経営: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 経営
• management
• administration
• management (of a business)
• operation
• conduct
• prosecution
• running

• 経営の
• executive
• managerial

• 経営面
• management aspects (of business)

• 経営費
• operating costs

• 経営難
• financial difficulties

• 経営学
• management studies
• business administration (study of)
• Administration of business

• 経営権
• right of management
• management right

• 経営陣
• the management ranks

• 経営者
• manager
• proprietor
• employer
• executive
• industry
• operator
• producer
• skipper

• 経営上
• administrative
• managerial
• operational

• 経営課
• Forestry Management Improvement Division

• 経営層
• management hierarchy

• 会社経営
• company management
• managing a company
• Financial information

• 経営目標
• managerial goal
• business objective

• 関東経営
• Kanto Regional Management

• 経営者側
• management

• 経営革新
• management improvement

• 経営科学
• Management Science

• 協同経営
• partnership

• 経営上の
• administrative
• managerial

• 技術経営
• MOT Management of Technology
• Technology management

• 畜産経営
• livestock operation

• 経営委任
• entrustment of management

• 経営計画
• management planning

• 経営環境
• business environment

• 経営方針
• management policies
• management policy

• 経営不振
• unprofitable business operation

• 経営破綻
• business failure

• 減量経営
• streamlined management
• RIF Reduction In Force

• 経営転換
• management reorganization
• management reorganisation

• 経営統合
• business integration
• business merger
• integration of management

• 経営倫理
• management ethics

• 個人経営
• private management

• 経営戦略
• management strategy

• 乱脈経営
• chaotic (irresponsible) management of a company

• 放漫経営
• irresponsible management
• loose management
• sloppy management

• 多角経営
• diversified management
• diversification

• 経営責任
• management responsibility
• administrative responsibility

• 経営管理
• business management

• 経営工学
• industrial engineering
• management engineering

• 経営状況
• business conditions
• trade conditions
• financial situation

• 経営資源
• management resource
• management resources

• 経営再建
• management reorganization
• management reorganisation

• 経営参加
• labor participation in management (labour)
• worker representation on the board
• labor participation in the management

• 経営する
• manage
• operate
• work

• 林業経営
• forest management

• 農業経営
• farm management
• farming

• 大陸経営
• Tairiku Keiei

• 同族経営
• Family business

• 経営理念
• philosophy of management

• 経営技術
• entrepreneurial skill

• 官田の経営
• Management of kanden

• 屯倉の経営
• Miyake management

• 会社の経営
• housekeeping

• まずい経営
• misconduct

• 夫婦経営の
• mom-and-pop

• 商店経営者
• storekeeper

• 専門的経営
• professional management

• を経営する
• run

• 経営の原則
• Principle of operation

• 日本的経営
• Japanese-style business management
• adoption of Japanese business practices (such as lifelong employment, seniority-based promotions, etc.)
• Japanese management culture

• 経営多角化
• diversification

• 経営学修士
• Master of Business Administration
• MBA

• 経営合理化
• streamlining of operations

• 共同経営者
• business partner

• 人工林経営
• plantation management, arboriculture

• 森林経営学
• forest management science

• 炭坑経営者
• coalman
• mine operator

• 農業経営費
• cost of farming

• 経営支援課
• Business Support Division

• 水産経営課
• Fisheries Management Improvement Division

• 経営企画課
• National Forest Planning Division

• 経営上層部
• upper-level management

• 農業経営課
• Agricultural Operation Division

• 経営管理課
• Management and Administration Division

• 経営管理部
• administration department

• 経営企画部
• corporate planning department

• 経営心理学
• management psychology
• business psychology
• managerial psychology

• 専門経営者
• professional manager

• 経営運用費
• operating cost

• 経営管理論
• Management

• 経営戦略論
• Strategic management

• 野球経営者
• Baseball executives

• 経営ノウハウ
• management know-how

• 会社の経営者
• big wheel

• 経営学大学院
• business school

• 小規模の経営
• mom-and-pop operations

• 経営管理方式
• management operating system

• 長期経営計画
• long-range management planning

• 事業の経営等
• Operation of services

• 企業経営協会
• Enterprise Management Association
• EMA

• 中期経営計画
• medium-term management plan

• 経営グループ
• management group

• 近代経営協会
• Modern Management Association

• 農業経営形態
• farm management type

• 農業経営組織
• farm management organization

• 新潟経営大学
• Niigata University of Management

• 経営情報学会
• Japan Society for Management Information
• JASMIN

• 生活経営部会
• Division of Family Resource Management

• 日本経営学会
• Japan Society for the Study of Business Administration
• JBA

• 全国経営協会
• National Management Association

• 経営安定部会
• Management Stabilization Committee

• 経営支援部会
• Business Support Committee

• 新聞の経営者
• the proprietor of a newspaper

• 書店の経営者
• the proprietor of a bookstore

• 宿屋の経営者
• the proprietor of an inn

• 経営者の責任
• Management responsibility

• 専門的経営者
• professional manager

• 経営戦略会議
• corporate strategy meeting

• 低能な経営陣
• an executive of low caliber

• 牧場を経営する
• ranch

• 経営を援助する
• prime the pump

• 経営管理学博士
• Doctor of Business Administration

• 米国経営者協会
• American Management Association

• 最高経営責任者
• chief executive officer
• CEO

• 経営基盤の充実
• fulfillment of management base
• fulfilment of management base
• improvement of management foundation

• 経営最高責任者
• chief executive officer
• CEO

• 企業経営研究所
• Institut pour l'etude des methodes de direction de l'entreprise

• 水平的多角経営
• horizontal diversification

• 近代的農業経営
• modernized farm management

• 経営の基本方針
• basic management policy

• 経営規模の拡大
• enlargement of farm size

• 経営資本回転率
• turnover of operating capital

• 米国経営研究所
• American Institute of Management
• AIM

• 畜産経営研究所
• Chikusankeieikenkyuujo

• 【経営支援部】
• Business Support Department

• 経営安定対策室
• Direct Payment for Land - extensive Farming Office
• Office for Business Stability

• 多角的農業経営
• diversified farming

• 経営判断の原則
• Business judgment rule

• スポーツ経営者
• Sports executives and administrators

• ケリー経営学部
• Kelley School of Business

• 唐宋期の荘園経営
• The management of shoens during the Tang and Sung dynasty

• 畜産経営環境保全
• environmental conservation in livestock operation

• 国有林野経営規程
• National Forest Management Rules

• 宮崎産業経営大学
• Miyazaki Sangyo-Keiei University

• 経営情報システム
• Management Information System
• MIS

• 米国経営管理学会
• American Management Association

• 日本農業経営学会
• Farm Management Society of Japan

• 経営行動科学学会
• Japanese Association of Administrative Science
• JAAS

• 国際経営奉仕部隊
• International Executive Service Corps

• 国際経営顧問協会
• International Management Consultants Association

• 国際経営改善財団
• Foundation for International Progress in Management

• 工業経営研究学会
• Association for the Study of Industrial Management (Japan)

• 日本経営管理協会
• Japan Institute of Management and Administration
• JIMA

• 日本教育経営学会
• Japanese Association for the Study of Educational Administration
• JASEA

• 松竹が経営する。
• It is run by Shochiku Co. Ltd.

• 経営・組織対策室
• Agricultural Cooperatives Organization Office

• 赤字経営をする。
• Operate in the red.

• 不動産経営管理士
• Certified Property Manager

• HEC経営大学院
• HEC Paris

• インド経営大学院
• Indian Institutes of Management

• 博士 (経営学)
• Doctor of Business Administration

• サシン経営大学院
• Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration of Chulalongkorn University

• 官僚主義的企業経営
• corpocracy

• 最高経営執行責任者
• CEO Chief Executive Officer

• 国際経営者団体連盟
• International Organization Employers

• 経営の健全性の確保
• Securing Sound Management
• Securing of Soundness in Management

• 日本経営者団体連盟
• Japan Federation of Employers' Associations

• 経営コンサルタント
• management consultancy
• management consultant
• Management consulting

• 経営の責任者の氏名
• the name of the person responsible for the operation

• 経営資本営業利益率
• ratio of operating profit to operating capital

• 持続可能な森林経営
• sustainable forest management

• 自己管理と経営資金
• self-management and administrative

• 国際経営開発研究所
• International Institute for Management Development
• IMD

• 日本経営能率研究所
• Japan Institute of Management

• 高速道路経営管理室
• Expressway Companies Affairs Office

• レストランの経営者
• the proprietor of a restaurant

• 名古屋経営短期大学
• Nagoya Management Junior College

• 賢く経営された事業
• a smartly managed business

• ケロッグ経営大学院
• Kellogg School of Management

• 私営田経営者と「兵」
• The 'Shieiden Managers' and 'Tsuwamono'

• イギリス経営管理協会
• British Institute of Management

• 生命保険内務経営協会
• Life Office Management Association

• 全国経営管理開発協会
• National Institute of Management Development

• 日本経営財務研究学会
• Japan Finance Association

• 小さな家族経営の会社
• a small mom-and-pop business

• 農園の所有者、経営者
• the owner or manager of a plantation

• 何年も赤字経営の会社
• a company that has been run behindhand for years

• 経営企画・協働推進室
• Administrative Planning and Coordination Office

• 分散化された学校経営
• a decentralized school administration

• 多くは本陣を経営した。
• Many of them managed Honjin (the headquarters).

• 経営支配権を有する株主
• controlling stockholder

• 離島航路経営改善対策官
• Director for Management Improvement of Sea Routes at Remote Islands
• Director for Managerial Improvement of Sea Routes at Remote Islands

• 種智院大学（協同経営）
• Shuchiin University (partnership)
• Shuchiin University (run together with a third-party organization)
• Shuchiin University (joint management)
• The Shuchiin University (partnership)
• Shuchiin University (Co-management)
• Shuchiin University (Jointly Operated)

• これは経営者の決定だ。
• This was an executive decision.

• 誰が会社の経営者かね。
• Who runs the show?

• 経営・知的資産小委員会
• Subcommittee on Management and Intellectual assets

• 経営・情報開示小委員会
• Subcommittee on Management and Information Disclosure

• 経営・市場環境小委員会
• Subcommittee on Management and Market Environment

• 中小企業経営支援分科会
• Business Support Committee

• 同社は経営状態がいい。
• That is a well-managed company.

• 経営者は、結束を固めた
• Management closed ranks

• 経営者のコミットメント
• Management commitment

• バスケットボール経営者
• Basketball executives

• EMLYON経営大学院
• EMLYON Business School

• 企業支配または経営発言力
• The power to control the business or influence management

• 持続可能な森林経営の推進
• promotion of sustainable forest management

• 中小企業経営問題議員連盟
• Diet members caucus supporting small business

• 彼は靴屋を経営している。
• He runs a shoe shop.

• 彼はホテルの経営者です。
• He is the manager of a hotel.

• 経営体育成基盤整備推進室
• Management oriented Farmland Consolidation Office

• 経営者は妥協を拒絶した。
• The management refused to come to terms.

• 事業を経営する人々の団体
• the body of individuals who manage businesses

• 企業の経営を担当する人々
• those in charge of running a business

• 乾燥地における農村経営計画
• agricultural management plans in dry land areas

• 技術経営力強化のための施策
• Policy for Strengthening of Technology Management Capability

• 会社は赤字経営で倒産した。
• The company was in the red and went under.

• 会社は経営難に陥っている。
• The company is in financial difficulties.

• 彼には経営の才があります。
• He has managerial talent.

• 父はその店を経営している。
• Father manages the store.

• 彼女は靴屋を経営している。
• She manages a shoe store.

• 経営者側と組合は和解した。
• The management and the union were reconciled.

• 彼らは油田を経営していた。
• They operated an oil well.

• 賭博場あるいはカジノの経営
• the management of a gambling house or casino

• 経営管理のコンサルタント業
• a business management consultancy

• 鉱山を所有し、経営する会社
• a company that owns and manages mines

• 経営シミュレーションゲーム
• Business simulation game
• Business simulation games

• 彼は小さなクラブを経営した
• he led a small club

• 昨年経営で損失を出した会社
• the company operated at a loss last year

• 環境に関する経営のための指針
• Guidelines for Environmental Management

• CEO (経営の最高責任者)
• Chief Executive Officer

• 国有林野の管理及び経営の事業
• Management and Operation of National Forest Projects

• おじはホテルを経営している。
• My uncle runs a hotel.

• 航空運送代理店業を経営する者
• Any person who operates air transport agency business

• 彼女は美容院を経営している。
• She runs a beauty shop.

• 同社は私の兄が経営している。
• The company is managed by my elder brother.

• 巧みな経営で事業は成功した。
• Skillful management made a success of the business.

• 私の父は商店を経営している。
• My father manages a store.

• 昨年赤字で経営されていた会社
• the company operated in the red last year

• サンダーバード国際経営大学院
• Thunderbird School of Global Management

• その他、個人経営の民宿もある。
• Privately-run lodging is also available.

• 席亭寄席の運営者や経営者の事。
• Sekitei: The operator or owner of a yose

• 弁護士事務所の共同経営者として
• rainmaker

• 経営または財政上問題のある銀行
• problem bank

• 農産物の価格の形成と経営の安定
• Pricing of Agricultural Products and Stabilization of Farm Management

• 経営しようとする鉄道事業の種別
• The classification of Railway Business the applicant intends to operate

• 彼は目黒で会社を経営している。
• He runs a company in Meguro.

• 父はレストランを経営している。
• My father runs a restaurant.

• 大きな牧場を経営してみたいな。
• I'd like to run a big stock farm.

• 私は、経営コンサルタントです。
• I'm a management consultant.

• テレビやラジオ局を経営する会社
• a company that manages tv or radio stations

• 事業の経営に対して責任がある人
• a person responsible for the administration of a business

• 女性による経営の上層部への浸透
• the penetration of upper management by women

• 経営や後継問題により数は減った。
• The number of yose has decreased due to financial difficulties and inheritance problems.

• ハーバード大学大学院経営学研究所
• Harvard Business School

• 効率的かつ安定的な漁業経営の育成
• Development of Efficient and Stable Fishery Management

• その会社は外国人が経営している。
• The firm is under foreign management.

• 彼は町でスーパーを経営している。
• He runs a supermarket in the town.

• 彼には事業を経営する能力がある。
• He has the ability to manage a business.

• 彼の両親はホテルを経営していた。
• His parents ran a hotel.

• 組合は経営者側と賃金交渉をした。
• The union bargained with the management.

• 私のおじは商社を経営しています。
• My uncle manages a firm.

• 会社が日中合弁で経営しています。
• The company is operating under joint Sino-Japanese management.

• 労働組合は経営陣と交渉している。
• The labor union is negotiating with the owners.

• 大牧場を所有または経営している人
• a person who owns or operates a ranch

• 彼が今期の経営方針を策定しました。
• He formulated a management policy for this term.

• ビルはその会社を経営する力がある。
• Bill is equal to the task of running the firm.

• 会社の経営が行き詰まってきたのよ。
• The company is at the end of its rope.

• 当事者が現に経営している事業の概要
• Outline of business being currently managed by the person concerned.

• 経営管理に経験のある方を求めます。
• We need someone who has some experience in administration.

• 彼はホテルをたくさん経営している。
• He runs a lot of hotels.

• 彼の母は１５年薬局を経営している。
• His mother has been running a drugstore for fifteen years.

• 彼の息子が工場の経営を引き受けた。
• His son took on the management of the factory.

• 彼は父親の会社の経営を引き継いだ。
• He has taken charge of his father's company.

• 若いころ彼はホテルを経営していた。
• Earlier in his life he ran a hotel.

• 店を所有したり、経営したりする商人
• a merchant who owns or manages a shop

• 彼女はダンススタジオを経営していた
• she ran a dance studio

• 従業員の要求に抵抗する経営側の行為
• a management action resisting employee's demands

• 宗教団体によって経営される私立学校
• a private religious school run by a church or parish

• また、後には勅旨牧の経営も監督した。
• Subsequently, Meryo also controlled the management of chokushimaki (mandate pastures, Imperial pastures).

• 持続可能な森林経営のための基準・指標
• criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management

• 洛南高等学校・附属中学校（協同経営）
• Rakunan High School and Junior High School (run together with a third-party organization)
• Rakunan high school and junior high school (joint management)
• Rakunan High school and Junior High school Attached to Rakunan High school (partnership)
• Rakunan High school and Junior High school Attached to Rakunan High school (Co-management)
• Rakunan High School/Junior High School (partnership)
• Rakunan High School/Junior High School (Jointly Operated)

• 御室老人いこいの家（京都市委託経営）
• Omuro rojin ikoi-no-ie (peaceful home for elderly people): Run on behalf of Kyoto City

• 洛南高等学校・附属中学校(協同経営)
• Rakunan High School/Junior High School (partnership)
• Rakunan Senior High School and the attached junior high school (partnership)

• テンテンカフェ（河島英五の妻経営店）
• TEN.TEN.CAFE (under the management of the wife Eigo KAWASHIMA, a singer)

• 私たちはその店を共同で経営している。
• We run the store jointly.

• 父親が病気の間、彼が会社を経営した。
• He managed the company while his father was ill.

• 彼の経営手腕を疑問視する役員もいた。
• Some board members questioned his ability to run the corporation.

• 雑貨店を経営するには資金が不十分だ。
• The funds are not sufficient for running a grocery.

• 農場を経営するには数人の人間が必要だ
• it takes several people to work the farm

• 経営陣と労働者の間には取決めがあった
• there was an understanding between management and the workers

• 個人経営の会社の責任者を証明する証書
• a certificate showing who is responsible in an individually owned business

• 専ら農業を営む者等による農業経営の展開
• Development of Farm Management by Full-time Farmers

• 地元漁民が当該漁業の経営に参加する程度
• Degree to which the local fishermen will participate in the management of said fishery
• Degree to which local fishermen participate in the management of said fishery

• ＡＢＣジャパンの経営チームにようこそ。
• Welcome to the management team at ABC Japan.

• その店の経営が彼には重荷になってきた。
• Running the store is becoming a burden to him.

• その会社は、経営者が３回変わっている。
• The company has changed hands three times.

• 外国からの経営陣は製造工場を見学した。
• The foreign executives visited the manufacturing plant.

• その会社は経営者が３人も代わっている。
• The company has changed hands three times.

• 国際航空運送事業を経営するかどうかの別
• Whether or not intending to engage in international air transport services

• 彼の知人が田舎で雑貨屋を経営している。
• His acquaintance runs a grocery in the country.

• 彼の母親は１５年間薬局を経営している。
• His mother has been running a drugstore for fifteen years.

• 事業の管理経営の中心として動くオフィス
• the office that serves as the administrative center of an enterprise

• 個人経営と国営企業を合併させる経済体制
• an economic system that combines private and state enterprises

• しかし、世界恐慌の影響で経営が悪化した。
• However, the business deteriorated due to the Great Depression.

• この経営の実務能力は、師行譲りであった。
• His practical management capabilities were as excellent as Moroyuki.

• これに公営田の経営方式が継承されている。
• It succeeded to Kueiden's management system.

• 山田社長が今後の経営方針を明らかにした。
• President Yamada unveiled the future corporate strategy.

• 現在は「高槻ホテル開発株式会社」が経営。
• Operated by 'Takatsuki Hotel Development Corporation' today.

• 千土地興行（後の日本ドリーム観光）経営。
• It was managed by Sentochi Kogyo (later, Nippon Dream Kanko).

• その若者が大きなデパートを経営している。
• The young man manages a big department store.

• 我が社は経営が非常にうまくいっています。
• This is an extremely well run company.

• 円高がその会社の経営不振に拍車をかけた。
• The yen's appreciation accelerated the decline of that company.

• お父さんはレストランを経営しているのよ。
• My father runs a restaurant.

• 彼は将来、会社を経営したいと思っている。
• He hopes to run a company in the future.

• 経営者は労働者と話し合うことに同意した。
• The management has agreed to have talks with the workers.

• 経営側と労働者側との対決があるでしょう。
• There is going to be a show-down between management and labor.

• 社長は経営の不振の責任をとって辞任した。
• The president held himself responsible for the slump in business, and left his post.

• 標的の会社の経営者によって歓迎される接収
• a takeover that is welcomed by the management of the target company

• 彼は同時に2つの会社を経営する責任をもつ
• he has responsibility for the running of two companies at the same time

• 客が店に入ってきたことを経営者に知らせる
• warns the proprietor that a customer has entered the shop

• 主に国政や企業経営の状況に対して使われる。
• It is often used to describe the status of national government or business management.

• 経営者が退職するときに受け取る高額の退職金
• golden parachute

• 会社の目標を明示して労働意欲を向上する経営
• management by objectives

• 銀行持株会社に係る銀行の経営の健全性の確保
• Securing of Soundness in Management of Bank Holding Company's Subsidiary Bank

• 他の事業者の経営に関する相談に応じること。
• consultation to any other business operator with regard to management;

• 彼が東京で通信関係の会社を経営しています。
• He runs a company in communications in Tokyo.

• 会社を経営することと保有することとは違う。
• Management of a company is different from ownership of a company.

• その会社は経営に日本式のやり方を導入した。
• The company introduced Japanese methods into its business.

• 国内定期航空運送事業を経営するかどうかの別
• Whether or not intending to engage in domestic scheduled air transport services

• 航空運送事業又は航空機使用事業を経営する者
• Any person who operates air transport services or aerial work services

• 彼には事業を経営するのに十分な才能がある。
• He has enough ability to manage a business.

• 経営者は彼の部下を意のままに支配している。
• The manager controls his men at will.

• 経営とは従業員とはとても異なった利益をもつ
• management had interests quite distinct from those of their employees

• 屯倉は、朝廷直轄の農業経営地あるいは直轄領。
• Miyake is agricultural land under the direct control of Imperial Court, or a directly controlled fief.

• 国衙からその経営を請け負っていたに過ぎない。
• Instead, they were just awarded a contract to administrate the myo by the kokuga.

• その支配・経営は国家権力に強く依存していた。
• The governance and management of Shoki Shoen was strongly dependent on the national authority.

• 前条第一項第一号に掲げる者　会計学及び経営学
• A person set forth in paragraph (1)(i) of the preceding Article--　Accounting and Business administration

• その事業の計画が経営上適切なものであること。
• The business plan is appropriate from the viewpoint of operation.

• マイクロファイナンスのための経営情報システム
• MIS for microfinance

• そのホテルは彼の叔父によって経営されている。
• The hotel is run by his uncle.

• 事業の経営上使用する商号があるときはその商号
• Trade name used in the business management, if any; and

• 労働者達は経営者に給料の引き上げを要求した。
• Laborers required raising of a salary of the manager.

• 彼はイタリアで長年レストランを経営していた。
• He carried on the restaurant in Italy for many years.

• 同社の経営陣は組合に５％の賃上げを提示した。
• The management of a company offered a 5% pay increase to the union.

• 彼らは彼を彼らの経営者として尊敬するだろう。
• They will look up to him as their benefactor.

• 経営陣は全社員に今度の会議で投票を行わせる。
• Management will have all employees vote at the upcoming meeting.

• 業務の経営や管理においてや、発言権のないこと
• having no voice in the management or control of affairs

• 標的の会社の経営陣によって抵抗される乗っ取り
• a takeover that is resisted by the management of the target company

• 名田経営を中心的に担っていたのが、田堵である。
• The tato people played a primary role in myoden farming.

• 名田の経営については、田堵負名の自由であった。
• The things related to the myoden administration were left to their discretion.

• 第三十二条の規定に違反して索道事業を経営した者
• The person who managed Cableway Business in violation of the provision of Article 32.

• 現在は、2代目店長の今井香子氏が経営している。
• The cafe is currently run by Ms. Kyoko IMAI, the second-generation manager.

• 長野県から「志賀高原温泉ホテル」の経営を受託。
• Kyoto Hotel was given the management of 'Shiga Kogen Onsen Hotel' in trust by Nagano Prefecture.

• スコットさんは企業家精神に富む経営者なんです。
• Scott is an entrepreneur with much spirit of enterprise.

• 大金を稼ぐつもりで、彼らは大学を経営している。
• They run the university with a view to making a lot of money.

• 経営者側は賃金を増やすことは不可能だと言った。
• The management said that a wage increase was out of the question.

• 東京急行電鉄資本のもとに映画館経営から出発した。
• With capital from Tokyu Corporation, the company began its business with the management of movie theaters.

• 安定した入り客があるため経営状態も安定している。
• They are stable in business because of their steady number of customers.

• 第三条第一項の規定に違反して鉄道事業を経営した者
• The person who operates Railway Business in violation of the provision of paragraph 1 of Article 3.

• 当該漁業についての経験の程度、資本その他経営能力
• Degree of experience on said fishery, capital and management ability
• Degree of experience on said fishery, capital and other management ability

• このようにして、彼は工場の経営に成功したのです。
• This is how he has succeeded in running the factory.

• まず第１に、雑貨店を経営するには資金が不十分だ。
• To begin with, the funds are not sufficient for running a grocery store.

• その農場経営者は色々な種類の作物を栽培している。
• The farmer cultivates a variety of crops.

• 彼は二番目のレストランの経営を、長女にまかせた。
• He put his eldest daughter in charge of his second restaurant.

• 両親はスキーヤー用のペンションを経営しています。
• My parents run a pension for skiers.

• 電算機は経営者に詳しい最新の情報を与えてくれる。
• They would arm administrators with so much detailed and up to date information.

• 彼らの父親は、町で大きな靴屋を経営していました。
• Their father had a large shoe shop in the town.

• レストランを経営することはちょっとした作業である
• running a restaurant is quite an operation

• 経営の機能、責任または活動に関する、またはそれの
• of or relating to the function or responsibility or activity of management

• 宿坊を経営しているため、宿泊利用可能な寺院である。
• Torin-in Temple offers lodging services on the premises.

• 経営転換３ヵ年計画「convert-21」を発表。
• He announced the company's three-year plan, called 'convert-21,' for management transformation.

• 農村に住んで農業経営にあたり、農民を直接支配した。
• They lived in rural areas, conducted farm management and controlled the farmers.

• 官牧には、ほかに内厩寮が経営していた勅旨牧がある。
• Another kind of official farm is chokushimaki, managed by Naikyuryo (Bureau of administration of barn in the imperial court, the emperor's horses and the pasture).

• 従業員たちは力を合わせて、経営側に昇給を要求した。
• Workers pulled together and asked the management for a raise.

• 経営陣はついに労働者側の要求に屈し、昇給を認めた。
• The management finally succumbed to the demand of the workers and gave them a raise.

• 大正バブル期に金融資本の多角経営の一事業として出発。
• It was established by a financial institution as a part of its diversified business during the era of Taisho bubble economy.

• それと直接経営の土地も含めて屯倉と呼ぶようになった。
• Miyake' includes lands directly managed by the Yamato government.

• 樺太新聞社（読売新聞社経営）が地方紙として存在した。
• Karafuto Shinbun-sha (affiliated with Yomiuri Newspaper) existed as a local paper.

• 初期荘園は賃租に伴う地子収入によって経営されていた。
• The early shoens were run on the income from land taxes accompanied with this chinso.

• それが毎年、各事業年度ごとの短期経営計画を策定する。
• Every year, a short-term business plan for each accounting period is worked out.

• 現在は吉本が経営する商業ビル「パッサージオ」が立地。
• At present, a commercial building run by Yoshimoto Kogyo Co., Ltd. called 'Passagio' stands there.

• 組合等の組織、事業及び経営に関する知識についての検定
• Provision of examinations on knowledge concerning the organization, activities and management of cooperatives, etc.

• 他の会社の営業の全部又は重要部分についての経営の受任
• Undertaking the management of the whole or a substantial part of the business of another corporation;

• その文書を経営管理部に送って検討してもらって下さい。
• Please forward the document to the administrative office for review.

• 賃金、福利と労働環境を統括する経営者側と労働者の契約
• contract between labor and management governing wages and benefits and working conditions

• 経営管理学修士号を取得するための学問を提供する大学院
• a graduate school offering study leading to a degree of Master in Business Administration

• 1つは、名田を農民層の所有・経営単位とする見方である。
• One opinion is that a myoden was an ownership and management unit in the farmer class.

• これらはすべて認められ、以後の満洲経営の基礎となった。
• They were all accepted and, subsequently, helped lay the foundations for Japan's operations in Manchuria.

• 彼が中小企業向けの経営コンサルティングサービスを行う。
• He provides management consulting services to small and medium-sized enterprises.

• 経営合理化３ヵ年計画「アクションプラン-21」を発表。
• He announced the company's three-year plan for management rationalization, called 'Action Plan 21.'

• 事業の経営に関する技術の指導に係る技術導入契約の締結等
• The conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc. pertaining to guidance on the technology relating to business operation;

• 届出をする者が現に経営している事業があるときはその概要
• If the person filing the notification is already running a business, outline of the business

• 彼の会社は日本で最もうまく経営されている消費者金融だ。
• His company is one of the best managed companies in Japan.

• 物質的な富の生産、発展そして経営に影響する過程のどれか
• any process affecting the production and development and management of material wealth

• 多羅間俊彦（ブラジルに移民し、コーヒー園を経営している）
• Toshihiko TARAMA (he moved to Brazil and runs a coffee plantation).

• しかし、設立わずか半年で経営が崩壊、賃金未払いが起きる。
• However, the company ran into financial difficulty only half a year after its establishment and was unable to pay its wages.

• - 帝国ホテル総支配人として西欧ホテル経営の基礎を伝える
• - As the general manager of the Imperial Hotel, he provided instruction in the basics of hotel management in the western European style

• 現在は株式会社奈良ホテルが経営しており、資本金は4億円。
• Now Nara Hotel Co., Ltd. manages the hotel with 400 million capital fund.

• これからどう会社を経営していったらいいのか、五里霧中だ。
• We're all at sea about where to take our company from here.

• 彼は経営陣に対して、彼が何をするのか説明する責任がある。
• He is accountable to the management for what he does.

• 会社を経営する上で、社員の配置転換を行う必要があります。
• Job rotation is essential to running a business.

• 経営慣行の信頼が株価暴落によって損なわれてしまいました。
• Confidence in management practices was undermined by the crash.

• 会社の経営があまりにも順風満帆で、かえって恐いぐらいだ。
• The company is running so well, it's unnerving.

• 佐藤氏は上京する前は生まれ故郷でスーパーを経営していた。
• Mr Sato ran a supermarket in his hometown before he came to Tokyo.

• 政府に雇われて、田舎の人々の農業経営や家政に力を貸す顧問
• an advisor employed by the government to assist people in rural areas with methods of farming and home economics

• したがって、寄席全体では苦しい経営が迫られているといえる。
• Therefore, it can be said that yose as a whole suffer from difficult conditions in their business.

• しかしアメリカの中国系、韓国系経営者の反発に遭い断念した。
• However, the ministry was forced to abandon the draft due to the rebuff from Chinese and South Korean managers living in the United States.

• 以上から田堵負名は、名田経営の専門家と位置づけられている。
• For above reasons, tato fumyo is regarded as a specialist of the myoden administration.

• （権大僧都は、真言宗各派経営の大学卒業者と細則の該当者。）
• A priest ranked Gon dai sozu must be a graduate of a university run by a school of the Shingon sect.

• もし君の援助がなかったら、私はこの店を経営できないだろう。
• If it were not for your help, I could not run this store.

• 申請者が現に経営している航空運送事業があるときは、その概要
• Outline of air transport services, if any, being managed by the applicant at the time of application.

• 悲観論が優勢なのだから、経営者はその計画を断念するだろう。
• Now that pessimism prevails, the executive will abandon the project.

• 長年の間赤字でその建物を経営したので売らねばならなかった。
• We had to sell the building because for years we operated it in the red.

• 楽しみのためのストールとショーを持つ商業的に経営された公園
• a commercially operated park with stalls and shows for amusement

• 流派の経営、普及活動及び一門の統率、門下生の教育を旨とする。
• Soke is responsible for activities of management, public relations, governance, and disciple education for the school.

• これは両者にとって経営上、重要な節税のテクニックでもあった。
• This was an important technique of tax saving for the managements of both sides.

• 蔵法師（くらほうし）とは、中世京都における土倉経営者のこと。
• Kurahoshi means manager of doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) in the Medieval Period of Kyoto.

• 経営者側は労働者側にボーナスを出すと言って譲歩しようとした。
• Management tried to appease labor by offering them a bonus.

• オフィス経営の失敗は、彼を政治的に、そして経済的に破滅させた
• the unsuccessful run for office left him ruined politically and economically

• 1974年、労働組合は徳間康快率いる徳間書店と経営再建で合意。
• In 1974, the Daiei labor union concluded an agreement with Tokuma Shoten Publishing Co., Ltd., led by Yasuyoshi TOKUMA, on the restructuring of the film company.

• 代わりに、農地の小規模独立経営を推し進める政策が採られていく。
• Instead of that, a policy to facilitate small-scaled independent management over the agricultural land was adopted.

• その会社の経営を支配もしくは実質的に左右しうる立場にある会社｣
• holding company

• 当該機関の経営者又は常勤の職員が次のいずれにも該当しないこと。
• The operator or the full-time employees of the organization must not fall under any of the following categories.

• 当該国際航空運送事業を経営しようとする趣旨及び運行開始予定期日
• Purpose of operating said international air transport services and the proposed commencement date of operation.

• 労働側と経営側の意見不一致はストライキに行きつくかもしれない。
• The disagreement between the union and management could lead to a strike.

• 賢明な経営者はコストをぎりぎりまでさげる方法を知っていますよ。
• A wise businessman knows how to clamp down on costs.

• 宗教指導者によって経営されていたインドネシアのイスラム教の学校
• a Muslim school in Indonesia operated by religious leaders

• 富山蘭園 奈良農場（野原東）：園芸研究家・富山昌克が経営する農場
• Toyama Orchid Farm, Nara Farm (Nohara Higashi): A farm run by a horticulturist, Masakatsu TOYAMA.

• 当面、労働組合が会社を管理し、経営の引き受け先を探すことになる。
• The company was to be run by its labor union for the time being, while a search was conducted for new management.

• これらの屯倉は大王 (ヤマト王権)自らの力で開発され経営された。
• These miyakes were developed and run by the great king of the Yamato Sovereignty.

• また、応仁の乱後は領国経営にも意を注ぎ、社会秩序の確立に努めた。
• Moreover, after the Onin War, he also thought carefully about the management of his territory and tried to establish social order.

• 田中さんは駅の近くで小さな文房具店を経営して生活を立てています。
• Mr Tanaka makes a living by running a small stationery shop near the station.

• 日本企業の経営方法は外国企業のそれと比べてしばしば大いに異なる。
• Management practices at Japanese corporations are often very different from those at foreign companies.

• その会社の経営部門の必要資金は、政府の充当金でまかなわれました。
• the necessary funds were obtained by the government's appropriation of the company's operating unit

• 後に大炊寮の諸司田（大炊寮領）の一部として経営されるようになった。
• Thereafter, Kugoden came to be managed as part of Shoshiden (tax exempt lands that were provided to cover the labor cost of Shoshi [officials]) (estate of Oiryo) of Oiryo.

• その後も山門公人の名残として法体・名乗を採る土倉経営者が多かった。
• Even after that, however, many owners of doso had Hottai (religious appearance) and Nanori (specific Japanese rendering of Chinese characters used in names of persons especially priests) as the vestiges of Sanmonkunin.

• 温帯林等の保全と持続可能な経営の基準・指標に関する国際作業グループ
• International Working Group on Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Other Forests

• 2007年 - 中期経営計画「revolution-21」を発表。
• 2007: Its medium-term management plan, called 'Revolution-21,' was announced.

• また企業では仕事始めに臨んで、経営方針や目標などを定めることが多い。
• On the other hand, many companies decide management policies or goals on the first work day of the new year.

• 韓国で会社を経営していたが、その後の業績不振により再度日本に渡った。
• He used to run his own company in Korea, however due to the business being slow, he returned back to Japan.

• 経営不振はなく、片岡の休養時も従業員への賃金の欠配はなかったという。
• Chie Puro's management was healthy at the time, and employee salaries were paid regularly even while Kataoka was absent.

• また満州国の経営や中国との折衝で台湾人が登用されるケースも多かった。
• Many Taiwanese were recruited for the management of Manchukuo or negotiations with China.

• 明治維新後、民間に払い下げられ、1877年に古河市兵衛の経営となる。
• After the Meiji Restoration, the mines were sold to private management and run by Ichibei FURUKAWA from 1877.

• 出羽権介田中豊益という大名田堵で、数町の田畑を真面目に経営している。
• Dewa gonnosuke (Deputy Governor of Dewa Province), Toyomasu TANAKA, owns a large property of rice fields and cultivates the fields faithfully.

• 上海市に設立された東亜同文書院大学の経営母体であったことで知られる。
• It is noted that the Toa-dobunkai was a parent organization of Toa-Dobunshoin University which established in Shanghai.

• 建設工事の停滞や株式払込みの遅滞、既設私設鉄道の経営の悪化を招いた。
• Also, such projects caused stagnation in construction, the delay of paid-in capital and deteriorating management of existing private railways.

• これにより、多くの寺院の経営が立ち行かなくなり、廃寺に追い込まれた。
• Consequently, many temples began to experience difficulties in their management, so that they were forced to become defunct.

• 法第四条第一項各号に掲げる者が経営する航空運送事業の用に供する航空機
• Aircraft operated by persons under paragraph (1) of Article 4 of the Act used for air transport services.
• Aircraft operated by the persons listed under the items of Article 4 paragraph (1) of the Act used for air transport services

• 彼らはこの小さなホテルが３０年前に建てられてからずっと経営してきた。
• They have run this small hotel since it was established.

• 国衙は、国内の公田を名田に再編成し、名田経営を田堵へ請け負わせ始めた。
• The kokuga reorganized the public fields into myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and placed the tato in charge of managing the myoden.

• 海外諸国の日本食レストランの経営者とシェフは現地の人々が大半を占める。
• The manager and the chef of Japanese restaurant overseas are mostly local people.

• やがて経営に行き詰まり、製作をつづけることができず、倒産してしまった。
• However, their business management eventually came to a standstill, they could not keep their movie production, and went bankrupt.

• 東アジア経営にかんする意見、世界の地誌、世界史への注釈などがくわわる。
• The story line is colored by the explanately notes regarding the management and administration of Eastern Asian countries, world topography, world history and other various information.

• なお賃租は、国衙だけでなく、初期荘園を経営する大寺社なども行っていた。
• Chinso was also imposed by not only kokuga but also main temples and shrines that ran early shoens (manors in medieval Japan).

• また有能な経営者を多数育て、美術品の収集家、慈善事業家としても名高い。
• He fostered many talented managers and is also known as an art collector and philanthropist.

• 経営陣がどうしてスト参加者の要求にあんなに簡単に屈したのか分からない。
• I don't know why the management submitted to the striker's demands so easily.

• その経営者や使用人のなかからは、後代に大名跡となる歌舞伎役者も生まれた。
• Some kabuki actors who later came to have significant family names in Kabuki were born into the families who were managers or employees of these tea rooms.

• 江戸時代の芝居小屋は度重なった火災と再興のため、常に経営難だったという。
• It is said that the playhouses faced continued financial difficulties due to a series of fires and reconstruction activities in the Edo period.

• 替わって代々仕える家司が政所職員として荘園経営の実務にあたるようになる。
• Instead, the Keishi serving for generations took charge of practical work of management of Shoen as Mandokoro personnel.

• 同年、当時のインド経営の中心地であったゴア州へ赴き、そこで養成を受ける。
• That same year he traveled to the Province of Goa, the capital of the Portuguese Indian colonies, and received training.

• この免許はアメリカ側に経営権がある「外国管轄方式」といえるものであった。
• This license was structured under the 'foreign jurisdiction method' where the management rights belonged to the side of America.

• これも前述した主婦の内職としての経営形態が多くあったことが影響している。
• Also, this influenced from many housewives who had operated the shop business as an additional job, as mentioned before.

• 同時に、坂戸城は、春日山城の有力な支城として領国経営の重要拠点となった。
• At the same time, Sakato-jo Castle became a strategic site for managing the territory as an important branch castle of Kasugayma-jo Castle.

• 事業を経営するために必要な資金の総額、内訳及び調達方法を記載した資金計画
• Financial plan describing total sum, breakdown and method of raising the capital necessary for the management of the service.

• 現に他の事業を経営する者にあつては、その事業の種類及び概要を記載した書類
• In the case of a person who is engaged in managing other business, documents describing the type and outline of said business

• 記録が監査される会社の従業員であり、経営者と理事会に情報を提供する監査役
• an auditor who is an employee of the company whose records are audited and who provides information to the management and board of directors

• 1933年（昭和8年）7月、賃金未払いが起きて、経営者と従業員が対立する。
• In July of 1933, there was a confrontation between management and employees due to unpaid wages.

• また、名田経営の請け負いは1年ないし数年を期限とする有期的なものであった。
• The contract for the myoden administration was terminable and expired in a year or a few years.

• 秀吉が最初に築いた居城であり、秀吉の城下町経営の基礎を醸成した所でもある。
• This is the first castle that Hidoyoshi built to live in and where he culminated his thinking on the management of a castle city.

• 超低金利が続く間はよいが、借入金利が上昇すると金利負担が経営の重石になる。
• Although the extremely low interest rates have helped them, if the interest on loans increased, it would be a big burden on their business.

• 第二十四条第二項の規定に違反してその事業を他人にその名において経営させた者
• The person who has other person operate the business in his/her own name in violation of the provision of paragraph 2 of Article 24.

• お寺が経営している幼稚園や保育園では、こちらの名称の方がよく知られている。
• The notation is more familiar among nursery schools and kindergartens run by temples.

• 料金が能率的な経営の下における適正な原価に照らし公正妥当なものであること。
• The rates are equitable and reasonable in light of fair costs incurred as a result of efficient management

• 鉄道事業を経営しようとする者は、国土交通大臣の許可を受けなければならない。
• The person who intends to operate Railway Business shall obtain a license of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 1つまたはそれ以上の施設を所有しているか、または経営している企業のメンバー
• the members of a business organization that owns or operates one or more establishments

• 荘園内の田地は名田へ再編成され、田堵らが名田経営と領主への貢納を請け負った。
• The cultivation fields in the shoen were integrated into the myoden, and the tato undertook the management of the myoden and the payment of taxes to the manor owners.

• 赤坂の芸者で、のちに料亭「金林」を経営していた寺田きんの三男として生まれる。
• He was born the third boy of Kin TERADA, who worked as geisha (Japanese professional female entertainer at drinking party) in Akasaka and later ran a fancy Japanese-style restaurant named 'Kanabayashi' (金林).

• 1909年には文楽座は松竹の経営となり、松竹が文楽の興行を行うこととなった。
• Bunraku-za was brought under the control of Shochiku in 1909, and Shochiku started to give performances of bunraku.

• 開拓使大書記官であった安田定則らの作った北海社が工場経営などの事業に当たる。
• Hokkaisya, a company established by Sadanori YASUDA, who was the great secretary of the Hokkaido Development Agency, and other members, conducted the development business such as the factory management.

• そのため朝鮮半島では日韓両国政府が経営する通信事業体が並存する状態になった。
• This resulted in the coexistence of two communication entities in Korean Peninsula, each run by the Japanese and Korean governments.

• こうして名田を経営するようになった田堵は、負名または田堵負名などと呼ばれた。
• These tato farmers who cultivated myoden land were called fumyo (subcontractors) or tato fumyo.

• 墾田の要所には開発と経営のため、「荘」または「荘所」という家屋が設置された。
• At important points in the reclaimed fields, houses called 'sho' or 'shosho' were constructed for the development and management of the land.

• 固定客が多い為、大々的な広告を出さずとも経営の成り立っている旅館も多々ある。
• Many of them do not need big advertisements for promoting their business because most of their guests are repeat customers.

• 興行側の松竹では、白井松次郎の死後、子息（実弟）の白井信太郎に経営が移った。
• At the promoter Shochiku, after Matsujiro SHIRAI's death, management power shifted to his younger brother (who he had adopted as his male successor), Shintaro SHIRAI.

• 料金が能率的な経営の下における適正な原価に適正な利潤を加えたものであること。
• The rates consist of fair costs incurred as a result of efficient management and fair profits.

• 彼は大きなレストランを経営することによって、たくさんのアイデアを持っている。
• He has a lot of ideas about running foreign workers.

• 経営者は、ビル工事でお客に不便な思いをさせていることを申し訳なく思っている。
• The management regrets any inconvenience to customers caused by the building work.

• 支那国政府は本条約締結の日より九九カ年間日本国に吉長鉄道の管理経営を委任す。
• The Chinese Government agree that the control and management of the Kirin-Chungchun Railway shall be handed over to Japan for a term of 99 years dating from the signing of this treaty.

• 田堵は、名田経営を請け負ってはいたものの、名田の私有権は認められていなかった。
• Although the tato undertook myoden management, they were not allowed to have private ownership of the myoden fields.

• 戦国大名の領国組織も、正に一揆の盟約の積み重ねによって経営されていたのである。
• The daimyo of the Sengoku period would operate its feudal domain system precisely by accumulating the leagues of ikki.

• 1956年　滋賀日日新聞の経営に参加（1979年に同紙休刊後、滋賀本社に継承）
• 1956: Joined the operation of Shiga Nichinichi shimbun (and after its closing down in 1979, made it into the Shiga Headquarters).

• この在日朝鮮人女性が経営する明月館が焼肉の祖であるとするのが同誌の主張である。
• This publication claims that the Meigetsukan restaurant run by Korean women in Japan was the origin of yakiniku.

• ）また男女別に浴槽を設定することは経営的に困難であり、老若男女が混浴であった。
• Because it was difficult, from the management perspective, to establish separate bathtubs for men and women, people would bathe together irrespective of age or sex.

• なお、実際の経営は付近の農民による賃租によって耕作されていたと考えられている。
• It is considered that actual farming of Koden was done by tenant farmers in the neighbor.

• その後安定した経営状態が続いたので、1907年の鉄道国有化には賛成しなかった。
• It continued its financial stability and thus did not agree to nationalization in 1907.

• 11世紀に入ると、田堵負名は官物・雑役が課税される名田経営を嫌うようになった。
• In the eleventh century, tato fumyo became reluctant to administrate the myoden because it imposed the kanmotsu and the zoyaku as taxes on them.

• 元は延暦寺の僧侶が土倉を経営して高利貸しなどの業務を行っていたことに由来する。
• It originated as the priests in Enryaku-ji Temple who operated underground warehouses called doso and engaged in businesses like lending money at high rates of interest.

• 収支面では経営が成り立っていても、後継者問題で閉店になるケースも見受けられる。
• Even when business is going reasonably well, some ryokan are forced to close due to the lack of a successor.

• 「日本の経営陣は米国の労働者の扱い方を身につけなければいけない」と彼は言った。
• Japanese management must learn how to deal with American workers, he said.

• 航空運送事業を経営しようとする者は、国土交通大臣の許可を受けなければならない。
• Any person who operates air transport services shall obtain a license from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 彼らはむしろ英語で農場経営者を指す語である farmer と訳すのがふさわしい。
• A proper English translation of the free-hold farmer is farmer, which means the person who manages a farm.

• 御師は伊勢参拝に来る人をもてなすため、自分の家で宿屋を経営している事が多かった。
• Many onshi ran the inn in their house to entertain visitors to Ise.

• 銅山の採掘と銅銭の鋳造のは国家の経営により、鋳銭監・鋳銭院という役所で行われた。
• The mining of copper mines and minting of copper coins were nationally owned and they were conducted at the government offices, such as jusenkan and jusenin.

• 文覚に師事し、文覚の神護寺復興に協力し、文覚の死後も神護寺の経営に力を尽くした。
• He studied under Mongaku, cooperated with Mongaku in restoring Jingo-ji Temple and strove for the management of Jingo-ji Temple after Mongaku's death.

• 非常に裕福なドイツの商人であり銀行家。親族経営と採鉱産業の株式保有で富を蓄えた。
• Extremely wealthy German merchant and banker. Amassed a fortune with family partnerships and Stock holdings in the mining industries.

• 航空機使用事業を経営しようとする者は、国土交通大臣の許可を受けなければならない。
• Any person who intends to operate aerial work services shall obtain a license from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• その中野も当時の藤田伝三郎商社の共同経営者で、やはりニセ札事件で検挙されている。
• Nakano was a business partner of Fujita Denzaburo Shosha and he was also arrested in the counterfeit case.

• 国衙領・荘園の名田化により、富豪百姓（田堵）が名主・荘官として現地経営にあたった。
• After kokugaryo (rice fields governed by provincial government office) and shoen became myoden (land held by non-resident owners), wealthy farmers (Tato) were in charge of on site management as myoshu/shokan (officer governing shoen).

• さらに、荘園にも名田化が波及すると、荘園内の名田経営も田堵が請け負うようになった。
• Further, when reorganization into myoden reached shoen, Tato undertook the management of myoden located inside shoen as well.

• 専売制が実施される前は個人経営のタバコ店がそれぞれの刻みタバコを製造販売していた。
• Before a tobacco monopoly was implemented, private tobacco shops manufactured and sold individual shredded tobacco.

• 酒類販売の規制緩和により酒類小売業者の経営の改善等に関する緊急措置法が廃止された。
• Due to the deregulation of liquor, the emergency measure law concerning the business management of retail liquor shop owners and its improvement was abolished.

• その後、荘園にも名田化が波及すると、田堵は荘園内の名田経営も請け負うようになった。
• As the myoden system was subsequently introduced into manors, tato farmers were commissioned to manage the cultivation of myoden land within manors as well.

• このことから、経営基盤を失った大学寮と新たに当該地を得た穀倉院の間で対立が生じた。
• As a result, a conflict occurred between Daigaku-ryo, which lost its financial base, and Kokusoin, which obtained new territory.

• 第百七条の二第一項の規定による届出をしないで、国内定期航空運送事業を経営したとき。
• In the case of operating domestic air transport services without making a report under the provisions of Article 107-2 paragraph (1)

• 経営側は、労働側が、提案された変更点を受け入れないなら工場閉鎖すると、脅している。
• Management has threatened to lock out the workforce if they do not accept the proposed changes.

• 田堵（たと）は、日本の平安時代に荘園・国衙領の田地経営をおこなった有力百姓層である。
• Tato means the wealthy farmer class that managed rice fields belonging to shoen (manor) or kokugaryo (rice fields governed by provincial government office) during Japan's Heian period.

• 荘園内の耕作地は、名田へと再編成され、荘民となった田堵が名田経営を行うようになった。
• Farmland within a manor was reorganized into myoden fields, and the tato who became shomin (people living in a manor) managed the myoden.

• 日露戦争後は、韓国併合や満州経営を進め、日本を植民帝国へと膨張させる政策を採用した。
• After the Russo-Japanese War, the Emperor proceeded with the policy of annexing of Korea and ruling Manchuria to expand Japan's Colonial empire.

• 1970年4月、同じく経営不振に喘いでいた日活と配給網を統合し、ダイニチ映配を設立。
• In April 1970, Daiei agreed to merge its film distribution network with Nikkatsu, also suffering from financial problems, and established Dainichi Eihai K.K.

• 第九十国立銀行（第九十銀行）→経営破綻し、岩手殖産銀行（現・岩手銀行）が事業を譲受。
• The 90th National Bank (Daikuju Bank) -> failed in business and the Iwate Shokusan Bank (the current Bank of Iwate) took over the business.

• 産地の拡大により市場競争が始まり、栽培技術の改善や経営の合理化が図られる様になった。
• Market competition began in accordance with the expansion of production areas, and improvement of cultivation techniques and rationalization of management had been tried.

• 企業経営で活躍するために必要となるのが多くの仲間と仕事を遂行するための協調精神です。
• What you need to take part in business management is the team spirit to work with many colleagues.

• その性格上、資本力を持つ地主が直接、企業的な経営を行っているものがほとんどであること。
• Owing to the nature of the business, in most of the cases landlords with the financial power directly run forestry business, bringing in business-like management.

• 国有林野事業を行う国の経営する企業に勤務する職員及び特定独立行政法人の職員に関する特例
• Special Measures Concerning Officials Who Work for a Corporation Operated by the State Performing National Forestry Projects and Officials of Specified Incorporated Administrative Agencies

• 当該漁業についての経験の程度、資本その他経営能力。特に当該漁業に関する進歩的企画の程度
• Degree of experience in said fishery, capital and other management ability. Especially degree of progressive planning for said fishery.

• 忠季以降の安東氏は、檜山築城や寺院建立を行う一方で蝦夷島の経営にも努め檜山屋形と称した。
• The Ando clan as from Tadasue's generation, was engaged in the management of Ezogashima under the name of Hiyama Yakata, while constructing the Hiyama-jo Castle and temples.

• これは、家族経営を主体としていた商店が、近代的企業へと変わっていくのと軌を一にしていた。
• This took the same line as shops which used to be family businesses turning into modern companies.

• また、天皇家が同社の株式を所有していたことも含め、名実とも日本の朝鮮経営の中心となった。
• Furthermore, it became the center of Japanese colonial administration in Korea both nominally and virtually as symbolized by the fact that the Imperial Family owned the stock of the company.

• ミヤケのミは敬語、ヤケは家宅のことで、ヤマト政権の直轄地経営の倉庫などを表した語である。
• Miyake's 'Mi' means honorific, and 'yake' represents 'houses;' in this case the word is used to mean Yamato government's storages located in its regional domains.

• 西郷は新政府に必要なのは士族を中心とした軍備強化と農本主義的な国家経営であると主張した。
• Saigo argued that what was necessary for the new government was a strong military power based on samurai and an agriculture-oriented nation management.

• 国人衆は畠山氏の守護としての動員権を認めながらも、所領経営においては自立した存在だった。
• Kokujin-shu admitted the military mobilization right of the Hatakeyama clan as Shugo, but they were independent in the management of their territories.

• 外国人の興行に係る業務について通算して三年以上の経験を有する経営者又は管理者がいること。
• The operator or manager of the organization must have a total of at least 3 years' experience in entertainment involving foreign nationals.

• 経営陣は収益の短期的改善に気を取られすぎて、長期的な将来計画に気が回らない傾向があった。
• The management tended to be too concerned about short-term improvement of the bottom line to have any long-term design for the future.

• 第二種貨物利用運送事業を経営しようとする者は、国土交通大臣の許可を受けなければならない。
• Those who wish to manage the second class consigned freight forwarding business shall obtain a permission of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 大規模な私有土地を経営するため、現地に管理事務所・倉庫がおかれたが、これを「荘」と称した。
• The administration office and warehouse were located on the spot for the management of a large scale private ownership of land and it was called 'sho.'

• 頼遠の子・藤原経清（亘理権大夫）に至り、亘理地方に荘園を経営するなど勢力の伸張が見られた。
• At the time of Yorito's son, FUJIWARA no Tsunekiyo (Gon no daibu [a provisional master] of the Watari region), the clan managed a shoen (a manor in medieval Japan) in the Watari region, which is the implication of the expansion of the clan's power.

• 宝子は日比谷のビルの地下に「マルキーズ」（侯爵夫人）というレストランを開いたが経営に失敗。
• Tomiko opened the restaurant 'Marquise' at the basement floor of a building in Hibiya, but ultimately the business failed.

• 当道の後の平野庄の経営については、坂上氏の氏寺の長寶寺記によれば坂上行松が継いだとされる。
• According to the records at the SAKANOUE clan's Uji-dera Temple (temple built for praying a clan's glory), after Masamichi, Yukimatsu SAKANOUE took over the management of Hirano Sho.

• さらにある者は上記の複数の地位を兼職することにより、現地での所領経営・支配に当たっていた。
• Some of them assumed several of these posts concurrently.

• また、定着の要因としてハウス食品など食品メーカー各社による経営努力があることも見逃せない。
• Additionally, the efforts by food manufacturers such as House Foods Corp. cannot be ignored in terms of explaining its sustained popularity.

• 出家後奈良大安寺に住し、真雅に師事して真言密教を学び、空海の没後の高野山の経営に尽力した。
• After entering the Buddhist priesthood, he resided at Daian-ji Temple in Nara where he studied Shingon Esoteric Buddhism under Shinga and put great effort into the administration of Mt. Koya following Kukai's death.

• 第二種鉄道事業を経営しようとする場合には、鉄道線路の使用を許諾する者の氏名又は名称及び住所
• In the case the applicant intends to operate Type II Railway Business, the name and the address of the person who grants the use of the railway track.

• 国内定期航空運送事業を経営する場合にあつては、運航開始予定日、運航予定路線及び運航予定回数
• In case where managing the domestic scheduled air transport service, the proposed commencement date of operation, proposed route and frequency of flights.

• こうして田堵は、荘園・公領経営に深く携わるようになっていき、荘官や名主の地位を得るのである。
• Thus, Tato were deeply engaged in the management of shoen/koryo (public land) and eventually gained the status of shokan (an officer governing shoen) or myoshu (owner of rice fields).

• 第八十八国立銀行（第八十八銀行）→後に経営破綻し、岩手殖産銀行や七十七銀行などが事業を譲受。
• The 88th National Bank (Daihachijuhachi Bank) -> failed in business later and the Iwate Shokusan Bank and the Shichijushichi Bank took over the business.

• そこで院政期に入ると畿内を中心として独自の御稲田・供御田とこれを経営する供御人が設置された。
• Therefore, in the insei period (during the period of the government by the retired Emperor), independent Miineta/Kugoden and Kugonin (purveyors to the imperial household) managing such Miineta/Kugoden were established mainly in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).

• 4月（領地の繁栄と為政の心得、市町の経営と諸職業人の招致、商取引の施設と業種、諸国特産品）、
• April: Prosperity of territories, understanding of politics, administration of villages and towns, invitation of various professionals, facilities for commercial trades and types of business, and indigenous local products

• そのため、国衙による検田権も保障されていたため、国衙による干渉を受け、経営は不安定であった。
• Due to the above, kendenken (the right of cadastral surveys) of kokuga was also maintained as before and the management of shoen was unstable because of the intervention by kokuga.

• 福田豊彦は「私営田領主」を「一口でいえば、広い土地を自分で直接経営する大土地所有者」とする。
• Toyohiko FUKUDA stated that a 'lord of shieiden' is 'the huge estate owner that directly managed a large parcel land, summarized in just a few words.'

• 第一種貨物利用運送事業を経営しようとする者は、国土交通大臣の行う登録を受けなければならない。
• Those who wish to manage the first class consigned freight forwarding business shall obtain a registration from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• アジアを中心とする経営基盤を持ち、環境試験機の国内シェアは約60%という高水準の占有率を誇る。
• With management centered mainly in Asia, it holds a domestic share as high as approximately 60% in the field of environmental testing equipment.

• 名田経営を請け負った田堵は、従前の田租や調・庸・雑徭・正税出挙に相当する分量を国衙へ納入した。
• The tato, who were given the managerial position over the myoden, paid in return an amount which corresponded to the taxes formerly paid by rice, textiles, tributes, labor, or the shozei-suiko (interest for the loan of cereal seeds) to the regional offices.

• さらに、同社が京都で映画興行を行っていた先の「千本座」を経営する牧野省三に映画製作を依頼した。
• Futher, the company asked formerly mentioned Shozo MAKINO who managed 'Senbon-za Theater' which showed films in Kyoto.

• 屯倉の経営は、古墳の発達と関係しており、概観すると5世紀を境に前期屯倉と後期屯倉に分けられる。
• The management method of Miyake progressed along with the development of tumulus, and its history is generally divided into earlier and later periods around the 5th Century A.D.

• 他者の買収によって経営者が解雇された際に、買収者によって支払われなければならない利益を渡すこと
• giving top executives lucrative benefits that must be paid by the acquirer if they are discharged after a takeover

• 1981年に、マセックはカリフォルニア州オレンジ郡で、マンガと映画グッズ専門店を経営していた。
• In 1981, Macek ran a comic book and movie memorabilia specialty shop in Orange, California.

• これに乗じて頼朝は上洛も検討するが、関東政権の大勢は東国経営の優先を望んだために鎌倉に帰還した。
• Yoritomo considered proceeding on to Kyoto with the momentum he had gained, but the majority of the Kanto government gave priority to managing the East Country so he returned to Kamakura.

• また、宗親・両班の生活の拠点が都市から在地の荘園に移り、積極的な経営に乗り出す姿勢を見せ始めた。
• And the living bases of Soshin and Yangban moved from cities to local manors and they started to show aggressive management.

• 駅構内の立ち食いそば・うどん店、キヨスク等調製業者以外が経営する売店などが扱っている場合もある。
• In addition to the shops managed by Ekiben delicatessens, shops managed by standing-up-eating soba/udon noodle shops, kiosk, etc. sometimes sell Ekiben in stations.

• 彼ら地主層の中には、特権的地位と財力に物を謂わせて大量の官田の経営を国家から委ねられる者もいた。
• Some of the landlords were entrusted with the management of kanden on a massive scale by the state because of their privileges and wealth.

• このように、名主の性格は一概に説明できるものではなく、名田を経営した階層と広義に解釈されている。
• Thus, the myoshu class defies simple characterization and is interpreted broadly as a class of farmers who managed the cultivation of myoden land.

• 廃止に係る路線において他の本邦航空運送事業者が国内定期航空運送事業を経営するものと見込まれる場合
• The case where other domestic air carriers are expected to manage domestic scheduled air transport service for the route to be abolished.

• この体制下では農業、漁業、手工業などの諸産業を田堵が隷属する人民を使役し、名田単位で経営を行った。
• In this system, the tato managed several industries such as agriculture, fishery, and handicraft manufacturing on a myoden basis, employing subordinate labors.

• 現在は経営が大きく分けて直営店・フランチャイズ店の2系統の店舗があり、価格設定が異なる場合がある。
• Today, shops are either directly managed or run as a franchise and prices can differ between the two.

• 明治中期ですら仕込んだ酒の10％は腐造して出荷できないとの計算のもとで酒蔵の経営は行なわれていた。
• Even in the middle of the Meiji Period, sake breweries were commonly managed on the premise that about ten percent of the brewed sake would become rotten before shipment.

• 酒蔵の所有者であり経営者で、資金や設備の調達と管理、製成酒の販売、営業など外向きの仕事をおこなう。
• A kuramoto is the owner and the proprietor of a brewery, and he or she is responsible for financing, the procurement and the management of equipment, sales of sake, and other sales related activities such as marketing.

• 明治維新を迎え、新政府の政策によって、廃仏毀釈の風潮が生まれ、東大寺の経営はいよいよ苦しくなった。
• In the Meiji Restoration, the new government formulated a policy causing an anti-Buddhist movement, which further deteriorated the management of Todai-ji Temple.

• 事業を行うために必要な経営的基礎を欠く等その目的を達成することが著しく困難であると認められるとき。
• When it is found to be very difficult for the cooperative to achieve its purpose, such as lacking the managerial basis necessary for conducting the activities

• 忠平執政期ごろに、有力百姓層（富豪層）へ土地経営と納税を請け負わせる名田もしくは負名が開始していた。
• Around the time of Tadahira's administration, Myoden (rice field lots under the control of nominal holders) or Fumyo (tillers of public rice fields) were started; under either system, powerful farmers (the rich class) undertook management of rice fields and tax payments.

• 森のゆうえんち（もりのゆうえんち）は、かつて京都市左京区八瀬にあった京福電気鉄道経営の遊園地である。
• Mori no Yuenchi (Forest Amusement Park) is a former amusement park located in Yase, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, which was operated by Keifuku Electric Railroad Co., Ltd.

• そして、美濃攻略に着手、5年の歳月をかけて美濃を奪うと稲葉山城に本拠を置いて天下の経営に乗り出した。
• Then, he commenced attacking Mino and, after obtaining Mino by a spending five-year period, placed his base in the Inabayama-jo Castle and started to take part in administration of state.

• 大正12年（1923年）にようやく8世を継承すると、三島製紙の経営のかたわら宗徧流の振興に尽力した。
• With his eventual accession as the 8th master in 1923, besides managing Mishima Paper Co., Ltd., he assisted in promoting the Sohenryu school of tea ceremony.

• しかし一部の朝鮮人からすれば外国政府による経営事業体になったため、反日武装勢力の攻撃目標にもなった。
• However, it had became a business entity managed by foreign government to some Korean people's point of view, therefore it also became an attack target of anti-Japan armed group.

• 次第に平家の知行国支配の実務を担当するようになり、財政及び領国経営の施策を企画実行するようになった。
• Gradually he came to deal with the practical business of ruling chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom), planning and carrying out policies of finances and management of fiefs.

• 第三十八条において準用する第二十四条第二項の規定に違反してその事業を他人にその名において経営させた者
• The person who has other person operate the business in his/her own name in violation of the provision of paragraph 2 of Article 24 that is applied mutatis mutandis in Article 38.

• 申請人が本邦において貿易その他の事業の経営を開始しようとする場合は、次のいずれにも該当していること。
• In cases where the applicant intends to commence the operation of international trading or any other business, he/she must fulfill all of the following requirements.

• 田堵は、その経営規模によって、大名田堵（だいみょうたと）や小名田堵（しょうみょうたと）などと呼ばれた。
• Depending upon the scale of land under their management, they were called either Daimyo Tato or Shomyo Tato.

• 立花が専務取締役、阪東は取締役に就任したが、代表取締役社長をはじめとして経営はほとんど松竹に握られた。
• Tachibana became a senior managing director and Bando became a director; however, Shochiku had almost complete control over the management of the company, holding most of the important positions including the president.

• ところが戦乱が相次いだことで経営は不安定であり、次第に京都の商工業から挙がる税収に依存するようになる。
• However, the Muromachi shogunate came to count more and more on tax revenues from the merchants in Kyoto rather than from goryosho, due to the poor and unsteady business performance of goryosho caused by a wave of wars.

• その結果、競合する武士が対等な地位を得られるように、それぞれの経営責任者に任ぜられたと考えられている。
• It is considered that, resultantly, each of the competing samurai came to be provided with the same social status and to be appointed the manager of a koryo.

• 名主（みょうしゅ）は、日本の古代末期から中世日本にかけて、国衙領・荘園領主から名田の経営を請け負った。
• Myoshu (village headmen) were a class of people who were commissioned to manage the cultivation of farmland called myoden by lords of Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and manors during the late Ancient period and the Middle Ages in Japan.

• たかつき京都ホテル（高槻市）　当初　京都ホテルが1988年に設立した「高槻ホテル実業株式会社」が経営。
• Takatsuki Kyoto Hotel (Takatsuki City): Initially, it was run by 'Takatsuki Hotel Jitsugyo Corporation' founded by the Kyoto Hotel in 1988.

• 連邦政府の調達、本当の財産管理、および情報リソース管理のために連邦政府の政策の設定をする中央の経営主体
• a central management agency that sets Federal policy for Federal procurement and real property management and information resources management

• 3代国信以降は若狭国、丹後国の両国を中心に領国経営を行う一方で幕府の出兵要請に応えて頻繁に京へ出兵する。
• The third head Kuninobu and subsequent heads frequently sent the army to Kyoto in response to a request from the bakufu while ruling Wakasa and Tango Provinces.

• 名田という用語は、田堵や名主が自らの経営する土地を明示するために、その土地へ名称をつけたことに由来する。
• The term myoden (literally means a named paddy field) comes from the fact that a tato or a myoshu gave a name to the land he operated in order to distinguish his land from other lands.

• そして、明治時代初頭、東京・上野の漬物店「酒悦」第15代野田清右衛門が、自分の経営する茶店で売り出した。
• Later at the beginning of the Meiji period, Seizaemon NODA the 15th of a pickles shop 'Shuetsu' at Ueno, Tokyo began to sell fukujinzuke at his teahouse.

• 勅旨田は、国衙の管理する正税を開発原資とし、主に空閑地・荒田などに設定され、国司が勅旨田経営を所管した。
• Chokushiden which was mainly established on vacant land or moorland was funded by shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) managed by the provincial governor's office, and the management of Chokushiden was under jurisdiction of the provincial governor.

• 『延喜式』では和泉国を含めて86町あり、宮内省営田と各国営田があるが、経営の責任者は共に国司に委された。
• 'The Engishiki' provided 86 cho including Izumi Province, and some rice fields were managed by the Imperial Household Ministry and others were managed by each province but the persons in charge of the management were authorized by kokushi (provincial governors).

• 田堵負名は、名経営を国衙から委任される代わりに、官物・雑役などの租税・課役を国衙へ進納する義務を負った。
• Tato fumyo was under the obligation to distribute taxes and assignments, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) to the kokuga in exchange for holding a commission from the kokuga to administrate each myo.

• 2003年1月 - 伏見桃山城キャッスルランドが、経営母体である近畿日本鉄道のリストラの一環として閉園。
• January 2003 - Fushimi Momoyama-jo Castle Land was closed as part of the restructuring of its parent company, Kintetsu Corporation.

• 当該施設を運営する機関の経営者又は当該施設に係る業務に従事する常勤の職員が次のいずれにも該当しないこと。
• The operator of the organization that operates the establishment and the full-time employees engaged in the operations of the establishment must not fall under any of the following categories.

• 国は、漁業経営の安定に資するため、水産物の価格の著しい変動を緩和するために必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for mitigating adverse significant price changes of marine products to contribute to the stable fishery management.

• 京都市に本部を置くジャパンレジャーサービスグループの子会社「琵琶湖リゾートホテル株式会社」が経営している。
• It is run by 'Biwako Resort Hotel K. K.,' a subsidiary company of Japan Leisure Service Group Co., Ltd. based in Kyoto City.

• しかし資本がないため関西貿易商会（黒田と同郷で薩摩出身の五代友厚らの経営）が払下げを引受けることになった。
• However, due to a lack of financial resources, Kansai-boeki-shokai (a company run by Tomoatsu GODAI, who was from Satsuma just as KURODA) agreed to buy the properties.

• 公営田（くえいでん）は、広義には、民間人が経営する私営田に対し、国家直営の田地を意味する日本史用語である。
• Kueiden, in a broad sense, is a term used in Japanese history and means lands directly managed by the government while Shieiden (Private land) was managed by private citizens.

• つまり「武士」と呼べるのは、地方経済が「私営田経営」から「開発領主」の段階に移行してからだというのである。
• As a result, one could be referred to as 'bushi' once the local economics shifted from the 'management of Shieiden' to 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' step.

• すべての種類の森林の経営、保全及び持続可能な開発に関する世界的合意のための法的拘束力のない権威ある原則声明
• Non-legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests

• 産業技術力強化法（平成十二年法律第四十四号）第二条第二項に規定する技術経営力の強化に関する助言を行うこと。
• Providing advice concerning the enhancement of technology management capabilities prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Industrial Technology Enhancement Act (Act No. 44 of 2000);

• [[Translating:Mifos|Mifos]]は、マイクロファイナンスのための経営情報システムです
• [[Translating:Mifos|Mifos]] is a management information system for microfinance

• 経営陣は果たして本気で我々のボーナスについて考えようとしているのか、それとも単に口先だけだったのだろうか。
• Is management really going to consider our bonus, or was that just lip service?

• 王朝国家体制の下では、国家から土地経営や人民支配の権限を委譲された有力百姓（田堵・名主）層の成長が見られた。
• Under this system, influential farmers, (Tato: farm managers who lease public fields from provincial lords and produce agricultural products; and Myoshu: owners of rice fields) to whom the management of land and control of people was transmitted from the government, became powerful.

• 現地経営・支配の本拠として、武士・在地領主は交通の要衝となる道や港津の近隣や展望のきく高台などに館を置いた。
• As a base for managing and ruling the area, samurai and landlord established their own town in the vicinity of the roads or ports which worked as a linchpin of traffic, or on the elevated ground which provided them with an extensive view.

• また、吉兆グループ各社で定期的な会合を持っているが、営業会社はそれぞれ独自に経営を行っていると発表している。
• Each company in Kitcho Group has a regular meeting, but announced that each operating company was managing independently.

• 引退後は芝居茶屋・紀伊國屋を立ち上げてその経営にあたり、明治初年にはこれを芝居小屋・澤村座に発展させている。
• After retiring, he set up and ran a tea room called Kinokuniya and in the Meiji Period this grew to become the Sawamura-za Theater.

• 設立に先立つ同年3月、渋谷に開場した「東横ニュース劇場」、同年11月に開場した「五反田東横劇場」を経営する。
• The company managed the Toyoko News Theatre, which had opened in Shibuya in March 1938, and the Gotanda Toyoko Theatre, which opened in November of the same year.

• 加古川の上流三木市にあったといわれている播磨の宿見屯倉は、在地の土豪忍海部造細目を管理者として経営している。
• Shijimi no Miyake of Harima, believed to have lied along the upper Kako River (today's Miki City), was managed by Oshimumibe no Miyatsukohosome.

• これらのうち、同国の全ての藩及び自ら陣屋を構えて領地経営を行っていた旗本のほぼ全てが藩札・旗本札を発行した。
• Of them, all of the clans and almost all of the Hatamoto who placed their jinya offices to manage their territories in the province issued Han-satsu or Hatamoto-satsu.

• その他八幡製鉄所の建設と鉄道・電信事業の拡充および台湾の植民地経営など、国力充実と対外拡張のために使用した。
• Japan also spent the indemnity to increase its national strengths and external expansions, such as the construction of Yahata Iron Factory, expansion of the railways, and communication industries, and colonial management of Taiwan.

• 建設・土木、鉱山、電鉄、電力開発、金融、紡績、新聞、などの経営を手がけ、今日の多くの名門企業の前身を築いた。
• He was involved in various industries including construction and engineering, mining, electric railroads, power development, finance, spinning, and newspapers, and established the foundations of many of today's prestigious companies.

• 国は、農産物の価格の著しい変動が育成すべき農業経営に及ぼす影響を緩和するために必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for mitigating adverse effects of significant price changes of agricultural products on farm management which should be encouraged.

• 軌道法による軌道事業を経営する者は、国土交通大臣の許可を受けて当該軌道事業を鉄道事業に変更することができる。
• The person managing tram way business pursuant to the Tram Way Act may alter the said tram way business to Railway Business by obtaining license of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• ただし、本当の1号店（深草にあった）は経営がうまく行かず閉店したため、公式記録ではなかったことにされている。
• However, because the first real store (used to be in Fukakusa) closed due to bad business, and its existence was removed from the official record.

• 2000年現在で387世帯が漁業に携わっており、個人漁業経営体332世帯で、 漁業従事者世帯は55世帯である。
• As of 2000, 387 households were engaged in the fishing industry, Among these, 332 were individual fishery management institutions and 55 were employed by fishery institutions.

• 戦後は上方落語の復興機運が高まるとともに、ミナミに戎橋松竹が開場（千土地興行（後の日本ドリーム観光）が経営）。
• After the war, as momentum for restoring Kamigata rakugo heightened, the Ebisubashi Shochiku theater (of Sentochi Kogyo (later Nippon Dream Kanko)) opened in Minami (the southern area of Osaka City).

• なかには一人蔵（ひとりぐら）といって生産･経営・営業などすべて独りで行なう小規模精鋭主義の酒蔵も生まれている。
• Some breweries start a new style of small-sized and elite-mindedness brewery called hitori-gura (which literally means 'one-person brewery'), in which one person is responsible for all processes such as brewing, management, and sales activities.

• また同年、日活撮影所を退社して国際活映（国活）に移ったものの、経営不振のため、国活を出て連鎖劇の巡業を始めた。
• In the same year, though he quit Nikkatsu Studio and moved to Kokusai Katsuei (Kokkatsu), he quit Kokkatsu due to slumping business and took to the road for rensa geki (combined performance of film and theatrical staging).

• 笹井が自ら経営する賃貸物件の土地建物を売却して調達した2万円を経理部長の田丸に渡し、全従業員の年末賞与とした。
• Sasai delivered 20,000 yen, which he secured by selling the land and building he owned for rental business, to the accounting manager Tamaru, and this money was used for the year end bonus for employees.

• しかし日活は経営が立ち直り、松竹の目論みは破れて「日本映画配給」は解体、同年10月には新興キネマの配給となる。
• However, Nikkatsu regained its footing, 'Nihon Eiga Haikyu' was liquidated, breaking Shochiku's plan, and Shinko Kinema became Chiezo Productions' distribution company in October.

• 屯倉と田荘は、天皇や豪族らの経営拠点であって、必ずしも天皇や豪族らの私有地を意味するものではなかったのである。
• Miyake and tadokoro which served as management bases of the emperors and gozoku families did not necessarily mean private domains owned by the emperors or gozoku families.

• これにより彼らの中には富豪と呼ばれる者も出現し、農業経営に特化して経済力をつけた田堵（たと）へ成長していった。
• As a result, some of them became millionaires and some went on to become Tato (cultivators), who specialized in farm management and acquired economic power.

• このため、大阪（大坂）の両替商などの経営に大打撃を与え、近代金融資本への転換における大きな足枷の1つになった。
• This gave great damage to management of Osaka merchants, which became a heavy burden for shifting towards modern financial capital.

• 重源は、この地にも別所（周防別所、寺号は阿弥陀寺 (防府市)）を建立してこれを経営の拠点とし、活動を開始した。
• Chogen also built a branch temple there (Suo-bessho, of which the temple name was Amida-ji [Hofu City]) as a management base to start activities.

• 寺院史的立場から見ると、東大寺は、荘園経営などで経済を保ち、保有する杣から切出した木材で伽藍の修繕をしている。
• Seen from a perspective of temple history, Todai-ji Temple maintained earnings through the management of its manors, and repaired the temple buildings by using the wood cut down from its own forests.

• 藤孝は、はじめ宮津城に入ったが、後、田辺城を築き、丹後経営の中心地とした、しかし、支城として宮津城ものこした。
• Fujitaka first settled in Miyazu-jo Castle, but later built Tanabe-jo Castle as the center of governing Tango Province, using Miyazu-jo Castle as a branch.

• 霞中庵の元所有者でホテルなどを運営していた京都プラザグループが経営破綻、所蔵していた美術品の一部は売却された。
• Some of the collections were sold as a result of the bankruptcy of Kyoto Plaza Group, a hotel operator and the former owner of Kachuan.

• 「日系人オーナーは10%以下」と言われる程、中国人や韓国人など日本人以外の経営・調理による寿司屋が増加している。
• Sushi restaurants where non-Japanese manage and cook, such as Chinese or Korean, have increased and it is said that 'Japanese owners are under 10%.'

• 過去の経験の蓄積、良好な土地選定、農民出身者が多かったことなど、好条件が重なり、後期屯田の経営は好成績を収めた。
• Under favorable conditions such as accumulated past experiences, favorable land choices and a large number of former farmers, the management of the late-period tondenei settlements gained good results.

• 1891年と1899年の経済不況時には経営困難に陥った私鉄サイドから買い上げの要望が出たが、2回とも見送られた。
• During the economic depression in 1891 and 1899, an economically strapped private railway company asked the government to take over the company but it was turned down twice.

• 浄土宗に属していたこともあったが、1886年に独立し、華厳宗の大本山となり、観光収入などで寺院経営を行っている。
• Although Todai-ji Temple had belonged to the Jodo sect, it became independent in 1886 as the head temple of the Kegon sect and has been maintained through tourism revenues and so on.

• 国司や領主などの支配層は、田堵負名による名田経営を強化するために、現地での支配権・管理権を次第に付与していった。
• The ruling class, including territorial governors and manorial lords, granted tato farmers various rights to rule and manage land in villages in order to strengthen the myoden system supported by these farmers.

• 親会社　株式会社を子会社とする会社その他の当該株式会社の経営を支配している法人として法務省令で定めるものをいう。
• 'Parent Company'　means any entity which is prescribed by the applicable Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice as a juridical person who controls the management of a Stock Company, including, but not limited to, a Company which has a Stock Company as its Subsidiary;

• 国は、効率的かつ安定的な漁業経営の育成に資するため、漁場の利用の合理化の促進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take measures such as promotion of rationalization of utilization of fishing grounds and others necessary for the development of efficient and sustainable fishery management.

• 労働組合も経営者も「労働者は生きるために人生の時間を売らなければならない」ということについては一致しているのだ。
• Unions and management agree that we ought to sell the time of our lives in exchange for survival,

• かつては市内には日産自動車の子会社である日産車体の京都工場があったものの、1999年に経営不振のために閉鎖された。
• The Kyoto factory of Nissan Shatai Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., used to be located in the city, but the factory was shut down in 1999 due to financial difficulties.

• また10世紀ごろから、国内の公田を名田へ再編成し、田堵に名田経営と租税納入を請け負わせる負名体制へと移行していた。
• In the 10th century onwards, the koden (the field administered directly by a ruler) in the province was reorganized as the myoden, and the fumyo system, in which the tato undertook the management of the myoden and tax, became more and more common.

• 武士たちは在地にあって田地経営を行いながら武芸の鍛錬に励み、国衙から軍事動員が課せられたときは軍事活動に参加した。
• They worked hard at their training of martial arts while managing rice field, and whenever mobilized for military by kokuga (provincial government offices) they participated in the military activities.

• そのため、身分は水呑百姓であっても、例えば交易業や養蚕業を経営し、富豪と呼ぶべき実態の者も少なくなかったのである。
• Therefore, among the people whose positions were Mizunomi Byakusho, there were many rich men who engaged in, for example, trade and sericulture.

• 組合員の事業に関する経営及び技術の改善向上又は組合事業に関する知識の普及を図るための教育及び情報の提供に関する事業
• Activities related to the education and offer of information for achieving an improvement of the management and technology concerning the business of partner and the dissemination of knowledge concerning the cooperative's activities

• 所属員の事業に関する経営及び技術の改善向上又は組合事業に関する知識の普及を図るための教育及び情報の提供に関する事業
• Activities related to the education and offer of information for achieving an improvement of the management and technology concerning the business of affiliates and the dissemination of knowledge concerning the cooperatives' activities

• 事業者は、基本理念にのっとり、研究及び開発並びにその成果の企業化並びに技術経営力の強化に積極的に努めるものとする。
• In accordance with the Basic Principle, business operators shall actively endeavor to carry out research and development and to enhance the commercialization of the results thereof and to strengthen Technology Management Capability.

• 一方、国内は天下統一による平和がもたらされたことなどから、諸大名は領国の経営に力を注ぎ、各地で都市が興隆していった。
• On the other hand, peace came to Japan as the result of unification; various daimyos endeavored to manage their countries, and cities in various parts of Japan prospered.

• 免田寄人型荘園は、田堵（寄人）ごと、又は名田ごとに認可されたため、領域的な広がりをもたず、比較的小規模に経営された。
• The tax-exempt shoen estates were approved for each tato (yoriudo) or each myoden and did not have territorial contiguity and was managed in a relatively small-scaled way.

• 一方で西国では百姓が地縁的な結合を強め、村落を形成し、地頭とは別個に荘園経営を請け負う百姓請も見られるようになった。
• In the meantime, in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) as the peasants strengthened their territorial bond and formed villages, Hyakushouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrust a peasant to manage his manor and pay the customs) began to appear in addition to Jitouke.

• 彼らは、生産基盤となる動産を集積し、安定経営を達成した富豪層の保護、隷属関係よって統率された存在に変質を遂げていた。
• Instead, they had already changed into the subordinates of wealthy peasants, who had hoarded movables necessary for farming and had achieved sustainable management.

• 一方で西国では百姓が地縁的な結合を強め、村落を形成し、地頭とは別個に荘園経営を請け負う百姓請が見られるようになった。
• Meanwhile, in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki), peasants strengthened their territorial bonds, formed villages, and established the hyakushouke system (the contract system where the manor's owner entrusts a peasant to manage his manor and pay the customs) to operate shoen independent of jito's management.

• 田堵負名には、在地領主の支配下で名田経営する者もいたが、田堵負名自身が在地領主として現地支配・管理する者も多かった。
• Although some of these tato fumyo farmers managed myoden land under the rule of local territorial lords, many of them ruled land as territorial lords themselves.

• 7世紀後半における大和朝廷の陸奥国経営における重要拠点であり、もう少し踏み込んで言うなら初期の陸奥国府と推定される。
• In the latter half of the seventh century it was an important place for the Yamato Dynasty to rule Mutsu Province, and speaking a little more daringly, it was presumably the early provincial capital of Mutsu Province.

• 標的企業（企業を買う、または、企業を制御する試みについて使用される）の経営者側によって求められておらず抵抗されている
• unsolicited and resisted by the management of the target company (used of attempts to buy or take control of a business)

• 荘園（しょうえん）とは、公的支配を受けない（あるいは公的支配を極力制限した）一定規模以上の私的所有・経営の土地である。
• Shoen refers to the privately owned or managed land which was over a certain scale and not under public governance (or limiting the public governance as much as possible).

• 信栄は1441年（永享13年）28歳の若さで病死するが後を弟の武田信賢が継ぎ、安芸国と平行して若狭国経営に乗り出した。
• After Nobuhide died of disease in 1441 at the age of twenty-eight, his younger brother Nobutaka TAKEDA succeeded him and ruled Wakasa and Aki Provinces.

• 応仁の乱以降には堺を本拠とする管領家の細川氏や、乱で兵庫を得た大内氏、博多や堺市などの有力商人が経営するようになった。
• After the Onin War, the trade was managed by the Hosokawa clan; a Kanryo Family (families in the position of the shogunal deputy) putting headquarters in Sakai, the Ouchi clan that had won Hyogo as a reward after the war, as well as influential merchants in Hakata and Sakai City.

• しかし、林業経営が50年～100年といった長期間にわたり多額の投資（間伐など人工林の育成経費の支出）を行い収益を得る。
• However, in forestry, profits are realized only by making heavy investment in planting of man-made forests, such as thinning, for a long time of fifty to one hundred years.

• この官田は正長に請け負わせ、営料を与えて所定の穫稲を収取する直営的経営の方式と、地子制または賃租制による方式とがある。
• Kanden had two systems: a direct administration system that contracted farm work out to 正長 and gave eiryo to collect a certain amount of crop, and the system of jishi or chinso (land taxes under Ritsuryo system).

• タバコ専売の開始以来、大蔵省（専売局）が直接経営していたが昭和24年（1949年）6月からは日本専売公社が引き継いだ。
• After the monopolization of tobacco was started, the Ministry of Finance (Monopoly Bureau) managed it directly, but from June, 1949, on, the Japan Monopoly Corporation took over the business.

• 『延喜式』によれば、没官田は輸地子田として経営されたが、時には賞賜や寺社への施入などの対象に用いられることが多かった。
• According to 'Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), Mokkanden was managed as Yujishiden (fields with which the part of harvest was paid as tax), but they were also often used as special prizes as well as donations to temples.

• このとき、課税単位へ編成された土地を名田（みょうでん）といい、名田経営を請け負った者が「負名」と呼ばれるようになった。
• The land that was reorganized into a unit of taxation on that occasion was called myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and the contractor for the management of the myoden was called 'fumyo.'

• 国衙が名田経営を田堵負名に請け負わせていく中で、地域の実情に合わせて各名田ごとに税率や税目などに差異も生まれていった。
• In the process of contracting out the myoden administration to tato fumyo by kokuga, the conditions, such as the rate and the item of taxation imposed on each myoden, became varied based on the situation in each area.

• 古くからの旅館によっては経営者の高齢化が進み、少子化の影響で後継者が出来ず、次世代の代替わりが行えない業者も出ている。
• Some old traditional ryokan have elderly managers and have not been able to hand their businesses down to the next generation because of the effects of the declining birth rate.

• 鉄道事業者は、事業の貸渡その他いかなる方法をもつてするかを問わず、鉄道事業を他人にその名において経営させてはならない。
• The Railway Business Operator shall not allow other person to manage the Railway Business under its name irrespective of the methods such as lease, etc. or whatever.

• 地元漁民を使用する程度。大規模の経営の場合にあつては、特に、当該漁業の操業により従前の生業を奪われる漁民を使用する程度
• Degree to which the local fishermen are used. Especially the degree to which the fishermen deprived of their present occupations by the operation of said fishery are used, in the case of large-scale management.

• 範頼と義経が平氏と戦っている間、頼朝は東国の経営を進め、政子も参詣祈願や、寺社の造営式など諸行事に頼朝と同席している。
• While Noriyori and Yoshitsune were fighting against the Taira clan, Yoritomo continued his rule of the eastern provinces, and Masako accompanied when he attended ceremonies to mark construction of, or went to pray at, temples and shrines.

• 2004年11月　赤字経営が続いていた第三セクターである、（株）イオン工学センター（氷室・津田地区）の解散が決定される。
• November, 2004: It was decided that Ion Engineering Research Institute Corporation, a so-called third-sector company (located in the Himuro and Tsuda district), would be dissolved.

• 北近畿の各市や舞鶴港と京阪神双方へのアクセスが良く、経営の三要素の「人、物、金」のうち「人」と「物」の移動が容易である。
• Due to the ease of accessibility to each city in Kitakinki, Maizuru Port and Keihanshin, it allows for two factors, 'people' and 'goods,' from the three factors governing business 'people,' 'goods' and 'money,' to move about easily.

• 一方では独自性を保つために、在地の農業経営に専念する名主層や百姓らと連携して、国人一揆を結成する国人層も少なくなかった。
• However, not a few kokujin organized the Kokujin-ikki (union) in cooperation with the myoshu (owner of rice fields) stratum immersed in farm management, peasants and others, in an attempt to keep individuality.

• そして、まず国衙領において、公田から名田への再編成が行われると、田堵が名田経営を請け負う主体に位置づけられるようになる。
• Then, when koden (rice fields administered directly by a ruler) located in kokugaryo was reorganized into myoden (rice fields owned by a nominal holder), Tato became the persons who undertook the management of myoden.

• そのため軍事的に重要な土地であり、その記録が残されていることは、すべて当時の西域経営を直接的に物語ることになるのである。
• It was therefore the militarily important area and the fact that the records remained will directly indicate all of administration of the western region of the time.

• 平安時代中期に承平天慶勲功者やその子孫の中から登場した武士階層は、田堵負名、すなわち田地経営者としての側面も持っていた。
• A class of samurai who had come from Johei Tengyo kunkosha (people who distinguishably served in the Johei and Tengyo War) or their descendants were also a Tato-fumyo (cultivator/tax manager), a rice field manager.

• 近畿日本鉄道の子会社である近鉄レジャーサービスが経営している（2004年までは、同年に解散した近鉄興業株式会社が運営）。
• It is operated by Kintetsu Leisure Service, a subsidiary of Kinki Nippon Railway Company (while it was under the management of Kintetsu Kogyo Kabushiki Gaisha until 2004 when that company was dissolved).

• 第三種鉄道事業を経営しようとする場合には、鉄道線路を譲渡するか又は使用させるかの別並びにその相手方の氏名又は名称及び住所
• In the case the applicant intends to operate Type III Railway Business, whether he/she is going to assign any railway track or let anyone use it, and the name and the address of the counter party.

• 第百十三条第二項（第百二十四条において準用する場合を含む。）の規定に違反して、その事業を他人にその名において経営させた者
• In the case of allowing another person to perform his/her services in his/her name, in violation of the provisions of Article 113 paragraph (2) (including when it applies accordingly to Article 124)

• そのため時代が進むにつれバスやタクシーの利用者も減少の一途をたどり、各バスやタクシー会社では赤字経営に悩まされる所もある。
• Therefore, use of bus and taxi has been decreasing, with some bus and taxi companies running in the red.

• 幕府・藩が直接経営者となるのではなく、商人・豪農に請け負わせ、その利益を収奪するところに近代以降の専売制度との違いがある。
• It differs from the monopolization in the modern times in that the bakufu and domains did not directly manage it but made merchants and wealthy peasants do it by contracts and robbed the profits of them.

• 「四方」というのは王朝成立の対象領域で、その経営の中心は周王のいる中国であり、その周囲にある異民族のいる土地のことである。
• 'Shiho' referred to the territory of the dynasty including China, its center where the emperor of Zhou resided, and the surrounding regions where different ethnic groups lived.

• 頼朝は、義経ともう一人の弟の源範頼に遠征軍の指揮を委ねるようになり、本拠地の鎌倉に腰を据え東国の経営に専念することになる。
• Yoritomo, while he entrusted Yoshitsune and his other brother, MINAMOTO no Noriyori to take control of the expeditionary forces, decided to settle down at his home base in Kamakura to concentrate on the administration of Togoku (the eastern part of Japan).

• 擬漢文体で書かれ、衣食住、職業、領国経営、建築、司法、職分、仏教、武具、教養、療養など、多岐にわたる一般常識を内容とする。
• Written in pseudo-Chinese style, Teikin Orai covered a wide range of topics on general knowledge including lifestyle, vocation, territory management, architecture, law, duty, Buddhism, weapons, education, and medical treatment.

• 鉄道が民営であることの軍事的に不利な理由は、私鉄の場合、株式会社であるから、経営状態を詳しく株主に報告しなければならない。
• The disadvantaged point of railway management by private sector was that in the case of the private railways, being the joint-stock companies, they must report their managing status in detail to the shareholders.

• 彼らは自らもまた名田経営を請け負う富豪として、また富豪相互あるいは富豪と受領の確執の調停者として地方に勢力を扶植していった。
• The warriors became influential in rural areas as rich farmers who undertook the management of Myoden, or as mediators to solve conflicts between millionaires and zuryo or between millionaires.

• 応仁の乱後、堺商人が抽分銭の請負業務を行い、出航前に予め輸入品の利益額を想定して抽分銭を先に経営者側に納付する制度を取った。
• After the Onin War, Sakai merchants undertook the task of Chubunsen under a system in which they prepaid the Chubunsen to the management based on the amount of profit to be generated from imported goods that was preliminarily estimated by them in advance of departure.

• 国は、農業経営における農業資材費の低減に資するため、農業資材の生産及び流通の合理化の促進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as encouraging rationalized production and distribution systems of agricultural materials, in order to contribute to the cost reduction of agricultural materials in farm management.

• 法第三十条第八項に規定する政令で定める技術導入契約の締結等は、事業の経営に関する技術の指導に係る技術導入契約の締結等とする。
• The conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc. specified by a Cabinet Order prescribed in Article 30, paragraph (8) shall be the conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc. pertaining to the guidance on the technology relating to business operation.

• 航空運送代理店業を経営する者は、事業を廃止したときは、その日から三十日以内に、その旨を国土交通大臣に届け出なければならない。
• Any person who operates air transport agency business shall, when he/she terminates the business, inform the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to that effect within 30 days reckoning from the termination day.

• 荘園公領制成立以前の武士は封建領主としての確固たる領地を持たず、一般の田堵負名と同様に名田の経営権を国衙との契約で付与された。
• Samurai didn't have their settled territories where they could rule as a feudal load before the shoen-koryo system was established, and kokuga gave management rights of myoden to them as well as ordinary tato and fumyo (local tax managers) by contract.

• 畿内諸国や九州では荘園領主の権力が強く及んでおり、領主が荘園経営を効率的に行うため、名田を均等化して百姓へ割り振ったのである。
• The lords of the manors were so powerful in the Kinai provinces and the Kyushu region that they could divide their myoden equally and allot each peasant a portion of myoden in order to manage their manors effectively.

• この時代は、地方の国人衆や土豪層においても所領経営のためには読み・書き・計算などが必要と考えられるようになった時代でもあった。
• In this period, local lords and local clans considered it indispensable to acquire skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic for the management of their territories.

• しかし、一人あたりの耕地面積は狭く、農家は零細的経営を余儀なくされたため、農村の貧困状態を根本的に改善することはできなかった。
• However, as the area under cultivation per farmer was small and the farmers were forced to manage small farms, the poverty of the farmers was never fundamentally improved.

• 「私営田経営者」「私営田領主」という概念は、戦後第一世代の石母田正の『中世的世界の形成』により、学問的に定着された概念である。
• The concept of 'Shieiden Managers' and 'Lord of Shieiden' settled academically from 'The Formation of Medieval Period like World' by the Tadashi ISHIMODA, who was among the first generation born post-World War II.

• 実業家の山本為三郎は1893年に大阪で生まれ、後にホテル経営（後のリーガロイヤルホテル）をまとめる一方、芸術家の支援も行った。
• Born in Osaka in 1893, the businessman Tamesaburo YAMAMOTO operated hotels (later Rihga Royal Hotels), and supported artists as well.

• また、後円部南東の側面に測量図で溝が見られるのは、そのふもと近辺に江戸時代、箸中長者の経営する茶店がありその影響とも思われる。
• A ditch that is found on the southeast side of the rounded rear on the survey map is supposed to be associated with a teahouse that was run by a choja (millionaire), Hashinaka, around the foot during the Edo period.

• 国は、第一項に規定する総合的な施策を策定し、及びこれを実施するに際しては、技術経営力の強化の促進の重要性を踏まえるものとする。
• The national government shall give due consideration with the importance of promoting the enhancement of Technology Management Capability when formulating a comprehensive policy as prescribed in paragraph 1 and implementing it.

• 当該交付を受けた外国法人の名称、納税地及び代表者の氏名並びに国内において行う事業又は国内にある資産の経営又は管理の責任者の氏名
• The name of the foreign corporation that has received the delivery of the shares, its place for tax payment, the name of its representative, and the name of the person responsible for the operation or management of its business in Japan or its assets in Japan

• なお、経営政策の面では、理研コンツェルンを除いて既存の財閥同様に同族運営がなされており、その点で「新興財閥」という言い方もある。
• Regarding the management policy, the emerging zaibatsu in the Showa period (except for the RIKEN conglomerate) were run by families or their kinships, like the existing zaibatsu, and in that sense they can be called 'emerging zaibatsu.'

• 世界各地の寿司屋には中国人や韓国人など日本人以外の経営・調理によるものが増加し、日本人による寿司店の割合は相対的に減少している。
• Sushi restaurants around the world operated by and serve sushi prepared by non-Japanese people such as Chinese or Korean people have increased, and a percentage of sushi restaurants which are operated by and serve sushi prepared by Japanese people have decreased relatively.

• 地方行政にあたる国司は、郡司・富豪層に着目し、従来の個別人身支配の代わりに郡司・富豪層の在地経営を通じた支配へと転換していった。
• Kokushi (provincial governors) in charge of local administration focused attention on gunji (district managers) and the rich and powerful class, and changed management of the province to control through local management by gunji (district managers) and persons in the rich and powerful class.

• ただし、堺商人の影響力の及ばない西国の大内氏が経営する勘合船にはこの規定が及ばず、依然として帰港後に独自に抽分銭を徴収していた。
• However, the vessels managed by the Ouchi clan based in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) were beyond the reach of the above regulation, and the Chubunsen was still independently collected after their return to port.

• 1977年以降はニチレイが筆頭株主となり経営支援を続けていたが、2005年1月にホテルオークラが株式譲渡を受け筆頭株主になった。
• Nichirei Corporation had been assisting with management as the largest shareholder since 1977; and in January 2005, Hotel Okura obtained the majority of stocks to become the top shareholder.

• 業務の種類及び方法並びに事業計画が経営の健全性を確保し、又は預金者その他の債権者の利益を保護するのに適当でないと認められるとき。
• When the type or method of the operations or the activity plan is found to be inappropriate for securing sound management or for protecting the interest of depositors and other obligees

• この法律において「航空運送事業者」とは、航空法（昭和二十七年法律第二百三十一号）第二条第十六項の航空運送事業を経営する者をいう。
• The term 'airline business operator' in this Act means the corporation that conducts the air carrier business prescribed in paragraph (16) of Article 2 of the Civil Aeronautics Act (Act No. 231 of 1952).

• 第二次世界大戦が始まると白川沿いの北側は建物疎開で破壊された（その中に磯田多佳が経営していた『大友』（だいとも）が含まれていた）。
• When World War II started, the riverside to the north of the Shira-kawa River was destroyed during building evacuation; among the destroyed buildings was the teahouse called 'Daitomo,' run by Taka ISODA.

• このような変化を受けて、蔵元のなかには自らが杜氏をかねる、杜氏兼蔵元またはオーナーマイスターなどという経営スタイルが生まれてきた。
• Such changes bring some breweries a new management style called toji-ken-kuramoto (toji and brewer) or owner Meister, in which a brewery owner also works as a toji.

• だが、公事宿の経営者の中には公事師と同様の業務を行ったり、公事師の斡旋業を行ったりする者もおり、実態としては大きな違いはなかった。
• However, some owners of kujiyado also provided with the same service as kujishi or ran a placement agency of kujishi, so there was no big difference between them.

• こうして公領は郡・郷・保などの単位に再編成され、武士たちは郡司・郷司・保司として郡・郷・保の経営と治安維持を受け持つこととなった。
• In this way, koryo was reorganized into gun, go and ho (community), and samurai came to be in charge of the management and security maintenance of gun, go, or ho as gunji (an official in charge of a gun), goji (an official in charge of a village), or hoji (an official in charge of a community).

• その直後の富士川の戦いで平氏軍に勝利した頼朝は、自分を支持する関東武士団の意向を受け、関東内部の平定・経営に重点を置くこととした。
• Immediately after this, Yoritomo defeated the Taira clan army in the Battle of Fujigawa and focused on the stabilization and management of the Kanto region at the wish of the Kanto Samurai Group which supported him.

• 火災共済規程及び事業計画の内容が経営の健全性を確保し、又は組合員その他の共済契約者の利益を保護するのに適当でないと認められるとき。
• When the contents of the fire mutual aid rules or activity plan are found to be inappropriate for securing sound management or for protecting the interest of partner and other mutual aid contractors

• 商品や事業を作り出して流通させ、所有者の利益のために経営する、共同で所有された営利企業（通常、農民または消費者によって組織される）
• a jointly owned commercial enterprise (usually organized by farmers or consumers) that produces and distributes goods and services and is run for the benefit of its owners

• 翌1974年には大阪市で海苔店経営者等がオイルショック後の海苔の需要拡大を狙いとして節分のイベントで海苔巻きの早食い競争をはじめた。
• In 1974 the following year, owners of nori stores, etc. in Osaka City, aiming to expand the demand for nori after the oil crisis of 1973, held a speed-eating contest of norimaki (vinegared rice rolled in dried nori [laver]) at a Setsubun event.

• 寄席（よせ）とは、都市において落語・浪曲・講談・漫才・奇術などの技芸を観客に見せるため席亭（興行主）が経営する常設の興行小屋である。
• A yose originally referred to a permanent hut operated by a promoter where professionals of rakugo (traditional comic storytelling), rokyoku (naniwabushi recitation), kodan storytelling, manzai or a comic dialogue, or magicians entertained their audiences by exhibiting their skills in speaking or trickery.

• 明治時代以後、財閥の確立とともに本家を中心とした一族及び幹部による経営体制を維持するために家憲・家訓が制定されたことが知られている。
• In the Meiji period and later, along with the formation of several zaibatsu (company syndicates), kaken and kakun were known to be established in order to maintain the management mainly by the head family, including family members and executive officers.

• 松本豊胤によるとため池造成や水田経営を積極的に進めた豪族たちがその墓所である古墳を開発した地域を望む場所に造営していったとしている。
• According to Toyotane MATSUMOTO, gozoku (local ruling family) who constructed irrigation ponds and actively managed rice paddies, constructed their graves at places from where people can see the territory they developed.

• 本邦航空運送事業者は、事業の貸渡しその他いかなる方法をもつてするかを問わず、航空運送事業を他人にその名において経営させてはならない。
• No domestic air carrier shall allow another person to operate its business under its name regardless of by lending the business or by other means.

• 戦前の「マキノ・プロダクション」で知られる牧野省三の三男で映画監督のマキノ真三、俳優の宮城千賀子の夫妻が設立・経営したことで知られる。
• Makino Geinosha was known as being managed by Shinzo MAKINO, the third son of Shozo MAKINO, who founded Makino Productions before the war, and Chikako MIYAGI, actress and Shinzo's wife.

• なお急速な西洋化の一端には、西洋列強国が当時盛んに植民地経営で、莫大な富をアジア諸国から吸い上げていたことに対する危機感も見出される。
• The rapid and drastic Westernization was promoted also because of the notion of impending crisis, by seeing the act of the Great Powers of the West exploiting Asian countries to acquire a vast wealth through the management of colonized countries.

• 在庁官人は、前述した「富豪の輩」（田堵・負名層）から登用された者が多く、国衙領の経営・租税徴収を行うことで、国司の租税収取に貢献した。
• Many zaichokanjin were employed from the above-mentioned 'fugo-no-yakara' (tato, leading farmer and fumyo, tax collector), took on the management of the kokuga region and tax collection and contributed to levying taxes by kokushi.

• しかし小規模な路線が多く経営的には苦しく、1955年（昭和30年）頃から比叡山方面への進出をもくろむ京阪電気鉄道の傘下となっていった。
• However, managing many small-scale routes led to the financial difficulties for the company, from around 1955, many routes were sold to Keihan Electric Railway, which was planning to extend their business in the Mt. Hiei area.

• 夫婦で自家営業する形態が一般的だが、注目されるのは未亡人あるいは水商売を引退した女性などがひとりで経営する店も多く見られたことである。
• Although okonomiyaki shops are generally family run, it is noteworthy that many are run by widows or women who have retired from the liquor trade.

• 子会社　会社がその総株主の議決権の過半数を有する株式会社その他の当該会社がその経営を支配している法人として法務省令で定めるものをいう。
• 'Subsidiary'　means any entity which is prescribed by the applicable Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice as the juridical person the management of which is controlled by a Company, including, but not limited to, a Stock Company a majority of all votes in which are owned by the Company;

• 経営難から、2000年～2002年シーズンの間閉場していたが、出資者を募り、2003年シーズン（2002年12月）から営業を再開した。
• It was closed during the ski seasons of 2000 to 2002, but it obtained enough investment to resume business in December 2002.

• 第一号又は第二号の規定により適格性を有しない者が、どんな名目によるのであつても、実質上当該漁業の経営を支配するに至るおそれがあること。
• A person unqualified pursuant to the provision of item (i) or item (ii) may substantially govern the management of said fishery irrespective of the pretext.

• 五月下旬頃、諸士調役兼監察の山崎烝・島田魁らによって四条小橋上ル真町で炭薪商を経営する枡屋（古高俊太郎）の存在を突き止め、会津藩に報告。
• At around the end of May, moderators and observers including Susumu YAMAZAKI and Kai SHIMADA ascertained the presence of Masuya store (Shuntaro FURUTAKA) that was operating a charcoal business in Shijo-Kobashi-Agaru-Shin-cho, and made a report to the Aizu clan.

• 広野の子（当道が広野の子なら当道の兄）の坂上峯雄は侍従として都にあったが、孫の坂上峯盆も曾孫の坂上行松も東北経営と都での任に就いている。
• SAKANOUE no Mineo, the son of Hirono (if Masamichi was the son of Hirono, Mineo could have been the elder brother of Masamichi), was in the capital where he served as jiju (Imperial Household Agency staff), then SAKANOUE no 峯盆, the grandson of Hirono, and SAKANOUE no Yukimatsu, the great-grandson of Hirono, was also in charge of operating Tohoku district and serving in the capital.

• 演芸場（えんげいじょう）とは多くは経営上の問題から色物主体の小屋をさすが、大手資本による「お笑いライブスペース」なども含まれるとされる。
• An engeijo theater generally indicates a place where iromono are performed principally from the viewpoint of financial reason, but it is said that 'live spaces for comic performances' by major companies are included in the engeijo category.

• それら私営田経営者、そして弱体化し始めたとはいえ、いまだ一定の勢力を保つ郡司と、強化された国守・国衙の権力との利害対立が顕在化していく。
• The conflict of interests amongst those managers of shieiden (lands directly governed by powerful families), gunji started to weaken, but still held constant power, and kokushu (head of provincial governors) and kokuga (provincial government offices) powers that became stronger was more apparent.

• 形式に拘らず厳しく弟子を指導し、法嗣は授翁宗弼（じゅおう そうひつ）ただ一人であり、また妙心寺の伽藍整備や経営に拘泥することはなかった。
• Kanzan was not particular about formalities, the maintenance or the management of Myoshin-ji Temple but taught his students strictly; Juo Sohitsu was the only hoshi (successor who is in charge of handing the sect's lore).

• 後に僧侶の身分分化が進み、公卿などの出身である学侶が寺院内の要職を独占して寺院の経営にも関与しようとすると、行人とともに激しく抵抗した。
• Later, once the status of the priest was subdivided and Gakuryo of aristocratic origins occupied the important posts in the temple and tried to become involved in the management of the temple, Gyonin offered strong resistance.

• したがって利用客は、主に各地の政治家、強大な企業の経営者、名の通った財界人らごく一部に限られ、それらの面々が各種接待や会合を行ってきた。
• Therefore, the customers were limited mainly to the very few VIP such as politicians in various places, managers of powerful enterprise, famous financiers; various receptions and gatherings were held for such VIPs.

• 歌舞伎の経営は江戸三座だけに限って許可されていて、中村座には都座、市村座には桐座、森田座（のちの守田座）には河原崎座がそれぞれ控えていた。
• Only Edo Sanza (Nakamura-za Theater, Ichimura-za Theater and Morita-za Theater) were licensed to run Kabuki Theaters, and their Hikae yagura were Miyako-za Theater, Kiri-za Theater and Kawarazaki-za Theater respectively.

• ほとんどの守護は、幕府の枢要メンバーとして京都もしくは鎌倉に常住しており、実際の領国経営は、直属家臣や国人層から選んだ守護代に任せていた。
• Most shugo were permanently stationed in Kyoto or Kamakura as key members of bakufu, leaving the actual territory management to the shugo-dai (deputy of shugo), who were selected from vassals under the direct supervision of shugo and the kokujin stratum.

• 公事は荘園領主や領主に代わって経営を行う預所が検注を行って 本在家（もしくは名主）を確定させ、在家役（あるいは名役）としてこれを賦課した。
• Azukaridokoro (custodian) that was handling the management in place of lord of the manor or feudal lord made a land survey to determine honzaike (or nanushi) (village headman) and imposed it as zaikeyaku (or 名役).

• しかし、それを実現させるだけの資金的裏づけがなかった日本は、秘かにイギリスに対してのみ、この要求の事実を打ち明けて共同経営の誘いを行った。
• However, as Japan did not have enough funds to realize the business, it confided in only the United Kingdom about the demand and asked it to join the business in partnership.

• 巨艦を誇る旅館ほど、安定的にお客を確保するため、取次手数料が経営上決して軽くはない水準にあるものの、エージェントとの関係を希薄化しづらい。
• Large ryokan face difficulties in cutting down on their deals with travel agents in spite of the heavy burden of agency fees on their business, because large ryokan need a large and steady number of reservations.

• 丹波平定後はそのまま丹波経営の拠点となったが、光秀は天正10年（1582年）に本能寺の変を起こし、まもなく豊臣秀吉に敗れて、逃走中に討死。
• After conquering Tanba, Mitsuhide was based here in order to govern Tanba, but later he brought about the Honno-ji Incident (his attack on Nobunaga at Honno-ji Temple) in 1582, and he was killed during his retreat after losing the battle with Hideyoshi.

• 会社側は金を払って諸問題の経決や経営診断などを専属でやってもらいたいと文明に申し出たが、営利の為の易は禁ずるという家訓により断ったという。
• It is said that the company offered Fumiaki an exclusive contract for the service of solving problems and determining business conditions but he declined the offer because of his family's kakun (family percept) that divination is not allowed for the pursuit of profit.

• その為、スーパーやコンビニ事業者の価格決定権が強く特売が当たり前になってしまい、特売が希望小売価格状態になってしまって経営を圧迫している。
• As a result, the special sale becomes usual because supermarkets and convenience-store operators have a strong power to determine the price, and a price in a special sale becomes a recommended retail price, which causes a squeeze on management.

• 東日本電信電話株式会社及び西日本電信電話株式会社（以下「地域会社」という。）は、地域電気通信事業を経営することを目的とする株式会社とする。
• East Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation and West Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (hereinafter referred to as 'the Regional Companies') shall be companies whose purpose is to manage regional telecommunications businesses.

• 国は、中小事業者の経営基盤の強化を図るため、新たな設備の設置その他資本装備の高度化、生産管理の合理化等に関し必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to ensure the strengthening of the business foundation of small and medium sized business operators, the State shall take any necessary measures for upgrading of capital equipment, installation of new facilities, and the streamlining of production management.

• 国は、効率的かつ安定的な林業経営を担うべき人材の育成及び確保を図るため、教育、研究及び普及の事業の充実その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as enriching education, research and dissemination projects, in order to develop and secure human resources who play a major role in efficient and stable forestry management.

• 彼らは、田堵負名として田地経営に経済基盤を置きながら、受領のもとで治安維持活動にも従事するという、それまでにない新たに登場した階層であった。
• They constituted a new class: Persons which engaged in security duty under zuryo, while placing their economic basis on farm management.

• 彼らは資本主義の発展にともなって鉄道経営が大きな利益をもたらすとともに、産業支配と鉄道支配との間に密接な関連性があることをよく認識していた。
• They were well aware that railway management would bring a huge profit along with the development of capitalism and there is close relationship between the control of industries and the control of railways.

• 金融商品取引所持株会社は、子会社である株式会社金融商品取引所の経営管理を行うこと及びこれに附帯する業務のほか、他の業務を行うことができない。
• A Financial Instruments Exchange Holding Company shall not conduct any business other than business administration of the Stock Company-Type Financial Instruments Exchange which is its Subsidiary Company and other businesses incidental thereto.

• 航空機の運航及びこれを行うために必要な整備に関する事項、国際航空運送事業を経営するかどうかの別その他国土交通省令で定める事項に関する事業計画
• Operation plan concerning operations of aircraft and maintenance necessary thereof, whether or not intending to engage in international air transport services, and other matters specified by Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

• その後吉本が寄席で漫才主体の番組構成をとったことや、桂春団治など落語家の専属契約を推し進め、自社の経営する寄席である「花月」のみの出演とした。
• After that, Yoshimoto placed a priority on manzai for performances in yose, and promoted an exclusive contract with Harudanji KATSURA and other rakugo storytellers, having them perform only in 'Kagetsu', a yose that Yoshimoto operated.

• その背景には、檀家制度が破綻し経営が苦しくなった多くの寺院が大手墓石業者とタイアップし水子供養を大々的に宣伝し始めたことが大きく影響している。
• The reason behind this is largely due to the start of an extensive advertisement for mizuko kuyo by the temples which were in financial troubles as a result of the downfall of parishioner system and have arranged tie-ups with large grave stone companies.

• 特に宇多院は信濃・武蔵両国を院宮分国制として国司の任免権にも関与していたと言われているために、勅旨牧の経営に何らかの関与したとする見方もある。
• In particular, because Udain (the posthumous name of Emperor Uda) is said to have been involved in the rights for appointment and removal of Kokushi (provincial governor) for Shinano and Musashi Provinces under Ingu bunkoku sei (provincial allotment system), there is another viewpoint that he was also somehow involved in the administration of Chokushimaki.

• 仁安 (日本)3年（1168年）、清盛は出家して「浄海」と名乗ったのち摂津福原に別荘（福原山荘）をかまえ、常時ここに住んで周辺一帯を経営した。
• In 1168 Kiyomori entered into priesthood, took the name of 'Jokai,' and after that, he built a villa (Fukuhara mountain villa) in Fukuhara, Settsu Province and he always lived there and managed the circumference.

• 工場経営や外国貿易を手がけていた父の元、3人兄弟の長男として奈良県生駒郡平城村大字押熊（現奈良市押熊町）に生まれ、少年時代は大阪府で過ごした。
• Born in Ouaza-Oshiguma, Heijou Town, Ikoma County, Nara Prefecture (present day Oshiguma Town, Nara City), the oldest of three sons to a father who was involved in factory management and foreign trade, he spent his youth in Osaka.

• しかし、土地課税原則のもとでは、田地の存在さえ把握していればそこを実質的に経営している富豪層から収取すべき租税を収取することが十分可能となる。
• Under the principle of tax on land, however, the government can collect tax from wealthy peasants who eventually manage the land in question only by confirming the existence of land.

• 組合、協業組合、商工組合、商工組合連合会、商店街振興組合及び商店街振興組合連合会（以下「組合等」という。）の組織、事業及び経営の指導並びに連絡
• Provision of instructions regarding organization, activities, and management to cooperatives, joint cooperatives, commercial and industrial cooperatives, federations of commercial and industrial cooperatives, shopping district promotion cooperatives, and federations of shopping district promotion cooperatives (hereinafter referred to as 'cooperatives, etc.'), and liaison between them

• 国は、前項に規定する施策が漁業経営に著しい影響を及ぼす場合において必要があると認めるときは、これを緩和するために必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall, in case when the measures provided in the preceding paragraph give serious adverse effects to fishery management, take necessary measures for mitigating them when it finds necessary.

• 合併又は分割により法人を設立する場合には、当該法人に関し、定款並びに事業を経営するために必要な資金の総額、内訳及び調達方法を記載した資金計画書
• In case where a juridical person is established by the merger or the split, the articles of incorporation, statement of financial plan describing total sum, breakdown and method of raising the capital necessary for the management of the service.

• それに伴って、地方に土着した貴族や郡司らに出自する富豪層は、国衙から名田経営と租税収取を請け負う田堵負名へ成長し、より一層経済力をつけていった。
• Millionaires who were descents from aristocracy who had settled in the country or local magistrates grew into Tato fumyo (cultivator/tax manager): they undertook cultivation of Myoden and tax collection from kokuga and expanded their economic power.

• 1960年代は阪急電鉄が経営にあたっていたことがある（乗船場付近にある旧亀岡商工会館は「保津川観光会館」と名付けられた阪急の観光ホテルだった）。
• Hankyu Corporation carried on this business in the 1960's(The former Kameoka Chamber of Commerce and Industry Building near the boarding place used to be a Hankyu Corporation resort hotel named 'Hozugawa Kanko Kaikan.').

• しかし、田堵は、名田経営を通じて、土地および他の隷属する百姓との関係を緊密なものとしていき、中には周辺の他の田堵の名田を集積する者も現れていた。
• Nevertheless they strengthened relationships with land and subordinate peasants through myoden management, and some tato even started to accumulate neighboring myoden fields managed by other tato.

• おもに時代劇のテレビ映画を受注製作する東映太秦映像、テーマパーク「東映太秦映画村」を経営する東映京都スタジオは東映子会社であるが、別会社である。
• Toei Uzumasa Films, that produces historical TV movies, and the Toei Kyoto Movie Studio, that manages Toei Uzumasa Eigamura (Toei Movie Land), are affiliates of Toei Company, but under independent management.

• また、米国のエネルギー安全保障政策でバイオ燃料作物への転作が進み急激な高騰や、包装等の資材の原油価格高騰による原材料費高騰も経営を圧迫している。
• Additionally, a squeeze on management is caused by steep price escalation due to the accelerated shift toward the use of crops for bio-fuel under the U.S. Energy Security Policy, and by raising the price of raw materials due to the escalating price of oil as an ingredient in packaging materials, etc.

• 第一種鉄道事業を経営しようとする場合であつて、鉄道線路の譲渡を受け、又は鉄道線路を使用させるときは、その旨並びにその相手方の氏名又は名称及び住所
• In the case the applicant intends to operate Type I Railway Business, whether he/she is going to be assigned any railway track or let anyone use any railway track, the description to that effect and the name and the address of the counter party.

• 朝廷は租税収入を確保するために、諸国の国衙領を名田という単位へ分割し、在地の富豪層（田堵）へ名田経営と租税納入を請け負わせる支配体制へと移行した。
• To ensure yields of tax, the Imperial Court introduced a new ruling system where Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in provinces were divided into units of myoden (rice field lots in charge of nominal holders) so that land lords of the wealthy class (Tato (cultivators)) undertook the management of myoden and land tax payment.

• その10世紀初頭の地方社会経済に目を転じると、旧来の郡司の勢力が弱体化しはじめると同時に、王臣子孫も含めた新興勢力・有力農業経営者が台頭を始める。
• When looking at the social situation in districts of the early tenth century, the former gunji (district managers) force weakened simultaneously with the rise of the new power consisting of the posterity of vassals and wealthy farmers.

• もちろん、「私営田領主」「私営田経営者」の説明がそれで済む訳ではないが、それに続く「開発領主」との対比においては、そのひとことが大きな特徴となる。
• Of course, this did not fully explain the 'lord of shieiden' and 'manager of shieiden' but pointed out their special characteristics in contrast to later 'kaihatsu-ryoshu.'

• 認可申請者がその人的構成に照らして、その子会社となる株式会社金融商品取引所の経営管理を適確かつ公正に遂行することができる知識及び経験を有すること。
• in light of the personnel structure, the applicant for authorization has knowledge and experience for accurately and fairly performing business administration of a Stock Company-Type Financial Instruments Exchange which is to become its Subsidiary Company; and

• 索道事業を経営しようとする者は、索道ごとに、国土交通大臣の許可を受けなければならない。ただし、国土交通省令で定める索道については、この限りでない。
• The person who intends to operate Cableway Business shall obtain a license of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism for each cableway, provided, however, that this shall not apply to the cableway designated by an ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• しかしながら、宗務は無論のこと、所領経営、治安維持、さらに神官・僧侶・山伏の管理といった統治実務にあたったのは熊野別当とそれを補佐する諸職であった。
• However, Kumano betto and supporting staffs were the ones who ran the governing affairs such as the expected temple affairs as well as the territory management, the security keeping, and the management of the Shinto priests, the priests, and yamabushi (mountain priests).

• 内閣総理大臣は、銀行の業務の健全な運営に資するため、銀行がその経営の健全性を判断するための基準として次に掲げる基準その他の基準を定めることができる。
• The Prime Minister may set the following criteria and any other criteria as the criteria to be used by Banks to determine the soundness of their management in order to contribute to the sound management of the business of Banks:
• The Prime Minister may set the following criteria and any other criteria as the criteria to be used by Banks to determine the soundness in their management in order to contribute to the sound management of the business of Banks:

• 第一種貨物利用運送事業者は、事業の貸渡しその他いかなる方法をもってするかを問わず、第一種貨物利用運送事業を他人にその名において経営させてはならない。
• The first class consigned freight forwarding business operator shall not allow other persons to manage the first class consigned freight forwarding business under its title by lending of the business or by any other methods.

• つまり「祠堂祭」は、住友家当主と住友直系企業グループの社長や会長、相談役らの最高経営責任者が、年に1度「物故者慰霊祭」のために、一堂に会する日である。
• That is, 'Shido-sai' is a day on which the family head of the Sumitomo Family and the highest-ranking executive officers such as presidents, chairpersons and sodanyaku of direct affiliates of the Sumitomo Group gather once a year for the 'memorial service for the deceased.'

• 彼らは国司や押領使として勲功を挙げるとともに、赴任した地方に土着して国衙から公田経営を公認されるなど、自らの軍事力を維持出来るだけの経済基盤を築いた。
• Through distinguishing themselves as local governors or oryoshi, establishing themselves in the areas they were transferred to, and being officially permitted by kokuga to manage koden (field administered directly by a ruler), they established enough of an economic foundation to maintain their own military power.

• また、Sushi Siam （Siamはタイの古い名称）とかSushi Saigon など、経営者が堂々と自分の出身地を店名に入れているケースもある。
• Moreover, some managers of restaurant blatantly insert the name of their hometown in that of their restaurants, such as Sushi Siam (Siam is an old name of Thailand) or Sushi Saigon.

• 的屋は零細資本の小売商または彼らに雇用されているプロレタリアートの団体というイメージがあるが、これに該当しない地域密着型や個人経営や兼業の的屋も多い。
• The image of tekiya is of retailers with little capital or of the working class groups hired by them but, in fact, many tekiya are community based, privately managed or run as a secondary business.

• 明治35年（1902年）4月、徳富蘇峰が経営する民友社から、地方官吏であった村岡素一郎が『史疑徳川家康事蹟』という本を出版し、家康の影武者説を唱えた。
• In April 1902, Soichiro MURAOKA presented the Ieyasu TOKUGAWA Imposter Theory in a book entitled 'Questioning the History of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA', published by Minyu Company and managed by Soho TOKUTOMI, a historian from the Meiji Period to the Taisho Period.

• また、小作を続けられないほど困窮した者は都市に流入し、官営企業の払い下げで発生した財閥が経営する工場で低賃金労働をさせられ、都市部の貧困層が拡大した。
• The persons who became too poor to continue working as tenant farmers flew into urban areas and were forced to work at low wages in the factories operated by the Zaibatsu (financial cliques or groups, or company syndicates), which were developed from former government-owned companies transferred to private ownership, increasing the number of persons in the poor class in urban areas.

• この土地支配の単位を名田と呼ぶが、この頃、郡司、土着国司などを出自とする田堵と呼ばれた富豪層は、名の経営を請け負い、負名と呼ばれるようになっていった。
• The unit of the medieval land ruling is called myoden (rice field lots in the charge of a nominal holder), and at that period the wealthy class called Tato (cultivators) that came from gunji (local magistrates) and native provincial governors undertook the management of myo and came to be called Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field).

• また、名主は、畿内周辺では農業経営に携わる有力百姓としての性格が強かったが、その他の地域では豪族的な者もおり、特に関東では武士の郎党的な者も多かった。
• In Kinai (areas around Kyoto and Osaka), myoshu were mostly influential farmers who were themselves engaged in farming, but in other areas, especially in Kanto regions (region including Tokyo), retainers of warrior class were often included among myoshu.

• そこで受領は荘園への対抗手段として、主に軍事的に対応能力を有する武士身分の田堵負名に公領の経営と治安維持を委任することで、公領の維持を図ったのである。
• Consequently, as a measure against manors, zuryo entrusted the management of koryo and security duty mostly to the Tato fumyo with the samurai status who had military abilities, to maintain koryo.

• 更にその中で上位の者は領主や地侍としての地位を獲得して荘園領主の支配から脱却したり、荘園内外にて独自の経営地及び独自の小作関係の形成を行うようになる。
• Further, there were those of the upper-class who attained the position as a landlord or a jizamurai (local samurai) which enabled them to break away from the rule of the manor owners and to establish their own business managing and renting their lands to local peasants.

• 家斉の治世は、はじめ質素倹約の政策が引き継がれたが、貨幣悪鋳による出目の収益で幕府財政が一旦潤うと、大奥での華美な生活に流れ、幕政は放漫経営に陥った。
• At the beginning of Ienari's government, the policy of simple and frugal life was succeeded, but when the finance of the shogunate government recovered temporarily by minting new currency with low content of gold and silver, which brought profit margin to the government, administration fell into a lax management at an extravagant expense of the harem (ooku).

• 荘園領主は、現地の有力農民（田堵など）を名主に任じ、荘園の現地経営を安定させると同時に、直属の預所を現地へ派遣するなどして、荘園支配の強化維持に努めた。
• Shoen owners appointed the local leading farmers (such as tato who managed the rice fields in shoen or kokuga domain) as myoshu (the class entrusted to manage myoden, rice field as a basic unit for tax levying), sent the direct subordinate azukari dokoro (appointed local shoen manager) to the local region as well as stabilized the local management of shoen and they did their best to strengthen and maintain the governance of shoen.

• すなわち、導掌・舎音と呼ばれる専任の管理者によって経営され、堵租と呼ばれる定額小作料制度が広まるようになり、その納付も金納や代金納が主流となっていった。
• That is, professional managers called dosho and shaon managed the manors and the flat-rate pricing farm rent system began to spread and payment came to be mainly by gold or money.

• 国司は、国内の国衙領（公田）を名田へ再編成し、当時台頭していた富豪層へ名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負わせることで、租税を確実に収取するようになっていった。
• The kokushi reorganized the kokugaryo (public fields administered directly by a ruler) in the province into the myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and by entrusting the myoden and tax management to the newly-influential wealthy class, they ensured the collection of taxes.

• この傾向は実は江戸時代から存在していたが（当主が幼少、病弱その他の理由などで、経営に関わらなかったケースが多く、実権はいわゆる「大番頭」が握っていた）。
• This tendency has in fact existed since the Edo period (there were many cases where family heads were not engaged in management because they were in infancy or in poor health, or for other reasons, and consequently the so-called 'ohbanto' would control the business).

• このため、競売方式で排出権を購入する方式が広まりつつあるが、当初の購入資金が負担となることや、価格の変動による経営リスクが生じることが問題とされている。
• Accordingly, the method to purchase the right of emissions at auction is spreading, meanwhile there are issues such that getting an initial fund for purchase is a considerable burden and a management risk arises caused by the fluctuation of prices.

• 給田の経営は、はじめ自らの下人・所従らを駆使して行なわれていたが、時代が下るにつれ、荘園内の名主・百姓らへ請作に出して行なわれていったと考えられている。
• The management of shoen was first done using their own servants and followers, but as the ages went on, leasing out to the village headman and farmers within the shoen became the practice.

• 同年6月、アセット・マネージャーズが設立した、アセットオペレーターズが経営会社となり、運営をJALホテルズに委託、現在は「ホテル日航茨木 大阪」と改名。
• In June of the same year, MBK Operators established by Asset Managers Holdings took over the hotel, and entrusted its management to JAL Hotels which renamed it 'Hotel Nikko Ibaraki Osaka' today.

• 今でも根強い人気はあるが、様々な本格的パスタが食べられるようになった今日では、個人経営の喫茶店の減少とともに、ナポリタンを見かける機会はやや減りつつある。
• Although it is still a firm favorite, Naporitan has less frequently been seen with the decrease in the number of privately managed kissaten now that varieties of authentic pasta is available.

• 12世紀に入る頃から、荘園領主である寺社は経営安定化のために雑役免系荘園の一円支配を目指し、寺田・神田などの封戸と同様に官物徴収権も獲得するようになった。
• From the beginning of the twelfth century, some of temples/shrines, the lord of shoen, began to seek ichienshihai (complete rule of the land) of Zoyakumen kei shoen and eventually obtained the right to collect kanmotsu as with the case of fuko (lands allotted to temples/shrines) called jiden (land allotted to temples) or shinden (land allotted to shrines).

• 在地領主は、平安中期～後期を通じて、名田経営により富を蓄積し、周辺田地や開発墾田を集積するとともに、それらの田地内の一般百姓を支配下に置こうと指向していた。
• During the middle and late of the Heian period, the local landlords accumulated fortunes by the management of myoden, amassed neighboring or cultivated rice fields, and aimed to govern ordinary farmers in these rice fields.

• ともあれ、前述の5万点に及ぶ出土木簡の、「長屋親王宮」や「大命」の記載は、王家の生活や経営の実態とともに、皇親としての謎にせまるものとして、解明が待たれる。
• Anyway, the words 'Imperial Prince Nagaya' and 'imperial command' on the about 50,000 excavated mokkan are considered useful to make clear the facts of life and management of the royal family and mysteries of Prince Nagaya as a member of Koshin, and are awaited to be analyzed.

• 1m x 2m程度の鉄板台のスペースを、焼き手である経営者の側に向かい、4～5人の客が椅子で囲むという形式で、最低2坪もあれば簡便な営業が行えたからである。
• There was an iron plate table about the size of one meter by two meters and four to five customers sat around the table facing the owner who cooked okonomiyaki and at least two tsubo (unit of land measurement; 3.95 square yards; 3.31 square meters) was big enough to be able to run a simple home business from.

• この期間はイギリス等の先進国から、蒸気機関車が牽引する列車による鉄道経営が導入され、それらの技術やノウハウが国産化して確立され、鉄道網が日本全国に広がった。
• During this period, along with the steam powered locomotive that was introduced from England and other advanced countries, the technology and know-how of these countries were used for domestic production, which led to the spread of networked railroads throughout Japan.

• 郡司・富豪層は、土地耕作を経営し納税を請け負う田堵負名として国衙支配に組み込まれ、また、各「所」に配属されて在庁官人として国衙行政の一翼を担うようになった。
• Gunji and rich and powerful persons were built in the kokuga control system as Tato fumyo who managed farm operations and collected tax, and in addition, were affiliated with 'the sho' and came to play some roles in the kokuga administration.

• 更生保護法人以外の者にあっては、前各号に掲げる事項のほか、定款、寄附行為その他の基本約款、経理の方針、資産の状況並びに経営の責任者の氏名、経歴及び資産の状況
• In cases other than the juridical person for offenders rehabilitation, in addition to the matters listed in the preceding paragraph, the basic contract such as the articles of incorporation, act of endowment, accounting policies, the state of assets and also the name, personal history and state of properties of the responsible person for the operation.
• In cases other than the juridical person for offenders rehabilitation, in addition to the matters listed in each of the preceding items, the basic contract such as the articles of incorporation, act of endowment, the accounting policies, the state of assets and also the name, personal history and the state of properties of the responsible person for the operation.

• 産業技術力強化法（平成十二年法律第四十四号）第二条第二項に規定する技術経営力の強化に寄与する人材を養成し、その資質の向上を図り、及びその活用を促進すること。
• cultivation of human resources who can contribute to the strengthening of the Technology Management Capability as prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Industrial Technology Enhancement Act (Act No. 44 of 2000), improvements in the quality of such human resources, and promotion of their utilization; and

• 路線を定めて一定の日時により航行する航空機により国際航空運送事業を経営しようとする場合には、当該路線ごとの使用空港等、運航回数、発着日時及び使用航空機の型式
• In case intending to operate international air transport services with aircrafts operated for the scheduled service with fixed time and route, airports to be used for each route, frequency of flights, departure and arrival time, and type of each aircraft to be used.

• これによれば、1740年に既に渡良瀬川沿岸で鉱毒による免租願いが出されていることが当時の文献から確認でき、鉱毒は古河の経営になる前から存在したと主張している。
• According to the book, as early as in 1740 the peasants in the areas along Watarase-gawa River made petitions for tax exemption due to mining pollution, and based on the record, Furukawa explain that such pollution issues had existed before the company began to manage the mines.

• 国は、災害によって農業の再生産が阻害されることを防止するとともに、農業経営の安定を図るため、災害による損失の合理的な補てんその他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as reasonable compensation for disaster losses in order to prevent any possible impediment to agricultural reproduction by disasters and help the stabilization of farm management.

• はじめ吉本は企業経営をしながら自宅で希望者に内観をさせていたが、昭和28年、事業から引退し、大和郡山市に内観道場（のちの内観研修所）を設け内観指導に専念する。
• At first, Yoshimoto was running his own business while offering Naikan therapy at his home to those who wanted to be clients, but in 1953, he retired from the business, established Naikan Dojo (later Naikan Kenshujo) in Yamatokoriyama City and devoted himself to teach Naikan therapy.

• 国は、災害によって林業の再生産が阻害されることを防止するとともに、林業経営の安定を図るため、災害による損失の合理的な補てんその他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as reasonable compensation for the disaster losses in order to prevent any possible impediment to forestry reproduction by the disasters and help the stabilization of forestry management.

• 国は、災害によって漁業の再生産が阻害されることを防止するとともに、漁業経営の安定を図るため、災害による損失の合理的な補てんその他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as reasonable compensation for disaster losses in order to prevent any possible impediment to fishery reproduction by disasters and help stabilization of fishery management.

• 国土交通大臣は、航空の安全を確保するため特に必要があると認めるときは、航空運送事業を経営する者に対し、前項の規定による措置を講ずべきことを命ずることができる。
• The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when considering it particularly necessary for securing the safety of air navigation, order those who operate air transport services to take measures specified in the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

• 田堵負名層とは決して零細な農民などではなく、隷属民を多数抱え、莫大な富を蓄積して農業など諸産業を大規模に経営し、多数の私兵すら擁していた富豪百姓だったのである。
• Far from being poor, the tato fumyo were indeed wealthy peasants who kept many servants, managed large scale businesses such as agriculture, and owned even many private warriors while accumulating immense wealth.

• 大手の酒類販売店が自己資本で飲食店（主に高級居酒屋・和ダイニングバーなど）を経営し、一般消費者層になじみの薄かった地方の銘酒などを試飲感覚で安価で提供している。
• Some big liquor shops manage restaurants (mainly high grade izakaya bars, dining bars of Japanese dishes and so on) with their own capital and provide local famous sake which used to be unfamiliar for common consumers for a cheap price in the sense of tasting.

• 一方、各地方では国司・郡司・有力百姓などを出自とする「富豪の輩」と呼ばれる階層が登場しており、国衙から名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負って、経済力をつけ始めていた。
• On the other hand, the class called 'fugo-no-yakara' (rich guy) originated from kokushi, gunshi (local government administrator sent from the central government, working under kokushi), leading people, appeared, managed myoden (rice fields as the basic unit for levying taxes) and the duty of tax collection from kokuga and began to be economically stronger.

• なお、実際には家臣などを代官として支配・経営させている場合も多く、実態としては朝廷や幕府を本所や本家あるいは領家とした荘園に近い形態であったとも考えられている。
• In many cases Goryosho was actually controlled and run by local governors and was almost like a manor where Imperial Court and Shogunate took the place of honjo (the administrative headquarters of manor) or of Honke, the head family (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Shoen) or of ryoke (virtual proprietor of manor.)

• 山陽鉄道は積極的な経営で知られ、急行列車の設定（1894年）、食堂車の営業（1899年）、寝台車_(鉄道)の連結（1900年）などいずれも官営鉄道より早かった。
• Sanyo Railway Company was known for its innovative management style and was quicker than the government-owned railway in operating an express railway service (1894), a dining car service (1899), and connecting sleeping cars (1900).

• 10世紀初頭頃から、公田は名田と呼ばれる租税収取の基礎単位へ編成され、現地の富豪層（田堵・負名層）が名田経営と租税納入を請け負うという名体制が形成されていった。
• In the early 10th century, Koden was reorganized into the base for taxing called Myoden (rice field lots managed by a nominal holder) and the system called Myo-system, under which local wealthy peasants (Tato (cultivators)/Fumyoso (tiller of the public rice field)) were responsible for the management of Myoden as well as land tax payment, was established.

• たとえば、薬局経営者・開業医の子が親の営む薬局・診療所を継ぐ為に医・歯・薬学部を目指したり、実子が後を継がない場合養子が跡継ぎになったりすることがよく見られる。
• For example, children of a pharmacy owner or medical practitioner will aim to enter a school of medicine, dentistry or pharmaceutical sciences in order to take over the clinic or pharmacy run by their parents, and if a biological child is not able to take over, then often an adopted child will become the successor.

• 控櫓（ひかえやぐら）とは、江戸時代に江戸幕府公認の芝居小屋（本櫓）が経営難などで興行が出来なくなった場合に、興行権を譲り受けて劇場運営を代行した座元のことである。
• Hikae yagura is Zamoto (leaders of theatrical companies) which took over the performance rights and ran the theaters on behalf of the playhouses (Hon yagura [the three licensed theaters, Edo Sanza]) authorized by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) because the playhouses could not give any performance due to financial woes etc. in the Edo period.

• 一方、個々の荘園や公領を現地において経営している在地領主（預所や荘官、地頭ら）が荘園領主や国衙からの公事とは別個に必要に応じて独自の雑公事を賦課する場合があった。
• On the other hand, there was a case that local lords (azukaridokoro, shokan or jito) managing each shoen or koryo on the site imposed their original statute labor as necessary, apart from kuji from lords of the manor or kukoga.

• そのため、彼らに経営状況を教える時には、軍事輸送用の臨時列車を走らせることまでも公開する必要に迫られる可能性があり、同時に軍事機密が外国に漏洩される恐れもあった。
• Therefore, when the companies told the foreign investors their managing status, the companies needed to tell them so far as to the information on running the extra trains for military transportation, and at the same time there was a fear that military secrets would leak to foreign countries.

• 銀行持株会社は、その子会社である銀行及び第五十二条の二十三第一項各号に掲げる会社の経営管理を行うこと並びにこれに附帯する業務のほか、他の業務を営むことができない。
• A Bank Holding Company may not conduct any business activity other than management and control of its subsidiary Bank and companies listed in each item of Article 52-23(1) and those incidental thereto.

• 国は、地域の林業における効率的な林業生産の確保に資するため、森林組合その他の委託を受けて森林の施業又は経営を行う組織等の活動の促進に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for promoting forestry activities of forest owners' cooperation association, and other organizations which operate commissioned forest management practices, in order to contribute to secure efficient forestry production in the local forestry.

• その結果、宋代の荘園の内実は零細な土地片の集積を便宜上荘園としているに過ぎず、地主と佃戸は自由人間の契約関係に基づく小作制度によって経営されていたとするものである。
• As a result, shoens during the Sung dynasty, in fact, just regarded the collection of small lands as shoens for convenience and the owners and the denkos established contractual relationships as free men and based on it, shoens were managed by the tenancy system.

• 宴会ブームの崩壊で、都心に近い観光地の高級旅館、ホテルは経営が苦しくなっているといわれ、ブームの最中に建設された施設の中には倒産や閉店に追い込まれた施設も出ている。
• The demise of the 'banquet boom' is said to be hurting the business of high-end ryokan and hotels in resorts close to the metropolitan area, and some of those facilities constructed during the boom have been forced to close or to go out of business.

• 1957年に経営難から閉鎖された後は、大阪では地域の有志が寺や公民館、蕎麦屋などを会場に「地域寄席」という形で寄席文化を継承してきた（「田辺寄席」「岩田寄席」など）。
• After 1957, when the theater closed due to financial difficulties, the yose culture in Osaka was kept by local supporters in the style of 'local yose' by using temples, civic halls and soba-noodle shops as rakugo theaters (for example, 'Tanabe yose' and 'Iwata yose').

• 本作は上演すれば必ず大入り満員御礼となる演目として有名で、かつては不況だったり劇場が経営難に陥ったりしたときの特効薬として「芝居の独参湯」と呼ばれることもあったほど。
• This program is famous as a play that consistently draws big crowds every time it is performed, and it was once called 'shibai no dokujinto of theater' (medicinal bath for theaters) because it was an effective remedy for theaters facing financial difficulties.

• 神宮では、大正12年（1923年）に森林経営計画を策定し、再び神路山・島路山・高倉山を御杣山とすべく、大正末期（1925年または1926年）から檜の植林を続けている。
• The Jingu made a forest management plan in 1923, after which they have continued planting Japanese cypress since the end of the Taisho period (1925 or 1926) in an attempt to lay Miso-yama again in Mt. Kamiji, Mt. Shimaji, and Mt. Takakura.

• 銀行持株会社及びその子会社等の経営の健全性を確保するための合理的と認められる改善計画（原則として資本の増強に係る措置を含むものとする。）の提出の求め及びその実行の命令
• Request to submit a reasonable improvement plan (which includes measures pertaining to capital enhancement in principle) to secure sound management of a bank holding company and its subsidiary company, etc. and an order for its implementation

• 居住者が技術導入契約の対価として工業所有権その他の技術に関する権利の譲渡、これらに関する使用権の設定又は事業の経営に関する技術の指導を行おうとする技術導入契約の締結等
• The conclusion of a technology introduction contract, etc. in which a resident intends to transfer industrial property and other rights relating to the technology, establish the right of use relating thereto or give guidance on the technology relating to business operation as the consideration of the technology introduction contract;

• 前述した鉄道敷設が決定した時も、イギリス人のカンフェルなどといった駐日資本家からは、「経営権をこちらが持つ代わりに資本と建設を提供する」という提案が政府に出されていた。
• Also when the railway construction mentioned above was decided, some capitalists residing in Japan, such as a British capitalist Canfer, had proposed the government 'they would provide funds and construction in exchange for the management right.'

• 当時の利用客からは全社共通運賃を望む声が多く、また全社日露戦争によって課せられた通行税によって経営を圧迫していたため、三社合併と同時に運賃を4銭均一制とすることにした。
• As much of the commuters of those days demanded a standardized fare and all companies suffered from the new transportation tax due to the Russo-Japanese War, they decided to merge and fix the fare to four sen.

• 有力寺社・貴族は労働力の確保のため、在地の新興富豪層を荘長に任じ、負債のため流亡した貧しい人や課役の追及を逃れた人を荘園に迎え入れることで、経営の安定化を図ろうとした。
• Nobles, powerful temples and shrines attempted to stabilize the management of the shoen by appointing a resident of an emerging wealthy class as a sho cho (administrator of a manor) and maintaining a labor force by accepting impoverished people who had run off due debts or escaped from their distributed assignments.

• 当該増加又は減少があつた国内事業管理親法人株式を有していた外国法人の名称、納税地及び代表者の氏名並びに国内において行う事業又は国内にある資産の経営又は管理の責任者の氏名
• The name of the foreign corporation that held the parent corporation's domestically-managed shares whose number has increased or decreased, its place for tax payment, the name of its representative, and the name of a person responsible for the operation or management of its business in Japan or its assets in Japan

• 負名を通して、田堵と他の百姓との間に債務関係が発生するようになり、これによって田堵は他の百姓への私的支配を強めるようになるとともに、名田経営者として専門性を高めていった。
• The fumyo caused debtor-creditor relations between tato farmers and other peasants, and this allowed the tato to become powerful enough for unofficial governance over other peasants and to increase their special skills of myoden management.

• しかし金貨の不足から経営不振に陥り、やむなく国立銀行条例を改正し不換紙幣の発行が認められるようになってからは銀行の数が急増し、新たな国立銀行紙幣（不換紙幣）が発行された。
• But they ran into financial difficulty due to the lack of gold coins, and since the regulation of national bank was forced to be amended to permit issuance of inconvertible currency, the number of banks increased abruptly and new Kokuritsu Ginko Shihei (inconvertible currency) was issued.

• この莫大な費用からしてみてもだれでも旦那様になれるわけではなく必然的にその土地の財界人やトップクラスの企業の経営者などで多額の金銭をポケットマネーでまかなえる人物あった。
• Given these exorbitant costs, not everyone could become danna-sama and, as a necessity, a person who would become danna-sama has to be among the business leaders of the area or one of the top executives of major corporations who had a monetary means to be able to afford such large expenses.

• 航空運送事業を経営する者は、国土交通省令で定める基準に従つて作成する乗務割によるのでなければ、航空従事者をその使用する航空機に乗り組ませて航空業務に従事させてはならない。
• No person who operates air transport services shall permit any airman to engage in air navigation services on board the aircraft used unless the crew assignment schedule is made in accordance with the standards specified by Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 例えば、鎮守府将軍を歴任した平良文（たいらのよしふみ）という人物は、相模の村岡に所領＝名田を経営しており、兄弟で5番目だったことから村岡五郎（むらおかのごろう）と自称した。
• For instance, a man named TAIRA no Yoshifumi, who had a career as a chinjufu-shogun (general of the northern pacification command), called himself MURAOKA no Goro because he had his territory, or his myoden, in Muraoka, Sagami Province and he was the fifth eldest brother (Goro literally means a fifth boy).

• そのため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵（有力農民）＝開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力寺院（または有力神社）へ寄進することで、不輸の権を獲得しようとした。
• Therefore, Tato (powerful farmers), or the owners of newly developed arable land, who acquired large tracts arable land through development or buying land, donated their farmland to dominant temples (or dominant shrines) to obtain Fuyu no ken.

• 彼らは、蓄積した富をもって、墾田開発・田地経営などの営田活動を進めたり、他の百姓への出挙を行ったりして、より一層、富を集積し、一般の零細な百姓層を隷属化して成長していった。
• With amassed wealth in hand, they further accumulated wealth by developing and managing additional land or subjected other petty farmers by lending rice seeds to them.

• 大島菊松が神戸に経営する「菊水館」を中心に興行に協力する映画館は残ったが、寛プロも翌1929年（昭和4年）2月には解散、嵐は東亜キネマ京都撮影所（等持院撮影所）に入社した。
• Movie theaters that cooperated with promotions such as Kikumatsu OSHIMA's 'Kikusuikan Theater' in Kobe remained, but Kan Pro disbanded the following February in 1929 and Arashi joined Toa Kinema Kyoto Studio (Tojin Studio).

• 都市部の旅館も、ビジネス客のホテルビジネスホテルへのシフトや、少子化による修学旅行の減少やホテルへのシフトによって経営の苦しい施設が多く、ビジネスホテルに転じた施設が多い。
• Many ryokan in urban areas are in a difficult financial situation and have turned into business hotels (budget hotels), because customers on business trips are increasingly using budget hotels or other hotels, and the number of students on school excursions has decreased due to the falling birthrate.

• 2001年に京都ホテルは経営再建策の一環としてホテルオークラとの業務提携を決定、2002年にオークラホテルズ&リゾーツに加盟して本館の名称を「京都ホテルオークラ」に改めた。
• In 2001, Kyoto Hotel decided to tie-up with Hotel Okura as one of its management restructuring measures, and became a member of Okura Hotels & Resorts in 2002 and renamed the main building 'Kyoto Hotel Okura.'

• 国土交通大臣は、前項の認可をしようとするときは、能率的な経営の下における適正な原価に適正な利潤を加えたものを超えないものであるかどうかを審査して、これをしなければならない。
• When the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism intends to give the approval of the preceding paragraph, he/she shall examine whether the upper limits of the Passenger Fares, etc. do not exceed the amount of the appropriate costs under efficient management plus the appropriate profit, before giving the approval.

• そして幕府の管領家で堺を貿易の拠点にしていた細川氏や、山口市を本拠に博多、応仁の乱で得た兵庫などに権益を持っていた大内氏がそれぞれ独自に使節団を派遣した貿易を経営をはじめた。
• The Hosokawa clan, who was a kanrei family (family in the position of the shogunal deputy) and conducted trade from Sakai, and the Ouchi clan based in Yamaguchi City, who had interests in Hakata, and Hyogo that they obtained during the Onin War, each conducted trading separately and dispatched their own delegations.

• 1949年10月1日設立の東京映画配給（とうきょうえいがはいきゅう）が1951年、太泉映画（おおいずみえいが）（東京・大泉の旧新興キネマ東京撮影所を買収して貸スタジオを経営。
• Tokyo Eiga Haikyu (Tokyo Film Distribution Company), founded on October 1, 1949, bought the former Shinko Cinema Tokyo studios in Oizumi, Tokyo and launched a studio-for-rent business in 1951.

• 勘合船の経営者の室町幕府や細川氏・大内氏などの守護大名、寺院などが勘合船の帰港後に輸入品の売値総額（日本国内の価格に換算した総額）の1割をその船に便乗した貿易商から徴収した。
• The managers of kangosen (trading vessels between Japan and the Ming in the Muromachi period), such as the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), namely the Hosokawa clan or Ouchi clan, etc. and temples, collected about a tenth of the total amount of selling prices (the amount converted into Japanese domestic prices) of the imported goods from the traders who had been on board the vessels.

• 鉄道事業者、軌道経営者、列車又は車両に乗務していた者、鉄道事故に際し人命の救助に当たつた者その他の鉄道事故等の関係者（以下「鉄道事故等関係者」という。）から報告を徴すること。
• To take reports from the people concerned with Railway Accidents, etc., such as railway business operator, tramway business operators, crews on board the trains or other vehicles, persons who have been engaged in the rescue of human life during the Railway Accident, etc. (hereinafter referred to as the 'People Concerned with Railway Accidents, etc.').

• 都道府県知事は、定置漁業権又は区画漁業権を目的とする抵当権の設定が、当該漁業の経営に必要な資金の融通のためやむを得ないと認められる場合でなければ、前項の認可をしてはならない。
• The Governor concerned shall not make the approval pursuant to the preceding paragraph unless the Governor finds that the establishment of a mortgage covering a fixed gear fishery right or a demarcated fishery right is inevitable for the financing necessary for the management of said fishery.

• 題材は歴史的事件が中心だったが、題材をわかりやすく解説し観衆の理解を深めるという点が再評価され、現在では国際的事件や経営理論など、歴史以外の題材を取り上げる試みもなされている。
• Although it used to center on historical events, there have been attempts to deal with subject matter other than historical events, such as international events and managerial theories nowadays, as its aspect of promoting the audience's understanding with easier subjects has been reassessed.

• 朝廷が班田制と戸籍制度を基礎にした人民の人別支配を放棄し、名田経営を請け負う田堵負名を通じた間接支配への移行により律令制が解体していく過程で、この身分制も次第に有名無実化した。
• As the imperial court was no longer able to maintain control over the population based on the land allotment system and the family registration system and depended more and more on indirect means of control through rich families (called 'tato fumyo' in Japanese) who were subcontracted for the management of farmland, the Ritsuryo system gradually collapsed and the status system itself was reduced to a nominal existence.

• 財務大臣は、前項の通知を受けた場合において、この法律に規定する政府の再保険事業の健全な経営を確保するため必要があると認めるときは、内閣総理大臣に対し、意見を述べることができる。
• The Minster of Finance may, when he/she finds it necessary for securing the sound operation of the government reinsurance business provided in this Act after receiving the notice set forth in the preceding paragraph, may state his/her opinion to the Prime Minister.

• 適切と思われる場合、上記の項目に関連した不正行為及び悪用の調査を設定し参加すること。調査はイーター機構の経営陣、法律顧問及び適切と思われる場合はその他の専門家により設定される。
• Coordinate and participate in investigations on fraud and abuse in relation to the item above, as appropriate; the investigations shall be coordinated with the Management of the ITER Organization, Legal Counsel, and other specialists as appropriate;

• だが、酒造業者の経営不振はやがて税収減少に跳ね返ることとなり、政府はどぶろくなどの自家醸造禁止などの酒造業者保護策を打ち出して酒造業者との妥協策を探る方向に転換することになった。
• Breweries' financial difficulties, however, eventually brought declining tax revenues back to the government and thus the government turned in another direction to seek compromise with the breweries by developing breweries protection measures such as the ban on home-brewing of doburoku (unrefined sake).

• 当該事業がその経営又は管理に従事する者以外に二人以上の本邦に居住する者（法別表第一の上欄の在留資格をもって在留する者を除く。）で常勤の職員が従事して営まれる規模のものであること。
• The business concerned must have the capacity to employ at least 2 full-time employees in Japan (excluding foreign nationals residing in Japan under a status of residence listed in the left-hand column of Appended Table I of the Immigration Control Act) in addition to those who operate and/or manage the business.
• The business concerned must have the capacity to employ at least 2 full-time employees in Japan (excluding foreign nationals residing in Japan under the status of residence listed in the left-hand column of Appended Table I of the Immigration Control Act) in addition to those who operate and/or manage the business.

• 紫雲山頂法寺（京都市中京区にある天台宗の寺。通称六角堂）のいくつかあった寺内塔頭（たっちゅう）の中の本坊にあたり、頂法寺の本堂である六角堂の執行として代々経営・管理に当たってきた。
• The name refers to the honbo (a priest's main living quarter) among minor temples in Choho-ji Temple on Mt. Shiun (a temple of Tendai Sect in Nakagyo-ku Ward, Kyoto City, also known as Rokkakudo); a priest in Ikenobo has managed it for generation as regent of Rokkakudo, the main hall of Choho-ji Temple.

• 前各号の規定により組合がその株式、持分、新株予約権、新株予約権付社債等、金銭債権、工業所有権、著作権又は信託の受益権を保有している特定中小企業等に対して経営又は技術の指導を行う事業
• Provision of management-related advice or technical guidance to a Specified SME, Etc. in which the Partnership owns shares, equity interest, share options, Bond with Share Options, Etc., monetary claims, industrial property, copyrights or trust beneficial rights pursuant to any of the preceding clauses;

• 前項の申請書には、締結しようとする協定が、法第百十条第一号の協定である場合においては、共同経営を予定する路線に係る輸送需要の減少を示す書類及び事業収支計算書を添えなければならない。
• An application set forth in the preceding paragraph shall, in case the agreement to be concluded is under the provision of Article 110 paragraph (1), be accompanied by the document showing the decrease of demand for air transportation service for the route to be jointly operated and financial statement for revenue and expenditure.

• 受託者が法第四条第一項第一号から第三号までに掲げる者であり、かつ、航空運送事業を経営している場合は、当該受託者が国籍を有する外国から当該航空運送事業の許可を受けている旨を証する書面
• In case where the entrustee is a person as listed in Article 4 paragraph (1) item (i) through (iii) and also manages air transport service, the document that proves having permission of air transport service concerned from the foreign state where applicant has nationality.

• 更生保護法人は、更生保護事業を確実、効果的かつ適正に行うため、自主的に、被保護者に対する処遇等その事業内容を向上させるとともに、経営の基盤の強化と透明性の確保を図らなければならない。
• In order to ensure certain, effective and adequate performance of offenders rehabilitation services, the juridical person for offenders rehabilitation shall endeavor on its own accord to improve its services such as for the treatment of aided persons, strengthen its financial basis and ensure transparency in operation.

• 弘長元年10月3日 (旧暦)（1261年）、江戸氏の一族の一人であった地頭江戸長重が正嘉の飢饉による荒廃で経営ができなくなった江戸郷前島村（現在の東京駅周辺）を北条氏得宗家に寄進した。
• According to historical records, Nagashige EDO, who was a member of the Edo clan and held the post of jito (manager and lord of manor) donated Maeshima Village of Edo-go (Area around present-day Tokyo Station) to the Tokuso family in 1261, because the area became ruined and unmanageable due to famine.

• 上記の紅葉パラダイス、旅亭 紅葉のかつての運営主体の丸玉観光株式会社（京都市）は、ホテル紅葉の旅亭 紅葉へのリニューアル、紅葉パラダイスの経営不振などが原因で2006年3月1日に倒産。
• The Marutama Tourism Co. Ltd., (Kyoto City) the previous management and operation body of the 'Koyo Paradise' and the 'Ryotei Koyo,' went into bankruptcy on March 1, 2006 for the financial difficulties caused by the redevelopment of the Ryotei Koyo and the Koyo Paradise.

• 合併後存続する法人又は吸収分割により航空運送事業を承継する法人が現に航空運送事業を経営していないときは、定款及び当該法人の登記事項証明書並びに最近の貸借対照表、損益計算書及び事業報告書
• In case where the juridical person who continues to exist after the merger or succeeds to air transport services upon demerger does not manage air transport service yet, the articles of incorporation, the certificate of the registry of the juridical person concerned and the recent profit and loss statement, balance sheet and business report.

• 日蓮正宗寺院の住職・主管、副住職・副主管は明治維新以降の伝統仏教でよく見られるような世襲制、家族経営ではなく、管長の辞令により総本山から派遣される極めて中央集権的なシステムとなっている。
• The chief priest, shukan (supervisor), assistant of the chief priest, fuku-shukan (assistant of shukan) are created by a quite centralized system; they are sent by sohonzan with an order from kacho, and it is not a hereditary or family-run system which can often be seen in traditional Buddhism after the Meiji restoration.

• 前各号の規定により組合がその株式、持分、新株予約権、新株予約権付社債等、指定有価証券、金銭債権、工業所有権、著作権又は信託の受益権を保有している事業者に対して経営又は技術の指導を行う事業
• Provision of management-related advice or technical guidance to an Enterprise of which the Partnership owns shares, equity interest, Share Options, Bond with Share Options, Etc., Designated Securities, monetary claims, industrial property, copyrights or trust beneficial rights pursuant to any of the preceding items;

• この法律において「貨物自動車運送事業者」とは、貨物自動車運送事業法（平成元年法律第八十三号）第二条第二項の一般貨物自動車運送事業又は同条第三項の特定貨物自動車運送事業を経営する者をいう。
• The term 'motor truck transportation business operator' in this Act means the corporation that conducts the general trucking business prescribed in paragraph (2) of Article 2 of the Motor Truck Transportation Business Act (Act No. 83 of 1989) or specified trucking business prescribed in paragraph (3) of the same Article.

• 奈良時代末期から平安時代初期に皇親・貴族が所有して家牒・家符・家印などを用いた命令文書で家司などに命じて経営させた初期荘園を「○○家領」「××家田」などと呼称したのが最初と考えられている。
• It was considered that the first example of keryo was of the early shoen which were owned by koshin (the Imperial family) or court nobles who ordered Ie no tsukasa (house stewards) and the like via order documents using a kacho (tag), kafu (code), and iejirushi (house mark showing ownership by the family) to operate the holding from the end of the Nara period to the early Heian period; they were called 'XX keryo' (XX family's holding) or 'XX kaden' (XX family's paddy field).

• これに替わって平安時代中期以後に不輸の権 (日本)などを獲得した寄進地系荘園を経営基盤として現地に預所を派遣するとともに、現地の有力者や農民を荘官・名主に任命して国衙からの支配に対抗した。
• Replacing the systems, after the mid Heian period, the government dispatched azukari dokoro (estate custodian) to the local estates based on shoen that consisted of donated lands that had been granted Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) or the like as a business foundation, and also appointed the local magnate or influential farmer to shokan (estate officer) or myoshu (local landowner and cultivator) to oppose the rule of kokuga (provincial government office).

• 申請者等が、その人的構成等に照らして、その子会社であり、又はその子会社となる銀行の経営管理を的確かつ公正に遂行することができる知識及び経験を有し、かつ、十分な社会的信用を有する者であること。
• In light of such matters as its personnel structure, the Applicant, etc. shall have the knowledge and experience that will enable the Applicant, etc. to carry out the business management of a Subsidiary Company or a Bank that is to become its Subsidiary Company appropriately and fairly and must have sufficient social credibility.
• In light of such matters as its personnel structure, the Applicant, etc. shall have the knowledge and experience that will enable the Applicant, etc. to carry out the business management of its subsidiary Bank or a Bank intended to become its Subsidiary Company appropriately and fairly and must have sufficient social credibility.

• この他には集会では僧侶の倫理規定や法会に関する規定、寺内外の治安維持や刑罰（「死刑の不科」）、租税の徴収や祠堂銭などの寺内金融など寺院経営に関するものなど、広範な分野について定められていた。
• Regulations on a wide variety of fields were made: among these were an ethical code for priests, rules regarding Buddhist services, regulations on maintaining security inside and outside the temple, penalties ('no death penalties') and rules involving temple management, including a temple's financial services, such as collecting land taxes and shidosen (money donated to a temple).

• 1つは周藤吉之・堀敏一らの説で均田制の崩壊で小農民による土地所有原則が崩壊して大土地所有が発生して地主と佃戸が形成され、宋代に入ると地主層が官僚となり佃戸を駆使して荘園を経営するようになった。
• One theory by Yoshiyuki SUDO, Toshikazu HORI and so on is that with the demise of the Equal-field system, the land ownership principle by peasant folks collapsed, the large landholding began, the owner and the denko were born and in the Sung dynasty the class of owners became the bureaucrats who came to manage shoens using the denkos.

• 後に文士劇を東京毎日新聞社で事業として経営しようとし、結局、杉、岡、栗島および岡本の4人を中心に東京毎日新聞演劇会が組織され、明治39年(1906年)12月1日から5日間明治座で第1回を上演。
• Thereafter, in order to manage the bunshi-geki as an enterprise the Tokyo Mainichi Shimbun organized the Tokyo Mainichi Shimbun Engeki-kai with SUGI, KURISHIMA and OKAMOTO as leading members and put the first play on the stage of the Meiji-za for five days from December 1, 1906.

• その「私営田経営者」の時代に平将門の祖父・平高望らが関東に下向したのは板東群盗を押さえる為といわれるが、彼ら中央から下った軍事貴族は、国司と私営田領主の紛争解決の担い手としても位置づけられた。
• It is said that TAIRA no Takamochi, who was the grandfather of TAIRA no Masakado, and others went to Kanto region to capture gangs of robbers in Bando during the period of 'Shieiden Managers,' but military aristocrats like them that came from capital had the main duty to settle the conflict between the governor and the lord of Shieiden.

• 現在の主流となっているタルタルソース・チキン南蛮を考案したのは、延岡の「ロンドン」で修行し、後に宮崎市を中心として親族が経営していた「おぐらグループ」に参画する、同じく延岡出身の甲斐照幸だった。
• The recipe for chicken nanban with tartar sauce mainly served today was invented by Teruyuki KAI who came from Nobeoka City and worked as an apprentice at 'London' in Nobeoka City and later participated in the 'Ogura group', which was managed by his relatives and deployed restaurants mainly around Miyazaki City.

• この流れの中で、それまで公田経営請負によって（つまり田堵・負名層となることで）武人としての経済基盤を与えられていたに過ぎなかった武士が、荘園と公領間の武力紛争の対処能力を期待されるようになった。
• Under the above trend, the ability of samurai, who had maintained their lives through the job of warriors under koden management contract (in other words, by becoming tato/fumyo), was increasingly expected in order to cope with the armed conflict between shoen and public land.

• 令第一条の十三に規定する内閣府令で定める事由は、債務者の経営再建又は支援を図ることを目的として行われる金利の減免、利息の支払猶予、元本の返済猶予、債権放棄その他の債務者に有利となる取決めとする。
• The grounds specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance, as referred to in Article 1-13 of the Cabinet Order, shall be a reduction in or an exemption of the interest rate, a grace period for payment of the interest, a grace period for reimbursement of the principal, a waiver of the claim or any other arrangement advantageous to a debtor, which is made for the purpose of the reconstruction of, or support to, the management of the debtor.

• 地上部は市電の烏丸車庫を経て市バス烏丸営業所、地下鉄烏丸線北大路駅（竹田駅延長までは地下鉄車両の検査設備併設）であったが、経営改善のため車庫用地の有効活用を目的として大規模商業施設が建設された。
• Its building above ground used to be a carbarn for the City Streetcars, and was later turned into the Karasuma City Bus Office, then into City Subway Karasuma Line Kitaoji Station (it had also housed an inspection facility for subway cars until Takeda Station was extended), but now large-scale commercial facilities have been built there in order to effectively utilize the old carbarn site as one of the management reforms.

• 室町時代には九条家の家司となるが、明応5年（1496年）に九条家の経営に関するトラブルから唐橋在数（位階・大学寮中務省）（1448年 - 1496年）が九条政基・九条尚経に殺害される事態となった。
• During the Muromachi period, the family served the Kujo family as household managers, but in 1496, trouble occurred in connection with the Kujo family's business, and this led to the killing of Arikazu KARAHASHI (Court Rank, the Bureau of Education, Department of the Imperial Palace, 1448 - 1496) by Masamoto KUJO and his son, Hisatsune KUJO.

• 同年4月、山崎は、阪東妻三郎プロダクションの経営者・立花良介、神戸市の菊水キネマ商会の大島菊松らとともに、全国150館の独立系映画館主に呼びかけ、「日本活動常設館館主連盟映画配給本社」を設立した。
• In April of the same year, Yamazaki, together with Ryosuke TACHIBANA, the chief officer of Bando Tsumasaburo Productions, and Kikumatsu OSHIMA of Kikusui Kinema Shokai in Kobe, contacted the owners of 150 movie theaters across the nation and established 'Nihon Katsudo Josetsukan Kanshu Renmei Eiga Haikyu Honsha' (Distribution Company Headquarters for Movie Theater Owners in Japan) (also known as 'Kanshu Renmei' [the Theater Owner's Association]).

• 大和国、摂津国、河内国、山背国に設置された、宮内省が管理する総計100町の水田で、宮内省所管諸司の伴部、使部等が田司（大宝令は屯司）として派遣されて経営にあたり、班田農民の雑徭によって耕作された。
• A total of 100 cho (about 9920 ares) of rice paddies established in the provices of Yamato, Settsu, Kawachi and Yamashiro were under the control of the Imperial Household Ministry, and shoshi (officials) of the Imperial Household Ministry such as tomo no miyatsuko (Servant of the Court administering a group) and shibe (low rank bureaucrats) were dispatched as 田司 (屯司 in theTiho Code) to manage the fields, which were cultivated by the peasants of alloted farmland as zoyo (irregular corvee).

• 銀行の常務に従事する取締役（委員会設置会社にあつては、執行役）は、銀行の経営管理を的確、公正かつ効率的に遂行することができる知識及び経験を有し、かつ、十分な社会的信用を有する者でなければならない。
• Directors (in the case of a Bank which is a company with committees, the executive officer) who are engaged in the day-to-day business of a Bank shall have the knowledge and experience to be able to manage and control a Bank appropriately, fairly and efficiently and shall have sufficient social credibility.
• Directors engaging in the ordinary business of a Bank (in the case of a Bank which is a company with committees, executive officer) shall have the knowledge and experience to be able to manage and control a Bank appropriately, fairly and efficiently and shall have sufficient social credibility.

• 本来は僧侶のみが宿泊する施設であったのだが、平安時代の寺社参詣の普及により、貴族や武士、更には一般の参詣者も宿泊させるようになり、運営者も僧侶から寺院周辺の半僧半俗の経営者（御師）に移っていった。
• Originally, it was a facility in which only priests lodged, but during the Heian period, in which it became common to visit temples, they started to let nobility, samurai and even general visitors lodge, and managers began to change from priests to half-priest and half-common managers (onshi) in relation to particular temples.

• この法律において「船舶運航事業者」とは、海上運送法（昭和二十四年法律第百八十七号）第二条第二項の船舶運航事業（同法第四十四条の規定により同法が準用される船舶運航の事業を含む。）を経営する者をいう。
• The term 'shipping business operator' in this Act means the corporation that conducts the shipping operation business under paragraph (2) of Article 2 of the Marine Transportation Act (Act No. 187 of 1949) (including the shipping operation business to which provisions in accordance with Article 44 in the same Low applies mutatis mutandis).

• メジャーな酒屋と違って、マイナーではあるが独自の投資経営技術で関東から東北にかけて幅広く小さな酒蔵や造り酒屋をたくさん展開した、近江商人の江州蔵（ごうしゅうぐら）という酒屋の形態も忘れてはならない。
• The sakaya style called Goshugura described in the following should be also remembered: Being minor unlike the sakaya that was major, Omi shonin (merchants in the Omi Province) deployed many small-sized sake-factories and tsukuri-zakaya throughout the Kanto to Tohoku regions using their own business management technology.

• 農林水産大臣は、特定海洋生物資源ごとの動向、特定海洋生物資源に係る漁業の経営その他の事情を勘案して、毎年少なくとも一回、基本計画に検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、これを変更しなければならない。
• The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries shall examine the Basic Plan, in consideration of the trends in specified living marine resources, the management of fisheries pertaining to the specified living marine resources, and other circumstances at least once a year, and shall change the Basic Plan when he/she finds it necessary.

• 坂上田村麻呂以前の蝦夷などの征討事業にかかわった文室大原、胆沢城・志波城に拠って東北地域の経営に携わり中納言に至った文室綿麻呂、承和の変に連座した参議文室秋津、そして、六歌仙の一人文屋康秀などがいる。
• Of the lineage of the Funya clan were FUNYA no Ohara who was involved with the conquest of Emishi (a group of people who lived in the northeastern region of Japan) before SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, FUNYA no Watamaro who was engaged in the administration of the Tohoku region (the northeast region of Japan) from his base in Isawa-jo and Shiwa-jo Castles and later appointed Chunagon (Middle Councilor), Sangi (Councilor) FUNYA no Akitsu who was involved with the Jowa Incident, and FUNYA no Yasuhide, one of Rokkasen (the six selected great poets of the Waka [Japanese poem] in the Heian period).

• ただし、この時代の発生期の武士の所領は、後世、身分地位の確立した武士の安定した権利を有する所領と異なり、毎年国衙との間で公田の一部を、経営請負の契約を結ぶ形で保持するという不安定な性格のものであった。
• However, at that time, the territories of the Samurai were acquired through annual contracts of undertaking management of a part of Kuden (field administered directly by a ruler) with the Kokuga (provincial government) and were therefore unstable, unlike in later years when the Samurai's status and rights were better established.

• 第一項の許可の申請をする者は、国際航空運送事業を経営しようとする場合にあつては、前項第二号に掲げる事項のほか、事業計画に国土交通省令で定める国際航空運送事業に関する事項を併せて記載しなければならない。
• Any applicant for a license under paragraph (1) shall, when intends to engage in international air transport services, state, in the operation plan, the matters regarding international air transport services as may be specified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, in addition to those listed in item (ii) of the preceding paragraph.

• 1995年に「らぽーる」（後述）が出来るまでは、大規模小売店は西舞鶴に一箇所（さとう舞鶴店）しか無く、駅前商店街（東舞鶴：三条・八島・大門商店街、西舞鶴：マナイ商店街）が競争とは無縁な経営を続けていた。
• Until the development of La Port (explained later) in 1995, there were no mass merchandising stores other than one store in Nishi-Maizuru (Sato Maizuru), and a shopping district near the train station (Higashi-Maizuru: Sanjo/Yashima/Omon malls and Nishi-Maizuru: Manai mall) which was able to operate without severe competition.

• 縁日や市や祭りが催される場所を求め渡り歩き（近隣や遠方への旅回り）床店（「とこみせ」とは組立式の移動店舗）で商売をする、いわゆる露天商であり、個人や個人経営の組もあるが、神農商業協同組合の組合員も多い。
• They, so-called rotensho (stallholder), traveled to locations near and far in search of fairs, markets, and festivals, selling their goods from portable stalls known as tokomise, and while some were individually or privately run, most were members of the Shinno Commercial Cooperative Association.

• 営利企業について、株式所有の関係その他の関係により、当該企業の経営に参加し得る地位にある職員に対し、人事院は、人事院規則の定めるところにより、株式所有の関係その他の関係について報告を徴することができる。
• With respect to a profit-making enterprise, when an official is in a position in which he/she is able to participate in the management of the said enterprise because of his/her holding of shares therein or because of other relationships with it, the National Personnel Authority may call upon such an official to submit a report regarding his/her holdings of shares and other relationships, pursuant to the provision of rules of the National Personnel Authority.

• 保険会社の常務に従事する取締役（委員会設置会社にあっては、執行役）は、保険会社の経営管理を的確、公正かつ効率的に遂行することができる知識及び経験を有し、かつ、十分な社会的信用を有する者でなければならない。
• Directors engaging in the ordinary business of an Insurance Company (in the case of a company with committees, executive officer) shall have the knowledge and experience to carry out business management of an Insurance Company appropriately, fairly and efficiently and have sufficient social credibility.

• 「京都銘柄」と称される京都企業の株式を多数保有し評価損益を多く抱えていること、バブル経済期にも比較的堅実な経営を続けていたことから、財務体質は良好で自己資本比率・信用格付けとも地方銀行の中で高水準にある。
• The bank is financially sound, and it maintains one of the highest capital-to-asset ratios and credit ratings among regional banks, because the bank's stock portfolio includes a significant number of stocks in renowned local companies known as 'Kyoto brands,' which maintain substantial appraisal profits, and it has been doing prudent business since before the 'bubble' economy.

• 国内にあるゴルフ場の所有又は経営に係る法人の株式又は出資を所有することがそのゴルフ場を一般の利用者に比して有利な条件で継続的に利用する権利を有する者となるための要件とされている場合における当該株式又は出資
• Where owning the shares or capital contributions of a corporation pertaining to the ownership or management of a golf course located in Japan is required so that the owner becomes a person entitled to use the golf course continuously under advantageous terms compared to other ordinary users, the said shares or capital contributions
• Where owning the shares or capital contributions of a corporation pertaining to the ownership or management of a golf course located in Japan is required so that the owner becomes a person entitled to use the golf course continuously under advantageous terms compared to other ordinary users, the said shares or capital contributions;

• 航空運送事業の用に供する航空機（法第四条第一項各号に掲げる者が経営する航空運送事業の用に供するものを除く。）であつて客席数が六十を超えるものには、救急の用に供する医薬品及び医療用具を装備しなければならない。
• Aircraft used for the air transport services (excluding those used for air transport services by the operators listed in the various items of paragraph (1) of Article 4 of the Act) with more than 60 passengers, shall be equipped with medical supplies and medical equipment for emergency use.

• 古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法などによる律令制的な人別支配の維持が困難となっていた当時、国司は公田を名田という単位へ再編するとともに、有力農民層（田堵という）へ名田の経営と名田からの租税徴収を請け負わせていった。
• At that time, it became difficult to maintain control over each person like in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), based on a family registration system and Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land), and therefore, kokushi (provincial governors) reorganized Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) into myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) and came to entrust the work of managing myoden and collecting taxes from there to powerful farmers (called tato).

• 彼らは確かに、佃、手作（てづくり）、門田（かどた）などという直接耕作農地も持ってはいたが、大きな特徴は基本的には農業経営から離れ、農民から「加地子（かぢし）」を取る本格的な「領主」へと転化し始めることである。
• While they definitely directly held cultivation land such as tsukuda (directly-managed rice fields by a lord or an officer of shoen), tezukuri (handmade), or kadota, their biggest characteristic was leaving the farm management to a genuine 'manor lord' that collected 'kajishi' (land rent) from peasants.

• 国有林野事業を行う国の経営する企業に勤務する職員の給与等に関する特例法（昭和二十九年法律第百四十一号）の適用を受ける職員であって、その職務と責任が第一号に掲げる職員に相当するものとして農林水産大臣が定めるもの
• Officials to whom the Act on Special Measures Concerning Remuneration, etc. of Officials Who Work for a Corporation Operated by the State Performing National Forestry Projects (Act No. 141 of 1954) is applied and who are determined by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries as performing the service and responsibility that shall be deemed equivalent to those of the officials listed in item 1

• 海外において、日本食が広く知れ渡るにつれ、日本食レストランと称し、食材や調理方法など本来の日本食とかけ離れた食事を提供しているレストランが数多く見うけられるようになり（韓国人や中国人が経営していることが多い）。
• As Japanese dishes have been well known overseas, the number of restaurants that call themselves Japanese restaurants, but use foodstuffs and cooking methods totally different from genuine Japanese dishes has increased (many of them are operated by Chinese or Koreans).

• 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の開始すると、この問題を解消するために家門管領の権限を持つ家督の移動の際に、本来は関連性のない家領を家門の経営上必要不可欠なものと位置づけて、家領全体の安堵も合わせて行う方針を打ち出した。
• When Emperor Godaigo started the Kemmu Restoration, in order to solve such problems he made the following policy to stabilize the family estate as well: in transferring the family reign, which had the authority to control the family, the family estate was included as an inevitable factor for keeping the family, although originally the estate wasn't associated with the reign.

• 国際航空運送事業を経営しようとする本邦航空運送事業者は、第一項の規定にかかわらず、当該事業に係る旅客及び貨物の運賃及び料金を定め、国土交通大臣の認可を受けなければならない。これを変更しようとするときも同様である。
• Any domestic air carrier who intends to operate international air transport services shall, notwithstanding the provision of paragraph (1), fix tariffs and charges for passenger and cargo pertaining to the relevant services, and obtain prior approval from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same shall apply to any charges thereof.

• 荘園は所有者が直接経営に携わる場合もあったが、所有者に雇われた管理者が直接耕作者である佃戸及び奴隷を監督して生産物や金銭などの形式で租税や小作料を徴収して管理し、時には相場を利用して運用を図り差額を儲ける者もいた。
• Sometimes the owners were directly involved with the management of shoens, but the managers who were hired by the owners supervised denko (tenant farmers) or slaves, collected the land tax or farm rent in the form of products or money from them and at times gained the amount of difference by investment using the market price.

• それは、国衙が支配する土地（公田）を名田（みょうでん）という単位に再編し、当時、経済力をつけていた田堵と呼ばれる富豪層（有力百姓層）に名田経営を請け負わせることで、租税収入を確保する体制（名体制という。）であった。
• The government established the system of rule (known as myo taisei) aimed at ensuring the collection of tax revenues by reorganizing government land (public farmland) into units called myoden and by hiring influential farmers called tato, who had accumulated considerable wealth during the period, to manage the myoden.

• しかし、延喜年間になると諸国の国衙はそれまでの国内公田（口分田・乗田など）の直接支配から、その公田を名（みょう）という単位に分割し、それぞれの名の経営を当時「富豪の輩」と呼ばれていた田堵に請け負わせる体制に移行した。
• In the Engi era, however, kokuga in various provinces shifted the system from the conventional direct control over koden (field administered directly by a ruler, such as kubunden or joden) in the territory to a new system in which the koden was divided into units called myo, and the administration of each myo was contracted out to tato that was called 'rich class' in those days.

• 蔵や店舗は自前の所有であったが、たとえば関東地方から東北地方に点在した江州蔵（ごうしゅうぐら）のように、はるか遠方に住む経営者が資本を持ち、派遣された蔵人が必要に応じて土地の労働者を季節雇用して営んでいるところもある。
• Warehouses and shops were already owned but, for example, the Kanto region through to northern Japan was dotted with Goshu warehouses which were owned by entrepreneurs in distant places where brewery workers sent to the locales would be employed on a seasonal basis as required.

• 1928年（昭和3年）4月、マキノ・プロダクションの四国ブロック配給会社・三共社の山崎徳次郎は、阪東妻三郎プロダクションの経営者・立花良介、神戸市の菊水キネマの大島菊松らとともに、全国150館の独立系映画館主を集めた。
• In April of 1928, Tokujiro YAMAZAKI of the company called Sankyo (the distribution company of Makino Productions which conducted its business in the Shikoku region), gathered the owners of 150 independent theaters around Japan with Ryosuke Tachibana (the owner of Bando Tsumasaburo Productions), Kikumatsu OSHIMA (Kikusui Kinema Firm in Kobe City) and others.

• 第一項に規定する外国人が経営している機関若しくは雇用されている機関の職員、当該外国人が研修若しくは教育を受けている機関の職員（以下「受入れ機関等の職員」という。）又は公益法人の職員で、地方入国管理局長が適当と認めるもの
• A member of the staff of the institution which the foreign national prescribed in paragraph (1) operates or which employs him/her, a member of the staff of the institution where the foreign national receives training or education (hereinafter referred to as "member of the staff of the accepting institution, etc.") or a member of the staff of a public interest corporation whom the director of the regional immigration bureau finds appropriate.

• 銀行持株会社は、その子会社である銀行、第五十二条の二十三第一項各号に掲げる会社及び第五十二条の二十三の二第一項に規定する特例子会社対象会社の経営管理を行うこと並びにこれに附帯する業務のほか、他の業務を営むことができない。
• A Bank Holding Company may not conduct any business activity other than management and control of the Bank which is the Subsidiary Company thereof, companies listed in the items of Article 52-23, paragraph (1) and Companies Eligible to be Special Subsidiary Companies referred to in Article 52-23-2, paragraph (1) and those incidental thereto.

• 第一項の混雑飛行場の指定があつたときは、当該指定の時において当該混雑飛行場を使用して国内定期航空運送事業を経営している本邦航空運送事業者は、国土交通省令で定めるところにより、当該指定の日に同項の許可を受けたものとみなす。
• In the event of designation as a congested aerodrome under paragraph (1), any domestic air carrier who operates domestic scheduled air transport services using the relevant congested aerodrome at the time of the designation shall be deemed to have obtained approval under the same paragraph on the day of the designation pursuant to the provision of Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 海区漁業調整委員会における投票の結果、総委員の三分の二以上によつて、どんな名目によるのであつても、前号の規定により適格性を有しない者によつて、実質上その申請に係る漁業の経営が支配されるおそれがあると認められた者であること。
• A person who has been judged to be likely to allow the person judged to be unqualified pursuant to the provision of the preceding item to substantially govern the management of the fishery pertaining to the application, irrespective of the pretext, by not less than two thirds of all the commission members as a result of voting in the Sea-area Fisheries Adjustment Commission concerned

• かつてマキノ省三が1921年（大正10年）に京都・等持院境内に建設した「等持院撮影所」をその後経営していた東亜キネマが業績不振に陥った1931年（昭和6年）9月、同社の代行をする会社として設立されたのが「東活映画社」である。
• When Toa Kinema, which had been managing 'Tojiin Studio' originally constructed by Shozo MAKINO in the precincts of Toji-in Temple in Kyoto in 1921, went into a slump in business in September 1931; 'Tokatsu Eiga-sha Film Company' was established as an agency of the said company.

• また、後藤岱山監督の『仇討兄弟鑑』を大衆文芸映画社との製作提携作とし、「正映マキノキネマ」作品の青山正雄監督の『喧嘩道中記』とともに、菅原通済が当時経営していた洋画配給会社「国際映画社」が配給し、同年5月12日に公開された。
• Shoei Makino Kinema partnered with Taishu Bungei Eiga-sha to produce 'Adauchi Kyodai Kagami', directed by Taizan GOTO, and released it on May 12 of the same year together with 'Kenka Dochi-ki', produced by 'Shoei Makino Kinema' and directed by Masao AOYAMA through the distribution network of 'Kokusai Eiga-sha', a western film distribution company managed by Tsusai SUGAWARA.

• 第四章の規定は、国有林野事業を行う国の経営する企業に勤務する職員の給与等に関する特例法の適用を受ける職員及び特定独立行政法人の職員（管理又は監督の地位にある者のうち人事院規則で定める官職にあるものを除く。）には、適用しない。
• The provisions of Chapter IV shall not apply to officials to whom the Act on Special Measures Concerning Remuneration, etc. of Officials Who Work for a Corporation Operated by the State Performing National Forestry Projects is applied, and to officials of specified incorporated administrative agencies (excluding the officials holding managerial or supervisory positions provided for by rules of the National Personnel Authority).

• 国は、海洋産業の振興及びその国際競争力の強化を図るため、海洋産業に関し、先端的な研究開発の推進、技術の高度化、人材の育成及び確保、競争条件の整備等による経営基盤の強化及び新たな事業の開拓その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State, in order to promote the Ocean Industries and to strengthen the international competitiveness, shall take necessary measures with regard to the Ocean Industries, to promote the cutting-edge research and development, to upgrade the level of technology, to nurture and secure the human resources and to reinforce the management basis with the improvement of competitive conditions and others as well as to exploit new businesses and to execute others.

• アングル・ミユキ株式会社は2002年（平成14年）にアングル株式会社が経営不振により御幸毛織グループの傘下に入ったことで社名が変更になったものだが、前身は1894年（明治27年）にメリヤス肌着の製造販売を開始したことから始まる。
• Angle-Miyuki Co., Ltd. is a company which changed the company name from Angle Co., Ltd. because Angle Co., Ltd. came under the umbrella of the Miyukikeori group because of its financial difficulties in 2002, and its predecessor started business by beginning to manufacture and sell knitted underwear in 1894.

• なお、牧長・牧帳・牧子らが牧の経営にあたり、放牧中の馬を痩せさせたり、失ったり、あるいは、母蓄100頭に対して駒犢60頭という規定の増産数に達しない場合は、罰せられ、規定以上に駒犢を増やすことができれば、褒美として稲が与えられた。
• Bokucho, makicho and bokushi, while managing the farm, were punished when they got free-range horses thin or lost, or when the prescribed goal of increase (60 ponies per 100 mares) was not attained, and they were given rice as rewards when more ponies were produced than prescribed.

• 国土交通大臣は、都市施設に関する都市計画を定め、又はその決定若しくは変更に同意しようとするときは、あらかじめ、当該都市施設の設置又は経営について、免許、許可、認可等の処分をする権限を有する国の行政機関の長に協議しなければならない。
• When the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is in the process of stipulating city plans concerning urban facilities, or when he is in the process of granting consent to the decision of or revision to such plans, he must consult in advance with the heads of the national administrative organs that have the authority to grant dispositions such as licenses, permission or approval regarding the establishment or operation of said urban facilities.

• 前各項の場合において、新たな事業分野を開拓する会社又は経営の向上に相当程度寄与すると認められる新たな事業活動を行う会社として内閣府令で定める会社の議決権の取得又は保有については、特定子会社は、銀行の子会社に該当しないものとみなす。
• In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraphs, with respect to acquisition or holding of voting rights in a company specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance as one that is developing a new field of business or conducting new business activities found to contribute considerably to the improvement of management, a Specified Subsidiary Company shall be deemed not to be a Subsidiary Company of the Bank.

• 国は、国内の農業生産に必要な農地の確保及びその有効利用を図るため、農地として利用すべき土地の農業上の利用の確保、効率的かつ安定的な農業経営を営む者に対する農地の利用の集積、農地の効率的な利用の促進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as securing agricultural use of land suitable for farming, promoting an intensive use of farmland by those farmers whose management is efficient and stable, and promoting effective use of farmland in order to secure and effectively use the farmland for the domestic agricultural production.

• 1578年（天正6年）織田信長の命によって守護大名の一色義道を滅ぼし、丹後国を制圧した細川幽斎（幽斎）がこの地を与えられ、はじめは宮津城を居城としたが、畿内に近く交通の要所であった加佐郡田辺の地に、田辺城を築き、丹後経営の中心とした。
• In 1578, Fujitaka HOSOKAWA, as instructed by Nobunaga ODA, conquered Tango Province by destroying Shugo Daimyo (Guardian Feudal Lord) Yoshimichi ISSHIKI; thus being allowed to control the area, Fujitaka first settled in Miyazu-jo Castle but later built Tanabe-jo Castle in Tanabe, Kasa Gun, which was strategically important for transportation and close to Kinai, in order to make it the center for governing the area of Tango Province.

• 国内定期航空運送事業を経営しようとする本邦航空運送事業者は、運航計画（路線ごとの使用飛行場、運航回数、発着日時その他の国土交通省令で定める事項を記載した計画をいう。以下同じ。）を定め、あらかじめ、国土交通大臣に届け出なければならない。
• Any domestic air carrier who intends to start domestic scheduled air transport services shall prepare a flight plan (a plan describing aerodromes, number of flights, arrival/departure times for each route and other matters specified by Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; hereinafter the same), and submit the flight plan to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in advance.

• 商品市場における取引等（商品清算取引を除く。）の委託を受けること又は商品市場における取引を業として営む企業の役員、顧問若しくは評議員となり、直接間接に当該企業の経営に参加し、当該企業から反対給付を受け、又は当該企業に投資していないこと。
• the committee member shall not be an officer, advisor, or councilor of any enterprise which is, in the course of trade, engaged in accepting the consignment of transactions, etc. on the Commodity Market (excluding Commodity Clearing Transactions) or carrying out transactions on the Commodity Market, nor join directly or indirectly in the management of said enterprise, nor receive any compensation for performance from said enterprise, nor hold an investment in said enterprise.
• the committee member shall not be an officer, advisor, or councilor of any enterprise, in the course of trade, engaged in accepting the consignment of transactions, etc., on the Commodity Market (excluding Commodity Clearing Transactions) or carrying out transactions on the Commodity Market, nor joining directly or indirectly in the management of said enterprise, nor receiving any compensation for performance from said enterprise, nor investing in said enterprise.

• 経済産業大臣は、二以上の一般ガス事業者間において、その供給区域を調整し、又はその事業を一体として経営することが公共の利益の増進を図るため特に必要であり、かつ、適切であると認めるときは、一般ガス事業者に対し、その旨を勧告することができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, when he/she finds it necessary and appropriate for two or more General Gas Utilities to adjust their service areas or manage their businesses in an integrated manner in order to promote public interest, make a recommendation to the General Gas Utilities to that effect.

• 前項の規定の適用については、漁業権者たる漁業協同組合が他の者の出資を受けて当該漁業権の内容たる漁業を営む場合において、当該出資額が出資総額の過半を占めていることをもつてその他の者が実質上当該漁業の経営を支配していると解釈してはならない。
• With respect to the application of the provision of the preceding paragraph, in the case where a Fisheries Cooperative Association as a fishery right holder operates the fishery covered by said fishery right, with an contribution from another person, it shall not be construed that the other person substantially governs the management of said fishery based on the fact that the amount of said contribution accounts for a majority of the total amount of contribution.

• 混雑飛行場について第一項の指定が解除されたときは、当該解除の時において当該飛行場を使用して国内定期航空運送事業を経営している本邦航空運送事業者は、国土交通省令で定めるところにより、前条第一項又は第二項の規定による届出をしたものとみなす。
• In the event of revocation of the designation as a congested aerodrome under paragraph (1), an domestic air carrier who operates domestic scheduled air transport services using the relevant congested aerodrome at the time of the revocation shall be deemed to have submitted a notification under the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) of the preceding article pursuant to the provision of Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 前各項の場合において、新たな事業分野を開拓する会社又は経営の向上に相当程度寄与すると認められる新たな事業活動を行う会社として内閣府令で定める会社の議決権の取得又は保有については、特定子会社は、銀行持株会社の子会社に該当しないものとみなす。
• In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraphs, with respect to acquisition or holding of voting rights in a company specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance as that exploring new business fields or conducting new business activities found to contribute considerably to the improvement of management, a Specified Subsidiary Company shall be deemed not to be a Subsidiary Company of the Bank Holding Company.

• 第百条第二項及び第四項並びに第百一条（第一項第四号に係るものを除く。）の規定は、前項の許可について準用する。この場合において、第百条第二項第二号中「、国際航空運送事業を経営するかどうかの別その他」とあるのは、「その他」と読み替えるものとする。
• The provisions of Article 100 paragraphs (2) and (4) as well as Article 101 (except for those pertaining to paragraph (1) items (iv)), shall apply accordingly to license set forth in the preceding paragraph. In this case, 'whether or not intending to engage in international air transport services, and other matters' in Article 100 paragraph (2) item (ii) shall be substituted with 'other matters'.

• 航空運送代理店業（航空運送事業者のために航空機による運送の契約の締結の代理を行う事業をいう。以下同じ。）を経営しようとする者は、国土交通省令で定める事項を国土交通大臣に届け出なければならない。届出をした事項を変更しようとするときも同様である。
• Any person who intends to operate air transport agency business (agency business to make contracts for transport by aircraft on behalf of an air carrier; hereinafter the same), shall submit notification on the matters specified by Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same shall apply when he/she intends to alter any matters which have been reported.

• 代わって在地社会の民衆を直接把握して支配下に置いたのは、元郡司層や土着国司子弟などから成長し、田堵や負名の資格で大規模な農地経営を行うようになっていった富豪の輩、有力百姓階層であり、彼らを現地赴任国司の筆頭者たる受領が支配するようになっていく。
• People who directly took hold and control of people in the local society instead, were those in the wealthy class and the powerful farmer class who grew from the younger people of class of former Gunji and native Kokushi and so on, and came to conduct a large-scale farmland management in the qualifications of Tato (a field manager) or Fumyo (a local tax manager), and they came to be controlled by Zuryo who was a head of Kokushi transferred to the locale.

• 政府は、この法律の施行後においても、新保険業法の規定による保険契約者等の保護のための特別の措置等に係る制度の実施状況、保険会社の経営の健全性の状況等にかんがみ必要があると認めるときは、保険業に対する信頼性の維持を図るために必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• Even after the enforcement of this Act, the government shall take the necessary measures for maintaining the credibility of the insurance business when the government deems it necessary in consideration of the status of the implementation of systems pertaining to special measures for protecting insurance policyholders and the soundness of the management of the insurance business pursuant to the provisions of the New Insurance Business Act.
• When the government finds it necessary by taking into consideration the state of implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc. under the provisions of the New Insurance Services Act, the state of soundness of management of Insurance Companies, and other relevant factors, it shall take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of Insurance Services even after this Act comes into effect.
• Subsequent to the enforcement of this Act, the government shall, when it finds it necessary, take necessary measures to maintain the credibility of the insurance industry, taking into consideration the status of implementation of the system pertaining to special measures, etc. for the protection of policyholders, etc. under the Current Insurance Business Act and the condition of soundness in management of Insurance companies, among other factors.
• When the government finds it necessary, even after the enforcement of this Act, by taking into consideration the state of implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc. pursuant to the provisions of the New Insurance Business Act, the state of soundness of management of insurance corporations, etc., it shall take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of insurance business.
• When the government finds it necessary, even after the enforcement of this Act, by taking into consideration the status of the implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc. pursuant to the provisions of the Insurance Business Act, the status of the soundness of the management of insurance companies, etc., it shall take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of the insurance business.
• When the government finds it necessary by taking into consideration the state of implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc. under the provisions of the New Insurance Business Act, the state of soundness of management of Insurance Companies, and other relevant factors, it shall take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of Insurance Business even after this Act comes into effect.

• 第一種貨物利用運送事業者は、他の運送事業者と設備の共用又は共同経営に関する協定その他の運輸に関する協定で国土交通省令で定める事項に係るものを締結しようとするときは、その旨を国土交通大臣に届け出なければならない。これを変更しようとするときも、同様とする。
• The first class consigned freight forwarding business operator who wishes to enter an agreement with another forwarding business operator for sharing the facilities or joint management or other agreement on transportation pertaining to the matters provided in the Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism shall notify the same to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The same shall apply to the event of change of the said agreement.

• ものづくり基盤技術の振興に当たっては、ものづくり事業者の大部分が中小企業者によって占められていることにかんがみ、中小企業者であるものづくり事業者（第十五条において「中小事業者」という。）の経営基盤の強化及び取引条件に関する不利の補正が図られなければならない。
• In promoting core manufacturing technology, the strengthening of the business foundation of manufacturing business operators who are small and medium sized enterprise operators (referred to as 'small and medium sized business operators' in Article 15) and the correction of any disadvantageous trade terms shall be ensured, considering that most of the manufacturing business operators are small and medium sized enterprise operators.

• 申請人が受けようとする研修の実施について我が国の国若しくは地方公共団体の機関又は独立行政法人以外の機関があっせんを行う場合は、営利を目的とするものでなく、かつ、当該機関又はその経営者若しくは常勤の職員が過去三年間に外国人の研修に係る不正行為を行ったことがないこと。
• In cases where an organization other than the Japanese national government, a local government, or an incorporated administrative agency arranges the training in which the applicant intends to participate, said organization must not be a for-profit organization. Furthermore, said organization, its manager, and its full-time employees must not have committed misconduct pertaining to the training of foreign nationals in the past 3 years.

• 財務大臣は、この法律に規定する政府の再保険事業の健全な経営を確保するため必要があると認めるときは、地震保険契約に係る事業を行なう保険会社等に対し、その事業に関し報告をさせ、又はその職員に当該保険会社等の事務所に立ち入り、帳簿書類その他の物件を検査させることができる。
• The Minister of Finance may, when he/she finds it necessary for securing the sound operation of the government reinsurance business provided by this Act, have insurance companies, etc. conducting business pertaining to earthquake insurance contracts submit reports on that business or make his/her staff enter said offices of the insurance companies, etc. to inspect books and documents and other items.

• 近年では元横綱若乃花の花田勝が経営する株式会社ドリームアークが「Chanko Dining 若」というブランド名で全国規模どころか海外進出までをも果たし、さらには大相撲の懸賞の提供企業になるなどしており、2000年以降のこの業界では台風の目ともいえる存在になっている。
• In recent years, Dream Ark run by Masaru HANADA, the former yokozuna (sumo grand champion) Wakanohara succeeded in operating a chunko restaurant chain under the brand name of 'Chanko Dining Waka' on a nationwide scale as well as overseas, and have a presence as a influential in the industry since the year 2000 by offering sumo prize money.

• この法律は、民間の資金、経営能力及び技術的能力を活用した公共施設等の整備等の促進を図るための措置を講ずること等により、効率的かつ効果的に社会資本を整備するとともに、国民に対する低廉かつ良好なサービスの提供を確保し、もって国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to improve the social infrastructure efficiently and effectively and to ensure the provision of affordable and good service to the citizens by taking measures for promotion of provision etc., of Public Facility etc. through utilization of private finance, management abilities and technical capabilities, thereby contributing healthy development of the national economy.

• 国は、事業者が知的財産を活用した新たな事業の創出及び当該事業の円滑な実施を図ることができるよう、知的財産の適正な評価方法の確立、事業者に参考となるべき経営上の指針の策定その他事業者が知的財産を有効かつ適正に活用することができる環境の整備に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• National government shall take necessary measures to develop an environment in which business operators can effectively and properly exploit intellectual property, such as establishing methods for appropriate assessment of intellectual property and setting forth management guidelines that will be helpful examples for business operators, in order to enable business operators to start up new businesses and smoothly carry out these businesses by exploitation of intellectual property.

• 9世紀～10世紀に律令制が崩壊した後も、神田には不輸の権（租税免除の権利）が認められていたため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵（有力農民）＝開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力な神社（または有力寺院）へ寄進することで、不輸の権 (日本)を獲得しようとした。
• Since Fuyu no ken (the right to tax exemption) was granted to Shinden even after the collapse of the Ritsuryo System from the eighth to ninth century, Tato (dominant farmers or lords cultivating new rice fields) who were then collecting rice fields around them tried to obtain Fuyu no ken Right by donating their rice fields to shrines or temples.

• これに対し、満仲の嫡流である頼光・頼国が所領を有さなかったとは考え難く、またこの時代は摂関政治の確立により武力を要する政変などが無くなっていたことなども踏まえ、多田庄の経営は一族や郎党の者に任せ自身は在京したものであるとの考察もなされているが、現時点では判然としていない。
• On the other hand, it is difficult to imagine that Yorimitsu and Yorikuni, the main line of Mitsunaka, did not inherit Mitsunaka's property while there were no conflicts needing military forces as the regency was established, so it is considered that Yorikuni and Yorimitsu left the management of Tada Manors to their families or retainers and stayed at the capital, but it is still controversial.

• 前項第三号及び第八号に掲げる 事項は、最大持続生産量を実現することができる水準に特定海洋生物資源を維持し又は回復させることを目的として、同項第二号に掲げる事項及び他の海洋生物 資源との関係等を基礎とし、特定海洋生物資源に係る漁業の経営その他の事情を勘案して定めるものとする。
• The matters set forth in items (iii) and (viii) of the preceding paragraph shall be decided based on matters under item (ii) of the same paragraph and the relationship thereof to other living marine resources, etc., for the purpose of maintaining or restoring specified living marine resources levels that allow for maximum sustainable production to be realized, in consideration of fishery management pertaining to the specified living marine resources and other circumstances.

• 前項第二号及び第五号に掲げる 事項は、最大持続生産量を実現することができる水準に指定海洋生物資源を維持し又は回復させることを目的として、同項第一号に掲げる事項及び他の海洋生物 資源との関係等を基礎とし、指定海洋生物資源に係る漁業の経営その他の事情を勘案して定めるものとする。
• The matters under items (ii) and (v) of the preceding paragraph shall be decided based on the matter stated in item (i) of the same paragraph, the relationship thereof to other living marine resources, etc., for the purpose of maintaining or restoring designated living marine resource levels that allow maximum sustainable production to be realized, in consideration of fishery management pertaining to the designated living marine resources and other circumstances.

• 弘長元年10月3日_(旧暦)（1261年）、江戸氏の一族の一人であった地頭江戸長重が正嘉の飢饉による荒廃で経営が出来なくなった江戸郷前島村（現在の東京駅周辺）を北条氏得宗家に寄進してその被官となり、1315年までに得宗家から円覚寺に再寄進されている事が記録として残されている。
• According to records, in November 4, 1261, one of the Edo clan and Jito (manager and lord of an estate) Nagashige EDO donated Maejima-mura village of Edo-go (present-day Tokyo Station and its neighborhood) to the Tokuso family (the direct line of the regency Hojo family) when he could no longer manage the village because of the Shoka Famine, which incident led him to serve the family, and by 1315, the village was donated again from the Tokuso family to the Enkaku-ji Temple.

• 大阪の立ち喰い寿司店経営者・白石義明が、ビール製造のベルトコンベアをヒントに、多数の客の注文を低コストで効率的にさばくことを目的として「コンベヤ旋廻食事台」を考案し、1958年、大阪府布施市（現・東大阪市）の近畿日本鉄道布施駅北口に最初の回転寿司店である「元禄寿司」を開いた。
• Yoshiaki SHIRAISHI who was a proprietor of a stand-up-eating sushi restaurant in Osaka got an idea from a conveyer belt for beer production and invented 'rotating conveyer belt table' to serve a lot of orders effectively at a lower costs and in 1958 opened the first Kaitenzushi shop 'Genrokuzushi' at the north exit of Fuse Station of Kintetsu in Fuse City of Osaka Prefecture (now Higashi Osaka City).

• だが、荘園公領制が解体する14世紀に入ると、生産力の上昇や農民層の抵抗、更に荘園内部でも上級層の没落と下級層の上昇などが発生し、更にその中で上位の者は領主や地侍としての地位を獲得して荘園領主の支配から脱却したり、荘園内外にて独自の経営地及び独自の小作関係の形成を行うようになる。
• However, during the fourteenth century, many factors, such as the improvement of productivity, the resistance of the class of peasants, and the downfall of the upper-class together with the advancement of the lower-class, contributed to the demise of the shoen-koryo sei. Further, there were those of the upper-class who attained the position as a landlord or a jizamurai (local samurai) which enabled them to break away from the rule of the manor owners and to establish their own business managing and renting their lands to local peasants.

• 公共施設等の管理者等は、前条第一項の民間事業者の選定を行うに当たっては、民間事業者の有する技術及び経営資源、その創意工夫等が十分に発揮され、低廉かつ良好なサービスが国民に対して提供されるよう、原則として価格及び国民に提供されるサービスの質その他の条件により評価を行うものとする。
• When an Administrator of Public Facility etc. selects a private business operator pursuant to the paragraph (1) of the preceding article, the administrator must evaluate the operator principally by the price, the quality of the services provided to citizens, and other conditions, in order to fully utilize the technology and managerial expertise and innovation of the private business operator and to provide affordable and good services to citizens.

• 更生保護事業を営み、又は営もうとする者は、その事業の経営に必要な資金を得るために寄附金を募集しようとするときは、その募集に着手する一月前までに、法務省令で定めるところにより、募集の期間、地域、方法及び使途等を明らかにした書面を法務大臣に提出して、その許可を受けなければならない。
• When a person which is operating or going to operate offenders rehabilitation services intends to raise contributions to obtain the funds necessary for the operation of its services, it shall submit a document clarifying the period, the area, the method of raising funds and the use of contributions to the Minister of Justice pursuant to the provisions of a Ministry of Justice ordinance at least one month before the beginning of raising such contributions and obtain his/her permission.

• 受入れ機関又はその経営者、管理者、申請人の受ける研修について申請人を指導する者若しくは生活指導員が過去三年間に外国人の研修に係る不正行為を行ったこと（実務研修を含まない研修実施計画に基づいて受け入れた研修の在留資格をもって在留する者を実務研修に従事させたことを含む。）がないこと。
• The accepting organization and the operator, manager, person leading the applicant's training, and the adviser of the accepting organization must not have committed misconduct related to the training of foreign nationals in the past 3 years (including cases where a person who has been accepted into training and resides in Japan under the status of residence of Trainee" based on a training program that does not include practical training is made to engage in practical training)."

• 第百条第一項の規定にかかわらず、第百一条第一項第五号イ又はホに掲げる者は、国土交通大臣の許可を受けて、他人の需要に応じ、有償で第百二十六条第一項各号に掲げる航行（これらの航行と接続して行う本邦内の各地間における航行を含む。）により旅客又は貨物を運送する事業を経営することができる。
• Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 100 paragraph (1), any person listed to in (a) or (e) of Article 101 paragraph (1) item (v) may, upon permission by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, operate services for passenger or cargo transport through any flight listed in each item of Article 126 paragraph (1) (including flights between points in Japan which are made in connection thereof) for remuneration in response to demand of other persons.

• このように、庶家は主家の中で非常に強い影響力を有したが、主家が戦国大名化するにつれ、領土経営に寄与する有能な人材が登用され、主君に忠実な家臣団、直臣団が編成されると、主家とは血縁関係もない、主従関係を結んでから日の浅い者も登用されるようになり、庶家の影響力が低下する例も少なくなかった。
• Although shoke had a very strong influence in the employer's household, when efficient human resources were employed, contributing to the management of the territory and vassal groups who were loyal to the master were organized as the employer became a sengoku daimyo, those who had no blood relations with the employer or who had a short history as master and vassal, were also employed there were many examples seen where the influence of shoke was weakened.

• 前項の規定は、同項第一号に掲げる基準に適合するように負担金の算定方法を定めることとした場合には、これによる負担金の納付によつて会員である金融商品取引業者の経営の健全性が維持されなくなるときにおいて、当該基準に適合しない負担金の算定方法を一時的に定めることを妨げるものと解してはならない。
• The provision of the preceding paragraph shall not be construed as precluding temporarily specifying a method of calculation of a Burden Charge that does not conform to said criteria when the sound management of a Financial Instruments Business Operator which is a member will not be maintained due to the payment of a Burden Charge if the method of calculation of a Burden Charge is to be specified so as to conform to the criterion specified in item (i) of said paragraph.

• 船舶運航事業者若しくは航空運送事業者が本邦と外国との間において行う貨物の運送（以下「国際貨物運送」という。）又は航空運送事業者が行う本邦内の各地間において発着する貨物の運送（以下「国内貨物運送」という。）に係る第一種貨物利用運送事業を経営しようとする者であって、次に掲げる者に該当するもの
• Those who wish to manage the first class consigned freight forwarding business pertaining to forwarding of the freight which a shipping business operator or airline business operator transports between Japan and foreign countries (hereinafter referred to as 'international freight forwarding') or forwarding of the freight that departs and arrives between the areas within Japan conducted by an airline transportation operator (hereinafter referred to as 'domestic freight forwarding') and fall under any of the following;

• 兵庫県にも尼崎支店（2004年12月）、神戸支店（2005年9月）、川西支店（2007年10月）、六甲道支店（同11月）を開設するに至っているこれは旧兵庫銀行の経営破綻など、同県内に有力地銀が存在しない状況も大きく影響している（その為、京都銀行を含む県外地銀の進出攻勢が激しくなっている）。
• It opened the Amagasaki Branch (December, 2004), Kobe Branch (September, 2005), Kawanishi Branch (October,2007) and Rokkomich Branch (November, 2005)in Hyogo Prefecture, encouraged by the absence of other competitive regional banks in the prefecture after the bankruptcy of the now-defunct Hyogo Bank (accelerating the increase of bank businesses from other prefectures, including Kyoto Bank).

• 鉄道事業者たる法人の 合併及び分割は、国土交通大臣の認可を受けなければ、その効力を生じない。ただし、鉄道事業者たる法人と鉄道事業を経営しない法人が合併する場合において 鉄道事業者たる法人が存続するとき又は鉄道事業者たる法人が分割をする場合において鉄道事業を承継させないときは、この限りでない。
• The merger and split of a juridical person as a Railway Business Operator shall not be effective unless approved by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, provided, however, that this shall not apply, in the case of the merger between a juridical person as a Railway Business Operator and a juridical person that does not manage Railway Business, if the juridical person as a Railway Business Operator survives, or in the case of split of a juridical person as a Railway Business Operator, if the split of a juridical person as a Railway Business Operator does not allow the succession of the railway business.

• 第二種貨物利用運送事業について第二十条の許可を受けた者は、第二十一条第一項第二号の事業計画に係る利用運送の区間の範囲内において、当該事業において利用する他の運送事業者の行う運送に係る第一種貨物利用運送事業を経営するときは、当該第一種貨物利用運送事業について、前項の登録を受けることを要しない。
• Within the scope of the section of the consigned forwarding pertaining to the business plan prescribed in item (ii) of paragraph (1) of Article 21, in the event that those who have obtained the permission for the second class consigned freight forwarding business as prescribed in Article 20 are to manage the first class consigned freight forwarding business pertaining to the forwarding business conducted by other operators in the said business, the same need not make the registration in the preceding paragraph for the first class consigned freight forwarding business.

• 漁業権者以外の者が実 質上当該漁業権の内容たる漁業の経営を支配しており、且つ、その者には第十五条から第十九条まで（優先順位）の規定によれば当該漁業の免許をしないことが 明らかであると認めて、海区漁業調整委員会が漁業権を取り消すべきことを申請したときは、都道府県知事は、漁業権を取り消すことができる。
• In the case where a person other than a fishery right holder substantially governs the management of the fishery covered by said fishery right, if the Sea-area Fisheries Adjustment Commission concerned finds it obvious that the person will not be granted the license of said fishery pursuant to the provisions of Article 15 through 19 (Priority Order) and files an application proposing that the fishery right should be rescinded, the Governor concerned may rescind the fishery right.

• 当時の百姓身分は農業や手工業の比較的規模の大きい経営者階層であり、この層に出自する者が地侍などの形で武士身分に食い込みを図るときには、勢力地盤となっている村の名前などを苗字とするのが普通であるし、そもそもこの階層は惣村共同体の足軽中で通用する程度に権威のある私称の苗字を保持しているのが通例であった。
• A farmer class of this age was a comparatively huge hierarchy, composed by businesspersons of agriculture and manufacture; when a person who was from this class tried to become warriors' class such as local samurai, he usually used a place name like home village's name as a surname, and people of this class usually had authorized surnames which they could use among 'Ashigaru' in the community of village.

• やがて映画製作に進出した太泉映画（おおいずみえいが）と1938年設立の東横映画（とうよこえいが）（東急東横線の沿線開発を目的に、東京の渋谷や横浜市で映画館を経営していたが、戦後大映 (映画)より京都第2撮影所（旧新興キネマ京都撮影所）を賃借して映画製作に進出。）を吸収合併、社名を東映と改めて出発した。
• Later it merged with Oizumi Films, which had achieved success in the film production industry, and Toyoko Film Company (founded in 1938) which had run movie theaters in Shibuya, Tokyo and Yokohama City in order to develop the areas along the Tokyu Toyoko line, but after World War Two it rented the former Shinko Cinema Kyoto Studio from Daiei Motion Picture Company to start film production and changed its name to Toei.

• 会社であつて、その持株会社（私的独占の禁止及び公正取引の確保に関する法律（昭和二十二年法律第五十四号）第九条第五項第一号に規定する持株会社をいう。）その他の当該会社の経営を実質的に支配していると認められる会社として国土交通省令で定めるもの（以下「持株会社等」という。）が第四条第一項第四号に該当するもの
• Any company whose holding company (any holding company under Article 9 paragraph (5) item (i) of the Act concerning Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade (Act No.54, 1947) or affiliated company which is deemed to have effective control over the operations of the said company, as may be specified by Ordinances of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (hereinafter referred to as 'holding company etc.') falls under Article 4 paragraph (1) item (iv)

• 武士の起源については、従来は新興地方領主層が自衛の必要から武装した面を重視する説が主流であったが、近年は清和源氏や桓武平氏のような軍事貴族や下級官人層から構成される戦士身分が起源であり、彼らが平安後期の荘園公領制成立期から荘園領主や国衙と結びついて所領経営者として発展していったとみる説が提唱されている。
• As for the origin of bushi, the theory that the class of emerging local lords were armed because of a need for self-defense was traditionally mainstream, but recently a theory proposed that its origin is the warrior status which consisted of the military aristocrats such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) or lower-ranking government officials and they were linked with the owners of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or kokuga from the formation period of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and developed into the managers of the shoryo (territory).

• 鉄道事業者若しくは軌道経営者若しくは鉄道若しくは軌道の用に供する車両、信号保安装置その他の陸運機器の製造、改造、整備若しくは販売の事業を営む者又はこれらの者が法人であるときはその役員（いかなる名称によるかを問わず、これと同等以上の職権又は支配力を有する者を含む。）若しくはこれらの者の使用人その他の従業者
• Any railway or tramway business operators or any entity engaged in the business of manufacture, modification, maintenance or sales of vehicles, signal safety devices or other land transportation machinery used in connection with railways or tramways, or an officer thereof if the above-mentioned is a juridical person (including any person whose actual scope of authority or control is equivalent to or greater than that of the officer irrespective of any title), or its employee and other practitioners in the services.

• しかし11世紀半ばに荘園の一円化が進み、諸国の荘園公領間で武力紛争が頻発するようになると、荘園及び公領である郡、郷、保の徴税、警察、裁判責任者としての荘園の荘官(荘司)や公領の郡司、郷司、保司に軍事紛争に対応できる武士が任命されることが多くなり、これらを領地とする所領経営者としての武士が成立したのである。
• However during the middle of the 11th century shoens spread rapidly and the armed conflicts between shoen koryos (public lands and private estates) in various provinces often happened, and many bushi were appointed to shokan (an officer governing shoen) of shoen or gunji (district managers), goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing koryo, or public land) of koryo (public lands) as the managers of tax collection, police activity and justice for shoens or koryo such as gun, go, and ho; consequently the bushi were established as the managers of public lands who owned these lands.

• 高麗の荘園は農荘・田荘・別墅などと呼ばれ、荘園には耕作地以外にも山野や森林などを含み、その中に農舎・亭楼・学堂・仏寺などが設置され、中には内部で利潤を目的とした墓地や長利（高利貸）経営を行う為の施設を有する者もいたが、ほとんどの所有者は通常は都市に住み、実際の運営は現地に派遣された奴僕によって行われていた。
• The manors during the Goryeo period were called noso (manor), denso (manor), bessho (villa) and so on, and in addition to the cultivated areas they included mountains, fields, forests and so on and there the farmhouses, towers, schools, Buddhist temples, and so on were built and some had facilities inside for the management of cemeteries or Shylock for profit, but most of the owners usually lived in the city and the management was, in fact, conducted by the subordinates sent to the spot.

• 相互会社は、何人に対しても、社員又は総代の権利の行使に関し、財産上の利益の供与（当該相互会社又はその実質子会社（相互会社がその総株主の議決権の過半数を有する株式会社その他の当該相互会社がその経営を支配している法人として内閣府令で定めるものをいう。以下同じ。）の計算においてするものに限る。）をしてはならない。
• A Mutual Company shall not give property benefits to a person regarding the exercise of his/her member's rights or general representative's rights (limited to benefits given on the account of the Mutual Company or its de facto Subsidiary Company (referring to a juridical person whose management is deemed to be controlled by the Mutual Company pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance, such as a Stock Company in which the Mutual Company holds a majority of the voting rights of all shareholders; the same shall apply hereinafter).

• 行政庁は、特定共済組合、火災共済協同組合、第九条の九第一項第三号の事業を行う協同組合連合会及び特定共済組合連合会の共済事業の健全な運営に資するため、次に掲げる額を用いて、当該組合の経営の健全性を判断するための基準として共済金等の支払能力の充実の状況が適当であるかどうかの基準その他の基準を定めることができる。
• In order to contribute to the sound administration of mutual aid activities by specified mutual aid associations, fire mutual aid cooperatives, federations of cooperatives engaged in the activities set forth in Article 9-9, paragraph (1), item (iii), and specified federations of mutual aid associations, an administrative agency may, by using the following amounts, establish standards as to whether or not the status of the capacity to pay mutual aid money, etc. is appropriate as the standards for determining the soundness of the management of said cooperatives:

• そもそも、これらの歴史的事件を評価するときに念頭に置いておかなければならないのは、受領層に対して闘争を行った百姓層とは決して受領の収奪にあえぐ零細な農民などではなく、隷属民や私兵を多数擁して地域支配や産業において莫大な利権を持ち、国衙と負名契約を結んでいた、農業など諸産業の大規模経営者であったということである。
• In evaluating these historical events, we should keep in mind that the farmer class refers not to poor farmers suffering from heavy taxes Zuryo collected but to large-scale managers of agriculture and other industries who had vested rights in the local community and industries with many subordinate people and private solders and had a contract with kokuga over fumyo.

• そのころ、マキノの四国ブロック配給を行っていた三共社の山崎徳次郎は、阪東妻三郎プロダクションの経営者・立花良介と謀り、神戸市の菊水キネマ商会の大島菊松ら全国150館の独立系映画館主に呼びかけ、大阪に「日本活動常設館館主連盟映画配給本社」を設立、独立プロダクションへの製作費の出資と作品の直接公開の方針を打ち出した。
• At about that time, Tokujiro YAMAZAKI of Sankyo, which distributed Makino's movies in the Shikoku area, conspired with Ryosuke TACHIBANA, the top executive of Bando Tsumasaburo Productions, to ask 150 independent theater owners throughout Japan, including Kikumatsu OSHIMA of Kikusui Kinema in Kobe, to cooperate in establishing 'Nihon Katsudo Josetsukan Kanshu Renmei Eiga Haikyu Honsha' (Distribution Company Headquarters for Movie Theater Owners in Japan) (also known as 'Kanshu Renmei' [the Theater Owner's Association]) in Osaka and declaring policies on directly releasing movies and funding for production costs of independent productions.

• 財閥（ざいばつ）とは、財閥解体以前の非常に大きい独占的な資本家または企業の事であるが、一般的には、家族または同族によって出資された親会社（持株会社）が中核となり、それが支配している諸会社（子会社）に多種の産業を経営させている企業集団であって、大規模な子会社はそれぞれの産業部門において寡占的地位を占めると定義される。
• The word Zaibatsu means a tremendous exclusive capitalist or enterprise of the pre-disposition of the era of financial cliques, but generally it is defined as a business group in which a parent company (holding company) capitalized by a family or its kinship forms the core of the group and has its subsidiaries run a variety of businesses, some of which hold monopoly positions in their respective fields or industries.

• 東日本電信電話株式会社（以下「東会社」という。）は、西日本電信電話株式会社（以下「西会社」という。）の経営の安定化を図る必要があるときは、総務省令で定める金額の範囲内で、西会社に対し、その事業に要する費用に充てるための金銭を、東会社の設立の日以後三年以内に終了する各事業年度に係る利益の処分として交付することができる。
• East Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (hereinafter referred to as 'NTT East') may, in cases where financial stabilization of West Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (hereinafter referred to as 'NTT West') is required, subsidize a sum of money to NTT West, within the amount stipulated under the applicable Ordinance of MIC, necessary for business operations of NTT West as a disposition of NTT East's profits pertaining to each business year which ends within three years after the incorporation of NTT East.

• 事故等の現場、航空機の使用者、鉄道事業者、軌道経営者又は船舶の使用者の事務所その他の必要と認める場所に立ち入つて、航空機、鉄道施設、船舶、帳簿、書類その他の事故等に関係のある物件（以下「関係物件」という。）を検査し、又は航空事故等関係者、鉄道事故等関係者若しくは船舶事故等関係者（以下「関係者」という。）に質問すること。
• To enter the site of an Accident, etc., offices of users of the aircraft, railway business operators, tramway business operators, or users of the ship, and any other place that deemed necessary and examine any aircraft, railway facilities, ships, books, documents or other articles relevant to the Accident, etc. (hereinafter referred to as 'relevant material'), and interrogate any people concerned with the Aircraft Accident, etc., Railway Accident, etc., or Marine Accident, etc. (hereinafter referred to as the 'people concerned').

• 政府は、この法律の施行後三年以内に、保険契約者等の保護のための特別の措置等に係る制度等の実施状況、保険会社の経営の健全性の状況等を勘案し、この法律による改正後の保険契約者等の保護のための制度について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて保険業に対する信頼性の維持を図るために必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The government shall review the system for the protection of policyholders, etc. after the revision by this Act, within three years from the enforcement of this Act, by taking into account the status of the implementation of systems pertaining to special measures, etc. to protect policyholders, etc., the status of the soundness of the management of insurance companies, etc., and shall, when it finds it necessary, take measures necessary for maintaining the reliability of the insurance business based on the results of the review.

• 国は、基本理念にのっとり、国有林野の管理及び経営の事業について、国土の保全その他国有林野の有する公益的機能の維持増進を図るとともに、あわせて、林産物を持続的かつ計画的に供給し、及び国有林野の活用によりその所在する地域における産業の振興又は住民の福祉の向上に寄与することを旨として、その適切かつ効率的な運営を行うものとする。
• The national government is responsible for adequate and efficient management and operation of the national forest projects, pursuant to the basic principles, in order to contribute to the promotion of the industry or the welfare of the communities by enhancing the public interest and the roles of national lands and forests, providing forest products continually and systematically, and utilizing the national forests.

• 東日本電信電話株式会社（以下「東会社」という。）は、西日本電信電話 株式会社（以下「西会社」という。）の経営の安定化を図る必要があるときは、総務省令で定める金額の範囲内で、西会社に対し、その事業に要する費用に充て るための金銭を、東会社の設立の日以後三年以内に終了する各事業年度に係る利益の処分として交付することができる。
• East Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (hereinafter referred to as 'NTT East') may, in cases where financial stabilization of West Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (hereinafter referred to as 'NTT West') is required, subsidize a sum of money to NTT West, within the amount stipulated under the applicable Ordinance of MIC, necessary for business operations of NTT West as a disposition of NTT East's profits pertaining to each business year which ends within three years after the incorporation of NTT East.

• 特定事業は、国及び地方公共団体と民間事業者との責任分担の明確化を図りつつ、収益性を確保するとともに、国及び地方公共団体の民間事業者に対する関与を必要最小限のものとすることにより民間事業者の有する技術及び経営資源、その創意工夫等が十分に発揮され、低廉かつ良好なサービスが国民に対して提供されることを旨として行われなければならない。
• When a Qualified Project is implemented, the sharing of responsibility between the national government and local governments, on the one hand, and private business operators, on the other hand shall be clearly defined, profitability of the project shall be maintained, and interference with private business operators from the national government and local governments shall be kept to a minimum in order to fully utilize the technology and managerial resources and innovation etc. of private business operators, for the purpose of providing affordable and good services to the citizens.

• この章並びに第六十六条 第一項及び第六十七条第一項において「統括者」とは、連鎖販売業に係る商品に自己の商標を付し、若しくは連鎖販売業に係る役務の提供について自己の商号そ の他特定の表示を使用させ、連鎖販売取引に関する約款を定め、又は連鎖販売業を行う者の経営に関し継続的に指導を行う等一連の連鎖販売業を実質的に統括す る者をいう。
• The term 'Supervisor' as used in this chapter and Articles 66 (1) and 67 (1) shall mean a person who practically supervises a series of Multilevel Marketing activities, such as attaching his/her own trademark to the Goods pertaining to Multilevel Marketing or having his/her own trade name or other specific indication used for offering the services pertaining to Multilevel Marketing, stipulating a covenant on Multilevel Marketing Transactions, or continuously providing guidance on operations of the persons engaged in Multilevel Marketing.

• 都道府県の知事は、前項の場合 を除くほか、指定海洋生物資源（次条第一項の第一種指定海洋生物資源及び第二種指定海洋生物資源をいう。以下同じ。）の動向、特定海洋生物資源又は指定海 洋生物資源に係る漁業の経営その他の事情を勘案して、毎年少なくとも一回、都道府県計画に検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、これを変更しなければな らない。
• In addition to the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, the governor of each prefecture shall examine the Prefectural Plan, in consideration of trends in designated living marine resources (referring to the Class I designated living marine resources and Class II designated living marine resources under paragraph (1) of the following Article; hereinafter the same shall apply), the management of fisheries pertaining to the specified living marine resources or designated living marine resources, and other circumstances at least once a year, and shall change it when he/she finds it necessary.

• この両者の説は中国史における時代区分論と密接に関係しており、周藤は唐及び五代を「古代」・宋を「中世」とする立場から、宮崎は漢代を「古代」・三国時代 (中国)から唐及び五代を「中世」・宋を「近世」とする立場に立っており、ヨーロッパ中世の荘園と対比すべき農奴制による経営に基づく荘園がそれぞれが主張する「中世」に存在したというものである。
• These two theories are closely related with the periodization theory in Chinese history and Sudo's standpoint is that the Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties period were 'ancient' and the Sung dynasty 'medieval' and Miyazaki's standpoint is that the age of the Han dynasty was 'ancient' and the Three Kingdoms period (China), the Tang dynasty to the Five Dynasties period 'medieval' and the Sung dynasty 'early modern,' and in both of their 'medieval,' there existed the shoens managed by the serf system which should be compared with the manors in medieval Europe.

• 学校教育法に基づく短期大学若しくは高等専門学校又は旧専門学校令（明治三 十六年勅令第六十一号）に基づく専門学校において電気工学、土木工学、機械工学若しくは経営工学の課程又はこれらに相当する課程を修めて卒業した者であつ て、電気工作物の工事、維持若しくは運用に関する実務又は安全管理審査に関する実務に通算して四年以上従事した経験を有するもの
• A person who graduated from a junior college or college of technology under the School Education Act or a vocational training school under the old Vocational Training School Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 61 of 1903) after completing a course in electric engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering or management engineering or any other course similar thereto, and who has been engaged for at least four years in total in the services for construction, maintenance or operation of Electric Facilities or the services for Safety Management Examinations.

• 新たな事業分野を開拓する会社又は経営の向上に相当程度寄与すると認められる新たな事業活動を行う会社として内閣府令で定める会社（当該会社の議決権を、当該銀行又はその子会社のうち前号に掲げる会社で内閣府令で定めるもの（次条第七項において「特定子会社」という。）以外の子会社が、合算して、同条第一項に規定する基準議決権数を超えて保有していないものに限る。）
• Companies specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance as those exploring new business fields or conducting new business activities found to contribute considerably to the improvement of management (limited to cases where the total voting rights held in the company by the Bank and its Subsidiary Companies other than those that fall under the categories listed in the preceding item and specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance (such excluded companies shall be referred to as 'Specified Subsidiary Companies' in paragraph (7) of the following Article) do not exceed the Maximum Threshold for Voting Rights Held as prescribed in Article 16-3, paragraph (1)); and

• 学校教育法（昭和二十二年法律第二十六号）に基づく大学（短期大学を除 く。）又は旧大学令（大正七年勅令第三百八十八号）に基づく大学において電気工学、土木工学、機械工学若しくは経営工学の課程又はこれらに相当する課程を 修めて卒業した者であつて、電気工作物の工事、維持若しくは運用に関する実務又は安全管理審査に関する実務に通算して二年以上従事した経験を有するもの
• A person who graduated from a university (excluding junior college) under the School Education Act (Act No. 26 of 1947) or a university under the old University Ordinance (Imperial Ordinance No. 388 of 1918) after completing a course in electric engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering or management engineering or any other course similar thereto, and has experience of being engaged for at least two years in total in the services for construction, maintenance or operation of Electric Facilities or the services for Safety Management Examinations.

• この法律において「特定事業」とは、公共施設等の整備等（公共施設等の建設、改修、維持管理若しくは運営又はこれらに関する企画をいい、国民に対するサービスの提供を含む。以下同じ。）に関する事業（市街地再開発事業、土地区画整理事業その他の市街地開発事業を含む。）であって、民間の資金、経営能力及び技術的能力を活用することにより効率的かつ効果的に実施されるものをいう。
• The term 'Qualified Project' as used in this Act means a project (including an urban redevelopment project, a land readjustment project, and another urban development project) involving the provision etc. of Public Facility etc. (which mean construction, rehabilitation, maintenance or operation of Public Facility etc, or planning of them, and include provision of services to the citizens; the same shall apply hereinafter), which is carried out more efficiently and effectively by utilizing private finance, management abilities and technical capabilities.

• そのきっかけとして、同年4月、当時マキノの四国ブロック配給を行っていた三共社の山崎徳次郎が、阪東妻三郎プロダクションの経営者・立花良介と計画し、神戸市の菊水キネマ商会の大島菊松を中心とした全国150館の独立系映画館主に呼びかけ、大阪に「日本活動常設館館主連盟映画配給本社」を設立、独立プロダクションへの製作費の出資と作品の直接公開の方針を打ち出すという動きがあった。
• As prelude to this establishment, in April of 1928 Tokujiro YAMAZAKI of Sankyo, which had been distributing Makino films in the Shikoku area, conspired with the top executive of Bando Tsumasaburo Productions named Ryosuke TACHIBANA to ask 150 independent theater owners throughout Japan, including Kikumatsu OSHIMA of Kikusui Kinema in Kobe, to cooperate in establishing 'Nihon Katsudo Josetsukan Kanshu Renmei Eiga Haikyu Honsha' (Distribution Company Headquarters for Movie Theater Owners in Japan) (also known as 'Kanshu Renmei' [the Theater Owner's Association]) in Osaka and declaring policies of directly releasing films as well as funding for production costs of independent productions.

• 新たな事業分野を開拓する会社又は経営の向上に相当程度寄与すると認められる新たな事業活動を行う会社として内閣府令で定める会社（当該会社の議決権を、銀行持株会社又はその子会社のうち前号に掲げる会社で内閣府令で定めるもの（第五十二条の二十四第七項において「特定子会社」という。）以外の子会社が、合算して、同条第一項に規定する基準議決権数を超えて保有していないものに限る。）
• Companies specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance as those exploring new business fields or conducting new business activities found to contribute considerably to the improvement of management (limited to cases where the total voting rights held in the company by the Bank Holding Company and its Subsidiary Companies other than those falling under the categories listed in the preceding item and specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance (such excluded companies shall be referred to as 'Specified Subsidiary Companies' in Article 52-24, paragraph (7)) does not exceed the Maximum Threshold for Voting Rights Held prescribed in Article 52-24, paragraph (1));

• 科学技術、経営管理その他の分野に関する専門的知識又は特別の技能を有する者の当該知識又は技能を活用して行なう役務の提供を主たる内容とする事業（機械設備の販売その他事業を行なう者の主たる業務に附随して行なわれる場合における当該事業及び法第百四十一条第二号（外国法人に係る法人税の課税標準）に規定する建設、すえ付け、組立てその他の作業の指揮監督の役務の提供を主たる内容とする事業を除く。）
• A business that is mainly intended to provide services carried out by persons who have expert knowledge or specialist skills in science and technology, business management or any other fields by utilizing the said knowledge or skills (excluding a business conducted in association with the principal operations of a person who engages in sales and other businesses concerning machinery and equipment, and a business that is mainly intended to provide services for directing and supervising construction, installation, assembly or any other work as prescribed in Article 141(ii) (Tax Base of Corporation Tax in the Case of Foreign Corporations) of the Act).

• 水産業については、国民に対して水産物を供給する使命を有するものであることにかんがみ、水産資源を持続的に利用しつつ、高度化し、かつ、多様化する国民の需要に即した漁業生産並びに水産物の加工及び流通が行われるよう、効率的かつ安定的な漁業経営が育成され、漁業、水産加工業及び水産流通業の連携が確保され、並びに漁港、漁場その他の基盤が整備されることにより、その健全な発展が図られなければならない。
• Sound development of fisheries shall, in view of its mission to supply marine products to the citizens, be promoted, while maintaining sustainable utilization of fishery resources, by fostering efficient and stable fishery management for the fishery production, processing of marine products and distribution that meet the sophisticated and diversified demands of the citizens, keeping coordination among fishery, fishery processing industry and fishery products marketing, and developing fishing ports, fishing grounds and other infrastructure.

• 技術経営力の強化は、それが前項に規定する産業技術力の強化に資するものであることにかんがみ、事業者が研究及び開発を行うに当たり、自らの競争力の現状及び技術革新の動向を適確に把握するとともに、その将来の事業活動の在り方を展望することが重要であること、並びに現在の事業分野にかかわらず広く知見を探究し、これにより得られた知識を融合して活用することが重要であることを踏まえて、行われるものとする。
• In light of the fact that enhancing Technology Management Capability contributes to the enhancing of Industrial Technology Capability as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the enhancement of Technology Management Capability shall be carried out based on the premise that when business operators engage in research and development, it is important for said business operators to accurately grasp the current status of their competitiveness and the trends of technical innovation, and it is also important for said business operators to seek broad knowledge regardless of their current business field and to assimilate the knowledge thus obtained and utilize it.

• 国土交通大臣は、空域の適正な利用及び安全かつ円滑な航空交通の確保を図るため、第九十六条及び第九十七条に規定するもののほか、空域における航空交通及び気象の状況を考慮した飛行経路の設定並びに交通量の監視及び調整、これらに関する情報の国土交通省令で定める国内定期航空運送事業その他の航空運送事業を経営する者（以下「国内定期航空運送事業者等」という。）への提供その他必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism shall, for the purpose of ensuring appropriate use of airspace as well as safe and smooth air traffic, establish flight routes in consideration of air traffic and weather conditions in airspace, monitor and adjust traffic volume, provide information on the above conditions to operators of domestic scheduled air transport services and other air transport services as may be specified by Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (hereinafter referred to as 'domestic scheduled air transport service operators etc.'), and take any other necessary measures in addition to what are provided for in Articles 96 and 97.

• 更に北清事変の際に結ばれた北京議定書に基づいて1903年10月8日に上海市において、全13条からなる日清（両国間）追加通商航海条約（にっしん（りょうこくかん）ついかこうかいじょうやく）が締結され、日本人と清国人の共同経営事業（第4条）、日本人の商標・著作権保護（第5条）、清国の貨幣制度・度量衡統一義務（第6・7条）・日本の清国司法改革支援と達成後の治外法権撤廃義務（第11条）が定められた。
• In addition, on the basis of the Boxer Protocol, which had been concluded after the Boxer Rebellion (the Boxer Uprising), the Sino-Japanese Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, which consisted of 13 articles, was concluded in Shanghai City on October 8, 1903, and the principal articles are as follows; the Article 4: To start commercial partnership between Japanese and Chinese, the Article 5: the protection of Japanese trademark and copyright, the Article 6 and 7: The obligation to fix the standard of weights and measures, the Article 11: To support Chinese judicial reform by Japanese and the obligation to abolish extraterritoriality after the reform is completed.

• 混雑飛行場（当該飛行場の使用状況に照らして、航空機の運航の安全を確保するため、当該飛行場における一日又は一定時間当たりの離陸又は着陸の回数を制限する必要があるものとして国土交通省令で指定する飛行場をいう。以下同じ。）を使用して国内定期航空運送事業を経営しようとする本邦航空運送事業者は、混雑飛行場ごとに、当該混雑飛行場を使用して運航を行うことについて国土交通大臣の許可を受けなければならない。
• Any domestic air carrier who intends to start domestic air transport services using a congested aerodrome (an aerodrome where the number of takeoff and landing per day or hour needs to be restricted according to its use status for ensuring safe operation of aircraft, as may be designated in Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; hereinafter the same) shall obtain a license for each congested aerodrome from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism with regard to flight operations using such congested aerodromes.

• 政府は、この法律の施行後三年以内に、生命保険契約者保護機構に対する政府の補助及び生命保険契約者保護機構による資金援助等の保険契約者等の保護のための特別の措置等に係る制度等の実施状況、生命保険契約者保護機構の財務の状況、保険会社の経営の健全性の状況等を勘案し、生命保険契約者保護機構の資金援助等に要する費用に係る負担の在り方、政府の補助に係る規定の継続の必要性等について検討を行い、適切な見直しを行うものとする。
• Within three years after this Act comes into effect, the government shall examine the most desirable way for bearing costs required for financial assistance or other assistance provided by the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation, whether or not it is necessary for governmental assistance to the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation based on the legal provisions to be continued and other relevant factors by taking into account the state of implementation of systems, etc. pertaining to special measures for the protection of insurance policy holders, etc. including governmental assistance provided to the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation and financial assistance or other assistance provided by the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation, the financial status of the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation, the state of soundness of management of Insurance Companies and other relevant factors, and make the appropriate revisions.
• The government shall review how the expenses required for fund assistance, etc. by the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan should be burdened, the need for the continuance of the provisions on government assistance, etc., within three years from the enforcement of this Act, by taking into account the status of the implementation of the systems, etc. pertaining to the special measures, etc. for the protection of policyholders, etc. such as government assistance to the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan and fund assistance, etc. by the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan, the financial status of the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation of Japan, the status of the soundness of the management of insurance companies, etc., and shall make appropriate revisions.

• 行政庁は、共済事業を行う組合の業務の健全かつ適切な運営を確保し、組合員その他の共済契約者の保護を図るため特に必要があると認めるときは、その必要の限度において、当該組合の子法人等（子会社その他組合がその経営を支配している法人として主務省令で定めるものをいう。次項並びに次条第四項及び第五項において同じ。）又は共済代理店に対し、当該組合の業務又は会計の状況に関し参考となるべき報告又は資料の提出を求めることができる。
• When an administrative agency finds it to be especially necessary for securing the sound and appropriate administration of the operations of a cooperative engaged in mutual aid activities and for achieving the protection of partner and any other mutual aid contractors, it may, within the limit necessary, request a subsidiary company, etc. (which means a subsidiary company or a juridical person specified by an ordinance of the competent ministry as one whose management is controlled by the cooperative; the same shall apply in the following paragraph, and paragraph (4) and paragraph (5) of the following Article) or a mutual aid agent of said cooperative to submit reports or materials that would provide a reference concerning the status of operations or property of said cooperative.

• 内閣総理大臣は、銀行持株会社の業務又は銀行持株会社及びその子会社等の財産の状況に照らして、当該銀行持株会社の子会社である銀行の業務の健全かつ適切な運営を確保するため必要があると認めるときは、当該銀行持株会社に対し、措置を講ずべき事項及び期限を示して、当該銀行の経営の健全性を確保するための改善計画の提出を求め、若しくは提出された改善計画の変更を命じ、又はその必要の限度において監督上必要な措置を命ずることができる。
• The Prime Minister may, when he/she, in light of the status of business of a Bank Holding Company or the status of property of the Bank Holding Company and its Subsidiary Companies, etc., finds it particularly necessary for ensuring sound and appropriate management of a Bank which is a Subsidiary Company of the Bank Holding Company, request the Bank Holding Company to submit an improvement plan for securing soundness in management of the Bank or order amendment of the submitted improvement plan by designating matters for which measures should be taken and the time limit therefor, or may order, within the limit necessary, measures necessary for the purpose of supervision.

• 政府は、この法律の施行後三年以内に、生命保険契約者保護機構に対す る政府の補助及び生命保険契約者保護機構による資金援助等の保険契約者等の保護のための特別の措置等に係る制度等の実施状況、生命保険契約者保護機構の財 務の状況、保険会社の経営の健全性の状況等を勘案し、生命保険契約者保護機構の資金援助等に要する費用に係る負担の在り方、政府の補助に係る規定の継続の 必要性等について検討を行い、適切な見直しを行うものとする。
• Within three years after this Act comes into effect, the government shall examine what is the most desirable way for bearing costs required for financial assistance or other assistance provided by the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation, whether or not it is necessary for governmental assistance to the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation based on the legal provisions to be continued and other relevant factors by taking into account the state of implementation of systems, etc. pertaining to special measures for protection of insurance policy holder, etc. including governmental assistance provided to the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation and financial assistance or other assistance provided by the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation, the financial status of the Life Insurance Policyholders Protection Corporation, the state of soundness of management of Insurance Companies and other relevant factors, and make appropriate revisions.

• そもそも、同年4月、当時マキノの四国ブロック配給を行っていた三共社の山崎徳次郎が、阪東妻三郎プロダクションの経営者・立花良介と計画し、従来から映画作家のインディペンデント系作品を手がけていた神戸市の菊水キネマ商会の大島菊松を中心とした全国150館の独立系映画館主に呼びかけ、大阪に「日本活動常設館館主連盟映画配給本社」を設立、独立プロダクションへの製作費の出資と作品の直接公開の方針を打ち出したことがきっかけであった。
• As prelude to this establishment, in April of 1928 Tokujiro YAMAZAKI of Sankyo, which had been distributing Makino's films in the Shikoku area, conspired with the top executive of Bando Tsumasaburo Productions named Ryosuke TACHIBANA to ask 150 independent theater owners throughout Japan, such as Kikumatsu OSHIMA of Kikusui Kinema in Kobe that had dealt with independent works by moviemakers, to cooperate in establishing 'Nihon Katsudo Josetsukan Kanshu Renmei Eiga Haikyu Honsha' (Distribution Company Headquarters for Movie Theater Owners in Japan) (also known as 'Kanshu Renmei' [the Theater Owner's Association]) in Osaka and declaring policies of the direct release of movies as well as funding for production costs of independent productions.

• 内閣総理大臣は、銀行持株会社の業務又は銀行持株会社及びそ の子会社等の財産の状況に照らして、当該銀行持株会社の子会社である銀行の業務の健全かつ適切な運営を確保するため必要があると認めるときは、当該銀行持 株会社に対し、措置を講ずべき事項及び期限を示して、当該銀行の経営の健全性を確保するための改善計画の提出を求め、若しくは提出された改善計画の変更を 命じ、又はその必要の限度において監督上必要な措置を命ずることができる。
• The Prime Minister may, when he/she, in light of the status of business of a Bank Holding Company or the status of property of the Bank Holding Company and its Subsidiaries, etc., finds it particularly necessary for ensuring sound and appropriate management of a subsidiary Bank of the Bank Holding Company, request the Bank Holding Company to submit an improvement plan for securing soundness in management of the Bank or order amendment of the submitted improvement plan by designating matters for which measures should be taken and the time limit therefor, or may order, within the limit necessary, measures necessary for the purpose of supervision.

• 国は、都道府県が、特定家畜等（第三十二条の規定による移動又は移出の禁止又は制限がされることにより畜産経営に重大な影響が及ぶ家畜、その死体又は物品として政令で定めるものをいう。以下この項において同じ。）の所有者に対して当該禁止又は制限に起因する特定家畜等に係る売上げの減少額又は飼料費その他の保管、輸送若しくは処分に要する費用の増加額のうち政令で定めるものに相当する額を交付する場合には、当該交付した額の二分の一を負担する。
• The State shall bear one half of the amounts granted by prefectures to owners of specific domestic animals, etc. (meaning domestic animals, their carcasses or objects prescribed by Cabinet Order whose prohibition or restriction of movement or outward movement under the provisions of Article 32 exerts a grave influence on business in the livestock industry; the same shall apply hereafter in this paragraph) corresponding to an amount prescribed by Cabinet Order with respect to the amount of decrease in sales pertaining to specific domestic animals, etc., or the amount of increase in feed costs and other expenses required for storage, transportation or disposal, due to said prohibition or restriction.

• 会社及び地域会社は、それぞれその事業を営むに当たつては、常に経営が適正かつ効率的に行われるように配意し、国民生活に不可欠な電話の役務のあまねく日本全国における適切、公平かつ安定的な提供の確保に寄与するとともに、今後の社会経済の進展に果たすべき電気通信の役割の重要性にかんがみ、電気通信技術に関する研究の推進及びその成果の普及を通じて我が国の電気通信の創意ある向上発展に寄与し、もつて公共の福祉の増進に資するよう努めなければならない。
• The Company and the Regional Companies shall, in operating their own businesses, give due consideration to the maintenance of its proper and efficient management and shall contribute to the securement of appropriate, fair and stable provision of nationwide telephone services which are indispensable to the lives of people; additionally, the Company and the Regional Companies shall endeavor, in view of the importance of the role which telecommunications will play for the social and economical progress in the future, to contribute to the innovative advancement and development of telecommunications in Japan through the promotion of research and development concerning telecommunications technology and through dissemination of the results thereof, and thereby promote the public welfare.

• 会社及び地域会社は、それぞれその事業を営むに当たつては、常に経営が適 正かつ効率的に行われるように配意し、国民生活に不可欠な電話の役務のあまねく日本全国における適切、公平かつ安定的な提供の確保に寄与するとともに、今 後の社会経済の進展に果たすべき電気通信の役割の重要性にかんがみ、電気通信技術に関する研究の推進及びその成果の普及を通じて我が国の電気通信の創意あ る向上発展に寄与し、もつて公共の福祉の増進に資するよう努めなければならない。
• The Company and the Regional Companies shall, in operating their own businesses, give due consideration to the maintenance of its proper and efficient management and shall contribute to the securement of appropriate, fair and stable provision of nationwide telephone services which are indispensable to the lives of people; additionally, the Company and the Regional Companies shall endeavor, in view of the importance of the role which telecommunications will play for the social and economical progress in the future, to contribute to the innovative advancement and development of telecommunications in Japan through the promotion of research and development concerning telecommunications technology and through dissemination of the results thereof, and thereby promote the public welfare.

• 法第十一条第一項ただし書（同条第三項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定による許可（日本の国籍を有する航空機にあつては客席数が百又は最大離陸重量が五万キログラムを超える航空機を使用して行う航空運送事業を経営する本邦航空運送事業者（以下この項及び第二百四十三条第一項の表五の項において「特定本邦航空運送事業者」という。）の使用航空機以外の航空機に係るものに限り、外国航空機にあつては同一空港等において離陸し、及び着陸する航空機に係るものに限る。）
• Approval pursuant to the provisions of the proviso of Article 11 paragraph (1) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis to paragraph (3) of the Article) (in the case of aircraft registered in Japan, limited to cases pertaining to the aircraft other than the aircraft that is used by a Japanese air carrier that operates air carrier business that is conducted using aircraft which exceeds 100 passenger seats or maximum take off weight of 50,000 kg (called 'specified Japanese air carrier' hereafter and in Article 243 paragraph (1) Table 5 paragraphs), and in the case of aircraft registered in a foreign country, limited to cases pertaining to the aircraft which takes off and lands at the same airport etc)

• 知的財産の創造、保護及び活用に関する施策の推進は、創造性のある研究及び開発の成果の円滑な企業化を図り、知的財産を基軸とする新たな事業分野の開拓並びに経営の革新及び創業を促進することにより、我が国産業の技術力の強化及び活力の再生、地域における経済の活性化、並びに就業機会の増大をもたらし、もって我が国産業の国際競争力の強化及び内外の経済的環境の変化に的確に対応した我が国産業の持続的な発展に寄与するものとなることを旨として、行われなければならない。
• Measures for the creation, protection and exploitation of intellectual property shall be promoted with the objective of achieving an intensification of the technical capabilities of Japanese industry and the revitalization of the industry, the activation of the local economy, and an increase in job opportunities, thereby contributing to the intensification of the international competitiveness of Japanese industry and a sustainable development of Japanese industry that precisely responds to the changes in the economic environment at home and abroad, through encouraging smooth transfer of the results of creative Research and Development into commercial use and promoting the development of new business fields, management innovation and business startups, all of which are based on intellectual property.

• 科学技術、経営管理その他の分野に関する専門的知識又は特別の技能を有する者の当該知識又は技能を活用して行なう役務の提供を主たる内容とする事業（機械設備の販売その他事業を行なう者の主たる業務に附随して行なわれる場合における当該事業及び法第百六十四条第一項第二号（非居住者に対する課税の方法）又は法人税法第百四十一条第二号（外国法人に係る法人税の課税標準）に規定する建設、すえ付け、組立てその他の作業の指揮監督の役務の提供を主たる内容とする事業を除く。）
• A business that is mainly intended to provide services carried out by persons who have expert knowledge or specialist skills in science and technology, business management or other fields by utilizing the said knowledge or skills (excluding a business conducted in association with the principal operations of a person who engages in sales and other businesses concerning machinery and equipment, and a business that is mainly intended to provide services for directing and supervising construction, installation, assembly or any other work as prescribed in Article 164(1)(ii) (Method of Taxation on Nonresidents) of the Act or Article 141(ii) (Tax Base of Corporation Tax in the Case of Foreign Corporations) of the Corporation Tax Act)

• 1928年（昭和3年）4月、牧野省三率いるマキノ・プロダクションの四国ブロック配給会社・三共社の山崎徳次郎は、阪東妻三郎プロダクションの経営者・立花良介とともに、以前から映画作家系インディーズの興行に熱心であった神戸市の菊水キネマ商会の大島菊松らを中心とした全国150館の独立系映画館主に呼びかけ、「日本活動常設館館主連盟映画配給本社」を設立、配給会社の中間マージンを排除し、独立プロダクションへの製作費のダイレクトな出資および興行の方針を打ち出した。
• In April of 1928 Tokujiro YAMAZAKI of Sankyo, the company led by Shozo MAKINO that had been distributing Makino films in the Shikoku area, conspired with the top execute of Bando Tsumasaburo Productions named Ryosuke TACHIBANA to get in contact with 150 independent theater owners throughout Japan, such as Kikumatsu OSHIMA of Kikusui Kinema in Kobe who was greatly interested in Indies films, to cooperate in establishing 'Nihon Katsudo Josetsukan Kanshu Renmei Eiga Haikyu Honsha' (Distribution Company Headquarters for Movie Theater Owners in Japan; also known as 'Kanshu Renmei' [the Theater Owner's Association]) to eradicate the intervening contracting company and introduce policies that would provide direct production fees to independent film productions.

• 注 24：ニューワールド・ピクチャーズは、悪名高くはあったが、同時にコーマンの経営下ではその――いかに低予算とはいえ――先駆的な映画と黒字体質によって、映画研究者に高く評価されている。Morris, Gary. 'Notes toward a Lexicon of Roger Corman's new World Pictures,' Bright Lights Film Journal 27号. Jan. 2000所収. 30 Nov. 2003.
• 26 New World Pictures, although infamous, is also highly regarded among film scholars for its pioneering films-however low-budget they may have been-and its ability to turn profits while Corman ran it. Morris, Gary. 'Notes toward a Lexicon of Roger Corman's new World Pictures,' in Issue 27 of Bright Lights Film Journal. Jan. 2000. 30 Nov. 2003.

• 内閣総理大臣は、銀行の業務若しくは財産又は銀行及びその子会社等の財産の状況に照らして、当該銀行の業務の健全かつ適切な運営を確保するため必要があると認めるときは、当該銀行に対し、措置を講ずべき事項及び期限を示して、当該銀行の経営の健全性を確保するための改善計画の提出を求め、若しくは提出された改善計画の変更を命じ、又はその必要の限度において、期限を付して当該銀行の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じ、若しくは当該銀行の財産の供託その他監督上必要な措置を命ずることができる。
• The Prime Minister may, when he/she finds it necessary for ensuring sound and appropriate management of the business activities of a Bank in light of the status of the business activities or property of that Bank or the property of that Bank and its Subsidiary Companies, etc., request that Bank to submit an improvement plan for ensuring soundness in management of that Bank or order a change to the submitted improvement plan by designating the matters and the time limit for which measures should be taken, or, within the limit necessary, order suspension of the whole or part of the business activities of that Bank by setting a time limit or order deposit of property of that Bank or other measures necessary for the purpose of supervision.

• 航空運送事業を経営する者は、貨物若しくは手荷物又は旅客の携行品その他航空機内に持ち込まれ若しくは持ち込まれようとしている物件について、形状、重量その他の事情により前条第一項の物件であることを疑うに足りる相当な理由がある場合は、当該物件の輸送若しくは航空機内への持ち込みを拒絶し、託送人若しくは所持人に対し当該物件の取卸しを要求し、又は自ら当該物件を取り卸すことができる。但し、自ら物件を取り卸すことができるのは、当該物件の託送人又は所持人がその場に居合わせない場合に限る。
• Any person who operates an air transport services may, when he/she has any reason to suspect that any cargo, baggage or personal effects carried by passengers or any other goods which have been carried or are about to be carried into an aircraft, judging from their shape, weight or other circumstances, constitute the goods referred to in paragraph (1) of the preceding article, refuse carriage of these goods in an aircraft and require the consignor or the owner of these goods to unload them, or unload them by himself/herself; provided, however, that the person who operates air transport services may unload the said goods by himself/herself only when the consignor or the owner of such goods is not present there.

• 内閣総理大臣は、銀行の業務若しくは財産又は銀行及びその子会社等の 財産の状況に照らして、当該銀行の業務の健全かつ適切な運営を確保するため必要があると認めるときは、当該銀行に対し、措置を講ずべき事項及び期限を示し て、当該銀行の経営の健全性を確保するための改善計画の提出を求め、若しくは提出された改善計画の変更を命じ、又はその必要の限度において、期限を付して 当該銀行の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じ、若しくは当該銀行の財産の供託その他監督上必要な措置を命ずることができる。
• The Prime Minister may, when he/she finds it necessary for ensuring sound and appropriate management of the business of a Bank in light of the status of the business or property of that Bank or the property of that Bank and its Subsidiary Companies, etc., request that Bank to submit an improvement plan for ensuring soundness in management of that Bank or order a change to the submitted improvement plan by designating the matters and the time limit for which measures should be taken, or, within the limit necessary, order suspension of the whole or part of the business of that Bank by setting a time limit or order deposit of property of that Bank or other measures necessary for the purpose of supervision.

• 農業を営む者で政 令で定めるものが、最初に育成者権者、専用利用権者又は通常利用権者により譲渡された登録品種、登録品種と特性により明確に区別されない品種及び登録品種 に係る前条第二項各号に掲げる品種（以下「登録品種等」と総称する。）の種苗を用いて収穫物を得、その収穫物を自己の農業経営において更に種苗として用い る場合には、育成者権の効力は、その更に用いた種苗、これを用いて得た収穫物及びその収穫物に係る加工品には及ばない。ただし、契約で別段の定めをした場 合は、この限りでない。
• Where farmers as prescribed by the Cabinet Order has obtained harvested material through the use of propagating material of a registered variety, varieties which, by the expressions of the characteristics, are not clearly distinguishable from the registered variety, or varieties listed in each item of paragraph (2) of Article 20 pertaining to the registered variety (hereinafter collectively referred to as 'registered variety etc.') which have been transferred by the holder of the breeder's right, the holder of an exclusive exploitation right or the holder of a non-exclusive exploitation right, and further use, on their own holdings, the said harvested material as propagating material for the next production cycle, the effects of the breeder's right shall not extend to the said propagating material used for the next production cycle, the harvested material obtained through the use of it, and processed products pertaining to such harvested material, unless otherwise agreed upon by contract.

• 一又は二以上の外国の政府又は地方公共団体により、発行済株式のうち議決権のある株式の総数若しくは出資の金額の総額の百分の五十を超える当該株式の数若しくは出資の金額を直接に所有され、又は役員（取締役、監査役、理事、監事及び清算人並びにこれら以外の者で事業の経営に従事しているものをいう。）の過半数を任命され若しくは指名されている事業者であって、その事業の遂行に当たり、外国の政府又は地方公共団体から特に権益を付与されているものの事務に従事する者その他これに準ずる者として政令で定める者
• a person who engages in the affairs of a business operator, where one or more national or local governments of a foreign state(s) directly own the number of voting shares or the amount of capital subscription exceeding 50 percent of said business operator's total issued voting shares or total amount of subscribed capital, or have appointed or designated a majority of said business operator's officers (which means directors, auditors, inspectors, and liquidators and other persons engaged in management of the business) and where a national or local government(s) of a foreign state(s) has granted special rights and interests to said business operator for performance of its business, or a person specified by Cabinet Order as an equivalent person;

• 内閣総理大臣は、銀行の業務の健全かつ適切な運営を確保するため特に必要があると認めるときは、その必要の限度において、当該銀行の子法人等（子会社その他銀行がその経営を支配している法人として内閣府令で定めるものをいう。次項、次条第二項及び第五項並びに第四十七条第二項において同じ。）又は当該銀行から業務の委託を受けた者（前項の銀行代理業者を除く。次項並びに次条第二項及び第五項において同じ。）に対し、当該銀行の業務又は財産の状況に関し参考となるべき報告又は資料の提出を求めることができる。
• The Prime Minister may, when and to the extent that he/she finds it particularly necessary for ensuring the sound and appropriate management of the business of a Bank, require a Subsidiary, etc. of said Bank (meaning a Subsidiary Company or any other entity that is specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance as a juridical person of which management is controlled by that Bank; the same shall apply in the following paragraph, paragraphs (2) and (5) of the following Article and Article 47, paragraph (2)) or a person to whom business has been entrusted by that Bank (excluding the Bank Agent set forth in the preceding paragraph; the same shall apply in the following paragraph and paragraphs (2) and (5) of the following Article) to submit reports or materials that would helpful for understanding the status of the business activities or property of said Bank.

• 第四十条（退職年金等積立金中間申告書の記載事項）及び第四十一条（退職年金等積立金確定申告書の記載事項）の規定は、法第百四十五条の五（申告及び納付）において準用する法第二編第二章第三節（内国法人の退職年金等積立金に対する法人税の申告及び納付）の規定を適用する場合について準用する。この場合において、第四十条第一項第二号及び第四十一条第一項第二号中「代表者の氏名」とあるのは、「代表者の氏名及び国内において行う事業又は国内にある資産の経営又は管理の責任者の氏名」と読み替えるものとする。
• The provisions of Article 40 (Matters to Be Entered in Interim Return Forms for Retirement Pension Funds) and Article 41 (Matters to Be Entered in Final Return Forms for Retirement Pension Funds) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the case of applying the provisions of Part II, Chapter II, Section 3 (Filing of Returns and Payment of a Domestic Corporation's Corporation Tax on Retirement Pension Funds) of the Act as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 145-5 (Filing of Returns and Payment) of the Act. In this case, the term 'The name of its representative' in Article 40, paragraph (1), item (ii) and Article 41, paragraph (1), item (ii) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'The name of its representative and the name of the person responsible for the operation or management of its business in Japan or its assets in Japan.'

• 内閣総理大臣は、銀行の 業務の健全かつ適切な運営を確保するため特に必要があると認めるときは、その必要の限度において、当該銀行の子法人等（子会社その他銀行がその経営を支配 している法人として内閣府令で定めるものをいう。次項、次条第二項及び第五項並びに第四十七条第二項において同じ。）又は当該銀行から業務の委託を受けた 者（前項の銀行代理業者を除く。次項並びに次条第二項及び第五項において同じ。）に対し、当該銀行の業務又は財産の状況に関し参考となるべき報告又は資料 の提出を求めることができる。
• The Prime Minister may, when and to the extent that he/she finds it particularly necessary for ensuring sound and appropriate management of the business of a Bank, require a Subsidiary, etc. of said Bank (meaning a Subsidiary Company or any other entity that is specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance as a juridical person of which management is controlled by that Bank; the same shall apply in the following paragraph, paragraph (2) of the following Article and (5) and Article 47(2)) or a person to whom business has been entrusted by that Bank (excluding the Bank Agent set forth in the preceding paragraph; the same shall apply in the following paragraph and paragraph (2) of the following Article and (5)) to submit reports or materials that would helpful to understand the status of the business or property of said Bank.

• 行政庁は、共済事業を行う組合の業務若しくは財産又は共済事業を行う組合及びその子会社等の財産の状況に照らして、当該組合の業務の健全かつ適切な運営を確保し、組合員その他の共済契約者の保護を図るため必要があると認めるときは、当該組合に対し、措置を講ずべき事項及び期限を示して、経営の健全性を確保するための改善計画の提出を求め、若しくは提出された改善計画の変更を命じ、又はその必要の限度において、期限を付して当該組合の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じ、若しくは当該組合の財産の供託その他監督上必要な措置を命ずることができる。
• When an administrative agency finds it to be necessary for securing the sound and appropriate administration of the operations of a cooperative engaged in mutual aid activities and for achieving the protection of partner and any other mutual aid contractors, in light of the status of the operations or property of the cooperative engaged in mutual aid activities or the property of the cooperative engaged in mutual aid activities and its subsidiary company, etc., it may, by indicating the matters for which measures should be taken and the period in which they should be taken, request the cooperative to submit an improvement plan for securing sound management or order the cooperative to change the submitted improvement plan, or, within the limit necessary, order the suspension of all or part of the operations of the cooperative by setting a time limit or order deposit of the property of the cooperative or any other measure necessary for the purpose of supervision.

• 審議会は、前二項に規定するもののほか、漁業法（昭和二十四年法律第二百六十七号）、漁港漁場整備法（昭和二十五年法律第百三十七号）、漁船法（昭和二十五年法律第百七十八号）、水産資源保護法（昭和二十六年法律第三百十三号）、海洋水産資源開発促進法（昭和四十六年法律第六十号）、沿岸漁場整備開発法（昭和四十九年法律第四十九号）、漁業経営の改善及び再建整備に関する特別措置法（昭和五十一年法律第四十三号）、海洋生物資源の保存及び管理に関する法律（平成八年法律第七十七号）及び持続的養殖生産確保法（平成十一年法律第五十一号）の規定によりその権限に属させられた事項を処理する。
• The Council shall, in addition to the matters provided in the preceding two paragraphs, deal with the matters authorized under The Fishery Act (Act No. 267 of 1949), Fishing Port and Ground Improvement Act (Act No. 137 of 1950), Fishing Vessel Act (Act No. 178 of 1950), Act on the Protection of Fishery Resources (Act No. 313 of 1951), Marine Resources Development Promotion Act (Act No. 60 of 1971), Coastal Fisheries Grounds Enhancement and Development Program Act (Act No.49 of 1974), Special Measures Act for Improvement and Reconstruction of Fisheries Management (Act No. 43 of 1976), Act Concerning Conservation and Management of Marine Life Resources (Act No. 77 of 1996), and Act on Maintenance of Sustainable Aquaculture Production (Act No. 51 of 1999).

• 内閣総理大臣は、第二十四条第一項の規定により銀行に対して報告又は資料の提出を求め、及び前項の規定により当該銀行を子会社とする銀行持株会社に対して報告又は資料の提出を求める場合において、特に必要があると認めるときは、その必要の限度において、当該銀行持株会社の子法人等（子会社その他銀行持株会社がその経営を支配している法人として内閣府令で定めるものをいい、当該銀行を除く。次項並びに次条第二項及び第五項において同じ。）又は当該銀行持株会社から業務の委託を受けた者に対し、当該銀行又は当該銀行持株会社の業務又は財産の状況に関し参考となるべき報告又は資料の提出を求めることができる。
• In the case where the Prime Minister requires a Bank to submit reports or materials under the provisions of Article 24, paragraph (1) and requires the Bank Holding Company which has said Bank as its Subsidiary Company to submit reports or materials under the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the Prime Minister may, when and to the extent that he/she finds it particularly necessary, seek a Subsidiary, etc. of that Bank Holding Company (meaning a Subsidiary Company or any other entity that is specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance as a juridical person of which management is controlled by that Bank Holding Company, and excluding that Bank; the same shall apply in the following paragraph and paragraphs (2) and (5) of the following Article) or a person to whom business has been entrusted by that Bank Holding Company to submit reports or materials that would be helpful to understand the status of business or property of that Bank or Bank Holding Company.

• 金利、通貨の価格、商品の価格、算定割当量（地球温暖化対策の推進に関する法律（平成十年法律第百十七号）第二条第六項（定義）に規定する算定割当量その他これに類似するものをいう。次条第四号において同じ。）の価格その他の指標の数値としてあらかじめ当事者間で約定された数値と将来の一定の時期における現実の当該指標の数値の差に基づいて算出される金銭の授受を約する取引又はこれに類似する取引であつて内閣府令で定めるもの（次号において「金融等デリバティブ取引」という。）のうち銀行の経営の健全性を損なうおそれがないと認められる取引として内閣府令で定めるもの（第五号及び第十二号に掲げる業務に該当するものを除く。）
• Transactions where the relevant parties promise to give and receive money calculated based on the difference between a numerical value that the parties have agreed upon in advance as the numerical value of an interest rate, currency value, product price, price for Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Quotas (meaning carbon dioxide equivalent quotas defined in Article 2, paragraph (6) (Definitions) of the Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures (Act No. 117 of 1998) and those equivalent thereto; the same shall apply in item (iv) of the following Article) or any other index and the actual numerical value of that index at a fixed point of time in the future, or any equivalent transactions specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance (referred to as 'Financial Derivative Transactions' in the following item) which are transactions found unlikely to damage the soundness of the management of the Bank as specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance (excluding transactions that fall under the categories of business listed in items (v) and (xii));

• 居住者は、非居住者（非居住者の本邦にある支店等を含む。以下この条において同じ。）との間で当該非居住者の行う工業所有権その他の技術に関する権利の譲渡、これらに関する使用権の設定又は事業の経営に関する技術の指導に係る契約の締結又は更新その他当該契約の条項の変更（以下この条、第五十五条の六及び第七十条において「技術導入契約の締結等」という。）のうち第三項の規定による審査が必要となる技術導入契約の締結等に該当するおそれがあるものとして政令で定めるものをしようとするときは、政令で定めるところにより、あらかじめ、当該技術導入契約の締結等について、その契約の条項その他の政令で定める事項を財務大臣及び事業所管大臣に届け出なければならない。
• When a resident intends to commit acts of concluding or renewing, with a non-resident (including the Branch Offices, etc. in Japan of non-residents; hereinafter the same shall apply in this article), a contract pertaining to the transfer of industrial property rights or other rights related to technology, establishment of the right to use these rights or guidance on technology related to business management conducted by the non-resident, or acts of making changes in the provision of such a contract (hereinafter referred to as 'Conclusion of a Technology Introduction Contract, etc.' in this article and Articles 55-6 and 70), which are specified by Cabinet Order as being likely to fall under the Conclusion of a Technology Introduction Contract, etc. that requires examination pursuant to the provision of paragraph 3, he/she shall notify in advance, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, the Minister of Finance and the minister having jurisdiction over the business of the provisions of the contract and other matters specified by Cabinet Order in regard to the Conclusion of a Technology Introduction Contract, etc.

• 内閣総理大臣は、銀行主要株主（銀行の総株主の議決権の百分の五十を超える議決権の保有者に限る。以下この条において同じ。）の業務又は財産の状況（銀行主要株主が会社その他の法人である場合にあつては、当該銀行主要株主の子会社その他の当該銀行主要株主と内閣府令で定める特殊の関係のある会社の財産の状況を含む。）に照らして、当該銀行の業務の健全かつ適切な運営を確保するため特に必要があると認めるときは、その必要の限度において、当該銀行主要株主に対し、措置を講ずべき事項及び期限を示して、当該銀行の経営の健全性を確保するための改善計画の提出を求め、若しくは提出された改善計画の変更を命じ、又はその必要の限度において監督上必要な措置を命ずることができる。
• The Prime Minister may, when and to the extent that he/she finds it particularly necessary for ensuring sound and appropriate management of the business activities of a Bank in light of the status of business or property (in the case that the Bank's Major Shareholder is a company or any other juridical person, this shall include the status of property of Subsidiary Companies of the Bank's Major Shareholder or any other companies with a special relationship thereto as specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance) of the Bank's Major Shareholder (limited to a person who holds more than fifty hundredths of the voting rights of all of the Bank's shareholders; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article), demand that the Bank's Major Shareholder to submit an improvement plan for securing soundness in management of the Bank or order the amendment of a submitted improvement plan by designating matters for which measures should be taken and the time limit therefor, or may order, within the limits necessary, measures necessary for the purpose of supervision.

• 農林水産大臣は、指定漁業の許可又は起業の認可をする場合には、第五 十五条第一項及び第五十九条の規定による場合を除き、当該指定漁業につき、あらかじめ、水産動植物の繁殖保護又は漁業調整その他公益に支障を及ぼさない範 囲内において、かつ、当該指定漁業を営む者の数、経営その他の事情を勘案して、その許可又は起業の認可をすべき船舶の総トン数別の隻数又は総トン数別及び 操業区域別若しくは操業期間別の隻数（母船式漁業にあつては、母船の総トン数別の隻数又は総トン数別及び操業区域別若しくは操業期間別の隻数並びに各母船 と同一の船団に属する独航船等の種類別及び総トン数別の隻数）並びに許可又は起業の認可を申請すべき期間を定め、これを公示しなければならない。
• In the case where the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Minister permissions a specified fishery or approves business commencement of the designated fishery, he/she shall decide and publicly notify, for said designated fishery in advance, the numbers of boats to be permissioned or to be approved on business commencement by gross tonnage or the numbers of boats by gross tonnage and by fishing area or by fishing period (the numbers of mother ships by gross tonnage or the numbers of mother ships by gross tonnage and by fishing area or by fishing period, and the numbers of boats by type of the self-navigating boats belonging to the same fleet as each mother ship and by gross tonnage, in the case of the mother ship type fishery) and the periods during which the application for a permission or an approval of business commencement should be filed, considering the number of the persons who operate said specified fishery, managements and other circumstances, to such an extent that the protection of reproduction of aquatic animals and plants, fisheries adjustment and other public interest will not be impaired, excluding the cases pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), Article 55 and Article 59.

• 内閣総理大臣は、銀行主要株主（銀行の総株主の議決権の百分の 五十を超える議決権の保有者に限る。以下この条において同じ。）の業務又は財産の状況（銀行主要株主が会社その他の法人である場合にあつては、当該銀行主 要株主の子会社その他の当該銀行主要株主と内閣府令で定める特殊の関係のある会社の財産の状況を含む。）に照らして、当該銀行の業務の健全かつ適切な運営 を確保するため特に必要があると認めるときは、その必要の限度において、当該銀行主要株主に対し、措置を講ずべき事項及び期限を示して、当該銀行の経営の 健全性を確保するための改善計画の提出を求め、若しくは提出された改善計画の変更を命じ、又はその必要の限度において監督上必要な措置を命ずることができ る。
• The Prime Minister may, when and to the extent that he/she finds it particularly necessary for ensuring sound and appropriate management of the business of a Bank in light of the status of business or property (in the case that the Major Shareholder of Bank is a company or any other juridical person, it shall include the status of property of Subsidiary Companies of that Major Shareholder of the Bank or any other companies that have a special relationship specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance with that Major Shareholder of Bank) of the Major Shareholder of Bank (limited to a person who holds more than five hundredths of the Voting Rights Held by All of the Shareholders of the Bank; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article), request the Major Shareholder of Bank to submit an improvement plan for securing the soundness in management of the Bank or order amendment of the submitted improvement plan by designating matters for which measures should be taken and the time limit therefor, or may order, within the limit necessary, measures necessary for the purpose of supervision.

• 経済産業大臣は、定型的な約款による契約に基づき、特定の商標、商号その他の表示を使用させ、商品の販売又は役務の提供に関する方法を指定し、かつ、継続的に経営に関する指導を行う事業であつて、当該約款に、当該事業に加盟する者（以下「加盟者」という。）が設置している工場等におけるエネルギーの使用の条件に関する事項であつて経済産業省令で定めるものに係る定めがあるもの（以下「連鎖化事業」という。）を行う者（以下「連鎖化事業者」という。）のうち、当該連鎖化事業者が設置しているすべての工場等及び当該加盟者が設置している当該連鎖化事業に係るすべての工場等における第七条第二項の政令で定めるところにより算定したエネルギーの年度の使用量の合計量が同条第一項の政令で定める数値以上であるものをエネルギーの使用の合理化を特に推進する必要がある者として指定するものとする。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall designate a business operator engaged in business in which the business operator authorizes the use of specified trademarks, trade names or other indications, specify the manner of selling goods or providing services and give guidance continuously on management, pursuant to a standard form contract that provides for the matters specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry with regard to the conditions of energy use in factories, etc. which belong to a business operator that participates in said business (hereinafter referred to as a 'franchisee') (this type of business shall hereinafter be referred to as 'chain business' and this type of business operator shall hereinafter be referred to as a 'chain business operator'), for which the total energy consumption for a given business year in all factories, etc. which belong to said chain business operator and all factories, etc. pertaining to said chain business which belong to said franchisee as calculated pursuant to the provision of a Cabinet Order under Article 7, paragraph (2) is beyond the level specified by a Cabinet Order under paragraph (1) of the same Article, as a business operator especially required to promote the rational use of energy.

• 第一種貨物利用運送事業者がその事業を譲渡し、又は第一種貨物利用運送事業者について相続、合併若しくは分割があったときは、当該事業を譲り受けた者又は相続人（相続人が二人以上ある場合においてその協議により当該第一種貨物利用運送事業を承継すべき相続人を定めたときは、その者。以下この項において同じ。）、合併後存続する法人（第一種貨物利用運送事業者たる法人と第一種貨物利用運送事業を経営しない法人の合併後存続する第一種貨物利用運送事業者たる法人を除く。以下この項において同じ。）若しくは合併により設立された法人若しくは分割により当該事業を承継した法人は、当該第一種貨物利用運送事業者の地位を承継する。ただし、当該事業を譲り受けた者又は相続人、合併後存続する法人若しくは合併により設立された法人若しくは分割により当該事業を承継した法人が第六条第一項各号のいずれかに該当するときは、この限りでない。
• In the event of a transfer of a first class consigned freight forwarding business or merger, split or inheritance of the first class consigned freight forwarding business operator, the transferee of the said business, inheritor (if there are two or more inheritors, the one which has been decided to be the inheritor of the said first class consigned freight forwarding business operator upon consultation, with the same applying hereinafter in this paragraph) or the juridical person that would continue after the merger (excluding a juridical person that is a first class consigned freight forwarding business operator and a juridical person that is a first class consigned freight forwarding business operator and will continue after the merger with a juridical person that does not manage the first class consigned freight forwarding business) or the juridical person established by merger or the juridical person that has succeeded to the said business by split shall succeed to the status of the said first class consigned freight forwarding business operator; provided, however, that this shall not apply when the transferee of the said business or inheritor, the juridical person that will continue after the merger or the juridical person that has been established by the merger or the juridical person that has succeeded to the said business after a split falls under any of the items in paragraph (1) of Article 6.

• 法第百四十五条第一項（外国法人に対する準用）において準用する法第二編第一章第三節（内国法人の各事業年度の所得に対する法人税の申告、納付及び還付）の規定の適用に係る事項については、前編第一章第三節（内国法人の各事業年度の所得に対する法人税の申告、納付及び還付）の規定を準用する。この場合において、第三十一条第一項第二号（中間申告書の記載事項）、第三十二条第一項第二号（仮決算をした場合の中間申告書の記載事項）、第三十四条第一項第二号（確定申告書の記載事項）、第三十六条第二号（確定申告書の提出期限の延長申請書の記載事項）、第三十六条の二第二号（確定申告書の提出期限の延長の特例の申請書の記載事項）、第三十六条の三第二号（確定申告書の提出期限の延長の特例の取りやめの届出書の記載事項）及び第三十六条の四第二号（欠損金繰戻しの還付請求書の記載事項）中「代表者の氏名」とあるのは「代表者の氏名及び国内において行う事業又は国内にある資産の経営又は管理の責任者の氏名」と、第三十三条第二号（仮決算をした場合の中間申告書の添付書類）及び第三十五条第三号（確定申告書の添付書類）中「勘定科目内訳明細書」とあるのは「勘定科目内訳明細書（法第百四十二条（国内源泉所得に係る所得の金額の計算）に規定する国内源泉所得に係る所得の金額の計算に係る部分に限る。）」とそれぞれ読み替えるものとする。
• With regard to matters concerning the application of the provisions of Part II, Chapter I, Section 3 (Filing of Returns, Payment, and Refunds of Corporation Tax on a Domestic Corporation's Income for Each Business Year) of the Act that are applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 145, paragraph (1) (Mutatis Mutandis Application to Foreign Corporations) of the Act, the provisions of Chapter I, Section 3 of the preceding Part (Filing of Returns, Payment, and Refunds of Corporation Tax on a Domestic Corporation's Income for Each Business Year) shall apply mutatis mutandis. In this case, the term 'The name of its representative' in Article 31, paragraph (1), item (ii) (Matters to Be Entered in an Interim Return Form), Article 32, paragraph (1), item (ii) (Matters to Be Entered in an Interim Return Form in the Case of the Provisional Settlement of Accounts), Article 34, paragraph (1), item (ii) (Matters to Be Entered in Final Return Form), Article 36, item (ii) (Matters to Be Entered in an Application Form for Extending the Due Date for Filing a Final Return Form), Article 36-2, item (ii) (Matters to Be Entered in an Application Form for Special Provisions for Extending the Due Date for Filing a Final Return Form), Article 36-3, item (ii) (Matters to Be Entered in a Written Notice for Canceling Special Provisions for Extending the Due Date for Filing a Final Return Form), and Article 36-4, item (ii) (Matters to Be Entered in Claim Form for a Refund by Carrying Back Losses) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'The name of its representative and the name of the person responsible for the operation or management of its business in Japan or its assets in Japan'; and the term 'statement classified by items of accounts' in Article 33, item (ii) (Documents to Be Attached to Interim Return Form in the Case of Provisional Settlement of Accounts) and Article 35, item (iii) (Documents to Be Attached to a Final Return Form) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'statement classified by items of accounts (limited to the part concerning the calculation of the amount of income categorized as income from domestic sources prescribed in Article 142 (Calculation of the Amount of Income Categorized as Income from Domestic Sources) of the Act).'

• 第四条の規定並びに第七条中中小企業の創造的事業活動の促進に関する臨時措置法第九 条の改正規定並びに附則第四条から第六条までの規定、附則第十五条中激甚災害に対処するための特別の財政援助等に関する法律（昭和三十七年法律第百五十 号）第十三条の改正規定、附則第十六条の規定、附則第十八条中中小小売商業振興法（昭和四十八年法律第百一号）第五条の二の改正規定、附則第二十条中中小 企業における労働力の確保及び良好な雇用の機会の創出のための雇用管理の改善の促進に関する法律（平成三年法律第五十七号）第十一条の改正規定、附則第二 十三条中中小企業流通業務効率化促進法（平成四年法律第六十五号）第八条の改正規定、附則第二十五条中エネルギー等の使用の合理化及び再生資源の利用に関 する事業活動の促進に関する臨時措置法（平成五年法律第十八号）第二十二条の改正規定、附則第二十六条、第二十七条及び第二十九条の規定、附則第三十条中 中心市街地における市街地の整備改善及び商業等の活性化の一体的推進に関する法律（平成十年法律第九十二号）第二十五条の改正規定、附則第三十一条中新事 業創出促進法（平成十年法律第百五十二号）第二十一条の改正規定、附則第三十二条中中小企業経営革新支援法（平成十一年法律第十八号）第七条、第十二条及 び附則第三条の改正規定、附則第三十四条中産業活力再生特別措置法（平成十一年法律第百三十一号）第二十五条及び第二十七条の改正規定、附則第三十五条中 中央省庁等改革関係法施行法第九百二条の改正規定並びに附則第三十六条の規定　平成十二年四月一日
• Revised provisions of Article 9 of the Act on Temporary Measures for the Promotion of Creative Business Activities of Small and Medium sized Enterprises in the Provisions of Article 4 and Article 7; revised provisions of Article 13 of the Act on Special Financial Support to Deal with Designated Disasters of Extreme Severity (Act No. 150 of 1962) in Supplementary Provisions Article 4 through Article 6 and Supplementary Provisions Article 15; revised provisions of Article 5-2 of the Small and Medium sized Retail Business Promotion Act (Act No. 101 of 1973) in Supplementary Provisions Article 16 Supplementary Provisions Article 18; revised provisions Article 11 of the Act on the Promotion of Improvement of Employment Management in Small and Medium sized Enterprises for Securing Manpower and Creating Quality Jobs (Act No. 57 of 1991) in Supplementary Provisions Article 20; revised provisions of Article 8 of the Act on the Promotion of Efficient Distribution Systems in Small and Medium Enterprises (Act No. 65 of 1992) in Supplementary Provisions Article 23; revised provisions of Article 22 of the Act on Temporary Measures to Promote Business Activities for the Rational use of Energy and the Utilization of Recycled Resources (Act No. 18 of 1993) Concerning Streamlining the Usage of Energy and the Promotion of Business Activities and the Utilization of Renewal Resources in Supplementary Provisions Article 25; revised provisions of Article 25 of the Act on the Improvement and Vitalization of City Centers (Act No. 92 of 1998) in the provisions of Supplementary Provisions Article 26, Article 27 and Article 29 and Supplementary Provisions Article 30; revised provisions of Article 21 of Act on Facilitating the Creation of New Business of Supplementary Provisions Act 31 (Act No. 152 of 1998) in Supplementary Provisions Article 31; revised provisions of Article 7, Article 12 and Supplementary Provisions Article 3 of Act on Supporting Business Innovation of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Supplementary Provisions Article 31 (Act No. 18 of 1999) in Supplementary Provisions Article 32; revised provisions of Article 25 and Article 27 of the Act on Special Measures for Industrial Revitalization (Act No. 131 of 1999) in Supplementary Provisions Article 34; revised provisions of Article 902 and provisions of Supplementary Provisions Article 36 of the Act for Enforcement of the Act on Central Government, etc. Innovation in Supplementary Provisions Article 35; and the provisions of Supplementary Provisions Article 36:　April 1, 2000

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