筆者: 144 Terms and Phrases

• 筆者
• writer (often in self-reference)
• author

• 執筆者
• author

• 伝称筆者
• Possible author

• 筆者と書風
• The transcriber and his calligraphic style

• 主執筆者を見る
• View main contributors

• （）内は加筆者の訳。
• Sentences in brackets were added by the writer.

• 辞書の編集者または筆者
• a compiler or writer of a dictionary

• 筆者の考えを以下に示す。
• The opinions of the author are shown below.

• 筆者による改稿や誤脱が多い。
• There are many rewritings and typographical errors by him.

• 筆者は藤原為経（寂超）である。
• The author is FUJIWARA no Tametsune (Jyakucho).

• 筆者はそうした風潮を好まない。
• The present writer doesn't like such a tendency.

• この記事の筆者は有名な批評家だ。
• The author of this article is a famous critic.

• 成立年代や筆者はそれぞれ異なる。
• The pieces were written by different authors at various times.

• （本、論文など）共同執筆者である
• be a co-author on (a book, a paper)

• （また現代語訳は執筆者が行った。）
• (The modern translation has also been done by the author.)

• 文章筆者：松林柏円、三遊亭円朝など
• Writer of the texts: Hakuen Matsubayashi, Encho SANYUTEI, etc.

• 経文の筆者は珎賀（ちんが）である。
• The writer of the sutra is Chinga.

• 唯一筆者と成立年代が確認されている。
• It is the only story whose author and year of writing are identified.

• 〔〕及び片仮名から平仮名へ修正は加筆者。
• The description in 〔〕 and changes from Hiragana to Katakana were later made by another author.

• 筆者は長谷川等伯の子・久蔵とされている。
• The author is believed to be Kyuzo HASEGAWA, a child of Tohaku HASEGAWA.

• 筆者が何を言おうとしているのかわからない。
• It is not clear what the writer is trying to say.

• あなたは筆者が言っていることを理解できますか。
• Can you make sense of what the writer is saying?

• この本で筆者は日本とアメリカを対照させている。
• In this book, the writer contrasts Japan with America.

• 英国の風刺小説の筆者（1917年−1993年）
• English writer of satirical novels (1917-1993)

• しかし、今日では伝称筆者の多くは否定されている。
• But many possible authors have been denied now

• 筆者は従四位上出羽国守平知信（桓武平氏平高棟流）。
• The author, TAIRA no Tomonobu, was Jushiijo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) governor of Dewa Province, and his family was Kanmu Heishi (Taira clan) TAIRA no Takamune-ryu (TAIRA no Takamune line).

• （『横浜毎日新聞』明治7年5月2日、〔〕内加筆者）
• ('Yokohama Mainichi Shinbun' [Yokohama Daily Newspaper] on May 2, 1874, the words in 〔〕 above were later added by another author.

• また筆者は能書ではなく、一般の人の書きぶりである。
• The author was not good at writing, and the way of writing was that of an ordinary person.

• その筆者は本の中で、たいした才能を発揮していない。
• The author doesn't display much talent in his book.

• 筆跡の研究（特に筆者の性格や気質を示すものとして）
• the study of handwriting (especially as an indicator of the writer's character or disposition)

• ある手紙の内容を筆者が引用した、という体裁を取る。
• It is written as if the author cited the content of a letter.

• 古来、道風を伝承筆者とするが、疑問視されているもの
• Works whose author is said to be Michikaze but whose validity is not confirmed

• 文章筆者：高畠藍泉、条野伝平、西田伝助、岡田治助など
• Writer of the texts: Aisen TAKASHIMA, Denpei JONO, Densuke NISHIDA, Jisuke OKADA, etc.

• 英国の劇作家で小論文執筆者（1570年−1627年）
• English playwright and pamphleteer (1570-1627)

• 英国の劇作家で小論文執筆者（1572年−1632年）
• English dramatist and pamphleteer (1572-1632)

• （新聞の社説面で公開されるような）短い新聞記事の執筆者
• a writer of paragraphs (as for publication on the editorial page of a newspaper)

• 大嘗会屏風の筆者となり、多くの墨跡を今日に伝えている。
• Sadanobu became a calligraphy artist of folding screens used during the Daijoe (court banquets held during the first harvest festival), and many of his works remain to this date.

• ユーザが増えると見つかるバグも増えるのだ」（強調筆者）。
• More users find more bugs.'' [emphasis added].

• またかなのくわいの会員で「ことばのその」の筆者でもある。
• He was a member of Kana no Kai (Society of Kana) and the author of 'Kotoba no Sono' (Garden of Words).

• ニュージーランドの探偵小説の筆者（1899年−1982年）
• New Zealand writer of detective stories (1899-1982)

• 第三種の筆者は現存する巻のうち、巻十八、十九を担当している。
• Of the Koya-gire scrolls still extant, the calligrapher of the third style was responsible for scrolls eighteen and nineteen.

• 執筆者は紀貫之であり、初めて本格的に和歌を論じた歌論である。
• The author of the preface was KI no Tsurayuki, and it was the first full-scale treatise on waka (thirty-one-syllable poems).

• 第一種の筆者は現存する巻のうち、巻一、九、二十を担当している。
• The calligrapher who created the first distinct calligraphic style was responsible for scrolls one, nine, and twenty.

• 第二種の筆者は現存する巻のうち、巻二、三、五、八を担当している。
• Of the scrolls that are still extant, the calligrapher of the second style was responsible for scrolls two, three, five, and eight.

• 天喜３年(1055年)成立、筆者は小式部（小式部内侍とは別人）。
• It was written in 1055 by Koshikibu (Koshikibu no Naishi is a different person).

• 近年では、『大鏡』の増補部分の執筆者を家忠であるとする説もある。
• Recently, it is said that the enlarged part of 'Imakagami' was written by Ietada.

• この新聞は最も人気のある筆者をはずしてから、読者数を減らし始めた。
• The newspaper began to lose readers when it dispensed with one of its most popular writers.

• 米国のユーモア作家で皮肉な短編小説の筆者（1885年−1933年）
• United States humorist and writer of satirical short stories (1885-1933)

• 書名は、筆者の名前の最初の「さ」と最後の「か」をとってつけられた。
• The diary was titled after the first letter of the author's last name, 'sa' and the last letter 'ka.'

• 「筆者の戦時生活体験にも、婦人標準服は甲型も乙型も着用しなかった。」
• I wore neither Kogata nor Otsugata standard female clothing in wartime.'

• 蒙古襲来絵詞（もうこしゅうらいえことば）は、筆者不明の全2巻の絵巻物。
• 'Moko Shurai Ekotoba' is a pair of picture scrolls by an unknown author.

• このため、筆者は異なるものの、前の1通と同時期に書かれたことがわかる。
• Therefore, it is known that this kana document was also written in the same era as the other one, although the authors were different.

• 近代書道教育の発展に貢献したのは小中学校の習字教科書の筆者ともいえる。
• It can be said that the persons who contributed to the development of modern calligraphy in education were the authors of school textbooks of calligraphy.

• 筆者の道祐は、宇喜多氏の伝記物『宇喜多伝』等を執筆する伝記作家である。
• The writer, Doyu left other biographies including 'Ukita-den' (Biography of the Ukita clan).

• ――そしてこれはこの筆者のいる家か、旅館の名であろうと推定したわけだ」
• and supposing that the name was that of some house or inn at which the writer was staying.'

• 「公開質問状」執筆者の中岡哲郎とほぼ同世代の作家である城山の自伝的小説。
• It is an autobiographical novel written by Shiroyama, a novelist of the same generation as Tetsuro NAKAOAKA, an author of the 'open letter.'

• 筆者については藤原公経（?-1099）とする説もあるが、なお未詳である。
• There is a theory claiming the calligrapher was FUJIWARA no Kintsune (?-1099), but this matter is still very much in doubt.

• 町代部屋には雑用・筆者のために数名の小番（定員6名）と筆耕が配属された。
• Several clerks (up to six) and a copyist were assigned to the Machidai room for miscellaneous duties and note taking.

• 大部分が道徳的なテーマの短編の小説の米国の筆者（1804年−1864年）
• United States writer of novels and short stories mostly on moral themes (1804-1864 )

• 筆者・元能は、能の作り方を主題とした伝書『三道』を世阿弥から相伝している。
• The author of this book (' Sarugaku dangi'), Motoyoshi was given densho (the book of esoterica) 'Sando' whose main theme is on how to write Noh.

• 弘法大師請来目録 - 空海が唐から持ち帰った品の目録で、筆者は最澄である。
• Kobo Daishi Shorai Mokuroku - A record of the items that Kukai brought back from Tang China, written by Saicho

• 井田は『時事新報』の無署名論説に井田メソッドを適用して起筆者を判定している。
• Ida adapted his method to this anonymous editorial of the 'Jiji Shinpo newspaper' to identify the author.

• 筆者は不詳だが、足利尊氏の側近とも夢窓国師に関係の深い僧侶とも推量されている。
• Although the author is unknown, it has been suggested that a retainer of Takauji ASHIKAGA or a monk closely connected with Muso Kokushi.

• さしずめ忍耐力に自信のない筆者などは、２，３時間で音をあげてしまう作業である。
• In fact, an artist lacking in confidence and fortitude would lose focus after 2 or 3 hours.

• 序文を平賀源内が寄せ、筆者は当時19歳の大田南畝（四方赤良、蜀山人）であった。
• With a preface written by Gennai HIRAGA, this book was written by 19 year old Nanbo OTA (a.k.a. YOMO no Akara and Shokusanjin).

• イディッシュ物語と小説の米国の筆者（ポーランドで生まれる）（1904〜1991）
• United States writer (born in Poland) of Yiddish stories and novels (1904-1991)

• 美術史家の小松茂美は第二種の筆者を源兼行（1023-1074頃活動）と推定した。
• The art historian Shigemi KOMATSU has postulated that the calligrapher of the second style was MINAMOTO no Kaneyuki (active around 1023-1074).

• 英国のスコラ哲学者で、オッカムの剃刀の筆者とされる人物（1285年−1349年）
• English scholastic philosopher and assumed author of Occam's Razor (1285-1349)

• 原本は筆者の宗二が所持していたのであり、それを自ら複写した転写本が諸方へ流布した。
• The original book was owned by Soji, who was the author, and transcription books transcribed by Soji himself were distributed to different sectors.

• 鎌倉時代、法隆寺の僧・顕真が著した『聖徳太子伝私記』も壁画の筆者を鞍作鳥としている。
• In the Kamakura period, 'Shotoku Taishi denshiki' (the Private Recollections on the Life of Prince Shotoku) written by Kenshin, the priest of the Horyu-ji Temple, describes Kuratsukuri no tori as the painter of the murals.

• 『三国名勝図会』の執筆者で記録奉行の五代直左衛門秀尭の子として生まれ、後に分家する。
• He was born the son of Naozaemonhidetaka GODAI who was one of the authors of 'Sangoku Meishozue' (Geography of Southern Kyushu, compiled during the late-Edo period) and Bugyo (magistrate) in charge of recording, and later he moved out and set up a new branch family.

• これらの現存部分は、筆者の平知信が兵部少輔から兵部権大輔を経て少納言に任命された時期。
• These existing sections were written when TAIRA no Tomonobu was assigned as a lesser councilor of state after served as Hyobu shoyu (junior assistant minister of the Hyobusho Ministry of War) and Hyobu no Gon no Taifu (provisional senior assistant minister of Hyobusho Ministry of Military).

• 忌部首と中臣大島は自ら筆をとって記録したと特に記され、中心執筆者であったことがわかる。
• It is noted with emphasis that INBE no Kobito and NAKATOMI no Oshima took up the writing process by themselves, making it clear that they were the central composers of the chronicles.

• 奴隷制度に関する小説の米国の筆者で、廃止論者の原因を推し進めた（1811年−1896年）
• United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)

• まず、執筆者は交通手段の発達による西洋文明の伝播を「文明は猶麻疹の流行の如し」と表現する。
• First of all, the writer expressed that due to the development of transportation, fast-spreading Western civilization 'is like a pandemic of measles.'

• 『兼見卿記』の筆者でもある吉田兼見は、短文ながら天守の壮大さに驚いている様子が伺え知れる。
• From his sentence, though it is short, the surprise at the magnificence of the castle by Kanemi YOSHIDA, the author of 'Kanemi-kyo Ki,' can be imagined.

• 例えば、『高野切第二種』の伝称筆者は紀貫之であるが、源兼行の筆跡であることが判明している。
• For example, the possible author of 'Koyagire (Fragment from Kokin Waka Shu Poetry Anthology), Second Class' was believed to be KI no Tsuyayuki, but it has become clear that it was written by MINAMOTO no Kaneyuki.

• 1996年、比較文学者の井田進也は文体と語彙による起筆者判定方法（井田メソッド）を開発した。
• In 1996, a scholar of Comparative Literature Shinya IDA developed the decision method of writer by style and lexicon (the Ida Method).

• 筆者については藤原行成の子の世尊寺行経（1012-1050）とする説が有力だが、確証はない。
• In terms of identifying the calligrapher, the most prominent theory is that he was FUJIWARA no Yukitsune (1012-1050, also known as Yukitsune SESONJI), son of famed calligrapher FUJIWARA no Yukinari (his first name can also be rendered as Kozei), but there is no definitive proof of this.

• 錦絵新聞の絵師は小新聞の挿絵画家に、文章筆者は小新聞の記者、寄稿者になったものも少なくない。
• Not a few eshi (painters) and writers for nishiki-e-shinbun became illustration painters, reporters, and contributors for the small-scale newspapers.

• このように年代と筆者が明記された書跡は、現存するおびただしい平安時代の遺品の中でも稀である。
• A calligraphic specimen such as this fragment, specifying the date and the writer, is quite rare among the numerous relics of the Heian period.

• 今日まで残されている古筆には、後年、古筆鑑定家によってつけられた伝称筆者名が冠せられている。
• The old writings that remain now have the names of possible authors assigned by appraisers of old writings at a later time.

• 古来小野道風を伝承筆者とするが、書風・料紙等から見て道風より2世紀ほど後の院政期の作と思われる。
• From olden times, it has been considered that ONO no Tofu transcribed it, but in the light of the style of calligraphy and writing paper, it seems to have been made during the rule by the retired Emperors, two centuries later than Tofu's time

• その代表作は『久能寺経』と『平家納経』で、『久能寺経』中の「譬喩品第三」の筆者は藤原定信である。
• 'Kunoji-kyo' (sutras at Kunon-ji Temple) and 'Heike-nokyo' (sutras dedicated by the Taira family) are such typical copies, and part of the Hiyuhon Daisan (the third chapter of the Lotus Sutra) of 'Kunoji-kyo' was written by FUJIWARA no Sadanobu.

• 形臨は字形を真似することに重点を置き、意臨は筆意（ひつい、筆者の意図）を汲みとることに重点を置く。
• Keirin focuses on copying the shape of characters and Irin, reading Hitsui (calligrapher's intention).

• やはり永徳の弟である狩野長信（1577 - 1654）は『花下遊楽図』（国宝）の筆者として名高い。
• Naganobu KANO (1577 - 1654), another brother of Eitoku, is renowned as the painter of 'Playing Under the Flowering Trees,' a national treasure.

• 『吾妻鏡』の筆者はこれを評し、「尤も精兵と謂うべきか（非常に強い兵士と言うべきか）」と書いている。
• The author of the 'Azuma Kagami' commented on his word and wrote, 'Shouldn't he be called an extremely strong warrior?'

• 伝存する古筆切のほとんどが、真の筆者名を明らかにしないのは、貫之の見せた姿勢と無関係ではあるまい。
• The reason why the authors of most existing pieces of excellent classical calligraphy are unknown may be related with the attitude of Tsurayuki.

• 寛治6年（1092年）には『栄花物語』の続編（巻31-40）が執筆され、筆者は出羽弁とみられている。
• In 1092, sequels to 'Eiga Monogatari' (volumes 31 to 40) were written, the author is deemed as Idewanoben.

• また、菱湖の門弟の巻菱潭が習字教科書の執筆者になるなど、菱湖流は主に教育面と実用面でその後も貢献する。
• In addition, the Ryoko style was utilized usefully later as well mostly in the practical field as well as the educational field: For example, Ryotan MAKI, a follower of Ryoko, became an author of textbooks for calligraphy.

• 筆者は働きすぎている人々に対する大きな同情を持ったが、一方、賃金が少ない人々に対しても同情を払ってきた。
• The writer has great sympathy with those who are overworked, but on the whole a greater sympathy for those who are under paid.

• 手鑑や茶会の床の掛物として古筆切の鑑賞が盛行すると、その筆者が誰であるのかということが重要になってくる。
• When appreciation of pieces of excellent classical calligraphy as copybooks or hanging rolls in tea rooms gained popularity, it became important to know who wrote them.

• 『更級日記』の筆者・菅原孝標女（すがわらたかすえのむすめ）も長保3年（1001年）、石山寺に参篭している。
• The daughter of Takasue SUGAWARA who wrote 'Sarashina Nikki' had a retreat at Ishiyama-dera Temple in 1001.

• 古今集の冒頭の巻一と最後の巻二十を担当していることから、3人の筆者の中でもっとも地位の高い人物と推定される。
• Because he was in charge of transcribing both the very beginning (scroll one), and the very end (scroll twenty) of the Kokinshu, the presumption is that the calligrapher of the first style was the one who had the highest social status among the three.

• また、人情本をよくする戯作者・為永春水（ためなが しゅんすい）とよしみを通じ、彼の代筆者の一人との説もある。
• He was in friendly relations with Shunsui TAMENAGA, a writer of light literature who was good at Ninjobon (a romantic genre of fiction) and, some say, one of the amanuenses of Eisen.

• しかしながら、このころから筆者である書家たちの古典研究が盛んになり、次第にその影響が現われてくるようになった。
• However, starting around in this era, the calligraphers constituting the authors earnestly studied classic styles, and the effects began to gradually appear.

• そして長三洲の門弟の日高梅溪が国定習字教科書の執筆者となったことから、この時代の教科書の書風は顔法になっている。
• Because Baikei HIDAKA, a follower of Sanshu CHO, became an author of calligraphic school textbooks compiled by the state, the Yan style was used for textbooks in this period.

• 当代の三筆といわれた能書家である公家・近衛信尹（このえのぶただ）（三藐院（さんみゃくいん））が筆者（『案内者』）。
• The writer was a court noble and calligrapher Nobutada KONOE (also known as Sanmyakuin) who was referred to as one of the three greatest penmen of the time ('Annaisha' (The Guide)).

• なお、最近の研究では、「脱亜論」が時事新報に掲載された無署名論説であることに着目した論説執筆者判定が展開されている。
• In the latest study, noting that the 'Datsu-A Ron' was an anonymous editorial published in the Jiji Shinpo newspaper, the focus has now been on who wrote it.

• ところがこの文章の実際の執筆者が保守的な儒学者として知られていた侍補の元田永孚であることが分かると、伊藤は激怒した。
• However, Ito was enraged when he found out that the actual writer of the document was a jiho (Emperor's aide) Nagazane MOTODA who was well known as a conservative Confucianist.

• しかし、各巻の詞書筆者は、東京国立博物館蔵の現存『後三年合戦絵詞』各巻末に記された筆者名と見事に一致しているという。
• However, it is said that the writers of Kotobagaki of each volume coincide with the names of writers which were described in the end of each volume of the existing 'Gosannen Kassen Ekotoba' at the Tokyo National Museum.

• 高野切の筆者は古来紀貫之（882-946）と伝承されてきたが、実際は貫之の時代より1世紀ほど後の11世紀の書写である。
• Tradition has it that the Koya-gire was transcribed by KI no Tsurayuki (882-946), but in actuality the transcription dates from the eleventh century, more than 100 years after Tsurayuki's time.

• 比較的に史料の少ない時期の史料として注目されているが、随所に筆者の個人的な感慨や批評的言辞が多くその意味でも興味深い。
• The Shunki is gaining attention as a historical document for the period for which relatively few historical documents have been found, and, being full of the author's personal emotions and critical assertions, the diary is of great interest in this regard.

• 『産経新聞』紙上で連載された「教科書が教えない歴史」の反響から執筆者達は新しい歴史教科書をつくる会（つくる会）を作った。
• Due to reverberations from a serial publication in the 'Sankei Shimbun' titled 'History that the textbooks don't teach,' a creative group composed of the authors that was called the 'Tsukuru kai' was established to write a new history textbook.

• 古筆鑑定家は、筆者不詳の古筆切に、その伝称筆者を宛て、古筆の名称を付け、それを極札（きわめふだ）という小さな札に記した。
• The appraisers of old writings conjectured the unknown authors of pieces of excellent classical calligraphy, named them, and put a small tag called a Kiwame fuda (certificate of authenticity) on each of them.

• 遺言者が、公証人一人及び証人二人以上の前に封書を提出して、自己の遺言書である旨並びにその筆者の氏名及び住所を申述すること。
• the testator shall submit the sealed certificate before one notary public and not less than two witnesses, with a statement to the effect that it is his/her own will, giving the author's name and address;

• 第九百七十七条及び第九百七十八条の場合には、遺言者、筆者、立会人及び証人は、各自遺言書に署名し、印を押さなければならない。
• In the cases described in Article 977 and Article 978, a testator, author, observer, or witness shall sign and affix his/her seal to each will.

• この書は三十六歌仙の和歌を能書20人が分担して書写したが、筆者が明らかなのは藤原道子、藤原定実、藤原定信の3人だけである。
• This calligraphic work includes waka poems by thirty-six master poets that were copied by twenty calligraphic experts, but only three names; FUJIWARA no Michiko, FUJIWARA no Sadazane, and FUJIWARA no Sadanobu are known.

• また、その評の筆者である紀貫之を初め、凡河内躬恒、壬生忠岑といった著名な歌人たちが、歌合の参加者として曲中に名を連ねている。
• In this poetry contest, prominent poets including KI no Tsurayuki, the reviewer of the two, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune and MIBU no Tadamine are amongst the attendance.

• 古来、絵の筆者は藤原信実（1176 - 1265）、文字の筆者は九条良経（1169 - 1206）と伝承するが、確証はない。
• It was believed that portraits were drawn by FUJIWARA no Nobuzane (1176 - 1265) and texts were by Yoshitsune KUJO (1169 - 1206), but there is no evidence for it.

• 一説によれば、1308年（徳治3年）北条得宗家内管領長崎宗綱に宛てに書かれた『平政連諫草』の筆者だとされているが、確証はない。
• One theory says that he was the author of 'TAIRA no Masatsura isamegusa' (Remonstration by TAIRA no Masatsura) written in 1308 and addressed to Uchi-Kanrei (head of the Tokuso Family) Munetsuka NAGASAKI of the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan, but this is not confirmed.

• 絵の筆者は数人の手に分かれており、信実筆の可能性が高い後鳥羽天皇像（水無瀬神宮蔵、国宝）よりは様式的に時代が下るものと思われる。
• It seemed that several people were involved in drawing portraits, and their painting style was that of a later period than the style employed in the portrait of the Emperor Gotoba (Minase-jingu Shrine collection, National Treasure) that is highly likely to be the work of Nobuzane.

• 九条家本延喜式の紙背文書（しはいもんじょ）中の兼行の筆跡との一致など、さまざまな観点から、兼行を筆者とする説はほぼ定説化している。
• The second style matches the brushwork of one of the passages written on the reverse side of the volume of the Engi-shiki (an ancient code of laws) owned by the Kujo family that is known to be by Kaneyuki, and for this and other reasons, even when looked at from different viewpoints, the theory that Kaneyuki was the calligrapher of the second style is all but conclusively proven.

• 源氏物語絵巻の筆者として名高い春日隆能の孫、春日経隆が、奈良を去って、京都に移り朝廷に仕えて、土佐権守に任じられたことに由来する。
• The name of the school originated from the fact that Tsunetaka KASUGA, a grandson of Takayoshi KASUGA who was famous as the author of Genji monogatari emaki (Illustrated Handscroll of the Tale of Genji), left Nara, moved in Kyoto, served in the Imperial court, and was appointed as Tosa no Gon no kami (Provisional Governor of Tosa Province).

• 伝称筆者は、『継色紙』が小野道風、『寸松庵色紙』が紀貫之、『升色紙』が藤原行成とされてきたが、今日では否定され、筆者は不明である。
• The 'Tsugi-shikishi' has been attributed to ONO no Michikaze, KI no Tsurayuki for the 'Sunshoan Shikishi' to KI no Tsurayuki, and the 'Masu-shikishi' to FUJIWARA no Yukinari, but these are all refuted today and the authors remain unknown.

• （なお引用にあたってはおもに参考文献にあげた『謡曲大観』を参照しているが、漢字変換、句読点のうちかた等は、執筆者独自のものである。）
• (Although, as stated in the references, the quotation comes from 'Yokyoku Taikan' [a complete anthology of Noh plays], the kanji and punctuation used by the author of this webpage may differ from that of the original text.)

• これは古筆鑑定家の鑑定があまり科学的でなかったこともあるが、古筆の筆者が自身の筆跡であることを隠蔽していたことにそもそもの原因がある。
• This is partly because the art of appraisal of old writings was not scientific, but also because some authors hid the fact that they wrote them.

• 早くより能書で知られ草書の第一人者としての評価も高く、円融天皇、花山天皇、一条天皇の3天皇の大嘗会の屏風の色紙形の筆者としても活躍した。
• He was known as a calligrapher, especially in cursive script calligraphy, and wrote on shikishigata (colored-paper) on a folding screen for Daijoe (banquet on the occasion of the first ceremonial offering of rice by the newly-enthroned emperor) for Emperor Enyu, Emperor Kazan and Emperor Ichijo.

• これを受け三条は「貿易の催進を要する為、彼我共に輸出入税を徴するなし。是通商章程中の要旨なり」（句読及び強調、加筆者）と使節団に訓示している。
• In response to this, Sanjo instructed the envoy 'In order to promote trade, export and import duties will not be imposed on both sides. This is the point of the provision of trade (punctuation and emphasis were improved by a writer).'

• 筆者である甘露寺親長は嘉吉3年（1443年）南朝 (日本)遺臣が宮中に乱入して三種の神器を奪おうとした禁闕の変で自ら太刀を抜いて応戦した人物。
• The author Chikanaga KANROJI was a man who drew his sword and fought back in the Kinketsu Incident of 1443, when retainers set adrift by the downfall of the Southern Court (Japan) intruded into the court and tried to take the three Imperial regalia by force.

• 平安時代から鎌倉時代初期の古筆類は、伝称筆者は多いものの確実なものが少ない中で、この2つの書跡はともに署名があり、筆者の確実な自筆詠草である。
• Among the many legendary writers of the ancient Japanese writings which were made from the Heian to the early Kamakura period ---most of them are not reliable, though---, these two calligraphies have signs, so they are reliable drafts for poems.

• 1879年に明治天皇が啓蒙主義を批判して仁義忠孝を中心とした儒教主義を公教育の中心とすべきとする教学聖旨を公布したが、その実際の執筆者が元田であった。
• In 1879, Meiji Emperor criticized the Enlightenment and promulgated 'Kyogaku Taishi (The Imperial Will Education)', which was actually written by MOTODA, that public education should be based on Confucianism laying stress on the virtue of humanity, justice, loyalty and filial piety.

• 『北山抄』によると「見吏部王（重明親王）天暦七年菊合日記」（括弧は筆者註）とあり、天暦7年の菊合の御遊は、10月13日に行われている（『古今著聞集』）。
• In 'Hokuzansho' (a representative book of ceremonies for the Heian period written by FUJIWARA no Kinto), there is a mention of 'the Chrysanthemum Contest of the year 953 recorded in the diary of Kenrihoo (Imperial Prince Shigeakira)' (A parenthetical reference by the author), and it is known that the imperial event of the Chrysanthemum Contest in 953 was held on November 23 (according to 'Kokonchomonju' [A Collection of Tales Heard, Past and Present]).

• しかしこれは筆者の創作であり、天璋院時代に唐橋はすでに大奥を出ており、当時に同名別人を示す史料も残っていない（ただし一部書籍では実在とするものもある）。
• However, this is the invention of the writer because Karahashi had already left O-oku in the era of Tenshoin and there is no historical material indicating the existence of another person with the same name at that time (although some books describe her as a real person).

• したがって、筆者は１９０３年６月に『工場管理』と題名付けられ、ASMEにおいて発表された論文より怠業の原因を十分に説明できるよう、以下のように引用している。
• The writer therefore quotes herewith from a paper read before The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, in June, 1903, entitled 'Shop Management,' which it is hoped will explain fully this cause for soldiering:

• この日記では、筆者である九条兼実が伝聞により、頼朝の代官として遣わされた北条時政ら郎従等が院近臣である中納言藤原経房に申請した内容について書き記したものである。
• In the diary, Kanezane KUJO, the writer of the diary, stated the details of the application submitted to FUJIWARA no Tsunefusa, Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) who was In no Kinshin (the Retired Emperor's courtier) by roju (vassal) included Tokimasa HOJO who were dispatched as Yoritomo's local governor.

• そして筆者はあえて矛盾の恐れなしに、イングランドやアメリカの労働者が、これら今最も苦しめられている大きな悪を構成するもの(すなわち怠業)によるものであると主張する。
• and the writer asserts without fear of contradiction that this constitutes the greatest evil with which the working-people of both England and America are now afflicted.

• 「能々口伝（よくよくくでん）、可秘（ひすべし）、可秘」と冒頭に書かれ、筆者が門外不出の技術を書物にあらわすのに、これを読む後継者たちにかなりの守秘を喚起しているのが興味深い。
• It is interesting to read at the beginning 'Teach orally in confidence' to draw attentions of his successors to keep secrets of the author's techniques.

• 1153年（仁平3年）知足院堂供養の願文を清書しており、1159年（平治元年）と1166年（仁安 (日本)元年）には大嘗会の悠紀主基（ゆきすき）屏風の色紙形の筆者に選ばれている。
• He wrote a clean copy of the wish to hold the memorial service for Chisoku-in Temple in 1153 and was chosen as the calligrapher of Shikishi (a square piece of fancy paperboard) for Yukisuki no byobu (Folding screens used during the Daijoe) for Daijoe (court banquets held during the first harvest festival).

• 敵（清朝兵：加筆者）ノ死屍七八百ハ砲台内ニ横タワレリト云フ」（大沽砲台の攻防についての日本軍の批評）とあるように、訓練不足のため近代兵器を活用できず、暴発などで自滅した例も有った。
• Seven hundred dead bodies of the enemy (Qing dynasty army, improved by a writer) were said to be lying around' (the review of Japanese army concerning offense and defensive battle of Taku Fort); they were not able to utilize modern weapons due to lack of training and destroyed themselves with explosions in some cases.

• 国宝の『高雄観楓図』には「秀頼」の印があり、古来、狩野元信の次男・狩野秀頼（生没年未詳）の作とされているが、『高雄観楓図』の筆者の「秀頼」は別人で、元信の孫にあたる真笑秀頼という絵師だとも言われている。
• 'Viewing Maple Leaves in Takao,' a designated national treasure, has the seal of 'Hideyori'; it has been said that this was painted by Hideyori KANO (birth and death dates unknown), the second son of Motonobu KANO; however, it is also said that this 'Hideyori' of 'Viewing Maple Leaves in Takao' is another painter called Hideyori SHINSHO, a grandson of Motonobu.

• 狩野家直系以外の絵師としては、川越・喜多院の『職人尽図屏風』の筆者である狩野吉信（1552 - 1640）、京都・豊国神社 (京都市)の『豊国祭図屏風』の筆者である狩野内膳（1570 - 1616）らが知られる。
• As painters other than the direct line of the Kano family, Yoshinobu KANO (1552 - 1640), who painted 'Craftspeople, folding screen' in Kawagoe Kitain, and Naizen KANO (1570 - 1616), who painted 'Hokoku Festival, folding screen' in Kyoto Toyokuni-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City), are well known.

• 多聞院日記（たもんいんにっき）は奈良興福寺の塔頭多聞院において、文明_(日本)10年（1478年）から元和(日本)4年（1618年）にかけて140年もの間、僧の英俊を始め、三代の筆者によって延々と書き継がれた日記。
• 'Tamonin Nikki' (Tamonin Diary), written in Tamonin tatchu (a sub-temple on the site of a main temple) in Kofuku-ji Temple, Nara, was kept for 140 years (from 1478 to 1618) by the authors for three generations, including the monk Eishun.

• 例えば、吉川弘文館『国史大辞典 (昭和時代)』の「国分寺」（執筆者井上薫 (歴史学者)）は東大寺を大和国国分寺としているのに対し、角川書店『平安時代史事典』の「国分寺」（執筆者角田文衛）は国分寺を大和国国分寺としている。
• For example, 'Kokushi daijiten (Showa-jidai)'(Great Dictionary of National History [Showa Period]) published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. says in the section of 'Provincial Temples' (author: Kaoru INOUE [historian]) that Todai-ji Temple was the provincial temple of Yamato while 'Heian jidaishi jiten' (Dictionary of the Heian Period History) published by Kadokawa Group Publishing Co., Ltd. states in the section of 'Provincial Temples' (author: Bunei TSUNODA) that Kokubun-ji Temple was the provincial temple of Yamato.

• 光仁天皇が、修正を石川名足、淡海三船、当麻永嗣に命じたが、彼らは天平宝字元年紀を紛失した上、未遂に終わった（この年の前後には政争絡みの事件も多かったため、執筆者間で意見が纏めることが出来ずに紛失という事にしたとする説もある）。
• Emperor Konin ordered ISHIKAWA no Natari, OMI no Mifune, and TAIMA no Nagatsugu to revise the work, but they lost A Record of the First Year of the Tenpyo Hoji Era and could not finish the revision (there is an opinion that due to the many political conflicts which occurred before and after the year 757, they could not reach an agreement about writing the history, so they pretended that it had been lost).

• 15世紀前半に制作された詩画軸の代表作としては他に『渓陰小築図』、『竹斎読書図』、『水色巒光図』（すいしょくらんこうず）などがあり、絵の筆者は『渓陰小築図』が明兆（みんちょう）、『竹斎読書図』、『水色巒光図』が周文との伝えもあるが、確証はない。
• The other representative works of Shigajiku made in the early part of the 15th centuries are 'Kein-shochiku-zu (painting of a building in the valley),' 'Chikusai Dokusho-zu (painting of Chikusai reading a book),' and 'Suishoku-ranko-zu;' the painter of 'Kein-shochiku-zu' is said to be Mincho and the one of 'Chikusai Dokusho-zu,' and 'Suishoku-ranko-zu' are said to be Shubun, which have no clear evidence.

• 口がきけない者が秘密証書によって遺言をする場合には、遺言者は、公証人及び証人の前で、その証書は自己の遺言書である旨並びにその筆者の氏名及び住所を通訳人の通訳により申述し、又は封紙に自書して、第九百七十条第一項第三号の申述に代えなければならない。
• In the case where a will by sealed and notarized document is made by a person who cannot speak, the testator shall make a statement to the effect that the certificate is one's own will, giving the author's name and address through an interpreter, or by his/her own hand upon the sealed document, in lieu of the statement of item (iii) of paragraph (1) of Article 970.

• 近年においては『増鏡』著者の有力説とされる二条良基の研究家である小川剛生の見解として、二条良基が『増鏡』成立に深く関わったとしつつも、現役の公家政治家でかつ最終的に持明院統に仕えた良基を直接の筆者とすることの困難を挙げて、「良基監修・忠守筆者」説を唱えている。
• In recent years, Takeo OGAWA, who is the researcher of Yoshimoto NIJO, the man who is strongly believed to be the author of the 'Masukagami' advocated a new theory of the 'Masukagami' being `edited by Yoshimoto and written by Tadamori,' given the fact that, although Yoshimoto NIJO contributed to the completion of the 'Masukagami,' Yoshimoto was a politician and eventually served Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu), which makes it difficult for him to write such literary work.

• 『権記』には長保元年令公布の翌長保2年5月8日条の出来事として検非違使別当である藤原公任が藤原行成（『権記』筆者）に対して、前日に新制による取締が緩んでいることに対して一条天皇から菅原孝標（蔵人）を通じて検非違使の職務怠慢であると注意を受けたことについて語っている。
• According to 'Gonki,' on May 8, 1000, the day after the issuance of Chohogannenrei, Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) FUJIWARA no Kinto told FUJIWARA no Yukinari (the author of 'Gonki') that on the previous day Kinto had been reprimanded by Emperor Ichiijo via SUGAWARA no Takasue (Kurodo (Chamberlain)) for insufficient enforcement of the shinsei, which was regarded as negligence of the kebiishi.

• 『実隆公記』1506年(永正3)11月12日条に、中原康富がその絵を実見したとあって、詞書は源恵（玄慧）法印が草し、詞書筆者は「第一尊円親王、第二公忠公、第三六条中納言有光、第四仲直朝臣、第五保脩朝臣、第六行忠卿」（増補史料大成刊行会編『史料大成』1965年）とある。
• In the December 6, 1506 section of 'Sanetaka koki' (Sanetaka's Diary), there are descriptions that say Yasutomi NAKAHARA actually saw the pictures and that Kotobagaki was drafted by Gene Hoin and 'The writer of the first volume was Imperial Prince Sonen, the second volume was Kimitada-ko, the third volume was Rokujo Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) Arimitsu, the forth volume was Nakanao Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles), the fifth volume was Yasunaga (保脩) Ason, and the sixth volume was Yukitada-kyo (lord Yukitada)' ('Shiryo Taisei' [Grand collection of historical materials] edited by Zoho Shiryo Taisei Kanko-kai [publication association of Grand collection of historical materials, Enlarged] in 1965).

• 作者は和泉式部の本人自筆の作品とされることもあるものの、かつては『和泉式部物語』とも呼ばれたこともあり、また主人公であり筆者であるはずの和泉式部本人を「女」という三人称的呼称で扱っていることから別に作者がいるのではないか、との意見もある(この説に従うなら和泉式部の恋愛に仮託した日記風歌物語、ということになる)。
• Although most believe this work to be written by Izumi Shikibu herself, there are others who think a different author may have created this work due to the fact that this work was once called 'Izumi Shikibu Monogatari' (the Story of Izumi Shikibu), and that Izumi Shikibu is treated as a third person and referred to as the 'lady' when it is herself that is the main character and she herself is the author (according to this argument, this work is a diary-style fiction under the guise of her romantic episodes).

• さらに朝鮮に対する基本姿勢として、三条はこの江華島事件に対して「相応なる賠償を求む」べきとしながら、使節団の目的を「我主意の注ぐ所は、交を続くに在るを以て、・・・和約を結ぶことを主とし、彼能我が和交を修め、貿易を広むるの求に従ひときは、即此を以て雲揚 (軍艦)の賠償と看做し、承諾すること」だと述べていた（強調、加筆者）。
• Furthermore, as a basic attitude towards Korea, Sanjo considered 'Japan should require suitable compensation,' while stating about the purpose of the envoy 'the main objective is to continue the negotiation, then conclude a treaty of peace, when they conclude the peace treaty and obey the demand to expand trading, we should regard this attitude as compensation for the battle ship and accept it' (emphasized and amended by the writer).

• これはマーティンが友人宛の手紙で「私の仕事は、この無神論的政府（加筆者注：清朝のこと）をして、神と神の永遠の正義を認めさせることにある。そしておそらく彼らにキリスト教精神のいくらかを与えうるだろう」と書いているように、『万国公法』翻訳における、自然法という形而上学的な規範として国際法を捉える向きはマーティンの宗教的使命感からくる偏向であった。
• This was a bias resulting from Martin's religious sense of mission in which international law was grasped as metaphysical norm like natural law in translating 'Bankoku Koho' as Martin himself wrote in his letter to his friend, 'My job is to make this atheistic government (Qing dynasty ［note by the writer］) to recognize God and God's eternal justice. I would be able to give them spirit of Christianity to some extent.'

• 中には「按するに、虎哥か此の論、孟子の性善良知の説を本とし、終に王陽明か心を師とするの論に帰着す」（加筆者訳：思うにグロチウスのこの論は孟子の性善説・良知の説を基礎として、 最終的には王陽明が説く心即理の説へと到達するものである。〔注：原文の片仮名は平仮名に変換〕）というように、グロチウスの自然法に関する説明は陽明学と同一視する部分すらある。
• This is a part of translator's note: original '按するに、虎哥か此の論、孟子の性善良知の説を本とし、終に王陽明か心を師とするの論に帰着す' (translation by Yasutsugu SHIGENO: the theory of Grotius has theories of Mencius as the ground such as the ethical doctrine that human nature is fundamentally good and human nature that is ability to judge good or bad and the theory finally achieves to the theory of Yangming WANG that considers mind itself is the law); as seen above, among the such notes, there is a part that explains the explanation about international law by Grotius seems the same as Yomei-gaku (neo-Confuciasnism based on teaching of Yangming WANG).