維持: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 維持
• maintenance
• preservation
• improvement
• retention
• maintain
• hold
• keep
• sustain
• conservation
• keeping
• uphold
• upkeep

• 維持費
• maintenance costs
• running cost
• upkeep

• 維持熱
• maintenance heat

• 維持量
• maintenance dose

• 維持力
• retentive force

• 維持歯
• anchor tooth

• 維持期
• maintenance stage

• 維持流量
• maintenance flow
• maintenance flow discharge
• maintenance stream flow

• 運営維持
• operation and maintenance

• 維持用水
• maintenance flow

• 維持管理
• O & M
• maintenance
• operation and maintenance

• 運転維持
• operation maintenance

• 河川維持
• river maintenance

• 品質維持
• quality control

• 治安維持
• maintenance of public order
• maintaining security

• 現状維持
• maintenance of the status quo

• 健康維持
• health maintenance
• health preservation

• 秩序維持
• maintaining order (e.g. in a courtroom)

• 平和維持
• peacekeeping

• 維持療法
• maintenance therapy

• 維持培地
• maintenance medium
• maintenance media

• 維持する
• maintain
• keep ~ in good order
• preserve
• retain
• sustain

• 生命維持
• life support
• vital
• vitally

• 道路維持
• road maintenance

• 維持帯環
• anchor band

• 維持装置
• retainer

• 維持管理費
• O & M costs
• maintenance cost
• maintenance expense
• management costs
• operation and maintenance cost
• operation and maintenance costs
• maintenance and operation cost

• 河川の維持
• River maintenance

• 資産維持費
• assets maintenaince cost

• 治安維持法
• Peace Preservation Act (1925)
• Peace Preservation Law

• 平和維持軍
• peace-keeping force
• peacekeeping force
• Peace Keeping Forces
• a peacekeeping force

• 自然維持林
• nature maintenance forest

• 改善と維持
• improvement and maintenance

• 堤体の維持
• maintenance of levee body

• 堤防の維持
• maintenance of levee

• 光束維持率
• lumen maintenance factor

• 特許維持費
• maintenance fee

• 維持できる
• capable of being maintained

• 維持化学療法
• maintenance chemotherapy

• 航行維持事業
• navigation project

• 環境維持計画
• environmental management plan

• 河川維持用水
• discharge for flow maintenance
• ecological discharge
• river maintenance flow

• 河川維持流量
• discharge for maintenance
• ecological discharge
• maintenance flow discharge

• ノリ面の維持
• maintenance of slope

• 通常維持業務
• routine maintenance

• 株価維持操作
• price-keeping operation
• PKO

• 生命維持装置
• life-support system
• life support system
• portable life support system

• 平和維持活動
• peace-keeping operation
• Peace-Keeping Organization
• Peace-Keeping Operations

• 平和維持部隊
• peacekeeping force

• 低水路の維持
• maintenance of low water channel

• 価格維持操作
• price-keeping operations

• 維持すること
• sustenance

• ～を維持する
• keep up ~ [~ up]

• 現状維持する
• maintain

• 直接維持装置
• direct retainer

• 堤外地の維持
• maintenance of riverside land

• 発電維持流量
• water flow required for power generation

• 定期維持業務
• periodic maintenance

• 河川維持放流
• discharge for river maintenance

• 本願寺維持財団
• The Hongan-ji Foundation

• 異常時維持業務
• incidental maintenance

• 契約維持管理費
• operation and maintenance charges funded

• 国連平和維持軍
• UN peacekeeping forces

• 恒常性維持機構
• homeostatic mechanism

• 米州平和維持軍
• Inter-American Peacekeeping Force

• 資本維持の原則
• capital maintenance principle

• 緩圧性維持装置
• stress-breaking retainer

• 治安を維持する
• police

• 極東の平和維持
• maintenance of peace in the Far East

• 法廷の秩序維持
• Maintenance of Order in Court

• 家計を維持する
• maintain a household

• 体外生命維持装置
• extracorporeal life support

• 維持流量(用水)
• maintenance flow

• メサドン維持療法
• methadone maintenance

• 水道維持管理指針
• Guidelines for Waterworks Technical Management

• 河川維持修繕事業
• River maintenance and repair projects

• 維持可能セル速度
• sustainable cell rate
• SCR

• 直轄堰堤維持事業
• MLIT projects for dam maintenance

• 生命維持システム
• life support system
• life-support system

• 市場秩序維持協定
• Orderly Marketing Agreement

• 補助堰堤維持事業
• MLIT projects for dam facility improvement

• 車線維持支援装置
• Lane Keeping Assistance System

• 熱供給施設の維持
• Maintenance of Heat Supply Facilities

• 規律及び秩序の維持
• Maintenance of Discipline and Order

• 維持管理(道路の)
• maintenance and operation

• 異常渇水時維持流量
• essential river maintenance flow

• 住民参加の維持管理
• maintenance and control with participation of residents

• 現状を維持していく
• hold the fort

• 生命の維持に必要な
• vital

• 公的福祉を維持する
• maintain public-welfare services

• 電気維持管理技術者
• electrical maintenance engineer

• ガス工作物の維持等
• Maintenance of Gas Facilities, etc.

• 養兎場を維持する人
• maintains a rabbit warren

• 売却の場所の秩序維持
• Maintenance of Order at the Place of Sale

• 宇宙船外生命維持装置
• Extravehicular Life Support System

• 修繕および維持引当金
• repairs and maintenance

• 道路の維持および修繕
• road maintenance and repair

• 食欲と発育を維持する
• maintains appetite and growth

• ポジションを維持する
• maintain a position

• 価格の現状を維持する
• hold the line on prices

• 離れた状態を維持する
• keep away from

• 同じペースを維持する
• maintain the same pace

• 陸軍平和維持活動研究所
• Army Peacekeeping Institute

• 生命維持(特別) 療法
• life support care

• 国連キプロス平和維持軍
• United Nations Peace-Keeping Force in Cyprus

• 流水の正常な機能の維持
• maintenance of normal function of the river water (flow)

• 基幹系統設備維持コスト
• bulk power grid maintenance cost

• 事業用電気工作物の維持
• Maintenance of Electric Facilities for Business Use

• 自然循環機能の維持増進
• Maintenance and Promotion of the Cyclical Function of Nature

• 河川縦断と河川断面の維持
• maintenance of tile river profile and cross-section

• 環境制御生命維持システム
• environmental control and life support system

• 利用施設の適正な維持管理
• proper operation and maintenance in the use facilities

• 品種登録の維持及び取消し
• Maintenance and Rescission of a Variety Registration

• 車庫の維持または保存する
• keep or store in a garage

• 体中の水の流れを維持する
• they maintain a flow of water through the body

• 閉鎖生態系生命維持システム
• controlled ecological life support system

• 送電線信頼度維持用マージン
• TRM Transmission Reliability Margin

• 制限内で維持または保持する
• hold or keep within limits

• 生命の維持に必要な身体器官
• a bodily organ that is essential for life

• 八幡山保存会が維持している。
• This float is maintained by the Hachimanyama Preservation Society.

• 流水の正常な機能の維持と増進
• maintenance and improvement of functions of river

• 船上での規律維持に責任を負う
• responsible for discipline aboard ship

• 家族や団体を維持していく手段
• means of maintenance of a family or group

• 合同を維持している富士門流寺院
• Fujimon School Temples Keeping Godo

• より高い状態を維持できないこと
• a failure to maintain a higher state

• 自動車や機械の定期的な維持管理
• periodic maintenance on a car or machine

• 垂直の姿勢を維持する際に重要な
• important in maintaining erect posture

• 健康を促進または維持する傾向の
• tending to promote or preserve health

• 要塞地域を維持し、防護する部隊
• the troops who maintain and guard a fortified place

• 維持するか、主張するのを止める
• stop maintaining or insisting on

• 最初の治安維持法適用事件である。
• This was the first affair to which the Maintenance of Public Order Law was applied.

• 信用秩序の維持に資するための業務
• Business Contributing to the Maintenance of Stability of the Financial System

• 捕虜収容所の維持運営に関する業務
• Works pertaining to maintenance and administrations of the prisoner of war camp;

• 病気の予防と健康維持に関する科学
• the science concerned with the prevention of illness and maintenance of health

• 心臓手術中に循環を維持するポンプ
• a pump to maintain circulation during heart surgery

• 赤熱状態でも硬さを維持する合金鋼
• an alloy steel that remains hard at a red heat

• かろうじてその人の存在を維持する
• manage one's existence barely

• 呼吸が人工的に維持される救急処置
• an emergency procedure whereby breathing is maintained artificially

• 妊娠に備えて子宮を準備し維持する
• prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy

• 国の防衛と治安維持を管轄する機関。
• It was an institution which governed the national defense and the maintenance of public order.

• 貧弱に作られたり維持されている性質
• the quality of being poorly made or maintained

• 工業製品の品質の基準を維持すること
• maintenance of standards of quality of manufactured goods

• 必須のペースまたはレベルを維持する
• maintain a required pace or level

• 指向的であるか、方向を維持する特性
• the property of being directional or maintaining a direction

• 浮く材質で輪の形をした生命維持用具
• a life preserver in the form of a ring of buoyant material

• 治安維持法違反について37名が有罪。
• 37 people were convicted guilty on violation of the Maintenance of Public Order Law.

• 使ったり役立てたりするために維持する
• maintain for use and service

• 細胞の形を維持し、防護壁として役立つ
• maintains the shape of the cell and serves as a protective barrier

• しばしば乱暴な方法で制御して維持する
• take and maintain control over, often by violent means

• 文書やペーパーなどの維持と系統的配置
• preservation and methodical arrangement as of documents and papers etc.

• 健康維持、病気の予防や治療を扱う科学
• the science of dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of disease

• 比較的低い温度を維持する電気調理器具
• an electric cooker that maintains a relatively low temperature

• 我が国の平和及び安全の維持のための措置
• Measures to Maintain Peace and Security in Japan

• 基本的な生命過程を維持するのに不可欠な
• essential for maintaining the fundamental life processes

• 扱う、使用するまたは維持するのに容易な
• easy to handle or use or manage

• 保つこと、または維持することができない
• fail to keep or to maintain

• 血液の身体の圧力を維持する役目を果たす
• serves to maintain the somatic pressure of the blood

• 法律上の会社として組織され、維持される
• organized and maintained as a legal corporation

• 通信システムを設計、建設、維持する活動
• the activity of designing and constructing and maintaining communication systems

• 武士たちによってその維持が図られてきた。
• Samurai maintained the social order in place of the Imperial Court.

• 売却の場所の秩序維持等に関する規定の準用
• Application Mutatis Mutandis of the Provisions Concerning Maintenance of Order at the Place of Sale, etc.

• 犯罪の防止又は治安の維持を目的とする事業
• Business to prevent crimes or to maintain security

• 信用秩序の維持のための業務に係る経過措置
• Transitional Measures Pertaining to Business for the Maintenance of Stability of the Financial System

• 沸点まで上げて、またはその状態を維持する
• bring to, or maintain at, the boiling point

• 機能や行動、反射運動などの調節または維持
• regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc

• カトリック教会により維持される教区の学校
• a parochial school maintained by the Catholic Church

• 彼が緑化関連の提案や維持管理の業務を担う。
• He makes the afforestation-related proposals and is in charge of maintenance.

• 今後の使用のために維持する、あるいは貯める
• keep or lay aside for future use

• 米国の連邦部門で、外交政策を設定し維持する
• the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies

• 船舶のエンジンの操作と維持に責任を持つ士官
• a naval officer responsible for the operation and maintenance of the ship's engines

• 中断または弱めることなく、長々と維持される
• maintained at length without interruption or weakening

• 一定の温度を維持するために燃料を自給する炉
• a furnace that feeds itself so as to maintain a uniform temperature

• これらはそれぞれ独立して商圏を維持している。
• These two urban areas maintain their trade areas independently each other.

• 維持管理費も住友グループ各社が拠出している。
• Various companies within the Sumitomo Group contribute to operation and maintenance costs.

• 治安維持のための逮捕術（捕手術、捕縛術など）
• The arresting techniques for the maintenance of the public order: 'Torite-jutsu' (Catching hand techniques), 'hobaku-jutsu' (binding techniques) and others

• 電子計算機その他の設備の維持管理に関する記録
• Records relating to maintenance and administration of the Computers and other facilities;

• 維持できるかどうかに再び注目が集まりました。
• Attention was focused again on whether or not it can be maintained.

• 物的設備の建設や維持に責任を負う企業内の部署
• the division of a business responsible for building and maintaining the physical plant

• 流されないようにしたり、船首を風上に維持する
• prevents drifting or maintains the heading into a wind

• 適切に維持されないか、または保護されていない
• not properly maintained or cared for

• 何かをきちんと使える状態で維持するような行為
• activity involved in maintaining something in good working order

• 販売するための商品の在庫を購入し、維持する人
• someone who purchases and maintains an inventory of goods to be sold

• 一定の周波数で電場が維持されるサイクロトロン
• cyclotron in which the electric field is maintained at a constant frequency

• 結合し、一緒の状態で分離しないように維持する
• stick or hold together and resist separation

• 生命を無期限に維持すると考えられる仮説の物質
• a hypothetical substance believed to maintain life indefinitely

• 親王没後、寿子妃を当主として宮家は維持された。
• After the death of the Imperial Prince, the family was maintained with Toshiko as the family head.

• 旧末寺1ヶ寺は「合同」を維持して日蓮宗に残留。
• Former 1 branch temple kept 'Godo' and remained in Nichiren Sect.

• 旧末寺9ヶ寺は「合同」を維持して日蓮宗に残留。
• Former 9 branch temples kept 'Godo' and remained in Nichiren Sect.

• 当時の財政難の政府には維持費が出せなかった事。
• It was the economic difficulties that the government of the day could not manage the preservation cost of Kosatsu;

• 政府間で市場秩序の維持を目的として結ばれる協定
• orderly marketing agreement

• 自動車をきちんと使えるような状態に維持すること
• keeping a car in good working order

• 正常な発達、機能を維持する十分な食物がないこと
• not having enough food to develop or function normally

• 小型の武器や機関銃等の維持を職務とする下士官兵
• an enlisted man responsible for the upkeep of small arms and machine guns etc.

• 選択された植物が維持され、観察される生態植物園
• a vivarium in which selected living plants are kept and observed

• 生命を維持するために必要不可欠であるという特質
• the quality of being essential to maintain life

• 諸勢力は軍備の整備・維持・向上に意を払っていた。
• Such powers gave attention to preparation, maintenance, and improvement of armaments.

• 旧末寺34ヶ寺は「合同」を維持して日蓮宗に残留。
• Thirty-four former branch temples kept 'Godo' and remained in Nichiren Sect.

• カメラをきちんと使えるような状態に維持しておくこと
• keeping a camera in good working order

• 公正かつ自由な競争を維持する米国連邦政府の独立機関
• an independent agency of the United States federal government that maintains fair and free competition

• 換気し、熱しまたは冷蔵する設備を設置し維持する職人
• a craftsman who installs and maintains equipment for ventilating or heating or refrigerating

• 化学反応または物理的変化の間の、不変の若干量の維持
• the maintenance of a certain quantities unchanged during chemical reactions or physical transformations

• 腰から下の衣服をすべて脱げばバランスを維持しやすい。
• You can easily balance if you take off all your clothes below the waist.

• この状況は第二次世界大戦の終了まで事実上維持された。
• This situation was virtually maintained till the end of World War II.

• 日本内地では最初の治安維持法適用事件として知られる。
• It has been known as the first incident to apply the Maintenance of Public Order Law in Japanese mainland.

• 都市の美観風致を維持するための樹木の保存に関する法律
• Law concerning Preservation of Trees for Conservation of Scenic Beauty of Cities

• 排他的経済水域等以外の水域における漁場の維持及び開発
• Maintenance and Development of Fishing Grounds in Waters Other Than Exclusive Economic Zone

• 特定のレベルで価格を維持するのに使用される国家補助金
• a government subsidy used to maintain prices at a certain level

• （ユダヤ教で）土曜日に安息日としての生活を維持する人
• one who observes Saturday as the Sabbath (as in Judaism)

• 健康的なバランスを維持するために、水か液体を供給する
• supply water or liquid to in order to maintain a healthy balance

• 読売新聞憲法改正試案では天皇制は現状維持と述べている。
• Draft of Constitutional revisions by the Yomiuri Shimbun mentions that the Tennosei should maintain its form.

• 治安維持法とともに戦前の有名な治安立法として知られる。
• It is known as a famous pre-World War II security legislation along with Maintenance of Public Order Law.

• 高麗は水軍の兵力を維持するために水軍万戸の制をしいた。
• Goryeo established the system of suigun banko to maintain the power of the navy.

• 風致地区は、都市の風致を維持するため定める地区とする。
• Scenic districts are districts designated to maintain the scenic beauty of cities.

• TSC オンライン系統安定度維持システム(中部電力)
• TSC Transient Stability Control

• 我が国の国際収支の均衡を維持することが困難になること。
• The maintenance of equilibrium of the international balance of trade of Japan becomes difficult.

• 審判長は、開廷中審判を指揮し、審判廷の秩序を維持する。
• The chief hearing examiner shall preside over the hearing in session and maintain the order at the tribunal.

• 平和的な国際関係を維持することを主張するどんな政策でも
• any policy that advocates maintaining peaceful international relations

• 参加者は、残高または借方記入が郵送される口座を維持する
• participants maintain an account against which credits or debits are posted

• ボートが造られるか、維持されるか、または格納される場所
• a place where boats are built or maintained or stored

• 二つの所帯を維持する男だから、もちろん彼には無理・・・
• A man with two establishments to keep up, of course he couldn't....

• 自然の種から発展して、耕作中で維持されるいろいろな工場
• a variety of a plant developed from a natural species and maintained under cultivation

• 食物で生命を維持する、または、生存の手段を提供する行為
• the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence

• 大正14年（1925年）：治安維持法公布、普通選挙法公布
• 1925: The official proclamation of Public Peace Preservation Act and Universal Manhood Suffrage Act

• 当然、これほど長い髪を維持するのは想像以上の労力を使う。
• It certainly took more trouble than expected to maintain such long hair.

• プログラム・ライブラリで維持されるデバッグされたルーチン
• a debugged routine that is maintained in a program library

• 視界や進入を防ぐことによって分離を維持するのに役立つ何か
• anything serving to maintain separation by obstructing vision or access

• ベンチャーを始めるか維持するのに必要な最小の量（何かの）
• the minimum amount (of something) required to start or maintain a venture

• 第5条：日本国政府は韓国皇室の安寧と尊厳の維持を保証する。
• ARTICLE V: The Government of Japan undertake to maintain the welfare and dignity of the Imperial House of Korea.

• 留置施設の規律及び秩序は、適正に維持されなければならない。
• The discipline and order in the detention facility shall be maintained appropriately.

• 刑事施設の規律及び秩序は、適正に維持されなければならない。
• The discipline and order in the penal institution shall be maintained appropriately.

• 電子データベースの作成、維持、使用を容易にするソフトウェア
• a software system that facilitates the creation and maintenance and use of an electronic database

• テナントが改新や維持に貢献することによって稼ぐビルへの利息
• interest in a building that a tenant earns by contributing to its renovation or maintenance

• 祖国との関係を維持しつつ、遠くの土地へと移住し開発する人々
• a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland

• それで、自身の大宮御所では旧態依然とした宮廷制度を維持した。
• Thus, in reaction, the Empress Teimei kept the traditional and outdated Imperial Court system within her own Omiya Gosho (the Omiya Imperial Palace).

• そしてそれが、国家の維持と国威発揚に必要であると主張された。
• And those were essential for keeping national power and boosting national prestige.

• 1926年9月18日：学生38名が治安維持法違反などで起訴。
• September 18, 1926: 38 students were prosecuted for violation of the Maintenance of Public Order Law.

• 領家の権威だけでは荘園の所有が維持できないケースも見られた。
• Sometimes, the authority of ryoke alone was not enough to maintain their possession of shoen.

• 我が国の平和及び安全の維持のための措置 （第十条―第十五条）
• Measures to Maintain Peace and Security in Japan (Articles 10 to 15)

• 捕虜収容所の規律及び秩序は、厳正に維持されなければならない。
• The discipline and order in the prisoner of war camps shall be maintained appropriately and rigorously.

• 浮力を維持するのに役立つ多くの魚の脊柱近くの空気の詰まった嚢
• an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy

• 金や必需品を与えることにより、世話をしたり維持したりする行動
• the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities

• というのは、君主が自身を維持するために必要だと考える集団が、
• for when that body is corrupt whom you think you have need of to maintain yourself

• すでに存在している良きものの活力を維持するのも彼らなのです。
• it is they who keep the life in those which already existed.

• しかし、同時に治安維持法が制定され共産主義への弾圧が行われた。
• However, Maintenance of Public Order Law was enacted at the same time, oppressing communism.

• 一方、白河上皇も権力維持のために、正盛の武力を必要としていた。
• On the other hand, Shirakawa required Masamori's armed forces to maintain his power.

• 茅葺き屋根の維持のためには数十年毎に葺き替えをする必要がある。
• It is necessary to replace thatches once in several decades to maintain thatched roofs.

• 京都市中の治安維持及び京都御所・二条城の警護などの役割を担う。
• The Kyoto Shugoshoku performed the role of maintaining order in the city of Kyoto and guarding the Kyoto Gosho (Old Imperial Palace), Nijo-jo Castle, etc.

• 野焼きを行うことで、この遷移が止まり、草地のままに維持される。
• By doing noyaki, these transitions stop and the grassland is maintained.

• 第五條 日本國政府ハ韓國皇室ノ安寧ト尊嚴ヲ維持スルコトヲ保証ス
• ARTICLE V. The Government of Japan undertake to maintain the welfare and dignity of the Imperial House of Corea.

• これらは、律令制の実質を維持していこうとする意思の表れだった。
• All this shows that the government was trying to maintain the essence of the Ritsuryo system.

• 後には検非違使を補助して都の治安維持の業務にあたる事もあった。
• They were sometimes in charge of business of maintaining security of capital by assisting kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) later.

• 懲戒とは、規律維持のため、義務違反に対し制裁を科すことをいう。
• Chokai (a disciplinary punishment) means that an obligated party would be imposed a punishment in violation of the duty.

• こうして朝廷は市中にその「武威」をアピールして治安維持を行う。
• The imperial court appealed its 'bui' (military force) to the city and tried to stabilized its security.

• その領土を都護府・羈縻政策・府兵制の制度をもって維持していた。
• It maintained its territory through protectorate, tributary and divisional militia systems.

• みすぼらしいにもかかわらず尊厳と自身尊敬を維持しようとするさま
• trying to maintain dignity and self respect despite shabbiness

• 腎臓が、排泄物を排出して電解質平衡を維持することができないこと
• inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes and to help maintain the electrolyte balance

• べつの君主は、支配下の町を派閥争いによって維持しようとします。
• others have kept their subject towns by factions;
• others have kept their subject towns distracted by factions;

• 同時に教団を維持するための守りの姿勢を固める重要性も出てきた。
• At the same time, he felt the necessity to take a defensive action to protect the religious community.

• 受益者を維持するために作られたが、受益者の浪費から保護する信託
• a trust created to maintain a beneficiary but to be secure against the beneficiary's improvidence

• 棟義は治家を没落させた後も軍事指揮権を維持したまま、土着化する。
• Even after Haruie's fall, Muneyoshi, as a military commander, settled in the area.

• 家督の維持、子孫の繁栄には強く逞しい男性の存在が欠かせなかった。
• In order to maintain the family estate and family prosperity, strong and tough men were imperative.

• 中には戦国大名の承認の下で制限された自治を維持する惣村もあった。
• Some soson maintained their limited autonomy under the approval of the warring lords.

• 水軍は中国の南方を中心に海賊勢力に対する防衛力として維持された。
• And the suigun navy was maintained mainly in the southern part of China as a defense force against pirates.

• 気象、地震及び火山現象に関する観測網を確立し、及び維持すること。
• Establishing and maintaining observation networks concerning meteorological phenomena, earthquakes, and volcanic phenomena;

• 地上と大気中の水を研究する地質学の分野：分布、使用、維持について
• the branch of geology that studies water on the earth and in the atmosphere: its distribution and uses and conservation

• 貧しくて家のない人々に住宅を提供するために公共費で維持される施設
• an establishment maintained at public expense in order to provide housing for the poor and homeless

• 作り方としては、なるべく細菌が繁殖しない状態を維持する事に尽きる。
• How to make onigiri is summed up in keeping the status protecting from growth of bacteria as much as possible.

• 乾麺類生産比率において長い間素麺・うどんに続く地位を維持していた。
• In terms of production ratio among dried noodles, hiyamugi noodles maintained its ranking next to somen and udon noodles.

• しかし治安維持法が同時に制定され、これは「悪法」として非難された。
• However, the Peace Preservation Law, which was enacted at the same time, was criticized as a 'bad law.'

• 江戸時代においては貨幣の製造が行われたものの、石高制が維持された。
• Although money was produced during the Edo period, kokudaka sei was maintained.

• この後、海外交易の抑制政策は明と次の清によって基本的に維持された。
• After this, the policy to restrict trading on the sea was maintained by the Ming dynasty and the following Qing dynasty.

• 海上保安留置施設の規律及び秩序は、適正に維持されなければならない。
• The discipline and order in the coast guard detention facility shall be maintained appropriately.

• 心地よく快適な温度を有するか生み出す、または、熱を与えるか維持する
• having or producing a comfortable and agreeable degree of heat or imparting or maintaining heat

• 警察（特に秘密警察）によって人々に対する抑圧的な支配力を維持する国
• a country that maintains repressive control over the people by means of police (especially secret police)

• 規定の最低証拠金額を維持するために、不足分の積み増しを請求すること
• a demand by a broker that a customer deposit enough to bring his margin up to the minimum requirement

• 第二次世界大戦後は、ラジオ寄席、TV放映などを通して人気を維持した。
• After the World War II, it maintained its popularity through radio rakugo theater and TV programs.

• また、仙台藩ではさらに要害などと称して実質上の城を多数維持し続けた。
• In addition, the Sendai Domain also kept many actual castles by calling them fortresses.

• 主に寺社領とは、寺社の維持・運営のために設置された所領のことである。
• The Jisharyo mainly meant shoryo (individual holding) settled for maintaining and operating temples and shrines.

• 侍所の管轄下に属し、侍所とともに鎌倉の行政と治安維持にあたっていた。
• Placed under the Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers), they took on the administration and maintenance of public order of Kamakura with the Samurai-dokoro.

• 侍所の管轄下に属し、侍所とともに京都の行政と治安維持にあたっていた。
• Placed under the jurisdiction of Samurai-dokoro, they took on the administration and maintenance of public order in Kyoto with the Samurai-dokoro.

• ひとつの活動のステージまたは範囲からもうひとつへ移すあるいは維持する
• transfer or persist from one stage or sphere of activity to another

• 各組の点間の距離を維持する別の距離空間への1つの距離空間の1対1写像
• a one-to-one mapping of one metric space into another metric space that preserves the distances between each pair of points

• 秀吉の実力を良く知る毛利氏は秀吉との和睦を維持し、その覇業を支援した。
• Well aware of how powerful Hideyoshi was, the Mori clan kept peace with him and assisted in his struggle for supremacy.

• 戦国大名が戦う第一の目的は自領を維持し、あわよくば拡大することにある。
• The first goal for Sengoku daimyo was to maintain his territory or expand it if possible.

• その結果、領家の権威だけでは荘園の所有が維持できないケースも見られた。
• As a result, in some cases, the ryoke authority alone could not maintain ownership of the shoen.

• 洪水か潮流、あるいはダムによって維持あるいは排除することで造られた水域
• a body of water that was created by a flood or tide or by being held or forced back by a dam

• 遠方の軍勢を維持するために財政負担するとなると、国民は貧窮するのです。
• Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished.

• 連邦の部門で、米国の国家エネルギー政策を維持することに対して責任がある
• the federal department responsible for maintaining a national energy policy of the United States

• 航空機が保存されることができて、維持されることができる空港の大きな構造
• a large structure at an airport where aircraft can be stored and maintained

• また、定額を維持するために朝廷より供御米を与えてその財政を助けたという。
• Also, it is said that the Imperial Court aided temples with a portion of rice for the Emperor so that temples could maintain a jogaku.

• 花魁の側も禿や新造を従え、自分の座敷を維持するために多額の費用を要した。
• Oiran also needed a huge amount of money so that they and their protégée, kamuro and shinzo, could properly attend the banquet or party they were called to.

• 殿部　調度品・消耗品の管理・維持を行う伴部・古くは特定の氏から採用された
• Tonomoribe refers to tomo no miyatsuko (Servant to the Court administering a group) which was in charge of management and maintenance of furnishing goods and supplies, and a person was assigned among specific clans in old times.

• そのため、桓武天皇は6年1班を12年1班に改め、班田収授の維持を図った。
• Therefore, the Emperor Kanmu strove to maintain the Handen Shuju by adopting a system of Juninen-ippan (reallocations of rice land which were carried out once every 12 year) instead of Rokunen-ippan.

• 関東の開発領主の連合は、婚姻関係によって維持されていた形跡が極めて強い。
• The kaihatsu-ryoshu union of the Kanto region had a strong inclination to be maintained by marriage.

• 前各号に掲げるもののほか、留置施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要な事項
• In addition to what is listed in the preceding items, matters necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the detention facility;

• 前各号に掲げるもののほか、刑事施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要な事項
• In addition to what is listed in the preceding items, matters necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the penal institution;

• 法廷における秩序の維持は、裁判長又は開廷をした一人の裁判官がこれを行う。
• The presiding judge or a single judge who has opened the session shall maintain order in the court.

• 国際的な平和及び安全を損ない、又は公の秩序の維持を妨げることになること。
• International peace and security are impaired, or the maintenance of public order is disturbed.

• 裁判長が被告人を退廷させる等法廷における秩序維持のための処分をしたこと。
• if the presiding judge implemented any ruling to maintain order in court, such as having the accused leave the courtroom, that fact;

• そうしないと、危険なノイズに対するタブーが維持されないからだ。[DC]
• so the taboo against dangerous noise will hold. [DC]

• 元来、江戸幕府においては京都所司代・京都町奉行が治安維持の任についていた。
• Originally, Kyoto shoshidai and Kyoto machibugyo (Kyoto town magistrate) held the post to maintain order in the town under the Edo bakufu.

• 僧侶が掃除や薪割り、畑仕事など寺院を維持するための労働を行う時に着用する。
• The samue is worn when the monk works to maintain the temple, such as cleaning, chopping firewood, and work in the fields.

• 財産を維持するのに要する費用（例えば、固定資産税、公共料金、保険の支払い）
• the expense of maintaining property (e.g., paying property taxes and utilities and insurance)

• 制海権の獲得、もしくは拡大、維持を目的とする、海軍が主として指揮をする作戦
• an operation conducted primarily by naval forces in order to gain or extend or maintain control of the sea

• 外部の力が作用しないかぎり、物体に静止あるいは等速運動の状態を維持する傾向
• the tendency of a body to maintain its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force

• そして近代以後も御前会議などにおいては、この方式が維持されていったのである。
• And even recently, this way had been continued in conferences while in the presence of the emperor and so on.

• 明治維新後、茶道低迷期の中、旧大名家の華族に作品を納めるなど家業維持に貢献。
• In the doldrums of Sado after the Meiji Restoration, he contributed to maintain the family business by efforts such as to offer works to the nobilities of former-daimyo.

• （当初は漢城戦線を維持したまま日本本土からの新戦力を投入する計画であった）。
• (At the beginning, it was planned to use the new troops from Japan while maintaining the front line at Hancheng.)

• 元祖キリスト教会と歴史的継続性を維持してきたと主張するいくつかの教会のどれか
• any of several churches claiming to have maintained historical continuity with the original Christian Church

• 代々の支配者たちは、社会構造を固定することにより帝国経済の維持を図っていった。
• Successive rulers tried to maintain the imperial economy by fixing the social structure.

• 冷泉が譲位しても、引き続き冷泉の子孫が皇統を維持する見通しが立ったからである。
• Because now there was a chance for Reizei's descendants to continue the Imperial line even after Reizei's abdication.

• 通説に従えば、僧尼令は鎮護国家理念を維持する法令として厳格に実行されたという。
• According to a generally accepted theory, the Soniryo was rigorously enforced as the law for maintaining the nation protection thought.

• 人工飼育の鳥が野生で生活を維持することはさほど簡単ではないことがわかっている。
• Practice suggests that it is not very easy for an artificially reared bird to maintain its life in the wild.

• 僧侶が祈祷に必要な法力を維持するためには持戒の徹底が必要であると考られていた。
• It was thought that the thorough sila (morality) was necessary in order to keep the power of Buddhism, which was needed for priest's prayer.

• 当時は水質の維持のため、水着の着用は禁止され、全裸で泳ぐように指導されていた。
• In those days it was prohibited to bathe with swimwear on and people were instructed to swim naked for the purpose of maintaining water quality.

• この規定によって、軍部の意向を抜きに組閣し、内閣を維持することは難しくなった。
• Retaining a Cabinet without the military's consent became difficult with this regulation.

• それを維持する、またはそれを販売するという意図で他の誰かのもの資産を奪う犯罪者
• a criminal who takes property belonging to someone else with the intention of keeping it or selling it

• 契約の箱舟が維持されたソロモンの寺院にあるユダヤ神殿の一番奥の部屋から成る聖域
• sanctuary comprised of the innermost chamber of the Tabernacle in the temple of Solomon where the Ark of the Covenant was kept

• ローマ法王に正準で選ばれているために維持されている人に反して法王に選ばれる誰か
• someone who is elected pope in opposition to another person who is held to be canonically elected

• これらの事情もあって、現在にいたるまでワキ方につよい勢力を維持するに至っている。
• These circumstances enabled the school to maintain strong influence on Waki-kata in present days.

• しかし、6代から8代までは早世する当主が相次ぎ、家業の維持すら困難な状態となる。
• However, all heads of the family from the sixth to eighth died early one after the other and they were in trouble even to maintain their family business.

• 清朝から西欧列強の情報を得ていた大院君は、断固として鎖国を維持する姿勢を貫いた。
• Daewongun had already received information on the powerful countries of Western Europe from the Qing dynasty, so he firmly maintained the policy of national isolation.

• だが、イギリス単独ではイギリスの中国における利権の維持にあたるには限界があった。
• However, there was a limit to what Britain alone could do to maintain their rights and interests in China.

• 律令国家は、高度に体系化された官僚組織を維持するため、安定した税収を必要とした。
• In order to maintain a highly systemized bureaucratic organization, ritsuryo kokka codes needed stable revenue from taxes.

• その様な複雑な陣形を無理に維持する事は機動力を失わせる事になり、現実的ではない。
• Forcefully maintaining such a complex battle formation would lead to a loss of mobility, and it would not be realistic.

• 検挙された学生のうち38名が治安維持法および出版法違反・不敬罪により起訴された。
• 38 of the students who had been arrested were prosecuted for violation of the Maintenance of Public Order Law and publishing law, as well as lese majesty.

• 前各号に掲げるもののほか、海上保安留置施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要な事項
• In addition to what is listed in the preceding items, matters necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the coast guard detention facility;

• トラブルのある地域で平和を維持するよう命じられる（しばしば国際制裁で）軍隊の一員
• a member of a military force that is assigned (often with international sanction) to preserve peace in a trouble area

• また治安維持を担う政府が形骸化していたために流通業者も武装しなければならなかった。
• Also, as the government that was supposed to take the duties of maintaining security had become useless, distributors also had to be armed themselves.

• 地震（地震動を除く。）の観測の成果を迅速に交換する組織を確立し、及び維持すること。
• Establishing and maintaining systems to quickly exchange the results of observations of earthquakes (excluding earthquake ground motions);

• 外為市場での安定性維持のために使用する金や交換可能通貨の蓄えを補うことを目的とした
• designed to supplement reserves of gold and convertible currencies used to maintain stability in the foreign exchange market

• 彼を試験した苦悩にもかかわらず神に対する彼の信仰を維持した旧約聖書のユダヤ人の英雄
• a Jewish hero in the Old Testament who maintained his faith in God in spite of afflictions that tested him

• １０．国庫が窮乏すれば、軍勢は遠方からの財政負担によって維持されることになります。
• 10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance.

• 百済の弱体化もあり、その勢力を維持できず新羅に勢力圏を明け渡した時期とも考えられる。
• Due to these reasons as well as weakening of Paekche, it seems to be this period when Yamato Dynasty could not maintain its momentum and gave its influence areas to Silla.

• その後も体制維持および財政再建の努力は断続的に行われた（寛政の改革、天保の改革等）。
• After that, the efforts to maintain the social system and to reconstruct finance were also made intermittently (Kansei Reforms and Tempo Reforms).

• 定額僧の数は常に維持されることが望まれ、欠員が生じた場合にはこれを補う事が許された。
• Temples were expected to always maintain the allocated number of jogakuso and allowed to recruit new monks when there was a vacancy.

• 審判長又は審判を開始した一名の審判官は、開廷中審判を指揮し、審判廷の秩序を維持する。
• The Presiding Judge or one (1) Judge who has commenced an inquiry shall preside over the inquiry and maintain an order at the tribunal during the inquiry.

• 腕時計を維持するユニットに対して影響する、部品が上手く連動するように設定された腕時計
• a watch established for the reception of traffic of interest to the unit maintaining the watch

• 化学機構のことで、生きている有機体に生じている生命維持に関するプロセスに含まれるもの
• a chemical mechanism involved in vital processes occurring in living organisms

• メロンを維持する費用だけで、ケイトとわたしは神のような生活ができたかもしれないのに。
• On the keep of those melons Kate and I could have lived like gods. . .

• こういう習慣や能力がなければ、自由な政体を機能させることも維持することもできません。
• Without these habits and powers, a free constitution can neither be worked nor preserved;

• 氏族の血統が重んじられた古代・中世において、氏族の秩序は氏長者を中心に維持されてきた。
• In ancient times and during the medieval period when the blood line of a clan was highly regarded, the order within the clan was maintained mainly by the ujinochoja (head of a clan).

• 宗教組織は、依然として僧兵組織の維持や、戦闘拠点となりうる寺院の造営に力を振り分けた。
• Religious organizations still used powers for maintenance of organizations of armed priests and constructions of buildings for temples that could be used as the base of battle.

• また邪馬台国（やまたいこく）でも公的な秩序・権威の維持のための法が存在したとみられる。
• Additionally, it appears that law existed to maintain public order and authority in Yamataikoku as well.

• 1877年（明治10年）2月 - 天皇が京都の皇居（京都御所）の保存・旧観維持を指示。
• February 1877: The emperor orders the preservation and maintenance of the old imperial palace in Kyoto.

• 明楽は、姫路藩のような大藩がパトロンとなってはじめて維持できる上流階級の音楽であった。
• Therefore, Mingaku was music for the upper classes that could be only maintained with a big domain such as the Himeji domain supported it as a patron.

• 鎌倉時代になり政治の実権が貴族から武士に移ると、大饗料理を維持することは困難となった。
• When the Kamakura period came, real political power passed into the hands of warriors from court nobles, and it was difficult to maintain daikyo ryori.

• 条約締結以後、清朝が最後の冊封国朝鮮を維持しようと、朝鮮に積極的に関与するようになる。
• After conclusion of the treaty, the Qing dynasty became positively involved with Korea in order to maintain the last subject state under the tributary system.

• 律令制崩壊後は、全国一律の尺は維持されなくなり、各地で様々な尺が使われるようになった。
• The official shaku unit was not maintained after the collapse of the Ritsuryo system, and various kind of shaku units were used throughout Japan.

• 鎮守府は通常の守備と城柵の造営・維持など陸奥国内の軍政を主な任務としていたと言われる。
• The Chinju-fu is said to have been in charge of military affairs in Mutsu Province, including ordinary defense and the construction and maintenance of josaku (official defense site).

• また、家制度の元で家業の維持が優先されたのも民間における家職の残滓と言える者であった。
• Under the influence of the Ie system, the maintenance of Kagyo continued to be prioritized among the public and this could be considered as a relic of Kashoku.

• 堅く変形しない形または構造により維持される形態を有する飛行船または飛行船を指定するさま
• designating an airship or dirigible having a form maintained by a stiff unyielding frame or structure

• ある場所またはその位置にとどまること、持っているものまたは特性を維持することを許容する
• allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature

• 皇太子には邦良親王の嫡男木寺宮康仁親王が立てられて、両統迭立原則は維持される事となった。
• Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi's (Kuninaga) legitimate son, Kidera no Miya Imperial Prince Yasuhito, was appointed the Crown Prince, then the principal of sharing the Imperial Succession was maintained.

• 古代中国には、国家や社会秩序を維持する規範として、礼、楽、刑（法）、兵（軍事）があった。
• In ancient China, the precepts of 'Li,' ('礼,'largely understood as rituals, although it also suggests the ideas of customs, etiquette, morals) 'Yueh,' ('楽,'classic of music) 'Xing' or 'Xingfa ('刑'or '刑法,' written codes of penalty and punishment) 'Fa' ('兵,'military treaties and also military affairs) were established to maintain the nation and public order.

• このため天長3年当時、多数ある親王家を維持する財源と親王に充てるべき官職が不足していた。
• As a result, the government faced, in 826, a financial problem in supporting many Imperial Prince's families as well as the shortage of posts to be allocated to Imperial Princes.

• 犯罪の予防、交通の規制その他当該原子力災害を受けた地域における社会秩序の維持に関する事項
• crime prevention, traffic control and other matters relating to maintenance of the social order in the area affected by the relevant nuclear disaster;

• 国の安全を損ない、公の秩序の維持を妨げ、又は公衆の安全の保護に支障を来すことになること。
• National security is impaired, the maintenance of public order is disturbed, or the protection of public safety is hindered.
• National security is impaired, the maintenance of public order is disturbed, or the protection of public security is hindered.

• 気象、地震動、火山現象、津波及び高潮の予報及び警報の中枢組織を確立し、及び維持すること。
• Establishing and maintaining central systems for forecasts and warnings of meteorological phenomena, earthquake ground motions, volcanic phenomena, tsunamis, and storm surges;

• 地方の民心、訴訟の状況その他の事情により裁判の公平を維持することができない虞があるとき。
• There is the fear that the impartiality of the trial cannot be maintained owing to the general sentiment of the local people in the district, the state of the proceedings or any other circumstances.

• エネルギーあるいは人工的な元素を発生させるために核反応を維持したり制御するいくつかの装置
• any of several kinds of apparatus that maintain and control a nuclear reaction for the production of energy or artificial elements

• 過剰は上意下達関係を維持困難にして、交換による関係をほとんど無意味なゲームにしてしまう。
• Abundance makes command relationships difficult to sustain and exchange relationships an almost pointless game.

• しかも葛城氏は、大王家の支配から相対的に自立しうる私的な軍事的・経済的基盤を維持していた。
• The Katsuraki clan also had their own military and economic foundation that allowed them to be independent from the control of the Okimi (great king) family.

• 局中法度（局中法度書）は「軍中法度」と並び新選組の規律維持のために定められたとされている。
• Kyokuchu Hatto (Kyokuchu Hatto-sho), together with Gunchu Hatto, are said to have been established to maintain order in Shinsen-gumi.

• しかし、最新の鉱毒防止装置の維持費は、その後も用水利用料増加という形で農民の負担となった。
• However, after that, the peasants kept paying the running costs and costs for new pollution-preventing system in the form of water rate which had kept being raised.

• 近年述べられる武士道の多くは、平和な江戸時代に官僚的に幕府制度を維持することが目的である。
• Much of Bushido stated in modern times aims to maintain a bureaucratic system of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the peaceful Edo period.

• が、朝鮮への影響力を確保したい日本と、冊封体制を維持したい清との対立が高まることになった。
• However, this incident resulted in a severer confrontation between Japan and China, one of which wanted to ensure influence on Korea and the other of which wanted to maintain the vassal-state system.

• 債務者が国及び地方公共団体以外の者から生計を維持するために支給を受ける継続的給付に係る債権
• A claim pertaining to continuous performance that the obligor receives from a person other than the State or local public entity for the purpose of maintaining his/her living

• その他製造が公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止に支障を及ぼすおそれがないものであること。
• There is no risk of the production interfering with the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters.

• ガス工作物の工事、維持及び運用又は検査に関する実務に通算して三年以上従事した経験を有する者
• A person who has been engaged for at least three years in total in the services for construction, maintenance and operation or Inspection of Gas Facilities.

• 9世紀、移配俘囚は国内の治安維持のための主要な軍事力として位置づけられていた（→国衙軍制）。
• In the ninth century the emigrant Fushu were positioned as a major military force for the maintenance of security in the nation (known as the kokuga forces system).

• しかし現実問題として、葬儀の御布施が寺の最大の収入源であり、それが無ければ寺は維持できない。
• In reality, however, fuse at funerals is the biggest income for temples and it is impossible to maintain temples without it.

• 乾麺の生産量は昭和40年代までは8万tを維持していたが、昭和50年代に入ってから急激に減少。
• The production quantity of dried noodles was once maintained at 80,000 tons until late 1960's/early 1970's, but it decreased quickly from the latter half of 1970's.

• また、京や畿内に惣管・平城京以西の道ごとには鎮撫使、のちに節度使を設置し治安維持を強化した。
• They deployed a Sokan (a military authority) in Kyoto and Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), a Chinbushi (a temporary government post), later a Setsudoshi (a military governor), in every route in areas west of Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) to improve the maintenance of security.

• また教授や学生の学資や施設の維持に用いられていた勧学田や出挙の仕組みの崩壊によって衰微した。
• Daigaku-ryo went into a decline due to the collapse of the systems of kangakuden and suiko, which were used to provide professors and students with financial aid and to maintain facilities.

• 棚田の維持・管理は丸山集落住民による千枚田保存会と財団法人紀和町ふるさと公社が関わっている。
• Senmaida hozonkai organized by the residents of Maruyama Village and Kiwa Furusato Kosha are engaged in maintenance and management of Tanada.

• 裁判長は、被告人を在廷させるため、又は法廷の秩序を維持するため相当な処分をすることができる。
• The presiding judge may take appropriate dispositions to ensure the appearance of the accused at the court and to maintain the order of the court.

• 預金が定期に維持される、または通知または期限の利益の喪失によってのみ引き出しが可能な預金口座
• a savings account in which the deposit is held for a fixed term or in which withdrawals can be made only after giving notice or with loss of interest

• 彼らは移民団を送り、弱小な勢力と友好な関係を維持しながらも、その力を増大させないようにして、
• they sent colonies and maintained friendly relations with the minor powers, without increasing their strength;

• 特に大減封を経験した外様藩は、収入を増やして家臣団を維持するために内高を厳しく打ち出していた。
• Especially for tozama clans that experienced a large diminishing of the territory had been conducting strict land survey to calculate uchi-daka in order to increase their income and maintain the vassals.

• 九州南部には、地下式横穴墓・地下式板石積石室墓・土坑墓などの独特な墓制が維持された地域である。
• The Southern part of Kyushu is an area which maintains unique methods of burial such as underground cave tombs, underground stone slab tombs and burial pits.

• そこでドイツやロシアは自国の対中国政策を維持するために、この日本の要求を容認できないと考えた。
• Therefore, Germany and Russia objected to the Japan's demand in order to maintain their policies on China.

• また通政は、戦国時代にその所領の維持を図ったのだが、出雲国の尼子晴久の圧迫を受け伊予国へ逃れた。
• Also, Michimasa intended to maintain their shoryo in the Sengoku Period, but fled to Iyo Province, as he was oppressed by Haruhisa AMAGO of Izumo Province.

• 美観地区（びかんちく）は、「市街地の美観を維持するために定める地区」である（都市計画法第9条）。
• An aesthetic area is an 'Area Designated for Conservation of Scenic Beauty of Cities' (City Planning Act Article 9).

• また、惣村の発達に伴い、村が地元の寺社の維持・祭祀の遂行のために惣掟に規定を設ける事例もあった。
• As soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) developed, villages made their own regulations on how to carry out religious services and how to maintain the local temple, according to rules called 'so okite.'

• しかし現状維持を望む保守派（本寺方・金剛峯寺方）と覚鑁派（大伝法院方）による決定的な対立が発生。
• However, there was a critical conflict between the conservatives (main temple/Konsobu-ji Temple side) who wanted to keep existing measures and Kakuban school (Daidenpo-in side).

• ややこしい問題（真打）を無理に導入するよりも、現状を維持するほうがいいというのは十分理解できる。
• It is fully understandable that maintaining the status quo is better than forcibly introducing a confusing issue (shinuchi).

• 主に半人工の植生を維持するためになされるが、半永久的に農地として供するためになされることもある。
• Noyaki is done to maintain the partially artificial vegetation most of the times, but in some cases it is done to make semipermanent farmland.

• しかし清は元来二島の領有を望まず、冊封関係維持のため二島を琉球に返還し琉球王国再興を求めていた。
• However, Qing whisked to maintain the sakufu relationship instead of possessing both islands changed its mind and requested Japan to return the islands to the Ryukyu Kingdom.

• 8世紀末から9世紀初頭の桓武天皇による諸改革も上記のような律令制支配の維持強化を目的としていた。
• The reforms carried out by Emperor Kanmu from the late eighth century to the early ninth century also aimed at the above mentioned maintenance and enhancement of the Ritsuryo system domination.

• この会は初め盗賊を捕まえて役所に突き出すなど郷土防衛や治安維持を担った自警団的性格をもっていた。
• At first, this organization captured robbers and handed them over to government offices, and was characteristic of a vigilante committee in that it maintained security and defended the territory.

• スウェーデンの外交官で、平和維持問題において、国連の影響を大幅に広げた（1905年−1961年）
• Swedish diplomat who greatly extended the influence of the United Nations in peacekeeping matters (1905-1961)

• 消防法など法律で町並みの維持が危ぶまれ、さらに隣の木屋町の治安の悪化が花街に悪影響を及ぼしている。
• The maintenance of cityscape is threatened by laws such as the Fire Service Act, and furthermore, the deteriorating condition of public safety in the neighboring town, Kiya-machi, causes a negative effect on the hanamachi.

• 清戸迫横穴は現在は覆屋の中に保存されており、維持管理の問題のため限られた日のみの公開となっている。
• Kiyotosaku Oketsu Cave is presently preserved under the covering roof and opens to the public only limited number of days due to the problem of maintenance.

• 平安時代後期以後、朝廷は社会秩序を維持するための警察・軍事的な裏付け（「検断権」）を次第に失った。
• After the late Heian Period, the Imperial Court slowly lost the power to maintain the social order with the police and the military, losing the right to judge criminal cases, thus samurai maintained the order in place of the Imperial Court.

• 高望の子らは武芸の家の者（武士）として坂東の治安維持を期待され、関東北部各地に所領を持ち土着した。
• As Samurai, Takamochi's sons were placed in charge of security in Bando (old Kanto region) and acquired territories in various parts of northern Kanto, where they settled.

• 惣村の精神的な中心である神社（鎮守）を維持するために神田を設定し、共同耕作することも広く見られた。
• To maintain a shrine, the Chinju (local Shinto deity), which was the spiritual center of the soson, a shinden (or kanda) (sacred rice field) was established, and joint cultivation prevailed.

• これを受けて日本全国を統一した豊臣政権は社会秩序の維持のための手段として公武官民の家職を利用した。
• With this, the Toyotomi government which unified Japan used Kashoku of the aristocracy, military, officials and public as a method of maintaining civil order.

• ハ（一）又は（三）に該当する宇宙用に設計した光学部品の表面形状又は方向を維持するように設計したもの
• Controllers which are designed to maintain the surface shape or direction of optical components which have been designed for space use which fall under (c) 1. or (c) 3.

• 秒当たり1センチメートルの粘性率を維持する平方センチメートル当たりの1ダインの力である液体の粘性率
• the viscosity of a fluid in which a force of one dyne per square centimeter maintains a velocity of 1 centimeter per second

• ローマ帝国は多くの文化を内包しており、広大な貿易網に依存し、多くの境界線を維持しようと試みていた。
• It had incorporated many cultures, depended on a vast network of trade, tried to defend many borders,

• このことから、専門の清掃業者を雇って掃除を行っている場合もあり、消耗品などと共に維持に費用が掛かる。
• For this reason, they are cleaned sometimes by hiring people from a professional cleaning company and additional cost is required for maintenance as well as consumables and so on.

• コンビニエンスストアなどでも弁当が売られるようになり、その中で幕の内弁当は一定の勢力を維持している。
• Now bento are available at convenience stores and Makunouchi-bento make up a certain part of the section.

• これにより冊封体制の維持を理由に国交交渉を忌避する朝鮮を、交渉のテーブルに着くように促したのである。
• As a result of that, Japan urged Korea to enter into negotiations, while Korea had been avoiding the diplomatic negotiations in order to maintain the tributary system.

• 財政及び食糧不足の解消のための緊急措置として耕地の維持・拡大政策を採った結果であると考えられている。
• It is considered that it was the result of policies that were formulated to preserve and expand cultivated land for emergency measures in solving financial and food shortage.

• また軍事的にも諸藩に対抗する兵力を確保できなかったため、旧大名による諸藩の統治はそのまま維持された。
• Moreover, they could not secure enough force strength to bear down on feudal lords, so they had to allow feudal lords to continuously rule their domains.

• これにたいして日本では宦官は置かれずに宮人とも呼ばれる女官が発達して女性達によって秩序が維持された。
• In contrast, the court ladies, also called Kyujin, were developed to maintain the internal order of the Kokyu palaces instead of the castrated eunuches in Japan.

• このため大内氏や三好氏などは京に軍を進めることには成功したが、その覇権を維持することはできなかった。
• Because of this problem, the Ouchi clan and Miyoshi clan were able to move their army to Kyoto and attain the hegemony, but unable to maintain it.

• 索道事業者は、国土交通省令で定める技術上の基準に従い、索道施設を維持し、及び管理しなければならない。
• The Cableway Business Operator shall maintain and operate the cableway facilities pursuant to the technical standards prescribed by an ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 熱供給事業者は、熱供給施設を経済産業省令で定める技術上の基準に適合するように維持しなければならない。
• A heat supply operator shall maintain heat supply facilities to ensure that they conform to the technical standards established by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 彼らは戦いの勝敗がつき、争いが解決するまで、平和を維持するという一番厳かな誓いをたてるつもりだった。
• and they meant to take the most solemn oaths to keep peace till the combat was lost and won, and the quarrel settled.

• このように彼は王国を得るには多くの苦労に耐えましたが、それを維持するにはほとんど苦労知らずでした。
• thus, whilst he had endured much trouble in acquiring, he had but little in keeping.

• 魚の対になっていない真ん中のひれが背中にあり、バランスを維持する補助をするいくつかの他の水生脊椎動物
• unpaired median fin on the backs of fishes and some other aquatic vertebrates that help to maintain balance

• 1499年（明応8年）に蓮如が亡くなった後も、父の代に急激に拡大した教団の規模を維持する必要があった。
• And even after Rennyo passed away in 1499, Jitsunyo found it necessary to handle the maintenance of a religious organization that had suddenly expanded a great deal in scale during his father's time.

• もともとは食事が朝夕のみ1日2食の時代に、農民たちが体力維持のため休憩時に取っていた間食のことである。
• It originally meant a snack between meals eaten by farmers to maintain body strength during a break when people took only two meals a day in the morning and evening.

• ロシアはなお陸軍は維持していたが、海軍力の大半を失い、国内でも革命運動が発展していたため講和に傾いた。
• Russia still sustained the army but, due to the fact that much of the sea power had been lost and a revolutionary movement was developing within the country, it leaned towards making peace with Japan.

• 条里遺構には、現在も耕地としてほぼそのままの形状が維持されているものと、地下に埋没しているものがある。
• Some jori remains are maintained as agricultural lands virtually unchanged even now, while others are buried underground.

• 幕府では向井氏、長州藩では能島氏、尾張藩では千賀氏のようにかつての海賊衆の末裔たちが世襲して維持した。
• The suigun navies were succeeded and maintained in the bakufu by Mukai clan, in Choshu domain by the Noshima clan and in Owari domain by the Senga clan, who were all the descendants of kaizoku shu.

• 裁判が終了するまでステータスクオーを維持するあるいは訴訟の主題を保存するために裁判の間出される禁止命令
• injunction issued during a trial to maintain the status quo or preserve the subject matter of the litigation until the trial is over

• それによって男性が兄弟の系を維持するために彼の子供のない兄弟の未亡人と結婚しなければならない聖書の慣例
• the biblical institution whereby a man must marry the widow of his childless brother in order to maintain the brother's line

• また軍事教練を名誉あるものにし、その上、こうした教練を維持するために多くの法令を用意しているのです。
• they also hold military exercises in repute, and moreover have many ordinances to uphold them.

• 天正18年（1590年）豊臣秀吉の小田原城攻撃で小田原の役し、宇都宮氏は下野国18万石の所領を維持した。
• The Gohojo clan was destroyed by the attack on the Odawara-jo Castle by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in 1590, and the Utsunomiya clan kept the territory of Shimotsuke Province yielding 180,000-koku (unit of volume of rice).

• 南座は現在も年末の顔見世興行を行って古い伝統を維持しているが、道頓堀の芝居小屋はほとんどが消滅している。
• Minami-za still maintains the old traditions by carrying out kaomisekogyo (the season's first performance with the new company) at the end of the year, but almost all the playhouses in Dotonbori have disappeared.

• その後1898年、1901年、1919年の3回にわたる総督府官制変更の際にも組織形態は維持されていった。
• Since then, the system of the Sotoku-fu was changed three times in 1898, 1901, and 1919, but the organizational structure was maintained.

• 時代が流れ、1597年（慶長2年）豊臣秀吉が治安維持のため、下級武士に五人組・庶民に十人組を組織させた。
• Later, in 1597, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI organized the Gonin-gumi, or five-member groups, consisting of lower-ranking samurai, and the jyunin-gumi, or ten-household groups, consisting of common people.

• 明治初期には旧藩による統治は維持されるが、中央集権政策のもと版籍奉還、廃藩置県により幕藩体制は終結する。
• Although the governing structure by old han (feudal domains) was maintained for a while in the early Meiji period, Bakuhan-taisei was eventually brought to the end through a series of Hanseki Hokan (the return of lands and people to the Emperor) and Haihan Chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) under the new policy of centralization.

• 更に北ヨーロッパなどでは伝統的な価値観や共同体の維持と言った保守的な思想のもとで出される場合が多かった。
• In Northern Europe, they were issued based on conservative thoughts, which included traditional values and were aimed at maintaining the community.

• 武士にとっての恩賞とは、家門の反映や永続、地位や勢力の維持を図る上で非常に切実な問題であったからである。
• For the warriors, rewards were of utmost significance in keeping up their family honors and permanence, in maintaining their political status and power.

• 前項の要求により派出された警察官は、法廷における秩序の維持につき、裁判長又は一人の裁判官の指揮を受ける。
• The police officers who have been dispatched at the request under the preceding paragraph shall be directed by the presiding judge or a single judge in order to maintain order during the judicial procedure.

• 主任技術者は、事業用電気工作物の工事、維持及び運用に関する保安の監督の職務を誠実に行わなければならない。
• The chief engineer shall perform the duty of supervising the safety of the construction, maintenance, and operation of Electric Facilities for Business Use in good faith.

• 気象、地震動及び火山現象の観測、予報及び警報に関する情報を迅速に交換する組織を確立し、及び維持すること。
• Establishing and maintaining systems to quickly exchange information concerning observations, forecasts, and warnings of meteorological phenomena, earthquake ground motions, and volcanic phenomena;

• ガス主任技術者試験は、ガス工作物の工事、維持及び運用に関する保安に関して必要な知識及び技能について行う。
• An examination for a chief gas engineer's license shall be conducted with respect to the knowledge and skills required for ensuring safety in the construction, maintenance and operation of the Gas Facilities.

• 審判長は、審判を妨げる者に対し退廷を命じ、その他審判廷の秩序を維持するため必要な措置をとることができる。
• The chief hearing examiner may order any person who disturbs the hearing to leave the tribunal room and take any other measures necessary to maintain the order at the tribunal.

• 公にすることにより、犯罪の予防、鎮圧又は捜査その他の公共の安全と秩序の維持に支障を及ぼすおそれがあるもの
• A matter that may pose a risk of hindering the prevention, crackdowns or investigations of crimes, or maintenance of other public safety and order, if made it known to the public.

• 彼にはそれを維持するわけにもいかず、追い払うわけにもいかないと思えたので、全員を切り刻んでしまいました。
• and it appearing to him that he could neither keep them nor let them go, he had them all cut to pieces,
• and it appearing to him that he could neither keep them not let them go, he had them all cut to pieces,

• 特に家計的に苦しかった公家や奉行衆などにとっては生活を維持するための有力な収入源でさえあったとされている。
• The reisen is said to have been a major source of income especially for Court nobles and the bugyoshu (group of magistrates) with financial hardships to sustain their lives.

• 1355年（正平10年/文和4年）にも直冬を奉じた山名時氏らが京都侵攻を行うが、維持出来ずに撤退している。
• In 1355, Tokuiuji YAMANA tried to attack Kyoto with Tadafuyu, but could not maintain his attack and had to retreat.

• 京都見廻組（きょうとみまわりぐみ）は、江戸時代末期（幕末期）に幕臣によって結成された、京都治安維持の組織。
• Kyoto mimawarigumi was an organization for maintaining public order in Kyoto, which was formed by the shogun's retainers at the end of the Edo Period (end of Edo period).

• 中国遼東半島の旅順、大連租借権等の確保と中国東北部および朝鮮における自国権益の維持・拡大を目的とした戦争。
• Each country sought to secure concessions in Lushun and Dalian in China's Liaodong peninsula and maintain and expand their rights and interests in the other parts of Northeastern China and Korea.

• しかし江戸市街には10万匹近い犬がいた為、その犬が野犬化したら、江戸の治安を維持できないとする意見もある。
• Nonetheless there is a view that there were nearly 100,000 dogs in Edo at the time and if they become feral, order in Edo could not be maintained.

• 次のイからハまでのいずれかに該当する場合において、留置施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため特に必要があるとき。
• Cases falling under any of the following subitems (a) to (c) inclusive where such confinement is especially necessary in order to maintain discipline and order in the detention facility:

• 次のイからハまでのいずれかに該当する場合において、刑事施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため特に必要があるとき。
• Cases falling under any of the following subitems (a) to (c) inclusive where such confinement is especially necessary in order to maintain discipline and order in the penal institution:

• 裸の人体が震えるあるいは汗をかくことなく熱バランスを維持することができる温度範囲（摂氏28度と30度の間）
• the temperature range (between 28 and 30 degrees Centigrade) at which the naked human body is able to maintain a heat balance without shivering or sweating

• 後に仙台城を築いて岩出山城から移り、江戸時代を通じて国主の家格を維持し、仙台藩62万石の大藩として繁栄した。
• He later established the Sendai Castle and moved in from the Iwadeyama Castle, and retained a social status of kokushu (territorial lord) throughout the Edo Period, while his domain, Sendai Domain, prospered as taihan (a large scale domain) of 620,000 goku.

• 当時京都の治安維持を行っていた新選組が、三条大橋西詰の制札を引き抜こうとした土佐藩8名を襲撃、捕縛した事件。
• The incident involved the Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), that maintained public order in Kyoto, attacking and capturing eight retainers of the Tosa clan who tried to pull out a noticeboard at Sanjo-ohashi Nishizume (the west foot of the Sanjo-ohashi bridge).

• 重須本門寺、小泉久遠寺、伊豆実成寺の三本山とその旧末寺、および西山本門寺の旧末寺全12ヶ寺は「合同」を維持。
• Twelve temples, including 3 honzan temples, Omosu Honzan-ji Temple, Koizumi Kuon-ji Temple, and Izu Jitsujo-ji Temple, their former branch temples, and the former branch temples of Nishiyama Honmon-ji Temple, kept their 'Godo.'

• これらの地域では従前の軍制を維持する必要があったため、軍制の軽量化といえる健児制は導入されなかったのである。
• Since these regions required the maintenance of the conventional military system, they didn't introduce the kondei system, which would have meant a scaled down military force to them.

• 棚田の景観を維持、または、観光地としてのリピーター醸成のためにオーナー制度を導入している地域が多数存在する。
• In many regions, an owner system has been introduced for the purpose of conserving the landscape or fostering repeaters from the standpoint of tourist spots.

• 農林水産省は、農業収入や兼業のみでの棚田の維持が難しいと考え、観光地化を目的とした日本の棚田百選を選定した。
• The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries selected the 100 best rice terraces in Japan for the purpose of promoting tourism, because the ministry determined that it was difficult to maintain rice terraces only through agricultural revenues and dual occupations.

• それでも、荘園機構自体の存続、生産秩序や治安の維持、年貢・公事の安定的な確保を行うために本所法が制定された。
• Nevertheless, honjo laws were continuously enacted for the purpose of retaining the Shoen structure itself, maintaining the production system or the public order, and securing the stable supply of nengu (land tax) and kuji (public duties).

• 朝廷側も、国家鎮護の大寺院の系列とすることで諸国の神宮寺に対する求心力を維持できることから、これを推進した。
• The Imperial-Court promoted the movement to keep centripetal force of Jingu-ji Temples in various countries by joining Jingu-ji Temples to the main temples that were under national protection.

• 前項の条件は、商品市場における秩序を維持し、又は委託者を保護するため必要な最小限度のものでなければならない。
• The conditions under the preceding paragraph shall be the minimum conditions necessary for maintaining order in Commodity Markets and protecting customers.

• 弁護士は、前項の使命に基き、誠実にその職務を行い、社会秩序の維持及び法律制度の改善に努力しなければならない。
• An attorney shall, in keeping with the mission specified set forth in the preceding paragraph, perform his/her duties in good faith and endeavor to maintain the social order and to improve the legal system.

• 新人の数が階層的な支払い構造を維持することができない場合、大部分の参加者が彼らが費したお金を失い計画が崩れる
• when the number of new recruits fails to sustain the hierarchical payment structure the scheme collapses with most of the participants losing the money they put in

• ハプスブルク家の皇帝は、次期皇帝としての「ローマ王」の称号を自家の後継者に与えることで、帝位の世襲を維持した。
• The emperors of the Hapsburg gave the title of 'Rex Romanorum' as the next emperor to his successor to maintain heredity of the crown.

• そのため、国衙機構が戸籍に基づく人別支配をし、なおかつ中央政権の維持に必要な税の徴収を行うことは困難となった。
• Therefore, the system of kokuga executed dominance by person based on the census and it became difficult to collect tax to maintain the central government.

• 雑誌を読まなくなりメディアミックスで作品を知るケースが増えたため、単行本の売上は維持されているといわれている。
• It is said that people lost interest in reading magazines but they often learn a work through media franchise, thus the sales of comic books are maintained.

• この機能により温度維持に消費されていた電力を削減、製品の劣化スピードが抑制され補充管理にかかる負荷も軽減した。
• This function made it possible to reduce electric power consumed to maintain the temperature and to control the deteriorating speed of products which lightened the burden of reloading management.

• 軍隊組織において、制服を始めとして、下着まで統一することで個性を否定して規律を維持する必要があったからである。
• Because it was required to reject each personality and maintain discipline by unifying not only the uniforms but also the undergarments in the armed forces' organization.

• 波多野・三好連合軍は、2月16日に京都に進軍、治安維持と宣撫工作に取り掛かったが、細川晴元の入京待ちとなった。
• The Hatano and Miyoshi allied forces marched into Kyoto on March 18 and started working on maintaining public order and pacification, and they had to wait for Harumoto HOSOKAWA to enter the capital before they could proceed with these activities.

• 知恵は正義や潔さを無意味化し権力の維持にとって重要な安定した秩序を笑い飛ばす危険なパワーをはらみもつのだという。
• It implies that a clever mind strips off meaning from justice and fairness, and that it has a dangerous power to laugh away the stable order which is important in maintaining authority.

• 伊藤博文は天皇を中心とした君主制を維持するためにも、天皇を補佐する世襲貴族（華族）の必要性があると認識していた。
• Hirobumi ITO realized that there was a need for heredity of the nobility (peerage) supporting the Emperor to keep the monarchy focused on the Emperor.

• それに対して純友らの武装勢力は、海賊鎮圧後も治安維持のために土着させられていた、武芸に巧みな中級官人層であった。
• On the other hand, the armed group that Sumitomo led during the rebellion were mid-ranking government officials who were trained in martial arts and were settled in that area to maintain security.

• 租（そ）は、税（ぜい）と並んで、国家維持に必要な財政を調達するために、政府が徴収する財物・サービスのことである。
• So as well as Zei are the goods and services that the government collect to ensure public finance for the nation.

• 祠堂銭については寺院の維持・供養などを目的としたものについては、利息付の貸出の場合でも同令の対象外とされていた。
• On the other hand, Shidosen that was to pay for the upkeep of a temple and memorial services was exempt from the decree, even when it was put out at interest.

• 当該期限前弁済等を行った後において当該商品取引員が十分な純資産額規制比率を維持することができると見込まれること。
• it is expected that said Futures Commission Merchant can maintain a sufficient Net Assets Regulation Ratio after making said Payment before Maturity, etc.;

• 事業用電気工作物の工事、維持又は運用に従事する者は、主任技術者がその保安のためにする指示に従わなければならない。
• People who are engaged in the construction, maintenance or operation of Electric Facilities for Business Use shall follow the instructions given by the chief engineer to ensure the safety thereof.

• 工場事業場における安全保持の施設の正常な維持又は運行を停廃し、又は妨げるような争議行為を勧奨する政党その他の団体
• A political party or organization which encourages acts of dispute such as stopping or preventing the normal maintenance or operation of the security facilities of a factory or other workplace;
• A political party or organization which encourages acts of dispute, such as stopping or preventing the normal maintenance or operation of the security facilities of a factory or other workplace.

• こと成行きが君主の利につながるかどうかは、君主が兵士たちに権威を維持する方法を知っているかどうかによりました。
• Therefore, those emperors who through inexperience had need of special favour adhered more readily to the soldiers than to the people;
• a course which turned out advantageous to them or not, accordingly as the prince knew how to maintain authority over them.

• また時代劇が斜陽になったことから1975年に京都撮影所のオープンセットの維持を画して、一部を東映太秦映画村とした。
• Moreover, following a decline in the popularity of period dramas in 1975 Toei established Kyoto Uzumasa Eigamura (Toei Movie Land) by relocating a part of the open set of Toei Movie Studios.

• その後、戦国時代 (日本)まで百年近くに亘って一揆勢が共和国的な体制を維持していた最大にして唯一の成功例と言える。
• Thereafter, the powers maintained their republican regime over 100 years until the (Japanese) Sengoku period and this is the biggest and only excellent example of ikki.

• 電気工作物の工事、維持若しくは運用に関する実務又は安全管理審査に関する実務に通算して六年以上従事した経験を有する者
• A person who has been engaged for at least six years in total in the services for construction, maintenance or operation of Electric Facilities or the services for Safety Management Examinations.

• ところが、戦国時代 (日本)における京都の支配は、将軍と対立し幕府政治機構に頼らないまま維持することが困難であった。
• However, during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), it was difficult to maintain rule over Kyoto in opposition to the Shogun without relying on the governing mechanism of the bakufu.

• また、会津藩士のみでは手が回りきらなかったため、守護職御預かりとして新選組をその支配下に置き治安の維持に当たらせた。
• Because the warriors of Aizu could not fulfill their duties, the Shinsengumi was also incorporated under the Shugoshoku being retained by the Shugoshoku and were assigned to maintain order in the town.

• 朝廷貴族としての地位を維持した子孫としては、公家の綾小路家などがあり、また雅信から近江に土着した佐々木氏が出ている。
• The lords of the Imperial Palace who kept their positions were the AYANOKOJI Family and the SASAKI clan, who were descendents of the Masanobu, who had originally moved to Ohmi and were indigenized and gave themselves the name SASAKI.

• 明治2年、養父の死により家督相続するが、将軍家が無くなり、茶道も斜陽の時期を迎えるという困難の中、家業の維持に苦心。
• In 1869, he succeeded as head of the family due to the death of his adoptive father, but the Shogun family had already disappeared and he took pains to maintain the family business during the decline of the tea ceremony.

• 福岡藩は献上品の品質保持を理由に織屋株制度を敷いて12戸に限定したため、江戸時代を通して品質を維持することができた。
• Since the Fukuoka clan established the weaver stock system which was limited to 12 families for quality preservation of Kenjo articles (articles for presentation), the quality was kept throughout the Edo period.

• その結果、「長期間の住み込みによる衣食住以外は無給に近い労働」という丁稚奉公のスタイルを維持することが困難となった。
• As a result, it became difficult to maintain the form of decchi-boko comprising 'long-term live-in work with housing, food, and clothing virtually with no pay'.

• 常荒田については希望者に賃租（律令では、公田6年・私田3年）して特典を付けて再開発を奨励して土地の維持を図っている。
• There was a push for redevelopment and maintaining fields, so Jyokoden were chinso (leased to farmers, 6 years for Koden and 3 years for Shiden under the Ritsuryo system) and benefits were given to those who requested.

• 前三項の規定は、わが国漁業の正常な秩序の維持に支障を生ずることとならない場合として政令で定める場合には、適用しない。
• Provisions of the preceding 3 paragraphs shall not apply when Cabinet Order provides that the case has no risk of harm to the preservation of normal order of the Japanese fishery.

• 変化を乱すものを相殺するために自律神経系を通して動くいくつかの複雑な生物学的メカニズムにより活発に維持される代謝平衡
• metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes

• 次にコモドゥスを見てみると、彼はマルクスの息子で、帝国を相続したのだから、それを維持するのはとても簡単なことでした。
• But let us come to Commodus, to whom it should have been very easy to hold the empire, for, being the son of Marcus, he had inherited it,

• この例が明かにしているように、シャルルの法令を拡大ないし維持していれば、フランス王国は不敗となっていたことでしょう。
• And this example proves it, for the kingdom of France would be unconquerable if the ordinance of Charles had been enlarged or maintained.

• 彼らは移民団を送り、弱小な勢力と友好な関係を維持しながらも、その力を増大させないようにして、強大な勢力は抑えこんで、
• they sent colonies and maintained friendly relations with(*) the minor powers, without increasing their strength;

• 彼は彼にとってのナポレオン、偉大なブラックワイトの流儀を、時に伝説や物まねによりその記憶を喚起しながら維持してきた。
• He carried on the tradition of his Napoleon, the great Blackwhite, whose memory he evoked at times by legend and mimicry.

• 賭博禁止は決して効果的でなく、警察にどれほど専制権力をもたせても、賭博場はいつでも偽装して維持されることは確かだが、
• It is true that the prohibition is never effectual, and that, whatever amount of tyrannical power may be given to the police, gambling-houses can always be maintained under other pretences;

• 更に晴雄は西洋のグレゴリオ暦の導入の動きを察して、太陽暦を排して従来の太陰太陽暦の維持を図るために明治改暦を提唱した。
• Furthermore, Haruo smelled a trend to implement the Western Gregorian calendar, and suggested Meiji kaireki (changing of calendar in the Meiji period) in order to maintain the lunar-solar calendar instead of introducing the solar calendar.

• 宗家の坂上氏は、代々、京都の公家との姻戚関係を維持し、明治時代に東京に移るまでは長宝寺の近くに構えた屋敷に住んでいた。
• The head family Sakanoue clan, successively maintained matrimonial relations with Kuge (Court nobles) and they lived in a mansion near Choho-ji Temple until they moved to Tokyo in the Meiji period.

• しかし、特に戦前では、不敬罪・治安維持法などの存在などから、皇室の権威にかかわる問題について論争が自由にできなかった。
• But, especially during the prewar period, the idea of lese majesty and the Peace Preservation Law prevented people from discussing the validity of the unbroken Imperial line.

• 親房は天照大神の正統な末裔である天皇によって日本という国家が維持されているという主張を簡潔に述べて後世に影響を与えた。
• Chikafusa influenced the coming age by clearly insisting that the nation of Japan was maintained with emperors who were legitimate descendants of Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess).

• その維持・保存には、文化庁の指導のもと釘一本に至るまで伝統的な城郭建築の技法を求められるため、多額の経費が必要である。
• An exorbitant amount of money is required to maintain and preserve castle towers, as such work demands the traditional technique of castle building, down to each of the nails used, under the supervision of the Agency for Cultural Affairs.

• 他地域で「錦市場」を銘打つ店が増え、品質を維持するためにも京都府内の商店街で初めて「錦市場」の商標登録を取得している。
• As the number of stores which call themselves 'Nishiki Market' in other regions increased, the market registered the trademark of 'Nishiki Market' for the first time as a shopping district in Kyoto City in order to establish and maintain their brand quality.

• 地方からの都市への流入者の増加は、犯罪の増加に直結することから、江戸市中では治安の維持を目的に町奉行所が管理していた。
• Since the influx of such people from rural region into urban area was linked directly to rise in crime, these shelters were administered by the machi-bugyo (town magistrate) for the purpose of safety and security of the Edo city.

• この法律において「職員団体」とは、職員がその勤務条件の維持改善を図ることを目的として組織する団体又はその連合体をいう。
• The term 'employee organization' as used in this Act shall mean an organization which is formed by officials for the purpose of maintaining and improving their working conditions or a federation of such organizations.

• 信託財産に属する財産の保存のために支出した金額その他の当該財産の価値の維持のために必要であると認められるもの　その金額
• the amount of expenses paid for the preservation of property that belongs to the trust property or any other amount that is considered to be necessary for maintaining the value of such property:　such amount; and

• 事業用電気工作物を設置する者は、事業用電気工作物を経済産業省令で定める技術基準に適合するように維持しなければならない。
• A person who installs Electric Facilities for Business Use shall maintain the Electric Facilities for Business Use to ensure that they conform to the technical standards established by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 容器検査所の登録を受けた者は、容器検査所の検査設備を、前条第三項の技術上の基準に適合するように維持しなければならない。
• A person with a registered container reinspection station shall maintain the inspection facilities thereof so as to conform with the technical standards under paragraph (3) of the preceding Article.

• 国の安全を損ない、公の秩序の維持を妨げ、又は公衆の安全の保護に支障を来すことになるおそれがある対内直接投資等に係る業種
• Business types pertaining to inward direct investment, etc. which are likely to impair national security, disturb the maintenance of public order or hinder the protection of public safety;

• 「引越荷物」とは、本人及びその家族が住居を設定し維持するために供することを目的とし、かつ、必要と認められる貨物をいう。
• The term 'goods to be moved' shall refer to goods intended to be used and considered necessary in order for an individual or his/her family to establish and maintain their residence.

• 事件をその裁判所の審判に付したときは、裁判書を除いて、書類及び証拠物を事件について公訴の維持にあたる弁護士に送付する。
• when the court has referred the case to the same court for adjudication, it shall send documents and articles of evidence, excluding the written judicial decision, to the attorney at law who is to carry out the prosecution of the case; or

• 「引越荷物」とは、本人及びその家族が住居を設定し維持するために供することを目的とし、且つ、必要と認められる貨物をいう。
• The term 'goods to be moved' shall refer to goods intended to be used and considered necessary in order for an individual or his/her family to establish and maintain their residence.

• これらの人と同じように武力によって君主となった者は、君主国を獲得するのに困難を伴うけれど、それを維持するのは容易です。
• like these men, acquire a principality with difficulty, but they it with ease.
• Those who by valorous ways become princes, like these men, acquire a principality with difficulty, but they keep it with ease.

• 世襲親王家はしばしば当今の天皇の直系に男子が不在の際に皇位継承資格者を輩出し、万世一系とされる皇統の維持に寄与してきた。
• The Seshu-Shinno-ke often contributed to maintaining an unbroken Imperial lineage by providing a successor to the Imperial Throne when a male heir was not present in the direct line of the reigning Emperor.

• 歴史学界では、女性天皇は皇統（皇室の男子血統）の断絶を忌避し、男系での継承を維持したという「女帝中継ぎ論」が通説である。
• Throughout history, there is the generally known theory of 'female Emperor's temporarily succeeding' to avoided the discontinuation of the Imperial lineage (Imperial male line), and to keep the Imperial succession in the male line.

• しかし、大正14年（1925年）には普通選挙法と同時に治安維持法が公布され、国体の変革を包含する言論や運動が禁止された。
• However in 1925, the Maintenance of Public Order Law was proclaimed along with the Universal Manhood Suffrage Act, and speeches and activities containing changes of national polity were prohibited.

• 良源は、比叡山の伽藍の復興、天台教学の興隆、山内の規律の維持など、さまざまな功績から、延暦寺中興の祖として尊ばれている。
• Ryogen is revered as the person who rendered the most meritorious service for the restoration of Enryaku-ji Temple thanks to his various achievements, including the reconstruction of Mt. Hiei's garan, the rise of Tendai Doctrinal Studies and the maintenance of discipline in the precinct.

• 現在では公共の社会基盤を受益する共同の人々または公共事業により建設（建築と土木を併せ建設という）および修繕、維持する事。
• Today, fushin refers to the construction (建設) (including building and engineering), repair, and maintenance of public infrastructure with the assistance of community residents who will benefit from it and other public works projects.

• これは、当時勢力を伸張していた政党に対して、軍部を権力の淵源としていた藩閥が、影響力を維持するために執った措置とされる。
• This is considered a measure that the domain cliques, whose authority was derived from the military, took to retain their influence over the political parties that were expanding their power at that time.

• これは、家畜の餌などとして定期的に刈り入れを行うことで、遷移 (生物学)の進行を止めてススキ草原を維持していたものである。
• These Japanese pampas grass fields were maintained by stopping the progress of transition (biology term) by cutting the grass regularly as food for domestic livestock.

• なお、この原料である糒は軍事作戦には不可欠の食料であるため、奨励策は軍備維持における糒の在庫処分ではないかという説もある。
• Additionally, some say that, since hoshi-ii (dehydrated cooked rice), the key ingredient of Choseiden, was an indispensable food in military operation, the Kaga Clan's incentive measures may have been an excuse to maintain an adequate stock level of hoshi-ii for military preparedness.

• 皮肉にもこれを維持できたのは大学寮からの給料を必要としない大学別曹保有氏族出身の学生の増大による大学寮支出の減少であった。
• Ironically, the reason why Daigaku-ryo could be maintained was that the spending of Daigaku-ryo was reduced due to an increase in students from clans that possess Daigaku-besso, who did not need a salary from Daigaku-ryo.

• 前二号に掲げるもののほか、公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止に支障を及ぼすおそれがないものとして経済産業省令で定める場合
• In addition to what is listed in the preceding two items, cases specified by an Ordinance of METI as having no risk of interfering with the maintenance of public safety and the prevention of disasters.

• 米国の作家（ルーマニア生まれ）で、ナチ強制収容所を生き残り、ホロコーストの記憶を維持することに専念した（1928年生まれ）
• United States writer (born in Romania) who survived Nazi concentration camps and is dedicated to keeping alive the memory of the Holocaust (born in 1928)

• その都市の君主はダリウスよってその地位についたのですが、それはダリウスの安全と栄光のためにその都市を維持させるためでした。
• where princes were made by Darius, in order that they might hold the cities both for his security and his glory;

• 強い軍事力を維持し、それを国益を守るか、または促進するのに積極的に使用するために準備されるべき人々または政府の政治の方向性
• a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests

• 英国の経済学者で、インフレによらず、政府の通貨財政政策の利用により完全雇用を維持するように説いた（1883年−1946年）
• English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

• 男系継承を固守するよりも女系を容認した方がはるかに容易な場合もあったのに、時の朝廷や幕府は常に男系継承の維持を選択してきた。
• Sometimes, accepting female-line, rather than sticking to male-line succession, was much easier; the imperial court or Bakufu (Japanese feudal government) chose to maintain male-line succession.

• また、荘園整理、荘官・百姓の取り締まり、神人・悪僧の統制、戦乱で荒廃した京都の治安維持のためにも、平氏の武力は不可欠だった。
• Moreover, the Taira's military strength was indispensable in supervising the shoen reforms as well as shoen officials and commoners, and controlling members of the clergy and evil monks alike, not to mention for keeping the peace in Kyoto, in ruins from the recent wars.

• 高校生では、近年の少子化傾向のなかにあっても競技者数は6万人前後を維持しており、剣道競技者を上回って武道では最も競技者が多い
• High school students numbered approximately 60,000 players despite the recent decline in the birthrate, and thus shared the highest number of players in martial arts, surpassing the number of Kendo (Japanese art of fencing) players.

• 本来町や村は、共同体を維持するため、よそ者や乞食を排除する目的で番人を雇っていたが、非人はこの役を務めた（番非人、非人番）。
• Essentially towns and villages employed guards due to eliminating outsiders or beggars to maintain the community, but Hinin served as the role (Ban-Hinin, Hinin-ban).

• つまり、彼らは一方では国衙側の郡司・郷司として国衙領の維持にあたり、一方では荘園側の荘官として荘園拡大を図っていたのである。
• In other words, while acting to maintain kokugaryo territories as gunji or goji on the Kokuga side, they also attempted to enlarge manors as shokan on the manor side.

• そのために、徳川幕府は、能力よりも忠誠心や家柄、譜代家臣を重視する旧来の封建体制を復活させ、体制維持に努めたとの意見もある。
• Some believe that, in order to avoid making the same mistake, the Tokugawa shogunate restored the old feudal system under which loyalty, family lineage and fudai daimyo (hereditary vassals) were more important than the ability to maintain the regime.

• 武家との連携によって北朝の維持を図ろうとしていた良基はその要望に応じて、官職制度の故実・職掌などを解説するために執筆された。
• In response to Yoshimitsu's request, Yoshimoto, who intended to maintain the Northern Court through cooperation with samurai family, wrote this book in order to explain the ancient practices and official duties concerning the court officials system.

• 婚姻は、両性の合意のみに基いて成立し、夫婦が同等の権利を有することを基本として、相互の協力により、維持されなければならない。
• Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis.

• 都道府県知事は、公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止のため必要があると認めるときは、危害予防規程の変更を命ずることができる。
• The prefectural governor may issue an order to improve the Hazard Prevention Rule when he/she finds such improvement necessary for the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters.

• 事件を他の裁判所の審判に付したときは、裁判書をその裁判所に、書類及び証拠物を事件について公訴の維持にあたる弁護士に送付する。
• when the court has referred the case to another court for adjudication, it shall send the written judicial decision to said other court, and shall send any documents and articles of evidence to the attorney at law who is to carry out the prosecution of the case.

• 貴族の支援で君主の地位に就いた人は、民衆の助力でその地位に就いた人より、自分の地位を維持する上でより多くの困難を伴ないます。
• He who obtains sovereignty by the assistance of the nobles maintains himself with more difficulty than he who comes to it by the aid of the people,

• 秀吉から与えられた山城国の領地は徳川幕府の下でも維持されており、松井家は徳川幕府の直臣・陪臣の性格を併せ持つ特殊な家であった。
• Since during the period of the Tokugawa shogunate the Matsui family had been maintaining their possession in Yamashiro Province which had been given by Hideyoshi before the period of the Tokugawa, it can be said that the Matsui family was a rare family which kept the status of direct vassal of the Tokugawa shogunate as well as the status of indirect vassal at the same time.

• 民家では新規に建築されることはほとんどなくなったが、伊勢神宮正宮・別宮などの寺社建築では古式に則り茅葺を維持している例が多い。
• Newly built thatched private houses are extremely rare, but many temple/shrine buildings, such as the Shogu (main shrine) and Betsugu (sub-shrine) of Ise-jingu Shrine maintain thatched roofs according to old customs.

• 維持管理は藤氏長者の職務とされ、藤原氏一門の大納言級から任じられる公卿別当、弁官から任じられる弁別当以下の職員の任免を行った。
• Kangakuin was operated by the Toshi Choja (the chief of the Fujiwara clan) who controlled the appointment and dismissal of individuals to the following posts: Kugyo Betto (the head principal) to which one of the Dainagon (chief councilor of state) of the Fujiwara clan was appointed, Ben no Betto (a second principal) to which members of the Benkan (the Board of Controllers) were appointed, among other officials.

• そのため、年月が過ぎると風化し、色や表面の艶を失ってしまう欠点があったため、吹付け塗装などを行って維持管理をする必要があった。
• The tiles were weathered by the passage of time, and lost the color and surface luster, therefore maintenance works such as spray coating were required.

• ところが、鎌倉時代後期以後、守護の職務が治安維持から裁判にまで広がってくるようになると、守護の権威が国司を圧倒するようになる。
• However, from the late Kamakura period, when functions of Shugo as peace preservation expanded to the administration of justice, authority of Shugo overcame Kokushi.

• 特に7月17日以降から北京陥落の数日前までは比較的穏やかな休戦状態が維持継続され、尽きかけた食料・弾薬を調達することもできた。
• There was a mild cease-fire that continued for several days from July 17th to the fall of Beijing, and they were able to supply food and ammunitions that were facing shortages.

• 犯罪の捜査、租税に関する法律の規定に基づく犯則事件の調査又は公訴の提起若しくは維持のために作成し、又は取得する個人情報ファイル
• Personal Information File prepared or obtained for criminal investigation, investigation of tax crimes based on the provisions of laws related to tax, or institution or maintenance of prosecution

• この法律は、水産資源の保護培養を図り、且つ、その効果を将来にわたつて維持することにより、漁業の発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to ensure the protection and culture of fishery resources, to maintain those advantages for the future, and thereby to contribute to the development of fishery.

• 都道府県知事は、公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止上十分でないと認めるときは、前項の保安教育計画の変更を命ずることができる。
• The prefectural governor may issue an order to improve the Safety Training Program set forth in the preceding paragraph when he/she finds the Program inappropriate for the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters.

• 電気事業者は、電気事業の用に供する電線路に関する工事又は電線路の維持のため必要があるときは、他人の土地を通行することができる。
• An Electricity Utility may, when it is necessary in order to implement a construction project with regard to Electric Lines to be used for an Electricity Business or maintain Electric Lines, pass through another person's land.

• 第一種製造者は、製造のための施設を、その位置、構造及び設備が第八条第一号の技術上の基準に適合するように維持しなければならない。
• A Class 1 Producer shall maintain the facilities for production so as to keep the location, construction and equipment of the facilities in conformity with the technical standards under item (i) of Article 8.

• 維持人格的周縁部に入り込んでくる物や事実は、未開人の思考習慣の中に、重要な意味を帯びて彼にとっての人格的な物として現れてくる。
• The objects and facts that fall within the quasi-personal fringe figure in the habits of thought of the savage as personal to him in a vital sense.

• その一方で自己の専売を確立した市場では座外の商人・職人の営業を禁止して座衆による独占を図り、座に属する小規模業者の維持に努めた。
• In the market where a za obtained an exclusive right to sell their merchandise, at the same time, they attempted to monopolize the market by prohibiting merchants and artisans who did not participated in that za from engaging in trade, and thus they sustained small traders belonging to the za.

• 南宋代には、子淳の下から宏智正覚、真歇清了が出て、「黙照禅」と呼ばれる宗風を維持したが、その宗勢は、臨済宗には遠く及ばなかった。
• In the Southern Sung period, Wanshi Shogaku and Shinkatsu Seiryo, who were disciples of Shijun, appeared and kept the sect's tradition called 'Mokusho-Zen' (Zen which emphasizes mediation), but it had less influence than the Rinzai sect.

• 儒教は、五常（仁、義、礼、智、信）という徳性を拡充することにより五倫（父子、君臣、夫婦、長幼、朋友）関係を維持することを教える。
• Ju-kyo teaches the maintenance of five human relations arranged in order (father and son, lord and vassal, husband and wife, old and young, one and one's friend) through expansion of moral character called the five eternal virtues (humanity, justice, courtesy, wisdom, sincerity).

• 流通経済の発達で国内の水運がさかんになると、荘園からの年貢減少に苦しむ大寺社ではその維持のために船から関銭を徴収することとした。
• With the development of distribution economy, water transport became active and large temples and shrines, which suffered from the decrease of nengu (land tax) from shoen, tried to collect sekisen (toll) from the ships to maintain the income.

• 婚姻関係の調整、訴訟の遂行、事業の維持その他の死刑確定者の身分上、法律上又は業務上の重大な利害に係る用務の処理のため発受する信書
• Letters which the inmate sentenced to death sends and receives in order to carry out a business pertaining to personally, legally, or occupationally important concern of the inmate sentenced to death, such as reconciliation of marital relations, pursuance of a lawsuit, or maintenance of a business;

• 国際的な平和及び安全の維持を妨げることとなると認められるものとして政令で定める外国相互間の貨物の移動を伴う貨物の売買に関する取引
• Transactions related to the buying and selling of goods involving the movement of goods between foreign states, which are specified by Cabinet Order as those considered to undermine the maintenance of international peace and security

• 国際連合平和維持活動で派遣された自衛隊員、災害救助にあたった自衛隊員に対する接見はすでに行なっていたが、これは異例のことであった。
• While the Emperor had already received the members of Self Defense Forces dispatched for the United Nations' peacekeeping operations and those engaged in disaster relief works, it was unprecedented that the Emperor received the members of Self Defense Forces dispatched to a battlefield.

• 後白河は伊勢平氏・河内源氏など武士勢力の勃興に対して、王権の維持を図ろうとしたが、結局、王権の一部を鎌倉幕府へ委譲することとなる。
• Emperor Goshirakawa tried to maintain the power of the Imperial Palace against the sudden rise of the Samurai forces such as Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) and Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto can), however he had to pass part of the Imperial Palace authority to the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• ついでながら、狩野派一門は江戸時代徳川将軍家の画工の長として、勢力を維持し続け、画才の他に鋭い政治感覚も合わせて持ち合わせていた。
• In addition, the Kano School had kept its power as the head of edakumi (painters) of the Tokugawa Shogun family during the Edo period, which showed that they had also a perceptive sense for politics.

• また日露戦争では日本の損害は甲午の二十倍を出しながらも、韓国がロシアの口に飲み込まれる肉になるのを助け、東洋全体の平和を維持した。
• Besides, although Japan's loss in Russo-Japanese War was twenty times as much as that of the Donghak Peasant Revolution, they helped Korea not to be swallowed into Russia's mouth and maintained the piece of entire Asia.

• こうして公領は郡・郷・保などの単位に再編成され、武士たちは郡司・郷司・保司として郡・郷・保の経営と治安維持を受け持つこととなった。
• In this way, koryo was reorganized into gun, go and ho (community), and samurai came to be in charge of the management and security maintenance of gun, go, or ho as gunji (an official in charge of a gun), goji (an official in charge of a village), or hoji (an official in charge of a community).

• 被収容者には、捕虜収容所の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障がない範囲内において、できる限りの自由が与えられなければならない。
• As much freedom as possible shall be provided to the detainees so long as there is no hindrance of either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the prisoner of war camp.

• 外気通路を維持する、酸素を伝達する、粘液の吸引を可能にする、または胃内容の吸引を防ぐために口か鼻を通して気管に挿入されるカテーテル
• a catheter that is inserted into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to maintain an open air passage or to deliver oxygen or to permit the suctioning of mucus or to prevent aspiration of the stomach contents

• その後も桓武天皇朝において、武智麻呂の長男豊成の子藤原継縄と、三男藤原乙麻呂の子藤原是公が続いて右大臣となり、南家は勢力を維持した。
• Thereafter, in the era of Emperor Kammu, FUJIWARA no Tsugutada, the son of Toyonari (Muchimaro's eldest son), and FUJIWARA no Korekimi, the son of FUJIWARA no Otomaro (Muchimaro's third son) successively became the minister of the right, whereby the power of the Southern House was maintained.

• その結果、住民が出資し、「有限会社かやぶきの里」を設立し、建造物の維持管理および観光施設としての運営を組織的におこなうようになった。
• The area residents, consequently, invested in founding Kayabuki-no-sato, Inc. whereby they began to systematically maintain and operate buildings as tourist facilities.

• 一方、光秀は変後は京の治安維持に当たった後、武田元明・京極高次らを近江に派兵して、数日内に近江は瀬田城（山岡景隆・山岡景佐兄弟在城。
• On the other hand, after keeping public order in post-incident Kyoto, Mitsuhide sent the forces of Motoaki TAKEDA, and Takatsugu KYOGOKU, among others, to Omi and they conquered Omi within a few days except for Seta-jo Castle (held by brothers Kagetaka YAMAOKA and Kagesuke YAMAOKA;

• 明治時代以後、財閥の確立とともに本家を中心とした一族及び幹部による経営体制を維持するために家憲・家訓が制定されたことが知られている。
• In the Meiji period and later, along with the formation of several zaibatsu (company syndicates), kaken and kakun were known to be established in order to maintain the management mainly by the head family, including family members and executive officers.

• つまり後醍醐天皇の行為は鎌倉幕府が社会秩序を維持する国家形態及び政権自体に対する転覆の企て、即ち「謀叛」であると見なされたのである。
• The Emperor Godaigo's act was seen as an attempt to overthrow the state or government itself, namely '謀叛', when the Kamakura bakufu maintained the social order in Japan.

• 日本では、身分制度の維持を図る観点から身分相応以上の服装を着用する行為が道徳風俗違反であるとして「過差（かさ）」であると非難された。
• In Japan, to maintain its class system, 'extravagant behavior' such as wearing clothes beyond one's means was criticized as an offense against public morals and decency.

• 住宅用防災機器の設置及び維持に関する基準その他住宅における火災の予防のために必要な事項は、政令で定める基準に従い市町村条例で定める。
• The standards for the installation and maintenance of fire prevention devices for residences and other matters necessary for prevention of fire at a residence shall be specified by municipal ordinance in accordance with the standards specified by Cabinet Order.

• 審判長又は審判を開始した一名の審判官は、審判を妨げる者に対し退廷を命じその他審判廷の秩序を維持するため必要な措置を執ることができる。
• The Presiding Judge or one (1) Judge who has commenced an inquiry may order any person who disturbs the inquiry to leave the tribunal room, or may take any other measures necessary to maintain order at the tribunal.

• 第二種製造者は、製造のための施設を、その位置、構造及び設備が経済産業省令で定める技術上の基準に適合するように維持しなければならない。
• A Class 2 Producer shall maintain the facilities for production so as to keep the location, construction and equipment of the facilities in conformity with the technical standards specified by an Ordinance of METI.

• そして地下は、上の世界の人々に比べて、その他あらゆる人間の特性はいざしらず、おそらく必要にかられた行動を指向として維持したはずです。
• had probably retained perforce rather more initiative, if less of every other human character, than the Upper.

• しかし、言語も習慣も法も異る国土で国家を獲得すれば、そこには諸困難があって、その国家を維持するには幸運と多大な精力が必要となります。
• But when states are acquired in a country differing in language, customs, or laws, there are difficulties, and good fortune and great energy are needed to hold them,

• 第二は、第二一条で規定された法律の範囲内において自由であるという臣民の権利であった（後に治安維持法などで権利の制限を行うようになる）。
• Second, it stipulated the rights of Japanese subjects that, pursuant to Article 21, they had the liberty within the limits of the law (but restrictive measures such as the Maintenance of Public Order Law subsequently came into effect to quality the rights of the subjects).

• このうち、列強側の維持費の都合から長崎では1876年、横浜では1877年に居留地の返還が行われたが、他の居留地は依然として継続された。
• Among the various settlements, two were restored to Japanese sovereignty due to escalating maintenance costs for the great powers maintaining them, namely Nagasaki in 1876 and Yokohama in 1877, but the other settlements continued unchanged.

• 江戸幕府をはじめとした領主は、このような本百姓数の維持増加に努め、平和が続いたことによる社会の安定化によって耕地の開発も進んでいった。
• Feudal lords, exemplified by the Edo bakufu, made efforts to increase and maintain the number of such hon-byakusho, and as the peaceful period continued to realize social stability, cultivation of land was developed.

• 婚姻関係の調整、訴訟の遂行、事業の維持その他の受刑者の身分上、法律上又は業務上の重大な利害に係る用務の処理のため面会することが必要な者
• Person with the necessity to have a visit in order to carry out a business pertaining to personally, legally, or occupationally important concern of the sentenced person, such as reconciliation of marital relations, pursuance of a lawsuit, or maintenance of a business;

• 一般ガス事業の用に供するガス工作物の工事、維持又は運用に従事する者は、ガス主任技術者がその保安のためにする指示に従わなければならない。
• People who are engaged in the construction, maintenance or operation of Gas Facilities used for the General Gas Utility Business shall follow the instructions given by the chief gas engineer to ensure the safety thereof.

• 捕虜収容所長は、捕虜収容所内の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要な被収容者の遵守すべき事項（以下「遵守事項」という。）を定めるものとする。
• The prisoner of war camp commander shall determine the rules to be complied with by detainees necessary for maintaining discipline and order in the prisoner of war camp (hereinafter referred to as "compliance rules").

• だから自由に慣れた都市を保持したいのであれば、他のいかなる手段にもまして、その市民たちを使えば、その都市を容易に維持できるでしょう。
• and therefore he who would keep a city accustomed to freedom will hold it more easily by the means of its own citizens than in any other way.

• なにか、そこかしこの個人以上のものによって、より高い立場が原則としてとられ、一貫して維持されてきたというのは、唯一宗教的信念だけです。
• The only case in which the higher ground has been taken on principle and maintained with consistency, by any but an individual here and there, is that of religious belief:

• 外交使節を迎える費用、膠や漆のような細々とした物品、戦車と武具の維持費を含む本陣と前線の軍事費は、総額で一日に銀千オンスにのぼります。
• the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day.

• 各種の世論調査では、象徴天皇制の現状維持を主張する意見が多数であり、現在のところ象徴天皇制は日本国民に支持されている制度であると言える。
• According to various opinion surveys, most people insist on the preservation of the current state of the Tennosei which has the Emperor as the symbol of the unity of the people and this is the system supported by Japanese nationals.

• また清和源氏は摂関家の私兵として仕伺したり摂関家へ多大な成功_(任官)（じょうごう）を行うなど、摂関家の権勢維持に大きな役割を果たした。
• Furthermore, Seiwa-Genji, as the private force of the regent family, greatly helped the regent family maintain its political power by executing extensive jogo (ninkan) (granting official positions to individuals who offered their private financial assets to the Imperial Court).

• 現在の鵜飼は、客が屋形船からその様子を見て楽しむというように、漁による直接的な生計の維持というよりはもっぱら観光事業として行われている。
• Today's Ukai is mostly practiced in the tourist industry rather than as a direct way to earn a living as tourists enjoy watching it from a roofed pleasure boat.

• 浄土真宗においては念仏を唱えることが信仰の表現であり、葬儀などの際の御布施は、仏法を聞く（聞法）の道場である寺を維持する為の財施である。
• In Jodo Shinshu Sect, chanting Nenbutsu (Buddhist invocation) is deemed as the expression of faith and fuse to be paid on the occasion of funeral, and so on is a kind of donation for maintaining a temple, an exercise hall for listening to the teachings of Buddha (Monpo (listening to the teachings of Buddha)).

• 21世紀現在、もともと茅葺であった建物の大部分はトタンなどの金属葺屋根に改修されているが、わずかに茅葺が維持されている建物も残っている。
• At present in the 21st century, most of the thatched roofs have been replaced by metal roofs, such as tin roofs; but a small number of buildings with thatched roofs still remain.

• 豊臣秀吉が慶長3年（1598年）に死去するとこれらの体制で政権を維持することとなったが、必ずしも法令が機能したとは言えない結果となった。
• When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI passed away in 1598, those systems were to support the Toyotomi government; however, the laws did not always function.

• 祠堂銭として集められた金銭を資金として寺院の内外に貸付を行い、その利息により寺院の管理・運営の維持を図ったり、社会事業の財源などとした。
• Using gathered Shidosen funds, monks engaged in moneylending both inside and outside of the temples, using the interest for social work in addition to continuously managing and maintaining the temples.

• 高度地区は、用途地域内において市街地の環境を維持し、又は土地利用の増進を図るため、建築物の高さの最高限度又は最低限度を定める地区とする。
• Height control districts are districts designated within use districts for which maximum or minimum building heights are stipulated in order to maintain the urban environment or to promote enhanced land use.

• 審判官は、登録異議の申立てに係る商標登録が前条各号の一に該当すると認めないときは、その商標登録を維持すべき旨の決定をしなければならない。
• Where the trial examiners find the trademark registration pertaining to an opposition to registration does not fall under any of the items of Article 43-2, the trial examiners shall render a decision to the effect that the trademark registration is to be maintained.

• 大学は、教育研究水準の維持向上及び教育研究の活性化を図るため、教員の構成が特定の範囲の年齢に著しく偏ることのないよう配慮するものとする。
• A university shall give consideration to ensuring that the age structure of teachers should not be heavily unbalanced within a certain age group, so as to maintain and enhance the levels of its education and research and promote its education and research.

• 明治時代に、ほとんどの公家は天皇に従って東京に移ったため、現在の京都御苑内にあった殆んどの公家住宅が空家となり治安維持のため取り壊された。
• Since most of the court nobility moved to Tokyo after the Emperor in the Meiji Period, their residences in what is now Kyoto Gyoen became vacant and were demolished to maintain security.

• これは、残心をより高いレベルに昇華し、一つの技を行う前・行っている最中・終えた後も引き続き一貫して維持される精神状態を体現したものである。
• This embodies a state of mind in which the zan-shin is sublimated into a higher level to be maintained consistently before, during and after the attack.

• 一方高麗時代の中国的「天下」概念では、中国内部に宋・遼、宋・金が並び立つ情勢のなか、宋を南朝、遼・金を北朝として両属する形を維持していた。
• Under the Chinese notion of 'Tenka' during the era of Goryeo, Sung was called the Southern Court and Liao or Jing was called the Northern Court since Sung and Liao or Sung and Jin co-existed in China.

• まず、鎮護国家とされる国家によって官寺と呼ばれる寺院の建立・維持が行われて国家と皇室の安泰を祈るための法会が行われたという事実は存在する。
• First of all, in fact, the temples called kanji had been erected and maintained by so called Chingokokka, and Buddhist services had been held to pray for peace and security of the country and the Imperial Family.

• 万一に備える一方で穀物の腐敗の防止と義倉の維持のために古い穀物を安価で売却（出糶）し、また一般に低利で貸し付ける（借放）事も行われていた。
• While holding grain for emergencies, to help maintain the giso warehouses and prevent spoilage, old crops were sold (deseri, 出糶, to be on sale) at a fair price or loaned (shakuho, 借放) at a low interest rate to the public.

• 寛平・延喜東国の乱と承平南海賊のいずれにおいても、反乱制圧・平和維持に尽力した最初期の武士たちは、十分な恩賞が与えられたとは考えなかった。
• In either of the Kanbyo Engi Togoku War and Joheinankaizoku, the samurai at the early stage who made efforts to suppress the rebellions and to maintain security did not consider their rewards sufficient.

• 婚姻関係の調整、訴訟の遂行、事業の維持その他の死刑確定者の身分上、法律上又は業務上の重大な利害に係る用務の処理のため面会することが必要な者
• A person with the necessity to have a visit in order to carry out a business pertaining to personally, legally, or occupationally important concern of the inmate sentenced to death, such as reconciliation of marital relations, pursuance of a lawsuit, or maintenance of a business;

• 熱供給事業に従事する者が正当な理由がないのに熱供給施設の維持又は運行の業務を取り扱わず、熱供給に障害を生ぜしめたときも、前項と同様とする。
• The same punishment shall be imposed if a person engaged in a heat supply business has not performed, without justifiable grounds, the services to maintain or operate heat supply facilities, thereby causing interference with heat supply.

• 外国積出漁獲物等以外の漁獲物等の本邦への陸揚げであつて、わが国漁業の正常な秩序の維持に支障を生ずることとならないものとして政令で定めるもの
• Landing of catches other than foreign shipped catches but provided by Cabinet Order as there is no risk of posing problem for preservation of normal order of Japanese fishery.

• 皇位継承問題の中で、男系を維持するために皇籍復帰を主張される昭和22年（1947年）に皇籍離脱した旧皇族11宮家は全て邦家親王が源流である。
• Through the discussion of the succession to the Imperial throne, in order to maintain the agnate blood line, the eleven former Imperial families which renounced their imperial status in 1947 insist on rejoining: those families are all originated from Imperial Prince Kuniie.

• また、この元明天皇の前例に則り、仮に女性皇族が即位しても夫が皇統に属する男系男子の旧皇族（旧宮家）であれば男系が維持されるという意見もある。
• In addition, there is an opinion that based on the precedent of Emperor Genmei, the male-line is maintained even if a female member of Imperial Family ascends to the throne as long as her husband is an old imperial family member from the imperial male-line.

• そのため、皇室典範を改正し、女子や女系の者にも皇位継承権を与えるか、旧皇族を皇籍に復帰させるなどして男系継承を維持するかの論争が起きている。
• Because of that, disputes have broken out over whether to revise the Imperial House Act and give a female in female line the right of succession to the Imperial Throne, or keep the male line of succession by returning the former Imperial Family as the Imperial Family again.

• こうした時代背景から、狩野探幽以降の狩野派は伝統の維持と御用絵師としての勢力保持にもっぱら努め、芸術的創造性を失っていったという見方もある。
• Given such an historical backdrop, it can be said that the Kanoha group after Tanyu KANO only tried to keep the tradition and maintain influence as official painters, and therefore lost its artistic drive.

• 彼らは、田堵負名として田地経営に経済基盤を置きながら、受領のもとで治安維持活動にも従事するという、それまでにない新たに登場した階層であった。
• They constituted a new class: Persons which engaged in security duty under zuryo, while placing their economic basis on farm management.

• また、村落や町(ちょう)が、自らの共同体的な機能を維持するために住民に賦課する人足役（掃除・普請・番・荷物持ち）も「夫役」と呼ぶ場合がある。
• Additionally, villages and towns sometimes used the word 'buyaku' in reference to ninsokuyaku (cleanup, construction, guard and porter) that they imposed on residents in order to maintain their own communal functions.

• 地方豪族や有力農民のなかには自らの勢力を維持・拡大するため、また、農民の反抗を防止して土地・人民を確保するために武装する者が少なくなかった。
• Quite a few powerful local clans and influential peasants armed themselves to maintain and enlarge their power, and to secure the land and people by preventing defiance by the peasants.

• 十分な純資産額規制比率（法第二百十一条第一項に規定する純資産額規制比率をいう。以下同じ。）を維持するための資本金調達その他の具体的措置の内容
• the financing methods and other concrete measures for maintaining the sufficient Net Assets Regulation Ratio (which means the Net Assets Regulation Ratio prescribed in Article 211, paragraph (1) of the Act; the same shall apply hereinafter);

• 婚姻関係の調整、訴訟の遂行、事業の維持その他の被留置受刑者の身分上、法律上又は業務上の重大な利害に係る用務の処理のため面会することが必要な者
• Person with the necessity to have a visit in order to carry out a business pertaining to personally, legally, or occupationally important concern of the sentenced person under detention, such as reconciliation of marital relations, pursuance of a lawsuit, or maintenance of a business;

• 許可製造業者は、その製造設備を第九条第二号の厚生労働省令、経済産業省令、環境省令で定める技術上の基準に適合するように維持しなければならない。
• A permitted manufacturer shall maintain its manufacturing equipment in such a manner as to conform to the technical standards specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and Ordinance of the Ministry of the Environment under item (ii) of Article 9.

• 経済産業大臣又は都道府県知事は、公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止のため緊急の必要があると認めるときは、次に掲げる措置をすることができる。
• The Minister of METI or the prefectural governor may take the following measures when he/she finds it urgently necessary for the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters:

• 保安係員は、製造のための施設の維持、製造の方法の監視その他高圧ガスの製造に係る保安に関する技術的な事項で経済産業省令で定めるものを管理する。
• A Supervisory Safety Worker shall manage the maintenance of the facilities for production, monitoring of the method of production or such other technical matters in relation to the safety of production of high pressure gas specified by an Ordinance of METI.

• 被告人が陳述をせず、許可を受けないで退廷し、又は秩序維持のため裁判長から退廷を命ぜられたときは、その陳述を聴かないで判決をすることができる。
• When the accused does not make any statement, and he/she leaves the court without permission, or is ordered to leave the court by the presiding judge for the sake of maintenance of order, the court may render a judgment without hearing his/her statement.

• ガス事業に従事する者が正当な事由がないのにガス工作物の維持又は運行の業務を取り扱わず、ガスの供給に障害を生ぜしめたときも、前項と同様とする。
• The same punishment shall be imposed where a person engaged in a Gas Business has not performed, without justifiable grounds, the services to maintain or operate Gas Facilities, thereby causing interference with gas supply.

• また思い切って言えば、こうした性質を持ち、それをずっと維持することは、有害であって、そうした性質を持っていると見せかけることが有益なのです。
• And I shall dare to say this also, that to have them and always to observe them is injurious, and that to appear to have them is useful;

• しかし二つの皇統の血筋を持ち、尚且つ唯一の男子である武烈天皇により皇統が維持される筈であったが、武烈天皇は子を成さず若くして崩御してしまった。
• As an emperor of having genealogy of the two imperial lines and being the only son, Emperor Buretsu was supposed to maintain the imperial line, but he died young without having children.

• また、正重は文明開化とともに衰微する一方であった京都の民間芸能の保存にも熱心で、祇園祭の長刀鉾の稚児の世話役や壬生狂言の維持会長などを勤めた。
• Masashige was also keen on preserving folk performing arts in Kyoto that had been declining along with the progress of civilization and enlightenment and he took care of children who joined and rode the Naginata (long-handled sword) float in Gion Festival and served as chairperson of the preservation committee of Mibu Kyogen (pantomime performed in Mibu-dera Temple).

• 平家滅亡により源氏の勢力が強くなった事、奥州に深く関わっていた義経が頼朝と対立した事などにより中立を維持できなくなった事が滅亡の原因となった。
• The causes of the downfall of the Oshu Fujiwara clan were that the Minamoto clan strengthened its power through the downfall of the Taira clan, and that it failed to maintain its neutrality because Yoshitune, who had had a close relation with the clan, became opposed to Yoritomo.

• 1945年（昭和20）年の太平洋戦争の終戦にともない、大江山鉱山は閉山され、岩滝製錬所もルッペの生産を停止し、施設維持のみを行う体制に移った。
• Due to the end of the Pacific War in 1945, Oeyama Mine was closed, and Iwataki Smeltery stopped producing luppe and decided to do nothing but maintain its facilities.

• 律令法は貴族層が、その特権と支配を維持するための法であるから、賤民制度をふくめた全体の身分の体系は、法によって明確に規定しておく必要があった。
• The purpose of ritsuryo law was to enable the kizoku class to maintain its privilege and dominance, and therefore, a general class system, including the senmin, had to be clearly defined by law.

• この話を受けた京都の老舗 組み紐店は、伝統の維持と、前例のない事からこの話を一度は断るが、後に承諾、画期的なシューズは2001年に発売された。
• The long-established braided cord store in Kyoto which received this offer from Nike had once declined it for the reasons of preservation of tradition and a lack of precedent, but accepted it later and the innovative shoes were released in 2001.

• しかし当時の日本は貨幣を自給できなかったことや鐚銭の問題もあり、貫高制の普及にともない、それを維持するに十分な貨幣流通量を確保できなくなった。
• However, since Japan at that time did not possess the capacity to self-supply the amount of money required, and also because it was facing the problem of bitasen (extremely low-quality coins), maintaining the sufficient money supply became impossible as kandaka sei became more and more widespread.

• さらに荘園や、郡・郷・保を単位とする国衙領は荘園領主や国司（受領）に任命された荘官・郡司・郷司・保司らが知行して治安維持、租税徴収に当たった。
• For a shoen or Kokugaryo, which had been organized into Gun, Sato, and Ho, shokan (an officer) appointed by the ryoshu of the shoen or Gunji (an officer for Gun), Goji (an officer for Go - Sato) and Hoji (an officer for Ho), all of whom were appointed by the kokushi (provincial governor) (also called zuryo), executed their respective chigyo right, working for maintaining security and for collecting taxes.

• 第一種貯蔵所の所有者又は占有者は、第一種貯蔵所を、その位置、構造及び設備が第十六条第二項の技術上の基準に適合するように維持しなければならない。
• The owner or possessor of a Class 1 Storage Place shall maintain the Class 1 Storage Place so as to keep its location, construction and equipment in conformity with the technical standards under paragraph (2) of Article 16.

• 隊の規律維持のために厳しい局中法度を定め違反者に対し粛清を行ったことや、「誠」の一字の隊旗や袖口に山形の模様を染め抜いた独特の羽織でも知られる。
• They are also known for setting strict Kyokuchu Hatto (Shinsen-gumi Rules) to maintain order within Shinsen-gumi, purging those who violated the rules, and for their group flag with one kanji character, 'Makoto', and original short coats with mountain-like patterns painted on the sleeves.

• しかし、「小隠」ともいわれる隠逸スタイルは官位を捨て山林などに隠棲することであり、そもそも自らの生活のベースである特権階級をも維持できなくなる。
• However, a style of recluses called 'Shoin,' meant to abandon official ranks and retire from the world to mountain or forest, making it impossible for the recluses to hold their privileges that were the basis of their living.

• 単なる権力争いであった場合や、あるいは改革をなそうとする君主が、既得権を維持せんとする重臣から「悪政」を咎められ押込められる例も少なくなかった。
• Some were just struggles for power, and in some cases, reform-minded lords were confined by their vassals who blamed the lord for his misgovernment to protect their vested interests

• 後に彼らの中で治安維持の武功によって勲功を得、特に承平天慶の乱で勲功を認められた者たちが中核になって武士身分が形成されていくことになるのである。
• Later, those who were distinguished because of military contributions to maintain security, especially during the Johei and Tengyo War, would become the bushi class as the core group.

• 1190年（建久元年） - 頼朝が右近衛大将（律令制における武官の最高位）に任じられ治安維持に関する17ヶ条に及ぶ命を受ける（後の大犯三ヶ条）。
• 1190 - Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (the highest rank of military officers in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and given an order relating to security enforcement which consisted of 17 articles (later, Taibon sankajo (three basic rights of shugo, the provincial constable)).

• 鎌倉中期から徐々に発展してきた貨幣経済や商業・流通経済を政策に取り込んだ体制の維持の成功は、豊臣秀吉や蒲生氏郷など多くの模倣者や追随者を生んだ。
• He succeeded in maintaining this system by adopting a monetary economy and commodity markets which gradually developed after the mid-Kamakura period; this success also gave rise to many imitators and followers such as Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ujisato GAMO.

• 公益目的事業を行うために不可欠な特定の財産があるときは、その旨並びにその維持及び処分の制限について、必要な事項を定款で定めているものであること。
• In the event that it has specific property indispensable for operating the business for public interest purposes, its articles of incorporation specify such circumstance and necessary matters for its maintenance and restriction on disposition.

• とはいえこうした変化すべてを通じて、「フリーソフト」や「オープンソース」がなんであるかについては、おおまかな合意を得た理論が維持され続けていた。
• Through all these changes, nevertheless, there remained a broad consensus theory of what `free software' or `open source' is.

• 内容はそれまでの戒律を基に、仏教教団としては異例の自給自足体制を確立させた禅宗教団に適合するような、主に集団生活を適正に維持するための規則である。
• Based on the preceding religious precepts, it was established principally as the rules by which to maintain group life, which were suitable for the Zen sect organization that had established the self-sufficiency system, which was exceptional for a Buddhist organization.

• 明治政府の地方行政としては、徳川家を駿府藩に移封し、京都府・長崎県・函館市を政府直轄の「府」とした以外は、原則として以前の藩体制が維持されていた。
• At the local administration level the Meiji government basically maintained the domain system, except they changed the Tokugawa family's domain from Edo to Sunpu, and they put Kyoto, Nagasaki, and Hakodate under direct control of the government by making them 'Fu' (Prefecture).

• 外国との条約締結を巡り幕府では朝廷に勅許を求めるべきであるとする意見が出され、鎖国政策を維持するか、開国するかにあたり朝廷の判断を仰ぐ事となった。
• Some in the Shogunate had the view that they should acquire Imperial permission from the Imperial Court in order to sign a treaty with a foreign country, and a decision was made to seek the judgment of the Imperial Court on whether to maintain the sakoku policy (seclusion) or an open-door policy.

• その維持のため天王寺苧座は、本所である三条西家に対して通過時の苧公事の納入を免除して貰う替わりに年間150貫に及ぶ苧課役を三条西家に納入していた。
• To keep its monopoly, Tennoji so-za paid the tax in kind in an amount of as much as 562.5 kg annually to its honjo Sanjonishi family in exchange for the exemption from so-kuji that it paid when passing through the checkpoints.

• その後、豊臣氏はあくまで徳川氏に従わず、独立を維持しようとしたため、慶長19年（1614年）からの大坂の陣において、家康により滅ぼされたのである。
• Afterward, as the Toyotomi clan would not obey the Tokugawa clan and attempted to be independent, they were defeated by Ieyasu in Osaka no Jin (The Siege of Osaka), which started in 1614.

• 朝廷が幕府に対して命じられた公役を御家人・守護・地頭などに転嫁するものと、幕府そのものの運営維持のために幕府が独自に賦課したものという考えである。
• According to this point of view, there were public services ordered by the Imperial court to the bakufu which were shifted onto Gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through the Edo periods), Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward), and taxes and labor imposed independently by the bakufu in order to operate and maintain itself.

• 第二種貯蔵所の所有者又は占有者は、第二種貯蔵所を、その位置、構造及び設備が経済産業省令で定める技術上の基準に適合するように維持しなければならない。
• The owner or possessor of a Class 2 Storage Place shall maintain the Class 2 Storage Place so as to keep its location, construction and equipment in conformity with the technical standards specified by an Ordinance of METI.

• 日本銀行は、前項に規定するもののほか、銀行その他の金融機関の間で行われる資金決済の円滑の確保を図り、もって信用秩序の維持に資することを目的とする。
• In addition to what is prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the Bank of Japan's purpose is to ensure smooth settlement of funds among banks and other financial institutions, thereby contributing to the maintenance of stability of the financial system.

• それはつまり、必要な場合には、自分の力量で自らを維持できるような支配力を持っているのか、それとも常に他国からの支援を必要とするのか、という点です。
• that is, whether a prince has such power that, in case of need, he can support himself with his own resources, or whether he has always need of the assistance of others.

• この治安維持法はのちに戦前の悪法のひとつとされるようになるが、その悪法が護憲運動をもとに組閣された内閣のもとで成立したというのは、皮肉なものである。
• The Peace Preservation Law later became known to be one of bad laws enacted in the prewar period, however, it is rather ironic that such a bad law was made during the term of a cabinet established through campaign for protecting constitutionalism.

• これに先立ち、一進会は1905年11月5日に「外交権を日本政府に委任し日本の指導保護を受け、朝鮮の独立、安定を維持せよ」という宣言書を発表している。
• On November 5, 1905 before that, Isshinkai had announced their declaration that they transferred their diplomatic right to Japanese Government to go under the Japanese instruction and protection, for the purpose of maintaining Korea's independence and stability.

• 公務上の負傷又は疾病に起因する職員の死亡の場合におけるその遺族又は職員の死亡当時その収入によつて生計を維持した者の受ける損害に対する補償に関する事項
• Matters concerning compensation to the bereaved family of the official or those who maintain living by the income of the official at the time of his/her death for damage sustained by them due to the death of the official resultant of injury or disease incurred in line of public duty.

• 電気主任技術者試験は、主任技術者免状の種類ごとに、事業用電気工作物の工事、維持及び運用の保安に関して必要な知識及び技能について、経済産業大臣が行う。
• An examination for a chief electricity engineer's license shall be conducted by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry for each type of chief engineer's license with respect to the knowledge and skills required for ensuring safety in the construction, maintenance and operation of Electric Facilities for Business Use.

• 日本においては、天皇に自分の娘を嫁がせ次の天皇に成る皇子を産ませ、その皇子を擁立し外祖父として一族の政治力を強化・維持する方法が古代より知られている。
• In Japan, the ancient method of making one's own daughter an emperor's bride was practiced, having her give birth to a prince that would be the next emperor, and supporting the prince as his maternal grandfather, thereby increasing and maintaining the political power of his relatives.

• 彼らは国司や押領使として勲功を挙げるとともに、赴任した地方に土着して国衙から公田経営を公認されるなど、自らの軍事力を維持出来るだけの経済基盤を築いた。
• Through distinguishing themselves as local governors or oryoshi, establishing themselves in the areas they were transferred to, and being officially permitted by kokuga to manage koden (field administered directly by a ruler), they established enough of an economic foundation to maintain their own military power.

• 整備計画は、明日香村の歴史的風土の維持・保存と同時に、生活環境を整え村を発展させていくため、道路・下水道・公園・教育施設・農業環境などの整備をはかる。
• The development plan aims to preserve and maitain the historical landscape of Asuka-mura and, at the same time, to develop and adjust streets, sewers, parks, educational facilities and agricultural environment.

• 古代の氏制度以来、一族の家系・家格・家祭・家業・家産・家門・家職の維持・継承が日本の上流階層特に本家・嫡流と呼ばれる家においては最も重要視されてきた。
• Ever since the clan system was established in ancient Japan, it has been deemed to be most important for those people in the upper class, especially in the families called honke (the head family) or chakuryu (the main branch of the family) to maintain and succeed for generations the line, status, rite, business, properties, kamon (family), and trade or profession of the family.

• これ以後、大命降下があっても、軍部が現役武官の中から大臣候補を挙げなければ組閣できず、辞職して代わりの候補を出さなければ内閣を維持することもできない。
• Since then, even if an imperial command was given, the military would only elect a ministerial candidate from active military officers in order to form a Cabinet and they could not retain a Cabinet unless electing another candidate after a Military Minister resigned.

• 各国がいったん自国通貨と金との交換比率を決定すると金平価も自動的に決定され、各国通貨当局は金平価を維持させるために、国内の金融政策が追随する形をとる。
• Once each country determines an exchange rate between home currency and gold, the parity of gold becomes automatically fixed, and the currency authority in each country introduces monetary policy, which is adjusted to the financial situation to sustain the parity of gold.

• また、国内で紛争が発生した場合、臨時の国単位の軍事司令官たる追捕使・押領使などに任命され、国内武士を統率して国内の治安維持に当たる武力として機能した。
• And in the case of domestic conflicts, zaichokanjin were temporarily appointed as military officers of kokuga units called 'tsuibushi' or 'oryoshi' and functioned as the military forces that provided leadership over domestic bushis in order to maintain security.

• また、現地における治安維持あるいは徴税などの荘務の必要から現地の慣習などにも配慮した新たな寺院法が制定され、それが本所法として荘官らによって施行された。
• Also, as there was an increasing need for maintaining security as well as carrying out shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in shoen) such as tax collections, new Jiin-ho were established taking the local customs into consideration and were enacted as a honjo law by shokan (an officer governing shoen).

• 「日本は済物浦条約に基づき、出兵して変に備えさせて、朝鮮での争いを永久になくし、東洋全局の平和を維持しようと思い、清国に協同して事に従おうと提案した。」
• Japan, with an intention to remove conflicts eternally in Korea and maintain peace in the entire East, dispatched troops under the Jemulpo Treaty and proposed Quing to work together to do so.'

• 荘園領主は、現地の有力農民（田堵など）を名主に任じ、荘園の現地経営を安定させると同時に、直属の預所を現地へ派遣するなどして、荘園支配の強化維持に努めた。
• Shoen owners appointed the local leading farmers (such as tato who managed the rice fields in shoen or kokuga domain) as myoshu (the class entrusted to manage myoden, rice field as a basic unit for tax levying), sent the direct subordinate azukari dokoro (appointed local shoen manager) to the local region as well as stabilized the local management of shoen and they did their best to strengthen and maintain the governance of shoen.

• 純資産額規制比率が百四十パーセントを下回った場合（次号に掲げる場合を除く。）　純資産額規制比率の状況を維持するために自らとるべき具体的措置に関する計画書
• in the case where the Net Assets Regulation Ratio is below 140 percent (excluding the case set forth in the following item):　a plan pertaining to specific measures to be taken by the Futures Commission Merchant in order to improve the status of the Net Assets Regulation Ratio;

• これは連帯責任・相互監察・相互扶助の単位であり、領主はこの組織を利用して治安維持・村（町）の中の争議の解決・年貢の確保・法令の伝達周知の徹底をはかった。
• This was the unit for collective responsibility, mutual monitoring, and mutual aid, and the feudal lord operated these organizations for law and order, resolving conflicts in the village (town), collecting land tax, and notifying everyone of acts.

• 中には土佐の一条氏（土佐一条氏）のように、荘園領主である中央貴族が荘園支配を維持するため、荘園へ下向し、そのまま土着して戦国大名となってしまった例もある。
• Among them, like the Tosa Ichijo clan, some central aristocrats who were the lords of shoen went to the shoen to maintain the governance of shoen and were indigenized there to become Sengoku-daimyo.

• 武道の諸団体と相協力して維持発展に努力を期し、役員も全国から選ばれた評議員の会で純民間人を推薦してこれをあて、取扱う種目も剣道・柔道・弓道などに限定した。
• Efforts were made on behalf of conservation and development through mutual cooperation with various martial arts organizations, the board members were appointed from among the private citizens, being recommended through a council elected from around the country, and the items they handled were limited to Kendo, Judo and Kyudo.

• しかし、清は元来二島の領有は望まず、冊封関係維持のため二島を琉球に返還し琉球王国再興を求めており、分島にたいする琉球人の反対もあり清は調印に至らなかった。
• But Qing basically didn't hope to get possession of those two islands but to revive the Ryukyu Kingdom, returning two islands to Ryukyu so that it could maintain a relationship based on sakuho, while Ryukyu objected to separating territorial rights over the islands, because of which Qing didn't sign the treaty.

• 1931年の満州事変以後、日本に対する中華民国の排日運動が激化していったが、日本軍部が「治安の維持」を口実に暴走し、中国大陸への派兵と侵略を進めていった。
• After the Manchurian Inciden in 1931, anti-Japanese movements in China became more serious, and the Japanese military sent its troops to China to invade the country; the Japanese military went out of control on the pretense of keeping 'public security.'

• この法制は画一的に実施されたわけではなく、大藩では大身の一門や家臣が実質上の城を持ち、現実には複数の城を維持している例も見られ、かなり弾力的に運用された。
• This decree was not implemented uniformly but practiced flexibly very much, and when it came to a large scale domain, families or vassals of high rank or income were the substantial castle owners and, in fact, there were some examples that some of them kept several castles.

• 更に幕府によって出された守護使不入の規定に従ってきた守護大名の中からも領国の維持を名目に幕府による守護使不入の権利を公然と否定する措置を取るようになった。
• Also, some of the shugo daimyos who had observed the shugoshi funyu rules released by the bakufu came to take measures to deny in public such shugoshi-funyu privilege granted by the bakufu, on the pretext of maintaining their territories.

• そのため、仮に信長配下の大名の謀反により信長が倒されても、信長傘下でもっとも大勢力をもつ織田家の当主が生き残っていれば、政権が維持できる構造になっていた。
• Under the system, the Oda clan was supposed to be able to stay in power as long as the head of Oda clan having the largest military force survived, even if Nobunaga was killed in a rebellion raised by his vassals.

• 被留置者には、次に掲げる物品については、留置施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障を生ずるおそれがある場合を除き、自弁のものを使用させるものとする。
• Detainees shall be permitted to use such self-supplied articles as the following articles except where there is a risk of causing a hindrance to either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the detention facility:

• 被収容者には、次に掲げる物品については、刑事施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障を生ずるおそれがある場合を除き、自弁のものを使用させるものとする。
• Inmates shall be permitted to use such self-supplied articles as the following articles except where there is a risk of causing a hindrance to either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the penal institution:

• 国は、農業の自然循環機能の維持増進を図るため、農薬及び肥料の適正な使用の確保、家畜排せつ物等の有効利用による地力の増進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as securing the proper use of agricultural chemicals and fertilizers and improving soil fertility through effective use of livestock manure, in order to maintain and promote the cyclical function of nature.

• 1204年（元久元年）天台宗の浄土門に対する弾圧に関し、法然が示した「七箇条制戒」に執筆をつとめ、法然が流罪となっている間は京都における教団維持に尽力した。
• In 1204, resulting from the suppression of the Jodo sect by the Tendai sect, he endeavored to write 'Shichikajo Seikai' (The Seven Articles of Religious Commandments) as shown by Honen, and when Honen was banished he strived to maintain the Jodo sect in Kyoto.

• 通説的には惣領制が崩壊し、庶子家が独自の動きを取り始めると一族一揆を結ぶことで庶子家との繋がりを維持したが、やがて地縁による国人一揆へと発展したと言われる。
• It is commonly accepted that when the Soryo system (a system in which the eldest son would succeed as head of the family) collapsed, the branch families began to act independently from the main line of the house, which led to them maintaining relationships with other branch families by forming ichizoku ikki (family ikki) with them, and this is said to have developed into the forming of kokujin ikki based on territorial connections.

• それでも、緒嗣は冬嗣の死後、淳和・仁明天皇朝において15年以上も台閣の首班の座を維持し、従兄弟甥にあたる藤原吉野も地方官として治績を挙げ、中納言に昇進した。
• Otsugu still eventually maintained the head seat of Taikaku (cabinet) more than 15 years after the death of Fuyutsugu during the eras of Emperors Junna and Ninmyo, while his cousin's son FUJIWARA no Yoshino also left accomplishments as a local officer, and was promoted to Chunagon (vice-councilor of state).

• 折から京都治安維持に当たっていた会津藩預かりの新撰組が、池田屋事件で長州藩など尊攘派の志士数人を殺害したため、火に油を注ぐこととなり、ついに長州藩兵は上京。
• In the meantime, Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), under the control of the Aizu clan and in charge of protecting Kyoto at the time, killed several supporters of sonjo party, including members of the Choshu clan in the Ikedaya incident; this added fuel to the debate in Choshu domain and the Choshu troops finally moved to Kyoto.

• 斯議院ヲ立、天下ノ公論ヲ伸張シ、人民ノ通義権理ヲ立テ、天下ノ元気ヲ鼓舞シ、以テ上下親近シ、君臣相愛シ、我帝国ヲ維持振起シ、幸福安全ヲ保護センコトヲ欲シテ也。
• By establishing the Giin and expanding the opportunity to discuss people's opinions, we would like to respect people's rights, and raise people's sprits, so the top and the bottom will work together, lords and vassals will respect each other; we also would like to keep our state developing and protect our happy, secure society.

• 一九度以上二一度以下の温度範囲及び八〇、〇〇〇パスカル以上一二〇、〇〇〇パスカル以下の気圧範囲において、次の一及び二の特性を一二時間維持することができるもの
• Measurement equipment capable of maintaining the properties in the following a. and b. for 12 hours within a temperature range of 19 degrees centigrade or more and 21 degrees centigrade or less and a pressure range of 80,000 pascals or more and 120,000 pascals or less

• また、歴代天皇の中で唯一、母から娘へと女系での継承が行われた天皇でもある（ただし、父親は男系男子の皇族である草壁皇子であるため、男系の血統は維持されている）。
• In addition, she was the only emperor of Japan, who experienced succession to the throne through the maternal line, from mother to daughter (N.B. her father Kusakabe no miko was a male imperial family member descended through a line of males, and therefore the male imperial blood line was maintained).

• 2006年（平成18年）には国の特別天然記念物で絶滅危惧種に指定されているオオサンショウウオが発見され、ダム湖の水質は高いレベルで維持されている事が判明した。
• The water quality was proved to be maintained at a high level by the fact that a Japanese giant salamander, which is designated as a special national treasure and also as an endangered species, was discovered here in 2006.

• 普請（ふしん）とは、普く（あまねく）請う（こう）とも読み広く平等に奉仕（資金・労力・資金の提供）を願う事であり、社会基盤を地域住民で作り維持していく事を指す。
• Fushin (普請), where fu (普) means widely and shin (請) means asking for help, refers to a request for widespread and equal community service (monetary support, labor support, financial assistance), where a whole community is asked to build and maintain public infrastructures.

• この法律は、商標を保護することにより、商標の使用をする者の業務上の信用の維持を図り、もつて産業の発達に寄与し、あわせて需要者の利益を保護することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, through the protection of trademarks, to ensure the maintenance of business confidence of persons who use trademarks and thereby to contribute to the development of the industry and to protect the interests of consumers.

• 裁判所は、第二百六十六条第二号の規定により事件がその裁判所の審判に付されたときは、その事件について公訴の維持にあたる者を弁護士の中から指定しなければならない。
• Where a case has been committed to trial pursuant to the provision of item (ii) of Article 266, the court shall appoint one attorney who shall maintain the prosecution of such case from among the attorneys.

• ここでは長いこと戦争が続いてきたから、維持されている軍隊も、住民たちが平和の恵みをもっとしっかり享受できるようにだけ使われるという規律ができあがっていたのだ。
• in which the long duration of the war has led to the establishment of such discipline, that the armies maintained seem to be of use only in enabling the inhabitants to enjoy more securely the blessings of peace

• 倭寇の中心的活動の一つで拠点であった前期倭寇当時の朝鮮半島は李氏朝鮮が成立直後であった事もあり、自立的な治安維持能力が不足し倭寇活動を抑制する事が困難であった。
• During the days of the early Wako, the Korean peninsula was not only one of the Wako's principal targets, but also their base of operations, and because the Joseon dynasty had only just been established in Korea, the new government lacked the independent ability to preserve peace, making it extremely difficult for them to suppress Wako pirate activity.

• さらに多くの軍事貴族が戦乱で淘汰されたため、京都の治安維持・地方反乱の鎮圧・荘園の管理の役割も平氏の独占するところとなり、国家的な軍事・警察権も事実上掌握した。
• Moreover, the ranks of the nobility involved in military affairs had been greatly thinned by the recent wars and rebellions, which allowed the Taira clan to achieve a monopoly over the vital roles of preserving the peace in Kyoto, suppressing revolts in the provinces, and protecting and managing the shoen (private estates), and they also held de facto power as the sole police authorities throughout the country.

• しかし博士は、唱えるための参考であり、声明を習得しようとすれば、口伝（ロイとも言う）（指導者による面授）が必要であり、師から弟子への流派の維持・継承は出来ない。
• However, Hakase was a reference to chant, and in order to learn Shomyo, kuden (also called roi, or direct initiation by an instructor) was necessary; therefore, conservation and inheritance were impossible from the perspective of a master to a disciple.

• 幕藩改革の混乱や、異国船の来航による対外的緊張など政治的混乱がおこると、幕府は秩序維持のため大政委任論に依存して朝廷権威を政治的に利用し、朝廷の権威が復興する。
• When confusion over reform of the shogunate system and political chaos due to tension with foreign countries occurred, the Tokugawa shogunate tried to make use of the authority of the Imperial Court for the maintenance of political order, insisting that its political power was entrusted by the Imperial Court, and through this the authority of the Imperial Court was restored.

• 刑事施設の長は、第一項の面会に関し、法務省令で定めるところにより、面会の場所について、刑事施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上必要な制限をすることができる。
• The warden of the penal institution may, pursuant to a Ministry of Justice Ordinance, impose such restrictions on the visiting site that are necessary for either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the penal institution as to the visit prescribed in paragraph (1).

• 「信義」という言葉が紙切れに近かった戦国時代において、20年間も同盟関係が維持されたのは（後半10年間が完全な従属同盟であったことを考慮しても）異例のことである。
• In the Sengoku period when the word 'being faithful' meant almost piece of paper, it was exceptional that this alliance was kept for 20 years (even if taking into consideration that later 10 years was an alliance not of equals but of fully subordinate-superior relationship).

• そのため、軍団兵士制を支えてきた戸籍制度を維持する必要性も低下していき、9世紀初頭以降、律令制の基盤となっていた戸籍を通じた個別人身支配が急速に形骸化していった。
• Therefore, the necessity of maintaining the family registration system having supported the gundan-soldier system diminished, and the control of individual persons through the family register, which constituted the base of the ritsuryo-code-based nation, rapidly became a dead letter in early ninth century.

• 留置業務管理者は、第一項の面会に関し、内閣府令で定めるところにより、面会の場所について、留置施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上必要な制限をすることができる。
• The detention services manager may, pursuant to a Cabinet Office Ordinance, impose such restrictions on the visiting site that are necessary for either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the detention facility as to the visit prescribed in paragraph (1).

• この法律は、刑事事件につき、公共の福祉の維持と個人の基本的人権の保障とを全うしつつ、事案の真相を明らかにし、刑罰法令を適正且つ迅速に適用実現することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Code, with regard to criminal cases, is to reveal the true facts of cases and to apply and realize criminal laws and regulations quickly and appropriately, while ensuring the maintenance of public welfare and the guarantee of the fundamental human rights of individuals.

• この文書でマイクロソフトは、顧客を収奪できるような独占的囲い込みを維持するための、いちばん有効な長期戦略として、この「脱共有化」を何のためらいもなく提案している。
• in which Microsoft used ``de-commoditize'' quite frankly to refer to their most effective long-term strategy for maintaining an exploitative monopoly lock on customers.

• 幕藩体制維持のため各藩の拠点は一箇所の城下町に固定化され、更に領外への経済圏の自由な拡大が制約されたため、全国的な拠点とされた三都との間に格差が生じたと考えられる。
• Such a difference between the three major cities positioned as national centers and the rest of the cities is believed to have been deliberately brought about by the bakufu's policy to secure the shogunate system, by concentrating the center of each domain into a single castle town, and by restricting the free economic expansion of the city beyond the sphere of the domain.

• このため、朱印地・黒印地からの収益だけで寺社の経営が成り立った例はほとんどなく、多くは自ら開墾した土地、あるいは大名などから寄進された米や金銭で経営を維持していた。
• Under such circumstances, it was almost impossible to maintain the management of temples/shrines only by the revenues obtained from Shuinchi/Kokuinchi and many of temples/shrines managed to sustain themselves relying on revenues obtained from the lands reclaimed by themselves or rice/money donated by the daimyo.

• 漢城に集結して和平交渉を始めていた日本軍だが、本土から釜山までの海路の補給は維持していたが、釜山から漢城までの陸路の治安が悪化して食糧などの補給が滞りがちであった。
• The Japanese army that had assembled in Hancheng and commenced peace talks, maintained the route for supplies by sea from Japan to Busan, but the security of the land route from Busan to Hancheng had deteriorated and, therefore, supplies of food etc. were stacking up.

• 経済産業大臣は、熱供給施設の工事、維持及び運用に関する保安を確保するため必要があると認めるときは、熱供給事業者に対し、保安規程を変更すべきことを命ずることができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, when he/she finds it necessary in order to ensure safety of the construction, maintenance, and operation of heat supply facilities, order the heat supply operator to revise the safety regulations.

• 国は、排他的経済水域等以外の水域における我が国の漁業に係る漁場の維持及び開発を図るため、操業に関する外国との協議、水産資源の探査その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take measures such as conference with foreign states on fisheries, exploration of fishery resources and others necessary to maintain and develop the fishing grounds pertaining to the Japanese fisheries in waters other than Exclusive Economic Zone.

• 第四百五条第二号又は第三号に規定する事由のみがある場合において、上告裁判所がその判例を変更して原判決を維持するのを相当とするときは、前項の規定は、これを適用しない。
• The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply when there are grounds as in item (ii) or item (iii) of Article 405 alone, and when the final appellate court deems it is appropriate to alter that precedent and to uphold the judgment of the court of first or second instance.

• 捕虜収容所長は、捕虜収容所の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障を生ずるおそれがある場合には、被収容者を前項に規定する宗教上の儀式行事に参加させないことができる。
• In cases where there is a risk of causing a hindrance to either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the prisoner of war camp, the prisoner of war camp commander may refuse to permit a detainee to participate in the religious ceremonies prescribed in the preceding paragraph.

• 彼は教会の資金や民衆の資金をつぎこんで、自分の軍隊を維持できましたし、その長期にわたる戦争によって、それ以降彼を際立たせてきた軍事技術の基礎を築くことできたのです。
• He was able with the money of the Church and of the people to sustain his armies, and by that long war to lay the foundation for the military skill which has since distinguished him.

• 下野国一之宮名神大社であった宇都宮二荒山神社座主および日光別当職等を務め、紀氏清原氏両党を率い22代・500年に亘って下野国、さらには日本国土の治安維持を司った名家。
• Serving as the head priest of the Utsunomiya Futaarayama-jinja Shrine which was ranked as Ichinomiya and Myojin-taisha Shrine in Shimotsuke Province and Nikko Betto shoku (head administrator of a temple in Nikko), the Utsunomiya clan was an important family that led both the Ki clan and the Kiyohara clan and maintained security in Shimotsuke Province as well as Japan for 22 consecutive generations for 500 years.

• こうすることで、女性皇族が男子を産み、その子が天皇になったとしても、男系男子による皇位継承を維持できるし、旧宮家復活も国民の抵抗なく円滑に進むと考えられるからである。
• This is because, by doing so, succession of the throne by a male on the male side can be maintained, even when the female member of the Imperial family gave birth to a son and he became the Emperor, and restoration of former Miyake (house of an imperial prince) is thought to proceed smoothly without opposition of the public.

• これは、醤油価格が低迷している上、大手メーカーの地方進出に加え、副製産物の廃棄コストや設備の維持費高騰のため、地方の零細・小規模メーカーが廃業を続けているためである。
• In the context of this, the price of soy-sauce is low and unstable, big manufacturers entered the markets in local regions, and the disposal cost of subsidiary products, and maintenance fee soared; small and tiny companies in the local regions have been closing their business.

• 倭の五王による南朝への奉献以来約1世紀を経て再開された遣隋使の目的は、東アジアの中心国・先進国である隋の文化の摂取が主であるが、朝鮮半島での影響力維持の意図もあった。
• The dispatch of envoys to China was resumed one century after the tributary envoys to the Southern Dynasty sent by the five kings of Wa (Japan), with the primary purpose of learning about Sui culture, as they were a key and leading country in East Asia, but also with the intention of maintaining Japanese influence over the Korean Peninsula.

• 帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近（侵略・進出・植民地化）により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中（鎖国体制下の社会）を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
• This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, expansion, and colonization.

• 阿蘇惟将は宿老・甲斐宗運の卓抜した軍略によってどうにか領国を維持するが、1581年にはついに相良氏が島津氏に降伏し、南から島津氏の圧力を直接受けることになってしまう。
• Although Koremasa ASO barely retained the territories owing to excellent military strategies by the chief vassal, Soun KAI, the Sagara clan surrendered to the Shimazu clan in 1581, causing the Aso clan to be directly pressured by the Shimazu clan from the south.

• 現代に入っても、大規模な圃場整備やコンクリートの用水路などを選ばず、親水性の小川や遊歩道的な農道を設けることにより、田染荘の景観を維持・保存する努力が続けられている。
• Even in the modern era, large scale farmland consolidation and concrete irrigation canals were not implemented, and efforts to maintain and preserve the landscape of Tashibu Manor continue.

• 製造所、貯蔵所又は取扱所の所有者、管理者又は占有者は、製造所、貯蔵所又は取扱所の位置、構造及び設備が第十条第四項の技術上の基準に適合するように維持しなければならない。
• The owner, manager or possessor of a manufacturing facility, storage facility or handling facility shall maintain the manufacturing facility, storage facility or handling facility so that the position, structure and equipment of the facility conform to the technical standards set forth in Article 10, paragraph (4).

• 前項の目的を達成するため執る措置は、被留置者の留置を確保し、並びにその処遇のための適切な環境及びその安全かつ平穏な共同生活を維持するため必要な限度を超えてはならない。
• Measures taken in order to achieve the purpose set forth in the preceding paragraph shall not exceed the limit necessary for securing the custody of detainees and maintaining both adequate conditions for the treatment of detainees and a safe and peaceful community life thereof.

• 前項の目的を達成するため執る措置は、被収容者の収容を確保し、並びにその処遇のための適切な環境及びその安全かつ平穏な共同生活を維持するため必要な限度を超えてはならない。
• Measures taken in order to achieve the purpose set forth in the preceding paragraph shall not exceed the limit necessary for securing the custody of inmates and maintaining both adequate conditions for the treatment of inmates and a safe and peaceful community life thereof.

• 専用鉄道を設置する者（以下「専用鉄道設置者」という。）は、国土交通省令で定める技術上の基準に従い、専用鉄道の施設（車両を含む。）を維持し、及び管理しなければならない。
• The person who installs a private siding (hereafter referred to as 'Private Siding Installer') shall maintain and manage the private siding facilities (including vehicles) pursuant to the technical standards prescribed by an ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 原子力事業者は、主務省令で定める基準に従って、その原子力事業所内に前条第一項前段の規定による通報を行うために必要な放射線測定設備を設置し、及び維持しなければならない。
• A nuclear operator shall, in accordance with the requirements specified by an ordinance of the competent ministry, establish in its nuclear site a radiation measurement facility necessary for giving a notification under the provisions of the first sentence of paragraph 1 of the preceding Article, and maintain such facility.

• しかし、セウェルスからは、国家の基礎を固めるのに必要な部分を得て、マルクスからは、すでに安定し確固とした国家を維持するのに適切ですばらしい方策を得なければなりません。
• but he ought to take from Severus those parts which are necessary to found his state, and from Marcus those which are proper and glorious to keep a state that may already be stable and firm.

• でも、神がいまの世界を維持するためのふるまいというのは、神がそれをもともと作ったときのふるまいと同じだというのは確実であり、これは神学者たちも一般に求めている見解だ。
• But this is certain, and an opinion commonly received among theologians, that the action by which he now sustains it is the same with that by which he originally created it;

• やがて、源頼朝によって幕府が開かれて全国の武士団を統率するようになると、鎌倉幕府が朝廷より社会秩序を維持する検断権が委ねられるようになる（「文治勅許」・「建久新制」）。
• When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu to head samurai groups in Japan, the Imperial Court granted the bakufu the right to judge criminal cases, for the maintenance of the social order (with 'Bunji Imperial permission' and 'Kenkyu law reconstitution').

• 同時代の顧炎武は明の滅亡は「亡国」であるが「亡天下」ではなく、夷狄の王朝である清が皇帝となっても、中華の文明が維持される限り天下は継続するものであるという考えを述べた。
• Ko Enbu of the same era expressed his opinion saying that the fall of Ming is 'bokoku' (fall of the state), not 'botenka' (fall of Tenka), and Tenka continues to exist, so long as the Chinese cultures are maintained, even the Qing dynasty, a dynasty of iteki, becomes the ruler.

• 19世紀後半の清の駐英大使であった薛福成は中華と夷狄を区別する「華夷隔絶」の「天下」から中華と外国が対等に関係を維持する「中外連属」の「天下」へと転換したと述べている。
• Xue Fucheng, Qing's ambassador to Britain in the latter half of the 19th century, said that 'Tenka' based on 'kai kakuzetsu' (distinction between the Chinese and barbarians) changed to 'Tenka' based on 'chugai renzoku' (cooperation between China and foreign countries) under which China and foreign countries maintain the relations on an equal basis.

• しかし、惣村の持っていた自治的性格は、祭祀面や水利面などを中心に近世村落へも幾分か継承され、村請制度や分郷下における村の統一維持に大きな役割を果たしたと考えられている。
• However, the soson's predisposition toward self-government was passed down to early-modern villages mainly in terms of religious service and water supplies, and it is considered that such a characteristic was instrumental in unifying and maintaining the village under the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) and Bungo (system of governing the Go).

• 警察職員及び海上保安庁又は刑事施設において勤務する職員は、職員の勤務条件の維持改善を図ることを目的とし、かつ、当局と交渉する団体を結成し、又はこれに加入してはならない。
• Police officials and officials working in the Japan Coast Guard or in penal facilities shall not organize or join an organization which has as its purpose the maintenance and improvement of their working conditions and which conducts negotiations thereon with the proper authorities.

• 前二項のほか、刑事施設の長又はその指定する職員は、刑事施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要がある場合には、被収容者に対し、その生活及び行動について指示することができる。
• In addition to what is provided for in the preceding two paragraphs, the warden of the penal institution or a staff member designated by him/her may, if necessary to maintain discipline and order in the penal institution, give instructions to inmates with regard to their life and behavior.

• だから、全く新しい君主国では、そこには新しい君主がいるわけですが、その国家を獲得した者の能力の多寡に応じて、そういう国家を維持する難しさに多寡が生じると言えるでしょう。
• I say, therefore, that in entirely new principalities, where there is a new prince, more or less difficulty is found in keeping them, accordingly as there is more or less ability in him who has acquired the state.

• 江戸時代においては、当道座は内部に対しては、盲人の職業訓練など互助的な性質を持っていたが、一方では、座法による独自の裁判権を持ち、盲人社会の秩序維持と支配を確立していた。
• In the Edo period, todoza internally had the feature of mutual organization to provide the blind with vocational training, and on the other hand it had its own jurisdiction to establish and maintain the order within the blind society.

• これにより李氏朝鮮がロシアの保護国と見なされる危険性もあったと考え、日本は朝鮮への影響力を維持するため1897年に大韓帝国と国号を改めて独立の事実を明確にさせようとした。
• Believing this posed the risk that the Yi Dynasty Korea might be regarded as a Russian protected state, Japan tried to clarify the fact of its independence by changing its name to the Korean Empire in order to maintain Japan's clout on Korea in 1897.

• 当時は床の間、棚、付書院を備え、座敷を荘厳する書院造が確立され、身分の序列や格式を維持する役割も持つような時代であったが、茶人たちは格式ばった意匠や豪華な装飾をきらった。
• At that time, shoin-zukuri, containing an impressive room furnished with an alcove, shelf, and tsukeshoin (a built-in table) were already established, with its role in maintaining hierarchy and status, but masters of ceremonial tea disliked formal designs and gorgeous decoration.

• 防災街区整備地区計画、歴史的風致維持向上地区計画、沿道地区計画及び集落地区計画について都市計画に定めるべき事項は、第十二条の四第二項に定めるもののほか、別に法律で定める。
• Matters, in addition to the provisions item (ii), paragraph (4), Article 10 that should be stipulated in city plans for disaster prevention block improvement zone plans, historic scenery maintenance and improvement district plans, roadside district plans and rural district plans shall be stipulated separately by an Act.

• 開示期日において被告人又は弁護人が許可を受けないで退廷し、又は秩序維持のため裁判長から退廷を命ぜられたときは、その者の在廷しないままで勾留の理由の開示をすることができる。
• If, on the disclosure date, the accused or defense counsel leaves the court without obtaining permission or is ordered to leave the court by the presiding judge so that order may be maintained, the grounds for detention may be disclosed in the absence of said person.

• 捕虜収容所長は、捕虜収容所の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障がない限り、被収容者に対し、書籍の閲覧の機会及び時事の報道に接する機会を与えるよう努めなければならない。
• The prisoner of war camp commander shall endeavor to provide the detainees with the opportunity to access books and opportunity to access to news reports and current affairs as long as there is no risk of causing a hindrance to either maintaining discipline and order, and other management and operations in the prisoner of war camp.

• フランチェスコは、適切な手段と大きな才能によって、一私人からミラノ公に成り上ったのですが、彼は獲得するのに幾多の苦心を重ねたのに、維持するにはほとんど苦労しませんでした。
• Francesco, by proper means and with great ability, from being a private person rose to be Duke of Milan, and that which he had acquired with a thousand anxieties he kept with little trouble.

• 以後も東大寺の施設の再建や管理維持のための役職として大勧進職は継続され、栄西（2代目）・行勇（3代目）・円爾（10代目）・忍性（14代目）・円観（24代目）らが任命された。
• The position of Dai Kanjin shoku, a post responsible for rebuilding and managing the facilities of Todai-ji Temple, was taken over; appointed were Eisai (the second), Gyoyu (the third), Enni (the tenth), Ninsho (the fourteenth) and Enkan (the twenty-fourth).

• これは当時天文道が特殊な技術と考えられ、その学術が親子間の相伝（家学）となり、朝廷も天文占術技術の維持を目的としてそれを許容したこと、官司請負制の定着によるところが大きい。
• There were reasons for this: first, as tenmondo was then considered to be a special skill and was only passed down among family members (hereditary learning), the Imperial Court allowed it in order to preserve divination techniques, and second, a hereditary government office system had been established.

• これに対応するためには、「開国」して外来者を受け入れ自らも外へ出て行くか、外来者を追い払って（これまでの）平和を維持するかのどちらかであるが、「攘夷」は後者の発想・考え方。
• Although, to deal with the situation, they could either accept foreign visitors by 'Kaikoku' (opening the country to the world) and go overseas themselves, or expel the visitors to keep the (previous) peace, 'Joi' was the idea and concept of the latter.

• 791年には大学博士（明法博士）と明法博士に博士職田の加増が行うが、文章博士・算博士などの他の博士の職田は現状維持とするという内容の太政官符（『類聚三代格』）が出されいる。
• In 791, Daijokanpu (an official document of the Daijokan sent to local governments) ('Ruiju sandaikyaku' [a statute book written in the Heian Period]) that afforded additional Hakase-shikiden to Daigaku Hakase (Professor of Education) and Myobo Hakase (Professor of Law) but retained the same distribution for Monjo Hakase (Professor of Literature and History), San Hakase (Professor of Arithmetic) and other professors was issued.

• 地域地区は、土地の自然的条件及び土地利用の動向を勘案して、住居の環境を保護し、良好な景観を形成し、風致を維持し、公害を防止する等地域の環境を適正に保持するように定めること。
• Districts and zones shall be stipulated in such a manner that the environment of the area is adequately maintained by protecting the residential environment, developing favorable landscapes, preserving scenic beauty, and preventing pollution, with consideration given to the natural conditions of the land and land use trends.

• 博士の繊細な感性に、自らを高等種類形態として機敏にかつ優しく売りこむには、蛇や蛙のように、「原始のドラゴン」に連なる未発達な特徴を少なくとも維持していなければならなかった。
• For one of the higher types nimbly and sweetly to recommend itself unto his gentle senses, it had at least to retain certain rudimentary characteristics allying it to such 'dragons of the prime' as toads and snakes.

• 長州藩は下関戦争の後尊皇論を基盤に藩論は攘夷で維持していたが、1865年、日米修好通商条約に孝明天皇が勅許を出したことにより尊皇と攘夷は結びつかなくなり、攘夷の力が失われた。
• After the Shimonoseki War, the Choshu clan maintained its opinion on the expulsion of foreigners, based on the idea of Sonno; however, when Emperor Komei permitted the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan in 1865, Sonno and the expulsion of foreigners could no longer be connected, and those advocating the expulsion of foreigners lost their power.

• つまり、彼らがにらみを効かせている一般の田堵負名富豪層と同じ経済基盤の上に自らの軍事力を維持しなければならず、また一般の富豪層と同様に受領の搾取に脅かされる側面も持っていた。
• Under this system, the Samurai had to maintain their military strength with the same economic conditions as the ordinary upper class citizens, over whom they exercised their authority, and, like ordinary upper class citizens, they were often exploited by the Zuryo (provincial governor).

• また、明軍と李氏朝鮮との交渉により鴨緑江より朝鮮側の兵糧供給は李氏朝鮮側の調達及び輸送と取り決められたため、自軍と政府の維持も含めて李氏朝鮮は民衆から過酷な食料調達を行った。
• As it was decided in negotiations between the armies of Ming and Yi Dynasty Korea thet, with respect to supply of provisions to the area on the Korea side from the Yalu River, Yi Dynasty Korea was responsible for procurement and transportation, Yi Dynasty Korea cruelly conducted confiscation of goods and services from common people including maintenance of both their own army and the government.

• 平氏残党に対する都の不安は大きく、後白河院は治安維持のために翌年正月の義経の屋島出撃を引き留めており、義経の検非違使・左衛門尉任官は、このような情勢の不安による人事であった。
• The remnants of the Taira clan made the capital so fearful that Goshirakawain prevented Yoshitsune's sortie to Yashima in January of the following year to maintain security, and this perturbed situation was what caused the appointment of Yoshitsune to Kebiishi and Saemon no jo (Lieutenant of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards).

• 前項の年金制度は、退職又は死亡の時の条件を考慮して、本人及びその退職又は死亡の当時直接扶養する者のその後における適当な生活の維持を図ることを目的とするものでなければならない。
• The pension system set forth in the preceding paragraph shall have as its purpose the provision of an income necessary to enable the person concerned and his/her immediate dependents at the time of his/her retirement or death to maintain thereafter a standard of living appropriate to the conditions prevailing at the time of retirement or death.

• 前項の条件は、公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止を図るため必要な最少限度のものに限り、かつ、許可又は承認を受ける者に不当の義務を課することとならないものでなければならない。
• The condition set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be restricted to the necessary minimum for the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters and shall not impose undue obligations upon the applicant for permission or approval.

• 電気事業に従事する者が正当な理由がないのに電気事業の用に供する電気工作物の維持又は運行の業務を取り扱わず、発電、変電、送電又は配電に障害を生ぜしめたときも、前項と同様とする。
• The same punishment shall be imposed where a person engaged in an Electricity Business has not performed, without justifiable grounds, the services to maintain or operate Electric Facilities to be used for an Electricity Business, thereby causing interference with the generation, transformation, transmission or distribution of electricity.

• 前項の目的を達成するため執る措置は、海上保安被留置者の留置を確保し、並びにその処遇のための適切な環境及びその安全かつ平穏な共同生活を維持するため必要な限度を超えてはならない。
• Measures taken in order to achieve the purpose set forth in the preceding paragraph shall not exceed the limit necessary for securing the custody of coast guard detainees and maintaining both adequate conditions for the treatment of coast guard detainees and a safe and peaceful community life thereof.

• こうしたことを思い起せば、アレクサンダーが容易にアジアの帝国を保持し、それ以外のピュロス等々の多くの者たちが、獲得した国を維持するのに困難をきわめたことは、驚くにたりません。
• When these things are remembered no one will marvel at the ease with which Alexander held the Empire of Asia, or at the difficulties which others have had to keep an acquisition, such as Pyrrhus and many more;

• 道長も太政官を政治的基盤として維持するために関白就任を望まず、道長が孫の後一条天皇の摂政に就任するまでの20年間「内覧左大臣」として最高権力の地位に座り、摂関不在状態が続いた。
• Michinaga did not wish to be appointed Chancellor in order to maintain his political base, as being the Grand Council of State, he was in the highest political position of 'Nairan Sadaijin (Minister of the left) for twenty years, until his grandchild, Emperor Goichijo appointed Michinaga as the Chancellor, during this time there was no one in fact in the position Chancellor.

• 2006年、2007年にはJリーグクラブの収支報告によって、収入の広告費依存が非常に大きいことが明らかになり、スポンサー各社に支えられて高給選手を維持できているのが現状といえる。
• In 2006 and 2007, the income and expenditure reports of the J. League clubs revealed that their incomes depended on the ad rate on a very large scale, so that it can be said that in the present situation the clubs are able to retain highly-paid players with financial support by each sponsor company.

• 風致地区内における建築物の建築、宅地の造成、木竹の伐採その他の行為については、政令で定める基準に従い、地方公共団体の条例で、都市の風致を維持するため必要な規制をすることができる。
• Ordinances of local governments may establish necessary regulations for maintaining the urban scenery in respect of the construction of buildings, development of housing land, felling of trees and bamboos and other activities in scenic districts in accordance with the standard specified by Cabinet Order.

• 刑務官は、刑事施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要がある場合には、被収容者について、その身体、着衣、所持品及び居室を検査し、並びにその所持品を取り上げて一時保管することができる。
• Prison officers may, if necessary to maintain discipline and order in the penal institution, search inmate's body, clothes, personal belongings, and room, and deprive of any of the inmate's personal belongings, and temporarily take custody thereof.

• 廃絶理由として、財源不足、後継者難、真言教団維持優先への路線転換、構想自体の非現実性、実際は朝廷による民衆懐柔のための一時的施設であったとする見方など、様々な理由があげられている。
• Regarding its abolishment, the various reasons cited include revenue shortfalls, a lack of successors, policy change to giving high priority to maintaining the Shingon-shu sect religious group, the unrealistic nature of the concept, the view that the Shugei Shuchiin school was actually a temporary facility to conciliate the people by the Imperial Court, and so on.

• しかし同時にソビエト連邦が誕生したことにより、赤化(共産主義)思想が広まり、共産主義者による革命運動を懸念した政府は治安維持法を制定し、国民の運動に対し規制がかけられる形となった。
• However, the birth of the Soviet Union during the period spurred the spread of communism in Japan and prompted the government fearing revolutionary movement by Communist agitators to pass the Peace Preservation Act and control popular movements.

• 中世の国家体制については、一般的には天皇・公家の後退と武家の伸張によって特徴付けられるが、公家と武家が両々相俟って国家を維持したとする権門体制論も提出されているなど学説も多様である。
• As for the system of the country during the Medieval period, it is generally characterized as the regression of the Emperor and Kuge and extension of Buke (samurai families), but the theories are various, like the kenmon taisei theory, a theory that suggests Kuge and Buke both kept the country together, is presented.

• 江戸時代の幕藩体制において、諸藩の家臣は藩主が家臣に対して世襲で与えていた俸禄制度を基本に編成、維持されていたが、明治後も俸禄は家禄として引き継がれ、士族などに対して支給されていた。
• The feudal political system during the Edo period was organized and maintained based on the stipend system in which a domain lord gave hereditary stipends to his vassals, but even after the Meiji period, this hereditary stipend was succeeded as Karoku and paid to samurai warriors.

• 留置担当官は、留置施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要がある場合には、被留置者について、その身体、着衣、所持品及び居室を検査し、並びにその所持品を取り上げて一時保管することができる。
• Detention officers may, if necessary to maintain discipline and order in the detention facility, search detainee's body, clothes, personal belongings, and room, and deprive of any of the detainee's personal belongings, and temporarily take custody thereof.

• 電気事業者（卸電気事業者及び特定規模電気事業者を除く。以下この条において同じ。）は、その供給する電気の電圧及び周波数の値を経済産業省令で定める値に維持するように努めなければならない。
• An Electricity Utility (excluding Wholesale Electricity Utility and Specified-Scale Electricity Utility; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) shall endeavor to maintain the voltage value and frequency value of the electricity that the Electricity Utility supplies at the levels specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 主任技術者免状の交付を受けている者が保安について監督をすることができる事業用電気工作物の工事、維持及び運用の範囲並びに主任技術者免状の交付に関する手続的事項は、経済産業省令で定める。
• The scope of the construction, maintenance and operation of the Electric Facilities for Business Use for which a person who has a chief engineer's license is in charge of safety supervision as well as the procedural matters concerning the grant of a chief engineer's license shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 京都地裁による1927年5月の第1審判決では出版法違反および不敬罪については特赦となったが、治安維持法違反については是枝恭二（東大文学部）ら4名の禁固1年を筆頭に37名が有罪となった。
• At the first trial in May 1927, the Kyoto District Court sentenced amnesty for the violation of publishing law and lese majesty, while as for the violation of the Maintenance of Public Order Law, Kyoji KOREEDA who was in the Faculty of Letters at the University of Tokyo and three other people were sentenced to imprisonment for one year and 37 people were judged guilty.

• 公金その他の公の財産は、宗教上の組織若しくは団体の使用、便益若しくは維持のため、又は公の支配に属しない慈善、教育若しくは博愛の事業に対し、これを支出し、又はその利用に供してはならない。
• No public money or other property shall be expended or appropriated for the use, benefit or maintenance of any religious institution or association, or for any charitable, educational or benevolent enterprises not under the control of public authority.

• 明治10年（1877年）、東京の皇居に移っていた明治天皇が京都を訪れた際、東京行幸後10年もたたないうちに荒廃が進んでいた京都御所の様子を嘆き、御所を保存し旧観を維持するように命じた。
• Emperor Meiji, who had been living in the Imperial Palace in Tokyo for nearly ten years after his visit to Tokyo, visited Kyoto in 1877 and regretted to find the Kyoto Gosho being devastated; he ordered the preservation of the Kyoto Gosho to maintain its original scenery.

• 前項の目的を達成するためこの章の規定によりとる措置は、被収容者の収容を確保し、並びにその処遇のための適切な環境及びその安全かつ平穏な共同生活を維持するため必要な限度を超えてはならない。
• Measures taken in order to achieve the purpose in the preceding paragraph pursuant to the provision of this Section shall not exceed the limit necessary for securing the custody of detainees and maintaining both adequate conditions for the treatment of detainees and a safe and peaceful community life thereof.

• 被留置者が一人で行う礼拝その他の宗教上の行為は、これを禁止し、又は制限してはならない。ただし、留置施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障を生ずるおそれがある場合は、この限りでない。
• Worship and other religious acts which a detainee performs individually shall not be prohibited nor restricted; provided, however, that this shall not apply where there is a risk of causing a hindrance to either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the detention facility.

• 被収容者が一人で行う礼拝その他の宗教上の行為は、これを禁止し、又は制限してはならない。ただし、刑事施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障を生ずるおそれがある場合は、この限りでない。
• Worship and other religious acts which an inmate performs individually shall not be prohibited nor restricted; provided, however, that this shall not apply where there is a risk of causing a hindrance to either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the penal institution.

• 著作物を発行する事業者又はその発行する物を販売する事業者が、その物の販売の相手方たる事業者とその物の再販売価格を決定し、これを維持するためにする正当な行為についても、第一項と同様とする。
• The same as is prescribed in paragraph 1 shall apply to legitimate acts performed by an entrepreneur who publishes works or an entrepreneur who sells such published works in order to fix and maintain the resale price thereof with another entrepreneur who purchases such works.

• 経済産業大臣は、事業用電気工作物の工事、維持及び運用に関する保安を確保するため必要があると認めるときは、事業用電気工作物を設置する者に対し、保安規程を変更すべきことを命ずることができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, when he/she finds it necessary in order to ensure safety of the construction, maintenance, and operation of Electric Facilities for Business Use, order the person who installs the Electric Facilities for Business Use to revise the safety regulations.

• ガス主任技術者免状の交付を受けている者がその保安について監督をすることができるガス工作物の工事、維持及び運用の範囲は、前項に規定するガス主任技術者免状の種類に応じて経済産業省令で定める。
• The scope of the construction, maintenance and operation of the Gas Facilities for which a person who has a chief gas engineer's license is in charge of safety supervision shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry by type of chief gas engineer's license prescribed in the preceding paragraph.

• 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。
• From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.

• また、留守政府では旧薩摩藩士で参議の西郷隆盛らが朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論で紛糾しており、薩摩士族の暴発を予防策として家禄制度を維持しての士族階級の懐柔を行うべきであるとする意見も存在していた。
• In Rusu-seifu, a former feudal retainer of Satsuma and a councilor, Takamori SAIGO and his supporters asserted Seikanron (an opinion to dispatch troops to Korea), and some members of Rusu-seifu insisted that the stipend system should be maintained to conciliate the warrior class, thus preventing the Satsuma warriors from exploding.

• 前二項のほか、留置業務管理者又はその指定する留置業務に従事する職員は、留置施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要がある場合には、被留置者に対し、その生活及び行動について指示することができる。
• In addition to what is provided for in the preceding two paragraphs, the detention services manager or a staff member designated by him/her may, if necessary to maintain discipline and order in the detention facility, give instructions to detainees with regard to their life and behavior.

• 留置業務管理者は、留置施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他の理由により必要があると認める場合には、その指名する職員に、未決拘禁者以外の被留置者が発受する信書について、検査を行わせることができる。
• In cases where it is deemed necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the detention facility or for any other reasons, the detention services manager may have a designated staff member examine the letters the detainee who is not an unsentenced person sends and receives.

• 伏見宮家のほか、桂宮・有栖川宮・閑院宮の各世襲親王家に共通することであるが、これら4家が親王の地位を世襲し皇位継承権を維持できたのは、血縁によるものではなく、あくまでも家の特権としてである。
• It is commonly known that other hereditary Imperial Families such as; Katsuranomiya, Arisugawanomiya, Kaninnomiya, and including Fushiminomiya, were able to succeed to positions of Imperial princes and maintain the Imperial succession, because they enjoyed the special privilege of the family, not because they had close blood lines to the main family.

• 司馬懿の提言で、長期にわたる抗争を繰り広げていた呉 (三国)・蜀それぞれの国境付近（淮河流域、関中）でも軍屯が展開され、これにより安定した食糧供給を維持した魏は、両国との争いを有利に進めた。
• With the suggestion of Sima Yi, Gunton were developed near the borders with the Go (Three States Period) (area along the Huai River) and Shu (Guanzhong), countries that they had long been in battle with, and Wei was able to have a stable supply of provisions, which was advantageous in fighting these two countries.

• この他には集会では僧侶の倫理規定や法会に関する規定、寺内外の治安維持や刑罰（「死刑の不科」）、租税の徴収や祠堂銭などの寺内金融など寺院経営に関するものなど、広範な分野について定められていた。
• Regulations on a wide variety of fields were made: among these were an ethical code for priests, rules regarding Buddhist services, regulations on maintaining security inside and outside the temple, penalties ('no death penalties') and rules involving temple management, including a temple's financial services, such as collecting land taxes and shidosen (money donated to a temple).

• お好み焼きの食感を損なう原因の一つとして生地を鉄板に乗せた瞬間の温度低下があるが、鉄板が厚く、またその分火力が強くなればなるほど生地を乗せたときの温度低下が少なく、理想的な温度を維持できる。
• When putting dough on the iron plate the temperature goes down, which can spoil the texture of okonomiyaki, but if the plate is thick and accordingly, more heat is used, the less the temperature decreases when putting the dough on, and the ideal temperature can be maintained.

• 皇帝を中心とする華夷秩序に理念づけられ、朝貢と冊封によって外国との関係を維持していた「天下」概念が変容するのは、1793年イギリスの外交使節ジョージ・マカートニーが派遣されたころからである。
• The notion of 'Tenka,' which had been formed based on the order of kai (the Chinese and barbarians) and maintained the diplomatic relations by the sakuho and choko (bringing tribute) system, started to change when George Macartney, a British diplomat, was dispatched in 1793.

• 中世の朝廷は朝儀に関する有職故実を家学化して、公家の諸家がそれを家職として分掌することで維持され、万が一断絶に至った場合にはそうした家を養子縁組によって再興・継続させる方針が採られていった。
• The court of the middle ages was maintained by establishing Yusokukojitu (precedent cases and stories about court protocol) of Chogi as a Kagaku and the various aristocratic families became in charge of it as Kashoku and if the family had no successor, such families were reestablished by taking members in by adoption.

• 刑事施設の長は、刑事施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障を生ずるおそれがある場合には、被収容者に前項に規定する儀式行事に参加させず、又は同項に規定する教誨を受けさせないことができる。
• In cases where there is a risk of causing a hindrance to either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the penal institution, the warden of the penal institution may refuse to permit an inmate to participate in the religious ceremonies prescribed in the preceding paragraph and to receive the religious teachings prescribed in said paragraph.

• 宗教法人若しくは礼拝施設に対し無償で送られる式典用具及び礼拝用具又は墓地の建設、維持、修復若しくは装飾のために必要な貨物であつて、無償で送られるもの（経済産業大臣が告示で定めるものに限る。）
• Ceremonial equipment and ritual equipment sent without charge to religious corporations or ritual facilities or goods necessary for the construction, maintenance, repair or decoration of graveyards, which are sent without charge (limited to those specified by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in public notice)

• 経済産業大臣は、一般ガス事業の用に供するガス工作物の工事、維持及び運用に関する保安を確保するため必要があると認めるときは、一般ガス事業者に対し、保安規程を変更すべきことを命ずることができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, when he/she finds it necessary in order to ensure safety of the construction, maintenance, and operation of Gas Facilities to be used for a General Gas Utility Business, order the General Gas Utility to revise the safety regulations.

• 物理的封じ込め施設において用いられる防護のための装置であって、エアライン方式の換気用の装置を有する全身の若しくは半身の衣服又はフードであるもののうち、その内部を陽圧に維持することができるもの
• Among whole or half body clothing or hoods that possess protective equipment used in physical containment and airline ventilation use equipment, those capable of maintaining a positive internal pressure

• しかし、血縁が遠すぎて皇位継承者として国民の支持が得られないと反対派から批判された「旧皇族」に代えて、彼ら「皇別摂家」から皇位継承者を迎えてはどうかとの意見が男系維持論者の一部から提起された。
• However, some advocates of male-lineage succession suggested that members of the Kobetsu Sekke be selected as successors to the imperial throne instead of members of the 'former imperial family', because some people opposed the selection of the latter as successors since their more distant kinship to the imperial family means they would not enjoy public support.

• 敗戦後の1947年10月14日、11宮家51名は、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令により皇室財産が国庫に帰属させられたため、経済的に従前の規模の皇室を維持できなくなったことから皇籍を離脱した。
• After the War on October 14, 1947, 51 family members of 11 Miyake ceased being members of the Imperial Family since it was hard for the nation to maintain the existing scale of Imperial Families financially, this was because Imperial assets did not belong to the national treasury any longer after receiving the order from the General Headquarters of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.

• 士農工商の下には、古くからあった穢多、非人と呼ばれる被差別階級があり、かれらは人の嫌がる仕事（刑死執行人・掃除など）を与えられ、その上、幕藩体制維持のために諸大名より差別政策の犠牲者となった。
• Under the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants (shinokosho), there were discriminated classes called eta and hinin for a long time, and they were given duties which other people were unwilling to do (such as executioners, cleaning), and moreover, they became victims of discrimination policies enacted by feudal lords in order to maintain the shogunate system.

• 主務大臣は、商品市場における秩序の維持又は委託者の保護のため必要かつ適当であると認める場合には、商品取引員に対し、その資産のうち政令で定める部分を国内において保有することを命ずることができる。
• When the competent minister finds it necessary and appropriate for maintaining order on the Commodity Market or for protecting customers, he/she may order a Futures Commission Merchant to retain the portion of its assets which is specified by a Cabinet Order within Japan.

• 農林水産大臣は、毎年度、溯河魚類のうちさけ及びますの個体群の維持のために独立行政法人水産総合研究センター（以下「センター」という。）が実施すべき人工ふ化放流に関する計画を定めなければならない。
• For each fiscal year, the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries shall establish a plan concerning the artificial hatching and stocking to be executed by the Fisheries Research Agency (hereinafter referred to as 'Agency') for the maintenance of the population of salmon and trout among anadromous fish.

• 特定高圧ガス消費者は、消費（消費に係る貯蔵及び導管による輸送を含む。以下同じ。）のための施設を、その位置、構造及び設備が経済産業省令で定める技術上の基準に適合するように維持しなければならない。
• A Specific High Pressure Gas Consumer shall maintain the facilities for consumption (including storage for consumption and pipeline transportation; the same shall apply hereinafter) so as to keep the location, construction and equipment therefor in conformity with the technical standards specified by an Ordinance of METI.

• 前項の規定により定められるもののほか、捕虜収容所長又はその指定する職員は、捕虜収容所の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要があるときは、被収容者に対し、その生活及び行動について指示することができる。
• In addition to what is provided for by the provision of the preceding paragraph, the prisoner of war camp commander or a staff member designated by the prisoner of war camp commander may, if necessary to maintain discipline and order in the prisoners of war camp, give instructions to a detainee with regard to his/her life and behavior.

• それに替わって、俘囚を私兵として治安維持活動の実戦に参加したことのある受領経験者やその子弟で、中央の出世コースからはずれ、受領になりうる諸大夫層からも転落した者達が、地域紛争の鎮圧に登用された。
• Instead of this, people with zuryo experience or their children, who had participated in actual fighting or security duties using the barbarians as private armies and were off the career track of the central government and fell from the class of shodaibu who could become zuryo, were recruited to suppress regional conflicts.

• それほど多いものではないという理由は、当時必要とされた武力は、京の治安維持、要人の護衛、受領として赴任する際に引き連れ、在庁官人を押さえる程度のものであり、大規模な争乱などほとんど無かったこと。
• The reason why it might not be as big was because military power required at that time was for sustaining the peace of Kyoto, guard a person upon request, followed as a retainer when one left a post due to zuryo, and arrest the Zaichokanjin (the local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods), but there was hardly any turmoil.

• その後、8世紀後期から9世紀を通じて律令制を維持または再構築しようとする試みが繰り返されたが、大多数の貧困百姓層とごく少数の富裕百姓層（富豪層）という百姓層内の階層分離はますます加速していった。
• Although measures aiming to maintain or restructure the Ritsuryo system were repeatedly implemented during the period from late 8th century to 9th century, peasants were increasingly split into a large majority of peasants in poverty and a small minority of wealthy peasants (wealthy peasants class).

• 皇族の子孫は数代経た後に皇籍から離脱するのが律令以来の通例であったが、中世以後、伏見宮や閑院宮の様に皇統維持のために、何代経ても親王位につくことのできる家系（世襲親王家）を創出していったのである。
• Although there was a custom for the descants of the Imperial Family to make demotion from nobility to subject from the government based on the ritsuryo legal codes, after the Medieval Period, the Imperial Family line (the hereditary Imperial Family) was established, such as Fushiminomiya and Kaninnomiya for the Imperial succession, in order for them to succeed to the throne after many generations.

• しかし、議会制度を発足させるためには、官制改革・民度・国民教育などが未成熟であり、時期尚早であったため、大久保利通を中心に「有司専制」と呼ばれる薩長藩閥による官僚を中心とした改革体制が維持された。
• However, it was too early to establish the Diet because the reform of the organization of the central government, the cultural level of the people, and national education were still immature, and due to the Saccho (Satsuma and Choshu) clanship a bureaucracy centered system called 'Yushi-sensei' led by Toshimichi OKUBO was maintained.

• 惣村の結合を維持するため、寄合などで惣掟（そうおきて）という独自の規約を定め、惣掟に違反した場合は惣村自らが追放刑・財産没収・身体刑・死刑などを執行する自検断（じけんだん）が行われることもあった。
• To maintain the unity of the soson, the independent rules called so okite (rules) were specified in yoriai, and if a member violated the rules, a jikendan (voluntary ruling and judgment) was sometimes implemented by the soson for the purpose of carrying out banishment, forfeiture of property, a bodily penalty or the death penalty.

• 前二項のほか、海上保安留置業務管理者又は海上保安留置担当官は、海上保安留置施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要がある場合には、海上保安被留置者に対し、その生活及び行動について指示することができる。
• In addition to what is provided for in the preceding two paragraphs, the coast guard detention services manager or a coast guard detention officer may, if necessary to maintain discipline and order in the coast guard detention facility, give instructions to coast guard detainees with regard to their life and behavior.

• 前項の指定を受けた弁護士は、事件について公訴を維持するため、裁判の確定に至るまで検察官の職務を行う。但し、検察事務官及び司法警察職員に対する捜査の指揮は、検察官に嘱託してこれをしなければならない。
• The attorney appointed as prescribed in the preceding Article shall exercise the same function as a public prosecutor in order to maintain the prosecution until the decision has become final and binding; provided, however, that with regard to issuing orders to a public prosecutor's assistant officer or a judicial police official for investigation the appointed attorney shall do so by commissioning a public prosecutor.

• 折から幕法に反して京都に藩邸を置く諸大名を制御できず、京都の治安維持さえ独力でおぼつかない幕府と、幕藩体制の根幹である「武士」の武力に対する信頼とその権威は、この敗北によって急速になくなっていった。
• When the shogunate government could neither stop feudal lords setting up their residenes in Kyoto against the shogunate order, nor maintain the public order in Kyoto by its own efforts, the reliance on the shogunate government and its authority as well as the trust in the military power of samurai, which was the backbone of the shogunate and domain system, fell rapidly after this defeat.

• 勧農は非常に広い概念を有する語であり、例えば、潅漑用水の整備・維持、種子・農料の貸与・給付（出挙もこれに含まれる）、耕地の配分、農業労働力の組織編成、荒廃地の開発、税率の上下調整などが含まれていた。
• Kanno is a term covering very wide-ranging concepts, it included the maintenance of irrigation facilities, lend-lease and benefit of seeds and agriculture fees ('suikyo,' land lease at interest was also included), the allocation of farm lands, the organization of the agricultural labor, the development of denuded lands, the up-down adjustment of the tax rate, and so on.

• それは、京の治安維持に必要な武力が、旧来の武官や、随身だけでは間に合わなくなり、平将門の乱での「朝家の爪牙」の役を果たした「兵の家」が、「家業」として、「武」を請け負いはじめるということでもあった。
• It was because the military force required to sustain peace in Kyoto was not enough with just a military officer and zuijin (a guard) from old, and the 'house of tsuwamono' that served as the 'choka no soga' during TAIRA no Masakado's War started to provide 'mu' as a 'family business.'

• 例えば、これは公家政権における新制では堂舎社殿の修復、神事仏事の再興、訴訟における便宜、寺社領内での殺生禁断などが掲げられ、施設や儀式の維持とそのために必要な所領などの経済的基盤の確保を図っている。
• Under the new system of the imperial court administration, the restoration included repairing buildings of the religious institutions, restoration of Shinto rituals and Buddhist memorial services, assistance in lawsuits, and prohibition of shooting and fishing in the precincts; therefore, they managed to maintain the facilities and support the rituals, and secure economic base including shoryo (estate) necessary for the maintenance and support.

• 中世に入ると、宋学の影響によって四書が重視されるようになると、明経道において新たに「明経道四書」を制定し、また足利学校でもこれに対抗して学校点と呼ばれる乎古登点を定めて学術における特権維持を図った。
• In the medieval period when Shisho (the Four Books of Confucianism) became valued under the influence of the Sung Study (Neo-Confucian), 'Myogyodo shisho' was newly established in Myogyodo, and in defiance of this, okototen called Gakkoten was set up to maintain the prerogative in learning in the Ashikaga School.

• 刑事施設の長は、刑事施設の規律及び秩序の維持、受刑者の矯正処遇の適切な実施その他の理由により必要があると認める場合には、その指名する職員に、受刑者が発受する信書について、検査を行わせることができる。
• In cases where it is deemed necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the penal institution or for adequate pursuance of correctional treatment for a sentenced person, or for any other reasons, the warden of the penal institution may have a designated staff member examine the letters the sentenced person sends and receives.

• 裁判長又は開廷をした一人の裁判官は、法廷における裁判所の職務の執行を妨げ、又は不当な行状をする者に対し、退廷を命じ、その他法廷における秩序を維持するのに必要な事項を命じ、又は処置を執ることができる。
• The presiding judge or a judge who has opened the session may order any person who interferes with the exercising of the duties of the court or who behaves improperly, to leave the court, and may issue such other orders or take such measures as are necessary for the maintenance of order in the court.

• 回航監督官は、第二十八条第一項の規定による命令の履行の確保又は航行の安全若しくは船内の秩序維持のため必要があると認めるときは、回航船舶の船長等に対し、必要な措置をとるべきことを指示することができる。
• The cruising inspector may, when he/she finds it is necessary for securing fulfillment of the order under the provision of Article 28, paragraph (1) or maintaining safety or order on the ship, direct the master of ship, etc. of the taking ship to take necessary measures.

• この点を完全に明確にしておくために言いますと、私が思うに、自分の力量で自らを維持できる者というのは、人材や資金が豊富で、誰であれ攻撃を加える者とは戦闘を交じえるだけの軍隊を召集できる者だと思います。
• And to make this quite clear I say that I consider those are able to support themselves by their own resources who can, either by abundance of men or money, raise a sufficient army to join battle against any one who comes to attack them;
• And to make this quite clear I say that I consider those who are able to support themselves by their own resources who can, either by abundance of men or money, raise a sufficient army to join battle against any one who comes to attack them;

• 遊郭は一説に因れば「結界の意味を持つ」とする民俗学や民間信仰論もあり、政治的な治安維持としての役割と管理のし易さから、地域を特定したともいわれるが、一般の「定」から外れた部分を持つ治外法権でもあった。
• Studies of folklore and discussions of folk religion often contend that the licensed quarters 'had the meaning of a barrier' and since their political stability meant they were easy to control, they were said to identify an area, although they were considered to have some extraterritorial rights, not in the common 'rules.'

• しかしその一方で、官選である郡長・区長が戸長の上に位置し、また郡長・区長が同じく官選である府県知事の指揮下に置かれ、その府県知事を内務省 (日本)が指揮することで、中央集権の体制維持も図ったのである。
• Meanwhile, it aimed to maintain the centralized government system by placing the Guncho and Kucho, who were appointed by the government, in a higher position than the Kocho, while putting them under the control of the Prefecture governor, who was appointed likewise and directed by the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs.

• この法律は、銀行の業務の公共性にかんがみ、信用を維持し、預金者等の保護を確保するとともに金融の円滑を図るため、銀行の業務の健全かつ適切な運営を期し、もつて国民経済の健全な発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, in view of the public nature of banking services and for the purpose of maintaining their credibility, securing protection for depositors, etc. and facilitating the smooth functioning of financial services, to ensure the sound and appropriate operations of banking services, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.
• The purpose of this Act is, in view of the public nature of the business of banks and for the purpose of maintaining its credibility, securing the protection of Depositors, etc. and facilitating smooth functioning of financial services, to ensure sound and appropriate operations of the business of banks, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.

• 前項の規定にかかわらず、留置施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上必要がある場合において、被留置者の処遇上支障を生ずるおそれがないと認めるときは、同項第二号に掲げる別による分離をしないことができる。
• Notwithstanding the provision of the preceding paragraph, in cases where it is necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the detention facility for the separation by the distinction listed in item (ii) of said paragraph to be left unexecuted, if no risk of causing a hindrance to the treatment of the detainees, then the separation may be left unexecuted.

• 投機的な取引、高利の融資その他の事業であって、公益法人の社会的信用を維持する上でふさわしくないものとして政令で定めるもの又は公の秩序若しくは善良の風俗を害するおそれのある事業を行わないものであること。
• It does not operate any speculative transaction, financing with high interest or other businesses specified by Cabinet Order as ones being not suitable for maintaining the social trust of a public interest corporation or any business that could be harmful to public policy.

• 食料は、人間の生命の維持に欠くことができないものであり、かつ、健康で充実した生活の基礎として重要なものであることにかんがみ、将来にわたって、良質な食料が合理的な価格で安定的に供給されなければならない。
• In consideration of the fact that food is indispensable in maintaining human life and important as a basis for healthy and fulfilling life, the stable supply of high quality food at reasonable price shall be secured into the future.

• 国際的な平和及び安全の維持を妨げることとなると認められるものとして政令で定める特定の種類の貨物の設計、製造又は使用に係る技術（以下「特定技術」という。）を特定の地域において提供することを目的とする取引
• Transactions designed to provide technology pertaining to the design, manufacture or use of specific kinds of goods specified by Cabinet Order as those considered to undermine the maintenance of international peace and security (hereinafter referred to as the 'Specified Technology') in the specified region

• エネルギー管理者は、第一種エネルギー管理指定工場等におけるエネルギーの使用の合理化に関し、エネルギーを消費する設備の維持、エネルギーの使用の方法の改善及び監視その他経済産業省令で定める業務を管理する。
• Type 1 energy managers shall, with regard to the rational use of energy in Type 1 designated energy management factories, etc., manage the maintenance of energy-consuming facilities, the improvement and supervision of methods for using energy, and other affairs specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 室町幕府は主に御料所などからの収入で財政を維持してきたが、全国的な内乱のために年貢輸送が途絶えたり、あるいは南朝_(日本)軍に占領されたり、自軍への恩賞に回されたりしてその範囲は小さくなる一方であった。
• The Muromachi bakufu managed to finance its budgets by the income from goryosho (the Imperial or shogunate's estate), whose areas were dwindling because the transportation of nengu (land tax such as rice) was disturbed by civil wars across the country, and some goryosho were occupied by the Southern Court's army which were used to reward their soldiers.

• 戦国の武士の気風を受け継ぎ殉死などを行なうかぶき者を公秩序維持のため徳川家綱の代に禁止し、江戸幕府が、儒教の朱子学を公の学問としたため、信・義・忠を重んじ、気高い振る舞いを行なうのが武士であるとされた。
• The kabuki-mono (the crazy ones, dandy), who followed their master to the grave with the moral tone of bushi during the Sengoku period, were forbidden for the maintenance of public order during the generation of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and the Edo bakufu authorized Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) of Confucianism as public scholarship and thus the bushi should emphasize the faith, justice and loyalty and behave nobly.

• もっとも、東寺長者の役割を空海が遺した東寺を維持・管理・整備する責任者であると考えるならば、造東寺所別当を東寺長者の前身とみなして最初に東寺を整備した空海を初代と考えることも決して誤りではないと言える。
• Considering that the role of To-ji Choja is to be in charge of the maintenance, management and improvement of To-ji Temple, which Kukai left, it is not at all wrong to consider the chief of the construction department of To-ji Temple as the forerunner of To-ji Choja and to consider Kukai, who helped construct the To-ji Temple, as the first To-ji betto.

• 葬儀紹介センターも、内情は葬儀を取り次ぐブローカーのような会社が多く売上の15～30パーセントを葬儀屋から徴収してしまうため、品質のよい葬儀社との契約が維持できなくてトラブルになってしまうケースも多い。
• Many funeral referral centers actually act as brokers, who introduce a funeral home to a surviving family and collect 15-30% of net sales from the funeral home, and so a contract with a high-quality funeral home cannot be maintained, which causes troubles in many cases.

• これは「夫に妻は身を持って尽くす義務がある」と言う思想（五倫関係の維持）を強調し続けた結果、と現在ではみなされており、儒教を男女同権思想と見るか男尊女卑思想と見るかの論争も度々行われるようになっている。
• This is seen today as a result of continuous emphasis on the thought that 'wives have the obligation to devote themselves to their husbands' (maintenance of the five human relations arranged in order), and it is frequently debated whether Ju-kyo should be considered a thought of equal rights for men and women or a thought of predominance of men over women.

• 海上保安被留置者が一人で行う礼拝その他の宗教上の行為は、これを禁止し、又は制限してはならない。ただし、海上保安留置施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障を生ずるおそれがある場合は、この限りでない。
• Worship and other religious acts which a coast guard detainee performs individually shall not be prohibited nor restricted; provided, however, that this shall not apply where there is a risk of causing a hindrance to either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the coast guard detention facility.

• 洪水調節、日本のダムダム諸元に関する表記（桂川の河川流量を維持し、河川環境を守る）、大阪市・京都市・神戸市・西宮市・芦屋市への上水道供給を目的とし、計画発表から25年後の1997年（平成9年）に完成した。
• It was completed in 1997, twenty-five years after the announcement of the plan to construct it, with the following purposes; flood control, the description of specifications and purposes of dams in Japan (maintaining the current flow of the Katsura-gawa River, and protecting the natural river environment), and the supply of drinking water to Osaka City, Kyoto City, Kobe City, Nishinomiya City, and Ashiya City.

• 皇室典範の規定では男性皇族にしか皇位継承を認めていないにもかかわらず、若い男性皇族が決定的に不足していることから、愛子内親王誕生後、安定した皇位継承を維持するために、皇室典範の改正が議論されるようになった。
• After the birth of Imperial Princess Aiko, revision of the Imｐerial House Act has begun to be discussed in order to maintain stable succession to the Imperial Throne because, even though the Imperial House Act approves succession to the Imperial Throne only by a male member of the Imperial family, young male members of the Imperial family are decidedly in short supply.

• そこでは、自己と社会、自己と宇宙は、理という普遍的原理を通して結ばれており（理一分殊）、自己修養（修己）による理の把握から社会秩序の維持（治人）に到ることができるとする、個人と社会を統合する思想を提唱した。
• In this learning system, the thought of unification of an individual and the society was advocated, that is the self and the society, and the self and the universe were tied together by 'Li' as universal principles (Chinese philosophical theory in which it is believed that the universe and one are connected through his reason), and that the maintenance of social order (governing people) could be achieved through understanding of 'Li' through self-discipline.

• かつて本門宗の総本山で、宗務院がおかれていた重須本門寺は、日蓮宗の七大本山のひとつに列せられ、富士門流の他の本山や末寺とともに、一致派、本仏釈迦本仏論が主流の日蓮宗の内部で、日興門流独自の教義を維持している。
• Omosu Honmon-ji Temple, which was former sohonzan (grand head temple) of Honmon Sect with shumuin, is counted as one of the 7 grand honzan temples of Nichiren Sect, and with other honzan temples and branch temples of Fujimon School, keeps its original creed as Nikkomon School inside the Nichiren Sect, which has Icchi School and Shaka Honbutsu Ron (creed which regards Shaka as the principal image) as its mainstream.

• 古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法などによる律令制的な人別支配の維持が困難となっていた当時、国司は公田を名田という単位へ再編するとともに、有力農民層（田堵という）へ名田の経営と名田からの租税徴収を請け負わせていった。
• At that time, it became difficult to maintain control over each person like in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), based on a family registration system and Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land), and therefore, kokushi (provincial governors) reorganized Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) into myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and came to entrust the work of managing myoden and collecting taxes from there to powerful farmers (called tato).

• 国は、農林水産業その他の人の活動により特有の生態系が維持されてきた里地、里山等の保全を図るため、地域の自然的社会的条件に応じて当該地域を継続的に保全するための仕組みの構築その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The government shall, for the purpose of conservation of satochi and satoyama (rural landscapes), etc. where a unique ecosystem has been maintained through agriculture, forestry and fisheries and other human activities, establish a mechanism to continuously conserve such regions according to the natural and social conditions of the regions and take other necessary measures.

• というのは、君主が自身を維持するために必要だと考える集団が、それが民衆であれ兵士であれ貴族であれ、堕落しているなら、その気風に合わせ、彼らを喜ばせざるをえず、それで、良い行いが君主を害することにもなるのです。
• for when that body is corrupt whom you think you have need of to maintain yourself ? it may be either the people or the soldiers or the nobles ? you have to submit to its humours and to gratify them, and then good works will do you harm.

• 一代限りの身分ではあるが、実際には引退に際し子弟や縁者を後継者とすることで世襲は可能であり、また薄給ながら生活を維持できるため、後にその権利が「株」として売買され、富裕な農民・商人の次・三男の就職口ともなった。
• The status of ashigaru was restricted to a single generation but in actuality could be inherited by a child or relative upon retirement and, this right later went on to be bought and sold as 'kabu' and also became a position of employment for the second and third sons of wealthy farmers and merchants, because they could make their living by being an ashigaru although their salaries were low.

• が、旧顕本法華宗の改革派である本山妙國寺、本山本興寺、本山玄妙寺、本山妙立寺、や、旧本門宗の大本山重須本門寺、本山小泉久遠寺、本山柳瀬実成寺とそれらの末寺は引き続き、日蓮宗の内部で固有の教義を維持し続けている。
• However, some temples have been keeping their original dharma without leaving the Nichiren sect; the followings are such temples; the reformist Honzan (head temple of the lower rank) of the former Kenpon-hokke sect including Myokoku-ji Temple, Honko-ji Temple, Genmyo-ji Temple and Myoritsu-ji Temple and their branch temples; the Daihonzan of the former Honmon sect, Omosu Honmon-ji Temple, and the Honzan of the same sect including Koizumi Kuon-ji Temple and Yanase Jitsujo-ji Temple and their branch temples.

• 戦地で軍票額面価格を維持するために、いつでも正銀貨と引換を希望すれば、戦地所在の横浜正金銀行各支店、内地指定の金庫、韓国金庫派出所、野戦郵便局、韓国、北中国所在の日本普通郵便局、第一銀行出張所で軍票を受入れた。
• In order to keep the nominal value of that military currency, the Japanese government made it possible for the owners to exchange the currency with silver at every branch of Yokohama Specie Bank, Ltd. located at the front, assigned depositories in Japan, detached offices of Korean depository, Yasen (open battle) Post Office, Japanese common post offices at Korea and nothern China and detached offices of First Bank.

• 近年の研究では、義経が平氏追討から外されたのは、後年の編纂書『吾妻鏡』が記すような無断任官による頼朝の怒りのためではなく、京都の治安維持に義経が必要であり、法皇や貴族たちの強い反対があったためと考えられている。
• According to recent studies, it is thought that Yoshitsune was dismissed from the army to search out and kill the Taira clan not because Yoritomo resented the appointment of Yoshitsune without his permission (as described in 'Azuma Kagami,' which was compiled in later years), but because Yoshitsune was needed to maintain the security of Kyoto and the Cloistered Emperor and nobles were strongly against it.

• 留置担当官は、留置施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要がある場合には、留置施設内において、被留置者以外の者（弁護人等を除く。）の着衣及び携帯品を検査し、並びにその者の携帯品を取り上げて一時保管することができる。
• A detention officer may, if necessary to maintain discipline and order in the detention facility, search clothes and personal effects, inside the detention facility, of a person other than a detainee (except for defense counsel, etc.), and deprive of any of the person's personal effects and temporarily take custody thereof.

• 農林水産大臣は、前項の許可の申請があつた場合には、当該寄港によつて外国漁船による漁業活動が助長され、わが国漁業の正常な秩序の維持に支障を生ずるおそれがあると認められるときを除き、同項の許可をしなければならない。
• Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries shall, when application for permission set forth in the preceding paragraph is filed, except the cases where there is a risk of fishing activities by foreign fishing vessels be promoted and posing problem for preservation of normal order of Japanese fishery by the said calling, permit the preceding paragraph.

• 国際的な平和及び安全の維持を妨げることとなると認められるものとして政令で定める特定の地域を仕向地とする特定の種類の貨物の輸出をしようとする者は、政令で定めるところにより、経済産業大臣の許可を受けなければならない。
• Any person who intends to conduct the export of specific kinds of goods to specified regions, which is specified by Cabinet Order as being considered to obstruct the maintenance of international peace and security, shall obtain, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, permission from the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 捕虜収容所内において被収容者が自ら個別に行う礼拝その他の宗教上の行為は、これを禁止し、又は制限してはならない。ただし、捕虜収容所の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障を生ずるおそれがある場合は、この限りでない。
• The worship and other religious acts that a detainee performs individually in the prisoner of war camp shall not be prohibited nor restricted; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the case in which there is a risk of causing a hindrance to either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the prisoner of war camp.

• 海上保安留置業務管理者は、海上保安留置施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他の理由により必要があると認める場合には、海上保安留置担当官に、未決拘禁者以外の海上保安被留置者が発受する信書について、検査を行わせることができる。
• In cases where it is deemed necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the coast guard detention facility or for any other reasons, the coast guard detention services manager may have a coast guard detention officer examine the letters the coast guard detainee who is not an unsentenced person sends and receives.

• 続いて前総理・松方正義と進歩党 (日本)党首の大隈重信の入閣を計画するが、これに大隈にライバル意識を抱く板垣と超然主義を固守する山縣が反発、これを見た伊藤はこれ以上の政権維持は困難であるとみて辞表を提出したのである。
• Subsequently, ITO schemed to take the previous prime minister Masayoshi MATSUKATA and the leader of the Progressive Party (Japan), Shigenobu OKUMA into the Cabinet, but ITAGAKII who had a strong rivalry against OKUMA and YAMAGATA who persisted in the doctrine of superiority rebelled against this, and as a result, ITO considered that it was difficult to keep administration anymore and submitted the letter of resignation.

• 刑事施設の長は、懲罰を科する場合において、刑事施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要があるときは、次に掲げる物を国庫に帰属させることができる。ただし、反則行為をした被収容者以外の者に属する物については、この限りでない。
• Upon imposing disciplinary punishments, the warden of the penal institution may, if it is necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the penal institution, vest the objects set out under the following items in the national treasury; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the objects which belong to a person other than the inmate committed the disciplinary offense:

• 受刑者の自発性及び自律性を涵養するため、刑事施設の規律及び秩序を維持するための受刑者の生活及び行動に対する制限は、法務省令で定めるところにより、第三十条の目的を達成する見込みが高まるに従い、順次緩和されるものとする。
• In order to cultivate self-control and self-reliance of sentenced persons, restrictions on their life and activities for the maintenance of discipline and order of the penal institution shall, pursuant to a Ministry of Justice Ordinance, be alleviated seriatim as the expectation of achieving the purpose prescribed in Article 30 increases.

• 事業用電気工作物を設置する者は、事業用電気工作物の工事、維持及び運用に関する保安の監督をさせるため、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、主任技術者免状の交付を受けている者のうちから、主任技術者を選任しなければならない。
• A person who installs Electric Facilities for Business Use shall, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, appoint one or more chief engineers from among persons who have a chief engineer's license in order to cause him/her to supervise the safety of the construction, maintenance, and operation of the facilities.

• 後述する数々の創作物の影響もあり、幕末、京都の治安維持の主力を担っていたのは新選組であるとの認識も一般には強いが、実際は重要な御所近辺は会津直轄隊の精鋭2000人、その周りは幕臣で構成される見廻組500人が固めていた。
• Due to the impact of many works which will be described later, there is a strong general understanding that Shinsen-gumi took a leading part in maintenance of public order in Kyoto during the last days of the shogunate, but actually, the important area around the Imperial Palace was guarded by 2,000 elite troops under direct control of the Aizu Clan, and around that were another 500 men of Kyoto Mimawarigumi, composed of vassals of the shogunate.

• 国は、事業者、国民又は民間の団体が行う生物の多様性の保全上重要な土地の取得並びにその維持及び保全のための活動その他の生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用に関する自発的な活動が促進されるよう必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The government shall take necessary measures to ensure that activities to acquire, maintain and conserve land that is important in terms of conservation of biodiversity and other voluntary activities for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, which are conducted by businesses, citizens or private bodies, are promoted.

• 九代目は、父・七代目が銘打った「新歌舞伎十八番」という名称は維持したが、その演目数は18に収まりきらず、結局「十八番」を数字の「じゅうはちばん」ではなく、むしろ得意芸の「おはこ」の意味に解釈して、32ないし40を撰じた。
• Danjuro the ninth maintained the name 'Shin Kabuki Juhachi Ban,' which had been given by his father, Danjuro the seventh, but the selection contained more than eighteen programs, and in the end he selected thirty-two or forty programs based on an interpretation of 'Juhachi Ban' not as '18 programs' but as 'Ohako, one's favorite stunt.'

• 大韓帝国内でも李氏朝鮮による旧体制が維持されている状況では独自改革が難しいと判断した進歩会は日韓合邦を目指そうと鉄道敷設工事などに5万人ともいわれる大量の人員を派遣するなど、日露戦争において日本への協力を惜しまなかった。
• The Shinpo-kai, which determined that the pursuit of reforms was difficult under systems of the former Yi Dynasty sought political union with Japan and voluntarily collaborated in support of Japan during the Russo-Japanese War; for instance, it reportedly deployed 50,000 people to construct railways.

• われらは、いづれの国家も、自国のことのみに専念して他国を無視してはならないのであつて、政治道徳の法則は、普遍的なものであり、この法則に従ふことは、自国の主権を維持し、他国と対等関係に立たうとする各国の責務であると信ずる。
• We believe that no nation is responsible to itself alone, but that laws of political morality are universal; and that obedience to such laws is incumbent upon all nations who would sustain their own sovereignty and justify their sovereign relationship with other nations.

• 捕虜収容所長は、被収容者が、次に掲げる物品で防衛省令で定める品目のものについて、自弁のものを使用し、又は摂取することを申請した場合には、捕虜収容所の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障がない限り、これを許すものとする。
• In cases where a detainee requests to use or consume such self-supplied articles as the articles listed in the following items provided for by an Ordinance of Ministry of Defense, the prisoner of war camp commander shall permit him/her to do so as long as there is no hindrance into either maintaining discipline and order, and other management and operations in the prisoner of war camp.

• 主務大臣は、商品市場における秩序の維持又は委託者の保護のため必要かつ適当であると認めるときは、その必要の限度において、商品取引員に対し、財産の状況又は商品取引受託業務の運営の改善に必要な措置をとることを命ずることができる。
• When the competent minister finds it necessary and appropriate for maintaining order on the Commodity Market or for protecting customers, he/she may order a Futures Commission Merchant to take the necessary measures for improving the status of its property or the operation of its Commodity Transactions Brokerage Business within the necessary limits.

• 投資者保護基金（以下この章及び附則において「基金」という。）は、第七十九条の五十六第一項の規定による一般顧客に対する支払その他の業務を行うことにより投資者の保護を図り、もつて証券取引に対する信頼性を維持することを目的とする。
• The purpose of an Investor Protection Fund (hereinafter referred to as a 'Fund' in this Chapter and the Supplementary Provisions) is to aim at the protection of investors through payment to General Customers under the provision of Article 79-56(1) or other business, thereby maintaining the credibility of transactions of securities.

• 戦国時代 (日本)に現れた土岐為頼は、房総の覇権をめぐって里見氏と後北条氏とが対立するなかでたくみに身を処し勢力を維持したが、為頼の死後、土岐頼春（義成）の代に小田原の役が勃発、頼春（義成）は後北条氏方に与したために滅亡した。
• Tamerori TOKI, who appeared in the Warring States period (Japan), conducted himself tactfully to maintain his power in the middle of confrontation between the Satomi clan and the Gohojo clan over the supremacy of Boso region, however, after his death, the Siege of Odawara broke out in the era of Yoriharu TOKI (Yoshinari), and the Kazusa-Toki clan lost its power because Yoriharu sided with the Gohojo clan.

• 日本銀行は、前項の規定による内閣総理大臣及び財務大臣の要請があったときは、第三十三条第一項に規定する業務のほか、当該要請に応じて特別の条件による資金の貸付けその他の信用秩序の維持のために必要と認められる業務を行うことができる。
• When a request has been made from the Prime Minister and the Minister of Finance as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the Bank of Japan may conduct the business necessary to maintain stability of the financial system, including the provision of loans under special conditions, responding to the said request, in addition to the business prescribed in Article 33, paragraph 1.

• 登録建築物調査機関は、建築物調査をした建築物における維持保全の状況が、国土交通省令で定めるところにより、第七十三条第一項に規定する判断の基準となるべき事項に適合していると認めるときは、その旨を示す書面を交付しなければならない。
• When a registered investigation body finds, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, that the status of maintenance of a building, for which a building investigation has been conducted, conforms to the standards of judgment prescribed in Article 73, paragraph (1), it shall issue a document to that effect.

• 修復などを繰り返しほぼ創建当時のままを維持してきたもの（姫路城・彦根城）、または、現存天守が在籍していた城が存城であった当時に再建、改築されたものがほぼそのまま残っているもの（犬山城・松本城・高知城・丸岡城・松江城など）もある。
• Some existing castle towers (including that of Himeji-jo Castle and Hikone-jo Castle) have gone through repeated renovations to maintain their near-original splendors, whereas other ones (including that of Inuyama-jo Castle, Matsumoto-jo Castle, Kochi-jo Castle, Maruoka-jo Castle, and Matsue-jo Castle) that were rebuilt while their respective castles existed have remained virtually intact through today.

• その上で、「不幸なるは近隣に国あり」として、支那（清）と朝鮮（李氏朝鮮）を挙げ、両者が近代化を拒否して儒教など旧態依然とした体制にのみ汲々とする点を指摘し「今の文明東漸の風潮に際し、迚も其独立を維持するの道ある可らず」と論じる。
• As in 'it is unfortunate for us (Japan) that there are neighboring countries,' that were Shina/China (Qing) and Chosen (Joseon Dynasty Korea), he pointed out that both countries had been rejecting modernization and concentrating on an old business-as-usual system based on Confucianism, etc. to 'remain nationally independent under this violent wind of civilization eastward.'

• 主務大臣は、原子力事業者が第一項又は第二項の規定に違反していると認めるときは、当該原子力事業者に対し、放射線測定設備の設置、維持、若しくは改善又は原子力防災資機材の備え付け若しくは保守点検のために必要な措置を命ずることができる。
• The competent minister may, when he/she finds a nuclear operator to be in violation of the provisions of paragraph 1 or 2, order said nuclear operator to take necessary measures for the establishment, maintenance or improvement of its radiation measurement facility or the installation or maintenance and check of its materials and equipment for nuclear disaster prevention.

• 刑事施設の長は、受刑者の面会に関し、法務省令で定めるところにより、面会の相手方の人数、面会の場所、日及び時間帯、面会の時間及び回数その他面会の態様について、刑事施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上必要な制限をすることができる。
• With regard to the visits a sentenced person receives, the warden of the penal institution may, pursuant to a Ministry of Justice Ordinance, impose such restrictions necessary for either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the penal institution as to the number of visitors, the visiting site, date and time, duration and frequency of visits, and other conditions of visits.

• この法律は、外国人がわが国の港その他の水域を使用して行なう漁業活動の増大によりわが国漁業の正常な秩序の維持に支障を生ずるおそれがある事態に対処して、外国人が漁業に関してする当該水域の使用の規制について必要な措置を定めるものとする。
• Purpose of this Act is to provide necessary measures, in view of increased fishing operations by foreign nationals using Japanese ports and waters may have a risk of harm in maintaining normal order of Japanese fisheries, for regulating fishing operation by foreign nationals to deal with the said situation

• ほかの反応としては、同業者の中での名誉という報酬とハッキングの喜びが、生活維持に必要な水準以上になっているということを、人間の動機づけに関するアイブラハム・マズローの有名な「価値のヒエラルキー」モデルと関連づけている（[MH]）。
• Other respondents related peer-esteem rewards and the joy of hacking to the levels above subsistence needs in Abraham Maslow's well-known `hierarchy of values' model of human motivation [MH].

• 前項の施策を講ずるに当たっては、中小企業が我が国経済の活力の維持及び強化に果たすべき重要な使命を有するものであることにかんがみ、個人による創業及び事業意欲のある中小企業者による新事業の開拓に対する特別の配慮がなされなければならない。
• In taking the measures set forth in the preceding paragraph, national government shall specially consider business startups by individuals and the development of new businesses by small and medium sized enterprise operator with volition, in light of the fact that small and medium sized enterprises are entrusted with an important mission for maintaining and strengthening the vitality of the Japanese economy.

• 導管により高圧ガスを輸送するには、経済産業省令で定める技術上の基準に従つてその導管を設置し、及び維持しなければならない。ただし、第一種製造者が第五条第一項の許可を受けたところに従つて導管により高圧ガスを輸送するときは、この限りでない。
• As for the pipeline transportation of high pressure gas, such pipeline shall be installed and maintained in accordance with the technical standards specified by an Ordinance of METI; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the pipeline transportation of high pressure gas as performed by a Class 1 Producer in accordance with the terms of permission under paragraph (1) of Article 5.

• 北アイルランドは、1970年代以降、建物の多くにイギリスとの連合維持を求めるユニオニストやイギリスからの独立を求めるナショナリスト双方の主張を交えた政治的な壁画が描かれ、そのいくつかは紛争をあおるとして論議を呼んだり塗り替えられている。
• In Northern Ireland, after the 1970s, politically-minded wall paintings were drawn on many buildings based on the ideology of the Unionist who were wishing their area to remain or become part of the United Kingdom and the ideology of the Nationalist who wanted their area to become independent from the United Kingdom, and some of these wall paintings caused controversy and co lignite a conflict, and were eventually redrawn.

• 刑事施設の長は、刑事施設の規律及び秩序の維持、受刑者の矯正処遇の適切な実施その他の理由により必要があると認める場合には、その指名する職員に、前条第一項の通信の内容を確認するため、その通信を受けさせ、又はその内容を記録させることができる。
• In cases where it is deemed necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the penal institution or for adequate pursuance of correctional treatment for the sentenced person, or for any other reasons, the warden of the penal institution may have a designated staff member monitor the communication set forth in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article or make a record of the contents of the communication in order to examine it.

• 第五条第一項、第六条第二項、第八条第七項又は前条第四項の規定による届出をした者は、その届け出たところにより、その大規模小売店舗の周辺の地域の生活環境の保持についての適正な配慮をして当該大規模小売店舗を維持し、及び運営しなければならない。
• A person who has made a notification as prescribed in Article 5, paragraph (1), Article 6, paragraph (2), Article 8, paragraph (7), or paragraph (4) of the preceding Article shall, based on said notification, maintain and operate the large-scale retail store, while giving proper consideration to preserving the living environment of the surrounding area of said large-scale retail store.

• 君主、特に新しく君主となった者は、人が重んじることをすべて守ることなどできないし、また国家を維持するためには、信義[40]や友情や人間性や宗教に反した行いをせざるをえないことも、多々あるのだということを、理解しておかなければなりません。
• And you have to understand this, that a prince, especially a new one, cannot observe all those things for which men are esteemed, being often forced, in order to maintain the state, to act contrary to faith40, friendship, humanity, and religion.
• And you have to understand this, that a prince, especially a new one, cannot observe all those things for which men are esteemed, being often forced, in order to maintain the state, to act contrary to fidelity,(*) friendship, humanity, and religion.

• それで、君主はこうしてその財産を豪華なふるまいに費しがちであり、気前がよいという名声を維持しつづけたいなら、おしまいには、その民衆を過度に苦しめ、重税を課し、金銭を得るためにできることはなんでもやる、ということにならざるをえないのです。
• so that a prince thus inclined will consume in such acts all his property, and will be compelled in the end, if he wish to maintain the name of liberal, to unduly weigh down his people, and tax them, and do everything he can to get money.

• 池田屋事件（いけだやじけん）は、江戸時代後期の元治元年6月5日 (旧暦)（1864年7月8日）に、京都三条通木屋町通（三条小橋）の旅館池田屋で京都守護職配下の治安維持組織である新撰組が、潜伏していた長州藩の尊皇攘夷派を襲撃した事件である。
• The Ikedaya Incident is the name given to an event that took place on July 8,1864 towards the end of the Edo Period in which the Shinsen-gumi, who was a peacekeeping organization under the Kyoto protectorate, attacked the imperial loyalist faction from Choshu who were hiding out at the Ikedaya Inn at Kiyamachi (Sanjou-Kobashi Bridge) on Sanjou-Street in Kyoto.

• この法律は、熱供給事業の運営を適正かつ合理的ならしめることによつて、熱供給を受ける者の利益を保護するとともに、熱供給事業の健全な発達を図り、並びに熱供給施設の工事、維持及び運用を規制することによつて、公共の安全を確保することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to protect the interests of persons who receive heat supply and to achieve the sound development of heat supply business by realizing appropriate and reasonable operation of heat supply business, and to assure public safety by regulating the construction, maintenance and operation of heat supply facilities.

• 経済産業大臣は、公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止のため緊急の必要があると認めるときは、都道府県知事に対し、この法律又は第七十八条の四の規定に基づく政令の規定により都道府県知事が行うこととされる事務に関し、必要な指示をすることができる。
• The Minister of METI may give necessary instructions to prefectural governors in relation to the duties they are to perform under this Act or pursuant to the provision of a Cabinet Order as prescribed by Article 78-4 hereof, in the event he/she finds it urgently necessary for the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters to do so.

• その後、その子・今川義元は、天文_(日本)22年（1552年）の分国法「今川仮名目録追加」において現在の今川領国の秩序維持を行っているのは足利将軍家ではなく今川氏そのものであることを理由に、幕府権力による守護使不入地を全面否定したのである。
• Thereafter, his son Yoshimoto IMAGAWA completely denied the shugoshi funyuchi specified by the bakufu authority in his bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) 'Imagawa Kana Mokuroku Tsuika' (expanding on house rules left by Ujichika), published in 1552, on the ground that those who maintain order in the present Imagawa territory are not the Ashikaga shogun family, but the Imagawa clan itself.

• もっとも、律令制が衰微したこの時代においても最低限の社会秩序の維持は模索されたことから、治安・司法分野においては法律の専門家である明法家に対する需要は存在し続け、以後も明法道から刑部省や弾正台、検非違使などの官人が送り込まれることとなった。
• Though the system under the ritsuryo legal codes declined, minimum social order was sought, which required Myoho experts as the specialists of law in the field of order and justice and government officials who had studied Myohodo were sent to the ministries such as Gyobusho, Danjodai, Kebiishi.

• 乱を起こした側としては、治安維持の任につく武芸の家の者としての勲功認定、待遇改善を目指す動きを条件闘争的にエスカレートさせていった結果として叛乱に至ってしまった面を持ち、また鎮圧側も、乱を鎮圧することでやはり自らの勲功認定、待遇改善を図った。
• The Samurai that fought with the rebels aimed to gain formal recognition for their profession and improve the living conditions for the samurai families that were responsible for maintaining security, while the Samurai who fought against the rebels were also fighting for recognition and better conditions.

• 特に、古くからの地域における首長層を再編した郡司層の首長権への精神面での服従構造と、経営の安定性を欠く零細百姓層の経営維持を保証する出挙は、本来古代日本とは異質な社会である唐代中国社会を成立背景とした律令制が、日本で成立する上で重要であった。
• In particular, the structure of mental obedience to the chieftaincy of Gunji (local magistrates), who used to be the chiefs of village community since ancient times, as well as suiko (a kind of official loan system), which was supposed to guarantee the sustainable management of small-hold peasants, were quite important for maintaining the Ritsuryo system in Japan since this system was originally created in the context of Chinese society of the Tang Dynasty, a quite different society from that of Japan.

• 熱供給事業者は、熱供給施設の工事、維持及び運用に関する保安を確保するため、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、保安規程を定め、事業（第二十一条第一項に規定する工事を伴うものにあつては、その工事）の開始前に、経済産業大臣に届け出なければならない。
• A heat supply operator shall, in order to ensure safety of the construction, maintenance and operation of the heat supply facilities, establish safety regulations pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and notify the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of the regulations before the commencement of the business (in the case of facilities requiring construction prescribed in Article 21, paragraph (1), before the commencement of the construction of the facilities).

• 見るためには観察力を、予測するためには推理力と判断力を、意志決定の材料を集めるためには行動力を、決断するには識別力を使わなければならないし、決断してしまうと、熟考された決断を維持するためには、確固たる意志と自己管理力を使わなくてはなりません。
• He must use observation to see, reasoning and judgment to foresee, activity to gather materials for decision, discrimination to decide, and when he has decided, firmness and self-control to hold to his deliberate decision.

• 一進会の設立当初、日本は一進会をそれほど評価してはいなかったが、一進会の設立後、宋秉畯は当時の日本の大佐、松石安治に対し書簡を送り、現状の高宗およびその官僚主導では大韓帝国の独立・維持は困難であると説明し、また京義線敷設の協力をも申し出ている。
• Japan initially wasn't putting a high estimation in Isshinkai, but after it was founded, Song Byung-joon sent a letter to Yasuharu MATSUISHI, a Japanese Colonel of the times, to explain that current regime led by Gao Zong and the bureaucracy couldn't bring independence and maintenance to Korean Empire, and he also offered a cooperation for the construction of Keigi Railroad.

• 第一種指定化学物質等取扱事業者は、毎年度、当該年度の前年度以前の各年度において第八条第一項の規定によりファイルに記録された対応化学物質分類名を維持する必要があるときは、主務省令で定めるところにより、主務大臣にその旨の請求を行わなければならない。
• When a Business Operator Handling a Class I Designated Chemical Substance, etc. needs to maintain the Name of the Corresponding Chemical Substance Category that was recorded in a file pursuant to the provisions of Article 8, paragraph 1 in any fiscal year preceding the current fiscal year, said business operator shall make a request to the competent minister to that effect pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Order every fiscal year.

• 計画弁済総額が、次のイからハまでに掲げる区分に応じ、それぞれイからハまでに定める額から再生債務者及びその扶養を受けるべき者の最低限度の生活を維持するために必要な一年分の費用の額を控除した額に二を乗じた額以上の額であると認めることができないとき。
• Where the total amount of payment based on the rehabilitation plan cannot be found to be not less than the amount obtained by multiplying by two the amount that remains after deducting, from the amount specified in (a) to (c) below for the cases listed in (a) to (c), respectively, the amount of expenses for one year necessary for maintaining the minimum standards of living for the rehabilitation debtor and persons eligible to receive his/her support.

• 留置業務管理者は、留置施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他の理由により必要があると認める場合には、その指名する職員に、未決拘禁者以外の被留置者の面会（弁護人等との面会を除く。）に立ち会わせ、又はその面会の状況を録音させ、若しくは録画させることができる。
• In cases where it is deemed necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the detention facility or for any other reasons, the detention services manager may have a designated staff member attend a visit (other than those visits by a defense counsel, etc.) for the detainees other than unsentenced person, or make a sound or video recording of it.

• この法律は、電気事業の運営を適正かつ合理的ならしめることによつて、電気の使用者の利益を保護し、及び電気事業の健全な発達を図るとともに、電気工作物の工事、維持及び運用を規制することによつて、公共の安全を確保し、及び環境の保全を図ることを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to protect the interests of electricity users and achieve the sound development of Electricity Businesses by realizing appropriate and reasonable management of Electricity Businesses, and to assure public safety and promote environmental preservation by regulating the construction, maintenance and operation of Electric Facilities.

• 孫の松田元輝の代になると宇喜多直家の力が強大になり、子の松田元賢に直家の娘と婚姻させ、姻戚関係を結ぶ、更には当時美作・備中への影響力が強かった尼子晴久が浦上氏を攻撃すべく備前へ侵攻してきた際には、尼子方に属するなどによって勢力の維持を図ろうとした。
• In the time of his grandson Mototeru MATSUDA, when Naoie UKITA increased his influences, he had his son Motokata MATSUDA marry a daughter of Naoie to ally, and further, he took sides with Haruhisa AMAGO, who had strong influence in Mimasaka and Bicchu at the time, advancing to Bizen to attack the Uragami clan, by which he tried to maintain his power.

• 市町村長等は、公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止のため緊急の必要があると認めるときは、製造所、貯蔵所又は取扱所の所有者、管理者又は占有者に対し、当該製造所、貯蔵所若しくは取扱所の使用を一時停止すべきことを命じ、又はその使用を制限することができる。
• When a municipal mayor, etc. finds that it is urgently necessary in order to maintain public safety or prevent the occurrence of disasters, he/she may order the owner, manager or possessor of a manufacturing facility, storage facility or handling facility to suspend temporarily the use of the manufacturing facility, storage facility or handling facility or may restrict the use of the facility.

• 生物の多様性の保全は、健全で恵み豊かな自然の維持が生物の多様性の保全に欠くことのできないものであることにかんがみ、野生生物の種の保存等が図られるとともに、多様な自然環境が地域の自然的社会的条件に応じて保全されることを旨として行われなければならない。
• Conservation of biodiversity shall be carried out for the purpose of ensuring that conservation of endangered wildlife species, etc. is aimed at and that the diversified natural environment is conserved according to the natural and social conditions of the region, taking into consideration that maintenance of sound and bountiful nature is indispensable for conservation of biodiversity.

• 前者の宣旨は平重盛へ東山・東海・山陽・南海諸道の治安警察権を委ねる内容であり、源頼朝による諸国の治安維持権を承認した建久2年（1191年）3月新制につながるものと評価されており、武家政権の性格を持つ平氏政権がこの宣旨によって成立したとする見方である。
• The first hypothesis considers that the Imperial order granted TAIRA no Shigemori the policing rights in Higashiyama, Tokai, Sanyo and various Nankai roads and is now considered to be related to the new system approved in March 1191 that allowed MINAMOTO no Yoritomo to hold the policing rights of various provinces, and this order established the Taira clan administration as having the characteristics of a warrior class administration.

• この説に対する反論としては「信長はイエズス会から資金提供を受けていた」という点に関し、当事の会の定収入は年2万クルザード程度であり、しかもその半分以上はインドに送金されており、そもそも会を維持運営するのにも事欠く有様であったことなどが挙げられている。
• As a refutation against this view on the point that 'Nobunaga had been receiving funds from the Society of Jesus,' it is pointed out that the constant income of the Society at that time was around 20,000 cruzados and that more than a half of it had been remitted to India and, therefore, the Society did not have sufficient fund for maintenance and operation.

• 鐘については、保延7年（1141年）に大和国（奈良県）の金峯山寺の鐘が勧進僧道寂の勧進によって作られており、国家管理の橋であった山城国（京都府）の宇治橋や近江国（滋賀県）瀬田の唐橋も、12世紀に入ると勧進によって管理・維持がなされるようになっている。
• Kinpusen-ji Temple's bell in Yamato Province (Nara Prefecture) was made in 1141 through the kanjin of a kanjin-so called Dojaku, and Uji-bashi Bridge in Yamashiro Province (Kyoto Prefecture) and Seta no karahashi Bridge in Omi Province (Shiga Prefecture) which were under Chotei (Imperial Court) control were repaired and maintained through kanjin in the twelfth century.

• その後、軍団が復活すると、健児は軍団の兵士として位置づけられ、10世紀ごろには、健児維持に用するための健児田が設定されたり、全国定員が約3600人（陸奥・出羽・佐渡にも置かれるようになったが、西海道には置かれなかった）とされていたことなどが判っている。
• It has been discovered that kondei soldiers were later included in the cohort system once the cohorts were revived, and subsequently, a special tax exemption system called kondei-den was established in order to maintain kondei, and approximately 3,600 kondei soldiers were deployed throughout the country (kondei were deployed in Mutsu, Dewa, and Sado Provinces as well, but not deployed in the Saikai-do Region) as a general rule in the tenth century.

• 政府は、この法律の施行後においても、新保険業法の規定による保険契約者等の保護のための特別の措置等に係る制度の実施状況、保険会社の経営の健全性の状況等にかんがみ必要があると認めるときは、保険業に対する信頼性の維持を図るために必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• Even after the enforcement of this Act, the government shall take the necessary measures for maintaining the credibility of the insurance business when the government deems it necessary in consideration of the status of the implementation of systems pertaining to special measures for protecting insurance policyholders and the soundness of the management of the insurance business pursuant to the provisions of the New Insurance Business Act.
• When the government finds it necessary by taking into consideration the state of implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc. under the provisions of the New Insurance Services Act, the state of soundness of management of Insurance Companies, and other relevant factors, it shall take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of Insurance Services even after this Act comes into effect.
• Subsequent to the enforcement of this Act, the government shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures to maintain the credibility of the insurance industry, taking into consideration the status of implementation of the system pertaining to special measures, etc. for the protection of policyholders, etc. under the Current Insurance Business Act and the condition of soundness in management of Insurance companies, among other factors.
• When the government finds it necessary, even after the enforcement of this Act, by taking into consideration the state of implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc. pursuant to the provisions of the New Insurance Business Act, the state of soundness of management of insurance corporations, etc., it shall take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of insurance business.
• When the government finds it necessary, even after the enforcement of this Act, by taking into consideration the status of the implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc. pursuant to the provisions of the Insurance Business Act, the status of the soundness of the management of insurance companies, etc., it shall take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of the insurance business.
• When the government finds it necessary by taking into consideration the state of implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc. under the provisions of the New Insurance Business Act, the state of soundness of management of Insurance Companies, and other relevant factors, it shall take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of Insurance Business even after this Act comes into effect.

• したがって、出家者が生存するためには身体を維持させるために最低限の食料を出家者以外から調達する必要があり、そうした状況下から、ふだん山地や森林で修行しその他の人々とは関わることが少ない出家者と、町村で生活している信者との間に托鉢による交流関係が発生した。
• Because of this, monks needed to supply the least amount of food required to maintain their bodies from believers other than the monks, and under such a situation, exchanges between monks, who are usually involved in ascetic practices in mountains and woods and do not relate much to other people, and believers who live in towns and villages were born.

• しかし国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は、自領のように扱いはじめた国衙領を増やすため、天皇の代替わりに際して「新政」として発布された荘園整理令を根拠とし依然として収公を進めることが多く、領家の権威だけでは荘園の所有が維持できないケースが多く見られた。
• Meanwhile, being granted a more powerful authority due to the contract system of kokushi (provincial governors), kokushi often executed confiscation on grounds of the Manor Regulation Act issued as a 'new policy' when the Emperor changed in order to increase kokugaryo (territories governed by the provincial government office) as their own territories; therefore, there were many cases that the authority of ryoke was insufficient to maintain Shoen ownership.

• 刑事施設の長は、死刑確定者に対し、前項各号に掲げる信書以外の信書の発受について、その発受の相手方との交友関係の維持その他その発受を必要とする事情があり、かつ、その発受により刑事施設の規律及び秩序を害するおそれがないと認めるときは、これを許すことができる。
• The warden of the penal institution may permit an inmate sentenced to death to send or receive letters other than those listed in the preceding paragraph in cases where it is deemed that there is a circumstance where the sending or receiving is necessary for the maintenance of good relationship with the addressee, or for any other reasons, and if it is deemed that there is no risk of causing disruption of discipline and order in the penal institution.

• 留置業務管理者は、被留置者と弁護人等以外の者との面会に関し、内閣府令で定めるところにより、面会の相手方の人数、面会の場所、日及び時間帯、面会の時間及び回数その他面会の態様について、留置施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上必要な制限をすることができる。
• With respect to the visit to a detainee by a person other than a defense counsels, etc., the detention services manager may, pursuant to a Cabinet Office Ordinance, impose such restrictions necessary for either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the detention facility as to the number of visitors, the visiting site, date and time, duration and frequency of visits, and other conditions of visits.

• 財産税の賦課を受けてほとんどの者が資産の多くを失い、長く経済的な困窮に苦しんだ者がいる一方、資産の一部を確保して一定の生活レベルを維持できた者、事業を興して成功した者、皇室・旧華族・神道などに関係する職に就いたりして、社会の名士として活動を続けた者もいた。
• Most of them lost a large part of their assets in taxes and suffered financial difficulties for a long time; some, however, managed to keep hold of some of their assets and so were able to maintain their previous standard of living, others achieved success by starting their own business, while still others found employment in occupations related to the Imperial Family, the former nobility, or Shintoism. The fates of these former members of the Imperial Family varied thereafter.

• 鎌倉幕府において初めての成文法形式の武家法である御成敗式目が定められ、以後室町幕府の建武式目、戦国大名の分国法、江戸幕府の武家諸法度及び諸藩の藩法に継承され、武家政権における日本全国の支配及び地方政権における領国内の封建体制と地域秩序の維持の基本となった。
• The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was the first government to enforce the bukeho in the form of statutory law, the Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), which was inherited by the Kenmu Code enforced by Muromachi bakufu, the bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) enforced by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period, and the Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) as well as the hanpo (code for regional domains) enforced during the time of the Edo bakufu; the bukeho thus became the prototype of codes for the military government to control the nation and for the regional administrations to maintain the feudal system and the regional order within their domains.

• それでも惣領制は鎌倉時代にはともかくも維持されていたが、鎌倉幕府という重しが消滅し、建武政権が南北に分列し、更に天下三分の形勢となるに及んで、嫡子、庶子の分裂も見られるようになり、更には勝った側についた庶子・庶家（しょけ）が嫡流の宗家を凌駕する事態も訪れる。
• The soryo system was sustained during Kamakura period, but as heavy presence of Kamakura period disappeared, Kenmu government subdivided into south and north as well as the conflict began to rise between the legitimate child and illegitimate child as 天下三分 formed, and illegitimate child and branch family that was on the winning side started to surpassed the head family of the main line.

• 前項に規定する場合において、被収容者が、その子の養育に必要な物品について、自弁のものを使用し、若しくは摂取し、又はその子に使用させ、若しくは摂取させたい旨の申出をした場合には、刑事施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障がない限り、これを許すものとする。
• In the case prescribed in the preceding paragraph, if the inmate has requested to use or consume, or to have her child use or consume, self-supplied articles as the articles necessary for fostering the child, then the inmate shall be permitted to do so as long as it does not hinder either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the penal institution.

• 一般ガス事業者は、一般ガス事業（一般ガス事業者がガス導管事業又は大口ガス事業を行う場合にあつては、そのガス導管事業又は大口ガス事業を含む。以下この節において同じ。）の用に供するガス工作物を経済産業省令で定める技術上の基準に適合するように維持しなければならない。
• A General Gas Utility shall maintain Gas Facilities to be used for the General Gas Utility Business (including a Gas Pipeline Service Business and a Large-Volume Gas Business conducted by a General Gas Utility; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Section) to ensure that they conform to the technical standards established by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• この法律は、商法（明治三十二年法律第四十八号）、会社法（平成十七年法律第八十六号）その他の法律の規定により登記すべき事項を公示するための登記に関する制度について定めることにより、商号、会社等に係る信用の維持を図り、かつ、取引の安全と円滑に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to maintain the credibility of trade names, companies, etc. by establishing a registration system so as to notify the public of the matters to be registered pursuant to the provisions of the Commercial Code (Act No. 48 of 1899), the Companies Act (Act No. 86 of 2005) or any other Act, as well as to contribute to the safe and smooth conduct of transactions.

• この法律は、ガス事業の運営を調整することによつて、ガスの使用者の利益を保護し、及びガス事業の健全な発達を図るとともに、ガス工作物の工事、維持及び運用並びにガス用品の製造及び販売を規制することによつて、公共の安全を確保し、あわせて公害の防止を図ることを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to protect the interests of gas users and achieve the sound development of Gas Businesses by coordinating the operation of Gas Businesses, and to ensure public safety and prevent pollution by regulating the construction, maintenance and operation of Gas Facilities as well as the manufacture and sale of Gas Equipment.

• また、自分の政権維持のために、平家や木曾義仲ら武士勢力を利用しては、その存在が邪魔になると討伐という形で使い捨てを続けた事から、源頼朝からは「日本国第一の大天狗」と評された（ただし、近年この大天狗の表現は、院近臣の高階泰経を指したのではないかとする説も出ている）。
• Also he was called by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the 'No.1 Tengu (Mountain spirit) in Japan' which means the most boisterous person in Japan, since he used the Samurai forces, such as the Taira clan or Yoshinaka KISO, to keep his political authority and killed them when they were no longer needed, in another words he used and discarded people. (however recently there is another theory that this expression about Tengu is considered to be describing his close aide, TAKASHINA no Yasutsune.)

• ところが蓮如の最後の妻でその死後も石山御坊に在住していた蓮能は畠山氏出身で、また摂津・河内の門徒達もその関係により長年畠山氏と友好的な関係を維持してきたためにこの決定に不満を抱き、蓮能の長子で石山御坊の住持であった蓮如の9男で17歳の実賢を擁立して法主交替を求めた。
• However, since Renno, the last wife of Rennyo, who kept living in Ishiyama Gobo after Rennyo's death, was from the Hatakeyama clan and also since the followers in Settsu and Kawachi had long kept a friendly relationship with the Hatakeyama clan for that reason, they were dissatisfied with the decision and asked to change hoshu by backing up Jitsugen at 17, who was the 1st son of Renno, the 9th son of Rennyo and a chief priest of Ishiyama Gobo.

• このような批判がなされる背景には、日本仏教における伝統宗派の多くは、1970年代以降「下からの近代化」を目指す動きの中で試行錯誤しながら教団体質の民主化を進めてきたのと対照的に、日蓮正宗は伝統的に管長一人に権力をより集中させており中央集権制を維持していることが挙げられる。
• There is a background for criticism of the above, on the contrary to many traditional religious schools in Japanese Buddhism who tried to democratize the nature of the religious group by going through trial and error in the movement of 'modernization from the base' after the 1970's, however, Nichiren Shoshu Sect has a tendency to traditionally focus political power on one person, kancho, and maintains the centralization of power.

• 留置業務管理者は、被留置者が次に掲げる行為（第二百八条第一項において「反則行為」という。）を行った場合において、留置施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要があるときは、第百八十七条第三号に掲げる物品について、三日を超えない期間に限り、自弁のものの摂取を許さないことができる。
• Upon such acts of a detainee that are set forth under the following items (referred to as 'disciplinary offence' in paragraph (1) of Article 208), the detention services manager may, if it is necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the detention facility may opt not to allow the consumption of the objects set out under paragraph (3) of Article 187 for the period not exceeding three days.

• 刑事施設の長は、死刑確定者に対し、前項各号に掲げる者以外の者から面会の申出があった場合において、その者との交友関係の維持その他面会することを必要とする事情があり、かつ、面会により刑事施設の規律及び秩序を害する結果を生ずるおそれがないと認めるときは、これを許すことができる。
• In cases where a person other than those listed in the items of the preceding paragraph requests to visit an inmate sentenced to death, if it is deemed that there is a circumstance where the visit is necessary for the maintenance of good relationship with the person or for any other reasons, and if it is deemed that there is no risk of causing disruption of discipline and order in the penal institution, then the warden of the penal institution may permit the inmate sentenced to death to receive the visit.

• 海上保安留置業務管理者は、海上保安留置施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他の理由により必要があると認める場合には、海上保安留置担当官に、未決拘禁者以外の海上保安被留置者の面会（弁護人等との面会を除く。）に立ち会わせ、又はその面会の状況を録音させ、若しくは録画させることができる。
• In cases where it is deemed necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the coast guard detention facility or for any other reasons, the coast guard detention services manager may have a coast guard detention officer attend a visit (other than those visits by a defense counsel, etc.) for the coast guard detainees other than unsentenced person, or make a sound or video recording of it.

• 一般ガス事業者は、一般ガス事業の用に供するガス工作物の工事、維持及び運用に関する保安を確保するため、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、保安規程を定め、事業（第三十六条の二の二第一項の自主検査を伴うものにあつては、その工事）の開始前に、経済産業大臣に届け出なければならない。
• A General Gas Utility shall, in order to ensure safety of the construction, maintenance and operation of the Gas Facilities to be used for the General Gas Utility Business, establish safety regulations pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and notify the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of the regulations before the commencement of the business (in the case of facilities requiring self-inspection set forth in Article 36-2-2, paragraph 1, before the commencement of the construction of the facilities).

• 前項第二号及び第五号に掲げる 事項は、最大持続生産量を実現することができる水準に指定海洋生物資源を維持し又は回復させることを目的として、同項第一号に掲げる事項及び他の海洋生物 資源との関係等を基礎とし、指定海洋生物資源に係る漁業の経営その他の事情を勘案して定めるものとする。
• The matters under items (ii) and (v) of the preceding paragraph shall be decided based on the matter stated in item (i) of the same paragraph, the relationship thereof to other living marine resources, etc., for the purpose of maintaining or restoring designated living marine resource levels that allow maximum sustainable production to be realized, in consideration of fishery management pertaining to the designated living marine resources and other circumstances.

• 前項第三号及び第八号に掲げる 事項は、最大持続生産量を実現することができる水準に特定海洋生物資源を維持し又は回復させることを目的として、同項第二号に掲げる事項及び他の海洋生物 資源との関係等を基礎とし、特定海洋生物資源に係る漁業の経営その他の事情を勘案して定めるものとする。
• The matters set forth in items (iii) and (viii) of the preceding paragraph shall be decided based on matters under item (ii) of the same paragraph and the relationship thereof to other living marine resources, etc., for the purpose of maintaining or restoring specified living marine resources levels that allow for maximum sustainable production to be realized, in consideration of fishery management pertaining to the specified living marine resources and other circumstances.

• 一般ガス事業者は、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、ガス主任技術者免状の交付を受けている者であつて、経済産業省令で定める実務の経験を有するもののうちから、ガス主任技術者を選任し、一般ガス事業の用に供するガス工作物の工事、維持及び運用に関する保安の監督をさせなければならない。
• A General Gas Utility shall, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, appoint one or more chief gas engineers from among persons who have a chief gas engineer's license and have work experience specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, in order to cause them to supervise the safety of the construction, maintenance, and operation of the Gas Facilities to be used for the General Gas Utility Business.

• 明治時代に単一の宗派を形成したこともあったが、その後分裂や日蓮宗との合同などをへて、現在、富士門流の主要本山8ヶ寺のうち、5ヶ寺は日蓮正宗をはじめいくつかの独立した宗派を形成、3ヶ寺は、組織上は日蓮宗に所属しつつ、教義面では、この門流の伝統の勝劣派・日蓮本仏論を維持している。
• They once formed a unified sect in the Meiji period, and after that, going through splits and uniting with the Nichiren Sect, from 8 major honzan temples of Fujimon School, 5 of them formed an independent sect, starting with Nichiren Sho Sect, and 3 of them, belonging to the Nichiren Sect as an organization, kept Nichiren Honbutsu Ron (a creed which regard Nichiren as the principal image) of Shoretsu School, which is a tradition in this monryu (lineage).

• 公正取引委員会 は、経済事情の変化その他の事由により、排除措置命令又は第六十五条若しくは第六十七条第一項の規定による審決を維持することが不適当であると認めるとき は、審決でこれを取り消し、又は変更することができる。ただし、被審人の利益を害することとなる場合は、この限りでない。
• The Fair Trade Commission may, where it finds that maintenance of a cease and desist order or a decision pursuant to the provisions of Article 65 or paragraph 1 of Article 67 is inappropriate due to changes in economic conditions or other reasons, rescind or modify it by a decision; provided, however, that this shall not apply if such action may result in harm to the interests of the respondent.

• 経済産業大臣は、公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止のため緊急の必要があると認めるときは、一般ガス事業者に対し、そのガス工作物を移転し、若しくはその使用を一時停止すべきことを命じ、若しくはその使用を制限し、又はそのガス工作物内におけるガスを廃棄すべきことを命ずることができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, when he/she finds it urgently necessary in order to maintain public safety or prevent the occurrence of a disaster, order a General Gas Utility to relocate its Gas Facilities or suspend the use of them, restrict the General Gas Utility from using them, or order the General Gas Utility to dispose of the gas contained in the Gas Facilities.

• 東映は1960年代後半から映画の斜陽化が顕著になると、ヤクザもの映画で観客動員を保つ一方で、時代劇が斜陽になったことからに京都撮影所のオープンセットの維持を画して、その一部を新設子会社の「（株）東映京都スタジオ」に移管し、東映太秦映画村として1975年11月1日に開村・公開した。
• In the late 1960s, when the downturn of the movie industry was obvious and samurai movies were already losing popularity, Toei, with its yakuza movies (Japanese gang movies) barely drawing fans, attempted to preserve its outdoor studio sets in Kyoto by transferring part of them to the newly established affiliate company 'Toei Kyoto Studio Co., Ltd.,' which called itself Toei Movie Land and opened to the public on November 1, 1975.

• ものづくり事業者は、その事業を行うに当たっては、ものづくり基盤技術に関する自主的な研究開発の実施によるほか、ものづくり基盤技術に関する能力の適正な評価、職場環境の整備改善その他ものづくり労働者の労働条件の改善を通じて、ものづくり基盤技術の水準の維持及び向上に努めなければならない。
• A manufacturing business operator shall, when carrying out business, endeavor to maintain and improve the level of core manufacturing technology through the voluntary implementation of research and development concerning core manufacturing technology as well as the appropriate evaluation of abilities related to core manufacturing technology, maintenance and improvement of the working environment, or any other improvements in the working conditions of manufacturing workers.

• 「思想取締りの秘密警察は現在なお活動を続けており、反皇室的宣伝を行う共産主義者は容赦なく逮捕する。……さらに共産党員であるものは拘禁を続ける……政府形体の変革、とくに天皇制廃止を主張するものは、すべて共産主義者と考え、治安維持法によって逮捕する」 内務大臣山崎巌、1945年10月。
• The secret police to control public opinions are steel active and we will arrest the communists who advocate the anti-imperial family movement mercilessly; also we will keep the communists locked up; anyone who insists on the transformation of the current political system or abolition of the Tennosei are to be considered as communists and will be arrested under the Public Peace Preservation Act.' October 1945, the Minister of Home Affairs Iwao YAMAZAKI

• 経済産業大臣は、公共の 安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止のため必要があると認めるときは、指定完成検査機関、指定輸入検査機関、指定保安検査機関、指定容器検査機関、指定特定設 備検査機関、指定設備認定機関又は検査組織等調査機関に対し、その業務又は経理の状況に関し報告をさせることができる。
• When the Minister of METI finds it necessary for the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters, he/she may demand a report on the business or accounting from any Designated Completion Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Import Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Safety Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Container Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Conformity Inspection Body for Designated Equipment or Designated Accreditation Agency for Specified Equipment or Investigation Agency for Inspection Organization, etc.

• 第一項に規定する事業者 は、同項に規定する再販売価格を決定し、これを維持するための契約をしたときは、公正取引委員会規則の定めるところにより、その契約の成立の日から三十日 以内に、その旨を公正取引委員会に届け出なければならない。ただし、公正取引委員会規則の定める場合は、この限りでない。
• When an entrepreneur as prescribed in paragraph 1 has entered into a contract which fixes and maintains the resale price as prescribed in the said paragraph, the entrepreneur shall, pursuant to the provisions of the Rules of the Fair Trade Commission, notify the Fair Trade Commission thereof within thirty days from the date of the contract; provided, however, that this shall not apply if the Rules of the Fair Trade Commission stipulates otherwise.

• 前項の規定は、同項第一号に掲げる基準に適合するように負担金の算定方法を定めることとした場合には、これによる負担金の納付によつて会員である金融商品取引業者の経営の健全性が維持されなくなるときにおいて、当該基準に適合しない負担金の算定方法を一時的に定めることを妨げるものと解してはならない。
• The provision of the preceding paragraph shall not be construed as precluding temporarily specifying a method of calculation of a Burden Charge that does not conform to said criteria when the sound management of a Financial Instruments Business Operator which is a member will not be maintained due to the payment of a Burden Charge if the method of calculation of a Burden Charge is to be specified so as to conform to the criterion specified in item (i) of said paragraph.

• - 寺社の造営、修繕や維持管理を目的としたもので、具体的には参道や境内、門前町において祭りや縁日を開催し、出店者から売り上げの一部を、場所代として提供してもらう事や、宝くじの元となった富くじの収益や、庶民が自ら行う賭博が合法であった時代には、賭博開帳の場所代としての寺銭などが挙げられる。
• Jisha fushin aimed to construct, repair and manage jisha (temples and shrines) and specifically, it included holding festivals or fairs along the sando (the road approaching a temple), inside the precincts, or in the temple town; they also collected a portion of the sales from street vendors as rent for their stalls, proceeds from tomikuji (lottery), precursor to today's takarakuji, and terasen (fee charged to a gambling salon) as rent from gambling halls in the days when gambling held by common people was legal.

• 所管行政庁は、前項の規定による報告があつた場合において、当該報告に係る事項が第七十三条第一項に規定する判断の基準となるべき事項に照らして著しく不十分であると認めるときは、当該報告をした者に対し、その判断の根拠を示して、エネルギーの効率的利用に資する維持保全をすべき旨の勧告をすることができる。
• Upon receiving a report made under the preceding paragraph, the administrative agency with jurisdiction shall, when it finds that the matters pertaining to the report are significantly insufficient in light of the standards of judgment prescribed in Article 73, paragraph (1), recommend the person who has made the report to take maintenance measures that will contribute to the efficient utilization of energy, while presenting the grounds for its judgment.

• 刑務官は、刑事施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要がある場合には、刑事施設内において、被収容者以外の者（弁護人又は刑事訴訟法第三十九条第一項に規定する弁護人となろうとする者（以下「弁護人等」という。）を除く。）の着衣及び携帯品を検査し、並びにその者の携帯品を取り上げて一時保管することができる。
• A prison officer may, if necessary to maintain discipline and order in the penal institution, search clothes and personal effects, inside the penal institution, of a person other than an inmate (except for defense counsels or prospective defense counsels prescribed in paragraph (1) under Article 39 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; hereinafter referred to as 'defense counsel, etc.'), and deprive of any of the person's personal effects and temporarily take custody thereof.

• 学校教育法に基づく高等学校若しくは中等教育学校又は旧中等学校令（昭和十八年勅令第三十六号）に基づく実業学校において化学、機械工学若しくは土木工学の課程又はこれらに相当する課程を修めて卒業した者であつて、ガス工作物の工事、維持及び運用又は検査に関する実務に通算して二年以上従事した経験を有するもの
• A person who graduated from a high school or secondary education school under the School Education Act or an industrial school under the old Secondary School Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 36 of 1943) after completing a course in chemistry, mechanical engineering or civil engineering or any other course similar thereto, and has experience of being engaged for at least two years in total in the services for construction, maintenance and operation or Inspection of Gas Facilities.

• 第二次世界大戦後には連合国軍最高司令官総司令部（GHQ）の指令に基づいて、皇室財産の国有化、皇族の財産に関する特権の停止などが決定され、敗戦後の窮乏した国家財政では従前の規模の皇室を維持できなくなったことから、秩父宮、高松宮、三笠宮の三直宮家を除く11宮家51人が皇族の身分を離れることとなった。
• After the World War Ⅱ, under the instruction of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers, it was decided to stop having privileges of nationalization for Imperial estates or Imperial family's belongings, because under the poor financial situation after having lost the War, it was not possible to manage the former scale of Imperial family, the eleven Miyake, fifty one members were to leave their position as members of the Imperial family excluding three direct Miyake, Chichibunomiya, Takamatsunomiya, and Mikasanomiya.

• 特許庁長官は、第八十三条第二項の規定により通常実施権を設定すべき旨 の裁定をした後に、裁定の理由の消滅その他の事由により当該裁定を維持することが適当でなくなつたとき、又は通常実施権の設定を受けた者が適当にその特許 発明の実施をしないときは、利害関係人の請求により又は職権で、裁定を取り消すことができる。
• After rendering an award to the effect that a non-exclusive license is to be granted under Article 83(2), where the enforcement of the award becomes inappropriate due to specific reason(s) including the case where the grounds for the award have ceased to exist, or where the person to whom the non-exclusive license was granted fails to properly work the patented invention, the Commissioner of the Patent Office may, upon request of an interested person or ex officio, rescind the award.

• 財務大臣は、この法律若しくはこの法律に基づく命令の規定の確実な実施を図るため必要があると認めるとき又は国際収支の均衡若しくは通貨の安定を維持するため特に必要があると認めるときは、貴金属を輸出し又は輸入しようとする居住者又は非居住者に対し、政令で定めるところにより、許可を受ける義務を課することができる。
• When the Minister of Finance finds it necessary for assured enforcement of provisions of this Act or orders based on this Act or when he/she finds it particularly necessary for maintaining equilibrium of the international balance of trade or stability of currency, he/she may impose, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, on a resident or a non-resident who intends to import or export precious metal, the obligation to obtain permission.

• この法律は、外国為替、外国貿易その他の対外取引が自由に行われることを基本とし、対外取引に対し必要最小限の管理又は調整を行うことにより、対外取引の正常な発展並びに我が国又は国際社会の平和及び安全の維持を期し、もつて国際収支の均衡及び通貨の安定を図るとともに我が国経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, on the basis of the freedom of foreign exchange, foreign trade and other foreign transactions, to enable proper expansion of foreign transactions and the maintenance of peace and security in Japan and in the international community through the minimum necessary control or coordination of foreign transactions, and thereby to ensure equilibrium of the international balance of trade and stability of currency as well as to contribute to the sound development of the Japanese economy.

• 関係市町村長は、第十一条第一項第四号の規定による都道府県知事又は総務大臣（以下この条において「知事等」という。）の許可に係る移送取扱所の設置若しくは維持又は当該移送取扱所における危険物の取扱いに関し災害が発生するおそれがあると認めるときは、当該知事等に対し、必要な措置を講ずべきことを要請することができる。
• When the relevant municipal mayor finds that there is a risk of a disaster occurring in relation to the establishment or maintenance of a handling facility for transfer for which permission has been granted under the provision of Article 11, paragraph (1), item (iv) by a prefectural governor or the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications (hereinafter referred to as 'prefectural governor, etc.' in this Article) or the handling of hazardous materials at such handling facility for transfer, he/she may request said prefectural governor, etc. to take necessary measures.

• 刑事施設の長は、受刑者以外の被収容者が、前項各号に掲げる物品及び寝具について自弁のものを使用し、又は摂取したい旨の申出をした場合には、刑事施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障を生ずるおそれがある場合並びに第十二節の規定により禁止される場合を除き、法務省令で定めるところにより、これを許すものとする。
• In cases where an inmate other than a sentenced person claims to use or consume such self-supplied articles as the articles listed in the items of the preceding paragraph and beddings, the warden of the penal institution shall, pursuant to a Ministry of Justice Ordinance, permit him/her to do so except where there is a risk of causing a hindrance to either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the penal institution or where it is prohibited pursuant to the provisions of Section 12.

• 古代（奈良時代、平安時代）から中世前期（鎌倉時代）における日本では、天皇を中心とした政治体制が維持されており、国家における天皇が政治を行っていた政府（御所）のことを意味することが多い（ただし、皇位から離れた天皇（太上天皇）が実質の政務を行う院政も「天皇家の当主」を中心としていることでは差異はほとんどない）。
• In Japan, from the ancient times (the Nara Period, the Heian Period) to the early Middle Ages (the Kamakura Period), the political system centered on an emperor was kept, and the Imperial court often means the government (gosho, or the Imperial Palace) in which an emperor carried out politics (however, the Imperial court was similar to Cloister government in wich Daijo Tenno, a retired Emperor, carried out politics).

• 経済産業大臣は、ガス主任技術者がこの法律若しくはこの法律に基づく命令若しくはこれらに基づく処分に違反したとき、又はその者にその職務を行なわせることが一般ガス事業の用に供するガス工作物の工事、維持及び運用に関する保安に支障を及ぼすと認めるときは、一般ガス事業者に対し、ガス主任技術者の解任を命ずることができる。
• Where a chief gas engineer has violated this Act or any order issued under this Act or any disposition made thereunder, or it seems that it would adversely affect the safety of the construction, maintenance and operation of Gas Facilities used for the General Gas Utility Business to cause the chief gas engineer to perform his/her duties, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may order the General Gas Utility to dismiss the chief gas engineer.

• 商品取引員が、他の法人の総株主等（令第七条第一項第三号に規定する総株主等をいう。）の議決権（令第七条第一項第三号に規定する議決権をいう。）の百分の十以上百分の五十以下に相当する議決権を保有し、かつ、その法人の事業活動の主要部分について継続的で緊密な関係を維持するその法人に対する関係（前号に掲げるものを除く。）
• a relationship with another such juridical person (excluding the relationship listed in the preceding item) when a Futures Commission Merchant possesses no fewer than 10 percent and no more than 50 percent of the Voting Rights (which means a voting right prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1), item (iii) of the Order) of All Shareholders, etc. (which means all shareholders, etc., prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1), item (iii) of the Order) of another juridical person, and maintains a continuing and close relationship in key portions of such juridical person's business activity.

• 都道府県知事は、第一種 製造者又はその従業者が危害予防規程を守つていない場合において、公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止のため必要があると認めるときは、第一種製造者に 対し、当該危害予防規程を守るべきこと又はその従業者に当該危害予防規程を守らせるため必要な措置をとるべきことを命じ、又は勧告することができる。
• In the event a Class 1 Producer or his/her employees do not observe the Hazard Prevention Rule, the prefectural governor may order or recommend the Class 1 Producer to observe the Hazard Prevention Rule or to take necessary measures to make his/her employees observe the Hazard Prevention Rule when the prefectural governor finds such measures necessary for the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters.

• 国は、海に囲まれ、かつ、主要な資源の大部分を輸入に依存する我が国の経済社会にとって、海洋資源の開発及び利用、海上輸送等の安全が確保され、並びに海洋における秩序が維持されることが不可欠であることにかんがみ、海洋について、我が国の平和及び安全の確保並びに海上の安全及び治安の確保のために必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State, in consideration of the fact that, for the economy and society of our State, surrounded by the oceans and dependent on import for major portion of the resources, it is essential to secure the development and use of the marine resources, the safety of the maritime transport and others as well as to maintain the order in the oceans, with regard to the oceans, shall take necessary measures to secure the peace and safety of our State as well as to secure the maritime safety and public order.

• 留置業務管理者は、被留置者が反則行為を行った場合において、留置施設の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要があるときは、内閣府令で定める自弁の書籍等（被告人若しくは被疑者としての権利の保護又は訴訟の準備その他の権利の保護に必要と認められるものを除く。）について、三日を超えない期間に限り、その閲覧を許さないことができる。
• Upon disciplinary offence of a detainee, the detention services manager may, if it is necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the detention facility, may opt not to allow the access to the self-supplied books, etc. set out under a Cabinet Office Ordinance (except those deemed necessary for the protection of the rights of defendant or suspect, or for the protection of rights such as to make arrangements for a lawsuit) for the period not exceeding three days.

• 捕虜収容所長の指定する自衛官は、捕虜収容所の規律及び秩序を維持するため必要があるときは、被収容者の身体、着衣、所持品及び居住区画を検査し、並びに被収容者の所持品を取り上げて一時保管することができる。ただし、女性の被収容者の身体及び着衣を検査する場合には、捕虜収容所長の指定する女性の自衛官が行わなければならない。
• The Self-Defense Forces personnel designated by the prisoner of war camp commander may, if necessary to maintain discipline and order in the prisoner of war camp, search a detainee's body, clothes, personal belongings, and living quarters, and deprive of any of personal belongings of detainee, and temporarily take custody thereof; provided, however, the search of body and clothes of a female detainee shall be conducted by the female Self-Defense Forces personnel designated by the prisoner of war camp commander.

• 破産手続開始の時において破産財団に属する財産につき商法又は会社法の規定による留置権がある場合において、当該財産が第三十六条の規定により継続されている事業に必要なものであるとき、その他当該財産の回復が破産財団の価値の維持又は増加に資するときは、破産管財人は、留置権者に対して、当該留置権の消滅を請求することができる。
• Where there exists any right of retention under the provisions of the Commercial Code or the Companies Act, at the time of commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, against property that belongs to the bankruptcy estate, if said property is necessary for the business continued pursuant to the provision of Article 36 or the recovery of the property otherwise contributes to maintaining or increasing the value of the bankruptcy estate, a bankruptcy trustee may make a demand to the holder of the right of retention that the right be extinguished.

• 刑事施設の長は、受刑者に対し、前項各号に掲げる者以外の者から面会の申出があった場合において、その者との交友関係の維持その他面会することを必要とする事情があり、かつ、面会により、刑事施設の規律及び秩序を害する結果を生じ、又は受刑者の矯正処遇の適切な実施に支障を生ずるおそれがないと認めるときは、これを許すことができる。
• In cases where a person other than those listed in the items of the preceding paragraph requests to visit a sentenced person, if it is deemed that there is a circumstance where the visit is necessary for the maintenance of good relationship with the person or for any other reasons, and if it is deemed that there is no risk of causing either disruption of discipline and order in the penal institution or hindrance to the adequate pursuance of correctional treatment for the sentenced person, then the warden of the penal institution may permit the sentenced person to receive the visit.

• 我が国の平和及び安全の維持のため特に必要があるときは、閣議において、対応措置（この項の規定による閣議決定に基づき主務大臣により行われる第十六条第一項、第二十一条第一項、第二十三条第四項、第二十四条第一項、第二十五条第四項、第四十八条第三項及び第五十二条の規定による措置をいう。）を講ずべきことを決定することができる。
• The cabinet meeting may decide to take countermeasures (meaning measures pursuant to the provisions of Article 16, paragraph 1, Article 21, paragraph 1, Article 23, paragraph 4, Article 24, paragraph 1, Article 25, paragraph 4, Article 48, paragraph 3, and Article 52, which are taken by the competent minister based on a cabinet decision pursuant to the provision of this paragraph) when it is particularly necessary in order to maintain peace and security in Japan.

• その背景として国衙や武士による寺社領の横領という問題もあったが、僧侶や神官によって信仰に付随して施設や儀式の維持とそのために必要な所領が相続継承されていく（僧侶の場合は師弟間の継承が神官の子弟間の相続に相当する）うちに私有化され、宗教とは関係のない私的目的に利用されたり、場合によっては勝手に他者に売却される場合もあった。
• The problem of embezzling of jisharyo (holdings of temples and shrines) by kokuga (imperial household officials or an estate manager) or bushi (samurai) was the background of the tendo -- But in some cases, as Buddhist monks and Shinto priests inherited the shoryo, which was necessary for maintenance of the facilities and support of the rituals, accompanying their religious belief (Buddhist monks inherited the shoryo from the master to the disciple, correspondingly to the case of the Shinto priests where they inherited the shoryo from father to children), they began to privatize the shoryo such that they could use the shoryo for private purposes, which had nothing to do with their religious activities, or that they sold the shoryo to the other person at their own discretion in the worst cases.

• 国は、基本理念にのっとり、国有林野の管理及び経営の事業について、国土の保全その他国有林野の有する公益的機能の維持増進を図るとともに、あわせて、林産物を持続的かつ計画的に供給し、及び国有林野の活用によりその所在する地域における産業の振興又は住民の福祉の向上に寄与することを旨として、その適切かつ効率的な運営を行うものとする。
• The national government is responsible for adequate and efficient management and operation of the national forest projects, pursuant to the basic principles, in order to contribute to the promotion of the industry or the welfare of the communities by enhancing the public interest and the roles of national lands and forests, providing forest products continually and systematically, and utilizing the national forests.

• 国は、良好な営農条件を備えた農地及び農業用水を確保し、これらの有効利用を図ることにより、農業の生産性の向上を促進するため、地域の特性に応じて、環境との調和に配慮しつつ、事業の効率的な実施を旨として、農地の区画の拡大、水田の汎用化、農業用用排水施設の機能の維持増進その他の農業生産の基盤の整備に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for agricultural production base including farmland partition enlargement, creation of multipurpose paddy fields, maintenance of better functions of irrigation and drainage facilities, according to the regional characteristics, in consideration of harmony with the environment, and with the view of efficient operation, in order to encourage the improvement of agricultural productivity by securing farmland with good farming conditions and agricultural water facilities and promotion of their effective use.

• 政府は、この法律の施行後三年以内に、保険契約者等の保護のための特別の措置等に係る制度等の実施状況、保険会社の経営の健全性の状況等を勘案し、この法律による改正後の保険契約者等の保護のための制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて保険業に対する信頼性の維持を図るために必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The government shall review the system for the protection of policyholders, etc. after the revision by this Act, within three years from the enforcement of this Act, by taking into account the status of the implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc., the status of the soundness of the management of insurance companies, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of the insurance business based on the results of the review.

• 主務大臣は、前項 の規定により学識経験者から聴取した意見の内容及び基本的事項に照らし、第一項の承認の申請に係る第一種使用規程に従って第一種使用等をする場合に野生動 植物の種又は個体群の維持に支障を及ぼすおそれがある影響その他の生物多様性影響が生ずるおそれがないと認めるときは、当該第一種使用規程の承認をしなけ ればならない。
• The competent minister must, when recognizing that no adverse effect that could pose an unacceptable risk of impairment to the preservation of species or populations of wild fauna or flora or any other Adverse Effect on Biological Diversity could arise when making Type 1 Use in accordance with the Type 1 Use Regulations pertaining to an application for approval in paragraph (1), give approval for said Type 1 Use Regulations, taking account of the content of consultation with Experts under the provisions of the preceding paragraph and the Basic Matters.

• 特定事業者は、環境影響評価法第三十八条第一項　の規定によ り、環境の保全についての適正な配慮をしてその特定対象事業を実施するとともに、第四十六条の十七第二項の規定による通知に係る評価書に記載されていると ころにより、環境の保全についての適正な配慮をしてその特定対象事業に係る事業用電気工作物を維持し、及び運用しなければならない。
• A Specific Proponent shall implement a Specific Relevant Project while giving due consideration to environmental preservation pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 1 of the Environmental Impact Assessment Act, and shall maintain and operate the Electric Facilities for Business Use pertaining to the Specific Relevant Project while giving due consideration to environmental preservation based on the content of the EIS to which the notification given under Article 46-17, paragraph 2 pertained.

• 主務大臣は、 第一項の規定により登録事務を行う協会に所属する商品取引員の登録外務員が第二百四条第一項第一号又は第二号に該当するにもかかわらず、当該協会が同項に 規定する措置をしない場合において、商品市場における秩序を維持し、又は委託者を保護するため必要かつ適当であると認めるときは、同項に規定する措置をすることを命ずることができる。
• When an Association which processes Registration Affairs pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) fails to take a measure under Article 204, paragraph (1) regardless of the fact that that a Registered Sales Representative of a Futures Commission Merchant which belongs to said Association falls under item (i) or item (ii) of the same paragraph, if the competent minister finds it necessary and appropriate for maintaining order on the Commodity Market or for protecting customers, he/she may order the Association to take such measure under the same paragraph.

• 特定規模電気事業者は、自らが維持し、及び運用する電線路を介して 特定規模電気事業を行おうとするときは、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、その電線路ごとに、その電線路及びその電線路を介して電気を供給する場所（以 下この条において「供給場所」という。）に関する事項であつて経済産業省令で定めるものを経済産業大臣に届け出なければならない。
• A Specified-Scale Electricity Utility shall, when conducting a Specified-Scale Electricity Business via the electric lines that the Specified-Scale Electricity Utility independently maintains and operates, notify the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, of the matters concerning each electric line and the place where electricity is to be supplied via the electric line (hereinafter referred to as 'Place of Supply' in this Article), which are specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 特定事業者は、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、第十四条第一項の中長期的な計画の作成事務、その設置している工場等におけるエネルギーの使用の合理化に関し、エネルギーを消費する設備の維持、エネルギーの使用の方法の改善及び監視その他経済産業省令で定める業務を統括管理する者（以下「エネルギー管理統括者」という。）を選任しなければならない。
• Pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, a specified business operator shall, with regard to preparation affairs of medium- and- long-term plans prescribed in Article 14, paragraph (1) and the rational use of energy in its factories, etc., appoint a person who supervises and manages the maintenance of energy-consuming facilities, the improvement and supervision of methods for using energy, and other affairs specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (hereinafter referred to as an 'energy management control officer')

• 学校教育法に基づく短期大学若しくは高等専門学校又は旧専門学校令（明治三 十六年勅令第六十一号）に基づく専門学校において電気工学、土木工学、機械工学若しくは経営工学の課程又はこれらに相当する課程を修めて卒業した者であつ て、電気工作物の工事、維持若しくは運用に関する実務又は安全管理審査に関する実務に通算して四年以上従事した経験を有するもの
• A person who graduated from a junior college or college of technology under the School Education Act or a vocational training school under the old Vocational Training School Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 61 of 1903) after completing a course in electric engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering or management engineering or any other course similar thereto, and who has been engaged for at least four years in total in the services for construction, maintenance or operation of Electric Facilities or the services for Safety Management Examinations.

• この法律において「持続可能な利用」とは、現在及び将来の世代の人間が生物の多様性の恵沢を享受するとともに人類の存続の基盤である生物の多様性が将来にわたって維持されるよう、生物その他の生物の多様性の構成要素及び生物の多様性の恵沢の長期的な減少をもたらさない方法（以下「持続可能な方法」という。）により生物の多様性の構成要素を利用することをいう。
• The term 'sustainable use' as used in this Act shall mean using the components of biodiversity by a method that does not cause long-term decrease in organisms and other components of biodiversity and benefits from biodiversity (hereinafter referred to as 'sustainable method') to ensure that current and future-generation human beings can enjoy benefits from biodiversity and that biodiversity, which is a basis of the survival of human beings, will be maintained in the future.

• 商品取引員が、他の法人の総株主等（令第七条第一項第三号に規定する総株主等をいう。）の議決権（令第七条第一項第三号に規定する議決権をいう。以下この号及び次号において同じ。）の百分の十以上二分の一未満に相当する議決権を保有し、かつ、その法人の事業活動の主要部分について継続的で緊密な関係を維持するその法人に対する関係（前号に掲げるものを除く。）
• when a Futures Commission Merchant holds no fewer than 10 percent and no more than 50 percent of the Voting Rights (which means a Voting Right prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1), item (iii) of the Order; hereinafter the same shall apply in this item and the following item) of All Shareholders, etc. (which means All Shareholders, etc. prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (1), item (iii) of the Order) of another juridical person, and maintains a continuing and close relationship in key portions of such juridical person's business activity, a relationship with another such juridical person (excluding the relationship listed in the preceding item);

• 日本銀行がこの法律の施行の際現に旧法第二十五条の規定による主務大臣の認可を受けている業務のうち、新法第三十八条第一項に規定する信用秩序の維持のために必要と認められる業務（新法第三十三条第一項に規定する業務を除く。）に該当するものがある場合には、当該業務については、施行日に新法第三十八条第一項の規定による大蔵大臣の要請があったものとみなす。
• Where any business for which the Bank of Japan has obtained authorization from the competent minister as prescribed in Article 25 of the Former Act prior to the enforcement of this Act falls under the business deemed to be necessary for the maintenance of stability of the financial system pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 1 of the New Act (excluding the business prescribed in Article 33, paragraph 1 of the New Act), it shall be deemed that there has been a request from the Minister of Finance regarding the said business pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 1 of the New Act as on the day of enforcement.

• 国土交通大臣は、住宅について第七十二条に規定する措置の適確な実施を確保するため必要があると認めるときは、前条第一項に規定する判断の基準となるべき事項に準拠して、住宅の外壁、窓等を通しての熱の損失の防止及び住宅に設ける空気調和設備等に係るエネルギーの効率的利用について住宅の設計、施工及び維持保全に関する指針を定め、これを公表するものとする。
• The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism shall, when he/she finds it necessary in order to ensure the proper implementation of the measures prescribed in Article 72 with respect to residences, establish guidelines for the designing, construction and maintenance of residences, in accordance with the standards of judgment prescribed in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, with regard to the prevention of heat loss through exterior walls, windows, etc. of residences and the efficient utilization of energy for air conditioning systems, etc. installed in residences, and publicize the guidelines.

• 大日本帝国憲法第5条 天皇は帝国議会の協賛を以て立法権を行ふ、大日本帝国憲法第64条 第1項 国家の歳出歳入は毎年予算を以て帝国議会の協賛を経へしにより、軍の編成･維持のための予算は議会が決定する物であるが、統帥部は、軍事に関する情報を内閣に通さず天皇に報告（帷幄上奏）できたため、国務大臣（内閣）が関わる必要がないと言う考えが大勢を占めた。
• The constitution of the Empire of Japan the Article 5 said that the Emperor acts the legislative power with a support of Imperial Diet, and the Article 64, Provision 1 said that the state annual expenditure and revenue was committed by a support of Imperial Diet with annual budget, so that the budget for the organization and maintenance of the army should have been decided by Imperial Diet, however, as Supreme Command Staff could make comments on military affairs to the Emperor with full responsibility of the results without confirmation of the Cabinet, (Iaku-joso) the idea that the Minister of State (Cabinet) would not be necessary for the process occupied in general.

• 外国漁船の船長は、前条の規定にかかわらず、特定漁獲物等（外国漁船によるその本邦への陸揚げ等によつて我が国漁業の正常な秩序の維持に支障が生じ又は生ずるおそれがあると認められる漁獲物等で政令で定めるものをいう。以下第六条第五項において同じ。）を本邦に陸揚げし、又は他の船舶に転載することを目的として、当該外国漁船を本邦の港に寄港させてはならない。
• Captains of foreign fishing vessels shall not, notwithstanding the provision of the preceding article, have the said foreign fishing vessels call the Japanese ports for the purpose of landing to Japan or transshipping to other vessels, of the 'specified catches' which means, as provided by Cabinet Ordinance, those catches that have or likely to have a risk of harm to preservation of normal order of Japanese fishery by the landing to the Japanese ports. The same shall apply to paragraph 5 of Article 6.

• 施設若しくは設備の設置、維持若しくは管理又は物の製造、販売その他の取扱いについて遵守すべき事項が法令において技術的な基準をもって明確にされている場合において、専ら当該基準が充足されていないことを理由として当該基準に従うべきことを命ずる不利益処分であってその不充足の事実が計測、実験その他客観的な認定方法によって確認されたものをしようとするとき。
• where laws and regulations clearly provide for, with technical standards, the matters to be complied with concerning the establishment, maintenance or management of facilities or equipment, or concerning the manufacturing, sale or other handling of goods and when rendering Adverse Dispositions ordering to comply with such standards, solely based upon the fact of non-compliance with such standards, which fact has been confirmed by measurement, experimentation, or some other objective method for the determination;

• この法律において「不当 な取引制限」とは、事業者が、契約、協定その他何らの名義をもつてするかを問わず、他の事業者と共同して対価を決定し、維持し、若しくは引き上げ、又は数 量、技術、製品、設備若しくは取引の相手方を制限する等相互にその事業活動を拘束し、又は遂行することにより、公共の利益に反して、一定の取引分野におけ る競争を実質的に制限することをいう。
• The term 'unreasonable restraint of trade' as used in this Act means such business activities, by which any entrepreneur, by contract, agreement or any other means irrespective of its name, in concert with other entrepreneurs, mutually restrict or conduct their business activities in such a manner as to fix, maintain, or increase prices, or to limit production, technology, products, facilities, or counterparties, thereby causing, contrary to the public interest, a substantial restraint of competition in any particular field of trade.

• 経済産業大臣は、公共の 安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止のため必要があると認めるときは、その職員に、指定完成検査機関、指定輸入検査機関、指定保安検査機関、指定容器検査機 関、指定特定設備検査機関、指定設備認定機関又は検査組織等調査機関の事務所又は事業所に立ち入り、業務の状況若しくは帳簿書類その他必要な物件を検査さ せ、又は関係者に質問させることができる。
• When the Minister of METI finds it necessary for the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters, he may send his/her staff to enter any office or place of business of any Designated Completion Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Import Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Safety Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Container Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Conformity Inspection Body for Designated Equipment, Designated Accreditation Agency for Specified Equipment or Investigation Agency for Inspection Organization, etc., and cause such staff to inspect the state of business, books, records and other necessary articles or question the persons concerned.

• 学校教育法（昭和二十二年法律第二十六号）に基づく大学（短期大学を除 く。）又は旧大学令（大正七年勅令第三百八十八号）に基づく大学において電気工学、土木工学、機械工学若しくは経営工学の課程又はこれらに相当する課程を 修めて卒業した者であつて、電気工作物の工事、維持若しくは運用に関する実務又は安全管理審査に関する実務に通算して二年以上従事した経験を有するもの
• A person who graduated from a university (excluding junior college) under the School Education Act (Act No. 26 of 1947) or a university under the old University Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 388 of 1918) after completing a course in electric engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering or management engineering or any other course similar thereto, and has experience of being engaged for at least two years in total in the services for construction, maintenance or operation of Electric Facilities or the services for Safety Management Examinations.

• だが、当時はまだこの状態を常に維持するための政治的組織や財政的・軍事的裏付けが不十分であり、平安時代中期には幼く短命な天皇が多く十分な指導力を発揮するための若さと健康を保持した上皇が絶えて久しかったために、父系によるこの仕組みは衰退し、代わりに母系にあたる天皇の外祖父の地位を占めた藤原北家が天皇の職務・権利を代理・代行する摂関政治が隆盛していくことになる。
• However, the political structure and financial/military support at that time were insufficient to maintain such a situation, and because many Emperors were young and short-lived in the middle of the Heian period, there was no Joko with the energy and health needed to exercise sufficient authority; consequently, this structure by which authority was exercised by the Emperor's father gradually declined and was eventually replaced by a system called Sekkan seiji (摂関政治), in which a member of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan exercised rights and performed duties in place of the Emperor, became widespread.

• 元寇での戦役や異国警護の負担から没落した無足御家人の借入地や沽却地を無償で取り戻すことが目的と理解されてきたが、現在ではむしろ御家人所領の質入れ、売買の禁止、つまり3ヶ条の（2-a）所領処分権の抑圧が主であり、（2-b）はその前提として失った所領を回復させておくといった二次的な措置であり、それによる幕府の基盤御家人体制の維持に力点があったと理解されている。
• It used to be understood that the purpose of the policy was to repossess, without compensation, the lands sold due to drying up and the lands lent to musoku gokenin (vassal without territory) who got impoverished due to the military campaign at the time of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan and the burden of guarding against the invasion by foreign countries, but it is now understood that the main purpose was rather to prohibit pawnage and trading of shoryo by Gokenin, which means the depression of right to dispose of shoryo as specified in 2-a among the three Articles, and 2-b was a secondary measure to have the lost shoryo returned to Gokenin as the premise of implementing 2-a, all of which seem to put weight on maintaining the Gokenin system which was the foundation of bakufu.

• この法律において「特定事業」とは、公共施設等の整備等（公共施設等の建設、改修、維持管理若しくは運営又はこれらに関する企画をいい、国民に対するサービスの提供を含む。以下同じ。）に関する事業（市街地再開発事業、土地区画整理事業その他の市街地開発事業を含む。）であって、民間の資金、経営能力及び技術的能力を活用することにより効率的かつ効果的に実施されるものをいう。
• The term 'Qualified Project' as used in this Act means a project (including an urban redevelopment project, a land readjustment project, and another urban development project) involving the provision etc. of Public Facility etc. (which mean construction, rehabilitation, maintenance or operation of Public Facility etc, or planning of them, and include provision of services to the citizens; the same shall apply hereinafter), which is carried out more efficiently and effectively by utilizing private finance, management abilities and technical capabilities.

• もっとも、当時の天文道・暦道は日食の発生の予知の正確さについてはかなり高かったものの、その他の分野に関しては毎日戌の刻と寅の刻に行われる定時観測を維持するだけの人員と設備しかなかったと考えられており、天文博士らが確実に異常な天文現象を観測できる保証が無かったために、実際には異常な天文現象が発生しても、天文密奏が行われなかった例も相当数あったと考えられている。
• It was considered that tenmondo and rekido in those days provided relatively highly accurate prediction of solar eclipse, but that since their personnel and equipment were only enough for keeping their standard time observation from eight to ten p.m. and from four to six a.m. and not enough for observing other phenomena, tenmon hakase and others were not guaranteed to observe unusual astronomical phenomenon without fail -- therefore, great many of unusual astronomical phenomena might have been left out of the tenmon misso.

• 主務大臣は、 商品市場において、買占め、売崩しその他の方法により過当な数量の取引が行われ若しくは行われるおそれがあり、又は不当な対価の額若しくは約定価格等が形 成され若しくは形成されるおそれがある場合において、商品市場における秩序を維持し、かつ、公益を保護するため必要があると認めるときは、会員等に対し、商品市場における取引又はその受託を制限することができる。
• When an excessive volume of transactions is carried out or is likely to be carried out through cornering, bear raids or any other method or an unfair amount of consideration or Contract Price, etc. is formed or is likely to be formed on a Commodity Market, if the competent minister finds it necessary in order to maintain order on the Commodity Market and to protect the public interest, he/she may impose restrictions against a Member, etc. with regard to Transactions on a Commodity Market or the brokerage of such transactions.

• 第二次世界大戦の終戦後、連合国（UN）の間では、軍国主義の一因として天皇を処罰し、天皇制を廃止すべきだという意見が強かったが、日本政府がその維持を強く唱えたこともあり、ダグラス・マッカーサー元帥、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部 (GHQ/SCAP) は、日本の占領行政を円滑に進めるため、また共産主義に対する防波堤としても皇室制度は存続させるべきだという方向性を取った。
• After the end of the World War II, between the countries of the UN, the opinion to punish the Emperor for militarism and abolish Tennosei was strong, but because the Japanese government strongly advocated the preservation of the Emperor, General Douglas MACARTHUR and the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP), to smoothly advance the administration of occupation and as a bulwark against communism, took the direction that the Imperial Household system should be preserved.

• イからニまでに掲げる技術導入契約の締結等に係る契約の締結（技術導入契約の締結等に係る契約の一方の当事者の変更によるものを除く。）であつて、指定技術（国の安全を損ない、公の秩序の維持を妨げ、又は公衆の安全の保護に支障を来すことになるおそれがある技術導入契約の締結等に係る技術として主務省令で定める技術をいう。以下この項及び第六条の四第二項第二号において同じ。）に係るもの
• The conclusion of a contract pertaining to the conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc. listed in (a) to (d) inclusive (excluding the case of the change of a party concerned to the contract pertaining to the conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc.), which pertains to the specified technology (meaning the technology specified by an ordinance of the competent ministry as technology pertaining to the Conclusion of a Technology Contract, etc. which is likely to impair national security, disturb the maintenance of public order or hinder the protection of public safety; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph and Article 6-4, paragraph (2), item (ii)):

• 留置業務管理者は、被留置受刑者に対し、前項各号に掲げる者以外の者から面会の申出があった場合において、その者との交友関係の維持その他面会することを必要とする事情があり、かつ、面会により、留置施設の規律及び秩序を害する結果を生じ、又はその被留置受刑者の改善更生に支障を生ずるおそれがないと認めるときは、これを許すことができる。この場合においては、前条ただし書の規定を準用する。
• In cases where a person other than those listed in the items of the preceding paragraph requests to visit a sentenced person under detention, if it is deemed that there is a circumstance where the visit is necessary for the maintenance of good relationship with the person or for any other reasons, and if it is deemed that there is no risk of causing either disruption of discipline and order in the detention facility or hindrance to the adequate pursuance of reformation and rehabilitation for the sentenced person under detention, then the detention services manager may permit the sentenced person under detention to receive the visit. In this case, the provision set forth in the proviso of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis.

• この法律において「ガス導管事業」とは、自らが維持し、及び運用する特定導管（経済産業省令で定める規模以上の供給能力を有する導管をいう。以下同じ。）によりガスの供給（ガスを供給する事業を営む他の者に対するもの及び大口供給に限る。）を行う事業（特定ガス発生設備においてガスを発生させ、導管によりこれを供給するもの及び一般ガス事業者がその供給区域内において行うものを除く。）をいう。
• The term 'Gas Pipeline Service Business' as used in this Act shall mean the business of supplying gas via Specified Pipes (which means pipelines with a supply capacity larger than the level specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; hereinafter the same shall apply) that the supplier independently maintains and operates (limited, however, to the supplying of gas to another person who is engaged in the gas supply business and to Large-Volume Supplies; excluding, however, businesses generating gas at a Specified Gas Generating Facility and supplying such gas via pipelines and businesses conducted by a General Gas Utility within its service area).

• この法律は、ものづくり基盤技術が国民経済において果たすべき重要な役割にかんがみ、近年における経済の多様かつ構造的な変化に適切に対処するため、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策の基本となる事項を定め、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策を総合的かつ計画的に推進することにより、ものづくり基盤技術の水準の維持及び向上を図り、もって国民経済の健全な発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to ensure the maintenance and improvement of the level of core manufacturing technology by providing for matters that serve as the basis of measures relating to the promotion of core manufacturing technology and by driving forward measures on the promotion of core manufacturing technology in a comprehensive and organized manner, in order to appropriately deal with the diverse and structural changes of the economy in recent years, in view of the important role to be played by core manufacturing technology in the national economy, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.

• 第一項の規定による届出をした者（届出をした者と当該届出に係る建築物の管理者が異なる場合にあつては管理者とし、当該建築物が譲り渡された場合にあつては譲り受けた者（譲り受けた者と当該建築物の管理者が異なる場合にあつては管理者）とする。）は、国土交通省令で定めるところにより、定期に、その届出に係る事項に関する当該建築物の維持保全の状況について、所管行政庁に報告しなければならない。
• A person who has made a notification pursuant to paragraph (1) (if the person who has made the notification is not the manager of the building pertaining to the notification, the manager; or if the building has been assigned to another person, the assignee (if the building has been assigned to a person other than the manager of the building, the manager)) shall, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, periodically report to the administrative agency with jurisdiction the status of maintenance of the building with respect to the matters pertaining to the notification.

• 裁判所は、第二百六十六条第二号の決定をした場合において、同一の事件について、検察審査会法（昭和二十三年法律第百四十七号）第二条第一項第一号に規定する審査を行う検察審査会又は同法第四十一条の六第一項の起訴議決をした検察審査会（同法第四十一条の九第一項の規定により公訴の提起及びその維持に当たる者が指定された後は、その者）があるときは、これに当該決定をした旨を通知しなければならない。
• Where a court has rendered the decision set forth in item (ii) of Article 266, notice to this effect shall be given to the Committee for Inquest of Prosecution which is to conduct the inquest prescribed in item (i) of paragraph (1) of Article 2 of the Act on Committee for Inquest of Prosecution (Act No.147 of 1948) or the Committee for Inquest of Prosecution which made the decision for institution of prosecution under paragraph (1) of Article 41-6 of the same Act (after appointment of a person who is to be responsible for institution and maintenance of prosecution, to such person), where there exists such a Committee.

• 留置業務管理者は、被留置者が、次に掲げる物品（次条第一項各号に掲げる物品を除く。）について自弁のものを使用し、又は摂取したい旨の申出をした場合には、留置施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障を生ずるおそれがある場合、第百九十条の規定により禁止される場合並びに被留置受刑者について改善更生に支障を生ずるおそれがある場合を除き、内閣府令で定めるところにより、これを許すものとする。
• In cases where a detainee requests to use or consume such self-supplied articles as the following articles (except the articles listed in the items under paragraph (1) of the following Article), the detention services manager may, pursuant to a Cabinet Office Ordinance, permit him/her to do so, except cases where there is a risk of causing a hindrance to either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the detention facility, cases where such permission is prohibited pursuant to the provision of Article 190, and the cases of the sentenced person under detention where such permission is likely to impose hindrance to the correction and rehabilitation on him/her:

• 刑事施設の長は、刑事施設の規律及び秩序の維持、受刑者の矯正処遇の適切な実施その他の理由により必要があると認める場合には、その指名する職員に、受刑者の面会に立ち会わせ、又はその面会の状況を録音させ、若しくは録画させることができる。ただし、受刑者が次に掲げる者と面会する場合には、刑事施設の規律及び秩序を害する結果を生ずるおそれがあると認めるべき特別の事情がある場合を除き、この限りでない。
• In cases where it is deemed necessary for the maintenance of discipline and order in the penal institution or adequate pursuance of correctional treatment of a sentenced person, or for any other reasons, the warden of the penal institution may have a designated staff member attend a visit for the sentenced person or make a sound or video recording of it; provided, however, that this shall not apply where the sentenced person receives a visit from any of such persons as are listed in the following items, if there is a special circumstance where it is deemed likely to cause disruption of discipline and order in the penal institution:

• 国は、排他的経済水域等（我が国の排他的経済水域、領海及び内水並びに大陸棚（排他的経済水域及び大陸棚に関する法律（平成八年法律第七十四号）第二条に規定する大陸棚をいう。）をいう。以下同じ。）における水産資源の適切な保存及び管理を図るため、最大持続生産量を実現することができる水準に水産資源を維持し又は回復させることを旨として、漁獲量及び漁獲努力量の管理その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take measures such as management of catch and fishing effort and others necessary for an appropriate conservation and management of fishery resources in Exclusive Economic Zone, etc. (the term 'Exclusive Economic Zone' as used in this Act shall mean the Japanese exclusive economic zones, territorial seas, inland water and continental shelf as provided in Article 2 of Act Concerning Exclusive Economic Zones and the Continental Shelf (Act No.74 of 1996). The same shall apply hereinafter.), aiming at the maintenance or recovery of fishery resources to the level that enables maximum sustainable production.

• こ の法律において「養殖漁場の改善」とは、餌料の投与等により生ずる物質のため養殖水産動植物の生育に支障が生じ、又は生ずるおそれのある養殖漁場におい て、これらの物質の発生の減少又は水底へのたい積の防止を図り、並びに養殖水産動植物の伝染性疾病の発生及びまん延を助長する要因の除去又はその影響の緩 和を図ることにより、養殖漁場を養殖水産動植物の生育に適する状態に回復し、又は維持することをいう。
• In this Act, 'the improvement of an aquaculture area' refers to restoring the aquaculture area to or maintaining the aquaculture area in a state suitable for the growth of farm-raised aquatic animals or plants in the aquaculture area by decreasing the production of byproducts of the fish food, scattered therein which inhibit or are likely to inhibit the growth of farm-raised aquatic animals or plants, or by preventing the sedimentation of such byproducts on the bottom, and also by removing the causes promoting the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases among the farm-raised aquatic animals and plants or by reducing the effects of such causes.

• 従って、江戸時代以前の本末関係は非常に複雑であり、宗派・法流の枠組みの中で本山が末寺の別当などの役職を補任するという後世に続く強い関係を有するものもあれば、末寺の荘園や布施などによる収入の一部を上納させて本山財政に寄与させる経済的つながりを主体とした関係（特に他宗派寺院・神社を末寺とする場合には、従来の宗派を維持する保障として上納を求めた）、全くの形式的なものに留まる関係など様々であった。
• As a result, the relationship between the head temple and matsuji was complicated; there were various relationships that focused on the head temple's finances by making it matsuji in order to contribute a part of its income from shoen (a manor in medieval Japan) and offerings (particularly, it sought donations for temples of different sects and shrines as a matsuji, as insurance to keep its original school and sect), or as a completely systemized relationship.

• 共同相続人中に、被相続人の事業に関する労務の提供又は財産上の給付、被相続人の療養看護その他の方法により被相続人の財産の維持又は増加について特別の寄与をした者があるときは、被相続人が相続開始の時において有した財産の価額から共同相続人の協議で定めたその者の寄与分を控除したものを相続財産とみなし、第九百条から第九百二条までの規定により算定した相続分に寄与分を加えた額をもってその者の相続分とする。
• If there is a person from amongst joint heirs who has made a special contribution to the maintenance or increase of the decedent's property through the provision of labor or in the form of property relating to the decedent's business, medical treatment or nursing of the decedent, or other means, the total inherited property shall be deemed the value calculated by deducting the contributory portion as determined by agreement by the joint heirs from the value of the property of the decedent at the time of commencement of inheritance, and that person's share in inheritance shall be the amount of the contribution added to the share in inheritance calculated pursuant to the provisions of Articles 900 to 902 inclusive.

• 事業用電気工作物を設置する者は、事業用電気工作物の工事、維持及び 運用に関する保安を確保するため、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、保安を一体的に確保することが必要な事業用電気工作物の組織ごとに保安規程を定め、 当該組織における事業用電気工作物の使用（第五十条の二第一項の自主検査又は第五十二条第一項の事業者検査を伴うものにあつては、その工事）の開始前に、 経済産業大臣に届け出なければならない。
• A person who installs Electric Facilities for Business Use shall, in order to ensure safety of the construction, maintenance and operation of the Electric Facilities for Business Use, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, establish safety regulations for each organization in charge of the Electric Facilities for Business Use the safety of which should be secured uniformly, and notify the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of the regulations before the commencement of the use of the Electric Facilities for Business Use by the organization (in the case of facilities requiring self-inspection set forth in Article 50-2, paragraph 1 or operator's inspection set forth in Article 52, paragraph 1, before the commencement of the construction of the facilities).

• これによって一見すると守護大名の領域に治外法権地域が生まれる事になり、室町幕府の支配系統に障害が生じたかのように見られるが、実態はそれとは反対で守護領国制の強化によって守護大名による領国一円支配を阻止してその勢力拡大を抑制するとともに、特権を受けた御家人層は幕府権力への依存を強めてこの権利を維持しようと図り、幕府にとっては守護大名に対抗するための政治的・経済的・軍事的な基盤を支える支持の形成に効果があった。
• Although this could have apparently produced a chigaihoken (extraterritoriality) area in the domains of shugo daimyo and seems to have caused an obstacle in ruling systems of the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, contrary to that, by tightening of the shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo dominates a manor), it prevented shugo daimyo from executing ryogoku ichien shihai (ruling the whole region of the territory) and suppressed expansion of his power, and at the same time, the privileged gokenin class tried to maintain this privilege by increasing dependence on the bakufu powers, which helped the bakufu form support for political, economic, and military bases to confront the shugo daimyo.

• 外務大臣その他の関係行政機関の長は、我が国が締結した条約その他の国際約束を誠実に履行するため又は国際平和のための国際的な努力に我が国として寄与するため特に必要があると認めるときは第一号から第三号までに掲げる規定の運用に関しそれぞれ第一号から第三号までに定める主務大臣に、国際的な平和及び安全の維持のため特に必要があると認めるときは第四号に掲げる規定の運用に関し同号に定める主務大臣に、意見を述べることができる。
• The Minister of Foreign Affairs or the heads of other relevant administrative organs may, when they find it particularly necessary for fulfilling obligations under the treaties and other international agreements Japan has signed or making Japan's contribution to international efforts for achieving international peace, state their opinions to the competent ministers prescribed respectively in items 1 to 3 inclusive in regard to the operation of the provisions listed in items 1 to 3 inclusive, and may, when they find it particularly necessary for maintaining international peace and security, express their opinions to the competent minister prescribed in item 4 in regard to the operation of the provisions listed in the said item.

• 日本国民は、恒久の平和を念願し、人間相互の関係を支配する崇高な理想を深く自覚するのであつて、平和を愛する諸国民の公正と信義に信頼して、われらの安全と生存を保持しようと決意した。われらは、平和を維持し、専制と隷従、圧迫と偏狭を地上から永遠に除去しようと努めてゐる国際社会において、名誉ある地位を占めたいと思ふ。われらは、全世界の国民が、ひとしく恐怖と欠乏から免かれ、平和のうちに生存する権利を有することを確認する。
• We, the Japanese people, desire peace for all time and are deeply conscious of the high ideals controlling human relationship, and we have determined to preserve our security and existence, trusting in the justice and faith of the peace-loving peoples of the world. We desire to occupy an honored place in an international society striving for the preservation of peace, and the banishment of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance for all time from the earth. We recognize that all peoples of the world have the right to live in peace, free from fear and want.

• 卸電気事業者は、振替供給（一般電気事業の用に供するための電気 に係るものであつて、経済産業省令で定めるものに限る。以下この条及び第二十四条の七において同じ。）に係る料金その他の供給条件について、経済産業省令 で定めるところにより、経済産業大臣に届け出なければならない。ただし、その維持し、及び運用する電線路の状況からみて振替供給を行うことが想定されない ものとして経済産業大臣の承認を受けた場合は、この限りでない。
• A Wholesale Electricity Utility shall, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, notify the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of the rates and other supply conditions for its Cross-Area Wheeling Service (limited, however, to such services for supplying electricity to be used for General Electricity Business, which are specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article and Article 24-7); provided, however, that this shall not apply where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has granted approval based on the recognition that the Wholesale Electricity Utility is not expected to provide a Cross-Area Wheeling Service in light of the condition of the electric lines that the Wholesale Electricity Utility maintains and operates.

• 刑事施設の長は、被収容者に対し、刑事施設の規律及び秩序の維持その他管理運営上支障を生ずるおそれがない限り、余暇時間帯等（受刑者にあっては余暇に充てられるべき時間帯をいい、その他の被収容者にあっては食事、就寝その他の起居動作をすべき時間帯以外の時間帯をいう。次項において同じ。）において自己契約作業（その者が刑事施設の外部の者との請負契約により行う物品の製作その他の作業をいう。以下同じ。）を行うことを許すものとする。
• The warden of the penal institution shall, so long as there is no risk of causing a hindrance to either the maintenance of discipline and order or the management and administration of the penal institution, permit inmates to engage in a self-contracted work (i.e. manufacturing of goods engaged in by an inmate under contract to a person outside the penal institution; the same shall apply hereinafter) during leisure time, etc. (i.e. for sentenced persons the daily schedule set aside for leisure; and for other inmates the daily schedule except those of meals, sleeping, and other routine activities; the same shall apply in the following paragraph)

• 産業技術力の強化は、産業技術力が産業構造の変化、技術の進歩等の内外の経済的環境の変化に適確に対応して我が国産業の持続的な発展を図るための基盤であることにかんがみ、我が国産業の発展を支えてきた技術の改良に係る産業技術の水準の維持及び向上を図りつつ、国、地方公共団体、大学及び事業者の相互の密接な連携の下に、創造性のある研究及び開発を行うとともに、その成果の企業化を行う能力を強化することを基本として行われるものとする。
• In light of the fact that Industrial Technology Capability is the foundation for furthering sustainable development of Japanese industries by accurately responding to changes in the internal and external economic environment, such as changes in industrial structure and technological progress, etc., Industrial Technology Capability shall be enhanced with the basic objectives of enhancing the capability to implement creative research and development under mutually close coordination of the national government, local governments, universities and business operators, and of enhancing the capability to implement the commercialization of results thereof, based on a foundation of striving to maintain and improve the industrial technology standards related to technology improvement that have supported our nation's industrial development.

• 経済産業大臣又は都道府県知事は、公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の 防止のため必要があると認めるときは、第一種製造者、第二種製造者、第一種貯蔵所若しくは第二種貯蔵所の所有者若しくは占有者、販売業者、高圧ガスの輸入 をした者、特定高圧ガス消費者、液化石油ガス法第六条の液化石油ガス販売事業者、容器製造業者、容器の輸入をした者、容器検査所の登録を受けた者又は機器 製造業者に対し、その業務に関し、報告をさせることができる。
• When the Minister of METI or the prefectural governor finds it necessary for the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters, he/she may demand a report on the business from any Class 1 Producer, Class 2 Producer, owner or possessor of a Class 1 or Class 2 Storage Place, Dealer, importer of high pressure gas, Specific High Pressure Gas Consumer, LPG Dealer under Article 6 of the LPG Act, container manufacturer, importer of containers, person with a registered container reinspection station or apparatus manufacturer.

• 所管行政庁は、第五章第一節第一款の規定の施行に必要な限度において、政令で定めるところにより、第一種特定建築主等若しくは第二種特定建築主若しくは第七十五条第五項若しくは第七十五条の二第三項の規定による報告をすべき者に対し、特定建築物の設計及び施工若しくは維持保全に係る事項に関し報告させ、又はその職員に、特定建築物若しくは特定建築物の工事現場に立ち入り、特定建築物、建築設備、書類その他の物件を検査させることができる。
• To the extent necessary for the enforcement of Chapter V, Section 1, Subsection 1, the administrative agency with jurisdiction may, pursuant to the provision of a Cabinet Order, cause Type 1 specified construction clients, etc. or Type 2 specified construction clients, or persons who are responsible for making reports under Article 75, paragraph (5) or Article 75-2, paragraph (3) to report the matters concerning the designing and construction, or maintenance of specified buildings, or cause officials of the agency to enter specified buildings or the construction sites thereof and inspect the specified buildings, building equipment, documents and other objects.

• 刑事施設の長は、犯罪性のある者その他受刑者が信書を発受することにより、刑事施設の規律及び秩序を害し、又は受刑者の矯正処遇の適切な実施に支障を生ずるおそれがある者（受刑者の親族を除く。）については、受刑者がその者との間で信書を発受することを禁止することができる。ただし、婚姻関係の調整、訴訟の遂行、事業の維持その他の受刑者の身分上、法律上又は業務上の重大な利害に係る用務の処理のため信書を発受する場合は、この限りでない。
• With regard to the persons (except for relatives of the sentenced person) who have criminal tendencies or are likely to either disrupt discipline and order in the penal institution or hinder the adequate pursuance of correctional treatment for a sentenced person by receiving from or sending to the sentenced person, the warden of the penal institution may prohibit the sentenced person from sending to or receiving from them; provided, however, that this shall not apply where the sentenced person sends to or receives from the persons in order to carry out a business pertaining to personally, legally, or occupationally important concern of the sentenced person, such as reconciliation of marital relations, pursuance of a lawsuit, or maintenance of a business.

• 都市再開発方針等、第八条第一項第四号の二、第五号の二、第六号、第八号及び第十号から第十六号までに掲げる地域地区、促進区域、被災市街地復興推進地域、流通業務団地、市街地開発事業、市街地開発事業等予定区域（第十二条の二第一項第四号及び第五号に掲げるものを除く。）、防災街区整備地区計画、歴史的風致維持向上地区計画、沿道地区計画並びに集落地区計画に関する都市計画の策定に関し必要な基準は、前三項に定めるもののほか、別に法律で定める。
• In addition to matters stipulated in the preceding three items, standards required to formulate city plans concerning the urban redevelopment policy and other policies, districts and zones listed in item (iv)-2, item (v)-2, item (vi), item (viii) and items (x) through (xvi), paragraph (1), Article 8, project promotion areas, urban disaster recovery promotion areas, distribution business parks, urban development projects, scheduled areas for urban development projects etc. (excluding areas listed in items (iv) and (v), paragraph (1), Article 12-2), disaster prevention block improvement zone plans, historic scenery maintenance and improvement district plans, roadside district plans, and rural district plans shall be stipulated separately by an Act.

• しかし、日本では新たに植林をする場所がほとんどない上、むしろ森林所有者の管理放棄（特に人工林）や、相続税支払いのために売却・宅地転用 を余儀なくされる山林や農地の増加、さらに生産緑地地区農地課税の扱いが異なる自治体を施行したり、保安林維持予算の縮減・林野庁職員の大幅減員を行うなど政府与党の政策はむしろ逆行しているため、このままでは当初見込まれた吸収量を達する可能性が薄いと考えられており、達成できるかどうかは微妙な情勢である。
• However in Japan, there is little land for newly tree planting, and the mountain forests and farmlands increase, in which management has been abandoned by the forest owners (especially artificial forests) and/or disposition or diversion to building lots has been inevitably done in order to complete the inheritance tax payment; furthermore, the policies of the ruling party put a clock back, such as the enforcement of autonomous bodies where the taxations on productive green area farmlands are differently dealt with, the reduction of budget for keeping conservation forests, the large reduction of the staff in Forestry Agency and so on; therefore, it is considered to be difficult to achieve the absorption target initially expected.

• 特定規模電気事業　電気の使用者の一定規模の需要であつて経済産業省令で定める要件 に該当するもの（以下「特定規模需要」という。）に応ずる電気の供給（第十七条第一項第一号に規定する供給に該当するもの及び同項の許可を受けて行うもの を除く。）を行う事業であつて、一般電気事業者がその供給区域以外の地域における特定規模需要に応じ他の一般電気事業者が維持し、及び運用する電線路を介 して行うもの並びに一般電気事業者以外の者が行うものをいう。
• Specified-Scale Electricity Business:　Business supplying electricity (excluding, however, businesses supplying electricity prescribed in Article 17, paragraph 1, item 1, and businesses conducted under a license set forth in the said paragraph) to meet a certain scale of demand from electricity users that satisfies the requirements specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (hereinafter referred to as a 'Specified-Scale Demand'), which are conducted by a General Electricity Utility to meet a Specified-Scale Demand in an area other than its service area via electric lines maintained and operated by another General Electricity Utility, or conducted by a person other than a General Electricity Utility.

• 子供を売れば、不幸な境遇に陥ることは永遠になくなるんだ、主人に虐待されたり、お金や仕事がなくて賃貸料が支払えなかったり、家族を維持できるだけの食べ物がなかったり、厳しい天気から身を守ってくれる家や衣服がなかったりすることで、苦痛を味わうことはもうないんだ。今言ったような、あるいはもっとみじめな暮らしを、子供たちが永遠に続けていかねばならないという先の見通しを避けるための、最もいい方法なんだが、どうするかね、と尋ねてほしいのだ。
• and thereby have avoided such a perpetual scene of misfortunes, as they have since gone through, by the oppression of landlords, the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade, the want of common sustenance, with neither house nor cloaths to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather, and the most inevitable prospect of intailing the like, or greater miseries, upon their breed for ever.

• 電気事業者は、次に掲げる目的のため他人の土地又はこれに定着する建 物その他の工作物（以下「土地等」という。）を利用することが必要であり、かつ、やむを得ないときは、その土地等の利用を著しく妨げない限度において、こ れを一時使用することができる。ただし、建物その他の工作物にあつては、電線路（その電線路の維持及び運用に必要な通信の用に供する線路を含む。）又はそ の附属設備（以下「電線路」と総称する。）を支持するために利用する場合に限る。
• An Electricity Utility may, when it is necessary and unavoidable, temporarily use another person's land or buildings and other structures affixed thereto (hereinafter referred to as 'Land, etc.') for any of the following purposes to the extent that such use does not significantly hinder another person's use of the Land, etc.; provided, however, that the use of buildings and other structures shall be allowed only for the purpose of supporting electric lines (including lines used for communication necessary for the maintenance and operation of electric lines) or auxiliary equipment thereof (hereinafter collectively referred to as 'Electric Lines').

• 農業については、その有する食料その他の農産物の供給の機能及び多面的機能の重要性にかんがみ、必要な農地、農業用水その他の農業資源及び農業の担い手が確保され、地域の特性に応じてこれらが効率的に組み合わされた望ましい農業構造が確立されるとともに、農業の自然循環機能（農業生産活動が自然界における生物を介在する物質の循環に依存し、かつ、これを促進する機能をいう。以下同じ。）が維持増進されることにより、その持続的な発展が図られなければならない。
• In consideration of importance of its conventional role as a primary food supplier and its multifunctional role, sustainable development of agriculture shall be promoted by securing agricultural facilities including necessary farmlands, water for agricultural use, other agricultural resources and workforce; establishing a desirable agricultural structure with an effective combination of aforementioned elements based on regional characteristics; maintaining and improving natural cyclical function of agriculture. (This term means the function of agriculture in stimulating biological and physical cycle in nature while being strongly influenced by the cycle. This definition shall be referred to hereinafter.)

• 留置業務管理者は、犯罪性のある者その他被留置受刑者が信書を発受することにより、留置施設の規律及び秩序を害し、又は被留置受刑者の改善更生に支障を生ずるおそれがある者（被留置受刑者の親族を除く。）については、被留置受刑者がその者との間で信書を発受することを禁止することができる。ただし、婚姻関係の調整、訴訟の遂行、事業の維持その他の被留置受刑者の身分上、法律上又は業務上の重大な利害に係る用務の処理のため信書を発受する場合は、この限りでない。
• With regard to the persons (except for relatives of the sentenced person under detention) who have criminal tendencies or are likely to either disrupt discipline and order in the detention facility or hinder the reformation and rehabilitation for a sentenced person under detention by receiving from or sending to the sentenced person under detention, the detention services manager may prohibit the sentenced person under detention from sending to or receiving from them; provided, however, that this shall not apply where the sentenced person sends to or receives from the persons in order to carry out a business pertaining to personally, legally, or occupationally important concern of the sentenced person under detention, such as reconciliation of marital relations, pursuance of a lawsuit, or maintenance of a business.

• 高圧ガスの製造（製造に係る貯蔵を含む。）のための設備のうち公 共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止に支障を及ぼすおそれがないものとして政令で定める設備（以下「指定設備」という。）の製造をする者、指定設備の輸入 をした者及び外国において本邦に輸出される指定設備の製造をする者は、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、その指定設備について、経済産業大臣、協会又は 経済産業大臣が指定する者（以下「指定設備認定機関」という。）が行う認定を受けることができる。
• Among equipment for the production (including storage incident thereto) of high pressure gas, the equipment that has no risk of interfering with the maintenance of public safety and the prevention of disasters shall be specified by a Cabinet Order (such equipment is hereinafter referred to as 'Specified Equipment'). Manufacturers of such Specified Equipment, importers of the same and foreign manufacturers of the same to be exported to Japan can apply for accreditation of the Specified Equipment to the Minister of METI, the Institute or an agency designated by the Minister of METI (hereinafter referred to as 'Designated Accreditation Agency for Specified Equipment') in accordance with an Ordinance of METI.

• 従って、後白河法皇が自己の政権維持のために平氏を利用して、高い官職を与え知行国を増やさせてきたという経緯や当時の社会問題に対する貴族社会の対応能力の無さという点には触れず、清盛と平氏一門がいかに専横を振るい、「驕れる者」であったかを強調している（だが、実際には少なくても治承3年以前における平氏の権力は後白河との強い関係の下で行使されたものが大半であり、その段階において清盛及び平氏一門が独裁的権力を有していたという具体的な事実は存在していない）。
• Therefore, they do not mention that the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa used the Taira clan to maintain his government by giving them high positions and increasing the number of provinces that they were custodians of, and the inability of the aristocracy at that time to deal with the social problems that they faced, but instead emphasize the arrogant behavior of Kiyomori and the Taira clan members (whereas in reality, at least up to 1179, the authority of the Taira clan was mostly due to the strong relationship with Goshirakawa and there is no specific evidence that Kiyomori or the Taira clan members had any dictatorial powers).

• 国土形成計画は、我が国及び世界における人口、産業その他の社会経済構造の変化に的確に対応し、その特性に応じて自立的に発展する地域社会、国際競争力の強化及び科学技術の振興等による活力ある経済社会、安全が確保された国民生活並びに地球環境の保全にも寄与する豊かな環境の基盤となる国土を実現するよう、我が国の自然的、経済的、社会的及び文化的諸条件を維持向上させる国土の形成に関する施策を、当該施策に係る国内外の連携の確保に配意しつつ、適切に定めるものとする。
• National Spatial Strategies shall appropriately formulate measures for the spatial development to maintain and improve the natural, economic, social and cultural conditions of Japan, while paying attention to securing domestic and international coordination pertaining to the said measures, in order to appropriately respond to the changes in social and economic structures including population and industry in Japan and the world and realize a national land that acts as the foundation of: local communities that independently develop in accordance with their own characteristics; a vital economy and society through the enhancement of international competitiveness, promotion of science and technology, etc.; citizens' lives for which safety is secured; and a rich environment which also contributes to the preservation of the global environment.

• 公正取引委 員会は、排除措置命令（第四十九条第七項又は第五十二条第五項の規定により確定したものに限る。）又は第六十六条第一項から第三項までの審決（原処分の全 部を取り消す審決を除く。）若しくは第六十五条若しくは第六十七条第一項の規定による審決をした後においても、特に必要があるときは、第四十七条の規定に より、これらの命令又は審決において命じ、又は維持した措置が講じられているかどうかを確かめるために必要な処分をし、又はその職員をして処分をさせるこ とができる。
• After issuing a cease and desist order (limited to those orders that have become final and binding under the provisions of paragraph 7 of Article 49 or paragraph 5 of Article 52), or a decision (excluding those decisions that rescind the entirety of the original order) set forth in paragraphs 1 to 3 inclusive of Article 66, or a decision rendered pursuant to the provisions of Article 65 or paragraph 1 of Article 67, the Fair Trade Commission may, if it considers it particularly necessary, make the measures, or cause its staff members to make the original orders, necessary to ascertain whether the measures ordered or maintained in that order or decision are being taken pursuant to the provisions of Article 47.

• 経済産業大臣は、前二項に定める場合のほか、特定の種類の若しくは特定の地域を仕向地とする貨物を輸出しようとする者又は特定の取引により貨物を輸出しようとする者に対し、国際収支の均衡の維持のため、外国貿易及び国民経済の健全な発展のため、我が国が締結した条約その他の国際約束を誠実に履行するため、国際平和のための国際的な努力に我が国として寄与するため、又は第十条第一項の閣議決定を実施するために必要な範囲内で、政令で定めるところにより、承認を受ける義務を課することができる。
• In addition to cases prescribed in the preceding two paragraphs, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may impose, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, on a person who intends to export specific kinds of goods or to export goods to the specified regions or a person who intends to export goods through specified transaction the obligation to obtain approval, to the extent necessary to maintain equilibrium of the international balance of trade, to achieve the sound development of foreign trade and the national economy, to sincerely fulfill obligations under the treaties and other international agreements Japan has signed, to make Japan's contribution to international efforts for achieving international peace, or to implement a cabinet decision set forth in Article 10, paragraph 1.

• 前項各号に掲げる製造所、貯蔵所又は取扱所の区分に応じ当該各号に定める市町村長、都道府県知事又は総務大臣（以下この章及び次章において「市町村長等」という。）は、同項の規定による許可の申請があつた場合において、その製造所、貯蔵所又は取扱所の位置、構造及び設備が前条第四項の技術上の基準に適合し、かつ、当該製造所、貯蔵所又は取扱所においてする危険物の貯蔵又は取扱いが公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止に支障を及ぼすおそれがないものであるときは、許可を与えなければならない。
• The municipal mayor, prefectural governor or Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications specified in each of the items of the preceding paragraph according to the categories of manufacturing facility, storage facility or handling facility listed in the respective items (hereinafter referred to as the 'municipal mayor, etc.' in this Chapter and the following Chapter) shall, upon application for permission under the provision of said paragraph, grant permission if the position, structure and equipment of the manufacturing facility, storage facility or handling facility conform to the technical standards set forth in paragraph (4) of the preceding Article and the storage or handling of hazardous materials to be conducted at the manufacturing facility, storage facility or handling facility is unlikely to hinder the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of the occurrence of disasters.

• 第七十五条第五項又は前条第三項の規定による報告をすべき者は、国土交通省令で定めるところにより、その報告に係る建築物の維持保全の状況について、国土交通大臣の登録を受けた者（以下「登録建築物調査機関」という。）が行う調査（以下「建築物調査」という。）を受けることができる。ただし、第七十五条第六項（前条第四項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定による勧告を受けた者は、当該勧告を受けた日から国土交通省令で定める期間を経過した後でなければ、当該建築物調査を受けることができない。
• A person who is responsible for making a report pursuant to the provision of Article 75, paragraph (5) or paragraph (3) of the preceding Article may, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, undergo an investigation conducted by a person registered by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (hereinafter referred to as a 'registered building investigation body') with regard to the status of maintenance of the building pertaining to his/her report (hereinafter referred to as a 'building investigation'); provided, however, that a person who has received recommendations under Article 75, paragraph (6) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (4) of the preceding Article) shall not undergo said Building Investigation until a period specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism has elapsed since the day when said recommendations were received.

• 都道府県知事は、保安統括者等若しくはその代理者、販売主任者若しく は取扱主任者がこの法律若しくはこの法律に基づく命令の規定に違反したとき、又はこれらの者にその職務を行わせることが公共の安全の維持若しくは災害の発 生の防止に支障を及ぼすおそれがあると認めるときは、第二十七条の二第一項第一号若しくは第二号若しくは第二十七条の四第一項第一号若しくは第二号に掲げ る者、販売業者又は特定高圧ガス消費者に対し、保安統括者等若しくはその代理者、販売主任者又は取扱主任者の解任を命ずることができる。
• When a prefectural governor finds that a Safety Controller, etc. or any deputy thereof, a Sales Safety Chief or an Operation Safety Chief has violated any provision of this Act or any order pursuant thereto, or he/she finds a risk of their performance of duty interfering with the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters, the prefectural governor may order a person listed in item (i) or (ii) of paragraph (1) of Article 27-2 or item (i) or (ii) of paragraph (1) of Article 27-4, Dealer or Specific High Pressure Gas Consumer to dismiss such Safety Controller, etc., deputy thereof, Sales Safety Chief or Operation Safety Chief.

• 学校教育法（昭和二十二年法律第二十六号）に基づく大学若しくは高等専門学校、旧大学令（大正七年勅令第三百八十八号）に基づく大学又は旧専門学校令（明治三十六年勅令第六十一号）に基づく専門学校において化学、機械工学若しくは土木工学の課程又はこれらに相当する課程を修めて卒業した者であつて、ガス工作物（その申請が第三十六条の十六第二号の検査の区分に係る場合にあつては、特定ガス工作物を除く。ロ及びハにおいて同じ。）の工事、維持及び運用又は検査に関する実務に通算して一年以上従事した経験を有するもの
• A person who graduated from a university or college of technology under the School Education Act (Act No. 26 of 1947), a university under the old University Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 388 of 1918) or a vocational training school under the old Vocational Training School Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 61 of 1903) after completing a course in chemistry, mechanical engineering or civil engineering or any other course similar thereto, and has experience of being engaged for at least one year in total in the services for construction, maintenance and operation or Inspection of Gas Facilities (excluding, however, Specified Gas Facilities in the case where the application pertains to the inspection category set forth in Article 36-16, item 2; hereinafter the same shall apply in (b) and (c)).

• 前項に定める場合のほか、主務大臣は、我が国の国際収支の均衡を維持するため特に必要があると認めるときは、当該支払が、次章から第六章までの規定により許可を受け、若しくは届出をする義務が課され、又は許可若しくは承認を受ける義務を課することができることとされている取引又は行為に係る支払である場合を除き、政令で定めるところにより、本邦から外国へ向けた支払をしようとする居住者若しくは非居住者又は非居住者に対して支払をしようとする居住者に対し、これらの支払について、許可を受ける義務を課することができる。
• In addition to the cases prescribed in the preceding paragraph, when the competent minister finds it particularly necessary for maintaining the equilibrium of the international balance of trade of Japan, he/she may impose, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, on a resident or non-resident who intends to make payment from Japan to a foreign state or a resident who intends to make payment to a non-resident, the obligation to obtain permission for such payment, except where the payment is payment pertaining to a transaction or act for which the obligation to obtain permission or to give notification is imposed or the obligation to obtain permission may be imposed pursuant to the provisions of Chapters 4 to 6 inclusive.

• 家畜その他の動物について監視伝染病以外の伝染性疾病の発生又はまん延の徴があり、家畜の生産又は健康の維持に重大な影響を及ぼすおそれがあるときは、政令で、動物及び疾病の種類並びに地域を指定し、一年以内の期間を限り、第三条の二、第五条から第九条まで、第十一条から第十二条の二まで、第三章の規定及びこれに係るこの章の規定並びに第四章の規定（第三十六条の二の規定を除く。）の全部又は一部（家畜以外の動物については、第五条から第九条まで及び第十一条から第十二条の二までの規定を除く。）を準用することができる。
• When there are signs of the outbreak or spread of an infectious disease other than monitored infectious diseases among domestic animals and other animals, and this is likely to exert a grave influence on the maintenance of productivity or health of domestic animals, all or part of the provisions of Article 3-2, Article 5 through Article 9, Article 11 through Article 12-2 (excluding the provisions of Article 5 through Article 9 and Article 11 through Article 12-2 for animals other than domestic animals), and Chapter III, provisions pertaining to these in this Chapter, and the provisions of Chapter IV (excluding the provisions of Article 36-2) may be applied mutatis mutandis, by designating the species of animal, the type of disease and the region by Cabinet Order and limiting to a period not exceeding one year.

• 独占的状態があるとき は、公正取引委員会は、第八章第二節に規定する手続に従い、事業者に対し、営業の一部の譲渡その他当該商品又は役務について競争を回復させるために必要な 措置を命ずることができる。ただし、当該措置により、当該事業者につき、その供給する商品若しくは役務の供給に要する費用の著しい上昇をもたらす程度に事 業の規模が縮小し、経理が不健全になり、又は国際競争力の維持が困難になると認められる場合及び当該商品又は役務について競争を回復するに足りると認めら れる他の措置が講ぜられる場合は、この限りでない。
• When a monopolistic situation exists, the Fair Trade Commission may order the relevant entrepreneur, pursuant to the procedures provided for in Section 2 of Chapter VIII, to transfer a part of its business or to take any other measures necessary to restore competition with respect to the relevant goods or services; provided, however, that this shall not apply to cases where it is found that such measures may, in relation to the said entrepreneur, reduce the scale of business to such an extent that the expenses required for the supply of goods or services which the said entrepreneur supplies will rise sharply, undermine its financial position, or make it difficult to maintain its international competitiveness, or where such alternative measures may be taken that is found sufficient to restore competition with respect to the relevant goods or services.

• こ の法律は、エネルギーが国民生活の安定向上並びに国民経済の維持及び発展に欠くことのできないものであるとともに、その利用が地域及び地球の環境に大きな 影響を及ぼすことにかんがみ、エネルギーの需給に関する施策に関し、基本方針を定め、並びに国及び地方公共団体の責務等を明らかにするとともに、エネル ギーの需給に関する施策の基本となる事項を定めることにより、エネルギーの需給に関する施策を長期的、総合的かつ計画的に推進し、もって地域及び地球の環 境の保全に寄与するとともに我が国及び世界の経済社会の持続的な発展に貢献することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, given that energy is essential for improving the stability of citizens' lives and for maintaining and developing the national economy and that its use has a major impact on the local and global environment, to promote measures on energy supply and demand on a long-term, comprehensive and systematic basis by laying down the basic policy and clarifying the responsibilities of the State and local public entities with respect to measures on energy supply and demand and by prescribing matters that form the basis of measures on energy supply and demand, thereby contributing to the preservation of the local and global environment and to the sustainable development of the Japanese and global economy and society.

• 都道府県知事は、その管轄に属する水面につき、漁業上の総合利用を図 り、漁業生産力を維持発展させるためには漁業権の内容たる漁業の免許をする必要があり、かつ、当該漁業の免許をしても漁業調整その他公益に支障を及ぼさな いと認めるときは、当該漁業の免許について、海区漁業調整委員会の意見をきき、漁業種類、漁場の位置及び区域、漁業時期その他免許の内容たるべき事項、免 許予定日、申請期間並びに定置漁業及び区画漁業についてはその地元地区（自然的及び社会経済的条件により当該漁業の漁場が属すると認められる地区をい う。）、共同漁業についてはその関係地区を定めなければならない。
• The Governor concerned shall establish a licensing system for the fisheries to be covered by fishery rights, in order to comprehensively utilize his/her jurisdictional waters for fisheries and in order to maintain and enhance fishery productivity, and when the Governor finds that even if the licenses of said fisheries are granted, fisheries adjustment and other public interest will not be impaired, he/she shall hear the opinions of the Sea-Area Fisheries Adjustment Commission concerned, and shall decide the types of fisheries, positions and areas of fishing grounds, fishery seasons and other matters to be specified for licenses, scheduled licensing dates, application filing periods, and the local districts for respective fixed gear fisheries and respective demarcated fisheries (the districts to which the fishing grounds of said fisheries are found to belong under natural and socioeconomic conditions) or the districts concerned for respective common fisheries.

• 優先的破産債権である給料の請求権又は退職手当の請求権について届出をした破産債権者が、これらの破産債権の弁済を受けなければその生活の維持を図るのに困難を生ずるおそれがあるときは、裁判所は、最初に第百九十五条第一項に規定する最後配当、第二百四条第一項に規定する簡易配当、第二百八条第一項に規定する同意配当又は第二百九条第一項に規定する中間配当の許可があるまでの間、破産管財人の申立てにより又は職権で、その全部又は一部の弁済をすることを許可することができる。ただし、その弁済により財団債権又は他の先順位若しくは同順位の優先的破産債権を有する者の利益を害するおそれがないときに限る。
• Where a bankruptcy creditor who filed a proof of claim for salary or claim for retirement allowance, both of which are preferred bankruptcy claims, is likely to have difficulties in maintaining his/her living standards unless he/she receives payment of these bankruptcy claims, the court, before permission is granted for the first time for the final distribution prescribed in Article 195(1), simplified distribution prescribed in Article 204(1), consensual distribution prescribed in Article 208(1) or interim distribution prescribed in Article 209(1), upon the petition of a bankruptcy trustee or by its own authority, may permit payment of the claim in whole or part; provided, however, that this shall apply only if such payment is not likely to harm the interest of a person who holds a claim on the estate or any other preferred bankruptcy claim with the senior or same priority.

• 第一項の規定による届出をした者（届出をした者と当該届出に係る建築物の管理者が異なる場合にあつては管理者とし、当該建築物が譲り渡された場合にあつては譲り受けた者（譲り受けた者と当該建築物の管理者が異なる場合にあつては管理者）とする。）は、国土交通省令で定めるところにより、定期に、その届出に係る事項（当該建築物の設計及び施工に係る事項のうち当該建築物に設ける空気調和設備等に係るエネルギーの効率的利用のための措置に関するものに限る。）に関する当該建築物の維持保全の状況について、所管行政庁に報告しなければならない。ただし、同項の届出に係る建築物が住宅である場合は、この限りでない。
• A person who made a notification pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) (if the person who has made a notification is not the manager of the building pertaining to said notification, the manager; or if said building has been assigned to another person, the assignee (if the building has been assigned to a person other than the manager of the building, the manager)) shall, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, periodically report to the administrative agency with jurisdiction the status of maintenance of said building with respect to the matters pertaining to the notification (limited to those concerning measures to realize the efficient utilization of energy for air conditioning systems, etc. installed in said building with respect to designing and construction of said building); provided, however, that this shall not apply to the case where a building pertaining to the notification prescribed in the same paragraph is a residence.

• この法律の規定は、公 正取引委員会の指定する商品であつて、その品質が一様であることを容易に識別することができるものを生産し、又は販売する事業者が、当該商品の販売の相手 方たる事業者とその商品の再販売価格（その相手方たる事業者又はその相手方たる事業者の販売する当該商品を買い受けて販売する事業者がその商品を販売する 価格をいう。以下同じ。）を決定し、これを維持するためにする正当な行為については、これを適用しない。ただし、当該行為が一般消費者の利益を不当に害す ることとなる場合及びその商品を販売する事業者がする行為にあつてはその商品を生産する事業者の意に反してする場合は、この限りでない。
• The provisions of this Act shall not apply to legitimate acts performed by an entrepreneur who produces or sells a commodity, which is designated by the Fair Trade Commission and the uniform quality of which is easily identifiable,, in order to fix and maintain the resale price thereof with another entrepreneur who purchases such commodity (this term 'resale price' means the price at which the latter entrepreneur or an entrepreneur who purchases such commodity from the latter entrepreneur for sales sells it; the same shall apply hereinafter); provided, however, that this shall not apply to the cases where the said act tends to unreasonably harm the interests of general consumers, or where it is done by an entrepreneur who sells the said commodity against the will of the entrepreneur who produces the said commodity.

• 経済産業大臣又は都道府県知事は、公共の安全の維持又は災害の発生の 防止のため必要があると認めるときは、その職員に、高圧ガスの製造をする者、第一種貯蔵所若しくは第二種貯蔵所の所有者若しくは占有者、販売業者、高圧ガ スを貯蔵し、若しくは消費する者、高圧ガスの輸入をした者、液化石油ガス法第六条の液化石油ガス販売事業者、容器の製造をする者、容器の輸入をした者又は 容器検査所の登録を受けた者の事務所、営業所、工場、事業場、高圧ガス若しくは容器の保管場所又は容器検査所に立ち入り、その者の帳簿書類その他必要な物 件を検査させ、関係者に質問させ、又は試験のため必要な最少限度の容積に限り高圧ガスを収去させることができる。
• When the Minister of METI or the prefectural governor finds it necessary for the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters, he/she may send his/her staff to enter any office, business office, plant, workplace, storage place of high pressure gas or containers or container reinspection station of any high pressure gas producer, owner or possessor of a Class 1 or Class 2 Storage Place, Dealer, person storing or consuming high pressure gas, importer of high pressure gas, LPG Dealer under Article 6 of the LPG Act, person manufacturing containers, importer of containers or person with a registered container reinspection station, and cause such staff to inspect the books, records and other necessary articles, question the persons concerned or sample the high pressure gas to the minimum volume required for examination.

• 次に掲げる文書等について、利害関係人がその閲覧若しくは謄写、その正本、謄本若しくは抄本の交付又はその複製（以下この条において「閲覧等」という。）を行うことにより、再生債務者の事業の維持再生に著しい支障を生ずるおそれ又は再生債務者の財産に著しい損害を与えるおそれがある部分（以下この条において「支障部分」という。）があることにつき疎明があった場合には、裁判所は、当該文書等を提出した再生債務者等（保全管理人が選任されている場合にあっては、保全管理人。以下この項及び次項において同じ。）、監督委員、調査委員又は個人再生委員の申立てにより、支障部分の閲覧等の請求をすることができる者を、当該申立てをした者及び再生債務者等に限ることができる。
• Where with regard to the following documents, etc., prima facie showing is made to the effect that the documents, etc. in question contain such part that is likely to be significantly detrimental to the maintenance or rehabilitation of the rehabilitation debtor's business or serious damage to the rehabilitation debtor's property if it is subject to the inspection or copying, issuance of an authenticated copy, transcript or extract, or reproduction (hereinafter referred to as 'inspection, etc.' in this Article) conducted by an interested person (such part of documents, etc. shall hereinafter be referred to as 'detrimental part' in this Article), the court, upon the petition of the rehabilitation debtor, etc. (or a provisional administrator if any provisional administrator is appointed; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph and the following paragraph) who submitted the documents, etc. in question, a supervisor, examiner or individual rehabilitation commissioner, may limit persons who may make a request for inspection, etc. of the detrimental part to the persons who has filed the petition and the rehabilitation debtor, etc.:

• 学校、病院、工場、事業場、興行場、百貨店（これに準ずるものとして政令で定める大規模な小売店舗を含む。以下同じ。）、複合用途防火対象物（防火対象物で政令で定める二以上の用途に供されるものをいう。以下同じ。）その他多数の者が出入し、勤務し、又は居住する防火対象物で政令で定めるものの管理について権原を有する者は、政令で定める資格を有する者のうちから防火管理者を定め、当該防火対象物について消防計画の作成、当該消防計画に基づく消火、通報及び避難の訓練の実施、消防の用に供する設備、消防用水又は消火活動上必要な施設の点検及び整備、火気の使用又は取扱いに関する監督、避難又は防火上必要な構造及び設備の維持管理並びに収容人員の管理その他防火管理上必要な業務を行なわせなければならない。
• A person who holds the title to manage a school, hospital, factory, workplace, entertainment facility, department store (including a large-scale retail store specified by Cabinet Order as being equivalent thereto; the same shall apply hereinafter), a multi-purpose property under fire prevention measures (meaning a property under fire prevention measures used for two or more intended purposes specified by Cabinet Order; the same shall apply hereinafter), or any other property under fire prevention measures to which a number of people have access or in which a number of people work or reside and which is specified by Cabinet Order, shall appoint a fire prevention manager from among qualified persons specified by Cabinet Order, and have him/her prepare a fire defense plan, conduct drills for fire extinguishing activities, reporting and evacuation, inspect and improve the equipment used for fire defense, water supply for fire defense or facilities necessary for fire extinguishing activities, supervise the use or handling of fire, maintain and manage the structure and equipment necessary for evacuation or fire prevention, manage the capacity of the property at the appropriate level, and perform any other operations necessary for fire prevention management according to the fire defense plan with regard to said property under fire prevention measures.

• 所管行政庁（建築主事を置く市町村又は特別区の区域にあつては当該市町村又は特別区の長をいい、その他の市町村又は特別区の区域にあつては都道府県知事をいう。ただし、建築基準法（昭和二十五年法律第二百一号）第九十七条の二第一項又は第九十七条の三第一項の規定により建築主事を置く市町村又は特別区の区域内の政令で定める建築物にあつては、都道府県知事とする。以下同じ。）は、建築物（住宅を除く。以下この項において同じ。）について第七十二条に規定する措置の適確な実施を確保するため必要があると認めるときは、建築主等又は特定建築物（住宅を除く。）の所有者に対し、前条第一項に規定する判断の基準となるべき事項を勘案して、建築物の設計、施工及び維持保全に係る事項について必要な指導及び助言をすることができる。
• An administrative agency with jurisdiction (which means, with respect to the area of a municipality or special ward that has a district construction surveyor, the mayor of such a municipality or special ward, and with respect to the area of other municipality or special ward, the prefectural governor; provided, however, that it means the prefectural governor with respect to buildings specified by a Cabinet Order to be constructed in the area of a municipality or special ward that has a district construction surveyor pursuant to Article 97-2, paragraph (1) or Article 97-3, paragraph (1) of the Building Standards Act (Act No. 201 of 1950); the same shall apply hereinafter) may, when he/she finds it necessary in order to ensure the proper implementation of the measures prescribed in Article 72 with respect to buildings (excluding residences; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph), provide construction clients, etc. or owners of specified buildings (excluding residences) with necessary guidance and advice with regard to the matters concerning the designing, construction and maintenance of buildings, by considering the standards of judgment prescribed in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article.

• こ の法律は、地球の広範な部分を占める海洋が人類をはじめとする生物の生命を維持する上で不可欠な要素であるとともに、海に囲まれた我が国において、海洋法 に関する国際連合条約その他の国際約束に基づき、並びに海洋の持続可能な開発及び利用を実現するための国際的な取組の中で、我が国が国際的協調の下に、海 洋の平和的かつ積極的な開発及び利用と海洋環境の保全との調和を図る新たな海洋立国を実現することが重要であることにかんがみ、海洋に関し、基本理念を定 め、国、地方公共団体、事業者及び国民の責務を明らかにし、並びに海洋に関する基本的な計画の策定その他海洋に関する施策の基本となる事項を定めるととも に、総合海洋政策本部を設置することにより、海洋に関する施策を総合的かつ計画的に推進し、もって我が国の経済社会の健全な発展及び国民生活の安定向上を 図るとともに、海洋と人類の共生に貢献することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, with regard to the oceans, to stipulate the basic principles, to clarify the responsibilities of the State, the local governments, business operators and the citizens as well as to formulate the basic plan with regard to the oceans and other basic matters with regard to the measures on the oceans, by establishing the Headquarters for Ocean Policy in order to promote measures with regard to the oceans comprehensively and systematically, through contributing to the sound development of the economy and society of our State and to improve the stability of the lives of citizenry as well as to contribute to the coexistence of the oceans and mankind, in consideration of the fact that the oceans, occupying broad portion of the globe, is an indispensable factor for maintaining the lives of the living beings including mankind, and the fact that it is important to realize a new oceanic State in harmonization of the peaceful and positive development and use of the oceans with the conservation of the marine environment, under the international cooperation, as our State surrounded by the oceans, based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other international agreements as well as on the international efforts on the realization of the sustainable development and use of the oceans.

• 第八条第一項の防火対象物のうち火災の予防上必要があるものとして政令で定めるものの管理について権原を有する者は、総務省令で定めるところにより、定期に、防火対象物における火災の予防に関する専門的知識を有する者で総務省令で定める資格を有するもの（次項、次条第一項及び第三十六条第三項において「防火対象物点検資格者」という。）に、当該防火対象物における防火管理上必要な業務、消防の用に供する設備、消防用水又は消火活動上必要な施設の設置及び維持その他火災の予防上必要な事項（次項、次条第一項及び第三十六条第三項において「点検対象事項」という。）がこの法律又はこの法律に基づく命令に規定する事項に関し総務省令で定める基準（次項、次条第一項及び第三十六条第三項において「点検基準」という。）に適合しているかどうかを点検させ、その結果を消防長又は消防署長に報告しなければならない。ただし、第十七条の三の三の規定による点検及び報告の対象となる事項については、この限りでない。
• A person who holds the title to manage a property under fire prevention measures as set forth in Article 8, paragraph (1) specified by Cabinet Order as one for which inspection is necessary from a fire prevention perspective shall, as provided for by Ordinance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, have a person who has expert knowledge on the prevention of fire within a property under fire prevention measures and has a qualification specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (hereinafter referred to as a 'qualified inspector of property under fire prevention measures' in the following paragraph, paragraph (1) of the following Article and Article 36, paragraph (3)) inspect, periodically, whether or not the operations necessary for fire prevention management within the property under fire prevention measures, the installation and maintenance of equipment used for fire defense, supply of water for fire defense or facilities necessary for fire extinguishing activities and other matters necessary for the prevention of fire (referred to as the 'matters subject to inspection' in the following paragraph, paragraph (1) of the following Article and Article 36, paragraph (3)) conform to the standards specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications regarding the matters provided for in this Act or any order under this Act (referred to as the 'inspection standards' in the following paragraph, paragraph (1) of the following Article and Article 36, paragraph (3)), and report the inspection results to a fire chief or fire station chief; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the matters subject to the inspection and reporting under the provision of Article 17-3-3.

• 圧縮モノシラン、圧縮ジボラン、液化アルシンその他の高圧ガスで あつてその消費に際し災害の発生を防止するため特別の注意を要するものとして政令で定める種類のもの又は液化酸素その他の高圧ガスであつて当該ガスを相当 程度貯蔵して消費する際に公共の安全を維持し、又は災害の発生を防止するために特別の注意を要するものとして政令で定める種類の高圧ガス（以下「特定高圧 ガス」と総称する。）を消費する者（その消費する特定高圧ガスの貯蔵設備の貯蔵能力が当該特定高圧ガスの種類ごとに政令で定める数量以上である者又はその 消費に係る事業所以外の事業所から導管によりその消費する特定高圧ガスの供給を受ける者に限る。以下同じ。）は、事業所ごとに、消費開始の日の二十日前ま でに、消費する特定高圧ガスの種類、消費（消費に係る貯蔵及び導管による輸送を含む。以下この項において同じ。）のための施設の位置、構造及び設備並びに 消費の方法を記載した書面を添えて、その旨を都道府県知事に届け出なければならない。
• In the event that any person consumes compressed monosilane, compressed diborane, liquefied arsine or other high pressure gases specifically specified in a Cabinet Order as requiring special care for the prevention of accidents in their consumption, or liquid oxygen and other types of high pressure gases specifically specified in a Cabinet Order as requiring special care for the maintenance of public safety or for the prevention of accidents with respect to the storage and consumption of a certain quantity of such gas(es) (all gases herein referred to are hereinafter collectively referred to as 'Specific High Pressure Gases'), the consumer (limited to anyone whose storage facilities of Specific High Pressure Gases for consumption have a storage capacity of not or less the quantity specified by a Cabinet Order for each type of Specific High Pressure Gas or anyone who is supplied with such Specific High Pressure Gas for consumption through a pipeline from a place of business other than those involved in the consumption of Specific High Pressure Gas; the same shall apply hereinafter) shall report to the prefectural governor for each place of business no later than 20 days prior to commencement of consumption, together with documents showing the type of Specific High Pressure Gas to be consumed, the location, construction and equipment of the facilities for consumption (including storage for consumption and pipeline transportation; the same shall apply hereinafter in this paragraph) and the method of consumption.

• この法律は、ヒト又は動物の胚又は生殖細胞を操作する技術のうちクローン技術ほか一定の技術（以下「クローン技術等」という。）が、その用いられ方のいかんによっては特定の人と同一の遺伝子構造を有する人（以下「人クローン個体」という。）若しくは人と動物のいずれであるかが明らかでない個体（以下「交雑個体」という。）を作り出し、又はこれらに類する個体の人為による生成をもたらすおそれがあり、これにより人の尊厳の保持、人の生命及び身体の安全の確保並びに社会秩序の維持（以下「人の尊厳の保持等」という。）に重大な影響を与える可能性があることにかんがみ、クローン技術等のうちクローン技術又は特定融合・集合技術により作成される胚を人又は動物の胎内に移植することを禁止するとともに、クローン技術等による胚の作成、譲受及び輸入を規制し、その他当該胚の適正な取扱いを確保するための措置を講ずることにより、人クローン個体及び交雑個体の生成の防止並びにこれらに類する個体の人為による生成の規制を図り、もって社会及び国民生活と調和のとれた科学技術の発展を期することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, in light of the risk that certain techniques including the Cloning Techniques (hereinafter referred to as the 'Cloning Techniques, etc.' ) among the techniques for manipulating Embryos or Germ Cells of a human or an Animal could, depending on the way they are applied, create an individual with the same gene structure as a certain individual (hereinafter referred to as a 'Human Clone Individual' ) or an individual which cannot be clearly classified as a human or an Animal (hereinafter referred to as an 'Hybrid Individual' ), or artificially create other similar individuals, and have a serious influence on the preservation of human dignity, safety for human life and body, and maintenance of public order (hereinafter referred to as the 'Preservation of Human Dignity, etc.' ), to prevent creation of Human Clone Individuals and Hybrid Individuals and to regulate artificial creation of individuals similar to them by means of prohibiting transfer of Embryos produced by the Cloning Techniques or Specified Fusion/Aggregation Techniques among Cloning Techniques, etc. into a human or Animal uterus, regulating production, receipt by assignment and import of Embryos created by Cloning Techniques, etc., and taking other measures for securing appropriate handling of such Embryos, thereby ensuring the development of science and technology in harmony with society and citizens lives.

• ものづくり基盤技術は、我が国の基幹的な産業である製造業の発展を支えることにより、生産の拡 大、貿易の振興、新産業の創出、雇用の増大等国民経済のあらゆる領域にわたりその発展に寄与するとともに、国民生活の向上に貢献してきた。また、ものづく り基盤技術に係る業務に従事する労働者は、このようなものづくり基盤技術の担い手として、その水準の維持及び向上のために重要な役割を果たしてきた。我ら は、このようなものづくり基盤技術及びこれに係る業務に従事する労働者の果たす経済的社会的役割が、国の存立基盤を形成する重要な要素として、今後におい ても変わることのないことを確信する。しかるに、近時、就業構造の変化、海外の地域における工業化の進展等による競争条件の変化その他の経済の多様かつ構 造的な変化による影響を受け、国内総生産に占める製造業の割合が低下し、その衰退が懸念されるとともに、ものづくり基盤技術の継承が困難になりつつある。 このような事態に対処して、我が国の国民経済が国の基幹的な産業である製造業の発展を通じて今後とも健全に発展していくためには、ものづくり基盤技術に関 する能力を尊重する社会的気運を醸成しつつ、ものづくり基盤技術の積極的な振興を図ることが不可欠である。ここに、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策 を総合的かつ計画的に推進するため、この法律を制定する。
• By way of supporting the development of the manufacturing industry, which is Japan's fundamental industry, core manufacturing technology has contributed to the development of all areas of the national economy such as expansion of production, promotion of trade, creation of new industries, and increase in employment, and has contributed to improving the lives of the citizenry. In addition, workers engaged in operations pertaining to core manufacturing technology have played an important role in maintaining and improving the level of the technology in their capacity as supporters of such core manufacturing technology. We believe that the economic and social role of such core manufacturing technology and workers who engage in operations pertaining thereto will continue to be an important element in the foundation of the existence of the State in the future. Recently, however, due to changes in the employment structure, changes in competitive conditions resulting from factors like the progress of industrialization overseas, and other diverse and structural changes in the economy, the share of the manufacturing industry in Japan's gross domestic product has fallen, and concerns about a decline in the industry have grown, and the smooth succession of core manufacturing technology is becoming difficult. In order to deal with such a situation and to maintain the sound development of Japan's national economy through the development of the manufacturing industry, which is a fundamental to the State, that the active promotion of core manufacturing technology is indispensable, while a social tendency to respect abilities related to core manufacturing technology is enhanced. We hereby establish this Act so as to drive forward measures for the promotion of core manufacturing technology in a comprehensive and organized manner.