組織: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 党組織
• party machine

• 膜組織
• membrane

• 免疫組織
• immune tissue

• 組織形態
• Forms of organization

• 檀家組織
• Danka soshiki (supporter system of a Buddhist temple)

• 組織体制
• Organization

• 宗務組織
• Its organization
• Religious affairs organization
• School organization
• Organization of temple
• Organization of general affairs of a sect

• 関連組織
• Associated organizations

• 犯罪組織
• syndicate
• Organized crime groups

• 民間組織
• non-governmental organization

• 国家組織
• government
• polity

• 階級組織
• hierarchy

• 移植組織
• implant
• allograft
• tissue transplant

• 皮覆組織
• epithelium

• 組織変化
• histopathology

• 軍事組織
• military wing
• Military Organization

• 組織的な
• institutional
• organized
• systematic
• systematical

• 組織的に
• systematically

• 導管組織
• ductwork

• コルク組織
• cork tissue
• phellem

• 組織と役職
• Organization and Title

• 現在の組織
• The current organization

• 組織計測的
• histometrical

• 組織の歴史
• History of the Organization

• 組織された
• organized

• 組織化する
• organise
• organize
• regiment

• 大学寮の組織
• Structure of Daigaku-ryo

• 学科組織無し
• There is no organization of department.

• 屯田兵の組織
• Organization of Tondenhei

• 有機的組織体
• organism

• 政治的組織体
• polity

• 関連機関・組織
• Related Organization and Association

• 大学関係者組織
• Organizations of People Related to Kyoto University
• Organizations made up of people related to Ryukoku University
• An organization for people related to the university
• The organization of people in the university

• 困民党軍の組織
• Organization of the Konminto Army

• 豊臣政権の組織
• The Organization of the Toyotomi Government

• 両替商の株組織
• Guilds of Money Changers

• 綱紀審査会の組織
• Composition of the Board of Discipline Review

• 綱紀委員会の組織
• Composition of a Disciplinary Enforcement Committee

• 懲戒委員会の組織
• Composition of a Disciplinary Actions Committee

• 事務局の内部組織
• Organization of the Secretariat

• 大学関係者と組織
• People and Organizations Related to Kyoto University
• People and organizations related to Ryukoku University
• People and organizations related to KIT
• People related to the university and organization
• People and organization involved in the university

• 朝鮮総督府の組織
• Organization of the Chosen Sotoku-fu

• 相互連絡援助組織
• old-boy('s) network

• シンジケート組織
• syndication

• 検査組織等調査機関
• Investigation Agency of Inspection Organization, etc.

• 組織神学研究コース
• Organizational Theology Research Course

• 第一款 組織及選挙
• Article 1. Organization/Election

• 組織的･計画的虐殺
• pogrom

• 組織の中で昇進する
• rise in the pyramid

• 制度組織体系的方式
• system

• 組織化されていない
• inchoate

• 抗議運動を組織する
• mount a protest

• 以下の組織が属する。
• The office accommodates the following:

• 本部事務組織を改組。
• The office organization of the Administrative Bureau was remodeled.

• 生体組織工学研究部門
• Research Field of Tissue Engineering

• シンジケート組織にする
• syndicate

• 柔らかい組織の死滅状態
• gangrene

• 海難審判所の組織及び管轄
• Organization and Jurisdiction of Japan Marine Accident Tribunal
• Organization and Jurisdiction of Marine Accident Tribunal

• 農業生産組織の活動の促進
• Promotion of Activities of Agricultural Production Organizations

• 全国組織と競技空手の誕生
• The birth of national karate organizations and kyogi karate (karate for tournaments)

• 神教組織物語　明治18年
• 'Shinkyo soshiki monogatari (Story of Shinto Organizations) ' (1885)

• 組織暴力団の義理かけ法要
• Girikake Memorial Services for Yakuza (Criminal) Gangs

• 律令制の土木建設組織一覧
• List of civil engineering and construction organization under the ritsuryo system.

• 警察組織・・・府県警察部
• Police organization ⋯ prefecture's police department

• 組織 （第七条―第十五条）
• Organization (Articles 7 to 15)

• 商圏を背景とした組織・形態
• Structure and form based on business areas

• 警察組織・・・関東州の警察
• Police organization ⋯ Police of the Kwantung Leased Territory

• 第一款 町村吏員ノ組織選任
• Article 1. Organizational election of municipal public servants

• シンジケートを組織すること
• syndication

• 同門組織として未得会がある。
• Its fellow organization is Mitokukai.

• 同門組織として松風会がある。
• Its fellow organization is Shohu-kai.

• 同門組織として白水会がある。
• Its fellow organization is Hakusui-kai.

• 同門組織として滌源会がある。
• It has an organization of fellow students called Tekigenkai.

• 中央官制、税制と地方行政組織
• Organization of the centralized government and tax systems and local administrative organization

• メンバーの出入りが激しい組織
• revolving door

• 第五十九条の検査組織等調査機関
• An Investigation Agency of Inspection Organization, etc. under Article 59;

• 1999年、株式会社に組織変更。
• It was reorganized into a stock company in 1999.

• 戸籍制度・地方行政組織関連の年表
• Chronology of the family registration system and local administration

• 申請者の組織の概要を記載した図面
• A drawing indicating an outline of the organization of the applicant

• 各種団体が実行委員会を組織した。
• Various groups organized the planning committee.

• 全料連の直属・直下の組織である。
• An organization under the immediate control of the Traditional Japanese Cuisine Restaurant Association.

• 株式会社の組織変更の効力の発生等
• Effectuation, etc. of Entity Conversion of a Stock Company

• 京都学生祭典組織委員会（共催団体）
• Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa Organizing Committee (co-host)

• 『神教組織物語』などの著作がある。
• One of his books was 'Story of Shinto Organizations' (神教組織物語).

• その後の組織再編で伍長も兼任する。
• He held the additional post of corporal after the following organizational restructuring.

• 彼らが幕府初期官僚組織を形成する。
• They formed the initial bureaucratic organization of the bakufu.

• 持組(もちぐみ)は江戸幕府の組織。
• Mochigumi was an organization in the Edo bakufu.

• ホワイトカラー･犯罪組織以外の犯罪
• street crime

• - 上あごの骨の内部にある軟骨組織。
• - Cartilage inside upper jaw bone

• それが組織のパフォーマンスを高める。
• That increases group efficiency.

• その全国組織として全国芽生会がある。
• There is Junior Traditional Japanese Cuisine Restaurant Association as a centralized nationwide body.

• 同志社大学法学部卒業生で組織される。
• Organized by graduates of the Faculty of Law at Doshisha University.

• 相互研修型FDの組織化による教育改善
• Education Reform by Institutionalizing Faculty Development in the Style of Mutual Study

• 西南戦争のときの西郷軍が組織した部隊
• A troop organized by the member of Saigo's army during the Seinan War

• 第一条　内閣ハ国務各大臣ヲ以テ組織ス
• Article 1: The several Ministers of State shall form the Cabinet.

• 「創風会」という一門会を組織して活動。
• They organized the family gathering called the 'Sohu Association' for their activities.

• 1923年、聖アグネス教会が組織される
• 1923: St Agnes Church was organized

• 同志社大学商学部の卒業生で組織される。
• Organized by graduates of the Faculty of Commerce at Doshisha University.

• 同志社大学経済学部卒業生で組織される。
• Organized by graduates of the Faculty of Economics at Doshisha University.

• 通信教育部の卒業生で組織される同窓会。
• This is a reunion organized by graduates of the Correspondence Division

• 事務は8月1日組織再編により本庁に統合）
• the official work of Sonobe Branch was integrated into that of main office on August 1 due to organizational reconstructing.)

• 大学寮に替わる組織を目指したが挫折した。
• They aimed to be alternative institutions for Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code)) but ended in failure.

• 「連」というのは熊本で言う郷党組織の事。
• The term 'ren' was used in Kumamoto to delineate local societies.

• 武田軍は組織的な抵抗もできずに敗北する。
• The Takeda army was defeated without any organized resistance.

• 親和会 - 龍谷大学在籍生の保護者組織。
• Shinwakai-This organization consists of the present Ryukoku University students' parents and guardians.

• 綱紀審査会は、委員十一人をもつて組織する。
• The Board of Discipline Review shall be composed of eleven board members.

• 司法府に相当する組織（審査機関）：査察委員
• The organization that corresponds to the judicial branch (an investigative body): inspection committee

• 1929年 （昭和4）上賀茂民芸協団を組織
• 1929: KURODA founded the Kamigamo-mingeikyodan (an experimental folk craft workshop).

• - 国家行政組織法の施行により廃止される。
• With the enforcement of the National Government Organization Act, Karafuto-Cho was abolished.

• 地方の行政組織は、国・郡・里で統一された。
• Local administrative organizations were standardized as kuni (Province), gun (County) and ri.

• 職掌・組織・設置年代などはそれぞれ異なる。
• Each bugyosho had different official duties, organization and year of foundation.

• 山東には元々大刀会という武術組織があった。
• There was a military organization called Daitokai or long sword society originally in Shandong.

• 司法府に相当する組織（審査機関）：査察委員会
• The organization that corresponds to the judicial branch (a body for investigation): committee of inspectors

• 宗務組織としての地方教区は設置されていない。
• Regional parish as the school organization is not settled.

• また地域ごとの同窓会組織がいくつか存在する。
• There also exist some local alumni associations.

• 議政官組織の指揮の下に政務の執行を担当する。
• These offices were in charge of administering affairs of state under the supervision of the legislative organization.

• さらに一般的な統治の末端組織として運用した。
• Moreover, they operated the groups as terminal organizations for general administration.

• 組織として「組」を形成し互助活動を行っていた。
• They were formed along the lines of the traditional Japanese 'kumi' (an organization) and acted as mutual assistance associations.

• 指定暴力団・極東会が日本最大の的屋組織である。
• The Kyokuto-kai, designated crime syndicate, is the biggest tekiya organization in Japan.

• 他にも、飯島会、姉ヶ崎会などが的屋組織である。
• Other tekiya organizations include Iijima-kai and Anegasaki-kai.

• また、安芸武田氏傘下の川内警固衆を組織化した。
• Motonari organized the Kawachi Keigoshu (a pirate organization) owned by the Aki-Takeda clan.

• 最高機関の組織の異同によって政体の区別が生れる。
• Differences in the structure of the highest organ lead a distinction of constitution.

• 全国組織があり、日本全国で練習・試合できること。
• There are the nationwide organizations, and we can practice and play matches throughout Japan.

• 11月に講武所が陸軍所と改称、組織替えになった。
• In December 1866 the Kobusho was renamed Rikugunsho as it underwent reorganization.

• 「また組織的に、こと功を立てるという風でない。」
• Inoue was not the type of person who works systematically and render meritorious service.'

• 猿楽より早く、芸能集団としての「座」を組織した。
• In Dengaku, 'Za,' an organization of entertainers, had been organized earlier than in Sarugaku.

• ウジの組織は、5世紀末以降、史料から確認できる。
• The organization of uji can be confirmed by historical materials after the end of the fifth century.

• そして名主・庄屋の統率下に組織化したものである。
• Then, the groups were organized under Nanushi/Shoya, the headman of the village.

• 資格審査会は、会長及び委員若干人をもつて組織する。
• A Qualifications Screening Board shall be composed of a president and several board members.

• 会社組織を合資会社とし社名を晩成合資会社と改める。
• He altered the company organization to a partnership corporation, and the company name to Bansei Limited Partnership.

• 瓜生保と義治は援軍を組織し救援に向かうが失敗する。
• Tamotsu URYU and Yoshiharu organized reinforcements for relief, but in vain.

• 慶応元年6月の組織再編成で六番隊組長に任じられる。
• In July of 1865, he was appointed the leader of the 6th group in restructuring of the Shinsengumi.

• 1940年7月22日に、第2次近衛内閣を組織した。
• On July 22, 1940, the second Konoe cabinet was formed.

• 雑下に『拾遺和歌集』の組織をまねて雑体歌をのせた。
• Following the structure of 'Shui Wakashu' (Collection of Gleanings), it contains zattei no uta (poems in miscellaneous forms) in the third volume of Miscellaneous.

• 壬生狂言を行う「壬生大念仏講中」とは別組織である。
• It is separate from the 'Mibu Dainenbutsu Association' that performs the Mibu Kyogen.

• これに対して武田軍では組織的な抵抗ができなかった。
• The Takeda forces could hot withstand the attack systematically.

• 龍谷大学校友会 - 龍谷大学の卒業生からなる組織。
• Koyukai of Ryukoku University-This organization consists of Ryukoku University graduates.

• 土御門家の陰陽道組織化は、幕末には全国に広まった.
• The systematization of Onmyodo by the Tsuchimikado family spread throughout the country at the end of the Edo period.

• 第一 日韓兩國人ヲ以テ組織スル左記ノ裁判所ヲ新設ス
• Item 1. The following courts, composed of people from both Japan and Korea, shall be newly established.

• 商人が組織した組合などの事務所を「会所」と呼んだ。
• An office of a merchant guild or a similar association was called 'kaisho.'

• なお外務部は他の官庁より上位の組織であるとされた。
• The Foreign Office was considered to be an organization that stood above other authorities.

• 同月の組織編成では、沖田総司の一番隊に所属している。
• In the reorganization of January 1865, he became a member of the Ichibantai (first squad) headed by Soji OKITA.

• 慶応元年（1865年）の組織再編で五番隊組長になる。
• The group was restructured in 1865 and he became the leader of the Fifth Unit.

• 慶応元年四月の組織再編で四番隊組長・柔術師範となる。
• The group was restructured in April 1865, and he became the leader of the Forth Unit and instructor of jujutsu.

• 民間では、各地に「愛宕講」と呼ばれる講が組織された。
• Among the people, religious associations called 'Atago ko' were organized in various regions.

• ウジは、ヤマト政権の政治組織という性格をもっていた。
• The uji had a characteristic of being a political organization of the Yamato regime.

• 1審の前橋地裁では、60余名の大弁護団が組織された。
• A large defense team consisted of sixty lawyers was organized at the first trial in Maebashi District Court.

• また、熊谷市などでは市民の同好会的組織も存在している。
• There are the citizens' club-like organizations in Kumagaya City and so on.

• 「瓦解（がかい）」は組織が崩れると言う意味に使われる。
• Gakai' (tumbling of tiles) means a collapse of an organization.

• 行政組織は全て太政官左右弁官局の共同管轄下に置かれた。
• The administrative organization was all under the joint control of daijokan (Grand Council of State) Oversight Department of the Left and Right.

• 財団法人として薮内燕庵、同門組織としては竹風会がある。
• The school also runs the Ennan Yabunouchi Foundation and the Chikufukai students' organization.

• 別府市の行政組織には「ONSENツーリズム部」がある。
• The 'ONSEN Tourism Department' exists in the administrative organization of Beppu City.

• このように、空手の全国化・組織化は着実に進んでいった。
• As can be seen above, karate steadily developed on the national and organizational levels.

• 現在でも各教団の内部組織として用いられていられている。
• Even nowadays the Jikaku ranking system is still used by the internal organizations within various religious groups.

• 同月倉庫を資本金1500万円の株式会社に組織変更する。
• In the same month, he reorganized Soko into a joint-stock company with the capital of fifteen million yen.

• 明治になってからも柳風会という全国組織で隆盛を極めた。
• Even after the Meiji period, kyoku flourished under the nationwide organization called Ryufukai.

• 29歳の時､議政書掛という藩政立案組織の一員となった。
• At the age of 29, he was appointed a giseisho-gakari, a member of the chief policy-making body of the domain.

• ヤマト政権の豪族層は、氏と呼ばれる組織を形成していた。
• The powerful family class of the Yamato regime formed an organization called uji (clan).

• その社会できわめて大切と考えられている組織に対して使う
• institution

• 財団法人として上田流和風堂、同門組織として和風会がある。
• The head family has a foundation called Ueda School Wafudo, and an organization of fellow students, named Wafudo, as well.

• 8月（司法制度、訴訟手続き、問注所・侍所の組織と職掌）、
• August: Judicial system, law procedures, organization and management of monchujo (board of inquiry) and samurai-dokoro (board of retainers.)

• 鎌倉時代頃から組織され、取扱うのは主に荘園からの年貢米。
• Toimaru, which came to be organized during the Kamakura period, mainly handled nengumai brought forward by manors.

• 大正元年2月、銀行の組織を1500万円の株式会社にする。
• In February 1912, the organization of the bank was transformed into a joint-stock company with a capital of fifteen million yen.

• 寄親・寄子制度を設け、軍事組織力の革命的な改革を行った。
• He set up the Yorioya-Yoriko system (a system of military units sustained by a pseudo-parental relationship between feudal retainers in which a powerful retainer assumed the role of Yorioya [dependable person, or literally dependable father] and lead an army group formed by small and middle retainers called Yoriko [depending fellows, or literally depending children]), and carried out a revolutionary reform in strengthening military organizational power.

• 行政・軍政とも職の下に位置し、武田氏の下部組織を勤める。
• They were positioned under the Shiki (agency) of the administrative or military organization, and served as an underlying organization of the Takeda clan.

• 大番（おおばん、大御番）は、江戸幕府の組織の一つである。
• Oban (the great guards) was one of the organizations of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 旗奉行（はたぶぎょう）とは、江戸幕府における組織の一つ。
• Hata bugyo (flag magistrate) was one of organizations in Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 県警が山田太郎容疑者を組織犯罪規正法違反の疑いで逮捕した。
• The prefectural police department arrested the suspect, Taro Yamada, on suspicion of violating of the organized crime control law.

• 外国法事務弁護士懲戒委員会は、委員十五人をもつて組織する。
• The Registered Foreign Lawyers Disciplinary Actions Committee shall be composed of fifteen members.

• 外国法事務弁護士綱紀委員会は、委員若干人をもつて組織する。
• The Registered Foreign Lawyers Discipline Enforcement Committee shall be composed of several members.

• ※独立年次順、「組織名(流儀名・通称)；独立年～，創設者」
• * In the order of the year they became independent, 'name of organization (name of style, common name): year of independence, founder'

• これも一部の組織から圧せられて、やがて絶版になったという。
• It seems that this edition soon became out of print due to the pressure from certain organizations.

• また元就の統治は、単なる組織や体制の改革だけではなかった。
• His government was not just about organizational or structural reform.

• 後に慶滋保胤・平惟仲・藤原惟成らとともに勧学会を組織した。
• Later, he organized the Kangaku-e (Society for the Advancement of Learning) along with YOSHISHIGE no Yasutane, TAIRA no Korenaka, FUJIWARA no Koreshige and others.

• 奇兵隊は総督を頂点に、銃隊や砲隊などが体系的に組織された。
• Kiheitai Army placed the governor-general on the top of the organization and systematically organized musket unit and cannon unit.

• これは徳川家により特許された御用達町人による組織であった。
• That was an organization of commoners who were granted license from the Tokugawa family.

• 1860年に居留地の自治組織が警察を設置することになった。
• In 1860, a police force was created by the self-governing body of the foreign settlement.

• 第3次伊藤内閣が伊藤博文の政党組織準備のために総辞職した。
• The third Ito Cabinet resigned en masse to prepare for party organization for Hirobumi ITO.

• 台湾総督府はこの事件を踏まえてこれらの組織の整理を行った。
• Governor General of Taiwan reorganized these organizations due to this incident.

• 同年12月末には、同プロダクションは株式会社に組織変更する。
• At the end of December of the same year, the company went public.

• 新任の守護に軍事的に対抗し組織される場合（安芸国人一揆など）
• The uprising was organized in order to oppose a new Shugo (e.g. the Kokujin rising in Aki province).

• 御陵衛士（ごりょうえじ）は、孝明天皇の御所を守るための組織。
• Goryo-eji was an organization created to protect the imperial palace of the Emperor Komei.

• 2002年10月にスタートした、JRAが主催・運営する組織。
• It is an organization that was established in October 2002 operated by JRA.

• 地方鉱業協議会は、委員長及び委員二十人以内をもつて組織する。
• The Local Mining Council shall be organized with one chairperson and 20 or fewer members.

• 評議員会は、会長及び定款で定める数の評議員をもつて組織する。
• The Council shall be composed of the President and a number of Councilors as specified in the Articles of Incorporation.

• 欧米の近代警察組織の骨格を日本で初めて構築した日本警察の父。
• KAWAJI is called the father of the Japanese police, because he established the structure of modern police system modeling after the western system for the first time in Japan.

• 1941年（昭和16年）7月18日に、第3次近衛内閣を組織。
• On July 18, 1941, the third Konoe cabinet was formed.

• 幕府はこれら京都扶持衆を組織し、反鎌倉公方活動をおこなった。
• The bakufu formed the Kyoto Fuchishu and proceeded with anti-Kamakura Kubo activities.

• 1884年に組織改革を巡って紛糾したために解党論が浮上する。
• In 1884, the party got complicated over an issue of restructuring, and an idea of resolving the party emerged.

• このため、いわゆる民兵組織ではなく長州藩の正規常備軍である。
• So, Kiheitai Army was a standing army of Choshu Domain not the militia.

• 旧幕府軍は陸軍と海軍に分かれ、以下のような組織となっていた。
• The Old Bakufu was separated into Army and Navy taking the organization as follows.

• 地方の支配体制を明確にするために地方の行政組織づくりが進んだ。
• In order to enforce the domination of rural areas, in which he started establishing administration organizations.

• 維新後は武田家に受け継がれており、同門組織として的々社がある。
• After the Restoration, the school was succeeded to by the Takeda family and had its fellow organization called Tekiteki-sha.

• 観光ボランティアは個人ベースではなく、組織化され行動している。
• Sightseeing volunteer guides do not operate individually but as part of an organization.

• 既存守護勢力の追放を目的として組織される場合（山城国一揆など）
• The uprising was organized in order to banish the existing influence of a Shugo (e.g. the uprising in Yamashiro Province).

• 古代では戦闘目的の為に組織された集団を「軍（いくさ）」と呼ぶ。
• The group formed for the battle was called as 'ikusa' (written as 軍, current word for army) during ancient times.

• 幕府の組織である公文所・政所・問注所・侍所に属する職員を指す。
• It indicates the staff that worked at bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) organizations such as Kumonjo (administration office), Mandokoro (administrative board), Monchujo (court of justice), and Samuraidokoro (board of retainers).

• 植物の組織培養や微生物培養の際、培地の固形化に用いられている。
• Kanten is used to make solid media for culturing plant tissues and microorganisms.

• 祖山、霊蹟寺院、由緒寺院は「日蓮宗全国本山会」を組織している。
• Sozan, Reiseki-jiin and Yuisho-jiin organize 'the Nichiren Sect Head Temples Association of Japan.'

• 潔はこのとき藩が組織的に行っていた贋札事件の調査を命ぜられる。
• At this time, Kiyoshi was ordered to investigate the counterfeit bill case committed by the domain as an organization.

• 日本でも戦法が足軽などの徒歩の兵を組織した集団戦へと変化した。
• In Japan, tactics also changed into group tactics, organizing foot soldiers including ashigaru (common foot soldier).

• 自身が組織した赤備えは戦国屈指の精鋭部隊として特に有名である。
• His Akazonae (red arms), which he organized himself, are especially famous as some of the best elite troops among Sengoku (warring provinces).

• 近藤が甲陽鎮撫隊を組織すると、先触れとなって甲斐国に出張した。
• When Kondo organized Koyo Chinbutai, Oishi went on a business trip to Kai Province ahead of the new army.

• 左大臣（さだいじん）は、朝廷組織の最高機関、太政官の職の一つ。
• The Minister of the Left was a government post in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the central administrative body of the Imperial Court.

• 1912年7月： 校友会を 「桂会」 と改称 （同窓会組織）。
• July 1912: Its graduates' association got a new name, 'Katsura Kai' (an alumni organization).

• 前二号に掲げるもののほか、組織変更後持分会社の定款で定める事項
• in addition to what is listed in the preceding two items, the matters provided for in the articles of incorporation of the Membership Company after Entity Conversion;

• 近衛兵令制の五衛府： 律令制で、おもに内裏を警護した五つの組織。
• Goe-fu of Konoeheiryo-sei (Five imperial guard of the imperial guard system): Five organizations who mainly guarded Dairi, the imperial palace, under the Ritsuryo system.

• 例えば、律令法の行政組織の最末端にある郷里制にもあらわれている。
• For example, it can be seen in the township-neighborhood system at the tail end of the administrative organization under ritsuryo law.

• 部会に部会長を置き、部会を組織する委員の互選によりこれを定める。
• A sub-committee shall have a chairman, who shall be elected from among the sub-committee members.
• A sub-committee shall have a chairman who shall be elected from among the sub-committee members.

• 1995年には資本金を3千万円に増資して株式会社に組織変更した。
• In 1995, the capital was increased to thirty million yen and the company was changed into a kabusiki kaisha (joint-stock company).

• その起源は奈良時代に求められ、早くから盲僧の組織が作られていた。
• The origin of this type of biwa was found in the Nara period and the guilds of blind priests had been organized from an early stage.

• この信者同士の絆が強固な地下組織を形成し、この時代を生き抜いた。
• Such strong ties among believers constituted a firm underground organization and the Fujufuse School survived this era thanks to it.

• 幕府により虚無僧の入宗の資格や服装も決められるなど組織化された。
• Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) organized the sect, including the qualifications to join the sect to be a Komuso and the costumes to wear.

• 高野山金剛流 - 御詠歌の組織・金剛講総本部を大師教会本部に設置
• Koyasan Kongo school - Set the headquarters of Kongoko, the organization of Goeika (a Buddhist hymn), in the headquarters of Koyasan Daishi Organization.

• 1920年（大正 9年）組織改組により京都帝国大学営繕課長となる
• He became the head of the Department of Eizen of Kyoto Imperial University after the reorganization of the University in 1920.

• 元来､皇后宮職・皇太后宮職と呼ばれていた組織が唐風に改称された。
• The agency originally called Kogogushiki (the empress household agency) or Kotaogogushiki (the empress dowager household agency) was renamed according to the Tang-style name of Shibichudai.

• 1336年、鎌倉幕府の組織に倣い政所、問注所とともに設置される。
• Following the organization of the Kamakura bakufu, it was established in 1336 together with Mandokoro (Administrative Board) and Monchujo (a court of justice).

• 戦国大名の権力基盤は、家臣として組織化された国人・被官層だった。
• Power of daimyo in the sengoku period was based on the persons in the kokujin or hikan class who were organized as his vassals.

• 1903年に専門学校令により「私立京都法政専門学校」に組織変更。
• In 1903, the organization was changed to 'Shiritsu Kyoto Hosei Senmon Gakko (Private Kyoto Law and Politics Technical School)' in compliance with the Acts of Colleges.

• 教龍会 - 龍谷大学の卒業生で、中高などの学校教員からなる組織。
• Kyoryukai-This organization consists of teachers of junior high, high, and other schools who are Ryukoku University graduates.

• 築造兵と称した工兵隊、天領の農民で組織した御料兵の編成もされた。
• Military engineer troops called chikuzo hei (constructing troops) and goryo hei (imperial property troops) that was composed of farmers in tenryo (a shogunal demesne) were also organized.

• 彼らは強固な組合をもち、江戸酒問屋や江戸十組問屋を組織していった。
• They were associated with each other strongly, and organized the wholesale sale of sake in Edo and Edo tokumidonya (a guild of wholesale merchants of ten products in Edo).

• 一定の政治的意図をもって上から組織される場合（南九州国人一揆など）
• The uprising was organized by top authorities with a certain political intention (e.g. the Kokujin uprising in southern Kyushu).

• そしてその配下として旗本、御家人を組織して京都見廻組が創設された。
• Afterwards, the Kyoto mimawarigumi was founded with hatamoto (direct retainer of the shogun) and gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) placed under the Kyoto Mimawariyaku.

• 戦国大名は、地域国家内の国人・被官層を家臣として組織化していった。
• Sengoku daimyo organized kokujin and hikan (low-level bureaucrat) as vassals.

• 外国法事務弁護士登録審査会は、会長及び委員十三人をもつて組織する。
• The Registered Foreign Lawyers Registration Screening Board shall be composed of a Chairperson and thirteen members.

• ただし組織として大きく発展することだけが茶道としての発展ではない。
• Progress of the tea ceremony, however, is not defined by the growth, just to be a big organization alone.

• 大学生の組織で、全国の大学・短大の弓道部のほとんどが加盟している。
• It's an organization for college students, and nearly all Kyudo-bu (archery clubs) in universities and junior colleges nationwide are affiliated.

• その後は西郷従道と協力して政治団体・国民協会 (日本)を組織する。
• He then worked together with Tsugumichi SAIGO and established a political group named Kokumin Kyokai (National Association).

• のち、組織再編成のさいには組長となり、さらに撃剣師範なども務めた。
• He became a group leader upon the organizational restructuring and served as a grand master of the Gekken martial art.

• 保元の乱で摂関家は武力組織を解体され、その勢力を大幅に後退させた。
• As the result of the Hogen Disturbance, Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) had their armed force disbanded, suffering a significant reduction in power.

• 龍谷大学学友会は龍谷大学の全ての学生によって構成される組織である。
• Gakuyukai of Ryukoku University is the organization that consists of its all students.

• 防犯・納税などの連帯義務を負わされた律令制下の末端行政組織である。
• It is the smallest unit of the administrative organization under the ritsuryo system which is collectively responsible for crime prevention and tax payment.

• これは、ヤマト王権が確立し、中央・地方の統治組織をできあげたこと。
• After the establishment of the 'Yamato' sovereignty,' central and local political systems were established within Japan.

• 同年（昭和2年）12月末に同社は組織変更をして「株式会社」となった。
• At the end of December of the same year, the company was reorganized and became incorporated.

• 上京の町組に組織されていた町であり、もとの上京第2学区の一部である。
• They are the towns which had been organized into Chogumi (town societies) in Kamigyo and which formed a part of the former Kamigyo school district No. 2.

• 主に特定の人物・組織などを対象に天皇の意思を伝えるために用いられた。
• It was mainly used to convey the emperor's intention for a specific person and organization.

• 藩鎮（はんちん）は中国唐から北宋代まで存在した地方組織の名称である。
• Hanchin is a term used for the provincial organization that existed from the Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty.

• また、盲僧座とよばれる別組織も存在し、しばしば対立することもあった。
• In addition, there was also another group called mosoza (the organization of blind biwa players in the appearance of a Buddhist priest), and the organizations often confronted each other.

• 現在は市と大学で組織される運営委員会の下、大学が管理・運営している。
• Now the university manages and operates the museum under the supervision of the steering committee organized by the city and the university.

• 浄土真宗は蓮如以来、「講」と呼ばれる組織のネットワークを持っていた。
• The Jodo Shinshu Sect had maintained a systematic network called 'Ko' since the time of Rennyo.

• その際の第二次組織編成では、斎藤一の四番組に属し、伍長となっている。
• In the 2nd organizational restructuring of Shinsengumi, he belonged to the fourth unit of Shinsengumi headed by Hajime SAITO, and assumed the post of corporal.

• 右大臣（うだいじん）とは、朝廷組織の最高機関である太政官の職の一つ。
• Udaijin was one of the positioins in Daijokan (Grand Council of State), which was the highest body in the organization of the imperial court.

• 平安時代末期になると院政の軍事組織である北面武士に取って代わられた。
• At the end of the Heian period, Kebiishi were replaced by Imperial Palace Guards for the North Side, who were a militant organization of Insei (ruled by the retired Emperor).

• 軍団 (ぐんだん) は、日本古代の律令制で全国に設けられた軍事組織。
• Gundan refers to a military organization established around the country under the ritsuryo system (the system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in ancient Japan.

• 元老院議官（げんろういんぎかん）は、元老院 (日本)を組織した人員。
• Genroin gikan were those who organized the Chamber of Elders (Japan).

• なお上方演芸全般の組織として関西演芸協会があり、落語家も多数所属する。
• As an umbrella organization for the Kamigata entertainment industry, there is the Kansai Engei Association where many rakugo storytellers belong.

• 現在家元は島根県出雲市にあり庵号を観翠庵、同門組織として九曜会がある。
• The iemoto (the head of a school) is now based in Izumo City, Shimane Prefecture; the name of the house is Kansuian, and the organization of fellow students called Kuyokai.

• 一揆勢は地侍の指導の下、組織的な行動をとり、勝手な略奪を取り締まった。
• Under the direction of the jizamurai, order was brought to the uprising forces, while robberies were monitored.

• その組織は国立国会図書館法に基づき、中央の図書館と支部図書館からなる。
• Under the National Diet Library Act, its organization consists of the main libraries and branches.

• それぞれの組織においては、以下に示す通り三権分立の形態が取られている。
• In each organization a system for the separation of the powers is adopted as follows:

• 地域ごとの「料理業生活衛生同業組合」が存在し、全料連が全国組織である。
• Whereas 'Traditional Japanese Cuisine Restaurant Association' is a nationwide body, there may be a 'Regional Japanese Restaurant Association' in each region.

• 個人船と「もやい船」と呼ばれる自治会など地縁組織が合同で出す船である。
• Some boats are private ones while some are jointly sponsored boats called 'moyai-bune' which are built by local organizations, such as a neighborhood residents' associations.

• (1)の新たな組織というのが、現在の芸事一般に見られる家元制度である。
• The new organizational structure, as mentioned in the item (1) above, is the iemoto system (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art) that is commonly seen with the teaching of traditional Japanese arts.

• 大正10年　聖徳太子没後1300年を記念し、聖徳太子奉賛会を組織する。
• In 1921, Join organized Prince Shotoku Commemorative Association for the anniversary of 1,300 years after the death of Prince Shotoku.

• 明治39年（1906年）には桂太郎の後を受けて第1次西園寺内閣を組織。
• In 1906, he succeeded Taro KATSURA and formed the First Saionji Cabinet.

• 庄内藩は、江戸の警備組織新徴組を預かり、江戸市中の警備を担当していた。
• The Shonai Clan was in charge of the security outfit Shinchogumi in Edo being responsible for security of streets of Edo.

• 1913年（大正2年）7月1日 宝塚唱歌隊（現在の宝塚歌劇団）を組織。
• July 1, 1913: The Takarazuka Chorus Group (current Takarazuka Revue Company) was organized.

• 第3次桂内閣に対しては護憲運動を組織して倒閣に追い込んだ（大正政変）。
• Then, the party organized Constitution protection movement and overthrew the Third Katsura Cabinet (Taisho Coup).

• 警察組織・・・朝鮮総督府警察（内地の府県警察部に相当するのは道警察部）
• Police organization ⋯ Chosen Sotoku-fu Police (Prefectural police departments of the inland correspond to Provincial police departments.)

• 以上に見る太政官の組織形態は、唐律令のそれを大きく改変したものである。
• The above-mentioned organization of the daijokan was adapted with many changes from the Tang Ritsuryo system.

• 小姓組（こしょうくみ）とは、江戸幕府の組織で、軍事を司る番方のひとつ。
• Koshogumi (page corps) was an organization in the Edo bakufu and one of the bankata which took charge in the military affairs.

• その端緒が松本克己の「古代日本語母音組織考 －内的再建の試み－」である。
• The first one was 'A Study on Ancient Japanese Vowel Structure - Attempt for Internal Reconstruction' by Katsumi MATSUMOTO.

• 酒蔵からの信任を受けて杜氏集団を組織・結成・統率する酒造りの最高責任者。
• A toji is the chief brewing worker who organizes, forms, and leads a toji group under a brewery's confidence.

• 下って江戸時代等に全国の諸身分集団を組織化した公家も本所と呼ばれている。
• Closer to our own times, during the Edo period for instance, a Court noble, included in organizations of groups of every walks of life throughout the country, were also called honjo.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)末期には組織・役職としては消滅したと考えられている。
• They were thought to have disappeared as an organization and post during the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• 統裁合議制（とうさいごうぎせい）は、組織内における意思決定の方法である。
• The term 'Tosai-gogisei ' refers to the way of decision-making in an organization.

• 京都大学新聞社の同窓会的組織に、現役学生をも含んだ「インテル会」がある。
• Interu-kai Foundation is an alumni association like organization of the Kyoto University Press, which even includes the current students.

• 律令制以前の皇親・豪族が有していた家産制組織を国家体制に取り込んだもの。
• This was made by bringing the family property organization, which the Emperor's family and local ruling families owned before the ritsuryo system, in the state system.

• これらの旗本などにより小姓組・大番などの伝統的な軍事組織を構成していた。
• These hatamoto comprised traditional military organizations including koshogumi (page corps) and Oban.

• ただし、こうして誕生した陸軍はあくまで従来の軍制と並立する組織であった。
• However, the rikugun, which was established through such process, was an organization which was collaterally existed with the traditional military organization.

• 組織変更がその効力を生ずる日（以下この章において「効力発生日」という。）
• the day on which the Entity Conversion becomes effective (hereinafter referred to as the 'Effective Day' in this Chapter)

• 現在でも、番組小学校の学区は元学区と呼ばれ、自治会組織の単位となっている。
• Even today, the school district of a District Elementary School is called motogakku (original school district), and is a unit of council organization.

• 地方海難審判所の名称、位置、管轄区域及び内部組織は、国土交通省令で定める。
• The names, locations, jurisdiction districts, and internal organizations of the Local Marine Accident Tribunals shall be provided for in the Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 全国規模の組織であり、JOC、日本体育協会、日本武道協議会に加盟している。
• It's a nationwide organization affiliated with the JOC, the Japan Amateur Sports Association and the Nippon Budo Kyogikai (Japan Budo Association).

• 創立記念降誕会 - 実行委員会が組織され、第二の学園祭としての規模を持つ。
• Anniversary of University's Founding and Priest Shinran's Birth-The executive committee gets organized and the anniversary is the second largest festival in Ryukoku school festivals.

• 龍谷経営者の会 - 龍谷大学の卒業生で、経営者が中心となって組織される会。
• Ryukoku Managers Meeting-This organization mainly consists of corporate managers who are Ryukoku University graduates.

• 警察組織・・・南洋群島の警察（内地の府県警察部に相当するのは内政部警務課）
• Police organization ⋯ Police of the South Sea Islands (Prefectural police departments of the inland correspond to House Police Division of the Ministry of Interior)

• 集団化・組織化すると、船党、警固衆（けごしゅう）、海賊衆などの呼称もある。
• The grouped or organized suigun is called funato, kegoshu or kaizoku-shu (pirates).

• 唐律令官制では、長官・通判官・判官・主典の4等級による組織体系がとられた。
• Under the organization based on the Ritsuryo system in Tang, officials were classified into four ranks, such as Chokan (minister), Tsuhangan (vice minister), Hangan (inspector) and Sakan (secretary).

• その後、長崎奉行の報告を受けた幕府は密偵に命じて浦上の信徒組織を調査した。
• Then, in response to the report from the Nagasaki magistrate, the bakufu ordered spies to investigate the Christian group of Urakami.

• また山東の別の箇所でも在地の武術組織とキリスト教が対立する事件が発生した。
• In addition, a conflict between the local military organization and Christians occurred in other areas of Shandong.

• 1936年9月に組織変更しマキノトーキー株式会社となったが、短命に終わった。
• It became Makino Talkie Co., Ltd. in September 1936, but its life was short.

• そうした武士が戦闘目的の為の集団を組織したときそれを「武士団」と呼ぶとする。
• It was called 'bushidan' when such bushi grouped together for battle.

• 旧幕府軍では、近藤勇らの率いる甲陽鎮撫隊を組織して甲府城を押さえようとした。
• The former Shogunate forces organized the Koyo-Chinbutai infantry led by the commanders such as Isami KONDO, and planned to seize Koshu Castle.

• 裁判官会議は、全員の裁判官でこれを組織し、最高裁判所長官が、その議長となる。
• The Judicial Assembly shall consist of all Justices, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall be the chairperson.

• これを繰り返していると、絡み合っている繊維がもどけて紙の組織が崩壊していく。
• After these processes are repeated, the entangled fibers eventually unravel and the structure of paper breaks down and is destroyed.

• 第二次世界大戦後は茶道の発展というよりも、茶道組織として発展した時代である。
• After World War II were the times when Omote-senke grew as a tea ceremony organization rather than its tea ceremony developing further.

• 三百年間、「隠れ念仏」の信仰が地下で続けられた背景にはこの講の組織があった。
• There was a system of Ko that supported the 'Kakure Nenbutsu' belief, which had been practiced in the underground for 300 years.

• 焼き入れにより、刀の表面にはマルテンサイトと呼ばれる非常に固い組織が現れる。
• After Yaki-ire (quenching), the surface of the blade is very hard and this is called Martensite.

• 1875年（明治8年）津田仙らと共に楽善舎を組織、盲聾唖者の教育を発起した。
• In 1875, he focused on education for people with visual and hearing difficulties and established a support group called Rakuzensha, with Sen TSUDA and others

• 更に地方の郡司・富豪層を家政組織に取り込んで権門層を形成していくことになる。
• Further, the kenmon class (influential families) were formed by bringing local Gunji (district official) and rich and powerful class in the household management organization.

• (3)野非人・無宿非人は、非人の組織に属さないまま、浮浪状態にある者である。
• (3) Nobinin or Mushuku-Hinin were homeless people who did not belong to Hinin's organization.

• 途中、田中愿蔵が別働隊を組織して栃木、真鍋などに送り、資金調達を図るも失敗。
• On their way, Genzo TANAKA organized other groups of army and sent them to Tochigi and Manabe with the aim of raising funds but resulted in vain.

• 田中は第4回押出しを行うための機関、鉱毒議会を現地栃木・群馬県で組織させた。
• And Tanaka persuaded the victims to make a kind of assembly (called the mining pollution assembly) in the damaged areas, Tochigi and Gunma Prefectures, to make the fourth Oshidashi.

• 忠盛は海賊追討に成功するが、降伏した海賊（在地領主）を自らの家人に組織化した。
• Masamori succeeded in subduing the pirates and organized the pirates that surrendered (local landowners) as his own Kenin.

• 戦国大名の領国組織も、正に一揆の盟約の積み重ねによって経営されていたのである。
• The daimyo of the Sengoku period would operate its feudal domain system precisely by accumulating the leagues of ikki.

• こうした大名による職人支配の体制が幕藩体制の大工組織へと継承されることになる。
• Such a system of control over builders by the Daimyo was handed down to the carpenter organization in the feudal system, characteristic of the Shogunate.

• 施工は土木用達組（大倉喜八郎と堀川利尚との共同出資で設立した組織）が担当した。
• And Doboku Yotatsugumi (a civil engineering company established by the joint investment of Kihachiro OKURA and Toshinao HORIKAWA) took charge of the construction.

• 前三項に定めるもののほか、委員会の事務局の内部組織の細目は、内閣府令で定める。
• In addition to what is provided in the preceding three paragraphs, details of the secretariat of the Commission shall be prescribed by the Cabinet Office Ordinance.

• 現在では一部地域において県の公認を受けた協同組合として活動している組織もある。
• These days some organizations in certain areas operate as cooperatives licensed by the prefecture.

• この事は立教前の時点で既に講組織が自然発生的に出来つつあったことを表している。
• This shows that the religious organization had been already spontaneously growing before the organization was established.

• 直後の組織編成では、山崎烝、河合耆三郎らと共に、原田左之助の小荷駄方に属した。
• In the ensuing appointment, he as well as Susumu YAMAZAKI and Kisaburo KAWAI joined the rear-echelon support troop led by Sanosuke HARADA.

• 鍵吉は、これら武芸者の救済策として、明治6年（1873年）に「撃剣会」を組織。
• In 1873 Kenkichi organized 'Gekkenkai' (Sword-fighting Society) to help these masters of martial arts.

• 武装集団は僧兵組織とは異なり、次第に季忠の監督の下に武士団へと変貌していった。
• The militant group, which differed from organizations of armed bonzes, gradually developed into an armed group (group of warriors) under the leadership of Suetada.

• しかし、新政府が藩閥組織の様相を呈してくるや、理想とのギャップから官職を辞退。
• But as soon as the new government began to take on the aspect of a domain clique system, he recognized the gap between the ideal and the reality and declined the government post.

• 源氏物語千年紀事業の中心的な推進組織として源氏物語千年紀委員会が置かれている。
• The Committee for the Thousandth Anniversary of the Tale of Genji was set up as the central promoting organization of the thousandth anniversary of the Tale of Genji project.

• しかし明治14年それまでの藤田伝三郎商社を藤田組に組織替えして再出発を図った。
• However, he made a fresh start by reorganizing Fujita Denzaburo Shosha into Fujita Gumi in 1881.

• 侍所（さむらいどころ）は、鎌倉幕府と室町幕府において、軍事・警察を担った組織。
• Samuraidokoro was the organization that played military and police roles in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and in the Muromachi bakufu.

• 学友会雑誌部を改組・改廃し、元読売新聞社員の入山雄一を顧問に迎えて組織された。
• It was organized by welcoming Yuichi IRIYAMA, a former employee of the Yomiuri Shimbun, as an adviser, with revision and abolition of the students institute magazine division.

• 各地に庚申塔や庚申堂が造られ、庚申講や庚申待ちという組織や風習が定着している。
• Koshin towers and Koshin halls were built in various locations throughout the nation, and organizations and customs such as Koshin-ko (organizations celebrating Koshin) and the Koshin-machi ritual (being awake throughout the night on Koshin days) are firmly established.

• 内閣総理大臣及外務内務大蔵陸軍海軍司法文部農商務逓信ノ諸大臣ヲ以テ内閣ヲ組織ス
• The Cabinet shall be formed, and shall consist of the Prime Minister and the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, the Interior, Finance, the Army, the Navy, Justice, Education, Agriculture and Commerce, and Communication and Transportation.

• 若葉会は、明治38年(1905年)5月、在京新聞社の劇評記者によって組織された。
• The Wakaba-kai was organized in 1905 by drama critics of newspaper companies in Tokyo.

• 内大臣府： 明治から昭和の初めにかけて、内大臣府が執務の拠点とした施設及び組織。
• Naidaijin-fu: Facilities and organization where the base of operations for the Naidaijin-fu (Minister of Interior's Office) were located from the Meiji to the early Showa period.

• 江戸千家宗家蓮華庵には財団法人として江戸千家茶道会、同門組織として不白会がある。
• Edosenke Soke Renge-an has foundations called the Edosenke Chado Association and its fellow organization, the Fuhaku Association.

• 当道座（とうどうざ）とは、中世から近世にかけて存在した男性盲人の自治的互助組織。
• Todoza was an autonomous mutual support group for the male blind that existed from the medieval period through early modern times in Japan.

• 地方は一般に国・郡・里の行政組織に編成され、それぞれ国司・郡司・里長が置かれた。
• The administrative organization of areas generally consisted of provinces, districts and villages and these were headed by kokushi (provincial governors), gunji (district managers) and richo (village chiefs) respectively.

• 植林や農業指導については、非政府組織などの民間団体が関わったプロジェクトもある。
• Concerning planting trees and providing guidance for farming, there also exist projects participated in by private bodies, such as non-government organizations.

• この節に定めるもののほか、海難審判所の位置及び内部組織は、国土交通省令で定める。
• The locations and internal organizations of the Japan Marine Accident Tribunals shall be provided for in the Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• やがて庶民の人気を得ていくうちに、座を組織して公演を催す集団も各地に現れ始めた。
• As their performances became more popular among ordinary people, groups of Sarugaku players were organized in many locations.

• 会社組織であるため、所属する芸妓も一般の会社員同様に固定給であり、歩合制もない。
• Since it is a business company, the registered geigi is on a fixed salary much like those employees working for ordinary business corporations and there are no commissions.

• 彼らはそれぞれ一個の独立した力量で従者を従えたもので、支配の組織をもっていない。
• They were attended by servants with independent control of power and lacked the system to rule over them.

• のち光孝天皇・宇多天皇にいたってその権威は強化され、組織も拡充されるにいたった。
• Thereafter, the authority was strengthened during the periods of Emperors Koko and Uda, and the organization was expanded.

• 参議（さんぎ）は、日本の令外官の朝廷組織の最高機関である太政官の職の一つである。
• 'Sangi' is one of the posts in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), which is the highest organ in the Imperial Court organization for Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) in Japan.

• 町内会のさらに下にあり数家庭ごとに一組を組織し、配給の効率化や思想統制を図った。
• It was ranked under a district association, organizing several families into one group, and aimed at higher efficiency of distribution and thought control.

• 警察組織・・・台湾総督府警察（内地の府県警察部に相当するのは州警務部・庁警務課）
• Police organization ⋯ Taiwan Sotoku-fu Police (Prefectural police departments of the inland correspond to prefectural police affairs departments and sub-prefectural police affairs sections.)

• 律令国家は、高度に体系化された官僚組織を維持するため、安定した税収を必要とした。
• In order to maintain a highly systemized bureaucratic organization, ritsuryo kokka codes needed stable revenue from taxes.

• 議会は立法協賛組織であり、法律制定には天皇の裁可と国務大臣の副署が必要であった。
• Since the diet was a legislative support organ, it had to obtain the emperor's sanction and countersignature of Minister of State for establishment of new law.

• 日本史の五人組（ごにんぐみ）とは、江戸時代に領主の命令により組織された隣保制度。
• In Japanese history, the Gonin-gumi, or the five-household group system, was a system of the community association organized under the command of a feudal lord.

• 特に小笠原の本土並の行政組織設置は、1968年（昭和43年）の本土復帰後である。
• Especially in the case of Ogasawara, it was after the return to the mainland in 1968 that the same public administration system as in the mainland was established.

• 急速に増加した支配下の武士を秩序だって組織化するため、以仁王の令旨が利用された。
• The order of Prince Mochihito was used to control and organize the rapidly increased number of samurai.

• こうした問題については、窓口の行政組織もなかなか手を突っ込みたがらず及び腰になる。
• Administrative organizations that have contact with these volunteer groups are reluctant about intervening in such matters.

• 地方の行政組織が全国的規模で動き出したのは天武朝においてであったと推定されている。
• It is assumed that it was during the reign of Emperor Tenmu that the organization of local administration spread throughout the entire country.

• また、これを由来に、物事の本質、組織の中核等の事を言う場合にもに用いることがある。
• Accordingly, the term Honmaru is sometimes used to refer to the essence of matters, the core of an organization, etc.

• 平安時代半ば以降、後宮十二司の組織が再編され、事実上内侍司が唯一の後宮官司となる。
• After the mid Heian period, structure of the 12 offices belonging to kokyu was reorganized and the Naishi no tsukasa became only one practical official in kokyu.

• 大学の管理運営組織である経営企画本部と教育研究推進本部も本部構内に設置されている。
• The University's two administrative organizations, Administrative Council, and Education and Research Council, exist in this campus.

• 神戸居留地では外国人の自治組織である居留地会議が良く機能し、独自の警察隊もあった。
• The foreigners' self-governing organization in Kobe settlement, called the Kyoryuchi kaigi (Settlement Council), functioned very well, and it possessed its own dedicated police force.

• 次に挙げられる地方行政組織の整備は、畿内・国（令制国）・郡の設置が主要事項だった。
• The main purpose of the organizations of local administrative offices given next in the article was demarcation and establishment of Kinai, provinces (ryosei-koku) and counties.

• 後に組織が時代に合わなくなると、令に規定の無い官（令外官）を設けることで対処した。
• When those organizations became outdated later on, posts outside the original ritsuryo code (Ryoge no kan) were set up to fit with the times.

• 現代では企業や家といった組織における抗争をそうしたお家騒動になぞらえることもある。
• In modern times, the term is occasionally used to describe clash for power within an organization, such as a business corporation or a family.

• 内閣総理大臣及び各大臣（宮内大臣を除く。）をもって、内閣 (日本)を組織すること。
• A Cabinet consisting of the Prime Minister and the various Ministers (excluding the Imperial Household Minister) was formed.

• 薩摩藩脱藩の美玉三平（寺田屋事件で逃亡）は北垣と連携し、農兵の組織化を図っていた。
• Ex-Satsuma samurai Sanpei MITAMA (who had escaped from the Teradaya Incident) cooperated with Kitagaki in organizing an army of conscripted farmers.

• 各藩にも、同様に自藩管轄の武士を裁く組織が存在し評定所又は御用屋敷と呼ばれていた。
• Each domain had an institution referred to as 'Hyojosho' or 'Goyoyashiki' (a residence for official business) to judge samurai who were under the control of its domain.

• 1886年（明治19年）には宮内省官制が定められ、2課5職6寮4局の組織が定まった。
• In 1886, regulations for Ministry of the Imperial Household were established and the organization of two sections, five offices (shiki), six bureaus, and four departments was set up.

• 行政府に相当する組織（執行機関）：組教化委員会（組会で選出される組長を委員長とする）
• The organization that corresponds to the administrative body (executive body): disciplinary board of the So (its chairman is the head of the So, elected at the So-kai)

• 中央・地方を通じ高級軍人・特別高等警察関係の警察官を網羅し国家組織と結びついていた。
• They comprised high-level military personnel and police officers related to the Special Higher Police both centrally and locally, and were connected to national organizations.

• 武徳会の解散にともない、愛好者によって各地で地方連盟の組織化が進み全国的に波及する。
• With the dissolution of the Butoku Kai, enthusiasts organized local federations in various regions, spreading them nationwide.

• 同委員会の元で実務を行う組織として事務局があり、京都と東京にオフィスが置かれている。
• The bureau was placed under the committee as a working level organization with offices in Kyoto and Tokyo.

• 「伊藤氏の長所は理想を立てて組織的に仕組む、特に制度法規を立てる才覚は優れていた。」
• Mr. Ito's good point was his ability to organize something systematically according to the ideals, especially in creating systems and regulations.'

• 幕府の組織の中では寺社奉行の傘下に置かれ、古筆見（こひつみ）という職名を与えられた。
• He came under the umbrella of a commissioner of shrines and temples in the shogunate organization and was given an official title of Kohitumi.

• そして、探検隊を組織してこれらの人々を「発見」し、1889年10月に戸籍を作成した。
• An expedition team was organized, and upon 'finding' these people, family registers were created in October 1889.

• 明治5年（1872年）、文部省主導の下で江戸時代の暦師（弘暦者）を集めて組織された。
• In 1872 the Meiji government gathered the calendar distributors in the Edo period to form the exclusive organization under the leadership of the Ministry of Education.

• 頒暦商社（はんれきしょうしゃ）は、明治時代初期に本暦の発行を独占的に行っていた組織。
• Hanreki-shosha was an exclusive organization to distribute the calendar in the early Meiji period.

• 家元は台東区池之端にあり、同門組織として不白会、関連機関の江戸千家茶の湯研究所がある。
• The headquarters are in Ikenohata, Taito Ward; its fellow organization is the Fuhaku Association, and a related institution is the Edosenke Chanoyu (tea ceremony) Research Association.

• 先のような、旅行社のツアーに対して一定の費用負担を求めようと考える組織も出てきている。
• Volunteer organizations are emerging that are considering claiming certain expenses when conducting travel agency tours such as those mentioned above.

• 和泉監と芳野監は716年頃特別行政区画・行政組織としてそれぞれ河内・大和から独立した。
• Izumi Gen and Yoshino Gen were special administrative areas/administrative organization systems that became independent from Kawachi Province and Yamato Province respectively around 716.

• 宗族組織の解体とともに中国的な封建制度が崩壊していったことは、おおむね認められている。
• It is generally accepted that the Chinese Hoken system collapsed with the breakdown of Sozoku organization

• しかし、中には守護など上位者が、地域の中小武士に斡旋して一揆を組織させる例も見られる。
• There were cases in which a person of higher rank such as a shugo (provincial constable) used its influence over small and middle-class samurai in the area to organize ikki.

• こうした幾多の困難を克服して、重源と彼が組織した人々の働きによって東大寺は再建された。
• It was the overcoming of these many difficulties as well as the work of Chogen and all of those working under him that resulted in the reconstruction of Todai-ji Temple.

• 1975年、恒常的な運営組織（京大の公認学生団体）として西部講堂連絡協議会が発足した。
• In 1975, the Seibu-kodo liaison council was launched as a constant governing organization (Kyoto University's official student group).

• 特定施設に係る保安検査のための組織が経済産業省令で定める基準に適合するものであること。
• The organization to conduct the safety inspection of the Designated Facilities conforms the criteria specified by an Ordinance of METI.

• 浄土真宗門徒はこのような講の組織を背景に、山中の洞穴などで法座といわれる集会を開いた。
• The believers of the Jodo Shinshu Sect performed gatherings called Hoza in caves within the mountain with this kind of Ko organization.

• 7月、かねてから長州で見聞させてもらっていた奇兵隊を参考に陸援隊を本格的に組織し始め、
• In July, he began to organize the Rikuentai, learning from the Kiheitai system in Choshu that he had been closely observing.

• その後、部民を管理して行政事務の実務を遂行する官人組織が伴部の下に形成された（人制）。
• Later, an organization of government officials (hito-sei) that managed Benotami and performed practical work of administration was formed under tomo no miyatsuko (Servant of the Court administering a group).

• 日本においても、組織的な捕鯨産業の成立以前から、鯨肉を食用とすることはあったようである。
• It seems that whale meat was eaten even before a systematic whaling industry was established in Japan as well.

• 宗家は東京都新宿区にあり、財団法人として小堀遠州顕彰会、同門組織として茶道遠州会がある。
• The headquarters is in Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo, and it is supported by the foundation Kobori Enshu Kensho-kai as well as its fellow organization Chado Enshu-kai.

• こうした累代の国追捕使は国内武士の指導者、つまり「一国棟梁」として国内武士を組織化した。
• Such successive koku-tsuibushi in a province organized samurai in the province as the leader of the samurai in the province, or as 'Ikkoku-toryo' (the provincial leader).

• 例えば戦国大名毛利氏の領国組織は、傘連判状による安芸国国人の一揆以外の何者でもなかった。
• For example, the feudal domain system employed by the Mori clan daimyo of the Sengoku period was nothing more than an ikki formed by the Kokujin (local samurai) in Aki Province under a karakasa renpanjo (a covenant entered into by both parties affixing their seals in a circle as a sign of their equality).

• 2006年現在では国立大学法人や財界団体もふくめ、55団体が加盟する組織体となっている。
• As of 2006, 55 organizations including national university corporations and business associations are members.

• 品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織が経済産業省令で定める技術上の基準に適合していること。
• The quality control method and inspection organization conform the technical standards specified by an Ordinance of METI;

• 創価学会がカルトと同一視されるようになったため、組織的に別のものであることが強調される。
• Since Soka Gakkai was being considered as part of a religious cult, it was exaggerated that the organization was not part of the religious cult.

• こうした普及・組織化の活動は15代鵬雲斎汎叟にも引き継がれ、特に海外普及に力を注がれた。
• Such activities for dissemination and systemization were continued by Hoso HOUNSAI, the fifteenth head of the Urasenke school, who has applied his efforts, in particular, to promotion abroad.

• 金座（きんざ）とは、江戸幕府において金貨鋳造あるいは鑑定・検印を行った場所あるいは組織。
• Kin-za was a place or an organization in charge of casting or appraising and approving of gold coins in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 銭座（ぜにざ）とは、江戸時代に寛永通寳を始めとする銭貨を鋳造した組織あるいは機関である。
• Zeniza is an organization or agency which minted coins including Kanei Tsuho during the Edo period.

• 軍団の指揮系統は郡以下の地方組織に対応しており、指揮官の大毅と少毅は郡司層から選ばれた。
• The chain of command in Gundan responded to a local organization below Gun (county), and Daiki and Shoki who were commanders were selected from the class of Gunji (local magistrates).

• その結果722年にははじめて古代の戸籍制度が行われ、以後隼人の組織的な抵抗はなくなった。
• As a result, the ancient family registration system was introduced in 722 for the first time and, since then, there was no organized resistance from the Hayato people.

• このように議政官の任務は非常に重要であり、実質的に国政の意思決定を左右する組織であった。
• As such, the giseikan had very important duties and virtually controlled political decision-making.

• 陳以外にも、日本からは草部是助など草部姓の、蔵人所の組織下になかった鋳造師も起用された。
• In addition to CHIN, casters with the family name of Kusabe including Koresuke (是助) KUSABE, who did not belong to the organization under the Office of Imperial Household Logistics, were also appointed.

• だが、このために近隣同士が監視する五人組 (日本史)の組織が機能しなくなる場合があった。
• However, This complicated division sometimes hindered the mutual surveillance system called gonin-gumi (history of Japan) where neighboring families were obliged to watch each other.

• 政党内閣（せいとうないかく）とは、議会に議席を保持する政党を基礎に組織された内閣のこと。
• A party cabinet is a cabinet organized on the basis of political parties with seats in the parliament.

• この廃使置県によって北海道全体としては初めて正式な行政組織・行政区域を持つことになった。
• With this Haishi Chiken, Hokkaido had a formal administration agency and administrative districts for the first time.

• 昭和後期にはアマチュアの女子相撲（新相撲）が行われ「日本新相撲連盟」という組織が存在する。
• In the later Showa period, women's amateur sumo (called shin sumo, which literally means 'new sumo') was held and there is now an organization called 'New Japan Sumo Federation.'

• あるいは、自治組織においても、矢倉や塀、環濠のような防御施設の構築、牢人の傭兵化を行った。
• Also, autonomous organizations carried out construction of facilities for defense, such as scaffolding, wall, and moat, and made ronin (samurai who left his master and lost his horoku (salary)) into mercenaries.

• 特定変更工事に係る完成検査のための組織が経済産業省令で定める基準に適合するものであること。
• The organization to conduct the completion inspection of the Designated Alteration Work conforms the criteria specified by an Ordinance of METI.

• 真水で煮ると崩れるので、組織を引き締め煮崩れを防ぐために初めから塩分が含まれた出汁で煮る。
• It loses its shape when it's simmered in pure water, so it should be simmered in saline broth to tighten its composition and prevent it from being mushy.

• 改称した小松宮彰仁親王が1883年（明治17年）に仁和会を組織して仁和寺の復興に尽力した。
• Under his new secular name, Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito worked hard to restore the temple by founding an organization called Ninnakai in 1883.

• これに対し、太平洋戦争中は時宗報国会を組織し、満州の奉天に遊行寺別院を設けるなど協力した。
• Because of that, during the Pacific War the Ji sect cooperated with the government through various activities including organizing Jishu Hokokukai (Patriot Association of the Ji Sect) and establishing a branch temple of yugyo temple at Fengtian, Manchuria.

• 1867年（慶応3年）、パリ万博に参加し、パリ万博会場で国際赤十字の組織と活動を見聞した。
• In 1867, he attended the Paris Universal Exposition and he saw and heard about the International Red Cross Society and its activity there.

• しかし制度として整備された関東の弾左衛門による組織的な集中支配下に置かれた関係とは異なる。
• However, it differed from the relation that Hinin remained under organizational control by Danzaemon in Kanto region where was maintained as the system.

• 1885年 1月、ハワイへの明治政府公認の最初の組織的移民944人が農園労働者として渡航。
• In January 1885, the first organized group of emigrants (944 people) recognized by the Meiji Government sailed to Hawaii as agricultural laborers.

• 1957年（昭和32年）には、日本馬術連盟の傘下団体として、全日本学生馬術連盟が組織された。
• In 1957, All Japan University Equestrian Federation was organized as an association that belongs to Japan Equestrian Federation.

• 元来は雲州流として知られていたが、現在の伝承組織では不昧流あるいは石州流不昧派と称している。
• It was originally known as Unshu-ryu school, but, is called Fumai-ryu school or Fumai-ha group of Sekishu-ryu school in the present-day organization of the transmission.

• （今日、ボランティアガイドが組織されている地域で「本職」が成り立つかいささか疑問であるが。）
• (There is now a slight problem that it is difficult for professional guides to become established in areas in which volunteer guides are organized.)

• 各地方裁判所の裁判官会議は、その全員の判事でこれを組織し、各地方裁判所長が、その議長となる。
• The Judicial Assembly of a District Court shall consist of all judges of the District Court, and the President of the District Court shall preside over it.

• 当該特定設備の品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織に関する事項であつて経済産業省令で定めるもの
• Items which are related to the quality control method and inspection organization of said Designated Equipment and which are specified by an Ordinance of METI.

• 旅においての不便や苦労を、互いに助け合うという精神の発露から、この様な組織が出来たといえる。
• These organizations formed from the idea of sharing and helping people who face hardship during travels.

• 途中、いくつもの課題もあったものの、重源と彼が組織した人々の働きによって東大寺は再建された。
• Todai-ji Temple was rebuilt through the efforts of Chogen and people organized by him, although they had faced many problems during the construction process.

• 勧学寮という組織を設置して、門主の諮問機関とされ、教学的問題に対して答える役割を持っている。
• Kangaku has Kangaku-ryo which is a consultative body of the chief priest to answer to the problems in education and learning.

• その後、上田喜三郎 （後の出口王仁三郎）が活動を補佐するようになって組織的に発展していった。
• Later, Kisaburo UEDA (later Onizaburo DEGUCHI) started to assist the activities, which came to develop organizationally.

• 戦国大名は、国人・被官層を家臣として組織化し、自らの本拠地周辺に集住させて城下町を形成した。
• A daimyo in the sengoku period organized persons in the kokujin (local samurai) or hikan (low-level bureaucrats) class as his vassals and made them live around his base place to form a castle town.

• 学生と教員の幸せな出会いをめざす導入教育～大規模学部における組織的教育改善とその効果の測定～
• A first-year education program aiming to provide an ideal meeting ground between students and teachers - systematic education reform in the large-scale faculty and the measurement of its effect-.

• 京都帝国大学の全学親睦組織・学友会（会長は総長）の新聞部として1925年結成、4月1日創刊。
• It was established in 1925 as a newspaper division of the students institute, a shinboku organization for all grades (whose chairman being the president) of Kyoto Imperial University, with its first publication on April 1st.

• 1944年 第100歩兵大隊が日系人志願兵によって組織された第442連隊戦闘団に統合される。
• In 1944, the 100th Infantry Battalion was integrated into the 442nd Regiment, which consisted of Japanese volunteers.

• 明治政府直属の御親兵も、長州藩の一部部隊を元に諸藩の在京の浪人を集めて組織されたものだった。
• The Goshinpei (army to convoy the Emperor) under the direct command of the Meiji Government was organized based on a part of the Choshu domain's army with recruited ronin (samurai with no lord) in Kyoto.

• この間に光明皇后の信任を得た藤原南家の藤原仲麻呂（武智麻呂の子）が台頭、紫微中台を組織した。
• In the meantime, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro (son of Muchimaro) from the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, who successfully gained the confidence of the Empress Komyo, accumulated power and organized a Shibi chudai (office responsible for affairs of the Empress Komyo).

• これに対し、李氏朝鮮の特権階級であった両班は各地で民衆を組織化し義兵軍を編成して反抗を開始。
• Yangban', traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, organized Korean people at various places, formed a volunteer army and started fighting against the Japanese forces.

• 学術的には同様の組織である雑戸と合わせて品部・雑戸制（しなべ・ざっこせい）とよぶ場合もある。
• Shinabe and zakko (special technicians) are sometimes lumped together as the shinabe and zakko system, as these two organizations are academically similar.

• 明治41年(1908年)12月までに6回開演したが、東京毎日新聞社の組織変更とともに解散した。
• It had had six performances by December, 1908, but it dispersed because of changes of organization of the Tokyo Mainichi Shimbun.

• （有）日本ヴァイオリン研究所大正琴全国普及会が運営し、組織の正式名称は琴伝流大正琴全国普及会。
• The school is operated by Nihon Violin Kenkyusho Taishogoto Zenkoku Fukyukai and the official name of the organization is Kindenryu Taishogoto Zenkoku Fukyukai (Extension Association of Kinden school of Taishogoto).

• 惣村（そうそん）は、中世日本における百姓の自治的・地縁的結合による共同組織（村落形態）を指す。
• A soson meant a community (in the form of a village) organized through autonomous, territorial connections among peasants in medieval Japan.

• また、「諸国兵士」と並び称せられる「諸家兵士」があるように武力も組織し「威猛之具」としていた。
• In addition, there were 'family soldiers' along with provincial soldiers' where military power was systemized as '威猛之具.'

• 中世以後堅田荘には「堅田三方」（後に1つ増加して「堅田四方」となる）3つの惣組織が形成された。
• After the Middle Ages on, in Katata Sho (manor), three So-soshiki (autonomous organizations of a village) called 'Katata Sanpo' (later, 'Katata Shiho' because of another organization's joinig), were formed.

• 年に二度、春と秋に入寮選考期間が設けられ、自治会組織である「入寮選考委員会」が選考を担当する。
• The period of selection is set twice a year in spring and in autumn and a 'dormitory-entering selection committee,' an organization of the council of the dormitory, is in charge of selection.

• 司法府に相当する組織（審査機関）：審問院（宗議会の同意を得て内局が指名する審問院長を長とする）
• The organization that corresponds to judicial branch (a body for investigation): Shinmonin (審問院) (headed by Shinmonincho, who is appointed by Naikyoku with the consent of Shu-gikai)

• 更に諸国の一向門徒の総本山であった石山本願寺は、さながら戦国大名家のような強固な組織となった。
• Moreover, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, the headquarters of Ikko followers, grew into an organization that was a strong as the sengoku daimyo families.

• 橘の死後彼を慕う者が集い、明治45年銅像建立建設委員会が組織され、大正7年に銅像が建立された。
• After Tachibana's death, those who missed him gathered and set up a construction committee of his bronze statue in 1912 (表記の変更), and his bronze statue was constructed in 1918 (表記の変更).

• そこで学習院の院長として、学習院の教育機関としての組織を整備し、財政を確立することに尽力した。
• Therefore as president of the Gakushuin School Corporation, he devoted himself to adjust the institution of the Gakushuin School Corporation as an educational institution and secure a source of revenue.

• 元治元年（1864年）の禁門の変では八幡隊長として参戦し、のちに山田顕義らと御盾隊を組織した。
• During the Kinmon Incident in 1864, he first served as commander of Hachimantai corps and later formed the Mitatetai corps with Akiyoshi YAMADA.

• 西園寺は思想的に自由主義を自称し、衆議院での多数派政党が内閣を組織する憲政の常道を慣例にした。
• Saionji ideologically proclaimed liberalism, and he established the constitutional practice of the majority party in the House of Representatives forming the Parliament.

• 悪としてよく扱われるのが、一般に強大な力を保持し、平和を乱し、正義を好まない人物や組織である。
• The evil in Kanzen Choaku stories is often a person or an organization which generally has great power, disturbs the peace and dislikes justice.

• 学士会はそのまま存続し、内地の七大学（と外地の帝大卒業生）共通の同窓会組織として機能している。
• Gakushikai (headquartered in Tokyo) has survived and functions as a common alumni association for seven universities (and graduates from Imperial Universities in the foreign parts).

• 陸軍省のもとで屯田兵の所管組織は屯田兵本部、屯田兵司令部と改称し、一般の部隊の編制に近づいた。
• Under the Ministry of Army the presiding organizations of tondenhei were renamed Tondenhei Headquarters, Tondenhei Command Center and became more similar to the formation of general military units.

• 会社組織として、建築現場の仮設足場のレンタル・据付・解体を一体となって請け負っている場合が多い。
• In most cases, ashibatobi, as a member of the company organization, has a contract for scaffold rental, erection and disassembly on construction sites.

• 町組は近隣の町の連合体、自治組織であり、その起源は判然としないが、室町時代には存在が確認される。
• Chogumi was an union of neighboring towns and a self-governing organization, and although its origin is unclear, its existence can be confirmed already in the Muromachi period.

• 明治以降は武術も全国組織化する事が多くなり、流派の師範が全国の門弟たちを統率できるようになった。
• In and after the Meiji period, many martial arts were organized nationwide, and masters of schools started to directly govern their disciples distributed nationwide.

• 日本の組織的なスギ花粉の調査は、1965年に現国立病院機構相模原病院が開始したものが最初である。
• The first systematic Japanese cedar pollen investigation was begun in 1965 by the current National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital.

• 組織のトップが公的地位を去り、なおも執行部に対して決定的な影響を常時与える形態を指す比喩である。
• It is a simile for the condition where, although the head of an organization leaves his position, he still continues to exercise decisive influence over executives.

• 各高等裁判所の裁判官会議は、その全員の裁判官でこれを組織し、各高等裁判所長官が、その議長となる。
• The Judicial Assembly of every High Court shall consist of all judges belonging to the High Court, and the President of the High Court shall be the chairperson thereof.

• 検査組織等調査の業務を適確かつ円滑に行うに必要な経理的基礎及び技術的能力を有するものであること。
• The applicant shall have sufficient financial basis and technological capability for properly and smoothly implementing the services of investigation of inspection organizations, etc.;

• ゴボウやキュウリなどを棒で叩いて組織を崩し、食べやすくすることも「たたき」と呼ばれることがある。
• The method in which burdock roots or cucumbers are smashed with a rod so as to break up the fibers, making the food easier to eat, can also be called 'tataki.'

• 明治になって宮内省雅楽部が組織された後も、その試験法は基本的には三方及第を踏襲したものであった。
• After the Gagaku Department of the Ministry of the Imperial Household was organized during the early Meiji period, the examining method of the department basically was based on sapokyudai.

• 昭和41年、それまでの実績が認められて任意組織だった連盟は社団法人として設立されることになった。
• Recognized for its past performance, the federation, which was a voluntary organization, was re-established as an incorporated association in 1966.

• 神宮の管理と保存のための市民組織として、平安講社が作られ、「祭り」はその記念事業として始まった。
• Heian Kosha was established as a civil organization for the management and preservation of the Heian-jingu Shrine, and 'the festival' was started as a project to celebrate its anniversary.

• 明治12年（1879年）には愛知で三河交親社を設立、翌年には組織を拡大改組し愛知県交親社を設立。
• In 1879, he established Mikawa Koshin-sha company in Aichi Prefecture and in the next year he expanded and reorganized it to establish the Aichi Prefecture Koshin-sha company.

• 母成峠の戦いで新選組本隊とはぐれ、靖共隊を組織していた永倉新八と再会して、共に米沢藩に向かった。
• Got separated from the main force of the Shinsengumi during the Battle of Bonari-toge, he reunited with Shinpachi NAGAKURA, who formed the Seikyotai (Seiheitai), and they went to the Yonezawa Domain together.

• 特に足軽は訓練された槍・弓 (武器)・鉄砲の足軽隊が組織され主力軍として活躍するようになりった。
• Ashigaru troops in particular, who were trained with spears, bows and guns, were organized and became active as a main fighting force.

• このため、組織的な抵抗もほとんどできなかった義隆は、8月29日に山口を放棄して長門国に逃亡する。
• Thus, Yoshitaka who could scarcely made not systematic resistance, gave up Yamaguchi and escaped to Nagato Province on August 29.

• そのために、寺の財政を一本化し、また、造東大寺所を完全に傘下におき、組織を東大寺修理所に改めた。
• Therefore, the financial sources of the Temple were unified while the Office of Todai-ji Temple Construction put under complete control was reorganized as the Office for Todai-ji Temple Repair.

• 1716年（亨保元年）、生野銀山の産出量減少のため、生野代官（いくのだいかん）に組織変更された。
• In 1716, due to the decrease in the volume of silver production at Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mine, the Ikuno bugyo was reorganized to the Ikuno daikan (the regional officer of Ikuno).

• 以後、組織だった蝦夷征討は停止し、朝廷の支配下に入った夷俘、俘囚の反乱が記録されるのみとなった。
• After that, systematic expeditions against Emishi/Ezo barbarians were suspended, and only rebellions of ifu (half-assimilated Emishi) or fushu (fully-assimilated Emishi) under the Imperial governance were recorded ever since.

• 以上に挙げた武術組織は、極めて強い宗教的性格を有し、内部ではシャーマニズム的な儀式も持っていた。
• The martial art organization previously mentioned started to have very strong sect like characteristics and practiced shamanistic ceremonies within the group.

• 特撮もの：舞台設定は時代劇であるが、変身ヒーローや悪の巨大組織・怪人など特撮の要素を盛り込んだ作品
• Special effects movies which have the premise of jidaigeki but feature supernatural elements such as shapeshifting heroes, powerful evil organizations and monsters.

• 観光ガイド社の従業員としてではなく、文字どおり一個人として自発的にその組織に参加し、ガイドを行う。
• Tourism volunteer guides are not employees of tour guide companies but are, as the name suggests, individuals who voluntarily join groups and serve as guides.

• 郡は、六世紀の中葉頃の欽明朝に屯倉の設置が拡大されていき、ヤマト政権の地方政治組織となっていった。
• Districts grew from the established miyake during the reign of Emperor Kinmei in the mid-sixth century to become part of the local administration organization of the Yamato Dynasty.

• 当該容器又は附属品の品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織に関する事項であつて経済産業省令で定めるもの
• Items which are related to the quality control method and inspection organization of said containers or accessories and which are specified by an Ordinance of METI.

• これによって家元を権威付け、分派独立を防ぐと同時に組織の経済的基盤を確立することができたといえる。
• It should be said that this system serves various purposes whereby to give authority to the iemoto, to keep disciples from breaking away from the iemoto to create their own schools as well as to establish the financial base of the organization.

• 政党活動を通じて立憲改進党などを組織し、都新聞社主や社長も務めるなど民権の伸張や政界刷新に努めた。
• Through his party activism he helped set up the Constitutional Reform Party, and later became owner and head of the Miyako Newspaper, working for civil rights and political reform.

• 大正3年（1914年）にはシーメンス事件で辞職した山本権兵衛の後を受けて、2度目の内閣を組織した。
• He formed his second Cabinet in 1914, succeeding Gonbei YAMAMOTO, who resigned due to the Siemens Affair.

• 現在、八瀬童子の伝統を守るため関係者によって八瀬童子会が組織され、資料の収集保全が進められている。
• To maintain the tradition of the Yasedoji, people involved established the Yasedoshi-kai (the association of the Yasedoji), which collects and keeps related materials.

• 江戸時代より組織的な捕鯨が行われるようになり、それら捕鯨地域周辺の漁村では、鯨肉は常食とされていた。
• Entering the Edo period, whaling became more systematically, and whale meat was eaten almost daily by people in the fishing villages around whaling bases.

• 先の問題点を克服する一つの方法として、ガイド組織をボランティアからNPO法人化することが考えられる。
• One way that the above problems can be overcome is by guide organizations becoming non-profit organizations.

• これに対して朝廷も、僧位・僧官の昇進権を媒介に上級僧侶を組織して、宗教界への支配を強化しようとした。
• On the other hand, the Imperial Court tried to organize the upper-ranked Buddhist monks through the promotion to Soi (rank of Buddhist priests) and Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by the Imperial Court) to strengthen their control over the religious world.

• 鎌倉時代に運送、倉庫、委託販売業を兼ね、後には、一般の商品も取り扱うようになった組織問丸に由来する。
• The term is derived from the name of an organization in the Kamakura period called Toimaru, which was first engaged in transportation operations, warehousing, and commissioned sales, and later became involved in handling general goods as well.

• その指定をすることによつて申請に係る検査組織等調査の適確かつ円滑な実施を阻害することとならないこと。
• Such designation by the Minister of METI shall not obstruct the proper and smooth implementation of investigation of inspection organizations, etc. to be applied for.

• よって「組織結成許可願」と指導教師のない団体は日蓮正宗の正規の信徒団体とはいえないことになっている。
• Thus, groups which do not hold 'Soshiki Kessei Kyoka Negai' and do not have any chief kyoshi is not officially considered as a religious group of Nichiren Shoshu Sect.

• さらに同年12月（1864年12月～1865年1月）の組織編成では、井上源三郎の三番組に属している。
• Further, in December, 1864, or in January, 1865, the Shinsengumi structured its organization and Ryozo was assigned to the third unit ('Sanbangumi' in Japanese) led by Genzaburo INOUE.

• 明治18年、甥の外海鉄治郎と組合組織で「伊藤外海組」をはじめ、神戸に事務所をおいて、直貿易を始める。
• In 1885, he founded 'Ito Sotoumi Gumi' in the form of associative organization along with his nephew Tetsujiro SOTOUMI; they set the office in Kobe and began a direct trade.

• よって実頼が関白太政大臣、源高明が左大臣、藤原師尹が右大臣となり、冷泉天皇のもとの台閣が組織された。
• Therefore, Saneyori served as Kanpaku and Daijo-daijin, MINAMOTO no Takaakira as Sadaijin, and FUJIWARA no Morotada as Udaijin to form the cabinet under Emperor Reizei.

• そこで、訳語の適正化と統一を目的とした組織「同志會」を提唱し日本の翻訳事業に大きな道筋を指し示した。
• Therefore, he proposed to establish 'Doshikai', the organization for proper and unified translation, which provided a great direction for translation business in Japan.

• 職業会計人グループ(RAS) - 龍谷大学の卒業生で、税理士、公認会計士などの有資格者からなる組織。
• Ryukoku Accountant Society (RAS)-This organization consists of certified tax & public accountants and other certified professionals who are Ryukoku University graduates.

• 常備兵力としての大番は、同様の組織である五番方（小姓組、書院番、新番、大番、小十人）の中で最も古い。
• Oban as a standing force was the oldest force among the similar organization called gobangata (the collective name of five military organizations in the Edo period: kosho-gumi [the page corps], shoinban [the castle guards], shinban [the new guards], oban [the great guards], and kojunin [the escort guards]).

• 町役人（ちょうやくにん・まちやくにん）とは、江戸時代都市部における行政的な組織 (社会科学)である。
• 'Machiyakunin,' also pronounced as 'choyakunin,' refers to an administrative organization in urban areas which existed during the Edo period.

• 彼らの暗殺計画は複数のルートを経て、当時の警察組織のトップである大警視、川路利良の耳にも入っていた。
• Their assassination plot has already reached the Daikeishi (top of the police department) Toshiyoshi KAWAJI, who was the head of the police organization in those days via several roots.

• このほか、地方・都道府県単位で組織する書作家協会や、書家が主宰する様々な会（社中とも呼ばれる）がある。
• Other than the above, there are calligrapher associations organized by regions and prefectures, and various societies (also called Shachu) presided by Shoka.

• 全国の多くの観光地で観光ボランティア組織が誕生しており、観光協会等を窓口としてガイドを受け付けている。
• There are sightseeing volunteer guide organizations associated with sightseeing areas throughout Japan, and these accept guide requests via groups such as tourist associations.

• この京（京職）、条（坊令）、坊（坊長）の行政組織は、国（国司）、郡（郡司）、里（里長）と対応している。
• This capital city (kyoshiki), jo (jorei) and bo (bocho) administrative organization system corresponded to the koku (provincial governor), gun (district manager) and ri (village chief) system.

• 直門の門弟の弟子の弟子は更に自分の弟子に・・・、というもので、家元を頂点としたピラミッド型組織である。
• It is a pyramid-style organizational structure with the iemoto sitting at the top, consisting of endless levels.

• 臨時第7師団は組織改変を経て明治29年(1896年)5月には第7師団となり、武四郎が師団長に就任する。
• The Seventh Ad Hoc Division was reorganized, and in May 1896, it was established as the Seventh Division, of which Takeshiro became Chief.

• 明治7年（1874年）に愛国公党を組織し、後藤象二郎らと「民選議院設立建白書」を建議したが却下された。
• In 1874, Itagaki organized Aikokukoto Party with Shojiro GOTO and others, submitting the 'Tosa Memorial' (the petition of 1874 calling for the establishment of a representative parliament) to the government, only to be rejected.

• 神社を中心とし、氏子・崇敬者などによる組織によっておこなわれる祭祀儀礼をその中心とする信仰形態である。
• This is a type of belief putting an emphasis on the implementation of religious services and ceremonies, mainly by shrines and other organs consisting of Ujiko (shrine parishioners) and revering persons.

• これは中世初期に日本の地域社会で庶民の間でも古代のウヂに仮託したウヂ組織が形成されたことと関係がある。
• This relates back to the fact that in early medieval times an udi (clan) organization, which assumed the form of ancient clanship, was formed by commoners in the local community in Japan.

• 太政大臣・左大臣・右大臣と大納言などの合議体による議政官組織と、その下の少納言局・左右弁官局からなる。
• It was composed of a consultative legislative organization including Daijo-daijin (grand minister of state), Sadaijin (minister of the left), Udaijin (minister of the right) and Dainagon (chief councilor of state), and its subordinates, namely, Shonagonkyoku (Lesser Counselors' Office) and Sayu Benkankyoku (the left Controllers' Office and the right Controllers' Office).

• 隣組は、日本の昭和期において戦時体制の銃後を守る、国民生活の基盤の1つとなった官主導の隣保組織である。
• Tonarigumi is a government-led system for maintaining neighborhood which was one of the bases of people's lives to support the fighting forces of the wartime regime during the Showa period.

• しかし、海防策では海防組織に農兵隊を編成するなどの内容であり、諸外国の圧力に抗するには不十分であった。
• However, the coastal defense measure defined that the coastal defense organization used the farmer force, which was insufficient to protest against the forces of other countries abroad.

• 明治元年（1868年）、京都府が成立すると、これらの町を含む上京の町は上京1 - 45番組に組織された。
• When Kyoto Prefecture was established in 1868, the towns in Kamigyo, including the above-mentioned, were divided into Kamigyo bangumi (town unit) Nos. 1 to 45.

• これらの町組は、その後たび重なる変遷を経て、明治25年（1892年）には計28 の「学区」に組織された。
• After several changes were made these town societies were reorganized into a total of 28 'school districts' in 1892.

• 明治11年（1878年）1月10日、岩倉は華族会館の組織として華族部長局を置き、華族の統制に当たらせた。
• On January 10, 1878, Iwakura established the office of President of Kazoku (called 'Kazoku Bucho Kyoku' literally 'the Department of Kazoku President' which was a name for a kind of disguise) in Kazoku-kaikan Clubhouse to control kazoku.

• 文久3年9月、近藤・土方ら試衛館派は、芹沢ら水戸派を粛清して隊を掌握し、近藤を頂点とする組織を整備する。
• In September 1863, KONDO, HIJIKATA and other members of Shiei-kan Party purged SERIZAWA and other Mito Party members, gained control of Shinsen-gumi, and established an organizational structure headed by KONDO.

• 行政府に相当する組織（執行機関）：教区教化委員会（教務所長を委員長とする）、及び教務所に駐在する宗務役員
• The organization that corresponds to the administrative body (executive body): the committee of missionary work in parish (its chairman is the head of Kyomusho） and administrators of Shumu who reside in Kyomusho

• 部会は、委員長が指名する弁護士、裁判官、検察官及び学識経験のある者である委員各一人以上をもつて組織する。
• A sub-committee shall be composed of one or more sub-committee member(s) who is/are attorney(s), judge(s), public prosecutor(s) or academic expert(s) and is/are designated by the chairman.
• A sub-committee shall be composed of one or more sub-committee member(s) who is/are attorney(s), court judge(s), public prosecutor(s) or academic expert(s) and is/are designated by the chairman.

• 三方楽所（さんぽうがくそ）は江戸時代初期に制度化された雅楽の伝承組織で、一方17人ずつ計51人からなる。
• Sanpogakuso was an organization for handing down gagaku (Japanese ancient court music and dance), established as a system in the early Edo period and each ho (one office) consisted of 17 musicians and, therefore, sanpogakuso consisted of 51 musicians in total.

• この時、大量の門弟をまとめるために、現在では伝統芸能において一般に見られる組織形態：家元制度が確立した。
• The formation of the head-master system commonly seen in a current traditional performing arts, developed in order to organize massive numbers of disciples.

• これに対し、岩倉具視を始めとする政府要人や華族たちは資金を出し合って猿楽を継承する組織「能楽社」を設立。
• In response to this situation, Tomomi IWAKURA and other government officials and peers provided funding to establish 'Nohgakusha' as an organization for keeping Sarugaku.

• 土佐藩（現、高知県）では江戸初期に家老の野中兼山によって葬儀のための積立金を集約する組織として機能した。
• In the early Edo period of the Tosa domain (the present-day Kochi Prefecture), nenbutsu-ko functioned under the chief retainer Kenzan NONAKA as an organization to collect reserve funds for funerals.

• 父は、明治維新時の民兵組織「維新勤皇山国隊」の隊長だった藤野齋、母は女義太夫師の竹本弥奈吉（牧野やな）。
• His father was Itsuki FUJINO, the leader of the 'Ishin Kinno Yamagunitai' militia, and his mother was Yanakichi TAKEMOTO (Yana MAKINO), who was a female gidayu (chanted narrative in Japanese plays) reciter.

• 1937年（昭和12年）6月4日に、元老・西園寺の推薦の下で、各界の期待を背に第1次近衛内閣を組織した。
• In June 1937, upon the recommendation of the Genro (elder statesman) SAIONJI, he formed the first Konoe's cabinet, shouldering high expectations from various quarters.

• その後1898年、1901年、1919年の3回にわたる総督府官制変更の際にも組織形態は維持されていった。
• Since then, the system of the Sotoku-fu was changed three times in 1898, 1901, and 1919, but the organizational structure was maintained.

• 幕府陸軍（ばくふりくぐん）とは、幕末に江戸幕府が編成した陸上戦闘を任務とした西洋式軍備の軍事組織である。
• Bakufu rikugun is a military organization with western-style armaments which was organized by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the Edo Period to accomplish battles on land as a mission.

• 組織の拡大にあわせて、陸軍奉行の若年寄格への昇格、歩兵奉行並や撒兵奉行並の設置など指揮系統も整備された。
• As the organization expanded, the chain of command was improved, such as upgrading Army Bugyo to wakadoshiyori, the establishment of foot soldier Bugyo nabi and Sappei Bugyo nabi.

• 現在の農業協同組合・生活協同組合・信用金庫・信用組合は、いずれも戦前の産業組合にルーツを持つ組織である。
• The present Japan Agricultural Cooperatives, a consumer cooperative, credit union, and credit cooperative all have their roots in the Industry Association before the war.

• 時代が流れ、1597年（慶長2年）豊臣秀吉が治安維持のため、下級武士に五人組・庶民に十人組を組織させた。
• Later, in 1597, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI organized the Gonin-gumi, or five-member groups, consisting of lower-ranking samurai, and the jyunin-gumi, or ten-household groups, consisting of common people.

• 地区では「かやぶきの里保存会」を組織し、歴史的景観の保全と住民の生活を両立すべく、さまざまな検討を重ねた。
• Within this district, they organized the 'Kayabuki-no-sato Preservation Society' and made an in-depth study on various issues to strike a balance between preserving the historic area and lifestyle of residents.

• 日本酒の歴史明治時代後期に政府が醸造業の近代化を図ると、杜氏集団もそれに見合うように組織を改編していった。
• Once the government made a plan to modernize the brewing industry in the Meiji period, toji groups also began to reorganize their structure so that it would be suited to the government's policy.

• 問丸（といまる）は、年貢米の陸揚地である河川・港の近郊の都市に居住し、運送、倉庫、委託販売業を兼ねる組織。
• 'Toimaru' were organizations specialized in transport, warehousing and commission sales, which based themselves in cities by the rivers and ports where nengumai (rice paid as land tax) was unloaded.

• 京都見廻組（きょうとみまわりぐみ）は、江戸時代末期（幕末期）に幕臣によって結成された、京都治安維持の組織。
• Kyoto mimawarigumi was an organization for maintaining public order in Kyoto, which was formed by the shogun's retainers at the end of the Edo Period (end of Edo period).

• この状況に危機感を持った煎茶愛好者や煎茶道宗家達は、大正末年に煎茶振興のため「高遊会」という組織を結成する
• Under such circumstances, the organization 'Koyukai' was founded to promote sencha by lovers of sencha and the heads of Senchado schools who felt a sense of impending crisis in the last year of the Taisho period (1925).

• 最初は家庭の子女の舞踊として浸透したが、今は組織力の強さで最大の流派（名取数約15000名）となっている。
• The Hanayagi school initially became popular as the buyo as a culture lesson for women and young girls from ordinary families but, thanks to its strong organizational skills, it has grown to the largest school (having approximately 15,000 accredited masters or persons having a diploma to teach buyo) in Japan.

• 講は「番役」というリーダーを中心に、身分の区別なく組織され、「取次役」を通じて本山の本願寺と繋がっていた。
• Ko was systemized as the leader called 'Banyaku' (the role of a guard) without respect for the social class, and was connected to the head temple of Hongan-ji Temple through 'Toritsugiyaku' (the role of a negotiator).

• 義貞は援軍を組織し包囲軍に攻撃をかけるが、救援に失敗し、金ヶ崎城は建武4年（1337年）3月6日落城する。
• Yoshiharu organized reinforcements and attacked the surrounding army, but he was not successful in relief, the Kanegasaki-jo Castle fell in April 15, 1337.

• 7世紀後半から8世紀はじめに律令制がひかれると、陰陽の技術は中務省の下に設置された陰陽寮へと組織化された。
• From the later 7th century to the early 8th century, when the Ritsuryo system (legal codes of the Nara and Heian eras based on Chinese models) were put into place, the divination techniques of Ommyo (the Yin and Yang) were transferred to the Bureau of Divination under Ministry of Central Affairs.

• 1898年、それまで別組織であった東亜会 (アジア主義団体)と同文会が合体して東京・赤坂溜池に設立された。
• The Toa-kai (Asianism group) and Dobun-kai that had been different structures joined to be founded in Akasakatameike, Tokyo in 1898.

• また、陶工の一部は日本陶器（現・ノリタケカンパニーリミテド）のような企業組織に入っていき、その技術を支えた。
• A number of potters participated in business organizations, such as Nippon Toki Gomei Kaisha (Nippon Toki Co., Ltd.), currently known as Noritake Co., Ltd., supporting development of techniques of the company.

• 新徴組（しんちょうぐみ）は、江戸時代後期の文久2年(1862年)に結成された、江戸幕府による警備組織である。
• The Shinchogumi was a security force established by the Edo bakufu (a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1862, during the late Edo period.

• ラグビートップリーグ、関西学生リーグ戦、トップウェストリーグ（ジャパンラグビートップリーグの2部組織の一つ）
• Rugby Top League, Kansai Student League, Top West League (one of the subdivisions of Japan Rugby Top League)

• 1905年に方円社を退社して、この年に秀栄の組織した「日本囲棋会」に入り、秀栄門下となるとともに五段に昇段。
• In 1905, he left Hoen-sha, entered 'Japan Igo Kai' organized by Shuei in the same year, then promoted to 5 dan, while becoming Shuei's disciple at the same time.

• 宮崎民蔵（1865年 - 1928年、宮崎滔天の次兄）によって組織されていた土地復権同志会に紙面を提供する。
• He provided newspaper space for the Land Reinstatement Comrade Organization formed by Tamizo MIYAZAKI (1865 - 1928, the second elder brother of Toten MIYAZAKI).

• 7世紀末以後の亡命した百済王族・貴族は、残らず全て天皇の臣下として組織されていたということがその理由である。
• This is because all royal family and nobles who were exiled after the end of the seventh century were organized as the followers of the emperor.

• 慶応4年(1868年)1月3日 (旧暦)　鳥羽・伏見の戦いでは、永倉新八らと決死隊を組織し敵陣に斬り込んだ。
• In the Battle of Toba-Fushimi on January 27, 1868, he organized the Kesshi-tai (suicide corps) with Shinpachi NAGAKURA and others, and cut their way into the enemy position.

• 彼らはその重要性にも関わらず幕府本来の機構の中では組織の次官に当たる開闔・執事代にまでしか昇進できなかった。
• In spite of the importance of their role, they could only be promoted up to Kaigo (Deputy Chief of the office) or Shitsujidai (deputy steward), which were equivalent to an assistant director of an organization within the formal structure of the bakufu.

• このため会社組織上は第三セクターに分類されるが、経営参加を目的とした所有でないため、通常は企業とされている。
• Thus the company is categorized as a joint public-private venture; however, as the company is owned by the Ministry of Finance (but not for the purpose of participation in management), it's usually referred to as a private company.

• また、太政官名義ではなくその下部組織の名義で公布された法令もあったが、効力関係に上下はなかったとされている。
• There were also laws issued not under the name of Dajokan itself but under the name of its sub-organizations, without their legal order of precedence defined.

• ところが、居留地の自治組織である「行事局」が、1873年に「居留地取締掛員」という行事局独自の警察を設けた。
• However, in 1873 the 'Gyojikyoku' (the Events Department), a self-governing body of the settlement, created its own dedicated police force, which it called the 'Kyoryuchi torishimari kakari-in' (Settlement Supervisors).

• 大坂の脇両替は十人両替とは独立して仲間組織を結成し、三郷銭屋仲間（北組・南組・天満組）と南仲間両替があった。
• Independently of the Junin Ryogae, wakiryogae exchangers in Osaka formed two nakama-soshiki unions, the Sango Zeniya Nakama (Union of Copper Exchangers in Sango, i.e., Group Kita, Group Minami and Group Tenman) and the Minami Nakama Ryogae (Union of Exchangers in Minami).

• 軍隊組織において、制服を始めとして、下着まで統一することで個性を否定して規律を維持する必要があったからである。
• Because it was required to reject each personality and maintain discipline by unifying not only the uniforms but also the undergarments in the armed forces' organization.

• 明治15年（1882年）、華族部長局は廃され、華族の統制は宮内省直轄の組織である華族局が取り扱うこととなった。
• In 1882, the office of Kazoku President was closed, and after that, the Department of Kazoku under the direct control of Kunaisho (Imperial Household Ministry) dealt with the control kazoku.

• その後は朝廷直属の酒造組織に代わって、寺院で造られた僧坊酒（そうぼうしゅ）が高い評価を得るようになっていった。
• After that, Soboshu received a high reputation which brewed in temples instead of the brewing organization directly under the Imperial Court.

• 中央政府と地方行政組織を結ぶ日本の古代道路（幅約6～12メートル）が整備され、さらに、関や駅なども整備された。
• The roads (6-12 meters wide) of ancient Japan which linked central government with regional administration organizations were built, and seki (barriers) and umaya (facilities for providing houses, food, etc.) were constructed.

• しかし、律令体制下の軍団と武士団は、ともに戦闘目的の為に組織された集団であっても、それぞれ異なった実態である。
• Although the army and bushidan under the Ritsuryo system were groups both founded for battle, they were different.

• 以上のような律令法の特色は、大化改新後の公地公民制に基づく新しい国家組織そのものの必要から生まれたものである。
• The characteristics of ritsuryo law, mentioned above, arose due to a call for a new national organization based upon a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens after the Taika Reformation.

• 綱紀委員会は、四人以上であつてその置かれた弁護士会又は日本弁護士連合会の会則で定める数の委員をもつて組織する。
• A Disciplinary Enforcement Committee shall be composed of four or more committee members as designated in the articles of association of the bar association or the Japan Federation of Bar Associations.

• 懲戒委員会は、四人以上であつてその置かれた弁護士会又は日本弁護士連合会の会則で定める数の委員をもつて組織する。
• A Disciplinary Actions Committee shall be composed of four or more committee members as designated in the articles of association of the bar association or the Japan Federation of Bar Associations.

• 良忍が始めた融通念仏は当初は勧進行脚が主で、仏教宗派としての組織を持たず集団運動の中から発展したものであった。
• Yuzu Nenbutsu, which Ryonin began, was mainly temple solicitation and pilgrimage at first and developed from a collective motion having no organization as a Buddhism sect.

• 流派の人々も全日本弓道連盟に所属し審査を受けている場合もあり、連盟と多くの流派組織は対立しているわけではない。
• Since some of the people belonging to schools belong to the All Nippon Kyudo Federation and receive reviews, the federation and the many school organizations are not in conflict.

• 釈放後、再び京都へ上り孝明天皇の大和行幸の先駆けとなるべく中山忠光を擁立して天誅組を組織して大和国で挙兵する。
• After being released, he went again to Kyoto and organized Tenchugumi backing up Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA in order to become a vanguard of the imperial visit to Yamato of the Emperor Komei, and raised an army in Yamato Province.

• 義経・範頼はいずれも少人数の軍勢を率いて鎌倉を出立し、途中で現地の武士を組織化することで義仲との対決を図った。
• Yoshitsune and Noriyori, both started with a few soldiers and in order to confront with Yoshinaka, they intended to recruit and organize the local warriors on their way to Kyoto.

• 第二次世界大戦後の神社を中心に、氏子・崇敬者などによる組織によっておこなわれる祭祀儀礼を信仰の中心とする形態。
• The form of Shinto that, since World War II, has been centered on shrines, Shinto services and rituals performed by organizations made up of ujiko (residents of a Shinto parish) and sukeisha (believers living outside the Shinto parish).

• 知藩事は従来の藩主に認められていた世襲がそのまま認められ、独自の軍隊・司法組織などを持つことが認められていた。
• The position of the Chihanji was allowed to be inherited as it was traditionally for the domain lords and they were also allowed to have their own military and judicial systems.

• 太政大臣左右大臣参議各省卿ノ職制ヲ廃シ内閣総理大臣及各省諸大臣ヲ置キ内閣ヲ組織ス（明治18年太政官達第69号）
• The government posts of High Chancellor, the Ministers of the Left and Right, the Councillors and the Lords of each Ministry shall be abolished, and the posts of Prime Minister and the Ministers of each ministry, whom together shall form the Cabinet, shall be established (the 1885 Daijokan tasshi no. 69).

• 前号に規定する場合には、組織変更をする株式会社の新株予約権の新株予約権者に対する同号の金銭の割当てに関する事項
• in the case prescribed in the preceding item, matters concerning the allotment of Monies, etc. set forth in that item to holders of Share Options of the Stock Company effecting the Entity Conversion; and

• 当該金銭等が組織変更後持分会社の社債以外の財産であるときは、当該財産の内容及び数若しくは額又はこれらの算定方法
• if such Monies, etc. are property other than Bonds of the Membership Company after Entity Conversion, the description of the features and number or amount of such property, or the method for calculating such number or amount;

• 明治維新後の1869年（明治2年）には、古代の太政官制に倣い、宮内省が組織され、その長官として宮内卿が置かれた。
• In 1869 after the Meiji Restoration, the Imperial Household Ministry was organized modeled after ancient Dajokan (Great Council of State) System and Kunaikyo was appointed as the Grand Steward of the Ministry.

• 地方官制（ちほうかんせい）は、701年（大宝元）に制定された大宝律令で国・郡・里の三段階の行政組織に編成された。
• The local bureaucratic system was formed into a three-tier administrative organization of kuni (provinces), gun/kori (districts) and ri/sato (villages) under the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) enacted in the year 701.

• 21世紀となった現在でも、日本各地（主に農村・漁村地域）に、無尽や頼母子、模合と呼ばれる会・組織が存在している。
• Even now, in the twenty-first century, gatherings and organizations called Mujin, Tanomoshi, or Moai exist in various places in Japan (mainly in the regions of farming and fishing villages).

• 2006年、弓道の国際組織として全日本弓道連盟を中心に結成されたが、2008年現在本格的な活動は行われていない。
• In 2006, they were formed around the All Nippon Kyudo Federation as an international organization for Kyudo, but as of 2008 no real activity is taking place.

• また女学校教育の中に茶道を取り入れ、かつ教授方針の一致をはかる講習会を催すなど裏千家茶道の組織化にも力を注いだ。
• He also tried his best to systemize Urasenke's tea ceremony course by introducing it into curriculums of girls' schools and holding lectures in order to unify its teaching policies.

• 文久3年（1863年）2月、清河八郎が建策により上洛する征夷大将軍徳川家茂の警護のために組織された浪士組に加盟。
• In March, 1863, Hachiro KIYOKAWA became a member of Roshigumi which was organized to protect Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the seii taishogun (great general) when Iemochi went to Kyoto by a suggestion.

• 明治4年（1871年）には特命全権大使として、木戸孝允らを率いて岩倉使節団を組織し、欧米の文化・制度を視察した。
• In 1871, he established the Iwakura shisetsudan (Iwakura Mission) as a Tokumei-zenken-taishi (extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador) together with Takayoshi KIDO and others, and studied foreign cultures and systems.

• 各帝国大学は、前身となる高等教育機関を包摂して改組・改称したり、学部を新設したりするなどしてその組織を整備した。
• Each Imperial University developed its organization through incorporating existing institutions of higher education and then reorganized or renamed it or establishing new departments.

• 清河殺害から間を置かず、浪士組は幕府により再組織され、江戸市中の治安機関『新徴組』として、大きく方向性を変える。
• Immediately after the murder of Kiyokawa, the Roshigumi was reorganized by the bakufu as 'Shinchogumi,' security guards of Edo City, changing its direction dynamically.

• その後、皇位継承争いやそれに伴う貴族間の権力抗争に関して、この軍事組織が自分に有利に働くように幾度も改変された。
• Afterward, through struggles for succession to the Imperial Throne and accompanying power struggles among nobles, the military organization was reformed many times so as to work in their favor.

• 3代将軍徳川家光乳母･春日局によって組織的な整備がなされていき、こうして現在知られる形の大奥に整えられていった。
• Kasuga no Tsubone, a menoto (a woman providing breast-feeding to a highborn baby) of the third Shogun, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA organized O-oku systematically and developed it as known to this day.

• 1900年（明治33年）9月15日、超然主義の破綻と政党政治の必要性を感じた伊藤博文が自らの与党として組織した。
• On September 15, 1900, Hirobumi ITO organized it as his ruling party since he became aware of the collapse of the doctrine of superiority and the necessity of party government.

• 1897年3月、帝国議会で台湾銀行法が通過、11月に台湾銀行創立委員会が組織され台湾銀行の開設準備が着手された。
• In March 1897, the Bank of Taiwan Act was passed in the Imperial Diet, and in November the committee of establishing Bank of Taiwan was organized to prepare for the opening of Bank of Taiwan.

• （奏弾）宮中における特別警察的な存在であるが裁判権は他の機関と同じく､組織内部の軽罪を裁く程度しか持っていない。
• (Sodan) It was a kind of special force police unit in the Imperial Court, but as for jurisdiction, it just judged a misdemeanor in the organization as well as the other institutions.

• 昭和12年（1937年）4月、比田井天来が鳴鶴門の一部の人々と天来直門の人々で組織したのが「大日本書道院」である。
• 'Dainihon Shodo-in' was established in April of 1937 by Tenrai HIDAI, together with some persons in the Meikaku school and immediate disciples of Tenrai.

• 遠隔地への参詣には費用がかかることから、人々は講を組織し、お金を出しあって代表者が代参を行うという習慣も生まれた。
• Since it was costly to visit a location far away from home, the practice in which people formed a religious association and paid money to have their delegates make a visit for them arose.

• 同じ時期に山田 (伊勢市)（伊勢国）、大湊 (伊勢市)（伊勢）、博多、酒田市などの都市にも類似した組織が見られた。
• Around the same time, similar organizations were seen in cities such as Yamada (Ise City) (Ise Province), Ominato (Ise City) (Ise Province), Hakata or Sakata City.

• 郡の制度は701年（大宝元）施行の大宝令に始まるが、それ以前の地方行政組織は「評」と書かれ、「コオリ」と称された。
• The district system began with the enacting of the Taiho Code in 701 but regional administration organization before this time also consisted of 'kori' which was written using a different character (評).

• 太政官牒（だいじょうかんちょう）とは、太政官から僧綱・寺社などの直接管理下にない組織に対して送付する公文書のこと。
• Daijokancho are official documents sent from Daijokan to organizations not under its direct control such as sogo and Buddhist temples.

• この時、家元制度をとらずに特定の藩組織の中でのみ普及していた流派は消滅した（近年、雨後の筍のように復興している）。
• In those days, those schools that were popular within the specific feudal clan structure disappeared (but they have revived like mushrooms after a rain in recent years).

• もうひとつの原因として会社組織になったことと、伝統文化や厳しい世界と「いまどきの若い子」の感覚による温度差もある。
• Another factor is that it turned into a company system as well as the gap between the strict world of traditional culture and the attitude of 'kids these days.'

• Sierra社のゲーム、「Swat 2」には、「バショー」と名乗り英語のヘンな俳句を読むテロ組織の黒幕が登場する。
• In a game from Sierra, 'Swat 2,' a backroom manipulator of a terrorist organization who identify himself as 'Basho' and composes strange haiku (Japanese poems) in English.

• 「まさに瓦解に及ばんとする萌し」（五代）のあった大阪経済を立て直すために、商工業の組織化、信用秩序の再構築を図る。
• He sought to organize commerce and industry and to rebuild trust and order in order to revive the economy in Osaka, which was, GODAI said, 'just about to collapse.'

• 主要な護国神社52社で組織する全國護國神社會（旧浦安会）は靖國神社と連携し、英霊顕彰の為の様々な活動を行っている。
• The National Association of Gokoku-jinja Shrines (the former Urayasukai) comprising of 52 major Gokoku-jinja Shrines cooperates with Yasukuni-jinja Shrine to do various activities such as honoring the spirits of the fallen heroes.

• 朝鮮半島から暦法など中国の文物を移入するとともに豪族や民衆の系列化・組織化を漸次的に進めて内政面を強化していった。
• At the same time the Yamato Kingdom was importing Chinese culture, such as calendar making, from the Korean Peninsula, it was strengthening domestic administration by gradually organizing both the ruling elite and the common people.

• 総督の組織は中央集権式に特徴があり、台湾総督により行政、立法、司法、軍事が総覧され専制的な統治権が施行されていた。
• The Sotoku-fu, characterized by the highly centralized system with the Governor-General wielding supreme executive, legislative, judicial and military power, governed Taiwan dictatorially.

• この改組は、組織の規模を大きく小さくしたけれども、官の手を離れ、政所の傘下におさめたことで、逆に働きが良くなった。
• Although this reorganization required downsizing, the new organization functioned better due to complete transfer from the government to the administrative board.

• 教部省（きょうぶしょう）は明治初期の太政官制度のもと、宗教統制による国民教化の目的で設置された中央官庁組織である。
• Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) is the central governmental organ founded for the purpose of national edification by controlling religion under Dajokan System (the system of Great Council of State) established in the early Meiji period.

• 中世ヨーロッパにおいてはビスケー湾などで組織的な捕鯨が行われ、鯨の舌が珍重されたほか、肉は広く沿岸民の食糧となった。
• In the medieval period of Europe, whales were hunt systematically, for example, in Bay of Biscay, and the meat was consumed as food widely by people living along the costal areas, especially whale tongue was highly valued.

• また小堀遠州流（こぼり-）は遠州から弟の小堀正行に分かれた流派で、家元は東京都練馬区にあり、同門組織は松籟会という。
• Furthermore, the Kobori Enshu school is a style of tea ceremony formed as a breakaway from Enshu by the younger brother, Seiko KOBORI; its headquarters is in Nerima Ward, Tokyo, and its fellow organization is called Shorai-kai.

• 法隆寺のすぐ西に広がる西里の集落は、近世初期の日本で最も組織的な力をふるった大工棟梁・中井正清の育った集落でもある。
• The community of Nishisato that spreads westward from Horyu-ji Temple was created by Masakiyo NAKAI, the master builder renowned for his leadership and unparalleled skills in construction in the early part of the pre-modern era (late 16th century - early 17th century).

• 争乱の排除をめざして浄土真宗本願寺教団によって組織された武士、農民、商工業者などによって形成された宗教的自治である。
• In an effort to avoid disturbances, the leadership of the Jodo Shinshu Honganji organization organized its followers of warriors, farmers, and craftsmen/merchants, thereby instituting a religiously based autonomous government over them.

• 続く明治政府の神仏分離・地租改正・国家神道導入は宮座組織に変容を与え、更に戦後の民主化や農地改革が追い討ちをかけた。
• In the following Meiji Government, the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism, land-tax reform, and the introduction of state-Shintoism transformed the structure of Miyaza; the postwar democratization and agrarian reform gave an additional blow.

• 墓所は赤間神宮にあり、毎年5月2日に平家の落人の子孫らで組織される全国平家会の参列のもと一門追悼祭が齋行されている。
• Her tomb is in the Akama-jingu Shrine, and on May 2 every year, a commemoration ceremony is held by the National Heike (Taira Clan) Association, which is organized by the descendents of fleeing warriors of the Taira clan.

• かつては元軍の集団戦術、いわゆる組織戦闘に対して、当時の日本側は一騎打ちを基本とした戦い方をしていたと言われていた。
• It used to be said that Japan at that time fought basically by means of one-to-one battle against the Yuan army which fought in organized groups.

• そのため、14世紀中頃以降の熊野三山の統治組織には大きな変化が生じ始め、三山検校が熊野を直接把握を試みるようになる。
• Therefore, Kumano Sanzan's governing organization began to undergo major changes in the middle of 14th century and Sanzan Kengyo attempted to govern Kumano directly.

• 藩が運営する事実上の商業組織であり、「産物会所」・「国産会所」と呼ばれ、あるいは産物名より「○○会所」とも呼ばれた。
• It was practically a domain-run commercial organization and called 'sanbutsu-kaisho' (local products kaisho) or 'kokusan-kaisho' (provincial products kaisho), and occasionally it was also called 'so-and-so kaisho' using a specific name of the product traded there.

• 明治元年（1868年）、京都府が成立すると、これらの町は、現・中京区や下京区の町とともに下京1〜41番組に組織された。
• When Kyoto Prefecture was established in 1868, these towns were organized into Shimogyo bangumi (town unit) Nos. 1 to 41along with the towns of Nakagyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward.

• また、上皇独自の軍事組織として北面の武士を置くなど、平氏を主とした武士勢力の登用を図ったため、平氏権力の成長を促した。
• Also, as the Joko appointed samurai powers, mainly to the Hei-shi clan, such as by establishing the Joko's own military organization, Hokumen-no Bushi (北面の武士), the power of the Hei-shi clan increased.

• 8世紀初頭に本格運用され始めた律令制においては、国家の軍事組織として全国各地に軍団 (古代日本)を置くこととしていた。
• Cohorts were deployed throughout the country as the national military organization under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes), which began to take full effect at the beginning of the eighth century.

• 新たに発足した室町幕府は、戦乱を抑えることを目的として、在地武士を組織するため、国単位におかれる守護の権限を強化した。
• The newly inaugurated Muromachi bakufu strengthened the power and authority of shugo positioned in each province in order to prevent the maelstrom of war and organize the local samurais.

• 屯田制下の人民は、各郡の典農中郎将、各県の典農都尉によって、一般の農村行政とは別に軍事組織と結びついた形で統治された。
• The citizens under the Tonden system were controlled separately from ordinary agricultural management and linked to military organizations by the Tennochurosho in each district, Tennotoi in each prefecture.

• 立法府に相当する組織（議決機関）：教区会（各組から選出される僧侶の代表）と、教区門徒会（各組から選出される門徒の代表）
• The organization that corresponds to the legislative body (decision-making body): parish association (教区会) (representative of priests elected from each So) and parish lay followers association (教区門徒会) (representatives of lay followers elected by each So).

• 日興は、宗祖の本弟子六老僧の1人として積極的な折伏に目覚しい成果をあげ、特に駿河国において強力な教団組織を創りあげた。
• Nikko achieved brilliant success working actively in shakubuku (a method of propagating Buddhism which was practiced by Nichiren Daishonin) as one of the six old monks of close disciples of the founder of the Sect, and established a powerful organization for religious society especially in Suruga Province.

• 寺本は結論として、並とは本の巻とひとそろい、ひとまとめになることを示し、巻々を分けまた合わせる組織･構成に関係づけた。
• In conclusion, TERAMOTO showed that Narabi and the main chapters could be a set, relating them to the formation or structure of separating or integrating the chapters.

• 宮座（みやざ）とは、地域の鎮守もしくは氏神である神社の祭祀に携わる村落内の特権的な組織及びそれを構成する資格者の集団。
• Miyaza is the empowered group in a village or its qualified members engaged in rituals of a shrine, a guardian god or a local deity of a village.

• 後には摂関家・院庁・幕府をはじめとする諸権門が自己の組織の諸職に任じることも補任と称し、補任状をもってこれを任命した。
• Later, appointments to various posts of organizations of influential families including Sekkan-ke; line of regents and advisers, in no cho (the office of the abdicated monarch), Government, Shogunate were also referred to as bunin, and the appointments were made by bunin jo (appointment letter).

• 二官八省の他にも、行政組織を監察する弾正台や宮中を守る衛府が天皇の直轄として置かれた（まとめて、二官八省一台五衛府）。
• Other than the two departments and eight ministries, Danjodai which inspected administrative organization and Efu (a palace guard) were established under the emperor's direct control (Two departments, eight ministries, one board of censorship and five palace guards in total).

• 日本の道教研究をリードし、道教学会を組織した中心は、吉岡義豊・福井康順・窪徳忠・福永光司・宮川尚志・澤田瑞穂等である。
• The people best known for pioneering research of Dokyo and organizing the Dokyo society in Japan were Yoshitoyo YOSHIOKA, Kojun FUKUI, Noritada KUBO, Mitsuji FUKUNAGA, Hisayuki MIYAKAWA, and Mizuho SAWADA.

• 京都写真家協会（きょうとしゃしんかきょうかい、略称KPS）は京都府のプロ写真家の組織で、1970年（昭和45年）に設立。
• The Kyoto Photographers' Society (KPS), an organization for professional photographers in Kyoto Prefecture, was founded in 1970.

• ただ実際は現代と違い全国的な組織を作ることが困難であり、江戸で学んだ者が特に指導許可を得ずに故郷で指導した例も見られた。
• However, in fact unlike today it was difficult to build a nationwide organization, and several cases could be found in which someone that learned in Edo instructed in his hometown without getting permission to instruct.

• 観応の擾乱に伴う幕府行政組織の崩壊に伴って衰退・廃止に至ったと考えられ、足利義満の時代には存在しなかったと見られている。
• It is considered that Naisogata declined and was eventually abolished in the wake of the collapse of bakufu's administrative organization caused by the Kanno Disturbance and it didn't exist in the era of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.

• また藩鎮の勢力を削り、それまで藩鎮の下部組織と成り果てていた州およびその長官たる刺史も中央直属としての実態を取り戻した。
• Also, hanchin's power was reduced, allowing prefectures and their governors that had been placed under its control to regain their previous status as entities directly controlled by the central government.

• この地方制度は画一的・行政的につくりあげられたもので、大化前代からの自然発生的な集落とはまったく関係のない組織であった。
• This provincial system was built uniformly and administratively, and was totally unrelated to the naturally occurring settlements in the pre-Taika era.

• 特に聖冏は浄土宗に宗脈・戒脈の相承があるとして「五重相伝」の法を唱え、血脈・教義の組織化を図って宗門を統一しようとした。
• Especially, Seido insisted on the rule of Goju-soden (Fivefold Transmission) because Jodo Shu has a succession of dogma and genealogy, and tried to integrate various sects by organization of genealogy and dogma.

• 品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織が第四十九条の七第三号の経済産業省令で定める技術上の基準に適合していないと認めるとき。
• When the quality control method and organization for inspection are deemed not to conform the technical standards specified by the Ordinance of METI referred to in item (iii) of Article 49-7;

• 江戸時代に幕府により組織化されたが、江戸幕府との繋がりが強かったため、明治になって1871年に明治政府により解体された。
• In the Edo period, it was organized by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), but it was dissolved by the Meiji Government in 1871 because it had strong ties with the Edo bakufu.

• 仏教の経典にも、組織（僧伽/衆）の構成員による合議によって大事を決めることが書かれており、日本でも仏教とともに伝来した。
• In Buddhist scripts, there are written records of deciding the important matters through the council which consisted of the members of organization (sangha, shu).

• しかしながら、府県会の下部組織である区町村会については郡区町村編制法に全国的な統一基準が設けられてはいなかったのである。
• However, the national criteria for Kuchosonkai (municipal assembly), the lower organization of Fukenkai (prefectural assembly), was not stipulated in the law of the local system, Gunkuchoson henseiho.

• 仲麻呂を倒した称徳天皇（元の孝謙上皇）は、紫微中台に倣った独自の軍事組織として常設的な令外官である内豎省を設置している。
• After having overthrown Nakamaro, the Empress Shotoku (formerly, the Empress Koken) established Nijusho (Ministry of Royal Pages), a military organization modeled after Shibichudai, as a permanent Ryoge no kan.

• 独立プロ58社によって組織される日本映画製作者協会に所属する現役プロデューサーのみがその年度で最も優れた新人監督を選ぶ。
• This award is given to the most talented new director of the year, who is selected only by currently active producers that belong to the Japan Film Makers Association, which consists of 58 independent production companies.

• 奇兵隊などの諸隊は1863年（文久3年）の下関戦争の後に藩に起用された高杉晋作らの発案によって組織された戦闘部隊である。
• Those several Choshu Domain's troops including Kiheitai Army were organized by the proposer Shinsaku TAKASUGI who was chosen to be one of the retainer of Choshu Domain after Shimonoseki War in 1863.

• 品部（しなべ/ともべ）とは、「しなしなのとものを」あるいは「とものみやつこ」の和訓を持つ古代日本の人的集団・組織のこと。
• Shinabe (technicians in offices), or 'shinashinano tomonowo' or 'tomono miyatsuko' in the Japanese way of reading, refers to the human group or organization in ancient Japan.

• 有体に言ってしまえば、花弁に霜が触れるなどして植物組織が損傷を受け色が変わったもので、園芸用語で言う「霜焼け」に過ぎない。
• As it is, the petals change their color simply because the tissues are damaged by, for example, frost; this is called 'frostbite' in gardening terms.

• その結果、人口の多数を占める全人衆の多数が組織していた堅田門徒の発言力が高まり、堅田衆の指導的地位を獲得するようになった。
• As a result, Katata-monto, organized by many Zenjin-shu, majority in Katata, enhanced their power and took the leadership position in Katata-shu.

• しかし、新政府は有栖川宮熾仁親王を大総督宮とした東征軍を組織し、東海道軍・東山道軍・北陸道軍に別れ、江戸へ向けて進軍した。
• The new government appointed Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito as the supreme commander and organized the expeditionary forces to the east; the forces were then divided into the Tokaido-gun army, the Tosando-gun army, and the Hokurikudo-gun army, and they all advanced to Edo.

• また明代中期以後、郷約・保甲による郷民同士の教化互助組織作りが盛んになり、王守仁や東林学派の人士もその普及に尽力している。
• Furthermore, since the mid-Ming Dynasty, building of edified mutual aid organizations among villagers through Kyoyaku (agreements and an organization for them in a village) and Hoko (the smallest administrative organ) became popular, and O Shujin and Torin-gakuha jinshi (a person of high social standing and culture) worked on promoting them.

• 空手の競技化（試合化）は戦前から試みられていたが、試合化そのものを否定する考えもあり、組織的な競技化は実現していなかった。
• Although attempts to introduce karate tournaments (matches) were pursued before WWII, an organizational effort to promote tournaments wasn't achieved because some karate experts rejected the idea of a tournament.

• 1902年～1904年に浄土真宗本願寺派の第22世門主大谷光瑞が組織した学術調査隊・大谷探検隊では実質的リーダーを努めた。
• He was a substantial leader in the Otani Expedition, which was an academic investigation team organized from 1902 to 1904 by Kozui OTANI, the twenty-second chief priest of the True Pure Land sect Hongan-ji school.

• 地方宗務組織（日本国内に8地区に分け、53支所を設置） - 全国寺院教会（約4000ヶ寺） - 代表役員住職 - 責任役員
• Organization of local temple (Eight areas in Japan, Set up 53 branch offices) - Organization of temple in Japan (About 4000 temples) - Chief priest of representative director - Responsible director

• 明治29年（1896年）には進歩党 (日本)を結成、明治30年（1897年）には島田三郎らと財政整理期成同盟会を組織する。
• In 1896 he formed the Shinpoto (Progressive Party), and in 1897 set up a council for financial adjustment with Saburo SHIMADA.

• そののち再び桂が総理となり、桂・西園寺会談での「情意投合」によって明治44年（1911年）には第2次西園寺内閣を組織した。
• After that, Katsura again became the Prime Minister, and by the 'agreement of feelings and intentions' reached during the Katsura-Saionji meeting, the Second Saionji Cabinet was formed in 1911.

• 第二次世界大戦前は神社神道とは近代になって政府による統制の加わった神社における儀礼・思想・組織を指す言葉であったのである。
• Before World War II, Shrine Shinto signified rituals, thought and organization in shrines that were brought under government control with the arrival of the modern age.

• 上卿（しょうけい）は、主に平安時代において、公卿が関わる組織、役目の中の筆頭の者を指すが、通常現れるのは次ぎの２つである。
• The Shokei, mainly in the Heian period, referred to a person of the highest rank in an organization or a function that nobles were involved in, but the Shokei commonly served in the following two posts:

• 宗教大学分校時代に設立され、佛教専門学校、佛教大学通学課程の学部・大学院・専攻科・別科の卒業生・修了生によって組織される。
• It was founded when 'Shukyo Daigaku Bunko' existed, having been organized by graduates of Bukkyo Professional School and Bukkyo University, and was classified into faculty, graduate school, majors and different courses.

• 五衛府（ごえふ）とは、天皇の身辺警護をはじめ、宮城の警護、京内の夜間巡回などを主な任務とする律令制下の中央軍事組織をいう。
• Goefu was the central military organization under the Ritsuryo System whose main missions were the personal protection of an emperor, the protection of Kyujo (place where an emperor lives), the night patrol in Kyoto and so on.

• 2度の内閣を組織し、明治天皇から強い信頼を得ていた桂太郎は、「桂新党」の設立と山県系官僚閥を改革する新政策を模索していた。
• Taro KATSURA, who led the Japanese government twice and won the strong trust of Emperor Meiji, sought to establish a new party 'Katsura Shinto' and reform the clique of bureaucrats connected with Yamagata.

• 幕府中枢への総裁江戸幕府の総裁制度導入により海軍局が設置され、従来の海軍組織の上に乗るかたちで老中格の海軍総裁が置かれた。
• The kaigun (navy) agency was established by introducing the presidency (roju [member of shogun's council of elders]) system to the central organization of bakufu, and the president of kaigun coequal to roju (member of shogun's council of elders) was additionally placed in the existing organization of kaign.

• 律令制下で天皇は太政官組織に依拠し、実体的な権力を振るったが、この政治形態は法令に則っていたため、比較的安定したものだった。
• Under the Ritsuryo system, the Emperor stood on the organization of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and exercised his actual powers, but since the form of the government conformed to rules and regulations, it was relatively stable.

• なお、詩吟の振興に関する全国的な組織として、財団法人日本吟剣詩舞振興会があり、その傘下に各都道府県の吟剣詩舞道総連盟がある。
• And as a nation-wide organization concerning the promotion of shigin, Nippon Ginkenshibu Foundation exists and under that Ginkenshibudo Sorenmei exists in each prefecture.

• 鎌倉幕府は、頼朝以来、鎌倉殿の個人的な資質に依拠するところが大きく、その組織も鎌倉殿の家政機関を発展させただけのものだった。
• The Kamakura Bakufu largely depended on the personal character of the Kamakura-dono and the organization only developed to become a domestic governing institution of the Kamakura-dono.

• 経済産業省令で定める条件に適合する知識経験を有する者が検査組織等調査を実施し、その数が経済産業省令で定める数以上であること。
• The personnel who conduct investigation of inspection organizations shall have the knowledge and experience to conform the conditions specified by an Ordinance of METI and the number of such personnel shall be or more the number specified by an Ordinance of METI;

• 徳川幕府の西国への重要な備えとしての役割を担う彦根城も、彦根藩の各組織の管轄で天守以下倉庫等として徳川時代の大半を過ごした。
• The Hikone-jo Castle that had taken the purpose as important defense wall toward Saigoku (western part of Japan) spent most of the time in the Tokugawa Period as a warehouse and others under the jurisdiction of organizations in the domain.

• これは藤原氏が単に後宮政策のみならず、不比等以来律令編纂に関わってきた実績をもって官僚組織を掌握していった事の証でもあった。
• This provides evidence to show that the Fujiwara clan had control of the bureaucracy not only through its Kokyu policy but also through its involvement in the establishment of the Ritsuryo system (legal code) since Fuhito.

• 浪士組は近藤派（試衛館派）によって統一され、組織再編で山南は総長に就任し、局長近藤、副長土方歳三の間に位置する立場となった。
• The roshi-gumi was unified by the Kondo group (Sieikanha group), and Sannan was appointed to the chief for the organizational restructuring and positioned himself between the leader Kondo and the vice chief Toshizo HIJIKATA.

• 1992年、総合人間学部が設置され、翌年には教養部が廃止、同時に大学院大学への移行も行われ、現行の大学組織の形に改編された。
• In 1992, the Faculty of Integrated Human Studies was established, and the next year, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences was closed and Kyoto University changed itself into the university prioritizing its graduate schools, and this was when the university's present Faculties and Graduate Schools were all completed.

• 商品生産・流通を掌握し、物価を引き下げるため手工業者の仲間組織を株仲間として公認、奨励して、そこに運上・冥加などを課税した。
• In order to control the processes of production and distribution of commodities and lower prices, he authorized guilds of handicraftsmen as a trade guild (kabunakama) and encouraged its organization, while imposing business taxes called unjo, myoga on them.

• 幸倶楽部派（さいわいくらぶは）とは、明治後期から昭和初期にかけて茶話会を中心とした貴族院_(日本)の中小院内会派の連合組織。
• The faction of Saiwai-club was a union of medium and small parliamentary factions in the House of Peers (Japan) led by the Tea Party group from the late Meiji period to the early Showa period.

• 同様の組織として五番方（小姓組、書院番、新番、大番、小十人）があり、小姓組はその中でも両番（小姓組、書院番）に含まれている。
• A similar organizations were called Gobankata (including koshogumi, shoinban [the castle guards], Shinban [New Guard], Oban [a group of guards in the Edo shogunate], Kojunin [Escort Guard]), in which koshogumi and shoinban were collectively called ryoban.

• 領民は会津藩主松平容保の京都守護職就任以来の重税に対する不満を一気に爆発させ、藩の支配組織を完全に解体に追い込んだのである。
• The people of the domain, who had been suffering from the heavy tax since the feudal lord of the domain, Katamori MATSUDAIRA's assumption of Kyoto Shugoshoku (Military Governor of Kyoto), exploded their frustration all at once in this revolt, which completely destroyed the ruling organization of the domain.

• 享保3年（1718年）の『伏見大概記』によれば、当時の伏見は北組9組、南組9組の町組が組織され、計263の町名が記されている。
• 'Fushimi Taigaiki' (The General Record of Fushimi) of 1718 states that there were town societies called Machigumi at the time in Fushimi, in which nine Kitagumi (the north unit) and nine Minamigumi (the south unit) were organized, and it describes 263 town names.

• 王朝国家においては国家が把握する必要を感じたのは民を組織編制して税を請け負う田堵負名層だけとなり、それがすなわち百姓となった。
• In the dynastic nation-state, the tato and fumyo class who organized people and collected tax from them were the only people the state found it necessary to control, and were thus hyakusho.

• この精神は、地方政府組織の末端にいたるまで貫徹し、全体の官僚機構は、相互に秩序ある階層制によって連結された官庁から成っていた。
• This spirit was persistent all the way to the tail end of provincial governmental organizations, and the overall bureaucracy consisted of ministries that were interconnected through an orderly ranking system.

• また、日本以外にも嵩山少林寺のように僧兵として武装集団を組織する仏教僧の集団がおり、広義には武装した宗教集団を指すこともある。
• As there were Buddhist priests' groups outside of Japan that organized priests into armed groups, such as Suzan Shorin-ji Temple (Mountain Sung Shaolin Temple), the term Sohei sometimes refers to such armed religious groups in broad terms.

• 前号に定めるもののほか、検査組織等調査が不公正になるおそれがないものとして、経済産業省令で定める基準に適合するものであること。
• In addition to what is provided for in the preceding items, an applicant shall conform with criterion specified by an Ordinance of METI so as to involve no risk of making investigation of inspection organizations unfair; and

• 1941年、当局は宗祖を同じくする仏教諸派に組織を統合するよう圧力をかけ、それまで9派あった日蓮系の諸宗派は4派に統合された。
• In 1941, the authority pressured a number of Buddhist schools with the same founder to be unified, and 9 schools of the Nichiren Sect were unified in to 4 schools.

• 現在、四座一流の系統の能楽師たちは社団法人能楽協会を組織しており、能楽協会に加盟している者が玄人の能楽師と位置づけられている。
• At present, Noh artists in the system of 'four theatres, five styles' have organized The Nohgaku Performers' Association and members of the Nohgaku Performers' Association are entitled professional Noh artists.

• 薩摩藩の援助により、土佐脱藩の仲間と共に長崎で社中（亀山社中・のちに海援隊_(浪士結社)）を組織し、物産・武器の貿易を行った。
• With the assistance of Satsuma clan, Ryoma together with his peers who also fled from Tosa clan established shachu (Kameyama-shachu, later Kaientai (ronin's association)) in Nagasaki and carried on trade of goods and arms.

• 幕府組織の再建を主導した後の2代征夷大将軍足利義詮は恩賞方を拠点として再建を図り、後にここで御前沙汰と呼ばれる会議を主宰した。
• Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, who took the initiative in reconstructing the bakufu and later became the second Seii taishogun, designed the reconstruction work with setting a strategic base in the Onshogata, and later presided over a council called Gozensata at the Onshogata.

• 古田博司は、昭和の陸軍が現実感を失った組織になってしまった理由について、儒教化とりわけ朱子学化したからだとの所説を述べている。
• Hiroshi FURUTA expressed his opinion that the reason why the army in the Showa period became an organization that lost its sense of reality was the commitment to Confucianism, especially the commitment to Neo-Confucianism.

• この場合は、恋人関係から上司と部下など組織の役職を含む関係や同僚ないし仲間同士など、様々な人間関係でこの「相性」が気にされる。
• In such a case, 'aisho' is placed importance in terms of various human relationships such as the relationship between lovers and the relationships concerning the organizational roles including those between the boss and the subordinates and between co-workers, as well as the relationship between friends.

• 行政権は国務各大臣の輔弼により天皇が自ら行うものとされ、内閣は国務各大臣の協議と意思統一のための組織体にすぎないものとされた。
• The executive power of the government was under the personal control of the Emperor, who was assisted by the Ministers of State, and so the Cabinet was originally established merely as a consultative body, within which Ministers of State engaged in discussion to ensure that their opinions were consistent with each other.

• 文士劇が広く認められるようになったのは、明治時代に組織された若葉会と、その後身である東京毎日新聞演劇会による公演によってである。
• It was the performances by the Wakaba-kai which was organized in the Meiji period and its reconstituted organization, the Tokyo Mainich Shimbun Engeki-kai that made the bunshi-geki widely accepted.

• 検校（けんぎょう）は、室町以降江戸時代幕末まで、盲人の自治組織である当道座に属した盲人に与えられた四段階の官位の内、一番上の位。
• Kengyo is the highest rank among four court ranks given to blind people who belonged to Todo-za, which was a traditional guild for the blind, from Muromachi period to the end of Edo period.

• これとは別に教育組織として技術官僚の中で学識・技術の優秀な人物から選ばれた医博士・針博士・按摩博士・呪禁博士が各1置かれていた。
• Moreover, Tenyakuryo had an educational organization that was headed by an 'I-hakase' (Master of Medicine), a 'Hari-hakase' (Master of Acupuncture), an 'Anma-hakase' (Master of Massage), and a 'Jugon-hakase' (Master of Necromancy), who were selected as excellent in their knowledge and medical techniques from all technocrats.

• 流派組織の規模の大きなものとして、財団法人生弓会（本多流）、小笠原流同門会、浦上同門会（日置流印西派（いんさいは））などがある。
• Large-scale school organizations include Zaidanhojin Seikyukai (Seikyukai Foundation) (Honda-ryu school), Ogasawararyu Domonkai and Urakami Domonkai (Heki-ryu Insai-ha).

• 1876年（明治9年）、一致派は日蓮宗と改称、「釈尊を本仏とする一致派」(日向門流、日常門流など)の統一教団として再組織された。
• In 1876, the Icchi school changed the name into the Nichiren sect and was reorganized as an integrated religious community of 'the Icchi school which regards Shakya-muni as honbutsu' including the Niko school and the Nichijo school.

• 中納言（ちゅうなごん）は、朝廷組織の最高機関、太政官の職の一つで、大納言に次ぐ官位で、四等官の中の次官（すけ）に相当する令外官。
• 'Chunagon' (vice-councilor of state) is a post ranking below Dainagon (chief councilor of state) in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the highest organ in the Imperial Court, and is Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system), corresponding to Suke (assistant director) in the Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks).

• それと共に、それを背景として熊野の修験組織をまとめ上げ、熊野三山検校として修験道の重要寺院としての位置づけを確固たるものとした。
• In line with this role, the temple also consolidated the organization of Kumano's Shugendo and served an important role as Kumano Sanzan Kengyo.

• そして、これらの郎党を組織して多田庄に武士団を形成したことから、のちに武門として大きく発展した清和源氏一族の最初の拠点となった。
• As he organized his retainers to form an army in Tada Manors, the manors became the first base of Seiwa-Genji which had developed to a prominent samurai clan.

• 蘇我氏や大伴氏が蘇我部や大伴部を所有しえたのも、彼らが王権を支える臣・連として、朝廷組織のなかにその位置を占めていたからである。
• The Soga clan and the Otomo clan were able to own the Sogabe (group of people owned by the Soga clan) and Otomobe (group of people owned by the Otomo clan) also because, as the clans with Omi and Muraji (both are one of the hereditary titles) who supported the sovereignty, they held many positions in the Imperial Court.

• 村社会は相互互助的な性質を持つ一方で内部には経済的階層や家柄による家格などが存在し、村の秩序維持のための青年組織などが存在した。
• The village community is characterized by a mutual aid system while having an internal economic hierarchy and a rating based on family lines, in addition to a youth organization to maintain the order of the village.

• そうした流れの中で16世紀中葉に登場した織田信長は、兵農分離などにより自領の武力を強力に組織化して急速に支配地域を拡大していった。
• Nobunaga ODA who appeared around the middle of the 16th century established a strong fighting organization in his territory, for example, by separating samurai from the farmers, and rapidly expanding his territory.

• 立法府に相当する組織（議決機関）：組会（各寺院・教会の主管者〈各寺院・教会の僧侶の代表〉）と、組門徒会（各寺院・教会の門徒の代表）
• The organization that corresponds to the legislative body (decision-making body): So-kai (組会) (responsible official of each temple and church (representatives of priests in each temple and church) and So-Monto-kai (組門徒会) (representatives of lay followers in each temple and church)

• 具体的な運営は、現在、中央と地方（国内30の教区と海外3の開教区、及びそのもとにある420の組〈そ〉）の組織によって行われている。
• Actual management is currently implemented by the central and local organizations (30 parishes in Japan and three parishes abroad (開教区), with 420 groups (So (組)) in those parishes).

• 品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織が第五十六条の六の四第一項第三号の経済産業省令で定める技術上の基準に適合していないと認めるとき。
• When the quality control method and inspection organization are deemed not to conform the technical standards specified by the METI Ordinance referred to in item (iii) of paragraph (1) of Article 56-6-4;

• 正嫡には、弘法大師号を弟子淳祐 (僧)を伴い高野山奥の院に奉告し、空海後の真言宗団の組織興隆化を図った醍醐寺第一世座主観賢とする。
• Kangen, the first zasu (head priest) of Daigo-ji Temple, was considered to be Shobo's legal child, who accompanied by Junyu, his disciple, dedicated Kobo Daishi-go title to Oku no in (inner sanctuary) on Mt. Koya, and intended for the prosperity of the post-Kukai Shingon organization.

• 昭和12年（1937年）には、東京楽水紙工業組合が組織され、昭和15年（1940年）には組合員35名、年産450万枚に達していた。
• In 1937, the association of the rakusui-shi paper industry of Tokyo was organized, the number of the members reached thirty-five, and the annual production of the sheets of paper reached four-millions and five-hundred thousands in 1940.

• 別個体の会社組織だが組合に入っているため、新潟の花柳界で活動し料理屋等にも通用でき、座敷への呼び方や花代は姐さんたちと同様である。
• While it is a company structure as a separate entity, since it belongs to a union, these geigi can take an active role in the red-light district and can go to restaurants in Niigata the way one calls geigi to their banquet and Hana-dai being the same.

• 文久三年（1863年）、清河八郎の建策を容れ、江戸幕府は14代将軍・徳川家茂の上洛警護をする浪士組織「浪士組」への参加者を募った。
• In 1863, accepting Hachiro KIYOKAWA's suggestion, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) recruited participants of the 'Roshigumi (Ronin Corps),' which was an organization consisting of ronin, or lordless samurai, for guarding the 14th Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA on the way to the capital.

• 飛鳥時代、奈良時代から平安時代に発行された皇朝十二銭を鋳造するために設置された組織は、鋳銭司（じゅせんし・ちゅうせんし）と称した。
• The organization which was established during the Aska period for the purpose of minting Kocho-Junisen (twelve coins cast in Japan) emitted from the Nara to Heian period was called Jyusenshi.

• 幕府中枢への総裁江戸幕府の総裁（老中）制度導入により陸軍局が設置され、従来の陸軍組織の上に乗るかたちで老中格の陸軍総裁が置かれた。
• As the presidency (roju) system was introduced to the central organization of bakufu, a director-general of rikugun who was coequal to roju was established over the existing organization of rikugun.

• 後宮十二司（こうきゅうじゅうにし）とは、日本の律令制において規定された宮人（くにん/くうにん/きゅうじん・後の女官）の組織である。
• The Kokyu junishi is an organization of 宮人(kunin/kyujin or court ladies, later called nyokan) prescribed in the Japanese ritsuryo system.

• 町役人の名称や組織については地域によって異なり、江戸では江戸町役人以下町名主などが置かれ、大阪では総年寄以下町年寄などが置かれた。
• Names for this position and their organizations differed from region to region; in fact, they had chonanushi (town headman) as well as machiyakunin in Edo, and in Osaka, they had similar positions called sodoshiyori and machidoshiyori.

• その結果、住民が出資し、「有限会社かやぶきの里」を設立し、建造物の維持管理および観光施設としての運営を組織的におこなうようになった。
• The area residents, consequently, invested in founding Kayabuki-no-sato, Inc. whereby they began to systematically maintain and operate buildings as tourist facilities.

• 頼朝が本宣旨で目的としたのは、東国支配権の確立よりも、義仲に優越して京武者や地域的軍事権力の担い手を組織化することだったとしている。
• What Yoritomo aimed at with this decree was to organize the samurai in the imperial capital and the bearers of regional military authority to keep superior position to Yoshinaka rather than to establish dominion over Togoku, according to MOTOKI.

• 当時の百姓身分の自治組織である惣村は、自検断権に基づき自ら司法権とその保証となる軍事警察力たる武力を持ち、膨大な武器を所有していた。
• Soson villages, which were autonomous organizations formed by peasants at the time, had jurisdiction as well as military forces and police authority required to protect their jurisdiction based on the right to rule themselves, and owned enormous amounts of weapons.

• 2007年（平成19年）12月24日 - 「独立行政法人整理合理化計画」の策定（閣議決定）（「私のしごと館」組織体制の抜本的見直し）
• December 24, 2007: 'Plans for Streamlining Independent Administrative Institutions' formulated (Cabinet decision); organization of Vocational Museum to be overhauled

• 中でも、薩摩国の島津氏は明治時代まで禁教令を継続したため、南九州の真宗信者は講を組織し秘かに山中の洞窟で信仰を守った（かくれ念仏）。
• The Shimazu clan in Satsuma Province particularly continued the Kinkyorei until the Meiji period, which made Shinshu followers organize Kou and observe their faith secretly in a cave in the mountains. (Kakure Nenbutsu/Secret faith)

• 大寺院の内部においてその一郭を占めて、寺院本体とは別に独自の所領・組織を保有した別院を構成する塔頭及びそこに止住する僧侶集団を指す。
• This can refer to the sub-temples that occupy space within the precinct of a large temple with their own territory and organizational structure, or to the monks who reside within such sub-temples.

• 更には、人材の環流は組織の活性化に必須であり、一連の行為はあくまで幕府の体制固めとして行われた政治的行為として解釈することもできる。
• Furthermore, circulating competent persons is essential to activate an organization, and it can be interpreted that the series of actions was genuinely political to establish the bakufu system firmly.

• だが、住民からは旧幕府軍に対する反感が増し、新政府側のゲリラ組織「遊軍隊」に参加したり、新政府軍に内通する者も出てくる始末であった。
• However, residents' antipathy to the Old Bakufu was increasing, and some of them joined the 'Yuguntai', a guerrilla standing on the new government side, or worked as spies for the new government army.

• 以上のように近年の任那日本府に関する言説は、倭人等の軍事的影響力や経済的利権の有無にではなく、その時期と組織の実体に移ってきている。
• As above mentioned, the subject of recent discussion on Mimana Nihon-fu is shifting from the presence or absence of the military clout and economic interest of Wajin, to its period of existence and the actual status of the organization.

• 居留地設置直後は、日本側の「外国掛捕亡役」「居留地廻方」と居留地の自治組織である「行事局」が設置する「居留地取締掛」が並立していた。
• Immediately after the foreign settlement was established, three settlement police forces existed simultaneously, the 'Gaikoku keihoboyaku' (the 'troop handling the pursuit, apprehension and death of the foreign(ers)) and the 'Kyoryuchi mawarigata' (Settlement Patrolmen) representing Japan's police and the Kyoryuchi torishimari kakari' (Settlement Supervisors) which had been established by the 'Gyojikyoku,' the self-governing body of the settlement.

• やがて日本にいる留学生らが反仏運動の結社を組織し活動しだすと、フランス側は留学生の親族を投獄し、送金を妨害するなどして弾圧を行った。
• When Vietnamese students and others in Japan began to form an anti-French movement organization and started its campaign, French government cracked down on them in different ways, which included putting their relatives in prison and interfering with money transfers.

• 立法府に相当する組織（議決機関）：宗会（宗議会〈各教区から選出される僧侶の代表〉と、参議会〈各教区から選出される門徒の代表〉の二院制）
• The organization that corresponds to the legislative body (decision-making body): Shukai (bicameral legislature of Shu-gikai (representative of priests elected from each parish, 宗議会) and San-gikai (representative of lay followers elected from each parish, 参議会))

• 商売の手段としては、地面に引いた敷物のうえに商品を並べる簡易なものから、仮設建築としての見世物小屋を集団組織で営むものまで様々である。
• Their business methods vary from simple ones where products are placed on a mat on the ground to show tents built as temporary buildings operated by organizations.

• 博識で有職故実や垂加神道にも精通していた兼香は、衰退した朝廷儀式の再興と組織改革の実現を志していた皇太子から厚い信任を得るようになる。
• Extremely knowledgeable and with a thorough knowledge of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) and Suika Shinto (a mix of Shinto and Confucianism), he gained the confidence of the Crown Prince, who had his sights on reviving court rituals and implementing organizational reform.

• また、伊達家を中心に奥州の諸大名の連合軍を組織し後北条氏と連携、徳川家康ら豊臣家中の不穏分子の蜂起を待つという構想も持っていたようだ。
• It seems that Masamune planned to organize allied forces of territorial lords of Oshu led by Date clan, and then the forces would cooperate with Gohojo clan, while he also anticipated and waited for the rise of seditious groups within the Toyotomi administration such as Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.

• また、敗戦後、各省庁は、占領軍により戦争責任追及の証拠として押収されるのを防ぐため、積極的・組織的に関係書類の焼却・廃棄を行っている。
• Furthermore, after the war, the government ministries and agencies actively and systematically burned and disposed of relevant documents to prevent them from being seized by occupation authorities as evidence for war responsibility.

• 天下を平定したとはいえ、信長・秀吉に比べて守旧的な組織しか作らなかったとして、家康を名君・奸君とするのは過大評価であるとする説もある。
• There is also the theory that it is an overestimation to consider Ieyasu an excellent ruler or cunning ruler, because, although he unified the nation, he established only conservative systems, compared with Nobunaga and Hideyoshi.

• 元々の氏神は、「ウジ」の神と書くように、その地域の豪族である古代の氏族組織である氏が祖神または守護神として祀っていた神のことであった。
• As ujigami is written as a god of 'uji' (clan), it originally meant the ancestral or tutelary god enshrined by a ruling family in the area who formed a clan, ancient clanship.

• しかし、大楠公600年祭（昭和10年）時には学術的根拠ある楠木氏の子孫が確認され、湊川神社内に楠木同族会が組織されて現在に至っている。
• But descendants of the Kusunoki clan were identified based on scientific evidence at the Dai-Nanko 600th anniversary in 1935, so the Kusunoki family council has been organized at Minatogawa-jinja Shrine and continues to exist.

• さらに、足利氏出身であったことから室町幕府からも庇護を受け、中世から近世にかけて存在した男性盲人の自治的互助組織である当道座を開いた。
• Since he was from the Ashikaga Family, he was under the patronage of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and opened Todo-za, which was an autonomous mutual support group of visually impaired males that existed in the Medieval Period to the early-modern times.

• 「三ツ者」と呼ばれる隠密組織を用いて、情報収集や諜報活動を行わせたと言われている（甲陽軍鑑では三ツ者のほか、素破とも表現されている）。
• He established a secret organization called `Mitsumono' (secrecy organization of Shingen Takeda), and ordered them to gather information or carry out espionage (in 'Koyo Gunkan' (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family), the organization is also described as Suppa (the secrecy organization of Shingen Takeda).

• 鎌倉時代には叡尊や忍性による悲田院の再興をうけて西大寺 (奈良市)真言律宗の元に組織化されたり、一遍の時宗とともに遊行するものもいた。
• In the Kamakura period, with restoration of Hiden-in Temple by Eison and Ninsho, Hinin residents were organized under the Shingon Ritsu sect of Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City), some of Hinin travelled with monks of Ippen's Jishu sect of Buddhism.

• 与党となった憲政党のうち、旧進歩党 (日本)系の大隈を首相に、旧自由党 (日本)系の板垣退助を特に内務大臣 (日本)に迎えて組織した。
• Among the Constitutional Party in power, the cabinet was organized with OKUMA from the former Progressive Party (Japan) as the Prime Minister and Taisuke ITAGAKI from the former Liberal Party (Japan) as Minister of Home Affairs.

• なお、旧函館県及び根室県の組織はそのまま北海道庁函館支庁及び根室支庁として、1890年11月5日の支庁制移行まで継続される事になった。
• The organization of former Hakodate and Nemuro Prefectures was succeeded by Hakodate and Nemuro offices of the Hokkaido government, and continued until the transition to the subprefecture system on November 5, 1890.

• 組織変更後持分会社が合名会社であるときは、前項第三号ロに掲げる事項として、その社員の全部を無限責任社員とする旨を定めなければならない。
• If the Membership Company after Entity Conversion is a General Partnership Company, it shall provide that all of the partners are unlimited partners in prescribing the matter set forth in item (iii)(b) of the preceding paragraph.

• やがて、所従・下人をも含めた荘民は新たな農民集団を形成して荘園領主や外部と対峙する様になり、「惣村」と呼ばれる独自の自治組織を形成する。
• As a result, the class of shomin, including shoju and genin, started to form groups of peasants which confronted the manor owners and the external parties, which was a process that eventually led to the formation of the self-governing organization called 'soson.'

• 荘園制を基礎にして発達した本所もその一つであるが、地方の行政組織の内部に発達してきた国衙法（こくが）ともいうべき慣習法もその一例である。
• Honjo (proprietor or guarantor of the manor) which developed, based on the shoen system, is one example, as well as common law that can be referred to as Kokuga (provincial government headquarters) law, that developed within provincial governmental organizations.

• 後に清河八郎に率いられて江戸に戻るが、4月に清河が暗殺されると幕府により新徴組として再組織され、主に江戸市中の警戒、海防警備に従事する。
• Subsequently, they returned to Edo led by Hachiro KIYOKAWA, but after Kiyokawa was assassinated in April, the Roshi-gumi was reorganized as the Shinchogumi by the Edo bakufu, and they maintained vigilance inside Edo City and served as the naval defense and guard.

• 新選組は助勤、監察など職務ごとに系統的な組織作りがなされ、頂点は局長であるが、実際の指揮命令は副長の歳三から発せられるようになっていた。
• Systematic structure by each duty such as Jyokin, Kansatsu, etc., of Shinsen-gumi was formed, and while the Head of the organization was the commander, the actual directing orders were given by Toshizo, the vice commander.

• なお、直政が兵部少輔に叙任されたのは、最初に赤備えを組織した武田氏の家臣である飯富虎昌が兵部少輔に叙任されていたためだとも言われている。
• It is said the reason Naomasa was assigned as a Hyobu-shoyu (junior assistant minister of the Hyobusho Ministry of Military) was that Toramasa OBU, a vassal of the Takeda clan who had first organized the Akazonae (red arms), had been assigned as one.

• 翌年春の組織再編で伍長となったが、慶応3年（1867年）三月に伊東を盟主として結成された御陵衛士（高台寺党）に参加し、新選組を離脱した。
• He became a corporal upon an organizational restructuring in spring of the following year; but, in April 1867, he left Shinsen-gumi masterless warriors' party to join the Goryo-eji party (Kodaiji-to party)--organized by ITO, its leader.

• 江戸時代に入ると、幕府は盲人が当道座に属することを奨励し、当道組織が整備され、寺社奉行の管轄下ではあるがかなり自治的な運営が行なわれた。
• During the Edo period, the bakufu encouraged the blind to join the Todo-za, consolidating the organization which started to enjoy considerable autonomy even though it was under the jurisdiction of the Jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines).

• まず、軍事面では、ほとんど形骸化した府兵制に代えて、募兵を中心とした組織が編成され、団練使（だんれんし）・節度使（せつどし）が置かれた。
• In place of the Fuheisei (soldier system), which became a mere shell in a military sense, an organization with a system centered on recruiting mercenaries was formed which created the post of Danrenshi and Setsudoshi.

• 大納言（だいなごん）は、朝廷組織の最高機関、太政官の職の一つで、左大臣・右大臣・内大臣に次ぐ官位で、四等官の中の次官（すけ）に相当する。
• 'Dainagon' (chief councilor of state) is a post ranking below Sadaijin (minister of the left), Udaijin (minister of the right), and Naidaijin (inner minister) in Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the highest organ in the Imperial Court, and corresponds to Suke (assistant director) in the Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks).

• 寛治4年（1090年）、熊野に参詣した白河天皇は、熊野詣の盛行に鑑みて、一地方霊山に過ぎなかった熊野三山を組織的に管理する必要を感じた。
• In 1090, Emperor Shirakawa had visited Kumano and observed the place bustling with pilgrimages to Kumano Sanzan; he felt that Kumano Sanzan which had been rather an insignificant local reizan (sacred mountain) needed to be managed systematically.

• 組織変更後持分会社が合同会社であるときは、第一項第三号ロに掲げる事項として、その社員の全部を有限責任社員とする旨を定めなければならない。
• If the Membership Company after Entity Conversion is a Limited Liability Company, it shall provide that all of the partners are limited partners in prescribing the matter set forth in paragraph (1)(iii)(b).

• 秋に刈り入れが終わると、杜氏は自分の村の若い者や、近隣で腕に覚えのある者に声をかけて、その冬のためのいわば酒造りチームを組織するのである。
• After a harvest is finished in the autumn, the toji invites young people in the village or people in neighboring villages who have some skills and he forms a team for sake brewing in the winter.

• 認定完成検査実施者は、完成検査のための組織又は完成検査の方法に変更があつたときは、遅滞なく、その旨を経済産業大臣に届け出なければならない。
• An Accredited Completion Inspection Executor shall inform any change which has taken place to the organization for completion inspection or method of completion inspection to the Minister of METI without delay.

• 認定保安検査実施者は、保安検査のための組織又は保安検査の方法に変更があつたときは、遅滞なく、その旨を経済産業大臣に届け出なければならない。
• An Accredited Safety Inspection Executor shall report any change which has taken place to the organization for safety inspection or the method of safety inspection to the Minister of METI without delay.

• 所領北伊勢、河曲・鈴鹿の二郡の15歳から60歳に至る名主・百姓を動員、牢人衆を召し抱え、伊賀・甲賀・雑賀の他国衆も集めて遠征軍を組織した。
• He mobilized village leaders and peasants aged between 15 and 60 from Kawano-gun and Suzuka-gun, which were in his territory of northern Ise, taking on ronin (samurai who had left their masters and lost their horoku [salary]), gathering people of Iga, Koka, and Saiga, and organizing the expedition army.

• 明治維新によって、幕府も含めて旧来の朝廷機構は事実上廃止されて（王政復古の大号令）、新しく生まれ変わった行政組織である明治政府が成立した。
• The old Imperial Court system including the bakuhu was virtually abolished by the Meiji Restoration (the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule), and the Meiji Government was established as a newly born political system.

• 日本の官司の原型はヤマト王権（大和朝廷）の行政事務を複数の伴造が分掌して部民を動員・管理して業務を遂行した組織体であったと考えられている。
• The prototype of kanshi in Japan is thought to be an organization in which several Tomonomiyatsuko (chiefs of various departments at the Imperial Court) shared the affairs of public administration of Yamato dynasty, mobilized and managed their Benotami (officers and people serving the Yamato dynasty) in order to perform duties.

• このように、いわば「善意」を基本に成り立つボランティアガイド組織と、ビジネスの論理で行動する旅行社や観光事業者とのギャップが拡大しつつある。
• It is due to such factors that the gap is widening between the volunteer guide organizations that are built on good will and the travel agencies and tourism industry workers that operate according to business principles.

• 法として機能し始めたのは「新選組」と名を改め近藤・土方を中心とする組織が整ってからで、伊東甲子太郎ら一派の粛清の際にも適用されたといわれる。
• The rules started to function as law when Roshi-gumi changed its name to 'Shinsen-gumi,' and the organization lead by KONDO/HIJIKATA had been well-established, and are said to have been applied when Kinetaro ITO and his group were purged.

• これにより、まず当時の先進地域だった畿内において、民衆が連帯組織＝一揆を形成して、支配者（幕府や守護など）へ政治的な要求を行うようになった。
• In the wake of the change, the masses in the Kinai region (the provinces in the vicinity of the capital which were under direct Imperial rule), which was an advanced area of those days, began to form solidarity organizations (called ikki in Japanese) to make a political appeal to their rulers such as the bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) and their shugo (provincial constables).

• 江戸時代の狩野派は、狩野家の宗家を中心とした血族集団と、全国にいる多数の門人からなる巨大な画家集団であり、ピラミッド型の組織を形成していた。
• The Kanoha group during the Edo period was a huge painting group comprised of a consanguinity group mainly with the head family of the Kano family and numerous disciples around the nation, thus comprising a hierarchy.

• 新選組が幕臣として取り立てられたのは慶応4年2月15日の甲陽鎮撫隊組織時であると語っているが、実際の取立ては慶応3年6月10日のことである。
• Although it mentioned that Shinsengumi was recruited as the bakushin (servants of bakufu) in organizing Koyo Chinbutai (a military unit formed especially for the campaign in Kai province) on February 15, 1868, it actually happened on June 10, 1867.

• 明治25年（1892年）に沖縄県知事に就任するが、謝花昇らと対立を深め、謝花の組織した沖縄倶楽部への弾圧を行うなどの強権を以て県政に臨んだ。
• He became the governor of Okinawa Prefecture in 1892 and invoked the state power to conduct the prefectural administration such as oppressing Okinawa Club organized by Noboru JAHANA whom Shigeru conflicted with.

• 銀品位の分析では試金石は役に立たないが、銀座の銀見役、両替商など熟練者は、表面の錆色、割れ目などに見られる共晶組織から品位を判断したという。
• The quartz was not useful in the analysis of karat of silver, but those who were well versed in it such as appraiser of silver and money changer determined the karat by eutectic composition that was seen in rust on the surface and crack.

• 徳川幕府が治める江戸時代に入ると、組織的宗教は人々の生活にはほとんど影響を及ぼすことはなくなり、残った美術は非宗教的なものがほとんどであった。
• During the Edo period governed by the Tokugawa shogunate, organized religions hardly influenced the life of people, and most of the remained arts were nonreligious arts.

• 前項の審査は、電気工作物の安全管理を旨として、溶接事業者検査の実施に係る組織、検査の方法、工程管理その他経済産業省令で定める事項について行う。
• The examination set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be conducted, in accordance with the principle of ensuring safety management for Electric Facilities, with respect to the organization in charge of an Operator's Inspection on Welding, inspection methods, process control, and other matters specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• この少し後、自ら火薬の製法を学ぶなど鉄砲の導入に積極的だった将軍足利義輝の命令を受け、近江国国友村に庇護を与えて組織的に鉄砲を製造させている。
• After a while, he protected Kunitomo village in Omi Province and made people there produce guns systematically by order of Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, who was positive about bringing in guns and learned how to make gunpowder.

• 江戸の中期ごろには鳶職人の間で盛んに唄われていた、町火消が鳶職人を中心に組織されたため、木遣り唄も自然と町火消の中に溶け込み受け継がれていった。
• In the middle of Edo period, kiyari was actively sung among tobishoku, and since machihikeshi was mainly composed of tobishoku, kiyariuta (kiyari song) naturally spread into machihikeshi and was passed on from one to another.

• 組織としては現在の大学に類似し、大学頭（「だいがくのかみ」、現在の大学の学長に相当）がトップで、博士（現在の大学教授に相当）が教鞭をとっていた。
• The organizational structure of Daigaku-ryo resembles modern universities; it was headed by 'Daigaku no kami' (Director of the Bureau of Education, equivalent to today's university presidents), and classes were conducted by hakase (equivalent to today's university professors).

• さらに、1876年（明治9年）日蓮宗勝劣派は教義や門流の違いにより解体、富士門流は興門八本山の本山、末寺からなる統一教団として本門宗を組織した。
• Further in 1876, from the discrepancies of creed and monryu, Shoretsu School of Nichiren Sect was dissolved, and Fujimon School organized Honmon Sect as a unified religious community, which was formed by honzan temples and their branch temples of Komon Hachi Honzan.

• 別府は加治木で別に2大隊を組織してその指揮長になった（のちにこの2大隊を六番・七番大隊としたが、人員も正規大隊の半分ほどで、装備も劣っていた）。
• Beppu organized two extra battalions in Kajiki, and became the leader thereof (later, the two battalions became the sixth battalion and the seventh battalion, but both had only half the number of members of a regal battalion and also their equipments was inferior.)

• 土佐藩脱藩後、貿易会社と政治組織を兼ねた亀山社中・海援隊 (浪士結社)の結成、薩長連合の斡旋、大政奉還の成立に尽力するなど、志士として活動した。
• After having fled from Tosa clan he acted as a royalist, exerting himself into establishing Kameyama-shachu, later Kaientai (a society of master less samurai), a mixture of a trading company and a political organization, mediating collaboration between Satsuma and Choshu, and realizing Taisei-hokan (the Restoration of the Imperial rule).

• 株座は名主・草分け・勧請主・社家・社人やその一族など特定の家々が世代を超えて資格を保持しておりその家系の者だけが参加できる特権的祭祀組織である。
• Kabuza was the privileged festival group, in which only designated family members with qualifications for membership over generations such as Nanushi (village headman), Kusawake (a pioneer), Kanjoshu (a person who prays for the coming of a deity), Shake (family of Shinto priests serving a shrine on a hereditary basis), Shanin (Shinto priesthood of a lower rank) and their related families could participate.

• 1942年 11月24日、Mike Masaokaらの主導で、陸軍省に日系2世部隊を組織するよう建白書を提出、翌年1月28日に請願が許可される。
• On November 24, 1942, Mike MASAOKA and others submitted a petition to the U.S. War Department that a squad of second-generation Japanese be made, and it was accepted on January 28, 1943.

• また大隈や卿の伊達宗城からも同様の趣旨の要請を受けて、渋沢を掛長（租税正兼務）として省内改革（政策立案能力の向上）を推進する組織として発足した。
• He also received the same request from Okuma and Munenari DATE who was Kyo, and an organization to promote reformation in the ministry (to improve capability of policy planning) was established and Shibusawa was designated a section head (head of the land tax department as well).

• 戦国大名が軍事力の裾野として組織していった甲斐国武田氏の「軍役衆」、伊達氏の「名懸衆」、毛利氏の「一戸衆」「一所衆」などはみなその類のものである。
• Gunekishu' (military service people) of the Takeda clan in Kai Province, 'Nakakeshu' of the Date clan, 'Ikkoshu' of the Mori clan were the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period that formed the outskirts of the military power.

• 前項の審査は、特定電気工作物の安全管理を旨として、定期事業者検査の実施に係る組織、検査の方法、工程管理その他経済産業省令で定める事項について行う。
• The examination set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be conducted, in accordance with the principle of ensuring safety management for Specific Electric Facilities, with respect to the organization in charge of a Periodic Operator's Inspection, inspection methods, process control, and other matters specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 成人が大半を占める組織や集団では、酒を酌み交わす宴会の形で行われることが多く、居酒屋や宴会場などでは新年会と並んで大きな需要を喚起する契機となる。
• If an organization or a group mainly consists of adults, Bonenkai is held as a party to drink together, therefore, it is a big opportunity along with Shinnenkai (new year party) for izakayas (Japanese-style pub) and party halls.

• このような状況において教団は、法中（僧侶）-法立（不受不施信者）-内信（外見上他宗他派を装う信者）という地下組織化の道をとり、教団の存続を図った。
• Under such circumstances, the religious order tried to survive by organizing an underground organization consisting of hocchu (Buddhist priest), horyu (法立, believers of fujufuse) and naishin (内信, believers who ostensibly pretended to believe in other sects or schools).

• この際に、大隈や福澤諭吉が藩閥政府に代わる内閣を組織しようとしていたとの疑惑から、福澤の影響が強い慶應義塾出身の官僚が多数官を辞することになった。
• On this occasion, due to the suspicion that Okuma and Yukichi FUKUZAWA were trying to set up a new cabinet to replace the han-dominated government, many government officials who graduated from Keio Gijuku and were greatly influenced by Fukuzawa left their positions.

• 翌年解任され、奥州総大将として陸奥国へ派遣、1345年に至るまで在国し伊達氏、北畠顕信らの南朝 (日本)方を圧倒させ、奥羽の組織化に成功を収める。
• Yoshifusa was dismissed in the following year and dispatched to Mutsu province as the supreme commander of Oshu where he stayed until 1345, during which overwhelmed the Southern Court (Japan) including the Date clan, Akinobu KITABATAKE, etc. and successfully organized the Ou region.

• 新宗教は江戸で布教を行い富士講を組織して、江戸幕府にとっても無視できない規模になることもあり、幕府が富士講禁制の町触を出すこともしばしばであった。
• Those new religions conducted missionary work in Edo and formed Fujiko confraternities, and some such groups became too big to be ignored by the Edo shogunate government, which eventually announced directives to prohibit formation of Fujiko confraternities repeatedly.

• 当初は「明法曹司」などと呼ばれる明法博士の教授団（組織）に対して下される形式が取られたが、9世紀以後には明法博士個人に対して出されるようになった。
• At first such an imperial decree was formally handed down to an instruction group of Myobo hakase called 'Myobo-zoshi' but after the ninth century it was handed down to Myobo hakase personally.

• そしてその指導の下に旧軍とは別に、新式の編成で新式の装備を有する「別技軍」を組織し、日本式の訓練を行ったり日本に留学させたりと、努力を続けていた。
• Under the advisors' instruction, they set up the 'Byeolgigun' (a modernized special military force) apart from the existing traditional army, organized it in a new way and had it newly-equipped, continuing with such efforts as performing Japanese-style training and sending some members to Japan for study.

• また軍隊組織としてみた場合、義和団は言うに及ばず、清朝軍すら全体を統括指揮する能力に欠けており、その点も前近代的であると日本軍からは評されている。
• The Boxers failed to reach the level of a military organization, and even the Qing dynasty army lacked leadership and was not united, being described as old-fashioned by the Japanese army.

• また、小谷野敦は里見の領国を日本のミニチュアととらえ、領民を組織して行われた里見家の軍事訓練の描写などに江戸時代後期の海防論との関係を見出している。
• Furthermore Ton KOYANO, regarding the territory ruled by the Satomi family as a miniature Japan, considers that the description of military training led by the Satomi family mobilizing people within the domain is connected with the doctrine of coast defense in the later Edo period.

• 近世には、二条通り以北を上京、以南を下京と称し、上京には「上京十二組」「禁裏六丁組」、下京には「下京八組」という町組（ちょうぐみ）が組織されていた。
• In the early modern Kyoto, the area north of Nijo-dori Street was referred to as Kamigyo, and the area south of Nijo-dori Street was referred to as Shimogyo; and chogumi (town society) called 'Twelve town societies of Kamigyo' and 'Kinri Rokucho town society' were formed in Kamigyo, and 'Eight town societies of Shimogyo' were formed in Shimogyo.

• 高弟が独立して新たに宗家を名乗り、一流を立てることが多く行われたためであり、全国的な組織を有する流派もある一方で、きわめて小規模の流派も少なくない。
• As many high-ranked disciples became independent, declared themselves to be headmasters and established a school, some have a nation-wide organization and others are very small-scale schools.

• また非血縁関係の家臣・国人領主たちに「一家」・「一門」などの称号を与えて自己の一族扱いをしてゆく事によって組織における指導的地位を確保しようとした。
• They treated the vassals and Kokujin ryoshu, who had no blood relations, as equals to family members by conferring them the title of 'ikka' or 'ichimon' in an attempt to maintain their leading position in the organization.

• その役割は鳥羽天皇期となっても変化はなく、牛馬の管理・御幸の警護を行う院の武力組織の中核ともいえる院御厩（いんのみうまや）の預（あずかり）となった。
• His role did not change during Emperor Toba's rule, and became the In no Miumaya no Azukari (Head Horse guard), which was the core position in the In (cloister) military organization that was responsible for managing the horses and cattle and guarding the emperor.

• 前項の審査は、事業用電気工作物の安全管理を旨として、使用前自主検査の実施に係る組織、検査の方法、工程管理その他経済産業省令で定める事項について行う。
• The examination set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be conducted, in accordance with the principle of ensuring safety management for Electric Facilities for Business Use, with respect to the organization in charge of a Pre-use Self-Inspection, inspection methods, process control, and other matters specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 法人にあつては、その役員又は法人の種類に応じて経済産業省令で定める構成員の構成が検査組織等調査の公正な実施に支障を及ぼすおそれがないものであること。
• In the case of the applicant being a juridical person, the composition of officers and personnel which is specified by an Ordinance of METI for each type of officers or juridical persons shall have no possibility of interfering with the fair implementation of investigation of inspection organizations, etc.;

• 宗務院録事には、総本山での法要などの達示、住職などの辞令、講中組織結成許可、檀徒団体の法華講の役員の承認、末寺の檀家総代の承認などが掲載されている。
• In Shomuin rokuji, it has information such as a notice of a Buddhist memorial service at sohonzan, an official written notification of chief priest, approval of establishing organization of Kochu, approval of a committee of Hokke Ko for a supporters group, approval of representatives of supporters group of branch temples.

• このような禁止措置の背景として、復古的な神道観による神社制度の組織化によるものである一方、文明開化による旧来の習俗文化を否定する動きの影響も伺える。
• This ban was imposed partly because there had been an attempt to organize the shrine system through Shintoism--the ideological background of the restoration of the imperial regime--and partly because there had been a movement of Bunmei kaika (cultural enlightenment) that negated local, traditional and secular manners and customs.

• 一方、寺社においては比較的早い時期より直務支配を行うための荘務組織が確立されており、本家・領家である寺社の支配が直接的に在地に及ぶ体制が取られていた。
• In the case of temples and shrines, on the other hand, the Organization of Shomu (management and control of agriculture, taxes, etc in Shoen) had been established at a relatively early period, and a system was taken that allowed temples and shrines of honke or ryoke to manage their property directly.

• ともかく「戦陣訓」には耗弱した軍の組織の反映があり，聡明なる兵隊はそれを読んだ時点で，すでに兵隊そのものの危機を予感したかもしれない。」と述べている。
• Anyway, 'Senjinkun military code' reflects the drastically weakened militaty organization, and therefore, a clever soldier would have already expected the crisis of the army when he read it.'

• その内容は陸海軍の組織と編制などの制度、および勤務規則の設定、人事と職務の決定、出兵と撤兵の命令、戦略の決定、軍事作戦の立案や指揮命令などの権である。
• The contents of the power are to establish a regulation of organization or reorganization of the Army-Navy or the working regulations, to decide the personnel affairs and duties, to command dispatch and withdrawal of troops, to decide a strategy, to plan the military operation and to supervise and command.

• 続いて加藤清正の二番隊、黒田長政の三番隊というように九番隊まで総勢15万8000人と九鬼嘉隆らの船奉行9200人(後に水軍編成へ順次移行)を組織した。
• Then, he organized his army, over 158,000 men, in up to nine divisions, such as Kiyomasa KATO's second division and Nagamasa KURODA' s third division, with 9,200 soldiers making up the Funa-bugyo (Marshals of the Ships), such as Yoshitaka KUKI's (gradually becoming the formation of a navy).

• 協定では朝鮮の独立を保証すること、朝鮮の財政改革を促進すること、近代的警察及び軍隊を組織すること、電信線を維持することについて、共通の意思を明示した。
• It was the neutral agreement that both Japan and Russian would guarantee the independence of Korean, promote fiscal reform in Korea, assemble a modern police and army, and maintain telegraph lines.

• 近世の京都では、二条通以北を上京、以南を下京と称し、上京には「上京十二組」「禁裏六丁組」、下京には「下京八組」という町組（ちょうぐみ）が組織されていた。
• In the early modern Kyoto, the area north of Nijo-dori Street was referred to as Kamigyo, and the area south of Nijo-dori Street was referred to as Shimogyo; and chogumi (town society) called 'Twelve town societies of Kamigyo' and 'Kinri Rokucho town society' were formed in Kamigyo, and 'Eight town societies of Shimogyo' were formed in Shimogyo.

• 体協専務理事、オリンピック東京大会組織委員長、国際オリンピック委員会（IOC）委員を歴任し、国際スポーツ界においても「プリンス・タケダ」として知られた。
• He served in a variety of posts, including the executive managing director of Japan Sports Association, Chairman of the Tokyo Olympic Organizing Committee, member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC)and was known as 'Prince Takeda' in the international sports community.

• ただし、武装集団である武士社会の行動原理に、現代社会ではヤクザなどの暴力団組織に特徴的に認められる行動原理が無視できないほど共通しているのも確かである。
• It is certain that the behavioral principle of bushi society, which were an armed group, is significantly similar to the behavioral principle which is characteristically seen in a gangster organization like yakuza and so on in modern society.

• 宗務院は静岡県富士宮市の重須本門寺におかれ、八本山より輪番制で管長法主を選出するなどの組織機構が整えられ、1899年（明治32年）には本門宗と改称した。
• Its shumuin (office for religious management) were put in Omosu Honmon-ji Temple and its organizational systems, such as the selection of the head of the sect in rotations of Hachi Honzan, were arranged, and in 1899, it changed its name to Honmon Sect.

• 明治31年（1898年）、対立していた大隈重信の進歩党 (日本)と合同して憲政党を組織し、日本初の政党内閣である第1次大隈内閣に内務大臣として入閣する。
• In 1898, merging with Shinpoto Party (Progressive Party, Japan) led by Shigenobu OKUMA who had opposing views against him, Itagaki formed Kenseito Party (the Constitutional Party) and joined the First Okuma Cabinet, Japan's first party cabinet, as the Minister of Home Affairs.

• これに危機感を抱いた頼朝は、短期決戦もやむなしと判断し義経を起用、義経は見事にこれに応え、西国武士を組織し、屋島・壇ノ浦の合戦で平氏を滅亡に追い込んだ。
• Worried about it, Yoritomo appointed Yoshitsune for the duty, judging that the short decisive battle could be inevitable, and Yoshitsune responded it with success by organizing the warriors in western Japan and destroyed the Taira clan in the battles of Yashima and Dannoura.

• 形態は新聞社であったが、社会主義者と社会主義支援者らのセンターの役割を担い、事実上、社会主義協会 (1900年)とともに社会主義運動の中心組織であった。
• Although it was a newspaper company in its appearance, it was in reality the central organization of socialistic movements playing the role of the center for socialism and socialism supporters together with the Socialist Association (in 1900).

• 大化の改新以後、部民制に代わって四等官制度など律令制に基づく官司組織が形成されるようになるが、それが一応の完成をみたのは大宝律令の制定以後のことである。
• After the Taika Reforms, organizations of officials under the ritsuryo system, such as shitokan-sei (the fundamental structure of the bureaucracy system of the ritsuryo system), were formed instead of benotami-sei, but they were not completed until after the establishment of Taiho Ritsuryo.

• これは連帯責任・相互監察・相互扶助の単位であり、領主はこの組織を利用して治安維持・村（町）の中の争議の解決・年貢の確保・法令の伝達周知の徹底をはかった。
• This was the unit for collective responsibility, mutual monitoring, and mutual aid, and the feudal lord operated these organizations for law and order, resolving conflicts in the village (town), collecting land tax, and notifying everyone of acts.

• しかしながら、彼ら酒師たちは、後世の杜氏集団ほど階級化・組織化されておらず、むしろ酒造りの仕事は、上下に階級化されるよりも、水平に幅広く分業化されていた。
• However, such sakashi people were less hierarchized and organized than latter-day toji groups; indeed, their sake brewing duties were more horizontally and widely specialized rather than vertically specialized.

• 古くは富士門流・日興門流・大石寺派と称し、浄土真宗にみられるような強固な単一組織はつくらなかったが、人的交流、学問的交流を通じ、ゆるやかに結びついていた。
• In old days they called themselves Fujimon School, Nikkomon School, and Taiseki-ji School, and even though they did not form a strong unified organization like that seen in the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism), they were connected loosely through personal and academic exchanges.

• このような武装集団だけでなく、神社に隷属した芸能者・手工業者・商人なども神人に加えられ、やがて、神人が組織する商工・芸能の座が多く結成されるようになった。
• Not only armed groups, but also performers, craftsmen, and merchants joined jinin, and over time, many commerce, industry, and entertainment guilds were organized by jinin.

• また、この時徳川側の講和の使者だった井伊直政が、この一連の戦いで得た武田遺臣などをつけられ、以後「井伊軍団」を組織し「赤備え」として勇名を馳せる事となる。
• Furthermore, Naomasa II, who was an envoy of Tokugawa for the pacification, gained surviving retainers of Takeda in a series of such battles, and he organized 'Ii army,' which won a name for itself as 'Akazonae' (red arms).

• 第2条は、政治の中枢となる首都の設置、畿内・令制国・郡といった地方行政組織の整備とその境界画定、中央と地方を結ぶ駅伝制の確立などについて定めるものである。
• Article 2 was to stipulate the establishment of the capital as the political center, the organizations of local administrative offices in Kinai (regions surrounding the capital city), Ryoseikoku (provinces) and counties, the border demarcation between the regions, and the establishment of ekiden-sei (the transportation system) to connect the capital with the other regions.

• こうした背景のもと、日露戦争中に日本軍通訳をつとめた宋秉畯が日本の影響下に政治改革のための組織を計画したが、この計画は元独立協会系の人々に受け入れられた。
• Due to this background, Song Byung-joon who had served as an interpreter for Japanese Army in Russo-Japanese War designed an organization for the political reform against the Japanese influence, and this plan was accepted by people who had followed the independence club before.

• ヤマト王権はこれらの渡来人や全国各地の豪族たちを徐々に組織化していくとともに（部民制の形成）中央の豪族層を大臣 (日本)・連を頂点として系列化していった。
• The Yamato Kingdom gradually organized these settlers and the regional ruling elite (the formation of the bemin system) and placed the central ruling families in the top oomi and muraji positions.

• 政府と衆議院の民党の間において中立を標榜し、国利民福のために政府と民党などの政党側が協調して「責任内閣」を組織して内外の課題にあたるべきであると主張した。
• It advocated the neutrality between the government and minto (general term of the political parties such as Liberal Party, Progressive Party and so on which conflicted with a han-dominated government when imperial Diet was inaugurated) of the House of Representatives and argued that the government and parties such as minto should collaborate and form 'a responsible cabinet' to work on the internal and external matters for the national interest and people's welfare.

• 1883年以来、フランスの保護国であったベトナムでは日露戦争に刺激され、1904年頃、ファン・ボイ・チャウ（潘佩珠）らによって反仏運動の結社が組織された。
• Since 1883, Vietnam was a French-protected state, where, around 1904, Phan Boi Chau and others, inspired by the Russo-Japanese War, organized an association advocating the anti-French movement.

• 従七位下伊予国掾の藤原純友は海賊の討伐に当たっていたが、承平6年（936年）頃には伊予国日振島を根拠に1000艘を組織する海賊の頭目となっていたとされる。
• FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, who was ranked Jushichiinoge (Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade) and served as Governor of Iyo Province, was responsible for combatting pirates, but it is said that in approximately 936, he became the leader of a band of pirates based on Hiburi Island in Iyo Province, commanding a fleet of 1,000 boats.

• 複数の個人や法人等が講等の組織に加盟して、一定又は変動した金品を定期又は不定期に講等に対して払い込み、利息の額で競合う競りや抽選によって金品の給付を受ける。
• More than one person, corporation, and others join an organization called Ko and others and pay for certain or fluctuated money and goods regularly or irregularly to Ko and others, and thereby they will be provided money and goods by auction competing with the sum of interest.

• 熊野講もちとは宿や宿坊で樫杵を使って数人でもちをつく習俗をいい、関東ベエ・奥州ベエが故郷で組織していた熊野講の習慣が持ち込まれたものであると考えられている。
• Kumano-ko mochi was a custom of pounding mochi (rice cake) with an oak pounder at an inn or lodging, and presumably it was a custom which had been developed in the provinces of kanto-be and oshu-be by the members of Kumano-ko (religious associations of Kumano shrines) and later brought by them to Kumano, the home of Kumano-ko.

• この体制を担う貴族や官人の家組織の中では、子弟や外部から能力を見込んだ弟子に対し、幼少期から家業たる専門業務の英才教育をほどこして家業を担う人材を育成した。
• Aristocrats and government officials who undertook such authority and duty developed human resources: they pampered their children as well as gifted disciples.

• 封建社会の法的・組織的な枠組みを荘園制とともに形づくる封建制がそうであるように、荘園構造もまた、封建的な特徴を示す社会に普遍的な一定現象であるとは言えない。
• Like the feudal system which forms the legal and organizational framework of feudal society as well as the shoen system, the shoen structure was also not a certain universal phenomenon in the society which was characteristically feudal.

• だが、明治6年（1873年）に井上や渋沢が辞し、続いて大蔵卿に大隈重信が就くと組織改変で翻訳局は縮小され、翌年には廃止となり卯吉は大蔵省紙幣寮に異動となる。
• However, in 1873 Inoue and Shibusawa resigned, and when the Shigenobu OKUMA took office as Minister of Finance the translation bureau was curtailed through a ministry reorganisation and abolished the following year, forcing Ukichi to transfer to the ministry's department for currency.

• そのため、皇帝が三公九卿以下の官僚組織を擁するのと同様、後宮制度において皇后も三夫人、九嬪、二十七世婦、八十一御妻の3倍ずつ増加するヒエラルキーを擁していた。
• For this reason, similar to the emperor holding bureaucracy of those below Sankokyukei (three ministers and nine councilors), the Kokyuseido (an institution where an emperor has multiple wives in order to maintain the imperial line) also had a hierarchy where the number of empresses tripled; San (three) fujin, Kyu (nine) no hin, Nijyunana (twenty-seven) no seifu, and Hachijyuichi (eighty-one) no gyosai.

• Kyoto Consortium for Japanese Studies は、アメリカの14大学からなる組織であり、毎年50名程度の学生を日本に送っている。
• The Kyoto Consortium for Japanese Studies, a consortium of 14 American universities, sends approximately 50 students to Japan annually.

• これらの町組は、その後たび重なる変遷を経て、明治25年には計32の「学区」に組織された（明治以降の行政区画の変遷については別項「京都市下京区の町名」を参照）。
• After going through many changes, these towns were organized into a total of 32 'school districts' in 1892. (Refer to the section 'Town names of Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City' for the history of administrative division after the Meiji period.)

• 保元の乱では国家による公的な動員だったのに対して今回はクーデターのための隠密裏の召集であり、義朝が組織できたのは私的武力に限られ兵力は僅少だったと推測される。
• Whereas the mobilization during the Hogen Rebellion had been public, sanctioned by the state, this time the order to muster had to be given in the utmost secrecy due to the coup, and so Yoshitomo was only able to assemble what soldiers he had immediately around him; it is conjectured that his army, in the end, numbered very few indeed.

• 晩年は日本人共済会（現ニューヨーク日系人会）の設立、貧しく身寄りのない日本人のための墓地の購入、日本人信用組合の組織化など、同胞のための社会奉仕にも尽くした。
• In his later years, he worked hard for the welfare of his fellow Japanese by founding the Japanese Mutual Aid Society (the present day Japanese American Association of New York), purchasing a graveyard for underprivileged Japanese with no relatives, and organizing the Japanese Credit Cooperative.

• そこで1899年に入ると両会派の連携が進み、同年12月に両会派が木曜会や純無所属の議員にも呼びかけて70名の議員によって政党政治に反対する連合組織を結成した。
• Therefore, in 1899 the cooperation between both groups advanced and in December of the same year the members of Mokuyo-kai (Thursday-group) and independents were invited to form a union with 70 members against party politics.

• このように、公正な女帝の治世のもと、聖徳太子はその才能を十分に発揮し、冠位十二階（603年）・十七条憲法（604年）を次々に制定して、法令・組織の整備を進めた。
• As described above, under fair reign of the Empress, Prince Shotoku fully exhibited his ability and enacted Kan I junikai (twelve grades of cap rank) (in 603) and Seventeen-Article Constitution (in 604) one after another to carry out improvement of laws and organizations.

• 上賀茂地域では、自治連合会が中心になり、各種団体の協力のもと、ボランティアの隊員によるスクールガード隊を組織し、登下校時を中心に子どもたちの安全を見守っている。
• In Kamigamo region, a school guard team is volunteered to be organized, supported by various groups centered in a residents' joint association, to watch the children, especially commuting to and from school and home safely.

• 明治維新後、特に戦後は交通や通信の発展と多くの流派が衰退し同流多派が少なくなった事により、古武道の世界でも宗家制度が広まり、全国的な組織が作られる例も見られる。
• After the Meiji Restoration, especially after World War II, because traffic and communications developed, and a lot of schools declined and doryutaha (multi styles in the same school) decreased, Soke Seido (system of the head family or house) pervades also in the world of kobudo, and we can see cases where a nationwide organization has been established.

• 戦国末期には宗族組織はほとんど崩壊あるいは変質していたため、諸侯は支配地の住民を宗族に基づいて支配するのではなく、個別人身的な支配関係を構築していったとされる。
• By the end of the Zhangguo period, Sozoku organizations collapsed or changed their nature, therefore, lords started to build rulers-and-subjects relations with people in their domain individually instead of ruling them based on Sozoku.

• しかも、白河に対抗する勢力として、異母弟・輔仁親王や摂関家を始めとする伝統的貴族が存在し、田堵農民層を神人・寄人に組織して巨大化した寺社勢力の圧力も熾烈だった。
• However, the forces against Shirakawa were strong, beginning with the traditional aristocracy such as his half-brother, Imperial Prince Sukehito, and the line of regents and advisers, along with the pressure from the growing religious groups that had organized the Tato farmer class into Jinin (temple followers) and Yoriudo (villains).

• 国立国会図書館の組織において、国会に対するサービスの主体となるのは国立国会図書館法第15条によって規定された調査及び立法考査局（「調査局」と略称される）である。
• The main body within the NDL organization that provides the services for the Diet is the Research and Legislative Reference Bureau (referred to as the 'Research Bureau'), as specified in Article 15 of the National Diet Library Act.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、食料、農業及び農村に関する施策を講ずるにつき、相協力するとともに、行政組織の整備並びに行政運営の効率化及び透明性の向上に努めるものとする。
• The State and local governments shall endeavor to cooperate in taking measures on food, agriculture and rural areas, and to restructure administrative organs as well as to improve their efficiency and transparency in administrative management.

• 例えば「丸に一つ鷹の羽」では外郭「丸」の内に単数「一つ鷹の羽」があるもの、「丸に並び鷹の羽」では外郭「丸」の内に単数「一つ鷹の羽」を組織「並び」したものとなる。
• For example, 'circled single falcon wing' is the Mon which consists of Tansu 'one falcon wing' inside Gaikaku 'Maru,' and a 'circled and outlined falcon wing' is the Mon which consists of lined ('Narabi') Tansu 'one falcon wing ' inside Gaikaku 'Maru.'

• 桂は斎藤実海相を優詔により留任させると、若槻禮次郎、後藤新平ら自前の官僚勢力、イギリス流政治を信奉する加藤高明（駐英大使）を入閣させて自前の内閣を組織している。
• Katsura organized his Cabinet in his own way by making Makoto SAITO, the minister of the Navy in the former Cabinet, stay in office with the help of an Imperial edict, and inviting some bureaucrats of his influence, such as Reijiro WAKATSUKI and Shinpei GOTO, as well as the espouser of British politics, Takaaki KATO (Japanese Ambassador to Britain).

• つまり織田家はすでに信長の直接指揮から外れているため、信長自らが巨大な兵力をもつことは組織としての弊害が大きいといえる（信忠が大兵力をもつのであれば問題ない）。
• In other words, the Oda clan was already not under Nobunaga's direct control, therefore, if Nobunaga himself had a huge military force, it would have had a harmful influence on the organization (It was acceptable that Nobutada had a large military force).

• また国内で、脚気患者の大量発生と軍医不足という悲惨な状況が知られはじめると、陸軍衛生部さらに大本営の大本営組織、小池正直（陸軍省医務局）に対する批判が高まった。
• The Medical Department of the Army, Imperial Headquarters Executive Command, and Masanao KOIKE (Medical Affairs Bureau of Ministry of Army) came under increasing criticism when tragic news of the beriberi epidemic and the shortage of army surgeons became known in Japan.

• 1903年、夕張からやってきた永岡鶴蔵は、夕張にある大日本労働至誠会と同じような鉱山労働者の組織を足尾でも結成しようと考えたが、この時代にはうまくいかなかった。
• In 1903, Tsuruzo NAGAOKA who came from Yubari thought of establishing an organization for mine workers in Ashio, like Dainihon Rodo Shiseikai in Yubari, but it didn't work out at that time.

• 1986年（昭和61年）農林水産省の山村振興対策事業を導入し「三瓶製めん類加工生産組合」に組織改編して拠点となる加工場を建設、蕎麦産業の中心的役割を果たしている。
• In 1986, with implementation of a rural development project designed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kuichi Soba no Kai was reorganized as the Sanbe Noodle Manufacturing Association with the newly constructed processing plant as it business base and, thus, that association is playing a key role in the buckwheat industry of the area.

• 多くの場合、初段から三段までは、その都道府県を幾つかの地区に分けて、その都道府県の下部組織である、各支部で合同して審査をする形が多い（四段・五段は1ヶ所で審査）。
• In many cases, examinations for Dan-i from Shodan to Sandan are jointly held by the branches under the Federation in several areas of the prefecture (for Yodan/Godan, examinations are held jointly at one location).

• ヨッフェは当時モスクワに滞在していたアメリカ共産党員・片山潜の推薦を受けて派遣されたもので、仲介したのは黎明会を組織した内藤民治と田口運蔵等の社会主義者であった。
• Joffe was sent by the recommendation of Sen KATAYAMA who had been staying in Moscow at the time as a member of the Communist Party of the USA, and the meeting was mediated by Tamiji NAITO and Unzo TAGUCHI, socialists who organized the Reimei-kai Organization.

• 翌・明治24年（1891年）4月、農商務大臣・陸奥宗光の命令で2年後のシカゴ万国博覧会 (1893年)の準備組織作りを行ない、実質的な責任者である副総裁となった。
• In April 1891, the following year, he was assigned by the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Munemitsu MUTSU, to create an organization for the preparation of the World's Columbian Exposition (1893) which was going to be held two years later, and became the vice-director, who was practically in charge.

• 江戸時代以降の組織捕鯨が確立されてから捕鯨を生業にする地域でも、追悼や感謝の意味を込めて建てられ塚で千葉県勝山の浮島神社の近く竜島地区、和歌山県太地町などにある。
• Since Edo period when organized whaling was established, these mounds were built to mourn and show gratitude even in areas where whaling was a regular vocation, and they are seen in areas such as the Ryushima area near Ukishima-jinja Shrine in Katsuyama, Chiba Prefecture and Taiji-cho, Wakayama Prefecture.

• 組織上は蔵人頭以下を指揮する立場にあるが、所内の実務全般は蔵人頭が責任を負い、蔵人別当は対外的な代表者の地位にあり、実際の実務には携わらない名目的なものであった。
• Although Kurodo no betto was in an organizational position to supervise the entire staff at the Kurododokoro, including the Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), all of the general practical business at the Kurododokoro was the responsibility of the Kurodo no to and the Kurodo no betto was regarded only as a public representative and honorary position not involved in practical business.

• CUMULUSとは、加盟校ネットワークを活かした共同研究や産学連携を目的に、ヨーロッパの美術・デザイン系大学が中心となって組織された、国際的な美術大学連合である。
• CUMULUS is an international art university organization consisting mainly of art and design universities in Europe; its purpose is to encourage collaborative study and industry-university cooperation through means of an organizational network.

• 大正デモクラシーの波にのって成長し、1917年第一党に復帰、1918年米騒動後、1918年（大正7年）に原敬が首班となって、日本最初の本格的な政党内閣を組織した。
• Riding the wave of Taisho Democracy, the Seiyu Party returned to the leading party in 1917 and after rice riot in 1918, Takashi HARA was nominated as shuhan (the head seat) and organized the first full-fledged party government in Japan in 1918.

• そのため、配下の柴田や明智などの大名が、毛利や上杉などの信長に臣従していない大名より大きな兵力をもっていても組織としては問題がなく、むしろ合理的であったと言える。
• Therefore, there was no problem with the organization and it was actually rational that his vassals, such as Shibata and Akechi, had larger military forces than that of such daimyo as Mori and Uesugi who did not serve under Nobunaga.

• その結果、平和主義や一揆の禁止などを説きながらも、教団を守るために一向一揆を組織し、更には守護などの世俗権力との連携をするという難しい選択に迫られることになった。
• As a result, on one hand he preached pacifism and the prohibition of uprisings, but on the other hand he had to make a hard decision to organize the Ikko-Ikki army to protect the religious community and furthermore to receive the cooperation from the secular powers such as provincial governors.

• 皇統譜の登録及び附記に関する記録は、宮内庁書陵部において尚蔵し（旧10条、宮内庁法2条11号、宮内庁組織令8条1号、20条1号）、副本は法務省で保管する（現2条）。
• The records concerning register and supplementary provisions of the Kotofu are stored by the department of Imperial Household Archives (the old Article 10, Imperial Household Agency Act Article 2, Item 11, Imperial Household Agency Organizational Order Article 8, Item 1, and Article 20, Item 1), and the duplicate copy is retained by Ministry of Justice (the existing Article 2).

• 日本映画プロダクション連盟（にほんえいが-れんめい、1928年5月 - 1929年2月）は、かつて京都に存在した日本のインディペンデント系映画会社の集合組織である。
• Japan Movie Production Federation (May 1928 - February 1929) was an association in Kyoto made up of film companies focused on independent films.

• 視覚障害者の一部しか、当道座などの互助組織に所属していなかったとされる説と、当時のほとんどの視覚障害者は当道座、盲僧座、瞽女座のいずれかに属していたとする説がある。
• While there is a theory that only a part of the visually-impaired belonged to a mutual support group including todoza, and there is a theory that in those days almost all visually-impaired belonged to some kind of group such as todoza, mosoza and the goze organization.

• 番匠は大工職の補任料を納める以外に租税負担が無く、他の職種のように供御人や神人になったり座を結成することもなく、棟梁層による緩やかな組織が存在しているのみであった。
• Bansho were not required to pay tax other than to pay the appointment fee for Daikushiki and only belonged to the loose organization under the Toryo class, not like other occupations where they became Kugonin (purveyors to the Imperial household) and Jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) or formed guilds.

• 1873年（明治6年）にキリシタン禁制が解かれると、長崎を拠点にキリスト教布教や日本人信徒組織の整備と日本人司祭の養成、教理書や各種出版物の日本語訳などに力を注ぎ、
• With the revocation of the prohibition against Christianity in 1873, making Nagasaki his base, he devoted his energies to forming congregations of Christians, establishing facitilities for Japanese believers, and cultivating Japanese priests, as well as translating various scriptures and documents of religious doctrine into Japanese.

• 「宮座」という語が出現するのは近世以後なおかつ西日本を中心とした地域である（東日本では特定の「総本家」が主宰する事例が多い）が、その組織の由来は古代末期にまで遡る。
• The word 'Miyaza' came into being after the early-modern times, especially in the areas around Western Japan (in Eastern Japan, a designated 'Sohonke' [main branch of a school or religion] mainly took in charge); however, the origin of the group was traced back to the end of the ancient times.

• そこで、「納銭所会所」と呼ばれる一種の座を結成させて同業者間の協力組織を確立させるとともに幕府による保護・監督体制を強化して土倉や酒屋の自由な営業・廃業を規制した。
• Therefore, the bakufu allowed the Nosenkata to form a za (guild) called 'Nosendokoro kaisho' (meeting place for the Nosenkata) aiming to establish a cooperative system among the Nosenkata, and restricted the free trade and free closure of the doso and sakaya by strengthening the bakufu-led protection and supervising systems.

• しかしながら、鵞堂はこれに参画しながらも平安朝の草仮名を基底として独目の流麗なスタイルを案出し、婦人たちで習字をするものは、ほとんどこの組織で習うという盛況を呈した。
• However, although participating in these activities as well, Gado devised his own flowing writing style based on the so-gana characters of the Heian period, and this style became so popular that almost all of kana calligraphy-learning women participated in his association.

• 新選組（しんせんぐみ）は、江戸時代後期の幕末期に、主として京都において、反幕府勢力弾圧・警察活動に従事したのち、旧江戸幕府の一員として戊辰戦争を戦った軍事組織である。
• Shinsen-gumi was a military organization which, during the last days of the shogunate at the end of the Edo period, suppressed anti-shogunate forces and engaged in police activities, primarily in Kyoto, and fought for the Edo shogunate in the Boshin War.

• 平安時代中期には北・中・南の三倉とも勅封蔵と見なされていたが、東大寺の什器類を納めていた南倉のみは、後に勅封から綱封（東大寺別当らの寺僧組織が管理する）に改められた。
• In the mid-Heian period, all three warehouses (north, middle and south) were regarded as Chokufu warehouses, but later the south section became 'Kofu,' administered by temple and monk organizations run, for example, by the head secretary of Todai-ji Temple instead of by Chokufu.

• その後、幕府は第二次長州征伐を決行するが、高杉晋作の組織した奇兵隊などの庶民軍の活躍に阻まれ、また、総指揮者である将軍徳川家茂が大坂城で病没するなどもあり、失敗した。
• Thereafter the shogunate government executed the Second Choshu Expeditions, but failed due to successful interruption by the army of non-regular soldiers organized by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, the 'Irregular Militia,' and the death from disease of Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the general supervisor, at the Osaka Castle.

• その後、701年（大宝 (日本)元年）に定められた大宝令官制に至って、後の八省の一つとなる宮内省（くないしょう、みやのうちのつかさ）に類似した組織が定められたとされる。
• Later, it is said that, according to the regulations based on Taiho-ryo (Taiho Code) set in 701, an organization similar to the Imperial Household Ministry (kunai-sho, miyanouchi-no-tsukasa) which became one of the Hassho (eight ministries and agencies) was established.

• 普通は、横糸を刺繍糸のように浮かせた浮織物の地紋に、絵緯（えぬき。織の組織に必要な経緯《たてよこ糸》とは無関係な、紋をあらわすだけに使う色糸）を使って上紋を浮織にする。
• Usually, uwamon is woven with enuki (threads only used for making patterns and irrelevant to keii [the warp and the weft] for weaving a fabric) on the jimon of ukiorimono, a fabric with raised patterns that are woven by raising the weft like embroidery thread.

• 観光ボランティア組織では、あくまでも無料で行いたいと考えているが、ツアーの一部に組み込まれつつある状況にあっては、「ボランティア」の文字が次第に重荷になってきつつある。
• Tourism volunteer groups would like to be able to operate free of charge but as they become part of tour itineraries, the label of 'volunteer' is becoming gradually more difficult to justify.

• 学連はまたたくまに会員1600名を擁する大組織に成長し、マルクス主義の普及・研究を標榜するとともに労働争議や労働者教育運動（京都労働学校など）への支援を積極的に行った。
• The Gakuren expanded rapidly to have 1600 members, advocated diffusion and studies of Marxism, as well as actively supported labor dispute and educational movement for laborers (Kyoto Rodo Gakko [Kyoto Labor School]) and so forth.

• これらの図書館は、設置主体は各省庁や裁判所であるが、同時に国立国会図書館の支部図書館として、中央の図書館とともに国立国会図書館の組織の一部とされる特別な位置付けにある。
• Though established by the executive agencies or courts, these libraries are in a special position as branch libraries of the NDL, comprising a part of the NDL organization along with the main libraries.

• 組織変更後持分会社が合資会社であるときは、第一項第三号ロに掲げる事項として、その社員の一部を無限責任社員とし、その他の社員を有限責任社員とする旨を定めなければならない。
• If the Membership Company after Entity Conversion is a Limited Partnership Company, it shall provide that some of the partners are unlimited partners and other partners are limited partners in prescribing the matter set forth in paragraph (1)(iii)(b).

• そして、国の下部組織である郡、郷、別名、保、条、院や、一円化してまとまった領域を形成するようになった荘園の管理者としての資格を得て、在地領主としての地位を獲得していった。
• They obtained the status of administrator of the local organization of the nation, meaning gun, go, bechimyo, ho, jo, and in, as well as that of shoen which had a large territory through ichienka, and eventually they became local lords.

• 当初は同業の問屋による私的な集団であり、江戸幕府は当初は楽市楽座路線を継承した商業政策を方針としており、こうした組織が流通機構を支配して幕府に対する脅威になる事を恐れた。
• Originally, it was a private group consisting of peer warehouse merchants and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) feared that this kind of organization would control the distribution system and pose a threat to them because the Edo bakufu adopted the commercial policy inherited the course of rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) at first.

• こうして「武士団」を「中世封建社会の担い手となる在地領主層を中核とする戦闘的権力組織で、内部構造としては、主従的な、階層関係（ヒエラルヒー）が認められるもの」と規程する。
• This type of 'bushidan' was 'a militarily ruled society that was centralized around estate owners supporting medieval feudal society, centrally formed on a master and servant hierarchical relationship.'

• これに対して、すでに連年の戦争による財政難などで民心が離反していた武田軍には組織的な抵抗力がなく、木曽地域口から攻め込んだ織田軍はあっという間に伊那城、松尾城を落とした。
• For these movements, no systematic resistance remained in the Takeda's forces, from which public mind had been alienated due to financial difficulties caused by wars continued for long years, and Oda forces, which invaded Takeda's territories through the route called Kisochiiki-guchi, made Ina-jo Castle and Matsuo-jo Castle surrendered quickly.

• このため、「宮座」の語の有無を問わず、神職を持たずに村の住人のみを構成員として祭祀を行う組織を歴史学・民俗学・宗教学などの学術研究の分野においては「宮座」と呼称している。
• So, regardless of the presence or absence of the word 'Miyaza,' the group consisting of village inhabitants without the status of Shinto priest, which conducted rituals, was called 'Miyaza' in the field of academic research such as history, folklore, and religious studies.

• 当山派では山伏の最高位である正大先達（しょうだいせんだつ）を中心として「正大先達衆」という組織を構成したが、松尾寺には当山派正大先達衆に関わる多くの古文書が残されている。
• The Tozan school organized 'the Shodaisendatsu group' with Shodaisendatsu (the highest rank of Yamabushi [mountain priests]) as the central figure; a lot of ancient documents concerning the Shodaisendatsu group of the Tozan school remain in the Matsuo-dera Temple.

• 1910年代前半より、各旧制大学・旧制高等学校・旧制専門学校などでは社会科学研究会（社研）が組織され、1924年9月には49校の社研が参加する学生連合会（学連）が発足した。
• From the first half of the 1910s, Shakai Kagaku Kenkyu-kai (Society for the Study of Social Science), or Shaken, has been organized in universities, high schools, vocational schools and so forth under the old system of education, and Gakusei Rengokai (Federation of Students), or Gakuren, in which Shaken from 49 schools participated, was inaugurated in September 1924.

• また、支部東洋文庫はアジア研究専門の図書館兼研究所である財団法人東洋文庫の寄託を受け、文庫の図書館奉仕部門を国立国会図書館の支部として国会図書館の組織内においたものである。
• Also, the Toyo Bunko Branch Library is a Library Service Department of the Toyo Bunko, which has been designated as a branch of the NDL and placed under the organization of the National Library, deposited by the Toyo Bunko, a library and research institute dedicated to Asian studies.

• スターウッドが持つ世界規模の会員組織と予約システムにより、それまで少なかった外国人宿泊客が4人に1人に急増するなど、客室平均稼働率は提携前の60％から80％に上昇している。
• With the Starwood's world-wide member organization and reservation system, foreign guests staying at the hotel, whose number was small before, increased rapidly to 1/4 of all guests staying overnight, and the average room-occupying rate was also increased from 60% (before the start of the business partnership) to 80%.

• 1956年（昭和31年）に鷺舞保存会が、祇園祭の鷺舞を伝えていた島根県津和野町から舞を逆輸入して復活させ、経費を氏子組織（清々講社）が負担して八坂神社境内で奉納されていた。
• In 1956, Sagi mai hozon kai (Preservation Society of Sagi mai) reimported and restored the dance from Tsuwanocho, Shimane Prefecture, which had conveyed the sagi mai of the Gion Matsuri Festival; its costs were paid by the ujiko soshiki (organization of shrine parishioners) (Seisei kosha - organization of Ujiko shrine parishioners of Yasaka-jinja shrine) and then the dance came to be dedicated to the Yasaka-jinja Shrine.

• 実業家としては、東京府知事高崎五六から提案された府の士族授産金処理事業としての南洋交易を引き受け、明治23年（1890年）に南島商会を組織し、貿易船天祐丸で南洋渡航を行う。
• As a businessman he became active in a South Seas trading venture at the suggestion of Tokyo governor Goroku (Itsumu) TAKASAKI, which was funded by shizoku jusan kin (grants for the retraining of samurai), and in 1890 formed the Nanto (South Sea Islands) Company, voyaging to the South Seas on the Tenyu Maru (Heaven's Help) trading vessel.

• 今川覚神や稲葉昌丸らと『教界時言』を発刊、東本願寺における近代的な教育制度・組織の確立を期して種々の改革を建議・推進し、しばしば当局者と対立し、宗門からの除名処分を受ける。
• He published 'Kyokaijigen' (Timely Words for the Religious World) together with Kakushin IMAGAWA and Masamaru INABA, proposed and promoted various reforms with the expectation of modernizing Higashi Hongan-ji Temple's organization and educational system and often opposed temple authorities until he was expelled from the sect.

• 12月13日、東京の新聞記者・弁護士らが憲政振作会を組織して二個師団増設反対を決議し、翌14日には交詢社有志が発起人となって時局懇談会をひらいて、会の名を憲政擁護会とした。
• On December 13, Kensei Shinsakukai Party a political party organized by journalists and lawyers in Tokyo, adopted a resolution against the increase of two army divisions, and the next day, some supporters of Kojun-sha (the first social club of businessmen in Japan) called for a meeting to discuss the state of affairs and named the meeting 'Kensei Yogokai' (Meeting for Defending Constitutionalism).

• 奈良海軍航空隊（ならかいぐんこうくうたい）及びその前身組織・三重海軍航空隊奈良分遣隊（みえかいぐんこうくうたい ならぶんけんたい）は、大日本帝国海軍の部隊・教育機関の一つ。
• Nara Naval Air Corps and its predecessor, Nara Detachment of Mie Naval Air Corps, were one of the troops and educational institutions of the Imperial Japanese Navy.

• 神社神道の神主などの神職は、古くから政（まつりごと）の執政をし、平安時代には道教の陰陽五行思想を取り込むことによって陰陽師という組織とその政治における官僚としての役職を得た。
• Shrine Shinto priests have been involved in governance since ancient times, and in the Heian period, they incorporated the Taoist concept of Inyo (Onmyo) gogyo shiso (yin and yang and the Five Elements) into their beliefs and practices and in so doing, obtained official positions in the government as Onmyoji (masters of divination and sorcery).

• つまり一定程度の領域及びそこに住む人民に国家の基礎をおいた統治組織が存在し、しかも領域内では、その統治権が排他的に確立され、他国から干渉を排し独立していること（内政不干渉）。
• This means that there is a governing system, which has a foundations of the state in the certain area and on the people living the area, and its sovereignty is exclusively established in the area and it must be independent from the interference by other countries (noninterference in internal affairs).

• 多数の裏切りを出した背景には、九州の諸豪族を軒並み味方につけて大軍を組織してはいても、その大半は南朝方有利の情勢を見て是非なく菊池武敏に味方した者であったという事実が存在する。
• One reason for the betrayal by many warriors was that even though Kikuchi's side led a large force allied with almost all the powerful clans in Kyushu, most of them regarded the Southern Court side as superior and sided with Taketoshi KIKUCHI.

• 1965年8月14日に同志社理事会において「田辺校地に関する基本方針」が承認され、1965年8月25日に校地拡張委員会、1965年12月4日には田辺用地専門委員会が組織された。
• The basic plan regarding Tanabe Campus' was approved by the board of directors of Doshisha on August 14, 1965, and the committee for campus expansion was organized on August 25, 1965, and the professional committee of the land in Tanabe was organized on December 4, 1965.

• 明治になると、図書館が設置されるようになり、図書館に置いてある資料のリストである図書目録を作成するための図書館学の技術として資料組織論や図書分類法などが導入されるようになった。
• When libraries were established in the Meiji Period, the principle of library material organization and the method of book classification were introduced as techniques of library science to make tosho mokuroku (library catalogue).

• また、北海道条例･国法においては「法務局及び地方法務局の支局及び出張所設置規則」において、支庁や法務局およびその下部組織の所管区域を示す規定中に令制国が示されているものもある。
• Further, regarding the national law and Hokkaido ordinance, in the 'establishment rule for branch offices of the legal affairs bureau and the local legal affairs bureau', some rules provide the expression of ryosei province in the stipulation which showed presiding areas of subprefecture, the legal affairs bureau and its lower organizations.

• 「開発領主」が生まれる過程は、その地の有力者が一族子弟のみならず、近隣の農民や諸国から流入した浮浪人などを組織して荒地の開拓を行い、その従事者を新しい村落に編成することに始まる。
• The creation of the 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' started with the cultivation of the wild land not only by children and brothers of the powerful clan, but neighboring peasants and people who escaped and travelled from their registered domiciles of various provinces to organize into a new village as followers.

• その後、平氏は西国の諸勢力を組織して戦争に当たっていたが、元暦2年（1185年）3月、関門海峡での最終決戦（壇ノ浦の戦い）で源義経軍に敗れて滅亡し、平氏政権は名実ともに消滅した。
• Later, the Taira clan organized the various forces of the west and continued to battle, but at the final pitched battle at the Kanmon Channel in March 1185, (Battle of Dannoura), they lost to MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's forces and the Taira clan administration ended in both name and actuality.

• 忘年会（ぼうねんかい）とは、組織や集団が一年の終わりにその一年間を振り返り、その間の苦労をねぎらい、忘れると共に新たな一年に向けて気持ちを新たにするために行われる年中行事である。
• Bonenkai (literally, forget-the-year party) is an annual event held at the end of the year by an organization or group to give those attending a chance to look back at the past year and show their appreciation for the hardships they have each endured, before forgetting the current year and committing themselves to making a fresh start in the upcoming year.

• 足利義満の死後、旧鎌倉幕府以来の奉行の家柄や足利将軍家の譜代家臣の家柄から構成された文官集団である奉行衆（ぶぎょうしゅう）が組織され、そこから奉行人が選出されるのが定例となった。
• After the death of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, a civilian group composed of the families who had served as bugyo within the former Kamakura bakufu, along with families of hereditary vassals of the Ashikaga Shogun family organized the Bugyo-shu, from which it was regularly practiced to elect bugyo.

• 商学部のカリキュラムが平成19年度の特色ある大学教育支援プログラム、学生と教員の幸せな出会いをめざす導入教育～大規模学部における組織的教育改善とその効果の測定～として採用された。
• The curriculum for the Faculty of Commerce was adopted as a Support Program for Distinctive University Education in 2007; a first-year education program aiming to provide an ideal meeting ground between students and teachers - systematic education reform in the large-scale faculty and the measurement of its effect-.

• 1870年に「藩制」が制定されて藩組織の全国的な統一が強制されるなど、中央政府による各藩に対する統制が強められる一方、多くの藩で財政の逼迫が深刻化し、廃藩を申し出る藩が相次いだ。
• Control of han by the central government was tightened as evidenced by the 'fief system' established in 1870 to force a nation-wide unification of han organizations, and at the same time, since the financial condition of domain administration was worsened, domain governments who requested abolition of 'han' appeared one after another.

• 二条天皇即位後は藤原経宗らとともに天皇親政派を組織し、後白河上皇院政派の中心人物である信西と対立、その一方で院政派ながら同様に信西と反目していた甥（姉妹の子）の藤原信頼と接近する。
• After the enthronement of Emperor Nijo, he organized the faction supporting Emperor Nijo with FUJIWARA no Tsunemune and others, and confronted with Shinzei who was the leader of the political faction supporting the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, while approaching his nephew (sister's child) FUJIWARA no Nobuyori who was in the faction supporting the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa but was antagonistic to Shinzei like Korekata.

• しかし宗務院録事にも創価学会の組織結成を許可した事実が記載されていないため、日蓮正宗と創価学会は一致派日蓮宗と立正佼成会の関係と同じで、正規の信徒団体とはいえないとも指摘されている。
• However, in the records of Shumuin Propagation Hall, there is no record of the approval for Soka Gakkai to establish its organization, and the relationship between Nichiren Shoshu Sect and Soka Gakkai is the same as that between Itchi School of Nichiren Sect and Rissho Koseikai (Buddhist organization founded by Nikkyo NIWANO and Myoko NAGANUMA), and some people said that Soka Gakkai was not an official believers group after all.

• この7代如心斎らが行った組織改革は後世に千家流茶道を伝える基盤整備である一方で、単なる指導方法の変更のみならず、小規模空間で小人数をもてなすわび茶の世界を大きく変えていくことになる。
• The organizational reform carried out by the key Senke persons including Joshinsai (the 7th) developed the foundation to hand down the Senke school of tea ceremony to future generations and, on the other hand, it not only changed the method of teaching but also the world of wabicha (tea ceremony of austere refinement), which was designed to entertain a small group of people in a minuscule space.

• 698年には覓国使が南島に派遣され、翌年多褹（種子島）、夜久（屋久島）、菴美（奄美大島）、度感（トカラ列島または徳之島）が朝貢に訪れ、702年には行政組織としての多禰国が設置された。
• In 698, Bekkokushi (researchers sent to Kyushu and the Northern islands of Japan during the Nara period) were dispatched to Minami-jima Island and the next year Tane (Tanegashima Island), Yaku (Yakushima Island), Amami (Amami Oshima) and Tokara (the Tokara Islands or Tokunoshima Island) came to pay tribute and, in 702, Tane Province was established as an administrative organization.

• 最終時点で、幕府陸軍は歩兵隊8個連隊（一橋徳川家の播磨領で第16連隊が編成されて、計9個連隊であるとも言われる。）と伝習歩兵隊3個大隊を中核に、日本最大の西洋式軍事組織となっていた。
• Eventually, the bakufu rikugun became the largest western-style military organization in Japan, centering on 8 regiments of infantry and 3 battalion of learning infantry (some sais that it should be 9 regiments as the sixteenth regiment was established in the territory of Harima of Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family).

• とは言え、本来軍事組織であった鎌倉幕府には司法機関としてのシステムとそれを築く環境が十分には備わっていなかったために訴訟の処理には限界があり、訴訟当事者双方の経済的負担も大きかった。
• But, the Kamakura bakufu, which was originally a military organization, had neither an adequate system for judicial machinery nor environment in which to create it, and thus had a limited capacity to handle lawsuits and imposed heavy economic burdens on both parties to a suit.

• 内閣官制（ないかくかんせい）とは、広義には内閣 (日本)の設置・廃止、名称、組織、権限等に関する定めをいい、狭義には1889年に定められた日本の法令、明治22年勅令第135号をいう。
• The term Naikaku-kansei refers in the broadest sense to the set of regulations for the Cabinet of Japan that govern its establishment, abolition, naming, organization, authority and so on, while more narrowly the term refers specifically to Imperial edict no. 135, a law passed in 1889.

• これは、高校年代の生徒が勉学は立命館宇治高校で、サッカーの練習はサンガタウン城陽の育成組織専用の人工芝グラウンド（照明完備)で行い、京都サンガF.C.が建設した寮で生活するというもの。
• According to the plan, students of the senior high school generation study at Ritsumeikan Uji High School, practice football on the artificial grass ground (lighting fully-equipped) dedicated to the nurturing organization in Sanga Town Joyo, and live in a dormitory built by Kyoto Sanga F.C.

• 観光協会等の団体を通じた事前申込制としているボランティア組織が多いが、別府温泉の「別府八湯ウォーク」 のように、決まった日時に集合すれば誰でも参加できる形態を採るところも最近ではある。
• There are many volunteer organizations that accept advance bookings through tourism associations, but there recently are also those such as the 'Beppu Hatto Walk' of the Beppu-onsen Hot Spring area that allow anyone who assembles at a given place at a certain date and time to participate.

• また、「礎を作るべき人の食料」などを請求している文言も見えるため、東大寺の東大寺盧舎那仏像以外の仏像や、大仏殿関係の建造物の一部をつくるような組織において事務官をしていたと推測される。
• And, since the wording that Otari asked for 'food for workers who lay the foundations' was found, it is speculated that he served as a administrative official in the organization that made images of Buddha not for Todaiji rushanabutsuzo (the statue of Birushana Buddha in Todai-ji Temple) in Todai-ji Temple or buildings concerning Daibutsu-den (the Great Buddha Hall).

• 1936年（昭和11年）、支那事変をきっかけとして国難に殉じた京都府出身者の英霊を手厚く祀ろうという運動がおき、霊山官祭招魂社造営委員会が組織され、境内を拡大して新たに社殿を造営した。
• In 1936, the China Incident sparked the move toward reverently enshrining the souls of persons from Kyoto who sacrificed themselves for the nation, leading to the formation of the Ryozan Kansai Shokonsha Shrine Erection Committee that worked to expand the precinct and construct new shrine buildings.

• 文治元年（1185年）に源頼朝の介入によって宮廷内の実権が藤原兼実らの親鎌倉派に移った後も、高階泰経、藤原隆房、藤原実教らとともに法皇側近グループを組織して暗にこれに対抗したとされる。
• Even after the pro-Shogunate forces, including FUJIWARA no Kanezane, took the helm of the Imperial court due to the intervention by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in 1185, he was said to have organized a group of close associates of the Cloistered Emperor with TAKASHINA no Yasutsune, FUJIWARA no Takafusa, FUJIWARA no Sanenori and others in opposition.

• 行政官庁としての樺太庁は、外務省への移管を経て、1949年6月1日、国家行政組織法の施行によって廃止されている（外務省条約局法規課『日本統治下の樺太』〈外地法制誌〉、1969年を参照）
• Karafuto-Cho as a government agency was transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs jurisdiction and was then abolished in June 1, 1949 under the National Government Organization Act (See 'Nihon Tochika no Karafuto' [Sakhalin under Japanese rule] , Gaimusho Joyakukyoku Hokika [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Treaty Bureau, Regulation Section]; 1969).

• しかし、平安時代中頃から僧一人一人の力が強くなると私僧房ばかりに目が行くようになって力がなくなると、組織を政所内部に組込んで修理所とし、荒廃が進んでいた堂宇の営繕に努めるようになった。
• But the organization was integrated into the Office of Administration as the repair section in order to put much effort into maintenance and repair of the deteriorating temple buildings since much attention had been paid to the priests' private quarters due to the power transition to individual monks during the mid Heian period.

• これらの学生詩吟部を統括する組織として全国学生詩吟連盟（全吟連）が存在するが、明治大学や関西大学を始めとする西日本の大学が中心に活動しており、全ての詩吟部が全吟連に所属するわけではない。
• National Student Shigin League is the organization which controls these universities' shigin clubs, but is managed mainly by the universities such as Meiji University or the universities in the west Japan like Kansai University and all the shigin clubs do not belong to the league.

• なお、全日本学生弓道連盟（全学連）は全日本弓道連盟の傘下には属さない独立の組織であり、全学連および傘下の各地区連盟による各種試合は以下とは異なる点もある（詳細は全日本学生弓道連盟参照）。
• Meanwhile, the Kyudo Federation of Students Association (Zengakuren) is an independent organization that is not affiliated with the All Nippon Kyudo Federation, and the matches arranged by Zengakuren and their affiliated local federations may be different from the below (refer to the Kyudo Federation of Students Association for details).

• 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。
• From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.

• 当時、61歳だった重源は勧進聖や勧進僧、土木建築や美術装飾に関わる技術者・職人を集めて組織して、勧進活動によって再興に必要な資金を集め、それを元手に技術者・職人が実際の再建事業に従事した。
• Chogen, who was then 61 years old, organized monks (kanjin-hijiri and kanjin-so) as well as engineers and craftsmen to handle the engineering and decoration works so that the monks could collect the funds needed for rebuilding the temple and the engineers and craftsmen could start rebuilding the temple with the funds they'd collected.

• 秩父地方では、自由民権思想に接していた自由党員らが中心となり、増税や借金苦に喘ぐ農民とともに「困民党（秩父困民党）」を組織し、1884年（明治17年）8月には2度の山林集会を開催していた。
• In Chichibu region people, mainly members of the Liberal Party organized 'Konminto Party (Poverty Party)' together with peasants suffering from increased taxes and debt burdens and held the second rally called Sanrin Shukai (literally, 'gathering of mountains and forest') in August, 1884.

• 江戸幕府の組織としての黒鍬(組)も三河国松平氏時代からの譜代の黒鍬から構成されており、若年寄支配で小者･中間として江戸城内の修築作業や幕府から出される諸令伝達や草履取り等の雑務に従事した。
• Kurokuwa also indicated the unit of kurokuwa (construction workers) which was one of the organizations of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun,) consisting of kurokuwa who had been fudai (hereditary vassals) since the era of Matsudaira clan of Mikawa Province and were in charge of repairing work in the Edo-jo Castle, transmission of orders issued by the bakufu, miscellaneous affairs such as zoritori (sandal bearer, equivalent to a batman,) and whose status was komono (a lower servant) or chugen (a rank below common soldier) under the control of wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu).

• 反徳川勢力は五奉行の石田三成を中心に結集し、慶長5年（1600年）6月、家康が会津の会津征伐の兵を起こして大坂を離れると、三成は毛利輝元を総大将として西軍を組織し挙兵した（関ヶ原の戦い）。
• Anti-Tokugawa powers gathered together around one of the Gobugyo (five major magistrates) Mitsunari ISHIDA, and when Ieyasu commanded an army for conquest of Aizu in July 1600, Mitsunari organized the Western Camp with Terumoto MORI as the supreme commander, and rose up in arms (the Battle of Sekigahara).

• これまで足軽は戦闘の主役ではなかったが、戦国時代 (日本)を迎え集団戦が本格化・大規模化していくと、訓練された槍・弓 (武器)・鉄砲の足軽隊が組織され備の主要な部隊として活躍するようになる。
• Ashigaru had not yet been utilized as the main element of battle forces but as they became more well organized and increased in number during the Sengoku period (Japan), they were given training and ashigaru units bearing spears, bows (weapons) and guns were created, going on to form the backbones of armies.

• こうした中でも閉鎖的な株座的な宮座を守るものも少数ながら存在するが、村座へ移行されるものや更に宮座の解体、郷土芸能・民俗芸能の「保存会」などの新たな形態の組織に転換される事例も増加している。
• Under these circumstances, there are a few people who preserve Miyaza, an exclusive and closed group including Kabuza; however, some are changed to Muraza or broken up, and the increasing number of others are transformed into new organizations such as 'a preservation society' of local performing arts or traditional folk entertainments.

• 番組小学校（ばんぐみしょうがっこう）は、明治維新後の1869年（明治2年）、京都の町衆たちの手によって、当時の住民自治組織であった「番組（町組）」を単位として創設された、64の小学校を指す。
• Bangumi elementary schools refer to the sixty-four elementary schools established by the towns people in Kyoto in 1869, two years after the Meiji Restoration, based on the then extant municipal-level autonomous administrative unit known as the 'bangumi' (a neighborhood unit).

• 大本営陸軍部の大本営組織をつとめる石黒忠悳（軍医総監・陸軍省医務局）や軍医部長の一人森鴎外医学功績と脚気問題から見た再評価（森鴎外）などが科学的根拠がないとして、麦飯の支給に強硬に反対した。
• Tadanori ISHIGURO responsible for the entire system of the Army of the Imperial headquarters (surgeon general of Medical department of Ministry of Army) and one of directors of army surgeons, Ogai MORI and other surgeons were strongly opposed to supplying barley rice; suggesting that reevaluation in view of medical achievements and beriberi Ogai MORI) lacks scientific evidence.

• 戊辰戦争における官軍、すなわち明治新政府の軍は、長州藩・薩摩藩・土佐藩など諸藩の軍の集合で、大村益次郎、西郷隆盛、板垣退助らがそれぞれ指揮しており、政府が独自に徴兵して組織した軍はなかった。
• The imperial army which fought the Boshin War, that is the army of the Meiji new government, consisted of the armies from various domains such as Choshu, Satsuma and Tosa under the commands of Masujiro OMURA, Takamori SAIGO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, respectively, and there had been no army the government recruited and organized on its own.

• ヤマト王権は694年に行政が常駐する都（藤原京）を建設し、701年に大宝律令を制定して官僚組織を整備しているが、これに必要とされた多くの人材は、滅亡した九州王朝の官僚を再雇用したものである。
• When the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) was established and a bureaucratic organization was organized in 701 after the construction of the capital (Fujiara-kyo), where administration resided by Yamato kingship in 694, many officials from the officials of the Kyushu dynasty were re-employed for required positions.

• しかし言語等で意思の疎通を欠いていたため、1864年に幕府はイギリス・アメリカ合衆国・フランス・オランダの四カ国と協定を結び、居留地の自治組織である「居留地会」が警察を設置することになった。
• But because communication between patrolmen and inhabitants proved difficult due to the multiple languages spoken there, in 1864 the bakufu concluded an arrangement with the four countries of Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Netherlands, under which the autonomous settlement organization called the 'Settlement Party' would establish a police force.

• 天保の改革においては物価吊り上げの元凶とされた株仲間の解散を行ったが、当時の株仲間がこうした行為を組織ぐるみで行っていたという証拠は無く、却って流通の混乱を生じさせて更なる諸色高直を招いた。
• Kabunakama (merchant guilds) were dissolved during the Tenpo Reforms (a series of reforms carried out in Tenpo era) because they were considered as the villain of raising the commodity price, but there was no evidence that the kabunakama were systematically committing such an act, and instead, the dissolution of the guilds made the distribution system even more troubled, causing further shoshiki-kojiki.

• 後に文士劇を東京毎日新聞社で事業として経営しようとし、結局、杉、岡、栗島および岡本の4人を中心に東京毎日新聞演劇会が組織され、明治39年(1906年)12月1日から5日間明治座で第1回を上演。
• Thereafter, in order to manage the bunshi-geki as an enterprise the Tokyo Mainichi Shimbun organized the Tokyo Mainichi Shimbun Engeki-kai with SUGI, KURISHIMA and OKAMOTO as leading members and put the first play on the stage of the Meiji-za for five days from December 1, 1906.

• また、貸しおしぼり業者の一部には企業舎弟として暴力団と繋がりを持ち、法外な価格で飲食店におしぼりを提供して「みかじめ料」を得ているものが見られ、犯罪組織の資金源の一つとして社会問題化している。
• Some oshibori rental companies have connections with gangster organizations and these companies charge restaurants exorbitant fees as 'bodyguard service fees' for oshibori services, creating social problems by providing sources of finance for criminal organizations.

• 後嵯峨院政以来整備されてきた朝廷の訴訟処理機構で伝奏や奉行などの役職に就き実務を担う家柄（名家の家柄）を確立させてきた貴族たちは、すでにいずれかの皇統に組織されてそれぞれ主従関係を結んでいた。
• The aristocrats that have established the lineage (lineage of reputable families) of who becomes Tenso, Bugyo, and other practical positions in the court management system of the Imperial Court that had been worked on since the cloistered government of Gosaga, had already tied master-subordinate relationships with one of the Imperial lines.

• 京都の舞妓のようにプライベートまでしっかりとしたきめごとはなく、仕事後は鬘（かつら）をとり茶髪の今風の姿になり服装や行動も自由であるため、儀作法の徹底不足や意識の低さは会社組織の短所といえる。
• Unlike Maiko in Kyoto who are under the strict rules to abide by even with matters that happens during their private time, the Ryuto geisha have no dress code nor codes of conduct that apply to them after work and once their wigs are off, the Ryuto geisha go about in their colored hair and modern clothes which seems to contribute to their insufficient observance of good behavior and poor level of pride in their job highlighting the disadvantage of the company system to operate the geisha service.

• 現在の立命館大学は、中川がその名跡を譲り受けたもので、大学組織的としての連続性は絶たれたが西園寺は「私塾立命館」の後継として京都法政学校（現・立命館大学）創立にあたり様々な支援を行う事になる。
• Present day Ritsumeikan University was named after Ritsumeikan Private School, the name Nakagawa inherited, and even though Saionji's association with it as an institution of higher learning ended, he contributed in various ways to establish Kyoto Hosei School, an evening law school (present day Ritsumeikan University) as a successor to 'Ritsumeikan Private School.'

• 大正政変は、山縣有朋・桂率いる陸軍・長州閥が第2次西園寺内閣を倒閣し、これに反対する民衆運動が政党組織や優詔政策といった小手先の政策で交わそうとする「閥族内閣」を打倒したというイメージが強い。
• The typical image of the Taisho Seihen is the public movement that toppled the 'clique-ruling Cabinet' formed by the Japanese Army and the former Choshu Domain clique, led by Aritomo YAMAGATA and Taro KATSURA respectively, because the public took objection to the Cabinet which, after overthrowing of the second Saionji Cabinet, tried to silence the public voices by fiddling measures such as the party politics and the Imperial Edict Tactics.

• 1905年 サンフランシスコに、The Japanese and Korean Exclusion League（日系韓国系排斥協会）が設立され、その後他都市、他州にも同様の組織が設立される。
• In 1905, the Japanese and Korean Exclusion League was founded in San Francisco and similar organizations were later established in other cities in other states.

• 1976年の6号の特集「母音調和を探る」には六母音説を主張する服部四郎の「上代日本語の母音体系と母音調和」と松本の「日本語の母音組織」が並んで掲載され、互いの説を批判し合うという体裁が採られた。
• The June issue of 1976 featured 'investigation of vowel harmony,' with Shiro HATTORI's article 'Ancient Japanese Vowel System and Harmony' that advocated for the theory of six vowels and Matsumoto's 'Japanese Vowel Structure' appearing next to and criticizing each other.

• 行政の要請に基づき組織化され、事業している場合、行政の観光政策の一環を担っているという使命感のあるうちはいいが、それが変質し、行政施策に「協力してやっている」という意識に変質していく恐れがある。
• Where volunteer groups are organized and operated based on the demands of administrative bodies, there are few problems as long as there is a sense of duty as being part of a tourism policy but there is a fear that this can change to an attitude of merely cooperating with the tourism policy.

• また、在家主導の組織運営・現世利益の強調・他宗攻撃などのスタンスは、その後の法華系の新宗教に広く影響を与え、佛立講から霊友会へと入信して妙智会教団を創設した宮本ミツの様な遍歴を重ねるものもいた。
• Additionally, its stance regarding the management of the organization, the emphasis on Genseriyaku and attacks on other sects strongly influenced later new sects of the Lotus Sutra, and some went on pilgrimages similar to that of Mitsu MIYAMOTO, who established Myochikai Kyodan from Reiyukai, which was in turn from Butsuryu Ko.

• 日本の合戦では戦闘時、上級武士の指揮下に少人数ずつの銃手（鉄砲足軽）が組織化されて、この戦闘単位ごとに勲功を競うといった運用形態をとっていたこともあり、個々の銃手の命中率が重要視されたのである。
• At the time of a battle in Japan, gunners (teppo-ashigaru, foot soldiers fighting with firearms) were organized in small groups under the command of high-ranking warriors, and these units vied for exploits of war, therefore accuracy rate of individual gunners was of high concern.

• 第一種製造者は、第三十五条第一項第二号の認定の申請に係る第五条第一項の事業所における保安検査のための組織及び保安検査の方法について、協会又は経済産業大臣の指定する者の行う調査を受けることができる。
• A Class 1 Producer may request the Institute or a person designated by the Minister of METI to conduct an investigation on the organization for safety inspection and the method of safety inspection at the place of business under paragraph (1) of Article 5 in relation to the application for accreditation referred to in item (ii) of paragraph (1) of Article 35.

• 頼朝配下の東国武士団は独立心が強く、同族程度の団結以外に大きな一つの組織に結集する事を知らず、戦では個々の功名にはやって各個撃破されるような体であったものを、頼朝は御家人として一つにまとめ上げた。
• Togoku Samurai under Yoritomo's command had strong independent spirit that they did not know a unity above a family and were defeated one by one in the battle, as they were impetuous for their own distinction, but Yoritomo had unified them as gokenin.

• 以前は専用練習場も照明設備も無く、選手は近隣の太陽が丘などを使用していたので、柱谷元監督がサンフレッチェ広島のユースチームと地元高校の連携を例に挙げて育成組織の改善をクラブ幹部に熱意を持って訴えた。
• As there used to be neither a private training ground nor lighting facilities, and the players used to use the nearby Taiyogaoka or other grounds for training, the former manager HASHIRATANI appealed eagerly to the executives of the club to improve the cultivation organization by giving the example of the Sanfrecce Hiroshima youth team cooperating with a local senior high school.

• 杜氏集団は、たいてい杜氏組合を組織しているが、それは単に杜氏が名簿として登録してあるというだけではなく、同じ杜氏集団内部での酒の全国新酒鑑評会や講習会を催し、互いの腕を競い合う切磋琢磨の場でもある。
• Most toji groups join in a toji union, and it is not simply a name list of registered toji but is also utilized as a place to improve members' skills by competing with each other by holding national tasting-parties for new sake or study meetings at the internal level of toji groups.

• 勧農は非常に広い概念を有する語であり、例えば、潅漑用水の整備・維持、種子・農料の貸与・給付（出挙もこれに含まれる）、耕地の配分、農業労働力の組織編成、荒廃地の開発、税率の上下調整などが含まれていた。
• Kanno is a term covering very wide-ranging concepts, it included the maintenance of irrigation facilities, lend-lease and benefit of seeds and agriculture fees ('suikyo,' land lease at interest was also included), the allocation of farm lands, the organization of the agricultural labor, the development of denuded lands, the up-down adjustment of the tax rate, and so on.

• 関東を意識しての話しとなるが、記録に残る開発領主となった武士らが、戦闘集団である「武士団」を組織したとき、それはかき集めた農民兵ではなく、また「傭兵」でもなく、領主間で私的に結ばれた戦闘集団である。
• When the bushi became kaihatsu-ryoshu and formed the 'bushidan' military group in the Kanto region, they were not peasant soldiers, 'mercenaries,' but a privately contracted fighting group of manor lords.

• 1898年（明治31年）に平安女学院のチャペルとして建設された当時は聖三一大聖堂と呼よばれていたが、1923年に平安女学院関係者によって聖アグネス教会が組織され、現在ではこちらの名称で呼ばれている。
• When constructed in 1898 as the chapel of Heian Jogakuin St. Agnes School, it was called 'Sei-san-ichi daiseido' (literally a sacred three-one cathedral), but St Agnes Church was organized in 1923 by persons related to Heian Jogakuin St. Agnes School and now, St Agnes Church is called a cathedral.

• だが、中世後期には地縁の紐帯を強める儀式に変質するとともに周辺地域の題目講との連携や所属する寺院が属する本寺及び門流の行事・事業を支援するなど、宗派全体の信仰・経済両面から支える組織となっていった。
• However, in the late medieval period it was transformed into a ceremony to tighten important connection of a regional community, and at the same time it was changed into a systematic organization to support the whole sect both in religion and economy such as facilitating to connect with daimokuko of peripheral regions and assisting rites and festivals and other activities not only of the main temple but also monryu (school of a sect) of the temples to which followers belong.

• 古来、琵琶法師には盲目の人々が多かったが、『平家物語』を語る職業人として鎌倉時代頃から「当道座」と言われる団体を形作るようになり、それは権威としても互助組織としても、彼らの座（組合）として機能した。
• Biwa-playing minstrels, who were often blind from ancient times, began forming a group called 'Todo-za,' a group of professionals who narrated the 'Heike Monogatari' (Tale of the Heike), from around the Kamakura period, and this association (za) functioned as the authority and an organization that provided mutual aid for the members.

• 太政官は、国政の意思決定を行う最も重要な機関であり、太政大臣・左大臣・右大臣・大納言（後に中納言・参議が加わる）による議政官組織とそれを実務面で補佐する少納言・左右弁官局・外記局から構成されていた。
• The Daijokan (Council of State) was the most important decision-making organization of the government and consisted of a legislative department composed of the Daijo Daijin (Grand Minister), Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left), Udaijin (the Minister of the Right), and Dainagon (the Major Counselorof the state) (later, Chinagon [vice-councilor of state］ and Sangi [minister] were added), and the departments that assisted them in their work, Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), the Left and Right Benkan's (Controller) Offices, and the Gekikyoku's (Secretarie) Office.

• 江戸時代には天領であった堺とその周辺は、江戸幕府の崩壊後に徳川氏から朝廷に接収されていたが、慶応4年（明治元年・1868年）に入ると堺事件の発生などもあり、新しい行政組織の設立が急がれる事となった。
• What was formerly a shogunal demesne during the Edo period, Sakai and its peripheral regions were taken over by the Imperial Court from the Tokugawa clan after the demise of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), but due to the occurrence of the Sakai Incident and so on in 1868, the pace of the creation of a new administrative body needed to be stepped up.

• 昭和29年、萬福寺大法会において煎茶道諸流協賛茶会が開催されたことをきっかけに、再び煎茶道を統合する組織が必要であるという気運が高まり、昭和31年1月、全国の有力流派が集まり連盟が結成されたのである。
• In 1954, a Senchado tea party supported by various schools was held in the Daihoe (great Buddhist memorial service) in Manpuku-ji temple, which became the catalyst for increasing momentum toward the need of an organization uniting Senchado again, and in January 1956, popular schools all over the country gathered and founded the federation.

• 4代目吉村源太郎は、戦時企業整備令によって廃業・休業した全国の酒造会社の清酒製造免許復活許可を求める全国組織「酒造業 復活期成同盟」の代表を務め、1947年連合国軍最高司令官総司令部（GHQ）に直訴。
• The fourth head, Gentaro YOSHIMURA, had a career as the representative of the Shuzogyo Fukkatsu Kisei-domei (an association formed to carry out reactivation of the sake brewing industry,) which is a nationwide organization to submit requests for permission to restore the license to brew seishu by the sake breweries across the country who had been compelled to close or suspend their business by Senji Kigyo Seibi Rei (the acts for industrial readjustment in wartime) and he made a direct plea to the General Headquarters of the Allied Forces (GHQ) in 1947.

• しかし、文部省は慎重な審議の結果、民主的に組織されて健全に活動している全国的な団体が既に設立され、日本体育協会にも加盟している事などの理由で、昭和30年（1955年）8月武徳会設立認可申請を却下した。
• However, after careful discussions the Ministry of Education rejected the request for the establishment of Butoku Kai in August 1955, given the existence of a national organization democratically organized and operating soundly, and which was also a member of the Japan Amateur Sports Association.

• 現在同一地所にある日本ワシタカ研究センターなる施設は公開されておらず、組織・活動実態と財産状況は不明であるが、年間予算2200万円とされ、所用の封筒には中部電力総務部が本部事務局として表記されている。
• At present, a facility named The Japan Falconiformes Center located at the same place is not open to the public and the actual conditions of its organization, activity, and finance are not known, but it is said to have 22 million annual budget and its envelop mentions that its head office is located in the General Affairs Department of Chubu Electric Power Company.

• 第二次世界大戦後、1947年（昭和22年）に施行された日本国憲法は、国会を唯一の立法機関と定め、国会を構成する衆議院・参議院の両議院は「全国民を代表する選挙された議員」（国会議員）で組織されると定めた。
• After World War II, the Constitution of Japan, which came into force in 1947, defined the Diet as the sole law-making organ of the State, and that the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors, which comprise the Diet, should consist of 'elected members, representative of all the people' (as the member of the Diet).

• いわゆる貿易も、当初の頃はこういった行商で都市間を巡回していた商人らが担っており、これが交通・輸送技術の発達にも従い、より組織化され相互連結されて海外貿易などの極大な交易網に発展していったと考えられる。
• In the earliest years, merchants peddling from city to city had taken a role in so-called trade, so it is considered to be developed into massive trade routes including overseas trades after the routes were organized and connected each other according to the development of transport technologies.

• なお、「ある町にふらりと現れた主人公が、そこで対立する2つの組織に近づいて双方を欺き、最後には全滅させて去っていく」という、本作のようなアウトラインは、多少の違いはあるものの他の東宝映画にも見受けられる。
• The plot of this film involves a hero who happens to come into town, approaches two groups in conflict with each other to deceive and finally annihilates both of them and walks away, and this kind of plot is seen in other Toho films, although each with varying details to some degree.

• これにより、5世紀ごろには簡易な官僚制が形成されていたとして、それまでの王の権威を権力の源泉としていた「ヤマト王権」から王を中心とする政治組織が権力を担う「ヤマト政権」への転換がなされたとする見方もある。
• As seen from these organizational changes, it is thought that a simple bureaucratic system was already being formed around the fifth century; there is an opinion that during this time, the 'Yamato Kingdom', where the king's authority was the source of power, was replaced by the 'Yamato administration', where a political organization, with a King at the center, held the power.

• だが、やがて「天下布武」を唱えて新秩序形成を目指す信長と旧来の将軍・幕府中心の秩序の再建を目指す義昭は敵対し、1573年に義昭は信長によって京都を追放されて幕府組織は信長の築いた政治機構に解体・吸収された。
• But eventually, Nobunaga, who aimed to create a new system of government consistent with his motto of 'Tenka fubu' (warriors rule all under heaven), and Yoshiaki, who was trying to revitalize the old system of Shogun and bakufu, were bound to become enemies, and in 1573 Yoshiaki was driven out of Kyoto by Nobunaga, and with this, the bakufu system was dismantled and absorbed into a new governmental system created by Nobunaga.

• さらに、宗教法人法（昭和26年4月3日施行 1951）により、旧宗団組織を改め、在家仏教を基盤とする新たな教団の体制を整え、 密宗「真如苑」（昭和28年5月16日付 文部大臣認証 1953）の発足となった。
• Furthermore, after the Religious Cooperation Law was issued (the law became effective on April 3, 1951), the former religious organization was reformed and the system of the new religious group based on lay people in Buddhism was organized, Misshu, or 'Shinnyoen Buddhism,' was established. (approved by the Minister of Education on May 16, 1953).

• 今日の近代官僚機構、会社組織であれば、ある職員は「課長の部下」であると同時に「課長を部下として使う部長の部下」でもあるので、部長が課長を介さず、職員に職務を依頼したり、逆に報告を行うことはあまり珍しくない。
• Taking a present-day modern bureaucratic organization or corporate organization for instance, since some staff member is a 'subordinate to a section chief' and also a 'subordinate to a department director using such section chief as subordinate,' it is not very rare that the department director requests such staff member to perform duties not through the section chief, or that such staff member gives a report to the department director directly.

• 『古事記』『日本書紀』等の古典を根拠として万世一系の天皇が日本を統治すること、国家の中心に存在する天皇と国民との間に伝統的な強い紐帯があることを前提に、全国の神社は神祇官の元に組織化され、諸制度が整備された。
• On the premise that, based on ancient classics such as 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the Emperor ruled Japan as part of an unbroken imperial line, and that there were traditional strong connections between the Emperor at the center of the nation and the people, shrines all over the country were organized under the control of the Jingikan (Department of Divinities) and various institutions were established.

• そこで、日本食・日本食材の普及・啓蒙を主たる事業とすることに方針を変更し、2007年に農林水産省の外郭組織であるNPO「日本食レストラン海外普及推進機構」を設立し、海外の主だった都市にその支部を発足させている。
• Then, changing its policy to putting emphasis on the spread and enlightenment of Japanese foods and ingredients, the ministry established a nonprofit organization 'Organization to Promote Japanese Restaurants Abroad', an extra-departmental organization of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, in 2007, allowing its branch offices to start work in the main overseas cities.

• ガイド事業をシステマチックに継続して行うには、組織として統率が取れ、構成メンバーも絶えず学習を続けるという仕組み（程度の差こそあれ民間企業には当然存在する）がビルトインされていることが望ましいのではなかろうか。
• In order for guide operations to be continued in a systematic manner, it is desirable to have a built-in mechanism (that would be similar to a public company with the exception of certain differences) which provides leadership as well as encouraging the continuous study of members.

• 守護はこのように強化された権限を背景に、それまで国司が管轄していた国衙の組織を吸収すると同時に、強まった経済力を背景に、国内の地頭、在地領主（当時、国人と呼ばれた）、さらに有力名主らを被官（家臣）にしていった。
• With this kind of increased power behind them the Shugo absorbed the kokuga (provincial government offices) organization that was until then controlled by the Kokushi, and at the same time, with their increased economic power, made the provincial Jito, local lords (called Kokujin at the time) and other people of influence Hikan (vassals).

• 札遣いも、藩札、旗本札のほか、日本最古の紙幣として知られる伊勢国の山田端書に類似した発行形態で、吉野郡の自治組織が幕府の許可を得て発行した御免銀札、大寺院や神社が発行した寺社札など、多種多様な紙幣が発行された。
• In addition to Han-satsu and Hatamoto-satsu, various types of paper money were issued here including the Gomengin-satsu paper money substituted silver coin which an autonomous body in Yoshino County issued under the allowance of the bakufu with the similar style to Yamada-hagaki in Ise Province, known as the oldest paper money in Japan, and the Jisha-satsu issued by big temples or shrines.

• これは明治時代からのシステムであるが、第2祖日興の「この法門は師弟子をたゞして仏になる法門にて候なり」（佐渡国法華講衆御返事）の伝統と慣習を踏襲したものであり、「組織結成許可書」に類する江戸期の古文書も残っている。
• This system has been maintained since the Meiji period, as it said in Nikko the second, 'these Homon (teachings of Buddhism) are to teach the right way from the teacher to the disciples' (Sadonokuni Hokke Ko Shu Gohenji (Reply to those of Hokke Ko in Sado Province)), and the traditions and customs were followed and some old documents still remain related to 'Soshiki Kessei Kyokasho' in the Edo period.

• また、これとは別に国衙軍制で武装を朝廷や国衙から公認された「下級貴族（諸大夫）」、「下級官人（侍）」、「有力者の家人（侍）」からなる人々が武士となり、10世紀に成立した「新式の武芸」を家芸とし、武装集団を組織した。
• Apart from those soldiers, the people including 'lower-ranking nobles' (shodaibu), 'lower-ranking government officials' (samurai), 'lower-ranking government officials of influential families' (samurai), who were officially approved to arm themselves in the kokuga forces system by the Imperial Court or kokuga (provincial government office compounds), became warriors, organizing an armed group with 'the new-type military art' which was established in the 10th century.

• 『養老令』によれば、醢（肉や魚を塩辛状にしたもの）、醤・未醤（みそ）などの調味料、菓（くだもの）、雑餅（雑穀などの餅製品）などを供給し、管下の組織として菓・餅類を扱う「菓餅所」と醤・未醤を扱う「醤院」が設置された。
• According to the 'Yoro-ryo' (Yoro Code), 'Kaheisho,' which provided salted food (of meat or fish), condiments such as Chinese sauce and misho (original form of miso or say sauce), fruits, rice cake products (millet and so on) and so on and dealt confectioneries and rice cakes under the jurisdiction of it, and 'Shoin' (section in charge of primitive soy sauce, sho) were established.

• 1945年（昭和20年）の終戦の際には、宮内省は、1官房2職8寮2局のほか、内大臣府、掌典職、御歌所、帝室博物館、帝室林野局、学習院など13の外局と京都事務所を持ち、職員6,200人余を擁する大きな組織となっていた。
• In 1945, at the end of the war, the Imperial Household Ministry had became a big organization with 13 extra-ministerial bureaus such as Naidaijin-fu (Minister of Interior's Office), ceremonial staff, Outadokoro (Imperial Poetry Bureau), Imperial Household Museum, Imperial Forestry Bureau, and The Gakushuin School Corporation, and Imperial Household Agency Kyoto Office as well as one Secretariat, two offices, eight bureaus, and two departments, and had more than 6.200 employees.

• 前号の電磁的記録に記録された事項を電磁的方法（電子情報処理組織を使用する方法その他の情報通信の技術を利用する方法であつて農林水産省令で定めるものをいう。）により提供することの請求又は当該事項を記載した書面の交付の請求
• Request to obtain the electromagnetically recorded content mentioned in the previous item in an electromagnetic form (using an electronic data processing system or technology for information and communication as specified by MAFF Ordinance) or request to obtain said content in paper form

• これに対して村座は基本的には一定の年齢もしくは元服などの特定の儀式を済ませた村人であれば誰でも資格を獲得し、定員がある場合でも空席が出来た場合には年齢順・儀式授与順に繰り上がって座入（加入）が許される祭祀組織である。
• On the other hand, Muraza was a festival group in which any village inhabitant who had reached a certain age or finished Genpuku (a coming-of-age ceremony) could participate; even though the group had a quota of fixed members, they were allowed to enter the group in order of age or ceremonial conferment when a vacancy becomes available.

• 守護は以上のように強化された権限を背景に、それまで国司が管轄していた国衙の組織を吸収し、国衙の在庁官人を被官（家臣）として組み込むと同時に、国衙領や在庁官人の所領を併合して、守護直轄の守護領（しゅごりょう）を形成した。
• Because of the enhanced powers as described above, the shugo took over the organization governed by the kokushi and recruited the zaicho-kannin (kokuga's officer) in the kokuga as a vassal while at the same time combining the kokuga's province with the zaicho-kannin's territory to form the shugo-ryo (shugo's province) directly governed by the shugo.

• 同年 黒田清隆が組閣すると大隈は留任するが、外国人判事を導入するという条約案が反対派の抵抗に遭い、明治22年（1889年）には国家主義組織玄洋社の一員である来島恒喜に爆弾による襲撃を受け、右脚を失うとともに、辞職した。
• When Kiyotaka KURODA formed a cabinet in the same year, Okuma continued in office, but the treaty plan which included the introduction of foreign judges was resisted by opposing factions, and Okuma was attacked with a bomb by Tsuneki KURUSIMA, a member of the Nationalist organization Genyosha in 1889, lost his right leg and resigned.

• 当時、高松藩主松平頼胤の異母兄にあたり、久遠派の熱心な支持者で在家の指導者として中心的な存在だった松平頼該(1809年-1868年)は、宗門の無気力を嘆き、高松八品講を組織し、岡山、徳島、淡路島などで勢力を伸ばしていた。
• At that time, Yorikane MATSUDAIRA (1809 - 1868), who was the elder half brother of the lord of the Takamatsu clan Yoritane MATSUDAIRA, an earnest supporter of Kuon school and a central figure as a leader of lay believers, felt the indolence of the sect to be deplorable and organized Takamatsu Happon association by himself and extended its influence over Okayama, Tokushima, and Awaji-shima Island.

• まず、陸軍の脚気惨害の責任について、戦時下で陸軍の衛生に関する総責任を負う大本営陸軍部の大本営組織（日清戦争日本軍の損害・石黒忠悳、日露戦争講和へ・小池正直）ではなく、隷下の一軍医部長を矢面に立たせることへの疑問である。
• First of all, there is doubt surrounding the fact that responsibility for the beriberi disaster was not taken by the Army Department of the Imperial headquarters which was supposed to bear all responsibility for Army hygiene during the war (Tadanori ISHIGURO, in charge of Japanese Army casualties in the Sino-Japanese War, Masanao KOIKE, in charge of securing peace after the Russo-Japanese War), but by a director of the military medicine department, who was of a lower rank than them.

• 永原慶二によれば、武士団が成立した12世紀から南北朝時代にかけての在地領主の軍事力は、同族的なイエを単位とするものであり、数十人から200人程度の兵力が単位軍団であり、大地域の軍事的統領はこうしたイエ軍団の連合を組織した。
• Keiji NAGAHARA stated that military power of the bushi lord of a manor from the twelfth century to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when the formed bushidan had a house of the same clan as its unit and the army unit cohort consisted of several dozen to two hundred military forces, and many militaristic conquest of a vast area structured the union of house army.

• 前条第一項の規定により申請した者は、特定施設に係る保安検査のための組織及び保安検査の方法について、経済産業大臣が行う検査を受けなければならない。ただし、同項の申請に第三十九条の七第四項の書面を添えたときは、この限りでない。
• A person who has made an application provided for in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article shall undergo inspection by the Minister of METI regarding the organization for safety inspection and the method of safety inspection of the Designated Facilities; provided, however, that this shall not apply when the application under said paragraph is accompanied by the document referred to in paragraph (4) of Article 39-7.

• 更に遣唐使廃止後の唐風文化の衰退と国風文化の高揚が、歌会・歌合などの行事を活発化させ、それにつれてより良い和歌を作成するために必要であると考えられた歌題・題意の組織化と規範化、和歌に関する古典・有職研究の専門化が進展した。
• Furthermore, after Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) was abolished, the decline of Tang culture and uplift of the Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) activated events such as Uta-kai (poem competitions) and utaawase (poetry contests), and organization and establishment of rules of Kadai (subjects of waka Japanese poem) and Daii (meanings of subjects), and specialization in the study of classics and knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorumts regarding waka that were considered to be necessary to compose better waka developed.

• 戦争による格差の拡大、新聞社に対する言論の弾圧などの問題を孕んだこの騒動は9月21日、寺内内閣の総辞職をもって一応の収まりを見せ「平民宰相」と呼ばれた原敬による日本で初めての本格的な政党内閣が9月27日組織されるに至った。
• The riots that were also linked to the widening divide in wealth caused by wars and suppression of free speech against newspapers subsided to some extent with the mass resignation of the TERAUCHI cabinet on September 21, paving the way for the inauguration of the first full-fledged party cabinet under Takashi HARA, who was called 'the commoner Prime Minister,' on September 27 of the same year.

• 経済産業大臣は、次の場合には、登録容器等製造業者に対し、容器等製造設備若しくは容器等検査設備の修理又は改造、品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織の改善、容器等検査規程の変更その他の必要な措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• The Minister of METI may issue an order to a Registered Manufacturer of Containers, etc. to repair or remodel the manufacturing equipment for the containers, etc. or the inspection equipment for the containers, etc. to improve the quality control method and organization for inspection, to change the inspection codes for the containers, etc. and to employ whatever measures are deemed necessary under any of the following cases:

• この勅諭では、第一に1890年（明治23年）の国会（議会）開設を約束し、第二にその組織や権限は政府に決めさせること（欽定憲法）を示し、第三にこれ以上の議論を止める政治休戦を説き、第四に内乱を企てる者は処罰すると警告している。
• First, the national diet (assembly) would be established in 1890, and second, organizations and authority of the diet should be decided by the government (constitution enacted by the emperor), and third, further political arguments should be prohibited, and forth, people who attempt domestic conflicts would be punished.

• 前条第一項の規定により申請した者は、特定変更工事に係る完成検査のための組織及び完成検査の方法について、経済産業大臣が行う検査を受けなければならない。ただし、同項の申請に第三十九条の七第二項の書面を添えたときは、この限りでない。
• A person who has made an application provided for in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article shall undergo inspection by the Minister of METI regarding the organization for completion inspection and the method of completion inspection of the Designated Alteration Work; provided, however, that this shall not apply when the application under said paragraph is accompanied by the document referred to in paragraph (2) of Article 39-7.

• また旅回りの的屋の世話役や、庭場の場所決めの割り振りや場所代の取り決めや徴収をする顔役をさし、この顔役を中心に組織化したものが、神農商業協同組合などであり、相互扶助を目的とした露天商の連絡親睦団体として全国の各地域に存在する。
• The Shinno Commercial Cooperative Association and so on, organized around the boss who manage the traveling tekiya, set the niwaba and rents, and collect the rents, is located in various places around Japan and acts as a mutual assistance and communication network for stallholders.

• 5世紀頃には、畿内の及びその周辺の中小豪族をトノモリ（殿守）・モヒトリ（水取）・カニモリ（掃守）・カドモリ（門守）など、宮廷の各種の職務を世襲的に分掌する「トモ」として、大王 (ヤマト王権)のもとに組織する体制が成立していた。
• Around the fifth century, a 'Tomo' system was already established under the great king (Yamato sovereignty), in which small and medium local ruling families in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and areas around it were divided into various duties of the Imperial Court hereditarily, such as Tonomori, Mohitori, Kanimori, and Kadomori.

• 東京の映音の太田進一社長、マキノトーキー理事の笹井末三郎、千鳥興業の宗田政雄、マキノトーキー企画部長の松山英夫、所長のマキノの首脳会議により、株式会社化を決議、同年9月、組織変更を行ない、同社は「マキノトーキー株式会社」となる。
• The company was reorganized into 'Makino Talkie Company Ltd.' in September of the year in accordance with the resolution made at the top-level meeting, in which Shinichi OTA, the president of Eion in Tokyo, Suesaburo SASAI, a director of Makino Talkie, Masao MUNETA of Chidori Kogyo, Hideo MATSUYAMA, manager of planning department of Makino Talkie, and Makino, the head of studio, participated.

• そこで、朝廷の動きをいち早く掴める白河市南の六波羅にあった旧平清盛邸を改築して役所にし、北条泰時・北条時房の二人が六波羅の北と南に駐留してこの作業にあたり、西国の御家人を組織し直して京の警備・朝廷の監視・軍事行動などを行わせた。
• Therefore, they renovated the old home of TAIRA no Kiyomori which was located in Rokuhara, south of Shirakawa City, where they could instantaneously grasp movements at the Imperial Court, into a government office, and stationed Yasutoki HOJO and Tokifusa HOJO in the north and south of Rokuhara for this task, while gokenin from the west were reorganized to guard Kyoto, monitor the Imperial Court, perform military operations, etc.

• 大日本帝国陸軍のドイツ式組織への改革や帝国大学令・小学校令などの制定に代表される教育改革、市町村制の確立などが行われ、伊藤自身も井上毅・金子堅太郎・伊東巳代治と大日本帝国憲法草案を作成するなど、立憲体制への準備が着々と進められた。
• The preparation for constitutional system progressed steadily as the reform of Imperial Japanese Army toward German-style system, education reform such as Imperial University Law and Primary School Order and establishment of local authority system were carried out, and Ito himself made the draft of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan along with Kowashi INOUE, Kentaro KANEKO, and Miyoji ITO.

• 慶喜としては、まだ年若い明治天皇（当時数え年16歳）を戴く朝廷に政権担当能力はなく、やがて組織されるであろう諸侯会議で自らが議長もしくは有力議員となるなどの手段で、政治的影響力を行使できるはずという目論見の上での政権返上であった。
• Nobuyoshi had an ulterior motive that, even after he returned the administration to the Imperial court, he should be able to exercise his political clout as the chairman or as a powerful councilor of the lords conference which was to be organized later, because the Emperor Meiji was too young (in his 16th year) to have the ability to hold the reins of government, so was the Imperial court.

• 農林水産大臣は、第一項の規定により規格を制定しようとするときは、あらかじめ審議会等（国家行政組織法（昭和二十三年法律第百二十号）第八条に規定する機関をいう。）で政令で定めるもの（以下「審議会」という。）の議決を経なければならない。
• When the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries intends to enact a standard pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1), he/ she shall, in advance, go through the resolution process of the Council, etc. (the organ prescribed in Article 8 of the National Government Organization Act (Act No. 120 of 1948)) for which is provided by Cabinet Order (hereinafter referred to as the 'Council').

• 朝廷としての組織は未熟であったが、『日本書紀』の暦法が雄略紀以降とそれ以前で異なること、『万葉集』や『日本現報善悪霊異記』の冒頭に雄略天皇が掲げられていることから、古代の人々が雄略朝を歴史的な画期として捉えていたとみることもできる。
• His governance was not perfect, but we can suppose that ancient people regarded his reign as a historical epoch from the following facts: before and after the Yuryaku period, the calendar of the 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) changes; and the Emperor Yuryaku appears in the beginning parts of 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) and 'Nihon genho Zenaku ryoiki' (set of three books of Buddhist stories, written in the late 8th and early 9th century, usually referred to as the Nihon Ryoiki).

• 経済産業大臣は、次の場合には、登録特定設備製造業者に対し、特定設備製造設備若しくは特定設備検査設備の修理又は改造、品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織の改善、特定設備検査規程の変更その他の必要な措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• The Minister of METI may issue an order to a Registered Manufacturer of Designated Equipment to repair or remodel the Manufacturing Equipment for the Designated Equipment or the Inspection Equipment for the Designated Equipment, to improve the quality control method and inspection organization, to change the Inspection Codes for the Designated Equipment and to take whatever measures are deemed necessary under any of the following cases:

• 通常は、宵山の16日と山鉾巡行･神幸祭の17日、花傘巡行･還幸祭の24日の3日間八坂神社境内で奉納されるが、2006年（平成18年）以降は鷺舞保存会と神社、氏子組織の対立が深まったために行われず、代りに、次項の子鷺踊りが奉納された。
• Usually, the sagi mai is dedicated to the Yasaka-jinja Shrine for three days: in Yoiyama on the 16th, in Yamahoko Junko and Shinkosai on the 17th, and Hanagasa Junko and Kankosai on the 24th; since 2006, the sagi mai has not been performed because the relationship between the Sagi mai hozon kai, shrines, and ujiko soshiki has become worse; instead, Kosagi odori dance has been dedicated to the shrine (described below).

• 棟と梁は建物の最も高い部分にあり、かつ重要な部分であるため、転じて国家などの組織の重要な人物を指し、また「頭領」・「統領」という表記も用いられた（『日本書紀』景行天皇51年（121年）条において武内宿禰を「棟梁之臣」と表現している）。
• Because to and ryo are situated at the top of building and were its essential parts, the term 'toryo' became the one that referred to an important person of organization like a nation and was also written in Chinese characters as '頭領' or '統領' (according to the description of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) for the fifty-first year of the Emperor Keiko (121), TAKENOUCHI no Sukune was described as '棟梁之臣' (Mune no machigimi) (a prime minister).

• 11世紀に寄進地系荘園及び職の体系が確立されると、公家領においては天皇家や摂関家などの上級貴族層が在地領主などからの寄進を受けて本家職や領家職などを集中させ、家司・政所などの家政組織を運営して、現地から年貢・公事などを徴収していった。
• As kishinchikei-shoen (donated manors) and shiki (the right of Shoen clerks in a Shoen) were established in the 11th century, within kuge-ryo (territory owned by court nobles), the high-ranked nobles of the Imperial Family and Sekkan-ke (the line of regents and advisers) received land donated by zaichi-ryoshu (resident landholders), concentrated their honke-shiki and ryoke-shiki (economical right as patron and proprietor), and collected nengu and kuji (land tax and public duties) from the land by setting and making use of a domestic governing system such as Keishi (household superindendent) and Mandokoro (an office set up in the houses of powerful aristocrats in the Heian Period for the administration of their vast property estates).

• 当初は民の抵抗の多かった徴兵制度も、軍人勅諭や教育勅語による国防思想の普及、日清戦争・日露戦争の勝利などを経て、組織的な抵抗はなくなったものの、徴兵忌避の感情は自然の感情であるので、さまざまな徴兵忌避対策が庶民レベルで繰り広げられた。
• The conscription, initially subject to the people's resistance, was eventually accepted and organized resistance ceased thanks to the awareness of the need for national defense prevailing among the people by the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and the Imperial Rescript to Education, and the victories of the Japanese-Sino War and the Japanese-Russo War and so on, but the sentiment of conscription evasion was a matter of natural sentiment so that various measures for conscription evasion were developed among the common people.

• ただし、蔵奉行の組織の成立は経済的先進地であった上方の方が先んじており、大坂では元和7年（1621年）、京都では寛永2年（1625年、ただし寛政2年（1790年）までは京都町奉行支配下）、江戸では寛永13年（1636年）の事であった。
• However, the kura-bugyo system was established earlier in the economically advanced area of Kamigata - to be specific, in 1621 in Osaka and in 1625 in Kyoto (being under the control of Kyoto machi-bugyo or Kyoto City Magistrate till 1790), while it was not until in 1636 that the system was established in Edo.

• 同じころ、伊勢の山田には年寄による自治制度（山田三方）があったほか、伊勢の大湊にも会合衆による自治組織が、また博多は12人の年行司が町を治め、庄内酒田には町政を取り仕切った三十六人衆がいるなど、それぞれの都市に応じた制度で自治が行われた
• In the same period, the elders of Yamada in Ise, headed a self-government system called 'Yamadasanpo,' a form of self-government was also found in Egoshu in Ominato, Ise, while in Hakata, twelve Nengyoji (town officials) were administering the city, and in Shonai Sakata the Sanju-roku-nin shu with thirty-six members were in control of town administration; all these are examples of self-government that was suited to their respective cities.

• その後一部制度の改革を経て大宝律令において僧尼令（神社に対しては神祇令）が出され、国家による僧侶・寺院に対する統制が行われた（律令法は形式上においては仏教や神道そのもの統制ではなく、それに従事している人や組織に対してのみ統制を行った）。
• Later, with some reforms of part of the system, Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), which included Soniryo (Regulations for Priests and Nuns) (and Jingiryo (ritual outlines and regulations) for shrines) was issued and the Buddhist priests and temples were put under the regulation of the state (ritsuryo laws, in form, did not regulate Buddhism or Shinto themselves, but put the people and organizations involved in the religions under control).

• 再びJ1で戦うこととなった2002年は、開幕直後こそ4連敗するものの、ゲルト・エンゲルス監督のもと、黒部をはじめとする前述の3選手に加えて平井直人、角田誠といった下部組織出身の選手も活躍、J1残留どころか堂々のリーグ戦年間順位5位となる。
• In 2002, the club played in J1 again, and although it lost four straight games from the very opening of the season, under Manager Gert Josef Arthur ENGELS, not only the above-mentioned three players, including KUROBE, but also the players up from the subordinate organization like Naohito HIRAI and Makoto KAKUDA did a very good job, and the team was splendidly positioned fifth in the annual standings of the league, not to speak of staying in J1.

• 池田屋事件（いけだやじけん）は、江戸時代後期の元治元年6月5日 (旧暦)（1864年7月8日）に、京都三条通木屋町通（三条小橋）の旅館池田屋で京都守護職配下の治安維持組織である新撰組が、潜伏していた長州藩の尊皇攘夷派を襲撃した事件である。
• The Ikedaya Incident is the name given to an event that took place on July 8,1864 towards the end of the Edo Period in which the Shinsen-gumi, who was a peacekeeping organization under the Kyoto protectorate, attacked the imperial loyalist faction from Choshu who were hiding out at the Ikedaya Inn at Kiyamachi (Sanjou-Kobashi Bridge) on Sanjou-Street in Kyoto.

• 明治政府は新政府樹立の基本精神である祭政一致の実現と、開国以来の治安問題(浦上四番崩れなど)に発展していたキリスト教流入の防御のため、律令制の崩壊以降衰えていた神祇官を復興させ、中世以来混沌とした様相を見せていた神道の組織整備をおこなった。
• In order to realize 'saisei icchi,' which was the basic spirit of the Meiji Government, and to prevent an influx of Christianity which, since the opening up of the country, had created public order problems (such as the Urakami Yoban Kuzure crackdown on Christians), the new government restored the Jingikan, which had been in decline since the collapse of the Ritsuryo system and reorganized Shinto, which had been in a state of chaos since the Medieval Period.

• 公布前の1889年（明治22年）5月、東大法学部出身者で組織されるイギリス法系の法学士会は春季総会において『法典編纂ニ関スル意見書』を発表するとともに、拙速な法典編纂を改めるべきであることを内閣や枢密院 (日本)に働きかけることを議決した。
• In May, 1889 before the publication, the British Law Hogakushi-kai Association consisting of graduates from the University of Tokyo Faculty of Law presented 'Hoten Hensan ni Kansuru Ikensho (written opinions on Compiling Legal Codes' in its spring assembly and decided that they should appeal to the Cabinet and the Sumitsu-in (Privy Council) to correct rapid compilation of legal codes.

• 室町時代の後期に登場した本願寺8世の蓮如（1415年-1499年）は、当時の民衆の成長を背景に講と呼ばれる組織を築き、人々が平等に教えを聴き団結できる場を提供し、また親鸞の教えを安易な言葉で述べた『御文（御文章）』を著作し、一般に広く教化した。
• Rennyo (1415-1499), the 8th head-priest of Hongan-ji Temple, who emerged in the late Muromachi period, established an organization called Kou against the backdrop of the growth of the public at the time, provided the opportunity for people to learn the teachings equally and to come together, and wrote 'Ofumi (Gobunsho)' explaining the teachings of Shinran in plain words and disseminated it widely to the public.

• その組織力や情報の得やすさなどから、室町時代には、一揆の中心にもなり、正長の土一揆や嘉吉の徳政一揆などが知られているが、後者では一揆の攻撃対象となった比叡山延暦寺の保護を受けていた近江国の馬借が一揆から離反して、馬借勢力そのものが分裂している。
• In the Muromachi Period because of its organizational power and the ease-of-getting information the Bashaku played the central role at the riots in which the Tsuchi-ikki in Shocho era and the Tokusei-ikki in Kakitsu era were famous for, and in the latter the Bashaku in Omi Province who were taken under Hieizan Enryaku-ji Temple that was attacked by the riot seceded from the riot force so that the Bashaku power itself was split.

• 顕如は信長と対立するようになっていた将軍足利義昭と結んで武田氏、朝倉氏、浅井氏、毛利氏などの反織田勢力と同盟を組み、信長包囲網の構築に加わる一方、自らは石山本願寺に篭城し、雑賀衆などの友好を結ぶ土豪勢力や地方の門徒組織を動員して信長を苦しめた。
• Kennyo allied with the Shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, who was in conflict with Nobunaga, and made alliances with anti-Oda groups such as the Takeda clan, the Asakura clan, the Asai clan and the Mori clan, joining them in laying siege to Nobunaga, although Kennyo himself remained at Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, attacking Nobunaga by mobilizing peasants, who were closely allied with the Ikko adherents of Saiga, and local groups of followers.

• 一方、奴婢は自らの公認された自立的な共同体を持たず、個人別に良民や朝廷の所有物とされるなど、穢多頭に統率されるなどの形で一定の権利保障の基盤になる共同体組織の保持を保証された江戸時代の被差別民と比べると、権利保障の基盤は脆弱であったとも言える。
• On the other hand, nuhi did not have any official independent community for themselves and were individually treated as property of the Ryomin or the Imperial court; therefore, their basis to secure their rights was probably more fragile when compared to others who were discriminated in the Edo period who found some security in their communities headed by Etagashira (head of eta (discriminated people) which secured their rights.

• 大和国国人は、興福寺の二大門跡である大乗院・一乗院の衆徒、あるいは春日社の神人（国民）として組織されていたが、南北朝時代 (日本)には、南朝 (日本)方であった国民の越智氏と北朝 (日本)方であった一乗院衆徒の筒井氏を中心とし激しく争っていた。
• The local lords of Yamato Province were either monk-soldiers of Daijo-in or Ichijo-in, the two biggest monzeki (temple formerly led by founder of sect, temple in which resided a member of nobility or imperial family) of Kofuku-ji Temple, or kokumin who were jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) of Kasuga-sha Shrine, but in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), they fought each other divided into the Southern Court (Japan) side led by the Ochi clan of kokumin and the Northern Court (Japan) side led by the Tsutsui clan of Ichijo-in monk-soldier.

• 東大寺の再建については、周防国の税収を再建費用に当てることが許されたが、重源自らも勧進聖や勧進僧、土木建築や美術装飾に関わる技術者・職人を集めて組織して、勧進活動によって再興に必要な資金を集め、それを元手に技術者や職人が実際の再建事業に従事した。
• It was permitted that the taxes collected in Suo Province could be used to cover the reconstruction costs of Todai-ji Temple but Chogen personally assembled and organized fundraising monks, civil engineers and artists as well as soliciting donations to raise the funds required to rebuild the temple before proceeding with reconstruction work.

• イギリスの「歩兵操練・図解」を翻訳し、江戸幕府の洋式歩兵部隊の編成を窪田鎮章（窪田鎮勝の子）と進めていた古屋佐久左衛門は、衝鋒隊（鳥羽伏見の戦いで戦死した佐久間近江守の第11連隊と、やはり戦死した窪田鎮章の第12連隊の残存兵力を結集）を組織した。
• Sakuzaemon FURUYA, who had translated 'Hohei soren and zukai' (the Infantry Training Manual and Illustrations) and was trying to establish a Western-style infantry for the Edo shogunate, formed the Shohotai together with Shigeaki KUBOTA (son of Shigekatsu KUBOTA) by joining the surviving forces of the eleventh regiment under the command of Sakuma, governor of Omi Province, who had been killed in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, and the twelfth regiment under the command of Shigeaki KUBOTA, who had also been killed in war.

• 第一種製造者又は第一種貯蔵所の所有者若しくは占有者は、第二十条第三項第二号の認定の申請に係る第五条第一項の事業所又は第一種貯蔵所における完成検査のための組織及び完成検査の方法について、協会又は経済産業大臣の指定する者の行う調査を受けることができる。
• A Class 1 Producer or the owner or possessor of a Class 1 Storage Place may request the Institute or a person designated by the Minister of METI to conduct an investigation on the organization and method of completion inspection at the place of business under paragraph (1) of Article 5 or at a Class 1 Storage Place in relation to the application for accreditation referred to in item (ii) of paragraph (3) of Article 20.

• 韓国国内には一部反対の声もあったが、日本は「韓国の通信機関を整備し日本国の通信機関と合同連絡して両国共通の一組織にすれば、韓国の行政上経済上得策である」と提案し、そのため日韓両国政府の間で、4月1日に「韓国通信機関委託ニ関スル取極書」が調印された。
• Although there were some dissenting voices in Korea, Japan suggested that 'Korea would benefit administratively and economically if Korean communication institutions were streamlined and combined into one organization with Japanese communication institution' and the two government signed a treaty 'Memorandum Concerning the Commission of Korean Communication Institution' on April 1.

• 主に「単立寺院」（仏教）「単立神社」（神道）「単立教会」（キリスト教）というように、何らかの宗派・教派・上位組織に属している事が暗黙に前提される伝統宗教の寺院・神社・教会等に対して、その前提に立たない特例的存在であることを示す際に用いられることが多い。
• Unlike temples, shrines, churches of old-line religions, that are implicitly assumed to be part of some sort of religious schools, sects, and superior organizations, the term Tanritsu, that mainly refers to 'Tanritsu-jiin' (nonsectarian temples) (Buddhism), 'Tanritsu-jinja' (independently incorporated shrines) (Shinto), and 'Tanritsu-kyokai' (non-denominational churches) (Christianity), is in many ways used to show that they are exceptional beings and that they are not assumed to be part of any religious schools, sects or superior organizations.

• またラグビーに於いては関西大学ラグビーフットボールリーグや全国高等学校ラグビーフットボール大会京都府予選、トップウェストリーグ（ジャパンラグビートップリーグの2部組織の一つ）など、主要大会に幅広く使用されている他、アメリカンフットボールでも使用されている。
• And as for rugby, it is widely used in major tournaments such as Kansai universities rugby league, Japan National High School Rugby Championships, Kyoto Prefecture tournament, Top West League (one of the subdivisions of Japan Rugby Top League) and so on, and furthermore it is also used in American football.

• 一方、南西諸島を経由した中国大陸との交流が活発化しており、朝廷は覓国使（べっこくし、くにまぎのつかい）と呼ばれる調査隊を組織して九州南部と南西諸島の調査を行っていたが、700年（文武天皇4年）に覓国使が九州南部各地で現地住民から威嚇を受ける事件が発生した。
• On the other hand, trade with Chinese continent via Southwest Islands was increasing, and the Imperial court organized an investigative team called Bekkokushi or Kunimagi no Tsukai to conduct research on the southern Kyushu and Southwest Islands but, in 700, Bekkokushi encountered threatening attacks by indigenous people in various places of southern Kyushu.

• 組織の発足より建設が遅れていた国立国会図書館の本館庁舎は、国立国会図書館法と同時に公布された国立国会図書館建築委員会法（昭和23年法律第6号）に基づいて検討が進められ、国会議事堂の北隣にあった旧ドイツ大使館跡地（東京都千代田区永田町）に建設されることになった。
• The construction of the NDL Main Building had been delayed since the establishment of the organization, but the discussion progressed based on the Act on the Construction Committee for the National Diet Library (Act No. 6 of 1948), which was promulgated along with the National Diet Library Act; thus it was decided that the Main Building should be built on the site of the former Embassy of Germany (Nagata-cho, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo Prefecture) located directly north of the Diet Building.

• 法学科卒業論文として書いた「大日本不動産沿革史」を明治21年（1888年）に公刊したところ、同書を読んで感銘を受けた矢野二郎の要望で彼が校長を務める東京高等商業学校の教員となり、同校の研究組織であった「内国商業取調掛」に任命され、2年後に同校の助教授となった。
• In 1888, after he published 'Dainihon Fudosan Enkakushi' ('大日本不動産沿革史') (History of estates in Japan), which he had written as his thesis for the Department of Law, he became a teacher at Tokyo koto shogyo gakko (Tokyo Higher Commercial School) at the request of Jiro YANO, who was the principal of the school and had been impressed by the book, and he was assigned to the research organization of the same school, 'Naikoku Shogyo Torishirabe Gakari' (research organization of domestic commerce), and became an assistant professor two years later.

• そのような大学組織の内部事情と日本の統治の仕方の違い（→日本統治時代 (朝鮮)、日本統治時代 (台湾)）も影響して、台湾大学は、設立母体を台北帝国大学としているが、ソウル大学校は1946年（昭和21年）に新設した大学として、設立母体を京城帝国大学とはしていない。
• With influences of such internal conditions of university organizations and differences of ruling by Japan (-> the period of Japan's rule (Korea), the period of Japan's rule (Taiwan)), the parent organization of Taiwan University was Taipei Imperial University, Seoul National University was newly established in 1946 and Keijo Imperial University was not its parent organization.

• 戦後、赤坂離宮の敷地や建物は皇室から国に移管され、国立国会図書館（1948〜61年）、法務庁法制意見長官（1948〜60年）、裁判官弾劾裁判所（1948〜70年）、内閣憲法調査会（1956〜60年）、東京オリンピック組織委員会（1961〜65年）などに使用された。
• After the War, the site and buildings of Akasaka Imperial Villa were transferred from the Imperial Family to the state, and later used for various purposes: The National Diet Library (1948 - 1961), The Legal Opinion Secretary of Legal Affairs Agency (1948 - 1960), The court for the impeachment trials (1948 - 1970), Diet councils to study constitutional debates (1956 - 1960), and the Tokyo Olympic Organizing Committee (1961 - 1965) among others.

• だが、中国では、仏教の出家が「家」の秩序を破壊するなど、儒教論理に合わないとされ迫害されたのに対し、日本では「鎮護国家」の発想の下、「僧尼令」や僧綱・度牒制度が導入されて官僚組織の一員とまで化したのは興味深いことだと言える（僧正・僧都などは律令制で定められた僧官）。
• However, it is interesting that, while in China the priesthood was persecuted for opposing Confucian ethics by destroying the order of the 'family', in Japan it was incorporated into the bureaucracy through the 'soni-ryo' and the Sogo (Office of Monastic Affairs) and official certification system under the concept of 'nation protection' (priests with ranks such as 'Sojo' or 'Sozu' were government officials, or 'sokan', literally 'priest officials', under the Ritsuryo system).

• 島津家がこの泗川の戦いで明軍を撃退して味方の組織的な撤退を可能にしたこと、また直後の露梁海戦で小西軍の脱出を可能にした(その際に、朝鮮水軍大将李舜臣を討取った)という功績は五大老達から高く評価されており、島津家は文禄・慶長の役に参加した諸大名で唯一の加増に預かった。
• Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) highly regarded the fine deeds of the Shimazu family, who defeated the Ming army and permitted the systematic retreat of its allies and assisted an escape of the Konishi army in the Battle of Noryang (they killed Korean Marine General Yi Sun-sin in the process) which occurred soon after, and the Shimazu family was the only one that was awarded with the estate among various daimyo that participated in the Bunroku-Keicho War.

• 容器又は附属品の製造の事業を行う者は、第四十九条の五第一項の 登録の申請に係る工場又は事業場における容器等製造設備、容器等検査設備、品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織並びに前条第五号の検査の方法について、協 会又は経済産業大臣の指定する者の行う調査を受けることができる。
• A person who is engaged in the business of manufacturing containers or accessories may request the Institute or a person designated by the Minister of METI to conduct an investigation of the manufacturing equipment for the containers, etc., the inspection equipment for the containers, etc., the quality control method, organization for inspection and method of inspection under item (v) of the preceding Article at the factory or workplace in relation to the application for registration referred to in paragraph (1) of Article 49-5.

• 次の各号の一に掲 げる違反があつた場合には、その違反行為をした指定講習機関、指定試験機関、指定完成検査機関、指定輸入検査機関、指定保安検査機関、指定容器検査機関、 指定特定設備検査機関、指定設備認定機関又は検査組織等調査機関の役員又は職員は、三十万円以下の罰金に処する。
• In the event of violations as listed in any of the following items, the officer(s) and/or personnel of a Designated Training Agency, Designated Examining Body, Designated Completion Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Import Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Safety Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Container Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Conformity Inspection Body for Designated Equipment or Designated Accreditation Agency for Specified Equipment or Investigation Agency of Inspection Organization, etc., who have committed such violation shall be punished by a fine of not more than 300,000 yen:

• 倭寇としても有名な九州北部の松浦党は、外部からは「党」と見られるが、その実ほとんど組織的な共同行動はとらず、南北朝時代に九州探題であった今川了俊の働きかけによって最初の下松浦党の一揆団結が行われるが、1384年（永徳4）の一揆誓約書の署名の順番はクジ引によって決たという。
• Matsuurato in northern Kyushu also famous for wako (Japanese pirates) could be interpreted as 'to' from outside, but it did not have same systemized actions, and unified for the first time during the uprising of Shimo Matsuura Party (Lower Matsuura Party) by Ryoshun IMAGAWA, who participated in the Kyushu Tandai (local commissioner) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but the order of signature of the contract for the uprising was decided by lottery in 1384.

• 行政・司法各部門の附属図書館（支部内閣府図書館、支部最高裁判所図書館など）は、設置母体の省庁の刊行物を収めたり業務上必要な資料を収集し所蔵しており、それぞれの省庁の予算によって運営されるが、同時に制度上で国立国会図書館の支部図書館として国立国会図書館の組織に包括されている。
• The affiliated libraries of the Executive and Judicial agencies of the government (Cabinet Office Library, branch of the NDL; Supreme Court Library, branch of the NDL, etc.) deposit materials published by the agencies to which they belong, and collect and store the materials necessary for their duties; although these libraries are operated under the budget of each agency, they are included in the NDL organization as branch libraries of the NDL.

• そのため、地方の実効支配者としての地位の向上を望む多数の地方武士の利益代表者の位置を十分構築できず、同時多発反乱の中から台頭した源義仲や源頼朝らによって滅ぼされた（ただし、清盛が設置した諸制度の中に後の頼朝政権に引き継がれた組織の萌芽が見られるというのが近年の有力説である）。
• For this reason, the position of beneficial representatives among many local samurai who were hoping to improve their ranks as regional effective controllers was not sufficiently established and the Taira clan was overthrown by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who gained power through many simultaneous revolts (However, a recent theory says that germination of the organizations which were taken over to Yoritomo administration can be seen in the various systems established by Kiyomori).

• 明治時代に単一の宗派を形成したこともあったが、その後分裂や日蓮宗との合同などをへて、現在、富士門流の主要本山8ヶ寺のうち、5ヶ寺は日蓮正宗をはじめいくつかの独立した宗派を形成、3ヶ寺は、組織上は日蓮宗に所属しつつ、教義面では、この門流の伝統の勝劣派・日蓮本仏論を維持している。
• They once formed a unified sect in the Meiji period, and after that, going through splits and uniting with the Nichiren Sect, from 8 major honzan temples of Fujimon School, 5 of them formed an independent sect, starting with Nichiren Sho Sect, and 3 of them, belonging to the Nichiren Sect as an organization, kept Nichiren Honbutsu Ron (a creed which regard Nichiren as the principal image) of Shoretsu School, which is a tradition in this monryu (lineage).

• 特定設備の製造の事業を行う者は、第五十六条の六の二第一項 の登録の申請に係る工場又は事業場における特定設備製造設備、特定設備検査設備、品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織並びに前条第一項第五号の検査の方法 について、協会又は経済産業大臣の指定する者の行う調査を受けることができる。
• A person who is engaged in the business of manufacturing the Designated Equipment may request the Institute or a person designated by the Minister of METI to conduct an investigation of the Manufacturing Equipment for the Designated Equipment, the Inspection Equipment for the Designated Equipment, the quality control method, inspection organization and method of inspection as referred to in item (v) of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article at the factory or workplace in relation to the application for registration referred to in paragraph (1) of Article 56-6-2.

• 外記局や弁官局などが持っていた律令制における公文書管理組織が解体していった10世紀に儀式や公事の作法・判断の典拠として日記に記された先例故実の校勘に求めるようになり、そうした日記を多く所持していた家系がそれを理由として先例故実の家柄として公家社会において重要視されるようになった。
• The apparatus to manage official documents under the Ritsuryo system, namely the Gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office) and the Benkankyoku (Controller's Office), was dismantled in the 10th century, which led people to begin seeking to modify the precedents for etiquette and legal judgments of public ceremonies and events according to what was found in the written record as recorded in diaries; this meant that for the noble families of aristocratic society, who tended to own many such diaries and could now use them to defend their own pedigree according to past precedent, great importance came to be attached to diaries.

• 経済産業大臣は、公共の 安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止のため必要があると認めるときは、指定完成検査機関、指定輸入検査機関、指定保安検査機関、指定容器検査機関、指定特定設 備検査機関、指定設備認定機関又は検査組織等調査機関に対し、その業務又は経理の状況に関し報告をさせることができる。
• When the Minister of METI finds it necessary for the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters, he/she may demand a report on the business or accounting from any Designated Completion Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Import Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Safety Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Container Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Conformity Inspection Body for Designated Equipment or Designated Accreditation Agency for Specified Equipment or Investigation Agency for Inspection Organization, etc.

• そのため、慶安元年（1648年）から寛文10年（1670年）にかけて6回もの禁令が出されるなど規制の対象としていたが、享保の改革において商業の統制を図るために組織化された方が望ましいとする方針の下に公認が与えられ、冥加金（上納金）を納める代わりに、販売権の独占などの特権を認められた。
• Thus, the bakufu regulated kabunakama by six interdicts between 1648 and 1670, however, it was officially approved under the policy that such organization was preferable to control the commerce and it was granted special privileges such as exclusive distributorship in exchange for render.

• 事件は、京都帝国大学法学部の瀧川幸辰教授が、1932年10月中央大学法学部で行った講演「『復活』を通して見たるトルストイの刑法観」の内容（レフ・トルストイの思想について「犯罪は国家の組織が悪いから出る」などと説明）が無政府主義的として文部省および司法省内で問題化したことに端を発する。
• The incident started when a lecture, 'Tolstoy's view on penal law through his novel, 'Resurrection'' in October 1932 by Professor Yukitoki TAKIGAWA of the Faculty of Law, Kyoto Imperial University explained in his talk that 'Criminal offenses occur when organization of the national governmental is bad,' which was considered problematic by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Law as being anarchist.

• 協会又は前項の指定を受 けた者は、同項の調査をした第五条第一項の事業所における保安検査のための組織及び保安検査の方法が第三十九条の五第一項第一号の経済産業省令で定める基 準及び第三十五条第四項の経済産業省令で定める方法に適合すると認めるときは、その旨を示す書面を交付しなければならない。
• When the Institute or a person designated as referred to in the preceding paragraph finds that the organization for safety inspection and method of safety inspection at the place of business under paragraph (1) of Article 5 for which it has conducted the investigation referred to in said paragraph conform the criteria specified by the Ordinance of METI referred to in item (i) of paragraph (1) of Article 39-5 and the method of inspection specified by the Ordinance of METI referred to in paragraph (4) of Article 35, it shall issue a document to that effect.

• 特に聖武天皇の発願によって建立されて、以後鎮護国家体制の象徴的存在として歴代天皇の崇敬を受けてきた東大寺と藤原氏の氏寺であった興福寺は、それぞれ皇室と摂関家の権威を背景と大衆と呼ばれる僧侶集団が元来自衛を目的として結成していた僧兵と呼ばれる武装組織の兵力を恃みとしてこれに反抗していた。
• Especially Todai-ji Temple which was constracted at the wish of the Emperor Shomu and since then had been revered by successive emperors as a symbol of polity for nation protection, and Kofuku-ji Temple built for praying Fujiwara clan's glory, rebelled against this, relying on military power of armed organization called armed monks which was originally organized for self-defense by Buddhist monk group called as Daishu, each with authorities of Imperial family and Sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers) in the background.

• 16世紀に入ると、戦国の動乱の中で、本願寺教団は零細な農民から地侍、土豪などの武士階層に至るその組織力を武器に日本各地で活動を活発化させるが、山科本願寺は天文法華の乱により1532年に戦災にあい、第10代証如は摂津国西成郡（現在の大阪市）に蓮如が開いた石山御坊へと移り、石山本願寺とする。
• Following the dawn of the sixteenth century, amid the turmoil of Sengoku, the Honganji Buddhist sect engaged its activities in various regions in Japan using its power of organization, which was constituted by petty peasants up to samurai hierarchy such as the local samurai, the local ruling families and so on; however, in 1532 Yamashina Honganji Temple suffered damage due to the Tenbun-hokke-no-ran War, and therefore the tenth generation (Shonyo) moved to Ishiyama Gobo, which was opened in Nishinari-gun, Settsu-no-kuni (currently Osaka City) by Rennyo, which became Ishiyama Honganji Temple.

• が、官吏登用規定を定めた選叙令においては「秀才・明経・進士・明法」の4種の試験が定められており、明経以外の3科の試験を定めながら実際には機能していなかった（当時の日本には私立学校に相当するものはなかったため、大学寮以外で官吏登用の受験者を育成できる組織・機関は存在しなかったとされている）。
• However, according to Senjoryo, which provided the regulations for the recruitment and promotion of government officials, there were four kinds of examinations for 'Shusai, Myogyo, Shinshi and Myobo,' although the three other than myogyo were in name only (as there were no organizations equivalent to private schools in Japan at that time, there were no other institutions or organizations than daigakuryo which could educate applicants for the officials recruitment examinations).

• そこで2月30日に伊達の名において各国公使に対して政府は現在の通貨（公式にはそれが改税約書違反の悪貨とは認めなかった）を今後は鋳造せずに新貨幣の準備が整うまでは太政官札で対応していくこと、太政官以外の組織・個人はたとえ諸侯であっても貨幣を鋳造するものは処罰の対象となることを通知したのである。
• Here, in the name of DATE, the government notified minsters from each country that Japan will not coin the current currency from now on (they did not formally recognize this as bad money violating the kaizeiyakusho), that the daijokan money would be used until the preparations for the new currency is completed, and that if organizations and individuals besides the daijokan coin currency, they will be subject to punishment, even if they are lords.

• 元は建築関連の官司（修理職・木工寮・造寺司など）や地方機関（国衙・国分寺など）などに所属し、必要に応じて他所に出作していたが、鎌倉時代に入ると都市を中心として特定の組織に属しない散在工が増加し、番匠間に競争が激化したため、13世紀から14世紀にかけて作事請負権を掌る職の体系として大工職が成立した。
• They originally belonged to the construction-related government officials (Shurishiki (repair offices), Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry), Zojishi (provisional government office for construction and repair of the governmental temples) and so on) and the local authorities (Kokuga (provincial government offices), Kokubun-ji (provincial monasteries and so on) and, if needed, made trips for work, and when the Kamakura period started, free Bansho who did not belong to any organization increased in number centering around urban areas, which resulted in keen competition among Bansho, thus Daikushiki was established from the 13th to 14th century as a system to control the contracting rights for work.

• なお、足利義晴の頃より内談衆が再び幕政に登場するようになるが、義晴の擁立に参画してその後奉行衆に代わって義晴政権を構成した「殿中申次」などと呼ばれていた将軍側近集団を組織化するとともに、彼らの出自身分や・奉行衆・奉公衆などの職制の枠に捉われない新たな格式・待遇を与えるためであったと考えられている。
• Incidentally, naidanshu (councils) appeared again in the shogunate government headed by Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, which placed close advisers of the shogun; who supported Yoshiharu and later constituted the Yoshiharu government, in place of bugyoshu, while conferring new classes and benefits on the naidanshu (council members), irrespective of origin and rank, or positions such as bugyoshu (magistrate) or hokoshu.

• その後組織可変が頻繁に行われ、1920年に実施した台北州、新竹州、台中州、台南州、高雄州、台東庁、花蓮港庁および澎湖庁（1926年高雄州より離脱）の日本統治時代の台湾行政区分設置と、その下に置かれた市・街・庄（高砂族の集落には社が置かれた）の地方行政区域で最終的な地方行政区域が確定することとなた。
• After the frequent structural changes, the administrative divisions of Taiwan were confirmed as follows: the administrative regions consisting of Taihoku-shu, Shinchiku-shu, Taichu-shu, Tainan-shu and Takao-shu and Taito-cho, Karenko-cho and and Hoko-cho (independent from Takao-shu in 1926) were established in 1920 with the local administrative regions of shi (city), machi (town) and sho (village) ('sha' for the Takasago Tribe settlement) under each administrative region.

• 協会又は前項の指定を受 けた者は、同項の調査をした第五条第一項の事業所又は第一種貯蔵所における完成検査のための組織及び完成検査の方法が第三十九条の三第一項第一号の経済産 業省令で定める基準及び第二十条第五項の経済産業省令で定める方法に適合すると認めるときは、その旨を示す書面を交付しなければならない。
• When the Institute or a person designated by the Minister of METI in the preceding paragraph finds that the organization for completion inspection and method of completion inspection at the place of business under paragraph (1) of Article 5 or a Class 1 Storage Place for which it has conducted the investigation referred to in said paragraph conform the criteria specified by the Ordinance of METI referred to in item (i) of paragraph (1) of Article 39-3 and the method of inspection specified by the Ordinance of METI referred to in paragraph (5) of Article 20, it shall issue a document to that effect.

• なお、同寺を含め全国にある約75,000の寺が所属する財団法人全日本仏教会は、約30年前の1976年、全日本仏教徒会議において「暴力団排除」の決議を行っており、また2006年3月13日には全日本仏教会理事長である安原晃本が「組織暴力団の義理かけ法要への協力を止めよう」との声明を発表した直後であった。
• Roughly 30 years before that, in 1976, at an All Japan Buddhist Conference, the Japan Buddhist Federation, of which approximately 75,000 temples in all areas of the country, including Enryaku-ji Temple, are members, passed a resolution calling for 'exclusion of criminal gangs,' and on March 13, 2006, Chairman of the Federation Ko YASUHARA had made a statement calling for members to 'stop cooperating with girikake memorial services for organized criminal gangs' right before the event.

• 行政府に相当する組織（執行機関）：内局（宗会によって指名され宗教法人真宗大谷派の代表役員を務める宗務総長、及び宗務総長が任命する5名の参務により構成される）、及びそのもとに置かれる宗務所（中央）・教務所（教区ごとに置かれる地方出先機関）・開教監督部（海外の開教区ごとに置かれる出先機関）等の宗務執行機関
• The organization that corresponds to the administrative body (executive body): executive bodies to implement religious activities such as Naikyoku (内局) (consisting of Shumu-socho, who is appointed at Shukai and is a representative director of the Religious Corporation Shinshu sect Otani-ha, and five sanmus (参務) appointed from Shumu-socho), Shumusyo (in the center), Kyomusho (a local branch in each parish, 教務所), and Kaikyo Kantokubu (a branch in each overseas parish, 開教監督部)

• 同組合又は労働金庫（これらの法人をもつて組織する連合会を含む。以下この章において「信用金庫等」という。）から事業の全部又は一部を譲り受ける場合に おいては、当該信用金庫等を会社とみなして、私的独占の禁止及び公正取引の確保に関する法律第十六条（営業の譲受け等の制限）及び同条に係る同法の規定を 適用する。
• and other provisions related thereto of the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade shall apply to the case where a Bank received the whole or part of business of a shinkin bank, credit cooperative or Labor Bank (including federations consisting of these juridical persons; hereinafter referred to as 'Shinkin Bank, etc.' in this Chapter), by deeming the Shinkin Bank, etc. as a company.

• 第二項の規定に より申請をした者は、当該工場又は事業場における容器等製造設備、容器等検査設備、品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織並びに第四十九条の七第五号の検査 の方法について、経済産業大臣が行う検査を受けなければならない。ただし、同項の申請書に第四十九条の八第二項の書面を添えたときは、この限りでない。
• A person who has made an application in accordance with the provision of paragraph (2) above shall undergo the inspection by the Minister of METI for the production equipment for containers, etc., the inspection equipment for containers, etc., the quality control method, inspection organization and inspection method referred to in item (v) of Article 49-7 at said factory or workplace; provided, however, that this shall not apply when the application letter referred to in said paragraph is accompanied by the documents referred to in paragraph (2) of Article 49-8.

• 11世紀以降、非農業民は有力寺社などに生産物を貢納することを理由に、これらに隷属する神人となっていたが、後三条天皇親政下において、内廷経済を充実させるべく山野河海に設定されていた御厨を直轄化するという政策がとられると、蔵人所とその下部組織である御厨所の所管となった御厨の住民が供御人と呼ばれるようになった。
• Since the 11th Century, the non-agricultural people became jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) because they presented their products to the major temples and shrines, however, the residents of Kurodo dokoro and mikuriya (manors of Imperial Family and powerful shrines) which was controlled by mikuriya (the place to cook for Emperor) which was under Kurodo dokoro were called Kugonin when a policy of directly controlling mikuriya which had been set in mountains, fields, rivers, and sea to enrich the economy of the court was taken under the administration of Emperor Gosanjo.

• 荘園制の崩壊や統一政権の樹立によって寺院の自治機能が解体され、集会も近世期には寺院内の評議機関の1つに過ぎなくなるが、こうした寺院における集会と中世・近世における合議制による意思決定機能を有した「○○衆」と呼ばれる組織や惣村や都市などに見られる自治など、前近代の日本における自治制度の成立と結びつける考え方もある。
• The demise of the shoen system (manorialism) and the establishment of a unified authority collapsed the autonomy function of the temples and during the early-modern times shue became just a council institution in the temples, but the autonomy as seen in the shue in such temples, in the organization called 'XXX shu' which had the decision making function by the council system, in the soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) and in the city during the medieval and the modern period, which, some thought, were linked with the formation of the system of autonomy during the early-modern times in Japan.

• 第二項の規定によ り申請をした者は、当該工場又は事業場における特定設備製造設備、特定設備検査設備、品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織並びに第五十六条の六の四第一項 第五号の検査の方法について、経済産業大臣が行う検査を受けなければならない。ただし、同項の申請書に第五十六条の六の五第二項の書面を添えたときは、こ の限りでない。
• A person who has made an application in accordance with the provision of paragraph (2) above shall undergo the inspection by the Minister of METI for the Manufacturing Equipment for the Designated Equipment, the Inspection Equipment for the Designated Equipment, the quality control method, inspection organization and inspection method referred to in item (v) of paragraph (1) of Article 56-6-4 at said factory or workplace; provided, however, that this shall not apply when the application letter referred to in said paragraph is accompanied by the documents referred to in paragraph (2) of Article 56-6-5.

• 発生期の武士の家組織の内部奉公人の中においても武士と同様に戦場では騎馬戦士として活動した郎党や、徒歩で戦った従卒がいたが、室町・戦国期になると武士身分の拡散が大きくなり、狭義の武士同士の主従関係のほかに、本来は百姓身分でありながら狭義の武士の支配する所領の名主層から軍役を通じて主従関係を持つようになった広義の武士としての地侍などが登場する。
• Also among the servants who belonged to the family organization of bushi during the early period, there were the roto who fought as cavalry warriors in the battlefield like bushi or jusotsu (officer's servants) who fought on foot, but in the Muromachi and Sengoku period the samurai status spread increasingly and jizamurai (local samurai), originally coming from the class of farmers, as bushi in a broad sense appeared by having a relationship between lord and vassal through the military service for the class of myoshu (owner of rice fields) of shoryo governed by the bushi in a narrow sense, as well as the master-subordinate relationship of the bushi in a narrow sense.

• 3代将軍足利義満の時代には幕府組織の再編が進み一時御前沙汰は行われなくなるが、出家していた元管領細川頼之を幕府に呼び戻す際に、幕府役職になかった頼之を幕府の政策決定に関与させるために正式な評定ではなく、出席者の人選に決まりが無く主宰者である将軍の意向が反映しやすい非公式な評定である御前沙汰の形式で評定を行って幕府の政策に関する重要決定を行った。
• In the tenure of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the bakufu was substantially reorganized and gozen-sata ceased once, but the shogun began holding consultations in the informal style of gozen-sata for making bakufu's important policy decisions for the purpose of having the former shogunal deputy Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had entered the priesthood and had been out of bakufu office, participate in the bakufu's policy-making when the shogun sought to bring him back to bakufu -- because gozen-sata was not a formal consultation, the members of which were selected mostly at the discretion of shogun, the head of the consultation.

• 第三十九条の七第一項、同条第三項、第四十九条の八第一項又 は第五十六条の六の五第一項の指定は、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、第三十九条の七第一項、同条第三項、第四十九条の八第一項又は第五十六条の六の 五第一項の調査（以下「検査組織等調査」と総称する。）ごとに、それぞれ経済産業省令で定める区分に従い、その調査を行おうとする者の申請により行う。
• The designation referred to in paragraph (1) of Article 39-7, paragraph (3) of said Article, paragraph (1) of Article 49-8 or paragraph (1) of Article 56-6-5 shall be approved in accordance with an Ordinance of METI for each of the investigations referred to in paragraph (1) of Article 39-7, paragraph (3) of said Article, paragraph (1) of Article 49-8 or paragraph (1) of Article 56-6-5 (hereinafter referred to collectively as 'investigation of inspection organizations, etc.') in accordance with the categories specified by an Ordinance of METI in response to an application filed by a person who intends to conduct investigations.

• この法律の施行の日の前日におい て法律の規定により置かれている機関等で、この法律の施行の日以後は国家行政組織法又はこの法律による改正後の関係法律の規定に基づく政令（以下「関係政 令」という。）の規定により置かれることとなるものに関し必要となる経過措置その他この法律の施行に伴う関係政令の制定又は改廃に関し必要となる経過措置 は、政令で定めることができる。
• Transitional measures necessary for organizations, etc. which have been established under the provisions of Acts as of the day before the Effective Date of this Act and which shall also be established under the provisions of the National Government Organization Act or the provisions of a Cabinet Order issued based on the provisions of a related Act revised by this Act (hereinafter referred to as a 'Related Cabinet Order') on or after the Effective Date of this Act, and other transitional measures necessary for the establishment, revision or abolition of a Related Cabinet Order in accordance with the implementation of this Act may be specified by a Cabinet Order.
• Transitional measures necessary for organs, etc. existing under any Acts on the day preceding the date of enforcement of this Act, which shall, following the date of enforcement of this Act, be deemed to exist under the National Government Organizations Act or Cabinet Orders to be issued under relevant Acts revised by this Act (hereinafter referred to as 'Relevant Cabinet Orders'), and other transitional measures necessary for the enactment, revision or abolition of Relevant Cabinet Orders upon the enforcement of this Act may be specified by a Cabinet Order.

• 経済産業大臣は、公共の 安全の維持又は災害の発生の防止のため必要があると認めるときは、その職員に、指定完成検査機関、指定輸入検査機関、指定保安検査機関、指定容器検査機 関、指定特定設備検査機関、指定設備認定機関又は検査組織等調査機関の事務所又は事業所に立ち入り、業務の状況若しくは帳簿書類その他必要な物件を検査さ せ、又は関係者に質問させることができる。
• When the Minister of METI finds it necessary for the maintenance of public safety or the prevention of disasters, he may send his/her staff to enter any office or place of business of any Designated Completion Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Import Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Safety Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Container Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Conformity Inspection Body for Designated Equipment, Designated Accreditation Agency for Specified Equipment or Investigation Agency for Inspection Organization, etc., and cause such staff to inspect the state of business, books, records and other necessary articles or question the persons concerned.

• ところが、国民協会の中で国粋主義者の占める割合が強くなると、次第に政府との関係は悪化し、特に第2次伊藤内閣期に入ると、民党の中核であった自由党_(日本)が政府と接近して共同歩調を取る一方で、逆に国民協会が同内閣が進める条約改正を批判して立憲改進党と共同して硬六派を組織するなど、吏党・民党がそれぞれ「親政府」・「反政府」を意味するものではなくなっていった。
• However, their relationship with the government gradually soured as the Kokumin Kyokai had the highest percentage of nationalists, and especially during the Second Ito Cabinet, the Kokumin Kyokai conversely organized the Koroppa (hard-line six parties) cooperating with the Rikken Kaishinto by accusing the Cabinet of forwarding the revision of a treaty while the Jiyuto (Liberal Party of Japan), the hard core of the Minto party, approached the government and took concerted action, and thus the Rito party and Minto party were no long entirely 'pro-government' or 'anti-government'.

• だが、当時はまだこの状態を常に維持するための政治的組織や財政的・軍事的裏付けが不十分であり、平安時代中期には幼く短命な天皇が多く十分な指導力を発揮するための若さと健康を保持した上皇が絶えて久しかったために、父系によるこの仕組みは衰退し、代わりに母系にあたる天皇の外祖父の地位を占めた藤原北家が天皇の職務・権利を代理・代行する摂関政治が隆盛していくことになる。
• However, the political structure and financial/military support at that time were insufficient to maintain such a situation, and because many Emperors were young and short-lived in the middle of the Heian period, there was no Joko with the energy and health needed to exercise sufficient authority; consequently, this structure by which authority was exercised by the Emperor's father gradually declined and was eventually replaced by a system called Sekkan seiji (摂関政治), in which a member of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan exercised rights and performed duties in place of the Emperor, became widespread.

• 協会又は前項の指 定を受けた者は、同項の調査をした工場又は事業場における特定設備製造設備、特定設備検査設備、品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織並びに前条第一項第五 号の検査の方法がそれぞれ同項第一号、第二号及び第三号の経済産業省令で定める技術上の基準並びに第五十六条の三第四項の経済産業省令で定める方法に適合 すると認めるときは、その旨を示す書面を交付しなければならない。
• When the Institute or a person designated as referred to in the preceding paragraph finds that the Manufacturing Equipment for the Designated Equipment, the Inspection Equipment for the Designated Equipment, the quality control method, organization for inspection and method of inspection as referred to in item (v) of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article at the factory or workplace for which the Institute or the person designated has conducted the investigation referred to in said paragraph conform the respective technical standards specified by the METI Ordinance referred to in items (i), (ii) and (iii) of said paragraph and also conform the method specified by the METI Ordinance referred to in paragraph (4) of Article 56-3, it shall issue a document to that effect.

• 協会又は前項の 指定を受けた者は、同項の調査をした工場又は事業場における容器等製造設備、容器等検査設備、品質管理の方法及び検査のための組織並びに前条第五号の検査 の方法がそれぞれ同条第一号、第二号及び第三号の経済産業省令で定める技術上の基準並びに第四十四条第一項又は第四十九条の二第一項の経済産業省令で定め る方法に適合すると認めるときは、その旨を示す書面を交付しなければならない。
• When the Institute or a designated person referred to in the preceding paragraph finds that the manufacturing equipment and the inspection equipment for the containers, etc., the quality control method, organization for inspection and method of inspection under item (v) of the preceding Article at the factory or workplace for which the Institute or the designated person has conducted the investigation referred to in said paragraph, conform the respective technical standards specified by the Ordinance of METI referred to in items (i), (ii) and (iii) of said Article and also conform the method specified by the Ordinance of METI referred to in paragraph (1) of Article 44 or paragraph (1) of Article 49-2, it shall issue a document to that effect.

• 近年は、電子図書館事業の拡充に力が注がれる一方、2005年（平成17年）の国立国会図書館法における館長の国務大臣待遇規定の削除、2006年（平成18年）の自由民主党行政改革推進本部の国会事務局改革の一環としての独立行政法人化の提言、2007年（平成19年）の国会関係者以外からは初めてとなる長尾真（元京都大学総長）の館長任命など、国立国会図書館の組織のあり方をめぐる動きが相次いでいる状況である。
• In recent years, while the NDL has focused on the expansion of the electronic library projects, there have been numerous movements related to the organization of the NDL, such as the following: removal of the 'minister of state' status for the chief librarian of the NDL under the National Diet Library Act in 2005; a suggestion on the transformation into an independent administrative institution as part of the National Diet Administrative Reforms by the Administrative Reform Promotion Headquarters of the Liberal Democratic Party in 2006; and the appointment of Makoto NAGAO (a former president of Kyoto University) as the chief librarian of the NDL in 2007, the first appointment of a non-Diet member, etc.

• 中には会社組織として営業無尽をするものが多く現れるようになったものの、これらの事業者には脆弱な経営、詐欺的経営や利用者に不利な契約をさせる者も多かったが、当時は、これを規制する法令がなかったため、業界団体無尽集会所などを中心に規制する法律の制定が求められるようになり、1915年に旧・無尽業法が制定され、免許制となり、悪質業者は排除されていった（注：現在の「無尽業法」は1931年に改めて制定）。
• Though many Mujin dealers operated as a company organization and they often had fragile or fraudulent management or concluded contracts unfavorable to users, there was no law to regulate them in those days, therefore, enactment of a regulation law was demanded mainly by industrial groups, Mujin meeting places, and others, and thereby the old Mutual Loan Business Act was enacted in 1915 to make it a licensing system (note: the current 'Mutual Loan Business Act' was newly enacted in 1931).

• 明治4年7月14日 (旧暦)（1871年8月29日）に断行された廃藩置県の後始末が済まないうちに、岩倉使節団の計画が持ち上がり最終的に岩倉具視・大久保利通・木戸孝允ら明治政府を主導してきた首脳の多くが加わる一大使節団となったことから、使節団の外遊中の留守を守るとともに廃藩置県の後始末を行うための組織として太政大臣三条実美を筆頭に西郷隆盛・井上馨・大隈重信・板垣退助・江藤新平・大木喬任らによって結成された。
• The Iwakura Mission project came up before the completion of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishement of prefectures) that had been set about on August 29, 1871, in the project Tomomi IWAKURA, Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO and many other leaders of the Meiji government finally joined the great delegation, and therefore the Establishment was organized by Grand Minister Sanetomi SANJO at its head, Takamori SAIGO, Kaoru INOUE, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO and Takao OKI in order to protect the nation and to settle the affairs of Haihan-chiken while the Iwakura Mission was traveling abroad officially.

• 次の各号に掲げる者は、行政手続等における情報通信の技術の利用に関 する法律（平成十四年法律第百五十一号）第三条第一項の規定により電子情報処理組織を使用して申請をするときは、前条第一項の規定にかかわらず、当該各号 に掲げる申請様式に記載すべき事項を当該各号に掲げる申請をする者の使用に係る入出力装置（経済産業大臣が告示で定める基準に適合するものに限る。以下 「特定入出力装置」という。）から入力しなければならない。
• Notwithstanding the provision of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, a person listed in the following items shall, in filing an application using an electronic data processing system prescribed in Article 3, paragraph (1) of the Act on the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Administrative Procedures, etc. (Act No. 151 of 2002), enter the matters to be specified in an application form listed in the respective items through the input-output device (limited to that which conforms to the standards, as publicly notified by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry; hereinafter referred to as the 'specified input-output device') used by an applicant listed in the respective items:

• 第五十八条の十五第一項若しくは第二項又は第五十八条の三十（第五十八条の三十の二 第二項、第五十八条の三十の三第二項、第五十八条の三十一第二項、第五十八条の三十二第二項、第五十八条の三十三第二項及び第五十九条において準用する場 合を含む。）の規定により指定を取り消し、又は試験事務若しくは完成検査、輸入検査、保安検査、検査組織等調査、容器検査等、特定設備検査若しくは指定設 備の認定の業務の全部若しくは一部の停止を命じたとき。
• When he/she has revoked designation or ordered a suspension in whole or in part of the examination service or completion inspection, import inspection, safety inspection, investigation of inspection organizations, container inspection, etc., Designated Equipment Inspection or accreditation of Specified Equipment under the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) of Article 58-15 or Article 58-30 (including the cases where applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (2) of Article 58-30-2, paragraph (2) of Article 58-30-3, paragraph (2) of Article 58-31, paragraph (2) of Article 58-32, paragraph (2) of Article 58-33 and Article 59);

• 主務大臣は、第一項に規定する勧告を受けた特定省資源事業者が、前項の規定によりその勧告に従わなかった旨を公表された後において、なお、正当な理由がなくてその勧告に係る措置をとらなかった場合において、当該特定省資源業種に係る副産物の発生抑制等を著しく害すると認めるときは、審議会等（国家行政組織法（昭和二十三年法律第百二十号）第八条に規定する機関をいう。以下同じ。）で政令で定めるものの意見を聴いて、当該特定省資源事業者に対し、その勧告に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• In the case where the Designated Resources-Saving Business Operator that has received a recommendation prescribed in paragraph 1 does not take any measures pertaining to the recommendation without justifiable grounds even after the competent minister has publicized, pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, that the Designated Resources-Saving Business Operator has not followed the recommendation, the competent minister may, when he/she finds that Reduction of Generation of By-products, etc. pertaining to the Designated Resources-Saving Industry to be significantly affected, order the Designated Resources-Saving Business Operator to take measures pertaining to the recommendation, after hearing opinions of Councils, etc. (which means organs prescribed in Article 8 of the National Administrative Organization Act (Act No. 120 of 1948)) specified by Cabinet Order.

• 第五十八条の三十 （第五十八条の三十の二第二項、第五十八条の三十の三第二項、第五十八条の三十一第二項、第五十八条の三十二第二項、第五十八条の三十三第二項及び第五十 九条において準用する場合を含む。）の規定による業務の停止の命令に違反した場合には、その違反行為をした指定完成検査機関、指定輸入検査機関、指定保安 検査機関、指定容器検査機関、指定特定設備検査機関、指定設備認定機関又は検査組織等調査機関の役員又は職員は、一年以下の懲役若しくは百万円以下の罰金 に処し、又はこれを併科する。
• In the event of a violation by a Designated Completion Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Import Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Safety Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Container Conformity Inspection Body, Designated Conformity Inspection Body for Designated Equipment or Designated Accreditation Agency for Specified Equipment or Investigation Agency of Inspection Organization, etc. of an order to suspend business under Article 58-30 (including the cases where applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (2) of Article 58-30-2, paragraph (2) of Article 58-30-3, paragraph (2) of Article 58-31, paragraph (2) of Article 58-32, paragraph (2) of Article 58-33, and Article 59), the officer(s) and/or personnel who have committed such violation shall be punished by imprisonment with work of not more than 1 year or a fine of not more than 1,000,000 yen, or both.

• 前項に規定する銀行は、 内閣府令で定めるところにより、その中間事業年度経過後三月以内に中間貸借対照表等及び中間連結貸借対照表等の内容である情報を、その事業年度経過後三月 以内に貸借対照表等及び連結貸借対照表等の内容である情報を、五年間継続して電磁的方法（電子情報処理組織を使用する方法その他の情報通信の技術を利用す る方法であつて内閣府令で定めるものをいう。以下同じ。）により不特定多数の者が提供を受けることができる状態に置く措置をとることができる。この場合に おいては、第四項の規定による公告をしたものとみなす。
• A Bank which gives public notice as prescribed in the preceding paragraph may, pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance, take measures to make the information contained in Interim Balance Sheet, etc. and Interim Consolidated Balance Sheet, etc. within three months after the end of the relevant interim Business Year, and the information contained in Balance Sheet, etc. and Consolidated Balance Sheet, etc. within three months after the end of the relevant Business Year, accessible to many and unspecified persons continually for five years by the Electromagnetic Method (the method specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance which uses electronic data processing system; the same shall apply hereinafter). In this case, the Bank shall be deemed to give public notice pursuant to the provision of paragraph (4).

• この法律の施行の際現に従前の総理府、法務省、外務省、大蔵省、文部省、 厚生省、農林水産省、通商産業省、運輸省、郵政省、労働省、建設省又は自治省（以下この条において「従前の府省」という。）の職員（国家行政組織法（昭和 二十三年法律第百二十号）第八条の審議会等の会長又は委員長及び委員、中央防災会議の委員、日本工業標準調査会の会長及び委員並びに　これらに類する者と して政令で定めるものを除く。）である者は、別に辞令を発せられない限り、同一の勤務条件をもって、この法律の施行後の内閣府、総務省、法務省、外務省、 財務省、文部科学省、厚生労働省、農林水産省、経済産業省、国土交通省若しくは環境省（以下この条において「新府省」という。）又はこれに置かれる部局若 しくは機関のうち、この法律の施行の際現に当該職員が属する従前の府省又はこれに置かれる部局若しくは機関の相当の新府省又はこれに置かれる部局若しくは 機関として政令で定めるものの相当の職員となるものとする。
• Persons who were actually the officials of the former Prime Minister's Office and former Ministries of Justice, Foreign Affairs, Finance, Education, Health and Welfare, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, International Trade and Industry, Transport, Posts and Telecommunications, Labor, Construction, or Home Affairs (herein after referred in this Article as 'Former Office and Ministries') before the enforcement of this Act (except for presidents, chairpersons and members of the councils, etc. specified by Article 8 of National Government Organization Act (Act No. 120 of 1948), the members of the Central Disaster Prevention Council, the chairperson and members of the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee, and other similar persons specified by the Cabinet Order) shall be reasonable officials of the organs that are prescribed by the Cabinet Order and are equivalent to Former Office and Ministries they formerly served among the Cabinet Office and Ministries of Internal Affairs and Communications, Justice, Foreign Affairs, Finance, Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Health, Labour and Welfare, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Economy, Trade and Industry, Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and the Environment (herein after referred in this Article as 'New Office and Ministries') after the enforcement of this Act or departments and bureaus formed in New Office and Ministries on the same working conditions unless other appointments are announced.
• A person who is an official (excluding, however, the chairperson and members of the Council, etc. under Article 8 of the National Government Organization Act (Act No. 120 of 1948)), the members of the Central Disaster Prevention Council, the chairperson and members of the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee, and those specified by a Cabinet Order as similar persons) of the former Prime Minister's Office, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, Ministry of Labor, Ministry of Construction or Ministry of Home Affairs (hereinafter referred to as the 'Former Office or Ministry' in this Article) at the time of enforcement of this Act shall, unless an appointment is announced separately, become a corresponding official of the Cabinet Office, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, or Ministry of the Environment after the enforcement of this Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Office or Ministry' in this Article) or a department or organization established thereunder, which is specified by a Cabinet Order as the New Office or Ministry or the department or organization established thereunder that corresponds to the Former Office or Ministry or the department or organization established thereunder to which the said official belongs at the time of enforcement of this Act, with the same working conditions.