藩士が醵出した金で造ったり購入したりしたもので、一朝事があって必要な場合、藩士やその子孫が使用するものであると考えられていた事もあり、私学校徒は中央政府が泥棒のように薩摩の財産を搬出した事に怒るとともに、当然予想される衝突に備えて武器・弾薬を入手するために、夜、草牟田火薬庫を襲って弾丸・武器類を奪取した。
- Since all the gunpowder, bullets, arms, and making machinery in the Kagoshima arsenal had been constructed or purchased with the money contributed by the then retainers of the Satsuma Domain, the former retainers took it for granted that these things were to be used by the retainers and their descendants in an emergency; therefore, because the Shigakko students got angry with the central government for carrying the domain's property out from there like a thief and for the purpose of being prepared with arms and ammunition for a possible conflict with the central government, they made a night attack on the powder house at Somuta and seized bullets and arms.
- このことは藤原定家と源光行らが共にほぼ同じ資料を前にして、当時の本文の状況を「さまざまに異なった本文が存在し、その中のどれが正しいのかわからない。」と認識していたにもかかわらず、定家は「その疑問を解決することはできなかった。」という意味のことを述べ、源光行は「さまざまな調査の結果疑問をすっきりと解決することができた。」という意味のことを述べるという正反対の結論に達していることともよく対応していると考えられて来た。
- It has been considered that this corresponded to the exact opposite conclusions drawn by FUJIWARA no Sadaie and MINAMOTO no Mitsuyuki in the context of nearly the same material and with the recognition that 'the existence of different texts make it difficult to find out which one is correct': Sadaie said, 'It was impossible for me to solve the question,' and Mitsuyuki said, 'I was able to solve the question completely after various investigations were conducted.'
- 巻1では、日本に儒教が伝来したと当時考えられていた神功皇后期から、徐福・王仁・聖徳太子・粟田真人・吉備真備・菅原道真・義堂周信ら、古代から室町時代における五山文化興隆期を扱い、巻2では、五山文化から薩摩国の儒教文化を興隆させた桂庵玄樹の登場までを扱い、巻3では薩南学派の発展に尽した島津忠良や南浦文之の活躍や江戸時代初期の儒学を扱い、巻4では薩南学派の総本山とされた正龍寺 (指宿市)の歴史や元禄・享保以後の薩摩藩の儒教史を扱っているが未完である。
- Volume 1 deals with the history of Confucianism in Japan from the ancient times to the prosperity stage of Gozan Bunka (culture of the Five Official Temples between the end of the Kamakura Period and the Muromachi Period) such as the age of Empress Jingu which was thought in the author's day to be the time when Confucianism was introduced to Japan, then Jofuku, Wani (Wang In), Prince Shotoku, AWATA no Mahito, KIBI no Makibi, SUGAWARA no Michizane and Shushin Gido, Volume 2 deals with the period from Gozan Bunka to the appearance of Genju KEIAN who brought prosperity to the culture of Confucianism in Satsuma domain, Volume 3 deals with the activity of Tadayoshi SHIMAZU and Bunshi NANPO who tried to develop Satsunangaku school (school of Neo-Confucianism in Satsuma) and Confucianism in early Edo period, and Volume 4 deals with the history of Shoryu-ji Temple (in current Ibusuki City) which was the center of Satsunangaku school and the history of Confucianism in Satsuma domain after the Genroku and the Kyoho Era, but this volume is unfinished.
- また、イネの伝来ルートについても従来は朝鮮ルートが有力視されていたが、遼東半島や朝鮮北部での水耕田跡が近代まで見つからないこと、朝鮮半島での確認された炭化米が紀元前2000年が最古であり畑作米の確認しか取れない点、極東アジアにおける温帯ジャポニカ種(水稲)/熱帯ジャポニカ種(陸稲)の遺伝分析において、朝鮮半島を含む中国東北部から当該遺伝子の存在が確認されないことなどの複数の証左から、水稲は大陸からの直接伝来ルート(対馬暖流ルート・東南アジアから南方伝来ルート等)による伝来である学説が有力視されつつある(従来の説とは逆に水稲は日本から朝鮮半島へ伝わった可能性も考えられている)。
- Furthermore, although the Korean route was traditionally regarded as a likely introduction route for rice, the theory stating that rice-paddy plants were introduced through the direct introduction route from the continent (Tsushima Warm Current route/Southern introduction route from South East Asia) is now regarded as very likely from the several facts that remains of rice-paddy fields were not discovered in the Liaodong Peninsula and northern Korea until sites of modern times, the oldest carbonated rice found in the Korean Peninsula only goes back to 2000 B.C., the only a rice plants grown in a dry field were confirmed from that time, and genetic analysis of temperate Japonica rice (a rice-paddy plant)/tropical Japonica rice (a rice plant grown in a dry field) in Far East Asia shows no evidence of concerned genes from Korean Peninsula nor from North East China (Contrary to traditional theory, there is a possibility that rice-paddy plants had been introduced into Korean Peninsula from Japan.)