義: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- お談義
- lecture (i.e. an admonishment)
- sermon
- 義満の挑発
- Yoshimitsu's provocations
- 問屋の義務
- Obligations of Toiya
- 事件の意義
- Meaning of the incident
- Significance of the affair
- 意義と評価
- Meaning and Evaluation
- 義仲の滅亡
- The Death of Yoshinaka
- 棚田の定義
- Definition of Tanada
- 源義仲の上洛
- MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's Advance on Kyoto
- 農水省の定義
- Definition used by the MAFF
- 源義家の系統
- Lineage of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie
- 源頼義の系統
- Lineage of MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi
- 三男:源義国
- The third son: MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni
- 五男:源義時
- The fifth son: MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki
- 四男:源義忠
- The fourth son: MINAMOTO no Yoshitada
- 奥村徳義案-
- An idea proposed by Noriyoshi OKUMURA
- 略称、名義抄。
- It is abbreviated as Myogisho.
- 問屋の権利義務
- Rights and obligations of Toiya
- 六月 義教暗殺
- June: Yoshinori was assassinated.
- 反義満派の蜂起
- The anti-Yoshimitsu faction rises up in revolt
- 報告義務不遵守
- Non-compliance with reporting requirements
- 義満と義弘の対立
- Conflict begins between Yoshimitsu and Yoshihiro
- 島津義弘対董一元
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU versus Ton Yi Yuan
- 義教の室町殿の会所
- The kaisho of Muromachidono of Yoshinori
- 義満の北山殿の会所
- Kaisho of the Kitayamadono of Yoshimitsu
- 義政の東山殿の会所
- The Kaisho of Higashiyamadono of Yoshimasa
- 岩田義道:京大卒。
- Yoshimichi IWATA: A graduate of Kyoto Imperial University.
- 源義家 - 不動丸
- MINAMOTO no Yoshiie - Fudomaru
- 源義経 - 牛若丸
- MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune - Ushiwakamaru
- 源義仲 - 駒王丸
- MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka - Komaomaru
- 清和源氏源義光流。
- Another line is 'MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu line of Seiwa-Genji.'
- MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu line of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- He was on the MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu line of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 清和源氏源義隆流。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka line of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 清和源氏源為義流。
- MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi line of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 対義語は庶流という。
- The antonym of the word is the shoryu (line of a branch family).
- 足利義詮 - 千寿王
- Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA - Senjuo
- 宗義智 5,000人
- Yoshitoshi SO : 5,000
- 石川氏 (源義時流)
- The (MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki line) Ishikawa clan
- 義持の三条坊門殿の会所
- The Kaisho of Sanjobomondono of Yoshimochi.
- 義弘は篭城策を採った。
- Yoshihiro adopted Bizen Nyudo's defensive strategy of entrenching themselves in their castles.
- 義弘は絶海中津と面談。
- Yoshihiro met with Chushin ZEKKAI.
- 義仲軍は上洛を果たす。
- The forces of Yoshinaka reached Kyoto.
- 意義不明異型扁平上皮細胞
- atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance
- ASCUS
- 「義字第壹號半印勘合符」
- The no. 1 Kangofu of the matching seals with the Japanese letter of Gi (義)'
- 摂関政治の背景とその意義
- The background and value of the regency
- 地方武士団・源義仲の挙兵
- Regional Bushi Groups and the Raising of Forces by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka
- 日向国国主伊東義祐の孫。
- The grandson of Yoshisuke ITO, Governor of Hyuga Province.
- 義弘の軍勢は5000余騎。
- Yoshihiro's army numbered about 5000 men.
- 義経の「八艘飛び」である。
- This is Yoshitsune's famed 'Leaping of the Eight Ships.'
- 総大将:陸源範頼、海源義経
- Commanding generals: on land, MINAMOTO no Noriyori; at sea, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune.
- 義仲は近江粟津で戦死した。
- Yoshinaka died in battle in Awazu, Omi.
- 次男:源義親の五男が源為義
- The Second son: MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, whose fifth son is MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi.
- 長男:新田義重は新田氏の祖
- The first son: Yoshishige NITTA is the ancestor of the Nitta clan.
- 直義の死後は幕府に帰参した。
- After Tadayoshi's death the clan returned to serving the bakufu.
- 野呂栄太郎:慶應義塾大学卒。
- Eitaro NORO: A graduate of Keio University.
- 通知義務(b商法第557条)
- Duty to give notice (Article 557 of the commercial code)
- この報によって義材勢は分裂。
- Yoshiki's forces were divided by this news.
- 足利義教時代から応仁の乱まで
- The period from the reign of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA to the Onin War
- 義理は躊躇するが遂に同意した。
- Yoshimasa hesitated, but he finally agreed.
- 義弘は評定を開き作戦を談じた。
- Yoshihiro called a meeting with his advisors where they discussed military strategy.
- 指値遵守義務(b商法第554条)
- Observance obligation of price limit (Article 554 of the commercial code)
- 善管注意義務(b商法第644条)
- Due care of a prudent manager (Article 644 of the commercial code)
- 義弘は一門重臣たちと対応を内談。
- Yoshihiro met privately with his relatives and chief vassals to decide how to respond.
- 今井兼平も義仲を追って自害した。
- Following Yoshinaka, Kanehira IMAI took his own life.
- 室町幕府成立から足利義満時代まで
- The period from the establishment of the Muromachi bakufu to the time of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA
- 東禅寺義長は敵本陣に突撃し戦死。
- Yoshinaga TOZENJI charged the opponent's headquarters and died there.
- 義満は守護大名の勢力抑制に努めた。
- Yoshimitsu made an effort to reduce the power of the Shugo daimyo.
- 三代将軍足利義満はその強化を図る。
- The third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, was bent on strengthening shogunal power.
- 義仲が出陣し、義経軍と激戦となる。
- Yoshinaka fought a fierce battle with Yoshitsune's troops.
- 足利義満・義持時代と幕府権力の確立
- The bakufu's grip on power tightens during Yoshimitsu and Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA's reigns
- 清和源氏、河内源氏源義時流石川氏。
- A branch of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kawachi-Genji, MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki line Ishikawa clan.
- 大内義弘、赤松義則の軍勢と衝突する。
- They collided with the forces of Yoshihiro OUCHI and Yoshinori AKAMATSU.
- 同義語として武者(むしゃ・むさ)武士
- Musha, musa or bushi as synonyms
- 国民皆教育、国家主義教育、修身教育。
- Education for every citizen, education of nationalism, Shushin education (moral training education)
- 義満の元に大内義弘謀反の噂が伝わる。
- Rumors had sprang up around Yoshimitsu that Yoshihiro was plotting to overthrow him.
- 5月15日 上野戦争で彰義隊と交戦。
- July 4: the troop clashes with the Shogitai (a pro-bakufu force) during the Battle of Ueno.
- 義経軍は雪崩を打って京洛へ突入する。
- Yoshitsune's troops surged into Kyoto.
- 鎌倉幕府の基本的定義及び学説上の諸説
- Basic Definitions and Academic Theories
- 義弘は飯野城に籠り徹底抗戦を装った。
- Yoshihiro stayed in Iino-jo Castle, pretending to put up determined resistance against Hidetsugu.
- 初めの部分は制定の意義を述べている。
- At the beginning, the values of the laws are stated.
- 観応の擾乱では足利直義に加担して戦う。
- The clan aided Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and fought in the Kanno Disturbance.
- 康応元年(1389年)惣領時義が死去。
- In 1389, Tokiyoshi, the heir, Tokiyoshi, passed away.
- 義弘に従う者たちもみな討死を覚悟した。
- All of Yoshihiro's followers had also prepared to die in battle.
- 4月、島津義久が泰平寺に赴き降伏した。
- In April, Yoshihisa SHIMAZU visited Taihei-ji Temple to surrender.
- 伊東マンショ(正使) 大友義鎮の名代。
- Mancio ITO (senior commander), acting for Yoshishige OTOMO.
- 清和源氏源義国流足利氏系(異説あり)。
- It was in the Ashikaga lineage of the MINAMOTO no Yorikuni line of Seiwa-Genji (the Minamoto clan) (heresies are acknowledged).
- 義弘も200余騎を率いてこれに合力する。
- Yoshihiro also led 200 riders over to join the fight.
- 尊氏の弟である直義は左馬頭に任官される。
- Takauji's younger brother Tadayoshi was appointed Leader of the Horsemen of the Left.
- 長には新田義貞を任じ、尊氏に対抗させた。
- Yoshisada NITTA was appointed their chief; they were made to fight against Takauji.
- 足利義満は倭寇を取り締まり朝鮮との交易。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA brings the Wako under control and begins dealings with Korea
- これに対して先に応じたのは義栄であった。
- Yoshihide was the first to comply with this demand.
- 次男:源義康は足利氏(足利将軍家)の祖。
- The second son: MINAMOTO no Yoshiyasu is the ancestor of the Ashikaga clan (the family of Ashikaga shogunate.
- 島津義弘,立花宗茂,宗義智対陳璘,李舜臣
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, Muneshige TACHIBANA and Yoshitomo SO versus Chin Rin and Yi Sun-sin
- 義朝は東国に逃れる途中に知多で殺された。
- Yoshitomo was killed at Chita while he was fleeing to Togoku.
- そして梁祟義を滅ぼし、李惟岳を捕らえた。
- He destroyed Chongyi LIANG and captured Weiyu LI.
- 先鋒:森長可、団忠正、木曾義昌、遠山友忠
- Spearhead: Nagayoshi MORI, Tadamasa DAN, Yoshimasa KISO, and Tomotada TOYAMA
- 頼信・頼義・義家を河内源氏三代ともいう。
- Yorinobu, Yoriyoshi and Yoshiie are also called three generations of Kawachi-Genji.
- 文楽:近松門左衛門、竹本義太夫、竹田出雲
- Bunraku (Japanese puppet theater): Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU, Gidayu TAKEMOTO, and Izumo TAKEDA
- 初期は大内義興と尼子経久との対立があった。
- In the early stage, there was conflict between Yoshioki OUCHI and Tsunehisa AMAKO.
- 劣勢になった大内、赤松は義満に援軍を要請。
- Ouchi and Akamatsu, losing ground, requested Yoshimitsu for a support army.
- 義満は大内義弘の武勇を賞して太刀を与えた。
- Yoshimitsu awarded a sword to Yoshihiro OUCHI in praise of his heroic deed.
- 同義語として大将、あるいは単に将とも略す。
- Its synonymous words are taisho and sho that is simply an abbreviation.
- 大韓民国・朝鮮民主主義人民共和国(朝鮮語)
- Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) (in Korean)
- 後任の管領は義将で、春屋妙葩らも復帰する。
- The successor as kanrei was Yoshimasa, and among others, Myoha Shunnoku returned to public life.
- 足利義持が一時停止するが、足利義教が再開。
- Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA did temporarily halt trade with China, but was resumed by Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- また、七男:源義直は、河内国の石橋氏の祖。
- The seventh son: MINAMOTO no Yoshinao is the founder of the Ishibashi clan in Kawachi Province.
- 清和源氏源義光流武田氏(甲斐源氏)の一族。
- They were part of the Takeda clan (Kai genji), which belonged to the Yoshimitsu MINAMOTO's branch, a Seiwa Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 今川氏は今川氏親、今川義元が勢力を伸ばした。
- With respect to the Imagawa clan, Ujichika IMAGAWA and Yoshimoto IMAGAWA increased its power.
- 1565年 足利義輝、三好三人衆に暗殺される
- In 1565, Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA was assassinated by Miyoshi sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan).
- しかし義昭は名目上とはいえ征夷大将軍である。
- However, Yoshiaki was, even if only in name, Seii taishogun (literally, 'the great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 明側は義長を簒奪者と看做してこれを拒絶した。
- However, the Ming refused this offer, regarding Yoshinaga as a person who had usurped power.
- 1536年に大内義隆は遣明船派遣を再開する。
- Yoshitaka OUCHI resumed dispatching Kenminsen (envoy ships dispatched to Ming China) in 1536.
- 室町幕府将軍は足利義輝、足利義栄、足利義昭。
- The Muromachi Bakufu Shogun were Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, Yoshihide ASHIKAGA, and Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
- 義栄は阿波国に逃れるものの間もなく病死した。
- Yoshihide fled to Awa Province, but died of illness soon afterwards.
- 新田義重、志田義広、佐竹秀義、源季貞 など。
- Yoshishige NITTA, Yoshihiro SHIDA, Hideyoshi SATAKE, MINAMOTO no Suesada, and others.
- 義経軍は矢が降り注ぐ中を宇治川に乗り入れる。
- Yoshitsune's troops entered the Uji-gawa River under a shower of arrows.
- 木曾義昌:本領(木曾谷)安堵、筑摩郡・安曇郡
- Yoshimasa KISO: Permitted to rule his inherited territories, Chikuma-gun and Azumi-gun
- ところが秀吉は武藤義勝の庄内復帰を黙認した。
- But Yoshikatsu MUTO's reinstatement as a ruler of the Shonai district was overlooked by Hideyoshi.
- 儒学:朱子学、陽明学、古学、古義学、古文辞学
- Confucianism: the shushigaku school (the doctrines of Zhu Xi), the yomeigaku school (the doctrines of Wang Yangming), the kogaku school (the study of the classics), the kogigaku school (the study of teachings of Confucius and Mencius based on their original texts), and the kobunji school (the school of Sorai OGYU)
- 各個撃破を受け崩壊、足利義昭は京都を追われた。
- However, they were defeated individually and collapsed and Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA was ousted from Kyoto.
- そして清水寺の辺りに潜伏して義満に赦免を嘆願。
- They were hiding in the Kiyomizu-dera Temple area, and they begged Yoshimitsu for a pardon.
- 義満がこれを許そうとしているとの噂が広まった。
- A rumor spread that Yoshimitsu was going to grant this pardon.
- 恩賞(おんしょう)とは、次のように定義される。
- Onsho (reward grants) is defined as follows.
- 5月8日、新田義貞が上野国生品神社で挙兵した。
- On May 8, Yoshisada NITTA raised an army at Ikushina-jinja Shrine in Kozuke Province.
- 範頼・義経軍は二手に分かれて平氏軍を急襲する。
- Noriyori and Yoshitsune's troops split in two and attacked the Taira clan forces.
- 木曾義昌は信濃の要衝である松本城の攻略に向う。
- Meanwhile, Yoshimasa KISO advanced his troops in order to mount an attack on Matsumoto-jo Castle, which was a place of strategic importance in Shinano.
- 義満の次の狙いは11カ国を領する山名氏であった。
- Yoshimitsu's next target was the Yamana clan that ruled 11 provinces.
- 義満は細川氏と斯波氏の対立を利用して権力を掌握。
- Yoshimitsu seized power by using the opposition between the Hosokawa clan and the Shiba clan.
- - 源義国、足利荘に下向(源姓足利氏のはじまり)
- MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni moved to Ashikaga no sho (the origin of the Ashikaga clan of the Minamoto family).
- 義満は大内氏の分国和泉・紀伊・石見・豊前を没収。
- Yoshimitsu stripped the Ouchi clan of their control over the provinces of Izumi, Kii, Iwami, and Buzen.
- 義朝と正家の首は、正月9日京都で獄門に晒された。
- The heads of Yoshitomo and Masaie were put on display at the prison gate in Kyoto on February 24, 1160.
- おもな氏族には、義仲の子孫を称する木曽氏がいる。
- Renowned clans of this line include the Kiso clan who claimed to be descendants of Yoshinaka.
- 天皇方に参陣した源義朝のみが残り勢力は減少する。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, who fought on the side of the Emperor, was the only survivor and the family power waned.
- 8月22日 (旧暦)には義昌が家康側に寝返った。
- On September 18), Yoshimasa switched to Ieyasu's side.
- 1548年 三好長慶、細川晴元・足利義晴を追放する
- In 1548, Nagayoshi MIYOSHI ousted Harumoto HOSOKAWA and Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA.
- 1552年 三好長慶、足利義藤(足利義輝)と和す。
- In 1552, Nagayoshi MIYOSHI made peace with Yoshifuji ASHIKAGA (Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA).
- 福原京の建造物群は源義仲によって全て焼き払われた。
- However, the groups of buildings of Fukuhara-kyo were completely burned down by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
- 足利高氏の嫡子千寿王(後の足利義詮)らも合流した。
- Senjuo, the legitimate son of Takauji ASHIKAGA (later Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA), also joined the Nitta army.
- 絶海中津からの報告を受けた義満は義弘討伐を命じた。
- Yoshimitsu, after hearing Chushin ZEKKAI's report, issued an order to hunt down and destroy Yoshihiro.
- 追い込まれた義弘は関東公方足利満兼と密約を結んだ。
- Trapped into a corner, Yoshihiro made a secret alliance with Mitsukane ASHIKAGA, the kubo (official in charge) of the Kanto region.
- 府兵制は戸籍を元に兵役義務を負わせる制度であった。
- A divisional militia system was one in which conscription was based on the family registry.
- そして、大内義弘の300騎と激突して合戦が始まった。
- They collided with 300 cavalrymen of Yoshihiro OUCHI, and the battle began.
- 山名義数も討ち死にして、山名軍は緒戦で敗れてしまう。
- Yoshikazu YAMANA also died in the battle and the Yamana forces lost at the beginning of the battle.
- 師義の子の山名満幸は新たに播磨国の守護職も得ている。
- In addition, Moroyoshi's son, Mitsuyuki YAMANA, newly gained a position as a shugo of Harima Province.
- そのうちの一人が北陸地方に逃れて源義仲に助けられる。
- One of them, however, was able to flee into the Hokuriku region and was helped by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
- 江戸時代までの武士階級は戦闘に参加する義務を負った。
- The samurai class was obliged to participate in battle until the Edo period.
- 同時期に、関東では甲斐源氏の武田信義も挙兵していた。
- At the same time, Nobuyoshi TAKEDA of the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) had raised forces in Kanto as well.
- 義政の建てた慈照寺は禅宗仏殿に書院造を合わせた建築。
- Jisho-ji (Ginkaku-ji) Temple, which Yoshimasa had built, is a combination of Zen Buddhist with shoinzukuri-style architecture.
- 河内源氏の源為義の子の源義賢が甥の源義平に討たれた。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshikata, a son of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi who was a member of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), was killed by his own nephew, MINAMOTO no Yoshihira.
- 1511年に足利義澄が没すると、澄元方が劣勢となった。
- As Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA died in 1511, Sumimoto's side became inferior in power.
- しかし、義満の馬廻5000騎が投入されて勝敗は決した。
- However, 5000 cavalrymen of Yoshimitsu's umamawari were added and the battle became decisive.
- この三条坊門殿には、後代の足利義量や足利義教も住んだ。
- Yoshikazu and Yoshinori ASHIKAGA of later generations also lived in this Sanjobomondono.
- このことも国家主義的な歴史観の台頭を許す一因となった。
- This fact was one of the factors that allowed nationalistic views of history to gain ground.
- 同年2月、山名義理は紀伊国で大内義弘に攻められて没落。
- In March of the same year, Yoshimasa YAMANA fell after he was attacked by Yoshihiro OUCHI in Kii Province.
- 11月、義貞は尊良親王を奉じ、軍を率い東海道を下った。
- In December, Yoshisada served Imperial Prince Takayoshi and went down Tokai-do Road with his army.
- 箱根方面では義貞軍が直義軍を押し気味に戦局が展開する。
- In the Hakone area, Tadayoshi's army was losing ground to Yoshisada's army.
- 森民部丞は義弘を守って敵陣に斬り込み奮戦して討死した。
- Mori Minbu no jo protected Yoshihiro as they cut their way into the enemy battle lines, fighting fiercely until being killed in battle.
- 義弘は幕府軍の北側の陣へ斬り込み日本刀を振るって奮戦。
- He cut his way into the battle lines of the shogunal army on the north side of the city, striking left and right with his katana in fierce fighting.
- 成良親王を将軍とし、足利直義(尊氏の弟)に補佐させた。
- Imperial Prince Narinaga was the general of this outpost, which Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA (Takauji's younger brother) was charged with supporting.
- だが、京都の情勢は不安定で義栄の入京は先送りとなった。
- However, the situation in Kyoto was unstable, and Yoshihide had to postpone his entrance into the capital.
- 直義は師直を追い、さらに摂津で尊氏を撃破して和睦する。
- Tadayoshi chased Moronao and defeated Takauji at Settsu and they made their peace.
- 北朝は直義討伐の院宣を下し、南朝は直義の帰服に応じる。
- The Northern Court issued an imperial order ordering the defeat of Tadayoshi, and the Southern Court answered Tadayoshi's call.
- 信長は今川義元を桶狭間に戦死させると三河の松平氏と結ぶ。
- After killing Yoshimoto IMAGAWA in war at Okehazama, Nobunaga made an alliance with the Matsudaira clan in Mikawa.
- 織田信長が将軍足利義昭を追放した1573年が通説である。
- According to the prevailing view, it was 1573 in which Nobunaga ODA ousted the then present shogun, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
- 義満と馬廻(奉公衆)5000騎は堀川の一色邸で待機した。
- Yoshimitsu and 5000 cavalrymen of umamawari (horse guards) (hokoshu) (a military post in Muromachi shogunate) waited at the Isshiki family residence at Horikawa.
- 義満は、今度は氏清と満幸に対して巧妙な挑発を行っていく。
- Yoshimitsu then began to execute ingenious provocations against Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki.
- 義昭は信長の上京焼き討ちを二条城で見て、恐怖したという。
- It is said that in Nijo-jo Castle Yoshiaki was terrified to see Nobunaga setting fires to Kamigyo.
- 尊氏と義助の主戦場は足柄峠のすぐ西にある竹ノ下となった。
- The major battlefield for Takauji and Yoshisuke was Takenoshita just west of Ashigara-toge Pass.
- 義良親王を将軍とし、北畠親房・北畠顕家父子に補佐させた。
- Imperial Prince Yoshinaga was the eponymous general; the father-son duo of Chikafusa and Akiie KITABATAKE were tasked with supporting the outpost.
- 孤立を深める義仲は平家との和平を打診するが、拒絶される。
- Yoshinaka, who became increasingly isolated, attempted to make peace with the Taira family, but was rejected.
- 義平の弟の頼朝は伊豆流罪の身となり、河内源氏は四散する。
- Yoritomo, a younger brother of Yoshihira, was banished to Izu, and Kawachi-Genji was scattered in all directions.
- 島津義弘は泗川新城を背に強固な陣を張り、伏兵を配置した。
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU formed a strong battle formation with the New Sacheon Waeseong at its back and positioned ambush soldiers.
- この義兵は流民も多く、朝鮮の民衆や軍隊も襲う事もあった。
- Such volunteer soldiers included many displaced persons and sometimes attacked Korean people or the army.
- 三浦義継の三男・蘆名為清が蘆名姓を名乗ったことに始まる。
- Sagami Ashina originated from Tamekiyo ASHINA, the third son of Yoshitsugu MIURA, who first bore the name of Ashina.
- 対象寺社は特別徴収義務者として市へ納める特別徴収である。
- This was in the form of a special collection in which the temples and the shrines subject to the tax acted as special tax collectors and paid the tax income to the city.
- 庄内を手に入れた義光は、東禅寺氏にこの地の統治を命じた。
- When Yoshiaki plundered the Shonai district, he directed the Tozenji clan to rule the district.
- 8月、上杉景勝は本庄繁長・武藤義勝に尾浦城攻撃を命じる。
- Kagekatsu UESUGI directed Shigenaga HONJO and Yoshikatsu MUTO to attack Oura-jo Castle in September and October.
- 浄瑠璃:義太夫節、豊後節、常磐津節、清元節、河東節、長唄
- Joruri: Gidayu-bushi music, Bungo-bushi music, Tokiwazu-bushi music, Kiyomoto-bushi music, Kato-bushi music, and nagauta music
- 六代将軍足利義教がきづいた室町殿には、会所が三つもあった。
- There were three kaisho within the Muromachidono constructed by the sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 八代将軍足利義政がきづいた東山殿には、会所がひとつあった。
- The Higashiyamadono built by eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA had one kaisho.
- 義貞は切通しの突破を諦めて稲村ヶ崎からの鎌倉入りを試みる。
- So Yoshisada gave up trying to break through the seven slopes, and, instead, tried to enter Kamakura by sea via Inamura-ga-saki Cape.
- 尊氏軍は義貞軍を追撃し、翌年1月3日近江国瀬田唐橋で激突。
- Takauji's army pursued Yoshisada's army and collided with each other on Setanokara-hashi Bridge in Omi Province on February 23, 1336.
- 畠山氏は跡目争いから畠山義就と畠山政長が争いを続けていた。
- As for the Hatakeyama clan, Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA and Masanaga HATAKEYAMA had been at war with each other for a dispute over a matter of succession.
- この決定に反対した政元や伊勢貞宗らは、義視父子と対立した。
- Masamoto, Sadamune ISE and others who had been against this decision opposed Yoshimi and his son.
- それはいちじるしく形式主義的な官制となってあらわれている。
- This resulted in remarkably formalistic rules on administrative organizations.
- 行綱は源平合戦では源義経軍の一翼の多田源氏棟梁として活躍。
- During the Genpei War (the war between the Minamoto and the Taira clans), Yukitsuna was active as the leader of the Tada-Genji, who formed a part of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's army.
- 惣無事令の発令は、九州討伐や小田原征伐の大義名分を与えた。
- The issue of sobuji-rei gave justification to Hideyoshi's suppression of Kyushu and Odawara.
- また大友義鎮は同時にキリスト教を保護し南蛮貿易を盛んにした。
- Yoshishige OTOMO protected Christianity and promoted trade with Spain and Portugal.
- 高国は大内義興と組んで義尹を支持し、澄元は義澄を支持し対立。
- Takakuni supported Yoshitada in cooperation with Yoshioki OUCHI and Sumimoto supported Yoshizumi and they stood against each other.
- 氏清は大義名分を得るために南朝に降り、錦の御旗を下賜される。
- Ujikiyo descended to the Southern Court in order to obtain a legitimate reason, and he was granted the Imperial standard made of a gold brocade.
- 12月25日、義満は軍評定を開き、重臣の間では和解論も出た。
- On January 27, 1392, Yoshimitsu held a war council, and there were discussions of reconciliation among the senior vassals.
- 信長は義昭を殺すことで「将軍殺し」の汚名を着ることを嫌った。
- Nobunaga didn't want to be stigmatized as 'the Shogun-killer' by killing Yoshiaki.
- 幕府では鎮圧の兵を上らせ、上野国の御家人新田義貞も加わった。
- The Kamakura bakufu sent the army to suppress them, and Yoshisada NITTA, who was gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate) in Kozuke Province, joined the bakufu's army.
- 「寒皃。潔也。」は「寒い様子。潔い。」という字義説明である。
- The third and fourth phrases, '寒皃' and '潔也,' explain its semantic readings, 'cold and crisp,' respectively.
- 国司は調庸・封物を中央の朝廷へ運搬進納する義務を負っていた。
- Kokushi had the obligation of carrying and delivering, to the Imperial Court in the capital, choyo (tributes and labor) and fubutsu (products from fuko [the families supplied to each noble]).
- これを見て佐々木道誉は尊氏軍に寝返り義貞軍も総崩れとなった。
- Then, Doyo SASAKI sold out to Takauji's army and Yoshisada's army also suffered a debacle.
- 正成は弟の楠木正季ら一族とともに自害し、義貞は京へ退却した。
- Masashige committed suicide with his younger brother Masasue KUSUNOKI and Yoshisada withdrew to the capital.
- 義弘の手勢は次第に数を減らし森民部丞ひとりになってしまった。
- The number Yoshihiro's soldiers steadily dropped until only one remained, Mori Minbu no jo.
- 11月8日、義満は馬廻2000余騎を率いて東寺に陣を構えた。
- On December 13, Yoshimitsu set up camp at To-ji Temple, with more than 2000 horsemen under his command.
- この除目で源義朝は播磨守、嫡子・源頼朝は右兵衛権佐となった。
- At this session, MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was made the governor of Harima while his son and heir, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, was appointed Uhyoe no Gon no suke (provisional assistant captain of the Right Division of Middle Palace Guards).
- 10月27日、義満は禅宗の絶海中津を使者として堺へ派遣した。
- On December 3, Yoshimitsu dispatched the Zen monk Chushin ZEKKAI as his envoy to Sakai.
- 天下よりの御法度を相守、諸事可得其意処 下々として猥義曲事事
- Obey Acts by the realm, making anything possible and doing ad arbitrium are vile for people of low ranks.
- 秀元は黒田隊を以って先鋒と為し全義を経て同日天安市に到った。
- Hidemoto, with the Kuroda group in the van, reached Cheonan City via Jeonui on the same day.
- その後、島津貴久の息子の島津義久の指揮の下、薩摩・大隅を統一。
- Later, under the control of Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, a son of Takahisa SHIMAZU, Satsuma and Osumi were unified.
- 歴史学が実証主義を重視しすぎ、歴史認識や史学方法論を軽んじた。
- History had placed too much importance on positivism and treated recognition of history and methodologies of history lightly.
- しかし、同時に治安維持法が制定され共産主義への弾圧が行われた。
- However, Maintenance of Public Order Law was enacted at the same time, oppressing communism.
- 伊達政宗15歳(1581年、相馬義胤 (十六代当主)との戦い)
- Masamune DATE, aged 15 (1581, Battle with Yoshitane SOMA (the 16th family head))
- 翌年に義満を「日本国王臣源」に封じる内容の国書を持ち帰国する。
- They returned to Japan the next year with a sovereign's message that the emperor of the Ming Dynasty would confer a peerage of 'King of Japan' on Yoshimitsu.
- 殿内義雄:1863年3月25日に四条大橋で近藤らに暗殺される。
- Yoshio TONOUCHI: Assassinated March 25, 1863 at Shijo-ohashi Bridge by Kondo's group
- 激怒した義弘は石見勢に攻めかかり、恐怖した石見勢は逃げ散った。
- This infuriated Yoshihiro, who attacked the Iwami army with such force that the Iwami army became terrified, broke and scattered.
- 不利を悟った義経は敵船の水手・梶取(漕ぎ手)を射るよう命じた。
- Recognizing his perilous disadvantage, Yoshitsune ordered his men to shoot the navigators and oarsmen of the enemy vessels.
- 義仲は北陸道への脱出をはかるが、これへ範頼の大軍が襲いかかる。
- Yoshinaka attempted to escape to Hokuriku-do (northern prefectures), but was attacked by Noriyori's enormous army.
- 12月、義仲は後白河法皇に強要して頼朝追討の院宣を発出させる。
- In December, Yoshinaka forced the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa to issue a command from a retired Emperor to track down and kill Yoritomo.
- 六男:源義隆の長男の源頼隆は森氏・源姓毛利氏・若槻氏などの祖。
- The sixth son: MINAMOTO no Yoritaka, whose eldest son, MINAMOTO no Yoritaka is the ancestor of such clans as the Mori, the Mori clan of the Minamoto family, and the Wakatsuki.
- 兄の義忠の死後、義時は河内源氏の棟梁を望んだが果たせなかった。
- After the death of his elder brother Yoshitada, Yoshitoki hoped to be the leader of Kawachi-Genji but failed.
- 治承・寿永の乱で活躍した山本義経・柏木義兼兄弟などが知られる。
- The two brothers, Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO and Yoshikane KASHIWAGI, who played active roles in the Jisho-Juei War, are well-known.
- 園城寺との繋がりが深かった源義光の私領を継承した山本氏の一族。
- 'MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu line of Seiwa-Genji,' a line of the Yamamoto clan, took over private lands of MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu, who had close links with the Onjo-ji Temple.
- 信長は義昭の名で四方大名へ命令を発布、天下人への道を歩み始める。
- Nobunaga, under the name of Yoshiaki, issued orders to various daimyo beginning to walk through his road to tenkabito (the ruler of the country).
- 乱戦となり劣勢となった山名義数、小林上野介は討ち死に覚悟で突撃。
- The battle became chaotic, and Yoshikazu YAMANA and Kozukenosuke KOBAYASHI, who were losing ground, charged ahead, with an intention to die in the battle.
- 山名氏の惣領の師義は永和 (日本)2年(1376年)に死去した。
- The heir of the Yamana clan, Moroyoshi, passed away in 1376.
- その中でも実証主義史学と特に唯物史観史学の2つが主潮流をなした。
- In particular, positivism-based history and materialistic view-based history have become dominant.
- しかしながら、その境界線は明確に定義づけられているわけではない。
- However, the boundary between sakaya and tsukuri-zakaya is not defined clearly.
- 時行勢は逃げる直義を駿河国手越河原で撃破し、鎌倉を一時支配した。
- Tokiyuki's force defeated Naoyoshi at Tegoshigawara, Suruga Province and occupied Kamakura for a while.
- 応永2年(1395年)には太政大臣を辞して出家し、道義と称した。
- In Oei 2 (1395), he resigned from his post as Daijo-daijin and took the tonsure, changing his name to 'Dogi' (meaning 'the way of righteousness').
- 斜陽期 - 源義家時代の後三年の役後~源義忠時代の兄源義親の反乱
- Declining period: After the Go Sannen no Eki (Later Three Years' Campaign) in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie ~ Rebellion by MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, an elder brother of MINAMOTO no Yoshitada in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoshitada.
- 創生期 - 源頼信時代の河内守に任官~源頼義時代の前九年の役平定
- Creation period: Appointment of Kawachi no kami (the governor of Kawachi Province) in the period of MINAMOTO no Yorinobu ~ Subjugation of Zen Kunen no Eki (Former Nine-Years' Campaign) in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi.
- 広義では、畿内を初めとする近畿地方一帯を指す語としても使われる。
- In a broad sense, it is also used to refer to the Kinki area including Kinai.
- この憲法は、立憲主義の要素と国体の要素を併せ持つ欽定憲法である。
- The Constitution of Japan was a constitution enacted by the emperor based on factors of constitutionalism and the national polity.
- 氏清は堺に兵を集めるとともに、紀伊守護の義理を訪ねて挙兵を説いた。
- As Ujikiyo gathered his army in Sakai, he visited Yoshimasa, who was a shugo of Kii, and he encouraged him to raise an army.
- 土岐康行が後を継いだが、義満は土岐氏一族が分裂するように仕向けた。
- Yasuyuki TOKI succeeded, but Yoshimitsu manipulated it so that the Toki clan members would split.
- この「御くわい所」とは、足利義政の東山殿にあった会所のことである。
- This 'Gokuwaisho' pointed to kaisho of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA located in Higashiyamadono.
- 尊氏軍は直義軍が箱根に布陣し、尊氏は竹ノ下前面の足柄峠に布陣する。
- Regarding Takauji's army, Tadayoshi's army took up their position in Hakone and Takauji took up his position at Ashigara-toge Pass in front of Takenoshita.
- その報を受けた義貞は退路を断たれるおそれが出たため軍を撤退させる。
- When Yoshisada received the report, he got his troops out because his retreat could be cut off.
- また1557年に義長が毛利元就に討たれて大内氏が名実ともに滅んだ。
- Furthermore, the Ouchi clan fell both in name and in reality after Yoshinaga was defeated and killed by Motonari MORI in 1557.
- 12月9日深夜、藤原信頼・源義朝の軍勢は院御所・三条殿を襲撃した。
- On January 26, 1160, the forces of FUJIWARA no Nobuyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo carried out a raid on the Sanjo Palace, an old palace of the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 足利義稙は、応仁の乱で西軍の盟主に擁立された足利義視の嫡子である。
- Yoshitane ASHIKAGA was the heir of Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, who was backed by the leader of Western forces during the Onin War.
- 三代将軍足利義満の頃、南北朝は合一するが、事実上南朝の吸収である。
- The Northern and Southern Courts were unified when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was the third Shogun, but it was in fact the Southern Court which was taken over by the Northern Court.
- 摂津源氏の源頼政は、河内源氏の源義朝とは完全に別行動を取っている。
- MINAMOTO no Yorimasa of the Settsu-Genji took completely opposite actions to MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo of the Kawachi-Genji.
- 養老の名例律が、不孝を、不義などの罪とならべて、八虐の一つとした。
- Meirei-ritsu in Yoro included undutifulness in its hachigyaku along with crimes such as perfidiousness.
- 根井行親、楯親忠は必死の防戦をするが、義経軍に宇治川を突破される。
- Yukichika NENOI and Chikatada TATE desperately fought a defensive battle, but Yoshitsune's troops managed to cross the Uji-gawa River.
- 小西行長と宗義調の子義智は、対朝鮮平和的計画進行を秀吉に献策した。
- Yukinaga KONISHI and the son of Yoshishige SO, Yoshitoshi, advised Hideyoshi to proceed with peaceful policies towards Korea.
- 占領各地では義兵の決起が生じ、このため武器・兵糧不足に悩まされた。
- In various occupied areas, volunteer soldiers arose and they suffered from insufficient weapons and provisions.
- これにより清和源氏新羅三郎義光以来の名門甲斐武田氏嫡流は滅亡した。
- As a result of these battles, the distinguished Kai-Takeda clan of the direct descendants of Shinra-Saburo Yoshimitsu of the Seiwa Genji lineage became extinct.
- 義時は計略をめぐらし、1213年、和田一族を滅ぼした(和田合戦)。
- Yoshitoki engineered a plot and abolished the entire Wada family in 1213 (Wada War).
- 田沼は、それまでの農業依存体質を改め、重商主義政策を実行に移した。
- Tanuma reformed a conventional structure depending on agriculture, and put a Mercantilism policy into action.
- 談義本・滑稽本:十返舎一九『東海道中膝栗毛』、式亭三馬『浮世風呂』
- Comical stories called dangibon and kokkeibon: 'Tokai dochu hizakurige' (Travels on Foot on the Tokaido) by Ikku JUPPENSHA, and 'Ukiyo-buro' (The Bathhouse of the Floating World) by Sanba SHIKITEI
- 大内義弘は小林上野介と一騎討ちをして負傷しながらもこれを討ち取った。
- Yoshihiro OUCHI prevailed even though he was injured while fighting against Kozukenosuke KOBAYASHI.
- 7月20日に義昭を妹婿である三好義継の居城・河内国若江城に追放した。
- On August 27 (July 20 in old lunar calendar), he exiled Yoshiaki to Wakae-jo Castle in Kawachi Province, where Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI, his brother-in-law lived.
- 尼子側は前年に晴久が亡くなっており、息子の尼子義久が跡を継いでいた。
- On the Amago side Haruhisa died in the previous year and was succeeded by his son Yoshihisa AMAGO.
- 理想主義的な哲人政治を志向したが、書物としての教育論は残していない。
- He intended to conduct idealistic policy based on philosophy, but he left no written theory regarding education.
- 新田義貞は一計を案じ、幕府軍の裏をかいて稲村ガ崎から鎌倉へ突入した。
- Yoshisada NITTA devised a plan and outmaneuvered the bakufu army by charging Kamakura from Inamura ga saki.
- 南側を固めていた杉豊後守は義弘の死を知らされて敵陣に切り込んで討死。
- When Bungo no kami SUGI, who was reinforcing the south side of the city, was told of Yoshihiro's death, he cut his way into the enemy's formation and died in battle.
- 義時は捕らえていた上皇の使者に宣戦布告の書状を持たせて京へ追い返す。
- Yoshitoki sent the messengers of the retired Emperor Gotoba he had captured back to the capital bearing a letter in which he declared war.
- 諸大名、公家はこぞってこれに追従して出家し、義弘もまた出家入道した。
- Quite a few daimyo and court nobles sought to flatter him and so they all took the tonsure; Yoshihiro also took the tonsure and entered the Buddhist priesthood.
- 応永元年(1394年)義満は将軍職を足利義持に譲り、太政大臣に昇る。
- In 1394, Yoshimitsu passed the role and responsibilities of Shogun on to Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and ascended to Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state).
- しかし、このことが三好氏の義輝に対する危機感を抱かせる要因となった。
- However, these initiatives by Yoshiteru also induced the Miyoshi clan to entertain strong suspicion against him to a critical level.
- しかし、信長の傀儡でしかなかった義昭は、やがてその立場に不満を持つ。
- However, Yoshiaki soon became dissatisfied with his position as Nobunaga's puppet.
- 朝廷は、義仲に配慮して北陸道は除いたものの、頼朝の要求をほぼ認めた。
- The Imperial Court capitulated to the majority of Yoritomo's requests with the exception of Hokuriku-do out of consideration for Yoshinaka.
- 12月30日早朝、山名義数、小林義繁の700騎が二条大宮に攻め寄せた。
- Early in the morning of February 1, 1392, 700 cavalrymen of Yoshikazu YAMANA and Yoshishige KOBAYASHI attacked Nijo Omiya.
- 氏清の軍勢は浮き足立ち、義満自らが馬廻とともに出馬するに及び潰走した。
- Ujikiyo's forces were prepared to flee, and they had a debacle as Yoshimitsu himself entered the battle on horseback with umamawari.
- 明徳元年(1390年)義満は時義が生前将軍に対して不遜であったとした。
- In 1390, Yoshimitsu complained that Tokiyoshi was disrespectful to the shogun when he was alive.
- 例えば、土地に対して公出挙の納入義務が課せられるような事例も見られた。
- For example, there were cases that the payment duty of Ku-Suiko was imposed on lands.
- 幕府への寄進や寄付に応じ、足利将軍家の通り名である「義」の字を与えた。
- Depending on how much land or money the vassals donated to the Shogunate, they were granted the use of the character '義,' which the Ashikaga Shogunal family used as a part of their cognomens.
- 河内職は道鏡が権力を握っていた時代、河内国に由義宮を建設し副都とした。
- Kawachi Shiki established Yuge-no-Miya Palace in Kawachi Province as a separate capital during the period in which Dokyo held power.
- 直義は鎌倉を落ちる際に密かに家臣の淵辺義博に護良親王を殺害させている。
- When escaping from Kamakura, Naoyoshi made his vassal Yoshihiro FUCHINOBE kill Imperial Prince Morinaga in secret.
- 均田制に基づく田地の支給に対して、粟(穀物)2石を納める義務を負った。
- In return for the provision of rice fields based on the Equal-field system, people were put under an obligation to present about 360 litters of millet.
- その後も素行は修まらず、仲間の公卿を誘って女官と不義密通を重ねていた。
- He never improved in conduct, and invited noble colleagues to repeated adultery with court ladies.
- 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国(北朝鮮) - 朝鮮半島南部の大韓民国との対比。
- The term can also be used to describe the contrast between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) versus the Republic of Korea (South Korea) located in the southern half of the Korean peninsula.
- 信頼・義朝は上皇と上西門院を内裏内の一本御書所に移して軟禁状態にした。
- Nobuyori and Yoshitomo brought the retired emperor and his sister Josaimonin to the Ippon-goshodokoro (Ippon-gosho hall) inside the main imperial palace complex and kept them there under house arrest.
- 政長が敗死すると、義材は投降して京都竜安寺にて幽閉されることとなった。
- After Masanaga died, Yoshiki surrendered and it was decided that he was to be confined in Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto.
- 義平は18日難波経房の郎等・橘俊綱に捕らえられ、21日六条河原で処刑。
- Yoshihira was captured by TACHIBANA no Toshitsuna, a retainer of Tsunefusa NANBA, on March 4, and executed at the Rokujo gawara riverbed on March 7.
- 阿波重能は平氏軍の唐船の計略を義経に告げて知盛の作戦は失敗してしまう。
- Shigenori AWA had already revealed the ruse of the Taira's Chinese flagship to Yoshitsune, while led to the failure of Tomomori's strategy.
- 三男:源義光は、甲斐源氏・常陸源氏の祖となり、武田氏・佐竹氏などの祖。
- The third son: MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu became the founder of Kai-Genji and Hitachi-Genji, which are the ancestor of such clans as Takeda and Satake.
- 信長は2月3日に義昌の反乱を知ると武田勝頼討伐を決定、動員令を発した。
- When learning about the rebellion of Yoshimasa on February 3, 1582, Nobunaga decided to subjugate Katsuyori TAKEDA and issued mobilization orders.
- そして、1221年(承久3)5月、後鳥羽は北条義時追討の院宣を発した。
- In May 1221, Retired Emperor Gotoba issued the inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) to hunt down and destroy Yoshitoki HOJO.
- 京都議定書の削減義務に対しては、日本国内で下記のような議論も見られる。
- The following are discussions in Japan on the reducing obligation in the Kyoto Protocol.
- 島津忠恒は、島津氏宗家当主、島津義久の弟である島津義弘の三男であった。
- Tadatsune SHIMAZU was the third son of Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, who was a younger brother of Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, the head of the main family of the Shimazu clan.
- 清和源氏の一族で、源為義の子、志田義広が「志田三郎」を称し、祖となる。
- They are one family of Seiwa-Genji (the MINAMOTO clan), in which MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi's son Yoshihiro SHIDA identified himself as 'Saburo SHIDA' and became the originator.
- 西洋画:平賀源内、司馬江漢、亜欧堂田善、小田野直武、佐竹曙山、佐竹義躬
- Western Painting: Gennai HIRAGA, Kokan SHIBA, Denzen AODO, Naotake ODANO, Shozan SATAKE, and Yoshimi SATAKE
- 織田信長は室町将軍足利義昭を放逐し、室町幕府に代わる畿内政権を樹立した。
- Nobunaga ODA ousted Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, the shogun in Muromachi, and established the Kinai government (the government in the Kinai area - roughly corresponding to the present Kansai region) replacing the Muromachi bakufu.
- 鎌倉を脱出した高氏の嫡子である千寿王(足利義詮)と合流、鎌倉街道を進む。
- Joining up with the forces of Takauji's heir Senjuo (later, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA), Yoshisada's forces advanced on the Kamakura-kaido Road.
- 大宝律令によって設置が定められ、各国の国府に1校の併設が義務付けられた。
- Their establishment was legislated by the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) and each province was obliged to establish one Kokugaku at its kokufu (provincial capital).
- 13日には伊豆国国府を尊氏軍が奪回し、義貞軍は東海道を総崩れで敗走した。
- On February 3, 1336, Takauji's army recaptured the kokufu of Izu Province and Yoshisada's army took flight along Tokai-do Road.
- 兵農分離が進み、武家として存在していても弱小の場合、土豪(狭義)と言う。
- As the separation of farmers and samurai took place, weaker samurai families came to be called 'dogo' (narrow sense).
- 義満死後の4代将軍足利義持や前管領の斯波義将らは朝貢形式に不満を持った。
- The fourth Shogun, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, who assumed the post of Shogun after Yoshimitsu's death, and a former Kanryo (shogunal deputy) Yoshimasa SHIBA and others were dissatisfied with the system that Japan had to pay tributes to the court of Ming unilaterally.
- 同日、師仲・頼朝・源希義(頼朝の同母弟)もそれぞれ配流先に下っていった。
- That same day, the destinations to which Moronaka, Yoritomo, and MINAMOTO no Mareyoshi (Yoritomo's younger brother by the same mother) were to be exiled were announced.
- 『増鏡』:前述の北条義時と泰時の逸話と後鳥羽上皇の隠岐での様子を伝える。
- 'Masu kagami' (The Mirror of Increasing): conveys anecdotes about the aforementioned Yoshitoki and Yasutoki HOJO and about the retired Emperor Gotoba's state and demeanor in exile on Oki island.
- 五山は幕府の保護を受け、日明貿易を行う足利義満の外交的顧問役でもあった。
- The Gozan temples enjoyed the patronage of the bakufu, and in fact served as advisors and diplomats for Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in the trade between Japan and Ming China.
- これにより山陽道の平氏勢力が盛り返して義仲は連敗しながら京都に帰還する。
- This led to a revival of the Taira clan forces along the Sanyo-do Road, and Yoshinaka returned to Kyoto after many losses.
- 1月20日、頼朝は近江にまで進出させていた範頼、義経に義仲追討を命じた。
- On January 20, Yoritomo ordered Noriyori and Yoshitsune, whom he had moved to Omi, to track down and kill Yoshinaka.
- 祖承訓は朝鮮の義州から南下をはかり平壌を攻めるが小西行長が奮戦し退けた。
- Zu Chengxun advanced south from Uiju in Korea and attacked Pyongyang, but Yukinaga KONISHI fought hard and drove him back.
- 水兵を拠出しなかった戸には免税の代償に兵士の家族の扶養を義務付けられた。
- Also, households that did not offer soldiers had the obligation to support the life of the soldier's family in exchange for a tax exemption.
- 義賢の子の源義仲(木曽義仲)は信濃国木曾谷の豪族の中原兼遠の元で育った。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO), a son of Yoshikata, was fostered by NAKAHARA no Kaneto, a local ruling family based in Kisodani, Shinano Province.
- 盛氏の死後、二階堂氏からの人質の二階堂盛義の子が婿養子として後を継いだ。
- After the death of Moriuji, the son of Moriyoshi NIKAIDO, a hostage from the NIKAIDO clan, succeeded Moriuji as Moriuji's adopted son-in-law.
- そこで忠恒は、義久、義弘の留守中に忠棟を呼び出し斬殺に到ったものである。
- Therefore, Tadatsune called Tadamune during the absence of Yoshihisa and Yoshihiro, and killed him.
- 義久も出陣し、財部城(鹿児島県財部)を攻めたが落とすことはできなかった。
- Yoshihisa also went into battle and attacked Takarabe-jo Castle (Takarabe, Kagoshima Prefecture) but couldn't capture it.
- 大内義興は勘合貿易を掌握して勢力を伸張、一時は中国九州7カ国に覇を唱えた。
- Yoshioki OUCHI increased his power by holding complete control of the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) and for a certain period assumed the leadership in seven countries in Chugoku and Kyushu.
- 二代征夷大将軍足利義詮の時代に切り取った領国の安堵を条件に室町幕府に帰順。
- The clan submitted to the Muromachi bakufu during the era of the second seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, with a condition that the clan was guaranteed territory which had been taken away.
- これに加えて、義満は勢力が強すぎて統制が困難な有力守護大名の弱体化を図る。
- In addition to this, Yoshimitsu tried to weaken the powerful shugo daimyo that were hard to bring under control because they had become too powerful.
- 出羽守・源光国、丹後守・平正盛、左衛門尉・源為義が院御所・内裏を警固した。
- The governor of Dewa Province, MINAMOTO no Mitsukuni, the governor of Tango Province, TAIRA no Masamori, and Saemon no jo (third-ranked officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi guarded the dairi (Imperial Palace) and In-Gosho.
- この戦いで義昭が信長に敗れて京都から追放され、実質的に室町幕府は滅亡した。
- Yoshiaki lost the battle and was expelled from Kyoto, leading to the virtual downfall of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 国家主義的な歴史観のくびきから解かれた戦後史学は多くの重要な実績を残した。
- After the war, history has been released from the restrictions of nationalistic views of history and has achieved many important results.
- 庸が年間20日の労役の義務であるのに対し40日の雑徭により庸が免除される。
- The yo was a part of the soyocho from which it was possible to be exempted; this annual mandatory 20 days of labor could be substituted with 40 days of the zatsuyo.
- このため頼朝は源義経に別働隊を編成させて平氏の本拠讃岐国屋島を攻めさせた。
- Because of this, Yoritomo formed together a separate force for MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and had them attack the Taira at their stronghold on Yashima in Sanuki Province.
- その後、義仲を頼って来た以仁王の子(北陸宮)を推戴し、北陸一帯を平定した。
- Later, Prince Mochihito's son (Hokurokunomiya), who sought out Yoshinaka, was crowned and the Hokuriku area was brought under his control.
- 義仲軍は京で乱暴狼藉を働き、やがて皇位継承を巡って後白河天皇とも対立した。
- Yoshinaka's troops brought violence and riots to Kyoto, and with time, he was in conflict with Emperor Goshirakawa over succession to the imperial throne.
- 泰時は途中で鎌倉へ引き返し、天皇が自ら兵を率いた場合の対処を義時に尋ねた。
- Before he had gone too far, Yasutoki turned back to Kamakura to consult with Yoshitoki about how to proceed if the Emperor were to lead his forces personally.
- 満仲の嫡子として多田庄を継承した頼光の後裔「摂津源氏」と同義で用いる場合。
- In another case, 'Tada-Genji' means 'Settsu-Genji' the descendants of Yorimitsu who inherited Tada Manors as an heir of Mitsunaka.
- この泗川に駐屯していたのは島津義弘と島津忠恒率いる島津軍7千のみであった。
- There were only seven thousand soldiers of Shimazu army led by Yoshihiro SHIMAZU and Tadatsune SHIMAZU stationed in this Shisen.
- 鎌倉幕府は1333年に鎌倉の北条氏が新田義貞らの軍に滅ぼされて幕を閉じた。
- The Kamakura Bakufu ended in 1333 when the Hojo clan in Kamakura was defeated by the army of Yoshisada NITTA and his allies.
- また、木曽義昌や諏訪頼忠に所領安堵状を与え、信濃も半ば手中するかに見えた。
- Ujinao also gave a certificate for the land to Yoshimasa KISO and Yoritada SUWA, and he seemed close to having Shinano within his grasp.
- 理由は、源為義はもっぱら京都におり河内国の領地にいた形跡がないことにある。
- The reason is that MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi was entirely in Kyoto and left no evidence of his presence in the manor of Kawachi Province.
- しかし、源義家の子、源義親の代に失脚すると、代わって平忠盛が正四位に昇った。
- However, when Seiwa-Genji lost its power in the generation of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, who was a son of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, TAIRA no Tadamori was promoted to shoshii instead.
- 東アジア各国では、気象機関がそれぞれ「黄砂」の定義や強弱の基準を定めている。
- In each eastern Asian nation, the meteorology-related organization defines 'kosa' and specifies the strength levels of kosa.
- 応安2年(1369年)に三代将軍に就任した足利義満は将軍権力の強化を図った。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who became the third shogun in 1369, tried to strengthen the authority of shogun.
- 将軍家の通り名である「義」の字は、歴代将軍の諱の下の字よりも格式が高かった。
- The character 'yoshi' (義 in Chinese character) in the shogunal cognomens was regarded as superior in rank to the second character of the personal name.
- 直義は三河国に駐在し、乱の報告を京都に伝えると同時に成良親王を返還している。
- Naoyoshi stayed in Mikawa Province, sent a report on the war to Kyoto and sent back Imperial Prince Nariyoshi.
- 1411年(応永18)貿易を一時停止するが、6代将軍足利義教時代に復活する。
- They stopped trading temporarily in 1411, but the trade between two countries was resumed in the period of the sixth Shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 背景に、次期将軍を予定されていた足利義視の排斥問題も絡んでいると伝えられる。
- It is said that the expulsion of the anticipated successor as shogun, Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, was involved in the events leading up to the dispute.
- 1523年、大内義興は謙道宗設(けんどうそうせつ)を正使に遣明船を派遣した。
- In 1523, Yoshioki OUCHI dispatched a kenminsen to Ming Dynasty China with Sosetsu KENDO as seishi (senior envoy).
- 義朝は宮中の軍馬を管理する左馬頭であり、両者の同盟関係はさらに強固となった。
- At that point Yoshitomo was Commander of the Imperial Stables of the Left, in charge of all the horses at the imperial palace, and the two of them only grew closer through their similar appointments.
- 義弘はなおも満家を討ち取ろうと戦い続け、幕府軍はこれを取り囲んで攻め立てた。
- Yoshihiro continued fighting, attempting to strike down Mitsuie, but the shogunal army surrounded him and launched an unrelenting assault.
- その頃、義弘に同心した土岐詮直が挙兵して尾張国へ討ち入り、美濃国へ侵攻した。
- Around this time, Akinau TOKI, who had formed an alliance with Yoshihiro, raised an army and invaded Owari Province, penetrating as far as Mino Province.
- 後白河法皇を連れ出すことを断念した義仲は今井兼平と合流すべく瀬田へ向かった。
- After giving up on taking the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, Yoshinaka headed to Seta to join Kanehira IMAI.
- 義仲は奮戦するが遂に敗れ、後白河法皇を連れて西国へ脱出すべく院御所へ向かう。
- Yoshinaka fought bravely, but was finally defeated, and headed to the imperial palace to escape to Kyushu with the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 『令義解(りようのぎげ)』はこうした気運のなかで斤定された公的注釈書である。
- 'Ryo no gige' (commentary on the Ryo) is a public commentary published during such trends.
- まず、朝鮮に入貢を命じ、開かなければ討つ、と脅し対馬国の宗義調に折衝させた。
- First, he ordered that Korea pay tribute to him, threatening that if it did not obey his order, he would attack the country, and sent Yoshishige SO of Tsushima Province to conduct negotiations.
- 上皇方に参陣した為義は乱後に死罪となり、為義の子の源為朝は流罪に処せられた。
- Tameyoshi, who fought on the side of the retired Emperor, was executed after the War and his son, MINAMOTO no Tametomo was banished.
- アメリカ合衆国はまだ京都議定書を批准していないため削減義務は課されていない。
- The reducing obligation is not imposed on the United States of America because it has not ratified Kyoto Protocol yet.
- 第13代石川時光は、新田義貞による倒幕の軍に長子石川義光率いる軍を従わせる。
- Tokimitsu ISHIKAWA, the thirtieth head of the family, sent an army headed by his eldest son Yoshimitsu ISHIKAWA to join the shogunate government overthrowing army headed by Yoshisada NITTA.
- 天正15年(1587年)11月には家督を継いだ弟の大宝寺義興をも攻め殺した。
- Yoshiaki, while continuing his attack, killed Yoshiuji's younger brother and successor as the head of the family, Yoshioki DAIHOJI, during November and December 1587.
- 大名には幕府によりその格式に定められた参勤交代と御手伝いの義務が課せられた。
- The shogunate government obliged daimyo to live in Edo every other year (Sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, which were determined according to their social status.
- また、重商主義政策の放棄により、田沼時代に健全化した財政は再び悪化に転じた。
- In addition, the abandonment of mercantile policy again deteriorated the economy which had been recovered during the Tanuma period.
- 1521年 細川高国、足利義稙を追放し足利義晴(足利義澄の子)を将軍に迎える。
- In 1521, Takakuni HOSOKAWA ousted Yoshitane ASHIKAGA and received Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA (a son of Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA) as shogun.
- これに怖気づいた義昭は、7月18日に嫡男の義尋を人質として差し出して降伏した。
- On August 25 (July 18 in old lunar calendar), horrified, Yoshiaki surrendered to Nobunaga, sending Yoshihiro, his eldest son, as a hostage to Nobunaga.
- 足利義満は明徳の和約を遂げ、また日明貿易を行い明皇帝から日本国王に冊封された。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA completed the Meitoku treaty to unify the Northern and Southern Courts, conducted trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China and was awarded the title of King of Japan by the emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
- 学問所では、毎月の定日に経書の講義や会読、小試・大試などの試験もおこなわれた。
- At the Gakumonjo, on a fixed day of each month, lectures or discussions on scriptures were given along with short or long quizzes.
- これに焦った義栄も巻き返しを図り、翌年初めには同じ従五位下左馬頭に任じられた。
- Alarmed by this appointment, Yoshihide attempted a rollback, and early in the following year was appointed to the same status, Samanokami with a rank of Jugoinoge.
- 1950年2月8日、京都市長選挙、高山義三当選、革新市政成立(やがて保守へ)。
- February 8, 1950: A reformist municipal government (which subsequently became conservative) was established with Yoshizo TAKAYAMA's win in the Kyoto City mayoral election.
- 義光は足利軍の将として湊川の戦いに参戦、比叡山坂本の合戦において討ち死にした。
- Yoshimitsu participated in the Battle of Minatogawa as a leader of the Ashikaga army and was killled in the Battle of Hieizan Sakamoto.
- 島津軍では大将の島津義弘が自ら前線に立って戦ったとまで伝えられるほど奮戦した。
- The Shimazu army fought bravely, and legend has it that Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, who was the taisho (general) himself went to the front and fought in the battle.
- 毛利元就は大内義隆に援軍を要請し援軍到着後尼子氏を撃破する(吉田郡山城の戦い)。
- Motonari MORI asked Yoshitaka OUCHI for reinforcements and, after the arrival of reinforcements, he defeated the Amako clan (Yoshida Koriyama-jo no Tatakai (Battle of Yoshida Koriyama-jo Castle)).
- 国司はこれら新たな税目(官物・臨時雑役)の中央への納入を義務づけられたのである。
- Kokushi were obliged to pay these newly introduced tax items (kanmotsu/rinji zoyaku) to the central government.
- 一気に陣営がやせ細ってしまった義貞は、兵庫まで兵を退いて体制の立て直しを図った。
- Yoshisada, whose forces had dwindled rapidly, pulled his troops back to Hyogo and attempted to regroup.
- 幼い親王に代わって実権は足利直義に握られ、やがて室町幕府の関東の出先機関となる。
- Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA seized real power instead of a very young prince, and it later became the local office of the Muromachi bakufu in the Kanto region.
- 直義は尊氏の子の幼い足利義詮や、後醍醐天皇の皇子成良親王らを連れて鎌倉を逃れる。
- Naoyoshi escaped from Kamakura together with Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, a very young son of Takauji, and Imperial Prince Nariyoshi, a prince of Emperor Godaigo.
- 幕府は大仏貞直、金沢貞冬、足利尊氏(後の尊氏)、新田義貞らの討伐軍を差し向けた。
- The bakufu dispatched the punitive force that had been formed by Sadanao OSARAGI, Sadafuyu KANAZAWA, Takauji ASHIKAGA and Yoshisada NITTA.
- 一方で、義弘は討死を覚悟して、かねて帰依していた僧を招き自らの葬儀を執り行った。
- On the other hand, Yoshihiro did make preparations against the likelihood of his death in battle, even going so far as to invite the monk who had previously given him the tonsure to come and perform his funeral service.
- やがて、潮の流れが変わって反転すると、義経軍はこれに乗って、平氏軍を押しまくる。
- Eventually, the tidal current turned, and when it did, Yoshitsune's navy rode the current and pushed back the Taira clan's army.
- 義弘は本拠が大陸と近い地理を活かして李氏朝鮮との貿易を営み巨万の富を蓄えていた。
- Making the most of the close proximity of his seat of power to mainland Asia, Yoshihiro also worked to build trade relations between the Ouchi and the Joseon dynasty in Korea, thereby amassing a vast fortune.
- 明徳の乱では義弘は大いに奮戦して武功著しく、和泉国・紀伊国の守護職を与えられる。
- Yoshihiro fought very hard and valiantly during the Meitoku rebellion, achieving a remarkable number of military victories and exploits, so he was also made shugo of Izumi and Kii Provinces.
- 北条時政、熊谷直実、畠山重忠、梶原景時、三浦義澄、千葉常胤、上総広常 など多数。
- Tokimasa HOJO, Naozane KUMAGAI, Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, Kagetoki KAJIWARA, Yoshizumi MIURA, Tsunetane CHIBA, Hirotsune KAZUSA, and many others.
- 1月20日、範頼は大手軍3万騎で瀬田を、義経は搦手軍2万5千騎で宇治を攻撃した。
- On January 20, Noriyori attacked Seta with 30,000 samurai head-on and Yoshitsune attacked Uji from the rear with another 25,000.
- 次男:源義綱の五男の源義仲 (曖昧さ回避)の孫という源盛俊は石橋氏・服部氏の祖。
- The second son: MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna is the father of MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, the fifth son, whose grandchild, MINAMOTO no Moritoshi is the founder of the Ishibashi clan and the Hattori clan.
- 最上義光が上杉から庄内を奪還するのは、慶長6年(1601年)4月のことであった。
- Yoshiaki MOGAMI won back the Shonai district from Uesugi in May and June 1601.
- 氏清と満幸を挑発して挙兵に追い込んだ義満だが、必勝を確信していたわけではなかった。
- Yoshimitsu had provoked Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki to raise an army, but he was not confident that he would win.
- この令旨を伝達する使者には、熊野に隠れ住んでいた源行家(源為義の子)が起用された。
- MINAMOTO no Yukiie (MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi's son), who had been living in hiding in Kumano, was made the messenger entrusted to transmit this princely command.
- 室町幕府3代将軍の足利義満は、九州へ今川貞世(了俊)を派遣して南朝勢力を駆逐した。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), sent Sadayo IMAGAWA (Ryoshun) to Kyushu, having him expel the members supporting the Southern Court.
- ただちに細川頼元、京極高詮、赤松義則の先発隊6000余騎が淀から和泉国へ発向する。
- The vanguard of the army, more than 6000 riders led by Yorimoto HOSOKAWA, Takanori KYOGOKU, and Yoshinori AKAMATSU, immediately rode out from Yodo towards Izumi Province.
- 朱子学は儒教の中でも大義名分や主君への「忠」、「君臣の別」を重んじる学派であった。
- The Shushi-gaku was a school sect within Confucianism which honored 'loyalty' to a just cause or masters and 'the separation of ruler and ruled.'
- その体制化として三男・足利義嗣の天皇即位を目指したがその前に義満の死亡で挫折する。
- To systematize Yoshimitsu's ambition, he aimed to ascend Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA, his third boy, to the Emperor; however, Yoshimitsu died before consummating his scheme which ended in failure.
- 永禄9年(1566年)4月、朝廷は吉田兼右の推挙で義昭を従五位下左馬頭を任命した。
- In April and May 1566, the Court appointed Yoshiaki Samanokami (the head of the section taking care of imperial horses) with a court rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) at the recommendation of Kanemigi YOSHIDA.
- そして翌3年(1184年)正月、義仲は征夷大将軍(または征東大将軍)に任命された。
- In January the next year (1184), Yoshinaka was named 'Seii Taishogun' (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (or 'Seito Taishogun,' literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians').
- これは貴族色が強まった義満晩年の政策に反感を抱く武士達の不満に応えたものであった。
- These measures were in response to the discontent felt by many warriors toward the policies, which heavily favored the nobility, enacted by Yoshimitsu in his final years.
- 佐々木惣一、大石義雄、阿部照哉、佐藤幸治 (憲法学者)らを中心とした憲法学の学派。
- The school for Study of the Constitution centered on Soichi SASAKI, Yoshio OISHI, Teruya ABE, Koji SATO (constitutional scholars), and others.
- これに反発した成徳・天雄・平盧・山南東道(陝西東部)の梁祟義が連合して乱を起こす。
- Chongyi LIANG from Chengde, Tenyu, Pinglu and Shannan East (eastern part of Shaanxi) who was dissatisfied with this treatment formed an alliance and started a rebellion.
- 伊集院忠棟は、島津義久の筆頭家老であり、島津氏の九州制覇のため活躍した功臣である。
- Tadamune IJUIN was Yoshihisa SHIMAZU's chief vassal and an important follower who worked for the Shimazu clan in the conquest of Kyushu.
- また、「土代」とは元は「土台」と同義語であり、文書などの下書きを指した言葉である。
- In addition, originally, 'Dodai' (土代) was a synonym of 'Dodai' (土台: base), which meant the draft of documents.
- 1526年 細川晴元(澄元の子)・足利義維を奉ずる柳本賢治と細川高国の戦いが始まる。
- In 1526, a battle started between Kataharu YANAGIMOTO, who was accompanied by Harumoto HOSOKAWA (a son of Sumimoto), Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA, and Takakuni HOSOKAWA.
- そして4月7日、信長は正親町天皇から和睦の勅命が出されたことにより、義昭と和睦した。
- On May 18 (April 7 in old lunar calendar), Nobunaga made peace with Yoshiaki according to Emperor Ogimachi's imperial command of reconciliation.
- 11月16日に若江城の戦いで三好義継が信長に滅ぼされた後、義昭は紀伊国に追放された。
- On December 20 (November 16 in old lunar calendar), Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI was defeated by Nobunaga at the battle of Wakae-jo Castle and Yoshiaki was exiled to Kii Province.
- 後醍醐は再三帰洛命令を出すが尊氏は無視し、義貞を非難する文書を送り返すだけであった。
- Although the Emperor Godaigo repeatedly ordered Takauji to return to Kyoto, Takauji ignored it and just sent a document criticizing Yoshisada back to him.
- 調庸・封物の損失や未進が発生した場合は、郡司・富豪が私的に補償する義務を負わされた。
- When choyo and/or fubutsu was lost or could not be delivered, the gunji or the rich and powerful person was obliged to make necessary private compensation.
- 将軍義教と鎌倉公方持氏の対立おいては、持氏が横領する事件も起こる(永享3年に和睦)。
- When shogun Yoshinori and Kamakura kubo (governor-general of Kanto region) Mochiuji were in conflict, Mochiuji once unlawfully seized it (settled in 1411).
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)、鎌倉は新田義貞らの攻撃で陥落し、北条氏は滅亡する。
- Kamakura was occupied by Yoshisada NITTA in 1333 and the Hojo clan fell.
- 尊氏は直義と合流し、遠江国橋本、小夜の中山、相模国相模川など各所で時行勢を連破する。
- After uniting with Naoyoshi, Takauji repeatedly defeated Tokiyuki's force at Hashimoto and Sayo no nakayama in Totomi Province, Sagami-gawa River in Sagami Province, and so on.
- 新田軍は極楽寺坂、巨福呂坂、そして義貞と弟脇屋義助は化粧坂の三方から鎌倉を攻撃した。
- Kamakura was attacked from three directions, with the Nitta army attacking from the Gokurakji-saka and the Kobukuro-zaka and the army of Yoshisada NITTA and his younger brother Yoshisuke WAKIYA attacking from the Kesho-zaka.
- 政元はこれに反対するが、畠山氏の家督問題を解決させるため、義材は討伐軍を進発させた。
- Although Masamoto was against this request, Yoshiki marched off with a punitive force to settle the issue of the succession to the head of Hatakeyama clan.
- 平氏軍は予定通り退却し、義朝は決死の覚悟で六波羅に迫るが六条河原であえなく敗退した。
- The Taira army began to withdraw, as planned, and although Yoshitomo prepared himself to die and charged after them towards Rokuhara, his force was soundly defeated at the Rokujo-gawara riverbed and forced to retreat.
- 元暦2年/寿永4年 (1185年)2月、義経は奇襲によって屋島を攻略(屋島の戦い)。
- In March, 1185, Yoshitsune captured Yashima by means of a surprise attack (in what is known as the battle of Yashima).
- 三浦義村の軍勢がこれを攻め、藤原秀康、山田重忠は敗走し、三浦胤義は奮戦して自害した。
- Yoshimura MIURA's forces attacked them at Toji temple and routed Hideyasu FUJIWARA and Shigetada YAMADA, while Taneyoshi MIURA fought to the last and in the end took his own life.
- 上皇に見捨てられた藤原秀康、三浦胤義、山田重忠ら京方の武士は東寺に立て篭もって抵抗。
- Betrayed by the retired Emperor Gotoba, Hideyasu FUJIWARA, Taneyoshi MIURA, Shigetada YAMADA and the other samurai of the capital faction holed up in Toji temple and fought back.
- 義輝側は事前に館を修築するなど、三好勢の襲撃に備えていたが、所詮多勢に無勢であった。
- Yoshiteru and his aides had prepared against the Miyoshi troops' raid by repairing the palace building in advance, but were overwhelmed by superior numbers.
- 1350年12月、師直のクーデターで失脚した直義は京都を脱出し、師直打倒の兵を募る。
- In December 1350, Tadayoshi lost power due to a coup d'etat by Moronao, and escaped Kyoto to gather troops to bring down Moronao.
- 義経は自ら数騎を率いて追撃、院御所門前で義仲を追い払い、後白河法皇の確保に成功する。
- Yoshitsune personally led several samurai warriors to chase and drive away Yoshinaka from the front gate of the imperial palace, and succeeded in securing the safety of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 島津義弘の救援軍が近づくのを知ると明・朝鮮水軍は順天の海上封鎖を解いて迎撃を行った。
- Knowing that Yoshihiro SHIMAZU's rescue forces were approaching, the Ming and Korean navy lifted their naval blockade of Suncheon and intercepted them.
- 島津軍は勢いづき大友義統が放棄した府内城を陥落させて、宗麟の守る丹生島城を包囲した。
- Encouraged by their victory, the Shimazu army captured Funai-jo Castle, which had been abandoned by Yoshimune OTOMO, and besieged Nyushima-jo Castle, which was defended by Sorin.
- 直友は、義久と忠恒から「忠真が降伏すれば今までどおり召抱える。」という証文をとった。
- Naotomo had a letter of proof from Yoshihisa and Tadatsune stating, 'If Tadamasa surrenders, you will continue to be vassals as before.'
- 新選組幹部の沖田総司の義兄、沖田林太郎が組頭を務めているなど、新選組との交流もあった。
- They had a relationship with the Shinsengumi (Tokugawa shogunate police force located in Kyoto), because Rintaro OKITA, who was the headman of this group, was an elder brother-in-law of Soji OKITA, who was one of the senior members of the Shinsengumi.
- 義満は和解論を退け「当家の運と山名家の運とを天の照覧に任すべし」と述べて決戦を決める。
- Yoshimitsu avoided the peace treaty, and he decided to fight by saying, 'I leave up to the view of the heavens the destinies of my clan and the Yamana clan.'
- 律令においては、年間20日の労役の義務があり、それを免れるために収める税が庸であった。
- Yo was the tax paid for evading the obligation to engage in 20 days labor service per year that was laid down in the Ritsuryo codes.
- これに対し、対馬藩主・宗義成は忠告のみでお咎めなし、密告した柳川は津軽へ流罪とされた。
- For this, the bakufu only admonished Yoshinari SO, the lord of the Tsushima Domain without any penalty, but Yanagawa who blew the whistle was exiled to Tsugaru.
- さらに、義材派の幕臣・昵近公家衆・禅僧ら70人余りが越中下向につき従った(越中公方)。
- Furthermore, over 70 people including vassals of the shogun, Jikkin Kugeshu (昵近公家衆), Zen monks, etc., who were close to Yoshiki, followed his move to Ecchu (the Ecchu Governor-General).
- 『平家物語』によれば和田義盛は馬に乗り渚から沖に向けて遠矢を二町三町も射かけたという。
- In the 'Heike monogatari,' Yoshimori WADA mounted his horse and rode out from the beach into the open sea, firing arrows long-range at a distance of more than 200 or even 300 meters.
- 元長の子である三好長慶兄弟が晴元に対して挙兵、晴元を追放して将軍足利義輝を傀儡化した。
- Nagayoshi (Chokei) MIYOSHI, Motonaga's son, raised an army along with his brothers to hunt down Harumoto, who was driven into exile, while the Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA was converted into a mere puppet.
- だが、2ヵ月後の7月28日 (旧暦)に覚慶は義輝の近臣・細川幽斎らの手により脱出した。
- However, two months later on July 28 (old calendar), Kakukei was relieved from the imprisonment by Yusai HOSOKAWA, a close subject of Yoshiteru, and his party.
- なお、剣豪・塚原卜伝の教えを受けていた義輝の凄まじい奮戦ぶりが、後世に伝えられている。
- The desperate and fierce fight by Yoshiteru, a disciple of master swordsman Bokuden TSUKAHARA, has been spoken of for many generations.
- 公家法の時代には、法のあらゆる分野で、慣習法の体系が重要な法的意義をもつようになった。
- In the age of court noble law, the system of common law developed an important legal significance in various areas of law.
- そして翌寿永3年(1184年)1月、義仲は征夷大将軍(または征東大将軍)に任命された。
- In January 1184, Yoshinaka was appointed Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (or Seito Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians')).
- さらに、これらに呼応して関東平野では佐竹義重 (十八代当主)が活動を活発化させていた。
- Furthermore, in response Yoshishige SATAKE (the eighteenth head of the family) intensified his activities in the Kanto Plain.
- そのため、源為義の時期を「在京源氏」、源義朝の時期を「坂東源氏」などと呼ぶこともある。
- Therefore, the period of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi and that of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo are sometimes called 'Zaikyo-Genji' (Genji staying in Kyoto) and 'Bando-Genji (Genji staying in the old Kanto region) respectively.
- 天正11年(1583年)、義光は武藤氏重臣・東禅寺城主東禅寺義長を利用して義氏を暗殺。
- In 1583, using Yoshinaga TOZENJI, a senior vassal of the Muto clan and the lord of Tozen-ji Castle, Yoshiaki assassinated Yoshiuji.
- 義光が政宗との戦に忙殺されているのを好機と見た上杉景勝は、庄内占領のため兵を動かした。
- Kagekatsu UESUGI sent troops to conquer the Shonai district, by taking advantage of the situation in which Yoshiaki was busily occupied with the battle against Masamune.
- すると一条家への義を感じる土豪がつぎつぎと参陣し、その兵力はたちまち3500に達した。
- Then the local clans who felt indebted to the Ichijo clan joined the army one after another, and the number of troops rose to 3,500 quickly.
- また棄捐令を発して旗本・御家人らの救済を図るなど、保守的、理想主義的な傾向が強かった。
- It had a strong conservative and idealistic orientation, such as debt cancellation orders to give relief to direct vassals of the shogunate (hatamoto) and low-level retainers.
- このように、中世を離れ近代に近い時期として、江戸時代は歴史の上で近世と定義されている。
- Thus, the Edo period is historically defined as the early-modern times, which is no longer the medieval but not yet the modern times.
- しかし、一部には医術や西洋技術を講義し、さらに庶民までも受講対象となるところもあった。
- However, some of these schools taught medicine and western technologies, and further, even accepted common people.
- 義貞が箱根に迫ったとの報に接し、一時出家していた尊氏が直義の説得に応じ、戦線に復帰する。
- When Takauji who was temporarily a priest received the report that Yoshisada was approaching Hakone, he agreed to get back to the battle line by Tadayoshi's persuasion.
- 5月、上野へ帰った新田義貞は生品神社において挙兵し、東山道を西進して鎌倉進撃を開始した。
- In May, Yoshisada NITTA, who had already returned to Kozuke Province, raised his army in Ikushina-jinja Shrine, and his forces started to advance on Kamakura heading westward on Tosan-do Road.
- 源義国が源義家から伝えられた開発地を、安楽寿院(鳥羽上皇が建てた寺)に寄進(八条院領)。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni donated the developed land which he inherited from MINAMOTO no Yoshiie to Anrakujuin Temple (a temple constructed by the Retired Emperor Toba) (Hachijoin territory).
- 義朝の武力という切り札を得た信頼は、自らの妹と摂関家の嫡子・藤原基実の婚姻も実現させる。
- Having obtained the ultimate trump card, Yoshitomo's military might, Nobuyori was able to marry his younger sister to FUJIWARA no Motozane, an heir in the Fujiwara branch of regents and advisors.
- 義弘は森口城で戦っていた杉九郎と鴨山に配備した杉備中守を立退かせて堺に兵力を集中させた。
- Yoshihiro gathered all available troops at Sakai, and had both Kuro SUGI, who was fighting at Moriguchi Castle, and Bicchu no kami (the governor of Bicchu Province) SUGI, who was deployed at Kamoyama, fall back and join him there.
- 寿永2年(1183年)7月、信濃国で平家打倒の挙兵をした源義仲が数万騎を率いて入洛した。
- In July 1183, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, who raised an army in Shinano Province to overturn the Taira family, led several tens of thousands of samurai into Kyoto.
- その詳細な定義は国や研究者によって異なり、未だに世界各国で盛んな研究の対象となっている。
- Its detailed definition varies depending on the country/scholar and is an active research target in many countries of the world even now.
- 義政の東山山荘は、後の書院造の原型であり、日本の伝統的住宅建築のルーツとなるものである。
- His villa on Higashiyama is the prototype of the Shoin-zukuri style (a traditional Japanese style of residential architecture that includes a 'tokonoma' (alcove in a traditional Japanese room where art or flowers are displayed)) which came later - in short, it is the origin of the traditional style of Japanese architecture.
- 孫の石田為久は源義仲を討ち取り、褒章として近江国石田村を与えられ、一族は同地に移住した。
- Tamehisa ISHIDA, a grandson of Yoshitsugu MIURA, was granted Ishida-mura village in Omi Province in reward for having slain MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, and moved to the village with his clan.
- 後に薩摩は島津義久に、大隅は島津義弘に、日向の一郡は島津義弘の子・島津久保に与えられた。
- Later, Yoshihisa SHIMAZU was given Satsuma, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU was given Osumi, Hisayasu SHIMIZU, who was a son of Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, was given a County in Hyuga, respectively.
- 周防の大名・大内義隆が京の貴族を多数招いて山口を京都化することに尽力したのはその例である。
- It is an example that Yoshitaka OUCHI, who was a daimyo in Suo, tried to make Yamaguchi similar to Kyoto by inviting many nobles from Kyo.
- この反乱には、伊集院氏名義の使船の乗組員が出港を遅延させ、乱の勃発を待ち受け参加している。
- The crew of the ship for an envoy of the Ijuin clan postponed their departure, and they waited for the rebellion to begin in order to participate in the war.
- ただ、幕府の出費節減はなったが、国内的な将軍権威の発露というもうひとつの意義は損なわれた。
- However, although the cost of the bakufu for this event was reduced, the domestic meaning of showing the prestige of the shogun was damaged.
- 均田制は、民衆へ一律に田地を支給する代わりに、納税と軍役を義務づけることを目的としていた。
- The objective of the equal-field system was to supply a field uniformly to the common people, in order to make them pay taxes and to make them work for military purposes.
- これを見ていた義弘は項羽の討死の故事を引き、自分も後代に残るような最後を遂げると決意する。
- Yoshihiro, after seeing this, resolved that he would continue in the tradition of general Xiang Hu's glorious death, and make such an end for himself as would ensure his fame for posterity.
- 後醍醐天皇が政治理念を標榜した言葉として『梅松論』にある「現在の例もかつては新義であった。
- Emperor Godaigo's conception of politics is encapsulated best by his speech, recorded in the 'Baishoron' (a war chronicle of the Nanboku period): 'Even the examples and precedents of today were once new principles.
- 義経は腰越状を書いて頼朝へ許しを乞うが、同年6月に宗盛父子とともに京へ追い返されてしまう。
- Yoshitsune wrote his famous Koshigoe Letter and asked Yoritomo's forgiveness, but the following month he was sent off back to the capital with Munemori and his son in tow.
- 追討軍は東海道を下り、10月18日、駿河国黄瀬川で源頼朝、武田信義の関東連合軍と対峙する。
- The forces traveled by Tokai-do Road and met the Kanto Allied Forces of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and Nobuyoshi TAKEDA at the Kise-gawa River in Suruga Province on October 18.
- しかし、源氏一族に属していても、平氏に縁(ゆかり)や義理があって同族に弓を引いた者もいた。
- However, there were some who fought against the Minamoto clan even if they were part of it because of a connection with the Taira clan or an obligation.
- 宮崎市定、宇都宮清吉、島田虔次、川勝義雄、谷川道雄らの京都大学系の東洋史学者の一派を指す。
- It includes a group of scholars for East Asian history in Kyoto University line, such as Ichisada MIYAZAKI, Kiyoyoshi UTSUNOMIYA, Kenji SHIMADA, Yoshio KAWAKATSU, Michio TANIGAWA, and others.
- その後、六角義賢・六角義治は観音寺城に戻ることが出来ずそのまま廃城になったと思われている。
- It is thought Yoshikata ROKKAKU and Yoshiharu ROKKAKU could not come back to the castle again, and the castle was deserted afterward.
- 河内源氏の本拠地の河内国ではなく坂東を地盤とした義朝は勢力回復を企てて平治の乱を起こした。
- Yoshitomo, based in Bando not in Kawachi Province that was the stronghold of Kawachi-Genji, started the Heiji War in a bid to regain power.
- 超過した排出量を 3割増にした上で次期排出枠から差し引く(次期削減義務値に上乗せされる)。
- The amount exceeding the emissions allowance is increased by 30% and then is subtracted from the next emissions allowance (added on the next obligation value of reduction).
- 2月28日、木曾義昌に敗北した武田勝頼は諏訪での反抗を放棄し、新府城(韮崎市)に逃亡した。
- On February 28, 1582, Katsuyori TAKEDA defeated by Yoshimasa KISO abandoned resistance at Suwa, and escaped to Shinpu-jo Castle (Nirasaki City).
- 義久が降った後も、飯野城に籠った島津義弘、婿養子の忠隣を殺された島津歳久らの抵抗が続いた。
- Even after the surrender of Yoshihisa, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU stayed in Iino-jo Castle and Toshihisa SHIMAZU, whose adopted son-in-law, Tadachika, was killed, continued resistance.
- そして家臣団が揉めに揉めた末、佐竹義重 (十八代当主)の子・蘆名義広を蘆名家当主に迎えた。
- After these problems, the vassals received Yoshihiro ASHINA, a son of Yoshishige SATAKE (the eighteenth head of the clan) as the head of the Ashina clan.
- この時、義興の養子となっていた本庄繁長の子・大宝寺義勝は実父の下に逃れて捲土重来を誓った。
- Subsequently, Shigenaga HONJO's son Yoshikatsu DAIHOJI, who had been adopted by Yoshioki DAIJOJI, was determined to resume his power while taking refuge with his biological father.
- しかし、織田氏を攻めるため尾張に出兵したところ、桶狭間の戦いで義元が戦死し、今川氏は衰えた。
- When it sent troops to Owari to attack the Oda clan, however, Yoshimoto was killed in the Battle of Okehazama and the Imagawa clan declined.
- 1568年、尾張国の織田信長が足利義昭を奉じて上洛したことにより、戦国時代の状況が一変する。
- In 1568, the situation of the Sengoku Period was completely changed by the marching into Kyoto by Nobunaga ODA of the Owari Province accompanying Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
- また、義満が増強していた直轄軍の馬廻(奉公衆)はこの戦いで大いに働き、将軍権力の力を示した。
- In addition, the umamawari under the shogun's direct command, which Yoshimitsu had been strengthening, was very successful in this battle, and they demonstrated the power of the shogun.
- 唐物にまつわるこのようなシステムをつくったのが義満であり、義教の時代に整備され、活用された。
- Yoshimitsu was the one who created the system concerning karamono, which was organized and utilized during the period of Yoshinori.
- しかし、尼子義久が讒言を信じて宇山久兼を殺してしまうという一件があり、士気を沮喪していった。
- However, following an incident when Yoshihisa AMAGO killed Hisakane UYAMA after believing he had been slandered the army's spirits were gradually weakened.
- 江戸時代には山崎闇斎・中井竹山・加藤岳楽・佐藤信淵・吉田松陰らが独自の義倉構想を立てられた。
- During the Edo Period, Ansai YAMAZAKI, Chikuzan NAKAI, Gakuraku KATO, Nobuhiro SATO, and Shoin YOSHIDA created their own Giso concept.
- 1872年外務丞(外務大臣)・花房義質が釜山に来航し、草梁倭館を接収して日本公館と改称した。
- In 1872, Yoshimoto HANABUSA, Minister for Foreign Affairs, arrived in Busan and confiscated Choryang-dong Wakan to rename it as the Japanese diplomatic mission.
- 一方、義朝はクーデターのため隠密裏に少人数の軍勢を集めたに過ぎず、合戦を想定していなかった。
- Yoshitomo, on the other hand, had assembled only a handful of warriors, never expecting to fight a battle.
- それでも、田中義成などの一部の学者は「吉野朝」の表記に対して抗議している(南北朝正閏問題)。
- Even then, some academics such as Yoshinari TANAKA have argued against using 'Yoshino-cho' (Nanbokucho-Seijun problem).
- この密約には義満によって一方的に九州探題を解任され失脚していた今川了俊が仲介役になっている。
- This secret agreement was reached through the mediation of Ryoshun IMAGAWA, who had unilaterally lost his standing and had been dismissed from his post as tandai (local military commissioner) of Kyushu thanks to Yoshimitsu's machinations.
- 平井備前入道も恭順して嘆願すべきであり、さもなくば朝敵となり御家滅亡になると義弘を説得した。
- Bizen Nyudo HIRAI also argued along the same lines, trying to persuade Yoshihiro that he should re-swear his allegiance and appeal to the Shogun's good graces, for if he did not he would be declared an enemy of the Imperial Court and his whole family would be destroyed.
- なぜならば、幽斎は三条西公条から歌道の奥義を託された古今伝授の中継ぎ継承者だったからである。
- Yusai was a successor of tanka poetry, who relayed the arcana, from ancient to modern, by Kineda SANJONISHI.
- 瀬田で範頼軍と戦っていた今井兼平は宇治方面での敗報を知り退却、粟津で義仲との合流に成功する。
- Kanehira IMAI, who had been fighting Noriyori's troops at Seta, retreated, having heard about the defeat at Uji, and successfully joined Yoshinaka in Awazu.
- 島津義弘が救援に向かうが、根白坂の戦いで島津忠隣が戦死するなどの大敗を喫し、高城は陥落する。
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, who went to the rescue, suffered a crushing defeat and lost Tadachika SHIMAZU in the battle of Nejirozaka, and Taka-jo Castle was seized by Hidenaga.
- 一方、忠真が6月18日に川上忠智に送った書状では、「父の死後、すぐに義久様の元に伺いました。
- However, Tadazane sent a letter to Tadatomo KAWAKAMI on June 18 stating, 'I immediately paid a visit to the residence of Mr. Yoshihisa after my father's death.
- さらに、天正19年(1591年)に義勝が改易された後、庄内を与えられたのは上杉景勝であった。
- When Yoshikatsu was punished by being deprived of his fief the Shonai district in 1591, the district was given to Kagekatsu UESUGI.
- 昭和期に入ると国粋主義的な天皇を中心とする歴史観(皇国史観)や勧善懲悪史観が隆盛するに至った。
- Then, entering the Showa period, nationalistic views of history centered on the Emperor (Kokoku Shikan, that is emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto) and poetic justice views of history became prosperous.
- 元亀3年(1572年)には信長から義昭に異見十七箇条が突きつけられ、両者の対立は決定的になる。
- In 1572, Nobunaga sent an accusatory letter, called Iken 17 kajo (your 17 problems) to Yoshiaki, making their conflict public.
- 名主・荘官は名田に係る官物・年貢を徴収して、国衙・荘園領主(領家)へ納入する義務を負っていた。
- Myoshu/shokan were obliged to collect kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes)/nengu imposed on myoden and deliver them to kokuga/lord of shoen (ryoke).
- 大内義弘は九州探題今川了俊に従軍して九州の南朝方と多年にわたり戦い、豊前国守護職を加えられた。
- Yoshihiro OUCHI joined the army of the local military commissioner (tandai) in charge of Kyushu, Ryoshun IMAGAWA, and fought against the Southern Court forces in Kyushu for many years, and as a reward was made shugo over Buzen Province (eastern Fukuoka today) as well.
- 義栄は三好氏の、義昭は朝倉氏の支援をそれぞれ受けており、将軍宣下のための上洛は近いと思われた。
- Respectively supported by the Miyoshi and Asakura clans, Yoshihide and Yoshiaki were expected soon to proceed to Kyoto to be proclaimed as the new Shogun.
- 確かに、甲斐源氏の武田信義や木曾の源義仲など、反平氏の掛け声のもとに挙兵をした源氏一族は多い。
- It is a fact that many Minamoto clan members, such as Nobuyoshi TAKEDA of the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) and MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka of the Kiso clan, raised forces in response to the anti-Taira clan call.
- 京都に駐留していた範頼・義経軍は、後白河上皇による寿永三年宣旨を獲得して京都から福原へ向かう。
- Noriyori and Yoshitsune's troops who were staying at Kyoto obtained the Imperial Order issued in 1184 by the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and headed from Kyoto to Fukuhara.
- 義満は京都の北山に山荘を営み(後の鹿苑寺=金閣寺)、この時代の文化を北山文化と呼ぶことがある。
- On Kitayama (the Northern Hills) of Kyoto, Yoshimitsu constructed a villa, which was later called Rokuon-ji Temple (more commonly, Kinkaku-ji Temple), so the culture around then is occasionally called Kitayama culture after the location.
- もっとも、この当時の「美術」には詩や音楽なども含まれ、現代日本語の「芸術」に近い語義であった。
- At that time, 'bijutsu' included poetry, music, and others, so it was almost synonymous with 'geijutsu' (today's Japanese word that means art and other artistic skills).
- 源義朝の子の源頼朝は後に挙兵して平家(伊勢平氏の平清盛一族)を倒し、源家による鎌倉幕府を開く。
- Later, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, a son of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, raised an army and beat Heike (the family of TAIRA no Kiyomori of Ise-Heishi), and established the Kamakura bakufu ruled by the Gen family.
- 具体的な根拠がないままの偽文書説だったが、九〇年代以降、宮本義己がこれに具体的な根拠を与えた。
- There were no concrete grounds for this theory of forgery, however, Yoshimi MIYAMOTO found concrete grounds to this in the 1990s and onwards.
- 更に奥州支配を進める伊達氏によって佐竹義重 (十八代当主)は南北両方面での戦いを余儀なくされた。
- In addition, Yoshishige SATAKE (the eighteenth family head) was forced by the Date clan, that had been expanding its governance in Oshu, to fight both in the north and south sides.
- この明応の政変とは、いわば将軍である足利義稙(足利義視の子)を追放し清晃を将軍としたことだった。
- This Coup of Meio was an action to oust the shogun, Yoshitane ASHIKAGA (a son of Yoshimi ASHIKAGA) and to make Seiko shogun.
- 農場主が小作人の子弟を郎党として戦時の体制を構成していたため、兵と農は不離あるいは同義語に近い。
- As the farmers took the system in wartime, having younger people of their tenant farmers armed, hei (samurai) and no (farmers) were inseparable or close to a synonym.
- このように、名主の性格は一概に説明できるものではなく、名田を経営した階層と広義に解釈されている。
- Thus, the myoshu class defies simple characterization and is interpreted broadly as a class of farmers who managed the cultivation of myoden land.
- ○○宗単立、○○派単立などというように、教義・儀礼は伝統宗派や教派に則っていることも珍しくない。
- As seen in XX-shu (sect) Tanritsu, and XX-ha (school) Tanritsu, it is not unusual that some Tanritsu follow tenets and rituals of traditional religious schools or sects.
- この年の初め、足利尊氏は新田義貞・楠木正成・北畠顕家らに敗れて京都を追われ九州へ落ち延びていた。
- At the beginning of 1336, Takauji ASHIKAGA was defeated by Yoshisada NITTA, Masashige KUSUNOKI and Akiie KITABATAKE before being driven back to Kyoto and fleeing to Kyushu.
- 後醍醐天皇は比叡山へ逃れるが、奥州から下向した北畠顕家や義貞らが合流して一旦は足利軍を駆逐する。
- Emperor Godaigo fled to Mt. Hiei, but in the interim the armies of Akiie KITABATAKE, who had marched down from the north, and Yoshisada joined forces temporarily and, combined, were able to drive the Ashikaga army from the capital.
- 大陸との貿易の推進を図る義満にとっても朝鮮と強いつながりを持つ義弘の存在は目障りなものになった。
- To Yoshimitsu, who was trying to plan how to proceed in forging trade links with mainland Asia, the existence of someone like Yoshihiro, possessing as he did such a strong bond with Korea, must have been quite obtrusive.
- 絶海中津は将軍家が義弘を滅ぼそうとしているとの噂を信じず、上洛して将軍家に謝罪すべきことを説く。
- Chushin ZEKKAI counseled him not to believe rumors that the shogunal family was bent on destroying Yoshihiro, and that he should make his way to the capital and apologize to the Ashikaga family for not heeding the earlier summons.
- 1185年に、源頼朝は大江広元の献策を容れて弟の源義経の追討を目的に全国に守護・地頭を設置する。
- In 1185, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, in response to OE no Hiromoto's suggestion, instituted a countrywide system of shugo (governors) and jito (estate stewards) with the goal of hunting down his younger brother, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune.
- 室町時代は、義満の時代と義政の時代に特徴的な文化が栄え、北山文化・東山文化と呼ばれることがある。
- Two distinct cultures flourished during the Muromachi period, the Kitayama culture of Yoshimitsu's day and the Higashiyama culture of Yoshimasa's time.
- 源義仲の勢力を討つために、寿永2年(1183年)4月、平氏は平維盛、平通盛率いる大軍を派遣する。
- To attack the forces of MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, the Taira clan sent a large force led by TAIRA no Koremori and TAIRA no Michinori in April 1183.
- しかし、後世の史料であるが「庄内陣記」には義弘・忠恒が共謀し義久が同意を与えたという記述がある。
- However, although it was written later, 'Shonai Jinki' (Shonai war chronicle) has an entry stating that Yoshihiro and Tadatsune had conspired together while Yoshihisa gave his consent to the plan.
- 義久は、忠棟殺害は忠恒の独断によるものであり、自分は全く関与していないと石田三成に弁明している。
- Yoshihisa explained to Mitsunari ISHIDA that Takamune's assassination was solely Tadatsune's decision and he was not involved in any way.
- 「黄砂」という語でひとくくりにされているが、この語を気象学的に定義すると複数の現象が含まれている。
- The term actually includes more than one phenomenon when it is defined meteorologically, while they are collectively called 'kosa.'
- 永禄11年(1568年)9月、織田信長に擁されて上洛し、室町幕府の第15代将軍に就任した足利義昭。
- Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, supported by Nobunaga ODA, went to Kyoto and became the fifteenth Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 名田において、名主は百姓らから年貢・公事・夫役を徴収し、国司や荘園領主へ納入する義務を負っていた。
- In the myoden system, myoshu were obligated to collect taxes (taxes in kind, public duties and labor services) from peasants for territorial governors or manorial lords.
- これに対して、地域の役所あるいは民間が主体で義倉と同様の事業を行ったものを社倉(しゃそう)と呼ぶ。
- On the other hand, both local government and the private sector engaged in business similar to Giso, and built warehouses known as Shaso.
- 時行軍は女影原など各地で鎌倉将軍府の軍勢を撃破、鎌倉から出陣して時行軍を迎撃した足利直義をも破る。
- Tokiyuki's force defeated the army of the Kamakura shogunfu at various places including Onakagegahara, and defeated the army of Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA which came from Kamakura in order to intercept Tokiyuki's force.
- 尊氏は一色範氏や仁木義長などを九州の抑えとして残して再び上洛し、摂津国湊川の戦いで新田義貞を破る。
- Takauji advanced on Kyoto again, leaving Noriuji ISSHIKI and Yoshinaga NIKI behind to protect Kyushu, and defeated Yoshisada NITTA in the Battle of Minatogawa in Settsu Province.
- 明徳3年(1392年)に足利義満がまとめた南北朝合一に際しても、両統迭立の理念が再度持ち出された。
- The concept of Ryoto tetsuritsu was again brought up upon the union of Northern and Southern Dynasties that Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA concluded in 1392.
- 義朝は平氏軍と頼政軍の攻撃を受け、山内首藤俊通・片桐景重らが必死の防戦をする間に戦場から脱出した。
- When Yoshitomo's army came under the joint attack of the Taira forces as well as Yorimasa's army, Toshimichi YAMANOUCHI-SUDO and Kageshige KATAGIRI, among others, fought a delaying action to the death, and taking full advantage of the time they had bought him, Yoshitomo slipped away from the battlefield.
- 義朝と行動を共にした源重成・季実も滅亡の運命を辿り、ここに後白河院政派は事実上壊滅することになる。
- Orders to eliminate MINAMOTO no Shigenari and Hidezane, who had acted in tandem with Yoshitomo, followed in due course, and with their deaths, the Goshirakawa Insei faction had effectively been destroyed.
- しかしこれにより三好氏は京都の掌握はおろか、義輝の臣下として幕府政治機構に組み込まれることなった。
- However, this development not only prevented the Miyoshi clan from ruling Kyoto but also reduced its status to a mere element of the governing mechanism of the bakufu as a subject of Yoshiteru.
- 連合軍の攻撃に対し、義弘は大量の火縄銃を使用したり、地雷を埋めるなどして対抗し、よくこれを防いだ。
- Yoshihiro used a massive amount of firelocks and buried land mines to retaliate against the attacks of allied forces and defended most attacks.
- そして、信長が義昭の行動を制限する「殿中御掟」を成立させると、両者の対立は決定的なものとなった。、
- When Nobunaga set up 'Denchu on okite' (regulations for the shogunal residence) to hold back Yoshiaki, the antagonism between the two solidified.
- 中世においては、義広の孫にあたる志田義安の代で越後国上杉氏の臣下となり、近世には米沢藩士となった。
- In the medieval age, during the time of Yoshiyasu SHIDA, a grandson of Yoshihiro, he became a retainer of the UESUGI clan in Echigo Province and later became a feudal retainer of the Yonezawa Domain.
- しかし、幕府は1185年の源義経謀叛を契機に、諸国の荘園・公領に地頭を任ずる権利を得ることとなった。
- The bakufu however, got the right to appoint the jito in shoen and koryo of various provinces, when the rebellion of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune happened in 1185.
- しかし三好政権の正当性が弱かったために周辺豪族の反発を招き、結局4年で足利義輝に屈服することとなる。
- Because the legitimacy of the government by the Miyoshi clan was low, reactions by gozoku in the vicinity were prompted and it yielded to Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA after four years.
- しかし、実証主義には歴史哲学を軽視するという弱点が、唯物史観には教条的になりがちという弱点があった。
- However, positivism-based history has a weak point that it treats philosophy of history lightly, and materialistic view-based history has also a weak point in that it has the tendency of becoming dogmatic.
- 松永久秀や三好義継、三好三人衆らと結んで挙兵し、公然と敵対行動を見せた足利義昭を討伐するためである。
- The purpose was to subdugate Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, who was openly showing hostile behavior, and had raised an army with Hisahide MATSUNAGA, Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI and Miyoshi sanninshu (Nagayuki MIYOSHU, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI).
- 広義には医学校・洋学校・皇学校(国学校)・郷学校・女学校など、藩が設立したあらゆる教育機関をふくむ。
- In a broad sense, hanko included all the educational institutions established by each domain, such as medical schools, Yogakko (schools for Western studies), imperial schools (national schools), Gogakko (schools of province) and girls' schools.
- 土豪(どごう)とは、広義には広域を支配する領主や在地の大豪族に対して、特定の「土地の小豪族」をさす。
- In a broad sense, dogo refers to 'specific small local clans' as opposed to large regional clans which control wide territories.
- もともと信頼の一門は武蔵国・陸奥国を知行国としており、両国と深いつながりを持つ源義朝と連携していた。
- Nobuyori's branch of the Fujiwara clan had long controlled the provinces of Musashi and Hitachi through their fiefs there, and had a friendly relationship with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, who had strong ties to both provinces.
- 11月14日、義満は八幡まで進み、管領畠山基国と前管領斯波義将が率いる主力3万騎が和泉国へ発向した。
- By December 19, Yoshimitsu had advanced as far as Hachiman, where he met up with the main force of 30,000 riders, led by the kanrei Motokuni HATAKEYAMA and former kanrei Yoshimasa SHIBA, and then they all proceeded towards Izumi Province together.
- 幕府軍は火攻めを計画して左義長(爆竹)を用意し、道を整えた上で、12月21日早朝に総攻撃を開始した。
- The shogunal forces resolved to attack the city with fire, and having prepared sagicho rockets (a kind of firecracker), they got the road ready before launching another general attack in the early morning of January 25, 1400.
- 清氏失脚後には斯波高経、斯波義将親子が政権を持つが、佐々木道誉との対立などから貞治の政変で失脚する。
- After Kiyouji was overthrown, the reins of political power were held by a father-son pair, Takatsune and Yoshimasa SHIBA, but they clashed with Doyo SASAKI, and were themselves driven from power during the Joji coup.
- これを知った前将軍義稙(義材改め)は、大内義興とともに上洛、細川高国の出迎えを受けて将軍位に復した。
- When the former Shogun, Yoshitane (Yoshiki), learned of this internecine struggle in the Hosokawa clan, he marched on the capital together with Yoshioki OUCHI, and after receiving a welcome from Takakuni HOSOKAWA, he reclaimed his former position as Shogun.
- その弟・足利義昭は管領斯波氏の元家臣織田信長の支援を受けて上洛して松永らを降伏させて将軍に就任する。
- Yoshiteru's younger brother Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA--supported by Nobunaga ODA, a former vassal of the Kanrei Shiba clan--entered the capital and forced Matsunaga and his followers to capitulate before being appointed Shogun.
- その後、頼朝は巨大となった武士団を統率するため侍所を新設し、和田義盛を別当、梶原景時を所司に任じる。
- Later, Yoritomo newly established the Samurai-dokoro (station for Samurai) to manage the large numbers in the Bushi Group and named Yoshimori WADA as Betto (chief of the Samurai-dokoro) and Kagetoki KAJIWARA as Shoshi (deputy of the Samurai-dokoro).
- 義仲の滅亡に至るまでの間、平氏は勢力を立て直し寿永3年(1184年)正月には摂津福原まで戻っていた。
- In the period until Yoshinaka met his end, the Taira clan re-established its influence and by January 1184, they had returned to Settsu Fukuhara.
- 次男源義高 (左兵衛権佐)・四男源義清 (左京権大夫)・五男源義雄の子孫は源氏を名乗りつづけている。
- The descendants of the second son, MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka (Sahyoe no gon no suke, Provisional Assistant Master of the Left Military Guard), the fourth son, MINAMOTO no Yoshikiyo (Sakyo no gon no daifu, Provisional Master of the Eastern Capital Offices) and the fifth son, MINAMOTO no Yoshikatsu still identify themselves as Genji.
- 永禄3年(1560年)に織田信長は今川義元を桶狭間の戦いで破ると、その勢いをもって美濃国を制覇した。
- Nobunaga ODA beat Yoshimoto IMAGAWA in the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, and with that momentum, he conquered Mino Province.
- そして、義満の朝廷政策に批判的であったとされる息子の足利義持もまた後小松上皇の院執事に就任している。
- And even Yoshimochi, who was Yoshimitsu's son and was allegedly critical about his father's policies against the Imperial Court, also assumed the post of In no shitsushi of the retired Emperor Gokomatsu.
- この後、北条義時が執権となり、北条氏権力の確立に努めたが、侍所別当の和田義盛が対抗勢力として現れた。
- After that Yoshitoki HOJO became Shikken, tried hard to establish the power of Hojo clan, but Yoshimori WADA, Samurai-dokoro betto (the superior of the Board of Retainers), appeared as an opposing force.
- この裁定と秀次事件における駒姫の死とが重なって、最上義光は秀吉や上杉氏に対して深い憎悪の念を抱いた。
- Yoshiaki MOGAMI had a deep hatred for Hideyoshi and the Uesugi clan, becauase he was infuriated by the decisions made by Hideyoshi and because he was grievously shocked by the death of his daughter Komahime, who was a concubine of Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI and, as instructed by Hideyoshi, executed in the Hidetsugu Incident.
- 大名たちは上納金を貢いでくれる城下町が栄えることは、みずからの発展と同義と考え保護政策をおこなった。
- Feudal lords (daimyo) took a protective policy, considering the more the castle town developed, the more money were paied to them, which meant their own prosperity.
- 日本では、気象庁により、黄砂とは大陸性の土壌粒子によって視程が10km以下になる現象と定義されている。
- In Japan, the Meteorological Agency defines kosa as the phenomenon in which visibility is reduced to less than 10 km due to soil particles originating on the continent.
- その子の山名義幸、山名氏之、山名義熈、山名満幸は若年であったため、中継ぎとして弟の時義が惣領となった。
- Because his sons, Yoshiyuki YAMANA, Ujiyuki YAMANA, Yoshiaki YAMANA and Mitsuyuki YAMANA were young, his younger brother, Tokiyoshi, became the interim heir.
- 後醍醐天皇が建武政権に反旗を翻した足利尊氏を討つために新田義貞を派遣したが失敗し、建武政権は崩壊した。
- The Emperor Godaigo dispatched Yoshisada NITTA to defeat Takauji ASHIKAGA who rebelled against the Kenmu government, but it failed and the Kenmu government collapsed.
- 大内軍は大内義隆自らが総大将となり、陶隆房、杉重矩、内藤興盛、弘中隆包ら15,000の兵を率いて出兵。
- For the Ouchi army, Yoshitaka Ouchi himself became supreme commander and went into battle with an army of 15,000 men including Takafusa SUE, Shigenori SUGI, Okimori NAITO, and Takakane HIRONAKA.
- 天皇・上皇の脱出を知った後白河院政派は激しく動揺し、義朝は信頼を「日本第一の不覚人」と罵倒したという。
- Members of the Goshirakawa Insei faction were greatly stunned to learn of the escape of the Emperor and Retired Emperor, and Yoshitomo is said to have lambasted Nobuyori as 'the biggest fool in all Japan.'
- 藤原秀康と三浦胤義は支えきれないと判断し、宇治市・瀬田 (大津市)で京を守るとして早々に退却を決める。
- Judging that there was no way for them to aid Korenobu, Hideyasu FUJIWARA and Taneyoshi MIURA decided to pull back quickly to the cities of Uji and Seta (Otsu City), from there to protect the capital.
- 義経は建礼門院と守貞親王それに捕虜を連れて京へ戻り、範頼は九州に残って戦後の仕置きを行うことになった。
- Yoshitsune returned to the capital accompanied by Tokuko and Imperial Prince Morisada as prisoners of war, while Noriyori remained in Kyushu, meting out postwar punishments.
- これは商業に従事する神人・供御人を抑制し、本来の神事を興行しようとする重農主義的施策と評価されている。
- This policy is appreciated as embodying physiocracy, restraining the influence of Shinjin and Kugonin engaging in commerce and encouraging the performance of true religious rituals.
- なぜならば、幽斎は歌道の達人だっただけではなく、足利義昭時代から公家とも親密な関係にあったからである。
- It was because Yusai had been not only a master of tanka poetry but also a familiar person among the court nobles since the period of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
- 元暦2年(1185年)、範頼軍は九州へ渡ったが、思わしくない戦況に頼朝は義経へ平氏追討の命令を出した。
- In 1185, Noriyori's forces crossed over to Kyushu, but the situation was not ideal so Yoritomo gave Yoshitsune an order to attack the Taira clan.
- 6代将軍は籤引きで選ばれる事とされ、義満の子で僧門に入っていた義円が還俗して将軍足利義教が将軍となる。
- In the end the sixth Shogun was chosen by lots: Gien, who was a child of Yoshimitsu that had joined the priesthood, returned to secular life and became Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- そのため、農林水産省は傾斜の度合いで棚田を定義しており、機械化の度合いや農業文化についての規定はない。
- Thus the MAFF defines Tanada on the basis of steepness of the slope, and there are no provisions on the degree of mechanization or on agricultural culture.
- 五島勢を含む小西軍を救うため、島津義弘、宗義智、立花宗茂、高橋統増、寺沢正成は水軍を編成し救援に赴く。
- To save Konishi's army including the Goto troops, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, Yoshitoshi SO, Muneshige TACHIBANA, Munemasu TAKAHASHI and Masanari TERASAWA organized a naval force and went to their rescue.
- 全体的に朱子学に基づいた水戸学=大義名分論とする尊皇論で貫かれており、幕末の思想に大きな影響を与えた。
- Over all, it was written based on the idea of Mitogaku based on Shushigaku which considered that retainers should revere the emperor, and the book greatly influenced thought during the end of the Edo period.
- 更に公家執行の宛先も足利尊氏将軍在任中は高師直・足利直義・足利義詮ら実務の最高責任者宛に出されていた。
- In addition, kuge shigyo were issued to KO no Moronao, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA who were the chief executive in practical works while Takauji ASHIKAGA was in the shogun's position.
- 永承6年(1051年)、頼遠は子の源有光とともに陸奥守源頼義に従って奥州に下向、前九年の役に従軍した。
- In 1051, Yorito, together with his son MINAMOTO no Arimitsu, went to Oshu (Northern Honshu, the region encompassing Mutsu and Dewa provinces) following the Governor of Mutsu Province, MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi, to serve in Zen Kunen no Eki (Former Nine Years' Campaign.)
- 田堵負名は、名経営を国衙から委任される代わりに、官物・雑役などの租税・課役を国衙へ進納する義務を負った。
- Tato fumyo was under the obligation to distribute taxes and assignments, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) to the kokuga in exchange for holding a commission from the kokuga to administrate each myo.
- 鎌倉公方足利氏と関東管領上杉氏はやがて対立し、1439年の永享の乱では関東管領は将軍足利義教方についた。
- The Kamakura kubo Ashikaga clan and the Kanto kanrei Uesugi clan became at odds, and the Eikyo War occurred in 1439, where the Kanto kanrei sided with shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 建築では、義満が北山に建造した鹿苑寺は寝殿造と禅宗仏殿を融合させたもので、北山文化を代表する建築である。
- In terms of architectural design, Rokuon-ji (Kinkaku-ji) Temple, which Yoshimitsu had built in the Kitayama region of Kyoto, was a blend of palatial Heian style and Zen Buddhist style architecture, and as such is an excellent example of Kitayama culture.
- 島津軍の兵力は、義弘の5千余、忠常の1千余、伊勢兵部少輔定正(貞昌)の3百余、併せて、6千3百余である。
- The military force of the Shimazu army consisted of six thousand and three hundred soldiers that included around five thousand Yoshihiro soldiers, one thousand soldiers of Tadatsune, three hundred soldiers of Sadamasa, who had the title of Ise Hyobu shoyu.
- 特に後北条氏は北条氏政の切腹に至り、伊達政宗、南部晴政、最上義光らを帰順させる事に繋がった(奥羽仕置)。
- Especially in the case of the Gohojo clan, it led to seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) of Ujimasa HOJO, and it also caused Masamune DATE, Harumasa NANBU, and Yoshiaki MOGAMI to return to their allegiance to Hideyoshi (Ou shioki or the punishment of Ou).
- 2月16日、武田勢は鳥居峠 (長野県)で信長の命を受けた織田一門衆らの支援を受けた義昌勢に敗北を喫した。
- On February 16, the Takeda army was defeated in the battle of Torii-toge Pass (in Nagano Prefecture) by Yoshimasa's army, which was supported by a group of Oda retainers who were ordered to defend Yoshimasa by Nobunaga.
- 義家死後、義忠暗殺事件を経て、河内源氏を継いだ為義の時に保元の乱が起こり一族が敵味方に分かれて参加する。
- After the death of Yoshiie followed by the assassination of Yoshitada, Hogen War broke out in the period of Tameyoshi who succeeded Kawachi-Genji, and the clan was divided against itself.
- 織田信長と対決するにあたり、荒木村重は足利義昭、毛利輝元、顕如のもとに人質と誓書を差し出し同盟を誓った。
- Before confronting Nobunaga ODA, Murashige ARAKI had submitted hostages and written an oath to Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, Terumoto MORI and Kennyo to promise alliance.
- この一件によって、日本が立憲国家・法治国家として法治主義と司法権の独立を確立させたことを世に知らしめた。
- Due to this incident, Japan was known as a constitutional/law-abiding country which realized that Law and judicial power were independent.
- 「万人恐怖」と言われた政治を行った足利義教が嘉吉の乱で死没すると、室町幕府の力は急速に衰えることとなった。
- As Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who had administered affairs of state, also known as 'Everyone's fear,' died in the Kakitsu War, the power of the Muromachi bakufu declined rapidly.
- 室町時代、禅宗文化が栄え、茶礼が盛んになったが、上層階級の間では、義政の時代まで闘茶も広く親しまれていた。
- The sarei became popular as the Zen culture became prosperous during Muromachi period, and tocha was widely popular within the upper class people until the time of Yoshimasa.
- 荘園公領制の変質が、社会各層における対立を顕在化させ、南北朝の争いを大義名分とする全国的な抗争が展開した。
- Changes in the nature of shoen koryo sei made confrontations in each social class of the nation apparent, developing into nation-wide confrontations with the confrontation between the Northern Court and the Southern Court used as a legitimate reason.
- 公営田(くえいでん)は、広義には、民間人が経営する私営田に対し、国家直営の田地を意味する日本史用語である。
- Kueiden, in a broad sense, is a term used in Japanese history and means lands directly managed by the government while Shieiden (Private land) was managed by private citizens.
- 地頭請のもとでは、地頭は、豊作・凶作に関わりなく、一定額(一定量)の年貢を領主へ納入する義務を負っていた。
- Under the jitouke, the jito was responsible for paying the feudal lord a certain amount of nengu regardless of the yield.
- 宮方の敗因は義貞の器量不足というよりも後醍醐の失政に失望した有力武士が尊氏に大挙して付いたことに起因する。
- The cause of defeat of the court's side was the selling out of dominant samurai who were disappointed by misgovernment of Emperor Godaigo to Takauji's side rather than Yoshisada's poor leadership.
- その後も義満は応永6年(1399年)大内義弘を挑発して挙兵させて滅ぼし(応永の乱)、将軍権力を固めていく。
- After that, Yoshimitsu solidified his power as a shogun by provoking Yoshihiro OUCHI, making him raise an army, and by destroying him in 1399 (the Oei War).
- 管領畠山基国の嫡子畠山満家の軍勢200騎がこれに挑むが、義弘はよき敵であると僅か30騎でさんざんに戦った。
- Kanrei Motokuni HATAKEYAMA's legitimate son and heir Mitsuie took his force of 200 men and challenged Yoshihiro's advance, but Yoshihiro proved a worthy opponent indeed, fighting back ferociously even though he had a mere 30 men.
- また、4人の子息と義弟を公卿に昇進させ、嫡男の藤原道隆を内大臣に任じて関白の地位を譲ったところで死去した。
- Also, he promoted his four sons and brothers-in-law to court nobles, appointed his heir FUJIWARA no Michitaka to Great Minister of the Center and died immediately after he resigned the post of chancellor in favor of him.
- 義経を取り逃がした教経に大力で知られる安芸真光が討ち取って手柄にしようと同じく大力の者二人と組みかかった。
- Munemitsu AKI, known for his great strength, tried to lay Noritsune low after Yoshitsune escaped and thus prove his merit, and joining with another man of equal strength, proceeded to grapple with Noritsune.
- しかし、諸大名の中で義弘のみは「武士は弓矢をもって奉公するものである」とこれに従わず、義満の不興を買った。
- But among all the daimyo, Yoshihiro alone objected, saying 'Warriors should serve with their bows and arrows,' and refused to comply, incurring Yoshimitsu's displeasure.
- これには当時最大の本所勢力であった延暦寺などは強く反発したが、当時の義満の勢いの前にはなすすべもなかった。
- Although Enryaku-ji Temple, the largest honjo power at the time, strongly opposed to these rules, they were helpless before the momentum of Yoshimitsu.
- 足利義満の保護を受けた観阿弥・世阿弥元清の親子が鎌倉時代から行われていた猿楽・田楽を能楽として大成させる。
- Kanami and his son Motokiyo ZEAMI, who both enjoyed the patronage of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, were able to take the Sarugaku (a style of comedy) and Dengaku (a musical, rhythmic ritual dancing concerned with rice) that had existed from the Kamakura period and perfect them into Noh theater.
- 義栄は一万疋の献金を半分にまけて貰った上に永禄11年(1568年)2月に摂津富田において将軍宣下を受けた。
- Yoshihide succeeded in not only bargaining down the donation of 10,000 hiki to a half but also winning proclamation as Shogun at Settsu-Tonda in March and April 1568.
- 宮方では新田義貞、楠木正成らを迎撃に派遣するが、5月尊氏は湊川の戦いにおいて新田ら宮方を撃破して入京する。
- The Imperial forces sent Yoshisada NITTA and Masashie KUSUNOKI to attack, but Takauji defeated Nitta's forces in May at the Battle of Minatogawa and entered Kyoto.
- 同年2月、義経は阿波勝浦へ上陸後、在地武士を味方に引き入れて陸路屋島の平氏本陣を攻め落した(屋島の戦い)。
- In February, Yoshitsune landed at Kastuura in Awa Province and drew the local bushi to his side and defeated the Taira clan stronghold at Yashima (the Battle of Yashima).
- 狭義の室町時代については、時代的に一体化している南北朝時代と併せて南北朝・室町時代と総称されることもある。
- Concerning this narrower definition of the Muromachi period, some prefer to combine the two period names, Nanbokucho and Muromachi, to create a general term, the 'Nanbokucho-Muromachi period.'
- 11月、起死回生をはかった義仲は院御所の法住寺殿を攻撃、後白河法皇を幽閉して政権を掌握した(法住寺合戦)。
- In November, Yoshinaka makes another attack on the Hoju-ji Temple Palace, the residence of the retired Emperor, and confines the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa to gain power (the Battle of Hoju-ji Temple)
- これにより、信長は足利義昭を室町幕府の第15代将軍に擁立し、自らはその後見人として政権を確立したのである。
- This enabled Nobunaga to put forward Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA as the 15th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and he, as his guardian, established the government.
- たとえばマルクス主義的な発展段階論においては周代中国を奴隷社会であるか古代荘園社会であるかが論争となった。
- For example, in the development stage theory of Marx, it is argued whether China in the Zhou period was a slavery society or an ancient manor-based society, therefore, it is not easy to settle the dispute.
- 特に地方政治においては、国司へ大幅な行政権を委任する代わりに一定以上の租税進納を義務づける政治形態が進んだ。
- In regional politics, the Court delegated much administrative authority to Kokushi and in return, they bore the responsibility to pay taxes above a certain level to the government.
- 「侍」は狭義の、つまり本来の武士であり、所領(知行)を持ち、戦のときは馬に乗る者で「御目見え」の資格を持つ。
- The 'samurai' were the original bushi in a narrow sense, had shoryo (chigyo [enfeoffment]) and when the war happened he rode on a horse and had the entitlement of 'omemie' ([the privilege to have] an audience [with one's lord, a dignitary, etc.]).
- 明治末期には、ドイツ歴史学派の影響による発展段階史観が唱えられ、またマルクス主義による唯物史観が紹介された。
- Towards the end of the Meiji period, evolution phase-based views of history was advocated affected by the German historical school, and materialistic views of history based on Marxism was introduced to Japan as well.
- 一方、明治政府の立場からは、天皇を中心とする国民国家を建設するため、国家主義的な歴史叙述が構築されていった。
- On the other hand, from the viewpoint of building a nation-state centered on the Emperor, the Meiji government developed nationalistic descriptions of history.
- 応永11年(1404)明(永楽帝)使、足利義満に冠服・金印とともに「日本国王之印」のある永楽の勘合符を送る。
- In 1404, the Ming envoy sent by Emperor Yongle brought the Yongle Kangofu, on which the 'Seal of the King of Japan' was printed, to Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA together with traditional Han Chinese clothing and a gold seal.
- 眉輪王の義理の父にあたる安康天皇はかつて眉輪王の父である大草香皇子を殺し、母である中磯皇女を自らの妃とした。
- At one time in the past, Emperor Anko, who was the father-in-law of Prince Mayowa, killed Prince Mayowa's father, Imperial Prince Okusaka, and married Prince Mayowa's mother, Imperial Princess Nakashi.
- 1493年(明応2年)、畠山政長は敵対する畠山義豊(畠山義就の子)の討伐のため、義材に河内国親征を要請する。
- In 1493, Masanaga HATAKEYAMA requested that Yoshiki subjugate Kawachi Province to defeat his opponent, Yoshitoyo HATAKEYAMA (the son of Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA).
- そのため、非常に重用され、律令制が機能しなくなって以後も蔵人所の管轄下で一定の存在意義をもって活動していた。
- Therefore, it was extremely important and continued under the Kurodo dokoro (the institution where the Imperial archives were kept) with a certain degree of importance even after the Ritsuryo system stooped functioning.
- かたや義輝は、全国の戦国大名へ合戦の調停を行なったり、幕府の役職を与えたりするなど、幕府権威の回復を図った。
- Yoshiteru, on the other hand, tried to restore the authority of the Bakufu by mediating among warring lords throughout the country and appointing some of them to honorable offices in the Bakufu.
- 入洛時には数万騎だった義仲軍は、水島の戦いの敗北と状況の悪化により脱落者が続出して千騎あまりに激減していた。
- Yoshinaka's troops, that numbered several tens of thousands of samurai warriors when they went into Kyoto, had decreased dramatically down to about one thousand, because of the stream of dropouts due to the defeat at the Battle of Mizushima and the deteriorated situation.
- 主なメンバーとしては、西田幾多郎、田辺元、波多野精一、西谷啓治、久松真一、武内義範、上田閑照らが挙げられる。
- The main members are Kitaro NISHIDA, Hajime TANABE, Seiichi HATANO, Keiji NISHITANI, Shin-ichi HISAMATSU, Yoshinori TAKEUCHI, Shizuteru UEDA, and others.
- この戦いにより島津義弘は「鬼石蔓子」(おにしまづ)と恐れられ、その武名は朝鮮だけでなく、明国まで響き渡った。
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU was feared as 'Oni-Shimazu' (Shimazu ogre) and his bushi name spread across not only Korea but Ming Dynasty.
- これは、義務達成を難しいと考え、しかも緑被率の比較的高い国である日本、カナダが主張し、採用されたものである。
- Japan and Canada, who thought it difficult to achieve the goal of obligation and whose green coverage ratio is relatively high, insisted the adoption and eventually approved.
- 領主の経済生活は、自らが保有する直営地からの収入と、支配下におく農奴からの義務的な貢納によって支えられていた。
- The economical life of the lord consisted of the revenue from the directly managed land of his possession and the obligatory tributes from the subject serfs.
- 義満の北山殿にあった会所、天鏡閣は二階建てであり、これには禅宗文化の影響が見え、唐物との親和性はよかったろう。
- The Tenkyokaku, which was a Kaisho at Kitayamadono of Yoshimitsu, was two stories high and the Zen culture could be observed together with its affinity with karamono was well.
- 明治20年に実証主義史学の祖レオポルト・フォン・ランケの弟子に当たるルードビヒ・リースが帝国大学に招聘された。
- In 1887, Ludwig Riess, a disciple of Leopold von Ranke, the founder of positivism-based history, was invited to Imperial University.
- しかし義昭は拒絶し、3月30日には京都所司代であった村井貞勝の屋敷を包囲し、焼き払うという軍事行動を行なった。
- Yoshiaki rejected the offer, surrounded the house of Sadakatsu MURAI, Kyoto shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy) and burned it down on May 11th (March 30th in old lunar calendar).
- 尼子側は義久の弟である尼子倫久ら10,000の軍を白鹿城の救援に送ったものの功を奏さず、10月に城は陥落した。
- The Amago side sent an army of 10,000 men including Yoshihisa's brother Tomohisa AMAGO to the relief of Shiraga-jo Castle; however it was not successful and the castle fell in October.
- 室町時代に成立した軍記物語『太平記』によれば、義貞が海神に祈願すると潮が引き、新田勢は鎌倉に進入したとされる。
- The war chronicle 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) written in the Muromachi period said the forces of Nitta successfully entered Kamakura because the tide went out, in answer to Yoshisada's prayer to the sea-god.
- またその負担についても義務であったとする説と、臨時的な税であり賦課されない場合もあったとする説に分かれている。
- Additionally, there is a controversy regarding the burden of labor, in which one theory indicates that the burden was always mandatory and the other claims that it was a provisional tax that wasn't uniformly imposed.
- 合戦では、足利直義を司令官とする陸上軍の主力は西国街道を進み、少弐頼尚は和田岬の新田軍に側面から攻撃をかけた。
- During the battle, the main line of the land army commanded by Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA proceeded along the Saigoku-kaido Road, and Yorihisa SHONI mounted an attack on the flanks of the Nitta forces in Wadamisaki.
- 徴兵制度の戸主は兵役義務から免除される規定を受けるため、20歳のときに分籍して戸主となり「平民」に編入された。
- Because the head of a family was exempt from conscription, he was segregated from the family register, became the head of a family and was admitted as a commoner.
- 義満は1392年に南北朝合一を行い、1399年(応永6)には独自に私貿易を行っていた大内義弘を応永の乱で討つ。
- Yoshimitsu accomplished the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts in 1392, and then defeated Yoshihiro OUCHI in the Oei War in 1399 who had individually carried on private trade.
- 混乱の収拾のためには代替の武力が必要であり、義朝と密接なつながりのある信頼との提携もやむを得ないことであった。
- In order to bring the chaos under control, they needed a new source of military might, making their cooperation with Nobuyori, who had a secret alliance with Yoshitomo, something they dared not jeopardize.
- 政元は、義材に不満を抱き始めた富子や赤松政則を抱き込み、清晃を還俗させて11代将軍に擁立してクーデターを決行。
- Masamoto gained the cooperation of Tomiko and Masanori AKAMATSU, who had begun to feel dissatisfied with Yoshiki, and then pulled off a coup d'etat by making Seiko return to secular life and helping him become the eleventh shogun.
- 武家権力は決定的な勢力となるがその一方で成り上がった戦国大名は朝廷から官位官職を受けて、権威や大義名分を得た。
- The samurai authority became a decisive power, but parvenu daimyo in the Sengoku period, on the other hand, received official rank and government post from the Imperial Court and obtained administrative power and legitimate reasons.
- しかし、永禄11年(1568年)9月に、足利義昭を擁立した織田信長が上洛し、永禄の変とその後の混乱は収束した。
- However, as Nobunaga ODA backing up Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA proceeded to the capital in October 1568, the Eiroku Incident and the ensuing turmoil ended.
- 1589年、奥州統一を目指す伊達政宗に摺上原の戦いで大敗した蘆名義広は常陸国に逃走し、ここに蘆名氏は没落する。
- In 1589, Yoshihiro ASHINA was soundly defeated in the Battle of Sekigahara by Masamune DATA, who strived to unify the Oshu region, and fled to Hitachi Province, bringing an end to the Ashina clan.
- 義弘様と忠恒様の命に従うつもりであることを申し上げたが、義久様は全く納得せず、庄内への通行を禁止しておられる。
- I said that I was ready to follow any orders of Mr. Yoshihiro and Mr. Tadatsune, but Mr. Yoshihisa was not convinced at all and prohibited travel to Shonai.
- この時代は農本主義のため、幕府・大名の拠点のある城を中心とした町(城下町)の他は基本的に農村と考えられていた。
- Due to the agricultural fundamentalism of this period, places other than towns around castles (castle town), the base of the shogunate government or each daimyo, were basically considered to be agricultural communities.
- スクープされたものは松本委員会の委員の一人である宮澤俊義が作成した試案であって松本試案とは異なるものであった。
- But, the draft that appeared in the newspaper was a draft written by a member of the Matsumoto committee, Toshiyoshi MIYAZAWA, and was different from the official Matsumoto draft.
- 類聚名義抄(るいじゅみょうぎしょう)は、11世紀末から12世紀頃に日本で成立した、漢字を引くための辞典(字書)。
- Ruiju myogisho is a dictionary (or glossary) of Chinese characters, compiled in Japan between the late 11th century and the early 12th century.
- 範頼軍は3万余騎(『源平盛衰記』)をもって陸地に布陣して平氏の退路を塞ぎ、岸から遠矢を射かけて義経軍を支援した。
- Noriyori took about 30,000 horsemen (according to 'the Chronicle of the Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira') from his army and drew up his battle lines on land to cut off the Taira's avenue of retreat, supporting Yoshitsune's army by shooting arrows long-distance from the cliffs.
- この時代の海戦では非戦闘員の水手・梶取を射ることは戦の作法に反する行為だったが、義経はあえてその掟破りを行った。
- At this point in history, the shooting of noncombatants like navigators or oarsmen in a naval battle was considered against the etiquette of war, yet Yoshitsune dared to break this unwritten rule.
- 特に天文 (日本)22年(1553年)には将軍義輝を近江国朽木に追放し、三好氏は畿内の実力者として絶頂を極めた。
- Of special note is that in 1553, the Miyoshi clan expelled Shogun Yoshiteru to Kuchiki, Omi Province, and reached the zenith of its power as the virtual ruler of the areas surrounding the capital.
- 蔚山、泗川、順天への攻勢を退けた日本軍であったが、既に秀吉は8月に死去しており戦争を継続する意義は失われていた。
- The Japanese army repulsed attacks to Ulsan, Sacheon, and Suncheon, but, since Hideyoshi had already died in October, the significance of continuing the war had been lost.
- また、翌月の閏3月3日義久は、都城への通行を遮断し、島津氏家臣へ忠真に味方しないよう家臣から起請文を取っている。
- In the next month, on March 3, Yoshihisa blocked the roads to Miyakojiro and took a sworn oath from the Shimazu clan vassals not to support Tadamasa.
- そして、康応元年(1389年)義満は康行討伐の命を下して、翌明徳元年(1390年)にこれを下した(土岐康行の乱)。
- Yoshimitsu gave an order to subjugate Yasuyuki in 1389, and in the following year, 1390, his order was executed (Yasuyuki TOKI's Rebellion).
- 『信長公記』によれば、この時期には既に義昭が信長に対し反抗する意思を有していたことは明白になっていたとされている。
- 'Shincho koki (Biography of Nobunaga ODA)' says that it had already become apparent that Yoshiaki showed a rebellious attitude toward Nobunaga.
- 朝敵となることを恥じた尊氏が出家するなど足利側の士気が上がらなかったため、尊氏軍は直義が中心となり作戦行動に出る。
- Since Takauji entered into priesthood because he was ashamed of becoming the Emperor's enemy, the morale of the Ashikaga side was low, thus, Tadayoshi led Takauji's army and performed a mission.
- 関東公方足利満兼は武蔵国府中から上野国足利荘(栃木県足利市)まで進軍するが、義弘敗死の報を聞いて鎌倉へ引き返した。
- Mitsukane ASHIKAGA, the kubo of the Kanto, had taken his army and marched from Fuchu in Musashi Province as far as the Ashikaga family's private estates in Shimotsuke Province (modern-day Ashikaga City in Tochigi Pref.), but when news of Yoshihiro's defeat and death reached him, he turned back to Kamakura.
- 義詮死去の直前には四国地方、中国地方で南朝側と戦っていた細川頼之が佐々木など反斯波氏派の支持を得て管領に就任する。
- Just before Yoshiakira died, Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had been fighting the Southern Court forces on the island of Shikoku and in the Chugoku region (of western Japan), was appointed Kanrei after obtaining the support of Sasaki and others of the anti-Shiba faction.
- 日本軍の進撃が平壌に迫ると宣祖は遼東との国境である北端の平安道・義州へと逃亡し、冊封に基づいて明に救援を要請する。
- As the Japanese army marched close to Pyongyang, Sonjo fled to Uiju in Pyeongan Province located at the north end and on the border of Liaodong and asked Ming for help based on sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors).
- 秀吉は翌慶長4年(1599年)の攻勢計画を発表していたが、秀吉が8月18日に死去すると戦役を続ける意義は失われた。
- Although Hideyoshi announced the plan of attack during the next year, 1599, Hideyoshi died on October 7 and the significance of continuing the war disappeared.
- 以仁王の死後も頼朝は自らの関東支配の大義名分として以仁王の「令旨」を掲げ、寿永改元後も治承年号の文書を発給している。
- Even after prince Mochihito's death, Yoritomo was able to point to his 'princely command' as a just cause to rally the portions of the Kanto region under Yoritomo's own control, and continued to issue documents bearing the Jisho era name even after the era name was changed to Juei (arguing thereby that the current emperor's administration was illegitimate).
- 鎌倉には、後醍醐天皇の皇子の成良親王を長とし尊氏の弟の足利直義が執権としてこれを補佐する形の鎌倉将軍府が設置された。
- In Kamakura, the Kamakura shogunfu (local institution of Kenmu government) was established, and Imperial Prince Nariyoshi, a prince of Emperor Godaigo, and Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA, Takauji's younger brother, were appointed to its head and shikken respectively.
- 9代将軍足利義尚は守護大名や奉公衆を率い、六角討伐のため近江国へ親征するが、1489年(延徳元年)に近江で病死する。
- The ninth shogun, Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, at the head of a force of provincial military governors turned daimyo and shogunal guards, led a campaign against the Rokkaku in Omi Province, but died there in 1489 of an illness.
- 『平治物語』は源頼政が味方につかなかったとするが、もともと頼政も美福門院の家人であり義朝に従属する立場ではなかった。
- The 'Heiji monogatari' claims Yoshitomo had been unable to get and keep MINAMOTO no Yorimasa as an ally, but in fact Yorimasa was a retainer of Bifukumonin and had been from the start, meaning he had never truly been a follower of Yoshitomo.
- 義満は青蓮院門跡尊道法親王に仕える伊予法眼を堺へ送り上洛を促すが、義弘は「意に添わないことがある」と参洛に応じない。
- Yoshimitsu sent the monk Hogen IYO, who worked for the Cloistered Imperial Prince Sondo of Shoren-in Monzeki (head priest of Shoren-in temple), to Sakai to insist that Yoshihiro travel to the capital, but Yoshihiro refused to comply, saying 'There are some things that will not go according to your will.'
- 現在知られる合戦への潮流の影響は大正3年(1914年)に黒板勝美東京帝国大学教授が著書『義経伝』で提唱した説である。
- The present well-known theory that the effect of the changing tides decided the battle was first advanced by Katsumi KUROITA, professor at Tokyo Imperial University, in his work entitled 'The Legends of Yoshitsune' in 1914.
- 最終的に澄元の子・細川晴元が高国を倒し、義晴を新将軍と認めその管領になる事で20年以上にわたる内紛に終止符を打った。
- In the end, Takakuni was crushed by Sumimoto's son Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who forced all to acknowledge Yoshiharu as the new Shogun and took the position of Kanrei for himself, thereby putting an end to the internecine strife that had plagued the Hosokawa clan for over twenty years.
- 1358年(正平13年/延文3年)に北朝では足利尊氏が死去し、2代将軍となった足利義詮は本格的な南朝掃討をはじめる。
- Regarding the Northern Court, Takuji ASHIKAGA died in 1358 and the second shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA started a serious mopping up of the Southern Court.
- 文禄元年(1592年)3月13日、予定通り、一番隊小西行長、宗義智ら1万8700人を渡海させて朝鮮半島に上陸させた。
- On April 24, 1592, he had the first division including Yukinaga KONISHI, Yoshitoshi SO and 18,700 other soldiers cross the sea and land in the Korean Peninsula as scheduled.
- 嫡子の源義平などが奮戦し活躍するが、坂東にいる郎党を動員する時間がなく少数兵力のままで平清盛率いる伊勢平氏に敗れる。
- Samurai warriors including Yoshitomo's heir, MINAMOTO no Yoshihira fought bravely and distinguished themselves in the War, but there was not time to mobilize followers in Bando, and therefore they remained to be a small number of warriors and was finally defeated by Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) led by TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- 鉄砲製造の起源は、天文 (元号)13年(1544年)、将軍足利義晴より見本の銃を示され作ったのが始まりと伝えられる。
- Firearm production in Kunitomo is reputed to have begun in 1544 when samples were ordered by Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA.
- ただし、厳密に考える歴史学者の中には、河内国を本拠地とした河内源氏は源頼信に始まり源義忠または源為義に終わるとする。
- However, some strict historians think that Kawachi-based Kawachi-Genji began with MINAMOTO no Yorinobu and ended with MINAMOTO no Yoshitada or MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi.
- 秀吉の到着前に九州統一を成し遂げたかった島津義弘は1586年(天正14年)6月筑前侵攻を開始、筑前の西半を制圧する。
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, who intended to establish his rule over Kyushu before Hideyoshi arrived, started to invade Chikuzen Province in June 1598 and brought the western half of the province under his control.
- 三浦義明の七男・佐原義連を初代とするが、蘆名姓を名乗るのは、義連の孫に当たる光盛の代になってからである(異説あり)。
- While Yoshitsuna SAHARA, the seventh son of Yoshiaki MIURA, was the founder, the family only began to bear the name Ashina starting from the Yoshiaki's grandson Mitsumori's (there are different opinions.) generation.
- 文化の担い手としての天皇や公家は、この戦乱の時代には、文化の相伝に存在意義を見出すことを強いられ、自らも見出していた。
- Emperors and court nobles as supporters of culture were forced to find their significance of existence in handing down culture and they themselves did so.
- こうした市中の混乱が、源義仲の活動(1180年挙兵、1183年上洛)を容易にする遠因となっていたことも考えられている。
- This chaos is believed to have been a factor in making MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's operations (raising of an army in 1180 and advancement to Kyoto in 1183) easier to carry out.
- 中国が唐の時代、「策問」と称して天子が時事または経義をもって出題し、士がこれに応じて奉る文章を「対策文」と称していた。
- In Tang Dynasty China, the Emperor gave current affairs or creed related tests called 'sakumon,' and warriors wrote answers to the Emperor's questions, which was called 'taisakumon.'
- 郎党は、武士と同身分であるとは言い切れないものの、在地武士と同様に騎乗する権利を持ち、戦闘に参加する義務を負っていた。
- Roto could not be declared as having equal status to samurai but had the right to ride a horse like local samurai and the obligation to participate in battles.
- つまり、問屋は自己の名義で取引を行い取引の相手方に対する権利義務の主体となるが、その取引による損益は委託者に帰属する。
- In other words, although, Toiya make deals under their own name and become the ones that assume rights and obligations to the parties that Toiya are making deals with, the profits and losses from the deals are restored to the consignor.
- 三浦周辺住民の中には田畑を恒居倭に売却したことにし、名義人を日本人に書き換えることで田租の納税回避を行う者が出現した。
- Some Korean residents around Sanpo pretended to have sold their farming land to kokyowa, and they transferred their land's ownership to some Japanese nominally in order to cheat the payment of tax imposed on their farming land.
- しかし、この改新の詔に関する記述には多くの疑義が出されており、このとき班田収授法が施行されたと即断することはできない。
- However, many experts have doubts about the description concerning the imperial edict issued on the Taika Reforms, so that it is difficult to conclude hastily that Handen Shuju-no-ho came into effect at this time.
- その最中、東国より兵を率いて馳せ上った源義平は直ちに清盛の帰路を討ち取るよう主張したが、信頼はその必要はないと退けた。
- In the midst of these proceedings, MINAMOTO no Yoshihira, who had raised an army out in the eastern provinces and hastily made his way to the capital, strongly advocated that he prepare to kill or capture Kiyomori while he was still on his way back to the capital, but Nobuyori refused, declaring there was no need for such measures.
- 『平家物語』によれば、合戦前の軍議で軍監の梶原景時は合戦の先陣になることを望むが、義経は自らが先陣に立つとはねつけた。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' leaders at the war council held before the battle wished to have commander Kagetoki KAJIWARA lead the vanguard in the battle, but Yoshitsune spurned their advice and appointed himself leader of the vanguard.
- 教経は小長刀を持って組みかからんと挑むが、義経はゆらりと飛び上がると船から船へと飛び移り八艘彼方へ飛び去ってしまった。
- Noritsune, grasping both short and long swords, tried to get Yoshitsune to fight him in a duel, but Yoshitsune lightly sprang away, jumping away from ship to ship until he was eight ships distant.
- 元暦2年(1185年)5月、命令に反して義経は宗盛・清宗父子を護送する名目で鎌倉市へ向かうが、腰越で止められてしまう。
- In June, 1185, Yoshitsune disobeyed Yoritomo's order and headed for Kamakura City under the pretense of escorting Munemori and his son Kiyomune there, but was stopped at Koshigoe.
- 保元の乱で摂関家が事実上壊滅し、平治の乱で源義朝などの有力武士が淘汰されると、平氏の勢力は他より突出することになった。
- The line of regents was in actuality ended during the Hogen Rebellion, and major bushi such as MINAMOTO no Yoshiaki were selected during the Heiji Rebellion, giving the Taira clan have more power than others.
- その間、山陽道で敗北を重ねていた義仲は、京都への帰還直後に法皇との関係が決裂して味方の離反もあり孤立感を深めていった。
- Meanwhile, Yoshinaka, who had lost battles along the Sanyo-do Road, became isolated and broke relations with the Cloistered Emperor immediately after returning to Kyoto and also had some supporters leave him.
- 1379年には斯波氏のクーデターで細川頼之が失脚させられる康暦の政変と呼ばれる政変が起き、後任には斯波義将が就任する。
- But in 1379, the Shiba clan launched a coup d'etat, which came to be called the Koryaku Coup, and as a result Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA lost his influence, replaced as Kanrei by Yoshimasa SHIBA.
- 3代将軍源実朝が暗殺され、その源実朝に子がいなかったことにより源氏嫡流たる将軍家である(河内源氏源義朝流)が途絶えた。
- The third shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo was assassinated and the shogun family of the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan (MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo line with Kawachi-Genji) came to an end because Sanetomo had no child.
- 削減義務を負う国・地域(附属書I国)の、1990年から 2005年にかけての温室効果ガス排出量の増減割合を下表に示す。
- The increase-decrease rates of emissions of greenhouse gases from 1990 to 2005 in the countries and regions (Annex I Parties) being obliged to achieve the reduction goals are shown below.
- 前年9月に織田信長に擁立されて上洛して将軍に就いた足利義昭は永禄の変で焼失した御所の代わりに本圀寺を仮の御所としていた。
- Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, who assumed the title of Shogun in September of the previous year after going up to the capital while being backed by Nobunaga ODA, made Honkoku-ji Temple as his temprorary residence instead of Gosho (the Imperial Palace) because it had been burnt down in the Eiroku Incident.
- そのため信長は、明智光秀と細川藤孝を使者として義昭のもとに送り、自らの剃髪と人質を差し出すことを条件にして和睦を求めた。
- So, Nobunaga sent Mitsuhide AKECHI and Fujitaka HOSOKAWA as emissaries to Yoshiaki in order to make peace with him on the condition that he would take the tonsure and send hostages.
- にも関わらず、7月3日に足利義昭は勅命を破棄して再度挙兵し、二条城に三淵藤英を入れて守らせ、自らは槇島城に立て籠もった。
- In spite of that, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA abondoned the imperial command, raised yet another army and barricaded himself and his army in Makishima-jo Castle while making Fujihide MITSUBUCHI guard Nijo-jo Castle.
- この1年4ヶ月にも及ぶ遠征の挙句の敗戦の上、この遠征で養嗣子の大内晴持を失った義隆は以後政治に対する意欲を失ってしまう。
- After this one year and four month long invasion ended in failure with Yoshitaka losing his adopted son Harumochi OUCHI, Yoshitaka completely lost his political ambition.
- 1375年(永和 (日本)元年)に足利義満によって派遣された日本国王使に対して信(よしみ)を通わす使者として派遣された。
- In 1375, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA dispatched an envoy from Japan to Korea, and for this, the Korean side sent to Japan an envoy to express a good relationship.
- 信頼・成親は義朝とともに武装して出陣するが、源師仲は保身のため三種の神器の一つである内侍所(神鏡)を持ち出して逃亡した。
- Nobuyori and Narichika joined Yoshitomo in taking up arms and marching out to battle, but MINAMOTO no Moronaka, in order to save his own life, took one of the three Imperial Regalia of Japan, the sacred Mirror, and fled.
- 公教と惟方により二条天皇の六波羅行幸の計画が練られ、藤原尹明(信西の従兄弟・惟方の義兄弟)が密命を帯びて内裏に参入する。
- A plan to spirit Emperor Nijo away by having him make a visit to Rokuhara was perfected thanks to Kiminori and Korekata, while FUJIWARA no Tadaaki (Shinzei's cousin and Korekata's brother-in-law, also known as Masaaki) paid a visit to the Imperial Palace bearing a secret order.
- 河原者の中で最も著名なのが、室町幕府の八代将軍足利義政に仕えた庭師の善阿弥で、銀閣寺の庭園は彼の子と孫による作品である。
- The most famous Kawaramono was Zenami, a gardener who served the eighth Shogun of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, and the garden of Ginkaku-ji Temple was a work created by his son and grandson.
- 京都を奪還した足利義詮は北朝再建を試みるものの上皇の不在により治天を定めることができず、三種の神器も南朝方に渡っていた。
- Although Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA tried to re-establish the Northern Court when he recaptured Kyoto, the Chiten could not be chosen because the retired Emperors were absent and the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family were taken by the Southern Court.
- 天皇を除けば、すべての身分・階層が法のもとに拘束される原則が支配している点で、律令法は一種の法治主義の特色をもっている。
- Ritsuryo law can be characterized as a kind of nomocracy, in that the dominant principle was that all classes and ranks other than the Emperor are bound by law.
- 平氏軍は越前、加賀の反乱勢力を破って5月には加賀・越中国境の倶利伽羅峠で義仲軍と対峙したが敗北する(倶利伽羅峠の戦い)。
- The Taira clan troops defeated the rebellion troops in Echizen and Kaga, and in May, they met and lost to Yoshinaka's troops at Kurikara Pass between Kaga and Ecchu Province (the Battle of Kurikawa Pass).
- 宗義智軍や立花宗茂軍が援軍を申し入れるが義弘はこの申し出を断り、島津家の軍勢だけで明・朝鮮の大軍を迎え撃つこととなった。
- Yoshitoshi SO and Muneshige TACHIBANA armies tried to send the supporting army, but Yoshihiro rejected this offer and clashed with huge Ming and Korean army with only the Shimazu clan force.
- 対策が遅れている原因として、各国で黄砂の定義や分類(各国の黄砂参照)、黄砂に関する認識に相違点があることが指摘されている。
- It is pointed out that the recognition of kosa as well as the definition and classification of kosa (refer to the section of kosa in various countries) depends on the nation and the differences constitute one factor of delaying taking necessary measures.
- 義教の室町殿にあった会所泉殿には、将軍みづからが茶をたてることもあったろう、と推測できるような御座所のつくりになっている。
- The Kaisho Izumidono of the Muromachidono of Yoshinori had Gozasho architecture that allowed one to predict if the shogun himself served tea.
- それまでの日本に存在しなかった個人主義に基づく小説という文学が登場するなど、江戸時代以前とは大きく異なった文化が展開した。
- Culture largely different from that during the Edo period or before developed: For example, the literature called novels based on individualism, had not existed until then in Japan, were introduced.
- 時代が下り、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政期には、一時期陸奥国も親王任国とされ、義良親王が陸奥国太守として実際に陸奥国へ赴任した。
- In the Kenmu Restoration period led by the Emperor Godaigo, Mutsu Province was also designated as Shinno-ningoku for a while and Imperial Prince Norinaga actually went to Mutsu Province as the Taishu of Mutsu Province.
- 9月に後醍醐天皇は皇子の懐良親王を征西大将軍に任じて九州へ派遣し、新田義貞に恒良親王・尊良親王を奉じさせて北陸へ下らせる。
- In the ninth month, Emperor Godaigo appointed Imperial Prince Kanenaga Seisei taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the western barbarians') and dispatched him to Kyushu, while Yoshisada NITTA went into Hokuriku (the region north-northeast of Kyoto) in obedience to Imperial Princes Tsunenaga and Takanaga.
- そしてついに永禄元年(1558年)には将軍義輝と近江守護六角義賢の攻撃を受けて和睦し、長慶は幕府御相伴衆に列するに至った。
- Finally in 1558, attacked by the troops of Shogun Yoshiteru and Yoshikata ROKKAKU, Shugo of Omi, Nagayoshi was forced into a rapprochement, and joined the Bakufu Goshobanshu (private guards of the Shogun).
- さらに義輝が近江朽木へ動座して以降も、断続的に六角氏や畠山氏の攻撃を受け、その京都支配は一向に安定する兆しを見せなかった。
- Furthermore, after Yoshiteru had moved his base to Kuchiki, Omi, the Miyoshi clan was intermittently attacked by the Rokkaku clan and the Hatakeyama clan, and found it difficult to stabilize its rule over Kyoto.
- 新田義貞、北畠顕家らはそれぞれ撃破されて戦死し、1339年(延元4年/暦応2年)には後醍醐が死去して後村上天皇が即位する。
- Yoshisada NITTA and Akiie KITABATAKE were both killed in battle, and in 1339, Godaigo died and Emperor Gomurakami ascended the throne.
- 一方で、頼朝は、義仲に対する牽制として源範頼、源義経らに京都への進軍を命じて範頼・義経軍は11月初めには近江まで到着した。
- On the other hand, to hold Yoshinaka in check, Yoritomo sent MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune towards Kyoto and the Noriyori/Yoshitsune forces reached Omi Province in the beginning of November.
- 農水省と日本土壌協会が、1993年に行った現地調査では、農水省の定義による「棚田」は22万1067ヘクタールとされている。
- According to the field survey conducted by the MAFF and Japan Soil Association in 1993, the total area of 'Tanada,' as defined by the MAFF, was 221,067 hectares.
- これは、義時の子孫のうち、一時下野国の小山氏を頼っていた一族が、蓮如に随行して三河に流れ着き、定住したのがはじまりという。
- It is said that the origin of the family was from Yoshitoki's descendants, which had once relied on the Oyama clan in Shimotsuke Province and later settled in Mikawa following Rennyo (head-priest of the Jodo Shinshu sect [the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism]).
- 1189年(文治5年) - 頼朝が源義経とこれを匿った奥州藤原氏を滅ぼす(全国の武士を動員し、対抗しうる武家勢力を排除)。
- 1189 - Yoritomo defeated MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and the Oshu Fujiwara clan who harbored Yoshitsune (eliminated rival samurai forces by mobilizing samurai throughout the nation).
- だが、永徳2年(1382年)将軍である足利義満が左大臣に加えて院司の長である院執事に就任して伝奏以下を指揮することになった
- But in 1382, as the shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA took the post of In no shitsushi (steward of the retired emperor), which was the chief of Inshi (official of In no cho, or retired emperor's office) in addition to the post of Sadaijin (Minister of the left), he took the charge of administrating people of tenso status or below.
- また、南信濃では義昌に続いて家康の支援を受けた小笠原貞慶が旧領である深志(現在の松本市)に入り他の領主らも徳川氏についた。
- In southern Shinano, Sadayoshi OGASAWARA, who was supported by Ieyasu, followed Yoshimasa and entered his former territory, Fukashi (present-day Matsumoto City); other lords also took the side of Ieyasu.
- 忠盛は源義親の乱を平定するなどして院司となり、正四位に叙せられて軍事貴族の最高位者、すなわち武家の棟梁として台頭していった。
- After suppressing the rebellion by MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, Tadamori became inshi (official of the Retired Emperor's Office), was appointed to shoshii, the highest rank for military aristocrats, and gained power as the leader of samurai families.
- この上杉氏・北条氏の争いは全関東の諸豪族を二分して、北条氏康と里見義堯(上杉陣営)による国府台合戦などの戦いを惹き起こした。
- This struggle between the Uesugi clan and the Hojo clan divided gozoku the whole of Kanto into two groups causing battles such as the Battle of Konodai between Ujiyasu HOJO and Yoshitaka SATOMI (UESUGI SIDE).
- 義満の「道有」、「天山」、義教の「雑華室」であり、これらの印がついた宝物は義政のコレクションである「東山御物」へと発展した。
- There were 'Doyu' and 'Tenzan' of Yoshimitsu, 'Zakkeshitsu' of Yoshinori, and these treasures developed into 'Higashiyama gomotsu' (Imperial treasures owned by the Ashikaga family) of the collection of Yoshimasa.
- さらに、戦後大きく後退していた日本の歴史の独自性を強調する立場が、平成初年頃から自由主義史観と称してその主張を展開している。
- In addition, the power of strongly insisting on the uniqueness of Japanese history, which has become considerably weaker after the war, has insisted its views as liberalism-based views of history.
- これにより、実質的に室町幕府は滅亡したのである(ただし、なおも義昭自身は征夷大将軍の地位にあり、従三位の位階も保っていた)。
- With that, Muromachi bakufu practically went to ruin. (However, Yoshiaki was still in the position of Seii taishogun and held Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).)
- 戦後、尊氏は対立関係にあった新田義貞の所領を勝手に没収し、建武政権では恩賞方が行う恩賞として分配するなど自立の意思を示した。
- After the battle, Takauji showed his will of independence by confiscating the territory of Yoshisada NITTA who was against him without permission and distributing it as onsho (reward grants) which was granted by Onshokata (office to do desk works of Onsho award) in the Kenmu government.
- 経典を研究し「三経義疏」(さんぎょうぎしょ)という注釈書を書いたが、これに彼の教育思想、「一乗思想」が色濃く反映されている。
- He studied Buddhist scriptures and wrote a commentary called 'Sankyogisho (three sutra annotations written by Prince Shotoku)'; his educational idea, 'ekayana (doctrine that only one teaching, usu. the Lotus Sutra, can lead to enlightenment),' is strongly reflected in it.
- 律令法の基本思想は、母法と同じく、儒家と法家の思想であったが、ことに儒家の思想は、日本の律令法でも指導的な意義をもっていた。
- Similarly to its mother law, the basic thought of ritsuryo law was Confucianist and legalist, and Confucianism in particular was significant as a leading strand of thought in Japanese ritsuryo law as well.
- 南北朝分裂の時代を経て、室町幕府3代将軍足利義満の時代、1392年にようやく南北両朝は合一し、文化の中心は再び京都へ戻った。
- After the period of separation, the Northern and Southern Courts were at last unified in A.D. 1392, when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA reigned over the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the third shogun, and the center stage of Japanese culture returned to Kyoto.
- 金子氏には、この軍に降伏し毛利の軍門に降る選択肢もあったであろうが、主である土佐国の長宗我部元親に義理立てし徹底抗戦を決意。
- Moreover, the Kaneko clan could have chosen to surrender to Motoie's army and eventually to the Mori clan, but instead the decision was made to mount a do-or-die resistance out of a sense of obligation to the clan's feudal lord, Motochika CHOSOKABE, in Tosa Province.
- 抑商政策が採られて株仲間は解散を命じられ、大名に囲米を義務づけて、旧里帰農令によって江戸へ流入した百姓を出身地に帰還させた。
- He adopted the commerce suppression policy, the dissolution of trade guilds (kabunakama) and the compulsory reservation of rice in a domain (kakoimai), and enforced a law to make peasants coming to Edo return their agricultural communities with financial support.
- 源頼光・源頼親兄弟、源頼義・源義家父子が正四位という軍事貴族最高位に相次いで叙せられ、武家の棟梁というべき立場を得るに至った。
- MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, his brother MINAMOTO no Yorichika, MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi, and his son MINAMOTO no Yoshiie were one by one appointed to the highest rank for military aristocrats, which was shoshii, and Seiwa-Genji ascended to be the leader of the samurai families.
- この間隙を突いて1509年に周防国の大内義興が前征夷大将軍・足利義稙(元の足利義材、後に足利義稙と再度改名)を奉じて上京した。
- Taking advantage of such a situation, Yoshioki OUCHI of the Suo Province came up to the capital accompanied by the former seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Yoshitane ASHIKAGA (former Yoshiki ASHIKAGA, and later changed again to Yoshitane ASHIKAGA) in 1509.
- これに対して足利義材は政元の元を逃れて地方へと落ち延び、近畿諸国は足利義稙派と足利義澄派(細川政元派)とわかれることとなった。
- On the other hand, Yoshiki ASHIKAGA escaped from Masamoto's hand and ran away to a province and provinces in the Kinki area were split into two fractions, one for Yoshitane ASHIKAGA and the other for Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA (fraction for Masamoto HOSOKAWA).
- 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国での黄砂の実態は、同国に関する情報が対外的にほとんど発表されていないため、あまり詳細にはわかっていない。
- The reality of Kosa in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) is little known, because almost all of the information about the nation is not announced externally.
- 保元の乱では勝者の天皇方につき、平治の乱では形勢を観望して河内源氏(頼光の弟の源頼信の系統)の源義朝に与せず、清盛に味方した。
- Allied with the victorious imperial side during the Hogen war, when the Heiji war broke out he stood on the sidelines and observed, and didn't join with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, who was of the Kawachi Genji (descended from MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the younger brother of Yorimitsu), supporting Kiyomori instead.
- 填島城の戦い(まきしまじょうのたたかい)は、元亀4年(1573年)3月から7月にかけて行なわれた織田信長軍と足利義昭軍の戦い。
- The Battle at Makishima-jo Castle refers to the battle which occurred between Nobunaga ODA's army and Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA's army from April (March in old lunar calendar) to August (July in old lunar calendar) in 1573.
- 義貞は三河国矢作川、遠江国鷺坂、駿河国手越川原で迎撃に出た直義軍を打ち破り、伊豆国府(三島)を占領し、鎌倉へ着々と軍を進めた。
- Yoshisada defeated Tadayoshi's army which was ambushed in the Yahagi-gawa River, Mikawa Province, Sagisaka, Totomi Province and Tegoshigawara, Suruga Province, then occupied the kokufu (provincial office) of Izu (Mishima) and steadily moved his army forward to Kamakura.
- このように日本では本来の設置意義と違って朱子学を奉じた支配階層主導による設置も多く行われ、支配階層による義倉との混同が進んだ。
- Unlikely to the initial purpose of the establishment of Shaso, many Shaso warehouses were constructed at the initiative of the dominant class of people who were embracing the doctrines of Zhu Xi (Neo-Confucianism) in Japan and therefore, the mixture with giso warehouses constructed by the dominant class of people was spread.
- 日本の室町幕府と中国の明朝との間で行われた日明貿易(勘合貿易)は、室町初期の幕府3代将軍足利義満、明の建文帝の頃に開始された。
- The Japan-Ming trade (tally trade) between the Muromachi bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) in Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China began around the time when the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA of the early Muromachi bakufu governed Japan and Emperor Jianwen ruled China.
- そのため、平安時代初期に再度の改革が行われ、806年には10歳以上の諸王と五位以上の官人の子孫の就学を義務付ける勅が出された。
- Therefore, another reform was implemented in the early Heian period, and an imperial decree was issued in 806, whereby Shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince) aged over 10 and the children or grandchildren of government officials of Goi (Fifth Rank) and above were required to attend Daigaku-ryo.
- 新将軍足利義勝は要求を受け入れ、差し押さえられてから20年未満の質物の返還など、山城一国平均での徳政令を発布(嘉吉の徳政令)。
- The new shogun Yoshikatsu ASHIKAGA accepted the demand and issued Tokuseirei throughout the Yamashiro Province which ordered the return of things that had been pawned no more than 20 years prior (Order for the Acts of Virtuous Government in Kakitsu era).
- 山名氏清の嫡男時清も義弘に同心して丹波国へ討ち入り、京都市へ侵入して火を放ち、300余騎で八幡の幕府軍本陣を目指して突入した。
- Ujikiyo YAMANA's eldest son and heir, Tokikiyo, had also allied himself with Yoshihiro, and attacked into Tanba Province, invading the capital (Kyoto) and setting fires there before targeting the shogunal army camped at Hachiman and raiding it with 300 men.
- これは、範頼軍の九州制圧、義経軍の四国制圧、鎌倉方による瀬戸内海制海権の奪取という包囲・孤立化の完成に伴う必然的結末であった。
- A Taira defeat was inevitable after Noriyori's army took control of Kyushu and Yoshitsune's army of Shikoku, which let the Kamakura side retake control over the Seto Inland Sea and thus complete their encirclement and isolation of the last Taira stronghold.
- 王朝政権の接収・大々的な外交の展開といった清盛の構想が実現したのは、平氏が滅亡してからおよそ200年後、足利義満の時代だった。
- Kiyomori's plan to create the court government and develop major trade and diplomacy was finally realized about 200 years after the Taira clan died out, during the period of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- 室町時代、三代将軍である足利義満は、朝廷からの権力簒奪による治天の君を目指し策謀を図り、中国の明から「日本国王」に冊封される。
- In the Muromachi period, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun, hatched a conspiracy to obtain the position of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) by regaining the Imperial Court's power, and obtained sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as 'King of Japan' from Ming, China.
- だが、大内義興が本国情勢によって帰国すると、高国は亡命先で没した義澄の遺児足利義晴を新将軍に擁立して義稙と澄元連合軍を破った。
- But when Yoshioki OUCHI was forced to return to his home provinces due to unrest there, Takakuni took Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, the orphan son of Yoshizumi, who had died in exile, and raised him up as the new Shogun, defeating the combined armies of Yoshitane and Sumimoto.
- その後、義満の時代に国内は安定したものの、応仁の乱をへて全国動乱の時代(戦国時代)を迎え荘園公領制が崩壊して新秩序が成立した。
- Thereafter, while in Yoshimitsu's time the country was pacified, following the Onin War the entire country became engulfed in strife (the Sengoku period) and as the shoen-koryo system fell apart, a new system came into existence to replace it.
- だが、室町幕府の征夷大将軍足利義政はこの最中に花の御所を改築し、世事に全く関心を示さず、堪りかねた後花園天皇の勧告をも無視した。
- However, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), had no interest in the real world, renovated the Hana-no-gosho residence, and ignored the advice from the Emperor Gohanazono who became concerned with the situation.
- 代わりに派遣された足利政知(義教の子)も上杉氏との確執から伊豆の堀越御所(堀越公方)に根拠を定めたために鎌倉府は事実上消滅した。
- As Masatomo ASHIKAGA (Yoshinori's son), who was appointed in place of Shigeuji, was based at Horikoshi palace (Horikoshi kubo) in Izu Province due to a feud with the Uesugi clan, the Kamakurafu ceased to exist in effect.
- 公式令(百官宿直条)によれば、大納言以上及び八省卿を除く全ての官人に対して、その所属する官司に対して交代で宿直する義務を負った。
- According to Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code) (Hyakkan-tonoi no jo (百官宿直条, the article of Tonoi for all the officials)) all the Kanshi (government officials) except Dainagon (chief councilor of state) or higher officials and ministers of Hassho (eight ministries and agencies) were supposed to assume the obligation of Tonoi in alternate shifts for the section to which they belonged.
- 特筆すべきは検索が容易な平安前期の史書で特に先例を調べるのに便宜を図っており、原文主義をとって余計な文章の改変を一切排している。
- It is worth noting that the book provides convenience for referring the precedents in the texts of the early Heian period in particular which are easy for searching, and unnecessary modifications to the text were all avoided true to the original text.
- 漕ぎ手を失った平氏軍は身動きが取れなくなって狼狽、そこを義経軍が攻めかかり、武勇の坂東武者たちが敵船に乗り移って白兵戦となった。
- Having lost their oarsmen and thus their means to direct their course, the Taira forces were thrown into confusion, and just then Yoshitsune's army made their attack; the brave among the east Japan soldiers boarded the enemy ships and engaged them in hand-to-hand fighting.
- 鎌倉の武士たちが院宣に従い、義時は討滅されるであろうと信じきり、幕府軍の出撃を予測していなかった後鳥羽上皇ら京方首脳は狼狽した。
- Blithely assuming that the samurai of Kamakura would obey the Imperial decree and strike down Yoshitoki, the retired Emperor Gotoba and the rest of the capital faction leaders had not anticipated the shogunal sortie, and were thrown into considerable panic.
- 同時に、頼朝は弟の源範頼・源義経を派遣し、平氏追討に当たらせ、1185年、壇ノ浦の戦いで平氏が滅亡し、6年に渡る内乱が終結した。
- At the same time he sent his younger brothers MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune to search for and destroy the Taira clan which were destroyed in the Battle of Dan no Ura in 1185, ending the civil war which had lasted for six years.
- その子の源頼義、頼義の子の源義家の時に、前九年の役・後三年の役で坂東武士を傘下におさめ、特に八幡太郎義家の時に武家棟梁となった。
- His son, MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi and yoriyoshi's son MINAMOTO no Yoshiie gained control of Bando samurai in Zen Kunen no Eki and Go Sannen no Eki, and HACHIMANTARO Yoshiie became the head of the samurai families.
- 豊後国の大友義鎮は、島津氏の圧迫を回避するため、当時近畿、四国、中国地方を平定し天下統一の道を歩んでいた羽柴秀吉に助けを求める。
- In order to avoid pressure from the Shimazu clan, Yoshishige OTOMO in Bungo Province asked for the help of Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who had suppressed Kinki, Shikoku, and Chugoku regions aiming at the unification of the whole country.
- 私も父同然に扱われるつもりのようで、(知行地の)境目に放火している」とあり、義久が伊集院氏を滅ぼすつもりであったと主張している。
- It seems that I am being treated like my father and the boundary of the territories is set on fire,' whereby he claimed that Yoshihisa was going to demolish the Ijuin clan.
- 島津氏宗家相続の際、伊集院忠棟は義久の次女である新城の婿、島津彰久を推奨しており、忠恒にとって忠棟は憎悪の対象であったといえる。
- As the successor to the head of the Shimazu clan, Tadamune IJUIN recommended Yoshihisa's second daughter Shinjo's husband, Akihisa SHIMAZU; that might be another reason for Tadatsune to hate Tadamune.
- 幕府の各大名の支配方法として、参勤交代と御手伝いの義務のほか、将軍の娘をもらったり息子を養嗣子としたり、お金を貸し与えたりした。
- The shogunate government controlled feudal lords (daimyo) by various means, such as the alternate-year residence system in Edo (sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, but in another occasion through the marriage with a daughter of the shogun or adoption of a son of the shogun and loaning.
- 戦後は連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ)の占領下に置かれ、象徴天皇制、国民主権、平和主義などに基づく日本国憲法を新たに制定した。
- After the war, Japan was placed under control of General Headquarters (GHQ), and enacted the Constitution of Japan based upon the national system with Emperor as a symbol of the unity of the people, on popular sovereignty and on pacifism.
- 表向きは信長との協調関係は継続していたものの、密かに武田信玄・浅井長政・朝倉義景・顕如らに信長討伐令を発して信長包囲網を結成した。
- Although Yoshiaki officially had a cooperative relationship with Nobunaga, he formed a coalition against Nobunaga by secretly giving an order of subjugation to Shingen TAKEDA, Nagamasa AZAI, Yoshikage ASAKURA and Kennyo.
- 義貞は三島で軍を集結させると軍を二方面に分け、自らは搦め手軍を率いて箱根峠に進み、大手軍は実弟脇屋義助を大将に足柄峠へ進軍させる。
- Yoshisada gathered his army in Mishima and split them into two directions, then he led the rear force and headed for Hakone-toge Pass, meanwhile, his younger brother, Yoshisuke WAKIYA led the front force and headed for Ashigara-toge Pass.
- このような情勢の中で北面武士になった正盛は、出雲国で源義親の濫行が起こると、嘉承2年(1107年)12月19日追討使に抜擢される。
- In this situation, Masamori, who had joined the Hokumen no bushi, was selected as Tsuitoshi (envoy to pursue and kill) on February 9, 1108 in response to the wrongdoings of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika.
- 信頼は源義朝を配下につけて、信西を自殺へ追い込むことに成功したが、二条親政派の裏切りと清盛の反撃に遭い、あえなく敗北し処刑された。
- Nobuyori gained MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo as a follower and succeeded in forcing Shinzei to commit suicide, but was himself defeated and executed when he was betrayed by the Nijo Shinsei group and counterattacked by Kiyomori.
- この事件に関しては不可解なことが多く、上の今井信郎説のほかにも、薩摩藩士説や、浅田次郎の『壬生義士伝』のような解釈も行われている。
- There are many unanswered questions to this incident, with theories other than Imai assassinating Ryoma, including a theory holding that the assassination was by feudal retainers or warriors of Satsuma and another interpretation by Jiro ASADA in his 'Mibu Gishin Den'
- その後、龍伯があくまで徹底抗戦をしようとした島津義弘や新納忠元らを説得して島津氏が完全に秀吉に降伏したのは、5月下旬のことである。
- Subsequently, Ryuhaku talked Yoshihiro SHIMAZU and Tadamoto NINO out of their intention resist until the end, and the Shimazu clan completely yielded to Hideyoshi by the end of June.
- 儒教は本来合理的な思考を有しており、儒教思想の興隆は合理主義的な歴史叙述、例えば新井白石の『読史余論』『古史通』などとして結実した。
- Confucianism is originally provided with rational thinking, and the state of Confucian thought being widely accepted produced descriptions of history based on something like rationalism: Tokushi Yoron (lessons from History) and Koshitsu (study book about ancient history), both of which were written by Hakuseki ARAI, are such examples.
- 特に7月信濃国で諏訪氏の支援のもと蜂起した北条時行は、各地の反建武政権勢力を吸収し、足利直義を追い出し、鎌倉を占領する勢いを見せた。
- In particular, Tokiyuki HOJO who rose in revolt with the support of the Suwa clan in Shinano Province in July gathered the anti-Kenmu government forces around the country and got enough momentum to remove Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and occupy Kamakura.
- 地侍層は、戦国大名や国人領主から加地子(地代=中間得分)の徴収権を保証される代わりに、家臣となり、戦時には軍役を果たす義務を負った。
- Ji-zamurai undertook obligations of serving as a part of military at the time of war in return for the privilege to collect Kajishi (intermediate taxes) guaranteed by Sengoku Daimyo and Kokujin Ryoshu.
- 以後、戦前の皇国史観のもとでは、足利尊氏を天皇に叛いた逆賊・大悪人、楠木正成や新田義貞を忠臣とするイデオロギー的な解釈が主流になる。
- Afterwards, the view on imperial history before the war mainly consisted of ideological interpretation, such as declaring Takauji ASHIKAGA a villain for rebelling against the Emperor and Masashige KUSUNOKI and Yoshisada NITTA loyalists.
- 義満は度々義弘へ上洛を催促するが、「和泉、紀伊の守護職が剥奪される」「上洛したところを誅殺される」との噂が流れ、義弘を不安にさせた。
- Yoshimitsu repeatedly summoned Yoshihiro to the capital, but rumors had spread that 'You'll be deprived of your governorship (shugo) over Iwami and Kii' or even 'You'll be assassinated on the road to Kyoto,' and hearing these, Yoshihiro felt uneasy.
- 翌年2月に覚慶は還俗して名前を足利義秋(後に足利義昭)と名乗って近江国矢島(現在の滋賀県守山市)を経て越前国守護・朝倉義景を頼った。
- In February the next year (old calendar), Kakukei returned to secular life, renamed himself Yoshiaki (one of the Chinese characters of the name was later changed to another of the same sound) ASHIKAGA and, traveling via Yajima, Omi Province (today's Moriyama City, Shiga Prefecture), sought the protection of Yoshikage ASAKURA, Governor of Echizen Province.
- 11月19日、義仲は後白河法皇を幽閉し、摂政近衛基通や院の近臣を更迭した後に松殿師家を摂政に任じるクーデターを行った(法住寺合戦)。
- On November 19, Yoshinaka executed a coup d'etat by capturing the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa and after dismissing Regent Motomichi KONOE and close aides of the emperor, he had Moroie MATSUDONO made Regent (the Battle of Hoju-ji Temple).
- この際に条例反対の意見があったため当時の高山義三市長は今後同種の税を新設や延長することはないという覚書を反対する寺社と交わしている。
- At this time, due to the opposition against this ordinance, Yoshizo TAKAYAMA, the mayor at the time, exchanged memorandums with the opposing temples and shrines in which he stated that the same kind of taxation would be neither enforced nor extended thereafter.
- 新田勢は関口を本拠に、小袋坂(巨福呂、こぶくろざか)、化粧坂(けわいざか)、極楽寺坂の三方から攻撃し、義貞はそれぞれ将を一族で固めた。
- Filling his army captains with his own relatives, Yoshisada put his army base at Sekiguchi and attacked the Kamakura forces from three directions: Kobukuro-zaka, Kewai-zaka, and Gokurakuji-zaka Slopes.
- しかし、実際のところ歴史学者や仏教学者の間でも何をもって「国家仏教」と定義づけるのかについては統一した見解が出されているわけではない。
- However, historians and Buddhist scholars have not yet reached a united opinion regarding what would define 'National Buddhism.'
- 朝鮮王朝は農本主義を国是としており、本来なら国内で産出することの無い必要最小限の物資の入手を除けば外国との交易を必要としていなかった。
- The Korean Dynasty maintained the government policy that the agriculture should be the base of the country's economy, and they basically had no need to trade with foreign countries except for some materials which were not produced within the country.
- また、義満は有力守護大名の弱体化を図り、康暦元年(1379年)、細川氏と斯波氏の対立を利用して管領細川頼之を失脚させた(康暦の政変)。
- Moreover, Yoshimitsu was also bent on weakening the most powerful of the shugo daimyo, and in 1379, he skillfully exploited the conflict between the Hoskawa and Siba families to engineer the overthrow of the powerful Kanrei, Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA (in what became known as the Koryaku coup).
- その後、義経が頼朝に許されることは無く、頼朝との対立が強まり、同年10月に後白河法皇に奏上して頼朝追討の宣旨を出させて挙兵するが失敗。
- Thereafter, Yoshitsune did not obtain Yoritomo's forgiveness, and their faceoff grew worse, until in November, Yoshitsune went to attend the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, who issued an Imperial decree that Yoritomo be hunted down and killed, whereupon Yoshitsune raised an army, but was defeated.
- 一方、三好三人衆は義輝の従兄弟にあたる足利義親(後に足利義栄)を淡路国で擁立して摂津国富田 (高槻市)(現在の大阪府高槻市)に入った。
- Meanwhile the three men of the Miyoshi family attempted to bring Yoshichika ASHIKAGA (later Yoshihide ASHIKAGA), a cousin of Yoshiteru, to the Shogunate in Awaji Province, and entered Tonda (Takatsuki City), Settsu Province (today's Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture).
- 律令制には一種の罪刑法定主義の原則があって、裁判は成文の法規に準拠しなければならなかったが、天皇は法によって拘束されない存在であった。
- There was a kind of legality principle in the ritsuryo system, which required trials to comply with statutory law while the Emperor was not bound by law.
- 初め荒川氏を称してたが、荒川易氏のときに征夷大将軍足利義尚から信濃国伊那郡の一部を与えられ、易氏の孫の伊奈易次の代に伊奈熊蔵と号した。
- Although the family first referred to itself as the Arakawa clan, Yasutsugu INA, a grandson of Yasuuji ARAKAWA who had been given a part of Ina County, Shinano Province, by the Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, called himself Kumazo INA.
- 特に、この時に交替した上総国・相模国では有力在庁の上総広常・三浦義明は平氏の目代に圧迫を受け、源頼朝の挙兵に積極的に加わる要因となった。
- Tsunehiro KAZUSA and Yoshiaki MIURA of the powerful government officers of the alternated Kazusa and Sagami Provinces, were pressurized by Mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) of Taira clan, and this became a trigger for them to greatly contribute to the mobilization of the army of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 10世紀中葉から後期にかけて、ある官職に伴う権限義務を特定の家系へ請け負わせる官司請負制が中央政界でも地方政治でも著しく進展していった。
- From the middle to the end of the 10th century, the government official contract system developed in the national political arena as well as in regional politics: specific family lines were given contracts to have authority and duties associated with certain government posts.
- 明応6年(1497年)には大内義興は少弐政資を滅ぼし、かつては鎮西の覇者であった少弐氏を肥前の一地方勢力に転落させることに成功している。
- Yoshioki OUCHI defeated Masasuke SHONI in 1497 and succeeded in making the Shoni clan, once the hegemony of Chinzei (nickname of Kyushu) demoted to a regional power.
- 尊氏の参陣で志気が上がる尊氏軍が押し気味に戦局が展開し、翌日これを見た大友貞載、塩谷高貞は尊氏軍に寝返り、義助軍は総崩れとなり敗走する。
- Takauji's army whose morale was boosted by Takauji's participation in the war took the lead and on the following day, Sadatoshi (Sadanori) OTOMO and Takasada ENYA sold out to Takauji's army, thus Yoshisuke's army suffered a debacle and took flight.
- 本書は、著者自身の見解を叙述するのではなく、律令格式や国史の記事、和漢の典籍を引用することによって語らしむ引証主義的方法を採用している。
- This document was not described based on the author's own opinions, but was written using the reference-based method in which explanations were made by citing laws of codes and ethics (conduct), descriptions in national histories and Japanese/Chinese dictionaries.
- 信頼の政権奪取には大半の貴族が反感を抱いていたが、二条親政派も義朝の武力を背景とした信頼の独断専行を見て、密かに離反の機会を伺っていた。
- It appears that most noblemen bore Nobuyori ill will for his usurpation of political power, but given the circumstances--he had the backing of the Nijo direct rule faction as well as Yoshitomo's military forces--all the disaffected could do was search in secret for opportunities to show their displeasure.
- 義弘は材木を集め、井楼48と矢倉1000余を建てて堺に方18町の強固な城を築き、「たとえ百万騎の軍勢でも破ることはできない」と豪語した。
- Yoshihiro collected lumber and erected 48 major towers and more than 1000 watchtowers, creating a castle of approx. 1.96 square meters to serve as strong points around Sakai, and began boasting that 'the enemy could not defeat us here even if they brought one million men against us.'
- 平家の総帥宗盛も嫡男の平清宗と入水するが、命を惜しんで浮かび上がり水練が達者なために泳ぎ回っていたところを義経軍に捕らえられてしまった。
- Munemori, the supreme commander of the Taira clan, and his eldest son and heir Kiyomune both tried to drown themselves, but they held their lives too dear and floated back to the surface; being skilled swimmers, they survived to be captured by Yoshitsune's forces.
- 三好三人衆は義栄擁立を画策する一方で、旧主三好長慶死後に三好氏の家政を握った松永久秀と対立し、主君三好義継を擁して久秀の排除を画策した。
- The three men of the Miyoshi family, while conspiring to bring Yoshihide to the Shogunate, came to oppose Hisahide MATSUNAGA, who had gained hold of the administration of the Miyoshi clan after the death of former lord Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, and attempted to oust Hisahide under the nominal leadership of incumbent lord Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI.
- 義仲軍は、北陸宮を推戴しながら京都へ進軍して源行家、多田行綱(源行綱)、安田義定(源義定)らの多方面攻撃によって平氏の京都防衛線を破る。
- Yoshinaka's forces held Hokurokunomiya as their leader and progressed towards Kyoto and defeated the Kyoto protection line of the Taira clan with attacks from all directions by MINAMOTO no Yukiie, Yukitsuna TADA (MINAMOTO no Yukitsuna)and Yoshisada YASUDA (MIMAMOTO no Yoshisada).
- 理由はいろいろ考えられるが、最も大きな理由はマルクス主義の魅力が薄れ、中国史に発展段階論を当てはめることの意義を疑い始めたからであろう。
- Various reasons can be cited, but the biggest reason is that Marxism became less appealing and people are now skeptical about the significance of applying development stage theory to Chinese history.
- しかし、時政の子の義時と北条政子はこの動きに反発し、有力御家人と連帯して、時政を引退させるとともに、平賀朝雅を抹殺した(畠山重忠の乱)。
- However, Tokimasa's son Yoshitoki and Masako HOJO opposed to this move, collaborated with the senior vassals, forced Tokimasa to retire and eliminated Tomomasa HIRAGA (Shigetada HATAKEYAMA Rebellion).
- 『申楽談儀』同様に世阿弥自身の発言であり極めて重要な資料だが、「○○作」「××曲」の定義については議論が分かれており、注意が必要である。
- Like 'Sarugaku Dangi,' this is an extremely important resource, as it contains the words of Zeami himself; but it should be used with caution because the opinion is divided regarding the definition of 'written by XX' and 'composed by XX' notation.
- 三代将軍足利義満の北山殿北御所(今の鹿苑寺)には会所がひとつあり、これが独立会所のはじまり、将軍邸の会所のはじまりであると考えられている。
- The Kitayamadono kitagosho (it is currently, Rokuonji Temple) of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA had one kaisho, and this was believed to be the beginning of independent kaisho and kaisho in the residence of a shogun.
- 万一に備える一方で穀物の腐敗の防止と義倉の維持のために古い穀物を安価で売却(出糶)し、また一般に低利で貸し付ける(借放)事も行われていた。
- While holding grain for emergencies, to help maintain the giso warehouses and prevent spoilage, old crops were sold (deseri, 出糶, to be on sale) at a fair price or loaned (shakuho, 借放) at a low interest rate to the public.
- 義倉(ぎそう)とは、災害や飢饉に備えて米などの穀物を一般より徴収し、または富者から寄付を得て、これを貯蓄するために国内の要地に設けた倉庫。
- Giso was a warehouse which was constructed in important domestic places to store rice and other grain in case of natural disasters and famine, and the grain in stock was collected from ordinary people or acquired using the cash contributions by the rich.
- 同年6月、幽閉されていた義材は、側近らの手引きで越中国射水郡放生津へ下向し、政長の重臣であった婦負郡・射水郡分郡守護代・神保長誠を頼った。
- In June of the same year, Yoshiki, who had been confined, went from Kyoto to Hojo-du, Izumi county, Ecchu Province with the help of his close aides, relying on Naganobu JINBO, a chief vassal of Masanaga and deputy of the divided counties Nei and Izumi who had been appointed by a shugo.
- さらに、同時に幕府の介入によって摂関家当主による「合議制」による意思決定が義務付けられた事によって寧ろ逆に摂関政治は否定される事になった。
- On the other hand, due to the bakufu's intervention, the regency was in fact negated because the representatives of the regent's house at the time were required to use a 'council system' when making decisions.
- 応永6年(1399年)10月13日、大内義弘は軍勢を率いて分国和泉国堺の浦に着き、家臣の平井新左衛門を入洛させるが、自身は参洛しなかった。
- On November 19, 1399 (Oei era), Yoshihiro OUCHI led his forces out and arrived at the inlet of Sakai (Osaka) at the border of Izumi Province, and sent his retainer Shinzaemon HIRAI on to the capital, but chose not to go himself.
- やがて近代化が一段落すると、今度は国粋主義や、民族国家としての民族独自の美術を求める動きが起こり、再び日本美術に目が向けられるようになる。
- After a while, the modernization of Japanese society reached a certain point, and instead, there occurred a movement in the opposite direction, such as nationalism and the pursuit of art unique to Japanese that has a nation-state of its own, so Japanese art attracted people's attention once again.
- また日本軍は治安を乱しゲリラ攻撃を仕掛ける義勇軍の抵抗に手を焼いたため、治安確保のために住民の虐殺や村の焼き討ちなどを行うことも多かった。
- Furthermore, as Japanese troops had a hard time with the resistance that disturbed the peace and conducted guerrilla attacks, it often slaughtered inhabitants and burned villages in order to ensure security.
- また翌年の慶長6年、島津家では一向宗禁止令が出され(義久、義弘、忠恒の連名による正式な通達として)、その後の「かくれ念仏」の原因となった。
- The next year in 1601, the Shimazu family issued a ban on the Ikko sect (a formal notice with the names of Yoshihisa, Yoshihiro and Tadatsune), and ultimately this became the cause of the later 'hidden chanting.'
- 反対の立場からは、歌詞は天皇崇拝の意味合いが強く(君=天皇)、軍国主義を象徴しており、君主制ではない日本にはふさわしくないとする意見がある。
- From the opposing standpoints, there is the opinion that the words have too strong a shade of meaning of worshiping the emperor ('kimi' = the emperor) and it symbolizes militarism and, therefore, it is not fit to Japan which is not a monarchy.
- 小袋坂は山側で鎌倉勢の赤橋守時が守るのに対し新田勢の堀口貞満らが攻め、中央の化粧坂には北条貞将に対し新田義貞、脇屋義助が率いる主力が攻める。
- On Kobukuro-zaka Slope, situated on a mountain, Sadamitsu HORIGUCHI, on the side of Yoshisada forces, attacked Moritoki AKAHASHI, on the side of the Kamakura bakufu, and on Kewai-zaka Slope, situated in the center of Kamakura, the main forces led by Yoshisada NITTA and Yoshisuke WAKIYA attacked Sadayuki HOJO.
- 荘園領主・知行国主らは収入を確保するため、地頭に一定額の年貢納入を義務づける代わりに現地の荘園・公領の支配を任せる地頭請を行うようになった。
- Lord of the manor and chigyo-kokushu introduced Jitouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a jito (manager and lord of manor) to manage his manor and pay the customs) in order to secure income by obliging a jito to pay a fixed amount of land tax in exchange for entrusting him with the management of the local shoen and koryo.
- 本家(ほんけ)は、日本の荘園における重層的土地支配構造(荘園公領制、職の体系を参照)上、最上位に位置づけられる土地の名義上の所有権者である。
- Honke is a nominal owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Japanese Shoen (refer to the Shiki system in the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) section).
- さらに、細川定禅が海路を東進し生田神社の森(神戸市三宮、御影付近)から上陸すると、義貞は退路を絶たれる危険を感じて東走し、楠木軍は孤立する。
- Jozen HOSOKAWA proceeded east by sea and landed at the forest of Ikuta-jinja Shrine (Sannomiya and Mikage areas of Kobe City), causing Yoshisada to fear that his path of retreat may be cut off and flee eastward, leaving the Kusunoki army isolated.
- 後鳥羽上皇は幕府軍に使者を送り、この度の乱は謀臣の企てであったとして義時追討の宣旨を取り消し、藤原秀康、三浦胤義らの逮捕を命じる宣旨を下す。
- The retired Emperor Gotoba sent an emissary to the shogunal army, claiming that the entire rebellion was the plot of his scheming advisors, and that he was repealing the decree to hunt down and kill Yoshitoki and was issuing a new decree demanding that Hideyasu FUJIWARA, Taneyoshi MIURA and the others be captured.
- 状況を打開するため、島津義弘は配下の長束正家に伏見城内にいた甲賀衆の妻子一族を捕縛させ、内通しなければ家族を磔にすると脅迫することを命じた。
- To bring an end to this situation, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU had his subordinate, Masaie NAGATSUKA, round up the wives and children of the Koga group in the castle and ordered him to threaten the Koga group by saying that they would crucify the wives and children unless they surrendered the castle.
- 比叡山座主であった足利義教がくじ引きで将軍になると、土岐氏・赤松氏・大内氏らの有力守護大名の後継争いに積極的に干渉し将軍権力の強化に努めた。
- When Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the head priest of Enryakuji on Mt. Hiei, was chosen by lot to become Shogun, powerful daimyo families like the Toki, Akamatsu, and Ouchi clans actively interfered in the shogunal succession, trying to shore up the shogunal authority.
- その形式主義的な機構は、行政の慣行と経験に基づいて形づくられた武家法の官制といちじるしく相違しており、律令法の基本的特徴の一つをなしている。
- Such a formalistic structure was markedly different from the rules on administrative organizations under samurai law, which were based on administrative practices and experiences, and is one of the basic features of ritsuryo law.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には大幅な城の改築が行われるが、六角義賢(承禎)・六角義治の頃には浅井氏に敗れる(野良田の戦い)などで衰退することになる。
- Although, the castle was rebuilt during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), in the generation of Yoshikata (Shotei) ROKKAKU and Yoshiharu ROKKAKU, they were defeated in wars such as the Battle at Norada against the Azai clan.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年に、後醍醐天皇により開かれた南朝は、3代将軍足利義満時代の1392年に明徳の和談が行われて名目上は解消された。
- In 1336, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Nancho (Southern Court) started by Emperor Godaigo was alleviated in the Meitoku no wadan (peace negotiations between Nancho and Hokucho) during the time of the third shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in 1392.
- 信頼と提携関係にあった摂関家の藤原忠通・基実父子も参入したことで、清盛は一気に官軍としての体裁を整えるに至り、信頼・義朝の追討宣旨が下された。
- Even FUJIWARA no Tadamichi and his son Motozane, both of the elite Fujiwara branch that produced regents and advisors and with whom Nobuyori had been close, joined the counter-rebellion at Rokuhara, meaning that Kiyomori had achieved, in a stroke, total legitimacy for his army, and soon his forces received an imperial order to hunt down and destroy Nobuyori and Yoshitomo.
- 周防・長門・石見・豊前・和泉・紀伊の6カ国の守護を兼ね貿易により財力を有する強大な大内氏の存在は将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満の警戒を誘った。
- The Ouchi clan had become so powerful - simultaneously shugo of six provinces, Suo, Nagato, Iwami, Buzen, Izumi, and Kii, and possessing great wealth thanks to their trade - that they were bound to put Yoshimitsu, who was aiming to establish a system of despotic rule by the Shogun, on his guard.
- 以後、義久は弟の義弘に家督を譲って二頭政治を行ない、島津家は豊臣政権、江戸幕府の下でこの2国1郡の領土を明治時代まで守り抜いていくことになる。
- Thereafter, Yoshihisa transferred the head of the family to his younger brother Yoshihiro to launch a diarchy, and the Shimazu family retained the two Provinces and a County under the Toyotomi regime and Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) until the Meiji period.
- 水軍を用意できなかった新田軍は、本陣を二本松(和田岬と会下山の中間)に置き、和田岬にも脇屋義助・大館氏明などの軍勢を配置して水軍の上陸に備えた。
- Nitta's army was unable to raise a navy, so established its headquarters in Nihonmatsu (between Wadamisaki and Egenoyama) and also deployed the forces of Yoshisuke WAKIYA and Ujiaki ODACHI in Wadamisaki in preparation for the naval landing.
- 彦島の平氏水軍を撃滅すべく、義経は摂津国の渡辺水軍、伊予国の河野水軍、紀伊国の熊野水軍などを味方につけて840艘(『吾妻鏡』)の水軍を編成する。
- Recognizing that he needed to destroy the Taira navy at Hikoshima, Yoshitsune managed to assemble a force of 840 ships (according to the 'Azuma kagami') by calling together support from his allies, including the Watanabe navy of Settsu Province, the Kawano navy of Iyo Province, and the Kumano navy of Kii Province.
- だが、余りにも強硬な政治姿勢が人々に「恐怖政治」との反発を抱かせ、やがて赤松満祐により義教が暗殺された(嘉吉の乱)をきっかけに将軍の力は衰えた。
- But his mercilessly political stance caused a backlash among many, who harbored resentment against his 'reign of terror,' and in the end he was assassinated by Mitsusuke AKAMATSU (in the Kakitsu Rebellion), which led to a steep decline in shogunal power.
- 三好勢の攻撃に対し、わずかな人数でよく持ちこたえたものの、昼頃には義輝が討死し、生母の慶寿院(近衛尚通の娘で12代将軍足利義晴正室)も殉死した。
- Although they fought the Miyoshi troops well despite heavy odds, Yoshiteru died in battle by noon, and his real mother Keijuin (a daughter of Hisamichi KONOE and legitimate wife of Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, the 12th Shogun) killed herself, following her son to the grave.
- 後醍醐は、新田義貞に恒良親王、尊良親王を奉じさせて北陸へ、懐良親王を九州へ派遣し、北畠親房は常陸国へ赴いて、それぞれ諸国で南朝勢力の結集を図る。
- Godaigo sent Yoshisada NITTA with Imperial Princes Tsuneyoshi and Takayoshi to Hokuriku, Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi to Kyushu, and Chikafusa KITABATAKE to the province of Hitachi to gather troops at each location for the Southern Court.
- 義平は変装して平清盛一族(平家)の支配する京都に密かに潜入し、京都に潜む父義朝のかつての郎党と共に清盛暗殺を企てるが失敗し捕らえられて殺される。
- Yoshihira in disguise sneaked into Kyoto which was ruled by the family of TAIRA no Kiyomori (Taira clan) and tried to assassinate Kiyomori with the help of the former followers of his father Yoshitomo hidden in Kyoto, but he failed, and was captured and killed.
- そのなかには石川源氏こそが八幡太郎義家以来の河内源氏の本流であるとする見解もある(これは河内国を本拠地にしてこそ河内源氏という「在地的」視点)。
- Some even think that Ishikawa-Genji is the mainstream of Kawachi-Genji that can be traced back to HACHIMANTARO Yoshiie (MINAMOTO no Yoshiie) ('Residential' viewpoint that Kawachi-Genji is those who were Kawachi-based).
- 久寿2年(1155年)8月に源義平(義朝の長男)が叔父の源義賢を滅ぼした武蔵国大蔵館合戦においても、武蔵守であった信頼の支援があったと推測される。
- In fact, it is suspected that the summer, in August, 1155, battle of Okura Warehouse in Musashi Province, in which MINAMOTO no Yoshihira (Yoshitomo's eldest son) destroyed his uncle MINAMOTO no Yoshikata, occurred with the approval and support of Nobuyori, the governor of Musashi.
- 『承久記』によると、敗走した京方の藤原秀康、三浦胤義、山田重忠は最後の一戦をせんと御所に駆けつけるが、上皇は門を固く閉じて彼らを追い返してしまう。
- According to the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era), the routed generals of the capital faction, Hideyasu FUJIWARA, Taneyoshi MIURA, and Shigetada YAMADA, intended to fight to the last and rushed to the imperial palace to make their stand, but the retired Emperor Gotoba had ordered the gates firmly shut and turned them away.
- 室町幕府の2代将軍足利義詮の頃には守護同士が対立し、執事の細川清氏などは失脚した後に吉野朝廷に属して京都を奪還するなど幕政は不安定な状態にあった。
- During the reign of the Muromachi Shogunate's second Shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, a conflict had arisen among the group of shugo (Protectors), and after such men as the steward Kiyouji HOSOKAWA were driven out of power, they defected to the Southern Court at Yoshino, who managed to recapture Kyoto, which left the shogunate in a very unstable position.
- 宇治川の戦い(うじがわのたたかい)は、平安時代末期の寿永3年(1184年)1月に源義仲と鎌倉の源頼朝から派遣された源範頼、源義経とで戦われた合戦。
- The Battle of Uji-gawa River was a battle that took place in January 1184, at the end of Heian period, between MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, and MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune who were dispatched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Kamakura.
- さらに島津歳久が秀吉によって一揆の黒幕とみなされ、島津義久の追討を受けて死亡したほか、一揆に家臣が参加したという理由で肥後の阿蘇惟光が斬首された。
- In addition, Toshihisa SHIMAZU was accused of being the mastermind behind the uprising by Hideyoshi and was hunted and killed by Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, and Koremitsu ASO was also decapitated as a punishment for his vassals joining the uprising.
- 絶対王政期には、国王及び貴族の優位性を確立することと重商主義の観点から輸入を抑制して国産品の消費を拡大させるために民衆に対して奢侈禁止令が出された。
- At the time of absolute monarchy, sumptuary laws were issued to the public in order to limit exports and to boost consumption of domestic products, thus enabling Kings and nobles to establish their superiority as well as to promote Mercantilism.
- 姦通が表沙汰になった際の女敵討は武士にとっては義務であったが、たとえ達成しても名誉にはならないため、表沙汰にせずに内々で示談にするケースも多かった。
- Megatakiuchi was the duty of a samurai once the adultery came to light, but since it did no one any great credit even when Megatakiuchi was achieved, such cases were often settled in private without being made public.
- ところが、1910年(同43年)の教師用教科書改訂にあたって問題化し始め、同年に幸徳秋水ら社会主義者が起こしたとされた幸徳事件がこれに拍車をかけた。
- However, this became problematic around 1910 when the textbooks for teachers was revised, and this movement was further fueled by the 'Kotoku Incident,' which is said to have been caused by socialists such as Shusui KOTOKU and others.
- 但し、近年ではより厳密な定義として、上記摂津源氏の中でも特に多田庄を相続した系統のみを指して「多田源氏」と呼ぶ用い方もなされている(以下にて詳述)。
- A recent, precise definition says, 'Tada-Genji' means only the line which inherited Tada Manors among Settsu-Genji branches (for further details, see below).
- さらに、源義朝に至っては東国に下り鎌倉・上総・下総などを本拠として活動していた時期が長く、その後も京都にとどまり河内国の領地との関係が希薄であった。
- Further, since MINOMOTO no Yoshitomo moved to Togoku (the eastern region of Japan) and was active in such provinces as Kamakura, Kazusa, and Shimousa as his stronghold for a long time, and later, he kept staying in Kyoto and had little connection with the manor of Kawachi Province.
- そのため大化の改新・建武の新政・明治維新が最も重要な改革に位置づけられ、こうした国家主義的な歴史観はとりわけ歴史教育の現場へ積極的に導入されていった。
- Therefore, the Taika Reforms, Kenmu Restoration and Meiji Restoration were positioned as the most important reformations, and these nationalistic views of history had been actively introduced, in particular, into actual education of history.
- しかし大内家の周防国守護代陶興房が九州に乗り込んでくると再び劣勢になり、さらには義隆が自身で大軍を率いて攻勢をかけて来ると、頼みの家兼にも見放された。
- However it lost strength again when Okifusa SUE, the Ouchi clan's Shugodai of Suo Province joined the war in Kyushu, and furthermore it was given up by reliable Iekane when Yoshitaka himself launched offensive with a large army.
- 天竜川に架かる浮き橋を義貞が遅れてくる味方のために残したと『梅松論』には書かれているが、『太平記』には浮き橋を斬って退却したと逆のことが書かれている。
- 'Baishoron' (Historical tale compiled in 1349) says that Yoshisada saved a floating bridge over Tenryu-gawa River for his allies to come later, but 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) says the opposite, describing that he knocked out the bridge and retreated.
- 凶作(前年からの天候不順)、流行病(三日病)、将軍の代替わり(足利義持から足利義教へ)などの社会不安が高まる中、近江国坂本や大津の馬借が徳政を求める。
- With growing social unrest, such as poor harvest (unseasonable weather from the previous year), epidemic (mikka-yami (three-day disease)), and replacement of the shogun (from Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA to Yoshinori ASHIKAGA), bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) in Sakamoto of Omi Province and Otsu demanded debt cancellation.
- こうして成立した年貢は、その後の中世・近世を通じて、支配層の主要な財源として位置づけられ、被支配層にとっては年貢を負担する義務が課され続けたのである。
- Through the medieval period and early-modern times, the nengu was the principal financial resource for the ruling class, which the ordinary population continued to bear its burden.
- 義材は義視とともに上洛して10代将軍に推挙されるが、足利義政や細川政元などは、堀越公方足利政知の子で天龍寺香厳院主となっていた清晃(足利義澄)を推す。
- Yoshiki returned to Kyoto with Yoshimi and was put forward as the tenth shogun, but some people, including Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA and Masamoto HOSOKAWA, supported Seiko (Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA), the son of Masatomo ASHIKAGA who was the Horikoshi Governor-General, and was the head of the Kyogon-in of Tenryu-ji Temple at that time.
- 菱沼一憲(国立歴史民俗博物館科研協力員)は著書『源義経の合戦と戦略 その伝説と実像』(角川選書、2005年)で、この合戦について以下の説を述べている。
- In 2005, as part of the Kadokawa anthology, Kazunori HISHINUMA (a researcher at Japan's National Museum of Japanese History) published a book entitled 'MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's Battles and Strategies: the Legends and the Real Account;' in it, he advances the following theory.
- これにより、三好家中の実権を後継者の三好義継に代わって牛耳っていた松永久秀ならびに三好三人衆は、義輝の排除すなわち将軍暗殺へと向かっていくこととなる。
- This sense of crisis drove Hisahide MATSUNAGA, who had control of the Miyoshi family in place of legitimate heir Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI, and the three men of the Miyoshi family into ousting of Yoshiteru, namely assassination of the Shogun.
- 8代将軍の足利義政は為政者としての務めを怠り、茶道、書道、唐物(中国渡来の文物)愛玩などの趣味にふけっていたが、そのため文化の振興には大いに貢献した。
- The eighth shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA made light of his duty as a politician, and indulged in his hobbies, such as Japanese tea ceremony, calligraphy, and kara-mono (things imported from China), and ironically, he contributed to the advancement of the culture to a great extent.
- 慶長3年9月(1598年10月)、朝鮮半島の泗川市で島津義弘率いる島津氏軍7千が明の武将董一元率いる数万(後述)の明・朝鮮連合軍と戦って撃退した戦い。
- Seven thousand army soldiers of the Shimazu clan led by Yoshihiro SHIMAZU fought against the tens of thousands of soldiers (mentioned afterwards) of Ming and Korean Allied Forces led by TON Yi Yuan, who was the busho (military commander) of Ming, in Sacheon City on Korean Peninsula in October 1598.
- 1487年の将軍に敵対する近江守護・六角高頼攻めには尾張・若狭など畿内近辺の諸大名が従い、1492年の足利義稙の河内攻めにも多くの軍勢が馳せ参じている。
- For attacking Omi shugo (Military Commissioner of the Omi Province, Takayori ROKKAKU, who stood against the shogun, in 1487, many daimyo of the areas near Kinai (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) such as Owari and Wakasa joined and also for the attack on Kawachi by Yoshitane ASHIKAGA in 1492, many troops joined.
- 「京都の市民は、信長が公方様(足利義昭)を討伐するために軍勢を召集していると聞くや否や、急遽、わずかの地所を隔てていた上京、ならびに下京から立ち去った。
- As soon as Kyoto citizens heard that Nobunaga was mustering his army to subdugate Kubosama (Shogun), they left Kamigyo and Shimogyo, which were very close to where Yoshiaki stayed.
- 別名とは、田堵負名を含む在地領主層に対して、名田よりも遥かに広域で、未墾地や山野を含む領域の支配を認める代わりに、一定の官物納入を義務づけるものである。
- The bechimyo was the system in which the central government put local lords including tato fumyo under a obligation to pay a certain amount of kanmotsu instead of admitting their domination over the area that was far more vast than myoden and included uncultivated lands, fields and mountains.
- 義材は前将軍義尚の政策を踏襲し、丹波国、山城国など、畿内における国一揆に対応するため、1491年(延徳3年)、六角討伐を継承するなど軍事的強化を図った。
- Yoshiki followed the policies of the former shogun Yoshihisa and tried to increase his military strength, by taking over the campaign against the Rokkaku house in 1491 to deal with uprisings like in Tanba and Yamashiro provinces in the Kinai region.
- 「嘉吉の変」とも呼ばれるが、嘉吉元年(1441年)に起こった6代将軍足利義教の謀殺事件(嘉吉の乱)と混同されることから、「禁闕の変」の名称が用いられる。
- It is also referred to as the 'Kakitsu Incident,' but to avoid confusion with the assassination of the 6th shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA in 1441 (Kakitsu Rebellion), the term, 'Kinketsu Incident' is used.
- 尊氏は、天皇から離反しなかった武士で最強の軍事力を持っていた武者所所司(長官)の新田義貞を君側の奸であると主張し、その討伐を後醍醐天皇に対して要請する。
- Takauji next insisted that Yoshisada NITTA, shoji (chief) of the mushadokoro (the Imperial bodyguards) and the one who possessed the greatest military strength of all the samurai not yet estranged from the Emperor, was only pretending to support the Emperor and was secretly plotting against him, requesting that Emperor Godaigo let him suppress Yoshisada.
- 後醍醐天皇は尊氏のこの要請を受けず、11月に義貞に尊氏追討を命じて出陣させるが、新田軍は敗北し、1336年(建武 (日本)3年)1月に足利軍は入京する。
- Emperor Godaigo refused this demand by Takauji, and in the eleventh month he commanded Yoshisada to send his army out to hunt down Takauji; but the Nitta army was defeated, and in the first month of 1336 the Ashikaga army entered the capital.
- 応永の乱(おうえいのらん)は、室町時代の応永6年(1399年)に、守護大名の大内義弘が室町幕府に対して反乱を起こして堺市に篭城して滅ぼされた事件である。
- The Oei rebellion, which broke out in the sixth year of the Oei era (1399) during the Muromachi period, was a revolt against the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) led by the shugo daimyo (feudal lord) Yoshihiro OUCHI, in which he occupied the city of Sakai (modern-day Osaka) which was eventually brought to ruin.
- 平安時代を通じて鎮護国家を担う山門(比叡山延暦寺)勢力は教義の教えや体系的な学問にはげむ一方、加持祈祷や僧兵の武力を通じて、政治権力を持つようになった。
- And while on the one hand Enryaku-ji Temple (the main temple of Mt. Hiei, also called 'Sanmon'), which had shouldered the burden of spiritually protecting the state throughout the Heian period, zealously poured considerable effort into teaching its doctrine and promoting systematic study of its precepts, it also acquired political might through its prayers and incantations coupled with the military strength of its sohei (warrior monks).
- さらにこの頃から十河一存や三好義賢、長慶の嫡男三好義興など有力な一族が相次いで死亡し、果ては最後まで長慶を支えた弟安宅冬康を自らの手で暗殺するに至った。
- Furthermore, roughly from that time on, influential members of the family including Kazumasa SOGO, Yoshikata MIYOSHI and Yoshioki MIYOSHI, eldest son and prospective heir of Nagayoshi, died one after another and, in the end, Nagayoshi even assassinated for himself Fuyuyasu ATAGI, his younger brother who had supported Nagayoshi the entire time.
- 一、兵士をも上国の土、橋、会、桑も只今の如き次第にて、勿体なくも朝廷を擁し奉り、正義を抗し、周旋尽力の道を相遮り候時は、終に決戦に及ぶほかこれなくとの事
- Article 5 : We will make our forces come into Kyoto and Osaka, so if the clan of Hitotsubashi, Kuwana and Aizu (the allies of Bakufu) continue to commit the sacrilege of utilizing the Imperial Court, reject the implementation of the right, and block the mediation of the Satsuma Domain, we cannot help but fight a decisive battle against bakufu.
- 大内氏の内部争いによって大内義隆が死亡し、8ヶ国守護となった尼子晴久と大内義長を傀儡とする陶氏が共に力を持ち拮抗するが、大内氏は毛利氏に攻められ滅亡する。
- Yoshitaka OUCHI died because of internal conflict of the Ouchi clan, Haruhisa AMAKO, who became shugo for eight countries and the Sue clan, which used Yoshinaga OUCHI as a puppet acquired power and stood against each other, but the Ouchi clan was ruined by the attack by the Mori clan.
- 義朝は東国への脱出を図るが途中で頼朝とはぐれ、朝長・義隆を失い、12月29日尾張国内海荘司・長田忠致の邸にたどり着いたところを鎌田正家とともに殺害された。
- Yoshitomo was planning to escape to safety in the Kanto, but along the way got separated from Yoritomo and lost Yorinaga and Yoshitaka as well, until at last, on February 15, just as he arrived at the residence of Tadamune OSADA, he and his companion Masaie KANATA were slain.
- さらに室町幕府では嘉吉の乱による混乱もあり、43年7月に将軍足利義勝が死去、足利義政が8代将軍となるが、就任までは間があり、事件はその最中に起こっている。
- Additionally, the Muromachi bakufu was in disorder because of the Kakitsu Rebellion and this incident occurred between the time after Yoshinori ASHIKAGA died in in July 1443, and Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA became the 8th shogun.
- これは平安時代の政権が律令に基づいて死刑として処罰した数少ない事例であり、これ以降1156年の保元の乱で源為義が死刑執行されるまで約350年間一件も無い。
- This was one of the rare cases where a government of the Heian period executed someone based on ritsuryo, and after this, the death penalty was not used for about 350 years until the execution of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, which was carried out during the Hogen Disturbance in 1156.
- 1720年(享保5年)に著された「大明律例訳義」は人道・恤刑思想を重視して正確かつ平易(当時の日本で使われている用語に置き換えた)を旨とした全訳書である。
- Authored in 1720, 'Daiminritsureiyakugi' is a complete translation based on accuracy and simplicity (translated into terms used in Japan at that time), with a focus on thoughts on humanity and merciful punishment.
- 天正3年(1575年)、長篠の戦いの後、武田氏の外戚である木曾義昌(武田信玄の娘・真理姫の夫)は武田勝頼より秋山信友が守る美濃国岩村城の支援を命じられた。
- In 1575, after the Battle of Nagashino, Yoshimasa KISO (who was married to Marihime, Shingen TAKEDA's daughter), a maternal relative of the Takeda clan, was ordered by Katsuyori TAKEDA to support Nobumoto AKIYAMA in defending Iwamura-jo Castle in Mino Province.
- その後、信長は伊勢国の北畠具教、河内国の三好義継、大和国の松永久秀ら、畿内における諸大名をことごとく支配下に置き、畿内に一大勢力圏を築くに至ったのである。
- After that, Nobunaga subjugated all daimyos (Japanese feudal lord) in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) such as Tomonori KITABATAKE of Ise Province, Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI of Kawachi Province and Hisahide MATSUNAGA of Yamato Province, and gained control over the majority of the Kinai region.
- その後、江戸時代に入り、商工業の発展や社会に浸透していた文書主義などにより、実務教育の需要が一層高まり、先ず江戸や京都などの都市部に寺子屋が普及して行った。
- Later, in the Edo period, with the development of commerce and trade, and with the rise in importance of documents, the demand for practical education grew, which led to the spread of Terakoya initially in city areas such as Edo and Kyoto.
- 特に管領 細川政元は征夷大将軍足利義稙を追放し、次期将軍に幼い足利義澄を擁立しこれを傀儡化させ、幕政を牛耳っており、室町幕府は事実上、細川氏の政権となった。
- Especially, Masamoto HOSOKAWA expelled Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), backed up Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA who was still too young to become the next shogun, made Yoshizumi a puppet, and controlled the politics of the bakufu, and the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, became the administration of the Hosokawa clan.
- 絶海中津は義弘の忠節は隠れ無きものであり、世の噂を信じるべきではない、また満弘の子への恩賞がないのは上洛しないために行賞できないからだと重ねて上洛を促した。
- Chushin ZEKKAI responded by saying that he saw that Yoshihiro's loyalty was beyond question, and that one cannot trust the rumors the world produces he also reiterated his advice to go the capital, claiming that the reason no reward had been conferred on Mitsuhiro's son was that Yoshihiro had not obeyed the summons to Kyoto in the first place.
- 弟の細川頼元は管領に就任し、頼之自身もその後幕政の中心に復帰していることから、この政変は頼之からの自立を望んだ義満の提唱によって起こされたものと考えられる。
- But given that his younger brother Yorimoto HOSOKAWA assumed the position of kanrei, and the fact that Yoriyuki himself was eventually able to stage a political comeback and return to the inner circle of the shogunate, it is thought that this coup may have been instigated by Yoshimitsu, who wished to achieve independence from Yoriyuki.
- 永禄11年(1568年)には前将軍・足利義輝の弟・足利義昭を奉じて上洛し、それまで京都にて政権を確立していた三好・松永政権を追放・屈服させることに成功した。
- In 1568, with Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, brother of the former shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA as his lord, Nobunaga successfully banished and subdued Miyoshi and Matsunaga and their administration which had been in power in Kyoto.
- 一方、朝鮮の両班階層(支配層)の間では明の援軍のおかげにより朝鮮は滅亡を免れたのだという意識(「再造之恩」)が強調され、明への恩義を重視する思想が広まった。
- On the other hand, among yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea) (ruling class) of Korea, understanding that Korea could narrowly avoid ruin thanks to reinforcements from Ming ('再造之恩') was underscored and the thought to attach importance to gratitude towards Ming spread widely.
- それまでの歴史から後鳥羽は、ほどなく義時が討ち取られ、関東武士たちも帰順すると見込んでいたが、幕府側は、頼朝以来の御恩を訴え、御家人の大多数を味方につけた。
- Considering the history so far, Gotoba expected that Yoshitoki would soon be killed and that the Kanto Samurai Group would submit, but the bakufu faction called in its favors since the time of Yoritomo and allied with the majority of gokenin.
- 反面、河内国の源氏本領を相続し同地に本拠を置きつづけた、源義家の六男(あるいは五男とも)の源義時の子孫である石川源氏をしてその後の河内源氏と見る見方もある。
- On the other hand, the alternative view is that Ishikawa-Genji, the descendants of MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki, sixth (or fifth) son of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, that inherited the main domain of Genji in Kawachi Province is the Kawachi-Genji thereafter.
- 将軍の足利義昭が音頭を取り、比叡山、本願寺、武田信玄、上杉謙信、朝倉義景、浅井長政、松永久秀、三好三人衆、毛利輝元ら反信長派が結集して信長包囲網を築き上げた。
- Under the leadership of shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, anti-Nobunaga forces such as Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, Hieizan (Enryaku-ji Temple), Hongan-ji Temple, Shingen TAKEDA, Kenshin UESUGI, Yoshikage ASAKURA, Nagamasa AZAI, Hisahide MATSUNAGA, Miyoshi sanninshu, and Terumoto MORI gathered together and established encircling formation.
- これに対して、義弘は政道を諌めるため関東(関東公方足利満兼)と同心しており、ここで上洛すれば約束を違える事になる、来月2日に関東とともに上洛すると言い放った。
- In response, Yoshihiro declared that he had formed an alliance with the Kanto (the kubo, or shogunal representative of Kanto, Mitsukane ASHIKAGA) to remonstrate with the shogunate's policies, and to go now to Kyoto would violate the terms of that alliance, but said he would be marching on Kyoto together with Mitsukane on the second day of the following month.
- 保元の乱では国家による公的な動員だったのに対して今回はクーデターのための隠密裏の召集であり、義朝が組織できたのは私的武力に限られ兵力は僅少だったと推測される。
- Whereas the mobilization during the Hogen Rebellion had been public, sanctioned by the state, this time the order to muster had to be given in the utmost secrecy due to the coup, and so Yoshitomo was only able to assemble what soldiers he had immediately around him; it is conjectured that his army, in the end, numbered very few indeed.
- 小西軍の脱出が阻まれてていることが確認されると泗川から撤退してきた島津義弘の他、立花宗茂、寺沢広高、宗義智らの諸将は救援に向かうために水軍を編成して進撃した。
- After confirming the Konishi clan troops were obstructed, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, who had retreated from Sacheon, and other commanders such as Muneshige TACHIBANA, Hirotaka TERASAWA and Yoshitomo SO organized the naval troops and made an attack to rescue the Konishi clan troops.
- 気候変動枠組条約および京都議定書により定められた義務については、その約束が遵守されることを担保するため、罰則規定のように機能する規定が設けられることとなった。
- As for duties subscribed by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, in order to make the duties fulfilled, regulations which would function as penalties were set up.
- ただし現代では、神話伝説を歴史的事実の反映であるとして自説にあうようにそれらしく解釈することは水掛け論を生むばかりで、あまり有意義な議論とは考えられていない。
- Interpreting myth and legend as reflections of historical fact, however, can lead to support for any theory, which only paves the way to endless dispute.
- このため、領主の所有地から離れた場所で生活する農民も少なくなく、このような農民は領地(領主の直轄地)で労役義務を果たす代わりに金銭納入を行うようになっていった。
- For this reason, few farmers lived far from the land owned by the lords and the farmers who lived far from there came to pay their dues in cash instead of doing labor services on the land directly controlled by the lords.
- 大内義隆(義興の子)は宿敵の少弐資元(政資の子)に止めを刺すべく筑前国守護代杉興連に命じて大内方の北九州の諸将を率いさせ、資元の居城肥前国勢福寺城を攻撃させた。
- Yoshitaka OUCHI (a son of Yoshioki) ordered Okitsura SUGI, Shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable) of Chikuzen Province, to lead the warlords of Kitakyushu in the Ouchi side to attack Seifukuji-jo Castle in Hizen Province, the castle of Sukemoto SHONI (a son of Sukemoto SHONI) in Hizen Province.
- 年貢については、石高を村落全体で集計した村高(むらだか)に応じた額が、村の年貢量とされ、年貢納入は村落が一括納入の義務を負う村請(むらうけ)の形態が採用された。
- The murauke system (a village's collective responsibility for tax payment) was established in order to collect the nengu from the village as a collective unit, in which an amount of nengu was determined from the total kokudaka of the entire village.
- 三浦義澄は義平の叔父、上総介広常は義朝を養君として擁立していた上総氏の嫡子、山内首藤氏は源氏譜代の家人であり、いずれも義朝と個人的に深い関係を有する武士である。
- Yoshizumi MIURA was Yoshihira's uncle while Hidetsune KAZUSANOSUKE was the heir of the Kazusa clan, who backed Yoshitomo, having adopted him as their liege lord, and the Yamanouchi-Sudo clan had been vassals of the Minamoto for many generations, meaning that all of these warriors had close personal relationships with Yoshitomo.
- しかし、この時期も含めて義輝は度々長慶暗殺を試みており、その試みが自身の権力基盤を強化するどころか突き崩すものである事に考えが至らなかった事を強く示唆している。
- However, Yoshiteru made many attempts to assassinate Nagayoshi, including some in this period, and this fact strongly suggests that he did not realize such attempts would rather undermine the basis of his power than strengthen it.
- 足利政権では古代の継体天皇の先例を持ち出し、光厳生母の広義門院を治天とし、8月に三種の神器のないまま光厳皇子の弥仁親王の践祚を行い、後光厳天皇として即位させる。
- The Ashikaga government brought out the previous example of Emperor Keitai and made Kogon's biological mother, Kogimonin the Chiten and made Kogon's prince, Imperial Prince Iyahito ascend the throne as Emperor Gokogon without the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family in September and October.
- また、京都や大坂などの大きな町では江戸時代初期から伊藤仁斎が古義堂を開くなど私塾を構えるところもあったが、江戸中期くらいから郷村で村塾といわれる私塾が出てきた。
- In big cities such as Kyoto and Osaka, private schools, such as Kogido school opened by Jinsai ITO, had existed since early in the Edo period, but after around the middle of the Edo period, private schools called village schools appeared in rural areas.
- これは旗本に江戸常駐を原則として義務付けたことによって旗本が生産地である知行地から切り離されて消費者に転化してその生活が苦しくなったという事情が大きく働いていた。
- This was largely due to the hatamoto having become consumers and having led hard lives after being separated from their territories which was the production center, because they were, in principle, obliged to stay in Edo year round.
- しかしながら、雑徭はその補完でしかない(日本は戸を等級で分けて等級ごとに負担する労役を定める差科制を採らなかった為に等級に依らない雑徭が義務化された)としている。
- However, in Japan the saka system, in which the ko (an administrative unit of a few families under the Ritsuryo system) was classified by rank and the labor was allocated according to rank, was not adopted and therefore the zoyo, free of rank, was mandated.
- ここで、正成が後醍醐天皇に、状況が宮方に有利な今のうちに足利方と和睦する事を進言するが、後醍醐はこれを退け、義貞を総大将とする尊氏追討の軍を西国へ向けて派遣した。
- During this time, Masashige advised Emperor Godaigo that peace be made with the Ashikaga faction now that circumstances were beneficial for the imperial faction but the emperor rejected this and dispatched a force with Yoshisada as supreme commander westward to kill Takauji.
- 商法で、自己の名をもって他人のために物品の販売又は買い入れをすることを業とする者と定義されており(b商法第551条)、問屋の行う売買は他人の計算においてなされる。
- The commercial code defines it as one who conducts distribution or purchases for others, under one's name, as a business, (Article 551 of the commercial code) and the buying and selling that is conducted by Toiya is determined by others.
- 将軍家々宰の伊勢貞親は8代将軍足利義政の信任を良いことに、管領家の一つ斯波氏のお家騒動に介入し斯波義敏と斯波義廉の間をとりなして私腹を肥やし、幕政を混乱に陥れた。
- Taking advantage of the trust placed in him by eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA's, shogun family steward Sadachika ISE filled his own pockets and plunged the bakufu into chaos by intervening the internal troubles of the Shiba clan among Kanrei families (families in the position of the shogunal deputy) and by mediating between Yoshitoshi SHIBA and Yoshikado SHIBA.
- 京都で足利高氏の兵が六波羅探題を滅ぼし、新田義貞が鎌倉を攻め、北条高時ら北条氏一族を滅ぼし鎌倉幕府が滅亡すると、後醍醐は赤松氏や楠木氏に迎えられて京都へ帰還する。
- In Kyoto, Takauji ASHIKAGA's samurai destroyed the local magistrate at Rokuhara while Yoshisada NITTA mounted an attack against Kamakura itself; after Takatoki HOJO and the entire Hojo clan had been killed and (thereby) the Kamakura bakufu had been destroyed, Emperor Godaigo was met by Akamatsu and Kusunoki clans, and they all returned to the capital in triumph.
- 文治元年(1185年)2月、屋島の戦いに勝利した義経は、1箇月かけて軍備を整えつつ河野通信や船所正利など水軍勢力を味方に引き入れ、瀬戸内海の制海権を握っていった。
- Yoshitsune, fresh off his victory at the battle of Okushima in March, 1185, spent a month resupplying and readying his army, and won over warriors possessing significant naval forces like Tsunenobu KANO and Masatoshi FUNATO as allies, establishing his control over the Seto Inland Sea.
- 尾張の織田信長が足利義昭を擁して上洛の大軍を興すと六角氏は敵対し、9月13日に信長に支城の箕作城を落とされると、六角義賢・六角義治は観音寺城から逃げ無血開城した。
- The Rokkaku clan fought against the great army that Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, as the Shogun, and Nobunaga ODA, who was from Owari Province, formed in order to go to Kyoto, and after the defeat of the subsidiary castle - Mitsukuri-jo Castle on September 13, Yoshikata ROKKAKU and Yoshiharu ROKKAKU fled Kannonji-jo Castle without any resistance.
- 実際、この前後から現代日本人が俗に戦国大名と呼んで親しんでいる武田信玄、上杉謙信、北条氏康、大友義鎮、島津貴久などの華々しい活躍が始まり全国の戦国騒乱が本格化する。
- In fact, at around this time, Shingen TAKEDA, Kenshin UESUGI, Ujiyasu HOJO, Yoshishige OTOMO, Takahisa SHIMAZU and so on, who were commonly referred to as sengoku daimyo by people in contemporary Japan, started their energetic activities, and disturbances gained momentum all over Japan.
- この時の設置が実は征夷大将軍足利義政正室である日野富子の収入となっていたことが明らかになると、民衆の不満が爆発し、同年から2年にわたる山城土一揆のきっかけとなった。
- This setup turned out to fund the income for Tomiko HINO, the lawful wife of Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdued the barbarians') Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, and as a result, people vented their frustrations in the form of an uprising in Yamashiro Province which lasted for two years from that very year.
- これに例外はある(義政の東山殿会所)が、その場合は会所の中でも、たとえば将軍の居室として定められたところに接していて、会所の本質たる主室に接するところにはなかった。
- However, there was an exception (Higashidono Kaisho of Yoshimasa) even among Kaisho for it was connected to a place designated as a living quarter for the shogun, and it was not connected to the true nature of Kaisho or the master guest room.
- この顔ぶれからも推察されるように、この京大人文研の活動範囲は狭義の人文科学から自然科学の領域にまでまたがった学際的なもので、今西は自らの学問領域を自然学とも称した。
- As inferable from these members, the activity range of this Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, is interdisciplinary from narrow cultural science to natural science and IMANISHI also called his own academic field Physica.
- この梅北一揆はもともと遅れ気味であった島津氏の文禄の役参陣をさらに遅らせてしまう結果となり、島津義弘をもってして「日本一の遅陣」と言わしめるほどの失態につながった。
- Umekita ikki caused the further delay in sending of troops from the Shimazu clan that was already late in the Bunroku Campaign, as Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, the head of the Shimazu clan, recognized it as 'the slowest dispatch of troops in the country.'
- また、これに関連して義材派の山城守護・伊勢貞陸(貞宗の子)が、山城国一揆を主導してきた国人層を懐柔して政元への抵抗を試み、また、政元も対抗策として同様の措置を採った。
- Also, in connection to this, the military governor of Yamashiro, Sadamichi ISE (the son of Sadamune), who was close to Yoshiki, won over the local samurai class who had led an uprising in Yamashiro Province and tried to resist Masamoto, and Masamoto used the same technique as a countermeasure.
- 義政は子供に恵まれなかったために弟の足利義視を養子として後継者にする予定であったが、富子に息子・足利義尚が生まれると、後継者を巡って義視支持派と義尚支持派が対立した。
- Yoshimasa was not fortunate enough to have any sons, so he adopted his younger brother Yoshimi ASHIKAGA and appointed him his heir, but when Tomiko gave birth to a son, Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, two rival factions, the faction supporting Yoshimi and the one supporting Yoshihisa, came into conflict.
- 3代将軍足利義満が京都室町に花の御所を造営し歴代将軍が住んだ事から、足利将軍の事を室町殿(むろまちどの)と呼び、後に幕府を室町幕府、時代を室町時代と呼ぶようになった。
- The third Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, had a shogunal palace, the Hana no Gosho (Flower Palace) built for himself on Muromachi street in Kyoto, and successive generations of Shogun continued living there, leading to the Ashikaga Shoguns being called 'Muromachi-dono' (the Lord of Muromachi), which led in turn to the bakufu being called the 'Muromachi bakufu,' and the period the 'Muromachi period.'
- また、秀吉のもとに徳川家康・上杉景勝・毛利輝元・大友義統など各地の戦国大名が相次いで使者を派遣し、戦勝を慶賀し親交を求めたことも秀吉の畿内における権力掌握を象徴した。
- In addition, warlords across the country, including Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Kagekatsu UESUGI, Terumoto MORI and Yoshimune OTOMO, dispatched envoys to Hideyoshi one after another to celebrate his victory and to establish friendly relations with him, all of which also symbolized Hideyoshi's assumption of power in the Kinai Region.
- 同年、源義経・源行家が頼朝政権の内規に違反したことを契機に、頼朝は両者追討の院宣を後白河法皇から獲得するとともに、両者の追捕を名目に、守護・地頭の任免権を承認させた。
- In the same year, when MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and MINAMOTO no Yukiie breached the bylaws of the Yoritomo administration, Yoritomo received an inzen (a decree from the retired emperor) from Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa to seek and destroy both of them and, in the name of this task, had the retired emperor approve his right to appoint and dismiss Shugo and Jito.
- 翌天正16年(1588年)1月、最上家の本家にあたり正室の実家でもある大崎氏の内紛に伊達政宗が武力介入すると(大崎合戦)、義光は政宗を討つべく大崎領に援軍を派遣した。
- When Masamune DATE intervened in an internal disturbance of the Osaki clan by using force, which is called the Battle of Osaki in January and February 1588, since the Osaki family was the head house of the Mogami family as well as the family home of Yoshiaki's lawful wife, Yoshiaki sent reinforcements to Osaki's territory.
- 学連はまたたくまに会員1600名を擁する大組織に成長し、マルクス主義の普及・研究を標榜するとともに労働争議や労働者教育運動(京都労働学校など)への支援を積極的に行った。
- The Gakuren expanded rapidly to have 1600 members, advocated diffusion and studies of Marxism, as well as actively supported labor dispute and educational movement for laborers (Kyoto Rodo Gakko [Kyoto Labor School]) and so forth.
- このとき陽明門を警護していた源光保、光基は門の守りを放棄して寝返るが、光保は美福門院の家人で政治的には二条親政派であり、信西打倒のため義朝に協力していたに過ぎなかった。
- At this point, MINAMOTO no Mitsuyasu and Mitsumoto, who were charged with guarding the Yomeimon gate, abandoned their posts at the gate and switched sides, but after all, Mitsuyasu was a retainer to Bifukumonin and thus politically a member of the Nijo direct rule faction, and had merely temporarily collaborated with Yoshitomo to strike down Shinzei, and had not entered a permanent alliance with him.
- 義昭は先の義栄将軍宣下の関係者の処分を要求し、関白近衛前久と参議高倉永相は石山本願寺を頼って逃亡し、権中納言勧修寺晴右は蟄居、参議水無瀬親氏は義栄とともに阿波に下った。
- Yoshiaki demanded punishment of those who had tried to have Yoshiteru proclaimed as Shogun; Sakihisa KONOE, (Chief Advisor to the Emperor) and Nagasuke TAKAKURA, Councilor, fled to Ishiyamahongan-ji Temple to take refuge, Gon chunagon (Deputy Middle Level Councilor) Haremigi KAJUJI shut up himself in his house as an expression of repentance, and Councilor Chikauji MINASE accompanied Yoshihide in his exile to Awa.
- 川勝広継は12代将軍足利義晴、13代将軍足利義輝に仕え、北桑田郡美山町静原の島城を本城とし、八木の守護代内藤氏、京北の宇津氏、篠山の波多野氏など、丹波の武将と対峙した。
- Hirotsugu KAWAKATSU served the 12th Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA and the 13th Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, setting the family's base at Shima-jo Castle in Miyamacho-shizuhara (Kita-kuwata County) to counter the other strong commanders of Tanba Province such as the Naito clan who had been Shugodai (Deputy of Shugo, provincial constable) of Yagi, the Uzu clan of Keihoku, and the Hatano clan of Sasayama.
- 以仁王と頼政の挙兵は短期間で失敗したが、その影響は大きく、以仁王の令旨を奉じた源頼朝や源義仲、甲斐源氏、近江源氏などが各地で蜂起し、治承・寿永の乱の幕を開けることになる。
- Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa's uprising was brief and ended in failure, but it had profound effects, with Mochihito's princely command used as justification and rallying cry for local insurrections launched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, the Kai Genji, and the Omi Genji among others, marking the true beginning of the Genpei War (the Jisho-Juei war between the Minamoto and the Taira).
- それ故、栄西の『興禅護国論』、日蓮の『守護国家論』、『立正安国論』など、鎌倉新仏教の開祖たちによって、仏教の思想(自派の教義)こそ国を救うものであると盛んに説かれている。
- Therefore, the founders of Kamakura New Buddhism had energetically preached that Buddhist doctrines of their school would save the country, for example, Eisai's 'Kozengokoku-ron' and Nichiren's 'Shugo kokka-ron' (Treatise on protection of the nation) and 'Rissho Ankoku-ron' (Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching).
- 何ぞ文部省側の主張の如く一時の変態として之を看過するを得んや」「日本帝国に於て真に人格の判定を為すの標準は知識徳行の優劣より先づ国民的情操、即ち大義名分の明否如何に在り。
- How can we allow this to be overlooked as suggested by the Education Ministry, because it was just a temporary anomaly?'; 'In Imperial Japan, the true way of determining character is not by knowledge or good deeds but by national emotions, in other words, the cause.
- 関門海峡は潮の流れの変化が激しく、水軍の運用に長けた平氏軍はこれを熟知しており、早い潮の流れに乗ってさんざんに矢を射かけて、海戦に慣れない坂東武者の義経軍を押しまくった。
- The changing of the tides in the Kanmon straits is very strong, and the Taira navy, who had a thorough understanding of the tides there, was able to ride the rapid tidal current and rain down arrows on the enemy, and kept pushing back the Yoshitsune's army, the warriors from the east Japan, who were unused to fighting at sea.
- 義満は奉公衆と呼ばれる軍事力を整え、有力守護大名の山名氏や大内氏を挑発してそれぞれ明徳の乱、応永の乱で追討し、将軍権力を固めて、南北朝合一を行い天皇に迫る権力を確立する。
- Yoshimitsu also formed an auxiliary military force, called the Hokoshu, and worked to provoke two influential shugo daimyo families, the Yamana clan in the Meitoku Rebellion and the Ouchi clan in the Oei Rebellion, successfully suppressing both, and thereby strengthened the power of the bakufu, managing to unify the Northern and Southern Courts and eventually superceding the emperor's authority.
- 天皇の住む都を「上」とする事から用いられ、特に江戸幕府は三河国以西の畿内(大和国・山城国・摂津国・河内国・和泉国)三州(近江国・丹波国・播磨国)を、「上方筋」と定義した。
- The city where the emperor lived was called 'kami' and the Edo government defined Kinai, west of the Mikawa Province (the Yamato, Yamashiro, Settsu, Kawachi and Izumi Provinces) and Sanshu (the Omi, Tanba and Harima Provinces) as 'Kamigatasuji.'
- 室町幕府第3代征夷大将軍となった足利義満は太政大臣に昇り、更に治天の君の持つ政治的権限を手中にして永徳期以後は自らの手で家門・家領一括安堵を行って公家社会を支配下に置いた。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Muromachi shogun, became Grand Minister with the political authority of a chiten no kimi; after the Eitoku period, he independently approved families and their estates en bloc, and exercised control over the court nobles.
- 巡礼は、体力的、経済的に可能な者に、一生に一度は行なうよう義務付けられている行為であるが、巡礼を果たしたムスリム(イスラム教徒)は、「ハーッジー」と呼ばれ、特に尊敬される。
- The pilgrimage is a duty to be fulfilled at least once during a lifetime for all followers who are physically and financially able, and a Muslim who has completed the pilgrimage is greatly respected and called 'al-haji.'
- 「自家優先主義」との批判もあるが、これにより結果的には260年以上続く長期安定政権の基盤を確立し、「天下泰平」という日本語が生まれるほどの相対的平和状態を日本にもたらした。
- Although being criticized for the 'favoritism to relatives,' it resulted in establishing the basis for the long-term stable government which lasted more than 260 years, and in bringing about such a relatively peaceful state in Japan as a set phrase, 'Tenkataihei' (the peaceful and tranquil world), coined.
- この後幕府は、17世紀中葉までに、武家諸法度の発布や参勤交代の義務化、有力大名の改易などを通して、諸大名との主従制を確固たるものとし、朝廷統制を強め、幕府官僚機構を整備した。
- After this, the bakufu solidified the master-servant relationship with each daimyo by around the middle of 17th century, through enacting Buke shohatto (laws for the military households), making Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) obligatory, and conducting Kaieki operations (forfeiting the rank of samurai and properties) for powerful daimyo, strengthened control of the Imperial Court, and established its government officer system.
- 後に室町幕府の14代征夷大将軍・足利義栄が将軍就任の御礼に朝廷に献上した銭貨や同じく織田信長が正親町天皇の儲君誠仁親王の元服の際に献上した銭貨が鐚銭ばかりであると非難された。
- It was criticized that the coins contained mostly akusen, the coins which Yoshihide ASHIKAGA, the 14th seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu presented to the Imperial court as a reward for the assumption of the Shogun, and coins which Nobunaga ODA presented at the ceremony of genpuku (celebration of one's coming of age) for Imperial Prince Sanehito, the chokun (crown prince) of Emperor Ogimachi.
- そのため、義政がこれ以上の政治参加に倦んで義尚に突然将軍を譲って引退しても、また両軍の総大将である細川勝元・山名宗全が相次いで病死しても諸大名は兵を撤退させることは無かった。
- This only caused Yoshimasa to lose what little interest he had left in politics, prompting him suddenly to relinquish the position of Shogun to Yoshihisa and retire, but the conflict between the two armies continued, and even after the successive natural deaths by illness of each army's supreme commanders, Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and Sozen YAMANA, the various daimyo did not withdraw their forces.
- この合議制の中心にいたのは頼家の外戚にあたる北条氏であり、北条時政・北条義時父子は他の有力御家人を次々と滅ぼしていった(1200年:梶原景時の変、1203年:比企能員の変)。
- The central persons of the parliamentary system were Hojo clan, maternal relatives of Yoriie, and the father and son of Tokimasa HOJO and Yoshitoki HOJO abolished the other senior vassals in sequence (1200: the incident of Kagetoki KAJIWARA, 1203: the Conspiracy of Yoshikazu HIKI).
- しかし、予想に反して義昭側近の細川幽斎・明智光秀らが奮戦し、更に翌日には池田勝正や三好義継・伊丹親興が救援に駆けつけたために挟撃される格好となった三好三人衆は敗走したのである。
- However against all odds, because Yoshiaki's close aids Yusai HOSOKAWA and Mitsuhide AKECHI fought a good fight, and Katsumasa IKEDA and Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI arrived to rescue them the next day, Miyoshi sanninshu took escaped the pincer movement.
- こうした歴史学の発展の一方で、歴史学と国家主義的な歴史観との衝突も発生していた(「神道は祭天の古俗」事件、南北朝時代 (日本)南北朝正閏論と後世への影響、天皇機関説事件など)。
- While history advanced in this way, collisions between history and nationalistic views of history occurred (for example, the incident of 'Shinto is a remnant of the ancient custom of worshiping heaven,' Nanbokucho-Seijunron (an argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), and the incident of the emperor-as-organ theory).
- 摂関政治が確立し始めた9世紀後期から10世紀初頭にかけては、国外へは鎖国主義を採り、国内でも蝦夷侵略がほぼ終結するなど、国内外に大きな脅威がなくなり、国政も安定期に入っていた。
- In the period from the late ninth century to the beginning of the tenth century, when the regency became established, there were no particular threats either at home or abroad because the country took an isolationist policy toward foreign countries, and domestically, the subjugation of the Emishi (Japanese northerners) was almost completed, and the administration had entered a period of stability.
- 新政の当初は院政を行わず、摂政・関白や征夷大将軍などを設置せずに政治権力の一元化を目指しており、表面的には復古王政を装いつつ、内実は先例主義を否定する革新的な政治路線であった。
- In the beginning, the new government did not have any separate government by retired emperors, nor did it make the usual appointments of regent, chief advisor, or Seii taishogun, instead aiming to centralize all political power; superficially, the government was dressed in the guise of a restoration to direct Imperial rule, but in fact it was a government set on a truly progressive course, one that rejected the old principle of putting precedent first.
- 足利政権では将軍尊氏や足利家執事の高師直と実質的政務を任された尊氏実弟の足利直義が対立し、やがて全国的な争乱に発展する観応の擾乱が起こり、これを契機に南朝は再び勢力を回復する。
- The Shogun Takauji and the Ashikaga family chamberlain KO no Moronao became antagonized by Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, who was in charge of the actual governance, leading to the Kanno Disturbance where a nation-wide battle broke out and due to this incident, the Southern Court regained its power.
- マルクス主義歴史学(唯物史観)においては、生産力と生産関係の矛盾を基盤として普遍的な歴史法則を見いだそうとするため、この理論的枠組みを非ヨーロッパ地域にも適用して説明が試みた。
- Marxist history (materialistic concept of history) tries to find out a universal rule of history based on the contradiction between the productive force and the relation of production, and the logical framework was applied to non-European regions as an explanation.
- 十五里ヶ原の戦い(じゅうごりがはらのたたかい)は天正16年(1588年)8月、本庄繁長率いる上杉景勝・大宝寺義勝連合軍と東禅寺義長・東禅寺勝正兄弟率いる最上義光軍との戦である。
- During the Battle of Jugorigahara, which was fought in September and October 1588, the allied troops of Kagekatsu UESUGI and Yoshikatsu DAIHOJI, led by Shigenaga HONJO, fought against Yoshiaki MOGAMI's troops, which were led by the brothers Yoshinaga and Katsumasa TOZENJI.
- その動きは早くは中世から見られるが、一般には江戸時代中期後期以後の儒教や国学 (学問)や復古神道に伴うものを指し、狭義には明治新政府により出された神仏分離令(正式には神仏判然令。
- The earliest movement had already appeared in the Medieval Period, but the Shinbutsu-bunri usually refers to the separation carried out in accordance with the advancement of Confucianism, Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature), and the Fukko-shinto (Reactionary Shintoism) which occurred in and after the mid or late Edo period.In a more limited sense, it refers to the separation carried out throughout the country according to the ordinance issued by the new Meiji government, called Shinbutsu Bunri-rei (officially named Shinbutsu Hanzen-rei, which means the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism), which was a general term representing a series of official notices issued between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, such as the edict of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the notification of the Jingikan (Department of Worship), and the notification of the Daijokan.
- ところが、先に信長によって京都より追放されて摂津国に逃れていた三好三人衆が京都への復権を目指して、信長不在で正月で義昭周辺の気の緩んでいるところを突いて本圀寺を攻撃したのである。
- However, Miyoshi sanninshu, who were in exile in Settsu Province expelled by Nobunaga from Kyoto earlier, with the aim of gaining power in Kyoto again, attacked Honkoku-ji Temple while Nobunaga was absent from Kyoto, and when the guards of Yoshiaki let their guard down during the New Year.
- 信頼は清盛が味方についたことを喜ぶが、義朝は信親を警護していた清盛の郎等(難波経房・館貞保・平盛信・伊藤景綱)が「一人当千」の武者であることから危惧を抱いたという(『古事談』)。
- It is said that although Nobuyori was delighted to have secured Kiyomori as an ally, Yoshitomo, who noticed that the retainers of Kiyomori (NANIWA no Tsunefusa, Sadafusa TACHI, TAIRA no Morinobu, and Kagetsuna ITO) sent to escort Nobuchika back were all renowned 'warriors worth a thousand,' meaning each one of them was rumored to be the match of a thousand regular soldiers, which caused him to feel misgivings (as recorded in the 'Kojidan,' Old Setsuwa Tales).
- 反頼之派は義満に対して頼之の排斥、討伐を要請し、近江で反頼之派に転じた佐々木高秀が挙兵すると、鎌倉公方の足利氏満が呼応して軍事行動を起こそうとし上杉憲春に諌死される事件も起こる。
- The anti-Yoriyuki faction asked Yoshimitsu for permission to expel and subjugate Yoriyuki, and when Takahide SASAKI, who had switched to the anti-Yoriyuki faction, raised an army at Omi, Ujimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Shogun's representative at Kamakura, prepared to begin military action in response, it also happened that Noriharu UESUGI committed suicide to remonstrate with him about this course of action.
- その後、平氏は西国の諸勢力を組織して戦争に当たっていたが、元暦2年(1185年)3月、関門海峡での最終決戦(壇ノ浦の戦い)で源義経軍に敗れて滅亡し、平氏政権は名実ともに消滅した。
- Later, the Taira clan organized the various forces of the west and continued to battle, but at the final pitched battle at the Kanmon Channel in March 1185, (Battle of Dannoura), they lost to MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's forces and the Taira clan administration ended in both name and actuality.
- 1391年(元中8年/明徳2年)の明徳の乱で有力守護の山名氏を弱体化させ、武家勢力を統率した義満は、和泉国・紀伊国の守護で南朝と領地を接する大内義弘の仲介で本格的交渉を開始する。
- The Meitoku Rebellion in 1391 weakened the prominent provincial constable Yamana's clan, and with the samurai families united under Yoshimitsu, he had Yoshihiro OUCHI, who was the provincial constable of Isumi and Kii Provinces and whose property lay next to the Southern Court, to intervene and start serious negotiations.
- 丹波国は細川頼元、丹後国は一色満範、美作国は赤松義則、和泉国・紀伊国は大内義弘、但馬国は山名時熙、因幡国は山名氏家、伯耆国は山名氏幸、隠岐国・出雲国は京極高詮にそれぞれ与えられた。
- Tamba Province was given to Yorimoto HOSOKAWA, Tango Province was given to Mitsunori ISSHIKI, Mimasaka Province was given to Yoshinori AKAMATSU, Izumi and Kii Provinces were given to Yoshihiro OUCHI, Tajima Province was given to Tokihiro YAMANA, Inaba Province was given to Ujiie YAMANA, Hoki Province was given to Ujiyuki YAMANA, and Oki and Izumo Provinces were given to Takanori KYOGOKU.
- 義貞は播磨国の白旗城に篭城する足利方の赤松則村(円心)を攻めている間に時間を空費し、この間に尊氏は多々良浜の戦いで九州を制覇して体制を立て直すと、京都奪還をめざして東進をはじめた。
- Yoshisada wasted time during his assault on Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin) of the Ashikaga faction who was held up within Shirahata-jo Castle of Harima Province, and during this time Takauji conquered Kyushu in the Battle of Tatarahama and regrouped before heading east with the aim of recapturing Kyoto.
- 六月の嘉吉の乱で将軍足利義教が殺されると政治的混乱の中「代初めの徳政」を求めて(天下一同の徳政令)京都近江坂本の馬借を中心に農民が蜂起、地侍が指導し、数万人の一揆にふくれあがった。
- In the political turmoil after the assassination of Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA in the Kakitsu War, the farming population lead by bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) in Omi Sakamoto in Kyoto rose up in rebellion to demand 'daihajime-no-tokusei (acts of virtuous government requested at shogun replacement)' (Tenkaichido no Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order for all throughout the country)), which was directed by jizamurai (local samurai) and lead to an uprising by tens of thousands of people.
- 伏見城攻めの総大将は宇喜多秀家、副将は小早川秀秋で、その他に毛利秀元、吉川広家、小西行長、島津義弘、長宗我部盛親、長束正家、鍋島勝茂などが攻城側に参加し、総勢4万人の大軍であった。
- The army, which was attacking Fushimi-jo Castle, consisted of 40,000 soldiers led by Hideie UKITA, the commander-in-chief, and Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA, the adjutant general, with other members including Hidemoto MORI, Hiroie YOSHIKAWA, Yukinaga KONISHI, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, Morichika CHOSOKABE, Masaie NAGATSUKA and Katsushige NABESHIMA.
- 義尚の死後、将軍の座は義視の子・足利義稙が継承していたが、義材と対立した政元は、義材と結ぶ元管領畠山政長を討つと、明応の政変を引き起こして義材を追放して足利義澄を新将軍に擁立した。
- Following Yoshihisa's death, the position of Shogun passed to Yoshimi's son Yoshitane (more commonly known as 'Yoshiki') ASHIKAGA, but when Masamoto, who was embroiled in a conflict with Yoshiki, struck down the former Kanrei Masanaga HATAKEYAMA, who was allied with Yoshiki, the Meio Coup began; Yoshiki was driven into exile and Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA was installed as the new Shogun.
- 幸い人的被害はなかったが、国宝の舎利殿(金閣)が全焼し、創建者である室町幕府3代将軍、足利義満の木像(当時国宝)、観音菩薩像、阿弥陀如来像、仏教経巻などの文化財6点も灰燼に帰した。
- Fortunately, no one was hurt, but Shariden (Kinkaku), a national treasure, was completely burned down and six other cultural properties such as a wooden statue of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (national treasure at the time), the third Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the founder of Kinkaku-ji Temple, a statue of Kannon Bosatsu (Bodhisattva of Merciful Godess), a statue of Amitabha Tathagatae and Buddhist canons were also lost in the fire.
- 一方、吉宗の侍医として仕えていた荻生は「大明律例訳義」が原文を載せていないことに批判的で1723年(享保8年)に明律原文に校訂・句読を施した「官准刊行明律(訓点本明律)」を著した。
- Meanwhile, Ogyu who served as the court physician for Yoshimune, was critical of the fact that 'Daiminritsureiyakugi' did not contain the original text, and in 1723, authored 'Kanjunkankominritsu' (kuntenbonminritsu), which added revisions and punctuation to the original Ming code.
- 1580年代、急速に領土を拡大していた山形城主最上義光の攻勢がついに庄内にも及ぶようになると、尾浦城主大宝寺義氏は父・大宝寺義増の代からの盟友本庄繁長の支援を受けてこれに対抗した。
- During the 1580s, when the lord of Yamagatajo Castle, Yoshiaki MOGAMI, who was rapidly expanding his territory, launched an attack on the Shonai district, the lord of Ourajo Castle, Yoshiuji DAIHOJI, confronted Mogami's troops with the help of Shigenaga HONJO, who had been an alliance from the days of his father Yoshimasu DAIHOJI.
- 3月24日、攻め寄せる義経軍水軍に対して、知盛率いる平氏軍が彦島を出撃して、午の刻(12時ごろ)(『玉葉』による、『吾妻鏡』では午前)に関門海峡壇ノ浦で両軍は衝突して合戦が始まった。
- On May 2, the Taira navy under the command of Tomomori sallied forth from Hikoshima in response to Yoshitsune's attacking navy, and at the hour of the horse (about noon - according to the 'Gyokuyo chronicle'; the 'Azuma kagami' claims it was during the morning) the two navies clashed at Dannoura in the Kanmon straits, and the battle was joined.
- 具体的には COP7 および COP/moP1 で決定され、疑義が唱えられた際の審議・判断を行う遵守委員会が設けられるとともに、不遵守時には次のような措置が取られることとなっている。
- Specifically, they were decided in COP7 and COP/moP1, and the compliance committee, which deliberates and judges questions arising, was established; in addition, the following measures are expected to be taken when incompliance takes place.
- 戦前は、平安時代の貴族は天皇から政治実権を奪い、京で遊興にふけった退廃的な存在としてとらえられがちだったが、戦後になり橋本義彦らによって平安期の貴族の実態が次第に明らかとされていった。
- Before the war, the nobles in the Heian Period were regarded to have seized political power from the Emperor and to have pursued a life of pleasure in Kyoto, but after the war, Yoshihiko HASHI
- 自検断権の象徴たるこれらの膨大な刀槍、銃器が完全に廃棄されたのは、第二次世界大戦の敗戦後、警察が軍国主義の排除という名目と占領軍の武力と威光を背景に、没収の実行に成功してからであった。
- It was after losing in the World War II when the police succeeded in confiscating and destroying completely these large amount of swords, spears, and firearms, the symbols of the right of Jikendan, under the guise of elimination of militarism and backed by the force and prestige of the occupation forces.
- さらに義満は叙任権、祭祀権や元号の改元、治罰の綸旨の封印など権限を奪っていき治天の権限を代行して天皇・朝廷の権威は史上最も低下した(『室町の王権』、『天皇家はなぜ続いたのか』今谷明)。
- Because Yoshimitsu usurped the Emperor and Imperial Court's authorities, including patronage, the right to hold a festa, change in era name, and sealing of jibatsu no rinji (imperial order to punish enemies), his ability to carry out actions under Chiten authority resulted in the lowest authority by the Emperor and Imperial Court in history ('Muromachi no oken' (regal power of Muromachi) and 'Tenno-ke wa naze tsuduitanoka' (Why has Emperor's family lasted?) by Akira IMATANI).
- この状況を見た将軍・義輝は上杉謙信(関東管領)をはじめとする親将軍家の戦国大名の支援を受けながら、将軍権威の再建に努めるが、その矢先松永一派のクーデター(永禄の変)によって暗殺された。
- Shogun Yoshiteru observed these events and resolved, even as he accepted the support of Sengoku daimyo families closely allied with the Shogun, especially Kenshin UESUGI (the Kanrei of the Kanto region), to try to wrest back the power and prestige of the office of Shogun, only to be assassinated during a coup d'etat (known as the Eiroku Incident) by the faction led by Matsunaga, who was the primary target of Yoshiteru's efforts.
- 尊氏は鎌倉で直義を追い謀殺するが、南朝はこの機会に京と鎌倉を同時奪還する軍事的進攻を行い、北朝神器の接収、北朝の光厳・光明・崇光天皇三上皇と皇太子直仁親王の拉致を行い一統は破談となる。
- Takauji caught Takayoshi in Kamakura and killed him, but the Southern Court used this chance for military action to grab both Kyoto and Kamakura back, get the Northern Court Sacred Treasures, and kidnap the three retired Emperors Kogon, Komyo, Suko and the Crown Prince Naohito of the Northern Court, which led to peace talks being broken off.
- 日本の歴史上の領主はヨーロッパの農奴制における領主のように無制限に所領の土地と人民を私有財産として所有したのではなく、徴税権・支配権にかかわる一定の権利義務の体系を所持した存在であった。
- Territorial lords in Japanese history were not like those under the serf system in Europe who owned the land and people in his or her territory as his or her private property without any restrictions, but possessed a system of certain rights and responsibilities concerning tax-collecting and territory-control.
- 土豪とは広義には、広域を支配する領主や在地の大豪族に対して、特定の「土地の小豪族」、その地域の「在地の小豪族」という意味もあり、その場合は、地侍の主筋になる在地領主も含まれるからである。
- It is because, compared to Ryoshu and large Gozoku (powerful families) who govern wide regions, Dogo in a broader sense has a meaning of 'small Gozoku specific in the regions,' in which case Dogo includes Zaichi Ryoshu, the lord of the manors of Ji-zamurai.
- 『平家物語』に描かれた平氏随一の剛将として知られ屋島の戦い、壇ノ浦の戦いで義経を苦しめた教経の最後だが、『吾妻鏡』によれば教経はこれ以前の一ノ谷の戦いで討ち死にしているという記述がある。
- The above is the account given in the 'Heike monogatari' of the final moments of Noritsune, known as the greatest of the strong leaders of the Taira clan and a thorn in Yoshitsune's side at both the battle of Okushima and at Dannoura, yet in the 'Azuma kagami,' Noritsune is recorded as having been killed during the battle of Ichinotani.
- 薩摩藩では、島津斉彬が死んだ後、後を継いだ藩主島津忠義の父である島津久光が長州藩を牽制すべく公武合体運動を展開し、藩内の攘夷派を粛清(寺田屋事件)し、幕府に改革を要求した(文久の改革)。
- In Satsuma Domain after the death of Nariakira SHIMAZU, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, a father of the feudal lord Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, advocated the union of the Imperial Court and the shogunate and purged the exclusionist party against foreigners (the Teradaya Incident), while requested the shogunate government to carry out reforms (Bunkyu Reforms).
- また、この以仁王の挙兵には美福門院から八条院に仕えてきた源頼政一族、八条院蔵人の源行家・源仲家、八条院領荘園の在地領主であった源義清 (矢田判官代)・下河辺行平といった武士が関係していた。
- Also involved were: the family of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa who had served Hachijoin since the time of Bifukumonin; Hachijoin's Kurodo (Chamberlain) of MINAMOTO no Yukiie and MINAMOTO no Nakaie; the local lord of the shoen in the Hachijoin-ryo, MINAMOTO no Yoshikiyo (Yada no Hangandai (assistant officer who served an administration organization called Innocho)); and a samurai called Yukihira SHIMOKOBE.
- 織田信長が「上総介」を僭称し松平忠輝が任官し、本多正純、吉良義央、小栗忠順が「上野介」を任官したのも、名目のみとは言え、「上総守」「上野守」の官職が親王のみにしか許されなかったからである。
- The reason why Nobunaga ODA called himself 'Kazusa no suke' and Tadateru MATSUNAGA was appointed to 'Kazusa no suke,' or Masazumi HONDA, Yoshinaka KIRA, and Tadamasa OGURI were appointed to 'Kozuke no suke' was because the use of 'Kazusa no kami' and 'Kozuke no kami' was limited to Imperial Princes, though these titles were only nominal.
- 義満はこの後には将軍直轄の軍事力である奉公衆を整備し、1391年の明徳の乱においては山名氏を、1397年の応永の乱においては大内氏を追討して有力守護を弱体化させ、幕府の支配体制を固めていく。
- After the coup, Yoshimitsu established the Hokoshu, a Shogunal army directly loyal to him, and succeeded in using it to weaken the two most powerful shugo families, the Yamana clan in 1391 during the Meitoku Rebellion and the Ouchi clan in 1397 by means of the Oei Rebellion, thereby solidifying the shogunate's control over the country.
- その結果、法皇は義仲への配慮のため北陸道は除いたが、ほぼ上記の内容を認める寿永二年十月宣旨を頼朝へ発して東海道・東山道の荘園・国衙領を元の通り領家に従わせる権限(沙汰権)が頼朝に認められた。
- As a result, the Cloistered Emperor issued 'Juei Ninen ju gatsu no senji,' an Imperial order close to the content above, except that Hokuriku-do Road was excluded in order to honor Yoshinaka and gave Yoritomo the right (Sata ken) to return shoen and Kokugaryo in the Tokai-do Road and Tosan-do Road back to their owners.
- 天正遣欧少年使節(てんしょうけんおうしょうねんしせつ)は1582年(天正10年)に九州のキリシタン大名、大友義鎮・大村純忠・有馬晴信の名代としてローマへ派遣された4名の少年を中心とした使節団。
- Tensho Ken-o Shonen Shisetsu was a mission of four boys and others dispatched to Rome in 1582, acting for Yoshishige OTOMO, Sumitada OMURA, and Harunobu ARIMA, who were the Christian feudal lords in Kyushu.
- 実家の佐竹氏に戻った義広は名を「蘆名盛重」と改めて、常陸江戸崎城主となる(江戸崎藩)が、関ヶ原の戦いの際には、旗幟を鮮明にしなかった実兄・佐竹義宣 (右京大夫)と行動を共にしたために改易した。
- Yoshihiro returned to his parents' family, renamed himself Morishige ASHINA and became the lord of Edosaki-jo Castle (in the Edosaki Domain), but he was deprived of his territory because he acted in concert with his elder brother, Yoshinobu SATAKE (also known as Ukyo Daibu), without taking a clear stand during the Battle of Sekigahara.
- その語構成からも窺えるように、「サモラフ」の原義は相手の様子をじっと窺うという意味であったが、奈良時代には既に貴人の傍らに控えて様子を窺いつつその命令が下るのを待つという意味でも使用されていた。
- As its roots suggest, the word 'samorafu' originally conveyed the meaning of carefully watching an opponent's actions; in fact, it was already used in the Nara period to communicate the idea of waiting close by to a nobleman on the lookout while awaiting instructions.
- 摂関家は保元の乱によって藤原忠実の知行国・頼長の所領が没収された上に、家人として荘園管理の武力を担っていた源為義が処刑されたことで各地の荘園で紛争が激化するなど、その勢力を大きく後退させていた。
- This branch of regents and advisors had suffered the confiscation of FUJIWARA no Tadazane's chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) as well as Yorinaga's territories due to the Hogen Rebellion, and worse yet the execution of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, a retainer on whose military strength they had increasingly come to rely to manage their shoen properties; as a result, their power had greatly waned, as evidenced by the disputes over ownership of their lands escalating all over the country.
- 天正10年(1582年)2月1日、新府城築城のため更に賦役が増大していたことに不満を募らせた義昌はついに勝頼を裏切り、織田信忠(信長の長男)に弟の上松義豊を人質として差し出し、織田氏に寝返った。
- On February 1, 1582, Yoshimasa, who was displeased with Katsuyori's policy to effectuate another increase in forced labor for the construction of Shinpu-jo Castle, finally betrayed Katsuyori and defected to the Oda clan by sending his younger brother, Yoshitoyo UEMATSU, to Nobutada ODA (Nobunaga's eldest son) as a hostage.
- かつてのソ連や、中華人民共和国など、共産圏の多民族国家での、分離主義を抑制し、強い政治的統合を意図した用語である、ソヴィエト民族、中華民族といった呼称については、日本語でも民族の語で訳されている。
- Terms such as the 'Soviet race' or the 'Chinese race', which were employed by multiethnic states in the communist bloc such as the former Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China with an intention of suppressing the separatism in order to maintain the tight political integration, are translated into Japanese using the term 'minzoku' which means race.
- 1933年4月、内務省 (日本)は滝川の著書『刑法講義』『刑法読本』に対し、その中の内乱罪、姦通罪に関する見解(後者については妻にだけ適用されることを批判した)などを理由として発売禁止処分を下した。
- The Ministry of Internal Affairs (Japan) ruled in April 1933 that Takigawa's books 'Keiho Kogi' and 'Keiho Dokuhon' were not allowed to be for sale because of his stance on insurrection crimes and adultery (which he criticized because it was only applicable to the wife).
- 鎌倉幕府の滅亡後も、旧北条氏の守護国を中心に各地で反乱が起こっており、7月 (旧暦)には信濃国で高時の遺児である北条時行と、その叔父北条泰家が挙兵して鎌倉を占領し直義らが追われる中先代の乱が起こる。
- Even after the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu, several provinces, especially those for which the Hojo clan formerly held the governorships, arose in counter-rebellion, and in the seventh (lunar) month, in Shinano Province (modern-day Nagano Pref.), Tokiyuki HOJO, the orphan of Takatoki HOJO, and his uncle Yasuie HOJO raised an army and captured Kamakura; Tadayoshi and the others were driven out, and the Nakasendai rebellion (so named because it took place between the old regime, the Hojo, and the new, the Ashikaga) began.
- これに対して造酒正も延暦寺なども激しく抵抗したが、足利義満のもとで強力な軍事力を保っていた幕府の圧力に屈し、明徳4年(1393年)には「洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々」という5ヶ条からなる法令を出した。
- Although Miki no kami and Enryaku-ji Temple fiercely fought back against the bakufu's move, they were suppressed by the strong military power of the bakufu of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, and the bakufu put into force a law called 'Rakuchu-hendosanzai doso-narabini-sakaya-yaku jojo' (洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々) (Rules of tax regarding financial services and sake dealers in Kyoto) with five articles in 1393.
- そのため、当初、海軍兵学校 (日本)へ出仕していた蘭学者である近藤真琴へ歌詞を書かせたが、海軍内で異論があり、海軍海補であった川村純義が郷里で祝言歌として馴染みのあった歌詞を採用したというものである。
- According to this view, therefore, Makoto KONDO, who was a rangakusha (a person who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language) entered the service of the Naval Academy (Japan), was ordered at first to create the words, but there was an objection in the Imperial Japanese Navy, therefore, Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, who was a 海軍海補, adopted words familiar to him as a song for celebration of his home town.
- なお、歴代将軍の中には中途で改名したものもおり、改名以前にその当時の下の字が与えられている例もあるので注意を要する(足利義稙(義材)の「材」、足利義澄(義高)の「高」、足利義輝(義藤)の「藤」など)。
- Note that some shogun changed their names and some were received a character of his former given name (such as 'ki' [材] of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA [former Yoshiki, 義材], 'taka' [高] of Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA [former Yoshitaka, 義高], and 'fumi' (藤) of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA [former Yoshifumi, 義藤]).
- 平家方は序盤は鎌倉方が静まり返るほど矢を射かけて互角以上に戦っていたが、射尽すと逆に水上からは義経軍に、陸上からは範頼軍に射かけられるままとなり、防御装備の貧弱な水手・梶取たちから犠牲となっていった。
- The Taira forces made the opening attack, in which they fired so many arrows they stopped the Kamakura forces in their tracks, and were more than holding their own in the battle, but once they ran out of arrows, they were attacked in turn by Yoshitsune's archers on sea, and Noriyori's archers on land, and the Taira were mowed down, starting with their boatmen and rowers, who lacked adequate defensive equipment.
- また武家権力による天下統一のため農地を基礎とする農本主義を選択せざるを得ず商業の隆盛による前期資本主義的社会の成立に財政徴税などの基本体制が対応できず幕府各藩とも大商人からの借入が拡大し破綻していく。
- Each domain of the bakufu ran into debt from large-scale merchants and eventually went broke because of their dependence on agricultural fundamentalism to rule the nation, in addition, basic systems such as tax collection, did not respond to the establishment of the lower capitalist society made up of flourishing commerce.
- だが、この頃、室町幕府が足利義満のもとで全盛期を迎えており、至徳 (日本)3年(1386年)には延暦寺以下京都の有力寺社が京都の地域内において私的権力を行使する事が制限された(警察権の幕府への集中)。
- However, the Muromachi bakufu, in its prime under Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, regulated Enryaku-ji Temple and other powerful temples and shrines in Kyoto which exercised their private power within the Kyoto area in 1386 (Concentrating police authority in the bakufu).
- 頼朝には、自らの支持勢力の権利を確保することが求められており、実際に頼朝は、志田義広、新田義重、佐竹氏や足利忠綱といった関東在住の非支持勢力を排除するか、もしくは、屈服させることに非常に尽力している。
- Yoritomo was asked to maintain the rights for his supporting forces and spent much effort on eliminating or subduing forces based in Kanto that did not support him, such as Yoshihiro SHIDA, Yoshishige NITTA, the Satake clan and Tadatsuna ASHIKAGA.
- 戦国の武士の気風を受け継ぎ殉死などを行なうかぶき者を公秩序維持のため徳川家綱の代に禁止し、江戸幕府が、儒教の朱子学を公の学問としたため、信・義・忠を重んじ、気高い振る舞いを行なうのが武士であるとされた。
- The kabuki-mono (the crazy ones, dandy), who followed their master to the grave with the moral tone of bushi during the Sengoku period, were forbidden for the maintenance of public order during the generation of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and the Edo bakufu authorized Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) of Confucianism as public scholarship and thus the bushi should emphasize the faith, justice and loyalty and behave nobly.
- 今日の多く個人主義の日に発達し、ニヒリストさへ輩出する時代に於ては特に緊要重大にして欠くべからず」という論が出され、これを機に南北朝のどちらの皇統が正統であるかを巡り帝国議会での政治論争にまで発展した。
- In these days of individualism, where even nihilists are appearing, this is a matter of great urgency and importance,' which led to a political debate in the Imperial Diet about whether the Southern or the Northern Court was legitimate.
- 室町時代にも荘園は存続したが、中央貴族・寺社・武士・在地領主などの権利・義務が重層的かつ複雑にからむ状況が生まれる一方、自立的に発生した村落=惣村による自治が出現し、荘園は緩やかに解体への道を歩み始めた。
- Also during the Muromachi period shoens continued, but while the rights and duties of central aristocrats, temples and shrines, samurais, local lords and so on began to be complicated in a multi-layered way, the autonomous control by the independently emerging village = soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) started and shoens began to disappear slowly.
- 湊川の戦いや、正成が出陣前に嫡子の楠木正行を本拠地の河内国へ帰した「桜井の別れ」などは、戦前の皇国史観教育や唱歌などで、正成が勝てぬ戦と知りながら天皇のために忠義を尽くして死んだなどと脚色して伝えられた。
- The Battle of Minatogawa and the 'Sakurai no wakare' (separation in Sakurai) in which Masashige sent his son and heir Masatsura KUSUNOKI back to his headquarters in Kawachi Province were dramatized in pre-war Emperor-centered nationalistic views and songs depicting Masashige fighting loyally for the emperor despite the fact that he knew the battle could not be won.
- 折りしも、覚慶が興福寺を脱出して越前に逃れたことが発覚したため、三人衆が守護である久秀の責任を追及し、一方の久秀も三好氏当主である義継が三人衆と対立するとこれを煽り、逆に三人衆討伐を計画するようになった。
- As the escape of Kakukei from Kofuku-ji Temple to Echizen became known, the three men blamed Governor Hisahide's for his oversight, while Hisahide, agitating Yoshitsugu, incumbent head of the Miyoshi clan, who had come to oppose the three men, on his part planned to subjugate the three men.
- そのため、旧勢力は東国武士たちの本音を読みとることができずに目先にある平氏打倒という目的のため、寿永二年十月宣旨の発給や源義仲の征夷大将軍への任命などといった、武士への大幅な権限委譲への道を開いてしまう。
- Therefore the old regime could not understand the Eastern bushi's real agenda and lacked foresight when it issued the Imperial Order of October 1183 and named MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka as Seii taishogun with the aim of destroying the Taira clan because it opened up the road to greater rights for the warrior class.
- 即位した師貞(花山天皇)は、外祖父伊尹がすでに死去し、外戚関係にない頼忠が関白の地位にあることを踏まえ、伊尹の長男藤原義懐と乳母子の藤原惟成を相談役として、関白に政務を委任することなく積極的に親政を行った。
- Morosada (Emperor Kazan)'s maternal grandfather Koretada had already died and Yoritada who had no maternal relative relations was Kanpaku (chancellor), he actively ruled without delegation to the Kanpaku with Koretada's first son, FUJIWARA no Yoshichika and son of his nurse, FUJIWARA no Korenari.
- さらに近年では、同年に発生した今川氏家臣北条早雲(北条早雲)の伊豆国侵攻が、義澄と対立関係にあった異母兄である堀越公方・足利茶々丸を倒すために、政元や上杉定正と連携して行われたとする見方が有力になっている。
- Moreover, recently there is an influential theory that the invasion of Izu Province by Soun HOJO, a vassal of the Imagawa clan, that occurred in the same year, in cooperation with Masamoto and Sadamasa UESUGI, was intended to defeat Chachamaru ASHIKAGA, who was the Horikoshi Governor-General and Yoshizumi's brother by a different mother, and opposed Yoshizumi.
- 翌77年(天授3年/永和 (日本)3年)には義将の所領内の騒動が頼之の領地であった太田荘(現富山県富山市)に飛び火すると、頼之と斯波派、土岐、山名氏らの抗争は表面化し、頼之派から斯波派に転じる守護も現れた。
- The following year, in 1377, when riotous strife within Yoshimasa's territory spread like wildfire to Ota estate (modern-day Toyama City in Toyama Pref.), part of Yoriyuki's territory, the antagonistic dispute between Yoriyuki and the Shiba faction, Toki, the Yamana clan, and others flared out into the open, and some shugo switched from the Yoriyuki faction to the Shiba faction.
- 大きな荘園では(領地(領主の直轄地)での義務労役という大きな潜在的供給力を持つ領主がいれば、)農奴保有地の割合が大きかったのに対して、小さな荘園では、領地における耕地可能な面積の割合が大きくなりがちであった。
- In the case of large shoens (if the lords had the large potential supply, that is, the compulsory service in the land directly controlled by the lords), the ratio of the serf's lands was large, but in small shoens, the ratio of the cultivatable area in the land tended to be large.
- そこで中世の七口の関について比定する研究も行われたが、実態として7つ以上の関所が存在したのは確実で、かつ現存記録でさえ七口に該当する場所がまちまちである以上、7つを特定することには意義はないとする見解もある。
- Therefore, studies to extrapolate the Nanakuchi no seki in the medieval times was conducted, but it is certain that more than seven checkpoints existed in reality, and even existing records have different points corresponding to the Nanakuchi, which lead to an opinion that it makes no sense to identify the seven checkpoints.
- 同じ、源氏であって頼朝が、足利義兼や甲斐源氏などの一門を従え、従弟である源義仲や叔父 源義広 (志田三郎先生)、源行家、同族の源義重や佐竹昌義を圧倒し得たのも、源氏嫡流としての求心力によるところが大きかった。
- Mainly because of his uniting power as chakuryu of the Minamoto clan, Yoritomo was able to preside over the descendants of the same Minamoto clan such as Yoshikane ASHIKAGA and the Kai-Genji and dominate his cousin MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, his uncles of MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (Master Saburo SHIDA), and MINAMOTO no Yukiie, and MINAMOTO no Yoshishige, and Masayoshi SATAKE of the same clan.
- だが、その行幸のとき、三船御会の詩歌の会が催されたり、義満の北山殿の会所も義教室町殿の会所も、その飾りつけは唐物がほとんどだが、決して和物といえるものが飾られていないことから、二項対立だけでは語りつくせない。
- However, the poetry contest performed during the Mifunegokai was carried out during gyoko and although most decorations at Kitayamadono of Yoshimitsu or Muromachidono of Yoshinori were of karamono, they were not decorations that were Japanese that cannot be compared as dichotomic.
- その後明治13年(1880年)に宮内省宮内庁式部職雅楽課の伶人奥好義がつけた旋律を一等伶人の林廣守が曲に起こし、それを前年に来日したドイツ人の音楽家であり海軍軍楽教師フランツ・エッケルトが西洋風和声を付けた。
- After that, in 1880, Hiromori HAYASHI, who was an itto reijin (literally, first class performer of gagaku) prepared the setting based on the melody composed by Yoshiisa OKU, who was a Reijin (performer of gagaku) belonged to Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) Section, Shikibushoku of Imperial Household Agency and Franz Eckert, who was a German musician came to Japan in 1879 as a teacher for the military band of the Imperial Japanese Navy, added western-style harmony to the setting.
- 箱根・竹ノ下の戦い(はこねたけのしたのたたかい)は、南北朝時代 (日本)の建武 (日本)2年(1335年)12月11日 (旧暦)(ユリウス暦1336年1月24日)に、足利尊氏勢と新田義貞勢の間で行われた合戦。
- The Battle of Hakone and Takenoshita was a battle between the Takauji ASHIKAGA forces and Yoshisada NITTA forces that broke out on February 1, 1336 during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 斯波義良他、代々の斯波氏当主、一色義道他代々の一色氏家督、仁木義長らの足利一門、西国一の名門といわれた大内義隆などの有力守護、もとは守護代で守護、最盛期は西国に11ヶ国の所領を得た尼子義久などが代表的である。
- Among the famous vassals granted these characters were: The heads of the Shiba clan such as Yoshisuke SHIBA (also referred as Yoshinaga SHIBA); the heads of the Isshiki clan such as Yoshimichi ISSHIKI, Yoshinaga NIKI, and other members of the Ashikaga family; powerful shugo such as Yoshitaka OUCHI, whose family was praised as the noblest in the west; and Yoshihisa AMAGO, who started as shugodai and ended as shugo with 11 provinces of holdings in the west in his prime.
- その後、六角高頼が幕府御料地を侵略した際には9月と8月の2回、第9代将軍足利義尚の親征を受けたが、その2度とも観音寺城を放棄し甲賀の山中でゲリラ戦を展開、一時的に城を明け渡すが共に奪回している(長享・延徳の乱)。
- Later, when the castle was attacked by the ninth Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, twice, in August and September, due to Takayori ROKKAKU's invasion of bakufu goryochi (the land directly controlled by bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]), they temporarily abandoned the castle, conducted guerrilla wars in the mountains of Koka, and recaptured the castle later in both wars (the Chokyo-Entoku Wars).
- このことに不満を持った薩摩藩の過激派、有馬新七らは同じく薩摩藩の尊王派の志士、真木和泉・田中河内介らと共謀して関白九条尚忠・京都所司代酒井忠義 (若狭国小浜藩主)邸を襲撃することを決定し、伏見の船宿寺田屋に集まった。
- Dissatisfied with him, extremists in the Satsuma domain such as Shinshichi ARIMA conspired with devoted members of the royalist faction such as Izumi MAGI and Kawachinosuke TANAKA to carry out a raid on the residences of the chief adviser to the Emperor, Hisatada KUJO, and the Kyoto-shoshidai (commissioner dealing with police and judicial affairs in Kyoto), Tadaaki SAKAI (also the lord of the Obama domain in Wakasa Province), and they gathered at the Teradaya, an inn for sailors in Fushimi.
- 甲陽軍鑑には「その日の(事前にあった別の)戦いに勝ったと思った今川軍が略奪に散る中、織田軍が味方のように入り交じり、義元の首を取った」とあり、又別の史料で徳川家康が「今川軍が略奪し、油断していた」と証言したのも確認。
- Koyo Gunkan states that 'just when the Imagawa army thought they had won the battle (another previous battle) that day and went off for looting, the Oda army was mixed up in them and took Yoshimoto's head,' while another historical source confirms that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was quoted as saying 'the Imagawa army was looting, and caught off guard.'
- また、農本主義的に思われている家康だが、実際には織田信長、豊臣秀吉と同時代の人間であり、また信長の徹底的な規制緩和による経済振興策をその目で見てきていることからも、成長重視の経済振興派であった可能性が指摘されている。
- Even though Ieyasu was believed to be an agricultural fundamentalist, it is pointed that Ieyasu was, in effect, likely to pursue the growth-oriented economic promotion because he actually lived in the same period as Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and witnessed Nobunaga's economic promotion policy by thorough deregulation.
- 室町時代は、3代征夷大将軍足利義満の時代の全盛を除いて戦乱と無秩序の時代であったが、鎌倉時代以前には見られない、出自不明の農民・商人層の社会進出を可能とし、日本史上、初めて人間の顔が見える人物を登場させた時代でもある。
- Aside from the golden age of prosperity reached under the third seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Muromachi period was fraught with wars and disorder, but on the other hand, not since before the Kamakura period had there been such opportunity for common people of obscure origins, farmers and tradesmen, to advance socially, and among all the eras of Japanese history, the Muromachi period was the first to produce notable people whose faces and lives appear in clear focus to later eyes.
- 気候変動枠組条約および京都議定書による温室効果ガス排出量管理に必要な各種排出量および森林吸収量の変化を推計するための基礎的数値については、各国が集計し報告することとなっている(京都議定書 5条・7条、情報の報告義務)。
- Each country has to collect and report basic figures to estimate the fluctuation of the amounts of various emissions and of forest absorption, which are necessary for the management of emission amount of greenhouse gases by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol (Articles 3 and 7 of Kyoto Protocol, obligation of information report).
- 所務とは、元来、務めるところという字義どおり仕事・職務を意味する言葉だったが、平安時代の荘園公領制の展開に伴い、荘園や公領の管理職務に付随する権利・義務を表すようになり、鎌倉時代頃には転じて所領等の不動産管理を意味した。
- Originally, the word 'shomu' meant jobs and duties, as suggested by the characters which mean 'work that is related to the place'; however, with the development of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) during the Heian period, the word came to express the concept for the rights and obligations pertaining to the managerial work in shoen (manors) and koryo (the imperial teritories), and further during the Kamakura period, the word was extended to mean the property management of domains such as shoryo.
- 「明徳記」は1391年の明徳の乱の経過が書かれている、「応永記」には1399年の応永の乱や南北朝合体の記述が、「永享記」には永享の乱を中心とした関東の情勢が、「応仁記」には足利義政の治世から応仁の乱の様子が記されている。
- The 'Meitokuki' (Chronicle of the Meitoku Era) records the events and aftermath of the Meitoku Rebellion, while the 'Oeiki' (Chronicle of the Oei Era) describes the Oei Rebellion and the unification of the Northern and Southern courts; the 'Eikyoki' focuses on the situation in the Kanto, especially vis-a-vis the Eikyo Rebellion, whereas the 'Oninki' records the circumstances of the period from Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA's reign up until the Onin War.
- 先に足利義教が暗殺された嘉吉の変では、管領らが協議して直ちに後継将軍が定められたが、永禄の変以前の永禄6年(1563年)に管領細川氏綱が死去して以後、管領は置かれておらず、将軍の死により幕府機能は事実上停止するに至った。
- In the Kakitsu Incident in which Yoshinori ASHIKAGA was assassinated, his deputy and other officials held consultations and immediately selected the succeeding Shogun, but, since Deputy Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA had died in 1563 before the Eiroku Incident, the position of deputy was unfilled, allowing the functions of the Bakufu to be virtually halted by the Shogun's death.
- 1376年には紀伊での南朝方の活動に対して頼之は弟の細川頼元を総大将とし派遣するが鎮圧に失敗し、成長した3代将軍義満は反頼之派の山名氏を派遣させ、また大和での軍事活動には復帰した斯波義将や土岐頼康ら反頼之派に軍勢を与える。
- In 1376, Yoriyuki made his younger brother Yorimoto HOSOKAWA supreme military commander and dispatched him to counter the Southern Court's military maneuvers in the Kii peninsula, but Yorimoto failed to subjugate the area, and the third Shogun Yoshimitsu, who had now reached adulthood, had the leader of the Yamana clan, a member of the anti-Yoriyuki faction, to sent as a replacement; moreover, he granted appointments to others of the anti-Yoriyuki faction, including Yoriyasu TOKI and the rehabilitated Yoshimasa SHIBA, to command military activities in Yamato.
- 先鋒と交渉役を務めた小西行長や宗義智の日本軍一番隊は、しばしば秀吉が考える「李氏朝鮮の服属と明遠征の先導(征明嚮導)」を「朝鮮に明への道を借りる(假途入明)」に言い換えた上で李氏朝鮮に求めに応じるよう交渉を呼びかけている。
- The First Division of the Japanese army of Yukinaga KONISHI and Yoshitomo SO, who acted as the spearhead and negotiators by changing Hideyoshi's idea 'subjection of Yi Dynasty Korea and guiding expedition to Ming' to 'to borrow roads to Ming from Korea' and asked Yi Dynasty Korea to negotiate to accept the requests.
- 具体的には、単に兵動員を許可する「発兵勅符」に代わって群盗を積極的に鎮圧しようとする「追捕官符」を発出するとともに、国単位で押領使・追捕使を任命して、国内の武勇者を国衙・押領使・追捕使の指揮下に入ることを義務づけたのである。
- More specifically, the Imperial Court not only issued 'a charter to catch thieves' to aggressively suppress robbers instead of 'a charter to send troops' to simply permit troop mobilization, but also appointed oryoshi (suppressors) and tsuibushi (envoys to pursue and capture) for each province and required brave local individuals to be under control of kokuga, oryoshi, or tsuibushi.
- その江戸幕府においても高家が大名に礼儀作法を伝授する際に受け取る「束脩」などは一種の幕府公認の礼銭であり、かの『忠臣蔵』の最初の場面である浅野長矩と吉良義央の遣り取りも実は「束脩」の性質を巡るトラブルと考える事も可能である。
- In the Edo bakufu, however, the 'sokushu' (initiation fees) that Koke (government position in charge of rituals and ceremonies) received from Daimyo when teaching manners can be considered to be a type of reisen officially recognized by the bakufu; in fact, it is possible to assume that the fight between Naganori ASANO and Yoshihisa KIRA in the first scene of the 'Chusingura' (The treasury of Loyal Retainers) was over the nature of the 'sokushu.'
- しかし、租税納入を怠った、あるいは規定額を達成できなかった受領は、受領功過定(ずりょうこうかさだめ)と呼ばれる人事評定によって厳しい審査・処分を受けていたのであり、受領を巨富が得られる官職と理解することに疑義も出されている。
- However, some people assert that the position of zuryo should not be understood as such a profitable one because they were also subject to severe penalty, according to the result of personnel evaluation called zuryo koka sadame, if they failed to pay taxes or failed to achieve a pre-determined amount.
- さらに、以仁王の令旨を受けて、東国の源頼朝、源義仲、源信義(甲斐源氏)らが相次いで反平氏の兵を挙げ、さらに多田源氏、美濃源氏、近江源氏、河内の石川源氏、九州の菊池氏・紀伊熊野の湛増・土佐の源希義らも反平氏の行動を始めていた。
- Furthermore, answering the call by Prince Mochihito, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, MINAMOTO no Nobuyoshi (Kai Genji (Minamoto clan)) of the east raised anti-Taira clan forces and also Tada-Genji (Minamoto clan), Mino-Genji (Minamoto clan), Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan), Ishikawa-Genji (Minamoto clan) of Kawachi, the Kikuchi clan of Kyushu, Tanzo of Kumano in Kii Province and MINAMOTO no Mareyoshi in Tosa started to rebel against the Taira clan.
- また、軍国主義的だという点から見ても、古い軍歌であるラ・マルセイエーズを国歌としているフランスを始めとして、過激な軍歌調或いは軍歌そのものの国歌を持っている国は多く、君が代が特別軍国主義を象徴するものではないとする意見もある。
- With respect to the point that Kimigayo is militaristic, there is an opinion that, starting with France of which national anthem is old martial music, La Marseillaise, there are many countries that have national anthems that are extremely militaristic or a martial song itself and Kimigayo does not particularly symbolize militarism.
- その中で己が権益には強い姿勢を見せながらも、将軍家を尊重する姿勢は一貫して崩さなかった三好長慶を排除すればどうなるかすら予見し得なかった義輝は、図らずも程なく長慶が病没する事によって、以前の試みの帰結を知る事となったのである。
- Unable to foresee the consequences of the ousting of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI who, although firmly insistent on his own interests, had never deviated from the posture of respecting the Shogun family, Yoshiteru happened to learn from the soon succumbing of Nagayo
- 本圀寺の変(ほんこくじのへん・本國寺の変)とは、永禄12年1月5日 (旧暦)(1569年1月21日)に三好三人衆が京都本圀寺(当時の呼称は「本國寺」)に仮の御所(六条御所)を置いていた室町幕府征夷大将軍・足利義昭を襲撃した事件。
- The Incident of Honkoku-ji Temple, on January 31, 1569, was an attack of Miyoshi sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan) on Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), who was in his temporary residence (Rokujo Palace) in Kyoto Honkoku-ji Temple (it was called 'Honkoku-ji' then).
- また、マルクス主義の立場をとる研究者からも、在地の地主に裁判権などの権力が備わっておらず、それらが国家権力の手に集中されており、封建制の重要な内容である領主権力が存在しないため、中国史における封建制概念を否定する見解が出された。
- Even some Marxist scholars denied the concept of the Hoken system in Chinese history based on the fact that local land lords had no powers such as jurisdiction, and those powers were controlled by the state and there was no seniority that was an important aspect of the Hoken system.
- 国歌と訳した後も、国歌は和歌と同義に使われていた言葉であったため、長らく漢詩に対するやまと言葉の国歌という意味の方が浸透した状態で、National anthemの意味するところは、なかなか国民一般の理解するところとならなかった。
- Even after it was translated as 'kokka,' because the word 'kokka' had been used in the same meaning as 'waka,' the meaning of poem in Japanese language opposing to kanshi (Chinese-style poem) prevailed and the meaning of national anthem could not be understood by people in general.
- 彼は、その論拠として総序の末尾、先述の「配巻軸於六合…」の前に「総有一十五種類、謂聲譜、調聲、八種韻、四聲論、十七勢、十四例、六義、十體、八階、六志、二十九種對、文三十種病累、十種疾、論文意、論對属等、是也」と見えることを挙げる。
- As the ground of his thesis, he mentioned there was a phrase at the end of the general introduction 'the theory is classified into 115 categories, I think, as follows; seifu (tones), chosho (a leading part of sutra sentences), 8 in (八種韻, 8 rhymes), 4 seiron (四聲論, 4 tone methods), 17 sei (十七勢, 17 powers), 14 rei (十四例, 14 examples), 6 gi (六義, 6 doctrines), 10 tei (十體, 10 formats), 8 kai (八階, 8 grades), 6 shi (六志, 6 wills), and 29 tai (二十九種對, 29 replies), 30 contents of peirui (文三十種病累, 30 contents of disease related),10 shitsu (十種疾, 10 disease), meanings of articles, rontaizoku (論對属, attached articles), and so on' before the phrase of 'the volumes are titled after the universe …' mentioned above.
- 南北朝時代の活力が背景にあり、3代将軍義満の時代(北山文化)は中央集権的で公家文化と武家文化の影響や中国文化の影響があるのに対し、8代将軍義政の時代(東山文化)は庶民的で「侘び・寂び」という禅宗などの影響が強いのが特色といわれる。
- Given the energy and vitality of the Northern and Southern Court period, the (Kitayama) culture during the reign of the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu, was centralized and authoritarian, influenced both by aristocratic and warrior culture and by Chinese culture, while by contrast, the (Higashiyama) culture during the reign of the eighth Shogun, Yoshimasa, was based in commoner culture and was heavily influenced by Zen Buddhism, for example in the twin aesthetic principles of wabi-sabi (the beauty and pathos of loneliness, simplicity, and imperfection).
- 将軍足利義満、管領細川頼之時代には武家執奏による朝廷への口入がみられ、応安3年(1370年)に後光厳天皇が自らの皇子緒仁親王への譲位意思を表すると、崇光上皇は正嫡である実子栄仁親王の即位が妥当であると主張し、皇位継承問題が起こる。
- During the rule of Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and constable Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, the Bukeshisso (coordinator for the Northern Court and the Ashikaga government) would intervene with Imperial Court matters, and when in 1370, Emperor Gokogon expressed his wish to abdicate the throne to his prince, Imperial Prince Ohito, retired Emperor Suko claimed that the ascension of his legal child, Imperial Prince Yoshihito was more appropriate and a conflict over Imperial succession occurs.
- 今後の課題としては、地表の水分量や植生の状態、作物の種類や分布、家畜の分布、地下水の取水状況などの継続した調査や、観測機器の整備、観測データの常時共有化、黄砂の定義や分類の統一、黄砂の予測技術の改良、対策の評価などが挙げられている。
- The following are considered as future problems to be tackled: Continuing surveying the water amount and state of flora on the earth surface, the kinds and distribution of crops, the distribution of livestock, and the continuous survey of the state in which underground water is taken up, deploying advanced observation instruments, enabling observed data to be shared anytime, unifying the definitions and classifications of kosa, improving kosa-forecasting technologies, and evaluating the measures taken.
- 義仲はその皇子を「北陸宮」と名付けて、上洛時にこれを押し立てて平氏とともに西走した安徳天皇に代わって皇位に就けようと画策するが、かつて以仁王が勝手に親王を称して令旨を発行したことを不快に思っていた後白河法皇によって退けられたという。
- Yoshinaka nicknamed this imperial prince 'Prince Hokuriku,' and when he triumphantly marched into the capital a few years later, he planned to put him forward as a potential replacement for Emperor Antoku, who had fled with the Taira to the west, on the imperial throne, but was forced to abandon the idea by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, who had been displeased by prince Mochihito's usurpation of the title of 'imperial prince' when he issued his command.
- 『義公行実』など各種伝記史料によれば、水戸徳川家世子として教育を受けていた青年時代の光圀は非行も多かったが、正保2年(1645年)に『史記』「伯夷伝」を読んで伯夷・叔斉に感銘を受け、以来は反省して学問に精励し、史書編纂を志したという。
- According to various biographical materials such as 'Giko kojitsu,' Mitsukuni in his youth who was educated as an heir of the Mito Tokugawa family committed some acts of delinquency, but came to regret what he had done and study hard after he read the chapter Hakuiden of 'Shiki' and was moved by Hakui and Syukusei, and then aspired to compile history.
- 更に足利義満以後、将軍の親裁が強まり、管領や評定衆の発言力の強い評定よりも自らの主導権が発揮できる御前沙汰に審議の場を移し、形式的な評定始を行った後に改めて御前沙汰始を開いて年始最初の政務とするようになり、応仁の乱以後は全く形骸化した。
- Also, since Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's rein, the shogun decided on most state affairs by having discussions in gozensata (the formal consultation) where he could take the initiative, rather than in hyojo where kanrei and hyojoshu held too much influence against him, so gozensata-hajime (the first gozensata in the New Year) was held as the first work of State in the New Year after having a ritual hyojohajime, which only existed in name after the Onin war.
- 小説やテレビドラマなどでもこのように描かれており、2005年大河ドラマ『義経 (NHK大河ドラマ)』の第35回「決戦・壇ノ浦」では松坂慶子扮する時子(二位の尼)が安徳天皇と天叢雲剣を抱いて海に没して、剣が海底に失われる描写がされている。
- This version of events is what is depicted in novels, TV dramas and so forth; in the 35th episode of NHK's Taiga drama 'Yoshitsune' (2005), 'The deciding battle at DannoUra,' Keiko MATSUZAKA, playing the role of Tokiko, sinks into the sea holding Emperor Antoku and the Sword, clearly showing the Sword being lost at the bottom of the sea.
- だが、新将軍・義尚は若くして病死し、引退した父・義政も銀閣をはじめとする慈照寺の造営に余生を費やして、芸術の世界にのみ生きた(とはいえ、義政の芸術保護が後の東山文化発展の基礎となり、後々の日本文化に大きな影響を与えた事は否定できない)。
- But the new Shogun, Yoshihisa, died of illness while still young, and his retired father Yoshimasa devoted his remaining years to construction projects at Jisho-ji Temple, notably the building known as Ginkaku (the Silver Pavilion), focusing his attention entirely on the world of artistic endeavor (and indeed, Yoshimasa's patronage of the arts became the foundation of the flourishing artistic culture of the Higashiyama area, and no one can deny he had a profound influence on later developments in Japanese culture.)
- 永禄の変(えいろくのへん)は、永禄8年5月19日 (旧暦)(1565年6月17日)、三好三人衆(三好長逸・三好政康・岩成友通)と松永久秀らの軍勢によって室町幕府第13代征夷大将軍・足利義輝が京都・二条御所に襲撃され、討死した事件である。
- In the Eiroku Incident, troops led by the so-called 'Miyoshi Triumvirate' (Nagayuki MIYOSHI, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI) and Hisahide MATSUNAGA attacked and killed Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, the 13th Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), at the then Imperial Palace in Nijo, Kyoto on Eiroku 8, the 19th day of the 5th month (according to the old calendar) (June 17, 1565).
- 締約当時に開発途上国と見なされた中華人民共和国・インドなどが、その後順調な経済的発展を遂げ、非効率的なエネルギー政策で大量に温室効果ガスを発生させ、世界有数の排出国となっているにも関わらず、何ら義務を負っていないことも問題視されている。
- Countries such as People's Republic of China and India, which were regarded as developing countries at the time of ratification, have economically developed steadily afterward and they have come to produced a massive amount of greenhouse gases to be the world's top-class emitter due to their inefficient energy policies; accordingly, it is problematic that they have not undertaken any obligation in spite of such a situation.
- しかし、江戸時代中期に入り港町や宿場町などの発展、換金性の高い綿が栽培され始めるなど農村部に資本主義が流入され、また(これが最も大きいのだろうが)大名への献金が過重になり過ぎて商家の一部がつぶれるなど、城下町の衰退が目立つようになった。
- Since the middle of the Edo period, however, the decline of castle towns had been given stark expression in the development of port towns and post towns, the influx of capitalism into agricultural communities, such as the cultivation of cotton, one of readily redeemable goods, and bankruptcies of the merchants due to the excessive financial contribution to feudal lords (daimyo), (which might be the biggest cause of the decline).
- 1551年(天文 (元号)20)に義隆が家臣の陶晴賢による謀反(大寧寺の変)によって滅亡すると、後を継いだ大内義長(大友義鎮の弟)は、1556年(弘治 (日本)2)と翌年に兄・大友義鎮とともに貿易再開を求める使者を派遣した(『明実録』)。
- After Yoshitaka was killed in a rebellion (the revolt of Daineiji) plotted by a retainer Harukata SUE in 1551, Yoshinaga OUCHI (younger brother of Yoshishige OTOMO), who had succeeded Yoshitaka as the lord of the Ouchi clan, issued orders with his brother Yoshishige OTOMO and sent an envoy to the Ming in 1556 and 1557 for seeking the resumption of trade (from 'Ming jitsuroku' [authentic account on the Ming]).
- 続く平治の乱では、「多田蔵人大夫頼範」(頼盛の誤伝か)なる人物が藤原信頼・源義朝方として三条殿襲撃に加わり、戦後恩賞として摂津守に任官されたことが『平治物語』にみえているが、その他の史料における所見はなく、多田源氏の動向は詳らかではない。
- According to 'Heiji Monogatari' (The tale of the Heiji), in the Heiji Disturbance, 'Tada kurodo dayu Yorinori (maybe a misunderstanding of Yorimori)' supported the Nobuyori FUJIWARA and Yoshitomo MINAMOTO side to attack Sanjo Palace together, so that he was appointed as governor of Settsu Province as a reward after the war, while it is unclear about the clan at that time as other historical materials do not mention Tada-Genji.
- 当初事件の主犯とされた義家の次弟の源義綱が義忠の養子源為義(源義親の五男)の討伐を受けて壊滅、また事件後真犯人がもう一人の弟(三弟)源義光であったことが明らかになるなど、源氏内部の内紛・衰退がさらに明白になり、源氏の権勢はしばらく失墜した。
- At first, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna, the second younger brother of Yoshiie, was considered to be the main culprit, and was annihilated in the punitive expedition by MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, the adopted son of Yoshitada (the fifth son of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika), and after the incident, MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu, another younger brother (the third younger brother) was found to be the real culprit, which made internal troubles and decline of Genji more apparent and its power was lost for a while.
- 唐物とは文字通り唐渡りの品であり、バサラ文化においては、現代でいうとグッチやカルティエのごときブランド物のように、珍奇なものということで大いにもてはやされ、吉田兼好などの知識人からは煙たがれていたわけだが、これを義満は好み、権威づけていった。
- Karamono was the item from Kara (China or Korea) as according to the word, and it was greatly popular as unique goods by the Basara culture such as Gucci and Cartier of modern times and was a nuisance for intellectuals such as Kenko YOSHIDA, but Yoshimitsu favored it and became an authority in that field.
- 宗家と庶家の関係はいわば本家と分家と同義であるが、一般的な分家と異なるのは、分家であれば本家と同姓を称するのが通例であるが、庶家という場合、その多くは宗家と同姓を用いることを避け、或いは禁じられその多くが別姓を称した家柄が多いという点にある。
- The relationship between the head of a family and Shoke is the same as that of the head of a household and a branch family, Shoke differed from an ordinary branch family because a branch family ordinarily had the same family name as that of the head family while many Shoke avoided or were prohibited from using the same family name and instead used another family name.
- 学芸自由同盟も翌年には活動停止状態となったが、前記の中井、久野などこの運動に参加した学生のなかから『土曜日 (雑誌)』『学生評論』『世界文化』など反ファシズムを標榜する雑誌メディアが生まれ、自由主義的文化運動は「非常時」下でなおも命脈を保った。
- The Gakugei Jiyu Domei also ceased its activities the next year but students such as the aforementioned Nakai and Kuno who participated in this movement started magazines supporting anti-fascism such as 'Doyobi' (Saturaday), 'Gakusei Hyoron' (Student Editorials), 'Sekai Bunka' (World Culture), and even under 'emergency situation (war period),' the liberal cultural movement continued.
- 唐の律令の継受も、このような土台のうえに可能となったのであるが、秦・漢以来の歴代の専制主義的法制を集大成した唐の律令と大化前代の日本の法とでは、段階の差が、あまりにはげしかったので、律令法は継受法としての性格を強くもたざるをえなかったとみられる。
- Adopting the Tang ritsuryo was possible based upon such a foundation, but the difference between the Tang ritsuryo, which was a comprehensive compilation of successive despotic legal systems since Qin and Han, and the Japanese law of the pre-Taika era, was so great that ritsuryo law could not avoid becoming, basically, an adopted law by nature.
- 中国においては、『周礼』の司徒属人條にて周が「委積法」を行ったことに由来しているとされているが、記録の上で明白なのは、隋の開皇8年(585年)に度支尚書長孫平が定義したもので、諸侯から民衆まで一定額の粟・黍を納めさせて州県に設置された義倉に納められた。
- In China, Shito zokunin jo (司徒属人條, an article of Shito zokunin) in 'Rites of Zhou' talks about its origin that Zhou applied 'Ishi-ho' (委積法, literally, method of goods), and according the definition Sonhei CHO, Takushi shosho (account office) made in the Sui Dynasty (in 585), that was obvious on record, people from the domains to ordinary people were forced to provide a certain amount of foxtail and proso millet and those millets were stored in giso warehouses which were constructed in prefectures.
- 土佐国の源希義をはじめ、河内源氏のかつての本拠地だった河内国石川の源義基・源義兼父子、美濃国の土岐氏、近江国の佐々木氏、山本義経、紀伊国の湛増、伊予国の河野氏、肥後国の菊池氏らのほか、若狭国・越前国・加賀国の在庁官人など、多くの勢力による挙兵があった。
- Various forces raised troops including MINAMOTO no Mareyoshi of Tosa Province, the father and son, MINAMOTO no Yoshimoto and MINAMOTO no Yoshikane of Ishikawa in Kawachi Province, which was the former base of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), the Toki clan in Mino Province, the Sasaki clan and Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO in Omi Province, Tanzo in Kii Province, the Kono clan in Iyo Province, the Kikuchi clan in Higo Province, and local officials in Wakasa, Echizen and Kaga Provinces.
- 1333年(元弘3/正慶2)、反幕府勢力の討伐のために京都へ派遣された有力御家人の足利尊氏が、一転して後醍醐側へつき六波羅探題を落とすと、新田義貞が上野国で挙兵し、これに呼応した関東の御家人たちと鎌倉を攻略して、鎌倉幕府と北条氏は滅亡した(元弘の乱)。
- In 1333, when a senior vassal named Takauzi ASHIKAGA who had been dispatched to Kyoto to eliminate the anti-bakufu forces defected to the Godaigo faction and deposed the Rokuhara Tandai, Yoshisada NITTA raised an army in Kozuke Province and with Kanto gokenin, who agreed to this, captured Kamakura and thus overthrew the Kamakura bakufu and the Hojo clan (Genko War).
- 頼之は義詮の子で幼少の足利義満を補佐し、半済令の試行や南朝との交渉などの政策を実施するが、旧仏教勢力の比叡山と新興禅宗の南禅寺との対立においては南禅寺派を支持していたため叡山派と対立し、南禅寺の住職春屋妙葩が隠棲して抗議するなど宗教勢力とも対立していた。
- Yoriyuki acted as advisor and regent to Yoshiakira's son Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who was still a child, and carried out policies like experimenting with a new hansei (half-tax) law, which was designed to protect existing land holdings, and he attempted to negotiate with the Southern Court, but he also became embroiled in a religious conflict between Mt. Hiei, the powerful old Buddhist sect, and Nanzen-ji temple, a center of the rising new Zen sect; he opposed the Mt. Hiei faction because he was supporting the Nanzen-ji faction, yet he also clashed with Nanzen-ji's own powerful religious leaders, for example, when he opposed chief priest Myoha Shunnoku's seclusion from public life.
- 第二次世界大戦後はマルクス主義的な歴史認識により、武士を支配階級、農民を被支配階級と定義し、農民生活の悲惨さとそれに由来する階級闘争の存在が強調され、商人は財産(資本)を蓄積したブルジョワ階級であり、近代への幕を開く歴史的存在として捉えられるようになった。
- After World War II, Marxian history began to define samurai as the ruling class and the peasants as the ruled class, emphasizing the misery of the peasants' life and the existence of a class struggle derived from this misery, with merchants as the bourgeoisies who accumulated property (capital) which ushered in the modern age.
- 1414年には将軍足利義持が琉球王の献上物に対する返礼の書状を贈っており、1441年には足利義教が琉球を薩摩国の島津氏の属国とする事を認めており、さらに幕府には琉球奉行が設置されて貿易の統制を行おうとしており、室町時代には琉球が「日本」として認識されていた。
- In 1414, the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA responded to the tributary gifts sent to him from the Ryukyu Kingdom with an official letter, while in 1441, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA declared the Ryukyu islands to be a vassal state of the Shimazu clan, lords of Satsuma Province; furthermore, the bakufu created the office of Ryukyu Hoko (shogunal magistrate of the Ryukyus) in an attempt to exert control over Ryukyu trade, meaning that it was during the Muromachi period that the Ryukyus began to be seen as part of Japan.
- 2代将軍足利義詮が死去すると、管領細川頼之は3代将軍足利義満を補佐して執政をはじめ、楠木正儀を寝返らせるなど対南朝工作や九州の南朝勢力排除のための今川貞世派遣、内政においては新興の禅宗である南禅寺と旧仏教勢力の比叡山との対立問題の対応や半済の実施などを行う。
- When the second Shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, died, the Kanrei (regent) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA gave his support and advice to Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun, and helped usher in a new administration, and engineered Masanori KUSUNOKI's defection and other anti-Southern Court efforts as well as dispatching Sadayo IMAGAWA to Kyushu as part of a push to eliminate the Southern Court's forces there, while in domestic, nonmilitary affairs, he crafted a response to the problematic conflict between Nanzen-ji Temple, which represented the new Zen sect, and Mt. Hiei, representing the old guard of influential Buddhist temples, and also implemented the hanzei (half-tax).
- この争乱が以仁王の「平氏追討」の令旨に始まること、平氏政権から頼朝政権(鎌倉幕府)に交代したこと、民間レベルでは『平家物語』や『源平盛衰記』などの影響から清盛・宗盛ら平氏一門と頼朝・義経・義仲ら源氏一門の争いと受け取られてきたことなどが、この呼称を生んだといえる。
- This term started because the war was considered as a fight between Kiyomori and Munemori of the Taira family and Yoritomo, Yoshitsune, Yoshinaka of the Minamoto clan due to the fact that the war started with Prince Mochihito's call for 'destroying the Taira clan,' the transition from the Taira clan government to Yoritomo government (Kamkura bakufu), and the effect of stories such as 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tales of the Heike) and 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Fall of the Genji and the Heike) had on the people.
- 8代将軍・足利義政は芸術や建築に関しては優れた才覚の持ち主であったものの、政治的関心には乏しく、自然と政治は将軍の正室・日野富子や将軍側近、有力大名らによる権力抗争の場と化し、関東で鎌倉公方の復活を巡って生じた享徳の乱が発生しても、十分な対策を打とうとはしなかった。
- The eighth Shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, while exceptionally gifted in the arts and in architectural design, had little interest in politics, so it naturally fell to his lawful wife Tomiko HINO, his inner circle of advisors, and the most powerful daimyo to rule and to solve disputes over authority; and upon the outbreak of the Kyotoku Rebellion, in which some sought to revive the fortunes of the Kubo of Kamakura, they failed to respond with sufficient force.
- 義弘は将軍家からの御恩の深さを感謝しながらも、今川了俊に従軍しての九州での戦い、明徳の乱、南北朝合一、少弐氏退治での自らの功績を述べ、それにも関わらず将軍家は和泉国と紀伊国を取り上げようとし、また先年の少弐氏との戦いで討ち死にした弟の満弘の子への恩賞がない不満を述べる。
- Yoshihiro said that he remained grateful for the deep favor the shogunal family had bestowed on him, but also listed his own accomplishments in the battles in Kyushu joining forces with Ryoshun IMAGAWA, in the Meitoku rebellion, in unifying the Southern and Northern Courts, and in the annihilation of the Shoni family before pointing out his dissatisfaction that despite these deeds, the Ashikaga family was trying to remove Izumi and Kii Provinces from his governance, and the fact that his nephew, the son of his younger brother Mitsuhiro - who had died in battle during the recent campaign against the Shoni family - had received no reward for his father's service.
- 足利政権では有力守護の佐々木道誉、3代将軍の足利義満のもとで管領を務めた細川頼之などが南朝の楠木正儀と独自に交渉を行っていたが、長慶天皇は北朝に対して強硬的な人物であったと考えられており、和睦交渉は一時途絶し、翌1369年(正平23年/応安2年)に正儀は北朝へ投降する。
- The prominent provincial constable, Doyo SASAKI, and Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA who was the regent of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (third shogun), and other members of the Ashikaga government held independent negotiations with Masanori KUSUNOKI of the Southern Court, but Emperor Chokei took a strong stance towards the Northern Court, leading to a break down in the peace negotiations, and in 1369, Masanori surrendered to the Northern Court.
- 戦国時代(せんごくじだい、1493年(1467年)頃-1573年頃)は、1493年の明応の政変頃あるいは1467年の応仁の乱頃をその始期とし、1573年に15代室町将軍足利義昭が織田信長によって追放されて室町幕府が事実上消滅するまでの時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Sengoku Period in Japan (from around 1493 (or 1467) to around 1573) is a chronological period in the history of Japan that commenced from the Coup of Meio in 1493 or the Onin Disturbance in 1467 and ended by the disappearance of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with the purge of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA by Nobunaga ODA, the fifteenth shogun, of the Muromachi bakufu, in 1573.
- 例示された伊勢貞孝の討伐が象徴的であるが、自前の軍事力を持たない義輝の時代の幕府権力の回復(特に書簡と使者があれば事足りる大名間の調停者としてではなく、軍事力に裏打ちされた畿内の統治者としての権力の回復)は事実上三好長慶の幕府への融和的姿勢により支えられていたものであった。
- As is symbolized by the cited victory over Sadataka ISE, recovery of the Bakufu's power in the age of Yoshiteru, who had no real military force (recovery of power not as a mediator of inter-daimyo (feudal lord) strifes who would need only letters and messengers but as the ruler of the areas surrounding the capital whose position was supported by military force) was virtually supported by the conciliatory posture of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI toward the Bakufu.
- そのため、地方の実効支配者としての地位の向上を望む多数の地方武士の利益代表者の位置を十分構築できず、同時多発反乱の中から台頭した源義仲や源頼朝らによって滅ぼされた(ただし、清盛が設置した諸制度の中に後の頼朝政権に引き継がれた組織の萌芽が見られるというのが近年の有力説である)。
- For this reason, the position of beneficial representatives among many local samurai who were hoping to improve their ranks as regional effective controllers was not sufficiently established and the Taira clan was overthrown by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who gained power through many simultaneous revolts (However, a recent theory says that germination of the organizations which were taken over to Yoritomo administration can be seen in the various systems established by Kiyomori).
- 足利義満の死後には天皇が家門安堵の権限を回復するようになるが、その一方で軍事力を持たない公家社会においては室町幕府や守護大名の軍事力に依存しなければ家領の保全が不可能であったために、天皇が家門そのものを安堵し、将軍が家領の実質面での安堵を行うという共同体制が長く続くことになった。
- After his death, the emperors regained the authority to approve families, but since there was no military force in the court nobles' society it was impossible to maintain family estates without depending on the military force of the Muromachi bakufu or the Shugo (Military Governor) Daimyo; thus the cooperative system in which emperors approved of the names of families and shoguns literally approved of family estates continued for a long time.
- しかし、後醍醐天皇の討幕運動に呼応した河内国の楠木正成や後醍醐天皇の皇子で天台座主から還俗した護良親王、護良を支援した播磨国の赤松則村(円心)らが幕府軍に抵抗し、さらに幕府側の御家人である上野国の新田義貞や下野国の足利尊氏(高氏)らが幕府から朝廷へ寝返り、諸国の反幕府勢力を集める。
- However, those who had responded to Emperor Godaigo's call to strike against the shogunate like Masashige KUSUNOKI of Kawachi Province, Emperor Godaigo's own son Imperial Prince Morinaga (also known as Moriyoshi), who had returned to secular life after serving as head abbot of the entire Tendai sect, and Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU of Harima Province, who provided Morinaga support, continued to resist the shogunal forces; moreover, shogunal supporters like the gokenin (lower samurai warrior vassals) Yoshisada NITTA of Kozuke Province and Takauji ASHIKAGA of Shimotsuke Province eventually turned against the shogunate and joined the Imperial cause, gathering together a force from all the various provinces sufficient to topple the shogunate.
- 足利三代木像梟首事件(あしかがさんだいもくぞうきょうしゅじけん)は、江戸時代後期、幕末の文久3年2月22日 (旧暦)(1863年4月9日)に、京都等持院にあった室町幕府初代征夷大将軍足利尊氏、2代足利義詮、3代足利義満の木像の首と位牌が持ち出され、賀茂川の河原に晒された事件である。
- In the incident of Ashikaga-sandai mokuzo kyoshu, heads of the wooden images and the mortuary tablets of the first Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Takauji ASHIKAGA, the second Seii taishogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, and the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were taken away from Kyoto Jito-in Temple on April 9, 1863 in the late Edo period, and were cast to the riverbed of Kamo-gawa river.
- 事件は、京都帝国大学法学部の瀧川幸辰教授が、1932年10月中央大学法学部で行った講演「『復活』を通して見たるトルストイの刑法観」の内容(レフ・トルストイの思想について「犯罪は国家の組織が悪いから出る」などと説明)が無政府主義的として文部省および司法省内で問題化したことに端を発する。
- The incident started when a lecture, 'Tolstoy's view on penal law through his novel, 'Resurrection'' in October 1932 by Professor Yukitoki TAKIGAWA of the Faculty of Law, Kyoto Imperial University explained in his talk that 'Criminal offenses occur when organization of the national governmental is bad,' which was considered problematic by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Law as being anarchist.
- また、三好氏を利用して永禄7年(1564年)には敵対していた政所執事伊勢貞孝を敗死に追い込み、新たな政所執事に義輝の義従兄弟にあたる摂津晴門を起用し、従来将軍の意向が及ばなかった政所を掌握して幕府決裁に対する影響力を強め、義満以来の聡明な将軍として幕府の将軍親政を着実に進めていった。
- In the same year of 1564, Yoshiteru utilized the Miyoshi clan in driving Sadataka ISE, then head of Mandokoro (the government administrative office) who had been hostile to the Shogun, into death in a losing battle; appointed his (Yoshiteru's) cousin-in-law Harukado SETTSU as new head of Mandokoro; strengthened his control of official decisions of the Bakufu through the Mandokoro, previously out of his real authority but now more at his mercy, and thereby steadily achieved direct rule by the Shogun as the wisest leader after Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- しかしながら途上国の言い分である「先進国の結果責任に基づいて自主的に二酸化炭素排出量を減らす努力義務を途上国が負うのは身勝手」との意見も根強く、京都議定書の次のスキームを構築する作業は残念ながら遅遅として進んでおらず、京都議定書は一過性のもので失敗に終わる可能性が高いと見る意見がある。
- However, developing countries strongly insist that 'it is unfair for developing countries to undertake the obligation to reduce the emission amount of carbon dioxide voluntarily on the basis of the outcome brought about by developed countries,' and the task to establish the next scheme for Kyoto Protocol has regrettably made little progress, and some people say that Kyoto Protocol is transient and will probably end up as a failure.
- 関東地方から東北地方にかけて支配を行き渡らせるため、10月には側近の北畠親房、親房の子で鎮守府将軍・陸奥守に任命された北畠顕家が義良親王(後村上天皇)を奉じて陸奥国へ派遣されて陸奥将軍府が成立し、12月には尊氏の弟の足利直義が後醍醐皇子の成良親王を奉じて鎌倉へ派遣され、鎌倉将軍府が成立。
- In order to spread Imperial control throughout the area from the Kanto to the Tohoku regions, in the tenth month the Emperor made Akiie KITABATAKE, the son of his close associate Chikafusa KITABATAKE, the Chinjufu shogun and Protector of Mutsu Province; Chikafusa and Akiie obeyed the will of Imperial Prince Yoshinaga (later Emperor Gomurakami) and were dispatched to Mutsu Province, thereby establishing the office of shogun (general) of Mutsu, and in the twelfth month Takauji's younger brother, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, obeyed the Imperial order of Emperor Godaigo's son Imperial Prince Narinaga and was dispatched to Kamakura, where the office of shogun of Kamakura was established.
- また、広義の場合には、豪族(大豪族)が中央から下ったか在地かはともかく、その地域で、数郡を支配する大勢力を有したのに対し、一般にその傘下にあるか、あるいは独立した在地の数村を支配する小規模の豪族である、地頭やその系譜をひく国人領主の家臣或いは被官たる者で地侍の主筋になる在地領主をも含む概念。
- In wider sense, while larger gozoku (local ruling families) had a large power to reign some counties in his assigned region whether he stayed in the center or the local, dogo was a retainer or hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of jito, who were usually smaller gozoku and reigned some villages which were under control of or independent from the larger gozoku, or kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) of the jito's linage, and even included zaichi-ryoshu (local lord) which was to be the main stream of jizamurai.
- これらはそれぞれの家の初代当主の幼名であり、(たとえば竹千代は江戸幕府初代征夷大将軍徳川家康の、五郎太は尾張藩祖徳川義直の、長福丸は紀州藩祖徳川頼宣の、鶴千代は水戸藩祖徳川頼房の、犬千代は加賀藩祖前田利家の幼名である)これらは子孫のうち後を継ぐべき嫡男の幼名にもなり、代々受け継がれていった。
- Each such name had originally been the childhood name of the founder of the family (so for example, the name Takechiyo had been the first Edo-period Shogun, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's name, while Gorota had been the Owari branch progenitor Yoshinao TOKUGAWA's, Chofukumaru the Kishu branch founder Yorinobu TOKUGAWA's, Tsuruchiyo the Mito branch forefather Yorifusa TOKUGAWA's, and Inuchiyo the Kaga Domain patriarch Toshiie MAEDA's), and each was passed down from family head to the son being groomed as heir, becoming their childhood name in turn; this passing down continued from generation to generation.
- そして、2代将軍足利義詮の時代には幕府内部の権力抗争により細川清氏などの有力守護大名が南朝に降ったり、九州では足利直冬が幕府に反抗したり、後醍醐の皇子である懐良親王が中国の明朝より「日本国王」として冊封を受けて南朝勢力を拡大するなど、南北朝の抗争は3代将軍足利義満が南北朝合体を行うまで続く。
- And then, during the time of the second Shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, a power struggle within the bakufu prompted several influential shugo daimyo, including Kiyouji HOSOKAWA, to defect to the Southern Court, while in Kyushu Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA raised arms against the bakufu and the Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Godaigo's son and heir, received an official missive, in which he was called the 'King of Japan,' from the Ming court of China; these and other events served to boost the Southern Court's power and prestige, which allowed the Southern Court to continue its resistance until the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, unified the Northern and Southern Courts (in 1392).
- 教科書としては、『庭訓往来』『商売往来』『百姓往来』など往来物のほか、文字を学ぶ『千字文』、人名が列挙された『名頭』『苗字尽』、地名・地理を学ぶ『国尽』『町村尽』、『四書五経』『六諭衍義』などの儒学書、『国史略』『十八史略』などの歴史書、『唐詩選』『百人一首』『徒然草』などの古典が用いられた。
- Text books included Oraimono such as 'Teikin Orai' (collection of letters used for family education), 'Shobai Orai' (a Guide to Commerce), 'Hakusho Orai' (a Guide to Farming), 'Senjimon' (a poem consisting of one thousand Chinese characters) for learning characters, 'Nagashira,' 'Myojizukushi' for learning names of people, 'Kunizukushi,' 'Chosonzukushi,' for learning place names and geography, 'Shishogokyo,' 'Rikuyuengi' for Confucianism, and history books such as 'Kokushiryaku,' 'Juhasshiryaku' and classics such as 'Toshisen,' 'Hyakuninisshu' and 'Tsurezuregusa.'
- 久野収はこの事件の特色について、「危険思想の内容がもはや共産主義やマルクス主義といった嫌疑にあるのではなく…国家に批判的な態度を取る学者たちの思想内容に及んできた」点にあると回顧しており、言論弾圧の対象が従来の共産主義思想から自由主義的な言論へと拡大することとなった大きな転機であることを強調している。
- Osamu KUNO recollects that the characteristic of this incident was 'Dangerous ideology was not only communism and Marxism, but started to include the content of thinking of academics who took a critical stance against the government' and emphasizes that this was a big step when the target of freedom of speech changed from communism to liberalism.
- 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ/SCAP)は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
- According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- さてその「サブラフ」の連用形から平安時代に「サブラヒ」という名詞が生まれたわけであるが、その原義は「主君の側近くで面倒を見ること、またその人」で、後に朝廷に仕える官人でありながら同時に上級貴族に伺候した中下級の技能官人層を指すようになり、そこからそうした技能官人の一角を構成した「武士」を指すようになった。
- The conjunctive form of 'saburafu' became 'saburahi' in the Heian period, and while this originally meant 'a person who is on hand to take care of and serve his/her lord' (or the act of doing so), it later came to mean ginou kanjin of low to middle rank who served upper class aristocrats at the Imperial Court, before finally coming to indicate only one type of ginou kanjin: the 'bushi.'
- 後醍醐天皇の建武の新政から離反した足利尊氏は、建武政権から尊氏追討を命じられた新田義貞を箱根・竹ノ下の戦いで破り、さらに新田軍を追撃して京都の確保を図るが、1336年、楠木正成や北畠顕家らと連絡した宮方勢に京都とその近辺で敗れ海路西走し、途中播磨国の赤松則村(円心)らに助けられ、再興を賭けて九州地方に下る。
- At the battle of Hakone-Takenoshita, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who was defecting from the Kemmu Restoration by Emperor Godaigo, defeated Yoshisada NITTA who had been ordered to crush Takauji by the Kemmu government; then, Takauji chased Nitta's forces trying to capture Kyoto, but in 1336, he was defeated in and around Kyoto by the Imperial forces which had contact with Masashige KUSUNOKI and Akiie KITABATAKE; he escaped to the west, towards Kyushu, by ship to renew his forces, helped by Norimura AKAMATU (Enshin) of Harima Province on the way.
- この説によれば、本来の目的は高明のみならず、あわよくば師輔の子供である藤原伊尹兄弟(高明の義兄弟にあたる)の失脚も狙った計画であったものの、高明夫人(師輔の娘)の没後に高明と疎遠になっていた伊尹兄弟もむしろ高明追放後の昇進に期待をかけて高明排斥に積極的に加担したために、彼らを排する機会を逸したというのである。
- According to this theory, the original goal was to oust not only Takaakira, but if circumstances allowed, to oust the FUJIWARA no Koretada brothers (sworn brothers of Takaakira) who were the children of Morosuke, but because the Koretada brothers, (who were estranged from Takaakira after the death of Takaakira's wife, the daughter of Morosuke) actively participated in casting aside Takaakira, expecting to be promoted if successful, the Fujiwara clan lost the opportunity to cast out the FUJIWARA no Koretada brothers.
- 東京、横浜、大阪、神戸の四都市に本社をおく財閥を中央財閥、その他を地方財閥と定義されるが、西宮に本社を持つ辰馬財閥のようにその規模や活動範囲からみても中央財閥としての風格を持つものもあるため、全国的規模の企業活動を行っていた財閥を中央財閥、各地域に限定された企業活動を行っていた財閥を地方財閥と分類することができる。
- A central zaibatsu is generally defined as a zaibatsu whose headquarters are located in Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka or Kobe, while local zaibatsu are the other zaibatsu; however, there are some zaibatsu whose size and range of activities are as great as those of the central zaibatsu - such as Tatsuuma Zaibatsu - and thus central zaibatsu can also be defined as a zaibatsu that has developed nationwide corporate activities; contrastingly, a zaibatsu that has developed activities limited to a specific area can be defined as a local zaibatsu.
- 財閥(ざいばつ)とは、財閥解体以前の非常に大きい独占的な資本家または企業の事であるが、一般的には、家族または同族によって出資された親会社(持株会社)が中核となり、それが支配している諸会社(子会社)に多種の産業を経営させている企業集団であって、大規模な子会社はそれぞれの産業部門において寡占的地位を占めると定義される。
- The word Zaibatsu means a tremendous exclusive capitalist or enterprise of the pre-disposition of the era of financial cliques, but generally it is defined as a business group in which a parent company (holding company) capitalized by a family or its kinship forms the core of the group and has its subsidiaries run a variety of businesses, some of which hold monopoly positions in their respective fields or industries.
- 湊川の戦い(みなとがわのたたかい)は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年7月4日((建武 (日本)3年)5月25日 (旧暦))に、摂津国湊川(現・兵庫県神戸市中央区_(神戸市)・兵庫区)で、九州から東上して来た足利尊氏・足利直義兄弟らの軍と、これを迎え撃った後醍醐天皇方の新田義貞・楠木正成の軍との間で行われた合戦である。
- The Battle of Minatogawa was fought on July 12, 1336 during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) in Minatogawa, Settsu Province (modern day Chuo Ward/Hyogo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture) between the forces of the brothers Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA who had traveled east from Kyushu and Yoshisada NITTA and Masashige KUSUNOKI who were loyal to Emperor Godaigo.
- しかし、河内源氏の「棟梁の系譜」を考えるならば、石川源氏は河内源氏の本領の石川荘を相続しているとはいえ源義時の末裔でしかなく地方武士団の規模を出ず、細々と先祖伝来の本拠地の領地を守っていただけの石川源氏やその後継の石川氏は河内源氏の流れを汲む地方源氏の一つとは言えても、河内源氏そのものの名に値するのかという反論がある。
- However, taking consideration of the 'lineage of the family leader', Ishikawa-Genji is just a descendant of MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki even though Ishikawawa-Genji inherited Ishikawa manor, the main domain of Kawachi-Genji, and they remained to be a local samurai group, it can be said that the Ishikawa-Genji and its descendant, Ishikawa clan, who protected the inherited main domain on a reduced scale, is one of local Genji descended from Kawachi-Genji, but it is arguable whether it deserves the name of Kawachi-Genji.
- 1981年に銀行法が全部改正された際に、「定期積金等」という定義によって、相互掛金は普通銀行での取扱も可能にはなったものの、銀行法以外の法律に基づいて設立された長期信用銀行、信用金庫、信用組合、農業協同組合、漁業協同組合、労働金庫の各根拠法は改正されなかったため、相互銀行法が廃止された現在では、普通銀行のみが取扱えるものとなっている。
- When the Banking Act was entirely revised in 1981, it became possible to handle mutual premiums in ordinary banks called 'regular deposits and others,' but each base law of long-term credit banks, credit unions, credit associations, agricultural cooperative associations, fishery cooperative associations, and labor credit associations established based upon the law, rather than the Banking Act, was not revised, therefore, now only the ordinary banks can manage it because the Mutual Loan and Savings Bank Act was abolished.
- 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国・大韓民国では文禄の役を壬辰倭乱(じんしんわらん、、イムジンウェラン、戦役総称として使う場合もあり)、慶長の役を丁酉倭乱(ていゆうわらん、、チョンユウェラン)または丁酉再乱(ていゆうさいらん、、チョンユヂェラン)と呼んでいる(北朝鮮では壬辰祖国戦争(じんしんそこくせんそう、、イムジンチョグクチョンジェン)と呼ばれる場合もある)。
- In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea, the Bunroku War is called Imjin Waeran (It is also used as the generic name of the Wars), and the Keicho War is called Chonyu Ueran or Chonyu Jeran (In the North Korea, in certain cases it is also called Imjin chogukuchonjen).
- ついで江戸時代に入ると漢学者、国学者の双方による律令研究が盛行し、注釈書を残した者に壺井義知(つぼいよしちか)(1657‐1735)、 荷田春満(かだのあずままろ)、稲葉通邦(いなばみちくに)(1744‐1801)、 河村秀穎(ひでかい)、河村秀根(ひでね)、 薗田守良(そのだもりよし)(1785‐1840)、 近藤芳樹などがあるが、依然として研究の中心は解釈学におかれていた。
- Next, in the Edo period, research on ritsuryo by both scholars of Chinese classics and scholars of Japanese classical studies flourished, and Yoshichika TSUBOI (1657 - 1735), KADA no Azumamaro, Michikuni INABA (1744 - 1801), Hidekai KAWAMURA, Hidene KAWAMURA, Moriyoshi SONODA (1785 - 1840), and Yoshiki KONDO are among those who left commentaries, but the center of the research was still on hermeneutics.
- 広義には足利尊氏が1336年(建武 (日本)3年)に建武式目を制定し、1338年に正式に京都に幕府を開いてから、15代将軍足利義昭が1573年に織田信長によって追放されるまでの235年間の足利将軍の存続期間を指すのが一般的であるが、前期を南北朝時代 (日本)、後期を戦国時代 (日本)とそれぞれ区分して、南北朝合一から明応の政変(あるいは応仁の乱)までを狭義の室町時代とする場合も多い。
- In the broadest sense, the term 'Muromachi period' refers to the 235-year span during which the country was at least nominally ruled by an Ashikaga Shogun, beginning when Takauji ASHIKAGA enacted the Kenmu Code in 1336 before formally creating the bakufu in Kyoto in 1338, and ending when Nobunaga ODA exiled the fifteenth Shogun, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, in 1573; however, both the early and late stages of the Muromachi period can also be classified as the Northern and Southern Courts (Nanbokucho) (Japan) and Sengoku periods, respectively, so many favor a narrower definition of the Muromachi period, in which it is limited to the span from the unification of the two courts (in 1392) until the outbreak of the Meio Coup (in 1492, or alternatively the outbreak of the Onin War in 1467).
- 倒幕の功に応じて十分な恩賞を与えられた武士は、足利尊氏、新田義貞、楠木正成ら一部に過ぎず、最初から倒幕運動に加わって六波羅攻略に功を立てた赤松則村(円心)が播磨国の守護職を没収されたり、1つの土地に何人もの領主が現れて混乱するなど倒幕の功に対する恩賞が不公平で、新政の初期から武士の不満は強かったと推測され、後醍醐の近臣である吉田定房や千種忠顕が詰め腹を切らされる形で出家させられている。
- Those who were amply rewarded for their meritorious contribution to the shogunate's defeat--Takauji ASHIKAGA, Yoshisada NITTA, Masashige KUSUNOKI, etc.--were only a tiny fraction of those who fought, and Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU, who had joined the struggle to overthrow the shogunate from the very beginning, was forced to forfeit his Protectorship of Harima Province, and the chaos caused by situations, like when a single plot of land found itself with multiple owners, showed the unfairness of the system to reward distinguished service against the shogunate, making it likely that discontent against the new government was strong right from the beginning; but Emperor Godaigo's vassals Sadafusa YOSHIDA and Tadaaki CHIGUSA were made to take the blame for this situation and were driven out of office and forced to take the tonsure.
- 始期については、従来源頼朝が将軍(征夷大将軍)に任じられた1192年とするのが一般的であるが、頼朝が平家打倒のために挙兵し御家人を統率する侍所を設置した1180年説、寿永二年十月宣旨で東国(東海道および東山道)の支配権を朝廷に公認された1183年説、対立する弟・源義経追討の名目で惣追捕使(後の守護)・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年説、頼朝が上洛し権大納言・右近衛大将に任命された1190年説、また一部では1196年説など様々な考え方がある。
- There are many theories about in what year the Kamakura period truly began, of which the 1192 theory, the year MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was made Shogun (Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians')), is the orthodox view, but in addition, theories include: the 1180 theory, focusing on Yoritomo raising his army and leading his gokenin (lower-ranking warrior vassals) into battle to destroy the Taira clan, and also establishing the Samurai Dokoro (Board of Retainers, which oversaw rewards for service); the 1183 theory, in which the key moment is the official recognition of the shogunate's right to control Eastern Japan (everything along the Tokaido and Tosando highways) proclaimed by the imperial court in the tenth month; the 1185 theory, which focuses on Yoritomo's use of his struggle to destroy his younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune as a pretext to usurp the right to appoint and control the offices of shugo (provincial governor) and jito (estate steward); the 1190 theory, in which it was Yoritomo's visit to the capital and subsequent court appointments to Gon Dainagon (Deputy Major Counselor) and Ukone Taisho (Commander of the Guardsmen of the Right) that is considered the decisive moment; and a handful even believe it wasn't until 1196 that the Kamakura period truly began.
- 幕府軍によって変の首謀者たちが討たれ、剣が奪い返された後も神璽は後南朝に持ち去られたままであったが、1457年(長禄元年)に至って、1441年(嘉吉元年)の嘉吉の乱で取り潰された赤松氏の復興を願う赤松家遺臣の石見太郎、丹生屋帯刀、上月満吉らが、大和国・紀伊国国境付近の北山(奈良県吉野郡上北山村か)あるいは三之公(同郡川上村 (奈良県))に本拠を置いていた後南朝に臣従すると偽って後南朝勢力を襲い、南朝の末裔という自天王・忠義王兄弟を殺害して神璽を奪い返した(長禄の変)。
- Shogunal forces hunted down and executed the ringleaders of the Incident and recaptured the sword, but the Grand Jewels remained with the Gonancho forces who fled in 1457, the surviving retainers of the Akamatsu clan - which had been crushed in the Kakitsu Rebellion of 1441 - including Taro ISHIMI, Tatewaki NIUNOYA, and Mitsuyoshi KOZUKI, wishing to restore the Akamatsu clan's fortunes, went to the Gonancho headquarters at Kitayama near the provincial borders of Yamato and Kii Provinces (possibly referring to modern-day Kamikitayama village in Yoshino district, Nara Pref.), or perhaps at Sannoko (in Kawakami village of Yoshino district, Nara Pref.), and pretended to become vassals of the Gonancho before turning on them and striking down many of their forces, murdering Princes Jitenno and Tadayoshiten who were brothers and Imperial descendants of the Southern Court bloodline, before recapturing the Grand Jewels (in what became known as the Choroku Incident).
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- Iceland, Republic of Azerbaijan, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Albania, Almenia, Yemen, Iran, India, Uganda, Ethiopia, Eritoria, Oman, Gaiana, Republic of Ghana, Republic of Cape Verde, Qatar, Gabonese Republic, Republic of Cameroon, Republic of The Gambia, Cambodia, North Korea, Republic of Guinea, Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Republic of Cyprus, Republic of Kiribati, Kyrgyz Republic, State of Kuwait, Georgia, Grenada, Republic of Kenya, Republic of Cote d'Ivoire, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of Colombia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Republic of Sierra Leone, Republic of Djibouti, Jamaica, Syrian Arab Republic, Singapore, Sudan, Republic of Suriname, Sri Lanka, Kingdom of Swaziland, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Senegal, United Republic of Tanzania, Republic of Tunisia, Republic of Togo, Commonwealth of Dominica, Dominican Republic, Nigeria, Republic of Nauru, Republic of Namibia, Nepal, Haiti, Pakistan, Republic of Vanuatu, Commonwealth of The Bahamas, Republic of Palau, Kingdom of Bahrain, Barbados, Hungary, People's Republic of Bangladesh, Butan, Burkina Faso, Republic of Burundi, Republic of Benin, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Republic of Belarus, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Botswana, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Malawi, Republic of South Africa, Union of Myanmar, Republic of Mauritius, Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Republic of Mozambique, Republic of Moldova, Kingdom of Morocco, Mongolia, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libya, Republic of Liberia, Republic of Rwanda, Kingdom of Lesotho, Republic of Lebanon