紀: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 紀皇女
- Ki no himemiko (Princess Ki)
- 紀伊郡
- Kii-gun/Kii District
- Kii County
- 日本紀略
- Nihongi Ryaku
- Nihongiryaku
- 多紀連山
- Taki mountain range (a mountain range extending from Kyoto Prefecture to Sasayama City and Tanba City)
- 紀伊田辺藩
- The Kii Tanabe domain
- 紀州徳川家
- Kishu Tokugawa family
- 治紀(七代)
- Harutoshi (the seventh lord of Mito Domain)
- 母は紀橡姫。
- His mother was KI no Tochihime.
- 本名万紀夫。
- His real first name is Makio.
- 家業は紀伝道。
- The house business, 'Kidendo,' the study of the histories.
- Family business was Kidendo (the study of the history.)
- The family specialized in Kidendo (the study of history).
- The family specialized in the study of history.
- Serving as historians was the family's profession.
- 紀州徳川侯爵家
- Kishu Tokugawa Marquis family
- 日記・紀行文学
- Diaries and traveler's journals
- 紀伊新宮藩水野家
- The Mizuno family of the Kii-Shingu Domain in Kii Province
- 黄帝紀元(中国)
- Yellow Emperor era (China)
- 紀伊国の御家人。
- He was a Gokenin (shogunal retainer) in Kii Province.
- 海道記、東関紀行
- The Kaidoki (Record of the Kaido (Sea Road)) and the Tokan kiko (Journey to the Eastern Barrier)
- 同日紀伊郡消滅。
- Kii County disappeared at the same time.
- かつての紀元節。
- It used to be Kigensetsu (the day commemorating the ascension to the throne of the first emperor, Jimmu).
- 「伊賀風土紀曰。」
- Iga Fudoki (records of the culture and geography of the Iga Province) states as follows:'
- 戦後の紀州徳川宗家
- Kishu Tokugawa family heads after the war
- 皇紀と安田生命保険
- Imperial Era and Yasuda Mutual Life Insurance Co.
- 4世紀~6世紀頃?
- ca. fourth century - sixth century
- 20世紀からの変動
- Changes that have occurred entering the 20th century
- 安藤道紀(みちのり)
- Michinori ANDO
- 家業は紀伝道と装束。
- The family business was kidendo (the study of the history) and shozoku (costume).
- 紀州徳川家( 〃 )
- Kishu Tokugawa family (ditto)
- 檀君紀元(大韓民国)
- Dangun era (Republic of Korea)
- 18世紀後半の建築。
- The residence was built in the late 18th century.
- 19世紀初頭に成立。
- It was compiled in the early nineteenth century.
- ※『日本書紀』に拠る。
- * This section is based on the descriptions of 'Nihonshoki'.
- 単に紀元とも略された。
- It was also abbreviated simply as Kigen (Era).
- 6月1日 悠紀田田植式
- June 1: The rice planting ceremony at the rice field of Yuki (the first province to offer the first rice crop of the year at the Daijo-sai festival)
- 紀州徳川家 - 長福丸
- The Kishu branch of the Tokugawa family - Chofukumaru
- 6世紀後半~7世紀中?
- ca. latter part of the sixth century - middle of the seventh century
- 多紀郡(たき:篠山市)
- Taki District (Sasayama city)
- 紀伊路(渡辺津-田辺)
- Kiiji route (from Watanabe no tsu to Tanabe)
- 紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道
- Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range
- 「今按、此紀唯一皇子。」
- Looking back, there was only one prince in the chronicles.'
- 坂上老:7世紀後期の人。
- SAKANOUE no Okina - lived in the late 7th century.
- 『記紀』年次との対応関係
- Correspondence relationship with the chronology in 'Kiki'(the Kojiki and Nihonshoki)
- 地方三新法、紀尾井坂の変
- The three new bills related to the local government system became effective and the Kioizaka Incident occurred
- 「日本後紀」編纂者の1人。
- He was one of the editors of 'Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan).
- 小島氏…紀伊国の在地領主。
- The Kojima clan - Zaichi ryoshu (resident landholder) in Kii Province.
- 紀伊新宮藩主水野忠央の子。
- Katsuto was a son of Tadanaka MIZUNO, the lord of Kii-Shingu Domain.
- 紀元前660年となった根拠
- Reason Why Year of Accession of Emperor Jinmu was Decided to be 660 B.C.
- そして、紀伊国に上陸した。
- She finally landed on the Kii Province.
- 以下、『日本書紀』に拠る。
- The followings are based on 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- 9月16日 悠紀田抜穂の儀
- September 16: The ceremony of gathering ears of rice in the field of Yuki
- 15世紀半ごろまで続いた。
- These relations continued into the middle of the fifteenth century.
- 平安遷都千百年紀年祭開催。
- The 1100th anniversary of the transfer of the capital to Heian-kyo was celebrated.
- 坂上是保:18世紀後半の人。
- SAKANOUE no Koreyasu - lived in the late 18th century
- 7世紀末から8世紀前期の人。
- He lived from the end of 7th century to the early 8th century.
- 戦時下における紀元2600年
- Imperial Era 2600 During Wartime
- そして書紀の次の場面に移る。
- And then, the scene changed to the following one in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan).
- 『日本書紀』には名が見えない。
- His name does not appear in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- 本家6代の細川宣紀は利重の子。
- The sixth family head of the head family, Nobunori HOSOKAWA was a son of Toshishige.
- 徳川頼宣を初代藩主とする紀州藩
- the Kishu clan, the first lord Yorinobu TOKUGAWA
- 『日本書紀』と『古事記』の違い
- Differences between 'Nihonshoki' and 'Kojiki'
- 杉原氏盛:紀伊国加太庄地頭職。
- 杉原氏盛 - Jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) of Kada Sho in Kii Province
- 坂上貞時:10世紀末の検非違使。
- SAKANOUE no Sadatoki - Kebiishi (an official with judicial and police powers) at the end of the 10th century.
- 十代 水野忠幹 (紀伊新宮藩主)
- The tenth, Tadamoto MIZUNO (the lord of Kii Shingu)
- 稲葉紀通(のりみち)<従五位下。
- Norimichi INABA
- 七代(藩主) 徳川治紀 - 武公
- The seventh (the lord of the domain): Harutoshi TOKUGAWA (his posthumous title: 武公)
- 『日本書紀』に皇子女の記載なし。
- In the 'Nihonshoki,' there is no description about his children (imperial princes and princesses).
- 畠山義就:河内(紀伊国・大和国)
- Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA: Kawachi (Kii Province and Yamato Province)
- 母は高野新笠(『続日本紀』による。
- Her mother was TAKANO no Niigasa (according to 'Shoku Nihongi' [Chronicle of Japan Continued].
- 同母兄姉に穂積親王、紀皇女がいる。
- She had an older brother-uterine, the Prince Hozumi, and an older sister-uterine, Kino himemiko (the Princess Ki).
- 『日本書紀』編纂の始まりとされる。
- It is viewed as the beginning of the compilations of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- 活動時期は、新第三紀と推定される。
- It is estimated that the volcano was active in the Neogene period.
- 17世紀後半頃の建築と推定される。
- The residence is estimated to have been built in the late 17th century.
- 金剛生駒紀泉国定公園内に位置する。
- It is located within Kongo Ikoma Kisen Quasi-National Park.
- 17世紀半ばの成立と見られている。
- It is considered to have been compiled in the middle of the seventeenth century.
- 10世紀初頭から10世紀後期の歌人。
- He was a Kajin (waka poet) from the early to the late 10th century.
- 坂上時通:11世紀初め頃の検非違使。
- SAKANOUE no Tokimichi - Kebiishi (an official with judicial and police powers) at the beginning of the 11th century.
- 正室は紀州徳川家の家臣三浦為春の娘。
- His lawful wife was the daugher of Tameharu MIURA, a vassal of the Kishu Tokugawa family.
- 天平宝字3年(759年)紀伊国国司。
- In 759, he was appointed as Kokushi (the governor) of Kii Province.
- 紀伊郡の2村を合併し、下京区に編入。
- Two villages in the Kii district were combined and merged into Shimogyo Ward.
- 清盛は、紀伊国で京都の異変を知った。
- Kiyomori was in Kii Province when he heard of the political disaster that had occurred in Kyoto.
- 日本書紀通證に以下のようにあるが未詳。
- Nihonshoki Tsusho (Interpretation of Nihonshoki) states as follows, but the details are unknown.
- 正室は水野忠幹 (紀伊新宮藩主)の娘。
- His lawful wife was Tadamoto MIZUNO (lord of the Kii-Shingu Domain)'s daughter.
- 日本書紀には、次の事績が記されている。
- In Nihonshoki, the following achievements are described.
- 多紀郡 櫛石窓神社二座(兵庫県篠山市)
- Kushiiwamado-jinja Shrine (two gods enshrined) in Taki District (Sasayama city, Hyogo)
- 紀伊郡伏見町が市制施行して伏見市成立。
- As a result of municipalization, Fushimi-machi Kii District became Fushimi City.
- 松平信道(のぶみち)〔従五位下、紀伊守〕
- Nobumichi MATSUDAIRA [Jugoinoge Kii no kami, Governor of Kii Province, (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)]
- 松平信彰(のぶかた)〔従五位下、紀伊守〕
- Nobukata MATSUDAIRA [Jugoinoge Kii no kami, Governor of Kii Province, (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)]
- 松平信直(のぶなお)〔従五位下、紀伊守〕
- Nobunao MATSUDAIRA [Jugoinoge Kii no kami, Governor of Kii Province, (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)]
- 松平信豪(のぶひで)〔従五位下、紀伊守〕
- Nobuhide MATSUDAIRA [Jugoinoge Kii no kami, Governor of Kii Province, (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)]
- 松平信岑(のぶみね)〔従四位下、紀伊守〕
- Nobumine MATSUDAIRA [Jushiinoge Kii no kami, Governor of Kii Province, (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade)]
- 松平信志(のぶざね)〔従五位下、紀伊守〕
- Nobuzane MATSUDAIRA [Jugoinoge Kii no kami, Governor of Kii Province, (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)]
- 家業は紀伝道で、代々天皇の侍読を務めた。
- The house business was 'Kidendo,' the study of the histories, and the family provided Imperial tutors for generations.
- Serving as historians was their family profession, and they served as Imperial tutors to the emperor for generations.
- しかし、『日本書紀』にこの話は見えない。
- However, this story was not in 'Nihonshoki.'
- 坂上犬養:8世紀前期から8世紀後期の人。
- SAKANOUE no Inukai - lived from early to late 8th century.
- 坂上今継:平安時代初期の外記・紀伝博士。
- SAKANOUE no Imatsugu - Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) and Kiden hakase (the professor of the histories) in the early Heian period.
- 記紀は継体を応神天皇の5世孫としている。
- According to Kiki ('A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan'), the Emperor Keitai was a fifth generation descendent grandchild of the Emperor Ojin.
- 『日本書紀』には下記のような記述がある。
- There were the following sentences in the 'Nihonshoki' (the Chronicles of Japan).
- 10月16日 新穀供納の式、悠紀田修祓式
- October 16: The ceremony of the offering of new crop, purification ceremony of rice field of Yuki
- 「日本紀略」に群盗に襲われた記述がある。
- It is mentioned in 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese Chronologies, that he was attacked by a group of robbers.
- 川…淀川、大和川、加古川、揖保川、紀の川
- River: Yodo River, Yamato River, Kako River, Ibo River and Kino River
- 坂上是則:9世紀末から10世紀中頃の歌人。
- SAKANOUE no Korenori - Kajin (Waka poet) lived from the end of 9th century to the middle of 10th century
- 同日 賢所大御饌供進の儀、大嘗宮悠紀殿の儀
- The same day: The ceremony of Kashikodokoro Omike offering, the cereminy of Daijo-gu Yuki-den building
- 幕府-守護体制は15世紀中葉まで存続した。
- The bakufu-Shugo system remained until around the middle of 15th century.
- 小辺路は紀伊山地を南北に縦走する道である。
- Kohechi is a road that runs north and south in the Kii Mountains.
- 令制国一覧 > 畿内> 山城国 > 紀伊郡
- List of provinces of Japan>Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) >Yamashiro Province>Kii County
- 『続日本紀』『新撰姓氏録』に贈従二位とある。
- According to 'Shoku Nihongi'(Chronicle of Japan Continued) and 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility), he was posthumously conferred Junii (Junior Second Rank).
- 坂上兼成:12世紀初頭から12世紀後半の人。
- SAKANOUE no Kaneshige - lived from early to late 12th century.
- 坂上明兼:11世紀後期から12世紀初頭の人。
- SAKANOUE no Akikane - lived from the late 11th century to the early 12th century.
- 八代(将軍)徳川吉宗 (紀州徳川家から養子)
- Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the eighth shogun, who was adopted from the Kishu-Tokugawa family.
- 坂上晴澄:10世紀後半の紀伊国伊都郡の武士。
- SAKANOUE no Haruzumi - a warrior from Ito-gun, Kii Province in the late 10th century.
- 養老4年(720年)に、日本書紀が完成した。
- In 720, 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) completed.
- ここでも日本建国を紀元前660年としている。
- In his record, Japan's foundation year was also 660 BC.
- 18世紀に入ると幕府財政が慢性的に悪化した。
- Entering the 18th the century, the finance of the bakufu became chronically deteriorated.
- 14世紀頃は南北朝時代 (日本)と呼ばれた。
- The 14th century is called the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan).
- 6世紀の武蔵国造の乱の後、7世紀に成立した。
- Musashi Province was established in the seventh century, after the Musashinokuni-no-Miyatsuko no Ran (Musashinokuni-no-Miyatsuko Rebellion) of the sixth century.
- 新町通り(江戸時代の雰囲気を残す旧紀州街道)
- Shinmachi-dori street (former Kishu Kaido Road keeping the air of the Edo period)
- 倭日子命(古事記)、倭彦王子(続日本紀)とも。
- He was described as Yamatohiko no mikoto (Kojiki [The Records of Ancient Matters]) and 'Yamatohiko no miko' (Shoku Nihongi [Chronicle of Japan Continued]).
- 松平信義(のぶよし)〔従四位下、紀伊守・侍従〕
- Nobuyoshi MATSUDAIRA [Jushiinoge Kii no kami Jiju, Governor of Kii Province and Chamberlain, (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade)]
- 崇神紀十年の条に有名な箸墓伝説が記されている。
- There is a famous legend of Hashihaka in an article in the tenth year of Suijin-ki.
- そのことによって紀州家の血筋は大いに繁栄した。
- The result of this was in the lineage of the families of Kishu gaining great prosperity.
- これらにより初期荘園は10世紀までに衰退した。
- For this reason, shoki shoen declined until the tenth century.
- 日本書紀には「氷上娘」「氷上夫人」として見える。
- She appears in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) as 'Hikami musume' or 'Hikami fujin.'
- その後子孫は新宮城主、紀州徳川家家老として続く。
- After that, his descendants served as the lord of Shingu-jo Castle and Karo (chief retainer) of the Kishu Tokugawa family.
- とはいえ、6世紀以降には王朝交代した証拠はない。
- However, no records remain to show the changes of dynasties after the 6th century.
- 11世紀後期からは、中世に移行したと考えてよい。
- Japan is considered to have moved into the Medieval Ages in the latter half of the 11th century.
- 藤原冬嗣は式部大夫、紀田上は尾張守に任じられた。
- FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu was appointed as Shikibu no taifu (Master of the Ministry of Ceremonial), and KI no Taue was appointed as Owari no kami (the governor of Owari Province).
- 12世紀に入ると王朝国家のあり方に変化が生じた。
- Entering the 12th century, the system of the dynastic nation-state began changing..
- 多紀連山では、鼓峠が最も標高の低い分水嶺である。
- Tsuzumi Pass is the drainage divide at the lowest altitude in Taki mountain range.
- 金剛生駒紀泉国定公園の区域でもあり、自然が豊か。
- As it belongs to the Kongo Ikoma Kisen Quasi-National Park, it is richly endowed with nature.
- 農家風の民家で、18世紀中頃の建築と推定される。
- This private residence is built in a farmhouse style, and is estimated to date back to the mid 18th century.
- 義満は大内氏の分国和泉・紀伊・石見・豊前を没収。
- Yoshimitsu stripped the Ouchi clan of their control over the provinces of Izumi, Kii, Iwami, and Buzen.
- 紀伊半島の中部に位置し、奈良盆地の南に位置する。
- In is located in the middle of Kii Peninsula and to the south of Nara Basin.
- 紀元前92年に、天皇の命により、倭大国魂神を祀る。
- In B.C 92, the Emperor Suinin ordered Princess Numakiiribe to worship 'Yamato no Ookuni Tamanokami (a Japanese God appearing in Japanese Mythology).'
- 徳川斉順(紀州徳川家へ養子)- 家茂(十四代将軍)
- Nariyuki TOKUGAWA, who was adopted into the Kishu-Tokugawa family, and his lineage included Iemochi, the fourteenth shogun.
- 以上を伝える『日本書紀』は、殺害の原因に触れない。
- The 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) which describes above mentioned incident, does not say anything about the cause of the murder.
- 11世紀中期までは摂関政治がある程度機能していた。
- Up to the middle of the 11th century, the regency functioned to some extent.
- 忠平の死後、10世紀中葉に村上天皇が親政を行った。
- After Tadahira's death, Emperor Murakami conducted direct Imperial rule in the middle of the 10th century.
- 3世紀中後半から7世紀頃までは古墳時代と呼ばれる。
- The era from the latter half of third century to around the seventh century is called the kofun period (tumulus period).
- 紀伊半島は、日本でも有数の降雨量の多い地域である。
- Kii Peninsula is one of regions that have a large amount of rainfall in Japan.
- 母の名は『日本書紀』に春日臣深目の娘・童女君とある。
- As written in the 'Nihonshoki,' the mother of Princess Kasuga no Oiratsume was Ominagi, a daughter of Kasuga no Omi Fukame.
- 原文(遣紀角宿禰於百濟、始分國郡疆場、具録郷土所出)
- Original text (abbreviated).
- 生年は明かではないが『続日本紀』では第九皇子とある。
- His year of birth is unknown but 'Shoku Nihongi'(Chronicle of Japan Continued) mentions that he was the ninth prince.
- 紀元前8世紀頃から3世紀頃までは弥生時代と呼ばれる。
- The era from around 8 B.C. to around the third century is called the Yayoi period.
- その後、軍団は8世紀末から9世紀にかけて廃止された。
- The cohort system was gradually abolished from the end of the 8th century through the 9th century.
- 日本には1、2世紀のころに伝わったと考えられている。
- It is considered that the coins were brought to Japan around the first or second century.
- 紀皇女(きのひめみこ 生没年不明)は、飛鳥時代の皇族。
- Ki no himemiko (year of birth and death unknown) was a member of the Imperial Family who lived in the Asuka period.
- 松平頼淳(西条藩五代藩主、のち紀州藩九代藩主徳川治貞)
- Yoriatsu MATSUDAIRA (the fifth lord of Saijo Domain; later the ninth lord of Kishu Domain, Harusada TOKUGAWA)
- 松平頼職(越前国丹生藩主、のち紀州藩四代藩主徳川頼職)
- Yorimoto MATSUDAIRA (the lord of Nyu Domain in Echizen Province; later the fourth lord of Kishu Domain, Yorimoto TOKUGAWA)
- 書紀の中で山部王の名はこれより前の別の箇所にも現れる。
- Name of Yamabe no Okimi appears in a preceding different section in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan).
- 8世紀前半は、律令制強化への動きが積極的に展開された。
- In the first half of the eight century, the move to strengthen the Ritsuryo system became active.
- 同年2月、山名義理は紀伊国で大内義弘に攻められて没落。
- In March of the same year, Yoshimasa YAMANA fell after he was attacked by Yoshihiro OUCHI in Kii Province.
- 南西諸島においては、12世紀ごろからグスク時代に入る。
- In the small islands located southeast of the main islands of Japan, the Gusuku period started around the 12th century.
- 熊野周辺は、日本書紀にも登場する自然崇拝の地であった。
- The area around Kumano, which appears in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), used to be a place of nature worship.
- 口吉野は紀の川流域、奥吉野は十津川・北山川流域である。
- Kuchiyoshino is located in the basin of Kino-kawa River and Okuyoshino is located in the basins of Totsu-kawa River and Kitayama-gawa River.
- 紀長谷雄が朱雀門で鬼と「双六」をして、勝ちをおさめた。
- A Sugoroku (a Japanese style board game played with dices) master, KI no Haseo, played a 'Sugoroku' game with an Oni (Japanese ogre) at the Suzaku-mon Gate and won the game; before the game, Haseo had bet his whole asset while the ogre had promised a woman of unsurpassed beauty for his stake.
- 21世紀初頭現在では土産物の1つとしても売られている。
- It has been sold as one of the souvenirs as of the beginning of the 21st century.
- 磯城皇子(しきのみこ、7世紀後半頃)は、飛鳥時代の皇族。
- Shiki no miko (around the latter half of the seventh century) was a member of the Imperial Family who lived in the Asuka period.
- 『日本書紀』では、母は、倭国香媛(やまとのくにかひめ)。
- According to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), her mother was Yamato no kuni kahime.
- なお「白川」の呼称は13世紀中ほどからしか確認できない。
- Incidentally, the name of 'Shirakawa' can be identified to have been used only from the middle of the thirteenth century.
- 十四代(将軍)徳川家茂 (紀州徳川家から養子、実子なし)
- Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the fourteenth shogun, who was adopted from the Kishu-Tokugawa family, and had no biological child.
- 『日本書紀』の年次とは矛盾点が多く、対応関係がとれない。
- A correspondence relationship cannot be confirmed between the chronology in Chinese history books and that in 'Nihonshoki'.
- その年代は、古事記の干支崩年に従えば、4世紀後半となる。
- According to the Oriental zodiac of the year of the demise described in Kojiki (The Record of Ancient Matters), his era corresponds to the latter half of the fourth century.
- このように記紀では事実の経緯・叙述の趣向が異なっている。
- Like this, in 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan' the history and description of facts differ.
- 日本書紀允恭紀に、允恭2年春2月14日立后されたとある。
- In the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), noted in the section of written records on the Ingyou Emperor Period, there was this statement: in the spring of, February 14, 413, the Emperor Ingyo had married the Empress.
- 7世紀前半には聖徳太子らによって『天皇記』が編纂された。
- In the first half of the 7th century, 'Tennoki' (a record of emperors) was compiled by Prince Shotoku as well.
- 北海道においては、13世紀ころからアイヌ文化が成立した。
- In Hokkaido, Ainu Culture was established around the 13th century.
- 6世紀以前は、各々の豪族が土地と民衆を直接支配していた。
- Before the sixth century, each gozoku (local ruling family) directly governed the land and the people.
- 紀伊路(大阪-田辺)が登録外であるのも同様の事情による。
- The fact that Kiiji route (from Osaka to Tanabe) is not registered is due to similar circumstances.
- 19世紀末の日本には20万台を越す人力車があったという。
- It is also said that there were over 200,000 jinrikisha in Japan at the end of the 19th century.
- 2月11日(もとの紀元節の日):47.4%(4,124)
- February 11 (Day of former Kigensetsu): 47.4%(4,124)
- 屋号は紀伊國屋 (歌舞伎)、定紋は釻菊、替紋は波に千鳥。
- His yago (trade name) is Kinokuniya, Jomon (family crest) is kangiku (chrysanthemum and a ring), and kaemon (alternate personal crest) is Chidori (Plovers) with waves.
- 腰鼓は腰に下げる細腰鼓で、日本には7世紀初めに伝わった。
- The waist drums (Yoko) is a Saiyoko hanging from one's waist, and came down to Japan at the early seventh century.
- 阿波細川氏は14世紀中頃、細川頼之の弟・細川詮春に始まる。
- The Awa Hosokawa family started with Akiharu HOSOKAWA, a younger brother of Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, around the middle of 14th century.
- 『書紀』の十五年八月条と十六年二月条に同様の記事が見える。
- There are similar stories in the paragraphs titled August, 284 and March, 285 of 'Nihonshoki.'
- 成立時期は11世紀後半から12世紀頃とされるが不明である。
- Nihongi Ryaku is said to have been created between the latter half of the 11th century and the 12th century but the exact time is unknown.
- また、紀元前300年以後の黄砂の記録が残された書物もある。
- Furthermore, a document recording kosa from 300 BC also exists.
- 今井まちや館 - 本町筋の中央部にある18世紀初期の町家。
- Imai Machiyakan: It is a machiya (a traditional townhouse) building built in the early 18th century around the middle of Honmachi-suji Street.
- こうしたことが生じるのは、ひとつには紀伊半島の地理による。
- The geography of Kii Peninsula is one of reasons that made these things happen.
- 「古事記」「日本書紀」の常津彦某命と同一人物という説がある。
- There is a theory that regards him and Tokotsuhikoiro no mikoto who appears in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' as the same person.
- 16世紀半ばの人物とされる明智定明は、内紛により殺害された。
- Sadaaki AKECHI, who is considered to have lived in the middle of the 16th century, was killed in an internal conflict.
- この間、1585年に秀吉は紀伊征伐を行って雑賀衆を滅ぼした。
- During this period, Hideyoshi carried out the conquest of Kii Province and defeated Saigashu in 1585.
- 書紀(現代文訳)には次のような栗隈王の言葉が載せられている。
- The modern translation of Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) contains the words of Kurikuma no Okimi as follows:
- どちらの称制期間も日本書紀には事実上天皇同然に書かれている。
- In the Nihonshoki, both Emperor Tenchi and Empress Jito are written as the real emperors during the period when they ruled the nation without holding an enthronement ceremony.
- (『日本書紀』には新羅は白旗を立てて欺いたと書かれている。)
- ('The Chronicles of Japan' says that Silla set up the army by waving white flags.)
- 大兄去来穂別尊(おおえのいざほわけのみこと)- 『日本書紀』
- Oe no izahowake no mikoto, which was written as '大兄去来穂別尊' in Japanese, according to 'Nihonshoki' (literally, Chronicles of Japan).
- 記録に残る最古の王は、10世紀のアホエアトゥ王とされている。
- The oldest king on record is 'Aho'eitu who existed in the 10th century.
- 紀元前後には100前後の「国」が中国と通交していたとされる。
- Apparently, around the beginning of the first century, around a hundred nations had relationships with China.
- 『日本史紀略』、『日本史略』、『日本史類』とも呼ばれていた。
- It is also known as 'Nihon Shigiryaku,' 'Nihon Shiryaku,' and 'Nihon Shirui.'
- 続日本紀によれば、天平宝字5年に松井連を朝廷より下賜された。
- According to 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), they were given the hereditary title MATSUI no Muraji by the Imperial Court in 761.
- 5世紀ころ四道将軍の遠征によりヤマト王権に服属したとされる。
- It is said that this area was brought under the control of the Yamato dynasty through the victories of Shido Shogun ('the Four Legendary Generals').
- 県天然記念物であり、金剛生駒紀泉国定公園の見所の一つである。
- It is a natural monument designated by Nara prefecture, and is one of sightseeing spots of Kongo Ikoma Kisen Quasi-National Park.
- 浅野氏が紀伊国を支配していた頃は、一族の浅野知近が領していた。
- Tomochika ASANO ruled Kii Province while it was under the control of the Asano clan.
- 記紀によれば、父の大草香皇子が罪無くして安康天皇に誅殺された。
- According to the Kiki, Imperial Prince Okusaka, the biological father of Prince Mayowa was killed by execution as a criminal ('chusatus' in Japanese) despite his innocence; the Emperor Anko was behind this execution.
- 『先代旧事本紀』では葦敢竈見別王と記され、竈口君等の祖とある。
- He is described as Ashikamino kamami wakenomiko in 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History) and is the ancestor of Kamanokuchinokimi and so on.
- 紀州家の支系(御連枝)は、伊予国西条藩の西条松平家のみである。
- Its subsidiary line (referred as 'Gorenshi') was solely the Saijo Matsudaira Family of Saijo Domain in Iyo Province.
- 但し、記紀などに穴穂部間人皇女が丹後に避難したとの記述はない。
- But there is no description that Anahobe no hashihito no himemiko fled to Tango including Kojiki (The Record of Ancient Matters).
- 『書紀』に70歳、『古事記』に64歳、『神皇正統記』に67歳。
- At his demise, he was either 70 years old (according to the 'Nihon shoki'), 64 ('Kojiki'), or 67 ('Jinno shotoki' [literally, A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns]).
- 高瀬は紀伊藩の医師・学者で光貞時代から明律研究に参加していた。
- Takase was a doctor and a scholar in the Kii Domain, who participated in research on the Ming code since the days of Mitsusada.
- 紀貫之、在原元方など多くの歌人が音羽山を歌枕として詠んでいる。
- Many poets, including KI no Tsurayuki and ARIWARA no Motokata, composed poems with 'Otowa-yama' (Mt. Otowa) used as an utamakura (a place name often used in ancient Japans poems).
- 大江山(『万葉集』)・大井山(『日本後紀』)とも呼ばれている。
- It is also called 大江山 (Mt. Oe) (in 'Manyoshu' (Japan's oldest anthology of poems)) or 大井山 (Mt. Oi) (in 'Nihon Koki' (the third of the six official national histories)).
- 「日本後紀」によると、高野川は平安時代には埴川と呼ばれていた。
- According to Nihon Koki (the third of the six official national histories), the present Takano-gawa River was named the Hani-gawa River in the Heian period.
- 『記・紀』には応神や雄略の吉野での狩りの伝承が載せられている。
- In the 'Kojiki' (Records of Ancient Matters) and the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), traditions concerning hunting in Yoshino by Emperor Ojin and Emperor Yuryaku.
- 『日本書紀』によれば、689年に初めての禁止令が出されている。
- According to 'the Nihon Shoki (the Chronicle of Japan)', it was first prohibited in 689.
- 『日本書紀』によれば、垂仁天皇28年10月5日 (旧暦)に薨去。
- According to 'Nihonshoki', he died on October 30, 2 B.C.
- 細川頼之の弟・頼有の子孫が14世紀中頃から和泉守護を代々務めた。
- Descendants of Yoriari, a younger brother of Yoriyuki, successively filled the post of Izumi Shugo from the mid 14th century.
- 三善為康は算道・紀伝道に通じた学者として多くの著作を残している。
- Tameyasu MIYOSHI left a number of important works as a scholar of Sando (mathematics) and Kidendo (history).
- 松平頼方(越前国葛野藩主、のち紀州藩五代藩主・八代将軍徳川吉宗)
- Yorikata MATSUDAIRA (the lord of Kazurano Domain in Echizen Province; later the fifth lord of Kishu Domain; and further, the eighth Shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA)
- 19世紀以降の尾張徳川家は養子相続を繰り返して現在に至っている。
- In and after the nineteenth century, the Owari Tokugawa family managed successions by adoption to continue the family up to today.
- これやこの大和にしては我が恋ふる 紀路にありといふ名に負ふ勢の山
- This is the famous Seinoyama on the way to Kii Province, which mountain I longed for when I was in Yamato.
- こうして、東北地方では12世紀には蝦夷としての独立性は失われた。
- In this way, the Emishi lost their independence in the Tohoku region by the twelfth century.
- 文化面では、『日本書紀』・『万葉集』・『風土記』などが編まれた。
- With respect to culture, 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), and 'Fudoki' (descriptions of regional climate, culture, etc.) were compiled.
- また、『日本後紀』の散逸部分を知る際に『日本紀略』が助けになる。
- 'Nihongi Ryaku' is also helpful in better understanding the sections lost from 'Nihonkoki' (Later Chronicle of Japan).
- しかし20世紀に入ると、鉄道の開通によりこれらの水運は衰退した。
- In the 20th century, however, water transport via these waterways declined due to the opening of the railroad.
- 18世紀には、江戸を中心とする狩野派とは別軸で京都画壇が栄えた。
- In the 18th century, 'Kyoto gadan' (the Kyoto gadan School organized by painters who worked actively in Kyoto) flourished; this is different from the Kano School whose members worked actively in Edo.
- さらに、徳川御三家(尾張藩、紀州藩、水戸藩)と同じ屋形号も有した。
- In addition, the clan was allowed to have the same yakata-go (a title given to privileged Shugo Daimyo) as the Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged braches of Tokugawa family, the domain of Owari, Kishu and Mito) did.
- 例えば西暦2000年は、神武天皇即位紀元(皇紀)2660年となる。
- For example, the year 2000 by the Western calendar system corresponds to the year 2660 by the Jinmu Tenno Sokui Kigen (Koki).
- 『日本書紀』には、厩戸皇子(聖徳太子)の子であるという記述はない。
- There is no description in 'Nihonshoki' that he was a son of Prince Umayado (Prince Shotoku).
- 11世紀以降の土地・民衆支配は、荘園と公領の2本の柱によっていた。
- The governance of the land and people after the eleventh century consisted of the two: the shoen and koryo.
- 氏清は堺に兵を集めるとともに、紀伊守護の義理を訪ねて挙兵を説いた。
- As Ujikiyo gathered his army in Sakai, he visited Yoshimasa, who was a shugo of Kii, and he encouraged him to raise an army.
- 1931年(昭和6年) - 紀伊郡吉祥院村・上鳥羽村が下京区に編入
- 1931: Shimogyo Ward absorbed Kisshoin-mura and Kamitoba-mura in Kii-gun.
- これは火山の定義からは外れているため、第四紀火山には分類されない。
- Because this means that the mountain does not meet the definition of a volcano, it is not classified into a volcano in the Quarternary period.
- 弟の弘茂は城を構えて和泉国、紀伊国に割拠して持ちこたえる策を提案。
- Hiroshige, his younger brother, proposed that they fortify their castles and hold their ground, defending Izumi and Kii Provinces.
- また江戸時代、紀州藩により整備された一里塚が残っている個所もある。
- Ichirizuka (a milestone between 'Ri's, about 3,927 kilometers), which were prepared by the Kishu Domain in the Edo period, are occasionally found.
- 紀元節復活に向けた動きは、1951年(昭和26年)頃から見られた。
- The movements for the revival of Kigensetsu became active around 1951.
- 表千家9代・了々斎と共に紀州徳川家に伺候、「偕楽園窯」開設に貢献。
- He visited the Kishu Tokugawa Family with the ninth grand master of Omote Sen-ke, Ryoryosai and contributed to construct the Kairakuen kiln.
- 後世、清原姓を称する氏族は下野国・紀伊国・豊後国などに分布している。
- In posterity, the families having the surname of Kiyohara were distributed over the provinces of Shimotsuke, Kii and Bungo.
- 大碓皇子(おおうすのみこ)は記紀に伝えられる古墳時代の皇族(王族)。
- Prince Oousu (Oousu no Mikoto) appeared in the Kiki ('Kojiki' [A Record of Ancient Matter] and the 'Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]) as an Imperial family (royal family) during the Kofun (tumulus period) period in Japan.
- 神武天皇即位紀元は西暦(グレゴリオ暦)よりも660年大きな値となる。
- The year by Jinmu Tenno Sokui Kigen becomes larger than the Western calendar system (the Gregorian calendar) by 660 years.
- 紀角宿禰を百済へ遣わし、初めて国郡の境を分け、郷土の産物を記録した。
- He sent Kinotsuno no Sukune (the third highest of the eight hereditary titles) to Kudara (Paekche) to, for the first time, divide the boundary of the province and district and record the provincial products.
- 悠紀田は滋賀県野洲郡三上村、主基田は福岡県早良郡脇山村から選ばれた。
- A rice field in Mikami Village, Yasu-gun County, Shiga Prefecture was chosen for the field of Yuki (the first province to offer the first rice crop of the year at the Daijo-sai festival), and a rice field in Wakiyama Village, Sawara-gun County, Fukuoka Prefecture was chosen for the field of Suki (place where Daijosai takes place).
- この政策が結実したのが9世紀末~10世紀初頭の寛平・延喜期であった。
- This idea was brought to fruition in Kanpyo and Engi eras, from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
- 門脇禎二によれば、『丹後王国』は4世紀中・末期頃から5世紀が最盛期。
- According to Teiji KADOWAKI, the peak of 'Tango Kingdom' was the mid to late fourth century to the fifth century.
- 葛城氏の特徴として、5世紀の大王家との継続的な婚姻関係が挙げられる。
- One of the features of the Katsuraki clan is their successive marital relations with the Okimi family during the 5th century.
- 日本書紀に「唖にして語ふこと能はず」とあり、言葉を話せなかったという。
- It is said that he was incapable of speech, as described in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) that 'he was a dumb person who cannot speak.'
- 以上の『日本書紀』の記述のほか、武家王について他に知られることはない。
- No historical records about Takeie no Okimi have been found other than the article in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) mentioned above.
- したがって、紀伝道のみならず相撲の司家として鎌倉時代以来君臨してきた。
- Thus, the family reigned not only as historians, but also as a family of Sumai no Tsukasa since the Kamakura period.
- なお、継体以降の天皇系譜については、記紀の記録もある程度は信用できる。
- Meanwhile, Kiki's imperial genealogy after Keitai is credible to some extent.
- 『日本書紀』では、橘豊日天皇(たちばなのとよひのすめらみこと)という。
- In 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) he is known as Tachibana no Toyohi no sumeramikoto (the term sumeramikoto is an honorific for emperors).
- また、『日本書紀』によれば679年の死亡時に石川王は吉備大宰であった。
- According to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), Ishikawa no Okimi was the provincial governor-general (oho mikoto mochi) of kibi Province when he died in 679.
- 『古事記』『旧事紀』に享年56、『帝王編年記』に享年54と伝えられる。
- Emperor Anko died at the age of 56 according to the ''Kojiki'' and ''Kujiki'' (ancient Japanese historical text), or 54 according to 'Teio hennenki' (literally, Annals of the emperor).
- 11世紀ごろから、中央政府の有力者へ田地を寄進する動きが見られ始める。
- From around the eleventh century, the rice-field donation to the powerful men in the central government started.
- 2008年(平成20年) 3月18日 源氏物語千年紀in湖都大津開催。
- March 18, 2008: The thousand-year anniversary of the Tale of Genji in Koto Otsu was held.
- 明治22年(1889年)、市制町村制施行に伴い紀伊郡伏見町が成立した。
- In accordance with the enforcement of the Municipal Government Act in 1889, Fushimi town, Kii County was established.
- 上野秋親後胤上野長富が、戦国 (日本)末期京都より紀伊国に下向し定住。
- Nagatomi UENO, a descendent of Akichika UENO, left the capital city of Kyoto and settled in Kii Province at the end of the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan).
- - 町村制施行に伴い、紀伊郡に伏見町・柳原町の2町と10村が成立する。
- According to the enforcement of municipal organization, two towns, i.e. Fushimi-cho and Yanagihara-cho, and ten villages were established in Kii County.
- 出席者は明仁・皇后美智子・徳仁親王・秋篠宮文仁親王および文仁親王妃紀子。
- The attendees were Emperor Akihito, Empress Michiko, Imperial Prince Naruhito, Imperial Prince Akishinonomiya Fumihito, and Princess Kiko, the wife of Imperial Prince Fumihito.
- 治頼の子孫は紀州徳川家に仕え、徳川吉宗が将軍職を継いだ時に幕臣となった。
- The descendant of Haruyori served the Tokugawa clan, where he became a Shogun's retainer when Yoshimune TOKUGAWA ascended to the Shogunate.
- 長男の細川忠興(三斎)は、紀伊国雑賀攻めで初陣し、信長の部将として活躍。
- His first son, Tadaoki (Sansai) HOSOKAWA took uijin (first battle) in the attack of Saiga of Ki Province, and did splendid service as busho (commanding officer) of Nobunaga.
- 『源氏物語』に「絵(竹取物語)は巨勢の相覧、手は紀貫之書けり。」とある。
- 'The Tale of Genji' describes that the illustrations for 'the Tale of the Bamboo Cutter' were made by KOSE no Omi, and that the manuscript was written by KI no Tsurayuki.
- 徳川家康の十男徳川頼宣を家祖とし、江戸時代を通じて紀州藩の藩主であった。
- The Kishu Tokugawa family was founded by Yorinobu TOKUGAWA, the tenth son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and its family heads governed Kishu Domain throughout the Edo period.
- また『日本書紀』では、名を檜隈高田皇子(ひのくまのたかたのみこ)と言う。
- Also in 'Nihonshoki,' his name was called Hinokuma no Takata no Miko.
- この間、天皇が皇后である間人皇女に宛てた歌が『日本書紀』に残されている。
- The 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) contains a poem the Emperor Kotoku wrote to his wife, Hashihito no Himemiko when she went away with Katsuragi no Miko.
- 中国では、紀元前1150年頃に「塵雨」と呼ばれていたことがわかっている。
- It is known that, in China, present kosa was called 'chenyu' (dust rain) in around 1150 BC.
- 13世紀前半の承久の乱の結果、公家政権は武家政権に寄生する存在となった。
- As a result of the Jokyu War during the first half of thirteenth century, the Kuge government became a parasite on the back of the military government.
- 更に15世紀後半以後には京都のある山城国国内の御料所化にも着手している。
- Furthermore, since the latter half of the fifteenth century, action was taken to make the Yamashiro Province (within Kyoto) a Goryo-sho.
- 6世紀中葉には、飛鳥周辺に仏教が伝わって来て、文化の高い所となってきた。
- In the middle of the sixth century, Buddhism was introduced in Asuka which made Asuka become a culturally sophisticated place.
- 紀元8年、前漢の皇帝の外戚である王莽が漢の国を奪って「新」王朝を建てた。
- In 8 A.D., Omo, a maternal relative of the emperor of Former Han, destroyed Han to establish the 'Shin' dynasty.
- 戦前は新年・紀元節・明治節ともに四大節の一つとして、盛大に奉祝されていた。
- Before the war, it was actively celebrated as one of the four major festivals along with New Year, Kigensetsu (the National Foundation Day) (the day commemorating the ascension to the throne of the first emperor, Jimmu) and Meiji festival.
- 『日本紀略』にて天暦三年(949)に皇命にて御屏風八帖を画いたと知られる。
- According to 'Nihon Kiryaku' (a chronological summary of Japanese history), he did a painting on eight folding screens by order of the Emperor in 949.
- 仏滅紀元(タイ王国。東南アジア諸国で昔からあったもので今でも使われている)
- Era starting from the death of Buddha (Kingdom of Thailand. This has been present in Southeast Asia for a long time and is still in use).
- なお、『先代旧事本紀』国造本紀因幡国造条に「彦坐王児彦多都彦命」と見える。
- Additionally, there was a written article on 'A child of Prince Hikoimasu (Hikoimasu no Miko), Hikotatsuhiko (彦多都彦命)' in the articles of 'Inaba no kunimiyatsuko,' which were written in the document: Sendai Kujihongi (Ancient Japanese History), and in a section of the Kokuzo hongi (the original record of provincial governors).
- 同父兄弟には阿居乃王(あけのみこ)や都紀女加(つきめか)が推定されている。
- Prince Ake (Ake no Miko) and Prince Tsukimeka were assumed to be the paternal half brothers of Prince Oi.
- 11世紀中期を画期として以前を前期王朝国家、以後を後期王朝国家と区分する。
- The dynasty state before the mid-11th century is noted as the early dynasty state and the period after the mid-11th century as the later dynasty state.
- このため、10世紀前期に始まった王朝国家体制はより中世的な形態へ移行した。
- The dynasty state, which started in the early 10th century, changed into a more-medieval form.
- 紀伊郡(きいのこおり、きいぐん)は山城国・京都府にかつて存在した郡である。
- Kii-gun (or Kii-no-kori) was a county once existed in Yamashiro Province, in Kyoto Prefecture.
- - 郡区町村編制法に基づき伏見板橋二丁目(後の伏見町)に紀伊郡役所を設置。
- Based on Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (Act for the alignment of local government system), the Kii County public office was placed in 2, Fushimi Itabashi (later, Fushimi-cho).
- 「建国記念の日」と定められた2月11日は、かつて紀元節という祝日であった。
- February 11 designated as 'National Foundation Day' was once a holiday named Kigensetsu.
- これらの手押し車は、17世紀から18世紀にかけてパリの街中で使われていた。
- These carts were used in the city of Paris in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
- それゆえ、室町時代後期(15世紀後半)には浄土双六が遊ばれていたとされる。
- That means, in the late Muromachi period (the late 15th century), the Jodo Sugoroku is considered to have been played.
- 選者の紀貫之が六歌仙と呼んだ、在原業平や小野小町などが代表的な歌人である。
- Amongst them, ARIWARA no Narihira and ONO no Komachi are especially famous, and KI no Tsurayuki, one of the selectors of 'Kokin Wakashu' (compiled in about 913), gave them a nickname 'Rokkasen.'
- 外見的に顔の造作は悪くないらしいが西門・彩紀ら弟妹に比べ地味で目立たない。
- The features of his face are not so bad in appearance, but he is more simple and inconspicuous than his younger siblings, such as Saimon and Saiki.
- 楽と同じように彩紀が気になるらしく、何かにつけ積極的に声をかけている様子。
- He appears to be as interested in Saiki as Gaku, implied by the manner in which he actively speaks to her whenever he gets a chance.
- 春日大娘皇女(かすがのおおいらつめのひめみこ)は、記紀に伝えられている皇族。
- Princess Kasuga no Oiratsume (Kasuga no Oiratsume no Himemiko) appeared in the Kiki ('Kojiki' [A Record of Ancient Matter] and the 'Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]) as a member of the Imperial family (royal family) in Japan.
- 天国排開広庭天皇(あめくにおしはらきひろにわのすめらみこと)- 『日本書紀』
- Amekunioshiharakihironiha no Sumeramikoto-mentioned in the book, 'Nihonshoki '(Chronicles of Japan)
- 君が代は10世紀に編纂された『古今和歌集』に収録されている短歌の一つである。
- The lyrics for Kimigayo was first appeared in the 'Kokin Wakashu' (the anthology of poetry edited in the 10th century) as an poem.
- The words of Kimigayo were derived from a waka poem in the 'Kokin-Wakashu' compiled in the tenth century.
- 8世紀初頭から末にかけては奈良時代と呼ばれ、奈良に都城(平城京)が置かれた。
- The early eighth century is called the Nara period, because the capital (Heijo-kyo capital) was placed in Nara.
- こうした歴史像に基づく記述が、21世紀初頭まで一部の辞書などに残存していた。
- Such a historical image remained in some dictionaries until the beginning of the 21st century.
- 15世紀末、こうした事態に耐えかねた朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対し強硬姿勢に転ずる。
- At the end of the fifteenth century, since the Korean Dynasty became tired of the situation, they changed their policy and started to take a harder stance towards kokyowa.
- 「やましろ」は、古くは山代と書き、7世紀に山背国という表記で国が建てられた。
- 'Yamashiro' was written as 山代 in ancient times, and in the 7th century, the province (kuni) was founded with the name written as 山背国.
- 15世紀後期~16世紀初頭ごろに一部は戦国大名となり、一部は没落していった。
- From the period of the late fifteenth to early sixteenth century, some daimyo became Sengoku daimyo (daimyo of the Sengoku, or 'Warring States' period) while other daimyo declined.
- JR紀勢本線 新宮駅 から熊野交通バス「熊野本宮」行きで35分、「志古」下車
- After 35 minutes by KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Kumano-hongu Shrine-bound' from Shingu Station of the JR Kisei Main Line and get off at the bus stop, `Shiko'
- 14世紀頃に書かれた『土蜘蛛草紙』では、京の都で大蜘蛛の怪物として登場する。
- Tsuchigumo zoshi (a storybook of Tsuchigumo) written in the fourteenth century, portrayed Tsuchigumo as a monster spider in Kyoto as follows:
- 『日本書紀』では他に田村皇女、『古事記』では宝王、糠代比売王と表記されている。
- She is referred to by other names, such as the Princess Tamura in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), and Takara no miko or Nukade hime no miko in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters).
- 折悪しくこの別邸に滞在していた懐妊中の佐紀子妃はおなかの胎児とともに圧死した。
- Unfortunately, Princess Sakiko was staying at the villa and was crushed to death together with her unborn child.
- 十四代(藩主) 徳川茂承(支藩西条藩から養子、紀州藩七代藩主徳川宗将の玄孫。)
- The fourteenth (the lord of the domain): Mochitsugu TOKUGAWA (adopted from the lord family of Saijo Domain, a branch domain of Kishu; a great-great-grandson of the seventh lord Munenobu TOKUGAWA)
- その故事にちなみ、紀伊国へ移封されたのちも頼宣の子孫は代々常陸介に叙任された。
- Because of this, successors of Yorinobu were appointed Hitachi no Suke for generations although his fief was later moved to Kii Province.
- 推定生年:『古事記』には485年、『日本書紀』には允恭天皇39年(450年)。
- Estimated year of birth: 485 in 'Kojiki' and 450 in 'Nihonshoki'.
- 明治から昭和20年の終戦までは元号と共に神武天皇即位紀元がよく使用されていた。
- From the Meiji period to the end of the world war II in 1945, Jinmu Tenno Sokui Kigen was often used together with gengo (an era name).
- が、武内宿禰の策略によって弓・刀を失い、逃走した果て逢坂にて敗れた(『書紀』。
- However, Imperial Prince Oshikuma lost his bow and sword through the tactics of Takenouchi no Sukune, then ran away, and was finally defeated at Osaka. (In the 'Shoki'(Chronicles).
- 恒徳王には、竹田恒正、竹田恒治、竹田素子、竹田紀子、竹田恒和の3男2女がいる。
- Prince Tsuneyoshi had three sons, Tsunetada TAKEDA, Tsuneharu TAKEDA and Tsunekazu TAKEDA, and two daughters, Motoko TAKEDA and Noriko TAKEDA.
- 古くは、1477年に紅雪が降ったとの記録(『本朝年代紀』による)が残っている。
- In 'Honcho Nendaiki' (the Chronicle of the Dynasty), it is recorded that beni-yuki (red snow) fell in 1477.
- 日本における近代的な歴史思想の導入は、19世紀後半の明治維新以降のことである。
- Modern historical concepts were introduced in Japan during the Meiji Restoration or later, or during the latter half of the nineteenth century.
- 社会の安定と経済の成長は、都市の発展を支え、17世紀後半の元禄文化に結実した。
- The stabilization of society and economical growth supported the development of urban areas, producing Genroku Culture in the latter half of 17th century.
- また、中央政治においては11世紀に藤原北家が政権中枢を担う摂関政治が成立した。
- In central politics, Sekkan-seiji (politics based on Sekkan - regent or a top adviser to Emperor), in which the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan played a dominant role, was established.
- 13世紀中頃以降は元冦という大事件があったものの、政治体制は一応安定していた。
- Its regime remained stable enough despite the Genko (Mongol Invasions of Japan) incidents in and after the middle of the 13th century.
- 紀伊郡堀内村は、昭和6年(1931年)京都市に編入され、伏見区の一部となった。
- Horiuchi village, Kii County was integrated into Kyoto City and became a part of Fushimi Ward in 1931.
- 紀伊郡深草町は、昭和6年(1931年)京都市に編入され、伏見区の一部となった。
- Fukakusa town, Kii County was integrated into Kyoto City in 1931 and became a part of Fushimi Ward.
- 紀伊郡竹田村は、昭和6年(1931年)京都市に編入され、伏見区の一部となった。
- Takeda village, Kii County was integrated into Kyoto City and became a part of Fushimi Ward in 1931.
- このことは、紀伊山地の隆起準平原が河川に浸食されて形成された過程を示している。
- This indicates that the upheaval semi-plain of the Kii Mountains was formed by erosion by rivers.
- 20世紀に入ってこうしたゲームの影響を受けてモノポリーが発明される事となった。
- From the 20th century, the Monopoly appeared through the influence of these games.
- スケトウダラを加工して食べる食文化は、朝鮮半島で17世紀ごろには広まっていた。
- Processed walleye pollack was already prevalent in the food culture of the Korean Peninsula by the 17th century.
- 当麻皇子(とうまのみこ、生没年不詳)は、6世紀後半から7世紀初期にかけての皇族。
- The Prince Toma (year of birth and death unknown) was in the Imperial Family between the late sixth century and the early seventh century.
- 佐紀子妃の薨去によって武彦王は精神に異常をきたし、昭和7年、予備役に編入された。
- Because of Princess Sakiko's death, Prince Takehiko suffered from mental illness, and he was placed in reserve duty in 1932.
- 『古事記』、『日本書紀』によると継体天皇は応神天皇5世の孫であり、父は彦主人王。
- According to 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki', Emperor Keitai was the fifth generation descendant of Emperor Ojin and his father was Hikoushio.
- 大仙陵古墳(仁徳天皇陵)につぐ(第2位の規模)5世紀初ともいわれる大前方後円墳。
- It is a large keyhole-shaped tumulus built in early fifth century, next (second in size) to the Daisenryo Tumulus (Mausoleum of Emperor Nintoku),
- ただし『日本書紀』は「陵」と表記し、天皇扱いし、「墓」ではないことは注目される。
- However in 'Nihonshoki,' it was described as '陵' not as '墓, ' which means that she was regarded as Emperor, which is worth of noticing.
- 『古事記』・『日本書紀』履中紀が父を履中天皇 / 母を葦田宿禰(葛城襲津彦の子。
- In 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki' and Richuki, her father was Emperor Richu and her mother was ASHIDA Sukune's (a child of KATSURAGI no Sotsuhiko.
- 同船は三島由紀夫もこの2年前に乗船したことがあり、日本人とは縁の深い船であった。
- The Japanese often used this ship: for example, a Japanese novelist Yukio MISHIMA took this ship two years ahead of the Crown Prince's boarding.
- 5世紀に入るとヤマト王権は本拠を河内平野へ移し、中国王朝との通交を活発に行った。
- Entering the fifth century, the Yamato sovereignty moved its core site to the Kawachi plain and had active relationships with the Chinese dynasty.
- 7世紀中ごろの大化の改新も権力集中化の動きの一つであり、一定の進展を見せている。
- The Taika Reforms in around the middle of the seventh century was such a move to strengthen powers, achieving a certain level of advancement.
- 6世紀中頃ヤマトの出雲征討に伴いヤマト王権の支配下に入っていったと想定している。
- He assumes that the kingdom came under control of Yamato sovereignty along with the conquest of Izumo by Yamato in the mid sixth century.
- 区域はかつての紀伊郡、宇治郡を中心に西部には乙訓郡、久世郡、綴喜郡の一部を含む。
- It includes the former Kii and Uji counties in the center and a part of the former Otokuni, Kuse and Tsuzuki counties in the west.
- 紀伊郡横大路村は、昭和6年(1931年)京都市に編入され、伏見区の一部となった。
- Yokooji village, Kii County was integrated into Kyoto City and became a part of Fushimi Ward in 1931.
- 紀伊郡下鳥羽村は、昭和6年(1931年)京都市に編入され、伏見区の一部となった。
- Shimotoba village, Kii County was integrated into Kyoto City and became a part of Fushimi Ward in 1931.
- 遷都については、「続日本紀」には、水陸の交通の便が理由であるとの記述が見えるが、
- The 'Shoku Nihongi' (historical books written in the Heian period) describes the reason for the transfer of the capital as easy access to water and land transportation; however,
- 襲津彦の伝承は、『日本書紀』の神功皇后摂政紀・応神天皇紀・仁徳天皇紀に記される。
- The folklore of Sotsuhiko is recorded in the three sections of 'Nihonshoki': Jingu Kogo sesho ki, Ojin Tenno ki and Nintoku tenno ki.
- 明徳の乱では義弘は大いに奮戦して武功著しく、和泉国・紀伊国の守護職を与えられる。
- Yoshihiro fought very hard and valiantly during the Meitoku rebellion, achieving a remarkable number of military victories and exploits, so he was also made shugo of Izumi and Kii Provinces.
- この山は第三紀に噴出した火山岩が侵食されてその一部のみが残存した侵食地形である。
- This mountain is an erosion landform, a part of a volcanic rock, which had been eructated in Tertiary period, remained after erosion.
- 菊酒のルーツはおそらく、三世紀ごろには成立していた中国の伝説であろうと思われる。
- It is thought that kikuzake derived from an ancient Chinese legend which is thought to have appeared in around the third century.
- 『古事記』『日本書紀』に「土蜘蛛」または「都知久母(つちぐも)」の名が見られる。
- In 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the name 'tsuchigumo' appears.
- 朝鮮半島で作られたスケトウダラの塩漬けは、17世紀に北九州・山口地方へ伝わった。
- Salted walleye pollack was imported to northern Kyushu and Yamaguchi regions in the 17th century.
- ただし、当初は将軍家・尾張家・紀州家をもって御三家(水戸は入っておらず)と称した。
- But at first, the Shogun family, the Owari family, and the Kishu family were referred to as gosanke (the Mito family was not included).
- 『日本書紀』では、武小広国押盾天皇(たけをひろくにおしたてのすめらみこと)と言う。
- In 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), he was referred to as Takeo Hirokuni Oshitate no Sumeramikoto.
- 『書紀』に陵名の記載はないが、雄略紀に「蓬丘(いちびこのおか)の誉田陵」と見える。
- In 'Nihonshoki,' there is no description of the name of the mausoleum but in Yuryakuki (a volume on Emperor Yuryaku), there appears 'Konda Mausoleum on Ichibiko no oka (hill).'
- イラン暦(キュロス紀元とも。イラン。これは古くからあったがパーレビ王朝で公式採用)
- Iranian calendar (also referred to as Cyrus era. Iran. This existed from a long time ago but was officially employed in the Pahlavi dynasty).
- 彦坐王(ひこいますのみこ、生没年不詳)は、記紀に伝えられる古墳時代の皇族(王族)。
- Prince Hikoimasu (Hikoimasu no Miko [彦坐王]; His date of birth and death are unknown.) first appeared in the 'Record of Ancient Matters' and 'Chronicles of Japan,' as he was a member of an Imperial family (Royal family) during the Kofun period (tumulus period) in Japan.
- 彦主人王(ひこうしおう・ひこうしのおおきみ、生没年不詳)は、5世紀の皇族(王族)。
- Hikoushio (also pronounced Hikousi no Okimi; date of birth and death unknown) was a member of an Imperial family (royal family) in fifth century.
- 天武天皇10年(681年)3月17日に、天皇は帝紀と上古の諸事を記録、確定させた。
- On April 13, 681, Emperor recorded and decided the genealogy of the imperial family and various matters in the ancient period.
- 『日本書紀』で同じ読みができる同時代人には、美濃王・三野王・弥努王・美努王がある。
- According to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), 美濃王, 三野王, 弥努王 and 美努王 were all pronounced Mino no Okimi and lived in the same period.
- 伝承が混乱しているのか、或いは記紀の編集者が意図的に系図に手を加えた可能性が強い。
- Maybe the oral literature from this historical period was confused; or it is very possible that the editors of the 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan' intentionally forged the contents of the genealogical charts of the Emperors.
- 日本建国の日付を西暦に計算しなおして紀元前660年としたのは、ヨーロッパ人である。
- It was Europeans who figured that Japan's foundation year was equivalent to the Christian year 660 BC.
- そして職の体系を基盤として11世紀後期~12世紀に成立した体制を荘園公領制という。
- The system established from the late stage of the 11th century to the 12th century based on the Shiki system is called Shoen Koryo Sei.
- 倭の五王の後、5世紀後葉から6世紀前葉にかけてヤマト王権内部の政治混乱が見られた。
- After the five kings of Wa, political confusion was observed inside the Yamato sovereignty in from the latter half of the fifth century to the first half of the sixth century.
- しばらく倭国は政治的に安定していたが、2世紀後半に倭国大乱と呼ばれる内乱が生じた。
- For a while, Wa stayed stable politically, but a civil war called the Wakoku War broke out in the latter half of the second century.
- 江戸時代に徳川光圀によって、歴代皇紀(れきだいこうき)という表題が与えられている。
- Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA gave it the name Rekidaikoki in the Edo period.
- 紀伊の地侍は連合して根来衆・雑賀衆などの集団を形成し、宗教を盾に地域自治を行った。
- Jizamurai (local samurai) in Kii formed groups such as Negoroshu and Saigashu and carried out regional autonomy under the cover of religion.
- 13世紀後半には建長寺、円覚寺をはじめとする禅寺が建てられ、鎌倉大仏が造立された。
- In the latter half of the 13th century, Zen temples including Kencho-ji Temple and Engaku-ji Temple were founded and Kamakura Great Buddha was erected.
- 文学の面では古事記、日本書紀、万葉集、風土記など国内最古の史書や歌集が編纂された。
- In terms of literature, Japan's earliest history books and poem anthologies, such as 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) and fudoki (description of regional climate, culture, etc.), were compiled.
- JR紀勢本線 新宮駅 から熊野交通バス「熊野本宮」行きで40分、「宮井大橋」下車。
- After 40 minutes by KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Kumano-hongu Shrine-bound,' from Shingu Station of the JR Kisei Main Line, and get off at the bus stop, `Miyai Ohashi.'
- 延喜式神名帳には、山城国紀伊郡に以下の大社3座・小社5座の計8座が記載されている。
- Engishiki jimmyocho (a register of shrines in Japan) described the following total of eight shrines consisting of three large shrines and five small shrines in Yamashiro Province, Kii County.
- 12世紀の院政期には袿に刺繍をほどこしたり、金箔・銀箔を張り付けることが流行った。
- During the cloistered government period in the 12th century, embroidered uchiki decorated with gold and silver foil were fashionable.
- 『日本書紀』、『延喜式』によれば、身狭桃花鳥坂上陵(むさのつきさかのえのみささぎ)。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' and 'Engishiki,' it was Musanotsuki Sakae no Misasagi.
- なお、任那は一つの国ではなく十国が集まった連合であるという記載が『日本書紀』にある。
- Mimana is not just one country but an alliance composed of ten countries, according to 'Chronicles of Japan'.
- 豊岡姫命とは記紀にいうトヨウケヒメのこと、巻向珠城宮御宇天皇は垂仁天皇のことである。
- Toyooka-hime referred to Toyoukehime in 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan' and Emperor Gyou in Makimuki no tamaki no miya was Emperor Suinin.
- 息長真手王(おきながのまてのおおきみ、生没年不詳)は5世紀から6世紀頃の日本の皇族。
- Prince Okinaga no Mate (Okinaga no Mate no Okimi; his date of birth and death were unknown) was a Japanese Imperial family during the fifth to sixth century.
- この主張は、十数世紀にわたって人々に誇りをいだかせるとともに、不思議に思われてきた。
- Japanese people have been proud of this insistence for more than 10 centuries, meanwhile they also have been questioning the veracity of this insistence.
- 天武天皇10年(681年)3月、忍壁皇子らと共に帝紀及び上古諸事の編纂を命じられる。
- In March 681, he was ordered to compile the Teiki (a genealogy of the imperial family) and the Joko shoji (matters of high antiquity) with Prince Osakabe.
- 11月16日に若江城の戦いで三好義継が信長に滅ぼされた後、義昭は紀伊国に追放された。
- On December 20 (November 16 in old lunar calendar), Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI was defeated by Nobunaga at the battle of Wakae-jo Castle and Yoshiaki was exiled to Kii Province.
- 6世紀後半にはヤマト王権の国内支配が安定し、むしろ王権内部の皇位継承抗争が目立った。
- In the latter half of the sixth century, domestic control by Yamato sovereignty was stable, and feuds over succession to the Imperial Throne were rather conspicuous.
- 13世紀には、1274年の文永の役と1281年の弘安の役の二度にわたる元寇があった。
- In the thirteenth century, the Mongols invaded twice, these invasions being called the Bunei engagement of 1274 and the Koan engagement of 1281, so called from the names of the eras in which they occurred.
- これに反発した南朝の後胤や遺臣らは、朝廷や幕府に対する反抗を15世紀半ばまで続けた。
- This led to a rebellion amongst descendants and former court nobles of the Southern Court, and their resistance against the court and bakufu lasted until the mid-15th century.
- 8世紀には、地中海貿易が壊滅したことで、農村の自給自足体制が急速に確立されていった。
- As the Mediterranean trade collapsed during the eighth century, the self-sufficient system in villages came to be rapidly established.
- 山地・山…生駒山地、六甲山地、紀伊山地、比叡山、生駒山、大江山、金剛山 (金剛山地)
- Mountainous regions, mountains: Ikoma Mountains, Rokko Mountains, Kii Mountains, Mt. Hiei, Mt. Ikoma, Mt. Oe and Mt. Kongo (Kongo Mountains)
- 源頼朝が鎌倉入りしたのは、それから1世紀以上経た治承4年(1180年)のことである。
- More than a century later, in 1180, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo entered Kamakura.
- 旧紀州街道に当たる新町通りが街の中心で、現在も往時をしのばせる家屋が多数残っている。
- Shinmachi-dori street corresponding to former Kishu Kaido Road is the center of the city, in which many houses which would remind us of those days remain even in the present.
- また、7世紀頃までの武蔵は「无射志」(むざし)と表記されていた記録も見つかっている。
- Additionally, it has been found that Musashi was represented differently, as the kanji 'Muzashi,' until the seventh century.
- その直後にも新たに新制30ヶ条を出し、公事・行事の整備、官人の綱紀粛正に取り組んだ。
- Immediately after the palace restoration, Shinzei produced a list of 30 new provisions of the new administration, and poured his efforts into tightening discipline both among government officials and in the provision and maintenance for political operations and events of the court.
- 江戸時代後期に直弼は老中阿部正弘の死後に大老となり、将軍後継問題では南紀派を後援した。
- At the end of the Edo period, Naosuke became a Tairo after a Roju (senior councillor of the Tokugawa shogunate) Masahiro ABE's death, and as to the issue of the successor to the Shogun, he supported the Nanki group (a group supporting Yoshitomi from the Kishu-Tokugawa family).
- 『古事記』が437年に没したとする反正は、『記紀』によるかぎり仁徳とは親子関係である。
- Hanzei, who died in 437 according to 'Kojiki', was the father of Nintoku as long as referring to 'Kiki'.
- しかし、そもそも『古事記』、『日本書紀』とも倭の五王の遣使に明確に対応する記事はない。
- There is no clear mention about the envoys of the five kings of Wa in 'Kojiki'and 'Nihonshoki' in the first place.
- 『天書』『先代旧事本紀大成経』には、金村が天皇の暴虐を深く憂えて、これを諌めたとある。
- Kanamura was deeply distressed about the Emperor's atrocities and admonished him according to 'Tensho '(a chronological history of Japan) and 'Sendai Kujihongi Taiseikyo'.
- 16~17世紀のヨーロッパ人も、万世一系の皇統とその異例な古さという観念を受け入れた。
- Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries accepted the theory of the unbroken Imperial line and the extraordinary long duration of the Japanese Imperial family.
- 11世紀前期には、女真族が北部九州に来襲する事変が発生した(1019年、刀伊の入寇)。
- In the first stage of the 11th century, the Joshin (a people lived in eastern China and northern Korea) attacked Northern Kyushu (Toi invasion in 1019).
- 3世紀中ごろに機内に出現した前方後円墳とそれに伴う墓制が急速に列島各地に広まっていた。
- Large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds appeared around the middle of third century and the use of this grave style spread rapidly throughout the islands of Japan.
- 丹波栗の歴史は古く、日本最古の歴史書である日本書紀にも丹波栗が記されているほどである。
- The Tanba chestnut has been cultivated for a long time, and was also described in Nihonshoki (the Chronicles of Japan), the oldest history book in Japan.
- 西日本旅客鉄道紀勢本線 新宮駅 から熊野交通バス「熊野本宮」行きで35分、「志古」下車
- After 35 minutes by KUMANO KOTSU line bus, `Kumano-hongu Shrine bound' from Shingu Station of the JP West Kisei Main Line, get off the bus at `Shiko.'
- 『日本書紀』にある神武天皇が即位したとされる日(辛酉年春正月、庚辰朔)に由来している。
- It is originated from the day on which the Emperor Jimmu is believed to have ascended to the throne (New year's day of the 58th year of the sexagenary cycle, first day of Kanoetatsu) based on 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- 19世紀にはヨーロッパにも独立した折り紙の伝統があり、日本の開国と共に両者が融合した。
- In the 19th century, Europe had its own independent origami tradition, which was fused with Japanese origami when Japan opened up to the world.
- 子は天豊津媛命(懿徳天皇皇后)のみで、跡継ぎがなかったと「先代旧事本紀」に記されている。
- Amatoyotsuhime no mikoto (Empress of Emperor Itoku) was his only child, and it is described in 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History) that he had no heir.
- 『日本書紀』、『延喜式』によれば、檜隈坂合陵(ひのくまのさかあいのみささぎ)に葬られた。
- According to the 'Enkishiki'(the book of laws and regulation edited in the Heian Period and 'Chronicles of Japan', the Emperor Kinmei was buried in Hinokuma no saka Ai no Misasagi in Nara Prefecture.
- 前述通り『日本書紀』によれば、欽明天皇は庶兄・宣化天皇が崩御した後即位したとされている。
- As mentioned above, 'Chronicles of Japan' suggests that Emperor Kinmei succeeded the enthronement after Emperor Senka, his older brother by a concubine, passed away.
- 明治12年(1879年) (神田区西小川町、麹町区富士見を経て)麹町紀尾井町4番地に転居
- In 1879, (After relocation to the Nisi Ogawa-Machi in Kanda Ward and then Fujimi in Kojimachi Ward) Imperial Prince Fushimi Sadanaru moved into this house address, at Kioi-cho 4, Kojimachi, Tokyo.
- 672年の壬申の乱の際には当摩広島が吉備国守として同国を統治していたことが書紀に見える。
- The 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) tells that TAIMA no Hiroshima ruled Kibi Province as the governor during the Jinshin War in 672.
- これは『日本書紀』が編年の都合上、飯豊女王の執政期間を切り詰めたのではないかと疑われる。
- This is suspiciously considered to be because 'Nihonshoki' cut her administration period for its convenience of editing the years.
- 『日本書紀』は、神武天皇が帝国を創建した紀元前660年の第一月第一日を王朝の起点とした。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki', the starting point of the Japanese dynasty was the first day of the first month in 660 BC when Emperor Jinmu founded the Japanese empire.
- 12世紀末に、「鎌倉殿」源頼朝が武士の頂点に立ち、全国に守護を置いて、鎌倉幕府を開いた。
- Towards the end of the twelfth century, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo--often called 'Lord Kamakura'--having reached the pinnacle of the warrior's world, began to select and send out the shugo (governors) to all the provinces and created the Kamakura bakufu.
- 時代的にいえば、武士と言える存在は平安時代中期の10世紀(国風文化の成立期)に登場する。
- In terms of the eras, those who are said to have been bushi appeared during the formative period of the Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) in the middle of the Heian period of the tenth century.
- 1999年4月1日、多紀郡今田町・篠山町・丹南町・西紀町の4町が合併して篠山市となった。
- On April 1, 1999, Konda-cho, Sasayama-cho, Tannan-cho and Nishiki-cho of Taki-gun merged to become Sasayama City.
- 多数の街道や吉野川(紀の川)の水運など交通の便に恵まれ、南大和統治の中心地として栄えた。
- It was blessed with facilities for transportation, including many kaidos (roads) and water transpotation by the Yoshino-gawa River (Kino-kawa River), etc., and prospered as the center of the administration of southern Yamato Province.
- ここからしばらくは熊野川沿いに国道168号線をたどり紀伊路に合流し、熊野本宮大社に至る。
- After that, for some distance it follows National Highway 168 along Kumano-gawa River until joining Kii-ji Road, and finally it arrives at Kumano Hongu-taisha Shrine.
- この日付をグレゴリオ暦に当てはめると紀元前660年(B.C.660年)2月11日となる。
- It falls on February 11, 660B.C. under the Gregorian calendar.
- 2006年9月15日に大阪天満宮横に半世紀ぶりの寄席となる「天満天神繁昌亭」が開場した。
- On September 15, 2006, the 'Tenma Tenjin Hanjotei' theater opened beside the Osaka Tenman-gu Shrine, the first yose in half a century to do so.
- 『日本書紀』には名が見えず、「伊賀国名所記」に弘文天皇の同母妹と書かれているが真偽は不明。
- Her name is not mentioned in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), and the authenticity of the description in 'Iga no kuni Meishoki' (an illustrated guide to notable places of Iga Province) that she was a sister-uterine of the Emperor Kobun is unknown.
- 細川元有は和泉下守護家とともに紀伊国守護畠山尚順と同盟を組み、管領細川政元と敵対していた。
- Motoari HOSOKAWA and the Shugo family of lower Izumi Province formed an alliance with Hisanobu HATAKEYAMA of the Shugo of Kii Province, and they were hostile to the Kanrei, Masamoto HOSOKAWA.
- 現在では公の暦で神武天皇即位紀元をみることはほとんどないが、公式に廃止されたわけではない。
- Nowadays, Jinmu Tenno Sokui Kigen is rarely seen in public calendars but it has not been abolished officially.
- が、記紀などによって「継体」の生年は西暦450年、一方「敏達」の生年は西暦538年である。
- However, according to the 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan,' 'Keitai' was born in 450 and on the other hand, 'Bidatsu' was born in 538.
- 併せて、天皇支配を具現化するために律令制の導入を進め、8世紀初頭の大宝律令制定に結実した。
- In addition, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based upon the ritsuryo code) was introduced to realize control by the Emperor, producing Taiho Ritsuryo (the Taiho Code) in the early eighth century.
- 11世紀後期からは太上天皇が治天の君(事実上の君主)となって政務に当たる院政が開始された。
- In the latter half of the 11th century, the Cloister Government started, whereby Daijo Tenno (retired Emperor) became the Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) and influenced political affairs.
- 寛平の治(かんぴょうのち)は、平安時代中期(9世紀後期)の宇多天皇の治世を理想視した呼称。
- Kanpyo no chi is the name of the rule by Emperor Uda in the mid-Heian Period (late 9th century) which was largely regarded as ideal.
- 土佐日記:紀貫之が土佐守の任務を終えて帰る旅の途中のことを女性を装って平仮名で書いている。
- Tosa Nikki (The Tosa Diary): A diary written in Hiragana detailing his trip after completing his mission as Tosa no kami (the Governor of Tosa Province), in which he impersonated a woman.
- 46.ふたたび渡る紀の川の 水上とおく雲ならで 立てるは花の吉野山 見て来んものを春ならば
- 46. Well beyond the Kino-kawa River we are crossing again, Mt. Yoshino of flowers stands in the clouds; we are going to visit there because it is spring.
- 「世紀の発見」という新聞報道もあり、注目を集めたが、やがて全てが贋作であることが発覚した。
- Because of the reports and articles published in newspapers stating those art pieces to be the 'discoveries of the century,' this auction drew quite a large attention from the public, although later it was found that those pieces were actually counterfeits.
- 11世紀の藤原氏全盛期には素材は綾織で色彩のグラデーション(かさねの色目)を楽しんでいた。
- In the 11th century, during the heyday of the Fujiwara clan, uchiki was made of twill with graduated colors.
- これによると紀氏の流れということになるが、戦国大名の松永氏は藤原氏または源氏を自称している。
- This means that the Matsunaga clan is descended from the Ki clan, but the warlords of the Matsunaga clan referred to themselves as being descended from the Fujiwara clan or the Genji (Gen clan).
- 岡部氏の後に入封した稲葉紀通は暗愚な人物で、家中や領民に対して悪政を敷くという暴君であった。
- Norimichi INABA, who took over the domain after the Okabe clan was a tyrant, who ruled over his retainers and people with incompetence.
- 記紀の記述を尊重して、継体天皇を大王家の「遠い傍系に連なる有力王族」とする旧来の説があった。
- The traditional theory respected the descriptions in Kiki and believed that the Emperor Keitai came from 'a powerful royal family in a distant collateral line' of the great king's family.
- 一方『日本書紀』の年次では、413年から479年の間の天皇は、允恭・安康・雄略の3名である。
- On the other hand, the chronology in 'Nihonshoki' writes there were only three Emperors between 413 and 479: Ingyo, Anko and Yuryaku.
- 彦坐王(日子坐命)の王子女は『古事記』に詳しいが、『日本書紀』ではほとんど触れられていない。
- In 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), Princes and Princesses of Prince Hikoimasu (Hikoimasu no Mikoto [日子坐命]) were written in detail, but there were rare written articles about the Princes and Princesses in 'the Nihonshoki' (the Chronicles of Japan).
- 同一人物の文字をたがえることは、書紀の中でよくあるし、古くは美濃国は三野とも御野とも書いた。
- In 'Nihonshoki', name of the same person is written in different kanji characters and Mino Province (美濃国) was also written '三野' or '御野' in ancient time.
- 天武天皇2年(673年)12月17日に、美濃王は紀訶多麻呂とともに造高市大寺司に任じられた。
- On February 1, 674, Mino no Okimi was appointed as an Officer of Takechi-daiji Temple Construction together with Ki no Katamaro.
- 6世紀後半から8世紀初頭までは、ヤマト王権の本拠が飛鳥に置かれたことから飛鳥時代と呼ばれる。
- The era from the latter half of the sixth century to the early eighth century is called the Asuka period, because the core site of the Yamato sovereignty was placed in Asuka.
- 12世紀末頃から14世紀頃までは鎌倉時代と呼ばれ、中央の公家政権と関東の武家政権が並立した。
- The eighth century is called the Kamakura period, and the Kuge (court nobles) government in Kyoto and the military government in Kamakura coexisted during this era.
- 9世紀、移配俘囚は国内の治安維持のための主要な軍事力として位置づけられていた(→国衙軍制)。
- In the ninth century the emigrant Fushu were positioned as a major military force for the maintenance of security in the nation (known as the kokuga forces system).
- 11世紀にはかな書道の古典とされる高野切が制作され、12世紀まで多様なかなの書風が展開した。
- In the 11th century, Koya-gire, a classic of kana calligraphy, was produced and this allowed a variety of kana calligraphy styles to be developed by the 12th century.
- 紀伊郡納所村(のうそむら)は、昭和6年(1931年)京都市に編入され、伏見区の一部となった。
- Noso village, Kii County was integrated into Kyoto City and became a part of Fushimi Ward in 1931.
- 1931年:伏見市と紀伊郡の1町6村、宇治郡の1村を市町村合併し、伏見区として京都市に編入。
- 1931: Fushimi City and one town and six villages in the Kii district, as well as one village in the Uji district, were combined to form Fushimi Ward, which then merged into Kyoto City.
- すなわち、熊野本宮大社の本宮証誠殿(1番)にはじまり、紀の川河岸の柳の宿(75番)に終わる。
- Namely, nabiki starts from Hongu Shojoden hall (No.1) of Kumano-hongu-taisha Shrine and ends at Yanagi no Shuku (No.75) at the riverbank of Kino-kawa River.
- 9世紀には桓武天皇の5世孫である桓武平氏の平将門が新皇として短い間ではあったが関東に君臨した。
- In the 9th century, TAIRA no Masakado from Kanmu-Heishi, the 5th generation descendant of Emperor Kanmu, reigned over Kanto region as a new emperor for a short period of time.
- 11世紀半ば、陸奥国には安倍氏 (奥州)、出羽国には出羽清原氏という強力な豪族が存在していた。
- During the middle of the eleventh century, two powerful families existed in the area; the Abe clan (Oshu [Mutsu province]) ruled Mutsu Province, and the Dewa Kiyohara clan ruled Dewa Province.
- しかし、薄家も山科言継の子で薄家に養子入りした薄諸光(以継)の死により16世紀後半に断絶した。
- However, the Susuki family also died out in the latter 16th century with the death of Moromitsu SUSUKI (Yukitsugu) who was Tokitsugu YAMASHINA's son and the Susuki family's adoptive son.
- また、康親の娘堀河紀子は孝明天皇の寵愛を受けて皇女を儲けたために康隆も天皇の侍従に抜擢された。
- As Yasuchika's daughter, Motoko HORIKAWA won Emperor Komei's favor and had an imperial princess, Yasutaka was promoted to Jiju (chamberlain).
- 新家のほとんどが豊臣政権末期からの100年間、ほぼ後に17世紀と呼ばれる時期に設立されている。
- Most of the Shinke families were established within 100 years of the end of the Toyotomi government, a period roughly corresponding to the 17th century.
- しかし、同書の紀年には幾つかの矛盾が見られ、それを解決するための議論がいくつか提示されてきた。
- However, the calendar era of the book shows some contradictions with regard to the year of his enthronement; therefore, many theories relating to the accurate year have been presented.
- 『日本書紀』に「男女無くして継嗣絶ゆべし」、『古事記』にも「日続知らすべき王無かりき」とある。
- 'There was no man or woman, no heir to succeed' ('Nihonshoki') and also 'There was no ruler (child of the emperor) to succeed' ('Kojiki').
- 6世紀末、400年ぶりに中国を統一した隋の登場は、東アジア諸国の政治権力の集中化をもたらした。
- Towards the end of the sixth century, the Sui Dynasty unified China in 400 years, centralizing political powers in east Asian nations.
- 並行して室町幕府は地方政権化しそれにより15世紀中期からの国内統治は幕府・守護体制とよばれる。
- In parallel with this, the Muromachi bakufu adopted the local government system, and the administration of the nation after the mid 15th century was called the Bakufu-Shugo System.
- 紀伊国では高野山・根来寺・熊野三山などの寺社勢力の力が強く、守護畠山氏の支配力は限定的だった。
- In the Kii Province, the power of temples and shrines, such as Koyasan, Negoro-ji Temple, Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano-Hongu-Taisha Shrine, Kumano-Hayatama-Taisha Shrine and Kumano-Nachi-Taisha Shrine) and so on, was strong and power to control shugo, the Hatakeyama clan, was limited.
- 郷之町から屋形町までの8町は、もとは紀伊郡柳原町(大字なし)で、大正7年に下京区に編入された。
- The eight towns from Gono-cho to Yakata-cho used to belong to Yanagihara-cho, Kii County (without Oaza), and were incorporated into Shimogyo Ward in 1918.
- 吉野川は紀ノ川となって紀伊水道へと流れ下り、十津川と北山川は熊野川となって熊野灘へ注いでいる。
- Yoshino-gawa River continues to Kino-kawa River and flows into Kii Channel and Totsu-kawa and Kitayama-gawa Rivers continue to Kumano-gawa River and flow into Kumano-nada Sea.
- 『続日本紀』には、697年、文武天皇の即位時のものをはじめとする宣命が62編、収録されている。
- In 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) 62 pieces of Senmyo including the time of enthronement of Emperor Monmu in 697 are recorded.
- 少なくとも南北朝時代 (日本)の14世紀の半ばには、既に盛んに行われていたことが分かっている。
- It is confirmed that many kanjin-Noh performances were already held in the middle of the 14th century at the latest, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 柿本人麻呂集、紀貫之集、大中臣能宣集については上下2帖構成とするため、全体では39帖からなる。
- It consists of 39 books in total since the collection of KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro, KI no Tsurayuki and ONAKATOMI no Yoshinobu were allotted two books for each.
- またその頃、加賀藩主・前田綱紀の後援を受け、加賀の地では金春流に代わって宝生流が盛んとなった。
- Around that time, with the support of Tsunanori MAEDA, who was the load of the Kaga Domain, the Hosho school became dominant and took the place of the Konparu school in Kaga Province.
- 一方、津軽を領した下国家は15世紀半ば頃、東の八戸市方面から勢力を伸ばしてきた南部氏に追われた。
- On the other hand, the Shimonokuni family, which ruled Tsugaru Province, was forced out by the Nanbu clan, which was proceeding from the eastern area, to expand its influence.
- 15世紀に「だて」という読み方が畿内で登場し、江戸時代を通じて「いだて」と「だて」が混用された。
- In the 15th century, a reading of 'Date' was first introduced in the Kinai region, and since then, both 'Idate' and 'Date' were used to refer to the same kanji characters throughout the Edo Period.
- また柳原家は、代々文学、文筆を家業とし、光綱の子である柳原紀光は歴史書「続史愚抄」を著している。
- Furthermore, the Yanagiwara family members traditionally studied literature or became writers; Mitsutsuna's son, Norimitsu YANAGIWARA, authored a history book entitled 'Zokushi gusho.'
- 今般太陽暦御頒行神武天皇御即位ヲ以テ紀元ト被定候ニ付其旨ヲ被爲告候爲メ来ル廿五日御祭典被執行候事
- To publicly notify the recent decisions to employ solar calendar and institute the Imperial era with accession of Emperor Jinmu to the throne as the starting point, a ceremony will be held on the coming 25th day.
- (「辛酉年春正月庚辰朔 天皇即帝位於橿原宮是歳爲天皇元年」『日本書紀』神武天皇元年正月朔の条)。
- ('On February 11, 660 B.C., the Emperor acceded to the throne at Kashiwara no Miya Shrine and this year was made the first year of the Emperor'; 'Chronicles of Japan,' Paragraph on February 11, the first year of Emperor Jinmu.)
- 「八十七年の春正月の戊子の朔(ついたち)癸卯に、天皇、崩(かむあが)りましぬ」(『日本書紀』)。
- On February 7, 399, the Emperor passed away' ('Nihonshoki').
- 9世紀に蝦夷に対する朝廷(関西)からの征服活動は、現在の岩手県と秋田県のそれぞれ中部で停止した。
- The conquest of the Emishi carried out by the Imperial Court (Kansai) in the ninth century was discontinued in what is now the area of the mid-Iwate and Akita prefectures.
- この動きは13世紀後半の元寇によって加速し、幕府の対応策は徳政令発布や得宗専制という形で現れた。
- This move was accelerated due to the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and the measures taken by the bakufu against this move appeared in the forms of Tokuseirei (ordering the return of land sold and the dissolution of debts) and the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan.
- 在原元方、紀貫之らの歌人が「くらぶ山」を歌枕として詠み、それらは「古今和歌集」に収められている。
- ARIWARA no Motokata and KI no Tsurayuki composed poems with 'Kurabu-yama' used as an utamakura, and are included in 'Kokin Wakashu' (the first anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command).
- 紀伊郡向島村(むかいじまむら)は、昭和6年(1931年)京都市に編入され、伏見区の一部となった。
- Mukaijima village, Kii County was integrated into Kyoto City and became a part of Fushimi Ward in 1931.
- 嵯峨や松尾などの桂川流域を支配していた秦氏が、6世紀頃に桂川に堰堤を築いたとされる(葛野大堰)。
- The Kadono Oi (weirs) located on the river, are believed to have been built by the Hata clan around the sixth century, who ruled the riverside of the Katsura-gawa River such as Saga and Matsuo.
- 532年(欽明2年) - 欽明天皇、山城国一帯に勢力があった秦大津父を紀郡深草里に探し右腕とする
- 532: Emperor Kinmei met HATA no Otsuchi, who had control over Yamashiro Province, in Fukakusa-no-sato Ki-no-kori and appointed him as his right-hand man.
- 7世紀に令制国として丹波国が成立したときは、丹波郡(後の中郡)がその中心地であったと考えられる。
- Tanba-gun (later Naka-gun) is believed to have been the center of the kingdom when, in the seventh century, Tamba Province was established as one of the provinces administered by the Ryo-sei.
- 2004年(平成16年)7月、小辺路は世界遺産「紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道」の一部として登録された。
- In July, 2004, Kohechi was inscribed as a part of a World Heritage site 'holy places and pilgrimage routes in the Kii Mountains.'
- 小辺路が越えて行くのは、これら紀伊山地の山々のうち伯母子山脈・果無山脈といった西部の山々である。
- Among those mountains of the Kii Mountains, Kohechi goes across the western mountains such as the Obako Mountain Range and the Hatenashi Mountain Range.
- すなわち、紀伊半島の中央部は、際立った高山こそないものの、どこまでも続く山々と谷に覆われている。
- The central part of Kii Peninsula has no visibly high mountains, but is covered in endlessly extending mountains and valleys.
- つまり、わずか半世紀の間に涼州と雍州の領域がほぼ入れ替わるという珍妙な現象が起こったこととなる。
- That is, it resulted in a strange phenomenon that the area called Liang Zhou and the one called Yong Zhou had nearly been exchanged each other in only half a century.
- 数多く新作能を手がけた人物として土岐善麿、津村紀三子、竹中実、堂本正樹、稲垣富夫らが挙げられる。
- Yoshimaro DOKI, Kimiko TSUMURA, Minoru TAKENAKA, Masaki DOMOTO, Tomio INAGAKI, and so on, produced many Shinsaku-Noh works.
- 曾尸茂梨については『日本書紀』 卷第一 第八段 一書第四のヤマタノオロチ退治の前段に記述がある。
- The description of Soshimori is found in the first part of the story of the killing of the Yamata no Orochi in the arufumi (an 'alternate writing' transmitted by Nihonshoki) No.4 in the section 8 of book 1 of the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- 出羽国米沢藩の上杉鷹山や紀伊国紀州藩の徳川治貞(紀州の麒麟)とともに江戸時代中期の三名君とされる。
- He is counted as the three wise rulers in the middle of the Edo period along with Yozan UESUGI of Yonezawa Domain, Dewa Province and Harusada TOKUGAWA (Kirin [a mythical Chinese animal] of Kii) of the Kishu Domain, Kii Province.
- 重央は徳川頼宣の御附家老となり、頼宣の領地移動に伴いその領内の遠江浜松城、紀伊新宮城を与えられた。
- Shigenaka became Yorinobu TOKUGAWA's otsukegaro (karo assigned directly by the shogun when the sons of the Tokugawa became daimyo) and when Yorinobu changed the territory, Totumi Hamamatsu-jo Castle and Kii Shingu-jo Castle in Yorinobu's territory were given to Shigenaka.
- 徳川頼宣(紀州徳川家)- 光貞 - 吉宗(八代将軍)- - - - - - - 慶福(十四代将軍)
- Yorinobu TOKUGAWA, who was of the Kishu Tokugawa family, and his lineage included Mitsusada, Yoshimune, the eighth Shogun, and Yoshitomi, the fourteenth shogun.
- そのため神武天皇の即位年の「辛酉年」は日本書紀の編年から遡ると紀元前660年に相当することになる。
- Thus, by going back from the chronology written in Chronicles of Japan, the year when Emperor Jinmu acceded to the throne comes to correspond to 660 B.C..
- ただ一方で、記紀には好色な天皇として皇后の嫉妬に苛まれる人間臭い一面も描かれていることは興味深い。
- On the other hand, however, it is interesting that the Kojiki and Nihonshoki describe his humane aspect as an amorous Emperor who was tormented by jealousy of his Empress.
- 乎非王は『釈日本紀』巻十三所引の「上宮記」逸文の系譜にその名が見えるのみで、事蹟は伝わっていない。
- The written names of Prince Oi were entered in the thirteenth volume of the 'Shaku Nihongi' (annotated text of the Nihon Shoki), as cited by the Itsubun (unidentified or lost wirings) genealogy from the 'Joguki'; there were no episodes of achievement or events on Prince Oi found in this historic book.
- だが、『日本書紀』がいうところでは、大海人皇子は24日に不安にかられて男依らを呼び戻そうと考えた。
- However, according to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), Prince Oama became anxious and tried to call back Oyori on June 24.
- 摂関政治による諸課題への取り組みに成果が見られ始めたのが、11世紀前期~中期にかけての時期である。
- In the early to middle of the 11th century, the regency's approaches of the various problems began to pay off.
- 11世紀中後期から12世紀初期にかけて成立し、院政期を通じて発展し、鎌倉時代前後に最盛期を迎えた。
- The Shoen-Koryo system was established in the mid to late 11th century and continued through until the early 12th century, so it was developed through the period of the Cloister government, and peaked around the Kamakura period.
- 南北朝時代_(日本)にも継承されたが、院政の機能が室町幕府に吸収された14世紀末期には形骸化した。
- Although it was still held in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, hyojohajime of Insei became only a name at the end of the 14th century when the Muromachi bakufu took over the government function of Insei.
- 12世紀中期の保元の乱・平治の乱は、朝廷内部の政争が軍事衝突によって解決された画期的な事件である。
- The Hogen War and the Heiji War in the middle of the 12th century were noteworthy incidents since political conflicts inside the Imperial Court were resolved by means of military confrontations.
- 郡は、六世紀の中葉頃の欽明朝に屯倉の設置が拡大されていき、ヤマト政権の地方政治組織となっていった。
- Districts grew from the established miyake during the reign of Emperor Kinmei in the mid-sixth century to become part of the local administration organization of the Yamato Dynasty.
- 明治14年(1881年)1月、伏見区は廃止され、伏水第1組〜第6組は紀伊郡第5組〜第10組となる。
- In January, 1881, Fushimi Ward was abolished and Fushimi kumi Nos. 1 to 6 became Kii County kumi Nos. 5 to 10.
- 紀伊山地は第四紀に隆起して形成された山地で、急斜面が多く起伏の大きい壮年期山地の特徴を示している。
- The Kii Mountains was formed by the upheaval in the Quaternary period and has characteristics of mature mountains with many steep slopes, uphills and downhills.
- 峰山町丹波は8世紀始めには丹波国丹波郡丹波里といわれたところで、丹波国の中心地であったと見られる。
- Tanba, Mineyama-cho was called Tanba-sato, Tanba County, Tanba Province in the beginning of the eighth century, and is thought to have been the center of Tanba Province.
- 全体に絵具の剥落・退色が目立つが、現存遺品の少ない平安時代前期、9世紀の仏教絵画の大作として貴重。
- In whole, peeling off and fading of pigment is noticeable, but they are very precious as big pieces of Buddhist painting in the early Heian period, ninth century, for which the number of existing relics is small.
- 対馬海峡はまだユーラシア大陸と陸続きで、対馬海峡が形成されたのは第四紀になってからと言われている。
- The Tsushima Strait was still part of the Eurasian Continent then and it is said that the strait was formed during Quaternary period.
- 代わって摂津国中島藩から稲葉紀通が4万5700石で入るが、慶安元年(1648年)8月に改易となった。
- Norimichi INABA took over the domain with 45,700 koku from the Nakajima Domain in the Settsu Province, but was punished by Kaieki (removal of samurai status and expropriation of territories) in August 1648.
- 乎非王(おいのおおきみ・おいのみこ、生没年不詳)は、「上宮記」逸文に記される5世紀頃の皇族(王族)。
- Prince Oi (Oi no Kimi or Oi no Miko, his date of birth and death were unknown) first appeared in the Itsubun (unidentified or lost writings) written articles of the 'Joguki' (Record of the Crown Prince) being an Imperial family (Royal family) around the fifth century in Japan
- 2005年(平成17年)11月15日、紀宮清子内親王(現・黒田清子)の結婚式において、斎主を務めた。
- He served as saishu (master of religious ceremonies) on the occasion of the wedding ceremony of Imperial Princess Norinomiya Sayako (presently Sayako KURODA).
- 国際連盟の事務局長の職にあったとき、日本国外の公式の場で、紀元の正確さにはっきりと疑問を呈している。
- When he was the Secretary General of the League of Nations, he clearly mentioned in his public appearance abroad that he doubted the foundation year of Japan.
- しかし、権力集中化への最大の契機は、7世紀後半の百済復興戦争における敗北(→白村江の戦い)であった。
- However, the biggest opportunity for centralizing power was provided with the defeat in the Kudara restoration war during the latter half of seventh century (Battle of Hakusonko or the Battle of Baekgang).
- 大型地域集団は次第に政治的な結合を強めていき、倭国連合と呼びうる政治連合体を2世紀初頭頃に形成した。
- The large-sized communities were gradually united and a political confederation that could be called a union of Way nations was established during the early second century.
- また、それまでは輸入に頼るのみであった木綿の栽培も16世紀頃から三河国地方において栽培されはじめる。
- And starting in the sixteenth century or thereabouts, cotton, which heretofore had had to be imported, began to be cultivated locally in Mikawa Province.
- 6世紀ころには「丹波」の名のつく女性が天皇の后となっていることから古代より丹波の名称はあったらしい。
- Because there seems to have been a woman named Tanba as a consort to an emperor, it appears that the name 'Tanba' has existed since ancient times.
- 町を一望した多聞山城は松永久秀が16世紀半ばに築き、近世城郭のモデルとなった四層の天守を備えている。
- Tamonyama-jo Castle which commands a panoramic view of the town was built by Hisahide MATSUNAGA in the middle of the16th century, and has the four-layered tenshu (main keep or tower of a castle) which became a model for modern castles.
- 賀陽宮邦憲王の王女、佐紀子女王と結婚したが、大正12年、関東大震災により鎌倉にあった宮家の別邸も倒壊。
- He married Princess Sakiko, a daughter of Prince Kayanomiya Kuninori, but his family villa in Kamakura City, Kanagawa Prefecture was destroyed in the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923.
- 宝暦6年(1756年)室子女王が薨去し、宝暦9年(1759年)紀州徳川家の徳川宗直の女寿子と再婚する。
- In 1756, Princess Shitsuko died and in 1759, he remarried Toshiko, a daughter of Munenao TOKUGAWA from the Kishu Tokugawa family.
- 蘆髪蒲見別王(あしかみのかまみわけのみこ)は、『古事記』、『日本書紀』に登場する皇族で、日本武尊の子。
- Ashikamino kamami wakenomiko was a member of the Imperial family that appears in the 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), and he was the son of YAMATO Takeru no Mikoto.
- 11世紀頃小槻孝信の代からは世襲となって、弁官を取り仕切り官中を統轄する官務家としての地位を確立した。
- Since the generation of OZUKI no Takanobu in the eleventh century, the Ozuki clan gained hereditary control over the position and solidified their status as a Kanmu family with authority over benkan (officials of the dajokan) and official works of the government.
- よって、河内国太秦は古くから本拠地として重視していたが、6世紀ごろには山背国太秦に移ったと考えられる。
- Thus, while Uzumasa in Kawachi province was initially an important base for the family, around the sixth century, the family probably moved to Uzumasa in Yamashiro Province.
- 太陽暦御頒行神武天皇御即位ヲ以テ紀元ト定メラルニ付十一月二十五日御祭典(明治5年太政官布告第342号)
- Ceremony on November 25 on the occasion of employment of the solar calendar and institution of the Imperial era with accession of Emperor Jinmu to the throne as the starting point (Dajokan Fukoku No. 342, 1872).
- 年数の英字表記では、Kokiを平成などと同様に使い、皇紀2600年を Koki 2600 などと書く。
- In alphabetical notation of the number of years, Koki is used in the same way as Heisei (the Japanese era since the enthronement of the present Emperor) and Imperial era 2600 is written as Koki 2600, etc.
- 茅渟王(ちぬのおおきみ・ちぬのみこ、生没年不詳)は、6世紀後半から7世紀にかけての日本の皇族(王族)。
- Chinu no Okimi (year of birth and death unknown) was a member of the Imperial (royal) Family between the late sixth century and seventh the century in Japan.
- 用明天皇の皇后であった時に、厩の戸口で厩戸皇子(聖徳太子)を出産したという『日本書紀』の逸話は有名だ。
- There is a famous anecdote in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) that when Anahobe no hashihito no himemiko was the empress of the Emperor Yomei, she gave birth to the Prince Umayado (the Prince Shotoku) at Umaya no toguchi (a door of a stable).
- 京都以東以南の地方から選ばれる「悠紀国」と京都以西以北の地方から選ばれる「主基国」の2つが定められる。
- The two rice fields are chosen, namely, Yuki, which is selected from the regions located south and/or east of Kyoto, and Suki, which is selected from the regions located north and/or west of Kyoto.
- 12世紀に入ると、有力貴族などが特定の国の租税収取権を保有する知行国制がひろく実施されるようになった。
- In the 12th century, Chigyo kokusei (proprietary province system) was widely performed: in this system, influential aristocrats owned the authority to collect taxes from certain provinces.
- 家業の観念は、10世紀から11世紀にかけて貴族層に定着していき、11世紀以降、多くの「家」が生まれた。
- The concept of the family business became established in the noble class from the tenth to the eleventh century, and a number of 'clans' were arose after the eleventh century.
- 12世紀末から13世紀にかけて荘園の増加が著しくなり、荘園公領制と呼ばれる中世的な支配体制が確立した。
- The number of shoen (private estates) had increased considerably from around the end of the 12th century to the early 13th century, and a medieval control system called shoen koryo sei (a system of public lands and private estates) was established.
- この事実を知っていたからこそ、紀貫之は敢えてこれを 隠し、「題知らず」「読人知らず」の形での掲載した。
- As KI no Tsurayuki knew this fact, he suppressed it and inserted the waka as 'title not known' and 'author not known'.
- 秦氏は5世紀頃に桂川の治水工事を行っていたらしいが、西京区の桂川沿岸では洪水がたびたび起こったという。
- The Hata clan is believed to have improved the Katsura-gawa River around the fifth century, but the river is said to have been flooded repeatedly around the riverside in Nishikyo Ward.
- 「土佐日記」では桂川の字を、「日本紀略」では大堰川の字を、「徒然草」では大井川の字を見ることができる。
- The Tosa Nikki (Tosa Diary) describes the river as the Katsura-gawa River, '桂川'; in the Nihon Kiryaku (historical books written in the Heian period), the river is known as the Oi-gawa River, '大堰川'; and in the Tsurezure-gusa (a collection of essays written in the early 1330s), the river is referred to as the Oi-gawa River, '大井川.'
- もっとも、右京の地は桂川 (淀川水系)の形作る湿地帯にあたるため9世紀に入っても宅地化が進まなかった。
- However, the land of Ukyo did not become developed for dwellings even during the 9th century, due to it being a wetland formed by the Katsura-gawa River (of the Yodo-gawa river system).
- 高野山(和歌山県伊都郡高野町)と熊野本宮大社(和歌山県田辺市本宮町)を結び、紀伊山地を南北に縦走する。
- It connects Mt. Koya (Koya-cho, Ito County, Wakayama Prefecture) and Kumano Hongu-taisha Shrine (Hongu-cho, Tanabe City, Wakayama Prefecture), and extends north and south in the Kii Mountains.
- 書紀にはところどころ古い語を編纂時点の語に置き換えた箇所があるので、美濃王と三野王らは同名の人物である。
- Since there are some parts that old words were replaced by words used at the time of compilation in 'Nihonshoki,' 美濃王 and 三野王 are different persons with the same name.
- 日本書紀には「十市皇女、卒然に病発して、宮中に薨せぬ」と記されており、14日に大和の赤穂の地に葬られた。
- It is written in Nihonshoki that 'Tochi no Himemiko was suddenly taken ill and died in the court' and buried in Ako in Yamato Province on May 13.
- この時期の後半、5世紀ころからオホーツク海沿岸地域ではオホーツク文化が成立し、およそ13世紀まで続いた。
- In areas along the Okhotsk Sea, Okhotsk culture was established in around the fifth century during the latter half of this period and continued until around the 13th century.
- 宇多天皇から後一条天皇まで、887年から1036年の記述は、抜粋ではなく日本紀略編者の作った部分である。
- Descriptions of period from the reign of Emperor Uda to Emperor Goichijo between 887 and 1036 are not excerpts but were created by the compiler of 'Nihongi Ryaku.'
- 更に20世紀末期頃から、かつて荘園だった史実がその地方のアイデンティティを形成する事例が増え始めている。
- Moreover, from the late twentieth century, the local areas increasingly form the identities by the historical fact that they were formerly shoens.
- 5世紀に入ると、ゲルマンがローマ帝国の権威を継承したことにより、ローマ人領主は異民族に取って代わられた。
- In the fifth century, as the Germanic peoples succeeded to the authority of the Roman Empire, the lords of Romans were replaced by other ethnic groups.
- 吉祥院(きっしょういん)地区はもとの紀伊郡吉祥院村で、昭和6年(1931年)、当時の下京区に編入された。
- The Kisshoin area belonged to the former Kisshoin village, Kii County, and was incorporated into the then Shimogyo Ward in 1931.
- 「捔力」(『日本書紀』)、「角觝」(江戸時代において一部で使用)と表記され、いずれも読みはすもうである。
- The term was written as '捔力' (seen in 'Nihonshoki') or '角觝' (some people used this in the Edo period) in Japanese, and both were pronounced as sumo.
- 天慶の乱などによる軍事的緊張が高まった10世紀前半に一番の充実が図られたと言われているが、その後衰微した。
- It is said the system saw fullest administration in the first half of the tenth century when military tension caused by revolts such as Tengyonoran (the war of Tengyo) was heightened but diminished afterwards.
- 『続日本紀』によると佐紀にあった鈴鹿王邸に、宝亀元年(770年)孝謙天皇称徳天皇の御陵が造営されたという。
- According to 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), in 770 the Misasagi (the Imperial mausoleum) of the Empress Koken (later the Empress Shotoku) was build on the premises of Suzuka no Okimi's residence located in Saki.
- 親王・内親王の表記にならって「紀子親王妃」のような逆順の表記をすることは、公式表記の観点からは誤用となる。
- Following the writing manner of those Shinno, Naishinno, putting the title of a Shinnohi only before the name such as 'Princess Kiko,' is considered as a misuse of official writing.
- しかしこれは、5世紀に湯沐邑があった証拠にはならず、名代・子代を平安時代の制度に呼び替えたものと思われる。
- However this does not prove that Tomokuyu existed in the 5th century, and it seems that the name of Nashiro and Koshiro were changed to Tomokuyu to adapt to a system in the Heian period.
- また紀宮清子内親王(現黒田清子)並びに敬宮愛子内親王が着袴の儀で横目扇を使用している写真が公開されている。
- There are also published photographs in which cross-grained fans are used by Imperial Princess Norinomiya Sayako (present-day Sayako KURODA) and Toshinomiya Imperial Princess Aiko at the ceremony of chakko (ceremony of first-time wearing of a hakama).
- 紀州徳川家(きしゅうとくがわけ)は、江戸時代に紀伊国・伊勢国を治めた徳川氏の一支系で、徳川御三家のひとつ。
- The Kishu Tokugawa family was one of branches of the Tokugawa family and one of Tokugawa Gosanke (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family), which governed Kii Province and Ise province during the Edo period
- しかし、七代将軍の徳川家継没後、徳川継友と将軍後継を争った末に、紀州徳川家出身の徳川吉宗が八代将軍に就任。
- However, the family, backing its family head Tsugutomo TOKUGAWA, lost in the competition for the Shogun's position which had occurred after the death of the seventh Shogun Ietsugu TOKUGAWA, and ultimately Yoshimune TOKUGAWA from the Kishu Tokugawa family assumed the eighth Shogun.
- 丙辰 大友皇子在內裏西殿織佛像前 左大臣 蘇我赤兄臣 右大臣 中臣金連 蘇我果安臣 巨勢人臣 紀大人臣侍焉
- According to the entry in the 'Nihonshoki' in the Eleventh Month of the Tenth Year of Emperor Tenchi, 'Prince Otomo promised to obey the 'Imperial Edict' in front of '織物仏' placed in the west edifice in the palace with five other high officials: SOGA no Akaeomi who was the Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left), NAKATOMI no Kanenomuraji who was the Udaijin (the Minister of Right), SOGA no Hatayasu, KOSE no Hitoomi, and KI no Ushinoomi.'
- 『古事記』『日本書紀』によれば、新羅征討中に仲哀天皇が崩御し、神功皇后は応神天皇(後の応神天皇)を産んだ。
- According to the 'Kojiki' and the 'Nihonshoki,' the Emperor Chuai met his demise during the Shiragi seito (the Conquest of Silla [an ancient Korean Kingdom]) afterward the Empress Jingu gave birth to the Emperor Ojin (he would become the Emperor Ojin).
- 『釈日本紀』が引用する調淡海と安斗智徳の日記によれば、このとき大海人皇子は、唐の人たちに次のように問うた。
- According to the diaries of TSUKI no Omi and ATO no Chitoko quoted by 'Shaku Nihongi' (annotated text of the Nihon Shoki), Prince Oama at that time asked Chinese people under Tang as follows:
- 『日本書紀』などが掲げており、「人の代」に属す歴代天皇58代(神武天皇から光孝天皇まで)も列挙されている。
- It also has an article about the 'Nihonshoki' and the names of 58 human Japanese emperors (Emperor Jinmu to Emperor Koko) written on it.
- 1500年というこの年代は、近代の学者が示唆する3世紀末に驚くほど近いと、ドナルド・キーンは指摘している。
- Donald KEENE noted the idea that Japan was 1,500 years old amazingly matched the theory of modern scholars that Japan was founded in the end of the third century.
- 8世紀に本格的に始まった律令制の根幹は、戸籍・計帳によって人民を把握し、課税の対象とする人別支配であった。
- The foundation of the Ritsuryo system, which officially started in the 8th century, was an individual-controlling system: rulers determined the number of people, according to family register and the yearly tax registers, and taxed those people.
- こうした動きに対し、10世紀後期に登場した花山天皇は権門抑制を目的として荘園整理令などの諸政策を発布した。
- In the latter half of the 10th century, Emperor Hanayama issued several policies including Private estate Regulation Acts in order to control the influential.
- したがって荘園としては未完成であり、完全な不輸権を得た12世紀の領域型荘園の前の過渡的性格のものと言える。
- Thus, the shoen manors exempted from the miscellaneous labor tax were imperfect as the shoen and had a transitional character before the territorial shoen manor of the twelfth century which got the complete right of tax exemption.
- 8世紀末の桓武天皇は、現状との乖離が大きくなりつつあった律令制を再建するため、大規模な行政改革に着手した。
- At the end of the eighth century, Emperor Kanmu started a large-scale administrative reform in order to reconstruct the Ritsuryo system, which was becoming increasingly distant from the actual conditions.
- 7世紀に丹波国が成立したときの領域は、現在の京都府の中部と北部、兵庫県の北部および中部の東辺に及んでいた。
- When Tanba Province was formed in the seventh century, its territory spanned from the middle and north areas of the present Kyoto prefecture to the east end of the north and middle areas of the present Hyogo prefecture.
- ただ玉田宿禰については、『日本書紀』允恭紀が襲津彦の孫とする一方、雄略紀では子としていて、互いに矛盾する。
- However, Tamada is recorded as Sotsuhiko's grandson in the Ingyo ki of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), and in Yuryaku ki, as the son, which shows inconsistency in the relation to Sotsuhiko.
- 律令制がほとんど形骸化した10世紀には荒廃して本来京内では禁じられている農地へと転用されることすらあった。
- In the 10th century when the Ritsuryo system became a mere façade, the land was desolated and some areas were diverted to farm lands which was, in general, prohibited in Kyo.
- 2004年には、吉野・大嶺を含む紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道が、国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界遺産に登録された。
- In 2004, sacred sites and pilgrimage routes in the Kii mountain range were registered as a World Heritage site by UNESCO.
- この堂はかつては宝暦2年(1752年)の建築とされていたが、正しくは前述のように19世紀初頭の建築である。
- It was once told that this hall was built in 1752, but, as described above, it was built in the beginning of the nineteenth century.
- 『日本書紀』や『上宮聖徳法王帝説』などの史料に描かれた「聖徳太子」像とは全く異なる人物造形を施されている。
- In this story, Umayado was portrayed as completely different from the image of 'Prince Shotoku' described in historical documents such as 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and 'Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu' (Biography of Shotoku Taishi).
- また素尸毛犁については偽書とされる『桓檀古記』所収の「檀君世紀上編」の三世檀君 嘉勒の条に次の記述がある。
- Also, in the section of Karoku, the third dangun (the king of the first Korean kingdom) in 'The First Half of the History of Dangun' collected in the 'Kandan Koki' (Texts on Ancient Korean History), which is said to be an apocryphal book, the following article on Soshimori is found:
- 秦氏が現在の桂川 (淀川水系)に灌漑工事として葛野大堰を築いた点から山背国太秦の起点は6世紀頃と推定される。
- It is estimated, from timing of the construction by the Hata clan of Kadono oi (the Kadono dam) as part of irrigation works for the present-day Katsura-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River system), that the Uzumasa in Yamashiro Province has its origins around the sixth century.
- また『日本書紀』では、諱を勾大兄皇子(まがりのおおえのみこ)としている(‘まがりのおいねのみこ’とも読む)。
- In 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), his posthumous name was referred as Magari no Oe no Miko (It was also called 'Magari no Oine no Miko').
- また、『日本書紀』での継体の没年(継体天皇廿五年春二月丁未)にあたる531年に欽明天皇が即位したと主張した。
- Also, Hirako insisted that Emperor Kinmei succeeded the enthronement in 531 which was the year Emperor Keitai passed away as stated in 'Chronicles of Japan'.
- 『日本書紀』には「頻りに諸悪を造し、一善も修めたまはず」とあるように、非常に悪劣なる天皇として描かれている。
- In 'Nihonshoki' he is described as a very wicked person, like 'he worked much evil and accomplished no good thing'.
- 一部の好事家、系図愛好家にしか知られなかった「皇別摂家」が再度脚光を浴びるのは、21世紀になってからである。
- It was not until the 21st century that 'Kobetsu Sekke' caught attention again who had been known only amongst some dilettantes and genealogy lovers.
- そこで政府は11世紀初頭ごろから地方分権的な国家体制改革を精力的に推進し、王朝国家と呼ばれる体制が成立した。
- Therefore, starting in the early eleventh century, the national government actively promoted the reformation of the national system through decentralization, establishing a system called a dynastic nation-state.
- 三重県と大阪府を繋ぎ、紀伊半島を内陸に迂回する国道477号の長大なルート上で最も高い標高に位置する峠である。
- It is the highest pass on the very long National Route 477, which connects Mie Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture with taking the route inland of Kii-hanto Peninsula.
- 明治以降編入された愛宕郡、葛野郡及び紀伊郡の旧村の区域は、現在は大部分が中京区、東山区及び南区に属している。
- Large part of the former villages of Otagi County, Kadono County, and Kii County currently belong to Nakagyo Ward, Higashiyama Ward, or Minami Ward.
- 12世紀末の1192年から14世紀半ばの1333年まで鎌倉幕府がおかれ、日本の政治に重要な位置を占めていた。
- Kamakura, the site for the Kamakura bakufu from 1192 of the late twelve century to 1333 in the mid fourteenth century, held an important place in the politics of Japan.
- 紀伊郡上鳥羽村は、大正7年(1918年)に一部が、昭和6年(1931年)に残余が、当時の下京区に編入された。
- Kamitoba village, Kii County was partly consolidated with the then Shimogyo Ward in 1918, and the rest of the village joined it in 1931.
- また、紀和国境の果無峠は、前述の通り、龍神・熊野・高野および大峯の各地を結ぶ交通路として利用され続けていた。
- As explained above, Hatenashi Pass at the boundary of Kiwa continued to be used as a community road connecting Ryujin, Kumano, Koya and Omine.
- こうして歩かれなくなっていった小辺路は、昭和30年代に至って、紀伊山地山中の主要交通路としての役割を終えた。
- As explained above, people gradually did not use Kohechi, and in the 30's of the Showa era the road ended its role as the main road in the Kii Mountains.
- 当初は、芯に糸を巻いただけの物であったが、16世紀末頃より、芯にぜんまい綿などを巻き弾性の高い球体を作った。
- In the beginning, the temari ball was made by winding thread around a core; and at the end of the 16th century, cotton was used to create a spherical object with higher elasticity.
- 息石耳命(いきそみみのみこと、またはおきそみみのみこと、生没年未詳)は、「日本書紀」に登場する古墳時代の皇族。
- Ikisomimi no mikoto (or Okisomimi no mikoto, the date of birth and death unknown) was a member of the Imperial family who appears in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) who lived during the Kofun period (tumulus period).
- 菟道稚郎子(うじのわきいらつこ、生年不詳 - 壬申年(312年))は、記紀に伝えられる古墳時代の皇族(王族)。
- Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko [(菟道稚郎子) Uji no Wakiiratsuko; his date birth is unknown and his date of death was in '312.'] appeared in the Kiki ['Kojiki' (A Record of Ancient Matter) and the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan)] as an Imperial family (royal family) during the Kofun period (tumulus period) in Japan.
- 細川という名字は鎌倉時代13世紀に三河国額田郡細川郷(現在の愛知県岡崎市細川町周辺)に土着したことに由来する。
- The surname Hosokawa originated from the fact that the family settled in Hosokawa-go, Nukata County, Mikawa Province (presently around Hosokawa-cho, Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture) in the 13th century of Kamakura period.
- 陵号は「続日本紀」奉葬の条には「椎山陵」、天平勝宝4年閏3月の条には「直山陵」、遺詔に「蔵宝山雍良岑」とある。
- The name of the mausoleum is recorded as follows: 'Narayama no misasagi' in an article on imperial funerals in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicles of Japan Continued); 'Naoyama no misasagi' in an article under the heading of leap March in the fourth year of the Tenpyo-shoho era; and 'Sahoyama yoranomine' in the Empress's own will.
- ところで、9世紀ごろから関東地方を中心として、富豪層による運京途中の税の強奪など、群盗行為が横行し始めていた。
- From the 9th century onwards especially in the Kanto region, millionaires who brought taxes to Kyoto were assaulted and robbed.
- 熊本以外の藩でも18世紀末頃から熊本藩を見習って、明律を範とした司法改革を行う藩が次々と登場するようになった。
- Outside Kumamoto, many domains followed the Kumamoto Domain and began carrying out judicial reforms modeled after the Ming code since the end of the eighteenth century.
- 藤原種継暗殺と早良親王排除の事情に触れた部分では、政治的理由で消された『続日本紀』の削除文を記して貴重である。
- The section pertaining to the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu and the exile of Imperial Prince Sawara contains valuable text which was deleted from 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for political reasons.
- この時代に全国的に国造・県主を配置したとは考えがたく、記事そのものは『日本書紀』の潤色であると考えられている。
- It is difficult to contemplate that kuni no miyatsuko and agatanushi were stationed throughout the entire country during this peirod, and these references are thought to be rhetorical flourishes of 'Nihonshoki.'
- 1918年(大正7年) - 葛野郡大内村・七条村と、紀伊郡東九条村・上鳥羽村の一部(十条通以北)が下京区に編入
- 1918: Shimogyo Ward absorbed Ouchi-mura and Shichijo-mura in Kadono-gun and part of Higashikujo-mura and Kamitoba-mura to the north of Jujo-dori Street in Kii-gun.
- 袢纏(はんてん)とは、和服の一種で、江戸時代とくに18世紀頃から庶民の間で着用されるようになった防寒着である。
- Hanten is a kind of wafuku (Japanese traditional clothing) and winter clothing that has been worn by ordinary people since around the eighteenth century.
- 領土も磐城平藩を領するなどしたが、三河安藤氏の宗家はこの紀州徳川家を支えた安藤家であり、他の安藤家は分家である。
- The Ando family also came into possession of the domain of Iwaki-Taira, but the main line of the Mikawa Ando clan was that which supported the Kishu Tokugawa family, and other Ando families are branch families.
- 11世紀末になると天皇家の家督者たる太上天皇が実質的な国王(治天の君)として君臨し、政務に当たる院政が始まった。
- At the end of the 11th century the government by a retired emperor in which a retired emperor who is the reign of the Imperial Family reigns as the real king (Chiten no kimi [the retired emperor in power]) began.
- また万葉集には高安王に嫁いで責められたとあるが、これは紀皇女ではなく託基皇女ではないかという説(吉永登)もある。
- Manyoshu states that she was blamed for marrying Takayasu no okimi (the Prince Takayasu), but one theory (by Noboru YOSHINAGA) has it that it was Taki no himemiko (the Princess Taki) who married him.
- 身を修め、家を整え、国を治めるといったことの要領も、古事記・日本書紀・古語拾遺等の皇典を研鑚するうちにわかる。」
- The essentials in controlling oneself, managing a household and governing the country can be acquired through diligent study of the Shinto literatures, such as Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters), Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) and Kogo-shui (History of the Inbe clan).
- 16世紀末に「駒の銘は水無瀬公の筆をもって宝とす」と賞賛され、書家として知られた水無瀬家4代の間、駒銘を書いた。
- At the end of the sixteenth century, people praised the Minase family for its calligraphy and 'shogi pieces inscribed with Master Minase's calligraphy are considered a treasure,' and the four generations of the Minase family which were famous for calligraphy wrote the letters for shogi pieces.
- 和風諡号は、『古事記』に広国押建金日命(ひろくにおしたけかなひのみこと)、『日本書紀』に広国押武金日天皇とある。
- His Japanese-style posthumous name was shown as Hirokumioshitakekanahi no Mikoto in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), and as Hirokunioshitakekanahi no Sumeramikoto in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- また、天皇は幼若年であったことから『書紀』に見るような暴虐は無理があるとされ、武烈天皇の年齢についても諸説ある。
- As the Emperor was of a very young age, the kind of cruel acts we see in 'Shoki' (short for Nihonshoki) are considered impossible, though there are various theories about the age of Emperor Buretsu.
- 天武朝では、竜田風神と広瀬大忌神の祭りは『日本書紀』に連年記録された重要な祭祀で、その初見がこの年のものである。
- In the Reign of Emperor Tenmu, two festivals worshipping Tatsuta wind god and Hirose no ohoimi no kami (広瀬大忌神) were very important and recorded in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) every year, and the first appearance of these festivals were in the year 675.
- ただし日本書紀の雄略紀では安康天皇の妻は履中天皇の皇女である中磯皇女とし、亦の名は長田大娘皇女と註を付けている。
- However, the Yuryaku-ki of 'Nihon shoki' (literally, Chronicles of Japan) stated that the wife of Emperor Anko was Nakashi no Ojo, a daughter of Emperor Richu, and annotated that her alternative name was Nagata no Oiratsume no Ojo.
- しかし、奈良時代後期(8世紀後期)ごろから、課税から逃れたい人民らの偽籍・逃亡・浮浪が次第に顕著となっていった。
- However, it became apparent that many people who wanted to escape taxation began falsifying the register, escaping and wandering about during the latter stage of the Nara period (the latter stage of the 8th century).
- 古代の蝦夷ははじめ「毛人」と書いて「えみし」あるいは「えびす」と読み、7世紀から「蝦夷」と書かれるようになった。
- In ancient times, Ezo was written as '毛人' and read as 'Emishi' or 'Ebisu,' but from the seventh century onward, it was written as '蝦夷.'
- 10世紀前期に従来の租税収取体系が変質したことに伴い、権門層(有力貴族・寺社)は各地に私領(私営田)を形成した。
- With the change in the tax collecting system in the 10th century, influential classes (influential aristocracy, temples and shrines) took over private land (shieiden: lands directly governed by such powers) in many places.
- 従って『書紀』が語る東日本全域の蝦夷や、遡って縄文人・弥生人等との関係についての議論では、未だ確定的な説はない。
- Thus there is still no definitive conclusion about the Emishi in all of the eastern Japan mentioned in 'Nihon Shoki,' nor about arguments concerning the relationship with people in the Jomon and Yayoi periods.
- 国司請負の流れの中で、10世紀後半ごろから国司は田堵(有力農民層のこと)へ官物や雑役などの租税を賦課していった。
- In the line of kokushi ukeoi, kokushi imposed taxation such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), zatsueki (odd-job tasks) and so on to tato (cultivators, powerful farmers) since last half of the 10th century.
- 近代の始期は一般に幕末期〜明治維新期とされるが、18世紀前半の家内制手工業の勃興を近代の始まりとする考えもある。
- It is generally said that modern times started around the end of the Edo period to Meiji Restoration, but there is another opinion that the modern times started in the first half of 18th century when the household-based handcraft industry started.
- そうした修史の伝統を継承して、律令統一国家が成立した8世紀前半には、日本最初の正史である『日本書紀』が完成した。
- Inheriting such a historical document-compiling tradition, the compilation of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the first official document about Japanese history, was completed during the first half of the 8th century when a unified nation based on Ritsuryo codes was established.
- 歴史的には国府の方が先行し、8世紀にはもっぱら国府という言葉が用いられ、平安時代後期以降に国衙が一般的になった。
- Historically, the word 'Kokufu' spread earlier than 'Kokuga,' therefore the word 'Kokufu' was mainly used in the eighth century, while 'Kokuga' was mainly used after the late Heian period.
- 下野国庁の南正面に南北道路が、伊勢では国庁北側の一部に方格地割りが、大宰府では10世紀に方格地割りが認められる。
- Such roads include the road running north to south at the south main gate of Kokucho in Shimotsuke Province, as well as the neatly designed roads like the grid on a go (a Japanese game played with black and white stones on a board) board in a north part of Kokucho in Ise Province as well as Dazaifu (Government Headquarters in Kyushu) in the tenth century.
- 平安時代の末(11世紀)に秩父重綱の四男江戸重継が武蔵国江戸郷を相続し、「江戸四郎」を称したのが始まりとされる。
- The clan started when, in the 11th century, Shigetsugu EDO, the fourth son of Shigetsuna CHICHIBU, inherited Edo-go, Musashi Province and called himself 'Shiro EDO.'
- 「山城国風土記」(逸文)や「日本後紀」によると、京都盆地流入以南の桂川は、古くは葛野川(かどの)と呼ばれていた。
- Downstream of the Katsura-gawa River, flowing south into the Kyoto Basin used to be called the Kadono-gawa River, according to the Yamashiro-koku Fudoki (regional gazetteers of Yamashiro Province; incomplete work) and the Nihon Koki (Later Chronicle of Japan).
- 動転した清盛は九州へ落ち延びることも考えるが、紀伊の武士・湯浅宗重や熊野別当・湛快の協力により、17日帰京する。
- Stunned by the turn of events, Kiyomori considered slipping off to safety in Kyushu, but finally decided to march on the capital with the combined strength and cooperation of the warrior of Kii, Muneshige YUASA as well as Tankai of Kumano Betto (Chief), setting out for Kyoto on February 3.
- 一時紀州藩徳川頼宣に仕えたが、後に徳川秀忠の命によって幕府御用となり、江戸時代には観世流の座付きとして活躍した。
- The school once served for Yorinobu TOKUGAWA of Kishu Domain, but it later became the official performers for bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) at the behest of Hidetada TOKUGAWA and actively performed as the accompanist of Kanze school during the Edo period.
- 四座筆頭の観世流座付であるところから、江戸時代には幕府、紀州藩をはじめとして諸藩に森田流の役者が抱えられていた。
- Since they belonged to the Kanze school, which was the biggest school among yoza (literally, 'four schools,' representing major four Noh schools: the Kanze school, the Hosho school, the Kongo school, and the Konparu school), the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and various domains including the Kishu Domain had performers from the Morita school.
- 三善氏には2つの系統があり、紀伝道を世襲した三善氏と算道を世襲した三善氏は別系統であったのは史料等で明らかである。
- There are two Miyoshi clan lineages, and historical sources clearly indicate that the lineage that inherited Kidendo (history) and the other that inherited Sando (mathematics) were distinct from each other.
- 上記の「事績」に記した中では、日本書紀編纂から筑紫大宰までの各々について、どちらの人物を指すのか説が分かれている。
- There are different views for which Mino no Okimi made the abovementioned achievements from Nihonshoki compilation to Tsukushi no Omikotomochi no Tsukasa.
- 『日本書紀』に拠ると、推古天皇が病没した後にその後継問題が発生し、蘇我氏の庶流境部摩理勢らは山背大兄王を擁立する。
- According to 'Nihonshoki', a successor issue appeared after the death of Emperor Suiko and SAKAIBE no Marise; SAKAIBE no Omimarise, a branch of the Soga clan, supported Prince Yamashiro no oe.
- 12世紀中期頃には貴族社会内部の紛争が武力で解決されるようになり、そのために動員された武士の地位が急速に上昇した。
- Around the middle of the 12th century, conflicts among the aristocracy were solved by force, which increased the status of warriors who were recruited solely for this purpose.
- 日本紀略(にほんぎりゃく)は、平安時代に編纂された歴史書で、六国史の抜粋と、六国史以後後一条天皇までの歴史を記す。
- Nihongi Ryaku (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) is a Japanese history text compiled during the Heian period which contains excerpts from Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories) and details of the history from the completion of Rikkokushi until the reign of Emperor Goichijo.
- しかし、7世紀後期に形成していった律令制は、官僚制を原則としており、ある氏族が特定の官職を世襲することを否定した。
- The ritsuryo codes formed in the late 7th century, however, were based on the bureaucracy system and were against the idea of certain clans inheriting specific government posts.
- 伝飛鳥板蓋宮址から多数の木簡が出土し、それらの木簡の中に「辛巳年」という「天武十年」に相当する年紀が書かれていた。
- Numerous mokkan (narrow strips of wood on which an official message were written) have been excavated at Den Asuka Itabukimiya Ato (the supposed ruins of Asuka-Itabuki-no-miya Palace), and within these is written a 'kanotomi year' which is equivalent to the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Tenmu (681).
- 7世紀に入ると官僚制度、地方制度、法令制度などの整備が徐々に進んでいき、7世紀末~8世紀初頭には律令制が成立した。
- In the seventh century, the bureaucracy system, the local system, the statute system and so on were gradually streamlined and from the late seventh century to the early eighth century, the Ritsuryo system was established.
- 更に各地で米以外の特産物も盛んに生産されるようになり、山城国・大和国の茶や紀伊国の蜜柑などが知られるようになった。
- Also, in various places, production of indigenous products other than rice began and tea from the Yamashiro and Yamato Province and mandarin oranges of the Kii Province were well-known.
- 1929年(昭和4年)5月1日 - 旧紀伊郡伏見町が市制施行し伏見市が誕生(京都市へ合併前提での市制施行であった)
- May 1, 1929: Fushimi-machi, Kii-gun was reorganized as a municipality to become Fushimi City (the city was reorganized on the premise of merging into Kyoto City.)
- 『日本書紀』の崇峻天皇の五年十一月条に「馬子宿禰、群臣を詐めて曰はく、『今日、東国の調(ちょう)を進る。』という。
- In 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the chapter on November, 592 has the following entry: 'Umako Sukune (third highest of the eight hereditary titles) deceived his subordinates, saying 'today, I will present the Emperor with products of Togoku.'
- 力士が、「両手の手(拳)を土俵に付けてから立ち会う」事は、江戸時代中期の人物で紀伊出身の鏡山沖右衛門から始まった。
- Okinoemon KAGAMIYAMA, a sumo wrestler who lived during the mid Edo period and was from Kii Province, developed a tachiai starting with both hands (fists) touching the dohyo.
- 皇子についての記述は少ないが、日本書紀には物部守屋に擁立されようとした穴穂部皇子と深く親しかったので殺されたとある。
- Although not many reports about Prince were kept, 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) said that he was killed because he was very close with Prince Anahobe when MONONOBE no Moriya tried to ascend to the throne.
- 松永氏は祖先の武内宿禰から16世の孫真済が若狭国国司となり、同国遠敷郡松永荘より紀松永と称したことに始まるとされる。
- It is believed that the Matsunaga clan originated from Shinzei, the sixteenth generation from the ancestor TAKENOUCHI no Sukune, who had become a Kokushi official of Wakasa-no-kuni and therefore called himself Matsunaga KI, after Matsunaga no sho, the domain of Onyu, in Wakasa-no-kuni.
- 雑賀党の鈴木氏が本格的に歴史にあらわれるのは「雑賀孫市」の通称で知られる鈴木孫一が活躍した16世紀の中頃以降である。
- The Suzuki clan of Saigato came to be mentioned frequently in history as from the mid-16th century, when Magoichi SUZUKI, commonly known as 'Magoichi SAIGA' took an active role.
- ちょうどそのころ大来皇女が伊勢斎宮となり伊勢へ群行したと日本書紀に書かれていることから、これに同行した可能性がある。
- In view of the record in the Nihonshoki that Oku no himemiko became an Ise Saigu (an unmarried princess serving at Ise-jingu Shrine) and went to Ise in great numbers around that time, there is a possibility that Tochi no Himemiko accompanied the touring group.
- 倭国でも7世紀前半にかけて聖徳太子と蘇我氏により遣隋使派遣・冠位十二階制定・十七条憲法導入などの国政改革が行われた。
- In Wa as well, Prince Shotoku and the Soga clan reformed national politics by sending Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty China, establishing Kani junikai (twelve grades of cap rank) and introducing a Seventeen-Article Constitution.
- 11世紀に入ると、ある家系が特定の官職を世襲する「家業の継承」または官司請負制が貴族社会内で次第に確立されていった。
- In the 11th century, the 'family business takeover' or the hereditary government office system, in which certain families inherited certain government positions, was gradually established in the aristocratic society.
- 東国からの参詣者はその言葉遣いや服装に特色があることから、熊野を含む紀南地方では「関東ベエ」「奥州ベエ」と呼ばれた。
- Since the pilgrims from Togoku were characterized by their dialect and clothing, they were called 'kanto-be' or 'oshu-be' in Kinan region including Kumano.
- 『記紀』には、三輪山伝説として、奈良県桜井市にある大神神社の祭神・大物主神(別称三輪明神)の伝説が、載せられている。
- 'Kiki' (the Kojiki [The Records of Ancient Matters] and Nihonshoki [Chronicles of Japan]) contains the legend of Omononushi no mikoto (also known as Miwa-myojin), the enshrined deity of Omiwa-jinja Shrine in Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture as legend of Mt. Miwa.
- 明治後期から敗戦までは天皇制などと表現することは不敬な表現であり、国体(=くにがら、くにぶり/漢書成帝紀)とよばれた。
- From the end of the Meiji period until the end of the World War II to describe the system as Tennosei (Emperor System) was to commit blasphemy; the system was called kokutai made up of two kanji (fundamental character of the nation) in the Chinese way of reading and kunigara or kuniburi in the Japanese way of reading; the term was derived from the Records of Emperor Cheng of Han in Kanjo (Historical records of the Han Dynasty).
- 10世紀には貴族層の中でも天皇と強い姻戚関係を結んだ藤原氏(藤原北家)が政治意思決定の中心を占める摂関政治が成立した。
- During the tenth century, the regency of the Fujiwara clan (Fijiwara-Hokke, the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan) who had a strong matrimonial relationship with the Emperor, was established in the central position of decision making.
- 蝦夷「えみし」についての形式上最も古い言及は『日本書紀』神武東征記中に詠まれている来目歌の一つに愛濔詩として登場する。
- The oldest record of Emishi in form is introduced in Kumeuta (a kind of poem) composed in a 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) Jinmu tosei (story in Japanese myth about the first generation of the Imperial family) as an Aibishi.
- 群盗の活動は9世紀を通じて活発化していき、朝廷は群盗鎮圧のために東国などへ軍事を得意とする貴族層を国司として派遣した。
- After robbery became more common in 9th century, the Imperial Court sent military aristocrats to Togoku (eastern part of Japan) as kokushi (provincial governors) to discourage such acts.
- しかし、8世紀後半に入ると、百姓階層の分化が始まり、百姓の逃亡が増加するなど、律令支配の転換を迫る状況が生じていった。
- However, entering the latter half of the eighth century, farmers became hierarchical, and situations to force the change in control based upon the Ritsuryo system, for example, an increase in the farmers to replace those who fled, were created.
- 伴善男は伊豆国、伴中庸は隠岐国、紀豊城は安房国、伴秋実は壱岐国、伴清縄は佐渡国に流され、連座した紀夏井らが処分された。
- TOMO no Yoshio was sent to Izu Province, TOMO no Nakatsune to Oki Province, KI no Toyoki to Awa Province, TOMO no Akimi to Iki Province, TOMO no Kiyotada to Sado Province, and KI no Natsui and others who were implicated were also punished.
- 8世紀初頭に本格運用され始めた律令制においては、国家の軍事組織として全国各地に軍団 (古代日本)を置くこととしていた。
- Cohorts were deployed throughout the country as the national military organization under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes), which began to take full effect at the beginning of the eighth century.
- 「日本紀略」では「鴨川」「賀茂川」どちらの表記も混在しているが、平安時代には流域により表記を区別していたわけではない。
- In the Nihon Kiryaku (historical books written in the Heian period), the Kamogawa River is written as 鴨川 or 賀茂川, but this does not indicate that people at that time distinguished between the two notations according to the part of the river.
- 17世紀後半以降の近世になると畿内近国の町人たちによる参詣記が見られ、小辺路の詳しい様子を知ることができるようになる。
- In the early-modern period, especially after the latter half of the 17th century, the common shopkeepers of Kinai region and the vicinities recorded their pilgrimages, and such records gives the details of Kohechi.
- 8世紀になると中国の政治体制に倣った律令制が整備され、天皇を中心とした中央集権制が確立し、親政が行われた(古代天皇制)。
- With the onset of the eighth century, the Ritsuryo system taken from China was implemented and the centralized authoritarian rule centering on Emperor was established; accordingly, Emperor directly administered the government (the Emperor System in the ancient sovereignty).
- しかし琳聖太子の記録は古代には無く、大内氏が琳聖太子後裔を名乗るのは14世紀以降とされるため、この伝説は信憑性に乏しい。
- However, because there is no record for Rinsho taishi in ancient times, and because it is said that the Ouchi clan came to call itself a descendant of Rinsho taishi from and after the 14th century, this legend lacks credibility.
- その他、寛文7年(1667年)に改易となった上野国安中藩の藩主や紀州藩の附家老であった紀伊国新宮城主もこの一族であった。
- The lord of the Annaka Domain in Kozuke Province, who was punished by the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) in 1667 and the lord of Shingu-jo Castle in Kii Province, who was tsukegaro (karo assigned directly by the shogun when the sons of the Tokugawa became daimyo) of the Kishu Domain were also from the same family.
- 戦前の紀州家は、日本でも屈指の富豪といわれ、戦後も第16代当主徳川頼貞は参議院に2期連続当選を果たすなど存在感を示した。
- The pre-war Kishu family was reputed to be one of the wealthiest families in Japan, and it still remained active after the war; for instance, the 16th family head Yorisada TOKUGAWA was elected to the House of Councilors for two consecutive terms.
- しかし、『日本書紀』の系図一巻が失われたために正確な系譜が書けず、『上宮記』逸文によって辛うじて状況を知ることが出来る。
- An accurate genealogy cannot be created because a roll of family tree in 'Nihonshoki' has been lost, and we can barely know the circumstances at the time from the surviving fragment of 'Joguki'.
- 治承5年(1181年)1月には、紀伊国の熊野三山勢力が挙兵して、伊勢国や志摩国で平氏側勢力と交戦するという動きもあった。
- In January 1181, the forces of the Kumano-Sanzan (three temples in the Kumano region) in the Kii Province raised forces and battled with Taira clan troops in Ise and Shima Provinces.
- 11世紀後半以降、天皇家の家督者は上皇・院という立場で天皇家を支配し、治天の君と呼ばれ政治の実権を握って院政を展開した。
- After the late eleventh century, the predecessors of the Emperor clan took control of the Emperor clan as a Retired Emperor or a Cloistered Emperor, and were called Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power), and held the cloister government by seizing political power.
- 『日本紀略』には寛平4年(892年)5月1日とあるが、この時期に関する同書の記述には誤記が多く、信頼度は高くないという。
- 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) places the date as June 3, 892 but this text contains many errors in its descriptions of this period, and is said not to be a reliable source.
- 更に堆積物の分析結果から、最も古い時代では白亜紀後期にあたる約7,000万年前から、黄砂が発生していたと考えられている。
- An analysis of sediments showed that kosa originated as early as in the latter half of the Cretaceous period, or from approx. 70 million years ago.
- 古今和歌集:延喜5年(905年)に醍醐天皇が紀貫之、紀友則、凡河内躬恒、壬生忠岑等に編纂を命じて出来た最初の勅撰和歌集。
- Kokin Wakashu: Japan's first chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command) in 905 which was ordered by the Emperor Daigo and compiled by KI no Tsurayuki, KI no Tomonori, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, MIBU no Tadamine, etc.
- 近江八景の絵画作品の登場が17世紀後期以降であることを考えると、先行すべき和歌の成立が17世紀初期であるのは自然である。
- Regarding the fact that art work relating to Omihakkei appeared in the late 17th century, it is natural that waka which should be ahead of art work was established in the early 17th century.
- これには儀礼折り紙と遊戯折り紙の両方が含まれているが、遊戯折り紙については、19世紀前半に折られたものと推定されている。
- These models contain both the girei origami and the yugi origami, but the yugi origami was estimated to have been folded in the early 19th century.
- 紀元前92年に崇神天皇に頼まれて、災害がつづく理由を占うと、三輪山の大物主神が神懸かりして、我を祀れば国は治まるといった。
- In 92 B.C., when she was asked by Emperor Sujin to read why disasters continued, Omononushi no kami of Mt. Miwa possessed her and spoken that if he were worshipped, the country would be at peace.
- また、山背国太秦は秦河勝が建立した広隆寺があり、この地の古墳は6世紀頃のものであり、年代はさほど遡らないことが推定される。
- In addition, Koryu-ji Temple, built by HATA no Kawakatsu, was located in the Uzumasa in Yamashiro Province, and burial mounds on this site do not date back further than to about the sixth century.
- 「私自身としては、桓武天皇の生母が百済の武寧王の子孫であると続日本紀に記されていることに大韓民国とのゆかりを感じています」
- I personally realize the relationship with the Republic of Korea, because there is a description in Shoku Nihongi (Chronicle of Japan Continued) that the real mother of the Emperor Kanmu was a descendant of Muryeong-wang of Baekje.'
- 5世紀の中国の歴史書『宋書』倭国伝に、 478年(順帝昇明2年)倭王武が宋 (南朝)に届けた上表文として以下の記述がある。
- In 'Sosho (Sung Shu) Wakokuden,' the Chinese history book of the fifth century, the following sentence is seen as a Johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) delivered from Waobu to Sung (Nan-Dynasty) in 478.
- 13世紀から14世紀頃には、現在アイヌと呼ばれる民族と同一とみられる「蝦夷」が存在していたことが文献史料上から確認される。
- In some historical documents it can be confirmed that a group called 'Ezo,' who seem to have been identical to today's Ainu, already lived in Japan by the thirteenth century through the fourteenth century.
- 7世紀末~8世紀初頭に始まった律令制における租税は、租庸調制と呼ばれ、人民一人ひとりを対象に課税・徴税する性格が強かった。
- The taxation system under the ritsuryo system, which was started during the late 7th century to the early 8th century, was called 'the soyocho (tax paid by rice, labor, or textile) system', and it was imposed on and collected from each member of the community.
- ヤマト王権が統一国家を形成しようとしていた6世紀には、倭王家の系譜を記す『帝紀』・倭国の神話を記す『旧辞』が、編纂された。
- In the 6th century when the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) was going to form a unified nation, Teiki, which recorded the family tree of the Wa royal family, and Kyuji, in which mythology of Wa was described, were compiled.
- 紀貫之が書いた『古今和歌集』の「古今和歌集仮名序」は、漢文の用法を遺しながらも平仮名で書かれた和文として初期のものである。
- Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (Preface of Kokin Wakashu written in kana) of the 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) written by KI no Tsurayuki was an early work written in Hiragana while keeping the usage of a text in Chinese.
- また、多くの物語絵(冊子または絵巻物)が制作されたことが推測されているが、11世紀末以前に制作された作品は現存していない。
- It is estimated that many narrative paintings were created (either in books or scrolls), but no such paintings from before the end of the 11th century remain.
- この風流な保津川下りは夏目漱石の『虞美人草』を始め、水上勉、薄田泣菫、大町桂月、三島由紀夫など幾つもの文学作品に登場した。
- Elegant trips down the Hozu-gawa River appeared in the literary works of Tsutomu MINAKAMI, Kyukin SUSUKIDA, Keigetsu OMACHI and Yukio MISHIMA, let alone 'Gubijinso (The Poppy) ' written by Soseki NATSUME.
- 吉野が最初に史書に現れるのは、『古事記』『日本書紀』の神武東征の記事で、熊野国から大和国に入る通過地として記載されている。
- The first appearance of Yoshino in history books is the article of Jinmu tosei (Eastern expedition of the Emperor Jinmu) in the 'Kojiki' and the 'Nihonshoki' and it is described as the point to be passed through from Kumano Province to Yamato Province.
- 15世紀末に至り、伯父北条早雲の助けで家督争いに勝利した今川氏親は、亡父今川義忠の代で頓挫していた遠江国への再侵攻を試みた。
- At the end of the 15th century, Ujichika IMAGAWA who won succession dispute with the help of his uncle Soun HOJO attempted invasion upon Totomi Province, which had failed at the time of his late father Yoshitada IMAGAWA.
- 戦国期において水野氏が勢力を伸ばすのは、15世紀中頃、水野貞守が尾張知多郡小河(知多郡東浦町緒川)に拠点を置いたのに始まる。
- It was from the middle of the 15th century when Sadamori MIZUNO set his base in Ogawa, Chita County, Owari Province (Ogawa, Higashiura-cho, Chita County) that the Mizuno clan began expanding their power.
- わずか4万5700石、動員兵力においても1500人ほどにしか満たない紀通が謀反を起こしたところでたかが知れていたはずである。
- If Norimichi had been raising a rebellion, it would have been very limited in its scope due to his income of 45,700 koku and military force of less than 1,500.
- (同年の『三国史記』の新羅本紀にも伽耶が反乱を起こしたため、軍隊を送り、白旗を立てて敵を驚かせたという似た記述が見られる。)
- (Also, the Silla History in 'History of Three Kingdom' edited in the same year similarly describe that Silla sent the army to Gaya during Gaya rebellion, and astonished its enemies by waving white flags.)
- 『記・紀』に記された系譜記事からすると、応神は当時の王統の有力者を合成して作られたものと考えるのが妥当であるとする説がある。
- From articles on genealogy written in 'the Kojiki and Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan),' there is a theory which claims that it is reasonable to think that Ojin was made up by combining influential persons of the time in the royal line.
- 荘園などを中心とした支配体制である荘園公領制はこの時期に成立し、以後、16世紀まで荘園は貴族たちの収入源として存在し続ける。
- Shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) mainly based on shoen, was established in this period, and after that until the sixteenth century, shoen continued to exist as a source of income for the nobles.
- 10世紀に入ると古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法による租税制度がほぼ崩壊し、国司へ租税納入を請け負わせる国司請負へと移行し始めた。
- In the tenth century, the tax system consisting of koseki system and handen shuju sei in ancient times collapsed and started to transfer to kokushi ukeoi (a system to make local government officials cope with all local taxes in their provinces) which made kokushi (provincial governors) undertake the land tax payment.
- 1909年(明治42年) - 登極令(昭和22年廃止)で大嘗祭の斎田は京都以東・以南を悠紀、以西・以北を主基の地方とされる。
- 1909: The Saiden (rice fields for cultivating rice plants for deities) where the Daijosai is held, names were changed from east and south areas to Yuki and west and north areas to Suki in the Tokyoku-rei (former Imperial House Law) (Abolished in 1947)
- 平安時代初期の文人・紀長谷雄にまつわる怪奇譚『長谷雄草紙』に、朱雀門の鬼と長谷雄にまつわる逸話が以下のように記述されている。
- The mystery story called 'Haseo-zoshi,' about KI no Haseo, a literary man in the early Heian period, contains an anecdote about Haseo and the ogre of Suzaku-mon Gate, which begins like this:
- ただし、あくまで紀州徳川家の家臣であり、徳川将軍家と関係では陪臣となり、江戸幕府のもとでは独立の藩として認められていなかった。
- Note, however, that the clan was no more than a vassal of the Kishu Tokugawa family and an indirect vassal, or Baishin, of the Tokugawa shogun family and the domain was not approved as an independent domain by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 3世紀中期に見られる前方後円墳の登場は統一政権の成立を示唆しており、このときに成立した大王家が天皇家の祖先だと考えられている。
- The appearance of the large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds from the mid third century, indicates the establishment of a unified authority and the family of the Great King at that time are thought to be the ancestors of the Imperial Family.
- 慶安元年(1648年)には丹後国宮津藩主・京極高広との間に諍いを起こし、それが原因で紀通が謀反を企んでいるという風聞が流れた。
- Due to conflict Norimichi had with Takahiro KYOGOKU, the lord of the Miyazu Domain in Tango province, in 1648, a rumor began circulating that he was plotting a rebellion.
- 近年の発掘結果からは、十三湊遺跡の最盛期は14世紀半ばから15世紀前半と推測されており、文献資料と矛盾しない結果となっている。
- Based on the excavation carried out recent years at the site of Tosaminato, Tosaminato is supposed to have been most prosperous from the mid-14th century to the early 15th century, and this observation is consistent with the historical references.
- すなわち『上宮記』逸文がのっている『釈日本紀』には「上宮記曰一伝」という記述があるが、『上宮記』の作者は別史料を引用している。
- The surviving fragment of 'Joguki' can be seen in 'Shaku Nihongi' (annotated text of the Nihon Shoki) which quotes it with the phrase 'According to Joguki', but the author of 'Joguki' actually had quoted yet another historical material.
- 広刀自が聖武天皇の妃となった時期は詳しくはわからないが、『続日本紀』によれば、安積親王が天平十六年(744)に17歳であった。
- It is not certain when Hirotoji became a wife of Emperor Shomu, but according to the 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), Prince Asaka was 17 years old in 744.
- 継受法としての律令法が7世紀以降長期にわたって強行されたことについては、国家権力の強大さ、人民一般の政治的無権利が第一にある。
- The primary reason why the adopted ritsuryo law was enforced for a long period of time since the seventh century was the tremendous power of government and the lack of political rights for the general public.
- 9世紀末頃になると、百姓らの偽籍・浮浪・逃亡が顕著となり、軍事動員の対象となるべき百姓を各戸ごとに把握することが困難となった。
- At the end of the 9th century, false registration, vagrancy, or escape by farmers became prominent; therefore, it was difficult to know for each household who could be mobilized in military affairs.
- 19世紀中ごろまでに、国内の社会矛盾と国外からの圧力(ロシア、イギリス、アメリカ船の接近)により、幕藩体制は限界を迎えていた。
- Due to domestic social contradictions and pressure from the inside and outside of Japan (for example, ships of Russia, of England, and of US came near to Japan), the bakufu-domain system had reached its limit by around the middle of the 19th century.
- しかし、それに対抗して神官の間では『日本書紀』神話の講読が盛行し、神道の立場を中心として神話と歴史を結合させる思想が起こった。
- For this, however, mythologies in 'Nihonshoki' were read actively by Shinto priests, and the concept of connecting history with the mythologies was created centering on the standpoint of the Shinto religion.
- これは前代の国学や尊王思想を背景とするもので、根底には『日本書紀』以来続いてきた日本の歴史の独自性を強調する考えが流れていた。
- Kokugaku in the previous period and the thought of revering the Emperor existed in the background of such a move, and the thought of emphasizing uniqueness of Japanese that existed in 'Nihonshoki' and had been maintained thereafter as well existing base.
- 進氏は平安時代末期、西伯耆を中心に勢力を誇っていた紀氏、紀成盛を祖とする一族で代々、会見郡から日野郡にかけて権益を持っていた。
- The Shin clan originated from KI no Narimori who had been a member of the Ki clan, a powerful clan at the end of the Heian period; the Ki clan had had its base in West Hoki and the Shin clan was still powerful in West Hoki especially in Aimi County and Hino County for generations.
- また、古事記に記される允恭天皇の遠飛鳥宮、日本書紀に記される顕宗天皇の近飛鳥八釣宮もこの地におかれたものと解されることが多い。
- In addition, it is often understood that Totsuasuka no Miya Palace of Emperor Ingyo stated in Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) and Chikatsu Asuka no Yatsuri no Miya Palace of Emperor Kenzo stated in Nihonshoki were established in Asuka.
- ズボン型の衣服は、18 世紀には日本に定着していたと見られ、上方では丈の長いものを「ぱっち」、短いものを「股引」と呼んでいた。
- Clothing of the pant type is considered to have become established in Japan prior to the 18th century, with long ones called 'patches' and shorter ones called 'Momohiki drawers' in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area).
- 俊成(建築家)は一時期、明仁の第一皇女、紀宮清子内親王(現:黒田清子)の結婚候補としてマスコミに名前が取り上げられ話題となった。
- Toshinaru (architect) became a topic of talk in the media as a possible partner in the marriage of the first Imperial Princess Norinomiya Sayako (present Sayako KURODA) of Akihito.
- 同古墳は6世紀末から7世紀初頭に築造された方墳で、東西44.5m、南北42.2m、高さ約9.1m、全長17mの横穴式石室を持つ。
- This is a square tumulus built between the late 6th century and early 7th century, measuring 44.5m from east to west, 42.2m from north to south, with a horizontal stone chamber about 9.1m tall and 17m long.
- 『日本書紀』によると、大阪にも大隅宮(おおすみのみや。現在の大阪市東淀川区大隅、一説に同市中央区 (大阪市))が置かれたという。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' there was also built, in Osaka, Osumi no miya (present-day Osumi, Higashi Yodogawa Ward, Osaka City, or, according to one theory, Chuo Ward of Osaka City).
- 昭和41年(1966年)、王朝の起点である2月11日のまま、戦後廃止された「紀元節」がほぼ同義の「建国記念の日」として復活した。
- During the postwar period, the idea of 'Kigensetsu' (the day commemorating the ascension to the throne of the first Emperor Jimmu) was extinct, but on February 11, 1966 (the same day as Kigensetsu) was approved as the 'National Foundation Day'.
- 平安後期の11世紀後半から12世紀になると、急速に荘園や知行国が増加していき、平安貴族たちの収入源として無視できないものになる。
- From the late eleventh to the twelfth century in the late Heian Period, shoen and chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) increased, and they could not be ignored as a source of income for Heian nobles.
- 後にこの事件を題材に三島由紀夫の小説『金閣寺 (小説)』や、水上勉の小説『五番町夕霧楼』、『金閣炎上』などの文学作品が作られた。
- Later, some literary works on the theme of this case, including 'Kinkaku-ji Temple' by Yukio MISHIMA and 'Gobancho-yugiriro (Evening mist Tower of the Fifth Town)' and 'Kinkakuji enjo' (Flare of Kinkaku) by Tsutomu MIZUKAMI, were produced.
- 農奴が保有財産を転貸することは珍しくなく、13世紀頃からは領地(領主の直轄地)での労役の代わりに金銭納入が行われるようになった。
- It was not rare for the serfs to sublease their estate, and from the thirteenth century the payment of money began instead of labor services on the land (the land directly controlled by the lords).
- 成務天皇は13代で、応神天皇(15代)仁徳天皇(16代)や倭の五王よりも遡る4世紀のことで、時代でいうと古墳時代の前期にあたる。
- Emperor Seimu was the 13th emperor of Japan and lived in the 4th century before Emperor Ojin (15th), Emperor Nintoku (16th) and the five kings of Wa (Japan) in what was the first half of the Kofun period.
- 15世紀、朝鮮半島南部に三浦と呼ばれる日本人居留地が存在し、宗氏を始めとする西日本諸勢力は三浦を拠点に朝鮮王朝に通交をしていた。
- In the fifteenth century, there existed a Japanese settlement called Sanpo in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and major forces in the western part of Japan such as the So clan maintained amicable relations with the Korean Dynasty using Sanpo as their base.
- おじいさん、おばあさん、姫、公卿・皇族、職人、商人、天皇、武士と「中世的キャラクター」がこの時代(10世紀)に既に出揃っている。
- All the medieval characters of this period (the 10th century) such as grandfather, grandmother, princess, lords, nobles, craftsmen, merchants, emperors and samurai were already present in this tale.
- 山科は古代より政権との結びつきが深く、669年には中臣鎌足によって精舎(山階寺)が作られ、7世紀末には天智天皇陵などが作られた。
- Since ancient times Yamashina has had a close relation with governments; a garden for monks (Yamashina-dera Temple) was founded by NAKATOMI no Kamatari in 669 and the Imperial mausoleum of Emperor Tenji (Tenchi) was built in the late seventh century.
- 山:三岳山(市の最高峰)、千丈ヶ嶽(大江山連峰の主峰)、烏ヶ岳(市内唯一の一等三角点)、田倉山(宝山、京都府下唯一の第四紀火山)
- Mountains: Mt. Mitake (highest mountain in the city), Mt. Senjogadake (main peak in the range of peaks of Oe-yama mountain range), Mt. Karasugadake (only primary triangulation stand-point in the city), and Mt. Takura (Mt. Takara; only quaternary volcano in Kyoto Prefecture)
- 20世紀前半に小紋を作る手法を発展させて、布を裁断すると模様の上下方向が統一されるようなデザインを反物の布に描く技術が発達した。
- In the early twentieth century, based on the technique of drawing komon (small patterns drawn on the whole cloth) craftsmen introduced new technique of drawing a little bigger pattern on materials so that patterns don't lose the direction.
- 父景行天皇は、それらの皇子たちをそれぞれの国や郡に封じたが、彼と成務・日本武尊の3人だけは封じなかったと、日本書紀に書かれている。
- It is described in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) that his father, Emperor Keiko, confined his princes to each of their provinces and counties, except for the three princes, Iokiiribiko no miko, Seimu, and YAMATO Takeru no Mikoto.
- 以上の経過により、顕広王の王氏復帰をもって白川家の成立とみなすことが多い(十三世紀初頭の資宗王によって成立したという見解もある)。
- Due to the process above, the generally accepted theory says the Shirakawa family was formed when Akihiro-o returned his family name to 'O'; another theory says it was formed by Sukemune-o in the early thirteenth century.
- 『日本書紀』によれば応神天皇5世の孫(曾孫の孫)で父は彦主人王(ひこうしのおおきみ)、母は垂仁天皇7世孫の振媛(ふりひめ)である。
- According to 'Nihonshoki', Emperor Keitai was the fifth generation descendant of Emperor Ojin (grandchild of his great-grandchild) and his father was Hikoushio and his mother was Furihime the seventh generation descendant of Emperor Sunin.
- 日本の「皇紀」以外にも、西暦やイスラーム暦と異なる独自の紀元を立てたり、あるいは古くからあったものを西暦にかえて使った事例がある。
- In addition to Japanese 'Imperial Era,' there are cases where original eras different from the Western calendar system or Islamic calendar were established or old eras were converted to the Western calendar system for use.
- 12世紀中期に鳥羽上皇が没すると、治天の君の座を巡って天皇家・摂関家を巻き込む政争が起こり、軍事衝突によって解決した(保元の乱)。
- After the death of the retired Emperor Toba in the middle of the 12th century, a political fight for the seat of chiten no kimi occurred, which involved the Emperor's family and Sekkan-ke, and was resolved after a military confrontation (the Hogen War).
- 島尻層泥岩は新第三紀、およそ2,500万年前から200万年前ごろの地層であり、このころにも黄砂が飛来していた可能性を示唆している。
- The Shimajiri Mudstone layer was formed in the Neogene period, or from approx. 25 million years ago to approx. 2 million years ago, suggesting that the kosa might have arrived in this area in that period as well.
- そうした流れの中で16世紀中葉に登場した織田信長は、兵農分離などにより自領の武力を強力に組織化して急速に支配地域を拡大していった。
- Nobunaga ODA who appeared around the middle of the 16th century established a strong fighting organization in his territory, for example, by separating samurai from the farmers, and rapidly expanding his territory.
- 9世紀前半に円仁が中国五台山 (中国)の念仏三昧法を比叡山に伝えており、源信_(僧侶)が『往生要集』を著して天台浄土教を大成した。
- In the first part of the ninth century, Ennin introduced the Nenbutsu Zanmai Ho (method of mental absorption in the Buddhist invocation) of Wutai Shan (in China) to Mt. Hiei and Genshin (priest) perfected Tendai Jodo sect by writing 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation).
- 鳥羽(とば)とは、かつて京都洛外、山城国紀伊郡に属していた鳥羽郷(とばごう)・鳥羽荘(とばのしょう)などと呼ばれた地域を指す名称。
- Toba refers to a name of an area which was called Tobago, Toba no sho (Toba manor) and so on that once belonged to Kii County, Yamashiro Province located in the outskirts of Kyoto.
- 明治35年(1902年)、大正7年(1918年)及び昭和6年(1931年)には葛野郡(かどのぐん)、紀伊郡の各一部の村を編入した。
- In 1902, 1918, and 1931, some villages in Kadono County and Kii County were integrated into the Ward.
- この当時(12世紀末~13世紀初頭)は、京都の中央政府(院政)の力も衰えておらず、中央(都、首都)と鎌倉の二元的支配体制であった。
- In those days (the end of 12th century to the beginning of the 13th century) the central government (Insei (rule by the retired Emperor)) had not yet lost its power, creating a dual system of governments: the central government (Kyoto, the capital) and Kamakura government.
- 吉野川(和歌山県では紀の川)流域に位置し、大和国と紀伊国を結ぶ交通の要衝として、また吉野山地への入口として古来より重視されてきた。
- Gojo City is located in the area along the Yoshino-gawa River (called the Kino-kawa River in Wakayama Prefecture), and has been thought important as a strategic traffic point connecting Yamato Province with Kii Province, or as an entrance into Yoshino Mountains since ancient times.
- 11世紀後半には堅田の漁師達が下鴨社の支配下に入り(堅田御厨)、続いて堅田とその周辺地域に比叡山延暦寺の荘園(堅田荘)が成立した。
- In the late 11th century, fishermen of Katata became under the control of Shimogamo-sha Shrine (Katata Mikuriya) and then manors owned by Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei were established in Katata and its neighboring regions.
- 金剛生駒紀泉国定公園内にあり、北の二上山 (奈良県・大阪府)、南の金剛山 (金剛山地)とともに連峰をなしている金剛山地の山の一つ。
- This mountain is located in Kongo Ikoma Kisen Quasi-National Park, and is one of the mountains in Kongo mountainous district which forms a range of mountains together with Mt. Nijo in north (Nara Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture) and Kongo-san mountain in south (Kongo mountainous district).
- 土居氏は紀伊国牟婁郡木本土居(三重県熊野市)を発祥とし、熊野三党の一家・鈴木一党を祖とすると伝えられ、熊野三山を篤く信仰していた。
- The Doi clan originated in Kimotodoi, Muro County, Kii Province (Kumano City, Mie Prefecture), their ancestor was from the Suzuki clan, one of three guardians of Kumano, and they worshipped Kumano Sanzan.
- ドイツのゲルマン国立博物館およびザクセンフォークアート美術館に、19世紀前半に折られたものと推定されている作品群が所蔵されている。
- Germanisches National Museum and Saxon Folk Art Museum in Germany possess origami models which are estimated to have been folded in the early 19th century.
- 菟道稚郎子皇子(『日本書紀』)・宇遅能和紀郎子(『古事記』)・宇治若郎子(『山城国風土記』逸文)・宇治天皇(『播磨国風土記』)とも。
- Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko (菟道稚郎子) also known as; Imperial Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko [(菟道稚郎子皇子), in the 'Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]]; Uji no Wakiiratsuko [(宇遅能和紀郎子), in the 'Kojiki' [The Records of Ancient Matters]]; Uji no Wakiiratsuko [(宇治若郎子), in the 'Yamashiro no Kuni Fudoki' (records of the culture and geography of the Yamashiro Province)]; and the Emperor Uji [(宇治天皇), in the 'Harimanokuni Fudoki' (records of the culture and geography of the Harima Province)].
- 『日本書紀』などの天皇系譜から「讃」→履中天皇、「珍」→反正天皇、「済」→允恭天皇、「興」→安康天皇、「武」→雄略天皇等の説がある。
- One theory assumes that, from imperial lineages in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and other sources, 'San' was Emperor Richu, 'Chin' Emperor Hanzei, 'Sai' Emperor Ingyo, 'Ko' Emperor Anko and 'Bu' Emperor Yuryaku.
- 日本書紀の仁徳の条の冒頭では、五百城入彦皇子(成務天皇の弟)の孫となっているが、この記載は古事記応神の条の冒頭にある記事と矛盾する。
- In the beginning of a paragraph on Nintoku in Nihonshoki, he is described as a grandchild of Prince Iokiiribiko (younger brother of Emperor Seimu) but this description contradicts the article in the beginning of a paragraph on Ojin in Kojiki.
- 麛坂皇子(かごさかのみこ、? - 神功元年(201年)2月 (旧暦))は、『古事記』『日本書紀』に伝えられる古墳時代の皇族(王族)。
- Imperial Prince Kagosaka (Kagosaka no Miko; his date of birth is unknown; he died in February, 201) appeared in the 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) as an Imperial family (royal family) during Kofun period (tumulus period) of Japan.
- 川島皇子(かわしまのみこ、斉明天皇3年(657年) - 持統天皇5年9月9日 (旧暦)(691年10月6日))は、7世紀後半の皇族。
- Imperial Prince Kawashima (657 - October 6, 691) was a member of Imperial family in the latter half of the seventh century.
- なお、日本美術史では20世紀末頃から「弘仁・貞観時代」という表記をあまり用いなくなり、「平安時代前期」と称することが多くなっている。
- In Japanese art history, the term 'Konin-Jogan Culture' has become less common from the end of the twentieth century, and the term 'early Heian period' is commonly used.
- 21世紀を迎え、グローバル化やインターネット社会の拡大なども相まって、戦後一貫して進んできた文化・生活の多様化が、一層進展している。
- The culture and lives have been diversified consistently since the end of the war, but entering the 21st century, they have further diversified together with globalization and the trend of society where the Internet has been used more and more widely.
- 13世紀中期頃から、貨幣経済の浸透と商品流通の活発化、村落の形成、地頭ら武士による荘園公領への侵出など、大きな社会変動が生じ始めた。
- Starting around the middle of the 13th century, the social system started changing drastically: For example, money had become used in the economy, goods were circulated actively, and samurai, such as jito (managers and lords of manors), had advanced into shoen koryo (public lands and private estates).
- 移配された俘囚は、7世紀から9世紀まで断続的に続いた大和と蝦夷の戦争で、大和へ帰服した蝦夷男女が集団で強制移住させられたものである。
- the Fushu who were sent to the Japanese territory were a group of Emishi men and women who had yielded to the power of Yamato (Japan) during the wars that occurred intermittently between Yamato and Emishi between the seventh century and ninth century and thus were forced to emigrate to the Japanese territory.
- 13世紀中ごろから畿内などでの活動が活発であった悪党や、奥州での安東氏と蝦夷の対立など、政情不安に乗じてのものだとも考えられている。
- It is thought that the movement tried to take advantage of political unrest such as the akuto (people who rebelled against shoen owners and the government) that were active in the Kinki area, and the conflict between the Ando family and Ezo in Oshu around the middle of the 13th century.
- 義満は度々義弘へ上洛を催促するが、「和泉、紀伊の守護職が剥奪される」「上洛したところを誅殺される」との噂が流れ、義弘を不安にさせた。
- Yoshimitsu repeatedly summoned Yoshihiro to the capital, but rumors had spread that 'You'll be deprived of your governorship (shugo) over Iwami and Kii' or even 'You'll be assassinated on the road to Kyoto,' and hearing these, Yoshihiro felt uneasy.
- (6) と同時に、紀伊山地の遺跡と森林景観は、過去1200年以上にわたる聖山の持続的で並外れて記録に残されている伝統を反映している。
- In addition to (6), the remains and forest scenery of Kii Mountain Range reflect the tradition of sacred peak which has been continuously and extraordinarily recorded over the past 1,200 years.
- 古典作品では『天衣紛上野初花』(河内山)や『近江源氏先陣館』(盛綱陣屋)の盛綱、『競伊勢物語』の紀有常などが代表作としてあげられる。
- His well known roles from classic works include, 'Kumonimago Ueno no hatsuhana' (Kochiyama), Moritsuna in 'Omi-Genji senjinyakata,' KI no Aritsune in 'Hadekurabe Ise monogatari,' etc.
- しかし、12代将軍徳川家慶の正室の妹であり、宮家出身の彼女の動向は井伊直弼をはじめとする「南紀派」の幕府首脳には恐れられていたらしい。
- Nevertheless, it is believed that Naosuke II and other leaders of the Nanki group (the group supporting Yoshitomi from the Kisyu-Tokugawa family) were fearful of her actions, because she was the younger sister of the lawful wife of the twelfth shogun, Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA and besides she was from the Imperial family.
- しかし、幕府もこの風聞を信じて近隣の諸藩に出兵を命じたため、同年8月20日、紀通は福知山城にて鉄砲自殺して果て、稲葉氏は改易となった。
- The shogunate, however, took the rumor seriously, and ordered several neighboring domains to send troops, with the result that Norimichi committed shot himself dead in the Fukuchiyama-jo Castle on August 20, 1648, and the Inaba clan was punished by Kaieki (removal of samurai status and expropriation of territories).
- 天武天皇10年(681年)3月17日に川島皇子、三野王、忌部子人、中臣大島らと共に「帝紀および上古の諸事」の記録認定事業を命ぜられる。
- On April 13, 681, the Prince Osakabe, together with the Prince Kawashima, Minu no Okimi, INBE no Kobito and NAKATOMI no Oshima were assigned for the task of recording and authorizing the 'Teiki oyobi Joko no Shoji' (the genealogy of the Imperial family and matters of the high antiquity).
- 理由は書紀に明記されないが、敵味方不明の地を行く際に、少年だった大津皇子の存在を隠し、従う者の誰かが山部王らの名を騙った可能性がある。
- No reason is mentioned in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), but it is possible that the Prince Otsu's followers hid the Prince Otsu's identify because he was a minor, and a follower falsely called himself as Yamabe no Okimi since they could not identify friend or foe.
- No reason mentioned in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), but it is possible that the Prince Otsu's followers hid the Prince Otsu's identity, and someone pretended to be Yamabe no Okimi, since entering the areas they could not identify friend or foe.
- また、『続日本紀』文武天皇元年(697年)12月庚辰条には、越後国(後の出羽国を含む)に住む蝦夷を「蝦狄」(「かてき」)と称している。
- In 'Shoku Nihongi (Chronicle of Japan Continued'), written by the Emperor Monmu in December 697, the Ezo who lived in Echigo Province (later Dewa Province) are referred to as 'Kateki' (蝦狄).
- 蝦夷の生活を同時代人が正面から語った説明としては、659年(斉明天皇5年)の遣唐使と唐 (王朝)の高宗 (唐)の問答が日本書紀にある。
- As a description of the Emishi written by someone who lived during the same period in which they were present, a dialogue between a Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) and Gao Zong (Tang Dynasty) held in 659 is found in 'Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan).'
- この事件以降、12世紀中葉の平治の乱まで中央の政治抗争は武力を伴わず、死刑も執行されない非武力的な政治の時代が永らく続くこととなった。
- After this incident, until the Heiji War in the middle of 12th century, the non-violent political age continued, during which central political conflicts did not lead to military confrontations or the execution of the death penalty.
- この事件の処理に当たった藤原良房は、伴氏・紀氏の有力官人を排斥し、事件後には清和天皇の摂政となり藤原氏の勢力を拡大することに成功した。
- FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, who dealt with this incident, ostracized proponent officials of the Tomo clan and the Ki clan, and succeeded in expanding the Fujiwara clan's power by becoming the regent of the Emperor Seiwa after the incident.
- 平安後期になると、「家」内部で家業の継承をめぐる紛争が頻発し、12世紀中葉にはその紛争が武力衝突として具現化してしまった(保元の乱)。
- In the late Heian Period, disputes over the succession of family business frequently occurred inside the 'clan,' and in the mid twelfth century, the disputes evolved into tangible forms of armed conflicts (the Hogen war).
- 平安中期以降は官人らが政務処理に先例を参照するための歴史資料として『類聚国史』『日本紀略』『百錬抄』やその他各種の年代記が編纂された。
- During the middle era of the Heian period and later, government officials compiled various chronicles, including 'Ruiju Kokushi' (classified national history), 'Nihongi Ryaku' (a summary of Japanese chronologies), and 'Hyakuren sho' (history book from the Kamakura period), as the historical documents that they would refer to in conducting their political operations.
- したがって、少なくとも17世紀半ば、江戸時代前期において、天皇の御世を長かれと祝賀する歌である、とする解釈が存在したことは確かである。
- Therefore, we can say for sure that, at least in the middle of the seventeenth century, namely during the early part of the Edo Period, there was an interpretation that the poem in question was for celebrating the reign of the emperor and wishing his reign would last long.
- 武士(ぶし、もののふ)は、10世紀から19世紀にかけての日本に存在し、戦士を本分とするとされた宗家の主人を頂点とした家族共同体の成員。
- Bushi (武士, mononofu, samurai) existed from the 10th century to the 19th century and was a member of a family community whose top was the master of Soke (the head family) and whose profession was a warrior.
- 『釈日本紀』(述義)にある陽成天皇によるの日本紀講筵の元慶度講書(-)で、惟良宿禰高尚(惟良高尚)がソシモリを今の蘇之保留と解説した。
- In the 'Lecture on Chronicles of Japan in the Gangyo Era 'by Emperor Yozei, which is collected in 'Shaku Nihongi' (annotated text of the Nihon Shoki), KOREYOSHI no Takahisa proposed that Soshimori was So(no)hori, or the present day Seoul.
- 1909年に発表された夏目漱石の「それから」に護謨毬(ごむまり)という語句が出ており、20世紀に入ってから急速に普及したことが伺える。
- In the 'Sorekara' (And Then), a novel written by Soseki NATSUME and published 1909, the word Gomumari comes up, which suggests that the word became common in the 20th century.
- しかし、江戸時代は魚の食文化が発達した時代でもあり、17世紀の『料理物語』のなかに「ふくとう汁」(ふぐ汁)の料理方法が記載されている。
- However, it was during the Edo period that a food culture of eating fish developed, and a book in the 17th century called 'Ryori Monogatari' (tale of food) includes an explanation on how to cook 'fukuto jiru' (pufferfish soup).
- その後、半世紀近くも師家は官職に就く事が出来ずに失意の日々を過ごした(ちなみに師家は甥にあたる道元を養子に迎えようとして失敗している)。
- Moroie was subsequently unable to take an official post for close to half century, and spent his life in disappointment (he also failed in attempt to adopt his nephew, Dogen).
- 羽田八代宿禰とも)の女・黒媛とするのに対し、『書紀』顕宗紀に引く「譜弟」は父を市辺押磐皇子 / 母を葛城蟻臣の女・媛(はえひめ)とする。
- or Haneda Yatsushiro Sukune) wife Kurome no Iratsume and on the other hand, in 'Futei' cited in Kenshoki in 'Nihonshoki,' her father was Prince Ichinobe no Oshihano and her mother was KATSURAGI no Ariomi's wife Haehime.
- 『古事記』『日本書紀』によれば、新羅征討中に仲哀天皇が崩御し、神功皇后が筑紫国で応神天皇(ほむたわけのみこと、後の応神天皇)を出産した。
- According to the 'Kojiki' and the 'Nihonshoki,' the Emperor Chuai met with his demise during the Shiragi seito (the Conquest of Silla [ancient Korean Kingdom]), and then Empress Jingu gave birth to Homutawake no Mikoto (later, he became the Emperor Ojin.)
- 忍熊皇子(おしくまのみこ、? - 神功皇后元年(201年)3月 (旧暦))は、『古事記』『日本書紀』に伝えられる古墳時代の皇族(王族)。
- Imperial Prince Oshikuma (Oshikuma no Miko; his date of birth was unknown, the date of his death was in March of 201.) first appeared in the 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) as an Imperial family (royal family) during the Kofun period (tumulus period) in Japan.
- 10世紀中葉から後期にかけて、ある官職に伴う権限義務を特定の家系へ請け負わせる官司請負制が中央政界でも地方政治でも著しく進展していった。
- From the middle to the end of the 10th century, the government official contract system developed in the national political arena as well as in regional politics: specific family lines were given contracts to have authority and duties associated with certain government posts.
- たとえば徳川将軍家の竹千代、尾張徳川家の五郎太、紀州徳川家の長福丸、水戸徳川家の鶴千代、前田氏の犬千代などがあり、事例に枚挙の暇が無い。
- Examples abound: the name the Shogunal branch of the Tokugawa family passed down was Takechiyo, while that of the Owari branch of the Tokugawa family was Gorota, that of the Kishu branch (in Kii Province) of the Tokugawa family Chofukumaru, that for the Mito branch of the Tokugawa family Tsuruchiyo, and that of the Maeda clan Inuchiyo, as well as countless others.
- 戦乱といえば、15世紀前半から南部氏が仙北・鹿角に出兵(この鹿角争奪戦は永禄頃まで続く)、伊達氏の河北地方への侵食など領地争いが目立つ。
- With respect to wars, disputes over territories are prominent as seen in sending troops by the Nanbu clan to Senboku and Kazuno since the first half of the fifteenth century (this war over Kazuno continued until around Eiroku Era) and invasion into the Kahoku region by the Date clan.
- 河内国丹北郡向井村(大阪府松原市)の庄屋で談林派の俳人でもあった寺内安林は『熊野案内記』(以下、『案内記』)と題する紀行文を残している。
- Anrin TERAUCHI, one of the headmen of Mukai Village, Tanboku County, Kawachi Province (Matsubara City, Osaka Prefecture) and a Haiku poet of Danrin-ha, wrote a book of a travel titled 'Kumano Annaiki' (Guidebook to Kumano) (hereinafter quote it as 'Annaiki').
- 倭彦命(やまとひこ の みこと、生年不詳 - 垂仁天皇28年10月5日 (旧暦)(紀元前2年11月1日?))は、記紀伝承上の皇族(王族)。
- Yamato hiko no Mikoto (year of birth unknown - October 30, 2 B.C.?) was a member of the Imperial family transmitted by 'Kojiki' (Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- 紀州藩第2代藩主・徳川光貞正室の照子女王は伯母、第4代将軍・徳川家綱正室の顕子女王は叔母、第9代将軍・徳川家重正室の増子女王は姪に当たる。
- The Princess Teruko, the lawful wife of Mitsusada TOKUGAWA who was the second lord of Kishu Domain, was Masako's aunt, and the Princess Kenshi, the lawful wife of the fourth Shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA was her aunt, and the Princess Zoushi, the lawful wife of the ninth Shogun Ieshige TOKUGAWA was her niece.
- 三表葵御紋は征夷大将軍のみで尾張家は二表一裏葵御紋、紀伊家は一表二裏葵御紋、水戸家は三裏葵御紋であるから三つ葉葵にも各家若干の違いがある。
- Mitsuba-aoi were slightly different between each family; the hollyhock crest with a front view of three leaves was only used by Seii taishogun (literally, 'the great general who subdues the barbarians') while the one with two front-sided and one back-sided leaves was for the Owari family, the one with one front-sided and two back-sided leaves was for the Kishu family, and the one with three back-sided leaves was for the Mito family.
- 現在では、考古学からする文化圏の検討と、北東北に分布するアイヌ語地名から、7世紀以降の蝦夷についてアイヌとの連続性を認める説が有力である。
- Nowadays, the leading hypothesis is derived from a theory that considers the issue from the perspective of cultural areas based on archaeology; another theory considers the continuity of Emishi after the seventh century with the Ainu, as examined from the perspective of toponyms of the Ainu language distributed in the northern Tohoku region.
- このことは嵯峨天皇にとって思いがけない出来事であり、嵯峨天皇はひとまずこれに従うとして坂上田村麻呂、藤原冬嗣、紀田上らを造宮使に任命する。
- This was an unexpected event for Emperor Saga, and as a temporary measure, he appointed SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu and KI no Taue as zogushi (palace construction officer).
- 現地派遣の筆頭国司(受領)が前代より大幅に権限委譲された上で、富豪百姓層を通じて地域支配、税の徴収を行う王朝国家体制が10世紀に確立した。
- As a result a system of the dynasty state was established in the 10th century, in which the heads of the provincial governors (Zuryo) who had been sent to each region received much stronger empowerment than their previous generation and ruled the region and collected tax through the rich peasants.
- その後、紀伊田辺藩との同一藩名を解消するため太政官より田辺藩の名称変更を命じられ、同年6月に田辺城の雅号・舞鶴城に因んで舞鶴藩に改称した。
- The Dajokan (great council of state) then ordered that the name of the Tango Tanabe clan be changed, in order to prevent duplicating the name of the Kii Tanabe clan, causing the Tanabe clan to change its name to the Maizuru clan after the pseudonym of Maizuru castle (Tanabe castle), in June of the year.
- 一方内親王の場合は、叙位自体が珍しくなり、9世紀に生前に一品に叙されたのは、藤原良房を祖父に持つ清和天皇の同母姉妹の儀子内親王のみであった。
- On the other hand, the conferment to imperial princesses became rare, and only the Princess Gishi, sister-uterine of the Emperor Seiwa who was a grandchild of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, was conferred Ippon during her lifetime in the ninth century.
- よって官位だけでみると、尾張・紀伊・駿河の三家がほぼ同格、その格下に御両典・水戸家・御三卿がほぼ同格で、越前松平氏より上位という序列になる。
- Therefore, in terms of official ranks, the Owari, Kishu and Suruga families were almost equivalent, as Goryoten, Gosankyo and the Mito families were almost equivalent and lower than Gosanke but higher than the Echizen-Matsudaira clan.
- 応神天皇の名とされる「ホムダワケ」(『日本書紀』では誉田別、『古事記』では品陀和気と表記)は、実は生前に使われた実名だった、とする説がある。
- There is a theory that 'Homudawake' (in 'Nihonshoki' and 'Kojiki,' Chinese characters used are different) which is thought to be the posthumous name of Emperor Ojin was a real name used when he was alive.
- さらに、第26代継体天皇が、新しい系統を開いた可能性があるという説がある(ただしその根拠である『日本書紀』は、一系の連綿性を明記している)。
- There is another theory that the 26th Emperor Keitai founded a different family line (this theory is based on the 'Nihonshoki' but this book emphasized the unbroken Imperial line).
- 古代のカースト制氏族社会においては自由な土地の売買や譲渡は許されていなかったが、紀元前5世紀前後には社会の発展とともに緩やかになっていった。
- In the ancient caste system clan society, free purchase and sale or transfer of lands were not allowed, but around the fifth century B.C., they were loosely allowed with the development of society.
- なお、荘園公領制が完全に崩壊するのは、南北朝時代よりも2世紀後の太閤検地によってであるが、この南北朝期に既に大きな転機を迎えていたのである。
- Nevertheless, although the shoen koryo sei (system of controlling private and public lands) did not completely collapse until more than 200 years after the reunification of the Southern and Northern Courts, when the Taiko Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI ordered his great country-wide land survey, land ownership had already reached a major turning point during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 河内国志紀郡の仏教信徒が僧宝林の教化によって作ったもので、書風は初唐の三大家の一人である欧陽詢の子、欧陽通の『欧陽通道因法師碑』に似ている。
- This sutra was copied by Buddhists in Shiki, Kawachi Province who were enlightened by Priest Horin, and the calligraphic style resembles that of 'the Monument of Daoyin Priest, Ouyang Tong' written by Ouyang Tong, a son of Ouyang Xun, one of the three greatest calligraphers in the early Tang period.
- 眉輪王(まよわのおおきみ、允恭天皇39年(450年) - 安康天皇3年(456年)8月 (旧暦))は、記紀に伝えられる5世紀頃の皇族(王族)。
- Prince Mayowa (Mayowa no Okimi; born in 450, and died in 456) appeared in Kiki, ('Kojiki' [A Record of Ancient Matter] and the 'Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]) as an Imperial family (royal family) in fifth century in Japan.
- なお、『続日本紀』によると、翌10年(738年)の7月10日、王のことを誣告した人物の一人である中臣宮処東人が大伴子虫により斬殺されてしまう。
- According to 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), Nagatomi no miyako no azumabito who was one of the persons who accused Prince Nagaya falsely was killed with a sword by OTOMO no Komushi on July 10, 738.
- 7世紀頃には、蝦夷は現在の宮城県中部から山形県以北の東北地方と、北海道 (地方公共団体)の大部分に広く住み、その一部は日本の領域の中にあった。
- By the seventh century, the Emishi had lived broadly in the Tohoku region (from mid-Miyagi Prefecture through Yamagata Prefecture and to the north) and most of Hokkaido (local public entity), a part of which was included in the Japanese territory.
- 弘仁・貞観文化(こうにん・じょうがんぶんか)とは、日本史において、弘仁・貞観_(日本)年間を中心とする平安時代前期(ほぼ9世紀に相当)の文化。
- Konin-Jogan culture is considered in Japanese history to be the culture that flourished in Japan during the Konin and Jogan era of the early Heian period (about the ninth century).
- 18世紀中頃に作られたと見られる新道と古道の分岐点を左にとって古道を進むと、観音堂の傍を過ぎ、十津川の支流・西川のほとりの西中大谷に降り立つ。
- And the road (the old road) meets a new road which is considered to have been built in the middle of the 18th century, the old road extends to the left, passes beside Kannon-do (a temple dedicated to Kannon), and descends to Nishinaka-Otani near Nishi-kawa River, a branch of Togtsu-kawa River.
- 周防・長門・石見・豊前・和泉・紀伊の6カ国の守護を兼ね貿易により財力を有する強大な大内氏の存在は将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満の警戒を誘った。
- The Ouchi clan had become so powerful - simultaneously shugo of six provinces, Suo, Nagato, Iwami, Buzen, Izumi, and Kii, and possessing great wealth thanks to their trade - that they were bound to put Yoshimitsu, who was aiming to establish a system of despotic rule by the Shogun, on his guard.
- 『日本書紀』『藤氏家伝』などの同時代史料には全く記載が無く、『本朝皇胤紹運録』に弘文天皇(大友皇子)の妃となり壱志姫王を産んだと伝えられている。
- There is no description about her in those historical materials of the same period such as 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and 'Toshi Kaden' (Biographies of the Fujiwara clan), and the 'Honcho koin jounroku' (the emperor's family tree, made in the Muromachi period) reports that she married the Emperor Kobun (the Prince Otomo) and gave birth to Ichishihime no Okimi.
- 元和 (日本)5年(1619年)7月、徳川家康の十男・徳川頼宣が紀州藩主に封じられたとき、その付家老として遠江国掛川城主・安藤直次が付けられた。
- When Yorinobu TOKUGAWA, the 10th son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, was appointed as the lord of the Kishu domain in July 1619, Naotsugu ANDO, the lord of Kakegawa Castle in Totomi Province, was assigned to the post of attendant chief retainer.
- 市辺押磐皇子(いちのへのおしはのみこ、? - 安康天皇3年(456年)10月 (旧暦))は、記紀・『風土記』に伝えられる5世紀頃の皇族(王族)。
- Prince Ichinobe no Oshiha (Ichinobe no Oshiha no Miko; his birth date is unknown and his death date was in 456) appeared in the Kiki ('Kojiki' [A Record of Ancient Matte]) and 'Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]) and Fudoki (description of regional climate, culture, etc.) as an Imperial family (royal family) in fifth century Japan.
- 日本書紀によれば、大化の改新の折に蘇我蝦夷が誅された理由に、自身の子を「みこ」と尊称させるなどの不遜があったことなどが理由のひとつとして見える。
- According to Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), it seems to be one of the reasons why Soga no Emishi was executed on the occasion of the Taika Reforms (Great Reformation of the Taika era) that he was conceited to make his children called with the honorific naming 'Miko.'
- 親王・内親王の身位が「文仁親王」のように名の後に付され称呼の一部と見なされるのに対し、親王妃(及び王妃)は「文仁親王妃紀子」のように用いられる。
- While the title of a Shinno (Imperial Prince) or Naishinno (Imperial Princess by birth) is put before the name as in 'Imperial Prince Fumihito' and considered to be a part of the name, the title of a Shinnohi (also Empress) is put both before and after the name as in 'Princess Kiko, the wife of the Imperial Prince Fumihito.'
- 『日本書紀』によると、仲哀天皇は白鳥となって天に昇った父・日本武尊をしのんで、陵を囲む池に白鳥を飼おうと考えて、諸国に白鳥を献上するよう命じた。
- According to 'Nihonshoki', Emperor Chuai intended to keep swans in the pond that surrounded the mausoleum in memory of his father, YAMATO Takeru no Mikoto, and ordered countries to present swans.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)が合体した明徳の頃から半世紀の間に、文献に現れた勘解由小路義重、勘解由小路右兵衛督などは、それそれ斯波氏からの一族であった。
- Yoshishige KADENOKOJI and Kadenokoji Uhyoe-no-kami (the chief of an organization called Uhyoefu), who appear in documents in the half a century from the time of Meitoku when the Northern and Southern Courts were combined, were the families from the Shiba clan.
- その様子は『日本書紀』に「被髪徒跣、奔赴殉焉、見者皆歔欷(髪を振り乱して裸足で走り、殉死した。それを見た者は皆嘆き悲しんだ。)」と記されている。
- 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) says that she ran with bare feet swinging her hair and killed herself, and those who saw her grieved and moaned.
- 17世紀にはいると嵐山の豪商であり政商の角倉了以が桂川を開削し、現在の丹波町与木村から下流の淀や大坂まで通じることになったため、船運が発達した。
- In the 17th century, a wealthy merchant with political ties, Ryoi SUMINOKURA, built a canal from the Katsura-gawa River to connect the present-day Yogi-mura (与木村) in Tanba-cho, and Yodo and Osaka; consequently, water transportation developed.
- 奈良交通バス五條西吉野線(五新線用地)賀名生バス停下車、または奈良交通南紀営業所八木新宮線(十津川・本宮いでゆライン)賀名生和田北口バス停下車。
- If using Gojo Nishi-yoshino Line (site of Goshin Line) of Nara Kotsu Bus Lines Co. Ltd., get off at Ano Bus Stop; or if using Yagi-Shingu Route (Totsu-kawa River/Motomiya Ideyu Line) of Nanki Office, Nara Kotsu Bus Lines Co., Ltd., get off at Ano Wada North Exit Bus Stop.
- 彦島の平氏水軍を撃滅すべく、義経は摂津国の渡辺水軍、伊予国の河野水軍、紀伊国の熊野水軍などを味方につけて840艘(『吾妻鏡』)の水軍を編成する。
- Recognizing that he needed to destroy the Taira navy at Hikoshima, Yoshitsune managed to assemble a force of 840 ships (according to the 'Azuma kagami') by calling together support from his allies, including the Watanabe navy of Settsu Province, the Kawano navy of Iyo Province, and the Kumano navy of Kii Province.
- 『日本書紀』によれば、時の推古天皇(推古天皇)には彼女にとっていとこ(従姉弟?)にあたる厩戸皇子(聖徳太子)が皇太子・摂政として天皇を助けていた。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki,' the Prince Umayado (the Prince Shotoku), who was a cousin to her, supported the Empressr Suiko then in power as a crown prince and Sessho (regent).
- 『日本書紀』によると、雄略天皇は采女の童女君がたった一夜で身ごもったために、生まれた春日大娘皇女が自分の娘であるかどうかを疑い、養育されなかった。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki,' because Ominagi as a uneme (a court lady) had became pregnant with the Emperor Yuryaku after spending only one night; then the Emperor Yuryaku had doubts as to whether this daughter (Princess Kasuga no Oiratsume) was truly his child or not, and he did not raise her as her own.
- 雑賀衆の鈴木氏は、戦国時代 (日本)に紀伊国十ヶ郷(現在の和歌山市西北部、紀の川河口付近北岸)の平井(和歌山市平井)あたりを本拠地としていた土豪。
- The Suzuki clan of Saigashu (a Buddhist sect, Ikko groups) was a local clan, which had its home base situated around the area of Hirai (present Hirai, Wakayama City) of Jikkago, Kii Province (present northwest part of Wakayama City, the north shore around the river mouth of Kino-kawa River) during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 日本書紀によると応神天皇14年に弓月君(ゆづきのきみ:新撰姓氏録では融通王)が朝鮮半島の百済から百二十県の人を率いて帰化し秦氏の基となったという。
- According to the Chronicles of Japan, the Hata clan originated with Yuzuki no kimi (described as Yuzuo in 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (Newly compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility)) who in 284 led people from 120 districts of Paekche in the Korean Peninsula to settle in Japan.
- 『日本書紀』天武天皇4年(675年)11月4日の条には既に、高市皇子より以下、小錦より以上の大夫らに衣、袴、褶、腰帯、脚帯、机、杖を賜う」とある。
- The article of November 29, 675 in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) already mentioned that 'Daifu lower than Prince Takechi and higher than Shokin were given Kinu, Hakama (formal divided skirt for men), Hirami, waistband, Ashiobi, Tsukue and Tsue (stick).'
- 『日本書紀』安閑天皇二年(535)5月に屯倉の大量設置の記事がみられるが、これらの屯倉の名前の多くが、現存する地名と一致し、その実在を確認できる。
- 'Nihon Shoki' contains articles relating to the establishment of numerous miyake (imperially controlled territories) in June 535 but the names of many of these miyake match surviving place names and their existence can be confirmed.
- これらの動きは実証的な歴史研究、すなわち18世紀の荻生徂徠や伊藤東涯らによる政治制度史研究へとつながっていき、あわせて国学へも大きな影響を与えた。
- These movements led to fact-based research of history, or the historical research of political systems by Sorai OGYU and Togai ITO, and affected Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) as well.
- 前者の他氏排斥としては、842年の承和の変において大伴氏・橘氏両氏及び藤原式家を、次いで866年の応天門の変において伴・紀氏両氏を失脚させている。
- As an example of the first method of ejecting other clans, he brought about the downfall of the Otomo and the Tachibana clans, along with the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan, in the Jowa Incident of 842, and then the Tomo and Ki clans in the Otenmon Incident of 866.
- 15世紀ごろからアイ (植物)の栽培と藍染めが由良川沿いを中心に盛んに行われており、1496年、藍染めの布を荘園に納めたとされる記録が残っている。
- The cultivation of indigo plants and indigo dyeing were actively carried out mainly along the Yura-gawa River since the fifteenth century; a record still remains that indigo-dyed fabric was rendered to the manor in 1496.
- 2007年2月1日、東麓遺跡において7世紀前半から中頃のものと見られる建物跡や石垣を発見したと発表され、蘇我氏の邸宅跡ではないかと注目されている。
- It was announced on February 1, 2007 that remains of structures and stone walls, which are estimated to date back from the early to mid-seventh century, were discovered at the Toroku site, and the unearthed objects are drawing attention as possible remains of Soga clan's residence.
- この時期の調査・研究には高野山信仰との関連から小辺路を含む紀伊山地山中の参詣道を捉えなおした村上・山陰2001があり、これには新史料の紹介がある。
- Murakami Sanin 2001' is a report of one of the investigations which were conducted at that time, and it repositioned the pilgrimage roads in the Kii Mountains including Kohechi by their connections with the belief in Mt. Koya (temple), and introduced new historical materials.
- これは郡山藩主本多政勝と高取藩主植村家政が幕命を受けて紀和国境のルートを調査した文書だが、この中には「中道筋」なる名で小辺路がとり上げられている。
- The document was drawn up by the lord of the Koriyama Domain Masakatsu HONDA and the lord of the Takatori Domain Iemasa UEMURA who had investigated the roads of the boundary of Kiwa Province by the order of the shogunate; and it recorded Kohechi in the name of 'Naka-michisuji' (literally 'middle route').
- このことから、書紀が述べるような大改革はこのとき存在しなかったのではないかという説が唱えられ、大化改新論争という日本史学上の一大争点になっている。
- For this reason, some claim that the major reforms which the Chronicles described had not occurred at this time, and this has become an extremely controversial point regarding the history of Japan, referred to as the Taika Reform Dispute.
- 明治2年に京都御所小御所において、玉松操らが和書を代表して『日本書紀』を、東坊城任長(大学頭)らが漢籍を代表して『論語』を講義したのが最古とされる。
- It is said that the oldest Koshohajime was the event in which at Shogosho (Small Palace) of Kyoto Imperial palace 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) was lectured by Misao TAMAMATSU representing Japanese books and 'Rongo' (Analects of Confucius) by Tadanaga HIGASHIBOJO (Daigaku no kami) representing Chinese classic books.
- 結果、和泉国・紀伊国・周防国・長門国・豊前国・石見国の6カ国を領する守護大名となり、李氏朝鮮とも独自の貿易を行うなどして大内氏の最盛期を築き上げた。
- As a result, he became a shugo daimyo with the territories of six provinces, such as Izumi Province, Kii Province, Suo Province, Nagato Province, Buzen Province and Iwami Province, and built the height of the Ouchi clan's prosperity, along with the trading with Yi Dynasty Korea on its own accord.
- 阿倍氏には『日本書紀』などでも外国への使者などに派遣される人物が多く、倉梯麻呂は家柄のみならずそれなりの見識を買われて新政権に参加した可能性が高い。
- Probably Kurahashimaro was invited to join the new administration due to his considerable wisdom rather than just for his family lineage, because many members of the Abe clan were sent to foreign countries as emissaries according to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- 『日本書紀』によれば、執政期間は短くわずか10箇月余りで、清寧天皇5年(484年)11月に死死の表現(実際は「崩御」と表記し、天皇扱いにしている)。
- Acceding to 'Nihonshoki,' the duration of administration was only about ten months and she passed away in November in Emperor Seinei 5 (484) (in fact, she was treated as Emperor, describing it as 'hogyo' [demise].)
- 記紀、隋書倭国伝、祝詞(のりと)などの資料によっても、大化前代の地方族長社会においては、神判制度や宗教からまだ完全には分離しない形での法が存在した。
- According to sources like the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, the Zuisho-wakoku-den (Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty), and Shinto ritual prayers, in the provincial patriarchal society under the pre-Taika era, law existed in a form not yet completely detached from the trial by ordeal system and religion.
- 廃藩置県後の明治4年(1871年)12月19日の第1次府県統合により、桑田郡、船井郡、何鹿郡は京都府に、天田郡、氷上郡、多紀郡は豊岡県に分けられた。
- On December 19, 1871, Kuwada, Funai and Ikaruga Districts were joined to Kyoto prefecture, and Amada, Hikami and Taki Districts became part of Toyooka Prefecture.
- 同様に円大臣についても、『公卿補任』は玉田宿禰の子とするが、『紀氏家牒』には葦田宿禰の子であることを示唆した記述があって、やはり互いに矛盾している。
- Similarly, Tsubura no Okimi is recorded as the son of Tamada no sukune in 'Kugyobunin' (directory of court nobles); however, in 'Kishi Kacho' (Lineage of the Kishi clan), there is a description that suggests that he was the son of Ashita no sukune which reveals an inconsistency between the two records.
- 具体的には、(2) 紀伊山地の文化的景観を形成する記念碑と遺跡は神道と仏教のたぐいまれな融合であり、東アジアにおける宗教文化の交流と発展を例証する。
- Specifically, (2) monuments and sites, which form cultural scenery in Kii Mountain Range, are unusual syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism, while it illustrates the interaction and development of religious culture in the east Asia.
- 武士気質で素朴かつ豪放な芸風で、大名(津軽藩、仙台藩、水戸藩、彦根藩(井伊氏)、紀州藩、広島藩、松山藩、福岡藩、熊本藩(細川氏)等)にも採用された。
- Their performance style was described as 'samurai-fashioned,' 'simple,' and 'dynamic,' and their style was adopted by daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) in many domains such as the Tsugaru Domain, the Sendai Domain, the Mito Domain, the Hikone Domain (the Ii family), the Kishu Domain, the Hiroshima Domain, the Matsuyama Domain, the Fukuoka Domain, and the Kumamoto Domain (the Hosokawa family).
- なお、天武天皇の子女で最後の生存者として叙された多紀内親王以外はいずれも内命婦以上の高位の女性の所生であり、母親の身分も深く関与したと考えられている。
- Since all the children of the Emperor Tenmu, except the Princess Taki who was conferred Ippon as the last existing child of the Emperor Tenmu, were born to mothers who were higher than the rank of the senior court lady; it is supposed that the status of the mothers was deeply related.
- また、『日本後紀』によれば薬子の変の際に、平城上皇に従わなかった妃の朝原内親王・大宅内親王が揃って妃を辞任して上皇の許を去るという出来事も生じている。
- In accordance with 'Nihonkoki' (Later Chronicle of Japan), Imperial Princess Asahara and Imperial Princess Oyake who didn't follow the retired Emperor Heizei at the Kusuko Incident, resigned Hi and left the retired emperor.
- 蘇我氏は大王家(後の天皇家)を凌ぐ権勢を誇り、遂には自身が大王 (ヤマト王権)になろうとしたため、乙巳の変により滅ぼされたと『日本書紀』が伝えている。
- The Soga clan prided reins of power surpassing the great king (the Imperial Family in later years) and he even tried to become the great king (Yamato sovereignty, the ancient Japan sovereignty) so, according to 'Nihonshoki,' (Chronicles of Japan) he was destroyed in the Isshi no hen (the Murder in the Year of Isshi).
- 日本書紀に天武天皇4年(675年)1月に薬や貴重な品が朝廷に献上された記録があることから、それらを伊勢神宮に持参するために彼女らが派遣されたという説。
- The second one is based on the record in the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) that medicines and precious goods were presented to the Imperial court in February 675, so they were sent to the Ise-jingu Shrine to take those presented articles.
- 2千年紀(過去1000年)間の中国での塵の降下頻度の記録から、塵の降下頻度の増加が気温の上昇と逆相関関係にあるという研究があり、この説を裏付けている。
- Research based on dust-falling frequencies in the last 1,000 years (between 1000 to 1999, roughly the last 1,000 years) showed that an increase in the dust-falling frequency was inversely proportional to an increase in the temperature, supporting this theory.
- (3) 紀伊山地の神社と仏教寺院は、それらに関連する宗教儀式とともに、1000年以上にわたる日本の宗教文化の発展に関するひときわ優れた証拠性を有する。
- (3) The shrines and Buddhist temples in Kii Mountain Range, together with their associated religious rites, are regarded as particularly excellent evidence on the development of Japanese religious culture over 1000 years.
- 7世紀には、飛鳥は古代日本の政治と文化の中心地となり、都市機能の整備が行われるなど、宮都の様相を呈していたので、「飛鳥京」とも呼ばれていた(『紀』)。
- In the seventh century, Asuka became a central place of politics and culture in ancient Japan, and it is called 'Asuka no miyako' as it took on the character of a capital with city functions developed ('Ki' [also known as 'Nihonshoki,' or Chronicles of Japan]).
- 以上のような名田を中心とする収取体制(これを名体制または名田制という)は、11世紀~12世紀以降、一円化して領域制を高めつつあった荘園にも導入された。
- The taxation system centered on the myoden (known as the myotai or myoden system) was also introduced to shoen (manors in medieval Japan) that were expanding their areas of control since the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
- 推定没年:『古事記』には丁未4月9日 (旧暦)(527年5月26日)、『日本書紀』には辛亥2月7日(531年3月10日)または甲寅(534年)とされる。
- Estimated year of death: May 26, 527 in 'Kojiki' and March 10, 531 or 534 in 'Nihonshoki'.
- 『日本書紀』によれば506年に武烈天皇が後嗣定めずして崩御したため、連(おおむらじ)・大伴金村らは越前に赴いて男大迹王を大王 (ヤマト王権)に推戴した。
- According to 'Nihonshoki', Emperor Buretsu passed away in 506 without designating his inheritor, so OTOMO no Kanamura, Omuraji (the most powerful of Muraji [one of the highest family names]) and others went to Echizen Province to have Odo no Okimi preside as the great king of the Yamato sovereignty.
- さらに進んで1990年代には、高坂王は事前に大海人皇子と謀議を結んでおり、駅鈴を求めるというのは連絡の口実か、書紀編者の創作にすぎないとする説も現れた。
- In 1990's, a new theory saying that Takasaka no Okimi agreed to the plot with Prince Oama preliminary and demanding ekirei was just excuse for contact or this was a creation of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) editor appeared.
- 『日本書紀』によると、男性と経験を持ったのは生涯1度だけであったという(格別に記紀には何も書かれてないがもしかしたら男勝りな性格だったのかも知れない)。
- According to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), she is said to have experienced only one sex with a man in her life (Especially in 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan' nothing is written, but maybe she had a masculine character).
- このような異表記が見られるということは、かつては「上宮記」以外にも継体の出自系譜を伝える史料が存在した可能性(例えば『日本書紀』の系図)を示唆している。
- Since there were different writing expressions used for one person in historical books, we can also consider that there were possible historical materials which existed to support the origins of the family tree chart for the Emperor Keitai, other than the 'Joguki' (For example, family tree charts of 'Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]).
- 山背大兄王(やましろのおおえのおう、生年不詳 - 皇極天皇2年11月11日 (旧暦)(643年12月30日))は、『日本書紀』によれば7世紀前半の皇族。
- Prince Yamashiro no oe (year of birth unknown - December 30, 643) was a member of the Imperial family in the early seventh century according to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- しかし、『日本書紀』のこの事件に関する記事に皇子の名がみえないこと、また皇子に賞与などが与えられた形跡がみえないことから、史実ではないとする見方もある。
- Nevertheless, since his name could not be found in the article about this affair in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), and since there was no evidence that an award was granted to him, some say this is not a historical fact.
- 律令法は、奈良・平安両時代を通じて国家の基本法であることに変りはなかったが、 10世紀の『延喜式』の制定公布の時代前後を境として、重要な変化がみられた。
- Ritsuryo law remained the basic national law throughout the Nara and Heian periods, but important changes occurred around the time when 'Engishiki' (a book of laws and regulations compiled during the Engi era) was established and issued in the tenth century.
- さらに、明治9年(1876年)8月21日の第2次府県統合により豊岡県は廃止され、天田郡が京都府に、氷上郡、多紀郡の二郡が兵庫県に編入されることとなった。
- Furthermore, on August 21, 1876, in the second prefectural consolidation, Toyooka Prefecture was dissolved, and Amada District was annexed to Kyoto Prefecture while Hikami and Taki Districts were annexed to Hyogo prefecture.
- 平氏の知行国も平家貞が筑後守、藤原能盛が壱岐守・安芸守、源為長が紀伊守となるなど、一門だけでなく郎等にも及びその経済基盤も他から抜きん出たものとなった。
- And the power of the Taira clan was even greater still when one factors in the economic base they had to draw upon over and above the ample resources of the immediate family, the chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) they controlled indirectly through their retainers, including TAIRA no Iesada's appointment as governor of Chikugo Province, FUJIWARA no Yoshimori as governor of both Iki and Aki, and MINAMOTO no Tamenaga as governor of Iyo Province.
- さらに吉野山・高野山から熊野三山にかけての霊場と参詣道が2004年7月、『紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道』として国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界遺産に登録された。
- Sacred sites and pilgrimage routes spreading from Mt. Yoshino and Mt. Koya to Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano Hongu-taisha Shrine, Kumano Hayatama-taisha Shrine and Kumano Nachi-taisha Shrine) were also registered as a World Heritage site as 'Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range' in July 2004 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
- 熊野古道(特に紀伊路、中辺路)には大阪の基点であった淀川河口の渡辺津(窪津、九品津)から熊野三山までに100近くの熊野権現を祭祀した九十九王子があった。
- In Kumanokodo Road (especially in Kiiji route and in Nakahechi), there was Kujuku Oji, where nearly 100 Kumano Gongen were worshipped, extending from Watanabe-no-tsu (Kubotsu, Kubotsu) at the mouth of Yodogawa-river, the base of Osaka to Kumano Sanzan.
- 現在、親王妃は皇太子妃を含めて、徳仁親王妃雅子(皇太子妃)、文仁親王妃紀子、正仁親王妃華子、崇仁親王妃百合子、寛仁親王妃信子、憲仁親王妃久子の6名である。
- At present there are six Shinnohi including the crown princess; the Princess Masako, the wife of the Imperial Prince Naruhito (the crown princess), the Princess Kiko, the wife of the Imperial Prince Fumihito, the Princess Hanako, the wife of the Imperial Prince Masahito, the Princess Yuriko, the wife of the Imperial Prince Takahito, the Princess Nobuko, the wife of the Imperial Prince Tomohito and the Princess Hisako, the wife of the Imperial Prince Norihito.
- 紀元前88年には、四道将軍の一人、大彦命がきいた童歌から武埴安彦命の反乱を予言したうえ、彼の妻吾田媛と二手に分かれて攻めてくるとも予言し、的中させている。
- In 88 B.C., she predicted the revolt of Takehaniyasuhiko no Mikoto from an old children's song that Obiko no Mikoto who was one of the Shido-shogun (Generals Dispatched to Four Circuits) had heard; furthermore, she also made a prediction which came true that divided into two groups with his wife, Ata hime Takehaniyasuhiko no Mikoto would make an attack.
- 記紀によると、先代の武烈天皇に後嗣がなかったため、越前(近江国とも)から「応神天皇5世の孫」である継体天皇が迎えられ、群臣の要請に従って即位したとされる。
- According to Kiki (Kojiki and Nihonshoki), Emperor Keitai, 'the fifth generation descendant of Emperor Ojin' was received from Echizen Province (or Omi Province) and took the throne in conformity with the request of a crowd of his subjects because the late Emperor Buretsu did not have an inheritor.
- このうち「済」、「興」、「武」については研究者間でほぼ一致を見ているが、「讃」と「珍」については「宋書」と「記紀」の伝承に食い違いがあるため未確定である。
- Researchers have nearly reached consensus on the identification of 'Sai', 'Ko' and 'Bu' in the above theory, but 'San' and 'Chin' are yet to be confirmed due to discrepancy between the traditions written in Sungshu (Book of the Sung dynasty) and Kiki (Kojiki [Record of Ancient Matter] and Nihonshoki).
- 多紀連山(たきれんざん)は、京都府から篠山市、丹波市にかけて高い岸壁状に連なる500m~700mの山々の総称で、旧多紀郡にちなみ多紀アルプスとも呼ばれる。
- Taki mountain range is the generic name for the mountains extending from Kyoto Prefecture to Sasayama City and Tanba City in the shape of high quay wall, which are 500 meters to 700 meters high; it is also called the Taki Alps after former Taki County.
- このことから、襲津彦は特定の実在人物ではなく、4・5世紀に対朝鮮外交や軍事に携わった葛城地方の豪族たちの姿が象徴・伝説化された英雄であったと見る説もある。
- For these reasons, some theories view that he was a fictious hero figure that was symbolized and turned into a legend by the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Kazuraki region, who were invloved in diplomacy with Korea, and military affiars during the 4th and 5th century.
- 古墳時代の4世紀中頃には、網野町に日本海側最大の前方後円墳である網野銚子山古墳(全長198メートル)、丹後町に神明山古墳(全長190メートル)が築かれた。
- Around the middle of the fourth century, in the Kofun period (tumulus period), the largest keyhole-shaped tomb mound on the Japan Sea side, Aminochoshiyama-kofun Tumulus (198 meter in entire length) was established in Amino-cho and Shinmeiyama-kofun Tumulus (190 meter in entire length) in Tango-cho.
- 確実な参詣の記録として最古のものは16世紀にさかのぼり、伊予国の武将土居清良が戦死した父の菩提を弔うために高野山を経て熊野三山に参詣したとするものである。
- The oldest reliable record of pilgrimage to Kumano dates to the 16th century, according to it, Kiyoyoshi DOI, a samurai of Iyo Province, visited Kumano Sanzan after visiting Mt. Koya to perform a memorial service for his father who had died in a battle.
- 尾張家・紀州家から見ると、極官の官位が低く(他のニ家は大納言だが、水戸家は権中納言)、石高が低いことなどから一段格下の家柄というのが世間一般の認識ではある。
- The Mito family's kyokkan (the highest rank one could be appointed in his lineage) in the Imperial Court rank system is lower than those of the Owari family and Kishu family (those of these two families were Dainagon [the Chief Councilor of State], while that of the Mito family was Gon Chunagon [the provisional Vice-Councilor of State]), and the kokudaka of the Mito family was lower than those of these two families; therefore, it is generally considered that its social status was lower by one rank than those of the other two families.
- 欽明天皇治世(540年 - 571年)には戊午の干支年が存在しないため、最も近い戊午年である538年(書紀によれば宣化天皇3年)が有力と考えられている。)。
- During the reign of Emperor Kinmei (540-571), since there was no year of the horse (the Oriental zodiac), 538, the year closest to his period of reign, is often considered when Buddhism was introduced to Japan.
- この相違の背景には、血縁関係が薄い(→継体天皇参照)次代の継体天皇の即位を正当化する意図が『書紀』側にあり、武烈天皇を暴君に仕立てたとする説が一般的である。
- The general explanation behind these differences is, that Emperor Buretsu was passed off as a tyrant in 'Shoki' with the intention to justify the enthronement of the next era's Emperor, Keitai, who was only distantly related (see Emperor Keitai).
- 宿禰(足尼とも書く)の称号は4世紀から6世紀にかけて、しばしば(王族ではない)有力豪族の名に下接して使われていた(例:野見宿禰・武内宿禰・多加利足尼など)。
- The title Sukune (which was written as '宿禰' or '足尼' in Japanese) was, particularly from the fourth century to the sixth, often added after the name of influential gozoku (local ruling families, who are not related to the royal family) (e.g., NOMI no Sukune, TAKENOUCHI no Sukune, TAKARI no Sukune and so on).
- 祥子の弟徳川義恭の親友だった三島由紀夫は17歳の頃、祥子に片思いしていた経験に基づいて短篇小説『玉刻春』を書き、『輔仁会雑誌』168号に発表したことがある。
- Yukio MISHIMA, who was a close friend of Sachiko's younger brother Yoshiyasu TOKUGAWA, wrote a short novel 'Gyokukokushun' based on his one-sided love of Shoko and published it in 'Hojinkai-zasshi' No. 186.
- 寄進地系荘園は、延久の荘園整理令が発せられた11世紀後半から全国各地へ本格的に広まってゆき、平安時代末期にあたる12世紀中葉から後期にかけて最盛期を迎えた。
- The donated-type of shoen (manor) began to spread nationwide after the late eleventh century when Enkyu Manor Regulation Acts was promulgated and culminated from the middle of twelfth century, the late Heian period, to the late of twelfth century.
- 「サムライ」は16世紀になって登場した比較的新しい語形であり、鎌倉時代から室町時代にかけては「サブライ」、平安時代には「サブラヒ」とそれぞれ発音されていた。
- 'Samurai' is a fairly recent pronunciation that arose in the sixteenth century; before that, it was pronounced 'saburai' from the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period and 'saburahi' in the Heian period.
- 6世紀の氏姓制度成立以前において、「葛城」が本来的なウヂ名として存在したかについては疑問があり、ここでは従来の「葛城氏」の呼称を用いて便宜を図ることとする。
- Although it is doubtful whether the clan name 'Katsuraki' actually existed before the establishment of the system of clans and hereditary titles, this clan name is employed here for the sake of convenience.
- しかし「沙至比跪」の逸話が史実と見なせるかには疑問の余地があり、これを考慮すると、『書紀』の襲津彦像は総じて没個性的で、各々の記事間にも脈絡がほとんどない。
- However, there is controversy as to whether the legend of 'Hisachiku' can be thought of a historical fact; if we take this into account, Sotsuhiko described in 'Nihonshoki' seems overall to be lacking in personality and articles referring to him do not seem to show coherence in their descriptions.
- その後、、大久保利通は暗殺され(紀尾井坂の変)、前年の西南戦争のさなかに木戸孝允も病没した為、明治新政府は、伊藤博文、大隈重信を中心に運営されることとなる。
- Due to the facts that Toshimichi OKUBO was subsequently assassinated (during the Kioizaka Incident) and Takayoshi KIDO died of illness in the midst of the Seinan War a year earlier, Hirobumi ITO and Shigenobu OKUMA became the central figures in running the Meiji Government.
- 別名として、小泊瀬稚鷦鷯尊(をはつせのわかさざきのみこと)、小泊瀬稚鷦鷯皇(をはつせのわかさざきのすめらみこと)(日本書紀より)、小長谷若雀命(古事記より)。
- He was also known as Ohatsuse no Wakasazaki no Mikoto, Ohatsuse no Wakazaki no Sumera Mikoto (according to 'Nihonshoki', Chronicles of Japan) and Ohatsuse no Wakazaki no Mikoto (according to 'Kojiki', Records of Ancient Matters).
- 飯豊青皇女(いいとよあおのひめみこ、允恭天皇29年(440年)? - 清寧天皇5年(484年)11月 (旧暦)?)は、記紀に伝えられる5世紀末の皇族(王族)。
- Iitoyo no himemiko (440? - 484) was one of Imperial family (the royal family) during the end of fifth century, according to 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan.'
- 『日本書紀』などに由来が求められるが、金石文としては天武天皇の時代に改葬された船王後の墓誌に、船王後が舒明天皇より勅によって位を与えられたことが記載されている。
- After seeking its origin through 'Nihon Shoki' and other history books, it is found that Kinsekibun (words written on metal or stones) is used at the epitaph of Funeno Ogo, who was reburied in the Emperor Tenmu era, saying Funeno Ogo is granted the post by the Choku of the Emperor Jomei.
- この結果、10世紀後半の貴族社会において、承平天慶の乱の勲功者とその子孫たちは軍事に特化した家系、すなわち兵の家(つわもののいえ)として認知されるようになった。
- As a result, in aristocratic society of the later half of the 10th century, Johei Tengyo kunkosha and their descendants became known as families specialized in military affairs called tsuwamono-no-ie.
- 同じ大正7年、隣接する紀伊郡上鳥羽村大字上鳥羽の一部が下京区に編入され、「西九条」を冠称する6町(南田町、菅田町、大国町、豊田町、高畠町、唐戸町)に編成された。
- In the same year, a part of Oaza Kamitoba, Kamitoba village, Kii County, which was adjacent to Ouchi village, joined the then Shimogyo Ward and was reorganized into six towns prefixed by 'Nishikujo' (Nishikujo Nanden-cho, Nishikujo Sugata-cho, Nishikujo Okuni-cho, Nishikujo Toyoda-cho, Nishikujo Takahata-cho and Nishikujo Karato-cho).
- この紀元節は、1948年(昭和23年)に制定された「祝日に関する法律」附則2項で、「休日ニ關スル件」(昭和2年勅令第25号)が廃止されたことに伴い、廃止された。
- This Kigensetsu was abolished, with the abolishment of 'matters related to national holidays' (imperial edict No. 25, 1927) under Article 2 of the supplementary provisions of 'the law of Holidays of People' enacted in 1948.
- 大同 (日本)3年(808年)に東山道観察使に任ぜられた藤原緒嗣が6月1日・21日・12月17日の3度にわたって上表して辞任を許可されなかった(『日本後紀』)例。
- In 808, when FUJIWARA no Otsugu was appointed as the Tosando Road Supervisor, he handed Johyo three times on June 1, 21 and December 17 but his request of refusal was not accepted ('Nihonkoki' [Later Chronicle of Japan]).
- 『日本書紀』には、天智天皇7年(668年)7月に栗前王が筑紫率、8年(669年)正月に蘇我赤兄が筑紫率、10年(671年)5月に栗隈王が筑紫帥に任命されたとある。
- According to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), Kurikuma no Okimi (栗前王) was appointed to Tsukushi no Kami in August 668, SOGA no Akae to the same rank in February 669, and Kurikuma no Okimi (栗隈王) to Tsukushi no Sotsu in June 671.
- しかし、旧勢力の抵抗は止むことなく、河内・紀伊の守護で三管領のひとつ畠山氏の畠山高政、南近江の半国守護で細川晴元の従兄弟の六角義賢らは反三好の兵を起こすなどした。
- However, the resistance from the old power did not stop, and Takamasa HATAKEYAMA, one of sankanrei (three families in the post of kanrei, or shogunal deputy) and Yoshikata ROKKAKU, the hankoku shugo (military governor in charge of the half area of the province) and male cousin of Harumoto HOSOKAWA raised rebellion against Miyoshi.
- 鈴木氏は紀ノ川対岸の雑賀荘(現在の和歌山市街周辺)を中心に周辺の荘園の土豪たちが結集してつくっていた雑賀衆の有力な家系のひとつで、十ヶ郷の指導者的な立場にあった。
- The Suzuki clan was one of the powerful family lines of Saigashu, formed centering the Saiga-so estate (present periphery of the urban area of Wakayama City) by the local clans of the shoen (manor in medieval Japan) in the vicinity of, and it was in the position of the leader of the Jikkago area.
- 寛平・延喜年間(9世紀末期-10世紀初期)になると、板東において、中央へ進納する官物を強奪するといった「群盗蜂起」が頻発した(しゅう馬の党・寛平・延喜東国の乱)。
- In the Kanbyo-Engi period (from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century), there were frequent 'outbreaks of banditry' (Shuba-no-to and Kanbyo-Engi-Togoku-no-ran (disturbances by banditry in Togoku during the period between Kanbyo and Engi)) in which Bando were robbed of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) to be offered to the central government.
- その後、唐僧維躅(ゆいけん)の書に見える「二十年一来」(20年に1度)の朝貢が8世紀ごろまでに規定化され、およそ十数年から二十数年の間隔で遣唐使の派遣が行われた。
- After that, a rule was made before the eighth century for an emperor to send a mission once every 20 years as described in the book written by the Tang priest Yuiken and a mission was sent approximately every dozen to two dozen years.
- また、それら文化財自体の地震などへの耐震性についても、現在の基準で判断すると問題のある建物も相当数あるが、解体修理は世紀単位で一度しかできず、莫大な費用を要する。
- When judging the earthquake resistance of those cultural properties in accordance with current standards, there are many buildings that fail but dismantling and repair can only be conducted once every century and requires enormous amounts of money.
- 近世以前の小辺路は紀伊山地山中の住人の生活道路であり、20世紀になって山中に自動車の通行できる道路が開通してからも、おおよそ昭和30年代までは使用され続けていた。
- Since before the early-modern period, Kohechi had been a community road for the residents in the Kii Mountains, and even after a new roadway was constructed through the mountain in the 20th century, it had been still used as a local road until about the 30's of the Showa era.
- 『日本書紀』によれば、継体天皇21年(527年)に起きた磐井の乱に際して、筑紫君磐井の征討を命じられた物部麁鹿火に、継体天皇が刀を授けたことが、節刀の初めとされる。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' Setto had begun when the Emperor Keitai granted the sword to MONONOBE no Arakahi who was assigned to conquer Tsukushinokimiiwai in the Iwai War occurred in 527.
- 江戸時代には、大名家及び仙台藩士の他に旗本(駿河伊達氏系)、紀州藩士(駿河伊達氏系)、津山藩士(駿河伊達氏系)、久保田藩士(国分盛重の系統)にも伊達氏が確認できる。
- During the Edo Period, in addition to daimyo and a feudal retainer of Sendai Domain, the Date clan also served as hatamoto (the Suruga-Date clan line), a feudal retainer of Kishu Domain (the Suruga-Date clan line), a feudal retainer of Tsuyama Domain (Suruga-Date clan line) and a feudal retainer of Kubota Domain (descendants of Morishige KOKUBUN).
- 13世紀の頃、足利義氏 (足利家3代目当主)の長男・長氏が三河国碧海郡吉良荘(現・愛知県西尾市・幡豆郡)を本拠としたのを契機に、「吉良」を名乗りとしたことに始まる。
- It originated from around the13th century, the first son of Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA (the third family head of the Ashikaga family), Osauji established his home base in Kiranosho, Aomi County, Mikawa Province (present Nishio City and Hazu County, Aichi Prefecture), then commenced calling himself, 'Kira.'
- 以降尊義の東条吉良氏と、西条に勢力を限定された満貞の西条吉良氏とは、互いに正統性を主張しあって譲らず、両者の子孫が約一世紀に渡って三河一国を舞台に抗争を繰り広げた。
- After this incident, the Takayoshi's family line of the Tojokira clan and the Saijokira clan, which had limited power over the Saijo, persisted on the legitimacy of their respective clans, the conflict continued for over a century staged upon Mikawa Province between the descendents of the two.
- 『日本書紀』には、天智天皇は実弟・大海人皇子を東宮(皇太子)に任じていたが、天智天皇は我が子可愛さの余り、弟との約束を破って大友皇子を皇太子と定めたと記されている。
- According to 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), Emperor Tenchi nominated his own younger brother, Prince Oama, to Togu (the Crown Prince); however, having doted so much on his own son, Emperor Tenchi broke the promise with his brother and appointed his son, Prince Otomo, to the Crown Prince.
- また、421年の讃、436年の珍、443年の済という三人の遣使に対し、『日本書紀』のこの期間に該当する天皇は、411年から453年まで在位したとする允恭1人である。
- While Chinese history books say that envoys were sent by San in 421, Chin in 436 and Sai in 443, we can find, in 'Nihonshoki', only one Emperor whose reign falls into this period which is Ingyo who was in power from 411 to 453.
- 倭の五王(わのごおう)とは、5世紀に、南北朝時代 (中国)の東晋や宋 (南朝)に朝貢して「倭国王」などに冊封された倭国の五人の王、すなわち讃、珍、済、興、武をいう。
- The five kings of Wa refer to San (讃), Chin (珍), Sai (済), Ko (興) and Bu (武) who paid tribute to the Eastern Jin and Song (Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China) in 5th century and received sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as 'King of Wa'.
- 名は大雀命(おほさざきのみこと)(『古事記』)、大鷦鷯尊(おほさざきのみこと)大鷦鷯天皇(おほさざきのすめらみこと)・聖帝(『日本書紀』)・難波天皇(『万葉集』)。
- His names include Osasagi no mikoto ('Kojiki'), Osazaki no mikoto, Osazaki no Sumeramikoto, Holy Emperor ('Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]), and Emperor Nanba ('Manyoshu' [the oldest anthology of tanka]).
- 「続日本紀」にある元明天皇譲位の際の詔には「天の縦せる寛仁、沈静婉レンにして、華夏載せ佇り」とあり「慈悲深く落ち着いた人柄であり、あでやかで美しい」と記されている。
- In an imperial edict issued at the time of her mother Empress Genmei's abdication as recorded in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicles of Japan Continued), she was described as being gracious, calm, glamorous and beautiful.
- 一般的に平氏政権は12世紀中期から段階的に成立したのであり、仁安2年5月宣旨を大きな画期としつつ、治承三年の政変により平氏政権の成立が完了したものと考えられている。
- In general, the Taira clan administration was established in steps from the middle of the 12th century, and although the May 1167 Imperial Order was a major event, the coup d'etat in 1179 is considered to indicate the completion of the establishment of the Taira clan administration.
- また、紀州の雑賀衆にすぎない土橋重治ですら、光秀に対して信長討伐の協力を申し出ていることから、毛利氏が本能寺の変を知っていたとしても不思議ではないとする考えもある。
- Also, some considers that, even Shigeharu TSUCHIHASHI, who was a mere dogo in Saiga, Kishu, offered Mitsuhide cooperation to overthrow Nobunaga, it is not strange that the Mori clan knew above Honnoji Incident.
- 下野国一之宮名神大社であった宇都宮二荒山神社座主および日光別当職等を務め、紀氏清原氏両党を率い22代・500年に亘って下野国、さらには日本国土の治安維持を司った名家。
- Serving as the head priest of the Utsunomiya Futaarayama-jinja Shrine which was ranked as Ichinomiya and Myojin-taisha Shrine in Shimotsuke Province and Nikko Betto shoku (head administrator of a temple in Nikko), the Utsunomiya clan was an important family that led both the Ki clan and the Kiyohara clan and maintained security in Shimotsuke Province as well as Japan for 22 consecutive generations for 500 years.
- 徳道上人が中山寺に宝印を納めてから約270年後、花山天皇が紀州国の那智山で参籠していた折、熊野権現が姿を現し上人が定めた三十三の観音霊場を再興するように託宣を受ける。
- Two hundred and seventy years after the Saint Tokudo's placement of the hoin at the Nakayama-dera Temple, when Emperor Kazan confined himself to the Mt. Nachi in Kishu Province for meditation, Kumano Gongen (the deity of the three grand shrines of Kumano) appeared in front of Emperor Kazan and gave an oracle to him that said he must revitalize the thirty-three holy places of Kannon that Saint Tokudo had designated.
- 区の大部分は明治35年(1902年)、大正7年(1918年)、及び昭和6年(1931年)、旧葛野郡(かどのぐん)及び紀伊郡の村から当時の下京区に編入された区域である。
- Most of its areas were villages in the former Counties of Kadono and Kii, which were then transferred to the former Shimogyo Ward in 1902, 1918 and 1931.
- 1931年(昭和6年)4月1日 - 伏見市、紀伊郡深草町、下鳥羽村、横大路村、納所村、堀内村、向島村、竹田村、宇治郡醍醐村の1市1町7村が京都市と合併し、伏見区が誕生
- April 1, 1931: Fushimi Ward was founded through a merger of a city, a town, and seven villages--Fushimi City, Fukakusa-cho, Shimotoba-mura, Yokooji-mura, Noso-mura, Horiuchi-mura, Mukaijima-mura, Takeda-mura of Kii-gun, and Daigo-mura of Uji-gun--into Kyoto City.
- 熊野古道の中では、起点から熊野本宮大社までを最短距離(約70キロメートル)で結び、奥高野から果無山脈にかけての紀伊山地西部の東西方向に走向する地質構造を縦断してゆく。
- It is the shortest route among Kumano-kodo, the distance from the starting point to Kumano Hongu-taisha Shrine is about 70 kilometers, and it goes over the geologically unique area from Okukoya to the Hatenashi Mountain Range which rises from the east to the west in the western part of the Kii Mountains.
- 一部国粋主義者は三笠宮がこうした決議を行おうとしていた事を知って憤慨して、1959年に「紀元節奉祝建国祭大会」に参加した右翼構成員が宮邸に乱入する事件を起こしている。
- Some nationalists got angry to know that Mikasanomiya had such intention for the resolution and right-wing group members who participated in 'International festival for cerebrating Kigensetsu' caused a scandal by intruding into the imperial palace in 1959.
- 皇子を憐れんで祖母・皇極天皇は皇子をとても可愛がったと日本書紀に記載されており、「萬歳千秋の後に、要ず朕が陵に合せ葬れ」と言い、自分が崩御した際一緒に合葬せよと命じた。
- According to the Nihonshoki, feeling pity towards the prince, his grandmother, the Empress Kogyoku, doted so fondly on him that she ordered at the time of her demise to bury him together with her, saying that 'even after a long period of time, be certain to bury him together with me in my tomb.'
- 大王家の出自については、弥生時代の邪馬台国の卑弥呼の系統を大王家の祖先とする説、大王家祖先の王朝は4世紀に成立したとする説、など多くの説が提出されており定まっていない。
- As for the origin of the Great King's family, there were several theories, such as having the lineage of Himiko of Yamataikoku (Yamatai Kingdom) in the Yayoi period as the King's ancestors, the dynasty of the King's ancestor was established in the fourth century, and onwards.
- これを検討すると、河内国太秦には弥生中期頃の高地性集落(太秦遺跡)が確認されており、付近の古墳群からは5~6世紀にかけての渡来人関係の遺物が出土(太秦古墳群)している。
- A fortified hilltop settlement dating from the middle of the Yayoi period was found in the Uzumasa in Kawachi Province (the Uzumasa site), and artifacts of the fifth to sixth centuries relating to Toraijin (the Chinese and Koreans who settled in Japan in the fourth to seventh centuries), have been excavated (from a cluster of nearby burial mounds).
- 多紀連山は、平安時代末期から中世にかけて修験道行場として栄えたが、1482年(文明 (日本)14年)に大峰山(大和修験道)の僧兵の来襲により、寺院はことごとく焼失した。
- Taki mountain range prospered as the practice place of the mountaineering asceticism from the end of Heian period to the Medieval period, but in 1482, all the temples there were burned to ashes in the attack by armed priests from Mt. Omine (Yamato Shugendo [the ascetic and shamanistic practice in Mt. Omine]).
- 律令制が確立した当初において、政治意思決定に天皇が占める位置は絶対的なものとされていたが、9世紀ごろから貴族層が実質的な政治意思決定権を次第に掌握するようになっていった。
- At the beginning of the time when the Ritsuryo system was established, the position of the Emperor in the political decision making was to be unquestioned but from around the ninth century, the noble hierarchy gradually started to have the right of decision making.
- これらのことから、「ワケ」(別・和気・和希などと表記)の称を有する名は4世紀から5世紀にかけて皇族・地方豪族の区別なく存在し、ごく普遍的に用いられた名であることが分かる。
- From these considerations, names having the term 'wake' (written in several ways by Chinese characters) existed from fourth to fifth century irrespective of Imperial family or local ruling families, showing that this was a name used universally.
- 4世紀後半からヤマト王権は、武器・農具の原料である鉄資源を求めて朝鮮半島への進出を開始したが、これを契機として朝鮮半島や中国の技術・文物が倭国へ多く流入することとなった。
- Starting in the latter half of the fourth century, the Yamato sovereignty began to advance into the Korean peninsula, seeking iron that was needed for making weapons and farm tools, causing many technologies and cultural products in the Korean peninsular and China to be introduced to Wa.
- 尾張家の連枝・高須藩、紀州家の連枝・西条藩、水戸家の連枝・高松藩など、いずれも松平姓の諸藩である(なお、御三家も当主及び世子のみが徳川姓を許され、それ以外は松平姓である)。
- Takasu, Saijo and Takamatsu Domains were renshi of the Owari, Kishu and Mito families, respectively, and their family names were all Matsudaira; even in Gosanke, only the family heads and their heirs were privileged to use the name of Tokugawa as the names of others were Matsudaira.
- 『続日本紀』に「誣告」と記載されていることから、同書が成立した平安時代初期の朝廷日本の朝廷内では、長屋王が無実の罪を着せられたことが公然の事実となっていたと想定されている。
- Since the words 'false accusation' appeared in 'Shoku Nihongi', it is considered that it was an open secret in the imperial court in the early Heian period in which the chronicle was composed, that Prince Nagaya was falsely charged.
- 合一が行われるものの、両統迭立の約束が守られることはなく持明院統の皇統が続いたため、南朝の遺臣たちによる皇位の回復を目指しての反抗が15世紀半ばまで続き、後南朝と呼ばれる。
- After the unification was completed, however, the promise to uphold the alternate succession was broken and the Jimyoin lineage continued to monopolize Imperial succession, and consequently former Southern Court retainers continued their resistance, in their attempts to restore their own lineage to the Imperial throne, into the middle of the fifteenth century, and were later dubbed 'gonancho' (ex-Southern Court forces).
- 日本書紀皇極天皇三年(644年)3月の項に、軽皇子が朝参しなかった時、その宮に侍泊した中臣鎌子に寵妃阿倍氏をつかわして世話をさせたとあり、寵妃阿倍氏は小足媛と考えられている。
- There is a description in the section of March, 644 of Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), which is the Prince Karu made his favorite mistress, of the Abe clan to look after NAKATOMI no Kamako, who stayed the palace when the Prince Karu did not go to the Imperial Court; it is believed that this favorite mistress, of the Abe clan was Otarashihime.
- この後幕府は、17世紀中葉までに、武家諸法度の発布や参勤交代の義務化、有力大名の改易などを通して、諸大名との主従制を確固たるものとし、朝廷統制を強め、幕府官僚機構を整備した。
- After this, the bakufu solidified the master-servant relationship with each daimyo by around the middle of 17th century, through enacting Buke shohatto (laws for the military households), making Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) obligatory, and conducting Kaieki operations (forfeiting the rank of samurai and properties) for powerful daimyo, strengthened control of the Imperial Court, and established its government officer system.
- こうした事情は武士の発生時期から数世紀下る17世紀初頭の日葡辞書に、「さむらい」は貴人を意味し、「ぶし」は軍人を意味すると区別して記載されていることにもその一端が現れている。
- We can see a part of these situations in the description, where distinctively, 'samurai' refers to nobility and 'bushi' a military officer, in the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603-1604) during the early 17th century, some centuries after the time of bushi's emergence.
- 瀬戸内海の海流は満潮時に豊後水道や紀伊水道から瀬戸内海に流れ込み瀬戸内海のほぼ中央に位置する鞆の浦沖でぶつかり、逆に干潮時には鞆の浦沖を境にして東西に分かれて流れ出してゆく。
- At high tide, the ocean currents from the Bungo-suido Channel and the Kii-suido Channel flow into the Seto Inland Sea, where they collide off the coast of Tomonoura (located roughly in the center of the Seto Inland Sea); at low tide, however, they flow away from each other, with the current from the Kii-suido Channel flowing to the east and that from the Bungo-suido Channel flowing to the west and the coast of Tomonoura serving as a kind of central border.
- 『記紀』には、景行天皇四十年(110年)に日本武尊が、大和国(現在の奈良県)の息吹山の神(豪族の長?)を素手で倒そうと、草薙剣を持たずに、素手で山に入ったことが記されている。
- Both 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki' mention a story where Yamatotakeru no Mikoto entered Mt. Ibuki in Yamato Province (present-day Nara Prefecture) without the Kusanagi no Tsurugi (Sword of Kusanagi) in 110, in order to defeat the god of Mt. Ibuki (this god is thought to have been a local magnate) with his bare hands.
- なお、現代の磯を見慣れている人には「磯焼け」が常態であるのでこの言葉に実感はないが、半世紀前の人々が普通に見た磯(水中)は、岩などが見えないほど海草が生い茂っていたのである。
- Although 'shore-burning' is the normal condition for those who are used to seeing the present rocky shores and they can not get a real sense of that term, half a century ago, people commonly saw rocky shores under water which were so densely covered with marine plants that rocks were not visible.
- 15世紀後半に入ると、第8代門主となった蓮如の活動によって本願寺教団は日本全国へと広がるが、1465年に大谷本願寺を破却されて門主は越前の吉崎、ついで京都郊外の山科区に移った。
- Early in the latter half of the fifteenth century, the Honganji Buddhist sect expanded across Japan through the activities of Rennyo, who became the eighth-generation monshu (chief priest); however, in 1465 the monshu was expelled from Otani Honganji Temple and moved to Yoshizaki, in Echizen, then to the Yamashina ward in the suburbs of Kyoto.
- 雑賀衆のほかの土豪たちと同様、鉄砲伝来から間もない早い時期に鉄砲を使った戦術を取り入れ、16世紀の半ばには鉄砲で武装したある程度の規模の傭兵的集団として活動していたようである。
- Same as the other local clans of Saigashu, the clan adopted guns in its fighting tactics shortly after the arrival of guns to Japan, and by the mid-16th century the clan seems to have been active as a certain sized mercenary force equipped with guns.
- 何れが原伝承かの判断は分かれるが、少なくとも『古事記』と『日本書紀』とでは、武烈天皇の伝承にかなりの食い違いが見られており、武烈天皇自身が実在したかどうかについても疑問が残る。
- Which of them is the original legend is not determined, but at least in 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki' there is obviously quite a discrepancy in the tale of Emperor Buretsu, still doubts remain if he actually existed.
- 『日本書紀』には、物部麁鹿火の娘の影媛(かげひめ)をめぐって、平群臣鮪(へぐりのおみしび)と歌垣で争ったことが記され、それに敗れた太子は大伴金村に命じて鮪を討ち取らせたという。
- In 'Nihonshoki' the Crown Prince competed against HEGURI no Omi Shibi at a poetry reading party over Kagehime, daughter of MONONOBE no Arakahi and when he was defeated he ordered Kanamaru to kill Shibi.
- 摂関政治が確立し始めた9世紀後期から10世紀初頭にかけては、国外へは鎖国主義を採り、国内でも蝦夷侵略がほぼ終結するなど、国内外に大きな脅威がなくなり、国政も安定期に入っていた。
- In the period from the late ninth century to the beginning of the tenth century, when the regency became established, there were no particular threats either at home or abroad because the country took an isolationist policy toward foreign countries, and domestically, the subjugation of the Emishi (Japanese northerners) was almost completed, and the administration had entered a period of stability.
- 『日本書紀』によれば、市辺押磐皇子(いちのへのおしはのみこ)の舎人、佐伯部仲子(さへきべのなかちこ)の後裔で、仁賢天皇5年2月5日条に、諸国の佐伯部を集めて管掌にさせたとある。
- According to the 'Nihon shoki' (Chronicles of Japan), he was a descendant of SAEKIBE no Nakachiko, who was Toneri (palace servant) of Ichinobe no Oshiwa no Miko (Prince Ichinobe no Oshiwa); and according to the article of February 5, 492 of the same book, the Imperial Court summoned Saeki-be of various provinces to appoint them to Kajo (managers controlling lower officials and operating the court's various facilities).
- 次いで律令の研究が興隆したのは 8世紀末から 9世紀はじめにかけての時期で、このとき『令集解(りようのしゆうげ)』が引用する令釈、跡記、穴記などの多くの私的注釈書が生まれている。
- After that, research on ritsuryo became active between the end of the eighth century and the beginning of the ninth century, and many private commentaries such as Reishaku, Sekki, and Kekki, which are quoted in the 'Ryo no shuge' (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) were published around that time.
- 1391年(元中8年/明徳2年)の明徳の乱で有力守護の山名氏を弱体化させ、武家勢力を統率した義満は、和泉国・紀伊国の守護で南朝と領地を接する大内義弘の仲介で本格的交渉を開始する。
- The Meitoku Rebellion in 1391 weakened the prominent provincial constable Yamana's clan, and with the samurai families united under Yoshimitsu, he had Yoshihiro OUCHI, who was the provincial constable of Isumi and Kii Provinces and whose property lay next to the Southern Court, to intervene and start serious negotiations.
- 『日本書紀』の雄略天皇十三年(469年)には、秋九月、雄略天皇が二人の采女(女官)に命じて褌を付けさせ、自らの事を豪語する工匠猪名部真根の目前で「相撲」をとらせたと書かれている。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' Emperor Yuryaku told two uneme (Court ladies) to wear a loincloth and to wrestle in front of INABE no Mane, who was very proud of himself, in September 469.
- 『日本書紀』には、譽田天皇(ほむたのすめらみこと)・一伝に笥飯大神と交換して得た名である譽田別天皇(ほむたわけのすめらみこと)とあり、分注に去来紗別尊(いざさわけのみこと)とある。
- In 'Nihonshoki,' it appears as Homuta no Sumeramikoto or according to Chapter 1, Homutawake no Sumeramikoto obtained by exchanging names with Kehi no Okami and in the note is described as Izasawake no mikoto.
- 丹波国は細川頼元、丹後国は一色満範、美作国は赤松義則、和泉国・紀伊国は大内義弘、但馬国は山名時熙、因幡国は山名氏家、伯耆国は山名氏幸、隠岐国・出雲国は京極高詮にそれぞれ与えられた。
- Tamba Province was given to Yorimoto HOSOKAWA, Tango Province was given to Mitsunori ISSHIKI, Mimasaka Province was given to Yoshinori AKAMATSU, Izumi and Kii Provinces were given to Yoshihiro OUCHI, Tajima Province was given to Tokihiro YAMANA, Inaba Province was given to Ujiie YAMANA, Hoki Province was given to Ujiyuki YAMANA, and Oki and Izumo Provinces were given to Takanori KYOGOKU.
- 『紀氏家牒』によれば、襲津彦は「大和国葛城古代日本の地方官制地方官制のはじまり長柄里(ながらのさと。現在の御所市名柄)」に居住したといい、この地と周辺が彼の本拠であったと思われる。
- According to 'Kishi Kacho' (Lineage of the Kishi clan), Sotsuhiko lived in 'Nagara no sato (present day Nagara, Gose city), the original place of the ancient Japanese Local Bureaucratic System in Katsuragi, Yamato Province'; it is thought that his power was based in Nagara no sato and its surrounding areas.
- 記紀によれば、襲津彦の娘の磐之媛(いわのひめ)は仁徳天皇の皇后となり、履中天皇・反正天皇・允恭天皇の3天皇を生み、葦田宿禰の娘の黒媛は履中天皇の妃となり、市辺押磐皇子などを生んだ。
- According to 'the Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) and the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan),' the daughter of Sotshuhiko, Iwa no hime became the empress of Nintoku Emperor and had three children who all became emperors: Emperor Richu, Emperor Hanzei, and Emperor Ingyo and a daughter of Ashita no sukune, Kurome, became the empress of Emperor and gave birth to Prince Ichinobe no Oshihano.
- それらを一部挙げてみると、高野熊野街道、西熊野街道、熊野街道(『紀伊続風土記』)、高野道ないし熊野道といったものが知られているが、近世の参詣記などでは高野道ないし熊野道と呼ばれる。
- For example, it was called 'Koya-Kumano-kaido,' 'Nishi-Kumano-kaido,' 'Kumano-kaido' (according to 'Kii Zoku Fudoki'), 'Koya-michi' and 'Kumano-michi,' and in the pilgrimage records written during the early-modern period, it was called 'Koya-michi' or 'Kumano-michi' (all these 'kaido' and 'michi' mean 'road').
- 『日本書紀』では仁賢天皇との間に高橋大娘皇女、朝嬬皇女、手白香皇女(継体天皇の皇后・欽明天皇の母)、樟氷皇女、橘皇女(橘仲皇女、宣化天皇の皇后)、武烈天皇、真稚皇女を生んだとされる。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki,' as wife of the Emperor Ninken, Princess Kasuga no Oiratsume gave birth to the following children: Princess Takahashi no Oitsura no Hime, Princess Asazuma no Hime, Princess Tashiraka no Hime (Tashiraka no Hime Miko; the Empress of the Emperor Keitai and the mother of the Emperor Kinmei), Princess Kusuhi no Hime, Princess Tachibana no Nakatsu Hime (also known as 'Tachibana no Nakatsu Hime Miko'; the Empress of the Emperor Senka), the Emperor Buretsu, and Princess Mawaka no Hime.
- 記録上確認できるのは、『続日本紀』に記された聖武上皇の母藤原宮子の死去の時(母親の事例)と同じく桓武天皇の父光仁上皇の死去の時(父親の事例)に宮中行事が中止されたことが記されている。
- There is a record in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) that court functions were canceled when Retired Emperor Shomu's mother, GUJIWARA no Miyako died (as a case of a mother's death) and Emperor Kanmu's father, Retired Emperor Konin died (as a case of a father's death).
- 奈良県奈良市山陵町にある高野陵(たかののみささぎ)と比定されているが、孝謙天皇陵と比定されている佐紀高塚山古墳は佐紀盾列古墳群を構成する前方後円墳であり、その比定は疑問視されている。
- Takano no Misasagi Mausoleum in Misasagi Town, Nara City, Nara Prefecture, is identified as her mausoleum while the identification of Saki Takatsuka Tumulus in the Mausoleum as the Mausoleum of Empress Koken remains questionable because it is a keyhole-shaped tomb mound composing the Sakitatenami Burial Mounds.
- 4世紀にキリスト教が公認されると、キリスト教発祥の地であるパレスチナ、ことにキリストの生地であるベツレヘム、受難の地であるエルサレムへ、その遺構に参拝する信者が旅行するようになった。
- In the fourth century, when Christianity became official, the birthplace of Christianity, Palestine, especially, the birthplace of Jesus Christ, Bethlehem, and the site of the Passion, Jerusalem, were destinations for followers to travel and worship.
- 吉田東伍の「古代半島諸国興廃概考」(8月号『史学会雑誌』21号p.21~22。)に素盞鳴尊の韓郷之島曽尸茂梨之処の曽尸茂梨を牛頭山とし、漢の春秋戦国時代の西暦紀元前4世紀と推定した。
- In his paper 'Study of Emergence and Disappearance of Ancient Countries in the Korean Peninsula' (August 1891 edition of 'Journal of Historical Studies,' volume 21, p.21-p.22), Togo YOSHIDA proposed that 'Soshimori in the Korean island called Soshimori, which is visited by Susanoo' is Mt. Gyuto and that was around the fourth century B.C. during the Spring and Autumn Warring States period in China.
- 「女義太夫」という呼び方は、たとえば『演劇百科辞典』(平凡社)や『国史大辞典』(吉川弘文館)で「女義太夫」として立項されているが、21世紀に入ってからは「女流義太夫」が一般的である。
- The term 'Onna-gidayu' is listed in 'Encyclopedia of Theatrical Arts (published by Heibon-sha)' or in 'Kokushi Daijiten (Great Dictionary of National History)' (published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan), for example, but during the twenty-first century, the term 'Joryu-gidayu' is generally used.
- なお皇后美智子が結婚・即位・立太子で、徳仁親王妃雅子が結婚で、文仁親王妃紀子が結婚並びに即位の礼で、夫々使用している写真をフォトグラフィック関連の書籍及び雑誌等で目にすることができる。
- There are books and magazines that contain photographs of hiogi fans used by the Empress Michiko at ceremonies of marriage, enthronement, and investiture of the Crown Prince; Princess Masako, the wife of Imperial Prince Naruhito at the marriage ceremony; and Princess Kiko, the wife of Imperial Prince Fumihito at the ceremonies of marriage and enthronement.
- 同年に甘露寺親長から後土御門天皇に献上された原本は全5巻で現存はしていないが、江戸時代に柳原紀光が当時まだ現存していた原本から写本したもの(「柳原本」)が宮内庁書陵部に蔵書されている。
- Although its original five-volume edition that was presented to Emperor Gotsuchimikado from Chikanaga KANROJI does not survive today, the Imperial Household Archives stores a duplicate copy ('Yanagi genpon' (Yanagi's original copy)) that was transcribed from the original edition by Norimitsu YANAGIHARA in the Edo period.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の初期の蒲生貞秀は、守護の六角高頼をよく補佐し、六角氏の戦国大名化に貢献したが、嫡男の秀行が早世したため、その死後に嫡孫の蒲生秀紀と子の蒲生高郷との間に争いがおきた。
- In the early Sengoku period (Period of Warring States in Japan), Sadahide (貞秀) GAMO strongly supported Shugo (provincial military governors) Takayori ROKKAKU to make the Rokkaku clan one of powerful Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period); however, Sadahide's heir Hideyuki died young and before naming the new heir, Sadahide died, therefore, a conflict arose between Hideyuki's oldest son Hidenori GAMO and Sadahide's son Takasato GAMO.
- この戦いで、京都見廻組の長であった佐々木只三郎が重傷(のち死亡)、新撰組諸士調役兼監察山崎烝が重傷(後紀州湾沖にて死亡)、同吉村貫一郎が行方不明(後に大坂の南部藩藩邸で自害)となった。
- During the battle Tadasaburo SASAKI, the head of the Kyoto-Mimawarigumi (a special police force), was badly wounded (and later died); Susumu YAMAZAKI, an internal affairs officer and secret agent of the Shinsengumi, was badly wounded (and later died off the coast of Kishu Bay); and Kanichiro YOSHIMURA, who had the same position as Yamazaki, went missing (and later killed himself in the Nanbu domain residence in Osaka).
- 受領は、大きな権限を背景として富豪層からの徴税によって巨富を蓄え、また恣意的な地方政治を展開したとされ、その現れが10世紀後期~11世紀中期に頻発した国司苛政上訴だったと考えられてきた。
- It is thought that Zuryo saved a large amount of money by collecting taxes from millionaires, due to their authority and developed arbitrary regional politics, leading to Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against Kokushi) which often happened from the end of the 10th century to the middle of the 11th century.
- 惣領を継いだ長男の山名師義は丹後国・伯耆国、次男の山名義理は紀伊国、三男の山名氏冬は因幡国、四男の山名氏清は丹波国・山城国・和泉国、五男の山名時義は美作国・但馬国・備後国の守護となった。
- Moroyoshi YAMANA, the eldest son who succeeded as the heir, the second son Yoshimasa YAMANA, the third son, Ujifuyu YAMANA, the fourth son, Ujikiyo YAMANA and the fifth son, Tokiyoshi YAMANA, respectively became shugo of Tango and Hoki Provinces, Kii Province, Inaba Province, Tamba, Yamashiro and Izumi Provinces, and Mimasaka, Tajima and Bingo Provinces.
- もっとも、この事件を記した『続日本紀』が、女帝の死によって皇位継承権を得た光仁天皇・桓武天皇両天皇時代の著作で、その正当性の誇示を目的に執筆されたとも言われているため、留意する必要がある。
- It needs to be kept in mind that 'Shoku Nihongi,' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) which records this incident, is a literary work from the era of Emperor Konin and Emperor Kammu, who gained the right of succession to the Imperial Throne following the Empress' death, so it is also said that it was written for the purpose of flaunting its justification.
- 男子後継者候補がまったくいなかったとすると、飯豊王の執政は問題の一時先送りにしかならず、後世の女性天皇と比べてもまったく類例のないことになる(それゆえ『日本書紀』を正しいとする説もある)。
- If there was no successor of a son, the administration by Iitoyo no himemiko is a mere postponement of the problem and comparing with later Empress she was totally exceptional (thus, some theory think 'Nihonshoki' was correct).
- 公式の編年誌にこれほどの手がかりが見いだされることは、6世紀までの日本で、王朝が次々と交代したか、いくつもの王朝が異なる地方を同時期に並列して支配していたことを示唆しているのかもしれない。
- Given that many evidences are found in official chronicles, it is said that until the 6th century, Japanese dynasties were changed so often, or that many dynasties existed at the same time and ruled different areas respectively.
- 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。
- From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.
- 楽市・楽座(らくいち・らくざ)は、日本の近世(16世紀から18世紀ごろまで)において織田信長、豊臣秀吉の織豊政権や各地の戦国大名などにより城下町などの支配地の市場で行われた経済政策である。
- Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) was an economic policy implemented in the markets of government controlled areas such as castle towns by the Shokuho government (the government of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) during the early modern period (16th century to 18th century) in Japan.
- 「古事記」に見える王名「袁本杼(ヲホド)」と鏡の銘文に記された「男弟(ヲオト)」とは6世紀初頭における発音は異なっていたので、鏡にある「男弟(ヲオト)」は継体天皇ではないと解釈する説がある。
- Also, there is a theory which claims that the 'Wooto' on the mirror cannot be identified as Emperor Keitai because the pronunciation of 'Wohodo', the King's name in 'Kojiki', differed from 'Wooto' in the inscription on the mirror in the early sixth century.
- しかし、律令制と現実の乖離が大きくなっていき、9世紀末~10世紀初頭ごろ、政府は税収を確保するため、律令制の基本だった人別支配体制を改め、土地を対象に課税する支配体制へと大きく方針転換した。
- However, as the the Ritsuryo system lost touch with reality, the government changed its policy from an individual-based ruling system, which was the base of the the Ritsuryo system to a land-based ruling system in order to secure tax revenue from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
- 15世紀後半の応仁の乱ないし明応の政変以降は戦国時代 (日本)とも呼ばれ、それまでの「幕府 - 守護体制」が崩壊するとともに、各地に地域国家が並立するようになり、また、荘園公領制が崩壊した。
- Starting in the latter half of the fifteenth century, with the Onin War and the Meio Coup, a roughly hundred-year era known as the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) began; during this period, the bakufu-daimyo system in place up until this point collapsed, and all the various provinces essentially became independent states unto themselves, while the shoen-koryo (private estates and public territory) system of land ownership disintegrated.
- 式部省の所管で、明経道(経書)、算道(算術)および副教科の音道(中国語の発音)、書道_(大学寮)(書き方)の四学科があり後に紀伝道(通称「文章道」、中国史・文章)と明法道(法律)が加わった。
- It was under the control of Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial), and there were two main subjects such as Myogyo-do (Keisho), Sando (arithmetic) plus two auxiliary subjects such as Ondo (pronunciation of Chinese) and calligraphy (Daigakuryo) (the way of writing); later, Kidendo (in vernacular terms, 'Monjodo (Literature)' and Myobodo (law) were added.
- 『和名類聚抄』二十巻本第10卷にある蘇志摩利の記述を引用した『先代旧事本紀』(日本紀講筵の際提出された偽書とされる)巻第四 地祇本紀の素戔烏尊によるヤマタノオロチ退治の前段の分注記事による。
- It is based on the explanatory note on the first part of the story of Susanoo's killing of the Yamata no Orochi (an eight-forked great serpent), which is described in the Chigi hongi (the original record of earthly deity worship) in the volume 4 of 'The Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History) (although it is said to be false an apocryphal book that was submitted when lecturing on the Chronicles of Japan) that is quoted from the article on Soshimari described in book 10 of volume 20 of the 'Wamyo ruijusho' (Japan's oldest dictionary of Chinese characters edited in the Heian period).
- 皇子の墓は日本書紀に推古天皇が竹田皇子の墓に合葬するように遺詔した事から、推古天皇陵として治定されている磯長山田陵(大阪府南河内郡太子町 (大阪府)大字山田)とされる(書紀は陵墓名を記さず)。
- Since 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) reported that the Empress Suiko wished in her will to be buried in Takeda no miko's graveyard, it is said that his graveyard is Shinaga no Yamada no Misasagi (the Yamada Imperial tomb) (Oaza Yamada, Taishi-cho, Minamikawachi-gun, Osaka Prefecture), designated as the burial mound of the Empress Suiko (The 'Nihonshoki' did not record the name of the burial mound.)
- 『続日本紀』によると、「后姓柔婉にして美姿あり。儀、女則に閑って母儀之徳有り」と記されており、「乙牟漏皇后は美しい方で、温和なお人柄であられた。礼儀正しく、良き母であられた」という意味である。
- 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) described her in two sentences, 'Empress Otomuro was a beautiful lady with a warm personality. She was a polite person and a wise mother.'
- 現在の亀岡市街地から篠町にかかる地域は4世紀ころまでは湖沼地だったらしいが、秦氏の大堰川(保津川)治水工事などにより利用可能な土地となると、桑田神社や屯倉が建立されたりして人の移住が見られた。
- The area from the urban district of Kameoka City to Shino-cho is believed to have been a lake or marsh until the fourth century; however, the Kuwada-jinja Shrine and the Miyake (Imperial-controlled territory) were built and people began to settle in the area, once the Hata clan reclaimed the land through the improvement of the Oi-gawa (Hozu-gawa) River.
- なお、1871年(明治4年)11月2日~1876年(明治9年)8月21日の約5年間は、桑田、何鹿、船井3郡および山城国が京都府、氷上、多紀、天田3郡および但馬、丹後が豊岡県と言う構成であった。
- Furthermore, for 5 years from November 2, 1871 to August 21, 1876, while Kuwada, Ikaruga and Funai Districts and Yamashiro province were part of Kyoto prefecture, Hikami, Taki and Amada Districts, Tajima and Tango provinces were part of Toyooka prefecture.
- 山城国の一宮指定には、地方の諸国と異なって神祇官が関わっていると思われ、11世紀末から諸国でそれぞれに一宮が成立していく中で、畿内ではそれに対応して12世紀になってから決められたと考えられる。
- Unlike in other local provinces, it is considered that Jingi-kan had some influence over the designation of the first shrine (Ichinomiya) in Yamashiro Province; because of this, while the establishment of Ichinomiya in other provinces took place starting at the end of the 11th century the designation of Ichinomiya in Kinai (Kansai Region) began during the 12th century.
- 安林は天和 (日本)2年(1682年)、友人3、4人とともに高野山から小辺路を経て熊野三山に参詣し、那智からは大辺路経由で西国三十三箇所の札所(紀三井寺から葛井寺まで)を巡拝して帰郷している。
- In 1682, Anrin and three or four friends of his used Kohechi from Mt. Koya to visit Kumano Sanzan, after leaving Nachi-taisha Shrine of Kumano Sanzan, they used Ohechi (literally, 'wide road') to visit Saigoku Sanjusansho (the thirty-three temples dedicated to Kanzeon-bosatsu in Kinki region) from Kimii-dera Temple to Fujii-dera Temple, and went back home.
- 日本における袞衣の起源は不明であるが、『続日本紀』に「天平四年(732年)正月乙巳朔、大極殿に御して朝を受く。天皇始めて冕服を服す」とあることから、少なくとも奈良時代まで遡ると考えられている。
- Although the origin of Kone in Japan is unknown, it is believed to date at least as far back as the Nara period because it is written in 'Shoku-Nihongi,' which is the sequel to 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) that 'the Emperor wearing Benfuku for the first time showed up in the Daigokuden (Grand Palace) to receive New Year's greetings at about 10 o'clock on January 1, 732 A.D.'
- 菅原古人の子菅原清公(770年~842年)(従三位・非参議)、および孫の菅原是善(812年~880年)(従三位・参議)を含め、大江氏と並んで子孫は代々、紀伝道(文章道)を家業として朝廷に仕える。
- Together with the Oe clan, Sugawara no Furuhito's descendants, including his son, Sugawara no Kiyokimi (770-842) (Junior Third Rank, non-Councilor), and his grandson, Sugawara no Koreyoshi (812-880) (Junior Third Rank, Councilor), served the Court for generations, working in the field of Kidendo (Literature).
- 応神天皇の皇子で、母は和珥氏祖の日触使主(ひふれのおみ、比布礼能意富美)の女 ・宮主宅媛(みやぬしやかひめ、宮主矢河枝比売)である(ただし『先代旧事本紀』には、物部多遅麻連の女・山無媛とする)。
- Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko was Imperial prince of the Emperor Ojin, and his mother was Miyanushi Yakahimi [(宮主宅媛), also known as Miyanushi Yagahaehime (宮主矢河枝比売)], a daughter of Hifure no Ohomi [(日触使主); his name was also written in this way '比布礼能意富美') in being an ancestor of the Wani Uji Clan.] [However, according to the 'Sendai Kujihongi' (Ancient Japanese History), the mother of Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko appeared as Yamanashi Hime (山無媛), a daughter of 'Mononobe no Tajima no Muraji' (物部多遅麻連).].
- 理子女王(まさこじょおう、元禄4年8月18日 (旧暦)(1691年9月10日) - 宝永7年6月4日 (旧暦)(1710年6月30日))は、紀州藩第5代藩主徳川吉宗(後の第8代征夷大将軍)の正室。
- The Princess Masako (September 10, 1691 - June 30, 1710) was the lawful wife of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the fifth lord of the Kishu Domain (later the eighth seii taishogun [literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians']).
- 日本書紀によれば、十市皇女のなきがらは天武天皇7年(678年)4月14日に赤穂に葬られたとあるが、赤穂という地名が奈良県内のどこにあたるかという解釈には諸説あり、いまだ定説は明らかになっていない。
- While Nihonshoki mentions that the remains of Tochi no Himemiko were buried in Ako on May 13, 678, there are various theories on whereabouts the place name of Ako be located in Nara Prefecture and none of them has become established.
- 豊岡県を二分し、天田郡と丹後が京都府、氷上、多紀2郡と但馬が兵庫県に編入されることになったのは旧出石藩士の桜井勉氏の案であるが、当初桜井氏は豊岡県全域と飾磨県(播磨)との合併を進言したようである。
- It was the proposal of Mr. Tsutomu SAKURAI of the former Izushi Domain that Toyooka prefecture be divided up into two areas, annexing Amada District and Tango to Kyoto while annexing Hikami and Taki Districts and Tajima to Hyogo, but he seems to have suggested consolidating Toyooka prefecture and Shikama prefecture (Harima province) at first.
- 古事記では迦具漏比売とされるが、彼女は実兄日本武尊の曾孫に当たり、生物学的に不可能である(現に、日本書紀では応神天皇の后となっているし、古事記でも彼の名前の重複が認められる)ことから誤記と思われる。
- In Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters), he was considered as Kagurohime, but since Kagurohime was a great-granddaughter of his real older brother, YAMATO Takeru no Mikoto, this was biologically impossible (it is actually described in Nihonshoki [the oldest chronicles of Japan] that she became the empress to Emperor Ojin, and his name is repeated in Kojiki, too).
- その後、大和のみならず、山背国葛野郡(現在の京都市右京区太秦)、同紀伊郡(現在の京都市伏見区深草)や、河内国讃良郡(現在の寝屋川市太秦)など各地に土着し、土木や養蚕、機織などの技術を発揮して栄えた。
- The families then settled not only in Yamato Province but in various regions, including Kadono County in Yamashiro Province (present-day Uzumasa, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City), Kii County in the same Province (present-day Fukakusa, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City), and Sasara County in Kawachi Province (present-day Uzumasa, Neyagawa City); and flourished by putting to work their technical skills in civil engineering, silk worm cultivation, and weaving.
- しかし、駿河忠長が改易(後の自害)、館林綱吉が5代将軍となり、甲府綱豊が6代将軍(家宣と改名)として徳川宗家に戻り、これらの徳川家が消滅したため、尾張・紀州・水戸の三家を御三家と呼ぶことが定着した。
- But when Tadanaga SURUGA was dismissed from the position and later killed himself, Tsunayoshi TATEBAYASHI became the fifth shogun, and Tsunatoyo KOFU, who was later renamed to Ienobu, became the sixth shogun and returned to the Tokugawa head family, these Tokugawa families died out and the Owari, Kishu and Mito families came to be commonly called Gosanke.
- 『日本書紀』天智10年(671年)11月の条に、「大友皇子は左大臣蘇我赤兄臣・右大臣中臣金連・蘇我果安臣・巨勢人臣・紀大人臣ら五人の高官と共に宮殿の西殿の織物仏の前で「天皇の詔」を守ることを誓った。
- According to the entry in the 'Nihonshoki' in the Eleventh Month of the Tenth Year of Emperor Tenchi, 'Prince Otomo promised to obey the 'Imperial Edict' in front of '織物仏' placed in the west edifice in the palace with five other high officials: SOGA no Akaeomi who was the Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left), NAKATOMI no Kanenomuraji who was the Udaijin (the Minister of Right), SOGA no Hatayasu, KOSE no Hitoomi, and KI no Ushinoomi.'
- 初めは紀伊藩徳川光貞や加賀藩前田綱紀といった有力藩主とその周辺の学者によって行われたのをその嚆矢とするが、光貞の子・徳川吉宗が江戸幕府の第8代将軍になると、幕府内部でも研究が進められるようになった。
- Initially it was performed by powerful feudal lords such as Mitsusada TOKUGAWA of the Kii Domain, Tsunanori MAEDA of the Kaga Domain, and the scholars around them, but when Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the child of Mitsusada, became the eighth shogun of the Edo bakufu, research was performed in the bakufu as well.
- 一般には、12世紀後半の源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の設立から、慶応3年(1867年)の徳川慶喜による大政奉還まで、約700年間に渡る武家による政権を指すが、現在は平清盛の平氏政権からとする説が有力である。
- The military government was an administration under the control of samurai, which continued for about 700 years from the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the late 12th century to Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) lead by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA in 1867; however, a theory, in which the start was the Taira clan government ruled by TAIRA no Kiyomori, is now widely accepted.
- そのうち、天皇のミウチである藤原氏と源氏が議政官(公卿)をほぼ独占し始め、特に藤原北家嫡流は9世紀後半に天皇の政治決定権を受任・代行しうる摂政・関白の地位を獲得し、その地位を世襲することに成功した。
- Then, the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan, the relatives of the Emperor, almost created a monopoly of the Giseikan (a legislative organ), and it is worthy to note that the direct descent of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan achieved the position of Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor) in the late ninth century, which made them receive and deal with the political discretion of the Emperor; and they were also successful in making the position hereditary.
- 20世紀後半になって漫画雑誌『月刊アフタヌーン』に連載されていた『ヨコハマ買い出し紀行』で長棹型月琴が紹介され主人公の初瀬野アルファが弾いていたことで青年層に知られ始め、ひそかなブームを生んでいる。
- In the latter half of the twentieth century, as gekkin with a long neck was introduced in 'Yokohama Kaidashi Kiko' (published serially in the comic magazine 'Gekkan Afternoon'), the hero of which Alpha HATSUSENO played it, it began to be known by younger generation and it enjoyed a quiet boom.
- そのため、20世紀末にかけての3月は、「菜の花の上にお日様無し」、「行楽受難・鬼門の月」、「花見には 傘など雨具が 必需品」、「卒業式、終業式はいつも雨」などと不名誉なレッテルが貼られたこともあった。
- Therefore, March in certain years around the end of the twentieth century were labeled unpleasantly as 'no sun above field mustard,' 'month unfavorable for outdoor amusement,' 'rain apparel such as umbrellas indispensable for cherry blossom viewing party,' 'commencement day ceremony and closing exercises on rainy day' and so on.
- 18世紀中期の『隣忠見聞集』に「甚左衛門、源四郎、源三郎、今の甚左衛門」といった役者名が挙がり、『三井寺』の「三井寺の威徳ぞめでたかりける」のくだりで打った頭が見事であったため流儀の名としたと伝える。
- 'Rinchu Kenmonshu' (The Collection of Noh Anecdotes), which was issued in the middle of the 18th century, lists some performer names such as 'Jinzaemon, Genshiro, Genzaburo, and the current Jinzaemon,' and it also insists that the school was named after their brilliant drumbeats made along with the passage 'the itoku (virtue and influence) of Mii-dera Temple is satisfactory' in the Noh play titled 'Mii-dera Temple.'
- 移籍後も国立劇場で、1969年(昭和44年)6月には河竹黙阿弥作の歌舞伎『蔦紅葉宇都谷峠』(文弥殺し)を復活上演、同年11月には三島由紀夫作の新歌舞伎『椿説弓張月』を初演するなど精力的に舞台に立った。
- After his transfer, he returned to kabuki in the Kawatake Mokuami play entitled 'Tsutamomiji Utsunoya Toge' ('Bunya-goroshi') in June of 1969 at the National Theatre of Japan, and in November of the same year he gave a spirited performance in the premiere of the new Yukio MISHIMA kabuki play, 'Chinsetsu Yumiharizuki.'
- 『日本書紀』にも同様の記事が見え、応神五年八月条に「諸国に令して、海人及び山守を定む」、応神十一年十月条に「剣池・軽池(かるのいけ)・鹿垣池(ししかきのいけ)・厩坂池(うまやさかのいけ)を作る」とある。
- In 'Nihonshoki' also, a similar story appears and the paragraph titled September, 274 says that 'he sent an order to all countries and determined diver groups and mountain guardian groups' and the paragraph titled November, 280 says that 'he had Tsurugi no ike-Pond, Karu no ike-Pond, Shishikaki no ike-Pond, and Umaya no saka no ike-Pond built.'
- 嘉禄元年(1225年)、鎌倉幕府に評定衆が設置されて以来、重要な政務は評定によって決定されたが、13世紀後期に年始の行事の一環として毎年1月中旬の1日に執権・連署以下を召集して評定始を行うようになった。
- Important policies had been decided by the council since 1225 when the hyojoshu was set up in the Kamakura bakufu, and in the late thirteenth century, hyojohajime began as a New Year ceremony convened with a regent, rensho (assistant to regents), and other subordinates on a day of mid-January every year.
- 『書紀』によれば、允恭天皇5年(416年)7月に地震があったが(最古の地震記事である)、玉田宿禰は先に先帝反正の殯宮大夫に任じられていたにもかかわらず、職務を怠って葛城で酒宴を開いていたことが露顕した。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' when there was an earthquake in July, 416, Tamada no sukune, who was in charge of Mogarinomiya daibu for the former Emperor Hanzei, was caught neglecting his duty and holding a drinking party.
- しかし、小辺路の起源は、もともと紀伊山地山中の住人の生活道路として大和国・高野・熊野を結ぶ山岳交通路が開かれていたものが畿内近国と高野山・熊野を結ぶ参詣道として利用され始めたことにあると考えられている。
- However, it is considered that Kohechi was originally a local road connecting Yamato Province, Koya and Kumano for residents in the Kii Mountain Range, and it gradually became a pilgrimage route connecting the provinces in the Kinai region and Koyasan or Kumano.
- ちなみに一般にゼロ戦としてよく知られている大日本帝国海軍の「零式艦上戦闘機(れいしきかんじょうせんとうき)」は、この年に採用された事に因んだ名称である(兵器の制式名の数字は皇紀の下二桁によっていたから)。
- Incidentally, the 'Type zero carrier fighter' of the Imperial Japanese Navy, well-known as the Zero fighter, is a name connected with the fact that it was employed in the year 2600 in the Imperial era (1940 in the Gregorian calendar [numbers in the type name of the weapons were based on the last two digits of the Imperial era]).
- 用明天皇の崩御後押坂彦人大兄皇子と共に有力皇位継承権者であったと日本書紀等では記されているが、穴穂部皇子を推す勢力から敵視され、用明天皇2年(587年)にはその一派である中臣勝海に像を作り呪詛されている。
- Although Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) reported that he was a leading successor to the imperial throne together with Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko after the death of the Emperor Yomei, a powerful party supporting the Prince Anahobe regarded him as hostile, and he was cursed by NAKATOMI no Katsumi, a member of the party by making a statue of him in 587.
- 1931年(昭和6年)4月1日 - 山科町が京都市東山区に編入し、醍醐村が伏見市、紀伊郡深草町・上鳥羽村・吉祥院村・下鳥羽村・横大路村・納所村・堀内村・向島村・竹田村とともに京都市に編入し、伏見区が発足。
- April 1, 1931: Yamashina Town became a part of Higashiyama Ward of Kyoto City, and Daigo Village became a part of Fushimi City, and Fukakusa Town of Kii District, villages of Kamitoba, Kisshoin, Shimotoba, Yokooji, Noso, Horiuchi, Mukaijima, and Takeda became a part of Kyoto City and Fushimi Ward was established
- 9世紀半ば - 10世紀後半の時期の橘氏公卿は、橘峰継(氏公長男)、橘広相(奈良麻呂5代の孫)、橘澄清(常主曾孫)、橘良殖(常主孫)、橘公頼(広相6男)、橘好古(広相孫)、橘恒平(良殖孫)ら7名にのぼった。
- During the mid-9th century to the latter 10th century, the number of the Tachibana clan members who took the post of Kugyo reached 7: TACHIBANA no Minetsugu (1st son of Ujikimi), TACHIBANA no Hiromi (5th generation grandson of Naramaro), TACHIBANA no Sumikiyo (great-grandson of Tsunenushi), TACHIBANA no Yoshitane (grandson of Tsuneyoshi), TACHIBANA no Kimiyori (6th son of Hiromi), TACHIBANA no Yoshifuru (grandson of Hiromi), TACHIBANA no Tsunehira (grandson of Yoshitane).
- なお、絵双六そのものは日本独自のものであるが、西洋にもバックギャモンの影響を受けたと見られる、鵞鳥のゲーム(Game of the Goose)と呼ばれる双六に近い趣旨のゲームが14世紀頃から行われている。
- The picture Sugoroku itself is a particular Japanese game, however, the Western countries also have played a game such as 'the Game of the Goose', which was considered to have been influenced by Backgammon, since the 14th century and was similar to Sugoroku.
- 応神天皇の崩御の後、最も有力と目されていた皇位継承者の菟道稚郎子(うじのわきいらつこ)皇子と互いに皇位を譲り合ったが、皇子の死(『日本書紀』は仁徳天皇に皇位を譲るために自殺したと伝える)により即位したという。
- After the demise of Emperor Ojin, he and Prince Iratsuko Ujinowaki, who was regarded as the most likely successor to the Imperial Throne, tried to give the throne over to each other but, because of death of the Prince (according to 'Nihonshoki,' the Prince killed himself in order to give the throne to Emperor Nintoku), he acceded to the throne.
- 『日本書紀』は中国の正史の影響を強く受けており、天皇支配の正統性を強く訴え、皇位継承の経緯に関する記述が主たる内容だったが、もう一つ重要な点としては、中国・朝鮮に対する日本の独自性を主張していたことであった。
- Strongly affected by the official histories of China, 'Nihonshoki' strongly appeals the legitimacy of control by the Emperor and its contents mostly include descriptions of how succession to the Imperial Throne had been made.
- 紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道(きいさんちのれいじょうとさんけいみち)は、和歌山県・奈良県・三重県にまたがる3つの霊場と参詣道(熊野古道、大峯奥駈道、高野山町石道)を登録対象とする世界遺産(文化遺産_(世界遺産))。
- Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range is a World Heritage (Cultural heritage) registered for the three sacred sites and pilgrimage routes (Kumano-kodo Road, Omine Okugake-michi Road, Koyasan Choishi-michi Road) in Kii Mountain Range straddling Wakayama, Nara, Mie Prefectures.
- 『古事記』と『日本書紀』を編集した人物は、当代の天皇の正統性を確保しようとするために、これらの天皇とその年代を、当時最先端の科学(讖緯説)に基いて算出したと考えられるが、現在の科学からは疑問視される部分も多い。
- Editors of the'Kojiki' and the 'Nihonshoki' tried to date the ages of these emperors using the most advanced technology at the time so as to justify the orthodoxy of their emperor, but many modern scholars doubt their dating.
- 同年京都市は周辺の多くの町村を編入し、市域を拡大したが、うち伏見市、紀伊郡深草町、堀内村、竹田村、下鳥羽村、横大路村、向島村(むかいじまむら)、納所村(のうそむら)、宇治郡醍醐村の区域をもって伏見区が成立した。
- In the same year, Kyoto City expanded its area by integrating many towns and villages into it and Fushimi Ward was established integrating Fushimi City, Fukakusa town, Horiuchi village, Takeda village, Shimotoba village, Yokooji village, Mukaijima village, Noso village in Kii County and Daigo village, Uji County.
- 7世紀~8世紀ころには山陰道各国府を結ぶ山陰道が設けられ、また現在の京都市右京区の京北地域にあたる弓削郷・山国郷などの木材が桂川に乗って京都へ運ばれるようになると、亀岡周辺は保津峡直前の船待ち場として発展した。
- The area around Kameoka prospered as a port right before Hozu-kyo Gorge when the Sanin-do Road to connect provincial capitals in Sanin-do was built in around the seventh to eighth century, and wood in Yuge-go and Yamaguni-go (the present Keihoku area in Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City) was sent to Kyoto via the Katsura-gawa River.
- 直接には、「則ち精兵を率ゐて、進みて那羅山に登りて軍いくさす。時に官軍屯聚して、草木を蹢跙す。因りて其の山を號して、那羅山と曰ふ。蹢跙、此を布瀰那羅須ふみならすと云ふ」〈『日本書紀』崇神天皇 10 年〉に拠る。
- The word, however, comes directly from 'quickly led elite soldiers up to Mt. Nara where the soldiers fought a war. Then, the Imperial army soldiers got together to stamp (narasu, 蹢跙す) the plants. Therefore, the mountain was given the name Mt. Nara. Here, '蹢跙' means to stamp.' (88 B.C., 'Nihonshoki')
- ところが、この歌垣の場面は『古事記』に、袁祁王(をけのみこ、後の顕宗天皇)が菟田首(うだのおびと)の娘の大魚(おうお)をめぐって、志毘臣(しびのおみ、『日本書紀』の平群臣鮪に相当)と争ったこととして記されている。
- However, according to 'Kojiki,' Oke no Miko, later Emperor Kenzo and Shibi no Omi (corresponding to HEGURI no Omi Shibi in 'Nihonshoki') competed each other at the poetry reading party to get Ouo, the daughter of Uda no Obito.
- 『日本書紀』には、吉備氏の祖として御友別(みともわけ)の名が、『古事記』には、近江国の安(やす)国造の祖先として意富多牟和気(おほたむわけ)の名が見えるが、これらの豪族の名の構成は「ホムダワケ」と全く同じである。
- In 'Nihonshoki,' there appears a name, Mitomowake as the ancestor of the Kibi clan and, in 'Kojiki,' there can be seen a name, Otamuwake as the ancestor of the Yasu no Kuni no miyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) in Omi Province, with constitution of the names of these local ruling families are exactly the same with 'Homudawake.'
- 『切支丹お蝶』は、山上紀夫監督をはじめとして、東邦映画製作所の解散によって流れてきた撮影技師高城泰策らスタッフ、女優五月信子、男優高橋義信らキャストと、ハロルド・スミス、アル・ボックマンの指導による撮影が行われた。
- Involved in the production of 'Kirishitan Ocho' was director Norio YAMAGAMI, filming engineer Yasusaku TAKAJO and other staff from Toho Eiga Seisakusho, the actress Nobuko SATSUKI and actor YOSHINOBU TAKAHASHI, and its filming was done under the guidance of Harold Smith and Al Bockman.
- また、近江商人が日本各地に分散して上方を日本の物資の集散地および金融の中心地へと変えた(江戸幕府は、上方を直轄地とし、さらに御三家の内、東廻り航路の友ヶ島水道に紀州徳川家、東海道・中山道合流地に尾張徳川家を置いた)。
- And the Omi merchants dispersed in various areas in Japan, changing Kamigata area to a collection and distribution center and financial center of Japan (the Edo shogunate directly controlled Kamigata area, and moreover, among three privileged branches of Tokugawa family, placed the Kishu Tokugawa family on the Tomogashima Channel in the eastward sea route, and the Owari Tokugawa family on the junction of Tokai-do Road and Nakasen-do Road).
- 眉輪王の物語が暗殺の実情を隠蔽する目的の述作であるとすると、眉輪王を匿ったために滅ぼされたという記紀の筋書きにも疑問が生じ、実際の滅亡原因は、大泊瀬皇子のライバルである押磐皇子と連携していたことにあった可能性が高い。
- If we interpret this incident in the story of Emperor Mayowa as a jussaku (literary work) which conceals the real reason of his assasination, there is a high possibility that the cause of their fall was due to the Katsuraki clan's alliance with Prince Oshihano, who was the rival for Prince Ohatsuse.
- 当時の王権基盤は未熟な段階にあり、大王の地位が各地域の首長から構成される連合政権の盟主に過ぎなかったことを考慮すれば、直木孝次郎の説くように、5世紀のヤマト政権はまさに「大王と葛城氏の両頭政権」であったと表現出来る。
- The foundation of sovereignty was still underdeveloped during those days, and the position of the Okimi was nothing more than that of a leader of chiefs, assigned to each region of the coalition government; the Yamato regime during the 5th century can be described as the 'diarchy of Okimi and Katsuraki clan' as the historian Kojiro Naoki has decribed.
- 併し長禄2年8月、再び赤松氏の遺臣である小寺豊職らの襲撃を受け重傷を負い、熊野八庄の野長瀬庄司である横矢盛高に守護されて落ち延びる途中、同年12月20日、紀伊国牟婁郡神ノ山村光福寺(現三重県熊野市)にて崩御したと言う。
- However, in September of 1458, he was once again attacked by surviving retainers of the Akamatsu clan such as Toyotomo KODERA and was seriously injured; it is said that while he was escaping under the guard of Moritaka YOKOYA, who was the head of the Nonagase clan, he passed away on October 25, 1457 at Kofuku-ji Temple of Kaminoyamamura in Muro District, Kii Province (present-day Kumano City in Mie Prefecture).
- これらを貢納する贄人を初めとする非農業民は、従来「無主」にして「公私共利」の地とされた山野河海の利用により生業をたてていたが、8世紀以降の律令制の解体、荘園公領制の成立とともに、荘園領主による制約を受けるようになってきた。
- Non-agricultural people, including those who presented these items, made their living from the mountains, fields, rivers, and the sea that were originally lands 'not owned by anyone' and were 'beneficial publicly and privately,' however, regulations were initiated by Shoen owners after the disbandment of the Ritsuryo system and the establishment of the Shoen-Koryo system from the 8th Century.
- 1376年には紀伊での南朝方の活動に対して頼之は弟の細川頼元を総大将とし派遣するが鎮圧に失敗し、成長した3代将軍義満は反頼之派の山名氏を派遣させ、また大和での軍事活動には復帰した斯波義将や土岐頼康ら反頼之派に軍勢を与える。
- In 1376, Yoriyuki made his younger brother Yorimoto HOSOKAWA supreme military commander and dispatched him to counter the Southern Court's military maneuvers in the Kii peninsula, but Yorimoto failed to subjugate the area, and the third Shogun Yoshimitsu, who had now reached adulthood, had the leader of the Yamana clan, a member of the anti-Yoriyuki faction, to sent as a replacement; moreover, he granted appointments to others of the anti-Yoriyuki faction, including Yoriyasu TOKI and the rehabilitated Yoshimasa SHIBA, to command military activities in Yamato.
- 『上宮記』逸文は近年、黛弘道の研究によって推古朝の遺文である可能性も指摘され、その内容の信憑性や実際の血統については前述のとおり議論が分かれているものの原帝紀の編纂(欽明天皇朝か)と同じ頃に系譜伝承が成立したものと思われる。
- Recently, Hiromichi MAYUZUMI's study pointed out the possibility that the surviving fragment of 'Joguki' is a remaining document from the Reign of Empress Suiko, and, even though its credibility and the truth of genealogy remain an open question as mentioned above, the tradition of genealogy appears to have been established around the same time as when Gentekiki (the ur-text of Teiki [records of Emperor's family tree]) was compiled (possibly in the reign of Emperor Kinmei).
- さらに、以仁王の令旨を受けて、東国の源頼朝、源義仲、源信義(甲斐源氏)らが相次いで反平氏の兵を挙げ、さらに多田源氏、美濃源氏、近江源氏、河内の石川源氏、九州の菊池氏・紀伊熊野の湛増・土佐の源希義らも反平氏の行動を始めていた。
- Furthermore, answering the call by Prince Mochihito, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, MINAMOTO no Nobuyoshi (Kai Genji (Minamoto clan)) of the east raised anti-Taira clan forces and also Tada-Genji (Minamoto clan), Mino-Genji (Minamoto clan), Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan), Ishikawa-Genji (Minamoto clan) of Kawachi, the Kikuchi clan of Kyushu, Tanzo of Kumano in Kii Province and MINAMOTO no Mareyoshi in Tosa started to rebel against the Taira clan.
- これは、昭和15年、日本紀元2600年の祝典が行われた年であったが、また住友では、別子銅山の開抗250年にあたる年で、歴代の住友家当主や旧住友本社幹部物故者の霊を祭るため、長谷部鋭吉の設計によって典雅な持仏堂として建立された。
- The year 1940 was the one in which the celebration of the 2,600th anniversary of the founding of the Japanese nation was held, but this year was also the 250th anniversary of the opening of the Besshidozan copper mine; and to enshrine the souls of the deceased successive Sumitomo family heads and the deceased executive officers of the old Sumitomo Honsha this shrine was designed by Eikichi HASEBE and built as a refined space where the tablets of the above-mentioned deceased people are enshrined.
- さらに11世紀に荘園公領制が成立すると、対等な権利主体となった荘園と公領(国衙領)の間に武力紛争が多発し、荘園の現地管理者である荘官、公領の現地管理者である惣司、郡司、郷司、保司には武芸の家の者たる武士が任命されるようになった。
- Furthermore, after the shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) was established in the 11th century, many armed conflicts arose between the owners of shoen (private estates) and the administrators of koryo (public land, also known as kokugaryo, meaning territory governed by a provincial government office), both of whom now had equal rights; accordingly, Soji (local government officials under the ritsuryo system), Gunji (local magistrates), Goji (local government officials under the ritsuryo system), and Hoji (officers who managed koryo), all of whom were regional administrators of koryo, and Shokan (officers who managed shoen) were all appointed from samurai families.
- 広隆寺の記録などから、6世紀頃に河内国讃良郡太秦(現在の大阪府寝屋川市太秦)を本拠地とした秦河勝が、現在の桂川 (淀川水系)に灌漑工事として葛野大堰を築き、この地を朝廷より与えられ、直轄領としたかこの地に本拠を移したと考えられる。
- A record kept in Koryu-ji Temple and others suggest that HATA no Kawakatsu, who had established his foothold in Uzumasa, Sasarano-kori, Kawachi Province (present-day Uzumasa, Neyagawa City, Osaka Prefecture) during the sixth century, moved his base to this region given by the Imperial Court, because he succeeded in building Kadono Oi River Dam for the irrigation of the present day Katsura-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system).
- 人家の竈(かまど)から炊煙が立ち上っていないことに気づいて租税を免除し、その間は倹約のために宮殿の屋根の茅さえ葺き替えなかった、と言う記紀の逸話に見られるように、仁徳天皇の治世は仁政として知られ、「仁徳」の漢風諡号もこれに由来する。
- The reign of Emperor Nintoku is known for benevolent rule, the Chinese-style posthumous name, 'Nintoku,' originating from this, as can be seen from an anecdote written in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki that he exempted people from taxes after he noticed that no smoke of cooking was coming out of the house furnaces and, in order to save money, he didn't have the palace roof renewed during the tax exemption period.
- 従来、この「沙至比跪」と襲津彦を同一人とし、『書紀』紀年を修正して干支2運繰り下げて、壬午年を382年と解釈すると、襲津彦は4世紀末に実在した人物であり、朝鮮から俘虜を連れ帰った武将として伝承化されている可能性などが指摘されてきた。
- If we assume that there was a time lag of 2 uns (120 years; 1 un is equivalent to 60 years) of kanshi (Chinese calendrical system) in the year recorded in 'Nihonshoki' and consider Sotsuhiko as the same person as 'Hisachiku,' there is a possibility that Sotsuhiko was a legendized man who existed in the 4th century and was sent to Korea around 382 and brought some prisoners from the war.
- が、当時の紀伊国造家や津守氏のように本姓はあっても名字の存在しない家や、源義高 (左兵衛権佐)流源氏のように姓と名字が同一の例も存在するなど、名字と本姓が必ず別であるという規則は無いこともあり、豊臣宗家の名字を断定することは出来ない。
- However, there was no strict rule on that myoji (family name) and honsei (original name) had to be different as these examples show: in the cases of the Miyatsuko family of Kii Province, and the Tsumori family, the honsei (original name) existed but they had no myoji (family name), on the other hand, the Minamoto clan, the line of MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka (Sahyoe no gon no suke [provisional assistant captain of the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards]), the sei (surname) and myoji (family name) were the same, and therefore, it is impossible to conclude what was the myoji of the head family of TOYOTOMI.
- 14世紀前後の北九州から朝鮮半島、中国沿岸などでは日本人、中国人や朝鮮民族らの多民族構成とする倭寇(前期倭寇)が活発化し、日朝貿易においては朝貢貿易に加えて民間貿易も許可されていたため、東アジアの海上世界は民族雑居状態が存在していた。
- Around the fourteenth century, Wako (specifically, the early Wako), a multiethnic group of pirates that included Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans, began increasing their activities in the seas from northern Kyushu in Japan to those around the Korean peninsula and along the coast of China; in addition to the formal tributary trade missions, it was now also permissible for trade to be conducted between Japan and Korea by private merchants, adding a more international flavor to the maritime world of East Asia during this period.
- 加えて本能寺の変直後、光秀が紀州雑賀衆・土橋重治へ送った書状に「上意馳走申しつけられて示し給い、快然に候」と、光秀より身分の高い者からの命令を指す「上意」という言葉を使っていることを挙げ、光秀の背後に足利義昭が存在したと主張している。
- In addition, Mitsuhide sent a letter to Shigeharu TSUCHIBASHI, who was a member of the Saigashu (a powerful local clan in Saiga, Kishu), saying, 'A joi (order from a superior to a subordinate) has been issued requesting that you provide service, which is a great honor', and Fujita pointed out that as the word 'joi' was used, the order must be from someone with a higher status than Mitsuhide.
- 代表的な模様として「鮫」(紀州藩徳川氏)、「行儀」「角通し」(以上をまとめて「三役」という)、「松葉」(徳川氏)「御召し十」(徳川氏)「万筋」、「菊菱」(加賀藩前田氏)、「大小あられ」(薩摩藩島津氏)「胡麻柄」(佐賀藩鍋島氏)がある。
- The signature patterns are 'sharks' for the Tokugawa clan of the Kishu Domain, 'gyogi,' 'Kakutoshi,' (the above three patterns are called 'sanyaku' - the notable three), 'pine needles' for the Tokugawa clan, 'omeshiju' for Tokugawa clan, 'mansuji,' 'kikubishi' for the Maeda clan of the Kaga Domain, 'daisho arare' for the Shimazu clan of the Satsuma Domain, and 'gomagara' for the Nabeshima clan of Saga Domain.
- 小辺路の生活道路としての形成時期ははっきりしないが、小辺路が通行する十津川村・野迫川村の領域に関係する史料には8世紀にさかのぼるものが見られ、また、周辺に介在する遺跡・史資料などから少なくとも平安時代には開創されていたと考えられている。
- The time when Kohechi began to be formed as community road is unknown; however, there is a historical document about Totsukawa Village and Nosegawa Village through which Kohechi passes dates back to the eighth century, besides there remain relics and other historical materials which can be linked to the road, therefore, it is considered that Kohechi was formed in the Heian period at the very latest.
- そのため、小辺路や大峯奥駈道のような例外はあるものの、古人の拓いた道と現在の主要な交通路が、並行(中辺路と国道311号線、JR紀勢本線・国道42号線の紀伊半島部分と大辺路・伊勢路)していることや、重複(前述)していることが少なくないのである。
- With the exception of roads including Kohechi and Omine Okugake-michi (paths), roads developed by ancient people and current major traffic routes are often paralleled (examples: Nakahechi and National Route 311; portion of National Route 42 and the JR Kisei Main Line included in Kii Peninsula and Ohechi and Ise-ji Routes) or often overlapped (as prescribed earlier).
- このことを裏付ける傍証として第21代熊野別当であった湛増が高野山往生院に住房を構えていた史実や、現在も小辺路からの下山口である八木尾口(田辺市本宮町)に正慶元年(1332年)に関所が設けられたことを伝える史料の記述(『紀伊続風土記』)がある。
- As for evidences, there remain the record of the 21st Kumano Betto (Chief of the shrines of Kumano) Tanzo who had his residence at Ojo-in Temple in Mt. Koya and 'Kii Zoku Fudoki' (the Local History of Kii Province, Continued) that recorded a checkpoint had been built in 1332 at Yagio-guchi (Hongu-cho, Tanabe City) which is still the point for descending from Kohechi today.
- 別名として伝わるのは『古事記』に袁本杼命(おおどのみこと)、『日本書紀』に男大迹王(おおどのおおきみ)、彦太尊(ひこふとのみこと)、『筑後国風土記』逸文に「雄大迹天皇(おおどのすめらみこと)」、『上宮記』逸文に乎富等大公王(おおどのおおきみ)。
- His other names include Odo no Mikoto in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), Odo no Okimi and Hikofuto no Mikoto in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), Odo no Sumeramikoto in surviving fragments of 'Chikugo no kuni Fudoki' (description of regional climate, culture, etc. of Chikugo Province), and Odo no Okimi in surviving fragments of 'Joguki' (Record of the Crown Prince).
- 特に十津川支流の神納川のV字谷は、紀伊山地の中でも発達が著しいもので両側の稜線間の距離は10キロメートル、深さは500メートル以上、神納川と十津川本流との合流点である川津から分水嶺までの標高差は1000メートル以上に及ぶが蛇行はさほどではない。
- The v-shaped valley along Jinno-gawa River, a branch of Totsu-kawa River, is particularly well developed among the rivers in the Kii Mountains, the distance between ridge lines on both sides is 10 kilometers, the depth is more than 500 meters, the vertical drop from Kawatsu which is a joint of Jinno-gawa River and the main stream of Totsu-kawa River to the divide is more than 1,000, however it does not have great flections.
- ただし、当時の首相である吉田茂は、憲法制定のスケジュールを、当初は8月11日公布、2月11日(紀元節)施行とし、その日程に間に合わなかったことから11月3日(明治節)公布、5月3日施行にしており、意図的にそれまでの祝祭日祝日に日程を合わせている。
- However, then prime minister Shigeru YOSHIDA intentionally made the dates of former national holidays become new national holidays; at first he scheduled to announce the Constitution of Japan on August 11 and to enact the same on February 11 (Kigensetsu (the National Foundation Day)), but since the government could not make it on schedule, they decided to announce the constitution on November 3 (Meiji festival) and to enact the same on May 3.
- なお、1938年(昭和13年)から挙行された紀元二千六百年記念行事に伴い、末永雅雄の指揮による橿原神宮外苑の発掘調査が行われ、その地下から縄文時代後期~晩期の大集落跡と橿の巨木が立ち木のまま十六平方メートルにも根を広げて埋まっていたのを発見した。
- In addition, along with the memorial events of Kigen 2600 held from 1938, excavation and research of the outer garden of Kashihara-Jingu Shrine was carried out under supervision of Masao SUENAGA to find remains of large settlements of the end to last stage of Jomon period and a big oak tree buried standing with its roots spreading to a width of 16 square meters.
- また、記紀の史料批判により、継体天皇以前の編年は到底正しいとは言えず、このころの王家内部では文字による記録が常時取られていたとは考えがたいことから、記紀に伝えられた干支や系譜を元に倭の五王を推定するという試み自体をあまり意味がないとする意見も根強い。
- In agreement with the criticism on 'Kiki''s credibility as historical material and from the fact that the chronology before Emperor Keitai is far from truth, and that it is hard to believe that the Imperial family kept written records on a steady basis, some people strongly deny the meaning of the attempt to presume the five kings of Wa from the Oriental zodiac and the genealogy in 'Kiki'.
- 忍坂部や丸子部といった押坂彦人大兄皇子伝来の私領は「皇祖大兄御名入部」と呼ばれて、以後も息子である舒明から孫の中大兄皇子(後の天智天皇)らへと引き継がれて、大化の改新後に国家に返納された(『日本書紀』大化2年3月20日_(旧暦)条)と考えられている。
- Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko's hereditary private properties such as Otsusakabe and Marukobe were called '皇祖大兄御名入部,' and handed over to his son of the Emperor Jomei and the grandson of Naka no Oe no Oji (later the Emperor Tenchi), and it is believed that such private properties were returned to the nation after Taika no Kaishin (the Great Reformation of the Taika Era) (April 13, 646 section in 'Nihonshoki' [Chronicles of Japan]).
- 15世紀から16世紀にかけて、渡党を統一することで渡島半島南部の領主に成長していった蠣崎氏は豊臣秀吉・徳川家康から蝦夷地の支配権、交易権を公認され、名実共に安東氏から独立し、江戸時代になると蠣崎氏は松前氏と改名して大名に列し渡党は明確に和人とされた。
- From the fifteenth century to the sixteenth century, the Kakizaki clan, who was growing to become the feudal lord of the southern Oshima Peninsula by unifying Watari-to, was recognized as to the right of dominion and trade in the Ezo territory by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and thus became independent from the Ando clan in both name and reality; and the Kakizaki clan changed its name to Matsumae and was elevated to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), by which Watari-to became Japanese in Edo period.
- だが、16世紀末から17世紀初めにかけて起きた壬辰倭乱・丁酉倭乱・丁卯胡乱・丙子胡乱の4つの戦乱によって職田制が崩壊し、17世紀後半には免税特権を国家から与えられた宮荘や屯庄が設置されるとともに土地売買の制約が一層緩くなり、荘園制度は最盛期を迎えた。
- However, by the four wars of Jinshin waran (the Bunroku War in Korean), the Japanese Invasion in 1597, the First Manchu invasion of Korea and the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, the 'office land' (chikchon) system collapsed and during the late seventeenth century, kyuso or tonsho which were given the privilege of tax exemption from the nation were set up and the constraints on the purchase and sale of land were increasingly loosened and the shoen system culminated.
- 磐坂皇子(いわさかのみこ)・磐坂市辺押羽皇子・天万国万押磐尊(あめよろずくによろずおしはのみこと、以上『日本書紀』)・市辺之忍歯王・市辺忍歯別王(いちのへのおしはわけのみこ、以上『古事記』)・市辺天皇命(いちのへのすめらみこと、『播磨国風土記』)とも。
- Prince Ichinobe no Oshiha was also know as: Iwasaka no Miko, Iwasaka no Ichinobe no Oshiha Oji, and Ameyorozukuni Yorozuoshiha no Mikoto (all of above were written in 'Nihonshoki'); and Ichinohe no Oshiha O and Ichinohe no Oshihawake no Miko (all of above were written In the 'Kojiki'); Ichinohe no Sumera Mikoto was written in the 'Harimanokuni Fudoki' (records of the culture and geography of the Harima Province).
- そのほかに徳川姓を許されるのは、家康直系の子孫(親藩)のうちでも特に徳川御三家(尾張徳川家・紀州徳川家・水戸徳川家)、御三卿(田安徳川家・一橋徳川家・清水徳川家)およびこれらの後嗣のみであり、これらの家に養子として入る者も家康の男系の子孫たちであった。
- Besides this, also included as recognized heirs to the Tokugawa name are Ieyasu's offspring who are direct descendents (ie part of the family domain) and in particular, the three privileged branches of Tokugawa family (Owari Tokugawa family, Kishu Tokugawa family and Mito Tokugawa family), the three branches of Tokugawa family (Tayasu Tokugawa family, Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family and Shimizu Tokugawa family) as well as their heirs and, individuals adopted into the family were also considered as part of Ieyasu's male lineage.
- 土佐国の源希義をはじめ、河内源氏のかつての本拠地だった河内国石川の源義基・源義兼父子、美濃国の土岐氏、近江国の佐々木氏、山本義経、紀伊国の湛増、伊予国の河野氏、肥後国の菊池氏らのほか、若狭国・越前国・加賀国の在庁官人など、多くの勢力による挙兵があった。
- Various forces raised troops including MINAMOTO no Mareyoshi of Tosa Province, the father and son, MINAMOTO no Yoshimoto and MINAMOTO no Yoshikane of Ishikawa in Kawachi Province, which was the former base of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), the Toki clan in Mino Province, the Sasaki clan and Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO in Omi Province, Tanzo in Kii Province, the Kono clan in Iyo Province, the Kikuchi clan in Higo Province, and local officials in Wakasa, Echizen and Kaga Provinces.
- その後、軍団が復活すると、健児は軍団の兵士として位置づけられ、10世紀ごろには、健児維持に用するための健児田が設定されたり、全国定員が約3600人(陸奥・出羽・佐渡にも置かれるようになったが、西海道には置かれなかった)とされていたことなどが判っている。
- It has been discovered that kondei soldiers were later included in the cohort system once the cohorts were revived, and subsequently, a special tax exemption system called kondei-den was established in order to maintain kondei, and approximately 3,600 kondei soldiers were deployed throughout the country (kondei were deployed in Mutsu, Dewa, and Sado Provinces as well, but not deployed in the Saikai-do Region) as a general rule in the tenth century.
- 18世紀以降には、大坂高麗橋付近に住む氏名不詳の商人による元文3年(1738年)の『熊野めぐり』(以下、『めぐり』と略記)、伊丹の酒造家、八尾八佐衛門の家人による延享4年(1747年)の『三熊野参詣道中日記』(以下、『道中日記』と略記)などが見られる。
- As for the diaries about visiting Kumano written after the 18the century, there remain 'Kumano Meguri' (hereinafter quote it as 'Meguri') written in 1738 by a merchant with an unknown name who lived near Korai-bashi Bridge of Osaka and 'San-Kumano Sankei Dochu Nikki' (hereinafter quote it as 'Dochu Nikki') written in 1747 by a retainer of Yazaemon YAO, a brewer of Itami.
- これらの中で三島由紀夫は「自分の吃音や不幸な生い立ちに対して金閣における美の憧れと反感を抱いて放火した」と分析し、水上勉は「寺のあり方、仏教のあり方に対する矛盾により美の象徴である金閣を放火した」と分析したが、実際のところ真相は解き明かされる事はなかった。
- Yukio MISHIMA analyzed the motives behind his conduct and said 'The young man set fire because he had great admiration for beauty of and felt antipathy toward Kinkaku-ji Temple, contrasting his dysphemia and unhappy background,' while Tsutomu MIZUKAMI said, 'He set fire to Kinkaku-ji Temple, which was a symbol of beauty for him, owing to the antilogy of how temples and Buddhism should be.'; however, the truth was in fact never clarified.
- 記紀では天皇として認められていないが、後世の史書である『扶桑略記』に「飯豊天皇廿四代女帝」、『本朝皇胤紹運録』に「飯豊天皇 忍海部女王是也」と記される上、偽書の『先代旧事本紀大成経』には「清貞天皇(せいていてんのう)」の諡号まであり、天皇の扱いとなっている。
- In 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan' she was not regarded as Emperor, but in 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Brief History of Japan) she was described as 'Emperor Iitoyo the fourth Empress,' in Honcho koin jounroku (the Emperor's family tree, made in the Muromachi period) as 'Iitoyo Emperor Oshinumibe princess,' and additionally in the apocryphal book 'Sendai Kujihongi taiseikyo,' there was even shigo (posthumous title) 'Emperor Seitei,' where she was treated as Emperor.
- また、古事記や日本書紀などの古代史の研究が進むにつれて、考古学の成果により初期の天皇の実在に疑問がなされたり(欠史八代)、第26代の継体天皇の即位を王朝交代とする説がなされた(現在では、継体天皇は第25代までの天皇とは血のつながりがないとの説も存在する。)。
- As studies of the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki advanced, scholars began to doubt the existence of early emperors (Eight Undocumented Sovereigns), and some people released the idea that the Japanese dynasty was changed when the 26th Emperor Keitai succeeded to the throne (according to a current study, Emperor Keitai had no blood relationship with emperors before him).
- 日本最古の歴史書とされる『日本書紀』の天武天皇9年(680年)の条には「宮内卿」「宮内官大夫」の官職が記述され、686年(朱鳥元年)の条には天武天皇の葬送に際して「宮内事」を誄(しのびごと)したとあり、天武天皇の時代には原型となる官職が形成されたと見られる。
- In the article of Emperor Temmu in 680 of the oldest history book in Japan, 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), there was a description on the government posts of Kunaikyo (Minister of the Sovereign's Household) and Miyanouchi no tsukasa no kami and also in the article of in 686, there was another description on Emperor Temmu's funeral that shinobigoto (speech given to the spirit of the departed about his/her merit) was conducted for the 'miyanouchi-no-koto' (Imperial family's affairs), from which the original government post was established in the period of Emperor Temmu.
- 一方、「倭の五王」の遣使の記録が『古事記』『日本書紀』に見られないことや、ヤマト王権の大王 (ヤマト王権)が、「倭の五王」のような讃、珍、済、興、武など一字の中国風の名を名乗ったという記録は存在しないため、「倭の五王」はヤマト王権の大王ではないとする説もある。
- There even exists a theory which says that 'the five kings of Wa' are not among the kings of Yamato Dynasty because the envoys of 'the five kings of Wa' are not recorded in 'Kojiki' or 'Nihonshoki' and also because none of the kings of Yamato Dynasty had a Chinese-style name with one Chinese character, such as 讃, 珍, 済, 興 and 武.
- もし書紀・水野説以外のいずれかが正しければ、欽明天皇は現在の皇室から少なくとも遡れる継体天皇以降の歴代天皇では昭和天皇・明治天皇に次いで長く在位した(推古天皇または天武天皇が事実上の初代天皇で、それ以前はヤマト大王だったのではないかという説は置いて)事になる。
- Apart from the 'Chronicles of Japan' and the theory of Mizuno, if any of these theories is correct, Emperor Kinmei would become the third emperor who reigned for the longest time following Emperor Showa and Emperor Meiji between Emperor Keitai and the present Imperial family; some people argue that Emperor Suiko or Emperor Tenmu was the actual first emperor and before these emperors there existed the great King of Yamato; but we will put aside this theory for now.
- こうした弱点を克服する議論として主張されはじめたのが、下向井龍彦らによって主張されているように、出現期の武士が田堵負名としての経済基盤を与えられており、11世紀の後期王朝国家に国家体制が変質した時点で、荘園公領の管理者としての領主身分を獲得したとする議論である。
- To overcome such weak points, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and so on started to insist that the bushi during the early period were given an economic base as tato fumyo and when the national policy changed to the latter half of the dynasty state during the 11th century, the bushi acquired the lord status as the manager of shoen koryo.
- たとえば、17世紀初頭に刊行された『日葡辞書』では、BuxiやMononofuはそれぞれ「武人」「軍人」という訳語が与えられているのに対して、Saburaiは「貴人、または尊敬すべき人」と訳されていることからも、侍が武士階層の中でも特別な存在であったことは窺えよう。
- For example, 'the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam' (Nipojisho, Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary), published in early seventeen century, gave the meaning of the terms Buxi and Mononofu as 'bujin' (warrior) and 'gunjin' (military man), respectively, however, Saburai was translated as 'a nobleman or person to be respected', suggesting that samurai were special people within the bushi class.
- これにより東国の巡礼者が増え、この上方の観音巡礼が「西国三十三箇所」と言われるようになり、熊野詣から巡礼を始める人が多かったので第一番が紀伊国熊野の青岸渡寺に、東国への帰路に着きやすいということで第三十三番が美濃国の華厳寺という現在の巡礼順になったと考えられている。
- Consequently, the number of the pilgrims from the eastern provinces increased, and this Kannon pilgrimage in the Kamigata area (area centering around Kyoto) came to be called the 'Saigoku Sanjusankasho;' it is believed that the Seiganto-ji Temple in the Kumano area of Kii Province became the first temple because many people made the pilgrimage to the three grand shrines (including the Seiganto-ji Temple) of Kumano first, that the Kegon-ji Temple in Mino Province became the thirty-third temple because of the easy access to the eastern provinces when returning home, and that the current route of the pilgrimage was decided in this way.
- 義弘は将軍家からの御恩の深さを感謝しながらも、今川了俊に従軍しての九州での戦い、明徳の乱、南北朝合一、少弐氏退治での自らの功績を述べ、それにも関わらず将軍家は和泉国と紀伊国を取り上げようとし、また先年の少弐氏との戦いで討ち死にした弟の満弘の子への恩賞がない不満を述べる。
- Yoshihiro said that he remained grateful for the deep favor the shogunal family had bestowed on him, but also listed his own accomplishments in the battles in Kyushu joining forces with Ryoshun IMAGAWA, in the Meitoku rebellion, in unifying the Southern and Northern Courts, and in the annihilation of the Shoni family before pointing out his dissatisfaction that despite these deeds, the Ashikaga family was trying to remove Izumi and Kii Provinces from his governance, and the fact that his nephew, the son of his younger brother Mitsuhiro - who had died in battle during the recent campaign against the Shoni family - had received no reward for his father's service.
- 一方、当時の公家社会では、公家達のほとんどが北朝方公家の末裔であったために(多くは家督を巡って南北に分裂した)北朝正統論が強く、柳原紀光ら公家出身の歴史家の多くが北朝正統論を支持した、また皇室も永く現皇統につながる北朝を正統と考えていたとされ祭祀もその方針で行われていた。
- On the other hand, most of the court nobles at that time were descended from court nobles of the Northern Court (many families divided into Southern and Northern based on the family head), and strongly supported the Northern Court legitimacy theory, together with many aristocratic historians such as Norimitsu YANAGIHARA, and the Imperial Line also considered the Northern Court as legitimate because it was directly connected to the current imperial line, so rituals were also conducted following those policies.
- 『日本書紀』には、神ではなく、人間としての力士同士の戦いで最古のものとして、垂仁天皇7年(紀元前23年)7月7日 (旧暦)にある野見宿禰と「當麻蹶速」(当麻蹴速)の「捔力」(「すまひとらしむ」または「すまひ」と訓す)での戦いである(これは柔道でも柔道の起源とされている)。
- According to 'Nihonshoki' (The Chronicles of Japan), the oldest fight between human fighters, not gods, was a fight between NOMI no Sukune and TAIMA no Kehaya at 'Sumaitorashimu' (also sometimes called 'Sumai') on August 26, B.C. 23 (this fight is also regarded as the origin of judo).
- 『日本書紀』の皇極天皇元年(642年)7月12日 (旧暦)「乙亥 饗百濟使人大佐平智積等於朝 或本云 百濟使人大佐平智積及兒達率 闕名 恩率軍善乃命健兒相撲於翹岐前」にあるとおり百済の王族の使者をもてなすため、健児(こんでい・ちからひと)に相撲を取らせたことが書かれている。
- The 'Nihonshoki' states 'The emperor entertained ambassadors from Paekche including Chishaku TAISAHEI at the Imperial Court, and he told strong men to have sumo matches in front of Gyogi,' kondei (regular soldiers guarding kokubu (ancient provincial offices)) had sumo matches to entertain a royal envoy from Paekche on August 15, 642.
- その成立時期は上記「えぞ」の初見と近い13世紀と見られており、また擦文文化とアイヌ文化の生活体系の最も大きな違いは、日本からの移入品(特に鉄製品)の量的増大にあり、アイヌ文化は交易に大きく依存していたことから、アイヌ文化を生んだ契機に日本との交渉の増大があると考えられている。
- It was probably established in the thirteenth century, when the word 'Ezo' can be seen for the first time as mentioned above; however, the greatest difference between the Satsumon culture and the Ainu culture was the increase in imported items (especially ironware), meaning that it should be seen that Ainu had increased negotiations with Japan when the Ainu culture was born, because the Ainu culture was very reliant on trade with Japan.
- 14世紀には、「渡党」(北海道渡島半島。近世の松前藩の前身)、「日の本」(北海道 (地方公共団体)太平洋側と千島。近世の東蝦夷)、「唐子」(北海道日本海側と樺太。近世の西蝦夷)に分かれ、渡党は和人と言葉が通じ、本州との交易に従事したという文献(『諏訪大明神絵詞』)が残っている。
- In the fourteenth century the Ezo group was divided into Watari-to (Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido, the predecessor of the Matsumae domain in modern history), Hinomoto (the Pacific Ocean side of Hokkaido (local public entity) and Chishima (Kurile Islands), or Higashi-Ezo in modern history), Karako (the Sea of Japan side of Hokkaido and Sakhalin, or Nishi-Ezo in modern history); and a record stating that Watari-to could communicate with Japanese and conducted trade with people in Honshu is seen in one document (Suwa Daimyojin Ekotoba).
- 外記局や弁官局などが持っていた律令制における公文書管理組織が解体していった10世紀に儀式や公事の作法・判断の典拠として日記に記された先例故実の校勘に求めるようになり、そうした日記を多く所持していた家系がそれを理由として先例故実の家柄として公家社会において重要視されるようになった。
- The apparatus to manage official documents under the Ritsuryo system, namely the Gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office) and the Benkankyoku (Controller's Office), was dismantled in the 10th century, which led people to begin seeking to modify the precedents for etiquette and legal judgments of public ceremonies and events according to what was found in the written record as recorded in diaries; this meant that for the noble families of aristocratic society, who tended to own many such diaries and could now use them to defend their own pedigree according to past precedent, great importance came to be attached to diaries.
- 顕宗天皇(けんぞうてんのう、顯宗天皇、允恭天皇39年(450年) - 顕宗天皇3年4月25日 (旧暦)(487年6月2日))は、記紀・『播磨国風土記』に伝えられる第23代の天皇(在位:顕宗天皇元年1月1日 (旧暦)(485年2月1日) - 同3年4月25日(487年6月2日))。
- Emperor Kenzo (450 - June 2, 487) was the twenty-third Emperor, described in 'Kojiki' (literally, The Record of Ancient Matters), 'Nihonshoki' (literally, Chronicles of Japan), and 'Harimanokuni Fudoki' (literally, Records of the Culture and Geography of the Harima Province), who reigned from February 1, 485, to June 2, 487.
- ただし、神功皇后や倭姫命などの例があるように古代の女性皇族で巫女的な資質をもっていた人がいてもまったく不思議ではないが、記紀をみる限り、飯豊女王について巫女的な要素が直接うかがわれるような記述があるわけではなく、あまり巫女的な面を強調しすぎることには慎重であるべきとする説もある。
- However, it is not strange that there existed people who had a miko-type character in ancient female Imperial families like Empress Jingu or Yamato hime no mikoto and so on, but in 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan' there is no description which suggests that Iitoyo no himemiko had a miko-type character and some theories say that you should be careful to emphasize her miko aspect too much.
- また、同年八月の条に、犬養部の設置記事がみられるが、現存する屯倉の地名と犬養という地名との近接例も多いことから、屯倉の守衛に番犬が用いられた(番犬を飼養していたのが犬養氏)だということが明らかになっており、屯倉や犬養部の設置時期も安閑天皇の頃(6世紀前半頃)に始まったと推察される。
- In an entry for September of the same year, there is an article pertaining to the establishment of inukaibe (corporations of dog keepers) but it is clear from the numerous examples in which surviving miyake place names are located next to inube place names that watchdogs were used to guard miyake (watchdogs were reared by the Inukai clan), and it is surmised that the establishment of miyake and inukaibe also began during the reign of Emperor Ankan (first half of the sixth century).
- 「武」は、鉄剣・鉄刀銘文(稲荷山古墳鉄剣銘文 獲加多支鹵大王と江田船山古墳の鉄剣の銘文獲□□□鹵大王)の王名が雄略天王に比定され、和風諡号(『日本書紀』大泊瀬幼武命、『古事記』大長谷若建命・大長谷王)とも共通する実名の一部「タケル」に当てた漢字であることが明らかであるとする説がある。
- According to a theory which identifies 'Bu' as Emperor Yuryaku, the Chinese character '武' can be read 'Bu' as well as 'Takeru' which corresponds to a part of the king's name inscribed on iron swords (Wakatakeru no Okimi [the Great King Wakatakeru] in Inariyama-kofun Tumulus, and the Wa□□□ru no Okimi in Eta Funayama Tumulus) and this king has been identified as Emperor Yuryaku, whose real name and his Japanese-style posthumous name (Ohatsuse no Wakatakeru no Mikoto in 'Nihonshoki' and Ohatsusewakatakeru no mikoto/Ohatsuse no miko in 'Kojiki') commonly include 'Takeru'.
- 『徒然草』において、重明親王が元良親王の元日の奏賀の声が太極殿から鳥羽作道まで響いたことを書き残した故事について記されているため、両親王が活躍していた10世紀前半には存在していたとされる(ただし、吉田兼好が見たとされる重明親王による元の文章が残っていないために疑問視する意見もある)。
- Since 'Tsurezure gusa' (Essays in Idleness) shows about a historical event that Imperial Prince Shigeakira wrote down that the voice of Imperial Prince Motoyoshi making a ceremonial speech on the morning of the new year was heard from Daigokuden (Council Hall in the Imperial Palace) to Toba no Tsukurimichi, it was considered that the road existed in the early 10th century when the two Imperial princes were active (however, there are opinions that questions this, as the original writings of Imperial Prince Shigeakira which Kenko YOSHIDA is supposed to have seen do not exist).
- 「紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道」の世界遺産登録への動きが本格化する2000年(平成12年)前後には、1999年(平成11年)の南紀熊野体験博の開催と呼応するかたちで再調査が行われ、登録に先立つ2001年から2002年にかけての時期には、整備と復元・復旧を目的とする事業が特に積極的に行われた。
- Around 2000, as the campaign for registering 'holy places and pilgrimage routes in the Kii Mountains' as a World Heritage site was broaden; in 1999 re-investigation into the road was conducted with the opening of Japan Expo Nanki Kumano, and in 2001 and 2002, immediately before the registration, the projects for maintenance, restoration and reconstruction were energetically carried.
- 古今和歌集において、紀友則の「み吉野の山べにさける桜花雪かとのみぞあやまたれける」(春歌上)と詠まれているのが桜についての初見ではあるが、この頃はまだ、百人一首にも選出されている、坂上是則の「あさぼらけ有明の月とみるまでに吉野の里にふれる白雪」(冬歌)に代表される雪の歌が優勢であった。
- Cherry blossoms first appeared in KI no Tomonori's poem, 'When I saw Mt. Yoshino covered with cherry blossoms, I thought it must have snowed' (Spring Poems Part 1), in Kokin Wakashu (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), but around that time, snow poems remained more common, such as 'At dawn, when the sky began to lighten a little, I saw sparkling white snow that carpeted the country of Yoshino and I thought the moon might be lingering' (Winter Poems) by SAKANOUE no Korenori, which is selected for One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets.
- 16世紀に入ると、戦国の動乱の中で、本願寺教団は零細な農民から地侍、土豪などの武士階層に至るその組織力を武器に日本各地で活動を活発化させるが、山科本願寺は天文法華の乱により1532年に戦災にあい、第10代証如は摂津国西成郡(現在の大阪市)に蓮如が開いた石山御坊へと移り、石山本願寺とする。
- Following the dawn of the sixteenth century, amid the turmoil of Sengoku, the Honganji Buddhist sect engaged its activities in various regions in Japan using its power of organization, which was constituted by petty peasants up to samurai hierarchy such as the local samurai, the local ruling families and so on; however, in 1532 Yamashina Honganji Temple suffered damage due to the Tenbun-hokke-no-ran War, and therefore the tenth generation (Shonyo) moved to Ishiyama Gobo, which was opened in Nishinari-gun, Settsu-no-kuni (currently Osaka City) by Rennyo, which became Ishiyama Honganji Temple.
- だが、孝謙天皇称徳天皇亡き後に最も皇位に近い立場にいた筈の他戸親王の『続日本紀』における初出が、父・光仁天皇の即位後であること(つまり称徳朝における叙任記録が存在しない)や姉の酒人内親王も井上内親王が37歳の時の子であることを考えた場合、当時でも稀な高齢出産があった可能性も排除出来ない。
- Even considering that the first time he was reported in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) was after his father, Emperor Konin, ascended the throne even then that he was considered the closest crown prince to the Imperial Throne after Emperor Koken and Emperor Shotoku died (this means that there is no record he was conferred to any position) and his sister, Imperial Princess Sakahito was born when her mother, Imperial Princess Inoe was 37 years old, so we cannot exclude the possibility of late childbearing even it was very rare case at that time.
- これらはそれぞれの家の初代当主の幼名であり、(たとえば竹千代は江戸幕府初代征夷大将軍徳川家康の、五郎太は尾張藩祖徳川義直の、長福丸は紀州藩祖徳川頼宣の、鶴千代は水戸藩祖徳川頼房の、犬千代は加賀藩祖前田利家の幼名である)これらは子孫のうち後を継ぐべき嫡男の幼名にもなり、代々受け継がれていった。
- Each such name had originally been the childhood name of the founder of the family (so for example, the name Takechiyo had been the first Edo-period Shogun, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's name, while Gorota had been the Owari branch progenitor Yoshinao TOKUGAWA's, Chofukumaru the Kishu branch founder Yorinobu TOKUGAWA's, Tsuruchiyo the Mito branch forefather Yorifusa TOKUGAWA's, and Inuchiyo the Kaga Domain patriarch Toshiie MAEDA's), and each was passed down from family head to the son being groomed as heir, becoming their childhood name in turn; this passing down continued from generation to generation.
- なお、アンドウの表記について諸史料では主として鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての津軽時代には「安藤氏」、室町時代中期以降の秋田時代には「安東氏」とされている例が多いことから、個人名表記は概ね15世紀半ばまでを「安藤」、以降を「安東」とするが、本稿では便宜上、氏族名は「安東」で統一する。
- Concerning the writing of its name 'Ando,' in those historical records generally state as, the clan used the denomination of '安藤 (Ando) clan' during the Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the clan was settled in Tsugaru region, while it was settled in Akita region in the mid-Muromachi period and after, its denomination came to be written '安東 (Ando) clan,' and therefore, the individual surnames of the clan until mid-15th century will be written as '安藤 (ANDO)' and after that it will be written as '安東 (ANDO),' and for the sake of simplicity, the clans name will be consistently written as the 'Ando' clan.
- 明治時代に歴史学者那珂通世が、日本書紀はその紀年を立てるにあたって中国の前漢から後漢に流行した讖緯説(しんいせつ)を採用しており、推古天皇が斑鳩に都を置いた西暦601年(辛酉年)から逆算して1260年遡った紀元前660年(辛酉年)を、大革命である神武天皇即位の年として起点設定したとの説を立てた。
- In the Meiji Period, Michiyo NAKA, a historian, put forward a theory that, in establishing a way to count years, Chronicles of Japan employed the Shinisetsu which was popular in Former Han to Later Han (dynasties of China) and counting back 1260 years from the year 601 when Empress Suiko set the capital in Ikaruga, the year 660 B.C was decided to be the year of, a great revolution, the enthronement of Emperor Jinmu.
- 当時の建物の敷地は現在の建物の東隣にある、石碑や像などが建っていて寺田屋の庭のようになっている場所(京都市伏見区南浜町262番地)であるが、この土地は大正3年(1914年)に所有者(寺田屋主人とは血縁関係にない)から当時の京都府紀伊郡伏見区に寄付され、市町村合併を経て現在は京都市の市有地である。
- The premises of the building at that time correspond to the area (262 Minamihama-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City) to the east of the current building, which includes a monument and a stone statue, serving as a garden for the current Teradaya; the ground was donated to Fushimi Ward, Kii District at that time in 1914 by the landowner (who is not related to the owner of the current Teraedaya), and after municipal mergers, it is presently owned by Kyoto City.
- 『日本書紀』の説の問題点は、飯豊青皇女が執政を始めた時は億計尊・弘計尊の兄弟はもう宮中にいて、この兄弟の代理で一時的に政務を預かったにすぎないばかりか、ちょうど都合よくなぜか1年に満たない執政10ヶ月で死去して顕宗天皇が即位したため清寧天皇と顕宗天皇の間には空位年がないことになっていることである。
- The problem of the theory of 'Nihonshoki' is that Oke no mikoto's brothers had already been in Imperial Palace when Iitoyo no himemiko began her administration and on behalf of the brothers she just temporarily did administration and conveniently after her 10 months' administration, which was short for one year, she passed away and Emperor Kenzo was enthroned and thus there was no blank year between Emperor Seinei and Emperor Kenzo.
- 葛城氏2系統論を支持する研究者の中には、一連の政変で滅びたのは玉田宿禰系のみであって、葦田宿禰系は5世紀末までしばらく勢力を存続させていたと主張する議論もみられるが、それを示唆するような政治活動が記紀に一切記されていないため、蟻臣などもやはり外戚の押磐皇子と運命をともにしたのではないかと思われる。
- Some researchers, who hold the theory that the Katsuraki clan had two family groups, view that it was only Tamada no sukune's family who fell with the serial coup and Ashita no sukune's family survived until the end of the 5th century; however, there is no record that supports this view in the Nihonshoki nor the Kojiki, and it is thought that Ariomi followed the same path as his maternal relative, Prince Oshihano.
- 『日本書紀』と『古事記』には、百済王の使者、阿直岐(古事記には阿知吉師)が経典に通じていたので、応神天皇15年(284年)に皇太子、菟道稚郎子の師となり、その阿直岐の紹介により応神天皇16年(285年)2月に入朝した王仁(古事記には和邇吉師)が『論語』10巻、『千字文』1巻を献上したと記されている。
- 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and 'Kojiki' (records of ancient matters) include the following descriptions: Because of being familiar with Buddhist scriptures, Achiki (Achikishi in Kojiki), an emissary of Kudaranokonikishi (King of Paekche), became a teacher of Prince Iratsuko UJINOWAKI in 284 during the era of Emperor Ojin, and Wa Ni (Wang In) (Wanikishi in Kojiki) who was introduced by Achiki and came to Japan and presented ten volumes of 'Rongo Analects' and 'Senjimon' (a poem consisting of one thousand Chinese characters) to the Imperial court.
- 11世紀以降、非農業民は有力寺社などに生産物を貢納することを理由に、これらに隷属する神人となっていたが、後三条天皇親政下において、内廷経済を充実させるべく山野河海に設定されていた御厨を直轄化するという政策がとられると、蔵人所とその下部組織である御厨所の所管となった御厨の住民が供御人と呼ばれるようになった。
- Since the 11th Century, the non-agricultural people became jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) because they presented their products to the major temples and shrines, however, the residents of Kurodo dokoro and mikuriya (manors of Imperial Family and powerful shrines) which was controlled by mikuriya (the place to cook for Emperor) which was under Kurodo dokoro were called Kugonin when a policy of directly controlling mikuriya which had been set in mountains, fields, rivers, and sea to enrich the economy of the court was taken under the administration of Emperor Gosanjo.
- しかし11世紀半ばに荘園の一円化が進み、諸国の荘園公領間で武力紛争が頻発するようになると、荘園及び公領である郡、郷、保の徴税、警察、裁判責任者としての荘園の荘官(荘司)や公領の郡司、郷司、保司に軍事紛争に対応できる武士が任命されることが多くなり、これらを領地とする所領経営者としての武士が成立したのである。
- However during the middle of the 11th century shoens spread rapidly and the armed conflicts between shoen koryos (public lands and private estates) in various provinces often happened, and many bushi were appointed to shokan (an officer governing shoen) of shoen or gunji (district managers), goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing koryo, or public land) of koryo (public lands) as the managers of tax collection, police activity and justice for shoens or koryo such as gun, go, and ho; consequently the bushi were established as the managers of public lands who owned these lands.
- 宮内庁は同陵を大阪府茨木市太田三丁目の太田茶臼山古墳(前方後円墳・全長226m)に比定しているが、築造時期は5世紀の中頃とみられており、近年、同府高槻市郡家新町の今城塚古墳(前方後円墳・全長190m)から兵馬俑の如き埴輪群が発見され、6世紀前半の築造と考えられる同古墳を真の継体天皇陵とするのが定説になっている。
- Although the Imperial Household Agency identifies the Ota Chausuyama Tumulus (large keyhole-shaped tomb mound, 226-meter-long) in 3 Ota, Ibaraki City, Osaka Prefecture as Emperor Keitai's mausoleum, its construction is presumed to date back to about the mid-fifth century, so the accepted notion of today is that his true mausoleum is Imashirozuka Tumulus (large keyhole-shaped tomb mound, 190-meter-long) in Gunge Shinmachi, Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture which is estimated to have been built in early sixth century because of the cluster of Haniwa (a clay figure artifact) like the lifelike images of soldiers and horses in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, were discovered there.
- 22代清寧天皇のシラカタケヒロクニオシワカヤマトネコ(白髪武広国押稚日本根子、『日本書紀』に因る)のように明らかな和風諡号も見られるが、これはむしろ清寧天皇が後に皇統の列に加えられた架空の天皇である可能性を物語っている(ただし、清寧天皇の和風諡号は実名を基にした物であるため、実在した可能性が高い、とする説もある)。
- An obviously Japanese-style posthumous name can be seen as in Shiraka no takehirokunioshiwakayamatoneko no Sumeramikoto of the twenty-second Emperor Seinei (according to 'Nihonshoki') but this rather suggests a possibility that Emperor Seinei is a fictional Emperor who was later included in the imperial line (however, there is a theory which proposes that there is a high possibility that Emperor Seinei actually existed because his Japanese-style posthumous name is based on a real name).
- 饅頭(まんとう)は伝承によれば、3世紀の三国志の蜀の宰相・諸葛亮が孟獲との南征の帰途、川の氾濫を沈めるために川の神へと人身御供を立てて、人の首を川に沈めるという風習を改めさせようと小麦粉で練った皮に羊・豚の肉を詰めそれを人間の頭に見立てて川に投げ込んだところ川の氾濫が静まった故事からこの料理が始まったという説がある。
- According to the lore, the dish of mantou originated in the historical fact that a flood subsided after a kneaded flour dough stuffed with mutton and pork, which imitated a human head was thrown into a river in order to change the custom of sinking a human head into a river for human sacrifice to stop floods when Zhuge LIANG, the prime minister of Shu in the Sanguo Zhi (History of the Three Kingdoms) was on his way back from southern expedition to attack Meng HUO in the third century.
- また『日本書紀』では、『百済本記』(「百濟本記爲文 其文云 大歳辛亥三月 軍進至于安羅 營乞乇城 是月 高麗弑其王安 又聞 日本天皇及太子皇子 倶崩薨 由此而言 辛亥之歳 當廿五年矣」)を引用して、天皇及び太子、皇子が同時に死んだとの説を紹介しており、何らかの政変によって継体自身が殺害された可能性もある(「辛亥の変」説)。
- 'Nihonshoki' quotes the lines from 'Original records of Paekche' ('the article in the Original records of Paekche says that King Anjang of Goguryeo encountered rebellion from his subjects and was murdered in 531. Around the same time, Japanese Emperor, Crown Prince and Prince were killed altogether by their subjects.') to introduce a theory that the Emperor, Crown Prince and Prince died at the same time, which hints the possibility that Keitai was actually killed in a political turmoil ('Xinhai Incident' theory).
- 『日本書紀』によれば、清寧天皇の治世中にすでに仁賢天皇(おけのみこと)と顕宗天皇(おけのみこと)は発見されており、後継問題は解決されていたが、清寧天皇崩御後に億計尊と弘計尊が皇位を相譲したため、飯豊青皇女が忍海角刺宮(おしぬみのつのさしのみや、奈良県葛城市忍海郡の角刺神社が伝承地)で執政し、「忍海飯豊青尊」と称したという。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' Emperor Ninken and Emperor Kenzo had already been discovered in the administration of Emperor Seinei and the successor issue was solved, but after the demise of Emperor Seinei, Oke no mikoto (億計尊) and Oke no mikoto (弘計尊) ceded the Imperial Throne and Iitoyo no himemiko engaged in state affairs in Oshinumi no tsunosashi no miya (Tsunosashi Shrine in Oshimi-gun, Katsuragi City, Nara Prefecture is the traditional place) and called herself 'Oshimi Iitoyo ao no mikoto.'
- 『古事記』にも「御陵は毛受(もず)の耳原にあり」、『日本書紀』には寿陵であったと記され、「(八十七年)冬十月の癸未の朔己丑に、百舌鳥野稜(もずののみささぎ)に葬(はぶ)りまつる」とあるが、学術的には仁徳天皇陵として疑問視する向きもあることから、最近では(伝)仁徳陵古墳、大仙陵古墳などの名称を用いるのが一般的になってきている。
- Also in 'Kojiki,' it is described that 'the Imperial Mausoleum was located in Mozu no Mimihara' and 'Nihonshoki' describes that it was Juryo (a grave built while alive) and further ' he was entombed in the Mozuno mausoleum on November 22, 399' but because there are some people who question academically whether it is the Emperor Nintoku mausoleum, it has recently become general to use names such as (Legendary) Nintokuryo Tumulus, Daisenryo Tumulus, etc.
- 簡単にいえば、武官は「官人として武装しており、律令官制の中で訓練を受けた常勤の公務員的存在」であるのに対して、武士は「10世紀に成立した新式の武芸を家芸とし、武装を朝廷や国府から公認された「下級貴族」、「下級官人」、「有力者の家人中世の家人」からなる人々」であって、律令官制の訓練機構で律令制式の武芸を身につけた者ではなかった。
- Simply speaking, military officers were 'government officials (espcially one of low to medium rank) who were armed and a full-time government [public] employee-like officials trained under the Ritsuryo-system,' while the bushi were 'the people who consisted of a 'lower ranking nobles,' 'lower ranking government officials' and 'people from powerful or medieval families' who regarded the new military art established during the 10th century as their iegei and were officially authorized to be armed by the Imperial Court or kokufu (provincial office)' and they did not acquire the military art of the Ritsuryo-system style in the training institution of the organization of the government according to the Ritsuryo codes.
- これに対して黒岩重吾は『日本書紀』継体天皇廿五年での『百済本記』引用「百濟本記爲文 其文云 大歳辛亥三月 軍進至于安羅 營乞乇城 是月 高麗弑其王安 又聞 日本天皇及太子皇子 倶崩薨 由此而言 辛亥之歳 當廿五年矣」天皇および太子、皇子が同時に死んだという記述等を根拠にそれぞれ実際には即位していない安閑・宣化は暗殺・軟禁されたとした。
- Based on the statement in 'Original records of Paekche' in section of '25 years of Emperor Keitai' in 'Chronicles of Japan', saying '百濟本記爲文 其文云 大歳辛亥三月 軍進至于安羅 營乞?城 是月 高麗弑其王安 又聞 日本天皇及太子皇子 倶崩薨 由此而言 辛亥之歳 當廿五年矣'(Emperor in Japan and the prince passed away at the same time), Jugo KUROIWA believed that Ankan and Senka did not succeed to the throne and they were actually assassinated or under custody.
- 安康暗殺の背景に葛城氏が直接関与していた可能性も指摘されているが、生前の安康は押磐皇子に後事を託そうとしていたという記述(雄略即位前紀)からすれば、むしろ安康(允恭系)と押磐皇子(履中系)・葛城氏との間には王位継承に関する妥協が成立していて、このことに強く反発した大泊瀬皇子が安康を含む敵対勢力の一掃に踏み切ったと解釈することも出来よう。
- It has been pointed out that the Katsuraki clan was involved in the assassination of Emperor Anko; however, there is a record that Emperor Anko was planning to hand over his future affairs to Prince Oshihano, which could mean that there was a compromise between the Emperor Anko (the Ingyo family), and Prince Oshihano (the Richu family) and Katsuraki clan, but Pince Ohatsuse was strongly opposed to this plan and decided to wipe out his opponents, including Emperor Anko.
- なお、『日本書紀』に引く「百済本記」(「百濟本記爲文 其文云 大歳辛亥三月 軍進至于安羅 營乞乇城 是月 高麗弑其王安 又聞 日本天皇及太子皇子 倶崩薨 由此而言 辛亥之歳 當廿五年矣」)によれば、531年頃に天皇と太子・皇子が共に薨去したという所伝があるといい、継体天皇の死後、安閑天皇・宣化天皇の朝廷と欽明天皇の朝廷が並立していたとか、2朝間に内乱があったと見る説もある(「辛亥の変」説)。
- According to the 'Kudarahonki' (Original records of Paekche) quoted by 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), a legend has it that Emperor Keitai and Prince died together around 531, and another theory has it that after the death of Emperor Keitai, two Imperial Courts existed at the same time, one was reigned by Emperor Ankan and Emperor Senka, the other was reigned by Emperor Kinmei, and they had a domestic conflict ('Shingai Coup' theory).
- 幕府軍によって変の首謀者たちが討たれ、剣が奪い返された後も神璽は後南朝に持ち去られたままであったが、1457年(長禄元年)に至って、1441年(嘉吉元年)の嘉吉の乱で取り潰された赤松氏の復興を願う赤松家遺臣の石見太郎、丹生屋帯刀、上月満吉らが、大和国・紀伊国国境付近の北山(奈良県吉野郡上北山村か)あるいは三之公(同郡川上村 (奈良県))に本拠を置いていた後南朝に臣従すると偽って後南朝勢力を襲い、南朝の末裔という自天王・忠義王兄弟を殺害して神璽を奪い返した(長禄の変)。
- Shogunal forces hunted down and executed the ringleaders of the Incident and recaptured the sword, but the Grand Jewels remained with the Gonancho forces who fled in 1457, the surviving retainers of the Akamatsu clan - which had been crushed in the Kakitsu Rebellion of 1441 - including Taro ISHIMI, Tatewaki NIUNOYA, and Mitsuyoshi KOZUKI, wishing to restore the Akamatsu clan's fortunes, went to the Gonancho headquarters at Kitayama near the provincial borders of Yamato and Kii Provinces (possibly referring to modern-day Kamikitayama village in Yoshino district, Nara Pref.), or perhaps at Sannoko (in Kawakami village of Yoshino district, Nara Pref.), and pretended to become vassals of the Gonancho before turning on them and striking down many of their forces, murdering Princes Jitenno and Tadayoshiten who were brothers and Imperial descendants of the Southern Court bloodline, before recapturing the Grand Jewels (in what became known as the Choroku Incident).
- 16世紀第4四半期の時点で、安東氏上国家・湊家が秋田郡、南部氏三戸南部氏(盛岡南部氏)が糠部郡、奥州探題大崎氏が大崎地方、葛西氏が登米郡、羽州探題最上氏が最上地方・村山地方、伊達氏が信夫郡・伊達郡・置賜地方・刈田郡・柴田郡・宮城郡を、蘆名氏が会津・耶麻郡・大沼郡・河沼郡・蒲原郡・安積郡・岩瀬郡、二本松氏(畠山氏)が安達郡、田村氏が田村郡、陸奥石川氏・白河結城氏が白河郡、相馬氏が行方郡 (磐城国)・宇多郡・標葉郡、岩城氏が楢葉郡・岩城郡・磐前郡・菊田郡・多賀郡において安堵を実行した発給文書が残っている。
- There remain issued documents for approval of a landowner as of the forth quarter of the sixth century, Akita-gun for the Ando clan (Uekuni family and Minato family), Nukanobu region for the Nanbu clan (Sannohe Nanbu clan (or, Morioka Nanbu clan)), Osaki region of the Osaki clan which was Oshu Tandai, Tome-gun for the Kasai clan, Mogami and Murayama regions for the Mogami clan which was Ushu Tandai, Shinobu-gun, Date-gun, Okitama region, Katta-gun, Shibata-gun, and Miyagi-gun for the Date clan, Aizu Yama-gun, Onuma-gun, Kawanuma-gun, Kanbara-gun, Asaka-gun, and Iwase-gun for the Ashina clan, Adachi-gun for the Nihonmatsu clan (Hatakeyama clan), Tamura-gun for the Tamura clan, Shirakawa-gun for the Mutsu Ishikawa clan and Shirakawa Yuki clan, Namegata-gun (Iwaki Province), Uda-gun and Shineha-gun for the Soma clan, and Naraha-gun, Iwaki-gun, Iwasaki-gun, Kikuta-gun and Taga-gun for the Iwaki clan.