程: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 原料工程
- Raw material process
- 発生過程
- Process of origin
- developmental process
- 成立過程
- Process of formation
- Process of compilation
- Process of establishment
- The writing process
- あり得ない程
- unbelievable (extent)
- - 大さじ3程度
- About three tablespoonfuls
- 第四日目の工程。
- This is the day four process.
- 第三日目の工程。
- This is the day three process.
- 第二日目の工程。
- It is the day two process.
- (日程は後述。)
- (The schedule is described below.)
- 製本工程における帯
- Obi in the process of bookbinding
- 焼方と同程度の位。
- Ranked the same as yakikata cooks.
- - カップ1/3程度
- About one third of a cup
- 「置一人路程立之。」
- It stands alone in a hallway.'
- 工程は以下のとおり。
- The process is as follows:
- 公務要事(5巻程度)
- Public service duties (approximately 5 volumes)
- 発布の過程とその影響
- The process of its promulgation and the effects
- この工程を踊りという。
- This process is called Odori (dance).
- ある程度、粒が大きい。
- Large grain size at a certain level
- 主な工程は以下の通り。
- The main steps of this process are as follows:
- 糺弾雑事(30巻程度)
- Kyudan zatsuji (miscellaneous matters about impeachment) (approximately 30 volumes)
- 水分量は五分粥と同程度。
- The amount of water used is about the same as that used to make Japanese gobugayu.
- 加工工程は、以下の通り。
- The preparation is as follows.
- 音程の範囲と基本的な音階
- Range of the scale and basic tuning
- 果実の直径は5mm程度。
- Its fruit is approximately 5 millimeters in diameter.
- ふつう2オクターヴ程度。
- The range usually covers two octaves.
- 酵母を増やす行程のこと。
- This is a process for increasing sake yeast.
- 宗派別の御正忌報恩講の日程
- The schedule of Goshoki Hoon-ko according to schools
- 乾燥時間は半日程度である。
- It needs half a day to be dried.
- - 適量(1人1回1個程度)
- A moderate quantity (approximately, one egg per person)
- Proper quantity (approximately, one egg per person per serving)
- たいていは5種類程度である。
- Usually, five kinds of sake are used in the competition.
- 各派によって日程が異なる理由
- The reason the dates of the service differ according to each school
- 濾過の工程でつく異臭の総称。
- Collective term for unusual odor added in the process of filtering
- ある程度の地域的な傾向がある。
- To a certain extent katsudon vary from one region to the next.
- シロップを1-2杯程度かける。
- One to two ladlefuls of syrup is poured on top.
- また、視程現象にも分類される。
- Kosa is used as a phenomenon for classifying the degrees of visibility.
- 推定では3万人程度といわれている
- It is estimated that there are 30,000 players.
- 沸騰後は弱火にて1時間程度煮る。
- Once the water boils, the tengusa is cooked on low heat for about one hour.
- この後1年程度冷暗所で保管する。
- The tengusa is then stored in a cool dark place for about one year.
- 弾丸重量が六匁程度のものを指す。
- It refers to the one with a weight of about six monme.
- 弾丸重量が十匁程度のものを指す。
- It refers to one with a weight of about ten monme.
- 篳篥は音程が不安定な楽器である。
- A Hichiriki instrument is an instrument with unstable musical intervals.
- 以上が「積沸かし」の工程である。
- This is the process known as 'Tsumi wakashi' (stacked and heated).
- 10分程度で温泉卵が出来上がる。
- The onsen eggs can be cooked in 10 minutes.
- 弾丸重量が三匁半程度のものを指す。
- It refers to the one whose weight is about three monme (1 monme = 3.75g) and the half.
- 『平家物語』も同程度の兵力である。
- According to 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike), the military power was nearly the same as 'Azuma Kagami.'
- 2万石程度の大名の軍役に匹敵した。
- The number was equal to the total military forces of the daimyo with about a fief of 20,000 koku.
- この工程で柄の大体の色が彩色される。
- Most colors are applied in this step.
- 演奏時間はおよそ一分半から三分程度。
- The performance time is from about one and half minute to about three minutes.
- 猪口に酒を八分目程注ぎ、外観を見る。
- Pour sake into the cup eight tenths, and visually check the appearance.
- 日本酒醪造りの第一日目の工程である。
- It is the day one process for the Japanese sake brewery.
- 日本酒は、次の過程を経て醸造される。
- Sake is brewed through the following stages during the process.
- ある程度の植生の回復が見受けられる。
- There is a sign of revegetation to some extent.
- 醤油製造は、以下の工程を経て行われる。
- The process of soy-sauce production is as follows.
- 高野山奥の院に程近い場所に廟所がある。
- The mausoleum is close to Okunoin cemetery of Mt. Koya.
- 丹生系温州よりも2週間程早く成熟する。
- It matures earlier than Nyu line unshu by about 2 weeks.
- 篳篥の音程には寺院の鐘の音が使われる。
- The sound of a temple bell is used for the Hichiriki flute interval.
- どちらの行程も最後は船で淀川を下った。
- She floated down the Yodo-gawa River in the end of both routes.
- 原料の大豆と小麦の比率は半々程度である。
- The ratio between soybeans and wheat of raw materials of soy-sauce is half-and-half.
- その後、二人は10年程交流関係を持った。
- For around ten years after this, they kept up a relationship.
- 火入れは、酒の若さを失わせる工程である。
- Hiire is a process that cause sake to lose it's youth.
- 汁としての塩分濃度は概ね1%程度である。
- The salt level in a soup is approximately one percent.
- 日本式の緑茶の製造は以下の工程からなる。
- Japanese green tea is produced by the following processes.
- 宮川早生よりも2-3週間程早く成熟する。
- It matures earlier than Miyakawa-wase by 2 to 3 weeks.
- というのが一般的な初心者指導の過程である。
- This is a usual practice procedure for beginners.
- - 4~5粒程度を爪楊枝に刺して具とする。
- Four to five nuts are skewered with toothpicks to be used as ingredients.
- (実際にどの程度秘密が守られたかは不明。)
- (It is unclear, however, how much of such a secrecy had been kept intact.)
- 工程目的は、酵母をさらに増やすことにある。
- The purpose of this process is to further increase the amount of yeast.
- )で囲まれた三間程の広場の中で実施される。
- The playground was called kakari or maritubo and was about 5.5 square meters.
- 目は半開きにして視線は1m程度先で落とす。
- With eyes half open, lower gaze to a point about one meter in front.
- したがって、以下のような過程が考えられる。
- Therefore, the following process is considered to have happened:
- 頻繁にひっくり返さず、二回程度で済ませる。
- Do not turn over repeatedly, just about two times.
- 4. 程ヶ谷宿(神奈川県横浜市保土ヶ谷区)
- 4. Hodogaya-juku Station (Hodogaya Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture)
- 冷蔵庫に保管すれば、2週間程度は保存できる。
- It can be preserved for approximately two weeks if it is kept in a refrigerator.
- この工程を3回ほど繰り返し、層状にしたもの。
- The above process is repeated a few times to form layers of roasted gluten cake.
- 醤油の香りの成分の多くはこの工程で発生する。
- Most constituents of the flavor of soy-sauce are generated during this process.
- 刃渡り100cm程のものは、3000g以上)
- In case of 100cm long blade, more than 3000g)
- 最盛期には400人いた芸妓も今は20数名程。
- There were 400 geigi in Niigata City at its peak but there are approximately 20 today.
- 2cm幅、長さ8cm程度の細長い形で揚げる。
- A piece of deep-fried Okinawa tempura is about two centimeters wide and eight centimeters long.
- 声の大きさは、自分の耳に聞こえる程度でよい。
- The loudness of the voice should be just audible to oneself.
- ある程度形が出来上がってきたら箸を突き刺す。
- Once okonomiyaki is formed to some degree, stick a chopstick into it and check the dough.
- この頃の野菜だけの値段は250円程度だった。
- In those days, the price of the vegetables only was about 250 yen.
- 後工程となる濾過の負担軽減へも影響を及ぼす。
- It also lessens the load of the filtration in the following process.
- 勘合符は東アジアの50ヶ国程度に与えられた。
- Kangofu were issued in about 50 countries in Southeast Asia.
- 09.視程内または前1時間内の砂じんあらし→
- 09: A sandstorm is visible or a sandstorm existed within the last one hour =>
- - 目視と異なり、定量的に視程を観測できる。
- Use of this instrument allows visibility levels to be measured more precisely than visually.
- (火縄銃の有効射程は50~100メートル)。
- (The matchlock gun's effective range is 50 to 100 meters).
- 「色挿し」が終わると「蒸し」という工程がある。
- After the 'irosashi,' there is another step called 'mushi' (literally 'steaming').
- すべての工程は飴が熱く柔らかいうちに行われる。
- All of the above processes are done while candy is hot and soft.
- 肉も表面が変化し霜降りになる程度に湯通しする。
- Similarly, blanch the pork to the extent that its surface becomes marbled.
- 弓矢の技を身につける過程での道義や信条、弓道。
- It also means the moral principle and creed acquired in the process of mastering the technique of Yumiya, that is, Kyudo.
- 肉の大きさを3-4cm角程度に小さくしたもの。
- This is a variation of tonkatsu in which the meat is cut into small pieces of three to four square centimeters.
- 精米はある程度まで機械で行なえるようになった。
- Rice milling was automated to some extent.
- 多くの流派では、一本の竹を中程まで四つに割る。
- Many schools use bamboo as a material to make the fukuro shinai by dividing one end into four parts lengthways up to halfway.
- 全長20メートル前後、定員は15~80名程度。
- It has a complete length of approximately 20 meters and can contain 15-80 people.
- ここまでの区間はおおよそ20㎞程の地域である。
- The area concerned with the descriptions above covers approx. 20 km along the river.
- しかしその出典は不明で、真偽の程はわからない。
- However, the reason for that view is not known and it is uncertain whether it is true.
- この過程で千歳飴独特の舌触りの食感が生まれる。
- During the process, the candy takes on the texture of chitoseame that creates a unique feeling on the tongue when eaten.
- 製造に際しては、過程で真水に触れてはならない。
- During manufacture, the roe must not come into contact with fresh water.
- 程頤の理・程顥の天理は後の朱熹に影響を与えた。
- Ri (basic principle of the universe) of Tei I (Cheng Yi) and Tenri (natural laws) of Tei Ko (Cheng Hao) later influenced Chu His.
- 宮川早生と比べて着色が1週間程早く糖度が高い。
- It colors earlier than miyakawa wase by about one week and its sugar content is high.
- ご飯の倍程度の量の白湯を加えて炊きなおして作る。
- The rice is then cooked again in twice the volume of boiled water to rice.
- 表面を軽く焼く程度にとどめ、中には火を通さない。
- Only the surface of the food is lightly seared, and the inside is not cooked.
- 地域によって、どの程度まで煮込むかの違いもある。
- How long the congee is cooked for differs depending on the region.
- 通常100円-1000円程度の廉価で販売される。
- Usually they are sold at inexpensive prices (100 yen to 1,000 yen).
- 雌雄異株、樹高は3m程、大きなものは5mになる。
- It is dioecious, growing to an average height of 3 meters, but tall ones are 5 meters in height.
- これにより音が大きくなり、正確な音程が得られる。
- This process allows the volume to increase and the pitch to be fine tuned.
- 味が薄めの割下なら通常の鍋と同程度の量を入れる。
- If the stock isn't as strong, use about the same quantity of warishita stock as would ordinarily be used for cooking in a pot.
- 近世には「揉み」の行程が入るようになっていった。
- Then, in the early-modern times, a process of 'momi' (kneading) was added.
- この分離は、人間の成長過程で普遍的な現象である。
- This discrepancy appears ubiquitously as a phenomenon in the process of growth of human beings.
- 掛麹とは、醪造りの工程のためにとっておかれた麹。
- Kakekoji is the koji left aside for the moromi producing process.
- 近似する音程へ徐々に移行する一種のポルタメント。
- It is a kind of portamento that gradually moves to a closer interval.
- この段階では5-6回程度の折り返しが行なわれる。
- In this step, folding is done about five or six times..
- 現在は通常は62℃ - 68℃程度で行なわれる。
- Currently, this process is usually carried out with temperature sixty-two to sixty-eight degrees centigrade.
- 本格的なものは、鯛型で実物大程度の大きさがある。
- The authentic ones are full-sized in the form of 'tai.'
- 南柑20号に比べて1週間程着色が早く糖度が高い。
- It colors earlier than Nankan 20 Go by about one week and its sugar content is high.
- ふたをして30~40分程度そのまま放置しておく。
- Put a lid on and leave it for 30 to 40 minutes.
- 現在の日本産の原料はたらこ原料の10%程度に減産。
- The domestic production of raw material for tarako has decreased to the 10 % level of the total amount used to produce tarako in Japan.
- 非常に軽量であり、ビニール傘よりわずかに重い程度。
- Fukuro shinai are quite light, weighing a little more than a vinyl umbrella.
- という、聖武天皇の思惑とは程遠い事実を突き付けた。
- The Emperor Shomu had to face this reality, far removed from his wishful ideal.
- 後円部直径と前方部直径比は、10.8 程度である。
- The ration of the dimension between the diameter of the circular rear-end and the length of the diagonal line of the rectangular frontage is about 10:8.
- - 龍谷大学大学院文学研究科修士課程修了(真宗学)
- Graduated the master's program (Study of Shinshu) at the Ryukoku University graduate school of Literature.
- 篳篥は楽器であり、響のよい音色と音程が求められる。
- Hichiriki flute is an instrument that requires well-sounding tone and intervals.
- また本来、備は「部隊」程度の意味で用いられていた。
- Furthermore, sonae was originally used merely to imply 'troops.'
- その見返りとしてある程度の得分を荘園から得ていた。
- In return, they gained a certain amount of profit from the shoen.
- 1494年には450人程度の日本人が居住していた。
- In 1494, approximately 450 Japanese resided there.
- 11世紀中期までは摂関政治がある程度機能していた。
- Up to the middle of the 11th century, the regency functioned to some extent.
- こういった過程を経て粒の大きな砂から落下していく。
- Through these processes, larger-grain sand in the dust falls first.
- 4隻編成で航行され、1隻に100人程度が乗船した。
- A mission was composed of 4 boats and about 100 people were on each boat.
- 当時の武田家は100万石を若干超える程度であった。
- The Takeda family then had a little over one million koku.
- こうした過程を通じ、財閥の形成が促されたのだった。
- These process urged the formation of Zaibatsu (a financial combine).
- 広東省では半分形が無くなる程度まで煮込むことも多い。
- In Guangdong Province it is often cooked until the grains have lost half of their shape.
- そのため見かけの竹管の長さと音程の並びは一致しない。
- It is because of this that the apparent lengths of the bamboo tubes do not match their keys.
- うす塩しょうゆの塩分は13%で通常の醤油の8割程度。
- The salt content of low-salt soy-sauce is 13%, which is 80% of general soy-sauce.
- 味を損なわず食べられる期間は6ヶ月程度が限度である。
- The maximum storage life over which the flavor is retained is six months.
- 加える材料などで35種類程度のバリエーションがある。
- There are over 35 variations by ingredients.
- これを防ぐために日本酒火入れという工程が行なわれる。
- There is a heating process during manufacturing sake to prevent this.
- 年長になる程花が大振りのものになっていく傾向がある。
- The size of flowers become bigger according to maiko's age.
- 原石から石包丁までの製作の過程のものが出土している。
- Things showing from raw stones to stone knives in the process of production have been excavated.
- 当初おやつ程度の物だったのが、主食に変化していった。
- At first it was just a snack, but it changed into a staple food.
- 清酒の甘辛の程度と甘辛度の関係は下記のとおりである。
- The relationship between the degree of sweetness/dryness and the number of amakarado is as shown in the table below.
- しかし江戸時代の各階層にある程度の流動性も見られる。
- However, a certain degree of flexibility was seen in each hierarchy during the Edo period.
- しかし、キリスト教の信徒は人口の0.8%程度と少ない。
- However, the number of Christian believers is small, making up about 0.8%.
- 仕込工程(中期) 諸味内にて微生物による発酵が起きる。
- Preparation process (the middle stage): Fermentation by microorganism occurs in moromi.
- 仕込工程にて、塩水のかわりに生醤油や醤油を用いて造る。
- Non-heat-treated soy-sauce or soy-sauce are used in the preparation process instead of salt water.
- また、全蛋白質のうち65%程度が卵白中に含まれている。
- The white also contains about 65% of the whole proteins.
- まずは外側を軽く固める程度に握り、中央に具材を埋める。
- First press it lightly just solidifying outside and put fillings in the center.
- (詳しくは、報恩講宗派別の御正忌報恩講の日程を参照。)
- (See the schedule of Goshoki Ho-onko by sect for details.)
- - 東京大学大学院文学研究科修士課程修了(インド哲学)
- Graduated the masters program (Indian philosophy) at the University of Tokyo graduate school of Literature.
- 全374種911巻と称される程、数多くの著作を残した。
- He was a prolific writer who was said to have written 911 books of 374 kinds in total.
- カビが繁殖したらこれを削り落とし、5の行程を繰り返す。
- Once the fungus has multiplied, the surface of the fillet is shaved off and step number 5 is repeated.
- 平打ちうどん - 薄く、幅広(10~30mm程度)の麺。
- Hirauchi-Udon: Thin and wide (about 10 to 30mm wide) Udon noodles
- もう一度煮立ったら弱火にし、灰汁を取り1時間程度煮込む。
- Lower the flame after it boils again, skim off the scum, and stew for about an hour.
- 両者の兼ね合いからは、小指が入る程度のものが適している。
- In view of balancing these two, the little finger-sized mouth of tokkuri is the best choice.
- 少量(4ml程度)を口に入れ、舌の上で転がして味を見る。
- Take a small amount of sake (around 4 ml) in the mouth and let it swirl around on your tongue to taste.
- 総重量は1t程度までで他地域の太鼓台と比べ総じて小ぶり。
- The senzairaku is generally smaller in size than that of other areas, with gross weights of less than 1t.
- 即位灌頂の成立からその完成に至る過程の解明が期待される。
- It is seen in the clarification of the process from formation of sokuikanjo to its completion.
- 違反の程度にもよるが、連続して数十発打たれることもある。
- Depending on severity of violation, in some cases, an unsui is struck a few dozen times in a row.
- この工程の目的は、酒のアルコール度数を下げることにある。
- The purpose of this operation is to decrease the alcohol concentration of sake.
- 鍋の中で140セルシウス度程度の熱に達するまで煮詰める。
- The material is boiled down in a pot to about 140 degrees Celsius.
- また開港地での移動範囲は10里(朝鮮里程)以内となった。
- The range of movement in the city with open ports was set within 10 Ri (Korean mileage).
- 巻藁の直径は30cm〜50cm、奥行きが80cm程度ある。
- Makiwara measure 30 to 50cm in diameter and are 80cm thick.
- 通常の演奏に用いる範囲はメリで2半音、カリで1半音程度)。
- Under normal playing conditions, meri is generally played with a scope of two half tones, and kari one half tone.
- 豆腐を製造する過程で、大豆から豆乳を絞った後に残ったもの。
- It is soybeans residue which is taken after soymilk is extracted in the manufacturing process of tofu (bean curd).
- ちなみに中国の紹興酒にも同様の工程があるが約85℃である。
- Incidentally, there is a similar process in the manufacturing of Chinese Shaoxing rice wine, its temperature is about 85 degrees Celsius.
- そのため価格は1袋500gで1000円程度するものもある。
- Therefore, some manufacturers offer a 500-gram pack of hoshi-imo for about 1000 yen.
- 以後、麹造りは酒屋業の一工程へと吸収合併された形となった。
- After that, rice malt making was absorbed as a process of the sake brewing industry.
- 赤土を素焼きし、透明の釉薬をかけて800℃程度で焼成する。
- This is to biscuit-fire reddish clay and create the work and then souse it in a transparent glaze and fire it at about 800 degrees Celsius.
- 遺構は、地表面から3~5メートル程度の深さに位置している。
- The remains are located in the ground about three to five meters deep.
- 坐蒲に腰を下ろし、膝を床につける程度に浅く、あぐらをかく。
- Sit down cross-legged on the cushion, with knees barely touching the floor.
- 下穿き(ズボン)の長さは、床に付く程度にゆったりしている。
- The shitabaki (pant) is loose, and the legs nearly reach the floor.
- それは長禄・寛正の飢饉にも対策を施さない程になっていった。
- He became so heavily obsessed with this dream that he didn't even do anything about the Choroku-Kansei Famine.
- 実行性が喪失していった過程として、以下の事項があげられる。
- As a process how the regulation gradually lost its effectiveness, the following matters are conceivable.
- 音程は簧の固有振動によって決定し、竹管で共鳴させて発音する。
- The key is determined by the natural oscillation of the shita, and the sound is created by resonating in the bamboo tubes.
- 簡単にまとめただけでもこれだけの工程を踏んで友禅が完成する。
- Yuzen is finished with so many steps as described above, though simply summarized.
- 『建武式目』にも茶寄合(闘茶)禁止令が出されている程である。
- The criticism was so fierce that Cha-yoriai (Tocha) Kinshi-rei (Ban on Cha-yoriai (Tocha)) was imposed by the 'Kenmu Code.'
- 最近では四角状で通常の1.5倍程度の大きいものが人気がある。
- The current popular onigiri is square and about 1.5 times larger than normal.
- 和服の帯は江戸時代初期までは幅10cm程度の細い物であった。
- Until the beginning of the Edo period, obi for kimono was narrow in width of about ten centimeters.
- (差し引き分以上の場合もあれば、小銭程度であったりもする。)
- It can be larger than the balance, or it can be as small as change.
- 広島風お好み焼きは、その成立の過程で作り方が変化していった。
- The way of cooking Hiroshimafu-okonomiyaki changed in the process of formation.
- 昭和30年代の月島あたりのもんじゃ焼き屋は5店舗程であった。
- Around Tsukishima around 1960, there were about five monjayaki shops.
- 湯につけるため白く濁ってしまうがその後の工程でまた色が戻る。
- Putting the roe in hot water makes the color turn white however the color returns after further processing.
- また能、狂言の衣装として簡略化された物が見られる程度である。
- Moreover, simplified suo may be used as a costume in Noh plays and kyogen.
- 横海軍の程権は二州全ての領地を返還して藩の歴史を自ら絶った。
- Chengquan, the military leader of Henghai army, surrendered all his territories in two prefectures, thereby voluntarily putting an end to the history of his domain.
- この過程で軍事貴族と呼ぶべき実態は発展的に解消されていった。
- During the course of these events, the status called military aristocrat rapidly disappeared.
- その過程で台湾語・客家語・原住民語の使用は抑圧・禁止された。
- In the process, the use of Taiwanese, Hakka and aboriginal languages was discouraged or prohibited.
- 食材を1-2cm角程度の大きさに切り、香草や味噌などを乗せる。
- The meat or fish is chopped into 1 to 2-cm cubes and topped with herbs or miso.
- 且つ矢を傷めない程度の強さで束ね然るべき高さの台に乗せたもの。
- Straws are bound in a way that doesn't damage the arrow and the makiwara is placed on a stand at a suitable height.
- 正確な音程が得られないため、奏者が音程の補正をする必要がある。
- Because it is generally not possible to obtain an accurate tuning in the older shakuhachi as mentioned above, the player must make adjustments for pitch irregularities while playing.
- 日本的なカレーライスは、日本以外の国でもある程度普及している。
- Japanese-style curry and rice is popular to some extent in countries other than Japan.
- 穂発芽性は難、倒伏抵抗性はやや強、いもち抵抗性は中程度である。
- Vivipanity is difficult, its resistance to lodging is somewhat strong, and its resistance to blast is medium.
- 補強の為切詰の上から数センチ程、幅2〜3mm程の細い籐を巻く。
- A very thin two to three millimeter cane cord is bound at the location a few centimeters above kiritsume.
- 通常は少量ずつ作り、1週間以内程度で使い尽くした方が望ましい。
- It is generally recommended to make a small amount of yuzu kosho each time, and that it be consumed within approximately a week.
- 煎茶のように茶葉を揉む工程が無いため、形状は青海苔に似ている。
- Unlike sencha (normal green tea), its manufacturing process has no kneading (rolling) of tea leaves so that they're similar in shape to aonori (green lavers).
- 株は次第に大きくなるが、ある程度大きくならないと花はつかない。
- Although the root gradually enlarges, it takes some period of time to grow enough to come into flowers.
- 調味料は醤油、みりん、酒などが風味付けに用いられる程度である。
- Some flavorings such as soy sauce, mirin (sweet cooking sake), and sake liquor are used just to add some flavors.
- 水が切れた豆腐に、薄く衣をまとわせ、180℃程度の油で揚げる。
- Dredge drained tofu lightly with starch or flour and deep fry at about 180 ℃.
- 乗船時間は2時間から3時間程度で、お酒、食事が出るものが多い。
- The boat ride lasts two to three hours and sake or meals are usually served.
- これは重要な工程で、組子骨の筋の透け防止と襖建具の裄 をだす。
- This is an important process to prevent the ribs of the frame from being seen and to maintain depth of the fusuma door.
- 正確な門弟数は不明であるが、裏千家の半数程度であると思われる。
- Although the exact number of disciples is unknown, it is considered about one half of that of Ura-senke.
- おおざっぱに言えば、生酛造りの工程から山卸を除いたものとなる。
- Roughly speaking, it is a process in which the step of yamaoroshi is excluded from the kimotozukuri.
- 時行は鎌倉を保つこと20日程度で逃亡し、諏訪頼重らは自害する。
- Tokiyuki fled from Kamakura 20 days after he occupied it and Yorishige SUWA etc. committed suicide.
- これら一連の過程で著された文書を集成したものが長寛勘文である。
- Chokan-kanmon was a compilation of documents which were written in the above process.
- 柚子はおよそ200戸が栽培しており、売上高は6億円程度である。
- Yuzu citrus is being cultivated by roughly 200 households and produce sales of approximately 600 million yen.
- 日本有数の登山者数を誇り、その登山者数は富士山と争う程である。
- It boasts the large number of climbers, which is one of the foremost in Japan, equivalent to that of Mt. Fuji.
- どの程度の身分、階級から将と呼ばれるのかの下限は明確ではない。
- From which status or rank may be called sho has not been defined.
- 早くても年末頃、長ければ1年から人によっては2年程度保管される。
- The barrel is stored until the end of the same year at the minimum or it may be kept one to as long as two years depending on the person.
- かたまりのまま下茹した後、厚さ1cm、幅5cm程度に切り分ける。
- Boil the lump of meat as it is and slice into pieces, about one centimeter thick and five centimeters wide.
- 淡口醤油の場合、仕込工程の末期に甘酒や米麹を添加することがある。
- Regarding usukuchi soy-sauce, Amazake (sweet mild sale) or malted rice may be added in the end of preparation process.
- 多少の辛みをつけるのに使われる程度で、大量に使われることはない。
- Used only for giving a slightly hot flavor, and a lot of it is not used at one time.
- 堅帽子は牛革が二枚程度重ねられたものが入れられ、固められている。
- Kataboshi is reinforced by inserting about two sheets of cowhide.
- 詰工程 火入醤油に適切な成分調整を加え、容器に詰めて製品とする。
- Packing process: Perform quality governing to heat-treated soy-sauce, and pack it in containers for commercialization.
- 参加人数は約2000人、長さは2kmに及び約3時間の行程となる。
- The number of performers are 2,000 with the total length being 2 km, and the procession lasts about 3 hours.
- いずれも高価なものではなく、1本600から1000円程度である。
- A bon toro costs approximately \600 to \1000 per rod, not very expensive.
- 歌舞伎は成立の過程から歌舞伎踊りと歌舞伎劇に分けられるともいう。
- Kabuki is said to be classified according to its formation process into 'Kabuki Odori' (Kabuki Dance) & 'Kabuki Geki' (Kabuki Drama).
- 元慶以後には、全ての日程が終了した後に大規模な竟宴が開催された。
- Beginning in the Gangyo era, a large party was held after finishing the complete schedule of the events.
- 上海英仏米租界租地章程 1854年7月5日 英国、フランス、米国
- Regulations on British, French and American Concessions in Shanghai, July 5, 1854, United Kingdom, France, and United States of America
- この過程で、台湾や朝鮮から日本列島への他の民族の流入もおこった。
- During this time, other races came into the Japanese archipelago from Taiwan and Korea.
- 寺社方人口として一番控えめな数字を採用すると約4万人程度となる。
- The most conservative estimates for temple and shrine constituents point to a population of 40,000.
- - 大さじ4程度(日本酒を使用する場合は塩味を足す形で調整が必要)
- About four tablespoonfuls (when Japanese sake is used, salt must be added to supplement the flavor.)
- 粉茶(こなちゃ)は、煎茶の製造工程で出た粉状の切れ端を集めたもの。
- Konacha is the powdery fragments collected in the production process of sencha (green tea of middle grade).
- 各升目に置かれた算木を並べ替えることで、代数方程式を解いていった。
- Algebraic equations were solved by replacing a block of sangi with others in each cell.
- 製造工程は、食用植物油を使用せず打ち粉としてでん粉を使う点が特徴。
- For the process, Inaniwa Udon is characterized by using starch for Uchiko (flour scattered on a board in order to prevent the noodles from sticking) without using vegetable oil.
- もち米は水洗いし、6~8時間程度水に浸し、ザルに開けて水切をする。
- Glutinous rice should: be washed with water; be dipped in water for six to eight hours; and moved to a colander to remove water.
- 仕込工程初期に酵素剤を添加することで醸造期間を短縮する技術がある。
- The technology of adding enzyme reagent in the early period of the preparation process shortens the brewing period.
- シャスク(東ヨーロッパ):刃渡り80cm 900g~1100g程度
- Shashqa (East Europe): In case of 80cm long blade, about 900g to 1100g
- あまり長く煮ず、豆腐がぐらりと動いた程度で食べるのがよいとされる。
- It is supposed to be good to eat tofu when it sways, but without over-boiling it.
- 殆どの場合、少年に限られ、選ばれる人数も1人か、多くても3人程度。
- In most cases, chigo are chosen from boys, and usually one to three at most can be chigo.
- 濾過の工程で、質の悪い炭を使ったり、炭を入れすぎたときにつく異臭。
- This is unusual odor added if low quality charcoal is used in the process of filtration or too much charcoal is used.
- この行程を終えた物が「荒節」で、いわゆる「花かつお」の原料となる。
- The fillet finishing this process is called 'arabushi,' which is the material of so-called 'hanakatsuo.'
- 教育課程は中央の大学寮・典薬寮とほぼ同じ内容であったと考えられる。
- It is contemplated that their curricula were almost the same as those of daigakuryo (the bureau of education)/tenyakuryo (the bureau of medicine) established by the central government.
- 表裏が判別できるのも、ある程度銘文の意味が分かってきたからである。
- Because the meaning of inscription is getting clear to some extent, the front and back side can be distinguished.
- 粘度が高く濃い状態~薄く粘度の低い状態になる程度に溶いて生地を作る。
- Dissolve until they become something between very thick to very thin, and use it as the dough.
- 関孝和は算木を用いずに筆算により代数方程式を解く計算法を編み出した。
- Takakazu SEKI formulated a method of calculation for solving algebra equations with a pen and paper alone without using sangi.
- 厚揚げ(あつあげ)は、1丁から半丁程度に切った豆腐を油で揚げた食品。
- Atsuage is a food made by deep-frying tofu (bean curd) cut into one piece or half a piece.
- 千家は、表千家はうっすらと泡が立つ程度、裏千家はたっぷりと泡立てる。
- Among the Senke schools, the Omote-Senke school makes a thin cover of bubbles, while the Ura-Senke school produces a generous foam.
- 以上の過程は、三界(欲界・色界・無色界)の階層構造とも関連している。
- The above process is related to the hierarchical structure of sangai (three realms): Yokkai, the realm of desire; Shikikai, the realm of form; and Mushikikai, the realm of non-form.
- 収穫してから約一月程度の期間で乳酸発酵したあめ色のすぐきが完成する。
- Within about a month after harvesting, the Suguki pickles, turned yellowish brown by lactic fermentation, are ready.
- 上槽(じょうそう)とは、もろみから生酒(なまざけ)を搾る工程である。
- Joso is a process to squeeze namazake (raw sake) out of moromi.
- 南方の台湾でも最高500µg/m3程度の黄砂が春を中心に観測される。
- Even in Taiwan located in the south, kosa in the level of 500 µg per cubic meter are observed centered on spring.
- 実際に天日干しと言っても1時間程度干すだけであとは影にて干す事が多い。
- Even when the term 'drying in the sun' is used, it is common to dry fish in the sun for approximately one hour and then placed into the shade for the rest of drying process.
- 堅帽子は弦を掛ける段差を付ける為に親指の爪大程の牛革が入れられている。
- Kataboshi has a thumbnail sized cowhide inside to make a bump where a string is set.
- 最低限度の状態としては杵で搗いたときに蒸した米が飛散しない程度である。
- The state indicating it is at least ready is when the steamed rice does not scatter when the rice is pounded by the pestle.
- この時の米の状態は祝いごとの時に食べる赤飯と同じか若干固い程度である。
- The state of the rice in this stage is that the rice has a hardness equal to that of festive red rice or a little harder.
- 陶製または金属製、ガラス製で、内容量によって1合から1升程度まである。
- Each comes in a variety of material such as ceramic, metal or glass with the capacity ranging from one go (180 milliliters) to one sho (1.8 liters).
- 掛米とは、同じく醪造りの工程のためにとっておかれた蒸し米のことである。
- The kakemai is the steamed rice that was left aside for the moromi (sake mash) process.
- 年間の冥加金も、所属寺・本山に各数千円程度のを支払えばよいことが多い。
- The amount of annual myogakin (money to dedicate) to be paid to a family temple and a head temple is generally a few thousand yen for each.
- が、日程に都合が付かない場合は、その当日より前に営むのが一般的である。
- If it is not convenient to have the service on the date, however, it is generally given earlier.
- 上記の過程を通して、欲界(欲望を原理とする日常意識)は「散地」となる。
- Yokkai (consciousness based on desire) becomes 'sanchi' through the above process.
- その中にはこれよりも半分程度の距離のハイキングコースも紹介されている。
- Another hiking course with a half distance of the regular course is shown too.
- 近世の非人の発生は、江戸時代の町と村の成立過程と不即不離の関係にある。
- The occurrence of Hinin in early modern age was in the process of establishment of towns and villages as well as a relationship neither too close nor too far of these in the Edo Period.
- 到故郷」と記され、そのことから帰還まで300年程度経ったと推定される。
- for his home village,' it said, then it seemed that 300 years had passed from the time of his departure until his homecoming.
- 加工工程が単純であるため、生鰹から個人で加工、調理することも可能である。
- Because the step of process is simple, it is possible to process and cook from fresh fish personally.
- 有名な「友禅流し」とは水のきれいな川で糊や余分な染料を落とす工程のこと。
- The famous 'Yuzen Nagashi' is the process of removing glues and extra dyes in a clean river.
- 現代染色作家の中でもこの技法を使える人は十指に満たぬ程度と言われている。
- It is said that only a few of dyers today can use this technique.
- 五分咲き程度の八重桜の晩生種関山を用い、毎年4月中旬頃から加工している。
- Each year, beginning in about mid-April, a late variety of yaezakura (double cherry blossoms) called Kanzan is picked at 50% bloom, processed and bottled.
- 整数方程式や整数論では中国数学の伝統を引き継ぎ、さらに深い研究が進んだ。
- The study of integral equations and arithmetic was further developed by inheriting the tradition of Chinese mathematics.
- マッチロック式は命中精度と射程距離の向上など銃の性能を大きく向上させた。
- In a matchlock mechanism, performance such as accuracy of fire, shooting distance, and so on advanced greatly.
- 調味料は、2回に分けられた乾燥工程の合い間にローラーによって塗布される。
- Seasonings are applied by roller between two drying processes.
- 笙は簧(リード)に結露すると音程が狂うので、演奏の合間に必ず暖めておく。
- Because a Sho flute would be out of tune if the reed were to build up condensation, it is always warmed up between performances.
- 衣には大量の卵(卵4個:水2分の1カップ程度)を使用し、衣は厚く黄色い。
- Batter is made of several eggs (four eggs and a half cup of water) and the deep-fried coating will become thick.
- 900年近く続く小笠原流と比べると日置流の歴史は新しく500年程である。
- Compared with Ogasawara school with a history of about 900 years, Heki school is new with a history of about 500 years.
- 購入日から余程日があいていなければ、法要の際に一緒に依頼することが多い。
- Priests are often required to hold this consecration ceremony at the same time as hoyo (memorial services) if the date of the latter is not very far from the former's.
- 葬儀の際の布施は、葬儀の規模にもよるが数万円~数十万円程度であるが多い。
- The amount of fuse at a funeral is generally between tens of thousands of yen to hundreds of thousands of yen, though it varies depending on the scale of the funeral in question.
- この時黄身をヘラの角でつぶし、生地と同程度(ヘラで掬える位に)に広げる。
- At this moment, butt the yolk with a spatula and spread it to the same degree as the dough (you can scoop it with a spatula).
- そして、実際に昼夜の長さの差が最も小さくなる日は秋分の4日程度後になる。
- Also, actually the day when the variance between day and night is substantially smaller occurs approximately 4 days after the autumnal equinox.
- そして、実際に昼夜の長さの差が最も小さくなる日は春分の4日程度前になる。
- Also, actually the day when the variance between day and night is substantially smaller occurs approximately 4 days after the vernal equinox.
- 精米された米は、精米の過程で表面に付いた糠・米くずを徹底的に除去される。
- With respect to the polished rice, bran and rice powder adhering to the surface in the rice polishing process are thoroughly removed.
- ある程度の損害を与え、その後の交渉で日本に要求をのませるようにするため。
- Their aim was to damage Japan to some extent and force it to accept their demands in later negotiations.
- さらに、おろしてから5分程度経過したら、辛みがピークに達しその後減少する。
- The pungency of daikon oroshi reaches its peak at five minutes after being grated, after which it decreases.
- しかし江戸時代以降に伝わった地域の萬歳は、大体継承過程を明らかにしている。
- However, in the region where the manzai was introduced after the Edo period, the process of tradition is mostly elucidated.
- 打撃(「当身」)は牽制程度に用いることが多く、打撃中心の稽古は行われない。
- Striking ('atemi' (blow to the body)) is commonly used for the sake of diversion, and therefore training doesn't place any emphasis on striking.
- 塩分は伝統的な製法の場合8-12%程度、近年の大量生産品は4-8%である。
- The concentration of salt is 8-12% in the case of the traditional recipe, and 4-8% in the case of today's mass-produced items.
- 焼き合わせは2枚程度であるが、金箔に比べかなり高い温度と長い時間を要する。
- It can be used by burning together about two sheets of them, however, the operation requires higher temperature and longer duration than that of gold leaf.
- 製本のうち、上製本を作る工程の中で、断裁後に丸み出しと呼ばれる作業がある。
- In the bookbinding of a deluxe edition, there is a process called 'rounded up' after the trimming process.
- 熟練兵士なら約20秒に一発発射したという(昭和末期の実験では18秒程度)。
- It is said that skillful soldiers could shoot about every 20 seconds (every 18 seconds in an experiment during the late Showa period).
- 当時の日本の総人口から推定される視覚障害者の人数は、5万人程度とみられた。
- The number of the visually-impaired estimated from the total population in Japan at that period was about 50,000.
- このため、ハンバーグはしばしば「質や程度の低い料理」と見なされる事がある。
- For this reason, hamburgers are sometimes regarded as 'a low quality and low sophisticated dish.'
- ちなみに焼酎の製造過程では、まったく同じ工程を和水(わすい)と呼んでいる。
- In the process of producing shochu, the exactly same operation is called 'wasui.'
- これをうけて、吉野家は2か月程度で牛丼の販売を再開するという報道がされた。
- As the result of this, Yoshinoya was reported to resume the sale of its gyudon in about 2 months.
- 一方、鄭樵・洪邁・程大昌らが経史の考証をもって学とし、道学と対峙している。
- Meanwhile, Tei Sho, Ko Mai, Tei Daisho, etc. established the historical investigation of Chinese classics on ethics, politics, and history as a learning, and conflicted with the Do school.
- しかし、この時代の兵力は、基本的に配下の農民をかき集めて武器を持たせる程度
- However, military power during this period was just for the purpose of gathering farmers under their control and make them hold onto weapons.
- なお、明法生設置から程なく(時期は不明)、律学博士は明法博士と改称された。
- Soon after the Myoho students were taken (it is unclear when), the doctor of Ritsugaku was renamed the doctor of Myoho.
- 行程に若干異なる点があるが、巡礼にはイスラム教各宗派の信徒が共に参加する。
- There are slight differences, but the pilgrimage is taken together with the followers of the various schools of Islam.
- 宗教界にも影響を与え、日蓮は『立正安国論』を幕府に上程して国難を主張する。
- It also influenced people of religion, and Nichiren submitted 'Rissho Ankoku Ron' (Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching) to bakufu, insisting that it was a national crisis.
- そのため、武田軍の犠牲者は1000人程度だったのではないかという説がある。
- This led some to propose that the number of the dead for the Takeda force was about 1,000.
- 吹きこぼれない程度の強火で、米が自然に対流するように炊くのが良いといわれる。
- It is said that the rice should be cooked over a high heat, allowing the grains of rice to move naturally, but without the liquid boiling over.
- 炭から炎があがっている状態よりも、炭が赤く色づいている程度の方が持ちが良い。
- Charcoal lasts longer when it is red hot than when it is ablaze.
- このような技術論に差異が認められる所以は日本の弓術独特の進化過程に起因する。
- The reason for such differences in technical theory is in the unique evolutionary process of Japanese Kyudo.
- すなわち、玉露の原料となる茶葉は、収穫の前(最低二週間程度)被覆を施される。
- More specifically, gyokuro tea leaves, the raw materials of gyokuro, are cultivated under a cover for at least two weeks before being harvested.
- ただ、代数方程式の重解の考察にからんで多項式の微分が関孝和以来扱われている。
- The exception was that since the time of Takakazu SEKI, polynomial differentials had been considered in relation to repeated roots in algebraic equations.
- 元来、舞良戸は舞良子の多いもの程高級とし、時には三十五本も入れたものがある。
- Originally the Mairado with more mairako was ranked higher as some Mairado had as many as 35 mairako.
- 本願寺が北陸地方において一大勢力に成長するのは経覚の死後程無くの事であった。
- It did not take long for Hongan-ji Temple to become one of the most powerful political forces in the Hokuriku district after Kyokaku died.
- なお三段目は古墳完成当時は5メートル程度の高さがあったものと推定されている。
- It has been estimated to be about 5 meters high when it was completed.
- 目安としては千切りなら幅5mm以下、粗みじんなら1cm角以下程度が好ましい。
- Only as a guide, if shredded the width is less than 5 mm, if minced less than 1 cm square is preferred.
- 半堂は堂の中程から射て半分の距離を射通した本数を競うもので、年少者が行った。
- The half hallway event involved participants shooting from the middle of the hallway and competed for the number of arrows shot through, and was aimed at younger people.
- 幕藩体制の確立に基づく近世大名への再編成の過程で消滅していったとされている。
- It is believed that Utsuro disappeared during the process of a reorganization in Bakuhan taisei (the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate) with the appearance of Kinsei daimyo (daimyo of the early modern era).
- しかし、程なく非血縁的武士も寄子として扱われ、やがて後者が占めることになる。
- But soon unrelated samurai were treated as Yoriko, and eventually when people referred to Yoriko, they meant the latter.
- 同病院のデータの分析結果では、現在の花粉量は当時の2~3倍程度となっている。
- Analysis of the data from this hospital shows that the current airborne pollen level is 200-300% higher than the time at which the study was started.
- 黄砂は国家をまたぐ範囲で被害を発生させ、しかもその程度や時期に地域差がある。
- Damage due to kosa is not limited within a nation, being inflicted across nation boundaries, and in addition, the extent of the damage and the season in which it mostly occurs depends on the area.
- 連合軍の兵力はおよそ武田軍の2.5~3倍程度であり、これは通説とほぼ等しい。
- He agrees with the standard theory in terms of the size of the allied forces which was two and a half to three times as large as that of the Takeda force.
- 塩味が少し残る程度で塩抜きを終え、次に飯に塩を混ぜた物をフナの身の中に詰める。
- The process of removing salt is complete when the fish has a slight salty taste and it is time to stuff funa with the rice and salt mixture.
- 巻藁の中心が肩先程の高さに来るよう、また重量があるため専用の巻藁台に据え置く。
- It should be placed so that its center is as high as a human's shoulders and it should be also be placed on a special stand because of its weight.
- 能面は木(桧が多い)を彫り、彩色して製作するが、この工程を「面を打つ」という。
- Noh masks are made by carving wood (mainly Japanese cypress) and coloring it, a process called 'omote wo utsu' (lit. to strike a mask).
- また粒が小さいため外観に耐えられず、精米歩合50%程度が一般的な目安とされる。
- Because the grain size is small, its appearance isn't good and it's said that the limit of polishing ratio is approximately 50%.
- これまでに10名以上がこの課程を修了した後、玄人として能楽師を職業としている。
- More than 10 people completed this course and thereafter have had their career as Kuroto Nohgakushi.
- 酒飲みにとってはある程度の塩分があるものであればたいていのものは肴となりうる。
- Any food can be sakana for drinkers as long as it has a salty taste to some degree.
- 鰹の胃と腸をよく洗い、辛口では20%、甘口のものでは10%程度の塩で漬け込む。
- When you make Shuto, clean thoroughly bonito's stomach and intestines with water, and salt down in 20 % salt-water solution for salty one and 10 % salt-water solution for mild one.
- 六畳二間程度の空間を利用するのが一般的だが、家の構造によりその規模は前後する。
- Typically, a space of around two six-tatami-mat rooms is used, although it varies depending on the structure of each house.
- 天台宗が全国に広がる過程で、山王信仰に基づいて日吉社も全国に勧請・創建された。
- As the Tendai sect was propagated across Japan, Hiyoshijinja Shrine was branched and constructed across Japan based on the Sanno Shinko belief.
- 11月20 - 21日 宗祖日蓮大聖人御大会(日程は末寺によって違う場合あり)
- November 20 and 21: Shuso Nichiren Daishonin Gotai-e (the dates vary depending on different branch temples)
- だが、飢民の数があまりに多く、資金が尽きて1ヶ月程で施食を止めざるえなかった。
- However, the number of starving people was so huge that he had no other option but to stop giving food about a month later due to depletion of funds.
- また、アルコールは体内で、体温と同程度にならないと胃壁や腸壁から吸収されない。
- Because alcohol is not absorbed from stomach or the bowel walls unless its temperature becomes same as the body temperature.
- 精米後の白米、分け後の酒母、出麹後の麹を次の工程で使用されるまで放置すること。
- 'Horei' (sanding to cool) or 'karashi' means to leave white rice after polishing, sake mash after wake and koji after koji delivery as they are until using in the next stage.
- こうした国内武士の数は、一国あたり数人 - 十数人程度だったと推測されている。
- It is estimated that the number of such masters of martial arts in a province was several to slightly more than ten.
- 陰謀は程なく発覚し、荷担した貴族や武士(多くは後白河法皇の近臣)が追放された。
- The conspiracy was discovered beforehand and associated aristocrats and warriors (many of them were close aides of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa) were exiled.
- このことは、紀伊山地の隆起準平原が河川に浸食されて形成された過程を示している。
- This indicates that the upheaval semi-plain of the Kii Mountains was formed by erosion by rivers.
- 当時は、程頤ら聖人の道を標榜する学派から派生した学の一つとして道学と呼ばれた。
- At the time, Shusigaku was called Dogaku, as a learning system derived from the school sect of Yi CHENG and others which practiced the way of saints.
- こうした状況は、政治的中心の周囲に次第に都市が形成されていく過程と理解できる。
- Such situation can be understood as a process in which a city was gradually formed around the political center.
- 患者個々の状態により制限される数は異なるが、1日1個程度を目安に摂取するとよい。
- Although the number of eggs varies depending on the condition of each patient, the rough standard would be one per day.
- 唇と歌口の鋭角部(エッジ)との距離を変化させることで、音高(音程)を変化させる。
- By changing the distance between the lips and blowing edge of the utaguchi, the pitch (tone) can be caused to change.
- 小海老の唐揚げは、殻ごと食べられる程度の小振りのエビを唐揚げの手法で揚げた料理。
- Fried shrimp is a dish prepared using the same karaage method, but using shrimps small enough to be eaten whole, shell and all.
- 大きめの鍋に上記のテングサを入れ、水をテングサがつかる程度まで入れ、沸騰させる。
- The above tengusa is placed in a large pan with enough water to soak the tengusa, and the water is boiled.
- もしくはある程度硬く握った冷却済み(後述)のおにぎりに海苔を最初から全面に貼る。
- Or paste a sheet of dried laver from the beginning entirely in onigiri, which is made solidly to some extent and cooled down (described later).
- ピンポン玉程度の大きさの丸餅をピラミッド状の三角錐に積み、月に供えてから食べる。
- Some pieces of round mochi each having a size of around a ping pong ball are stacked in a triangular pyramid, and are eaten after they are offered to the moon.
- サーベル(世界各地):刃渡り70cm~100cmの場合 600g~2400g程度
- Saber (around the world): In case of 70cm to 100cm long blade, about 600g to 2400g
- しかし歴史的にはこれらの他にも2000番から3000番程度の曲が作成されている。
- However, historically, besides these, about 2000 to 3000 dramas have been made.
- ゆっくりと慎重に音程を変更するところから、具合を測りつつ物事を進めるさまを表す。
- From the state of changing the intervals slowly and carefully, it is used to mean a state of doing things with checking the degree of completion.
- 裃の袴の丈を通常のものの1.5倍程度に伸ばし、裾を引きながら穿くようにしたもの。
- The hakama length of a kamishimo was extended to about 1.5 times the usual length and the hem was pulled up when worn.
- 従って、「葬儀の方法の一つ」というよりも、その、一過程であるという考え方もある。
- Thus, it is also considered as a process of the funeral rather than 'a type of funeral.'
- その過程で、宗教色を払拭してゆく(矯正施設での宗教行為は憲法で禁止されている)。
- In the course of gaining popularity, Yoshimoto eradicated religious aspects from Naikanho (because religious activities within correctional institutions are prohibited by the Constitution).
- キャベツを千切りにしたものを生地の中に少し溢れる程度に入れさっくりとかき混ぜる。
- Add a brimful amount of shredded cabbage to the dough and mix it lightly.
- だが、どの段階で「醪造り」の全工程の終了とみなすかは、杜氏の判断に任されている。
- It is left to toji's discretion as to which stages it should be judged that whole process of 'moromi production' is completed
- なお、この工程をあえて省略して、無濾過酒(むろかしゅ)として出荷する場合も多い。
- There are many cases where sake is shipped out as murokashu omitting this process intentionally.
- したがって下記にある若党、中間、小者に分けた解説はあくまで参考程度の内容である。
- Therefore, the following description dividing them into wakato, chugen, and komono should be read only as a guide.
- キリスト教における巡礼は聖地への礼拝だけでなく、巡礼旅の過程も重要視されている。
- The pilgrimage in Christianity not only regards the worship at the holy sites but also place equal importance on the process of the pilgrimage.
- その過程で守護・地頭補任権を獲得し、朝廷(公家政権)と並びうる政権へと成長した。
- In the process, the bakufu acquired the right of appointing Shugo and Jito (military governors and estate stewards), growing into a government that could rank with the Imperial Court (the Kuge government).
- お雇い外国人は、日本の近代化の過程で西欧の先進技術や知識を学ぶために雇用された。
- Oyatoi-gaikokujin were employed to teach native Japanese the latest technologies and knowledge from Europe and the United States in order to fuel the process of Japan's modernization.
- 照り焼きに用いられる食材には、ある程度身が締まりつつも脂肪のあるものが用いられる。
- For teriyaki, meat that is firm and to some extent has some fat is used.
- 弓の内側の上下端に10数cm〜20数cm程度、内竹を上下から塞き止め挟む形である。
- The bow has the shape of having ten something to twenty something centimeters inside and binds the uchitake from top and bottom.
- 容器に移し替えた後、3時間程度、自然に放熱させ、固める(冷蔵庫では失敗しやすい)。
- Once moved into a container, the tengusa is then left for about three hours to lose heat naturally, until set (it tends to fail that the tengusa is cooled in a refrigerator).
- 6%ぐらいの濃度のアルコールが最適な生育環境だが、25%程度でも問題なく成育する。
- Alcohol of about 6% density is the most suitable environment for them to grow, but they grow in about 25% density alcohol with no problem.
- 煎茶や抹茶を製造する過程で取り除かれた茎を回収することで茎茶を製造する場合もある。
- It can also be produced by collecting stems removed during the process of non-powdered green tea or powdered green tea production.
- 開花期間は特に花見に使われる「ソメイヨシノ」が短く、満開から一週間程度で花が散る。
- As for the period of time of flowering, 'Someiyoshino' which is especially popular for Hanami (flower viewing) is shortest and the flowers fall only one week after the full bloom.
- 現在ではそのなかでも、燗酒に用いる1合から2合程度の容量のものがよく売られている。
- The current best-selling item is the one or two go-sized tokkuri used for heating sake.
- 心金で7回、棟金で9回、刃金では15回、側金では12回程度の折り返しが行なわれる。
- Shingane are folded back 7 times, Munegane 9 times, Hanokane 15 times and Gawagane 12 times.
- 途中様々な場所で迂回する必要があり、結局90キロメートル(23里)の行程となった。
- They had to go by several roundabout routes, and ended up walking 90 kilo meters.
- 沢庵が柔らかくなったら水を捨て、出汁・醤油・油(胡麻油)大さじ1程度を加えて煮る。
- When takuan becomes soft enough, pour the water off, then add dashi, soy sauce, and one table spoon of sesame oil, and let it simmer for a while.
- フライパンやホットプレート程度の厚さでは熱を保持できず温度が大きく下がってしまう。
- The thickness of frying pan or hot plate can not keep the heat and the temperature fall is very large.
- 上衣の袖は、肘が出るか隠れる程度の長さが多く、さらにノースリーブに近いものもある。
- In many cases, the sleeves of the uwagi extend to around the elbow in length, but in some cases nearly sleeveless jackets are used.
- 鉾鈴は柄に20cm程の鉾と鍔が付けられ、鍔の部位に6個、又は8個の鈴が付けられる。
- The hoko-suzu has a 20cm blade and a guard attached to the handle, and 6 or 8 bells attached to the guard.
- 舞姫の化粧については特に規程は無く、一般的に女性が普通に施す程度である場合が多い。
- There are no specific rules for the dancers' makeup; it is often about the same as most women wear everday.
- 海賊鎮圧の過程で、純友を含め、瀬戸内海諸国には海賊対応のための警固使が設置された。
- In the process of suppressing the activities of the pirates, Keigoshi, including Sumitomo, were placed in provinces along the Seto Inland Sea.
- 大阪市内からでも車で60分程度の距離にある為、健康登山、回数登山の山としても有名。
- Since it is 60 minute-car ride from the Osaka City, it is known as a mountain for health and for counting the number of climbing.
- (偽書としての疑いの程度やその根拠については、リンクされている各記事を参照のこと)
- (For more information on the degree to which such works are suspected of being gisho, and the evidence for that belief, consult the linked articles on each individual item.)
- 大和民族の連合政権とされるヤマト王権の成立過程は、現段階でも明らかになっていない。
- The process which established the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), which is likely to be a coalition government of the Yamato race, has yet to be revealed.
- 音程は竹の長さとは無関係で、吹き口から向かって右側から時計回りに、以下の通りとなる。
- The key has no relationship to the length of the bamboo tube, and the following are listed in clockwise order from the right a viewed from the mouthpiece.
- 中国無錫のものは、揚げることで気泡を作り、直径6cm程度の大きな球に膨らませてある。
- When frying in hot oil, they develop air bubbles and expand into balls of about 6 cm in diameterwhich is the characteristic of age-fu of Wuxi City, China.
- 海水程度の塩水に一晩漬けるか、もしくはそのまま、半日ほど風に当たるよう日干しにする。
- Dry immediately, or dry, after soaking in brine overnight with the salt concentration being approximately equivalent to that of seawater, in a sunny, well-ventilated place for half a day.
- 主原料は大豆、コムギ、塩で、麹菌、乳酸菌、酵母による複雑な発酵過程を経て生成される。
- It is mainly made from soybeans, wheat, salt, and is generated through a complicated fermentation process using Aspergillus oryzae, lactobacillus, and yeast.
- 蒸し器から出した後、皮をむき、すだれに広げ冬場の寒風を利用して天日で1週間程度干す。
- After being put out from the steamer, the steamed sweet potato is peeled and expanded on bamboo screens, and dried in the sun for about a week utilizing chilly wind peculiar to the winter.
- 言うまでもなく反動は強烈であり、射手は射撃時に自ら転がる事で反動を吸収する程である。
- It goes without saying that the recoil is very strong; when firing, the shooter has to roll over to absorb the recoil.
- また、協業組合として複数の生産者が、製麹・仕込工程までを行う工場を作るケースもある。
- Several manufacturers may work together as a cooperative association to found a factory where the manufacturing process of koji and preparation process are performed.
- ある程度の規模の公演においては、企画構成吟(単に、構成吟とも)が行われることがある。
- In some scale of performance, kikakukoseigin (reciting which is planned and framed, also simply called koseigin) is also performed.
- 若手の時に旦那様がつけばいわゆる水揚げとなり、ある程度歳を重ねていても旦那様はつく。
- If a geigi gets a danna-sama while being a young trainee, there is the ritual of mizuage (offering her virginity) or they can still get a danna-sama after finishing the trainee period to a point.
- 所要時間は1席当たり1時間程度であり、複数の茶席を設けて並行してもてなすこともある。
- It requires about an hour per ceremony, and is performed in several tea rooms arranged side by side.
- 寺に入った頃の玄教は、子ども料金で汽車に乗れる程の小身で、しかも病弱であったという。
- It is said that at the time he began life at the temple, Genkyo was so small that he need only pay the child fare when riding the train; he was also said to be sickly.
- 熟成(じゅくせい)とは、貯蔵されている間に進行する、酒質の成長や完成への過程をいう。
- Maturing means the course of growth or completion of sake quality that progresses during storage.
- そこで、日付はグレゴリオ暦のまま、行事の日程のほうを1か月遅らせて行うようになった。
- Therefore, it was decided that using the dates of the Gregorian calendar, the dates of events were deferred by one month.
- 以下の理由により、新暦(グレゴリオ暦)と旧暦(太陰太陽暦)では必ず1か月程度ずれる。
- Due to the reasons described below, there is definitely an approximate one-month difference between the New Style (the Gregorian calendar) and the Old Style (Taiin-taiyo-reki.)
- 所要期間が長いのは、工程が多く手間がかかるのと、醗酵段階も完全醗酵させるからである。
- The reasons for the long period required for this process are the many steps requiring much labor and fermentation which is carried out completely.
- いずれも守護の支配を受けていた反面、その独立性をある程度、守護から認められてもいた。
- While all of the unions were controlled by shugo on the one hand, they were allowed to be independent to some extent on the other hand.
- が、それでも押板があった程度だ、ともいえ、大きな問題ではないという考え方もありえる。
- However, it could be said that there was just oshiita and it might not be a big problem.
- 黄砂の発生や程度は、視程のほかに空の色や湿度などの観測結果から、総合的に判断される。
- An occurrence of kosa and its strength level are judged totally based on observation data, including the color of the sky and humidity, in addition to visibility.
- 大韓民国では、黄砂はその程度により、強度0、強度1、強度2の3段階に分類されている。
- In the Republic of Korea, the strength of kosa is classified into three stages of strength 0, strength 1, and strength 2.
- しかし明治以降は行政において全くと言ってよい程使用されなくなったため、急速に廃れた。
- However, after the Meiji period the old provincial names were almost never used for administrative purposes; as the result, they rapidly fell into disuse.
- 道路や水路・あぜ道などがある程度重なっていれば、条里遺構である蓋然性が高いと言える。
- If streets, ditches, or paths between rice fields align with the grid lines to some extent, it is highly probable to be jori remains.
- 染めの工程とは違って厳冬のころ行うことが多く雪国の金沢では雪解け水にさらすこともある。
- Unlike the steps of dyeing, it is generally performed in cold winter, and the cloth is often washed in melted snow water in Kanazawa located in a snowy area.
- 生茶葉から煎茶を造る最初の工程である「蒸し」の時間を、1分から3分程度と長く取るもの。
- When making fukamushi-cha, steaming, the first process in making sencha from raw tea leaves, is performed for longer at between one and three minutes.
- 発酵の過程で乳酸菌が少量混入し、コウジカビの酵素による発酵のほか、乳酸発酵も進行する。
- Lactic fermentation occurs due to a small amount of lactic acid bacteria that are added during fermentation, and fermentation by Aspergillus enzymes.
- 大きさは50cmを超えるものから、30cm以下程度のもの(手炙り)までさまざまである。
- Sizes range from 50cm or larger to the 30cm or smaller teaburi.
- 輪郭が完成した模様に筆や刷毛で染料を染め付けていくのが「色挿し」と呼ばれる工程である。
- Applying a dye to the pattern finished with the contours using a brush is a step called 'irosashi' (literally 'applying color').
- 遺題継承の結果、高度な代数、整数方程式論、解析学、幾何学が実用の範囲を超えて発達した。
- As a result of the succession of idai, the studies of algebra, the integer equation theory, mathematical analysis and geometry were developed to the advanced level beyond practical needs.
- また製造時の端切れを集めたものを「せっこう」と言い、通常品の半値程度で販売されている。
- Moreover, a group of hoshi-imo left over after cutting fine slices is called 'sekko,' sold at about half the usual price.
- 2本の、先に行くにつれて細くなる鉄の棒で構成され、長さは25センチから40センチ程度。
- A Hibashi chopstick consists of two iron sticks narrow at the points, and is about 25 centimeters to 40 centimeters long.
- 内臓に含まれる消化酵素によって熟成し、よく熟れたものは茶漬けにするととろける程になる。
- It matures by digestive enzyme contained in guts, and well-matured Shuto almost melts when it is eaten with rice with tea poured on.
- 土置きした刀身を火床に深く入れ、先から元まで全体をむらなく800℃程度にまで加熱する。
- The blade coated with Tsuchioki is inserted deeply into the Hodo, and the whole blade from end to end is heated uniformly to about 800 degrees.
- 微粒子にすりつぶした泥土を、大きな樽に入れて水を加えて一時間程攪拌して一昼夜放置する。
- Put it into a big barrel, add water, stir for an hour and leave it as is, for twenty-four hours.
- 回向の心をもって修行する段階を十に分け「十回向位」とし、悟りへの重要な修行過程とする。
- The levels of ascetic practices with the mind of eko are divided into ten, which are called 'juekoi (ten eko levels)' and are regarded as important processes of ascetic practices for enlightenment.
- 阿含経典では、この状態に至る過程には、まず初禅から第四禅までの4段階があるとしている。
- In the process of attaining such a state, according to Agama Sutra, there are four stages ranging from shozen (the first Dhyana) to daishizen (the fourth Dhyana).
- 油を引き、よく熱した鉄板の上に円盤状に広げる(直径は約25cm、厚み2.5cm程度)。
- Grease an iron plate, heat it well and spread the dough in a circular (It is about 25 centimeters in diameter and about 2.5 centimeters thick).
- この工程により透明の飴に中に無数の空気の細い隙間が生じ乱反射して白く見えるようになる。
- During this process, micro air bubbles contained in the original transparent candy material diffuses reflection and the candy appears white.
- 以下は、全国にあまねく広がっているとはいえないがある程度の地域では一般的な風習である。
- The following are not necessarily practiced nationwide, but are common customs in certain regions.
- 清貫は陽明門から、希世は修明門から車で秘かに外に運び出されたが、希世も程なく死亡した。
- Secretly, Kiyotsura's body was carried from the Palace through the Yomei-mon Gate on a vehicle, and Mareyo was through the Shumei-mon Gate on a vehicle, but he died soon afterwards.
- すなわち聖地への旅の過程において、人々は神との繋がりを再認識し信仰を強化するのである。
- In other words, the process of traveling to holy sites makes people reconfirm their ties with God and strengthens their religious beliefs.
- しかし、黄砂の量は、降水量よりもむしろ嵐による強風の程度や頻度に左右されることが多い。
- However, the amount of kosa is more affected by the strength of wind due to a storm and the occurrence frequency of such winds, rather than the amount of rainfall.
- しかし、考古学的に上記のような変遷過程が明らかとなっており、この説話は否定されている。
- However, that story is denied as the changing process mentioned above was known archaeologically.
- 生地を捏ねてから伸ばすまでの間に、14日程度の熟成期間があり、とてもこしが強いのが特徴。
- Mizusawa Udon is characterized by its elasticity resulting from a maturing period lasting about fourteen days, between the periods of kneading and stretching the dough.
- 約90cm x 35cm程度の大きさで、白地にアイ (植物)染による柄がある場合が多い。
- Its size is about 90 centimeter by 35 centimeter, and most of them are white with an indigo (plant) dyeing pattern.
- 微生物による発酵過程を経ないため、香りは立たず、色は黒く、歩留まりは悪くなると思われる。
- It is not fragrant, and is dark in color, and the yield decreases as the fermentation process by microorganisms was omitted.
- 江戸時代、当道座に属する盲人の人数は、江戸時代を通じて常時3000人程度だったとされる。
- It is estimated that the number of the blind who belonged to todoza was always nearly 3,000 through Edo period.
- シンプルな製法のため家庭でも作られることが多いが、蒸し方にはある程度のコツが必要となる。
- Although hoshi-imo is frequently made at home due to its simple recipe, some tricks are required in steaming.
- 現在ではこれだけ長時間の演能は難しく、能二番の間に狂言一番程度をはさむ形態の公演が多い。
- Nowadays, Noh performances of such a long duration are difficult and it is common in public performances that only the first Noh farce (Kyogen-Ichiban) is inserted between the Noh second drama (Noh-Niban).
- 2~3mmの厚さで輪切りにした古沢庵と水をボウルに入れ、30分程度置いた後、水を捨てる。
- Cut old takuan into 2 to 3 mm thick into round slices, put them in a bowl with water.
- 仏教の阿含経典では、この三昧に至る過程には、まず初禅から第四禅までの4段階があるとする。
- In the process of attaining Sanmai, according to Agama Sutra, there are four stages from shozen (the first Dhyana) to daishizen (the fourth Dhyana).
- ゆえに火入れとは、かえってその酒の新鮮さを長く保つために行なう工程であるという人もいる。
- Therefore, some say that hiire is a process to keep the freshness of sake for a long time.
- 行程5→6の繰り返しで、最終的に水分が失われて木材のように硬くなり、カビも付かなくなる。
- By repeating step numbers 5 and 6, the fillet becomes tough like wood because it no longer has any moisture, and it will no longer be subject to mold.
- そのため、雑味もかなりあり、これらを漉し取るために濾過(ろか)の工程が必要となってくる。
- Therefore, it also contains zatsumi and the process of filtration becomes necessary to filter them out.
- 畿内や九州の荘園では、面積1~2町程度のほぼ均等な名田から構成される例が非常に多かった。
- Most manors in the Kinai (the vicinal territories of the capital) and the Kyushu regions consisted of nearly equal-sized myoden fields, and each size was in the range of one to two cho (9,917 to 19,834 square meters).
- 伊勢国国司の北畠俊康の軍勢300余騎が山名勢に加勢、子息の少将が討死する程激しく戦った。
- Toshiyasu KITABATAKE, the provincial governor of Iyo, came to reinforce the Yamana army with about 300 men, and was caught in such fierce fighting that Toshiyasu's own son, a major general, was killed.
- その後、時代によって衣装はめまぐるしく変わりながらも、身分によってある程度分類されていた。
- Thereafter, costumes varied across the ages very quickly, but were classified to some extent according to the social status.
- メレンゲをあわす際に、荒熱を取らないと分離するため、人肌(ひとはだ)程度まで冷ますとよい。
- When mixing with meringue, it is better to cool the agar to body temperature to avoid separation caused by hot temperature.
- - ビタミンAを含み、栄養素の補完としてスプーン1杯に相当する約10g程度を加えると良い。
- - Contains vitamin A and supplements nutrition by adding about 10 g corresponding to a spoonful.
- 精米歩合とは磨かれて残った割合を示すものであり、数値が低い程磨きがかかっていることを指す。
- The polishing ratio shows the ratio of the part that remains after polishing: the smaller the value, the greater the degree of polishing.
- 飯碗には炊きたての柔らかい飯を少量盛り、汁碗の味噌汁も具が頭を出す程度に控えめの量にする。
- A small amount of soft freshly-cooked rice is put in the rice bowl and a modest amount of miso soup is poured into the soup bowl so that it doesn't quite cover the vegetables.
- 現代では、参加する人々の仕事などに合わせ、多少日程をずらして土日に行うところも増えている。
- Currently in some areas the day of the fair is changed to Saturday or Sunday to suit people's needs who work on weekdays, so that they can come to the fair.
- 作り方は、しっかり水を切った豆腐を半丁程度に切り、180℃から200℃の高温の油で揚げる。
- To make atsuage, cut tofu into halves after draining well, and deep-fry in the oil of 180C to 200C.
- 明治10年(1877年)に兵庫県の丸尾重次郎が在来品種程吉から神力(しんりき)を確立した。
- In 1877, Jujiro MARUO in Hyogo Prefecture established Shinriki from a native variety, Hodoyoshi.
- 鰹の内臓は4~5kgのものでも50g程しか取れないため、一般家庭で作られることは殆ど無い。
- Since a 4 to 5kg bonito has only about 50g of guts, Shuto is rarely made at home.
- 天台宗が全国に広がる過程で、山王権現も各地に勧請され、多くは天台宗の寺院の鎮守神とされた。
- As the Tendai sect was propagated across Japan, Sanno Gongen was branched and constructed across Japan mostly to be the guardian deity of the Tendai sect temples.
- 1986年 - 清酒製造過程でのカルバミン酸エチル削減法として急速冷却方式の実験施設完成。
- 1986: An experimental facility for a rapid quenching system as a method to reduce ethyl carbamate in the process of seishu production was completed.
- 入唐直前まで一私度僧であった空海が突然留学僧として浮上する過程は、今日なお謎を残している。
- He was only a shidoso (priest having entered Buddhist priesthood without permission) until immediately before going to Tang, and it still remains a riddle about how such a priest could suddenly emerge as a ryugakuso.
- 伝統的な納豆の作り方は、蒸した大豆を稲の藁で包み、40度程度に保温し約1日ほど置いておく。
- The traditional method for producing natto is to enfold the steamed soybeans in a rice-straw wrapper, maintain the temperature at around forty degrees and leave it for approximately one day.
- 1980年代後半には、レーザーディスクによるカラオケシステムが現れ、ある程度の普及を見た。
- In the late 1980's, a karaoke system using a laser disk was released and diffused to a certain degree.
- しかし、日本酒やビールはワインと違い、原料に糖を含まないため、糖化という過程が必要である。
- Different from wine, however, in the case of beer and sake, as no sugar is included in the raw materials, but the process of saccharification is necessary.
- これらの鎮圧過程で延喜年間に軍制の改革が進められ、国衙の軍事動員に対する規制が緩和された。
- In this process of suppressing the war, the military system was reformed in the Engi (901 - 923) era, making less restrictive the regulation of kokuga mobilizing people for military purposes.
- なお、この過程において、国司(国衙機構)を中心とする軍事制度、すなわち国衙軍制が成立した。
- In the course of these events, a military system centering on kokushi (the kokuga system); namely, the kokuga forces system was formed.
- これらの銭座には鋳造高の5~20%、原則として10%程度を運上として幕府に上納させている。
- Zeniza was made to pay to the bakufu 5 to 20% of the amount of mintage, about 10% in principle, as Unjo (one of the taxes which were assessed on workers in all kinds of industries except for the agriculture industry).
- 庄内軍記によれば、忠恒の兵力は10万人と記されているが、実際は3万から4万人程度であった。
- According to the Shonai Gunki, Tadatsune's forces numbered approximately 100,000, but actually they amounted to about 30,000 to 40,000.
- さらに甘みを生かす為にはおろしたあと即加熱することで10分程度で加熱前より2倍程甘みが増す。
- The sweetness of daikon oroshi can be brought out by heating it straight after grating, and heating for ten minutes will double its sweetness.
- ある程度量産できる型染め友禅でも、必要とする色毎に何枚もの型紙を使い分けていく手間がかかる。
- Even the yuzen dyeing with patterns capable of producing a certain amount requires time and effort to use many pattern papers for each color to be used.
- また、熟成の過程でアミノ酸の一種チロシンが結晶化し表面に白い斑点状のものが現れることがある。
- In addition, white dots of crystallized tyrosine, an amino acid, sometimes appear on the surface during the maturation process.
- したがって、現在の日本酒の製造工程における日本酒アルコール添加の原型であるとする識者は多い。
- Accordingly, many informed persons recognize the hashira-jochu as the original form of alcohol addition in the current production process of Japanese sake wine.
- ユダヤ教のラビのお墨付きが付いた食材(カシュルート)は製造過程に甲殻類が一切関わっていない。
- No substance related to Crustaceans is included in processes used to manufacture the foodstuffs approved by Judaistic rabbis (kashrut).
- このうち小麦粉を原料とし、ある程度の太さ、幅を持った麺、または、この麺を調理した料理である。
- Specifically, Udon noodles refer to the wheat-flour noodles with some thickness and width, or the dishes cooked by including the noodles.
- たとえば、関孝和は一次連立不定方程式の一般解を与え、久留島義太はオイラー関数を導入している。
- Takakazu SEKI, for example, gave a general solution of simultaneous linear diophantine equation, and Yoshihiro KURUSHIMA adopted Euler's function.
- 麹蓋(こうじぶた)とは、日本酒の醸造工程で使う道具の一つで、日本酒麹造りの段階で用いられる。
- Koji-buta (shallow wooden trays for koji) are one of the tools used in Japanese sake brewing and used at the koji making stage of Japanese sake.
- 30人程の曳き夫(この地方では「かきふ」とよぶ)によって激しい囃子に合わせて暴れながら走る。
- About 30 hikihus (a carrier, called 'kakihu' in this region) pull the mikoshi-yatai, running roughly in unison with the sound of raucous ohayashi (Japanese orchestra).
- この工程を酒造りの用語では「日本酒精米する」、あるいは平たく「米を磨く」「削る」と表現する。
- This process is expressed as 'to mill rice for sake' or, more plainly, 'to polish rice' or 'scrape.'
- しかし、その現在は、保存会によって守られている程度なので、他市に流通するほどの生産量はない。
- However currently only enough are produced by an association for their preservation and the volume of production is not enough for shipment to other cities.
- 和菓子の製造工程において、製品の表面を糖蜜や羊羹等でコーティングする事を「てんぷら」という。
- In the course of the production of confectioneries, it was called 'tempura' to apply coating to the surface of Japanese confectioneries with molasses or Yokan (adzuki-bean jelly.)
- 国家神道体制が確立する過程で神社は宗教ではないということで公法上の営造物法人として扱われた。
- In the process of establishing the State Shinto system, shrines were treated under public law as artificial corporations rather than religions.
- 大陸から日本に伝来し、日本に定着する過程で、そのような変化、工夫が加わっていったものである。
- Such changes and innovations occurred in the process of adaptation in Japan after their introduction from the Asian continent.
- 分割相続とは言っても、惣領はその一族の庶子に対してある程度の支配権は持っていると見なされる。
- Although it was called a divided succession, soryo had some level of control toward that illegitimate child of a clan.
- 中国では、朱熹がみずからの先駆者と位置づけた北宋の程頤と合わせて程朱学・程朱学派と呼ばれる。
- In China, it was called Teishugaku and Teishugakuha together with Yi CHENG in Northern Sung Dynasty who was positioned by Hsi CHU as his pioneer.
- 李氏朝鮮では庶民に対する教育をする機関がほぼなく、7割程度の朝鮮人が読み書きができなかった。
- Joseon Dynasty had no institution of education for common people, and about 70% Koreans were illiterate.
- 本稿の写真では天日で干しているが、その時間も短時間で、干したあと1時間程度で直ぐに販売される。
- The photograph accompanying this article shows fish drying in the sun, but they remain in the sun for a very brief period and approximately one hour after being dried, the fish will be available to sell.
- すると、餅の澱粉が膨らんで焼き型からはみ出る程まで広がり、軽くて歯触りの良い皮種ができあがる。
- The rice starch then swells out of the baking pan, and light crisp tane is now completed.
- 圧搾工程 ナイロン等丈夫な素材で作られた「圧搾布」に諸味を包んで加重し、固体と液体を分離する。
- Compression process: Moromi is wrapped in 'straining cloth' made of strong materials such as nylon, and is weighted to separate liquid from solid.
- 飯は一口程度を残し、汁は全部吸い切り、向付は酒が出されてから手を付けるのがマナーとされている。
- Leaving a mouthful of rice, eating all of the soup then starting to eat the mukozuke after sake is served are considered to be the appropriate manner.
- 各工程に必ずしも熟練した杜氏を必要としないため、アルバイトのみで製造に当たっていることも多い。
- Skilled toji are not necessarily needed for each brewing phase, so it is not unusual that only part-time workers take care of the brewing process.
- 要するに、前座から二つ目に昇進すると、(余程仕事をとってこない限り)収入がかなり減ってしまう。
- So, when a zenza is promoted to a futatsume, he has much less income (unless he gets quite a lot of work).
- 打瀬(うたせ)とは、醸造の工程のなかで、荒櫂(あらがい)から初暖気(はつだき)までの間をいう。
- The utase is a part of the brewing process from the aragai (stirring with a mash paddle) to the hatsudaki (the first warming process).
- 近世になると乾燥させる前に「揉む」工程が入るようになり、徐々に品質も向上していったと思われる。
- The 'rubbing' process began to be incorporated prior to the drying process in modern years and the quality gradually improved.
- 演奏者は、本来の音程より少し下から探るように演奏を始めるため、その独特な雰囲気が醸しだされる。
- A player starts to play as if searching from just below the original musical interval, which creates a unique atmosphere.
- 厚く面取りした海老芋と、1週間~10日程かけて柔らかく戻した棒鱈を、1日以上かけて炊き上げる。
- Peeled shrimp-shaped potatoes mixed with dried cod softened beforehand (after 7 to 10 days) are simmered for at least 1 day.
- 試別火の期間は自坊に物をとりに行く程度は許されているが、勝手な飲食も火にあたることもできない。
- During the time period of Koro Bekka they are allowed to pick something up from their own houses, but are not allowed to get food freely or warm themselves by fire.
- 新学に異議を唱えたものに程顥・程頤らの洛学(道学)、蘇軾・蘇轍らの蜀学、張載らの関学があった。
- Those objecting to the New learning included Luo learning (Do school) of Tei Ko (Cheng Hao) and Tei I (Cheng Yi), Shu learning of Su Shi and So Tetsu (Su Zhe), and Guan learning of Cho Sai (Zhang Zai).
- この過程で大饗料理には存在していた台盤や唐菓子などの中国文化風味が欠落していった物と思われる。
- In this process, things peculiar to China such as daiban (an oblong table for food) and togashi in the daikyo ryori seems to have been eliminated.
- そうした過程の中で、知行国支配の拠点であった国衙が守護の支配下に置かれると、知行国は消滅した。
- When kokuga (provincial government offices), which was the core site of controlling a chigyo-koku province, became placed under control of the Shugo in such a process, the chigyo-koku province became extinct.
- これらの租税を中央へ納入する過程で、国司(受領)は租税の一部を私財化し巨富を得ていたとされる。
- It is believed that kokushi (zuryo) embezzled taxes through the process of paying it to the central government and obtained big profits.
- そのため、中農、富農が成立しないということは逆に農民が自立可能な程度の年貢であったことになる。
- Therefore the reason why middle-class or wealthy farmers could not become established was land taxes which were sufficiently heavy to prevent farmers from becoming independent.
- 日本で観測される黄砂は大気がかすみ、微量の砂が積もる程度で、大きな被害はほとんど報告されない。
- Even if kosa is observed in Japan, it only causes the sky to become slightly hazy and causes a small amount of sand to be accumulated on the ground, with hardly any serious damage reported.
- 縁座(親族の連座)は、実行時にのみ発生し、率いた人数と武力行使の程度によって3段階に分かれた。
- Only in the case of completed disobedience, enza (to be guilty for the relative's crime) was stipulated, and there were three levels of enza according to the number of people led and the extent of exercise of force.
- しかし幕府方の本多忠政・稲葉正成などにより阻止され、被害は行軍に支障をきたす程度にとどまった。
- However, it was prevented by Tadamasa HONDA, Masashige INABA and others of the bakufu only to give a little trouble to their advances.
- 柱(じ)を用いて音程を調節し、奏者の右手に嵌めた爪(義甲)によって絃をはじいて音を出し演奏する。
- Players adjust music intervals by the use of ji (bridge) and play it by plucking strings with picks (giko - tools put on the fingertip to pluck the strings) put on the fingertips of the right hand.
- もち米全体がヘラや杓文字で持ち上げたときに一体になる程度に粘りが出始めたら搗き始めの目安とする。
- When the rice begins to be sticky to the degree that the all the rice becomes one when it is lifted by the spatula or the rice scoop, this is indicates that it's time to start pounding.
- また、先に挙げた酵素添加による速醸法を用いることで、1ヶ月程度に醸造期間を短縮することができる。
- When using the fast brewing method by adding enzyme that was mentioned earlier, the brewing period can be shortened to about one month.
- 鉄片が足らなければ更に積み上げ加熱して小槌で叩いて成形し所要の1.8-2.0kg程度の量にする。
- If there are not enough iron pieces, more are stacked, heated, hammered with a Kozuchi, and formed into an ingot weighing 1.8kg to 2.0kg.
- しかし旦那様は通常家庭を持っていたりするためある程度割り切った生活でこれといってメリットはない。
- Danna-sama, however, usually is married having his own family and, hence, there are no particular advantages to speak of.
- 明かり障子の誕生は、平安時代末期の頃で、襖よりもおよそ100年程後に工夫されたと推測されている。
- Akari shoji is presumed to have come into being around the late Heian period, that is, to have been devised approximately 100 years after the birth of fusuma.
- 互いに技術を磨きながら権力者と連携して勢力を争い、一族・門人によって流派が形成される程であった。
- In collaboration with a person in authority, they fought each other to gain influence, and in doing so they improved their skills in so many ways that their family members and/or disciples formed new schools.
- このとき先に卵をかき混ぜ入れても良いが、黄身と白身が完全に混ざってしまわない程度にとどめておく。
- At this time it is OK to put an egg in beforehand, but be careful not to completely mix the yolk and white.
- これにはある程度の熟練も必要であるが、中華料理で焼き飯をひっくり返す要領と同じようにすると良い。
- This needs practice to some degree, but can be done like you turn over fried rice when cooking Chinese food.
- 簡単に言うと、収穫した茶葉を蒸して揉み潰し、茶葉の型を整えつつ乾燥する、という工程の並びになる。
- In short, the process for producing Japanese green tea is steaming, crumpling up harvested leaves, and then drying and fixing their shapes.
- 未熟卵はまだ皮が弱く、この工程に適しておらず、ある程度成熟した物がイクラの加工に適した物となる。
- The membrane of the immature eggs is still soft and not suitable for this processing method, which is more suited to mature eggs.
- また程頤に私淑した胡安国は『春秋』に注して『胡氏春秋伝』を著し、『周礼』に基づく新学を批判した。
- Additionally, Ko Ankoku, who adored Tei I (Cheng Yi), wrote annotation for 'Shunju' in 'Ko's Annotation of Spring and Autumn Annals,' and criticized the New learning, which was based on 'Rites of Zhou.'
- この小さな箱のことを麹蓋(こうじぶた)といい、麹蓋に米を盛りつけることからこの工程を盛りと呼ぶ。
- This small box is called 'kojibuta' and since rice fills the kojibuta, this process is called 'mori (literally, 'filling').'
- 都市部では、最近の経済発展によるスモッグ(煙霧)との相乗効果で、視程がかなり悪くなることがある。
- When falling in city areas, kosa and smog, generated due to recent economic progress, produce a synergistic effect, sometimes limiting the visibility considerably.
- また、この交渉過程で、1953年に土地改良資金を提供したときに、永久示談を行ったと古河側は主張。
- Moreover, in the negotiation process, the Furukawa side insisted that in 1953 when they had paid for the land improvement, they had made a final composition with the condition that the victims abandoned every right to demand money after that.
- 鎖国下の当時、西洋の学問を学ぶことはある程度容認されていたが、幕府によって制限が設けられていた。
- It was accepted to study Western learning to some extent during the national isolation period at that time, but there were some restrictions imposed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 一つ目とされる場合は、目の数に言及されない場合に比較して概ね小型で身長10m程度である場合が多い。
- The giant with single eye is often about 10m tall, which is relatively smaller than the giant in the case that the number of eyes is not mentioned.
- つまりこれを行う者は、その時の状況を無視して余りある程の問答無用の怒りの感情を表しているのである。
- This act is an expression of deep anger, and of no longer being able to contain yourself.
- しかし川と海を行き来(回遊)し、ある程度地上を這って移動するなど、その生態は意外と知られていない。
- However, surprisingly, its ecology is not well understood, because it migrates back and forth between rivers and the sea, yet it also travels to some extent by crawling on land.
- 多くは1辺が数センチ程度の立方体や直方体に切った豆腐を揚げており、大きなかたまりのものは稀である。
- Many of them are deep-fried tofu cut into cubes of a few centimeters in size and big chunks are rarely seen.
- 聖宝が遺した『実修実証』の言葉は、当山派修行者の実践過程において、常に護持すべき修験道の心とする。
- The term, 'Jisshu Jissho' (Discipline to prove the teaching) left by Shobo, should be the mind of mountaineering asceticism and always maintained by practitioners of Tozan School in the process of practice.
- 平家詞曲相伝の立場からは、全句を語るのに要した時間はおよそ90時間から120時間程度とされている。
- To pass on the words and music of the entire Heike tale to the next generation, all the phrases must be recited, but it is said to have taken approximately 90 to 120 hours.
- 一方で山口県には浸透しておらず、広島都市圏に含まれる山口県東端の岩国市の一部で行われる程度である。
- Meanwhile, the custom is not implemented in Yamaguchi Prefecture, except for Iwakuni City, which is situated on the eastern edge of Yamaguchi Prefecture and is included in the Hiroshima urban area.
- お好み焼き粉の袋に書いてある水の量はあくまで参考程度にして、好みの食感に合う割合を把握すると良い。
- The amount of water written at the back of a bag of okonomiyaki powder is just a reference and you had better grasp the ratio of water to dough produces the most favorite texture.
- キャベツに火が通り、蒸されるまで押さえつけないで、8分程度じっくり蒸し焼きにするのが重要ポイント。
- It is an important point to smother it for about eight minutes until the cabbage is cooked and steamed without bearing down on it.
- また、経済の発展により下絵師、彫師、刷師と複雑な工程の分業体制を整えることができた点も重要である。
- Also, the economic development took an important role, as the division of labor was established for the complicated processes among Shitaeshi, Horishi and Surishi.
- ただし、和気氏そのものが広世の没後に振るわなかった事もあり、程なく衰微していったと考えられている。
- Partly because the Wake clan was not so prosperous after Hiroyo died, it was considered that the Kobunin was shortly ruined.
- ただし、当時の大陸産の蒙古馬などもほぼ同程度の大きさであり、決して体格に問題があったとはいえない。
- Yet it was not unusual as the Mongolian horse from the Asian continent of the time was about the same size.
- しかし大和民族の連合政権とされるヤマト王権の成立過程は、現段階でも明らかになっておらず、謎も多い。
- However, the process of the establishment of Yamato sovereignty, which is thought to be a coalition government of Yamato tribes, is not clear and there are many mysteries remaining.
- カツオの魚皮の模様には商業的な価値があるため、皮がはがれないように乾燥させる工程を入れる場合もある。
- As the pattern of bonito skin has a commercial value, a process of drying may be used to protect the skin from peeling off.
- 安全の為には巻藁はある程度大きい方が良く、巻藁の後ろには矢がそれた時のために畳を立てるのが好ましい。
- For safety, it is best that makiwara are relatively large, it is preferable to place a tatami behind in in case an arrow goes astray.
- 代表的酒米と考えられやすい亀の尾であるが、1951年施行の農産物規格規程によれば一般米に区別される。
- Although Kame no o is often considered a representative sakamai, it is classified as general-purpose rice under the Agricultural Products Standards Rule enforced in 1951.
- 通常「花みょうが」、「みょうが」と呼ばれるものが花穂で、内部には開花前の蕾が3〜12個程度存在する。
- Spikes, which are normally called Hana-myoga or Myoga, each include three to 12 flower buds.
- ひとくちに言えば、山卸(やまおろし)とは、蒸した米、麹、水を混ぜ粥状になるまですりつぶす行程である。
- Simply put, yamaoroshi is a process in which steamed rice, koji (mold rice) and water are mixed and rammed until they turn into a porridge-like texture.
- これは工程的には三段仕込みのあとに行なわれる調整なので、「もう一段仕込んだ」と誤解される余地がある。
- This is just an adjustment made after the sandan-jikomi, and has a tendency to be misinterpreted as a further fermentation step.
- しかし、徳一の主張は最澄側の批判書に引用される形で部分的に残存しており、ある程度の復元が可能である。
- However, as the assertions by Tokuitsu were quoted by books from Saicho side critiquing the matter, they still remain in part and restoration has been possible to some degree.
- ツヤと粘度があり、各種野菜とナツメヤシなどを用いて甘みと辛味の加減が程良い専用のソースが用いられる。
- They use sauce exclusively for okonomiyaki, having luster and viscosity and taste both sweet and spicy by using various kinds of vegetables and date palms and so on.
- また、製造工程からででくるおからは法的には産業廃棄物扱いであり、不法投棄や処分費問題をかかえている。
- Makers face the challenge of illegal dumping or the disposal expense, because by law the okara yielded in the manufacturing process is treated as industrial waste.
- 一合ないし二合程度の量を入れることが出来る、鉢状のものやコップのようなものなどさまざまな形状がある。
- There are many types of katakuchi that can contain one to two go (180 to 360 milliliters) with various shapes like a bowl, cup and so on.
- 「党」とは呼ばれないまとまりのある「武士団」においても、そうした性格の一部はある程度は共通している。
- The unified 'bushidan' that was not called as 'to' also had similarities in some characteristics.
- 応仁の乱で将軍の権威は完全に失墜し幕府の権力は衰退したが、将軍の軍事的な実権はある程度保たれていた。
- The Onin War completely eclipsed shogunal authority and stripped the bakufu of much of its power, but the Shogun was able to hold onto some measure of de facto authority through his military power.
- 厚さが数センチ程、一辺が数十センチ程の、ほぼ正方形をしており、寝具の布団を小さくしたような形状である。
- A zabuton is a square shape with each side being approximately tens of centimeters long and several centimeters thick and they are similar in form to futon mattresses only smaller.
- 甘味のある黄色の液体であり、約 40%50% の糖分と、約 14% 程度のアルコール分を含有している。
- It is a sweet yellow liquid consisting of approximately 40-50% sugar with an alcohol content of approximately 14%.
- 辛子明太子とたらこの販売比率は73程度で、たらこを唐辛子漬けに加工した辛子明太子の市場が多いとされる。
- The sales ratio of karashi-mentaiko to tarako is about 7:3, it is said that the market of karashi-mentaiko produced by marinating tarako in hot pepper sauce is larger than that of tarako.
- 火入工程 圧搾工程で得られた生醤油には、醸造工程で含まれた各種酵素などのタンパク質が多く含まれている。
- Heating process: Non-heat-treated soy-sauce obtained in the compression process has a lot of proteins including various enzymes absorbed in the brewing process.
- 杜氏の統率の下に部門別に工程を分担し、蔵人の直接指導をする責任者であり、中間管理職のような役割も負う。
- These people take partial charge of the brewing process by section and directly instruct kurabito under the command of the toji, and they also play a role of middle level executives.
- そのまま干されることもあるが、ピアノ線などを使って1センチ程度の厚さに切られてから干されることが多い。
- While some steamed sweet potatoes are dried entirely, most of them are dried after being sliced to one centimeter thickness using such tools as piano wires.
- 便器は床面に直接設置されるのが普通であるが、駅などでは30cm程度の高さの台の上に設置する場合もある。
- Usually the basin is installed directly on the floor, but in railroad stations and so on, it is sometimes installed on a platform which is about thirty centimeters high.
- 大陸風の挂甲から日本独特の大鎧形式への変化の過程やその正確な時期については、遺品が乏しく明らかでない。
- Concerning the exact time and the process of change from continent's style of armor to Japan's peculiar style of large armor, historical items left behind are scarce and not clear.
- シンプルだが極めて濃厚な豚骨ベースの醤油系スープが特徴で、ネギともやしが程よいアクセントとなっている。
- Characterized by its simple but very thick soy sauce type soup based on pork bone broth, with a healthy accent of green onion and bean sprout.
- 木の実などの灰汁(あく)を抜くために数日間から一週間程度水に晒した後、粉状にして蒸して搗いたものなど。
- Mochi produced by dipping nuts, etc. in water for a couple of days to one week to remove harshness therefrom, thereafter, grinding into powder, and steaming and pounding the powder.
- 律令国家が王朝国家へと変質し、朝廷から地方行政(国衙・受領)へ行政権を委任する過程で成立したとされる。
- It is said that this system was established in the process in which the ritsuryo-code-based nation was changed to a dynastic nation and the Imperial Court entrusted its administrative rights to the local administrative organs (kokuga [provincial government offices] and zuryo [the head of the provincial governors]).
- 唐の開元通宝など北宋までの良貨(精銭)に比べ5円玉程度と小さく、卵の殻のように極めて薄いものもあった。
- Compared with high-quality coins issued during the era of the Northern Sung Dynasty, such as Kaigen-tsuho during the Tang Dynasty, they were as small as the present five-yen coin, with some of them as thin as an eggshell, and were made unevenly.
- ちなみに、京都大学寄宿舎規程によれば、「学部学生に限り入舎させる」(寄宿舎規程第3条)との記述がある。
- Incidentally, a description stating 'only undergraduates are allowed to enter the dormitory' is seen in the regulation for the student dormitory of Kyoto University (article 3 of the regulation for the student dormitory).
- 双方直ちに攻撃に打って出ることはせず、しばらくは陣地や砦を盛んに構築した(遺構がある程度現在も残る)。
- Neither side launched an attack immediately, focusing on building trenches and forts for a while instead (some structural remnants of that time still exist today).
- これにより、大部分の無尽会社が信用組合などより大規模で、銀行と変わりない程度の規模となるようになった。
- This made most Mujin companies larger than credit associations and others on a scale not less than that of the banks.
- 主家は文化二年(1805)の再建とみられるが、他の建物は、主家より約50年程さかのぼるとみられている。
- The main building is believed to have been rebuilt in 1805, and other buildings are thought to be about 50 years older than the main building.
- 日本では、気象庁により、黄砂とは大陸性の土壌粒子によって視程が10km以下になる現象と定義されている。
- In Japan, the Meteorological Agency defines kosa as the phenomenon in which visibility is reduced to less than 10 km due to soil particles originating on the continent.
- 8月11日に神戸市で始まった騒動により、当時の会場だった鳴尾球場に程近い鈴木商店で焼き打ち事件が発生。
- Triggered by the riot which had started in Kobe City on August 11, a torching incident occurred at Suzuki & Co. which was very close to Naruo stadium which was the venue of the tournament at that time.
- 外国人大使らは一年間にこのような両替を5~6サイクル程繰り返し、利益を上げることが可能であったという。
- It is said that foreign ambassadors could make profits by repeating such cycles of exchange five to six times a year.
- 八反錦1号と姉妹種で開発過程は同じであるが、1号よりも高地である標高400m前後が最適な栽培地とされる。
- It's a sister variety of Hattan nishiki No.1 and the process of development was the same as that for Hattan nishiki No.1, but it's believed that this variety is suitable for a growing district with a higher altitude of about 400 meters above sea level, as opposed to No.1.
- 杜氏になるには、飯焚(かしき / ままたき / めしたき)から始め、全工程に習熟するまで数十年を要した。
- When a person wanted to become a toji, he had to start his career from a position called kashiki (also called mamataki or meshitaki), which literally means a servant who cooks rice, and it took a few decades for him to learn all steps of brewing.
- 腹から裂いた場合蒸す過程で外側の身が割れて串から外れてしまうため、外側が厚くなる背開きが必然でもあった。
- If the eel was split open from the belly side, the flesh on the edges would break apart and fall off the skewers, therefore it was necessary to split open from the back side so that the edges would be thick enough.
- また、製造工程における衛生管理の問題により、バクテリアによる腐敗臭や、味噌のような臭いがつくこともある。
- It may have a smell of decay from bacteria or miso-like smell resulting from the failure in hygiene control in the manufacturing process.
- そういった答えに至る過程に禅の極意が含まれているとし、修行者を正しい悟りに導くための工夫の一つとされる。
- It is said that the secret of Zen is included in such a process to reach an answer and that koan is one of the devices to lead a practitioner to enlightenment.
- 上槽の約2日前から2時間前にかけて、ゆっくりと丹念に30%程度に薄めた醸造アルコールを添加していくこと。
- Within the period from approximately two days before joso (a stage to squeeze sake out of moromi) to two hours before, distilled alcohol diluted to approximately thirty percent is added slowly and carefully.
- じつは高級酒ほど炭の使用量は少なく、根強いファン層を持つ銘酒では0.06キログラム程度であるともされる。
- In reality, the higher the class of sake, the smaller the amount of charcoal used and, for choice sake for which stable consumers exist, it is only around 0.06 kg..
- 当時はちょうど荘園公領制の発展過程の時期にあたり、荘園・国衙領(公領)の運営体制が確立しようとしていた。
- This was the time when the Shoen koryo (public lands) system was developed and the management system for shoen, kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) was being established.
- 明治のこの時期の為替レートは1円1ドルほどであったので、港税は1/4程度の廉価に抑えられているといえる。
- The exchange rate of that period in the Meiji period was 1 yen to the dollar, so port dues were kept low at about a quarter of the price in this treaty.
- 漬物用酒粕は4か月~1年程熟成させた酒粕を、酢原料酒粕は1~7年熟成させた酒粕を使用するのが一般的である。
- It is common to use sakekasu which has been matured for between four months and one year for making tsukemono, and to use sakekasu which has been matured for between one and seven years for making of vinegar.
- 船の大きさは様々で、全長1-2m程度のものから、長いもので船を何連も連ね20-50mに達するものまである。
- The boats vary in size, from one or two meters in length to long series of boats reaching 20 to 50 meters.
- 小習(こならい)・習事(ならいごと)とは茶道の修道課程のひとつで、道具や状況に応じた手続きをまとめたもの。
- Konarai, or naraigoto, is a learning course of tea ceremony, which putting together the procedure of the use of each utensil and the procedures appropriate for the situations.
- また、おおよその報酬の割合は、杜氏を100とすると、頭が50 - 60、上人が10、下人が6程度であった。
- Letting a toji's pay be 100, the kashira (headman) in his group can receive between 50 and 60, and jo-bito (the first rank of sake brewing workers) and shita-bito (the third rank of sake brewing workers) in the group respectively receive 10 and 6.
- レジ袋1枚を約8~10gとすると、製造過程で小さな猪口1杯分(約16~18ml)の原油を使うとされている。
- On the assumption that the weight of one supermarket checkout bag is approx. 8 to 10 grams, then a sake cup (approx. 16 to 18 milliliter) of crude oil is considered to be consumed in the manufacturing process.
- この儀式に7年もの歳月がかかるのは、その過程で僧侶とその伴侶の女性が悟りを得ることがその目的だからである。
- The ritual takes seven years because the goal of the ritual is for a monk and his female partner to reach enlightenment during the course of it.
- 1丈は約1.67間(=10/6間)であるため、1方丈は四畳半程度(四畳半の1辺は約1.5間)の広さである。
- Because a jo is approximately 1.67 ken (=10/6 ken) (ken is a measure of length), one hojo is about the size of a four-and-a-half-mat Japanese room (being approximately 1.5 ken on a side).
- 薪や炭火は火が強くなりがちで、最後の蒸らす過程で火が強すぎると、鍋底にご飯が黒く焦げ付くこともままあった。
- With firewood or charcoal, fire tends to be strong, and if fire is too strong during the steaming process, rice may be burned black and stick to the bottom of the pan.
- この工程を正式には蒸きょう(じょうきょう:「きょう」は「食へんに強」)、もしくは杜氏蔵人言葉で蒸しという。
- This step is officially called 'jokyo' ('kyo' is composed of a left radical '食' (eating or food) and a right radical '強' (strong), or 'mushi' (steaming) by the language of toji.
- このように、寛平・延喜東国の乱の鎮圧過程を通じて新たな国家軍制である国衙軍制が、まず東国において成立した。
- In this way, the kokuga forces system was established as the new national military system, first in the eastern region through the process of suppressing the Kanpyo Engi Togoku War.
- 大量飛散の翌年は、たとえ飛散量がある程度少なくとも、症状が軽くてすむ患者ばかりではないことが知られている。
- It is known that in years following the dispersal of large amounts of pollen, patients do not merely exhibit mild symptoms even in the event that the airborne pollen level in that year itself is relatively low.
- 李氏朝鮮成立の過程で土地制度の改革が行われ、科田制及び職田制が導入され、多くの既存荘園が没収されていった。
- During the formation process of the Yi Dynasty Korea, the land system was reformed, the rank-land system (kwajonbop) and the 'office land' (chikchon) system were introduced and lots of existing manors were confiscated.
- また通常は同程度の負傷者がいるはずであり、結果として敗残兵の再編成でしばらくは兵を動かすことは難しくなる。
- It would have taken Katsuyori a while to move his troops as he had to reorganize the injured remnants who were presumably as many as the dead.
- 熟成時に約 14% 程度のアルコール分があるので、酵母によるアルコール発酵(や雑菌の繁殖)が抑えられている。
- When mature, the mixture consists of approximately 14% alcohol, so alcohol fermentation by yeast (and the propagation of microorganisms) is suppressed.
- 打刀(日本):刃渡り70cm~80cmの場合 850g~1400g程度 (柄、鍔などを含める、抜き身の状態。
- Uchigatana (Japan): In case of 70cm to 80cm long blade, about 850g to 1400g (a naked sword including Tsuka (handle) and Tsuba (handguard).
- 糠のビタミンB1が野菜に吸収されるのを利用して、当時流行していた脚気の被害をある程度防いだと考えられている。
- It is thought that vitamin B1 of the rice bran being absorbed by vegetables prevented beriberi to some extent that was prevalent in those days.
- 武士下層と百姓上層との間にある程度の流動性があることに着目し、この階層を「身分的中間層」と呼ぶ考え方もある。
- Focusing on the mobility to some extent between low-ranking samurai and high-ranking peasants, such classes may be called 'middle-ranking class.'
- また、この処分から程無く源信・藤原良相の左右両大臣が急死したために藤原良房が朝廷の全権を把握する事になった。
- Also, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa ended up gaining total control over of the court due to the sudden deaths of both the ministers of the right and left, MINAMOTO no Makoto and FUJIWARA no Yoshimi, not long after this disciplinary action was carried out.
- さらに正保3年(1646年)付の『里程大和著聞記』和歌山県文化財研究会1982a 19→2005a 441。
- In addition, there remains 'Ritei Yamato Chomonki' dated 1646, re-compiled by Wakayama Prefecture Bunkazai Kenkyukai (Society for the Study of Cultural Properties) (refer to 1982a 19 to 2005a 441).
- 鎌倉の山は標高100メートル程度と比較的手軽に楽しめることもあり、特に休日は多くのハイカーでにぎわっている。
- Many hikers enjoy hiking in the mountains of Kamakura particularly in holidays partly because the mountains in Kamakura, about 100 meters above the sea, can be enjoyed relatively easily.
- この乱の過程で鎌倉幕府は朝廷から東国の支配権、軍事警察権を獲得し、朝廷から独立した地方政権へと成長していた。
- During the war, the Kamakura bakufu obtained the right to rule Togoku as well as military and police authorities, becoming a local government independent of the Imperial Court.
- また、武田軍は朝から昼過ぎまで数時間にわたって鉄砲の射程内に留まり、ひたすら掃射を受けていたこともおかしい。
- It is also unlikely that the cavalry stayed within range of the teppo for several hours from morning to early afternoon and was subject to constant gun attacks.
- 虫は通さず風は通すため、1mm程度の網目となっており、麻 (繊維)などの繊維、のちに化学繊維でも作られている。
- In order to exclude insects but allow air to pass, mosquito nets are comprised of a 1mm mesh and were originally made from materials such as hemp and later from synthetic fibers.
- 白折(しらおれ)は、日本茶の一種で玉露や煎茶の製造過程で取り除かれた茎の部分を集めたもので、茎独特の味がある。
- Shiraore is a type of Japanese tea that consists of tea stems eliminated from Gyokuro (refined green tea) or green tea of middle grade in processing and has an unique flavor derived from stems.
- この改宗に懐奘がどの程度関与していたのかは明確ではないが、少なからぬ役割を果たしていたことは容易に推測される。
- Although it is not clear to what extent Ejo was involved in their conversion, it can easily be surmised that he played a not small role.
- 中央アジアを経て中国に伝わる過程で武神としての信仰が生まれ、四天王の一尊たる武神・守護神とされるようになった。
- During the process that was transmitted to China through Central Asia, the faith as a war god was created and it came to be a guardian deity as one of the Shitenno.
- 但しどの程度水で溶くかは重要で、固いともっさりとした食感になり、柔らかいと焼く時に生地が外に流れ出してしまう。
- However, the amount of water with which the dough is mixed is important and if the dough is hard the texture becomes heavy and if soft the dough flows out when grilling.
- 醪造りの工程においては、酵母のはたらきでもろみがアルコールを生成すると同時に、麹によってデンプンが糖に変わる。
- In the process of moromi zukuri, moromi produces alcohol from the action of yeast and, at the same time, starch is changed into sugar by koji.
- 浸漬は、のちのち蒸しあがった米にムラができないように、米の粒全般に水分を行き渡らせるために施される工程である。
- Soaking is a step used to make moisture penetrate throughout the whole rice grain so that steamed rice should not have any unevenness.
- また、2年程漬け込めば飯の実体がなくなってくるため、3-4年漬け込む人では途中で一度、新たな飯で漬け直すという。
- Additionally, as the rice completely disintegrates approximately after two years of curing, it is said that those who cure funa-zushi for three to four years repeat the layering of the fish and rice using the fresh batch of rice halfway.
- 程度にもよるが、米アレルギーの症状が軽い場合、無洗米あるいは低アレルゲンをうたった米ならば摂取可能な場合がある。
- Although it depends on the degree, in the case that the symptom of the rice allergy is not serious, the patient may be able to eat pre-washed rice or hypoallergenic rice.
- それだけ弦を押し込むことができ、張力を変化させることにより音程を調節できる範囲が広い(柱によっては長三度まで)。
- So, players can press strings deeper and change the tension to have a wider range when controlling music intervals (up to a major third depending on frets).
- 「概要」にある程度書いたように、四条派は円山派の流れをくんではいるが、松村呉春は円山応挙と対立したわけではない。
- As already written in the summary above, the Shijo school is derived from the Maruyama school, but it doesn't mean that Goshun MATSUMURA conflicted with Okyo MARUYAMA.
- 抽出時間を長くとりすぎたり、湯の温度が高すぎたりすると、味が悪くなる(これはある程度どの緑茶でも共通している)。
- If it takes too much time for brewing or the temperature of the hot water is too high, it will have a bad taste (which is common in any tea to some extent).
- またそれらが歴史的な過程で絡み合い変容していく場合もあり、どれか一つをもって一般論を導き出すのは、困難といえる。
- Additionally, there is a case that these were combined and changed over a period of history so that it is said to be difficult to reach general ideas from any one originating point.
- わさびの辛さは、細胞内にあるシニグリンがすりおろす過程で細胞にある酵素と反応することにより生成されるものである。
- The pungent taste of wasabi is created when synigrin, which exists in wasabi's cells, reacts with enzymes during the process of grating.
- 船越義珍の松濤館流も実質的には同程度古いが、この流派名は戦後の通称であり、船越自身は生涯流派名を名乗らなかった。
- The Shotokan-ryu school, which is associated with Gichin FUNAKOSHI, is actually as old as Motobu-ryu, but Funakoshi never identified himself with any organization (school) during his lifetime; the name 'Shotokan-ryu' was coined as a common term after WWII.
- なお、正式な関白の地位を手に入れる過程で阿衡の紛議という事件が起こり、基経は天皇に謝罪させることに成功している。
- In addition, in the process of obtaining the official post of chancellor, an incident called the Ako Controversy occurred, and Mototsune succeeded in getting an apology from an emperor.
- しかし、減封後の現石は9万石程度で、仮に減封がなくても国主で現石15万石を基準とする侯爵の基準は満たしていない。
- However, the deprivation of land left the Ii Family with 90,000 koku, which did not meet the standard of a marquis, but even a daimyo who had not been punished and did not suffer any land loss maintained land to the value of 150,000 koku.
- 現在のところ用途は未だ定かではないが、出土状況や表面に遺された痕跡などから使用方法はある程度明らかにされている。
- The purpose is uncertain at the moment but how they were used has been revealed to some extent from excavated states and marks on the surface.
- 最大の違いは、箏では柱(じ)と呼ばれる可動式の支柱で弦の音程を調節するのに対し、琴(きん)では柱が無いことである。
- The biggest difference between the two is that while the tune of Soh is modulated by movable props called ji, there is no prop in the case of kin.
- *以降、馬場・装束、種類・様式項は流派や地域により多少の差異(的の大きさなど)が見られるため、参考程度として記す。
- *Please note: the following paragraphs (variety/style of riding grounds, costumes) differ slightly depending on the region/style and are noted for reference only.
- 台湾では駅弁や寿司なども含め日本の食文化が広く知られていることもあり、おにぎりに対して下賤なイメージは以前程ない。
- In Taiwan, Japanese food culture including train lunch and sushi is widely known, thereby the image to onigiri is no longer as petty as before.
- 清澄・濾過工程 沈殿除去、珪藻土濾過や精密濾過などを用い、醤油に含まれる変性タンパク質など不溶性固形分を除去する。
- Clarifying and filtering process: Remove the precipitate, and use diatomite filtration and precise filtration to remove insoluble solids such as a denatured protein contained in soy-sauce.
- 本州以南で、一般に花見を行う場合、近い場所で日帰りで行われることが多いが、観楓会は一泊程度の宿泊を伴うことが多い。
- When hanami is held in Honshu and below, it is often held during the day time and in near places, but in many cases kanpukai is held with one night stay.
- しかし、適度に援助したり協力する程度のものではなく、芸妓一人を見出し決めるとほとんど生涯にわたり世話をしてくれる。
- The role of a danna-sama extends beyond occasional help and cooperation whereby, once he finds a geigi to whom he will be committed to, the danna-sama will take care of her virtually for the rest of her life.
- あられ(霰)とはあられ餅(霰餅)の略で、米餅を長さ2、3センチ、縦横5ミリ程度の長さに切り、火で炙った菓子である。
- Arare is short for arare mochi (rice cake) and is a snack made by cutting rice cakes into pieces two to three centimeters in length and about five millimeters wide and roasting them.
- 織田政権による統一戦争から江戸幕府成立の過程で、浄土真宗をはじめとする寺社勢力は統一権力の前に自律性を失っていく。
- In the course of wars to unify Japan under the Oda government to the establishment of the Edo bakufu, the temples and shrines such as Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) started to lose their autonomy.
- ミカンダイエットはある程度は科学的な検証にも基いており、人によっては実際に効果を期待出来る場合もあると考えられる。
- A mikan diet is based on scientific verification to a certain degree, and it is thought that some effect is expected depending upon the individuals.
- 近年では、消費者の「生」志向に乗じて、滓下げ以降の工程を施さず無濾過生原酒として出荷する酒蔵もあらわれてきている。
- In recent years, in line with the tendency of the orientation for 'nama' (raw) by consumers, some breweries deliver sake as unfiltered raw unprocessed sake without conducting process from orisage and thereafter.
- しかし、非常に使い勝手が悪く、戦闘では主流な武器にはなれず、せいぜい農民が害獣を追い払うのに使用する程度であった。
- However, they were not made user-friendly to such an extent that they could not be used as a major weapon in fighting, being used only by farmers for expelling harmful animals.
- 一、戦いと相成候時は、すぐさま二千余の兵を急速差登し只今在京の兵と合し、浪華へも一千程は差置き、京阪両所相固め候事
- Article 1: When war breaks out between the Choshu clan and bakufu, the Satsuma Domain shall immediately dispatch its approximately 2000 soldiers to Kyoto, make them guard Kyoto together with the soldiers already there at present, and keep about 1000 soldiers in Osaka, thereby taking control of Kyoto and Osaka.
- 寄宿料は「京都大学における学生納付金に関する規程(平成16年達示第63号)」により、月額400円と定められている。
- Monthly boarding fee is 400 yen based on 'Regulation on the payments of the students of Kyoto University (Instruction No. 63 issued in 2006).'
- 清盛は武力を背景に国検を断行する一方、寺院勢力の特権もある程度は認めるなど柔軟な対応で、大和の知行国支配を行った。
- While Kiyomori, backed by his military might, did conduct a decisive inspection, he also engaged in softer diplomatic measures, as when he acknowledged that temples did have a certain degree of influence and therefore special privileges, and in this way managed to carry out a survey of the chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) in Yamato that were under state control.
- 戦国時代後期には地位も向上して足軽大将の家禄は、200石から500石程度で中級の武士として認められる存在になった。
- In the latter part of the Sengoku period, the intermediate samurai rank of ashigaru taisho (samurai in command of a troop ashigaru) came to be recognized and was awarded an annual stipend of between 200 and 500 koku.
- 明治維新後、初めて藩という呼称が公式に使用されたが、廃藩置県で藩が消失するまでのわずか2年程度の行政区名称である。
- After the Meiji Restoration, the name 'han' was officially used, but only for about two years as a public administration name, until han were cleared under Haihan-chiken.
- 歯は二寸二分程度がふつうで(大差という)、これを三寸三~四分にすると(京差という)、足駄(高足駄)というようになる。
- The usual height of teeth is approx. 6.67cm (this height is called Taisa), and when this height is changed to approx. 10cm (this changed height is called Kyosa), Geta is called Ashida (Taka-ashida) (taller Ashida).
- 酒粕が甘酒の原料に使用されることがあるが、酒粕には、日本食品標準成分表によるとアルコール分が約8%程度残存している。
- Sakekasu (sake lees), which is sometimes used as one of ingredients of amazake, includes about eight percent alcohol according to 'the standard tables of food composition in Japan.'
- 東日本の銭湯の多くは200~300円程度の追加料金でサウナへ入浴が可能であるが、西日本では追加料金のない施設も多い。
- Many sento in eastern Japan allow visitors to take a sauna bath at an extra charge of 200 to 300 yen, but many in western Japan don't charge extra.
- しかし、柔術には嘉納治五郎が柔術を『徒手もしくは小型の武器を持つ武術』と定義したように、その程度しか共通理念はない。
- However, jujutsu is a martial art with no (or a small) weapon, as Jigoro KANO defined, and this definition describes the minimum common factor of all jujutsu-related martial arts.
- 通常、ある程度の太さを持った同じ太さの丸い棒であるが、楽器によっては先端が太く球形のものや金槌形のものが用いられる。
- Typically, they are round sticks that have a certain level of thickness, which are the same, but for some musical instruments, sticks with thick orbs on their tips or those in the shape of a hammer are used.
- 洗っている間にも米は必要な水分を吸収しはじめており、「第二の精米作業」と言われるほどに、細心の注意を払う工程である。
- Even while washing rice, rice begins to absorb moisture and this step requires utmost attention as seen from the fact that it is called the 'second rice washing stage.'
- 国内の公田を名田へ再編成していく過程で、従来の班田図は不必要とされ、新たに国内の公田台帳となる基準国図が作成された。
- In the process of reorganizing Koden into Myoden, former handen maps (map of allotted farmland) were abolished and instead, Kijunkokuzu (standardized map of provinces), a register of Koden, was made.
- 財閥形成の過程として、片倉財閥の様に製糸業に注力するなど、一つの事業に集中して投資し、芋づる式に発展する場合が多い。
- The typical process of forming a zaibatsu shows, as seen in an example of Katakura Zaibatsu, that entrepreneurs concentrate on a single business, such as the silk-reeling industry, and then expand the business through the imozuru system.
- ある程度の確実性を以て、読めるもの49字、全く読めないもの4字、後の8字はわずかに残る線画によって推測するしかない。
- Of them, 49 letters are quite readable to some extent, and four of them cannot be read at all, and the last eight letters can be read with a clue of the barely remaining strokes.
- この際、豊臣家の蔵入地(直轄地)を処分、豊臣家の所領は摂津国・河内国・和泉国の約65万石 (単位)程度まで削がれた。
- On that occasion he punished the Toyotomi family by reducing their directly-controlled land; Toyotomi family's territory was limited to Settsu Province/ Kawachi Province/Izumi Province only with about 650,000-Koku (unit) level.
- 「呼吸力」は盛平が自らの武道を確立する過程で生み出した造語であり、「合気」を盛平独自の主観を通して表現したものである。
- Breath power' is a coined termed created by Morihei in the process of establishing his martial art, and it's an expression of 'aiki' through Morihei's unique point of view.
- 型稽古とは、技をかける方(取り)、かけられる方(受け)を予め決めておき、互いにある程度わかった動きを行う稽古法である。
- Kata training is a method in which the attacker (tori) and defender (uke) are predetermined, and movements somewhat known to both parties are performed.
- ただし、上記のような仮設の野外能ではある程度マイクロホンを用いる必要があり、面をつけている関係上拡声はなかなか難しい。
- In the temporary open-air Noh theaters described above, it is required to use a microphone to a certain extent, and it is quite difficult to amplify the voice, because a mask is worn.
- 皮は一般にネコの腹を使用していたが、高価な事と生産量の減少により現在は稽古用など全体の7割程度が犬の皮を使用している。
- Although the abdominal skin of cats had been generally used, because of its high price and decline in production, nowadays dog skin is used for practice shamisen and others, accounting for seventy-percent of the total.
- 本寂門下の曹山慧霞、雲居道膺門下の同安道丕、疎山匡仁門下の護国守澄、青林師虔門下の石門献蘊らの活躍が見られる程である。
- Only Sozan Eika (曹山慧霞), a disciple of Honjaku, Doan Dohi, a disciple of Ungo Doyo, Gokoku Shucho (護国守澄), a disciple of Sozan Kyonin, and Sekimon Kenun (石門献蘊), a disciple of Seirin Shiken, flourished.
- そのため、おおざっぱな言い方をすれば、筋金入りの愛飲家のあいだでは一般に火入れの工程を経た酒の方が好まれる傾向がある。
- Therefore, roughly speaking, hard-core regular drinkers tend to prefer generally sake that has undergone the hiire process.
- 逆に、トヨタ自動車のお膝元である豊田市では、同社の業務日程(トヨタカレンダー)に合わせて成人式の開催日をずらしている。
- Conversely, Toyota City which relies on Toyota Motor Corporation changes the date for holding of Seijin-shiki ceremony in line with the Toyota's business schedule (Toyota Calendar).
- 近世邦楽では特に、演奏家の直接的な操作でしか表現できない微妙な音色、音程、余韻の変化などを積極的に利用、追求して来た。
- Particularly, for early modern Japanese music delicate changes in tones, musical intervals and pauses, which could be expressed only through direct manipulation by the players, were positively utilized and pursued.
- 5月の上~中旬頃に3cm程の白い5花弁の花を咲かせ、日本で一般的に使われているカラタチ台では2-4mの高さに成長する。
- White flower of about 3 cm with five petals blooms in the first 10 to 20 days in May on Bengal quince generally used as rootstocks for grafting in Japan which grows to 2 to 4m in height.
- 活性炭を投入するといっても、単に投げ入れるだけではなく、取り除きたい成分や色だけを抜くところにこの工程の難しさがある。
- Although we say 'throw' in active charcoal, it is not just thrown in and the difficult part of this process is to remove only those impurities and colors that should be removed.
- 学生は基礎課程として『黄帝甲乙経』・『脈経』・『神農本草経』(延暦6年(787年)以後は『新修本草』に変更)を読んだ。
- In the basic course, students had to study 'Kotei Ko-otsukyo' (the Chinese classic on clinical acupuncture, written by Huangfu Mi), 'Myakukyo' (the oldest Chinese book on sphygmoscopy), and 'Shinno Honzogyo' (Divine Husbandman's Classic on pharmacology, which is a Chinese classic), and in 787, the last textbook was replaced with 'Shinshu Honzo' (Chinese pharmacology, completed in A.D. 659).
- 室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)・安土桃山時代を経て江戸幕府成立に至る過程で、次第に武士が公権力を担う領域は拡大し続けた。
- In the formation process of the Edo bakufu through the Muromachi, Sengoku, and Azuchi-Momoyama period, the area where the bushi were in charge of the official authority gradually and continuously increased.
- 家老を設置した将軍家の旗本は、およそ250家(2%未満)であり、その家老は80石から、多くても100石強程度であった。
- The number of Hatamoto families who appointed Karo was roughly 250 (less than 2%), and the earnings of these Karo officers was from 80 to 100 koku.
- 米麹と蒸したもち米を混ぜ、焼酎または醸造用アルコールを加え60日間程度、室温近辺で熟成したものを、圧搾、濾過してつくる。
- Malted rice that has been steamed and mixed with glutinous rice before the addition of shochu or brewing alcohol and left to mature at room temperature for 60 days is pressed and filtered.
- 女性の羽織の丈には流行があり、明治時代~大正時代は膝下までの長羽織、昭和30年代には帯が隠れる程度の短い羽織が流行った。
- There has been a trend in the length of the woman's haori coat; from 1868 to 1926, a long haori coat extending down to the knees was popular, and around 1955, the short haori coat with the hidden belt became popular.
- ホットプレートの場合は、生地を乗せた際の温度低下と熱の戻りの遅さを考慮して、温度を高め(220℃程度)に設定すれば良い。
- In the case of a hot plate, you should set the temperature relatively higher (about 220℃), considering the fall of the temperature and the slowness of heating up when putting the dough on it.
- その過程で生じた副産物を発酵・蒸留した製法で、焼酎に類似する「糖酎」「泡酒」「蜜酒」と呼ばれた酒が戦前に醸造されていた。
- With fermenting and distilling the by-products generated in the manufacturing process, liquors called 'tochu,' 'awazake,' 'mitsuzake,' similar to shochu, were produced before the war.
- そうした中で、中流貴族も上層へある程度昇進していた延喜・天暦期を理想の治世とする考えが中下流貴族の間に広まったのである。
- In these situation, the idea that viewed the Engi and Tenryaku eras as ideal reigns when even the middle class of noblemen could be promoted to higher level to some extent became popular among the middle lower class noblemen.
- だが鉄砲隊をある程度集中した部隊として機能させていれば、1度の射撃で部隊単位の戦力を大きく消耗させる事は不可能ではない。
- It would not have been impossible for single firing to do considerable damage to an army if the teppo units had been deployed reasonably intensively.
- 周囲は5m程度の大垣が張り巡らされ、朱雀門はじめ豪族の氏名にちなんだ12の門が設置され役人らはそれらの門より出入りした。
- The Palace was surrounded by big tsujibei (a mud wall with a roof) about five meters high, and the wall had twelve gates named after local ruling families names such as Suzaku-mon Gate, and government officials entered the Palace through the gates.
- 重曹処理された高野豆腐は伝統製法のものに比べ、硬さが1/3~1/4程度で非常に柔らかく、別の食品といえるほど食感も異なる。
- Koya-dofu processed with baking soda is one-fourth to one-third softer than the one produced through the traditional process, and its texture is so different as to suggest that it's a different kind of food.
- 上述の地蔵盆と同じく日程をずらして土日にすることが多いため、年によっては他の町内に1週間おくれて大日盆を勤めることもある。
- Often the festival is held on a different date, on Saturday or Sunday, similar to Jizo-bon, some towns have Dainichi-bon festival one week later than others, depending on the calendar of each year.
- 愛媛県八幡浜市の「皮ちくわ」は竹輪の魚肉を取り去った後に残る皮を10本程を串に巻き、焼き上げたもので、足とうま味が異なる。
- Kawa Chikuwa in Yawatahama City, Ehime Prefecture, has only ten Chikuwa skin, which are left after taking fish cakes away from Chikuwa, wrapped around the stick and baked, it has different taste compared to ordinary Chikuwa.
- 杜氏(とうじ、とじ)とは、日本酒の醸造工程を行う職人集団、すなわち蔵人の監督者であり、なおかつ酒蔵の最高製造責任者をいう。
- The term 'toji,' written as 杜氏 in Japanese, refers to a person who supervises kurabito, a group of skilled workers responsible for sake brewing, and works as the chief executive brewer at a brewery.
- そろばんは会計等広く用いられたのに対し、算木は専ら和算家によって、天元術(中国の代数方程式の理論)などの計算に用いられた。
- While the abacus was used for a wider purpose such as accounting, sangi was used exclusively by wasan mathematicians for calculating with Tengen-jutsu (the theory of algebraic equations developed in China) and so on.
- 九章算術などは散逸してしまったようであるが、土木、建築、財務、暦の計算などにある程度の数学が必要であったことは確かである。
- It seems that Kyusho Sanjutsu was scattered and lost during this time, but a certain level of knowledge of mathematics must have been required for civil engineering, architecture, finance, and the calculation of the calendar.
- 側金、芯金、側金の順で重ねられ、沸かして鍛接されて、厚さ15mm、幅30mm、長さ500-600mm程度に打ち伸ばされる。
- Gawagane, Core metal and the other Gawagane are stacked in this order, heated, forged, and welded, then struck and elongated into a 15mm thick, 30mm wide, 500 to 600mm long plate.
- この際に大徳寺派の臨済宗寺院が大きな役割を果たし、利休流茶道の根本とされる「和敬清寂」という標語もこの過程で生み出された。
- The Rinzai Sect temples of the Daitokuji School greatly contributed to this, and 'wakei seijaku' (harmony, respect, purity, and tranquility), the motto that was considered to be fundamental to sado of the Rikyu School was created in this process.
- 果実の成熟期は9月から12月と品種によって様々で、5-7.5cm程の扁球形の実は熟すにしたがって緑色から橙黄色に変色する。
- Its spheroid fruits of 5 to 7.5 cm mature from September to December depending upon cultivars, and the color changes from green to orange yellow.
- 珪藻土とは珪藻類の化石で、非常に小さな孔を多数持つ形状をしており、色の元となる物質、雑味物質、香り物質もある程度除去する。
- Diatomaceous earth is composed of porous fossil remains of diatoms and it removes substances that cause coloring, zatsumi and fragrance to a certain degree.
- 「アル添」という工程が一般的に悪いイメージを持たれるのには、主にそうした前の時代の負の遺産であると言い訳されることもある。
- By way of excuse, some say that the reason why the process of 'aruten' presents a generally negative image is mainly because of the negative legacy from the past age.
- ビールの場合は、完全に麦汁を糖化させた後に発酵させるが、日本酒は糖化と発酵を並行して行う工程があることが大きな特徴である。
- Although in the case of beer, sweet wort is fermented after it is completely saccharified, this is a significant feature of sake brewing that a process in which saccharification and fermentation are carried out in parallelism, exists.
- 市街地周辺の山はいずれも標高100~150メートル程度だが、標高の低い割には急坂やアップダウンの激しい山道が多いとされる。
- Mountains surrounding the city are 100 to 150 meters high above the sea but are said to have many mountain paths with lots of ups and downs comparative to their relatively low sea level.
- (なお、この過程で桂内閣との妥協を推進した田健治郎とこれに反対した尾崎行雄はそれぞれの反対派に追われる形で離党している。)
- (In this process, both Kenjiro DEN who promoted compromise with the Katsura Cabinet and Yukio OZAKI who opposed to Den's idea were expelled from the party by their opponents.)
- 明治時代以降、手揉みにかわる能率的な機械製法が考案され、現在では蒸熱、粗揉、揉捻、中揉、精揉、乾燥の6工程で製造されている。
- Since the Meiji period, the hand-kneading process has been replaced by newly devised, highly efficient methods of machinery manufacturing, and now sencha is manufactured through the six processes of steaming, coarse kneading, crumpling, secondary kneading, precise kneading and drying.
- 逆に機械化が進んでいない、手造り重視の年間数百石程度の酒蔵では、杜氏に頼る割合が大きくなるため、常勤の杜氏が多い傾向がある。
- Unlike this case, breweries which emphasize manually-brewed sake with hundreds koku of rice per year tend to have more toji because their work more relies on toji.
- なお、蒸して数分しか経過していないので表面は炊きたてのご飯と同じに相当に熱いので、餅の表面を濡れた手のひらで叩く程度で良い。
- The surface of the rice is considerably hot similarly to that of the boiled rice right after the boiling because only several minutes have passed after the steaming, therefore, it is sufficient to pat the surface of the rice with wet hands.
- 小麦粉を水またはカツオ・昆布出汁でダマにならないよう溶き8時間程度寝かせる(水の分量は粉と同じ重量をおおむねの目安とする)。
- Mix the flour with water or the soup stock of bonito or konbu (a kind of kelp used for Japanese soup stock), beat it well and let it stand for about eight hours (the amount of water is the same as that for flour, as a rough indication).
- しかし、近年は関西地方でもスーパーなどで10銘柄程度の商品が普通に売られ、陳列スペースもほとんど関東と変わらなくなっている。
- However, in recent years about ten different brands of natto products are sold in supermarkets in the Kinki region, and the amount of display space has become nearly equal to that of the Kanto region.
- しかし、室町期以来、村落自治が根付いていたこともあって、江戸幕府及び諸大名は、村落にある程度の自治を付与する民政を選択した。
- Nevertheless, due partly to the fact that self-government had already taken root in village communities, the Edo bakufu government and feudal lords chose to place villages under civil administration, allowing them a certain degree of self-government.
- 1967年以降、日本での黄砂観測日数は平均20日程度であるが、2000年から2002年にかけては50日前後と大幅に増加した。
- In Japan, the number of days when kosa was observed in a year was around 20 on average since 1967, but the number increased considerably to around 50 from 2000 to 2002.
- 古人のなかには全ルートをわずか2日で踏破したという記録もあるが、現在では2泊3日または3泊4日の行程とするのが一般的である。
- There remain records that some people traveled this route in mere two days, however today it generally requires two days and three nights or three days and four nights.
- 大宰(おほ みこともち)とは、地方行政上重要な地域に置かれ、数ヶ国程度の広い地域を統治する役職で、いわば地方行政長官である。
- Oho mikotomochi was a post that governed a wide area of several provinces placed in areas that were important for local administration, a kind of provincial governor-general.
- この過程で醤油はアルコールやバニリン等の香気成分による香り、大豆由来のアミノ酸によるうまみと、コムギ由来の糖による甘みを持つ。
- Through this process, soy-sauce gains a flavor caused by fragrant constituents such as alcohol or vanillin, savoriness due to amino acid from soy beans, and sweet taste due to sugar from wheat.
- この餡を2枚の皮を合わせた状態で隙間がなくなる程度に1枚の皮種へ盛り付けていき、最後に餡を封じる皮種を揃えかぶせて完成となる。
- The bean jam is put on one of the tane so that there will not be any space when another tane is placed, and the other tane is finally placed on the bean jam for completion.
- 中国語では、粗悪なセメントを使った強度不足の工事を「おから工事」を意味する「豆腐渣工程」(トウフジャーコンチョン)と表現する。
- In Chinese, a construction work which uses inferior cement and lacks strength is called 'tofuja konchon' meaning 'a construction work using okara.'
- 厚揚げ、干し椎茸、にんじん、こんにゃく、たけのこ、結んだコンブ、サトイモ、ダイコンなどを煮ても壊れない程度でサイコロ状に切る。
- Ingredients such as atsuage (thick fried tofu), dried shiitake mushrooms, carrots, konjac, bamboo shoots, knotted konbu kelp, Japanese taro and daikon (Japanese giant radish) are cut into small cubes yet large enough not to become mushy when simmered.
- コンブの胞子(大きさは5マイクロm程度)は2本の鞭毛を持ち、海中を泳ぐことができるので特に「遊走子(ゆうそうし)」と呼ばれる。
- Having the capability of moving in the sea by using two flagellums, the spore of kelp (the size is about five micrometers) is especially called 'zoospore.'
- 出荷用の鰹節を直接粉状にすることは稀で、製作工程上で出た屑節や廃棄用の物を粉状にして販売することで有効利用していることが多い。
- The katsuobushi that is shipped to market is rarely made into powder, but in many cases the crumbs or fragments produced during the production process are recycled into powder and placed on the market.
- 理由は、醸造過程で硬水を使用すると、ミネラルにより酵母の働きが活発になり、アルコール発酵すなわち糖の分解が速く進むからである。
- The reason is that, if hard water is used in the brewing process, yeast becomes vivid because of the existence of minerals and therefore alcoholic fermentation, namely the decomposition of sugar, is expedited.
- なお、冷蔵庫から取り出した卵に急に熱湯をかけると割れてしまうので、熱湯を入れる前にぬるま湯などである程度卵を暖めておくと良い。
- If you suddenly cover an egg which has just been taken out of the refrigerator with hot water it will crack, so it is a good idea to warm up the egg a little first in warm water before putting in the hot water.
- 当時の私船(民間貿易)は、倭寇に代表される手荒い貿易方法で、元 (王朝)の衰退を惹起させる程のもので看過できないものであった。
- The private ships in those days (partaking in private foreign trade) as typified by the wako (Japanese pirates) carried out trade in such a rough way that it caused a weakening of the Yuan dynasty which could not be overlooked.
- だが、皇位継承と徳政実施の過程において幕府との対立が表面化するようになり、朝廷内に再び反幕府の動きを潜在化させる遠因となった。
- However, during the processes of imperial succession and implementation of Tokusei, discord with the bakufu arose and became the underlying cause of a resurgence of the latent anti-bakufu sentiment within the Imperial Court.
- 斗南は風雪が厳しく実質的には8000石程度で、移住した旧藩士と家族は飢えと寒さで病死者が続出し、日本全国や海外に散る者もいた。
- With strong wind and snow, Tonami practically had only 8 thousand goku of territory; many retainers of the former Shogunate and their family who moved there became ill and died from hunger and cold weather, and some of them moved to a new place in Japan or overseas.
- 薙刀は通常柄の長さは7尺、刃は1尺程度であり、日本刀に柄をつけたものから発達したため、鍔があり、柄の断面も楕円形を呈している。
- The naginata usually has a 212.1cm long shaft and 30.3cm long blade, and since it was developed from a Japanese style sword by attaching a shaft, it remains some characteristics of a sword like a handguard and an oval-shaped cross-section of a shaft.
- 『玉葉』に従えば、平氏は数万騎であるのに対して源氏は1~2千騎程度の僅かな軍勢しかいない圧倒的に不利な状況にあったことになる。
- If we follow the 'Gyokuyo,' the Minamoto clan merely had one to two thousand cavalrymen as opposed to the Taira clan's several thousand cavalrymen, so the Minamoto clan was facing an overwhelming disadvantage.
- 製麹(せいきく)工程 蒸煮大豆と割砕小麦を約11で混合したものに種麹を加えて混ぜ、高湿度下で3・4日程度培養を行い醤油麹を作る。
- Manufacturing process of koji (rice malt): Add seed malt to the mixture of steamed soybeans and smashed wheat with the mix ratio of 1:1, and produce soy-sauce malt through culture of it for three to four days under high humidity.
- 前後して桂枝雀 (2代目)が台頭し、いわゆる「MANZAIプーム」の渦中にありながら、のちに「爆笑王」と呼ばれる程の人気を築く。
- Soon after his death Shijaku KATSURA (II) rose to popularity and became so popular that he acquired the nickname of 'King of Laughter' at the height of the so-called 'MANZAI (stand-up comedy) boom.'
- それまではもっぱら風刺の手段と見なされていた漫画が、大衆娯楽として認識されていく過程において、岡本の活動は大きな役割を果たした。
- Okamoto's activity played a large role in the process that comics which were considered to be solely as a means of satire became recognized as popular entertainment.
- また、カレーソースをだし汁で延ばしてかけたり、うどんのだし汁を半分程度はり、その上にカレーソースをそのままかけるという形もある。
- Moreover, Curry Udon is also prepared by pouring curry sauce diluted with soup broth, or by merely pouring curry sauce over the noodles soaked in a half a bowl amount of soup broth.
- 明かり障子の歴史的発展の過程で、漆の塗子の縁が寝殿造りに使用され、襖障子と同様な室礼としての位置付けがあったことは注目に値する。
- It is notable that akari shoji with lacquered framework was used in a house built in the manner of Heian period palatial architecture and in the historical development of akari shoji, it was considered to be a kind of shitsurai equivalent to fusuma.
- 昔はもんじゃと殆ど同じ具である桜エビ、切りイカ、焼きそば、紅生姜が定番であったが今では数え切れない程の種類の材料が使われている。
- Formerly sakura shrimp, sliced squid, yakisoba and beni-shoga, which are almost the same ingredients as monjayaki, are regularly used, but now countless kinds of ingredients are used.
- 40歳の時、張載の言葉という「心は性と情とを統べる」と程頤の「性即理」による定論を得、一家を成してびん学(びんがく)を起こした。
- When he was forty, he reached an established theory through the words of Cho Sai (Zhang Zai), 'the mind unites nature and emotion,' and 'seisokuri' (xing ji li) (human nature is natural law) of Tei I (Cheng Yi), and established Bin-gaku (Bin neo-confucianism).
- 前の工程、蒸しの段階で手加減を間違えたため、蒸米がやわらかすぎて、表面にも内部にも菌糸が喰いこみすぎ、グチャグチャになった状態。
- Condition in which koji is in a mushy state as the steamed rice is too soft and bacterial threads intrude too much into both the surface and the inside because of an error in adjustment during the preceding step when steaming rice.
- それらはある程度は一族の族的結合でもありながら、しかし一定の地域、経済単位に基づく協同組合、あるいは同盟に似た性格のものが多い。
- While that bonded the clan to a certain extent, they had characteristics similar to an alliance or a union based upon a fixed area and economic unit.
- なお、このとき本能寺は織田信長の専用宿舎として僧侶は他に出されていたため、広大な寺域に百人程度の供回りしかおらず無人に近かった。
- Incidentally, Honno-ji Temple at the time was used as an exclusive guesthouse for Nobunaga and thus the monks were temporarily removed; with only about one hundred men on the premises of the vast temple, Honno-ji Temple was nearly deserted.
- 村落の数人の男子の青年がやっと持ち上げられる程の重さの大きな松明(たいまつ)をそれぞれが持ち、大きく振り回して練り歩くものである。
- Several young men from the village would carry large, heavy Taimatsu torches which they could just barely manage on their own, and parade through the streets waving them.
- メイラード反応から、ストレッカー分解を経て産出される有機化合物、加熱工程にて産生される焦げ香も、醤油を特徴付ける重要な要素である。
- Organic compounds generated through Strecker degradation from Maillard reaction and scorching smell generated in the heating process are critical elements that feature soy-sauce.
- 鉄釘を入れる場合、先端が尖ったまま入れてしまうとかき混ぜるときに負傷する恐れがあるので、手を傷つけない程度に丸めておく必要がある。
- If you put in an iron nail with a sharp point, there is danger that you'll get injured when you stir it, so it is necessary to blunt it for safety.
- 一般に葬儀社の売上に対する粗利益は40%~60%ぐらい、純利益は一桁パーセント程度なので紹介業者を仲介するとほとんど利益が出ない。
- Generally, the gross profit on the sales amount of a funeral home is approximately 40-60% and the net profit is in the single-digit percent, which makes the profit almost nothing if a middleman is involved.
- 麺を加える場合は、程よく焼きあがったあたりで、全体を広げておいた麺の上に乗せる(ただし、麺類をどこに挟むかについては議論がある)。
- When adding noodles, when it is grilled up well, put it over the noodles which are spread (however, there is controversy regarding whether the noodles should be sandwiched in).
- そうでない製成酒は通常それらの工程を経た後に、さらに酒の旨み、まろみ、味の深みなどを引き出すためにしばらく貯蔵(ちょぞう)される。
- Other sake, after being processed with such steps, is usually stored for a while in order to draw out umami, mellowness and deep taste.
- この場合、試合に支障を来たすようなダメージが与えられた場合や引き手の程度により初めて「当てた」と審判にも認知されるのが通例である。
- On such occasions it's common practice that the referee won't acknowledge that a contestant 'hits' (punches) the opponent until the opponent has become so damaged as to cause the discontinuation of a match, or until the degree of hikite is judged to be inappropriate.
- その上で武士の生活態度や信条というモデルケースから日本人の精神的な土壌が醸成された過程を分かりやすい構成と言葉で読者に伝えている。
- He explained then the process in which Japanese spiritual base was fermented using model cases of samurai behaviours and principles in simple construction and words.
- また、灌漑をする場合はある程度の傾斜が必要であり、傾斜が少ない河川下流域の沖積平野は、江戸時代以前は稲作をするのに不適当であった。
- In addition, lands have to be sloping to some extent in order to be irrigable, so alluvial plains in the lower reach of rivers, where the slope is gentle, were not appropriate for rice cropping before the Edo period.
- 1反で4.5俵しか獲れないような高品質な山田錦になると1俵40,000円程度であるが、もちろん毎年の米の作柄などによっても変動する。
- High-quality Yamada nishiki, of which the yield is 4.5 bags per tan, costs around 40,000 yen per bag, but the price fluctuates depending on the harvest in any particular year.
- 酒造りにおける醸造工程では、麹菌と酵母がデンプンと水をアルコールと二酸化炭素に変えていくので、米に含まれるデンプン質が重要視される。
- In the brewing process for sake, koji mold and yeast change starch and water into alcohol and carbon dioxide, and therefore the starch contained in the rice grain is considered important.
- 的は一辺が四寸から八寸程度 (約12cm - 24cm)四方の木製板を竹棹に挟み、「埒」から1杖前後(約2.3m)離れた所に立てる。
- The target is an approximately 4 to 8 sun (1 sun – 3.03 cm) (approximately 12 -24 cm) square wooden board, which is attached to bamboo poles and is set up at the place approximately 2.3 cm away from the 'rachi' (a fence).
- 雛のつるし飾りは、娘の成人後にどんど焼きにくべる習慣があったため、古い物は残っておらず、最古の物は100年程度前の物と言われている。
- Since Hina no tsurushi kazari used to be burned in the don don yaki (a Shinto blessing of objects after a daughter comes to age), old ones do not exist and the oldest one is said to be a hundred years old or so.
- 大きさは作る人によって様々だが、一般的に店頭で販売されているものは一片が長さ10~15cm、幅5cm程度の細長く薄い板状をしている。
- Although the size of hoshi-imo varies depending on the person who makes it, the piece generally sold at shops has a long and narrow tubular shape with length around 10-15 cm and width around 5 cm.
- 下貼りの工程は、骨縛り、蓑貼り、べた貼り、袋貼り(浮貼り)、清貼りなどの工程があり、種々の和紙を幾重にも丁寧に張り重ねてできあがる。
- There are various processes for the groundwork such as hone-shibari (fixation of the frame to mend warps), mino-bari (pasting layers of paper sheets to achieve cushioning), beta-bari (pasting a sheet on the mino-bari layers to push them with putting paste on the backside fully), fukuro-bari (pasting the sheets of half-size paper to provide both tension and softness with putting paste only on the sides of the sheets) (uke-bari - floating paste) and kiyo-bari (paste thin high-quality paper for backing when the final surface paper is thin), which lead to a fusuma-shoji made by pasting Japanese paper carefully several times.
- 日程は企業によって様々であるが、盆中日の8月15日を中心とする3~5日間とすることが多く、企業ではこのお盆休みを夏季休業としている。
- Though it depends on the company, most close for three to five days on and around August 15th, the middle of the Bon festival, taking this Bon festival holiday as their summer holidays.
- 吟醸系(吟醸酒・純米吟醸酒・大吟醸酒・純米大吟醸酒)と非吟醸系(それ以外の酒)は、この過程において以下の二つの点で造り方が分かれる。
- Ways of producing ginjo system (ginjoshu, junmai ginjoshu, daiginjoshu and junmai daiginjoshu) and non-ginjo system (other than above-mentioned) sake differ in the following two points in this stage.
- 家系としての「兵の家」の形成過程で忘れてはならないのが、10世紀後半に現役武官ではないのに「朝家の爪牙」として動員されたことである。
- What should not be forgotten in a formation process of 'tsuwamono-no-ie' (house of soldiers) as the family line was that 'choka no soga' mobilized in the late tenth century without the presence of a military officer.
- その意味で信憑性の程度や事実の如何はともかくとしても、歴史学的に客観的な検証能力を有するものは著しく少ないのが実情であるといえよう。
- In this sense, setting aside the question of the degree of credibility or the existence of facts, there are few legends that can be verified objectively from the historical viewpoint.
- しかし総数の1%程度の被害で和平を受け入れるとは考えにくく、敗戦と自ら明記していることからも、実際の被害はもっと多かったと思われる。
- But as this would amount to only about 1% of their total force, it is difficult to imagine why the Korean army would have made peace, leading some to suspect that actual casualties were much higher, a possibility reinforced by the Korean's own records clearly indicate that this invasion was a defeat.
- 日本刀は「折れず、曲がらず、よく切れる」といった3の相反する性質を同時に達成することをベースにその作刀工程が発達してきたと考えられる。
- It is thought that the process of creation of Japanese swords has been developed basically in order to achieve three conflicting natures, 'Not to break, not bend, and sharply cut' simultaneously.
- 明かり障子の歴史的発展の過程で、漆の塗子の縁が寝殿造りに使用され、襖障子と同様な室礼としての位置付けがあった事は、興味深いことである。
- It is interesting to note that in the historical process of development of Akari-shoji, the edge of lacquered Nuriko (thing to be coated with) was used in Shinden-zukuri house and considered as Shitsurai the same as Fusuma Shoji.
- これにより、解放弦から2オクターヴと2度程度までの高い音を出すことができるようになっている(他の三味線は1オクターヴと5 - 6度)。
- This design enables high notes to be played, up to two-and-a-half octaves above the open strings (in other types of shamisen, one and one-fifth or one and one-sixth octaves).
- しかし応仁の乱を端緒とする動乱によって京都の楽人は四散してしまい、宮廷雅楽は南都や天王寺の楽人らによって細々と行われる程度に衰退する。
- However, because of the riots that started with the Onin War as a trigger, gakunin in Kyoto were scattered and the gagaku in the Imperial court declined to the extent that it was scarcely performed only by gakunin of Nanto and Tennoji.
- 刀鍛冶らの職人も、それまでの銘物としての一品生産を中心とする生産方法から、ある程度の使い捨てを念頭に置いた大量生産を行うようになった。
- Craftsmen such as swordsmith also switched from a manufacturing method centering on article-by-article production with swords inscribed with the name of the swordsmith to quantity production with an eye on disposal to a certain extent.
- その後、豊臣政権から江戸幕府成立の過程において、佐竹氏や里見氏などの旧来の勢力は転封あるいは改易によって関東の地から姿を消す事になる。
- Later, in the process from the Toyotomi government until the formation of the Edo bakufu, old powers such as the Satake clan and Satomi clan, disappeared from Kanto by relocation or being deprived of their territory.
- 日本においては偽書目録は少なく、速見行道の『偽書叢』(嘉永6年 3巻 早稲田大学蔵)と伊勢貞丈撰の「偽撰の書目」が存在する程度である。
- There are few gisho catalogues in Japan only with 'gisho shu' (collection) by Kodo HAYAMI (1853, 3 volumes, in the possession of Waseda University) and 'gisho sen' (selection) by Teijo ISE.
- 12回にわたる交渉の結果、8月24日(旧暦7月6日)、細目に当たる修好条規付録(11款)と章程にあたる貿易規則(11則)が定められる。
- As a result of negotiations over 12 times, details for subsidiary agreements of the Treaty of Amity (11 provisions) and the precise rules of trade regulations (11 rules) were established on August 24.
- また、忍者の流派によっては忍術書に記述があることや、道具として僅かだが実物も残っているが、実際にどの程度の利用があったかは定かではない。
- Moreover, there is a description in some Ninjutsu-sho (book of Ninjutsu) and a few genuine arrows still remain, but it is not sure to what degree they were actually used.
- 日本社会全体が裕福になった後は、前座になってある程度の年数(現在は3~5年が一般的)が経つと、二つ目にほぼ自動的に昇進するようになった。
- After Japanese society became affluent, a zenza could automatically be promoted to futatsume when some years passed (currently three to five years in general).
- しかし明治時代以降ほとんど廃れてしまい、現在では冠婚葬祭などの儀礼的な料理にその面影が残されている程度である(婚礼の際の三々九度など)。
- Since the Meiji period, these manners have been out of fashion, and we can only see a trace of them during formal ceremonial occasions such as a coming-of-age day, marriage, or funeral ceremonies (for example, san-san-kudo, when the bride and the groom drink sake during a wedding ceremony).
- ただし、負所の荘園領主は不作の年でも一定の得分を確保する特権を有する代わりに得分そのものが反別一斗程度と低く、下地支配権を持たなかった。
- However, while the lords of such Shoen had the privilege to gain a pre-fixed profit even in the year of poor harvest, such pre-fixed profit was low, itto (about 18L) per tan (an area), and they didn't have shitaji-shihaiken (the right to rule the land).
- この乱の過程で、伊達晴宗は国人一揆との契約関係を再確認することで、他の奥羽諸大名に先駆けて戦国大名としての体制を確立することに成功した。
- In the process of this turbulence, Harumune DATE succeeded to firmly establish the system as a sengoku daimyo by reconfirming the contract relationship with kokujin ikki (rising of kokujin) in the run up to other daimyo in the Ou Region.
- 後漢書は遥か後代の編纂であるが、このことから、1世紀末から2世紀初頭にかけて、倭国をある程度代表する政治勢力が生まれたとする見解もある。
- For this reason, although 'History of the Later Han Dynasty' was complied long afterward, one theory states that the political force representing Wakoku on some level emerged during the period from the end of the first to the beginning of the second century.
- これは、生の大豆タンパク質が最終工程に残ると製品(加熱時)の濁りにつながり、小麦の生デンプンは、一般的な醤油酵母は資化できないためである。
- Because, remaining soybean protein in the final process leads to turbidity in products (in heating), and raw starch in wheat are unable to be consumed as source of nutrient by general soy-sauce yeasts.
- 焼き鳥(やきとり、ヤキトリ)は、主に鶏肉などの肉を一口大に切ったものを、数個(1個から5個程度)串で刺し通し、調味してあぶり焼きした料理。
- Yakitori is a food consisting of several bite-size chunks (from one to five or so) of meat (mainly chicken) that are seasoned and grilled on skewers.
- このような品質上の特性を重視することから、その製造工程においては茶葉の短時間の蒸熱とそれに続く低温乾燥というきめ細かな注意が払われている。
- Thus the characteristics of quality are emphasized, so that close attention is paid to a brief steaming with subsequent drying at low temperature in the manufacturing process.
- 例えば西日本の一部地域の様に「三社参り」などと言って正月三が日の内に複数(多くは三社程度)の神社に参拝するのが習慣となっている地域もある。
- For example, in some regions in the western Japan, there is a custom called 'sanja-mairi' in which people visit different shrines (about three shrines in most cases) during the first three days of the New Year.
- 香りの程度と酒質によってはプラスに評価されることもあるが、鑑評会などでは「木香臭(きがしゅう)がする」というと往々にしてマイナス点である。
- Although it is appreciated positively depending on the degree of fragrance and sake quality, the fact that 'sake has kigashu' is often a cause of point deduction in kanpyokai, etc.
- 醸造の過程において、蛋白質・脂肪は雑味の原因となるため、米が砕けないよう慎重に削り落とされ、それにより洗練された味を引き出すことができる。
- In the brewing process, as protein and oil cause zatsumi, they are scraped off carefully so that the grains of rice are not fractured in order to produce a sophisticated taste.
- 本格的に侵攻し領土とする、または服属させるには、3万人程の人数で、当時の主力武器である弓の矢がすぐに尽きる程度の準備で来るとは考えにくい。
- It is difficult to believe that it seriously tried to invade and conquer, or subject, with only about thirty thousand men and such a small number of arrows that soon run short, which was the main weapon of that time.
- 1987年3月24日、京都地方検察庁は市長が古都税の和解について交渉した過程において利益誘導にあたる事実はないとして不起訴の決定を下した。
- March 24, 1987: The Kyoto District Public Prosecutors Office decided not to prosecute the mayor because of no evidence of handing out benefits to his electoral district during his negotiation for the settlement of the Old Capital Tax.
- ただし、北海道では、会葬御礼の挨拶状と、数百円程度の品物が香典の領収書と共に通夜の時に渡され、忌明け時に香典返しを行うことはないことが多い。
- However, in Hokkaido, a greeting card to express thanks for attending the funeral and an article having a monetary value of several hundreds yen are often given to a mourner together with a receipt for the Koden at the lykewake and no gift is sent in return for the Koden upon the end of mourning period.
- 元々タワーの開業40周年に合わせ、社員用バッジのために作られた名もないキャラクターで、取引相手や社員の友人などに無料で渡していた程度だった。
- It was originally a nameless mascot, designed for employee badges along with the tower's fortieth anniversary, and only given for free to business clients and the friends of employees.
- 比較的高級な路線で運営を行なっており、スターバックスやタリーズコーヒーなどの大手チェーンの倍程度の価格帯でコーヒーなどの飲料を提供している。
- It is operated as a high class establishment and offers coffee and other drinks at a price range that is double of those of major chains such as Starbucks and Tully's Coffee.
- 大気中の黄砂の濃度が比較的薄いならば、多少の黄味を帯びた霞が発生し、普段よりも視程が悪くなる程度で、日常生活に大きな支障が出るほどではない。
- When the density of kosa in the air is relatively low, slightly yellowish mist is generated and visibility is affected slightly, but everyday lives are not affected seriously.
- 本友禅とも呼ばれる本格的な手描き友禅は多くの工程によって成り立つが、作家がオリジナルの創作を行う場合と職人の分業によって製作される場合がある。
- The authentic hand-drawn yuzen, which is also referred to as 'Hon-Yuzen,' is produced through many steps, and there are cases where an artist creates an original yuzen, and where it is produced by artisans based on the division of labor.
- 和三盆の原料となるサトウキビは、地元産の「竹糖」という品種が用いられ、晩秋に収穫した茎を搾って汁を出した後、ある程度精製濾過して結晶化させる。
- Locally grown sugarcane breed called 'Take-to' is used as a raw material of Wasanbon; it is produced by squeezing the juce of the canes harvested in late fall, refining and filtering it to some extent to crystallize.
- 古来は大弓(だいきゅう)と呼ばれており、全長およそ2m以上のものを大弓、それ以下のもの(約45cm〜160cm程度)を半弓として区別していた。
- It was called as Daikyu in ancient times, and those that were longer than 2 m was called as Daikyu, and shorter bows (approximately 45 to 160 cm) were labeled as Hankyu small-sized bow.
- このため世襲的に伝えられてきたものであるが、明治維新後禄を失ったことにより多くは絶えてしまい伝統芸能としては能の要素として残される程度である。
- Therefore, mai dances have been handed down in a patriarchal way; however after the Meiji Restoration many were lost when their lines of succession were broken and now the remnants of this traditional art only remain as an element of Noh.
- 例えば、徒歩鵜では鵜匠ごとに1羽ないし極数羽のウを操るが、小船を用いた一般的な鵜飼においては、1人の鵜匠が5羽から10羽程度のウを一度に操る。
- For example, while in kachi-u (cormorant fishing on foot) one ujo uses one or very few cormorants, in the general Ukai on a small boat one ujo uses 5 to 10 cormorants at a time.
- したがって最終的な仕上がりを軽い味にしたい杜氏は、麹米が乾かないようにしながらジリジリと麹造りを進ませ、できるだけ敏速にこの工程を切り抜ける。
- Therefore, any toji who wants to make the final taste of sake light progresses the koji production process keeping rice for koji from becoming dry and completes this process as quickly as possible.
- その過程においては国衙と在庁官人層の出自母体たる田堵負名層の権益などを巡る経済的、軍事的緊張と、それによる武力紛争の多発が大きく関わっていた。
- In the process of development, economic and military tensions, concerning the interests of kokuga and tato and fumyo classes from where most zaichokanjin originated, were involved and frequently armed conflicts broke out.
- 特に、瞬間風速25m/s以上で視程が50m以下の0級(特強)沙塵暴は、「黒風」や「黒風暴」(カラブラン, Kara Bran)と呼ばれている。
- In particular, class 0 (especially strong) Shachenbao with an instantaneous wind speed of 25 m/s or more and with a visibility of less than 50 m is called 'black wind' or Kara Bran.
- 17世紀後半から18世紀にかけて活躍した詩人・儒学者の程順則は、琉球における最初の学校明倫堂創設の建議を行うなど、琉球の学問に大きく貢献した。
- Shunze CHENG, who was a poet and Confucian scholar active from the late 17th century to the 18th century, proposed the foundation of the Meirindo school, the first school in Ryukyu, and greatly contributed to learning in Ryukyu.
- これを受け三条は「貿易の催進を要する為、彼我共に輸出入税を徴するなし。是通商章程中の要旨なり」(句読及び強調、加筆者)と使節団に訓示している。
- In response to this, Sanjo instructed the envoy 'In order to promote trade, export and import duties will not be imposed on both sides. This is the point of the provision of trade (punctuation and emphasis were improved by a writer).'
- だが、竪穴自体が浅く、地上部分のある竪穴式住居についてもこのように呼ぶ研究者がいるので日本語の『竪穴式住居』と、ある程度置き換えが可能である。
- However, the name is used by some researchers also for the type of dwelling that is built on a shallow depression, with much of the house above ground and is therefore used to describe such dwellings to some extent.
- 近年の知見では新都平城京の規模は旧都藤原京とほぼ変わらず、むしろ藤原京のほうが広いぐらいであり、長安城に比較すれば4分の1程度にすぎなかった。
- According to recent findings, the scale of the new capital, Heijokyo, was almost same as the old capital Fujiwarakyo, in fact Fujiwarakyo was even greater although compared to Chang'ancheng, it was not even one quarter of the size.
- 畳の材料であるイグサ素材を編んだ古風な「畳表草履」は、歌舞伎などの舞台用か、ごく一部の男性用として見かける程度に過ぎず、現代では廃れてしまった。
- These days, tatami omote zori with insoles made of bulrush and resembling tatami mats are quite rare; they are only seen in kabuki or occasionally being worn by some men.
- 汁を張った鍋の中に、下処理したウシ(またはブタ)の白もつ(腸)を入れて味がつく程度に煮込み、後にキャベツやニラ等を入れ、頃合いになったら食べる。
- A pot is filled with soup and prepared beef (or pork) offal and boiled until the offal absorbs the soup; cabbage and Chinese chives are added, and eaten when ready.
- 受容の過程が下記のように紆余曲折を経たこともあり、神道とは違う仏教の宗教としての教義そのものの理解は、主として7世紀以降に進められることとなる。
- Partly because the process of acceptance took the following twists and turns, the dharma of Buddhism itself as a different religion from Shinto began to be understood mainly after the seventh century.
- が、外型と中型がずれないようにするための工夫、鋳造後の表面の仕上げ、螺髪の取り付け、鍍金(金メッキ)など、他にも多くの工程があたものと思われる。
- It is supposed that there were many other processes such as some techniques to prevent gaps between the outside and inside molds, finishing surface after casting, installing of tightly-curled hair knots and the plating with gold.
- しかし、発展過程がそれぞれ異なる、日置流(武射系)や小笠原流(礼射系)の文化的・歴史的な背景に敬意を払い、よく理解して弓道を学ぶことが望ましい。
- However, because the development processes are respectively different, it is hoped that students of archery will pay respect to and understand well the cultural and historical backgrounds of the Heki school (busha group) and the Ogasawara school (reisha group).
- この時キャベツから生地に水分が補給されるので、キャベツを載せる前に生地表面がある程度乾き、丈夫さと柔軟性を兼ねた状態になっていることが望ましい。
- At this time water from the cabbage permeate the dough and thus it is desirable for the surface of the dough to be dry to some degree and have both hardness and softness before putting the cabbage on.
- 公的な統計で使われる農産物規格規程(農産物検査法)の醸造用玄米(じょうぞうようげんまい)に分類される品種を指し、一般米と区別されるようになった。
- This means the varieties that are classified as jozoyo genmai, as used in the official statistics under the Agricultural Products Standards Rule (Agricultural Products Inspection Law), but it has come to be distinguished from general-purpose rice.
- また、甲類の範囲にてブレンド、熟成、蒸留回数、蒸留機、加水種類、原料、等で変化をつけることによって、ある程度の特徴的な風味を持つものも存在する。
- But some kinds of shochu of group Ko have achieved characteristic tastes in a way by variations of blending, maturing, number of distillation, distillation machine, types of water added, ingredients etc.
- また近年、地上では視程も低下しないため黄砂として観測されない時に、自由大気(自由対流圏)と呼ばれる高層で薄い砂塵が観測されることがわかってきた。
- Recently, it has also become known that, even when no kosa is observed on the ground level because no visibility is affected there, thin dust is observed in the high-altitude atmospheric layer called the free atmosphere (also known as free troposphere).
- 主流派から外された弾正台の尊攘派は、府藩県・各省の非違を糾すという名目で、彼らの政敵たる開国派をやり玉に挙げる程度で満足しなければならなかった。
- Sonno Joi party in danjodai that was out of the mainstream had to be content with only severely criticizing kaikokuha (the opening country wing) which was their rival by nominally accusing other agencies and fu-han-ken (prefectures) of their wrong doings.
- ちなみにヨロヅハタトヨアキツシヒメは伊勢神宮の内宮の三神の一人であり(もう一人はアマテラス)、単なる息子の妃では考えられない程の高位の神である。
- Incidentally, Yorozuhatatoyoakitsushi Hime (along with Amaterasu) was one of the three gods of the Naiku (the Inner Shrine) in Ise-jingu Shrine, which names her as a high-ranking god that cannot have been a mere wife of another god's son.
- お蔭参り(御伊勢参り)や富士詣などは途中の旅路も過程も含めて「詣で」であり、宿場町に遊女(飯盛女)が存在し、客が遊興することは、禊や祓いであった。
- On pilgrimages such as the Okage Mairi (to Ise-jingu Shrine) and Fuji Mode (to Sengen Shrine at the summit of Mount Fuji), the road traveled was also considered to be part of the pilgrimage, as such inn towns contained prostitutes (serving ladies) whose entertaining of the guests was a form of purification and exorcism.
- つまり、律令体制下の仏教で国家の庇護を受けて仏教の研究を行い、宗教上の実践行為は鎮護国家という理念の下で呪術的な祈祷を行う程度であったといわれる。
- In other words, they were the Buddhism under the Ritsuryo system; the priests of these sects were just scholars studying Buddhism under the protection of the nation, and as for actual religious activity, they just performed some magical prayers for the idea of Chingo-Kokka (guarding the nation by Buddhism).
- もろみの中には発酵の過程で生成された糖や酸が多く含まれており、これらを放置しておくと、完成した酒が、良く言えば重厚、悪く言えば鈍重な味わいになる。
- Moromi contains a lot of sugars and acids generated in the process of fermentation and, it they are left as they are, the final sake has a heavy taste, if we speak favorably of it, or dull taste if we speak unfavorably of it.
- 以来、永らく麹造りは、酒造りの工程に占める重要性と、味噌や醤油など他の食品への供給需要から、酒屋業とは別個の専門職として室町時代まで営まれてきた。
- For a long time since, until the Muromachi period, koji production was operated by specialists who were independent from sake traders because of its importance for the process of sake brewing and the supply and demand for other foodstuffs such as miso and soy sauce.
- 黄砂の年間発生量は年間質量の比較で、降下量は日本で1年間に1km2あたり1 - 5トン、北京で1ヵ月間に1km2あたり15t程度と推定されている。
- Concerning the amount of kosa (in weight) produced yearly, it is estimated that 1 to 5 tons per a square kilometer fall in Japan yearly and around 15 tons per a square kilometer in Beijing monthly.
- 文献史料がある程度残る時代以降は政治センターの所在地に従って、飛鳥時代・奈良時代・平安時代・鎌倉時代・室町時代・安土桃山時代・江戸時代と区分する。
- The era when a certain amount of historical documents remain are classified, based upon where the political center was located, into the Asuka period, the Nara period, the Heian period, the Kamakura period, the Muromachi period, the Azuchi-Momoyam period, and the Edo period.
- その後当時を代表する弓道家らにより、射の過程をその推移に順応して8つの節に分けて説明される弓道射法八節が定められ、弓道は現代武道として復活を遂げる。
- After that, the representative Kyudo-ka (those who practice Kyudo) at that time, established Kyudo-shaho Hassetsu (eight arts of shooting an arrow), where the process of shooting was explained divided into eight sections in each proceeding, and Kyudo was revived as a modern martial art.
- 日本の漬物の場合、乳酸菌による発酵は酸味が著しく強くならない程度に抑制されているものが多いが、中には柴漬けやすぐきのように強い酸味を持つものもある。
- Most Japanese tsukemono use controlled fermentation via lactic bacterium so as not to be too sour, but some of them--including Shibazuke and Suguki--have a strong, sour taste.
- 逆に、精米の工程で削り落とされるその外殻部は、デンプンだけでなくタンパク質や脂肪を含んだ混合体なので、空気が入っても光を反射するから白色透明である。
- On the other hand, the outer part, which is scraped off in the process of rice polishing, consists of a mixture containing not only starch but also protein and fat; therefore, as it reflects light even if air enters, it is white but transparent.
- そのため、調熟作用によって最終的にその酒の持ち味を生み出している銘柄では、すぐに出荷せず貯蔵・熟成させるのは、欠かすことのできない工程の一部である。
- Therefore, for brands for which characteristic taste is finally created by chojukusayo, it is a part of the indispensable process not to ship immediately, but to store until the sake matures.
- 大陸中国では石膏(硫酸カルシウム)を粉末とし水に溶いたものを凝固剤とするが、古来の日本の伝統的な製法では製塩の過程で生じるにがりが主に使われていた。
- In mainland China, gypsum (calcium sulfate) powered and dissolved in the water is used as a coagulant; however, in the Japanese traditional process used since ancient times, bittern resulting from the process of salt production was mainly used.
- 加工工程の差異によって、鰹を茹で干したのみのもの(生利節)、それを燻製にした荒節、さらにカビを付けることにより水分を抜きながら熟成させた枯節がある。
- Katsuobushi is divided into three categories according to the phases of processing: namaribushi (a fillet just simmered), arabushi (a smoke-dried fillet after being simmered) and karebushi (a fillet matured by mold-coating to absorb the moisture).
- 葉は淡青緑色、深い切れこみがある直立性で、中肋の細かいのが特徴で、根部は先端が細まった尖円筒形をしており、太さ直径6~8cm、長さ45cm程である。
- Tokinashi daikon's leaves are characterized by their turquoise color, the straightness with deep slits, and fine midribs; the root has a cusp cylinder shape with a diameter of six to eight centimeters, and is approximately forty-five centimeters long.
- 近代以前は、麹と水を合わせる過程において空気中に自然に存在する酵母を取り込んだり、酒蔵に棲みついた「家つき酵母」もしくは「蔵つき酵母」に頼っていた。
- Prior to the modern era, in the process of mixing koji and water, yeasts naturally existing in the air were taken into or 'yeast of the house' or 'yeast of a brewing house' were utilized.
- 東京では同年月での快晴日数は0(梅雨期である6、7月を除いては初のワースト記録)、日本気象協会発行の天気図日記では「暗い3月」と評される程であった。
- In Tokyo in the same month and year, there was no clear day (the worst record excluding June and July which fall under tsuyu season) and it was commented in the Weather Chart Diary published by the Japan Weather Association as 'dark March.'
- しかし、757年に施行された養老律令以降、新たな律令は制定されなかった(追加法として刪定律令・刪定令格が制定された事があるが程なく廃止されている)。
- However, the Ritsuryo was no longer enacted in Japan after the enactment of Yoro Ritsuryo in 757 (additional and supplemental law code, Santei Ritsuryo and Santei Ryokaku were enacted later, but they were also abrogated soon afterward).
- 炊けた状態は蟹の穴と呼ばれる孔が表面に見えるか、箸を挿してもち米が付着しなければ良いとされるが、米の芯が残っていない赤飯程度の固さに炊けていれば良い。
- It is said that, when the rice is completely steamed, the preferred state of the rice is that holes called crab holes are observed on the surface of the rice or, when a chopstick is inserted into the rice, no rice sticks to the chopstick, however, after the rice is steamed, there is no problem when the rice has no hard core and the rice is steamed to have the hardness which is almost equal to that of festive red rice.
- 産業的に用いられているAspergillus oryzaeおよびAspergillus sojaeは、醸造工程中でアフラトキシンを生産することはない。
- Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus sojae that are used for industrial purposes never produce aflatoxin during the brewing process.
- 現代日本では運搬や保存の用途で桶が用いられる機会は減り、日常的に用いられるのは風呂桶(バスタブ)や湯桶(ゆおけ。用途によっては洗面器とも)程度である。
- In modern Japan, the case to use oke for the purpose of transportation or preservation has decreased and instead furo oke (bath tub) or yuoke (bucket for hot water; also called senmenki (wash basin) depending on the purposes) are used in a daily life.
- これは、酒米処理の日本酒蒸しの時間を、従来の約1時間よりも、米のデンプンがアルファ化米する(糊状になる)までの20分程度に短縮するというものであった。
- This was a method to shorten the time of steaming rice for brewing sake from about one hour to about 20 minutes until rice became pregelatinized (starch gelatinization).
- 飲料として飲む場合は、濃茶は茶杓に山3杯を1人分として、たっぷりの抹茶に少量の湯を注ぎ、ポタージュスープより少しゆるい程度のとろりとした入れ方をする。
- If a person wishes to drink full-flavored tea, it is recommended to pour small quantity of hot water and add three heaping spoonfuls using a chashaku (a small spoon for powdered green tea) just to make thin potage.
- その過程でそれぞれの氏や家に附属する所領や荘園、持仏堂などの施設が一族内部を統制する機能を持ち、氏長者や家長などの本主によって管理されるようになった。
- In that process, shoryo and shoen which belonged to each clan and each house, as well as facilities such as jibutsudo (Buddhist sanctuaries) had assumed functions to control the clan; at that time, the main family such as Uji no Choja (chieftain) or kacho (family head) began to manage them.
- その過程で日本の境界領域であった旧琉球王国領域や、樺太を除く蝦夷地(北海道の大部分と千島列島)、小笠原諸島を完全に日本の領域内におき、国境を画定した。
- In the process, the government placed the former Ryukyu Kingdom, the Ezo area except Sakhalin (almost all areas of Hokkaido and Kurile Islands) and Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands) completely into the Japanese territories, fixing the boundaries of Japan.
- その後、両説を折衷する見解や地域差・民族問題などと関連付けて両説の並立の可能性を探る見解も出されているが、通説の確立には程遠い状況にあるとされている。
- Later, the viewpoint eclectically mixing both of the two theories and the viewpoint seeking the possibility of the compatibility between them linking with the regional differences, ethnic problems and so on was proposed, but it is far from establishment as a commonly accepted theory.
- 1反を300歩にしたのは、年貢の増収のためという説もあるが、米の生産効率が上がって300歩程度で1石の収穫が上げられるようになったためとする説もある。
- Some people say that hideyoshi set 1 tan into 300 bu to increase land tax, but some argue that he did because they could produce 1 koku of rice within an area of 300 bu by increasing of the production efficiency.
- 家康は江戸城本城の拡張は一定程度に留める代わりに城下町の建設を進め、神田山を削り、日比谷入江を盛んに埋め立てて町を広げ、家臣と町民の家屋敷を配置した。
- Ieyasu prioritized the construction of the surrounding castletown over the expansion of the main castle enclosure by levelling Mt. Kado and reclaiming the Hibiya inlet to expand the habitable areas and build residences for vassals and townspeople.
- なぜなら日本酒の原料として、醸造用玄米に分類されない一般米、すなわち農産物規格規程で水稲うるち玄米に分類される品種からも日本酒は造られているからである。
- That is because, with respect to the material used, sake is also produced from general-purpose rice that isn't classified in jozoyo genmai (literally, unpolished rice for brewing), or, in other words, a variety that is classified by the Agricultural Products Standards Rule in suito uruchi genmai (literally, unpolished paddy non-glutinous rice).
- 収穫直前の台風などで稲が倒れた場合は、稲を起こせば何とか収穫できる程度の損害であっても、篤農家は酒米作りの名人としてプライドがあるため米を蔵に売らない。
- If the rice plants are flattened due to a typhoon just before harvesting, the farmer doesn't sell rice to the brewery because of their pride as an expert in rice production, even if the degree of damage is such that a harvest could be expected by making the plants stand.
- ただしこの頃にはまだ長くても160cm程度のものが多く、また材質が木材である事から完全な形で発掘される事は極めて難しく、当時の弓の全体像は解っていない。
- However, at that time the bow had the length of about 160 cm at longest, and the complete bow is very hard to be excavated due to the material being the wood, and is not known completely.
- 飲用に際して、玉露の滋味と香気の特徴を活かすには、60℃程度の低温(茶葉によっては40℃前後まで温度を下げる場合もある)の湯で浸出することが重要である。
- For drinking, it is important to keep the temperature of hot water as low as around 60 degrees (or even 40 degrees, depending on the tea leaves) centigrade in order for the distinct flavor and aroma of gyokuro to leach out.
- 戦後の農業革新の過程で、戦前~戦時の遺産(畑地や醸造技術など)を生かして、生産に適した地域ではある程度の規模をもったワイン醸造が民生用として再開された。
- In the course of the agricultural innovation after the war, taking advantage of pre-war and wartime heritage (such as the fields and fermentation technique), the winemaking on a certain scale was resumed for consumer use in the regions suitable for grape-growing.
- 卵かけ御飯等とともに食べる際には、小片のまま米飯を包むようにしたり、かき混ぜ易くするために一辺が1センチ程度になるように手で揉みつぶしてふりかけられる。
- When eating it with tamago kake gohan (rice with a mixed raw egg put on), a small portion of rice is wrapped by Ajitsuke nori or Ajitsuke nori is rubbed in one's fingers with pieces about 1cm by 1cm sprinkled over and stirred with rice.
- このように、炭加減(すみかげん)がたいへん微妙であることから、地酒の本場では蔵人のあいだで炭屋(すみや)と呼ばれる、この工程だけの専門家が多く存在した。
- Thus, as the amount of charcoal is very critical, a large number of specialists only for this process called sumiya (literally, specialist for charcoal) existed in places where jizake (local sake) is brewed
- 1406年に帰国した第二次遣明船は6~7隻と記録が残っており、1410に足利義持が中止するまでの初期6回の遣明船の船団規模は同程度であったと推定される。
- As the record exists that the number of ships of the second Kenminsen fleet returned to Japan in 1406 was six to seven, it is presumed that the scale of six Kenminsen fleets which visited Ming until Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA ceased dispatching them in 1410 was within the same range.
- 彼らのほとんどにとっては一生に一度の旅であり、大阪・京都・奈良などを訪ねて各地の名所旧蹟を巡るため、しばしば小辺路を北上して旅程の短縮を図ったのである。
- Since for the most of them it was only a one-time trip in their lives, they traveled north along Kohechi to shorten the traveling route to visit historical sites in Osaka, Kyoto and Nara.
- ただし、間諜といっても、実際には時々命令を受け、江戸市中の情報を将軍に報告したり、身分を隠して地方に赴き情勢を視察したりしていた程度であるとされている。
- Even though they were secret agents, their actual jobs were not so serious, for example, informing the shogun of the news in Edo city and visiting rural areas for inspection with their identity concealed.
- フナは骨が硬く煮炊きするか刺身料理では除いて食されるが、加熱調理などは行なわれない鮒寿司では1年ほど漬け込まれるとそれほど気にならない程度に柔らかくなる。
- Since funa has hard bones, the fish is slow-simmered and the bones are removed when prepared as sashimi but, after being cured for about one year, the bones in funa-zushi, which is uncooked, become tender enough so that one may not find them overly objectionable.
- この事から外竹は白色のまま、内竹は白〜色が付く程、ヒゴは黒く焦げる程に火を入れ、それぞれの部位に合わせた素材の性質を引き出しているのが一般的な竹弓である。
- The typical bamboo bow brings out the characteristics of each part, by placing it in fire as long as todake keeps white color, uchitake keeps white or gets lightly colored, and higo becomes black almost like a charcoal.
- まだ熟成、出荷、鑑評会への出品など、気の抜けない工程は数々残っているものの、このときがいちおう杜氏はじめ杜氏集団にとってほっと一息つける区切りの時となる。
- Although they still have a number of remaining processes that need great care, such as ferment, shipment, and preparation for tasting parties, the toji or the toji group can finally have relief after achieving this stage.
- ただし、日曜日にローストビーフを焼く習慣が失われた現在は、家庭料理としてのカレーはほぼ廃れており、たまに食堂の日替わりメニューに登場する程度になっている。
- However, now that the tradition of roasting beef on Sundays is lost, curry as a home-cooked meal has mostly died out, only appearing at restaurants as the special of the day.
- 曳き山の山車の中には非常に凝ったからくりを持つものもあり、また大きさも普通の神輿サイズからその10倍以上の大きさ(重量で数トン程度)のものまで様々である。
- Some Hikiyama-type Dashi have very elaborate mechanism, and their sizes range from the normal size of portable shrine to more than ten fold that, weighing a few tons.
- 広島以外の地域ではこれらの麺入りのお好み焼きを関西風と区別する意味もこめ、総じて「広島焼き」と呼ぶことが多いが、広島人であれば必ずと言っていい程使わない。
- Except in the Hiroshima region, in order to distinguish the okonomiyaki including these noodles from Kansaifu-okonomiyaki, it is generally called 'hiroshimayaki' (Hiroshima-style savory pancake with various ingredients) but people in Hiroshima never use this word.
- 現在の製法は、笹形の木枠あるいは鉄製枠にすり身を入れておおよそを成型し、贈答品などではその後手で細かな成形をする工程を入れて、竹串に刺して焼いて作られる。
- In the current production process, fish-meat paste is roughly molded in the wooden or iron frame in the form of a bamboo leaf, placed on a bamboo skewer and roasted; however, as a gift item the paste is delicately molded by hand.
- そのままでは次の工程へ進むには米の質が安定していない(杜氏や蔵人の言葉では「米がおちついていない」)ため、袋に入れて倉庫のなかでしばらく冷ますことになる。
- As the quality of rice is not stabilized as it is to proceed to the next stage (according to the language of toji and other workers in the brewery 'the rice is not settled.'), it is put into bags and left in the warehouse for a while to cool down.
- 『吾妻鏡』康元元年11月22日_(旧暦)条において、北条時頼が出家して執権を北条長時に譲る際に「但し家督(北条時宗)幼稚の程の眼代なり」と念を押している。
- The article of November 22 (lunar calendar), 1256 of 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East) states that 'However, they may remain gandai only in the head-of-the-family (Tokimune HOJO)'s childhood' when Tokiyori HOJO became a priest and handed the regency to Nagatoki HOJO.
- 13世紀以降は、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代を通じて、大和民族の分布域は、北海道の渡島半島南部に定着した(渡党を参照)程度で、拡大は停滞した。
- After the 13th century, throughout the Kamakura period, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and the Muromachi Period, the distribution range of the Yamato race was set back in expansion, only settling in Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido (refer to Watari-to).
- 報告書上の旅程は下命後直ちに出発し帰着後直ちに復命したという形式をとったが実際には事前の準備と事後の報告書作成のために前後数日間の在宅期間が存在していた。
- The trip schedule recorded on their reports said that they had left Edo immediately after receiving a mission and reported their investigations as soon as they came back from the ongokugoyo, however they actually stayed at their house for few days before and after their trip to prepare for the trip and write investigation reports.
- しかし、原料に含有され、あるいは製造過程で生成されることでエタノールが含まれることがあり、酒に弱い者(特に幼児)が大量に飲むとエタノールと人体可能性がある。
- However, because ethanol may be included in its ingredients or may be produced during its production process, people who get drunk easily (particularly children) may get drunk if they consume a large amount of amazake.
- 観世栄夫によると、能楽協会における暗黙の了解として玄人には平等に仕事を斡旋することとなっており、シテ方の場合は年間で30番程度の舞台をこなしているとされる。
- According to Hideo KANZE, there is a tacit consensus in the Nohgaku Performers' Association to equally offer jobs to Kuroto, and it is said that Shitekata performs in about 30 stages per year.
- 四季醸造は昭和になって工業技術と空調設備によって復活したが、日本酒醪などいくつかの工程において、酵母に効果的な活動をうながすために低温であることが望ましい。
- Shikijozo was revived in Showa period with the use of industrial techniques and ventilation systems, but unrefined sake and other processes require low temperatures to encourage effective yeast activity.
- 2月24日には上七日に仏前に供えられる壇供(だんぐ)と呼ばれる厚さ3cm直径15cm程の餅を1000個つく(3月5日にも同数の檀供が下七日の為につかれる)。
- On February 24, 1000 ricecakes of about 3 cm thick and 15 cm in diameter, which are called dangu (the thousand ricecakes dedicated for the two Kannon statues in Shuni-e), are made to be dedicated in front of Buddha for the first seven days (also on March 5, the same number of dangu is made for the last seven days).
- 1m x 2m程度の鉄板台のスペースを、焼き手である経営者の側に向かい、4~5人の客が椅子で囲むという形式で、最低2坪もあれば簡便な営業が行えたからである。
- There was an iron plate table about the size of one meter by two meters and four to five customers sat around the table facing the owner who cooked okonomiyaki and at least two tsubo (unit of land measurement; 3.95 square yards; 3.31 square meters) was big enough to be able to run a simple home business from.
- - 吉野家はアメリカ産牛肉の禁輸解禁をうけて、ある程度販売する量の牛肉が確保できたとして、2月11日から2月13日に限定して牛丼の復活販売をすることを決定。
- Following the report on the removal of a ban on US beef import, Yoshinoya determined to revive gyudon sales only from February 11 to 13 in that it was able to secure enough beef to serve a certain quantity of the bowls.
- その中でも伊勢平氏は平氏政権樹立の過程で各地の知行国や荘園を獲得して経済的基盤を形成し、最盛期には30ヶ国以上の知行国と500ヶ所以上の荘園を支配していた。
- Among others, the Ise Heishi formed its economic foundation by receiving chigyokoku and shoen throughout Japan in the process of establishing the Taira administration, which culminated in ruling of thirty or more chigyokoku and 500 or more shoen.
- この普請には幕府からある程度の費用が与えられてはいたが、動員された大名は経済的に疲弊し、例えば佐賀藩では藩士の俸禄を一律三割減らすといった状態に陥っていた。
- The bakufu offered a certain amount of expenses to daimyo who were ordered to do the fushin (Tenkabushin), however, the expenses impoverished daimyo; for example, the Saga clan had to reduce its retainers' horoku (salary) by 30% across-the-board.
- また、酒母ができあがってから使用するまでの期間を工程のなかでは日本酒枯らしというが、枯らし日数が長くなっても酒母の力が低下しないという強みも持ち合わせている。
- Additionally, the yamaoroshi-haishi-moto has the advantage of being able to keep the effect of the moto intact even the karashi, the period from the completion of the moto development to its use in the brewing process, is prolonged.
- その間は酒と少量の料理が出るが、この間は「酒を飲みながら談笑する」など、ある程度はくつろいだ時間になるため、酒があるうちは作法をあまり気にしないでも問題ない。
- While sake drinks are served together with a bit of foods, people may enjoy relaxing time to some extent by 'drinking and chattering pleasantly,' so that they may have no problem even if they are less anxious about dining manners so long as they enjoy sake drinking.
- 小笠原流が多くの場合、射の行程における打起しと呼ばれる動作において身体の正面で構える形、いわゆる「正面打起し」をとるのに対し、日置流では「斜面打起し」をとる。
- In many cases of Ogasawara school, there are facing postures for shooting at a distance, that is, the so-called 'Shomen-uchiokoshi' (anchoring in front facing posture) is taught; on the contrary, the Heki school teaches 'Shamen-uchiokoshi' (anchoring in a slanted position).
- それぞれの印相には諸仏の悟りの内容、性格、働きなどを表わす教義的な意味があり、仏像がどの印相を結んでいるかによって、その仏像が何であるか、ある程度推測がつく。
- Each form of inso has a doctrinal meaning that represents the details, nature and function of the spiritual awakening experienced by a Buddha; accordingly, ascertaining what form of inso is assumed by a Buddhist image allows, to some extent, the guessing of what Buddha is represented by the image.
- なお、よく時代劇で用いられる「明暗」と書かれた箱は、仏教用語のように見えるが、特に意味はなく、「私は明暗寺(みょうあんじ)の者である」という程度のものである。
- By the way, the box called 'Meian' (bright and dark), which is often seen in the period drama on TV and seemed like a special Buddhist word, actually does not have any special meaning and it can just mean 'I am from Myoan-ji Temple.'
- しかしこれは単に同じ事を再説したのではなく、涅槃原理というさらに高い観点から四諦や空性などを再び説いたものであり、『法華経』も行程の中に含まれる、としている。
- However, he did not simply repeat the same teachings in the Nirvana Sutra, but explained his previous teachings, including not only the four noble truths that lead to nirvana and the notion of emptiness but also 'the Lotus Sutra' itself, from a higher perspective based on the nirvana principle.
- その存在感の移り変わりは歌にも現れており『万葉集』において桜を詠んだ歌は40首、梅を詠んだ歌は100首程度だが、平安時代の『古今和歌集』ではその数が逆転する。
- The change in people's interest was reflected in waka poems, and 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) contains 40 waka poems for cherry blossoms and approximately 100 waka poems for plum blossoms, however, those numbers were reversed in 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) of Heian period.
- こうした中で最初の武家政権である平氏政権が登場するが、この時期の社会矛盾を一手に引き受けたため、程なくして同時多発的に全国に拡大した内乱により崩壊してしまう。
- As the first Samurai government, the Taira clan administration came to the forefront, but soon collapsed due to simultaneous nation-wide civil wars, brought upon their attempt to single handledly shoulder the social contradictions of the times by themselves.
- これを嫌う人は、炊き上がった後炊飯器でしばらく保温され粗熱の取れた飯を使うか、飯を茶碗によそって窪みを作ってからある程度冷めるまで時間を置いたものを使うとよい。
- If you do not like the half-boiled state, use rice slightly cooled by being kept warm in a rice cooker for some time after the rice has been steamed, or leave the rice as served in a rice bowl with a pit formed in it until it is cooled to a certain degree.
- 初期の製法としては、素焼き後に加茂川黒石からつくられた鉄釉をかけて陰干しし、乾いたらまた釉薬をかけるといったことを十数回繰り返してから1000℃程度で焼成する。
- In the methos of early days, the process to make Black Raku is to souse tetsuyu (glaze containing iron) made of black stone in Kamo-gawa river on the bisque of work and then dry it in the shade, and when it dries, the work is dipped into tetsuyu again, and after this process is repeated 10-odd times, then the work is fired at about 1000 degrees Celsius in a kiln.
- 明治政府が成立すると、神道国教化の過程で仏教統制の必要性を感じた新政府は浄土真宗に対して「浄土真宗」・「門徒宗」など「一向宗」以外の呼称を改めて禁じようとした。
- When the Meiji government was established, the government decided that it should control the Buddhist sects as part of the process of establishing Shinto as the state religion, and tried to prohibit the Jodo Shinshu sect from using any name as other than 'Ikkoshu,' including 'Jodo Shinshu' and 'Montoshu.'
- なかなか子の授からない渋谷重家が祈願すると、金剛夜叉明王のお告げがあり、程なく男子が誕生したことから、金剛夜叉明王の上下の文字を戴き「金王丸」と命名したと言う。
- When Shigeie SHIBUYA, who had been without child for a long time, prayed for the birth of a child, he received the oracle of Kongoyashamyoo (金剛夜叉明王) and was blessed with a baby boy soon and therefore, he named his son Konnomaru (金王丸) using the first and last Chinese characters of 金剛夜叉明王 (Kongoyashamyoo).
- 仏教が中国に渡り、当地の道教と習合していく過程で偽経の『閻羅王授記四衆逆修生七往生浄土経』(略して『預修十王生七経』)が作られ、晩唐の時期に十王信仰は成立した。
- After Buddhism was introduced into China, in the process of syncretization with Taoism, a gikyo (apocryphal scripture) was made called 'Enra-o Juki Shishu Gyakushu Sho Shichiojo Jodo-kyo Sutra' (閻羅王授記四衆逆修生七往生浄土経; for short, 'Yoshu Juo Shoshichi-kyo Sutra' [Sutra of Jizo and the Ten Kings]), and Juo-shinko (10 Kings belief) was established in the late Tang period.
- 月遅れ(つきおくれ)とは、日本の年中行事の日程を太陰太陽暦(旧暦の天保暦、寛政暦、宝暦暦、貞享暦など)の日付からグレゴリオ暦(新暦)上で1か月遅らせて行うこと。
- Tsuki-okure means that under the Gregorian calendar (the New Style), dates of annually scheduled Japanese programs or events are deferred one month compared to the Taiin-taiyo-reki (lunisolar calendar) (the Old Style including the Tenpo calendar, the Kansei calendar, the Horyaku calendar, and the Jokyo calendar).
- その先鞭をつけたのは中唐の柳宗元の「天説」・劉禹錫の『天論』であり、北宋においては欧陽脩の『新唐書』五行志・王安石の『洪範伝』・程頤の『春秋伝』などに見られる。
- The Theory of the Sky' by Liu Zongyuan and 'The Opinion about the Sky' by Ryu Ushaku (Liu Yuxi) in the mid-Tang period were the pioneers, and in Baisong, it is seen in 'Shin To-jo' (New Book of Tang) Gogyoshi by Oyo Shu (Ouyang Xiu, Ou-yang Hsiu), 'Kohanden' by Anseki O (Wang Anshi), 'Annotation of Spring and Autumn Annals' by Tei I (Cheng Yi), etc.
- 伝統工芸士の熟練技術をコンピュータで再現させるエキスパートシステム化プロジェクトが博多織についても1994年から始まり、その過程でカラー写真織技術が開発される。
- The Hakata Color Image Weaving was developed in an effort to realize the technical skills of traditional craftsmen for Hakata-ori textile in an 'expert systemizing project' that was started in 1994, which involved the use of computers.
- 国衙軍制と武士身分が確立する過程で、初期の武士が自分たちの地位確立を目指して行った条件闘争が武装蜂起にまで拡大し、平将門と藤原純友らによる承平天慶の乱に至った。
- Through the process of the establishment of the kokuga forces system and the samurai status, the conditional strike, which was originally started by the first samurai to establish their position, turned into an armed uprising, resulting in the Johei-Tengyo Revolt fought by FUJIWARA no Sumitomo and TAIRA no Masakado.
- 文安の麹騒動(ぶんあんのこうじそうどう)とは、室町時代、京都において酒造工程の一つである麹造りを支配していた座(北野麹座)が室町幕府の攻撃を受けて没落した事件。
- Bunan no Koji Sodo was an incident in which Kitano koji za (a guild in Kitano for producers of koji malt, a kind of mold grown on produce such as boiled rice), who controlled production of koji malt (which is part of the sake brewing process) in Kyoto, was attacked by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) causing its decline during the Muromachi Period.
- 鉄砲は高価で貴重な兵器であったため、軍役として鉄砲を用意するよう義務付けられるのはある程度大身の者であることを考慮すると、この軍役率はそのまま参考にはならない。
- This rate cannot be taken at face value because only men of significantly high rank could have been obliged to provide for military service teppo which were expensive and rare at the time.
- その理由は、『記紀』の成立過程に関する史料批判が進み、ヤマト王権内部における文字使用状況から推測すると、継体天皇以前の伝承に信用を置くことはできないためである。
- The reason for this is that, upon examining historical materials on the process of creating the Kiki, it was found that the methods for keeping records (particularly the use of letters under Yamato sovereignty) used before Emperor Keitai are not reliable.
- しかし近代以降は遊ばれることもなく、実物の貝覆いの道具一式は博物館などで見られる程度であるが、雛人形にはミニチュアの貝桶などが今なお残っているのを見ることがある。
- Kaioi has not been played anymore in and after modern times, and now a real, complete set of kaioi can be seen only in museums, but some hinaningyo (a set of dolls displayed for the Girls' Festival) still has miniature kaioke and other articles.
- 同寺の寺宝である立正安国論が建武_(日本)3年(1336年)に律宗寺院であった鎌倉・普恩寺(現在は廃絶)に貸し与えられて書写されていた事が記録されている程である。
- According to the records, Rissho ankoku ron (the Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching), which was the temple's treasure, had been lent out to Kamakura Fuon-ji Temple (no longer exists) of the Ritsu Sect to transcribe in 1336.
- 境内最奥に、高さ50cm程の不動明王像を両脇に従えた長さ8m程度の段瀑が掛かっており、その手前には樹齢300年を越えた「ツキの木(欅)」が神木として祀られている。
- A fall about eight-meter-long accompanied by fifty-centimeter-tall Fudomyoo on its both sides is situated at the penetraria of the precincts and in front of it, an over 300 year-old 'tsuki no ki' (Japanese zelcova) is enshrined as shinboku (divine tree).
- 何ら暴力的な事件が起こっていなかったにもかかわらず、翌11月13日、衆議院文部委員会では、大学管理法案審議の過程で天野貞祐歴代の文部大臣がこの「事件」に言及した。
- Although there wasn't any acts of violence, the Minister for Education, Teiyu AMANO, mentioned this 'incident' the next day, November 13, at the Lower House Education Committee in the process of the deliberation of the draft law of the university administration.
- 東アジア各国で制度としての律令制が崩壊・消滅してしまった後も、法典としての律令法は多かれ少なかれ変質しながらも存続していき、法令としての効力をある程度保っていた。
- Even after the collapse or the discontinuation of the Luli as a ruling and administrative system among each of the Eastern Asian countries, the codes of Luli as a law code remained by altering its form and application to some extent, and kept its force as a law.
- 和式の欠点として、糞が1次的に溜まる槽を浅く作ってあるために悪臭が強いことがある(この悪臭は小用レバーを使って糞を早めに2次槽に落とすことである程度は軽減できる)。
- As a disadvantage of washiki, the basin tank where feces are primarily piled up is made shallow so it stinks strongly (the smell can decrease to some degree by flushing the feces into a secondary tank soon using the lever for urine).
- 農耕文化の発達(→農耕民族・農業)に伴う人の定住化とともに、次第に土と石を組み合わせるなどして炉も常設化・大型化していったが、その過程でこの竈になったと考えられる。
- The more people became permanently settled following the development of a culture based on agriculture (see the articles of Agricultural people or Farming) the larger and more permanent fireplaces became by combining mud and stones, and others, in the process of which the cooking furnace was formed.
- 仏教が中国に渡り、当地の道教と習合していく過程で偽経の『閻羅王授記四衆逆修生七往生浄土経』(略称として『預修十王生七経』)が作られ、晩唐の時期に十王信仰は成立した。
- While Buddhism was fused with Chinese Taoism after being introduced to China, a pseudepigrapha 'Enra-o-juki Shishu Gyakushu Shoshichiojo Jodo-kyo Sutra' (Sutra of Jizo and the Ten Kings) (Also known as 'Yoshu Juo Shoshichi-kyo Sutra' for short) was composed, with the result that the Juo-shinko was established at the end of the Tang period.
- この概要は、宗教法人法に基づき公示されている『宗教法人「真宗大谷派」規則』と、その第3条に最高規程に定められている『真宗大谷派宗憲(以下、宗憲)』からの抜粋・引用。
- This summary extracts and cites the 'Religious Corporation 'Shinshu Sect Otani-ha' Rules,' which are made public based on the Religious Corporation Act, and the 'Shinshu Sect Otani-ha Shuken (Constitution of Sect, 宗憲) ('Shuken' in the following), which is defined as the supreme rule in its Article 3.
- 「天一」の「こってり」はラーメンと言うより独自の食べ物という人もいるが、歴史的な流れや、味の形成過程を見る限り、旧来の京都ラーメンのこってり系の発展系と考えられる。
- Some people say the 'thick type' for 'Ten-ichi' is more a unique dish rather than ramen, but it can be considered to be have evolved from the thick type of conventional Kyoto ramen considering the historical background and the way in which the taste was formed.
- 洋酒では、ワインに代表されるように、原料であるブドウ果汁の中にすでにグルコースが含まれているので、わざわざこうした糖化の工程が要らず、そのため単発酵文化圏となった。
- In case of foreign liquors, for example wine, because grape juice as raw material contains glucose, no additional saccharification process is required and zones of culture of single-stage fermentation is formed.
- 飛散量の増加の原因は、戦後、建材および治水・治山の目的で全国に広くスギが植林され、それらが1960年代後半より花粉生産力の強い樹齢30年程度に達し始めたためである。
- The reason for the increase in airborne pollen levels is the widespread Japanese cedar afforestation that took place throughout Japan after the Second World War in order to provide building materials as well as for the purposes of flood control and forest conservation, and it was in the latter half of the 1960s that these trees began to reach the age of 30 years when they have the greatest pollen producing capacity.
- 1468に足利義政の命令で明に渡った禅僧の天与清啓が記録した『戊子入明記』によると、遣明船は700~1700石の大型船で150人程度の乗員(内水夫50人)であった。
- According to 'Boshi Nyuminki' written by Zen monk Tenyo Seikei, who visited Ming in 1468 at the behest of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, large ships, whose size were 700 to 1700 goku (a unit of ship size), were used for Kenminsen and 150 persons (including fifty sailors) were on board.
- 更に予定では菊亭晴季の辞任を前提に秀吉を右大臣に昇進させ、二条昭実は1年程度の関白在任を経て近衛信輔に関白を譲り信輔は引き続き左大臣を兼ねる予定であったようである。
- It seems the plan was to promote Hideyoshi to Udaijin on the premise of Harusue KIKUTEI's yielding the position to him, to let Akizane NIJO serve as Kanpaku for a year and him relinquish the position to Nobusuke KONOE, and to let Nobusuke serve both as Sadaijin and Kanpaku.
- 君主位譲位者が後継者の後見として実質的な政務を行うという政治体制は、恒久的な制度としては世界史的にきわめて稀であり、他にはヴェトナムの陳朝にその例を見る程度である。
- The political system where a person who abdicates the throne conducts virtual political affairs is extremely rare as a permanent system in world history, and basically the only similar case is that of the Tran Dynasty of Vietnam.
- Jリーグ2ndステージ・第5節の日程が8月16日土曜日に組まれたが、サンガ-横浜マリノス戦に限っては1日早く8月15日金曜日(西京極・19時キックオフ)に開催された。
- The 5th section of the J. League 2nd Stage was scheduled for August 16 Saturday, but only the game between Sanga and Yokohama Marinos was carried out a day earlier on August 15 Friday (kicked off at 19:00 in Nishikyogoku).
- 中世の寺院文書には集会における日程決定や参加資格、議決の方法、出席への督促と欠席者への処分などを定めた文書(これらの多くは集会で定められた)が残されているものがある。
- There are medieval temple documents which show how they decided the date, qualification for attendance and the method of decision making of a gathering, reminders as well as penalties for absentees (most of which were settled at gatherings).
- 日蓮の法華経に対する純粋な姿勢も、室町時代に入ると宗派が勢力を拡大していく過程の中で、他宗派との妥協や他宗派の信者からの施しを平気で受けるなど、次第に変質していった。
- During the Muromachi period, while expanding its influence, the attitudes of the believers of the Nichiren sect had gradually deviated from the founder's pure belief in the Hokekyo, and the Nichiren followers started to compromise with other sects or to receive offerings from the believers of other sects without hesitation.
- なお、論争の過程で、三像の成立は早くとも藤原隆信の死(1205年)以降であることが明らかとなっており、隆信を三像作者とする説は、通説・新説いずれからも既に否定された。
- In the process of controversy, it was confirmed that the portraits were drawn at least after the death of FUJIWARA no Takanobu in 1205, and a theory which defines Takanobu as the producer of these three portraits had already been denied both in the popular theory and the new theory.
- その反面、精米歩合が高くなればなるほど米の品種の個性が生かしにくくなり、発酵を促すミネラル分やビタミン類も失われるので、後の工程での高度な技術が要求されることになる。
- On the other hand, the higher the rice-polishing ratio, the more difficult to use most of characteristics of the varieties of rice and the more minerals and vitamins, which promote fermentation, are lost, a highly sophisticated technique is required for subsequent stages.
- 競技性を考慮した規定をある程度定めてはいるが、同時に『弓道の用具はまだ完全に均一化されていないため…また、用具の充分な性能発揮のためにも各個の工夫、愛着も必要である。』
- While most of the tournament rules are already determined, All Nippon Kyudo Federation says that 'the tools for Kyudo are not standardized completely, and there is a need for individual adjustments and familialization with tools required to increase the ability of bow.'
- 特に、エネルギーコストが必要な製麹工程、人的・場所的コストが必要で、醤油油や醤油粕などの廃棄コストが必要な仕込工程を省略し、全工程を独力で行わない製造者が増加している。
- In particular, manufacturers that omit the manufacturing process of koji which requires energy cost, or that omit the preparation process which requires costs for labor and location and the disposal cost for soy sauce fat and soy sauce cake are on the increase.
- しかし、薩摩武士が帯刀していた薩摩拵なる1.3倍程度長大な刀は、一度振り下ろすと次に構えるまで間があいてしまい、そのため一発目でしとめるいわゆる示現流の流派が流行った。
- However, a sword which is 1.3 times longer, called Satsuma Koshirae (fittings), and belted on by Satsuma warriors, required some time to poise before once bringing it down, and the so-called Jigenryu style to defeat at the first attempt became popular.
- その過程で高僧など聖職者の介在がないということは、天皇は宗教界の影響力が排除された中で高い宗教的権威を持つことが可能であると言え、天皇の権威の隔絶性を意味するとされる。
- The fact that there was no intervention by clergymen such as notable Buddhist priests meant that, although the emperor could have high religious authority under situation in which influence from the religious world was excluded, there was remoteness in the emperor's authority.
- 銭貨の原型である母銭は、手彫りにより製作された彫母銭を原型とし、彫母銭→錫母銭→銅母銭→通用銭という順で鋳写される工程が採られ、均質な銭貨が大量生産されるようになった。
- A matrix coin, which was a prototype of a coin, was made by using a hand-carved matrix coin, and mass production of homogeneous coins was made possible by the process of transcriptive molding from a carved matrix coin to a tin matrix coin, then to a copper matrix coin, and then to a coin in currency.
- 和三盆は精糖の作業が複雑な上、寒冷時にしか作ることが出来ず、白下糖から和三盆を作ると全量の4割程度に目減りし、途中で原料の追加もできないため、砂糖としては最も高価である。
- Wasanbon is the most expensive sugar because of the following reasons: the sugar refining process is complicated; it can only be produced during the cold months; the total volume decreases to about 40% after making Wasanbon out of Shiroshita-to; and it is not possible to add raw material in the middle of the process.
- 良く似た商品名として佐賀、長崎、鹿児島等で作られる「玉緑茶(たまりょくちゃ。グリ茶とも)」という物があるが、これは製造工程に「精揉(形をまっすぐに整える)」が存在しない。
- A name of a product similar to gyokuro is 'tama-ryokucha' (spherical green tea, also known as guricha) which is produced in Saga, Nagasaki and Kagoshima prefectures, however, its manufacturing process has no 'precise kneading' (straightening).
- 原料に丸大豆を使用する場合、仕込工程の説明のように、丸大豆には未処理の油脂が大量に含まれているため、これらの油分は仕込工程中に分離して、諸味の上に浮かんで油脂の層を作る。
- When whole soybeans are used as raw materials, many unprocessed fats from them are separated during the preparation process, and float over moromi making a fat film as it was prescribed in the paragraph of the preparation process.
- 原料に砂糖を用いるようになったのは近世以降であり、特に和三盆は、容易には白砂糖が手に入らない江戸時代、その独特の風味と程よい甘さによって、和菓子の発展に貢献したとされる。
- White sugar has been used as an ingredient only since recently as it was not easy to obtain during the Edo period and wasanbon (refined sugar) sugar is said to have been contributed to the development of wagashi with its unique flavor and the right degree of sweetness.
- 全国対応の葬儀社も、業務は決まったプランでその地域の業者に丸投げしマージンをとるだけの形式が多く、ネットを使用した営業代行で全国展開というには程遠いというのが実情である。
- Many funeral homes, even on a national scale, make it a practice to offer standardized plans and subcontract 100 percent to a local funeral home in a region only to take a profit and the actual situation is that the business form is a proxy service using the internet and it falls far short of a nationwide development.
- とくに生酒(なまざけ)として出荷する場合は、火落ち菌対策として、火入れをしないことから、高精度な(0.22 - 0.65μ程度の)除菌のための濾過をこれによっておこなう。
- In particular for sake to be shipped out as namazake (raw sake), because hiire (pasteurization) as a measure against hiochi bacteria is not done, filtration for removing bacteria with high precision (in the order of 0.22 to 0.65 μ) is carried out with this method.
- こうして「武士団」を「中世封建社会の担い手となる在地領主層を中核とする戦闘的権力組織で、内部構造としては、主従的な、階層関係(ヒエラルヒー)が認められるもの」と規程する。
- This type of 'bushidan' was 'a militarily ruled society that was centralized around estate owners supporting medieval feudal society, centrally formed on a master and servant hierarchical relationship.'
- 結果として発表時の4割程度の支出に留まり、米価格の下落には至らず、1918年末には米騒動当時の価格まで上昇したが、国民の実質収入増加によって騒動が再発することはなかった。
- As only about 40 percent of the announced budget were eventually spent, the rice price did not drop but rose to the price during the rice riots in the end of 1918, but riots never occurred any more since people's actual income had increased.
- 釈迦の直説を長い時を経て弟子から弟子へと継承される課程で発展していったものとして、後世の経典もまた「釈迦の教義」として認める、という類の折衷的解釈を打ち出す傾向がみられる。
- They tend to insist on such eclectic theories that later sutras can be admitted as 'Shaka's dharma' because they have developed in the process of inheriting Shaka's teaching orally, from disciple to disciple.
- ただし上座部仏教の三蔵も、最古の部分でも釈迦の死後100年内に編纂されたと推測されている程度で、実際に釈迦の直接の教説の記述を伝えるものとし確定されている経典は存在しない。
- However, even the oldest portion of Theravada Buddhism's tripitaka is assumed to have been compiled only 100 years after Shaka's demise and there exist no scriptures that have been confirmed as those handed down from Shaka's direct teachings.
- 営業状況がかなり不安定で(スープが無くなったり、ある程度、客が途絶えたりすると閉店する。また、店長がバイクレースをする為臨時休業も多い)、常連泣かせの店としても有名である。
- Store hours and days being rather irregular (it closes when the soup runs out or when business is slow; it often closes temporarily due to the owner's passion for motorbike races); it is notorious for annoying regular customers.
- このような身分移動を根拠に、江戸時代にある種の「自由」を見る考え方もあるが、身分制は、枠組みとしては強固であり、ある程度の流動性を前提にした柔軟性の高いシステムなのである。
- Some people seem to think that there was a kind of 'freedom' in the Edo period based on this class mobility, however, the class system was a rigid framework that was also a highly flexible system which allowed for mobility.
- 再興した者はその家の戸主となり廃絶家の氏を称するが、廃絶家前の財産など各種の権利を引き継ぐ訳ではないため、単に家の名を残し、本家と分家といった家系を残す程度の効果しかない。
- A person who revived a household can be the head of the family and refer to the name of the abolished family, but won't be given property, so the meaning of restoration of a family is to take over the name and retain the family line such as a head family and a branch family.
- 特に憲法制定過程における枢密院審議においては、そのすべてに臨御し、また国会開設前後の立憲政治未成熟期に首相が頻繁に辞任・交代した際も、政局の調停者として重要な役割を担った。
- For example, he attended all the Privy Councils, and he also played an important role as an arbitrator of political situations during the regular prime ministers' resignations and change, as the constitutional politic was immature soon after the Diet was established.
- 日本酒破精を決定する工程として蒸しは非常に重要であり、通常は「一麹、二酛、三造り」と言われる酒造りの鉄則を「一に蒸し、二に蒸し、三に蒸し」と言い切る酒造家もいるくらいである。
- Steaming is a significant process which determines the condition of haze (white spots on the surface of steamed rice which become visible as koji yeast propagates), and some brewers insist that steaming comes first, steaming comes second, and steaming comes third for sake brewing, instead of a general phrase expressed as 'koji comes first, yeast mash comes second, and preparation comes third.'
- 約300年程前に、大クラゲが大発生し、漁がまったく出来なくなったこと、また、同時期に海での事故死が多発したことから、くらげ退治と海難防止、併せて豊漁を祈願して始められたもの。
- It started about three hundred years when, following a period when giant jellyfish made fishing impossible and there were a large number of deaths at sea, people began to pray for the removal of the jellyfish, the prevention of marine accidents and a good haul.
- 『里程大和著聞記』の記述には「道幅一尺」「難所」「牛馬常通不申」といった表現が繰り返し見られ、険しい峰道か峠道、あるいは獣道程度の道でしかなく、困難な道であったことが分かる。
- In the article about Kohechi in 'Ritei Yamato Chomonki', expressions like 'the road 1 shaku (about 30.3 centimeters) in width', 'dangerous spot', 'horses and cattle cannot go through the road' appear frequently, therefore it is known that at that time Kohechi was just a steep slope on a mountain or some animal trail that was very difficult for people to travel.
- 第一に操り人形から離れ、浄瑠璃の音楽性が独立したこと、第二に程度の差はあるが「語り」の性格が「歌」の要素によってよわめられ、やわらかさ、艶麗さの方向に発達していったことである。
- First, they abandoned the use of puppets and became independent as music; and secondly, they developed, more or less, into forms that are softer and more erotic, as the nature of 'narration' was weakened by the element of 'song.'
- 当時の勤め人の平均月給は五十円程度の時代で、伊藤はまだ会社勤務の技術者だったため、平均月給よりも高給を得ていたが、所持していた高価なカメラなどを処分しても三百円に足りなかった。
- In those days when the average monthly wages for salaried workers was about 50 yen, ITO's salary as an engineer was higher than the average but the money he managed to raise by selling his expensive camera and others was short of the 3 million yen.
- 前者は首里手となり、後者は那覇手となったとするのが一般的な解釈であるが、上記二派は中国でもその存在が確認されておらず、どの程度歴史的事実であったのかは、疑問の残るところである。
- It is widely accepted that the former became Shuri-te and the latter became Naha-te, but considering that the existence of those two schools hasn't been confirmed in China, the historical validity of this account has yet to be established.
- 現在では、公務員が許認可等の相手方、立入検査等の相手方、契約の相手方などの利害関係者から、お歳暮などの金銭・物品を受け取ることが禁じられている(国家公務員倫理規程第3条第1項)。
- Now, it is prohibited for public employees to receive money or goods as oseibo or other gifts from others who seek approvals and licenses, on-site inspections, and contracts (the National Public Service Ethics Code, Article 3, Paragraph 1.)
- 地域によって様々な違いがあるが、2~6名程度の人間が乗り込んで内部の太鼓を叩き、その太鼓の音に合わせて掛け声をかけ、数十人~百人以上で担ぎ上げ、練り歩くという形式は共通している。
- The taikodai shows a wide regional variation in the form and the style, but has a common style that two to six men get into the taikodai and beat the drum placed in it, providing the rhythm that guides dozens to more than one hundred men below who shoulder the taikodai and parade through their parishes, shouting a call synchronized exactly with the drum beat.
- 江戸時代の記録より、琵琶平家琵琶などで好んで語られるのは50句程度であったものと推定されることから、愛好家にとっては、滅多に聴けない句を聴くことのできる、またとない機会となった。
- A record from the Edo period states that such performances provided a golden opportunity for lovers of the tale, because the number of favored phrases most Biwa Hoshi narrated in Heike Biwa was estimated at about 50.
- 南宋初、程頤の直弟子である楊時は北宋亡国の責任は王安石の新学にあるとして科挙に王安石の解釈を用いるべきではないと高宗 (宋)に進言し、『三経義辯』を著して『三経新義』を批判した。
- At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Yo Ji, who was the direct disciple of Tei I (Cheng Yi), suggested Koso (Gaozong) that interpretation by Anseki O (Wang Anshi) should be used for Kakyo, since the New learning of Anseki O was responsible for the loss of Baisong, and wrote 'Description of the Meaning of Three Classics' criticizing the 'New annotation of the Three Classics.'
- 「開発領主」が生まれる過程は、その地の有力者が一族子弟のみならず、近隣の農民や諸国から流入した浮浪人などを組織して荒地の開拓を行い、その従事者を新しい村落に編成することに始まる。
- The creation of the 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' started with the cultivation of the wild land not only by children and brothers of the powerful clan, but neighboring peasants and people who escaped and travelled from their registered domiciles of various provinces to organize into a new village as followers.
- 口宣案(くぜんあん)とは、元来は口宣の案文であり、覚書(メモ)の下書き程度の意味合いでしかなかったが、後には太政官を経由せずに直接実務担当者に勅旨の内容を伝えるために用いられた。
- Kuzen-an' was originally a draft proposal of kuzen, meaning no more than an incomplete version of a memorandum (memo); but later, it came into use as a means of directly conveying the imperial order to working-level officials, bypassing the Daijokan.
- 中国の気象当局は、瞬間風速25m/s以上で視程が50m以下の砂塵嵐を「黒風暴」(カラブラン, Kara Bran)または「黒風」と規定しており、俗に「黒い嵐」などと呼ばれている。
- The meteorological authorities in China specify a sandstorm with an instantaneous wind speed of 25 m/s or more and a visible distance of 50 m or less as Kara Bran or 'black wind,' which is called 'black storm' popularly.
- これらの幾重にも和紙を張り重ねていく工程は、組子の障子の格子を紙の引きで固定し、木材のひずみを防止するとともに、裄のある(ふくらみのある)風合いをもたせて仕上げるためのものである。
- These processes of pasting paper for several times aim to fix the lattice of shoji used as the framework by shrinking force of paper to prevent the wood from warping and to finish it.
- 本来は仏教寺院において衆僧を束ねられる程の力量を持った僧や住持の事を指すが、後に延暦寺においてトップの僧を座主と呼ぶようになり、天台宗全体を統括するため、朝廷の承認が必要となった。
- While this term originally referred to priests or chief priests who had the ability to unite many priests, later it came to mean the top priests in the Enryaku-ji Temple, which required the approval from the Imperial court in order to control all of the Tendai Sect.
- その没年は不詳だが、父の元家(1432~1509年)の生年と、兄の深瀬隆兼の養子となった件から、兄と興仙は年齢が15歳程度は違った兄弟で、細川政元と同年代かやや年下だと推測される。
- Although the year of death is unknown, he seems to have been younger by around fifteen years than his older brother and as old as or slightly younger than Masamoto HOSOKAWA, judging from the year of birth of his father Motoie (1432-1509) and the incident about him being adopted by his older brother Takakane FUKASE.
- なお、郡山遺跡の区域内に「仙台市立郡山中学校」があり、一階部分(通常の地表面よりも1.5メートル程高くなっている)に遺構を再現した資料室があるが、普段は施錠され、人の出入りはない。
- Moreover, in Sendai City Koriyama Junior High School which is in the Koriyama Ruins zone there is a data room which reproduces the remains on the first floor (which is 1.5m higher than the ground level, but the room is usually closed with no visitors allowed.
- しかし、今日では、経典の成立した年代がある程度特定され、大乗経典などは、釈迦の直説ではなく後代によって成立したことが周知の事実であることから、大乗非仏説の根拠として批判されている。
- Currently, however, it is widely criticized and cited as proof of the thesis that the Mahayana teachings do not stem from the historical Buddha's teachings because the era of creation of each scripture is specified to a certain extent and the fact that the Mahayana Sutra is not Shaka's direct teaching but one created in later years is well known.
- 中院流の四度加行の過程を記せば、十八道の正行に入るためには、懺悔滅罪のための行として108遍(もしくは21遍)の礼拝(らいはい)をして、読経・真言念誦をする礼拝加行(加行)を行う。
- The Shidokegyo of the Chuin school requires the start of Sho-gyo discipline in the Juhachi-do with worship repeated 108 times (or 21 times) as practice to repent and seek forgiveness of sins and later by raihai-kegyo (kegyo) of chanting the sutra and the mantra.
- 謝良佐の弟子である朱震は邵雍の『皇極経世書』、周敦頤の『通書』といった象数易と『程氏易伝』や張載の『正蒙』といった義理易を総合して『漢上易伝』を著し、王安石や蘇軾の易学に対抗した。
- Shusin, a disciple of Sha Ryosa, brought together Shosu-eki (graphic and mathematical divination) such as 'Kokyokukeiseisho' (Kogyoku future occurrence book) by ShoYo (Shao Yong) and 'Tsusho' (almanac) by Shu Ton-i (Zhou Dunyi), and Giri-eki (ethics and philosophy divination) such as 'Tei's annotation of I Ching' and Cho Sai's (Zhang Zai) 'Seimo,' and wrote 'Kanjoekiden,' to counter the art of divination led by Anseki O (Wang Anshi) and Su Shi.
- 江戸時代初期の三方楽人の経済力は38家合わせても250石程と貧弱であり、寺社勢力に保護された南都方や天王寺方はともかく、公家に隷属していた京都方では、生活に困窮していたようである。
- The economic power of sanpogakunin in the early Edo period was about 2.5 million koku in total for 38 families and was poor, and it is said that, apart from Nanto-ho and Tennoji-ho who were protected by the power of temples and shrines, the musicians in Kyoto-ho who were subordinated to the court nobles were bad off.
- 昭和天皇が関西地方巡幸の過程で京都市を訪れた1951年は、講和問題や賃上げ問題などをめぐって全般的に労働運動・学生運動が復活の動きを見せた年であり、京都でも労働運動が高揚していた。
- In 1951, the year when the Emperor Showa visited Kyoto City during his tour in the Kansai region, the labor movement as well as the student movement started to revive nationwide on the problems of the peace treaty and wage increases, and the labor movement was also vigorous in Kyoto.
- だが、10世紀中期に書かれたと考えられている源高明の『西宮記』には弘文院は既に荒廃に帰している事が記されていることから、道真の時代からそれ程時間を置かずに廃絶したと考えられている。
- From the description in 'Saikyuki' (record of court practices and usage written in Chinese style) written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki supposedly written in the mid tenth century that the Kobunin had been already ruined, it was estimated that the Kobunin was defunct shortly after the days of Michizane.
- 「侍」の内、1000石程度以上の者は大身(たいしん)、人持ちと呼ばれることがあり、戦のときは備の侍大将となり、平時は奉行職等を歴任し、抜擢されて側用人や仕置き家老となることもある。
- Among 'samurai,' those who had about more than 1000 koku (about 180,000 liters) were called taishin (big feudal lord) or hitomochi (big feudal lord) and when war occurred they were appointed to the samurai general and in times of peace they held a post in the magistrate's office and sometimes were selected to sobayonin (lord chamberlain) or a chief retainer of management.
- 酒粕の状態にもよるが、日本食品標準成分表によるとアルコール分が約8%程度残存しているので、自動車の運転や機械類を操作する前、酒に弱い人、子供などは食べ過ぎないよう注意する必要がある。
- According to the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, sakekasu still contains on average 8% alcohol, which can vary depending on conditions of the sakekasu, so should not be consumed in excess by those intending to drive a vehicle or operate machinery, by those who are not able to drink much alcohol, or by children.
- 製糸の技術は、麻や楮(こうぞ)の靱皮(じんぴ)繊維を利用することでは、製紙と類似技術であり、原料の処理工程は殆ど一緒であり、繊維を紡ぐか、繊維を漉くかの、まさに紙一重の違いしかない。
- Yarn-making technique is similar to paper making as both use the bast of hemp or kozo, and the process of treating materials is almost the same as that of paper making with only a fine line between making thread from the fibers and making paper from the fibers.
- 荘園制の発達と公地公民制の解体の過程で荘園領主は自己の政治力を背景として国役や臨時雑役などを免除させることで寄作者を自己の荘園内に移住させて荘園内に取り込もうとした(名体制の成立)。
- During the process of the development of the shoen system and the demise of Kochi-komin sei (the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens), the shoen owners, by utilizing their political influence, endeavored to secure the cultivators as residents of their own shoen by entitling them to the exemptions of the public duties or the temporary odd-job duties; such a process is known as the establishment of myo taisei (local tax management system based on rice land).
- 特に当時の訴訟手続は、訴訟当事者からの開催要求に対して奉行人などの訴訟担当者がその日程の可否を決めるという手続を取っていたため、担当者が拒絶すれば何年も訴訟が中断される恐れがあった。
- In the legal procedures, in particular, at that time, a party to a suit requested a hearing on certain dates and the person in charge of the case such as a magistrate decided on whether to approve the dates; thus, the lawsuit was likely to stop for years if he rejected the request.
- 吉保の参詣記は、一代記『身自鏡』に記されたもので、地名が明言されていないが、7月10日に新宮市に到着し、14日に高野山に到るという日程や経路から見て小辺路を利用したことは確実である。
- This pilgrimage record by Yoshiyasu was compiled in his biography 'Minokagami,' and analyzing the record about the dates and the route that he arrived at Shingu City on July 10 and at Mt. Koya on July 14, it is certain that he used kohechi, although he did not record this name of the road.
- ユガケの親指根には弦が引っかかる程度の浅い段差(弦枕)が付けられており、ここに弦を掛け、三ツガケは中指、四ツガケなら薬指を親指先に掛け、手首に適度な捻りを加える事により弦は保持される。
- Yugake has a shallow bump (tsurumakura, a part of a yugake glove to set a string) which is enough to set a string at the base of thumb, and they set a string this part and put the middle finger for mitsugake, or the annular finger for yotsugake on the tip of a thumb and add an appropriate twist to the wrist and then the string comes to be held.
- その上に日本料理とよく似た調理過程を経て作る焼物・煮物・炒め物も多く、また日韓併合時代に伝播したうどんやおでん、寿司風のおにぎり(キムバプ)、味噌汁、沢庵漬けなどもいまだ食されている。
- In addition, many grilled foods, boiled, and seasoned foods, and stir-fried dishes, cooked in ways quite similar to cooking nihon-ryori dishes, are also eaten, and the udon (Japanese wheat noodles), oden (a Japanese dish containing all kinds of ingredients cooked in a special broth of soy sauce, sugar, sake, etc.), sushi-style rice balls (kimbap), miso soup and Takuanzuke (yellow pickled radish), all of which were brought into Korea in the era when Japan annexed Korea, are still eaten there.
- また、マッチ箱程度の大きさのつき餅1個で飯茶碗1杯分のカロリーがあることや、個包装され保存が利く袋詰め商品であること、簡単に入手できることなどから災害時の非常食としても重宝されている。
- Tsuki-mochi is convenient as emergency food to be used when a disaster occurs, etc., because: a piece of tsuki-mochi of the size of a match box has a calorific value equal to that of a bowl of rice; bagged products are available in which each piece of tsuki-mochi is individually packaged and is able to be preserved for a long time; and tsuki-mochi is easily available.
- この屯倉がある程度発達・広域展開した段階で、屯倉を拠点として、直接的に地方を把握・管轄した単位が県(コホリ)であり、のちに律令制における郡(コホリ)へと発展していったと考えられている。
- When these miyake developed and expanded to a certain size, they became the bases of kohori (written as 県 in Chinese characters), which was a unit that the central government directly administered and controlled in local areas, and it is believed that they later developed into the kohori (written as 郡) of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 機械麺が一般化する以前は、素麺は手延べ工程により生地を細くするため断面が丸く(●)、ひやむぎは生地を薄く打ち伸ばしてから細く切るため断面が四角(■)になっている、という見分け方も出来た。
- Before machine-made noodles became common it was possible to distinguish somen noodles from hiyamugi noodles because the cross-section of the somen noodles was round due to the fact that the dough was made thin by the hand-stretching process, and the cross-section of the hiyamugi noodles was square because the dough was flattened and then cut into narrow strips.
- 現在では、工業化され塩化マグネシウムの純度の高いものや、海外の岩塩採掘場で採取されたもの、あるいは国内外の工業的な製塩の過程で抽出されたものが多く、実際に塩田から取っているものは少ない。
- Currently, the bittern--which contains fine magnesium chloride due to the industrial process, is obtained at rock-salt mining places overseas or is abstracted in the process of industrial salt production in and outside Japan--is used in most cases, and it's rare to use bittern that's actually abstracted from a salt field.
- また、当時はある程度の枚数を束ねて札をつけ、郵便局に持ち込むことが原則であったが、1907年から葉書の表に「年賀」であることを表記すれば枚数にかかわらず郵便ポストへの投函も可能となった。
- It was a general rule at the time to bundle a certain amount attached with a tag in order to bring nengajo to a post office, but in 1907 it was allowable to post the nengajo regardless of the amount as long as there was the description 'Nenga' on top of the postcard.
- 「商工等は、武士・農民の事欠け申さざる程に渡世致し候はば然るべく候」として商工を非生産的な身分であり、都市が繁栄する事そのものが無駄以外の何者でもないと断じて厳しい奢侈禁止令を実施した。
- The sumptuary law stated that 'merchants as well as artisans should always remember that they are to work so as not to inconvenience samurai and farmers,' thus labeling the development of the city itself useless and forcing severe restrictions on these classes of people.
- また、当時理蕃政策と称された台湾原住民に対する統治政策では、原住民の教育水準に一定程度の向上を見ることができ、法的には日本人や中国語系住民とほぼ同等の権利の保障が認められるようになった。
- The management policy of the aborigines in Taiwan so called 'riban seisaku' (aboriginal management policy) contributed to the improvement of the educational level among them to some extent, and they were legally given almost the same rights as the Japanese or Chinese people.
- しかし、710年(和銅3)に遷都された時には、内裏と大極殿、その他の官舎が整備された程度と考えられており、寺院や邸宅は、山城国の長岡京に遷都するまで、段階的に造営されていったと思われる。
- However, when it was relocated in 710, it is believed that the construction of only a few facilities such as the Imperial Palace, Daigokuden (the central building) and official residences were completed, and other facilities like the temple and residence were being constructed step by step until the capital was transferred to Nagaoka-kyo in Yamashiro Province.
- 例えば、3代家光夫人・鷹司孝子は夫との仲が極めて険悪で、正式に「御台所」と称することのないまま、結婚後程なくしてその居所を本丸から中丸に移され、大奥の実権はもっぱら春日局らが握っていた。
- For example, since a wife of the third Shogun Iemitsu, Takako TAKATSUKASA was on extremely bad terms with her husband, she was transferred to her residence from Honmaru to Naka no maru (中丸) before being formally titled 'Midaidokoro' and Kasuga no tsubone held the real power in O-oku.
- 抹茶は、有態に言えばチャノキの葉(茶の葉)を粉としたものだが、その製造工程が煎茶とは異なり、蒸すから乾燥させ、これを砕いて葉脈などの不純物を取り除き、さらに茶臼という臼でひいたものである。
- Powdered green tea is just tea powder made from leaves of tea plants (tea leaves), but its manufacturing process is different from that of green tea for brewing, since powdered green tea is firstly dried after being steamed, then pounded down to eliminate such impurities as the veins of leaves, and further ground by so called 'chausu' (a set of millstones for tea leaves.)
- 神として信仰の対象となる程の大天狗には名が付いており、愛宕山の太郎坊、鞍馬山の僧正坊(鞍馬天狗)、比良山の次郎坊の他、比叡山法性坊、英彦山豊前坊、富士山太郎坊、白峰山相模坊、等が知られる。
- The major Tengu that became objects of religion as gods have names, and famous ones include Tarobo of Mount Atago, Sojobo of Mount Kurama (Kurama Tengu) and Jirobo of Mount Hira, as well as Hoshobo of Mount Hiei, Buzenbo of Mount Ehiko, Tarobo of Mount Fuji and Sagamibo of Mount Shiramine.
- インドでは紀元前2000年ごろにできたヴェーダ聖典に出ているバラモン教の儀礼で、仏教には釈尊入滅約500年後に発生した大乗仏教の成立の過程でバラモン教から取り入れられた、と考えられている。
- It is a Brahmanic ritual, described in the holy writings of Vedas, which began around 2000 BC in India and it is considered to have been adopted into Buddhism during the process of Mahayana Buddhism's coming into existence approximately 500 years after the death of Shakyamuni.
- ただ、低気圧が発達しながら移動するなどして、激しい風によって空気がかき混ぜられた場合は、日本上空で最大6 - 7km程度と、もっと高い高度にも高濃度の層ができて遠くまで運ばれることもある。
- However, when the air is churned by a strong wind, for example, by a movement of a growing low pressure, a high-density dust layer may be generated at a higher place, for example, a height of up to 6 to 7 km above the Japanese archipelago, moving the dust to far away places.
- しかし、現在の研究では双方共に被害を出していることが判明していることから、日本側もある程度まとまった兵力を投入できた局面などでは、一方的に圧倒されたわけではないケースもあったと考えられる。
- However, present studies have confirmed that both parties suffered damage, and therefore, there would have been cases in which Japan could employ a fairly large number of warriors and fought well.
- 刹那無常とは、現象は一刹那一瞬に生滅するこというすがたを指し、相続無常とは、人が死んだり、草木が枯れたり、水が蒸発したりするような生滅の過程のすがたを見る場合を指していうと、説明されている。
- Momentary impermanence pointed out the form of one disappearing as setsuna (a moment or instant) and instance, and continuous impermanence indicated the life and death processes of humans dying, plants withering, and water evaporating.
- しかし折伏は、仏の教えをある程度理解している人、もしくは同門(その宗派)の教えで理解が進んだ人に対して行われる手法であり、仏教を知らない人に使う手法ではない、といった主張や解釈の違いもある。
- However, there are differences of insistence and interpretation that shakubuku is a method to be applied to persons who understand Buddhism to a certain extent or those who have advanced understanding through the teaching of the same sect, and that it should not be applied to those who do not know what is Buddhism.
- 上述のとおり数片の断片であり、延暦9年(790年)6月に死亡した数人について死亡年月日(だいたい6月3日から8日の間)が判明できる程度であり、人名や年齢などは失われていて知ることができない。
- As stated above, the document was found in several fragments, which gave some information on the date of death (period approximately from July 23 to 28) for several people who deceased in July 790, and gave no information on their names, ages, and so on.
- 長沼村に隣接する地に、長沼というひょうたん型をした230町歩程の沼が存在し、江戸時代から、長沼村の村民が幕府に年貢を納めることで沼の占有権を得ており、村の大半の村民が漁業で生計を立てていた。
- There was an about 230 hectare of bottle-gourd-shaped marsh called Naganuma in the land adjacent to Naganuma village, and people in the village had gained the possessory right of the marsh by paying nengu (annual tribute, land tax) to the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) from Edo period, and most of the people in the village earned their living by fishery.
- 花や葉の模様の輪郭から中心に向かって色をぼかすのが加賀風、その逆が京都風と言われたことも過去にはあったが、現在は模様の区別化のため産地や業者によって特徴づけがなされる程度で明確な決まりは無い。
- It was said in the past that grading colors from the contours of a flower or a leaf to the center was Kaga style and that the opposite type was Kyoto style, but now there is no clear rule except characterization is made with respect to each production area or each production company for differentiation of the patterns.
- 文明開化、欧化思想の中で武術そのものが『時代遅れ』とされ、弓術もその例に漏れず衰退の一途をたどり、大衆の意識では『弓』と言えば賭け弓等の娯楽・性風俗の弓を指す程までにかつての弓術は影を潜める。
- In the middle of civilization and enlightenment and Europeanized thought, martial arts were considered to be 'out of fashion' and Kyujutsu also declined like other martial arts so much that the 'bow and arrow' came to mean entertainment and sex culture such as Kakeyumi among the feelings of the common people.
- 即位灌頂が二条家の家業となっていく過程で、足利義満と親密な関係を保ち、南北朝時代 (日本)に四度にわたって摂関を勤め、大きな権力を握った二条良基の力が大きかったことについては諸説一致している。
- In the process in which sokuikanjo became a family business for the Nijo family, various opinions agree that the power of Yoshimoto NIJO who had a close connection to Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and had great power assuming the position of Sekkan four times during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) played an important role.
- 明治6年(1873年)1月1日の改暦後、旧暦時代の日付をそのまま新暦に持ち込んで行事をしようとすると、前述のとおり絶対に1ヶ月程度ずれるので、鯉幟や七夕のように季節感の合わないものが出てきた。
- After the calendar reform of January 1, 1873, people tried to perform events on the same dates as the old calendar, but there were cases in which some events were found unseasonable due to the occurrence of the unavoidable one month difference, as stated above, like Koi-nobori (carp rising, or Boy's Day) and Tanabata (the Star Festival).
- 反証可能性に至っていないもの、地球温暖化の進行程度の差を指摘するものなどが多く見られ、いずれの場合も化石燃料由来温室効果ガスの地球温暖化効果自体を否定する科学的根拠が示されているわけではない。
- There are many theories, some of which are not convincing and some of which point out the difference in degree of the progress of global warming; in summary, any of them does not show a scientific ground for denying the influence of global warning caused by greenhouse gases originated from fossil fuel.
- 日蓮の法華経に対する純粋な姿勢も、南北朝時代 (日本)の戦乱や室町時代に入ると宗派が勢力を拡大していく過程の中で、他宗派との妥協や他宗派の信者からの施しを平気で受けるなど、次第に変質していった。
- Nichiren's pure worship of Hoke-kyo (Lotus Sutra) gradually changed as the wars continued during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and other sects expanded their influence during the Muromachi period; he compromised with other sects and did not hesitate to receive charity from believers of other sects.
- 梅酒をつける際にベースとなるアルコールやみりんの主原料としても使われた他、日本酒の仕上げ工程において中途で発酵を止め、防腐や辛口に仕上げる目的で用いられる「柱焼酎」として使われる場合も多かった。
- It was also used as a major ingredient of alcohol and mirin (sweet rice wine for seasoning) the basis of plum wine and also often used as 'hashira jochu' in the finished processing of rice wine to stop fermentation, preserve rice wine from decay, and make it dry.
- それほど多いものではないという理由は、当時必要とされた武力は、京の治安維持、要人の護衛、受領として赴任する際に引き連れ、在庁官人を押さえる程度のものであり、大規模な争乱などほとんど無かったこと。
- The reason why it might not be as big was because military power required at that time was for sustaining the peace of Kyoto, guard a person upon request, followed as a retainer when one left a post due to zuryo, and arrest the Zaichokanjin (the local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods), but there was hardly any turmoil.
- 具体的にはある程度保存の利くアルコール飲料(ビールやウィスキーなど)、コーヒー、ハム・ソーセージといった食品が多いが、クール便(冷蔵輸送)の拡充によって魚介類や牛肉などの産直生鮮食品も利用される。
- For example, preservable foods such as alcohol (beer or whiskey), coffee, ham, and sausage are usually preferred, but also fresh food such as sea food and beef are used as refridgerated transportation has become available.
- この結果、皇朝銭の現存枚数は記録と比較してもきわめて少ないものとなり、とくに後期のものは低品質の影響で錆び、刻字が読めるものはごく稀で現在の古銭市場ではかえって莫大な値打ちをまねいている程である。
- As a result, number of existing Kocho-sen coins has become far fewer than recorded, with specifically inferior quality casting particularly in the latter period making them now corroded and difficult to read their engraved letters, while quite a few coins with readable letters are now priced high.
- 生地がしっかりしていないと最終工程の返しが難しくなるため、鉄板の上に広げた生地が沸騰したり、厚くなりすぎたり硬くなりすぎた場合は鉄板の温度、生地の濃度、のばし方を調整し、もう一度最初からやり直す。
- If the dough is not stable, the last cooking process kaeshi is difficult and if the dough spread on an iron plate boils, thickens or hardens too much, you have to adjust the temperature of the iron plate, the density of the dough and the way of spreading and try again from the start.
- 律令体制では律令法の規定のもと太政官で政務がおこなわれていたわけであるが、中世においては個々の交渉過程や処理の蓄積が規定となって政務がおこなわれたのであり、それらの蓄積が法的根拠となったのである。
- While Dajokan (Grand Council of State) handled government affairs under provisions of ritsuryo law in the ritsuryo system, accumulation of individual negotiation processes and cases served as provisions in doing government affairs in medieval period and such accumulation was the legal basis.
- その製法は煎茶とほぼ同一であるが、原料として夏以降に収穫した茶葉(三番茶・四番茶)・次期の栽培に向けて枝を整形したときの茶葉(秋冬番茶)・煎茶の製造工程ではじかれた大きな葉(川柳)などを用いている。
- The manufacturing method is almost the same as that of sencha (green tea of middle grade), but its ingredients include tea leaves harvested after the summer (sanbancha [third picked tea leaves], yobancha [fourth picked tea leaves]), tea leaves gathered when branch is shaped for next cultivation (shutobancha [tea leaves picked in autumn and winter]), large leaves (senryu) removed during the sencha manufacturing process.
- 江戸時代であれば、この程度の修理は官費で賄えたであっただろうが、明治維新後は廃藩置県によって、長年勤めてきた惣年寄の役職もなく、一市民としては簡単な修理も覚束ないといった窮状に達していたようである。
- In the Edo period, the repair of this magnitude could have been paid for at the public expense but, with abolition of clans and establishment of prefectures coming to effect after the Meiji Restoration, the family no longer had a post of so-doshiyori which they had long served and it seems that, being just ordinary townspeople, they were in desperate straits whereby finding it difficult to afford to keep up with simple repairs.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると、こうした命令には治天の君による院宣やより簡略化された綸旨が用いられることが多くなったために、寺社に対する仏事や神事の日程や朝廷の使者の派遣の通告などに限定されるようになっていった。
- From the early Kamakura period, kansenji was gradually limited to announcements of the dates of Buddhists or Shintoist rites to temples or shrines and dispatch of Emperor's messengers, because such orders were more and more sent as inzen issued by a retired emperor or as rinji, a more simplified edict.
- 茶葉を乾燥したり揉んだりする前に、茶葉の細胞がほぐれ成分が出るように通常は10秒から1分程度蒸すが、深蒸し茶は長い蒸し時間によって茶葉からの滲出成分が通常の煎茶より多くなり、濃くまろやかな味わいとなる。
- While tea leaves are normally steamed for between ten seconds and one minute prior to the drying or rubbing process so that the cells of tea leaves will soften and extracts its ingredients, the tea leaves are steamed for longer in the case of Fukamushi-cha so that the tea is further infused with its ingredients, making its taste richer and mellower than that of normal green tea.
- 200日以上に及ぶ行程のレポートが日本へ送られた後に紛失してしまったことで、彼らの調査は正当な評価を受けることができなかったが、隊の様子は宣正が記していた「印度霊穴探見日記」などに垣間見ることができる。
- His report, that covered a more than 200-day journey, was lost after it was sent to Japan, so their survey could not get an appropriate evaluation, but the situation of the team was suggested in Sensho's 'Indo Reiketsu Tanken Nikki' (Diary of Holy Cave Investigation in India).
- 算盤とは碁盤の目状になった表であり、各列が一、十、百、千、万といった桁を表し、各行は商(答え)、実(定数項)、方 (x)、廉 (x2)、隅 (x3)、三乗 (x4)…と代数方程式の解および各係数を表した。
- Sanban is a grid chart with each column expressing numbers such as one, ten, one hundred, one thousand, ten thousand, and each row expressing answers to algebraic equations and their coefficients, such as 'sho' (answer), 'jitsu' (constant term), 'ho' (x), 'ren' (x2), 'gu' (x3), 'sanjo' (x4) and so on.
- 国衙軍制成立の過程で武芸、すなわち軍事を専門とする諸大夫身分の貴族(軍事貴族)や侍身分の官人層が出現し、これらの層の上層身分たる軍事貴族層では、特に東国を中心として、自ら国司として現地赴任する者も現れた。
- In the process of establishing the kokuga forces system, shodaibu (aristocrat lower than Kugyo) (military aristocrat) or samurai officials who specialized in military arts appeared and some of the military aristocrats went to various provinces, especially those of eastern Japan, in order to serve as kokushi.
- その後、麹屋側の巻き返しにより天文_(元号)14年(1545年)には再度北野麹座による麹の独占が許されるものの、室町幕府の権威が完全に失墜した状況下では時は既に遅く、やがて麹造りは酒屋業の一工程となった。
- After that, though the monopoly of the koji malt by Kitano koji za was permitted again in 1545 due to the catch up by Kitano koji za, it was too late, as the Muromachi bakufu had fallen from power, and the production of koji malt had become integrated into the sakaya industry.
- あとは総合テレビの減力放送・放送休止明け(主として月曜早朝 歌詞がテロップ表示される)と、教育テレビで放送休止前後(毎月第2・4・5週の日曜深夜の放送終了時とそれが明けた月曜5時前)で流れる程度となった。
- Other than that, it is broadcast only when resuming normal broadcasting after broadcasting with reduced output power and the suspension of broadcasting of Sogo Terebi (literally, comprehensive TV broadcasting) (mainly, in the early morning of Monday, the words are shown by telop) and before and after the suspension of broadcasting of Kyoiku Terebi (literally, Educational TV Broadcasting)(when the broadcasting ends in the midnight on Sunday of the second, fourth and fifth week, every month and before 5:00 in the morning of Monday after that).
- 台湾総督は台湾の行政・司法・立法から軍事までを一手に掌握しうる強大な権限を持ったため「土皇帝」と呼ばれた程である(後に軍事権が台湾軍 (日本軍)司令官に移譲されたことにより、文官の総督就任が可能になる)。
- Power was highly centralized with the Taiwan governor wielding the public administration, administration of justice, legislation and military, therefore it was called 'Do Kotei', the local emperor (later, the military power was transferred to the Taiwanese army [Japanese army] so the civil officers could assume the governer).
- こうした「青製煎茶」の登場の過程は当時の資料から明らかになってきており、江戸時代後期の抹茶から煎茶への流行の推移と、より高品質な商品を求める需要から茶の品質が向上していく中でのひとつの到達点であるといえる。
- The introduction of 'Aosei Sencha Seiho' process started to be revealed in documents of that period and indicated the shift from maccha (powdered green tea) to sencha at the end of the Edo Period as one of the goals reached in the search for high quality tea.
- ただしこれも船舶での往来や、昨今ならばしまなみ海道、香川県と岡山県を結んだ瀬戸大橋等物流経路の関係からか、松山市やその付近の所謂中予地方や、香川県に程近い東予地方に僅かに広島風を提供する店がある程度である。
- However, in relations with nautical traffic and nowadays the logistical path such as Shimanami Kaido and the Seto-ohashi Bridge which links Kagawa Prefecture and Okayama Prefecture, there are just a few shops which serve Hiroshimafu-okonomiyaki in Matsuyama City or in that neighborhood, which are in so-called Chuyo region, or in the Toyo region which is close to Kagawa Prefecture.
- しかし競馬規程下の産牛馬組合による競馬と同じく、地方競馬を地域の祭典の日程にあわせて行う地域も数多くあり、そのような地方競馬は歴史的・文化的にみて祭典競馬の流れを汲み、あるいは密接なつながりをもつといえる。
- However, there are many regions where horse racing takes place to coincide with the dates of local festivals as same as races held by Sangyuba kumiai under the Rules, and such local horse racing is related to saiten keiba historically and culturally, or directly connected to it.
- 図1は合戦を描いた戦国合戦図屏風より、陣立がある程度確認できる岩国歴史博物館所蔵、川中島合戦図屏風の武田信玄本陣備(左図)と福岡市博物館所蔵、関ヶ原合戦図屏風の徳川家康本陣備(右図)を模式図化したものである。
- From the folding screen drawings of battle scenes of the Sengoku Period, in which battle scenes are depicted and the battle formation can be identified to a certain degree, Figure 1 shows the pattern diagram of Shingen TAKEDA's army headquarters sonae (left) from the folding screen drawing of the Kawanakajima Battle, which belongs to the Iwakuni Historical Museum, and that of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's army headquarters sonae (right) from the folding screen drawing of the Battle of Sekigahara, which belongs to the Fukuoka City Museum.
- その後、軍事貴族の平清盛が平氏政権をうちたて、平氏政権打倒の過程で発生した の内乱(源平合戦)の結果、東国に武家政権(鎌倉幕府)が登場することとなったが、その後も貴族たちは一定の政治実権を握り続けたのである。
- Later, TAIRA no Kiyomori from the military nobles established the Taira clan administration, and as a result of the civil war of Gisho-Juei (the Genpei war) which occurred during the course of overthrowing the Taira clan administration, a military administration (the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)) was established in the East, but the nobles continued to seize political power afterwards as well.
- 雌猫は交尾の際、雄猫に皮を引っ掛かれてしまうため雌猫の皮を用いる場合は交尾未経験の個体を選ぶ事が望ましいと言われているが、実際には交尾前の若猫の皮は薄い為、傷の治ったある程度の厚みの有る皮を使用することが多い。
- When the skin of a female-cat is used for shamisen, it is said that a virgin cat is ideal because she-cats get their skin scratched by tomcats during mating; in fact, the skin of young female-cats before mating is too thin, so a slightly thick skin after the scratch healed is often used.
- この過程で信西とその一族の台頭は目覚ましく、高階重仲の女を母とする俊憲・藤原貞憲は弁官として父と共に実務を担当する一方で、藤原朝子(後白河の乳母)を母とする藤原成憲・藤原脩憲はそれぞれ遠江・美濃の受領となった。
- During this process Shinzei and the his family (the Fujiwara) each rose to remarkable prominence; FUJIWARA no Toshinori and Sadanori (sons of Shinzei and their mother was the daughter of TAKASHINA no Shigenaka) worked as Controllers with their father at running the Records Office, while FUJIWARA no Shigenori and Naganori (sons of Shinzei and their mother was FUJIWARA no Asako, who was also known as Emperor Goshirakawa's wet nurse) were awarded control over Totomi and Mino Provinces, respectively.
- しかしそれでも日本では半世紀程度前(1950年代頃)までは使われていたため、飯の炊き方などにこの竈による調理方法が口伝などの形で残されており、これらは現代の炊飯器でも「美味しいご飯の炊き方」として再現されている。
- And yet, because kamado were still used in Japan until a half century ago (around the 1950's), methods of cooking by kamado, such as how to cook rice, and so on, are still, passed down by word of mouth, and some contemporary rice cookers reproduce them with 'tips on how to cook rice better.'
- 御神籤箱という、細い棒の入った両手で抱えられる程度の(神社によっては抱えられないほど巨大なものもある)大きさ・重さの角柱・円柱形の筒状の箱を振って棒を箱の短辺の小さな穴から一本出し、棒に記された番号の籤を受けとる
- Shake a round or square mikuji box which is of a weight and size which can be held in both hands (some boxes are too big to hold) and contains thin sticks, and one of the sticks will come out of the small hole at the bottom of the box, and receive a lot which has the same number as the number on this stick.
- 義昭・信長と前久・石山本願寺との対立は後の元亀兵乱の一因となるが、兵乱の過程において、信長との関係が悪化した義昭は本願寺と和解し反信長同盟(いわゆる信長包囲網)を形成するも信長に敗れ、室町幕府は滅亡することになる。
- While the opposition between the Yoshiaki-Nobunaga pair and the Sakihisa-Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple alliance proved to make up a cause of subsequent Genki heiran (the Genki Disturbance), Yoshiaki whose relationship with Nobunaga worsened in the process of warfare made peace with Hongan-ji Temple to form an Anti-Nobunaga alliance (so-called Nobunaga encircling net), which eventually was defeated by Nobunaga, and the Muromachi bakufu collapsed.
- 「大阪ではたこ焼き用鉄板は嫁入り道具の一つ」と誇張したことが言われる程、大阪出身の家庭でのたこ焼き用の鉄板や道具の所持率、男女を問わずたこ焼きの作り方を知っている人が多い事からみても、たこ焼きの人気は高いものである。
- Judging from the remarkably high percentage of families from Osaka that possess an iron plate and other tools for cooking takoyaki, and from the large number of people in Osaka, both men and women, who know how to cook takoyaki, the popularity of takoyaki is so great in Osaka that people say exaggerate, 'An iron plate for cooking takoyaki is one of brides' household articles in Osaka.'
- まだ大規模な酒造器具も開発されておらず、台所用品に毛の生えた程度の器具しかなかったと思われるこの時代に、菩提酛、煮酛など高度な知識の集積にもとづいて、かなりの手間を掛け、精緻に洗練された技術で製造していたと思われる。
- It seems that the tools owned by brewers in those days were little more than kitchen utensils because large implements for brewing sake had not yet been developed, but based on high-level knowledge accumulated about 'Bodai-moto' (a sake ingredient), 'Ni-moto' (a sake producing method) and others, they seem to have produced Nanto moro-haku with considerable effort and scrupulously refined techniques.
- 下鍛えと2回目の積沸かし、上鍛えによって心金、棟金、刃金、側金の4種類の鋼が得られた後、棟金、心金、刃金の3層を鍛接して厚さ20mm、幅40mm、長さ90mm程の材料が4個取れるくらいに打ち伸ばし4個程度に切り離す。
- After getting four kinds of steel, Shingane (center metal), Munegane (back metal), Hanokane (blade metal) and Gawagane (side metal) by Shita-gitae (forging), the second Tsumi wakashi (stacked and heated metal) and Age-gitae (finishing forging), three layers of Munegane, Shingane and Hanokane are forged and welded, and struck and elongated to get four times the material, 20mm thick, 40mm wide, and 90mm long, and then cut into four.
- このことにより、朝鮮半島の人口は、併合前の1906年には1600万人程度だったものが1940年には2,400万人程となり、平均寿命も併合時(1910年)24歳だったものが、1942年には45歳まで伸びることとなった。
- This made the population of the Korean Peninsula, which had been 16 million in 1906 before the annexation, become to 24 million in 1940, and the average life expectancy, which had been 24 years at the time of the annexation (in 1919), increase up to 45 years in 1942.
- 戦国大名から統一政権を打ち立てた織田政権・豊臣政権の両政権では右筆衆(ゆうひつしゅう)の制が定められ、右筆衆が行政文書を作成するだけではなく、奉行・蔵入地代官などを兼務してその政策決定の過程から関与する場合もあった。
- Under both the Oda and Toyotomi governments, which were established after the unification of the warring daimyo, there was an institution called the Yuhitsushu (corps of administrators), who not only created public documents, but also sometimes stood in as the Bugyo (magistrate) or the Daikan (local governor) of directly-controlled lands, taking part in the policymaking processes.
- 元々は禁裏や公家の諸家に除目などの公事の参考とするために同様の本が編纂・所蔵されており、それぞれの家にあった本が互いに貸借・校合されていく過程で詳細な山科家のそれが通行して他家の本が行われなくなったと考えられている。
- Originally, similar books were edited and possessed by the Imperial Palace or each clan of court nobles to consult for political operations and ceremonies of the Imperial Court such as appointment ceremonies, and it is believed that the Yamashina family's detailed version was generally used and books in other families had been no longer in use in the course of borrowing and lending, or collating of those books of each clan.
- 日本刀のうち、江戸時代の打刀は、江戸幕府の規制(2尺9寸以上の刀すなわち野太刀は禁止された)と、外出中は大小を日常的に帯刀することから、(江戸幕府の)創成期と幕末期を除き、刃渡り2尺3寸(約70cm)程度が定寸である。
- Among Japanese swords, the regular size of Uchigatana in the Edo period is about 70cm in blade length except at the very beginning and ending period, due to regulations of the Edo Shogunate (swords of more than about 88cm, that is Nodachi or field sword, were banned).
- 四度加行を行う過程で、加行を行うための作法で必要とされる事相の伝授が適宜、行われるが、伝法灌頂を受けていないと伝授出来ない行法(修法)があるため、事相の一流伝授を受けるためには伝法灌頂を受けていることが必須条件である。
- In the process of Shidokegyo, although the practical training, which is necessary as a manner for Kegyo is taught, denpo-kanjo is essential for undergoing Ichiryu-denju (initiation of practical training in the Shingon sect) because denpo-kanjo is necessary to receive training in the discipline.
- その後、7世紀後半に至るまで国号の表記は倭国・倭のままであったが、天武天皇に始まる律令制建設の過程で、倭国・倭という表記を忌避する意識が再び高まり、701年前後に日本という表記が採用されることとなったと考えられている。
- From then on till the latter half of the seventh century, the name designating the country was still Wakoku or Wa, but in the process of remodeling its state and administrative apparatus on the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) by the Emperor Tenmu, there was growing national awareness about the avoidance of using Wa or Wakoku, so that before and after 701, a pair of Chinese characters, 日本, (meaning of 'the land from the sun-rise) came to be used.
- 河内源氏は鎌倉幕府樹立の過程で治承の戦いの際に恩賞などの形で獲得した旧伊勢平氏知行国のうち9ヶ国(下総国・上総国・武蔵国・相模国・伊豆国・越後国・信濃国・駿河国・豊後国)及び没官領となった500ヶ所以上の荘園を獲得した。
- The Kawachi Genji received nine provinces (Shimousa Province, Kazusa Province, Musashi Province, Sagami Province, Izu Province, Echigo Province, Shinano Province, Suruga Province, Bungo Province) among those that had been the Ise Heishi's chigyokoku, and 500 or more shoen, that had been mokkan ryo (confiscated lands) -- All of them were received as rewards in the Jisho no ran (Jisho civil war, 1180) in the process of establishing the Kamakura bakufu (military government of Kamakura).
- 永原慶二によれば、武士団が成立した12世紀から南北朝時代にかけての在地領主の軍事力は、同族的なイエを単位とするものであり、数十人から200人程度の兵力が単位軍団であり、大地域の軍事的統領はこうしたイエ軍団の連合を組織した。
- Keiji NAGAHARA stated that military power of the bushi lord of a manor from the twelfth century to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when the formed bushidan had a house of the same clan as its unit and the army unit cohort consisted of several dozen to two hundred military forces, and many militaristic conquest of a vast area structured the union of house army.
- 江戸幕府を全ての武士の頂点とし、最高の統治機関としながらも、各大名がそれぞれの領地においてある程度独立した統治機構(藩)を形成していることと、米などを現物で納めさせて年貢とする石高制をその基礎においていることが特徴である。
- It was characterized with the Edo bakufu as the supreme governing institution at the top of warriors, and yet with each feudal lord which maintained somewhat independent governing structure in its own territory (domain), as well as with the tax system based on annual yield of rice, Kokudaka-sei, whereby tax is paid by rice and other actual goods.
- 箱麹法より、さらに簡略化された日本酒床麹法(とここうじほう)では、箱状の道具は用いず、麹室に設けられた大きな台のうえに蒸し米を広げ、そこへ麹菌を振りかけると、その台に乗せたまま日本酒蓋麹法からあとの熱を冷ます工程をおこなう。
- The simplified hako-koji method called toko-koji (floor koji) does not use a box but spreads the steamed rice on top of a huge counter placed in a koji culture room, where koji spores are spread on it, and it is cooled down while still on the counter as in the futa-koji method for making nihonshu.
- その中で己が権益には強い姿勢を見せながらも、将軍家を尊重する姿勢は一貫して崩さなかった三好長慶を排除すればどうなるかすら予見し得なかった義輝は、図らずも程なく長慶が病没する事によって、以前の試みの帰結を知る事となったのである。
- Unable to foresee the consequences of the ousting of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI who, although firmly insistent on his own interests, had never deviated from the posture of respecting the Shogun family, Yoshiteru happened to learn from the soon succumbing of Nagayo
- 規模はきわめて小規模で、当面の目標も栃木県庁落成式に出席する政府高官への襲撃程度のものであったが、自由党急進派は、前年の1883年(明治16年)後半以降、圧制打倒をめざして頻繁な交流を図り、同志的結合を強めていく傾向にあった。
- It was quite small in scale and its immediate aim was only attacking high-ranking government officials who attended the Tochigi Prefectural Government inauguration ceremony: Since the latter half of 1833 of the previous year, the Liberal Party radicals had frequent meetings and were in a direction of strengthening the unity of the like-minded members.
- 現代では茶道においても共通する客をもてなす本来の懐石の意味が廃れ、茶会の席上で空腹のまま刺激の強い茶を飲むことを避け、茶をおいしく味わう上で差し支えのない程度の軽食や類似の和食コース料理を指すといった実利的な意味に変化している。
- Today, the original meaning of kaiseki, which is entertaining guests, has faded away and it means such practical things as a light meal or similar Japanese multi-course meal served at tea parties which is served to avoid drinking strong tea on an empty stomach and has no connection to the appreciation of tea.
- こうした流れのなかで宝ホールディングスは、デビッド・ボウイやシーナ・イーストンなど、およそ従来のドロ臭い焼酎のイメージから程遠い外国人タレントを純 (焼酎)のCMに起用し、焼酎ならびにチューハイの一般化を図り多大な成果を挙げた。
- In such circumstances, TAKARA HOLDINGS INC. decided to use foreign talents such as David BOWIE and Sheena EASTON who had a different image far from conventional homespun shochu for the commercial of Jun (a name of shochu) and tried to generalize shochu and chuhai, which brought great results.
- 相馬御厨は在庁官人が在地領主に変貌していく過程で、国司や目代と激しく対立した事、在地領主層が脆弱な地位を守るために寄進を行った事、寄進による保護にも限界があり、鎌倉幕府の成立へとつながって行った事の例示としてよく取り上げられる。
- Soma-mikuriya is often raised as an exemplary case of: bitter struggles with kokushi (provincial governors) and mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) during the transformation of local officials to local lords; donation by the local lord classes to defend their vulnerable positions; and the limits of the protection by donation, which led to the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 温度を測る目安としては、金串を刺してしばらく待って素早く引き抜き、先端部を唇に当て熱いと感じる程度がよいとされるが、温度を測りやすく計測部がステンレス鋼製チューブとなっていて、衛生的に利用できる料理用の電子温度計も販売されている。
- A steel skewer is used to judge the inside temperature of the hamburger patties by inserting it and leaving it in for a while, pulling it out and quickly placing the tip of it on the lips, the temperature should feel hot, and an electric thermometer for cooking is commercially available, with a gauge made of stainless steel, with this it is easy to measure temperatures and is sanitary to use.
- また、鉄砲が広まった後も天候に関係なく無音で射て、速射性に優れ安価である事、鉄砲と異なり弭槍(弓の先端に槍の穂を付け、緊急時に槍とするもの)で近距離でもある程度は対抗できるといった理由があるため、数を減らしながらも用いられ続けた。
- Furthermore, even after the spread of guns, bows and arrows remained in use even with a decrease in number, because arrows could be shot soundlessly regardless of the weather, and they could be shot quickly, and they were inexpensive, and furthermore, unlike the guns, hazuyari (the blade of a spear was attached to the tip of the bow, turning it into a spear in acute situations) could be used, to a certain degree, to fight even in short-range battles.
- 室町時代に入ると地侍たちが地元の有力武士と関係を結んで寄親・寄子の関係を結ぶようになり、守護大名や戦国大名も有力武士を傘下に入れる過程で彼らの寄親としての権限を認めて、自らも彼らと寄親・寄子の関係を結んで家臣団に取り込んでいった。
- During the Muromachi period, jizamurai (local samurai) became involved with the local dominant samurai, forming the Yorioya-Yoriko relationship, while shugo daimyo (military governors) and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) acknowledged their authority as Yorioya in the process of drawing dominant samurai under their jurisdiction and they also established the Yorioya-Yoriko relationship with them to include them amongst their vassals.
- 1910年の改正競馬規程によって公認競馬以外の競馬は産牛馬組合またはまたは馬匹の改良増殖を目的とする団体が地方長官の許可を得なければ行うことはできないとされた際も、地域の娯楽のために行われる祭典競馬については規制対象から除外された。
- With the Rules and Regulations of Horse Racing revised in 1910, it was stipulated that races other than officially permitted ones could not take place unless permission of local governors was given to Sangyuba Kumiai (Union of horses and cattle) or organizations of which purpose was to improve the breeding or increase horses, however, saiten keiba as a local entertainment was omitted from such restrictions.
- しかし、この来目歌がどの程度史実を反映するものかどうかは判然とせず、またここで登場する「えみし」が後の「蝦夷」を意味するかどうかも判然としないため、古い時代の蝦夷の民族的性格や居住範囲については諸説があり確かなことはわかっていない。
- However, it isn't clear how accurately this Kumeuta reflects the history or whether 'Emishi' in this poem means the same '蝦夷' that appeared in later history; instead, there are various theories about the characteristics as an ethnic group of an occupied zone of '蝦夷' in ancient times, but no one knows for sure.
- ただし、公家社会でも近衛家のように足利将軍家と婚姻を結び、地方の大名・武士と朝廷との間を取り持つことで社会的な地位をある程度まで保った層から家領を武士に奪われて生活に困窮し地方に疎開するだけの人脈も持てずに没落した層まで様々であった。
- In the court nobles' society, there were various members ranging from one like the Konoe family who had a marital relationship with the Ashikaga shogun's family and maintained a social status to a certain extent by coordinating between local daimyo/samurai and the royal court to those who were ruined after being robbed of territory by samurai and becoming poor and having no personal connection to evacuate the province.
- 治承・寿永の乱の過程で、鎌倉を本拠に源頼朝を棟梁として東国武士を中心に樹立された鎌倉幕府では、東国を中心に諸国に守護、地頭を設置し、警察権を掌握していたが、西国は支配しきっておらず依然として朝廷の力は強く、幕府と朝廷の二頭政治の状態にあった。
- Given the tumultuous history of the disturbances in the Jijo and Juei eras, the Kamakura bakufu--made up primarily of samurais from the eastern provinces, having its stronghold in Kamakura, and having Minamoto no Yoritomo as its leader--exerted control over assignments of provincial governors and estate stewards in several provinces, mainly in the east, and held the power to police those domains; in the west, however, they had no real control, whereas the Imperial Court's power in the West remained considerable, and thus the shogunate and the Court were stuck as joint rulers of Japan.
- この日本の日常生活において用いられる用品は、布の袋に緩衝材となる綿やスポンジ等を入れて作られているが、欧米に見られるクッション程に弾力性は求められず、主に床面や畳に直に置かれ、その上に座る事で体温が床面によって奪われるのを防ぐために用いられる。
- The products used in everyday life in Japan are made by filling cloth bags with cushioning material such as cotton or sponge, and they do not need to have the elasticity often seen in Western cushions, as they are mainly put directly on the floor or tatami and serve to prevent the sitter from becoming cold when sitting on the floor.
- 『摂州名所記』承応4年(1655年)篇には「名塩、鳥の子紙、昔よりすき出す所也、越前にもおとらさる程にすく、或いは色々 紙有り」とあり、同書が書かれた承応年間(1652~54年)より以前の十七世紀前半には、名塩で紙業が発展していたことが分かる。
- In the section 1655 of the 'Sesshu meisho ki' (a guide to noted places of Settsu province) there is a description of 'Najio being a place where torinoko-gami was made in the past. They make paper as skillfully as people in Echizen province and there are various types of paper.,' which shows that the paper manufacturing in Najio had already been developed in the early part of the 17th centuries during 1652 and 54 when it was written.
- 一般に「今日はぶぶ漬け程度の粗食しかおもてなし出来ないので、日を改めてまた来てくれ」という意味に解釈されているが、角が立たないように自分の意思を伝える一種の取り決めごととも言えることで、京都という独特の閉鎖的社会だからこそ成り立った習慣である。
- On the one hand, this story is generally interpreted as the host's apology to say, 'I cannot entertain you with anything more than bubu zuke today, so please come on the other day, if you like,' but at the same time this is considered as a kind of communication rules to express the host's intention without giving bitter feelings, that is a special custom available only in such closed society as Kyoto.
- 国衙軍制の可能性を指摘し、それが武士の起源に関係することを論じたものには、石井進『中世成立期軍制研究の一視点』(「史学雑誌」78編12号所載、1969年)や戸田芳実『国衙軍制の形成過程』(「中世の権力と民衆」所載、創元社、1970年)などがある。
- The papers that pointed out the possibility of the kokuga forces system and discussed the relation of the system to the origin of samurai include 'A viewpoint concerning research about the military system in the early medieval period' written by Susumu ISHII ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), No. 12, vol. 78, in 1969) and 'The process in which the kokuga forces system was formed' written by Yoshimi TODA (recorded in 'Power and the general public in the medieval period,' published by Sogensha, in 1970).
- 出家得度し高校3年生まで総本山大石寺で修業した後、地方寺院(主に本山格寺院や大都市周辺の寺院)で4年程度在勤し、最後に総本山で1年在勤したのち教師に補任され(説法を許される)、管長の辞令があれば地方寺院の住職(副住職の場合もあり)として派遣される。
- After entering into the priesthood and finishing training until the last year of the high school at Taiseki-ji Temple of sohonzan, they work for temples in the countries (mostly for temples with the same rank as honzan and for those around large cities) for about four years, followed by working for sohonzan for one year, and he or she will be appointed as assistant instructor (allowed to teach Buddhist law), and will be sent to temples in the countries as chief priests (or assistant chief priests) if there is an order from kancho.
- 「アルコール添加」または略して「アル添(アルてん)」という語感から、工業的に何か不純な添加物を加えるかのようなイメージをもたれることが多い(参照:当記事内『美味しんぼ』)が、古くは江戸時代の柱焼酎という技法にさかのぼる、伝統的な工程のひとつである。
- From the impression of the term 'adding alcohol' or 'aruten' in short form, it gives often an impression that certain impurity is added industrially (Refer to 'Oishinbo' in this article.), but it is a traditional process that goes back to hashira-shochu during the Edo period.
- この説に対する反論としては「信長はイエズス会から資金提供を受けていた」という点に関し、当事の会の定収入は年2万クルザード程度であり、しかもその半分以上はインドに送金されており、そもそも会を維持運営するのにも事欠く有様であったことなどが挙げられている。
- As a refutation against this view on the point that 'Nobunaga had been receiving funds from the Society of Jesus,' it is pointed out that the constant income of the Society at that time was around 20,000 cruzados and that more than a half of it had been remitted to India and, therefore, the Society did not have sufficient fund for maintenance and operation.
- 主に屋外の物品に砂ぼこりが付着して汚したり、周囲の見通し(視程)や日照を悪化させたり、交通に障害を与えたり、人間や家畜などが砂ぼこりを吸い込んで健康に悪影響を与えたりするなど、多数の被害が発生し、経済的損失は毎年7000億円を超えると推定されている。
- Kosa causes lots of damage described as in the following and the economical loss due to it is estimated to exceed 700 billion yen yearly: Dust from kosa adheres to things placed outdoors, making them dirty, degrades outdoor visibility, makes the sunlight reaching the ground weaker, obstructs traffic, and adversely affects the health of human beings and animals from inhaling the dust.
- このことは予期せぬ野火に至る恐れがあったり、農家の減少で藁が十分に集められない、若者がサラリーマン化して日程の都合がつかないな、ダムの建設で山間部を離れる、過疎化や近代化など多くの古来からのそれぞれの地域の慣習や行事が消えて行く事と共通するものがある。
- The reasons for this, which have also caused many other time-honored customs and events to disappear, include: concern about unexpected bush fire, lack of straw caused by a decrease in the farming population, changing life style of young men who are busy as office workers, construction of dams which drive villagers out of mountainous regions, depopulation and modernization.
- 但し、現憲法の「公共の福祉」による制限も法律による人権の制限の一種であり、現在教育の現場で解説されるように「旧憲法のそれは非常に制限的であり、現憲法のそれは開放的である」とする程の本質的な差はないとする意見もある(但し、比較的な傾向としては肯定する)。
- However, limitations for the sake of the 'public welfare' defined by the current constitution could be also a kind of limitation of human rights, some people opposed to the common idea instructed at schools, 'the former constitution was too restrictive, but the current constitution was unlimited' and they thought there was not radical difference between two constitutions (but they approved the relative difference).
- 『源氏物語』の「絵合(えあわせ)」の巻などを参照すると、日本では平安時代前期~中期にも多くの物語絵が制作されたことが推測されるが、9世紀~11世紀までの絵巻物作品の現存するものは皆無であり、この間、絵巻物の画風がどのような発展過程を経たのかは定かでない。
- According to such descriptions written in a volume captioned 'Eawase' (picture contest) in 'Genji Monogatari,' many scrolls of illustrated tales may be assumed to have been produced during the beginning and middle Heian period in Japan, but since none of such scrolls are now existing that were produced between the 9th and 11th centuries, we are unable to trace clearly how the styles of illustrated scrolls, of that period, had developed.
- 明治時代前期に来日したイギリス人アトキンソンは、1881年に各地の酒屋を視察、「酒の表面に“の”の字がやっと書ける」程度が適温(約130°華氏(55℃))であるとして、温度計のない環境で寸分違わぬ温度管理を行っている様子を観察し、驚きをもって記している。
- Atkinson, who was a British and came to Japan in the early part of the Meiji period, visited sake breweries in various places in 1881 and observed the practice in which temperature control was conducted very accurately without using thermometer telling that the condition in which 'the character 'の' can just be written on the surface of sake' shows the appropriate temperature (approximately 130 degrees Centigrade or 55 degrees Fahrenheit) and he recorded this fact showing his astonishment.
- -「館の者共」(国司の私的従者+在庁官人)と異なり、「国の兵共」は、「譜第図」「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載され、国司主催の狩りや、一宮での流鏑馬など、必要に応じて招集される程度のものであり、自分自身の直接的利害に関わらなければ命を懸けて戦ったりはしない。
- It differed from '館の者共' (private servant of the governor and Zaichokanjin) in the way that '兵共 (soldiers) of the province' were registered in things such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (list of warriors), participated in hunting hosted by the governor, yabusame (horseback archery) at Ichinomiya (shrine with the highest ranking in the area), summoned with need, and did not fight to death if their interests were not directly involved.
- 引用した対談は1974年のものであるが、それに先立つ1969年12月の法制史研究会総会で、戸田芳実は『国衙軍制の形成過程』を発表、そこで述べた「地方軍事貴族」または「辺境軍事貴族」という概念、そして「国衙軍制」への着目はその後の武士論に大きな影響を与えた。
- The interview was in 1974, but Yoshimi TODA announced 'The Formation Process of the Kokuga Forces System' at Japan Legal History Association Conference of December 1969 and 'aristocrats with regional army,' 'aristocrats with frontier army,' and the 'kokuga forces system' debated there and greatly affected the later bushi theory.
- このため、全くの部外者や、見物する者や参加する者という当事者にとっても「祭=楽しいイベント(お祭り騒ぎ)」という程度の認識しか持たれないことが多く、祭のために仕事を休むということは、例えば葬儀のためにということなどと比べると遥かに理解が得られにくい状況にある。
- Therefore, in many cases, complete outsiders, viewers and concerned people called participants only have a recognition at a level of 'matsuri equaling to cheerful event' (omatsuri sawagi), and now is in the situation where it is almost far from clear to take days off for a feast compared with cases of taking days off for funeral service and so on.
- また、愛媛県と広島県の主要JR駅(松山駅、広島駅)や両県の船舶の港である松山観光港、広島港(宇品港)では、常温でもある程度まで保存可能なお土産用お好み焼きも販売されていて、観光客やビジネスマンに「買った後冷凍せねばならないと言う心配がなくて良い」と好評である。
- And at the major JR stations (Matsuyama Station and Hiroshima Station) in Ehime Prefecture and Hiroshima Prefecture and at Matsuyama Kanko Port and Hiroshima Port (Ujina Port) which are the ports for ships of both prefectures, okonomiyaki for souvenirs, that can be stored to some degree even at normal temperature, is also sold and is popular among tourists and businessmen, who say 'after buying it, it is not necessary to worry that it must be frozen.'
- なお、「源氏物語絵巻」鈴虫第一段(五島美術館)に描かれる女性の装束はかつて「細長」とされ、裾の分かれた細長の形状を示す例とされていたが、近年科学調査に基づく復元模写作成過程で、裳をつけた袿姿であることが明らかになっている(『よみがえる源氏物語絵巻』NHK出版)。
- In the meantime, although the costume of a lady depicted in the chapter one of the roll of The Bell Cricket in 'Genji monogatari emaki' (the Illustrated Handscroll of the Tale of Genji) (in The Gotoh Museum) used to be thought as 'hosonaga' and it was an example of the shape of the clothes whereby the hem was separated, it turned out recently to be 'uchigi sugata with mo' and not hosonaga through reconstructing and reproducing work of the rolls based on scientific research ('Yomigaeru Genji Monogatari Emaki' (Reviving Illustrated Handscroll of the Tale of Genji, NHK Publishing).
- 基本的には6つの音(左手の親指、人差し指、中指、薬指と右手の親指と人差し指を使用)から構成され、4度と5度音程を組み合わせた20世紀以降の西欧音楽に使用されるような複雑なものであるが、調律法が平均律ではないので協和音と不協和音というより、むしろ澄んだ音色に聞こえる。
- Basically, it is composed of six sounds (using the left thumb, index finger, middle finger, ring finger and the right thumb and index finger), which is complicated by the mixture of the fourth and fifth intervals used in Western music since the twentieth century, but it sounds clear as opposed to consonant or dissonant because the musical tuning is not equal temperament.
- また、仮に需要があったとしてもそもそも銅の生産量が絶対的に少なかった当時の日本では実物貨幣に代わるだけの銅銭の製造は始めから困難であった(銅鉱の発見を機に元号を「和銅」と改めてしまう程当時銅は貴重であり、また後述のように時代が下るにつれて急速に品質が悪化している)。
- Also, even if there had been enough demand, the volume of copper production had been absolutely small, which made it impossible, from the beginning, to supply sufficient copper coins and substitute material money then-current in Japan (copper was so precious then in Japan that its era was renamed 'Wado (literally, Japanese copper),' upon discovery of copper ore mines, and, as described afterward, the quality of copper coins had rapidly deteriorated as time went on.)
- しかし、奈良時代はとかく政争が多かったが、大伴氏もそれに関わる事が多く、長屋王の変では長屋王と親しかった旅人は事件前後に一時的に大宰府に左遷された程度で済んだが、橘奈良麻呂(橘諸兄の息子)の変では古麻呂は拷問死、大伴古慈悲は流罪(称徳天皇崩御後に復帰。)に処された。
- The Nara Period was marked by political strife in which the Otomo clan was often involved and in Nagayao no Hen (the Conspiracy of Nagayao), Tabito, who was close to Nagayao, was temporarily transferred to Dazaifu as punishment, while in TACHIBANA no Naramaro no Hen (the Conspiracy of TACHIBANA no Moroe, which involved the son of TACHIBANA no Moroe), Komoro was tortured to death and OTOMO no Kojihi was deported, not to return until after the demise of the Emperor Shotoku.
- 日置流には、途切れたものや現存するものを含めると多くの派が存在するが、古来の「派」の位置付けは「教えを受けた~家・~師匠の流れを組むもの」程度の意味合いであったと考えられ、伝承してきた教えの解釈等の違いから生ずる小さな違いはあるが、根幹となる教えはどの派でも同一である。
- For the Heki school, there are a lot of sects, including both the discontinued ones and the existing ones; traditionally, the 'school' has been referring to 'a system of unified styles from a family or master who passed down their teachings,' that is, there may be minor differences caused from discrepancies in interpretation of the teachings, however teaching that forms the foundation of any sect is basically the same.
- 韓国では、過去約100年間のデータから、1930年代後半から1940年代前半にかけて、黄砂の発生頻度が1990年代後半以降と同程度かそれ以上であったこと、1940年代後半から1950年代頃までは減少傾向で、それ以降増加傾向であり、晩秋から早春にかけての発生頻度が増えている。
- In South Korea, the following are found from data available for the last approx. 100 years: The occurrence frequency of kosa in the period from the latter half of 1930s to the first half of 1940s was almost the same level or more than that in the period after the latter half of 1990s, the frequency was in a decreasing trend in around the period from the latter half of 1940s to 1950s, and it has been in an increasing trend thereafter, with the occurrence of kosa increasing in the season from the late autumn to the early spring.
- おおらかで豊かな音色を持ち、後世の諸琵琶との大きな違いは、他の楽器との合奏に用いられること、調ごとに調弦法が変わること、「弦楽器」の機構がないこと、左手の押弦が、柱(フレット)の間で絃を押さえる張力を変化させて音程を変える奏法がないこと、また小指まで使用すること、などである。
- It has easygoing yet rich tones, and there are big differences from many types of biwa in later ages, namely it is played with other instruments, it has different tuning system for each tune, it has no mechanism for a string instrument, it has no playing system to press strings with the left-hand fingers between frets to control the tension to make different tunes, or it is played using even the pinky finger.
- 宇多上皇(程なく宇多法皇になる)は醍醐天皇に譲位した後も、『寛平御遺誡』という君主の心構えを新帝に説くばかりでなく、道真を始め源善・中納言源希・蔵人頭平季長・侍従藤原忠平といったいわゆる「寛平の治」の推進役だった一種の側近集団を新帝の周囲に配置して新帝の政策を主導しようと図った。
- Even after Retired Emperor Uda (who soon after became Cloistered Emperor Uta) abdicated the throne to Emperor Daigo, he went far beyond merely his written injunction, the Kanpyo goyuikai--which advised the new emperor on how to prepare himself to rule--and actively planned to continue his leadership role in the new emperor's government by surrounding Emperor Daigo with the group of his closest aides and ministers who had been the driving force behind the administration of the Kanpyo era, notably Michizane but also including MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Mare, the Kuroudo no kami (Majordomo of the palace) TAIRA no Suenaga, and the Jiju (Chamberlain) FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- 「三職推任問題」は、本能寺の変の直前の出来事であり、その性質上、信長が即答可能な問題ではないこと、京への立ち寄りの理由の1つは、それへの返答にあったと考えられることは、上記根拠への疑問を投げかける(信長が返答することを阻止するためにこの日程で本能寺を襲ったと解する事は可能ではある)。
- The facts that 'sanshokusuininmondai' occurred immediately before Honnoji Incident and from its nature, it was not a matter for which Nobunaga could answer instantly and it seems that the purpose of making stopover at Kyoto was to give his answer raise a doubt with respect to the above-described grounds (It is possible to interpret that Mitsuhide attacked the Honno-ji Temple in order to prevent Nobunaga from giving an answer).
- 根拠として、本来モンゴル帝国の軍事行動では、事前に兵力100〜1万規模での敵地への威力偵察を数度段階的に行った後、本格的な侵攻を行う場合が多く、また『元史』「日本伝」には元軍の矢がすぐに尽きたという記述が見られることと、3万人程度(中には非戦闘員もいる)という少ない兵力からこの説も根強い。
- This theory is persistent, based upon the following facts; the army of the Mongol Empire in many cases performed several reconnaissances in a phased manner before a serious invasion, with a number of soldiers varying from a hundred to ten thousand; arrows run short soon in the Yuan army as described in 'Nihon Den' of 'Genshi;' and the number of soldiers was small, about thirty thousand (including non-soldiers).
- しかし、文献史学の情報、考古学による発掘の進展などは擦文文化の広がりや実態、続縄文時代から擦文文化への、又擦文文化からアイヌ文化への移行過程がかなり複雑な様相を呈しており、前述の説ほど単純に割り切れるものではない事を浮かび上がらせつつあるため、単純にそのままの形では定説とみなされてはいない。
- However, information in the document-based research and development of archaeological excavations show complexities in the expansion and actual condition of the Satsumon culture and the transition processes from the post-Jomon period to the Satsumon period or from the Satsumon period to the Ainu culture, resulting in more complex factual relationships than the above-mentioned theories, which should not so readily be regarded as the accepted concepts.
- 律令制確立後に大学寮の下に音博士が位置づけられたが、本科(後の明経道)の学生が儒教の教育を受けるために行う最初の課程であった経典の音読を指導するのが役割であった事から、算道・書道_(大学寮)のような独自の学生を保持することは学令などにも記載されていないなど、最初から補助的地位に止められていた。
- After the Ritsuryo Legal Codes were established, the Professors of Ondo were positioned within the Daigaku-ryo system, but because their role was to teach the reading aloud of the scriptures during the first course of Confucianism to the students of the main course (later known as Myogyodo, the Confucian department of Daigaku-ryo), their position was only deemed to be supplementary and it was not mentioned within the regulations that they may have their own students like Sando (Mathematics) and Shodo (Calligraphy) Departments.
- 氷川神社が延喜式に掲載されている古社であり、かつ、氷川神社の主祭神がスサノオになった(=元々主祭神であったアラハバキ神が客人神になった)のは江戸幕府の政治的意図によるものであることからすれば、出雲と氷川の繋がりの話は、大和朝廷による蝦夷(含、渡来人)支配の一過程であると捉えたほうがよさそうである。
- Since Hikawa-jinja Shrine is an old establishment listed in the 'the Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) and the main god of Hikawa-jinja Shrine became Susanoo (in other words, the original main god Arahabaki became the guest god) only because of political reasons of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the story on the link between Izumo and Hikawa may be taken as part of the process of Emishi (including Toraijin [people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese]) control by the Yamato Court.
- 段仕込み(だんじこみ)とは、日本酒の醸造工程の一つである日本酒醪(もろみづくり)において、その前の工程で造られた日本酒酒母(しゅぼ)もしくは酛(もと)へ、日本酒麹と日本酒蒸しマイを三段階に分けて加えていくことによって、酵母に対して適応可能なゆるやかな環境変化を与え、その活性を損なわないようにする工夫のこと。
- Danjikomi is one of the brewing steps and means of making unfiltered Japanese sake where the yeast and rice are added over three steps to the yeast mash or moto (another term for sake producing yeast) to provide a mild environmental change for yeast to adapt to while not losing its productivity.
- このため、『歴名土代』とは元々は「歴名」のうち「補任」(あるいはこれを元にした『公卿補任』)などの他の記録と重複する公卿などの記述を省いて、予め四位・五位の叙位が予定されている人名を列記し、実際の叙位が行われた後に「歴名」を参考にして日付などが追記され、更に校合の過程で一部の整理がなされたと考えられている。
- Therefore, 'Ryakumyo dodai' is considered to have originally listed the names of persons who were scheduled to be conferred a court rank of Shii and Goi and added dates etc. with the help of 'Ryakumyo' after the conferment of actual court rank and also organized parts of them in the process of collating, except for the descriptions of court nobles which overlapped other records such as 'Bunin' (or Kugyobunin based on this) among 'Ryakumyo.'
- 朱熹は、それまでばらばらで矛盾を含んでいた北宋の学説を、程頤による性即理説(性(人間の持って生まれた本性)がすなわち理であるとする)や程顥の天理(天が理である)をもとに、仏教思想の論理体系性、道教の生成論および静坐という行法を取り込みつつも、それを代替する儒教独自の理論にもとづく壮大な学問体系に仕立て上げた。
- Hsi CHU organized various and contradictory theories in Northern Sung Dynasty into a great learning system which replaced these previous theories, and was based on a theory unique to Confucianism, by being based on the Seisokuri setsu (Chinese philosophy, a theory that 'sei' [human inborn nature] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Yi CHENG, and the Tenri (a theory that 'ten' [providence] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Hao CHENG, while adapting the logical system of Buddhistic thought, the generative theory of Taoism, and gyoho (method of ascetic practices) of sitting calmly and quietly.
- 基準年を1990年に設定したのはロシアの批准を促すことなどにも配慮されたという国際政治の現場にありがちな話を指摘する向きや、「産業界を中心に世界有数の環境対策を施してきた日本が6%もの高水準を求められている」といった論調により、「この議定書が締結・発効に至る過程で政治的に歪められている」とする意見が散見される。
- An opinion saying 'the Protocol was politically biased in the process of ratification and effectuation' is heard here and there along with the following views: setting 1990 as the reference year was to give time to Russia for ratification, which is quite a political consideration; Japan has implemented world's leading environmental measures particularly in the industry, but is required for a high reduction level of 6%.
- 厚めに丸く伸ばした生地を鎌で渦巻き状に切り出した後(この工程から『鎌切りうどん』とも言われる)、少し力を加えながら横に並べた二本の棒に8の字にかけてから、棒の間隔を少しずつ引き伸ばした後、一旦、生地を外してからまた力をかけながら生地を棒に8の字にかけていく、というそうめんや稲庭うどんのような手延べ製法で作られる。
- Goto Udon is produced by using the hand-stretching technique like Somen and Inaniwa Udon as following process: (1) A piece of long and thick string-shaped dough is cut out spirally from the dough stretched thick and round with a sickle (due to this process, Goto Udon is also called 'Kamakiri Udon' [Udon noodles cut by a sickle]), (2) the cut out string-shaped dough is hung by crossing on two sticks placed in parallel and a little apart adding strength slightly, (3) the dough is stretched by widening the space between the sticks gradually, (4) the stretched dough is removed from the sticks, and then similarly hung on two sticks by crossing them, adding strength.
- 私度僧は違法であり取締りの対象ではあったが、実情においては2本立ての方針が存在し、課役忌避を目的とした私度僧に対しては厳しい取締りが行われた一方で、僧侶としての実態のあるものについてはある程度までは容認されており、その中の優秀者は処罰の対象ではなく、むしろ得度させて体制の中に積極的に取り込む方針があったと考えられている。
- Shidoso was illegal and was an object to be regulated, but actually, it is believed that there were two different policies; on the one hand, strict regulations were made against those that became shidoso for the purpose of exemption from labor, but on the other hand, to some extent, those that held actual activities as monks were approved, and those that had excellent results were not objects to be punished, but rather were objects to be approved as tokudo and actively taken into the system.
- 戦国時代における合戦には、示威行動や小競り合いといった、低強度の武力闘争から、戦国時代に含めるか否かは別として、少なくとも戦国時代の延長線上にはある関ヶ原合戦のように、国内を二分しての会戦・決戦といった、後の国家総力戦にある程度擬し得る戦争形態、さらには、文禄・慶長の役である文禄・慶長の役まで、多様な戦争形態が見られる。
- Battles in the Sengoku Period include various forms of war such as armed conflict with low-intensity like demonstrative actions or skirmishes, a form of war that was to a certain extent comparable to later all-out war like the Battle of Sekigahara which was a decisive battle fought by dividing all forces in Japan into two and even if there is a doubt if we can say that it occurred in the Sengoku Period, it was on the extension of the Sengoku Period, and the Bunroku/Keicho War which was war to invade a foreign country.
- 次弾発砲までに「銃身内の火薬残滓を洗い矢で拭う」(数発撃つと銃腔にすすがこびり付き弾が入らなくなるため、槊杖の先に水に濡らした布を付けて拭う)「火穴にせせり(ヴェントピック)を通す」「銃身を冷やす」(但し、1分間に1発程度のペースで発砲するのであればこの必要は全くない)など、一般に次弾装塡の際に行うべき事は多いと言われる。
- It is said that in general there are many things to do when loading the next bullet, such as 'clean out the residuary gunpowder from inside the gun barrel with a cleaning rod' (after shooting a few bullets the gun barrel soots up and the lead shot cannot be inserted, and thus it is washed with a ramrod with a wet cloth on the end), 'stick a ventpick in the fire hole,' 'cool the gun barrel down' (however, if one shoots every minute, it is not necessary) and so on.
- 1930年代前半に誕生し、一時期は発展の可能性がかいまみられながらも、戦中戦後の窮乏のなかでそれが棚上げのかたちとなっていた吟醸酒も、1970年代には、醪(もろみ)造りの工程における温度管理の技術が飛躍的に発達し、また協会系酵母協会7号や協会系酵母協会9号などの吟醸香を出す新しい酵母が実用化され、ようやく少量ずつ市場へ出荷されるようになった。
- The ginjoshu which appeared in the early 1930s but was interrupted because of the shortage of materials although it could have been more developed, gradually came to be sold in markets in small amounts in the 1970s, since the technique of temperature control in the process of making moromi was rapidly developed and the new yeasts with aroma of ginjo, such as the seventh and the ninth yeasts of the Brewing Society were put into practical use.
- 各流派による点前の形態や茶会様式の体系化と言った様式(「結婚式には礼服を着る事」程度のマナ−の範疇である)の整備に加えて、「人をもてなす事の本質とは(常日頃の振る舞いと、その奥底にある心の本質に気を使わないと、本当の意味で人をもてなす事はできない)」と言った茶道本来の精神を見直すことにによって、現在「茶道」と呼んでいる茶の湯が完成したのである。
- The current chanoyu called 'sado' was completed by reexamining the structure of temae (a formalized chano yu procedure) of each school, adding the ritualization structure of tea parties ('one of the basic mannerism is to wear full dress at weddings'), and reexamining the original idea of sado, 'the essence of hosting a guest is (the guest cannot be truly entertained if the person does not take a full consideration of daily conduct and be aware of the essence at the bottom of one's heart).'
- 戦国大名としての徳川氏にも右筆は存在したと考えられるが、徳川家康の三河国時代の右筆は家康の勢力拡大と天下掌握の過程で奉行・代官などの行政職や譜代大名などに採用されたために、江戸幕府成立時に採用されていた右筆は多くは旧室町幕府奉行衆の子弟(曾我尚祐)や関ヶ原の戦いで東軍を支持した豊臣政権の右筆衆(大橋重保)、関東地方平定時に家康に仕えた旧後北条氏の右筆(久保正俊)などであったと考えられている。
- Although Yuhitsu existed in the Tokugawa clan as a warring lord, because those Yuhitsu who were working for Ieyasu TOKUGAWA when he was in Mikawa Province were appointed to administrative posts, such as Bugyo or Daikan, or Fudai Daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) as Ieyasu expanded his influence and subdued various regions to unify Japan, it is thought that many of them who were hired as Yuhitsu when the Edo Bakuhu was established were the children of the Bugyo-shu belonged to the former Muromachi Bakuhu (Naosuke SOGA), the Yuhitsu-shu of the Toyotomi government (Shigeyasu OHASHI), supported the 'eastern' army at the Battle of Sekigahara, and the Yuhitsu of the former Gohojo clan, served Ieyasu when he subdued Kanto region.
- 1420年の回礼使である宋希景は乞食が食物ではなく銭を欲しがるような貨幣経済の発達に対して驚きの声を上げた(その時の李氏朝鮮では、都市部で楮貨という紙幣が流通していた程度で、貨幣経済と呼ぶに足るものが成立しておらず、布・米を媒体とした物々交換が主であったため)といった記録が残っており、また、朝鮮で後に飢饉を救ったサツマイモ(宝暦度 1764年(宝暦14年))や揚水式水車など、日本から相応の文物を持ち帰っていたようである。
- A document records that Kiei SO (宋希景), a kaireishi (an officer sent to Japan responding to an envoy sent by Japan) sent to Japan in 1420, gave an exclamation of surprise about the highly progressed monetary economy that even a beggar wanted money instead of food (this was because, in Korea at that time, paper money called Choka was circulated only in urban areas, with no system that could be called a monetary economy established yet, and the economy was centered on barter trade based on the media of rice and cloth), and in addition, it is likely that the envoy from Korea brought back products of culture necessary for them, such as sweet potato that rescued Korean people from a famine in Korea in later years (1764) and water-pumping wheels.
- 太平洋戦争終結後、戦災復興のために各方面より無尽会社でも当座預金の取扱を可能としようとする要請が為されるようになったものの、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は当時、無尽を賭博的でギャンブルの一つであると見ており、これに難色を示したため、政府は当時の銀行並の業務を可能としつつも、無尽の取扱が可能で制度・監督上は無尽会社程度で設立可能な金融機関制度を企画、1951年に相互銀行法が成立し、日本住宅無尽株式会社を除く全社が相互銀行へ転換した。
- After the Pacific War ended, various quarters demanded to make it possible to handle checking accounts even in Mujin companies for war-damage reconstruction, but in those days the GHQ regarded Mujin as gambling and was against it, therefore, while making it possible to do business at a banking level at that time, the government planned a financial institution system where it would be possible to handle Mujin and set up a Mujin company level in the system to supervise, and thereby the Mutual Loan and Savings Bank Act was established in 1951 and all companies except Nihon Jutaku Mujin K.K. shifted to the mutual banking system.