私鉄: 118 Terms and Phrases

• 私鉄
• private railway
• Private Railroad Companies

• 私鉄総連
• General Federation of Private Railway Workers Unions of Japan

• 中小私鉄
• Small-and-medium-sized railways

• 大手私鉄
• Major private railways
• Japan private rail16

• 五大私鉄会社
• Five major private railway companies

• 当時私鉄最長。
• This was the longest quadruple-track section at that time.

• 大私鉄建設の時代
• Era of the construction of major private lines

• 被買収私鉄の一覧
• The lists of acquired private railways

• 私鉄特急との競合
• Competition with limited expresses of private railway companies

• 関西私鉄初ATS設置。
• The line installed ATS for the first time among the private railway companies in the Kansai District.

• 日本私鉄労働組合総連合会
• General Federation of Private Railway Workers Unions of Japan

• 追加の15私鉄は、次のとおりであった。
• The additional 15 private railways were as follows.

• 私鉄は地域輸送のみに限定されることとなった。
• The activities of private railway companies were limited to only local transportation.

• これにより近畿圏の私鉄でも利用が可能になる。
• Since then, ICOCA has been accepted in the private railway companies of the Kinki district.

• 京都市と大阪市を結ぶ私鉄である京阪電気鉄道のこと。
• The word 'Keihan' means Keihan Electric Railway, a private railroad connecting Kyoto City with Osaka City.

• JRグループのほか、地域によっては私鉄も存在する。
• Other than JR groups, there are some private railway companies in some regions.

• また私鉄として唯一自社工場で機関車23両を製造した。
• Also they made 23 locomotives in their manufacturing plant as a sole private railway.

• しかし大規模私鉄の割拠は戦争遂行には大変不便であった。
• However the large private railways defending their own territories was not helpful to execute the war effort.

• そして、もっぱら私鉄の駅でのみ販売されている駅弁も存在する。
• Ekiben exclusively sold at the stations of private railway also exists.

• その間に、中山道沿線では私鉄の日本鉄道による建設が進んでいた。
• In the meantime, the private railroad company Nippon Railway was proceeding with construction along Nakasen-do.

• 再び複々線区間が日本の私鉄最長に（12km・1997年まで）。
• This section again became the longest quadruple-tracked section among all private railways in Japan (12 km, until 1997).

• 各地の部隊や軍事物資は官営鉄道や私鉄を乗り継いで広島に集結した。
• Troops and military supplies from various places were assembled in Hiroshima by using connections of the state-owned railway and the private railways.

• 中小私鉄は主にJRの駅から離れた都市とJR駅を結ぶ役割のものが多い。
• The majority of the small-and-medium-sized private railway companies, on the other hand, usually connect the city, which is far from JR stations, and a JR station.

• なお、もともと私鉄の駅構内で販売される弁当については中央会は関係ない。
• The Center Committee has not been concerned with the sales of box lunches sold within the station precincts managed by private railway companies since the beginning.

• 新たに地方鉄道法を制定、私鉄の監督はこの法に基づいて行われるようになった。
• And the Local Railways Act was established, the supervision of private railways were conducted based on this law.

• 日本では、特に東京圏、大阪圏、名古屋圏の鉄道は、私鉄の果たす役割が大きい。
• In Japan, private railways take an important role especially in the Tokyo area, Osaka area, and Nagoya area.

• 地方公営企業（公営交通）形態のものと民間企業（私鉄）形態のものが混在する。
• They are managed by either local public enterprises (public transportation) or private companies (private railway companies).

• 架線電圧1500Vへの昇圧は1983年と大手私鉄の中でもかなり遅い部類に入る。
• The increase of the overhead wire voltage to 1500V was made in 1983, although it was considerably late among the big private railway companies.

• 大都市圏にある大手私鉄・準大手私鉄は主に都心と郊外を結ぶ路線網を構築している。
• Major and second-tier private railway companies located in metropolitan areas mainly establish railway networks connecting the city center and the suburbs.

• 平均利用者数195万人/日、営業キロ146.6kmに及ぶ、大手私鉄の一つである。
• It is one of the major private railway companies with an average of 1,950,000 (one million nine hundred fifty thousand) users a day and a total operation of 146.6 kilometers.

• 私鉄の買収により、官設鉄道の現業部門である鉄道作業局の規模は一気に膨れあがった。
• With the acquisition of private railways, the scale of the Imperial Government Railway, the fieldwork agency of government railways, swelled enormously in a short period.

• これは、閣議において17私鉄を買収するという原原案に15私鉄を加えたものである。
• The draft was to include the acquisition of 15 private railways besides 17 private railways that had been to be acquired in the first draft.

• また、鉄道国有法公布後、今度は新たな私鉄の出願がほとんど無くなるという事態になった。
• And after the Railway Nationalization Act was issued, few new applications for new private railway were turned in.

• 関西私鉄で初めて駅構内に立ち食いそば・うどん店を設けたのは阪急電鉄である（阪急そば）。
• Among the private railway companies in Kansai District, it was Hankyu Railway that opened the Tachigui soba/udon noodle stands (Hankyu Soba) inside the station for the first time.

• この時期になると、国鉄、私鉄を問わず、通勤電車にも冷房車が導入されるようになっていた。
• Around that time, both JNR and private railroads began the operation of air-conditioned cars for commuter trains.

• 大手私鉄16社は、大都市部を中心として多くの輸送量を誇り、どの会社も利益を上げている。
• The 16 major private railways have large passenger transportation volume and are achieving a satisfactory level of profit.

• これらの人や物資の輸送には、官営の東海道線と私鉄の山陽鉄道や日本鉄道の輸送力が使われた。
• For transporting those people and goods, the transportation capacity of the government-owned Tokaido Line and private owned railways like Sanyo Railway Company and Nippon Railway was used.

• 1960年代に私鉄電車の検車庫問題と国道建設問題に対する二度の国民的保存運動がおこった。
• In 1960s, two national preservation movements arose against the private railway company's train inspection garage problem and also the national route construction problem.

• 私鉄でも、特に国鉄線との連絡運輸が行われる場合には旧国名をつけて区別される場合があった。
• In case of private railways, especially in case of connecting line with JNR, they put station names with prefixes so that they distinguished JNR stations of similar names from their stations.

• 1906年5月、私鉄買収の準備を行なう臨時鉄道国有準備局が、逓信大臣の管下に設置された。
• In May 1906, the Temporary Preparation Bureau for Railway Nationalization was established under the control of the Communication Minister.

• 合併によって近畿地方での存在感が高まるにつれ、周辺の私鉄が関西鉄道に合流する動きがでてきた。
• After the merger, the Kansai Railway Company developed a presence in the Kinki area, and other private railway companies started to follow the trend to merge with the Kansai Railway Company.

• 衆議院は通過したものの、貴族院 (日本)で修正され、原原案の17私鉄買収に戻った経緯がある。
• The bill was passed in the House of Representatives but was amended and changed in the House of Peers to the original plan to acquire 17 private railways.

• この時提出された法案の原案は、17私鉄の他に15私鉄を加えた32私鉄を買収するものであった。
• The original draft of the bill submitted at this time was to acquire 32 private railways including 15 private railways, besides the original 17 private railways

• とりわけ京阪神では私鉄が多くの路線を敷設して、鉄道会社が中心となって、沿線開発が進んでいった。
• In Keihanshin in particular, private railroad companies laid down many lines, and development of the areas along the railroads were promoted mainly by the railroad companies.

• しかし、地方の貨物輸送を中心とする中小私鉄（臨海鉄道等）については、経営の厳しいところも多い。
• On the other hand, however, there are many small-and-medium-sized private railways (e.g. seaside railways) whose main services are freight transportations in local areas and which are in a tough management situation.

• その一方で、私鉄の監督、許認可を行なっていた逓信省鉄道局においても、業務が激減する事態が生じた。
• On the other hand, in the Railway Agency of Ministry of Communication that was in charge of approval and license on private railways, the business reduced greatly.

• 各私鉄から引き継がれた雑多な車両は、国有化後もしばらくの間、私鉄時代の形式番号のまま使用された。
• The various kinds of train cars that were succeeded from the private railways were used in the same model number as they had been used in private railways.

• これにより、井上の悲願であった鉄道国有化は漸く実現し、17私鉄が国有化されることとなったのである。
• By the passage of the bill, railway nationalization which had been a long-cherished wish of Inoue was realized at last and 17 private railways were going to be nationalized.

• 大都市近郊の準大手私鉄は、沿線開発や駅周辺の商業施設の運営に関わり、経営基盤は比較的安定している。
• Small-and-medium-sized railways in suburbs of the metropolitan areas play a role in the development of areas along the railway and the operation of commercial facilities around the station, thereby ensuring relatively-stable management bases.

• 奈良鉄道（ならてつどう）は現在の奈良線全線、桜井線の過半などを建設、運営していた日本の私鉄であった。
• Nara Railway was a Japanese private railway company that constructed and managed the entire current Nara Line and over half of the current Sakurai Line.

• ただし、Suicaグリーン券や私鉄との連絡改札の利用など、相互に一部対応していないサービスも存在する。
• However, some services aren't always interoperable, such as buying a Suica Green ticket for the first-class cars or passing a transfer wicket for other private lines.

• 日露戦争で鉄道の有効性と私鉄割拠による不便さを痛感した軍部（特に陸軍）は、戦争後に鉄道国有化を要望した。
• The military (especially the Army) that learned the effectiveness of railway and the inconvenience caused by the autonomy of private railways during the Russo-Japan war expressed the need for nationalizing the railways.

• 1884年、重太郎は藤田伝三郎、田中市兵衛らとともに、事実上日本で初めての私鉄として阪堺鉄道を設立した。
• Jutaro established Hankai Railway which was actually the first private railway company in Japan together with Denzaburo FUJITA, Ichibe TANAKA and others in 1884.

• 大都市近郊では吊り広告など電車内の広告（特に私鉄系のタクシー会社）やラジオCMで求人を募集している会社がある。
• In the suburbs of metropolitan areas, there are some taxi companies that post available job positions on advertisements hung in trains (this is mainly performed by taxi companies belonging to a private railway group) and commercials on the radio.

• 1891年と1899年の経済不況時には経営困難に陥った私鉄サイドから買い上げの要望が出たが、2回とも見送られた。
• During the economic depression in 1891 and 1899, an economically strapped private railway company asked the government to take over the company but it was turned down twice.

• 大正時代から大阪電気軌道（現在の近畿日本鉄道）などの私鉄が並行して路線網を伸ばしてくると次第に利用客を奪われた。
• With private railway companies, such as the Osaka Electric Tramway (currently Kinki Nippon Railway Company), expanding their networks from the Taisho era, the line gradually lost passengers to them.

• また当時、日本国有鉄道の運営と私鉄の管轄を担っていた鉄道省も、阪神間のような熾烈な競争になることを憂慮していた。
• At that time, Japanese Government Railways (JGR), which was in charge of the management of Japan National Railway (JNR) and the jurisdictional control of private railways, was also anxious about the possibility of severe competition between railway companies, like the one that Hanshin and Hankyu were having.

• 1906年3月、国会で「鉄道国有法」が可決され、上記五大私鉄会社を含む大手私鉄17社の国有化（買収）が決まった。
• In March 1906, the Diet passed the Railway Nationalization Act and it was resolved that 17 major private railway companies including the five large private railway companies as described above were to be nationalized (purchased).

• お盆期間中の平日は、一部の私鉄・地下鉄・路線バスなどの公共交通機関では休日または土曜日のダイヤグラムで運行される。
• On the weekdays during the Bon festival period, some public transportation such as private railroads, subways and buses operate on holiday or Saturday timetables.

• ただし、私鉄・地下鉄・JR各社など他社での利用はストアードフェア（SF）機能に限られ、連絡定期券は発行されていない。
• However, when the card is used for other companies' transportation services, such as private lines, subways and JR lines, the card's service is limited to the stored fare (SF) function and the transferable commuter pass to the other lines is not issued.

• これは、私鉄を監督する法律である私設鉄道法の条件が厳しいという背景もあったが、地域開発の観点から見ると問題があった。
• This is partly because the conditions of the Private Railway Law that supervised the private railways were strict, however, there were some problems in terms of local development.

• 帝国鉄道庁では、各私鉄から引き継いだ膨大な人員を糾合したため、ポストの重複などによって余剰人員を抱えることとなった。
• As the Imperial Government Railway employed the vast number of employees that it had succeeded from the private railways, it ended up holding redundant workers because of position overlapping etc.

• 私鉄であった関西鉄道は、官設の東海道本線と競争関係にあったが、1907年（明治40年）に国有化され関西本線となった。
• The line operated by Kansei Railway Company, which was a private railway, had been in competition with the state-operated Tokaido Main Line, but in 1907 the company was nationalized and its line became the Kansai Main Line.

• JR西日本各線および近鉄線ではJスルーカード、嵯峨野観光鉄道を除く私鉄・地下鉄各線ではスルッとKANSAIカード対応。
• The J-Thru Cards can be used on the JR West lines and the Kintetsu lines, and the KANSAI THRU PASS can be used for all private railroads and subways except for the Sagano Scenic Railway.

• その後、私設鉄道法に基づく私鉄の出願が全く無くなったため、1919年（大正8年）には軽便鉄道法と私設鉄道法を廃止した。
• After that, as no applications based on Private Railway Act were turned in, the Light Railway Act and Private Railway Act were abolished in 1919.

• 鉄道の草創期は民間事業者によって鉄道網が発展した国は多いものの、現在に至るまで私鉄が広く路線網を維持している国はない。
• While there are many countries in which the railway network was developed by private companies in pioneer days of railways, there are no countries in which private railways have maintained the railway network widely up to the present date except for Japan.

• 関西では私鉄に対し「○○電車」という呼称が定着しているが、「阪急電車」のみ今ではあまり看板などでは見かけなくなっている。
• In the Kansai District, the way of calling a private railway company, 'XX-Densha ('company name'- train)' is quite common; however, nowadays 'Hankyu Densha' is seldom used on advertisement displays.

• さらにアメリカ合衆国の私鉄各社には、定期運転列車を牽引して優に180km/hに達する蒸気機関車さえ存在していたのである。
• Furthermore, railway companies in the United States owned steam locomotives that could drive regularly operated trains at speeds far exceeding 180 km/h.

• 既にJR西日本との競合にさらされていた阪急・南海などの他の関西私鉄に比べて、JR西日本との競合路線はそれほど多くなかった。
• Kintetsu Railways didn't have many competitive routes against JR West compared to other private railway companies like Hankyu and Nankai Railway, which were already competing against JR.

• 鉄道が民営であることの軍事的に不利な理由は、私鉄の場合、株式会社であるから、経営状態を詳しく株主に報告しなければならない。
• The disadvantaged point of railway management by private sector was that in the case of the private railways, being the joint-stock companies, they must report their managing status in detail to the shareholders.

• 譲渡後も私鉄の間を転々としたものが多く、中にはその私鉄の国有化によって、再度あるいは三度も国有鉄道に籍を移したものがある。
• Many of them drifted from company to company after they were sold, and some of them were registered at Japan National Railway two or three times due to the nationalization of private railways to which they belonged.

• さらに東京急行電鉄、阪急電鉄などの私鉄は、自ら不動産開発を行い、自社線を核にした郊外住宅地を作るという事業展開を進めてきた。
• Furthermore, Tokyu Corporation, Hankyu Corporation, and some other companies have been implementing real-estate development by themselves to create suburban residential areas using their own lines as a core.

• なお各私鉄に対する援助の内容は建設する地域事情に応じて大幅に違っており、援助に当たって政府の判断が慎重に行われたと推察される。
• The extent of the financial aid to private railways differed depending on the varying circumstances of the area of construction and was estimated to be given a careful consideration when the government made its decision.

• 京都バスの労働組合は京都バス労働組合、京阪京都交通の労働組合は京阪京バス労働組合（ともに日本私鉄労働組合総連合会に加盟）である。
• The labor union of Kyoto Bus Co., Ltd., is the Kyoto Bus Labor Union, and the labor union of Keihan Kyoto Kotsu is the Keihan Kyoto Bus Labor Union (both of which are members of the General Federation of Private Railway and Bus Workers' Union Japan).

• 首都圏の私鉄・路線バス・公営交通のPASMOについては、当面相互利用を行わないため、PASMOエリアでのICOCAの利用はできない。
• ICOCA can't be used in the PASMO area because its interoperation with PASMO isn't currently projected for private railways, route buses and public transportations of the metropolitan area.

• 大きくカーブした妻面に5枚窓の「タマゴ形」車体、3枚扉、ダブルルーフにブリル27MCB2型台車で大正期の関西私鉄電車の姿を伝えていた。
• It had an 'egg-shaped' body with five windows installed on its curved sides, three doors, double roof and Brill 27-MCB-2 trucks, and demonstrated the shape of an electric car used by a private railway company in Kansai region during the Taisho era.

• これらのJR、私鉄は、鉄道業を中心として、不動産、小売業、宿泊業など、鉄道利用者や沿線住民の生活に関する様々な関連事業を展開している。
• These JR companies and private railway companies are developing various businesses related to lives of the railway customers and residents living along the lines such as real estate business, retail business, hotel business, and other business, while attending hard to railway business.

• 阪急電鉄株式会社（はんきゅうでんてつ、英語 Hankyu Corporation）は、大阪梅田駅と神戸市・宝塚市・京都市を結ぶ大手私鉄。
• Hankyu Corporation (Hankyu Dentetsu) is a major private railway company operating the railways that connect Osaka Umeda Station with Kobe City, Takarazuka City and Kyoto City.

• 東海道新幹線の開業以来、新幹線と競合した私鉄特急としては、近畿日本鉄道（近鉄）、東武鉄道、小田急電鉄、名古屋鉄道（名鉄）の特急があった。
• Since the Tokaido Shinkansen line started operation, limited expresses of the Kinki Nippon Railway Company (Kintetsu Railway), Tobu Railway Co., Ltd., Odakyu Electric Railway Co., Ltd., and of Nagoya Railroad (Meitetsu) have competed with trains on the Shinkansen line.

• その後、数年のうちに本グループは淘汰の対象となり、1912年（明治45年）から1915年（大正4年）にかけて、地方私鉄などに譲渡された。
• Thereafter, these locomotives became the target of disposal and were sold to local private railways during 1912 to 1915.

• 政府部内では井上勝が官営鉄道による建設を主張したが、財政安定を図る大蔵卿松方正義の方針により国が援助する私鉄による鉄道網の整備が行われた。
• Within the government, Masaru INOUE advocated a government-run railway but the government adopted the formation of a network of private railways with the government assistance under the direction of the Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury) Masayoshi MATSUKATA.

• 私鉄から引き継がれた鉄道路線の延長は4,550km、未開業線292km、機関車1,118両、客車3,101両、貨車20,850両であった。
• The succeeded length of the private railways was 4550 km, unopened line 292 km with 1118 locomotives, 3101 passenger carriages, and 20850 freight cars.

• 私鉄特急はいずれの場合も、到達時間では新幹線に太刀打ちできないので、運賃・料金の割安さ、駅の立地、車両の居住性などで対抗することになった。
• No limited express of the private railway companies can compete with trains on the Shinkansen line in traveling time, and these companies have competed with Shinkansen lines in the aspects of cheaper fares and fees, of better station locations and of offering more comfortable train rides.

• 京阪神三都市間には複数の鉄道事業者が路線を敷設しており、サービスや沿線開発においてJRと私鉄、また私鉄同士による熾烈な競合区間となっている。
• Multiple railroad companies have laid lines in the three cities in Keihanshin, forming sections of railroad that would be competed over fiercely between JR and private railroad companies as well as among competing private companies, with respect to servicing and developing the areas along the railroads.

• それだけでなく、並行私鉄と比べても遜色のない車両であったことから、新快速の117系同様、防戦一方の国鉄のカウンターアタックのシンボルとなった。
• In addition, JNR boasted that these train series 201, along with Special Rapid series 117, were no longer inferior to the trains of private railways running in parallel, and used them as a symbol of their counter attack on private railways to which JR/JNR had been mostly defensive.

• この結果、高速性能・加減速性能に優れ、しかも居住性の良い「新性能電車」が、1954年以降大手私鉄を中心に続々と出現して、大きな技術的成功を収めた。
• As a result, 'high-performance electric train-cars' that were superior in high-speed performance as well as in acceleration/deceleration performance were introduced one after another centered on major private railway companies in 1954 and later, accomplishing a big technical achievement.

• 関西～徳島間の高速バスは、JR系と徳島バス・私鉄系とは同じ行き先でも完全に別立てで運行されているが、この京都行きのみは両系統の共同運行となっている。
• While these buses running between Kansai Region and Tokushima Prefecture are individually operated by JR (Japan Railroad) and private bus companies, (suh as the Tokushima Bus Co., Ltd.) this Awa Express Bus Kyoto-go is jointly operated by both parties.

• 関西地区各地からは出発地によってJR・私鉄各線を使い分けるが、京都駅周辺はJR・近鉄、四条河原町周辺は阪急・京阪のターミナルと主に二箇所に分散している。
• Although access from places in the Kansai area is via JR lines or private railroads, depending on the city of departure, these lines cluster into two areas: around Kyoto Station for the JR and Kintetsu lines, and around Shijo-Kawaramachi for the Hankyu and Keihan lines.

• これは、関西本線の前身に当たる私鉄の関西鉄道が土地を取得してホテルを建設し、京都の都ホテル（現・ウェスティン都ホテル京都）が運営に当たっていたためである。
• This was because a private railway (company) Kansai Railway Company, which was the predecessor of Kansai Main Line, purchased the area and built a hotel managed by Miyako Hotel in Kyoto (currently, The Westin Miyako Kyoto).

• また、2006年1月21日からはPiTaPaと相互利用が開始され、京阪神エリアの私鉄・地下鉄のうちPiTaPaを導入している事業者でも利用が可能となった。
• From January 21, 2006, reciprocal usage with PiTaPa became possible, even on the private and subway railway companies in the Keihanshin area, where PiTaPa has been introduced.

• 京阪電気鉄道と大阪電気軌道（通称・大軌。近鉄の前身）の合弁会社である奈良電気鉄道（通称・奈良電）により、私鉄路線がなかった2つの古都を結ぶ目的で開業した。
• Nara Electric Railway (known as Naraden), which was a joint venture of Keihan Electric Railway and Osaka Electric Tramway (known as Daiki, the predecessor of Kintetsu Corporation), opened the railway for the purpose of connecting the two ancient capitals, which had no private railway transportation.

• しかしながら、JRグループ以外の競合会社（私鉄・専業系路線バスのほか、貸切バスによる会員制ツアーバスもある）の進出も急増し、各JR新幹線と実質競合している。
• However, many companies other than those belonging to the JR group (bus-operating companies owned by private railway line companies, companies specialized in route bus operations, and chartered membership-based tour buses as well) have entered this business in a short period of time, generating competitive situations with Shinkansen lines.

• しかし、それ以外の地方私鉄は、人口減、過疎化の影響を強く受けており、富士急行など沿線に観光資源を有し観光事業が好調な事業者を除くと黒字になっている所は少ない。
• However, local private railways other than above are strongly affected by decline in population, and most small-and-medium-sized railways, except those which have tourism resources along its route and thus have good tourism business such as Fujikyuko Co., Ltd., are running at a loss.

• 鉄道国有法（てつどうこくゆうほう；明治39年3月31日法律第17号）は、全国的な鉄道網を内閣鉄道院に一元化するため、私鉄を国有化することを定めた日本の法律である。
• The Railway Nationalization Act (the 17th Law issued on March 31, 1906) is a Japanese law to nationalize private railways in order to unify the nation-wide networks of railways under the Tetsudoin (Railway Bureau) in the Cabinet.

• このように、短編成によるフリークエントサービスを行なったのは、電化以前からのサービス向上もさることながら、阪急、阪神といったライバル私鉄を意識した面も多分にある。
• The reason why JNR frequently operated trains with fewer cars was because it was concerned about competition with other railway companies like Hankyu Railway and Hanshin Railway, rather than improving service which started before the electrification.

• 鉄道部はその後も鉄道整備を推進し淡水線 (台湾鉄路管理局)、宜蘭線、屏東線、東港線などを建設すると共に、私鉄路線であった台東南線（現台東線の一部）、平渓線を買収した。
• The Railway Ministry continued to develop the railway system, constructing the Tnasui Line (Taiwan Railroad Administration), Giran Line, Heito Line, and Toko Line as well as purchasing the Taitong Southern Line (currently a part of Taitong Line) and Ping Hsi Line.

• その後の阪急車の建造メーカーに選ばれたのはそれまで関西の大手私鉄と取引がなかった（ただし、公営である京都市営地下鉄・大阪市営地下鉄とは取引があった） 日立製作所 であった。
• Subsequently, Hitachi, Ltd. was selected as a builder of Hankyu's rolling stock, although Hitachi did not have business relationships with large private railway companies in the Kansai District (nonetheless, it was dealing with the public transportation companies Kyoto Municipal Subway and Osaka Municipal Subway).

• 現在では少子化・高齢化と人口分布の都心回帰が進み、地方中小私鉄だけでなく、大都市圏の私鉄でも、都心と郊外を結ぶ路線については輸送人員が増加から減少に転じる路線も出てきている。
• Today, due to regression of population distribution to the city center triggered by low birthrate and aging, not only small-and-medium-sized private railways in local areas, but private railways in big cities are gradually having more lines connecting the city center and suburbs, whose transportation volume is changing from increase to decrease.

• 42系電車は当時の省電としては破格の車両であったが、並行するライバル私鉄の車両から比べると、普通車_(鉄道車両)の背ずりが板張りであったりしたことが、やや遜色があったといえる。
• Although 42 types of electric cars were distinguished ones from other cars of the JNR, they were still a little inferior to those of other competing private railway companies in some respects, they had wooden backs for third-class car seats.

• 加悦鉄道（かやてつどう）は京都府与謝郡野田川町（現・与謝野町）の丹後山田駅（現北近畿タンゴ鉄道宮津線野田川駅）から、同郡加悦町（現・与謝野町）の加悦駅までを結んでいた私鉄である。
• 'Kaya Tetsudo' refers to the railway which connected Tango Yamada Station (the present Nodagawa Station of Kitakinki Tango Railway Miyazu Line) located at Nodagawa Town (the present Yosano Town), Yosa County, Kyoto Prefecture, with Kaya Station located at Kaya Town (the present Yosano Town) in the Yosa County.

• 円を基調とした駅舎は南海電気鉄道の特急南海50000系電車のデザインを手がけた、建築家の若林広幸によって設計され、1996年に私鉄の駅としては初のグッドデザイン賞に選定されている。
• The circular station house was designed by Hiroyuki WAKABAYASHI, who also designed the Nankai 50000 Series train car used by Nankai Electric Railway Co., Ltd., and in 1996 became the first private company-owned one to win a prize for good design.

• 昨今の地方公共団体の財政状態の悪化により補助金が減少あるいは停止されること、鉄道事業法の改正により届出だけで廃止が可能になったことが、地方私鉄を取り巻く環境をさらに厳しいものとしている。
• The environments surrounding the local private railways are becoming more and more severe because the amount of subsidy has been reduced or the payment of subsidy has completely stopped due to the severe financial situation of today's local public bodies and because after the Railway Business Act was revised, it is now possible to discontinue railway lines simply by notification.

• これは「デオ」といえども車体長16mクラスの現在の日本においては小型に属する車体であり、車両寿命や冷房化の要求が生じた時点で大手私鉄等から譲り受ける適当な車両がなかったことが大きいとされている。
• Even 'Deo' of about 16 meters long falls into a small size in Japan today; this is because when the existing cars became old and had to meet the requirement for air conditioning, the Eizan Electric Railway couldn't find suitable cars to be transferred from major private railways.

• 現在は京阪神エリアの私鉄・地下鉄および一部の路線バス（PiTaPaエリア）、並びに東日本旅客鉄道（JR東日本）などのSuicaエリア、東海旅客鉄道（JR東海）のTOICAエリアでも利用可能である。
• Currently, the card can also be used in the following areas: all private and subway lines and some parts of bus lines (PiTaPa area) in the Keihanshin area; the Suica area such as East Japan Railway (JR East); and the TOICA area covered by Central Japan Railway (JR Central).

• なお、快速においても従来の80系ではラッシュ時に対応が困難になってきたことや、競合する各私鉄が1960年代前半に特急用の新車を投入したことから、1964年から113系近郊形電車が快速に投入されている。
• Meanwhile, type 113 suburban cars were introduced for Rapid service in 1964 because it became difficult for the existing type 80 cars to cope with the congestion during the rush hour and private railway companies introduced new cars for the super-express trains during the early 1960's.

• ちょうど新京阪線の計画がたった頃の1921年に、阪急神戸線・阪急宝塚本線の十三駅から分岐して千里山駅までを結ぶ、北大阪電気鉄道（現在淡路駅を境に、西は京都線、北は阪急千里線）という私鉄路線が開業していた。
• In 1921, around the time that the construction project of the Shinkeihan Line was formulated, a private company called Kita-Osaka Electric Railway began operating with a line diverging from the Hankyu Kobe Line and Hankyu Takarazuka Main Line at Juso Station, and reaching up to Senriyama Station (currently, the line is divided into two sections at Awaji Station, with the west section belonging to the Kyoto Line and the north section to the Hankyu Senri Line).

• さらに2007年4月1日にはPiTaPaが近畿日本鉄道や京都市交通局などにも導入されたことにより、関西の大手もしくは準大手私鉄・公営地下鉄のほとんどの路線でICOCAが使用可能となり、さらに利便性が向上した。
• Additionally, since PiTaPa was introduced in Kintetsu Railways and the Kyoto Municipal Transportation Bureau on April 1, 2007, ICOCA has enhanced its convenience, being accepted on almost all lines of the major and second-tier private railway companies and public subways.

• これらの私鉄で用いられた電車は、当然だがハイレベルな仕様の車両が多く（阪急100形電車、参宮急行電鉄2200系電車、阪和電気鉄道の車両など）、後述する国鉄における動力分散方式の開発にも、いくらか影響を与えている。
• Naturally, high-level specifications were applied to many of the train-cars of these private railway companies (for example, 100 series electric train-cars of Hankyu, 2200 series electric train-cars of Sangu Kyuko Electric Railway, and electric train-cars of Hanwa Electric Railway), slightly affecting the development of the distributed traction system in JNR to be described later.

• 1932年、四条畷 - 片町間が関西の国電区間では初めて電化され（1929年に開通した阪和線は当時阪和電気鉄道という私鉄）、木津 - 四条畷間は国鉄C11形蒸気機関車が牽引する蒸気機関車、四条畷 - 片町間は電車になった。
• In 1932 the line between Shijonawate and Katamachi was electrified first in the sections of the JNR in the Kansai area (Hanwa Line opened in 1929 was, in those days, a private railroad company called Hanwa Electric Railway), the JNR steam locomotive C11 class ran between Kizu and Shijonawate, and the electric trains ran between Shijonawate and Katamachi.

• ただし、上述の近鉄特急と異なり、日光市・鬼怒川温泉・足利市・赤城山など、スペーシア・「りょうもう」などといった特急が直接乗り入れる箇所（新幹線では在来線や私鉄・バス等との乗換えが必要）を除き、必ずしも東武特急は優勢とはいえない。
• However, contrary to the limited expresses of Kintetsu described above, it cannot be said that limited expresses of Tobu are always dominant, except such areas as the Kinugawa hot-spring in Nikko City and Akagi-yama Mountain in Ashikaga City, where limited expresses, such as Spacia 'Ryomo,' were operated (to reach these areas using a Shinkansen line, another train on a regular railway line or private railway line or a bus must be utilized).

• 1917年（大正6年）、今西林三郎が専務取締役の解任を申し出たことに際し、同年大阪瓦斯社長を解任されていたこと、関西の私鉄を一つにまとめ上げるという理想があったことなどがあり、この際は快く引き受け空席だった社長を務めることになった。
• In 1917, he gladly accepted to fill the vacancy as president in light of Rinsaburo IMANISHI's proposal to dismiss a senior managing director and realize his own desire of consolidating private railway companies in Kansai region.

• 昭和30年代までは全体的に増加傾向にあったが、昭和40年代以降は、まず高度経済成長期の産業構造の変化にともなう人口分布の変化（大都市への集中）と、自家用自動車の普及により地方中小私鉄の輸送量減少が進み、多くの中小私鉄が廃線となった。
• Passenger transportation volume of railways tended to grow until 1955 to 1964; however, after 1965, many small-and-medium-sized private railways were discontinued because of change in population distribution (concentration of population in large cities) along with change in industrial structures in the high economic growth period, and reduction in transportation volume of small-and-medium-sized private railways in local areas due to the widespread use of private cars.

• 阪神電気鉄道阪神西大阪線が近鉄難波駅まで開業する2009年以降は（開業後は阪神なんば線に改称）、関西では唯一大阪市中央区 (大阪市) に路線がない大手私鉄となる（但し京都線の車両自体は堺筋線を介して中央区に乗り入れているものもある）。
• From 2009, when the Hanshin Nishi-Osaka Line of Hanshin Electric Railway Co., Ltd. is extended to Kintetsu Nanba Station (which is scheduled to be called the Hanshin Nanba Line after its inauguration), the Hankyu Railway will be the only large private railway company in the Kansai District that has no line in the area of Chuo Ward, Osaka City (although some of the trains on the Kyoto Line (Hankyu) go to Chuo Ward by using the track of the Osaka Municipal Subway's Sakaisuji Line).

• 平行する私鉄に較べ長い駅間であったが、2007年3月には西宮駅 (JR西日本)（西ノ宮から改称）～芦屋間にさくら夙川駅が、2008年3月には山崎駅 (京都府)～高槻間に島本駅が、鷹取駅～須磨間に須磨海浜公園駅が、同年10月には西大路～向日町間に桂川駅 (京都府)がそれぞれ開業した。
• Since JNR/JR had stations with longer intervals compared with private railways running in parallel, JR had established in March 2007, the new Sakura-Shukugawa Station between Nishinomiya Station (JR-West) (renamed from old Nishinomiya) and Ashiya, and in March 2008, the new Shimamoto Station between Yamazaki Station (Kyoto Prefecture) and Takatsuki, the new Suma-kaihinkoen Stations between Takatori Station and Suma Station, as well as a new station, Katsuragawa Station (Kyoto Prefecture) between Nishioji and Mukomachi in October 2008.

• 「大都市圏内の私鉄各線で共通で利用できる」という点がスルッとKANSAIと共通している関東圏のパスネットは、そのICカード版であるPASMOが登場してから1年足らずの2008年1月に発売を停止したが、スルッとKANSAIはそのICカード版と位置づけられたPiTaPaがサービスを開始して2008年現在で4年が経過しているにも関わらず、発売停止になる予定は全く無い。
• The Passnet being used in the Kanto area is similar to the Surutto KANSAI, which can be used in various private railways in major cities; however, when the PASMO IC card of Passnet came out on the market, the sale of the Passnet was suspended within a year, in January 2008; on the other hand, the PiTaPa, an IC card version of Surutto KANSAI, has been on the market for four years as of 2008, but there is no sign that the sale of the Surutto KANSAI card will be suspended.

• ただし、電化費用を抑えるため変電所の数を通常より減らし（80kmを超える路線ながら4箇所しかない）、駅の分岐器には分岐器手動転轍器なども残るうえ区間内に制限速度25km/hの部分があるなど、その施設はローカル私鉄並で、加速度や最高速度を落として運転せざるをえないのが実情である（たとえば通常JR西日本125系電車電車は起動加速度2.5km/h/sであるが小浜線内では1.2km/h/sに落としている。北陸本線運用に入ると本来の加速度を発揮している）。
• However, the number of transformer stations is reduced to less than usual to minimize the electrification cost (only four transformer stations in more than 80 km of line) and the turnout manual point-switch and so on remains in the station's turnout and in some sections the speed is limited to 25km/h and so on, and facilities are at the level of local private railways, and in reality, they have to drive by keeping down the acceleration and the highest speed (for example, usually in JR West Suburban Trains Series 125, the acceleration at start-up is 2.5 km/h/s, but in the Obama Line it is reduced to 1.2 km/h/s. On the Hokuriku Main Line, the original acceleration is exerted).

• （相互利用によりICOCAも使用可能になったが、告知不足によりICOCAで私鉄に乗れることを知っている人が少なかったり、ICOCAへチャージできる自動券売機やICOCAで乗り越し精算ができる自動精算機が少なかったりと、JR線内より使い勝手が悪いとの声もある）ちなみに、金券ショップでは、実発売額より安価（1000円のカードが990円など）で売られていることがあるので、金券ショップで購入すればPiTaPaやICOCAよりわずかな差ではあるが安く乗車できる。
• (After considering the above situation, the use of the ICOCA card was allowed; however, there were some complaints saying the service wasn't as good as JR trains, that the passengers weren't informed they could go on privately run trains with this card, or that there weren't enough automatic ticketing machines to recharge the card or balance the train fare); incidentally, the Surutto KANSAI cards can be sold cheaper than the actual sales price, (1,000 yen ticket is sold for 990 yen) at ticket sales offices, so passengers can buy them at cheaper prices than those of PiTaPa and ICOCA tickets.

• 同時期の国鉄では、電車や電気機関車でも120km/h超過の速度試験が行われていたが、こちらは営業運転とほぼ同等の条件で実施され、また欧米系の最新電気鉄道技術を採用した阪和電気鉄道や新京阪鉄道といった関西私鉄では、戦前の段階で既に120km/h超の高速運転が営業列車で恒常的に（それも鉄道省が国鉄の最高運転速度以上の速度を認可しないことを見越して、届けを出さないままに）実施されていたことが知られており、日本の鉄道技術、ことに蒸気機関車設計技術の立ち遅れは明白であった。
• JNR at that time was also performing speed tests at a speed of more than 120 km/h on electric trains and electric locomotives, but these tests were performed under conditions almost equal to those of commercial operation, and moreover, Kansai private railroad companies including the Hanwa Electric Railway and New Keihan Railway, which adopted the newest Western electric railroad technology, were known to have constantly been performing high speed driving at 120 km/h during the prewar period on their commercial trains (without filing, knowing that the Ministry of Railways would not permit speeds over maximum driving speed of JNR), which made it clear that the Japanese railroad technology, especially that of steam locomotive designing was lagging behind.