社会: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 社会学科
- Department of Sociology
- 社会学部
- Faculty of Sociology
- Faculty of Social Studies
- 社会参加
- social participation
- 政治・社会
- Politics and society
- 経済と社会
- Economy and society of the Muromachi period
- 社会学専修
- Department of Sociology
- 社会詠の例
- Examples of shakaiei
- 社会改善事業
- Social improvement
- 社会・経済史
- Socio-economic history
- 福祉社会学科
- Department of Welfare Society
- 現代社会学部
- Faculty of Contemporary Social Studies
- 現代社会学科
- Department of Contemporary Sociology
- 社会福祉学科
- Department of Social Welfare
- 社会学研究科
- Sociology Program
- Graduate School of Sociology
- 環境社会学科
- Department of Environmental and Social Studies
- 社会福祉学部
- Faculty of Social Welfare
- 社会詠の歴史
- The history of shakaiei
- 文化・社会風潮
- Cultural and social developments of the period
- 社会科学研究所
- Research Institute for Social Sciences
- 中国社会科学院
- Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
- 社会情報学専攻
- Department of Social Informatics
- 社会との関わり
- Relation with Japanese Society
- Public assets shared with Japanese society
- Social connection
- Social association
- Relation with the society
- 社会に献身せよ
- Contribute to society
- 賤民の社会的地位
- Social status of the lowly persons
- 世襲的な社会構造
- Hereditary social structure
- 社会保険京都病院
- Social Insurance Kyoto Hospital
- 社会政策への関心
- Interests in Social Policy
- その後の武家社会
- Later Samurai Society
- 社会システム学科
- Department of Social System Studies
- 社会防災研究部門
- Research Division of Disaster Management for Safe and Secure Society
- 都市社会工学専攻
- Department of Urban Management
- 社会基盤工学専攻
- Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering
- 社会生態研究部門
- Research Department of Ecology and Social Behavior
- 社会福祉学研究科
- Social Welfare Program
- Graduate School of Social Welfare
- 社会メディア学科
- Department of Social Media
- 『日本社会事彙』
- 'Nihon Shakai Jii' (Classification of Japanese Society)
- キャッシュレス社会
- cashless society
- 国際社会文化研究所
- Institute for International Society and Culture
- 鎌倉時代の経済と社会
- Society and the economy during the Kamakura period
- 国際社会システム専攻
- International Social System Studies
- 文学部社会学科を設置
- Department of Sociology in Faculty of Letters opened.
- 社会文化相関研究部門
- Research Division of Socio-Cultural Dynamics
- 10世紀初頭の社会情勢
- The social situation of the early tenth century
- 国際社会システム研究科
- Graduate School of International Social System Studies
- 修士課程(社会学専攻)
- Master of Arts (Sociology Program)
- Master of Art (Sociology Program)
- 広くは社会詠に含まれる
- This is a subset of the Shakai-ei.
- 社会人野球大会京滋奈予選
- Keijina Preliminary Games of Amateur Baseball Championship
- 社会学や地理学では村落。
- 村 is called 村落 (read as sonraku, a rural community) in sociology and geography.
- 社会情勢の変化による官制
- Administration in changing social conditions
- 京都府立総合社会福祉会館
- Heartpia Kyoto
- 理工学部、社会学部を設置
- And Faculty of Science and Technology, and that of Sociology opened.
- 前近代社会下での皇室財産
- Imperial Property in Premodern Society
- 「万国公法」と社会進化論
- Bankoku Koho' and social evolutionism
- 日本の公家社会における家門
- Families in Japanese court nobles' society
- 社会的共通資本研究センター
- Research Center for Social Common Capital
- 社会学研究科(前期・後期)
- Graduate School of Social Studies (First semester, Second semester)
- 西安交通大学人民社会科学院
- People's Academy of Social Sciences at Xi'an Jiaotong University
- 修士課程(社会福祉学専攻)
- Master of Arts (Social Welfare Program)
- Doctor of Philosophy (Social Welfare Program)
- 近代東アジア国際社会の変容
- Change of modern international society in East Asia
- 日本社会党 (1906年)
- Japan Socialist Party (1906, Nihon Shakaito)
- エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻
- Department of Socio-Environmental Energy Science
- 社会主義協会 (1900年)
- Socialism Society
- 上京社会保険事務所 烏丸通上ル
- Kamigyo Social Insurance Office: Karasuma-dori Street agaru
- 博士課程後期(社会福祉学専攻)
- Doctor of Philosophy (Social Welfare Program)
- 『経済学の近況と講壇社会主義』
- 'Recent Trend in Economics and Cathedral Socialism'
- 武家社会の台頭と官人陰陽師の凋落
- The rise of the Samurai and the decline of the bureaucratic onmyoji
- A群 人文科学・社会科学系科目。
- Group A : Humanities and social sciences
- 厚生学科は文学部社会学科へ改組。
- Welfare Studies were reorganized into the Department of Sociology within a Faculty of Letters.
- ―戦時下の社会と人間を詠んだ歌。
- Poems composed about the people and society during wartime.
- 生活詠的社会詠の先駆けと言える。
- This can be said to be a forerunner of seikatsuei (poems about everyday life) type shakaiei.
- 社会民主党 (日本 1901年)
- Social Democratic Party (Japan, 1901) (Shakai minshuto)
- これは人間でもなく、社会でもない。
- It was neither people nor society.
- 社会経済の変容も影響をもたらした。
- The change in social economics also influenced it.
- 教室、社会学部事務室、政策学部事務室
- Classrooms, the office of the Faculty of Social Studies, the office of the Faculty of Policy Studies
- 社会研究科(修士課程・博士後期課程)
- Graduate School of Sociology (Master's Degree Program and Doctor's Degree Program)
- 日系人社会の主だった人々が逮捕される。
- Important people in Japanese communities were arrested.
- 貴族社会を反省する視点がうかがわれる。
- The attitude of reviewing a noble society is shown.
- 晩年は社会福祉活動に力を注いだという。
- He devoted himself to the social welfare activity in his later life.
- 社会学部事務室分室、政策学部事務室分室
- The branch office of the Faculty of Social Studies, the branch office of the Faculty of Policy and Studies
- 知識社会基盤構築のための情報学拠点形成
- Informatics Research Center for Development of Knowledge Society Infrastructure
- 社会との協創による情報システムデザイン
- Information System Design in Cooperation with the Society
- 平安時代の中頃から貴族社会に浸透した。
- It was introduced to the aristocratic class in the mid Heian period.
- どちらの学園祭も地域社会に開かれている。
- Both school festivals are opened to the local community.
- 使用学部:現代社会学部・学芸学部・薬学部
- Faculties using the Kyotanabe Campus: the faculties of Contemporary Social Studies, Liberal Arts and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- ―社会詠の一種であり、時事問題を詠んだ歌
- A type of shakai-ei and deals with current issues.
- 貴族社会においても注目されるようになった。
- It started gaining attention in the noble society.
- (当時の一般社会人の月収が18円-25円)
- (Monthly income of the general public at that time was 18 yen to 25 yen.)
- 地域社会が崩壊し、混乱は全国的に波及した。
- The local communities collapsed and chaos spread across the country.
- 京都府立総合社会福祉会館(ハートピア京都)
- Heartpia Kyoto
- 日本最初の合法社会主義政党として知られる。
- It's known as Japan's first legal socialist party.
- 当時の社会における価値観は正反対に転換した。
- The values of the society at the time were completely overturned.
- このことて神仏や社会に対する反省の証とした。
- It provided proof of an apology against Gods, Buddha, and society.
- 村落社会の自立化が進み惣村が各地に成立した。
- Village communities became increasingly more independent, and soson (a communities consisting of peasants' self-governing associations) were established in various areas.
- 農耕社会の成立によって地域集団が形成された。
- The establishment of an agriculture-based society generated local communities.
- 社会人の学び直しニーズ対応教育推進プログラム
- Promotional program for education to accommodate working people's needs to return to school
- 近世武家社会において狩衣は礼服と認められた。
- In the early-modern samurai society, kariginu were acknowledged as formal dress.
- その後、2005年度に社会学部へ改組された。
- After that, it was reorganized as the Faculty of Social Studies in the 2005 academic year.
- 神学部、社会学部の全学年を今出川校地へ統合。
- All students of the School of Theology and the Faculty of Social Studies were relocated to Imadegawa Campus.
- これは天皇家から貴族社会に至るまでそうだった。
- It was like this from the emperor family to the aristocratic society.
- 市田良彦(1980年卒・経済) 社会思想学者。
- Yoshihiko ICHIDA (class of 1980, economics): He is a scholar of social thought.
- 永井道雄(1944年卒・哲学) 教育社会学者。
- Michio NAGAI (class of 1944, philosophy): He was a educational sociologist.
- 新たな社会的ニーズに対応した学生支援プログラム
- Student support program based on contemporary social needs
- 社会学部「大津エンパワねっと」(平成19年度)
- 'Otsu Enpawa Net', meaning the network that empowers the Otsu community, by Faculty of Sociology (in fiscal Heisei 19)
- そしてこれが最後の華々しい社会的活動であった。
- This was his last glorious social activity.
- ここに陽明学は社会救済の根拠を見出したのである。
- Yomei-gaku found grounds for social relief in this idea.
- しかし現実には社会的な差別は根強く残存していた。
- The reality, however, was that there existed a deep-rooted discrimination in the society.
- 当時の政治や社会状況を知る上では重要な歴史資料。
- The diary is important historical material in understanding the politics and social circumstances of the time it was written.
- 当時の貴族社会の歌語りを中心とした歌物語である。
- Yamato Monogatari is an uta-monogatari (poem-tale) based on the poems composed by the members of the aristocratic society.
- 『庭 こころとかたち』 1968年、社会思想社刊
- 'Niwa Kokoro to Katachi' (Garden Heart and Shape) published in 1968 by Shakai Shinsosha (the mind of a society).
- そのため氏族社会が崩壊、氏神信仰も薄らいでくる。
- This led to the collapse of clan society as well as the erosion of ujigami worship.
- 2004年 - 現代社会学部現代こども学科開設。
- 2004: The Faculty of the Contemporary Social Studies Department of Childhood Studies was founded.
- こうして、社会民主党は結成の2日後に禁止された。
- Thus, the Shakai minshuto was outlawed two days after its launch.
- 確かにこの間にも、在地社会での大きな変動があった。
- There certainly was a big transformation within the local society during that time.
- このため、企業の社会的責任の先駆者と言われている。
- Thus, he is considered to be a pioneer in the promotion of corporate social responsibility.
- 城郭:社会の安定と幕府による規制のため急激に衰えた。
- Castle: the construction of castle declined rapidly due to the social stability and the regulations of the shogunate government.
- 永観は、今日の社会福祉活動の先駆者といえるであろう。
- It could be said that Yokan was the forefather of today's social welfare activities.
- いずれも料金は無料で、地域社会に広く開放されている。
- All of these are free, and are open to the local community.
- 2005年度に文学研究科と社会学研究科に分割される。
- It was divided into Graduate School of Literature and Graduate School of Social Studies in the 2005 academic year.
- 2004年4月文学部社会学科新聞学専攻より名称変更。
- Renamed from Newspaper Studies Major, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Letters in April 2004.
- 使用研究科:大学院文学研究科・国際社会システム研究科
- Graduate Schools using the Kyotanabe Campus: the graduate schools of Literary Studies and International Social System Studies
- ―哲学、思想、主義、主張に基づき人間と社会を詠んだ歌
- Poems composed based on philosophy, ideologies, doctrines, opinions, and on man vs. society.
- 原始共同体においては、氏族や部族が社会の単位となった。
- In the primitive community, a clan and a tribe became a social unit.
- だが、当時の公家社会では良く見られる現象でもあった)。
- This phenomenon was often found among court nobles at that time.
- 正に一揆こそが社会秩序であったと言っても過言ではない。
- Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to say that ikki was actually the social order.
- 1962年(昭和37年) 短期大学部社会福祉学科を設置
- In A.D.1962, Department of Social Welfare in Junior College opened.
- 社会詠(しゃかいえい)は和歌や俳句の種別の一つである。
- Shakaiei is a type of tanka as well as a haiku.
- 同じ年には『社会主義管見』が出版されたが発禁となった。
- 'Shakaishugi Kanken' (Personal views on socialism) was published in the same year, but it was banned.
- 『一代華族論』伯爵 板垣退助著、社会政策社、1912年
- 'Ichidai Kazoku Ron'(the life-peer theory), written by Count Taisuke ITAGAKI, published by Shakaiseisakusha, 1912
- インド社会の根底にはヒンドゥー教の輪廻転生の原理がある。
- At the root of Indian society, there is the principle of Rinne Tensho (all things being in flux through the endless circle of birth, death and rebirth, or the circle of transmigration) in Hinduism.
- 社会の動揺を軍事的な手段で鎮圧する武力的な措置をとった。
- The authorities suppressed social disturbances using military force.
- 地域医療等社会的ニーズに対応した医療人教育支援プログラム
- Support Program for Educating Medical Staff in Response to the Social Needs including Regional Medicine
- 戦国時代後半の社会は、二つの相反する可能性を示唆していた。
- The society in the latter part of the Sengoku period suggested two opposite possibilities.
- 日本の封建社会における最後にして最大の農民一揆と言われる。
- The turmoil is said to be the last and largest peasant uprising in the feudal system of Japan.
- これらはそれぞれ、宛所の身分や社会的地位で使い分けていた。
- Each type of form was separately used depending on the court rank and social status of the addressee.
- 東山区役所・東山保健所・東山区社会福祉事務所・東山区図書館
- Higashiyama Ward Office, Higashiyama Health Center, Higashiyama Ward Social Welfare Office, Higashiyama Ward Library
- 良くも悪くも実力主義の武家社会が親家の命を救ったと言える。
- Chikaie's life was saved because of the power-centered philosophy of the samurai society, for better or worse.
- 2003年 人文学部に社会メディア学科・文化表現学科を開設
- 2003: It established the Department of Social and Media Studies and Department of Culture and Art Studies within Faculty of Literature
- 自立した学習者による社会貢献の実践教育(2004年度採択)
- Auxiliary education for contribution to the social life of the independent student (adopted in the 2004 academic year)
- 日本社会党(にほんしゃかいとう)は、明治時代の政党の一つ。
- The Nihon Shakaito is a political party in the Meiji Period.
- 第十八世紀仏蘭西文化史・社会主義運動史 富山房, 1922
- Dai Juhachi Seiki Furansu Bunka-shi, Shakaishugi Undo-shi (History of French culture and Socialism Movement of the 18th Century), Fuzambo, 1922
- 中世武家社会において荘園などを分譲する際の文章で用いられる。
- This style of document was used in samurai society during the medieval period as a proof of transfer for belongings, such as a shoen (manor).
- これ以後の荘園と公領を単位とした社会構造を荘園公領制と呼ぶ。
- The social structure constituted of shoen and koryo units thereafter called a shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates).
- 13世紀中期ごろになると、農村社会に大きな変動が生じ始めた。
- Toward the middle of the 13th century, a far-reaching change started to occur within rural society in Japan.
- 1906年2月日本社会党 (1906-1907)結成に参加。
- He participated in the formation of Japan Socialist Party (1906-1907) in February 1906.
- 『日本庭園史大系 全35巻』 1971〜76年、社会思想社刊
- 'Nihon Teienshi Taikei Complete Thirty-five Volumes' published between 1971 to 1976 by Shakai Shisosha.
- 修士課程(真宗学・仏教学・哲学・社会学・仏教文化・国際文化)
- Master's Course (Shin Buddhist Studies, Buddhist Studies, Philosophy, Sociology, Buddhist Culture, and Intercultural Studies)
- わが国社会情勢に適したものに改めようとした意図が感じられる。
- This indicates Akihira's intentions to improve the collection to make it more suitable for contemporary Japanese social circumstances.
- ―人間社会の出来事、人間関係、または個人個人のことを詠んだ歌
- Poems composed on events in human society, on human relationships, or individual matters.
- 代表的なものとしては「国債」、「哲学」、「社会」などがある。
- For example, there are 'national bond,' 'Philosophy,' 'society' and so on.
- なお、歌人たちにおける社会を歌壇(かだん)ということがある。
- The society of tanka poets is sometimes called kadan (the world of tanka poets).
- 分骨塔:富山県射水市戸破4200(射水市社会福祉会館となり)
- Bunkotsuto (a pagoda to place some of one's ashes separately): 4200, Hibari, Imizu City, Toyama Prefecture (next to Imizu City Shakaifukushi-kaikan [welfare hall]).
- 大正期から続いた不景気に世界恐慌が直撃し、社会不安が増大した。
- The recession having continued from the Taisho period was hit by the world depression directly, significantly destabilizing society.
- 公家社会においては、家格によって昇進できる官職が定まっていた。
- In the kuge society, the highest government post one could reach depended on one's kakaku.
- 銀行の業績は住友に対する社会の信用のもっとも直接の顕現になる。
- The performance of the bank was the most direct manifestation of the trust to Sumitomo by society.
- 2000年 芸術学部にマンガ学科、人文学部に環境社会学科を開設
- 2000: The school established the manga course within the Faculty of Art as well as the Department of Environmental and Social Studies within the Faculty of Literature.
- また、南北朝時代の社会的風潮であった「ばさら」を禁止している。
- It also banned 'basara' (extravagance), a social phenomenon of the Northern and Southern Court period.
- 彼らは当時明六社の同人であり、社会に大きな影響力をもっていた。
- They belonged to Dojin (literary group [coterie]) of Meirokusha (Japan's first academic society) and had a great influence.
- 国体論と社会主義の野合として、北一輝は痛烈な批判を加えている。
- Ikki KITA severely criticized the publication, saying that it was merely an illicit combination of the national policy theory and socialism.
- それらによって国粋主義を主張し、当時の社会に影響を波及させる。
- Through these means, he advocated nationalism, which influenced the society at that time.
- 一方で、社会の安定化に伴い、耕地開発の大事業が各地で実施された。
- On the other hand, as the society became stable, big projects of developing new arable lands were carried out in various areas.
- 明治時代以前の公家社会においても宮中座次と呼ばれるものがあった。
- Before the Meiji period, there was an order of precedence called 'Kyuchu Zaji' which was used among the society of court nobles.
- 父系社会においては血筋とは当然男系のそれが観念されたからである。
- This is because in the paternal society, the lineage was defined as male line for granted.
- そこで言う「社会的・階級的特質」が「在地領主的性格」なのである。
- This 'social and social class aspect' was ' characteristic of a lord of a manor.'
- 博士後期課程(真宗学・仏教学・哲学・社会学・仏教文化・国際文化)
- Doctoral Course (Shin Buddhist Studies, Buddhist Studies, Philosophy, Sociology, Buddhist Culture, and Intercultural Studies)
- 家光の時代には、取り潰される藩も多く、浪人が増え、社会問題化した。
- Under the rule of Iemitsu, many domains were abolished and an increase in the number of ronin (masterless samurai) became a social problem.
- また貴族 (中国)制社会において同一氏族集団に属することを示した。
- It also indicated within the aristocratic society that one belonged to the same family clan.
- 律令制の個別人身支配が弛緩していくと、在地社会の階層分化が進んだ。
- As the control of individual persons in the ritsuryo-code-based system became weak, the hierarchical level of local societies advanced.
- 王朝国家体制期には後の中世社会の基礎となる要素が多数生まれている。
- Lots of elements which later became the base of medieval society are included in the Dynastic polity.
- 強い調子の画面を狙い、全編パンフォーカスに挑んだ社会派サスペンス。
- This was a suspense film that dealt with social problems and in which all scene were shot by using Deep focus, aiming to have a strong impact on the screen.
- 実際の制限を試す社会実験などを行い、3年以内の実現を目指している。
- The goal is to implement the plan within three years after conducting social experiments with regard to the actual limits.
- 社会健康医学系専攻(専門職学位課程、公衆衛生大学院・博士後期課程)
- Division of Public Health (Professional Degree Programs, Latter Doctoral Course)
- それとともに文人が急激に増え、一般化・世俗化して社会に広く進出した。
- In accordance with it, the number of Bunjin rapidly increased,they became common and secular and found their ways into various fields of society.
- 著書「エージェント・システム―コンピュータ代理人社会のゆくえ」など。
- He has published books such as 'Agent System - Computer Dairinin Shakai no Yukue (What computer agent society leads us to)'.
- 室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)を中心とした中世後期の日本社会を考える。
- Consider the Japanese society of the later middle ages around the Muromachi and Sengoku periods (the Warring States period).
- 1951年、褒章褒章の種類を受章(社会公共事業に対する功績による)。
- In 1951 he was awarded a type of medal of merit (for distinguished service in social and public works).
- 在学生、職員は無料で参加でき、地域社会にも有料で広く開放されている。
- Students and employees can join free of charge, and it is opened to the local community for a fee.
- 当時の政治状況や社会・経済の動向を知る上での貴重な史料となっている。
- It is a valuable historical source for knowing about the political circumstances and the trends of society and the economy at that time.
- また藤原秀郷と並んで藤原氏の武家社会への進出を象徴する人物と言える。
- It can be said that he was a symbolic man who made the Fujiwara clan's way into samurai society along with FUJIWARA no Hidesato.
- その前後から負担に苦しむ農民の浮浪や逃亡がふえ、社会不安が表面化した。
- Around that time, however, vagrancy and defection of heavily-burdened farmers increased and social unease came to the surface.
- 彼らは官僚という立場ではあったが政治や社会に対する影響力は小さかった。
- Although they were bureaucrats, their influence over politics and society was limited.
- ともあれ、文人が社会に定着しなんらかの影響力を持ち始めた証左でもある。
- Anyway, this shows that the status of Bunjin was established in society and began to have an influence to some extent.
- なお、明治の社会主義者・幸徳秋水は幸徳井家の傍流の子孫とする説がある。
- There is a theory that Shusui KOTOKU, a socialist during the Meiji Period, was a descendant from a branch of the KOTOKUI family.
- 公家社会と細川家を結ぶ能や茶の湯の数寄者として、京都で余生を過ごした。
- He spent the rest of his life in Kyoto as a Sukisha (zen philosopher) in Chanoyu (the tea ceremony) and Noh, that connected the court noble society and the Hosokawa family.
- モンゴル、中国、韓国では、黄砂による被害は大きな社会問題となっている。
- In Mongolia, China and South Korea, the damage due to kosa is considerable, becoming a social problem.
- 1906年頃より大石誠之助らと共に和歌山県新宮市で社会主義運動を行う。
- He initiated socialist movement in Shingu City, Wakayama Prefecture around 1906 with some other members including Seinosuke OISHI.
- 2000年 教育学部に臨床心理学科を開設、社会学部に健康福祉学科を開設
- 2000: The school installed the Department of Clinical Psychology within the School of Education, and established the Department of Health Welfare within the School of Sociology.
- 政教社同人による社会への関わり方として、次の事例を挙げることができる。
- Following examples can be given for the ways in which Seikyo-sha's Dojins involved themselves in the society.
- 『定基卿記』からは、当時の複雑な公家社会の様子を垣間見ることが出来る。
- 'Sadamotokyo ki' (Record of Sadamoto NONOMURA) gives us a glimpse into the complicated society of court nobles at that period.
- 社会進化論は、あらゆる人類が同じ発展をすると考える単一的発展史観を取る。
- Evolutionism takes a simple view of humankind development that all mankind develop through the same process.
- 江戸幕府は身分制社会であり、法や捜査は決して近代的でないし平等でもない。
- The Edo bakufu was a society structured based on one's status, and the law and investigations were neither modern nor equal.
- この結果、無政府主義者やそれに近い者が社会運動の主流派を占めるに至った。
- As a result, anarchists and those close to anarchism became the majority in the socialist movement.
- この時期は社会経済史・文化史・思想史など幅広い分野に関心が拡がっていた。
- During this period, interests were generated in various areas of history, such as socioeconomic history, cultural history, and ideological history.
- 逆に社会党は勢力がダウンしていき、彼らは蜷川や共産党を目の敵にし始める。
- In due course, the Japan Socialist Party made Ninagawa and the Japanese Communist Party an enemy.
- 使用学部:主に社会学部の3~4年次および政策学部全学年、および外国語科目
- Faculties: Mainly third- and fourth-year students of Social Studies, all students of Policy Studies, and foreign language classes
- 2005年秋には政策学部と社会学部が主に使用する臨光館が改築、完成した。
- Rinkokan mainly used for the Faculty of Policy Studies and the Faculty of Social Studies was rebuilt and completed in the fall of 2005.
- 貴族社会の世相を伝える説話も多く、後者は後世の説話文学へ影響を及ぼした。
- Godansho includes many stories about the trend of the aristocracy as well, and such stories appears to have had great influence on later narrative literature.
- 江戸時代後期、社会の不安定な状況によって各地で一揆が頻発するようになる。
- In the later Edo period, uprisings in local domains became frequent because of the unstableness of the society.
- 明治維新後の近代化と社会の激変によりそれまでの日本美術は大きく揺れ動いた。
- And Japanese art was also shaken by the modernization and the drastic change of the Japanese society after the Meiji Restoration.
- 第三になにより対外的に「まだ国際社会の同意を得られない」と考えていたこと。
- Thirdly, above all, they thought that 'consent would not yet be obtained from the external international society.'
- 評の設置は、このように、地方社会のあり方を大きく変革したと考えられている。
- In this way, it is believed that the establishment of koori greatly transformed the form of local societies.
- すなわち封建社会の一階級の思想を日本人全体に当てはめるとするものではない。
- In other words, it is not a class system of thought from feudal society to be applied to the Japanese people as a whole.
- 並行して、キリスト教の制限と貿易の管理強化をすすめ、社会の安定化に努めた。
- In parallel, the bakufu made efforts to stabilize society through restricting Christianity-related activities and strengthening the control of trade.
- 郎党(ろうとう、ろうどう)は、中世日本の武士社会における主家の一族や従者。
- Roto (郎党; retainer) or rodo was a family member or a follower of his master's house in the samurai society of medieval Japan.
- 行基は奈良時代に架橋、灌漑などの社会事業を行い、多くの寺を建てた僧である。
- Gyoki was a monk who engaged in social work such as the construction of bridges and the introduction of irrigation during the Nara period and he also built many temples.
- 室町時代に入っても公家社会は陰陽師による祈祷や占いの効用を深く信じていた。
- Even after entering the Muromachi period, the court noble society still believed in the effects held by prayer and fortune-telling conducted by Onmyoji.
- 開催時期は同志社京田辺祭と同じ11月上旬で、地域社会にも広く開かれている。
- It opens in early November the same time as the Doshisha Kyotanabe festival, and it's open to the local community.
- 現在の社会学部の前身は1941年4月に設置された文学部文化学科厚生学専攻。
- Welfare Studies Major, Department of Cultural Studies, Faculty of Letters (established in April, 1941) was the predecessor of the current Faculty of Social Studies.
- 1965年 文学部を真宗学、仏教学、哲学、社会学、史学、文学の六学科に改組
- 1965: The Faculty of Letters was divided into six departments: Shin Buddhist Studies, Buddhist Studies, Philosophy, Sociology, History and Literature.
- 罪自体の軽重とは別に一切の社会的特権を剥奪され、恩赦の対象からも外された。
- Apart from the gravity of a crime, all social privileges were deprived and also no amnesty was granted.
- 96歳の1999年には近畿大学法学部二部の社会人入試枠に合格し、進学した。
- He passed the entrance examination designed for working people of the evening class of Faculty of Law, Kinki University in 1999 at the age of 96.
- 皆が平等に教育を受けることで、貧富によって差別されない社会を作ろうとした。
- He aimed to build a society free from the discrimination between the rich and the poor by providing equal opportunities of education.
- これは当時の欧米(白人社会)に広まっていた人種差別の考えがあったと思われる。
- The racism that was spreading in Western countries (the white community) at that time seems to have underlain it.
- また在地社会では悪党・惣村などが出現し、荘園公領制の変質化が急速に進行した。
- In the local societies, Akuto (persons against the established social control system in medieval times) and soson (communities consisting of peasants' self-governing associations) appeared in history, effectively and rapidly changing the shoen koryo sei.
- また、貧者、病者などの救済に奔走し、今日で言う社会福祉事業にも力を尽くした。
- He devoted himself also for relieving the poor and the sick and so on and exerted himself to social welfare works in the current term.
- 下剋上を鎌倉期から武家社会に見られた主君押込め慣行として理解する見解もある。
- One point of view holds that the custom of shukun oshikome (shutting away/neutralizing one's lord) often seen among the warrior society in the Kamakura period is another type of gekokujo.
- だが、社会問題の深刻化は度重なる新制の効力を無力化させて、衰退をもたらした。
- However, social problems that were becoming more serious disabled the effect of the series of shinsei and brought about its decline.
- 社会的混乱から諸国では悪党の活動が活発化し、幕府は次第に支持を失っていった。
- That activated Akuto (a villain of the medieval times) in the respective provinces, and gradually the bakufu lost support.
- 1853年(嘉永6年)、ペリー来航による社会情勢の変化により赦免されて出獄。
- In 1853, due to the changes of social conditions caused by the arrival of Commodore Perry, he was pardoned and discharged from prison.
- 法隆寺金堂壁画と並ぶ日本最古級の仏教壁画が初めて出土し、社会的に注目された。
- One of the oldest Buddhist wall paintings, whose antiquity is comparable to that of Horyu-ji Temple Kondo (golden hall), was excavated and it caught people's attention.
- 少子高齢化社会における'こころ'と'からだ'の生涯健康教育に関する多角的研究
- Diversified research concerning a lifelong education of the 'mental' and 'physical' health in an aging society with a declining birthrate.
- 祭政不分の社会であれば、彼らが告げる神託は、国の意思を左右する権威を持った。
- In a society where government was not separated from religious rituals, the oracles they gave had the power to control a nation's policies.
- 貴族社会が変化する中で、三代集の伝統を乗り越えるための苦悶の半世紀であった。
- With changes in the aristocracy rapidly taking place, it was a long half century before a collection surpassing the Sandaishu could be created.
- そうした花粉生産量の多いスギ林の面積は増え続けている(社会的側面の項を参照)。
- The area of such Japanese cedar forests consisting of trees producing large amounts of pollen continues to increase (refer to 'Social Aspects').
- 第一次世界大戦末期にロシア11月革命が発生し、史上初の社会主義政権が誕生した。
- At the end of the WWI, the Russian November Revolution broke out, which led to the birth of the first ever socialist regime.
- 人間は自ら倫理を担うものであり、社会は倫理に基づいて人間が実践をする場である。
- He thought that people were responsible for their ethics and society was a place for people to practice their ethics.
- 社会の安定と経済の成長は、都市の発展を支え、17世紀後半の元禄文化に結実した。
- The stabilization of society and economical growth supported the development of urban areas, producing Genroku Culture in the latter half of 17th century.
- 代々の支配者たちは、社会構造を固定することにより帝国経済の維持を図っていった。
- Successive rulers tried to maintain the imperial economy by fixing the social structure.
- その後、御恩と奉公は明治維新まで続く武家社会の基本的な成立要素として機能した。
- Thereafter, goon and hoko functioned as a basic factor constituting samurai society that continued until the Meiji Restoration.
- これは大島が日本社会に身をおいていたがゆえに気付かなかった盲点であると言える。
- Being that he lived in Japanese society, it is possible to say that this was a blind spot for Oshima.
- 流れ者や社会の逸脱者を多く描くのは、山田自身の引き揚げ体験が強く影響している。
- Yamada's repatriation experience is one reason why he often depicts drifters and outcasts.
- 1995年 福祉社会学部、人間環境学部を設置し、女子短期大学部の学生募集を停止
- 1995: Faculty of Welfare Society and Faculty of Human and Environment were established and the student applications for Kyoto Prefectural University Women's College were suspended.
- 88節に渡り、建武の新政当時の混乱する政治・社会を批判、風刺した七五調の文書。
- It consists of 88 stanzas, and was written in seven-and-five-syllable meter, criticizing and satirizing politics and society in the chaotic days of the Kenmu Restoration.
- また、業平による伊勢斎宮との密通は、当時の貴族社会へ非常に重大な衝撃を与えた。
- Narihira's adulterous relationship with the Saigu of Ise had a grave impact on the aristocratic society of the day.
- 創設メンバーらは、直後に綱領を変更して社会平民党を作ったが、これも禁止された。
- The founding members, with some other members, immediately changed the party platform and formed a new party, the Shakai heiminto, but it was also banned.
- 江戸時代は征夷大将軍徳川氏を中心として、武士階級が支配していた封建社会であった。
- The Edo period was a feudal society where the soldier class (samurai) ruled with the barbarian-quelling generalissimo, or the shogun, the Tokugawa clan as the central figure.
- 農耕社会では、自己と同一の意識と生活を有する農民に対しては、警戒感は惹起しない。
- In the agrarian society, a sense of vigilance was not raised toward the peasants, who possessed the same consciousness and standard of living as one's own.
- 中世については、中世通じての社会経済体制であった荘園公領制が時代の指標とされる。
- Concerning the medieval period, it is said that the shoen koryo sei, which existed as the social and economical system throughout the medieval period, provides an index for specifying the period.
- この時代の社会原則は自力救済であり、各階層内において連帯の動き=一揆が浸透した。
- A social principle in this era was self-help, and the move to unite, or ikki (uprising), in each social class prevailed.
- 12世紀の『粉河寺縁起絵巻』もまた、地方社会に生きる人びとが描かれた絵巻である。
- 'Kokawadera engi emaki' (a picture scroll of legends of Kokawa-dera Temple) in the 12th century also describes the common people in local society.
- 天災による飢饉や疫病などが各地に広がり、盗賊や海賊が出没し、社会不安が広がった。
- The prevalent robbery and piracy that emerged as famine and disease caused by natural disasters spread throughout the country caused increased social unrest.
- だが、公家社会の中に支持皇統による派閥が生じるようになるなど混乱を引き起こした。
- That led to disruption among the Imperial nobles, by which they became factionalized according to the supporting imperial lines.
- そのうえに、継嗣争いで御家騒動なども起きており、非常に不安定な社会情勢であった。
- Furthermore, the fight for succession caused family troubles, and the social situation was very unstable.
- このころ、蜷川に対し古巣の社会党が露骨な個人的要求を突きつけるようになっていた。
- In those days, the Japan Socialist Party, to which Ninagawa once belonged, began to make blatant personal demands.
- そのうち、武家社会において、多くの所領や部下を所有する武士を意味する語となった。
- Later, in samurai society, it came to mean a warrior who has a lot of territory or subordinates.
- 男性の場合は社会的にも責任が重くなり、それゆえ精神的・肉体的にも疲労などが多い。
- Assuming heavy social responsibilities, men often suffer from mental and physical exhaustion.
- また、「ばさら」と呼ばれる当時の社会風潮や下剋上に対しても批判的に書かれている。
- Also, it criticizes contemporary trends in society, such as 'basara (extravagance)' and gekokujo (the spirit of 'lower overthrowing the upper').
- また台湾の統治方式を抗日運動の鎮圧から経済建設による社会安定に転換した時期である。
- During their tenures, the government changed their governance policy from the suppression of anti-Japanese movement to the establishment of a stable society by developing the economy.
- これは富農が貧農から土地を買い集め、農村の社会制度が崩壊する事を恐れたためである。
- The prohibition was issued because the government was afraid that rich farmers might buy lands from poor farmers and cause a collapse of the social system of a farm village.
- また、この社会・祭儀の変化とは次の古墳時代への変化のことと関連付けられる事が多い。
- Also, the social and ceremonial changes here are often associated with a change to the next Kofun period.
- また、欧米の農村社会の仕組みをそのまま日本に想定したために、不都合な例も発生した。
- In addition, because the government assumed that there existed in Japan the same structure of farming society with those existed in Europe and America, undesirable outcomes came to exist, too.
- 逮捕当初動機として「世間を騒がせたかった」や「社会への復讐のため」などと供述した。
- At first, he said in a deposition that his motive was to create disorder in society or that he had sought revenge against society.
- これは今までの公家法からの武家社会の離脱であり、法制上も公武が分離したことを示す。
- These regulations legally differentiated the warrior class from the aristocracy, heretofore (legally) indistinguishable, and demonstrated that the nobility and the warriors had parted ways.
- しかし、商品経済の発達による社会各層での貧富の拡大とそれに伴う身分制の流動化した。
- However, as commodity economy advanced, disparity in wealth had enlarged in each of the social classes, making the social status system fluid.
- 農耕社会の発展とともに地域集団は大型化していき、その中心部には環濠集落が営まれた。
- Corresponding to the advancement of an agriculture-based society, the sizes of the local communities had become larger, being surrounded-by-moat type settlements at their centers
- また、当時町衆における法華宗受容も社会不安からくる信仰心の高まりと関連づけられる。
- On the other hand, townsmen's acceptance of the Hokke Sect of Buddhism then could be associated with a rise in religious faith among them, who were worried by the social unrest.
- 以後、中世を通じての社会経済体制である荘園公領制は急速に崩壊していくこととなった。
- Later, shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estate), the socioeconomic system throughout the medieval period, rapidly disintegrated.
- 院政期は、日本社会史上、貴族勢力の衰退と武士勢力の伸長という過渡期に位置していた。
- The Insei period was positioned as the transitional period in Japanese society history when the court noble force deteriorated while the samurai force was extended.
- また、架橋、治水灌漑などの社会事業にも尽くし、民衆の絶大な支持を得ていたとされる。
- He was also devoted to social work such as building bridges, controlling floods, and irrigating, and received an enormous amount of support from the people as a result.
- 子守学校は、このように社会経済的な背景をもって特殊な事情の中で誕生したものである。
- Baby-sitter schools were established under the special circumstances with the socio-economic background.
- 日本の貴族社会において、摂政・関白の母親に対して、天皇の宣旨によって贈られた呼称。
- In the Japanese aristocracy society, omandokoro is a title given to a mother based on an emperor's direction when her child was serving as the Sessho (the title of a regent given to who is named to assist an emperor when the emperor is still a child, or before coming of age, or when a female), or the Kanpaku - the title of a regent who assists an adult emperor.
- 文学研究科社会福祉学専攻博士課程(後期課程)、国文学専攻博士課程(後期課程)開設。
- A doctoral program in Social Welfare within the Graduate School of Literature (second semester) and a doctoral program for the Graduate School of Japanese Literature (second semester) were established.
- なお、武家社会においても地頭の所務に関しては年紀法は適用されないものとされていた。
- Even in the samurai society, the Nenkiho was not supposed to be adopted for the land management of jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the estates into which the countryside was divided).
- はじめの3巻は帝紀、中の5巻は列伝、終わりの2巻は貴族社会の故実・逸話に割かれる。
- The first 3 volumes are used for teiki (records of emperor's family tree), the middle 5 volumes for retsuden (a series of biographies) and the last 2 volumes for ancient practices and episodes of the society of nobles.
- 1884年にロンドンに到着した陸奥は、西洋近代社会の仕組みを知るために猛勉強した。
- Upon arrival in London in 1884, Mutsu studied hard in order to understand the structure of modern society in the West.
- 「身分」よりも「財」が優越する社会が到来し、結果的に日本の近代化を進めることなった。
- In the society, importance became to be placed on 'money' more than on 'social status', resultantly advancing the modernization of Japan.
- 後漢末期から戦乱の時代が長く続き、中国の社会は混乱を極め、ほとんど崩壊に至っていた。
- Following the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a long period of war, bringing Chinese society to the brink of collapse.
- 中世以降の武家社会においては妻子や家臣、従者などが主君の死を追うことが美徳とされた。
- In samurai society after the middle ages, it was thought that the suicide of a wife, a retainer, or a follower to follow his or her master in death was a noble thing.
- スギ花粉症が社会問題化したころである1982年の飛散量は1965年の約4倍に達した。
- Airborne pollen levels in 1982 when Japanese cedar pollen allergy became recognized as a social problem were approximately 400% of 1965 levels.
- 逆に近年では、高齢化社会の影響から移民の受け入れを唱える主張も一部には出てきている。
- However, in recent years, there is a rising insistence to accept immigrants due to its aging society.
- この時点で平氏政権は、貴族社会に形成してきた基盤を捨て、西国の地方政権へと転落した。
- At this point, the Taira clan administration abandoned its foundation established in the aristocracy and fell into being a local government of the west.
- しかし俘囚と在地社会の軋轢が激しくなると彼らは東北に帰還させられたと考えられている。
- However, as the friction between barbarians and the local society became fierce, they were sent back to the north-east.
- 昭和に入ると、華族の中にも社会改造に興味を持ち、活溌な政治活動を行う華族も増加した。
- In the Showa era, increasingly, there were some kazoku who were interested in reforming the social system and engaged in political activities.
- 平治の乱以降、平氏は新たな秩序を中央政界においても武士社会においても構築していった。
- Following the Heiji War, the Taira clan established a new order both in the national political arena and the samurai warrior society.
- 義満にとって、有世の重用は公家社会に対する一種の精神的な「圧力」となりえたのである。
- The importance placed on Ariyo by Yoshimitsu acted as a kind of mental 'pressure' against the court noble society.
- 市井の底辺社会を写実的に描く反面、下座音楽や浄瑠璃を駆使した叙情性豊かな作風である。
- While depicting ordinary people at the bottom of the social ladder in a finely detailed realism, Mokuami's style of writing remained highly lyrical by exploiting Geza-ongaku (music and sound effect playing in the corner at stage right, which is also called Kuromisu-ongaku [black bamboo curtain music] or Misu-uchi-ongaku [music played inside the black bamboo curtain]) and Joruri (literally meaning 'pure crystal,' which refers to the narrative which accompanies a Bunraku puppet show).
- しかし、産業としての映画の衰退は社会派映画や前衛芸術映画の躍進のチャンスでもあった。
- However, recession in the movies as an industry was also an opportunity for social films and avant-garde films to make great strides.
- 公共政策学部、生命環境学部を設置し、福祉社会学部、人間環境学部、農学部の募集を停止。
- Faculty of Public Policy and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences were established and the student applications for Faculty of Welfare Society, Faculty of Human and Environment and Faculty of Agriculture were suspended.
- 社会福祉学科(福祉援助コース、福祉開発コース、医療福祉コース、ライフデザインコース)
- Department of Social Welfare (course in social-work practice, course in welfare planning and development, course in health welfare, course in life design)
- しかし、次第に国際社会における弱肉強食を正当化するものだという認識が広がっていった。
- However, it was gradually recognized as the rule to justify principle that 'the best always win.'
- これらの強力な統治権は台湾での抗日運動を鎮圧し、台湾の社会と治安の安定に寄与している。
- Such strong ruling power contributed to the suppression of any anti-Japanese movements and thus contributed to the stability and safety of the Taiwanese society.
- 11月30日早朝、鍋山貞親ら50名余りの社会主義者は、出迎えのため高山のもとに赴いた。
- In the early morning of November 30, about 50 socialists including Sadachika NABEYAMA went to meet Takayama.
- このような不満が官僚社会に蔓延すれば闘争につながり、結果として民を苦しめることになる。
- The spread of such frustration in the bureaucracy would lead to struggles, which, as a result, would bring common people suffering.
- 西園寺は社会主義をみだりに弾圧することを避け、穏健派の存在は容認する方針を打ち出した。
- SAIONJI announced a policy of tolerating the moderates, avoiding cracking down on socialism indiscriminately.
- 明治維新後、四民平等布告により、社会制度的な家制度が解体され、武士は事実上滅び去った。
- After the Meiji Restoration due to the proclamation of equality of all people, family system as a social system was dismantled and the age of samurai ended in effect.
- 自民党と社会党の保革55年体制のもと、高度経済成長を経て経済大国の仲間入りを果たした。
- Under the conservative-versus-progressive party system established in 1955 by Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party of Japan, Japan has become one of major economic powers via a high economic growth period.
- 特にこれに該当する公家は勅勘などの公家社会では放逐に相当する処分を受けることもあった。
- Of note, there were cases in which court nobles who were applicable to this and received a punishment equivalent to being expelled from the court noble community, such as the emperor's censure.
- 同地の日系人社会に200ドルを下賜(これを基金として後に「伏見宮記念奨学会」を設立)。
- He granted two hundred dollars to the Japanese Community in Honolulu (Later, the Japanese Community established 'The Prince Fushimi Memorial Scholarship Foundation' based upon this grant money.)
- また、鎌倉時代には、時代の転換期であり、また蒙古の襲来など、社会情勢が不安定であった。
- Moreover, in the Kamakura period, Japan was at a turning point, and the attacks of Mongolia, for example, made the society unstable.
- 荘園経済を巡る社会環境から生まれる影響は、複雑であり、時には矛盾をはらむこともあった。
- The influence of social circumstances over shoen economy was complicated and sometimes contradictory.
- しかし園人の精力的な取り組みにも関わらず、社会状況は必ずしも好転しなかったようである。
- However, social conditions did not necessarily became better in spite of Sonohito's vigorous efforts.
- 社会派映画を主に手掛け、戦後日本映画の左翼ヒューマニズムを代表する代表する名匠である。
- Having mainly created social films, he was a great filmmaker representing leftist humanism in Japanese cinema after World War II.
- 社会福祉法人相楽福祉会 相楽作業所 - 当駅から奈良交通バス利用で、かしのき苑前下車。
- Social-welfare corporation Soraku Fukushikai, Soraku workshop: Board the Nara Kotsu bus from this station and get off at Kashinoki-en.
- 社会変革を求める県内も名望家らから一定の賛意を得て小作層を中心に入党者を得られていた。
- Yamanashi Prefecture also sought for social reformation and succeeded to win the endorsement of those people of high repute in the region, along with certain number of people joining the party mainly from tenant farmer class.
- ほか、京都造形芸術大学や同志社大学など他大学の実習や社会教育の場として使用されている。
- Furthermore, the forest is also used for field work or social education by other universities, such as Kyoto University of Art and Design and Doshisha University.
- 絶対多数の縄文人と少数の大陸系渡来人との協同のうちに農耕社会へと移行したと考えられる。
- It is believed that history moved to an agrarian society in cooperation between Jomon man of an absolute majority and few continental immigrants to ancient Japan.
- 古代中国には、国家や社会秩序を維持する規範として、礼、楽、刑(法)、兵(軍事)があった。
- In ancient China, the precepts of 'Li,' ('礼,'largely understood as rituals, although it also suggests the ideas of customs, etiquette, morals) 'Yueh,' ('楽,'classic of music) 'Xing' or 'Xingfa ('刑'or '刑法,' written codes of penalty and punishment) 'Fa' ('兵,'military treaties and also military affairs) were established to maintain the nation and public order.
- 日本はこの時代、豊富な前工業時代的技術と高い文化を兼ね備えた洗練された封建社会であった。
- A refined feudal society was established in Japan with rich preindustrial arts and a developed culture.
- このようにして、中国風(漢風)・仏教風の文化の影響が日本列島の地域社会へ浸透していった。
- In this way, the influence of the Chinese and Buddhist style cultures began to permeate down to regional communities throughout the Japanese archipelago.
- 室町中期ごろ、商品経済の発達や農業生産の向上、惣結合の強化などに伴い社会情勢が変化した。
- In the middle of the Muromachi period, the social situation changed according to the development of a commodity economy, the improvement of agricultural production, the consolidation of so (peasants' self-governing association), and the like.
- 1963年、封建社会の残酷さを描く『武士道残酷物語』で、ベルリン映画祭グランプリを受賞。
- In 1963, Imai won the Grand Prize at the Berlin International Film Festival with a movie depicting the cruelty of feudal society 'Bushido zankoku monogatari' (Cruel Tales of Bushido).
- また、『現代人』、『青銅の基督』などの作品では辛辣な社会風刺を盛り込み、存在感を示した。
- In works such as 'Gendai-jin' (lit. 'Modern People') and 'Seido no Kirisuto' (Christ in Bronze), he incorporated sharp social satire and made his presence felt.
- 京都の政財界に絶大な影響力を持ち、「京都のフィクサー」と呼ばれた関西闇社会の大物である。
- He had a great power in political and business world and was a big figure of the dark society in Kansai region, as being called 'a fixer in Kyoto.'
- しかし死後は、その洗練された話法やテクニック、社会的視点の鋭さなどの再評価が進んでいる。
- However, his sophisticated way of talking and techniques and keen sense of social perspective are being reappraised after his death.
- これらを俯瞰すると、抱擁的側面は出雲が有し、社会制御的側面を伊勢が受け持ったともいえる。
- When overviewing these, it can be said that embracing aspects has been succeeded by Izumo (Shinto) and social controlling aspects were succeeded by Ise (Shinto.)
- 1944年10月に法文学部厚生学科に改組され、1946年4月に文学部社会学科が誕生する。
- It was reorganized as Welfare Studies, Faculty of Law and Letters in October 1944, and the Department of Sociology, Faculty of Letters was established in April 1946.
- その後、「20年」の年紀法は鎌倉時代末期には公家社会などを含めて広く行われるようになる。
- Later, in the end of the Kamakura Period, the Nenkiho on '20 years' was executed widely including the Court noble society.
- 自然詠という分類は、戦後になって社会詠が盛んに作られるようになってから生じたものである。
- The field of Shizen-ei emerged when Shakai-ei started to become popular after World War II.
- その誤用を看過したことは、階級社会の軍隊でも、部下の鴎外に責任がまったく無いといえない。
- Even taking account of the strict class system of the Army, it can't be said that Ogai had no responsibility at all for his superior officer's actions.
- この後、「光」、日刊「平民新聞」に諷刺画などの絵を掲載し、社会主義者らとの親交も深めた。
- After that, his illustrations, including his caricatures, appeared in other newspapers, 'Hikari'(Light) and the daily 'Heimin Shimbun' (People's Newspaper), and he also became acquainted with socialists.
- 寄付や援助など本業以外での「社会貢献」を活動の中心とする欧米のCSRにはない特徴がある。
- Its feature differs from European and American CSR whose 'philanthropy' is other than main business, such as contribution and support, as the core activity.
- 社会福祉のはしりとして紹介される場合がある(収容型施設のはしりであることには間違いない)。
- The Seyaku-in has occasionally been described as the beginning of social welfare and actually marked the establishment of housing facilities.
- 公家法(くげほう)とは、日本の平安時代から江戸時代にかけて、公家社会に通用していた法体系。
- Court noble law is a legal system that was valid in the court noble society between the Heian period and the Edo period.
- 戦前の日本においては階級がものをいう社会であったため、勲章の等級を並べて表示する事が多い。
- Society in prewar Japan had placed considerable weight and importance on rank and class, and as such, it was common for a person's decorations and medals to display or state in order.
- 公家社会は幕末まで温存されたが、明治維新期に解体され、公家のほとんどは華族身分へ移行した。
- Although the kuge society was retained until the end of the Edo period, it was abolished in the course of the Meiji Restoration and most of the kuge shifted to the social status of peerage.
- また、奴婢の社会的地位が上昇して従属性も低くなったことによって荘園の仕組も変化していった。
- And the social status of slaves moved up and subservience also lowered and thus the manor system came to change.
- その一方で、和与に基づく訴訟の終結という法手続は中世の社会に広く浸透していくことになった。
- In the meantime, the legal procedure to settle lawsuits based on wayo pervaded medieval society.
- 740年代に聖武天皇が政権に就いた時期には、平城京では疫病が蔓延し、社会不安が広がっていた。
- In 740s, the period when Emperor Shoumu acceded to the throne, an epidemic was prevalent and social anxiety was spreading in Heijokyo Capital.
- 朱熹は、心即理説を、社会から個人を切り離し、個人の自己修養のみを強調するものとして批判した。
- Hsi CHU criticized the Shinsokuri setsu in that the theory is to separate an individual from the society and emphasize only individual self-discipline.
- 主に日本で、中世や近世において歴史的な背景や当時の社会情勢から生まれた町の形態の総称である。
- It was a general term for a city form developed in a historical background and social conditions during the Medieval and the Early Modern periods, mainly in Japan.
- 武家法(ぶけほう)とは、中世・近世の日本において、武士社会及び武家政権における法体系のこと。
- Bukeho refers to a set of codes enforced on samurai society and on the military government during the medieval and the early modern times in Japan.
- このように、院をはじめとする貴族社会と武士・庶民の間の文化交流にはかなりの広がりが見られた。
- Thus, cultural exchanges between noble society including In and samurai, the common people spread widely.
- また町人としての社会的役割のひとつに賃貸しの長屋を持ちわずかな店賃で店子に貸す慣習があった。
- One social function of Chonin was to rent nagaya (a row house) to tanako (tenant) for a small tanachin (rent.)
- しかし、後の延喜の治とともに現実の社会制度の変革に適合せず必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。
- However, like later Engi no chi, these measures did not fit the change of the real social system, and were hardly successful.
- 鎌倉時代には、公家社会一般で分家を次々に創出させる傾向が見られたことにも留意する必要がある。
- It is also necessary to note that in the Kamakura period, the Imperial court society in general had a tendency to produce branch families.
- この前年に、日本は主権を回復しており、明仁親王の訪欧は国際社会への復帰の第一歩と期待された。
- As Japan had restored sovereignty in the previous year, the Crown Prince Akihito's visit to Europe was expected to be the first step for Japan to come back to the international society.
- 新村 忠雄(にいむら ただお、1887年4月26日 - 1911年1月24日)は社会主義者。
- Tadao NIIMURA (April 26, 1887 - January 24, 1911) was a socialist.
- 後者は能作者らによって徐々に形作られていった「衰老落魄説話」として中世社会に幅広く流布した。
- The last group was widely spread in the medieval society as 'Decrepit and Go-down Story,' which had been gradually formed by Noh writers.
- 当時の政治・社会情勢や有職故実、さらには人物批評に至るまでを知る上で貴重な資料となっている。
- This diary is a valuable document that describes the politics, social situation, Yusoku kojitsu (traditional court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette), and portraits of notable people of those days.
- 中世の勧進といえば、遍歴性が高く、社会活動を伴って、庶民の信仰に頼るもの、という印象が強い。
- Solicitation in the medieval period gives the strong impression that it depended on religious devotion of the common people and fund raisers wandering from place to place as social activities.
- キリスト教や理想社会を求める互いの熱意に共感し合って幸せな新婚生活であったのも束の間だった。
- Happy newlywed life, where they were bonded with shared passion for Christianity and ideal society, was ephemeral.
- 但し、実情は律令の規定は現実社会とは乖離しつつあり、律令を補なう格式が重視されるようになった。
- In reality, the regulations of the Ritsuryo system were becoming estranged from the real world, and more importance came to be placed on the Kyakushiki, which supplemented the Ritsuryo.
- 「宣言」では、平民社が今後、「平民主義・社会主義・平和主義」を唱えていくことが述べられている。
- It is described in 'Declaration' that Heiminsha will recite 'commoner principle, socialism, and pacifism' from now on.
- こうした御家人や彼らから所領を買収・取得した武士・百姓らは悪党化し、社会変動を一層進展させた。
- These gokenin or samurai as well as the samurai and commoners who bought or acquired their land became akuto (a villain during the middle ages), further advancing social change.
- 明治には、1912年の明治天皇崩御の際に殉死した陸軍軍人の乃木希典の殉死が社会的影響を与えた。
- In the Meiji period, the officer of land forces, Maresuke Nogi, committed junshi upon the death of Emperor Meiji in 1912, which exercised a social influence.
- 自由民権運動(じゆうみんけんうんどう)とは、明治時代の日本において行われた政治運動・社会運動。
- The Jiyu Minken Undo (Freedom and popular rights movement) was a political and social movement that took place in Meiji-period Japan.
- この明治憲法が抱えていた欠陥がより終戦に至るまでの日本の国家社会主義化を助長した点は否めない。
- It cannot deny that the defect of the Meiji Constitution more promoted national socialization in Japan by the end of the war.
- 一方で、宋銭の大量流入による物価高騰や、唐朝滅亡以来の異国に対する社会不安なども起こっている。
- On the other hand, such measures caused price increase by the huge influx of Sung currency and social anxiety against foreign countries since the fall of Tang Dynasty.
- したがって律令法のなかに、日本の古代社会の内部に行われていた法慣行を見いだすことは困難である。
- Thus, it is difficult to find examples of legal practices used in ancient Japanese society under ritsuryo law,.
- 同じ談話者の『富家語』とともに、有職故実・公事を中心に当時の公家社会の実況を伝えて貴重である。
- As well as 'Fukego,' a quotation collection from Tadazane's discourse, Chugaisho is precious because it conveys the real lives of aristocracy at the time including yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) as well as official court events.
- 幼い駒姫の死や、遺骸の処理は当時の社会通念からしても明らかに不当かつ残忍極まりないものだった。
- Execution of young Komahime and the treatment of the dead bodies were obviously unjust and brutal, which were not socially accepted even at that time.
- 松尾 卯一太(まつお ういった、1879年1月27日 - 1911年1月24日)は社会主義者。
- Uitta MATSUO (January 27, 1879 - January 24, 1911) was a socialist.
- 森近 運平(もりちか うんぺい、1881年1月20日 - 1911年1月24日)は社会主義者。
- Unpei MORICHIKA (January 20, 1881 - January 24, 1911) was a socialist.
- しかし早くから社会政策の必要に着目した先見性は師の田尻や同僚の阪谷には見られないものであった。
- Still he had such great prescience that he focused on a need for social policies before other people noticed it, and his teacher Tajiri and his colleague Sakatani did not have it.
- 退官後に開催された1907年の社会政策学会第1回大会では資本と労働の調和の重要性を説いている。
- He pointed out the importance of the balance between capital and labor in the first meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Policy held in 1907 after he resigned from his position.
- 怨霊は、その相手や敵などに災いをもたらす他、社会全体に対する災い(主に疫病の流行)をもたらす。
- Onryo will bring misfortune not only to political opponents and enemies, but also to society in general (often in the form of an epidemic).
- 連合国最高司令部から、同年10月に政治的、社会的及宗教的自由に対する制限除去の件が通達された。
- General Headquarters (GHQ) notified the Japanese government that all restrictions on political, social and religious freedoms would be removed in October of the same year.
- 第1期においては、『源氏物語』は上流下流を問わず貴族社会でおもしろい小説としてひろく読まれた。
- In the first term, 'The Tale of Genji' was widely read as an interesting novel by both the upper and lower classes in aristocratic society.
- そして唐の後期から五代十国時代を第二の過渡期とし、この時代をもって大きく社会が変容したとする。
- He defined the late Tang Dynasty through Godai-Jikkoku period as the second transitional stage, when he insisted that the society changed drastically.
- 律令体制下では、官と位により官人個々の序列と職掌を明確化することで、公家社会の構成を定めていた。
- Under the ritsuryo system, the structure of the court noble society was determined by clarifying rank order and official duties of each government official based on job grades and Ikai (Court ranks).
- また、移民としても進出し、東南アジアではアユタヤ日本人町のように一定の基盤を持つ社会を構成した。
- They also immigrated away from Japan, building societies with a standardized basis, such as Ayutaya Japanese town in Southeast Asia.
- 貴族社会の官職に依存していること、院政と連携して政策推進を行っていたこと、などがその理由である。
- The reason for this was because they relied upon the positions within the aristocracy, and governmental policies were in collaboration with the cloistered government.
- 稲作を中心とする農耕社会が成立し、北部九州から本州最北端以北を除く日本列島各地へ急速に広まった。
- Agriculture-based society centered on rice cultivation was established and spread rapidly to various parts of the Japanese islands, from northern Kyushu to throughout Honshu, except for the northernmost part of the Honshu and the further northern territories.
- 武士は社会的な身分であるのと同時に、武芸という芸能を家業とする職業的な身分であるとも規定できる。
- The bushi can also be defined as a professional status whose family business was the public entertainment of military art as well as social status.
- その後、受験戦争、ゆとり教育、総合学習などが話題に上がり、教育社会学的な議論がなされるに至った。
- Later, Juken senso (a system of fiercely competitive entrance examinations), Yutori education (more relaxed education policy) and integrated study, etc., were discussed, leading to socio-educational controversy.
- また丹波市は団体利用への運賃補助を行い、兵庫県も特急列車の料金補助を行う社会実験を実施している。
- Tamba City has been helping users who are party travelers with their group rates, and Hyogo Prefecture has implemented a pilot program in which fares for limited express trains were subsidized.
- この時代は典礼儀式が最も重んじられ、それをこなせない顕光は無能者とされ公家社会から軽んじられた。
- During this period, ceremonies and rituals were considered very important, and Akimitsu's inability to perform them correctly was mocked as incompetent in noble society.
- 文、経、営、法、国際学部、98万1000円、理工、142万2600円、社会、101万6900円。
- 981,000 yen for Faculty of Letters, Economics, Business Administration, Law, Intercultural Communication; 1,422,600 yen for Faculty of Science and Technology; 1,016,900 yen for Faculty of Sociology.
- 町工場に朝早くから夜遅くまで懸命に働く人々、そこに働く庶民たちに思いを寄せた新鮮な社会詠である。
- This original shakaiei was devoted to those who work hard in small factories from early in the morning until late at night as well as the common people working in these areas.
- 官年(かんねん)とは、近世武家社会において幕府や主家などの公儀に対し届けられた公式な年齢をいう。
- In modern samurai society, kannen was the official age of a person reported to the authorities such as the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or the family of lord of the domain.
- そして緩やかなシフトは、華夷秩序と条約体制が並存する状態を東アジア国際社会にもたらしたのである。
- The slow transition resulted in coexistence of Kaichitsujo and the treaty system in the international society of East Asia.
- 義満の後継には公家社会などから義持の弟・足利義嗣が支持されるが、義将はそれを事前に押さえている。
- As a successor of Yoshimitsu, Yoshimochi's younger brother Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA was supported by the court noble society, but Yoshimasa blocked it in advance.
- 当時、中国本土同様に台湾でもアヘンの吸引が庶民の間で常習となっており大きな社会問題となっていた。
- In those days, it was a big social problem that smoking opium was a popular habit among people in Taiwan, which was also a common issue in mainland China.
- 平安時代後期以後、朝廷は社会秩序を維持するための警察・軍事的な裏付け(「検断権」)を次第に失った。
- After the late Heian Period, the Imperial Court slowly lost the power to maintain the social order with the police and the military, losing the right to judge criminal cases, thus samurai maintained the order in place of the Imperial Court.
- これを受けて日本全国を統一した豊臣政権は社会秩序の維持のための手段として公武官民の家職を利用した。
- With this, the Toyotomi government which unified Japan used Kashoku of the aristocracy, military, officials and public as a method of maintaining civil order.
- それにより、社会の中で支配する階層(支配者)と支配される階層(被支配者、臣民)の分化が生じてきた。
- This custom resulted in a distinct differentiation between the class of rulers and those who were ruled, their subjects.
- 収容者はその講話に感動してよく涙を流したといわれ社会復帰にあたっての精神的な支えになった(より)。
- It is said that the criminals were often so moved by the lecture that they shed tears, and the lecture provided spiritual support for their rehabilitation (according to a website 'Onihei to Ninshokuyakuba').
- 現地の住民との大小の衝突、時には反乱を起こされながらも、着実に支配を固め、社会基盤を築いていった。
- Japan built the bases of a society, steadily cementing its grip while dealing with various levels of conflicts with local residents or sometimes being rebelled against.
- 王家の分裂が公家社会全体の分裂へと発展してゆくことになった一方、貴族たちの治天への従属は深まった。
- While the division of the Imperial family led to the division of Imperial Court society in general, the subordination of the aristocrats to the Chiten side also progressed.
- 政府、自由党_(日本)、日本社会党の憲法草案は、すべて天皇機関説に基づいて構成されたものであった。
- All constitutional drafts made by the government, Liberal Party (Japan), and Japan Socialist Party were structured based on the Emperor Organ Theory.
- 江戸時代中後期の社会変動によって、百姓内部での貧富の差が拡大していくようになる('農民層分解')。
- As a result of social changes in the middle and the later Edo period, the disparity between rich and poor in hyakusho became significant ('dissolution of the peasant class').
- 1926年6月29日、岡田良平文部大臣はこの事件を受けて学生・生徒による社会科学研究の禁止を通達。
- In June 29, 1926, in light of this affair, Ryohei OKADA who was the Minister of Education issued prohibition against the study of Social Science by students.
- しかしその反面、それらの大名家に仕えていた武士たちは浪人となる他なく、社会不安も増すことになった。
- On the other hand, the samurais who served the extinct daimyo families became ronin(the masterless samurai), which caused a social instability.
- しかし、15世紀末から社会体制の流動化が顕著になると、より強固な支配体制を領国に布く必要が生じた。
- With the social system becoming remarkably unstable in the end of the 15th century, it became necessary to apply stricter control system to territories.
- 全て農耕を防害する人為的な行為であることから、クニ成立以前の共同体社会以来の犯罪であろうとされる。
- Because all of these crimes are acts to do harm to the agriculture caused by a man, these crimes are considered to exist since the emergence of communities before the establishment of the nation.
- 1997年 文学研究科社会学専攻と総合政策科学研究科総合政策科学専攻に博士課程(後期課程)を開設。
- 1997: A doctoral program in Sociology within the Graduate School of Literature and a doctoral program in General Policy Science within the Graduate School of Policy and Management (second semester) were established.
- 成石 平四郎(なるいし へいしろう、1882年8月12日 - 1911年1月24日)は社会主義者。
- Heishiro NARUISHI (August 12, 1882 - January 24, 1911) was a socialist.
- そうした受容姿勢の変化に大きく寄与したのが、同じく欧米からもたらされた新思想、社会進化論であった。
- This approach to 'Bankoku Koho' was changed dramatically by new thought, social evolutionism also brought from European and American countries.
- 王心斎も王龍溪と同じく「現成良知」を奉じていたが、思弁性よりも、社会に向けた実践活動に特徴を有する。
- Like Wang Longxi, Wang Xinzhai also believed in 'gensei ryochi' but he stressed practical activities aimed at the good of the community instead of speculation.
- 次の浅野氏の統治下でも慶長検地が行われ、地侍たちは財産を削られるだけでなく社会的地位まで否定された。
- Under the next rule of the Asano clan, the land survey in the Keicho era was also implemented, which not only cut jizamurai's fortune but also denied their social status.
- 時代によって地域によって言葉が指す内容(社会関係上の立場や就業形態や排他的業務など)は大きく異なる。
- Depending on time or region, the contents (positions, employment forms and exclusive duties on social affiliation) indicated by the term Hinin are greatly different.
- ただし、式目の適用は武家社会に限られ、朝廷の支配下では公家法、荘園領主の下では本所法が効力を持った。
- However, shikimoku was applied only to samurai society; kugeho was applied under the control of Imperial Court while honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law came into effect under the influence of the lords of private estates.
- 更に、医療・社会福祉施設・児童施設への訪問や戦没者などへの慰霊碑などへの参拝も積極的に行われている。
- They are also dedicated to visiting medical, social welfare or juvenile facilities as well as war memorials.
- 「下剋上する成出者」と二条河原の落書に唄われ戦国時代 (日本)の社会的風潮を象徴する言葉ともされる。
- The term also appeared in the phrase 'Those who establish themselves by gekokujo (overthrowing their lords)' in the book 'Scrawlings from the Nijo gawara,' coming to be used as a symbol of the social tendencies of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in Japan.
- 源氏といえば武家として活躍した清和源氏を想起する人が多いが、公家社会では村上源氏が最高とされていた。
- Mention of the Minamoto clan makes many people think of Seiwa-Genji, who were very active as a samurai family; among the society of court nobles, however, Murakami-Genji was considered to hold the highest rank.
- 時代を超えて普遍的な社会常識も多く扱ったために江戸時代に入っても寺子屋などの教科書として用いられた。
- Since Teikin Orai dealt with common practices that were timeless and universal, it served as a textbook at Terakoya well into the Edo period.
- これに加えて、環境問題への関心が高まっていることなどもあり、黄砂に対する社会的な関心も高まっている。
- In addition, with interest in environmental problems being heightened, social interest in kosa has increased as well.
- こうした社会情勢の中で、従前、名主の支配・管理下で生産に従事していた一般百姓が経済力をつけていった。
- Under these social conditions, ordinary peasants, who had been engaged in farming under the rule and control of myoshu farmers, gradually gained economic power.
- しかし新幹線の開通により、日帰りでも滞在時間を充分取れるようになり、社会構造に著しい変化を及ぼした。
- However, when the Shinkansen line started its operation, it became possible to stay long enough at a trip destination, changing the social structure drastically.
- 2006年 保健医療技術学部を設置(理学療法学科、作業療法学科を開設)、大学院社会福祉学研究科を開設
- 2006: The school installed the School of Health Science (opening the departments of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy), and also installed the Graduate School of Social Welfare.
- 町役人(ちょうやくにん・まちやくにん)とは、江戸時代都市部における行政的な組織 (社会科学)である。
- 'Machiyakunin,' also pronounced as 'choyakunin,' refers to an administrative organization in urban areas which existed during the Edo period.
- このような社会の先達としての貴族主義から、転じて彼の政治姿勢は、藩閥に対して批判的であったとされる。
- Because he espoused aristocratism and thought nobles should lead society, it is said he had a critical attitude to domain cliques.
- 1904年衆議院に立候補して当選を果たすが、この時には既にかつてのような社会的影響力は失われていた。
- He run for the election of House of Representatives in 1904 and won a seat, but he had already lost influence on society in the past.
- しかし阿片吸引人口が多く、急進的な禁止政策は社会不安を招くとし、即時禁止政策を漸禁政策へと転換させた。
- However, due to the pervasiveness of opium addiction complete prohibition might cause social stability, so the government changed the initial hard line policy to ban opium immediately to a phase-out policy.
- しかし、改易によって大量の浪人が生じて社会不安につながり、浪人による反乱未遂事件(慶安の変)が起きた。
- Meanwhile, however, there were many ronin because of kaieki, and this caused social unrest to grow and finally resulted in a rebellion (Keian Incident).
- 赤旗事件(あかはたじけん)とは、1908年(明治41年)6月22日に発生した社会主義者弾圧事件である。
- Aka-hata Jiken is an incident that clamped down on socialists, occurred on June 22, 1908.
- 篆刻は最も後発の文人技芸といえるが、これは中国社会の経済的な興隆・産業の発達・技術革新と無縁ではない。
- Tenkoku can be said to be the latest art of Bunjin, which is not unrelated with economic prosperity, development of industries and technological innovation in the Chinese society.
- 頼朝以来の先例(「右大将家の例」)や武家社会の道理を基準とし、御家人の権利義務や所領相続の規定が多い。
- It was based on the precedents ('Udaishoke no rei' [precedents of the family of Udaisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards)]) since the era of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society, and included many regulations of right, obligation and territory succession of gokenin.
- 武士階級を主体とした場合は封建社会の、近代の思想家を主体とした場合は近代の矛盾を命題とした思惟である。
- In samurai society, the propositions of manas were contradictions in feudal society, while for modern thinkers, they are contradictions in modern times.
- この風潮は守護大名から荘園領主、惣村指導者、土倉などの有力商人、果ては一般民衆まで社会全体に定着した。
- This trend was established in the whole society among Shugo daimyo, lords of the manor, leaders of the soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing associations), prominent merchants such as the doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders), and even commoners.
- 奈良時代に架橋、土木工事などの社会事業に携わり、東大寺大仏造立にも貢献した僧・行基が創建したと伝わる。
- The temple is said to have been founded by Gyoki, a priest in the Nara period who engaged in welfare activities such as building bridges, and who also contributed to the raising of the Great Buddha of Todai-ji Temple.
- 新美 卯一郎(にいみ ういちろう、1879年1月12日 - 1911年1月24日)は明治の社会主義者。
- Uichiro NIIMI (January 12, 1879 - January 24, 1911) was a socialist of the Meiji Period.
- 著書「池亭記」は、当時の社会批評と文人貴族の風流を展開し、隠棲文学の祖ともいわれている。(※諸説あり)
- Chiteiki' (Record of a Pond Pavilion), one of his books develops a criticism about the society and the refined taste of writers and noble men at that time, and therefore, is thought to have been a foundation of literature in a secluded life. (there are a variety of old statements)
- これは中世初期に日本の地域社会で庶民の間でも古代のウヂに仮託したウヂ組織が形成されたことと関係がある。
- This relates back to the fact that in early medieval times an udi (clan) organization, which assumed the form of ancient clanship, was formed by commoners in the local community in Japan.
- 古神道においては、神域はすなわち常世(とこよ)であり、俗世は現実社会を意味する現世(うつしよ)である。
- In Shinto of ancient times, consecrated ground was eternal, whereas this world was a transient representation of the real world.
- 信仰集団としての講には、地域社会の中から自然発生的に生まれたものと、外部からの導入によるものとがある。
- Among ko as faith groups, some were naturally formed in local communities and some were introduced from outside.
- また、韓国のように、比較的経済が発展しているにも関わらず、欠食児童が社会問題となっている国も存在する。
- And, there is a country like Korea where even if the economy has relatively grown, the poorly-fed children becomes a social problem.
- 記者として狂綺堂の名で劇評や社会探訪記事を書きながら、1891年、東京日日新聞に小説「高松城」を発表。
- While he was writing reviews on plays or reports on society as a journalist under the name of Kyokido, in 1891 he published a novel, 'Takamatsu-jo' (Takamatsu-jo Castle), in the Tokyo Nichinichi newspaper.
- 井口はここで、生涯の友となる相馬愛蔵が主唱する東穂高禁酒会に入会し、積極的に社会活動に参加していった。
- Iguchi joined Higashihotaka Kinshukai (Temperance society) sponsored by Aizo SOMA who became his life-long friend, and he actively participated in social activities.
- 皇民化運動は国語運動、改姓名、志願兵制度、宗教・社会風俗改革の4点からなる、台湾人の日本人化運動である。
- The kominka movement was the forced transformation of the Taiwanese into loyal subjects of the emperor, consisting of the four major campaigns: the encouragement to speak Japanese, the change of names to Japanese names, the military volunteer system and the religious, social and life style reforms.
- この握手は、国際的連帯の成果として週刊『平民新聞』はもちろん、各国の社会主義陣営の機関誌等で報道された。
- This handshake was reported in the bulletins of the socialist camp of each country, needless to say in the weekly 'Heimin-shinbun', as a success of international solidarity.
- この徳政令は、当時、普及しつつあった貨幣経済に深刻な影響を与えるとともに、社会に大きな動揺をもたらした。
- The Tokuseirei deeply influenced monetary economy prevalent at the time, bringing great unrest to the society.
- 鎌倉時代の武家社会における惣領制の確立によって初期には総領に従う庶子の事を指した(『鎌倉幕府追加法』)。
- In the Kamakura period, the Soryo system (the eldest son system for the succession of the head of the family) was established in the samurai world, and at first Yoriko meant the child born out of wedlock who followed the eldest child ('Kamakura Bakufu Tsuika Ho' - additional laws applied by Kamakura Bakufu).
- 米価の暴騰は一般市民の生活を苦しめ、新聞が連日米の価格高騰を知らせ煽った事もあり、社会不安を増大させた。
- The sharp rise in rice prices made ordinary citizens' lives hard and grew the social anxiety since the newspapers reported the rise in rice prices daily and fueled it.
- 説話には、仏教説話、世俗説話のほか、貴族社会の有職故実や宮廷の裏話を語るものがあり、貴族説話と呼ばれる。
- The Buddhist anecdotes and common tales are included in anecdotes as well as Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) in the society of court nobles and inside stories of the Imperial Court, which are called court noble tales.
- 当時、皇后を輩出した臣下氏族は藤原氏のみであり、橘氏からの立后は貴族社会における橘氏の地位を上昇させた。
- Until that time, the Fujiwara clan was the only clan among the Imperial retainers and clans that had produced those empresses, and therefore, the fact that an empress was born from the Tachibana clan elevated the position of the Tachibana clan in the aristocratic society.
- 元寇以来、得宗専制に走った鎌倉幕府は次第に他の御家人を圧迫するようになり、社会に不満が溜まるようになる。
- After the Mongol invasions of Japan of 1274 and 1281, the Kamakura Bakufu, which turned to the tokuso (the title held by the head of the mainline Hojo clan, who monopolized the position of regents of the Kamakura shogunate) dictatorship, gradually began to oppress the other Gokenin (Shogunal retainers), resulting in increasing dissatisfaction among people.
- 主に戦国時代 (日本)の合戦で用いられた言葉であるが、現代社会においても最初に手柄をあげた人の事を指す。
- Although it was primarily used in reference to battles during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), in modern society it refers to the first person to distinguish themselves.
- こうした社会状況を受けて、9世紀前期(藤原冬嗣執政期)から土地課税を重視する傾向が次第に強まっていった。
- In response to these social conditions, since the early part of the ninth century (during the period of administration of FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu), there was a growing tendency to put emphasize on the tax on land.
- 『治承物語』が『平家物語』とタイトルを変えていったのは、当時の社会状況が微妙に影響した結果と考えられる。
- The title of the 'Jisho monogatari' (The Tale of the Jisho) was changed to 'The Tale of the Heike' most likely due to the social circumstances around that time.
- 奈良時代に架橋、治水などの社会事業に奔走し、東大寺大仏の造立にも力のあった僧・行基の墓所がある寺である。
- The temple contains the tomb of the monk Gyoki who dedicated himself to work beneficial to the community such as building bridges and flood controls, and even had a part in the construction of the Great Buddha of Todai-ji Temple in the Nara Period.
- 新制(京都府立)西京大学文家政学部の前身である (現 京都府立大学文学部・福祉社会学部・人間環境学部)。
- It later evolved into the Faculty of Letters and Domestic Science, (Kyoto Prefectural) Saikyo University (present-day Faculty of Letters, Faculty of Welfare Society, and Faculty of Human Environment, Kyoto Prefectural University) which was established under the new system of education.
- 万葉以来短歌は自然に触れ、生活の場で、また社会の流れの中にあって、人間の心の在り様を表現したものである。
- Since the appearance of the Manyoshu, tanka has been used to express the inner feelings of the heart through nature, everyday lives, and social trends.
- 1906年初め、第1次西園寺内閣が成立すると、同政権の融和政策のもとで社会主義政党設立の気運が高まった。
- The first Saionji Cabinet was formed at the beginning of 1906; under the appeasement policy of the cabinet, there was a growing tendency among socialists to establish political parties.
- 確にこの時期に冠位十二階の制定などの国制改革が行われたが、政治・社会体制を大きく変革するものではなかった。
- Constitutional reforms such as the establishment of the twelve cap rank system were carried out during this period, although they were not so influential as to drastically change the political and social systems.
- これにより、社会が大きく変動し始めたため、従来の統治制度である律令制が機能不全に陥り、崩壊に進んでいった。
- This led to the start of large-scale social changes, which caused the existing government system, the Ritsuryo system, to become dysfunctional and eventually collapse.
- しかし1927年、左派が協会の主導権を握ると右派の離脱を惹起し、台湾における社会運動は分裂することになる。
- In 1927, however, the left wing took control of the association and the right wing withdrew from the association, which incident resulted in a split of the social movement in Taiwan.
- これは、酒を飲む人からみれば、頭で考えた理屈であって、現実社会から遊離した政治論文にすぎないと一見される。
- To those who drink sake this seems mere a theory in his head or a political thesis out of touch with the real society.
- 政治的な社会変動により、不要なものとして(多数の場合は一括して)埋納したという説(三品影映・小林行雄等)。
- The seventh theory says that dotaku were disposed of (in a lump if many existed) in the ground because they were not necessary any more due to political social changes (Kageharu MISHINA, Yukio KOBAYASHI and others).
- 日本に輸入された宋銭は、日本社会における貨幣利用の進展に役立ち、仏教経典の輸入は鎌倉仏教にも影響を与える。
- The Sung currency imported into Japan helped the development of currency use in Japan, and the imported Buddhist scriptures affected Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura period).
- 御用商人への御用金の納入や大名貸しの踏み倒しなどの軋轢はあったが武家権力が社会の変化に追いついていかない。
- The samurai authority was unable to catch up with the changes in society, even though there were some struggles including payment of goyokin (the money the Edo bakufu charged temporarily on farmers and merchants) to each government contractor and failure to pay Daimyogashi (lending money to a daimyo with high interest).
- 荘園公領制の変質が、社会各層における対立を顕在化させ、南北朝の争いを大義名分とする全国的な抗争が展開した。
- Changes in the nature of shoen koryo sei made confrontations in each social class of the nation apparent, developing into nation-wide confrontations with the confrontation between the Northern Court and the Southern Court used as a legitimate reason.
- 地域社会においては国衙に君臨する受領が諸大夫身分であり、それに仕えて支配者層を形成したのが侍身分であった。
- In local societies, the zuryo who reigned in kokuga (provincial government office) was in the shodaibu status and those who served them and formed the dynasty were in the samurai status.
- 平安時代中期の貴族社会において、官職や職能が特定の家系に固定化していく「家業の継承」が急速に進展していた。
- In the society of the nobility of the middle Heian period, the trend of the 'succession of family business' rapidly became popular, and only specific families began to occupy certain government official posts or occupations.
- また当時中国の内部対立の結果社会的弱者となった人々も庇護を求めて入信し、キリスト教徒の勢力拡大に寄与した。
- Even people who became socially weak due to the internal conflict within China at that time sought patronage and entered the faith, which contributed to the expanding influence of Christianity.
- 信仰厚い仏教であったが、今はの際まで現実社会で活躍することを好み、その死に臨んでも出家することはなかった。
- While he was a devout Buddhist, he preferred to be active in the secular world until his death, refusing to become a priest even on the verge of death.
- 貴族社会の崩壊、武士の台頭という混乱の中で芸術至上的な傾向を示し、平安時代末期の和歌を一つの高みに導いた。
- It shows a tendency toward the principle of art for art's sake in the destruction of the aristocracy and the rise of samurai warriors, elevating the status of waka in the late Heian period.
- 1901年5月18日に結成し、党則の第1条に「我党は社会主義を実行するを以て目的とす」という一文を掲げた。
- When the party was founded on May 18, 1901, the sentence 'The objective of the party shall be to practice socialism' was adopted as Article 1 of its party constitution.
- 「紀州は「秀吉の平和」、すなわち日本の近世社会の発祥の地であり、それに抵抗した中世終焉の地だったことになる」
- Kishu was the birthplace of [Hideyoshi's peace], that is, the recent society of Japan and the place where the medieval times which fought against it ended.'
- また町政や公事にも参加し、町年寄を選ぶ選挙権や被選挙権を持つなど、社会的身分や公的権利・義務を持つ者である。
- They participated in local politics and public events, also held social status, as well as public rights and obligations, which entitled them voting right and eligibility for machi-doshiyori (ward head) selection.
- こうした「人間の展示」の背後には、当時席巻していた社会進化論と人種差別主義というイデオロギーが介在していた。
- Behind those 'human exhibition', there were ideologies such as evolutionism and racism which spread globally at that time.
- 9世紀頃から律令法制と社会実情が次第に乖離していき、同世紀末には律令規定に基づく地方統治が困難となってきた。
- In ninth century, the Ritsuryo system gradually detached itself from the actual social situation and governmental administrations reign over the locals became more difficult.
- しかし、室町時代はとかく守護の力も強く、武士が中心の社会であり、こうした慣行が取り締まられることはなかった。
- But this customary practice was not controlled as provincial military governors (shugo) were influential and samurai played a central role in society.
- また、一切衆生の救済を強く志向し、ハンセン病救済事業や、非人救済、橋の架橋を行うなど社会事業を熱心に進めた。
- Moreover, they strengthened their will to work for the salvation of all living creatures, giving aid to those afflicted with leprosy and to hinin (literally 'non-humans,' members of the outcastes) and other bridge-building efforts, and thus increasing their zeal for social and humanitarian work.
- 10世紀から11世紀にかけて、貴族社会において特定の家系が一つの官司を世襲する「官司の家業化」が急速に進展。
- From the 10th to the 11th century 'the hereditary governmental offices' which were transmitted among certain families in the aristocratic society developed rapidly.
- 両治世を聖代視する考えは、早くも10世紀後半には現れており、11世紀前葉~中葉ごろの貴族社会に広く浸透した。
- This elevated view became apparent as early as the late 10th century and it became prevalent in all parts of noble society in around the first half to the middle of the 11th century.
- 殿上人・雲客と呼び、昇殿を許されない地下人との間に明確な区別があり、公家社会における身分基準の基本とされた。
- There was a clear-cut distinction between people called tenjobito (high-ranking courtiers who were allowed to enter the Imperial Palace) or Unkaku (same meaning as tenjobito) and Jigenin (court officials who were not Tenjobito) whose shoden was not permitted, which was a basic standard of social status in a court noble society.
- 創設意義は境内の美しい花や紅葉を通じ、信徒と寺院とのつながりを強め、人生や社会を明るく豊かにすることである。
- The pilgrimage was established in order to use the beautiful flowers and autumn leaves to strengthen the relationship that believers have with the temples as well as make life and society bright and prosperous.
- 監督としては社会的テーマを強く打ち出した作品が文芸作品が殆どであるが、脚本家としては娯楽色の濃い作品も多い。
- The majority of his directorial productions are artistic works with dominant social themes, but as a screen writer he has many works that have strong entertainment aspect.
- また、当時社会的評価が低かった猿楽能に理解を示して、少年時代の世阿弥に対して保護を加えたことも知られている。
- He showed an understanding of Sarugaku-Noh which was not valued by society at that time, and supported Zeami in his boyhood.
- 1949年、『森の石松』の興行的失敗等で松竹首脳らが「新藤のシナリオは社会性が強くて暗い」とクレームをつける
- With the box-office failure of 'Mori no Ishimatsu' (Ishimatsu of the Forest) in 1949, the Shochiku executives claimed that 'Shindo's screenplays have too strong a social aspect and they are too dark in nature.'
- こうした社会の再建のため、魏 (三国)に続く諸王朝は、王土王民の理念による統治を指向するようになったのである。
- In order to rebuild society, the Dynasties following the Wei Kingdom ruled based on the idea of odo omin.
- 大正デモクラシーとは、日本の大正時代に現れた政治・社会・文化の各方面における民主主義、自由主義的な運動を指す。
- Taisho Democracy refers to the movements that emerged in Japan's Taisho period, urging for greater freedom and democracy in politics, society and culture.
- 改姓名は強制されなかったが、日本式姓名を持つことは社会的上昇に有利なこともあり、多くの台湾人が改姓名を行った。
- Though the change of family names was not forced, many Taiwanese changed their family names as it was advantageous to enhance social status.
- 一方で朱熹は、陳亮ら功利学派(事功学派)を、個人の自己修養を無視して社会関係のみを重視していると批判している。
- On the other hand, Hsi CHU criticized Liang CHEN and others of the utilitarianism school sect (事功学派) that the theory ignored individual self-discipline and valued only the social relation.
- 明治の日本では、極めて過酷な労働環境への反発から労働組合期成会が結成されるなど、社会運動が高まりを見せていた。
- In the Meiji period of Japan, social movements became active including the formation of Rodo Kumiai Kiseikai (association for establishment of labor unions) as a backlash against extremely harsh labor environments.
- 日本の文人については中国との社会制度の違いから、その定義が極めて難しく、厳密に言えばその存在を否定しかねない。
- It is very difficult to define Bunjin in Japan because of the difference in social system between China and Japan, and strictly speaking, its existence might be denied in Japan.
- 文人(ぶんじん)とは、中国の伝統社会に生じたひとつの人間類型であり、「学問を修め文章をよくする人」の意である。
- The term 'Bunjin' refers to a type of people in traditional society in China and 'an educated person who is good at literature.'
- 室町幕府の支配が衰えると、このような天下概念を支える公権力が衰え、自力救済を原則とする下克上の社会に移行した。
- After the ruling power of the Muromachi bakufu declined, the official authority which supported the notion of Tenka also declined, and the society of gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) based on the principle of self-help appeared.
- しかし、公家社会そのものの変化に伴い、構造上あるいは実際的な運用上、律令国家とは大きく異なる特徴が見出される。
- However, due to changes of the court noble society itself, significantly different features from the system of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes can be seen in its structure and in practical operation.
- そのため、820年頃に太政官首班となった藤原冬嗣は、開発奨励政策を導入することで社会の変化に対応しようとした。
- For that reason, FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu who became the leader of the Grand Council of State in around 820 years attempted to respond to a changing society by implementing the incentives for development.
- 「出生身分」とは「イヘ」の社会的格付けであり、公家に仕える下級貴族とその予備軍・侍階級とか言う場合に該当する。
- The 'birth rank' was a social rank of the 'house' and referred to lower class aristocrats and its supplying army and samurai class that served kuge (aristocrats).
- このため、藤原氏出身者はより簡単な勧学院の学問料を志望し、給料学生出身者と同じ社会的待遇を受けるようになった。
- Under such circumstances, students of the FUJIWARA clan opted to apply for Kangaku-in's Gakumonryo, which was easier to receive, and enjoyed the same social treatment with Daigakuryo's Kyuryo-gakusei.
- また、逆に社会の不安定さを反映して土倉を持つ商人に貴重な財産や文書などを預けて災害などに備える風潮も発生した。
- On the other hand, due to the instability of society, there was a trend of merchants who owned storehouses being asked to store precious assets or documents in order to keep them safe from accidents and disasters.
- 自動車デザイナーに憧れ東京芸術大学へ進学するが、公害問題を抱えた日本社会を目の当たりにし、環境デザインを志す。
- Having been ambitious to be an automotive designer, he went on to Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music, but as he became more aware that Japanese society had an environmental pollution issue, he decided to seek a career in environmental design.
- キリスト教が先進のものというヨーロッパの視点から、アニミズムはかつて原始的な未開社会のものであると考えられた。
- From the European view point that Christianity was advanced, the animism used to belong to a primitive and barbarian society.
- また、鎌倉幕府成立以降、政治の実権を奪われた貴族社会の衰退の中で、滅びや自然への見方に哀調があると指摘される。
- Additionally, it is sometimes pointed out that there is a pathos in viewing downfall and nature along with the downfall of the aristocracy, whose power in politics had been taken away since establishment of the Kamakura shogunate.
- 鎖国体制・幕藩体制を批判し、それに代わり得るあたらしい国家と社会の構想を「公共」と「交易」の立場から模索した。
- He criticized national isolation and the shogunate system, and groped for alternative concepts for new state and society from a point of view of 'public' and 'commerce'.
- 相次ぐ遷都による造営工事もあって人心はさらに動揺し、そのうえ疫病や天災もつづいたので社会不安はいっそう高まった。
- Partly because of construction works for repeated transfers of the capital, people's emotions got further confused, and, as epidemics and natural disasters continued, social anxiety was further increased.
- これに対して呂振羽は殷を奴隷制、周代を封建制の社会だとして反論し、この論争は結論を見ないままに終わることになる。
- Lu Zhenyu opposed the idea, insisting that Yin was a slavery society and Zhou was a Hoken system-based society, but the argument ended without conclusion.
- 平氏政権は、貴族社会の中で成立したが、各地に地頭や国守護人を設置するなど最初の武家政権としての性格を持っていた。
- Although the Taira clan government was established under an aristocratic society, it had some similarities to the first military government, such as the setting up of jito (manager and lord of manor) and provincial officers in many places.
- 戦国の習いとはいえ、武家社会の興亡の激しさと無情を感じたのか長行は、自分の子供たちに武家の世界から足を洗わせた。
- Nagamichi, who might have felt the severity and heartlessness of the ups and downs of the society of samurai families (although that was the way of Sengoku), ordered his children to leave the world of samurai families.
- 学部:神、文、社会、法、経済、商学部の各1~2年次および文化情報、生命医科学部、スポーツ健康科学部、工学部全学年
- Faculties: First- and second-year students of the Faculty of Theology, Letters, Social Studies, Commerce, and all students of the Faculty of Culture and Information Science, Life and Medical Sciences, Health and Sports Science, Engineering
- 自由民権運動の穏健派(改進党など)に近い立場をとり、『国民之友』では進歩的な言論や欧米での社会問題が紹介された。
- Minyu-sha took the position close to moderates faction of The Freedom of People's Rights Movement (such as Kaishin Party), and progressive comments and European and American social problems were introduced in 'Kokumin no Tomo'.
- 明治29年に第一線を引退してからの川崎正蔵は、造船事業家としてよりもむしろ美術蒐集家として社会的に有名であった。
- He was more commonly known as an art collector than as an industrialist in the shipbuilding business after his retirement in 1896.
- 京都赤旗事件(きょうとあかはたじけん)とは、1920年(大正9年)11月30日に発生した社会主義者弾圧事件である。
- The Kyoto Red Flag Incident was a crackdown on socialists that occurred on November 30, 1920.
- 国家・天皇に対する犯罪のみならず、神社や尊属に対する犯罪も八虐に数えられており、身分による社会秩序を重視している。
- Not only crimes against nation or emperor, but also those against shrines or ancestors were included in the Hachigyaku, which indicates the fact that the social order based on status was valued.
- 中世の武家社会においては後世ほど儒教の影響が強くなかったため、主君は家臣にとって必ずしも絶対的な存在ではなかった。
- In the samurai society of the medieval period, Confucianism was not so influential that vassals did not necessarily see their lord as all-important.
- 武士道(ぶしどう)とは、封建社会の日本における武士階級の倫理及び価値基準の根本をなす、体系化された思想一般をさす。
- Bushido refers to systemized thought that generally forms the basis of value and ethical standards in samurai hierarchy during feudal Japan.
- 12世紀中期頃には貴族社会内部の紛争が武力で解決されるようになり、そのために動員された武士の地位が急速に上昇した。
- Around the middle of the 12th century, conflicts among the aristocracy were solved by force, which increased the status of warriors who were recruited solely for this purpose.
- 良寛坊主が残した戒語のひとつ「好んで唐言葉を使う」によって表される社会の気分・雰囲気から生まれたものだと思われる。
- This was probably a result of the social feeling or atmosphere, as indicated by words of warning by the priest Ryokan, who 'preferred to use the words of Tang.'
- ばさらとは、日本の中世、南北朝時代の社会風潮や文化的流行をあらわす言葉であり、実際に当時の流行語として用いられた。
- 'Basara' is a word which expressed the social and cultural trends during the Northern and Southern Courts period (in the Japanese medieval period), which was actually used as a vogue word at that time.
- 江戸時代になると社会が安定し、支配層となった武士は儒教精神に基づく穏健な支配、すなわち仁政を指向するようになった。
- During the Edo period the society was stabilized, bushis as a ruling class aimed to moderate governance according to the spirit of Confucius, that is, governance by humanity and justice.
- また平安貴族は生産の場である農村社会と遊離して生活していたため、年紀を含めて権利取得に関する法制が成立しなかった。
- Since the life of the nobles in the Heian Period was separated from the agricultural community which was a place to produce, the legislation on the acquisition of rights including Nenki was not enacted.
- 狂歌(きょうか)とは、社会風刺や皮肉、滑稽を盛り込み、五・七・五・七・七の音で構成した短歌(和歌)のパロディ形式。
- Kyoka is a parody of tanka (Japanese poem) that contains social satire, irony, and humor in 31 (5-7-5-7-7) syllables.
- しかし、社会の初期資本主義化によって、町人・役人の生活が金銭中心のものとなり、そのために事実として賄賂が横行した。
- However, due to this early capitalism of their society, the lives of the townspeople and officials became focused on money, and bribes were rampant.
- 相馬愛蔵(そうま・あいぞう、1870年 - 1954年)は、長野県出身の社会事業家、東京新宿中村屋の創業者である。
- Aizo SOMA (1870 – 1954), who is a social business person coming from Nagano Prefecture, is the founder of Shinjuku Nakamuraya restaurant in Tokyo.
- しかし、唐律令には、日本の社会情勢と適合しない箇所もあったため、多くの箇所で日本の国情に合わせた改変がなされている。
- As the Tang Ritsuryo did not exactly match the social conditions of Japan, alterations were made in a good number of places to match Japanese conditions.
- 幕府はこうした経済発展の動きに十分な対応が取れず、物価変動による社会的混乱を鎮められずに幕府が動揺する一因となった。
- The shogunate government could neither take enough measures to respond to the economic development nor quell social disorders caused by price fluctuations, which led to the turbulence of the shogunate government.
- 明治政府はやがて酒税の確保に血眼になり、酒屋たちの抵抗も表面化し、大阪酒屋会議事件などさまざまな社会事件に発展した。
- Then, the Meiji Government became desperate to secure liquor taxes and resistance from breweries came to the fore, which led to various social incidents such as the Osaka Incident of the Sake Brewers' Conference Movement.
- 武士は発生当初から血縁的要素よりも地縁的要素の強い集団であったが、この乱は日本を一層の地縁社会へと導くことになった。
- Since their start, bushi had stronger ties with their regions than blood relatives, and this rebellion led to the strengthening of regional ties within society in Japan.
- 江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を乱されたくない・邪魔されたくないといった心情は、攘夷運動になっていった。
- The feeling that they did not want to have the peaceful world of Edo (society under a system of national isolation) was disturbing and disruptive, and ultimately it led to the movement for the expulsion of foreigners.
- 11世紀に入ると、ある家系が特定の官職を世襲する「家業の継承」または官司請負制が貴族社会内で次第に確立されていった。
- In the 11th century, the 'family business takeover' or the hereditary government office system, in which certain families inherited certain government positions, was gradually established in the aristocratic society.
- また、敗戦後の復興の反面、精神的に退廃する社会や無気力な人間が多く現われて来る様子を書記させたものだと言われている。
- Also it is said that it refers to the mentally collapsing society with many feckless people while recovering after the war.
- 文学研究科教育学専攻修士課程、文学研究科社会学専攻修士課程、アメリカ研究科アメリカ研究専攻博士課程(後期課程)開設。
- A master's program in Education within the Graduate School of Literature, a master's program in Sociology within the Graduate School of Literature, and a doctoral program in American Studies within the Graduate School of American Studies (second semester) were established.
- 重源は、道を切開き川に堰を設けるなど社会基盤を整備しつつ、轆轤や筏の工夫で伐採し運び出した(『東大寺造立供養記』)。
- Chogen transported cut-down trees by utilizing pulleys and rafts while creating civil infrastructures by clearing paths and installing weirs ('Todai-ji zoryu kuyoki' [Records of the Service to Celebrate the Construction of Todai-ji Temple]).
- 現在埼玉県では渋沢の功績に因み、健全な企業活動と社会貢献を行っている全国の企業経営者に「渋沢栄一賞」を授与している。
- Due to the achievements of SHIBUSAWA, the Saitama Prefecture awards the 'Eichi SHIBUSAWA Award' to business owners who perform sound company activities and contribute to society.
- このふたつの党派は当時の政治や社会の現状を認めるか否かによって分かたれた集団であって、思想的な差異によるものではない。
- The two factions were split by differing opinions on whether or not to approve the politics and the state of society of the time, and not formed by ideologies.
- 官田の消滅には、明代後半期から長江デルタ地帯を中心に各地で強まった、土地に対する公課負担均等化への社会的要請が大きい。
- The disappearance of kanden was mainly due to societal demand for equalization of taxes on land which spread through various regions around the delta of the Yangtze River in the late Ming period.
- 江戸時代には、社会に出る前の準備教育を寺子屋で終える者が多かった為、寺子屋の師匠は筆子たちにとって生涯の師でもあった。
- Since many common people in the Edo Period studied at terakoya for the preparation of being a member of society, teacher of terakoya was regarded as their masters of life.
- 漢代以降の中国伝統社会において詩とは士大夫の理念の表出であり、経世済民の責務を遂行する上で必須の能力と見なされていた。
- In the traditional society in China after the age of the Han dynasty, poetry was an expression of Shidaifu's ideal and was regarded as an essential ability in performing the responsibility of governing a nation and providing relief to people.
- 1900年にやはり安部らが結成した社会主義協会 (1900年)は、4年後に第1次桂内閣により解散の憂き目に遭っている。
- The Socialist Association, established by ABE and others in 1900, was also forced into dissolution by the first Katsura Cabinet four years after the establishment.
- 戦乱の収束により臨時雇いの足軽は大半が召し放たれ武家奉公人や浪人となり、残った足軽は武家社会の末端を担うことになった。
- As the era of warfare came to a close, the majority of temporarily employed ashigaru were released and became buke hokonin (servant for a samurai family) or ronin (masterless samurai), while the remaining ashigaru served as low ranking members of samurai society.
- また、歴史学者の網野善彦は、中世日本の社会が荘園と公領から構成されていることに注目して荘園公領制という概念を提唱した。
- Also, the historian Yoshihiko AMINO advocates a concept of shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates), focusing on the fact that medieval Japanese society consisted of shoen and koryo.
- 同年、日本社会党公認・全京都民主戦線統一会議(民統)推薦で京都府知事選挙に立候補し当選、以後7期28年間知事を務める。
- In the same year, he ran for and won the Kyoto gubernatorial election on the Japan Socialist Party ticket, also backed by Zen Kyoto Minshusensen Toitsu Kaigi (abbreviated as Minto; Congress of All Kyoto Democratic United Front), and thereafter he served as governor for seven consecutive terms over twenty-eight years in all.
- 地方改良運動(ちほうかいりょううんどう)とは、日露戦争後に荒廃した地方社会と市町村の改良・再建を目指す官製運動のこと。
- Movement to Improve Rural Areas was government-regulated movement which aimed to improve and reconstruct regional societies, cities, towns and villages which had been devastated after the Russo-Japanese War.
- そして、1930年に発生した昭和恐慌により農村は大打撃を受け、東北地方を中心に各地で欠食児童が深刻な社会問題となった。
- The farmers were greatly affected by the Showa Depression in 1930, and the poorly-fed children became a serious social problem in various regions mainly in Tohoku.
- それは、社会の習慣や制度は生物と同様で相応の理由と必要性から発生したものであり、無理に変更すれば当然大きな反発を招く。
- He meant that any social custom or system is similar to that of nature, while they have been derived from proper reasoning and necessity, therefore unreasonable attempt at changing them would inevitably lead to a strong resistance.
- 地方三新法が制定された頃は、西南戦争は終結に至るも、農民一揆が頻発し、また自由民権運動が拡大しつつある社会状況であった。
- When the Three Local New Laws were enacted, the Seinan War had drawn to its close, but peasants' uprisings were occurring frequently and the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) was growing.
- 石田三成は無実であった秀次家臣団を哀れみ、また、浪人増加による社会不安を防ぐため、多くの秀次家臣団を石田氏に受け入れた。
- Mitsunari ISHIDA, who felt the need to prevent the social instability that may result from the increasing number of ronin, took pity on the former vassals of Hidetsugu and accepted them into the Ishida clan.
- 戊申詔書による風紀引き締めと同時に社会主義運動を弾圧、幸徳事件の摘発や南北朝正閏問題への介入、出版物の取締強化を行った。
- The cabinet not only enforced discipline by Boshin Shosho (imperial edict, decree issued in 1908) but also cracked down on socialism, conducted the prosecution of Kotoku Incident (The High Treason Incident), intervened the legitimacy of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and strictly regulated publishing.
- 我が国の皇帝陛下と日本明治天皇に懇願し、我々も一等国民の待遇を享受して、政府と社会を発展させようではないか」と主張した。
- We should beg his Imperial Majesty and Meiji Emperor of Japan in order to be able to receive the treatment as Itto Kokumin (First-class people) to develop our government and society.
- 徹底とした調査のもと、冤罪事件を告発した本作は、大きな社会的反響を呼び、独立プロ運動時代の最高傑作のひとつと賞賛される。
- The film which, based on extensive research, claimed a wrongful conviction case had a huge impact on the society, and it was praised as one of his greatest films during the movement of independent production companies.
- しかし「反・荘重深刻派」、「日本軽佻浮薄派」を自任し、テーマ性や社会性がある題材よりも洗練を好み映画テクニックで臨んだ。
- However, he identified himself as being a member of the 'Han-Socho Shinkoku Ha' (Anti-Solemn and Serious Group) and 'Nippon Keicho Huhaku Ha' (Japan Rash and Frivolous Group), and favored the use of shooting techniques to achieve a sophisticated depiction of his film's narrative, rather than addressing subjects related to a certain theme or social problem.
- 一方、有世としても陰陽師は華やかな公家社会から見れば、その必要性にも関らず一種の「裏仕事」のような低い扱いを受けていた。
- Meanwhile, the position as Onmyoji was looked down on by the court noble society, and treated it as 'background work' despite its necessity.
- 林 きむ子(はやし きむこ、明治17年(1884年) - 昭和42年(1967年))は舞踏家、作家、社会運動家、実業家。
- Kimuko HAYASHI (1884 - 1967) was a dancer, author, social activist and a businesswoman.
- 風景を美しくとらえながらも凝った映像表現は控え、一般人や社会の逸れ者のささやかな日常生活に潜む喜びと哀しみを丹念に描く。
- They carefully depict the joy and sorrow hidden in the everyday life of ordinary people and outcasts, with beautiful scenery and simple visual imagery.
- 忍性は鎌倉時代に戒律復興と社会事業に努めた僧で、その遺骨は極楽寺、額安寺、生駒の竹林寺 (生駒市)の3か所に分骨された。
- Ninsho was a monk who made great efforts to revive religious precepts and did work to benefit society during the Kamakura Period, and his ashes were buried in three places, Gokuraku-ji Temple, Kakuan-ji Temple and Chikurin-ji in Ikoma (Ikoma City).
- 古神道は、原始宗教ともいわれ、世界各地で人が社会を持った太古の昔から、自然発生的に生まれその様相は、押並べて同様である。
- Koshinto is also termed a primitive religion, similar to those that sprang up naturally all over the world when people first formed into societies in the most ancient times.
- これについては、公家領や寺社領に関する訴訟を扱ってきた公家社会が年紀法自体に否定的な姿勢を示していたとする考え方もある。
- Some think this shows that the Court noble society, which handled the lawsuits about the territories of the Court nobles, temples and shrines, had a negative attitude against the Nenkiho itself.
- 1894年東京専門学校(早稲田大学)卒業後、「早稲田文学」記者、1898年読売新聞社会部主任となり母校文学部講師となる。
- After graduating from Tokyo Senmon Gakko (Waseda University) in 1894, he became a writer for 'Waseda Bungaku' (Waseda Literature), then a supervisor at the local news section of the Yomiuri Shimbun Newspaper in 1898, and then a lecturer of the School of Letters, Arts and Sciences at his alma mater.
- つまり、この時代には唯一の検断権の行使機関であった鎌倉幕府に対する反抗は即ち社会秩序全体を危うくする行為と見なされていた。
- A rebel against the Kamakura bakufu, which was the only agency to exercise the right to criminal cases, was considered as a dysfunctional behavior in this period.
- このようなことに加え、朝廷は宦官によって牛耳られており、綱紀頽廃も甚だしく、社会全体に急速に不穏な空気が醸成されていった。
- In addition, the imperial court was controlled by eunuchs, moral corruption was rampant and signs of disturbance were soon found everywhere in society.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の混乱期に一旦は解体しかけた朝廷及び公家社会の秩序回復に、江戸幕府が協力する姿勢を示したものとも言える。
- It can also be said that the Edo bakufu showed an attitude of cooperation to restore order of the imperial court and the court noble society which had once almost broken up in the confusion during the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- この社会情勢の変化の中、唐代を過渡期として宋代以降になると文人は公的な官僚生活と私的な文人生活の二面性を有するようになる。
- Because of this change in social situation, Bunjin came to have two aspects of an official bureaucrat and a private Bunjin after the Sung period through a transitional stage in the Tang period.
- 山鹿はこれに対し人間は確かに国家に属しているが武士に(封建)社会全体への義務を負わせることを選んだ存在も確かにいるとした。
- Yamaga also thought that people certainly belonged to a state, but at the same time there was an existence that chose samurais to let them have a duty to whole (feudal) society.
- 記録荘園券契所を設置して実効的な荘園整理を進める(延久の荘園整理令)など、当時の社会変動に伴う課題に自ら取り組んでいった。
- He coped with the challenges associated with social changes in those days such as promoting effective regulation of shoen by establishing the Kiroku shoen kenkeijo (office for the investigation of estate documents) (Enkyu Manor Regulation Acts).
- また、クーデターや、信長による古くからの日本社会を変革させる急進的な動き(仏教弾圧など)への反動(反革命)との理解も多い。
- Also, many persons understand that it was a coup d'état or a reaction (antirevolutionary act -revolution) against Nobunaga's radical behavior to change traditional society of Japan (such as oppression of Buddhism).
- だが、そうした公家社会の慣習に囚われない実力者・義満についていく方が自身と一族の将来のためにも有望であると考えたのである。
- Ariyo came to think that he would follow Yoshimitsu who had great influence and was free from the customs of the court noble society to benefit himself and his family in the future.
- 内昇殿を許され、娘達を摂政藤原師実、参議藤原為房といった公卿の妻妾に配すなど、総じて貴族社会の一員としての側面が強かった。
- He was admitted to the inner Court, and sent over his daughters as wives and concubines of kugyo (the top court officials), such as the Sessho (Regent) FUJIWARA no Morozane and Sangi (councilor) FUJIWARA no Tamefusa, and therefore, as a whole, his aspect as a member of the aristocratic society was more noticeable than that of the warrior society.
- 正史には見られない、9世紀の中国の社会・風習についての記述も多く、唐の歴史研究をする上での貴重な史料として高く評価される。
- Because of the many descriptions of Chinese society and customs in the 9th century that do not appear in official histories, it is rated as a highly valuable historical source for the study of Tang history.
- 明治40年代には『明星』から出た耽美派の北原白秋、自然主義的な若山牧水、社会主義的傾向を示した石川啄木らの個性が開花した。
- Between 1908 and 1912, a new concept of individualism was represented by such poets as the poet who gained popularity through 'Myojo,' Hakushu KITAHARA with his pursuit for beauty, the naturalist, Bokusui WAKAYAMA, and Takuboku ISHIKAWA, who had a tendency of showing flavors of socialism.
- 士農工商(しのうこうしょう)とは、儒教において社会を構成する主要な身分(官吏・百姓・職人・商人)の上下関係を指す概念である。
- Shi-no-ko-sho was a Confucian concept of societal ranking (government official, farmers, artisans, merchants) that accounted for the main part of the society.
- しかし、その奉仕の方法として経済的方法のみならず、社会的・政治的権限までも付与してしまったために、様々な弊害を引き起こした。
- However, his service covered not only financial services, but also social and political authorities, which caused various harmful effects.
- 当時、複数の主人に名簿(みょうぶ)を差し出して臣従することも、「兵」の世界だけでなく、貴族社会一般のごく普通のことであった。
- It was a norm to serve under several masters by submitting a register not only in the world of 'tsuwamono' but within the aristocratic society.
- 近世の京都で発生した最大規模の火災であり、皇居や二条城などが焼け落ちるなど深刻な被害であったために当時の社会に衝撃を与えた。
- It was the largest fire to break out in Kyoto during the early modern period and the serious damage caused including the destruction of the Imperial Palace and Nijo-jo Castle shocked the community at the time.
- 江戸時代以降は社会の全てを覆うようになり、元来軍人・「武官」に相当する職務であった武士が「文官」として働くことが多くなった。
- After the Edo period bushi spread across all of society, many of them came to work as 'civil officers,' though they were traditionally in charge of duty positions corresponding to warriors or 'military officers.'
- 海外での市場を狙い、日産コンツェルンは満州で、日窒コンツェルンは朝鮮で鉱山などの事業を展開し、現地社会にも強い影響を残した。
- Aiming for overseas markets, Nissan Konzern Company Group and Nicchitsu Konzern Group developed their businesses such as mining ventures in Manchuria and Korea respectively, which left a strong mark on modern society.
- 当時、名主職は相伝や譲与できる権利と認識されており、農村社会内部の均質化によって、名主の地位や権利は徐々に分割されていった。
- In this period, myoshu rights were already recognized as rights that could be inherited or sold, and as rural society became more and more homogenized the position and rights of myoshu were split into smaller elements.
- この時期、元々極めて奔放な性格で映画会社とトラブルが多かったことに重ねて、伊藤の社会的思想は当局によって弾圧の対象となった。
- In addition to many troubles with film companies at this time because of his naturally very free-spirited character, his socialist thinking was suppressed by the authorities.
- 三条通と丸太町通(新丸太町通)の区間では、近年、秋の観光シーズンに車両の北行一方通行の規制を行う交通社会実験が行われている。
- Recently, a regulation making all north bound traffic one-way was implemented during the fall sightseeing seasion for he section beteen Sanjo-dori Street and Marutamachi-dori Street (Shinmarutamachi-dori Street).
- 藤原道長・藤原頼通の全盛時代の社会や政治、宮廷の儀式、故実などを詳細に記録してあり、それらを知るうえで大変重要な史料である。
- The Ouki records the golden age of FUJIWARA no Michinaga and Yorimichi and goes into great detail about its society, government, Court ceremonies and ancient practices, and considering that it is largely thanks to this diary that we know what we do about these aspects of life during this period, it is a historical record of immense value and importance.
- 階級社会の軍隊で、それも一段低い扱いを受ける衛生部の鴎外の主張がとおった背景の一つに、山県有朋の存在があったと考えられている
- It is thought that one of the reasons why Ogai's insistence was effective even though he belonged to the hygiene department (an inferior department under the strict class society of the Army), was that he was backed by Aritomo YAMAGATA.
- 信州明科爆裂弾事件後、数百人の社会主義者・無政府主義者の逮捕・検挙が始まり、検察は26人を明治天皇暗殺計画容疑として起訴した。
- Since the Shinshu Akashina Bomb Incident, several hundred socialists and anarchists were arrested, and prosecutors indicted 26 people for plotting to kill the Emperor Meiji.
- すなわち、古墳の発生は、墓制の単なる変化や葬送観念の変化にととどまらず、社会・政治の全般に関わる問題としてあらわれたのである。
- More specifically, the origins of kofun show that they were not just a change in institution of tombing or funereal conception but also an issue related to society and politics in general.
- また、社会主義・共産主義国家やファシズム国家などに見られる一党独裁体制も政党が政権を掌握していたとしても政党内閣とはいえない。
- Also, a one-party dictatorship system, which is seen in socialist, communist, and fascist countries and others, isn't called a party cabinet either, even though a political party is in control of the government.
- そのため単なる精神論を越えて監視社会化してしまい、この結果、「悪法」として一般民衆からは幕府への不満が高まったものと見られる。
- In this way, the law went beyond the spiritualism, the society was put under surveillance, and as the result, it is thought that dissatisfaction with the bad law among people in general was heightened against government.
- このように『武士道』は今日でも様々な観点より検討されているが一般的には社会と人間との関わり、モラルについての書と見られている。
- In this way, 'Bushido' is reviewed from various aspects today and considered generally as a book about the relationship between society and people as well as about morals.
- これに対して今回の相論の原因を作った近衛信輔は一夜にして700年続いた摂関家の伝統を潰した人物として公家社会から孤立を深めた。
- On the other hand, Nobusuke KONOE, who had caused the dispute, was increasingly isolated from the society of court nobles, being labeled as a person who ended the 700-year-old tradition of the sekkanke overnight.
- 19世紀中ごろまでに、国内の社会矛盾と国外からの圧力(ロシア、イギリス、アメリカ船の接近)により、幕藩体制は限界を迎えていた。
- Due to domestic social contradictions and pressure from the inside and outside of Japan (for example, ships of Russia, of England, and of US came near to Japan), the bakufu-domain system had reached its limit by around the middle of the 19th century.
- 当時の武家社会の実情に即してかつ簡明ながらも生活に必要な実用的知識を網羅的に収録したこの本は江戸時代まで往来物の定番とされた。
- As 'Teikin Orai' covers and plainly explains the practical knowledge necessary for life in samurai society of the time, this text book served as a standard oraimono until the Edo period.
- 儒教では、贅沢は君臣・尊卑の名 (倫理)と分 (倫理)からの逸脱を意味するとされ、社会秩序に対する重大な挑戦と考えられてきた。
- Confucianism has stated that luxury is against Mei (ethics) and Bun (ethics) of Kunshin Sonpi (knowing the difference between the ruler and the ruled or between the aristocrat and the plebeian) and is a great defiance against social order.
- 刈田行為は、検断沙汰に含まれる以前は当時の社会で広く受容されていた自力救済慣行の一つとして認識されていたものと考えられている。
- Before the karita act became subject to kendan-sata, it looks to have been recognized as one of self-defense remedial practices which were widely accepted in society at that time.
- 世界各地の農業社会では、その初期の頃から、播種期に種子を貸与し、収穫期に利子を付けて返済させる慣行が生まれたと考えられている。
- In the agrarian society worldwide, it is thought that a system, in which seeds were loaned to peasants in the planting season to make them pay back the loaned seeds and the born interest in the harvesting season, was launched in the early days.
- 明応6年7月26日に婚儀が行われ、正室として扱われた(当時の公家社会では正式な婚儀を行わなければ正室として認められなかった)。
- After the wedding ceremony held on September 2, 1497, she practically became the lawful wife (in the court noble society at the time, the position of a lawful wife was granted only after the formal marriage ceremony).
- 応仁元年(1467年)の応仁の乱勃発時に公家社会の中枢にいた政基は、期せずしてその後の公家階級の没落の生き証人の一人となった。
- When the Onin War broke out in 1467, Masamoto who was in center of the Kuge society unexpectedly became a living witness to the fall of the Kuge class following the war.
- そんな中、三島由紀夫に定家の再来と言われてデビューした春日井建が、時代性や社会性の意識は見られない絶対なる美的表現を追求した。
- About that time, Ken KASUGAI, who was called the second-coming of Teika by Yukio MISHIMA, made his debut and pursued a pure form of expression, which included neither a sense of time (as in, era) nor any society's woes.
- 前近代における東アジア国際社会は、政治的・経済的・文化的に大きな存在感を放つ中国王朝を中心とする形で国際秩序が成り立っていた。
- In the international society in East Asia in pre-modern times, international order was formed and maintained having China dynasty, which had significant presence politically, economically and culturally, in its center.
- この党は「国法ノ範囲内ニ於テ社会主義ヲ主張ス」という合法主義を掲げ、翌1907年創刊の『日刊平民新聞』を事実上の機関紙とした。
- The new party focused on legality with its slogan 'We advocate socialism within the limit of the Law'; the 'Nikkan Heimin Shinbun' (Commoners' Daily News), which was first launched in the next year, 1907, was practically its official publication.
- もっとも、片山が指摘したように、警察が事前に社会民主党の結成を探知し、内務省が事前に禁止の方針を決めていたことは事実であった。
- However, as Katayama pointed out, it was true that when they submitted the document of the Shakai minshuto's formation, the police had already learned about it, and thus the Ministry of Home Affairs had adopted a policy to ban the political party in advance.
- 帰国後は社会政策学会 (日本 1897年)に参加しその中心メンバーになるとともに、東京帝国大学にて1925年まで教授を務めた。
- After he had returned to Japan, he joined and became a core member of Society for the Study of Social Policy, and taught as a professor of Tokyo Imperial University until 1925.
- また、武士社会では恩給地の永代売が禁止されていたが、武士の経済状況の救済を目的として年期売を例外的に認めていた分国法も存在する。
- And although with the advent of warrior society warriors were forbidden from permanently selling the lands from which they drew their stipends, some daimyo allowed the existence of laws within their own domains that permitted warriors to sell their land via nenki-uri under exceptional circumstances, in an attempt to provide financial relief for warriors in dire economic straits.
- その一方、武家や在地においては応仁の乱以後の戦国時代 (日本)に「家」が一般社会の構成単位として認識される傾向が強まっていった。
- On the other hand, for buke (military class) and resident landowners, the concept of 'Ie' became recognized as the basic unit of ordinary society during the Sengoku period after the Onin War.
- 郭沫若はその著書『中国古代社会史研究』の中に於いて中国史に発展段階論を適用し、周を奴隷制の時代とし、春秋時代以降を封建制とした。
- Guo Moruo applied the development stage theory to Chinese history in his book 'Studies on the Ancient Society of China' and defined Zhou as a slavery period and the Hoken system took hold after the Chunqiu period.
- やがてこのような実力主義社会から地方的な公権力として戦国大名が各地に領国を形成し、限られた範囲内での「公儀」=公権力を形成した。
- Under such society based on meritocracy, sengoku daimyo (warring lords) established their own territories at various places and formed 'kogi'(authorities) equaling the official authority effective only inside their territories.
- 『平家物語』や『愚管抄』など同時代の文献は、平氏滅亡後に平氏政権に抑圧されてきた貴族社会や寺社層の視点で描かれてきたものが多い。
- Documents written at the same time period such as 'The Tale of the Heike' and 'Gukansho' (Miscellany of Ignorant Views) are often written after the decline of the Taira clan and from the viewpoint of the aristocracy and temple classes that were suppressed under the Taira clan administration.
- 第二次世界大戦後は、日本の歴史の独自性を主張する立場は大きく後退し、歴史に普遍性を見出そうとする社会科学的な立場が主流となった。
- After World War II, the power of insisting on the uniqueness of Japanese history has become weak, and the power of taking the social science-based views of trying to find universality in history has become major.
- 社会の変動に対応する政治的イニシアチブを摂関家と天皇のいずれもがとりえないという摂関政治の欠陥が露呈し、機能不全に陥っていった。
- After that time, defect in the regency that neither Sekkan-ke nor emperors could take the political initiative for social changes was exposed, leading to a lack of function.
- 中世の武家社会において、主君は家臣にとって必ずしも絶対的な存在ではなく、主君と家臣団は相互に依存・協力しあう運命共同体であった。
- In the samurai society of the medieval period, the existence and position of a lord was not necessarily guaranteed or absolute to his retainers; instead, lords and their group of retainers had a shared fate, and their relationship was one of mutual cooperation.
- 乗務員の平均年収は全労働者の平均年収を大きく下回っており、格差社会問題の一端が表れているとの新聞特集記事が掲載されたこともある。
- Some newspapers have written feature stories about the average yearly income of taxi drivers being much lower than that of all workers in Japan, which represents a part of the gap-widening social issue.
- 第一次世界大戦の好景気にわく日本は同時に工業力の大発展をとげ、帝国大学の増設や学生定員の増加が社会的にもとめられることとなった。
- While enjoying the economic growth because of World War I, Japan also experienced a great advancement in industrial power, and consequently, there was a societal demand to build more imperial universities and increase the student enrollment limit.
- しかし民撰議院設立論争にしても、女性問題・国語国字問題にしても、後世の社会に芽吹く種子を植え付けたことは歴史的に明らかであった。
- However, it is historically obvious that it planted some seeds which would sprout out in later years on the dispute of the establishment of democratic representatives, problems on feminism and the issue of a nation's script.
- 村社会は相互互助的な性質を持つ一方で内部には経済的階層や家柄による家格などが存在し、村の秩序維持のための青年組織などが存在した。
- The village community is characterized by a mutual aid system while having an internal economic hierarchy and a rating based on family lines, in addition to a youth organization to maintain the order of the village.
- 思想・政治は、愛山にとって「密着して離れざるもの」であり、歴史をそうした全体として考え、経済社会の背景にも特に関心を払っていた。
- For Aizan, ideology and politics were 'something nondetachable,' and he considered history as the whole of those ideas; especially paying attention to the background of the economic society.
- 彼らはその身の中で、万民を救うという士大夫的責任感と「知行合一」とを結合させ、以下に述べるような社会批判を繰り広げていくのである。
- They combined the shidafu elite's idea of responsibility for giving relief to the nation with the idea of 'chigyo goitsu' and developed the criticisms to be described below.
- フューダリズム(Feudalism)とは歴史学において中世ヨーロッパ社会特有の支配形態を指した用語であり、「封建制」と訳出される。
- Feudalism is a historical term referring to the system of government unique to medieval European society, and is translated as 'Hoken System.'
- 身分的には下層社会であったが、優れた技術力と豊富な資金量は武士を圧倒する面もみせ、独自の都市文化(町人文化)の形成発展に寄与した。
- In the social status, they ranked at lower position but showed superiority over the samurai class at times with their outstanding craftsmanship and abundant financial resources, which contributed to the development of distinctive urban cultures (Chonin culture [townsmen culture].)
- 藩の内側は征夷大将軍と江戸幕府の権威・権力の枠の内側で一定の自立した政治・経済・社会のまとまりを持ち、小さな国家のように機能した。
- Certain self-sustained politics, economy and society were well organized inside Han within a framework of the authority of the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and the Edo bakufu, so the inside of Han functioned like a small country.
- これは、公地公民の原則が、当時の社会へ強力に貫徹していた訳ではなく、あくまで理念として掲げられていた側面が強かったことを示唆する。
- This suggests that the Kochi Komin principle did not penetrate into the society at that time but that the principle was rather used as a banner in advocating the ideal.
- 鎌倉時代中期から酒屋が全国各地に広まるが、鎌倉幕府は酒が社会に害悪をもたらすとしてこれを禁じる沽酒の禁を出して厳しく取り締まった。
- Sakaya had been spread in many parts of the country since the middle of the Kamakura Period; however, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) imposed strict controls upon Sakaya by putting 'koshu no kin' (the ban on sale and purchase of sake) in force as the government believed that sake has a harmful influence on the community.
- 第2次世界大戦後には、これまでの和書・漢籍・洋書を改めて人文科学・社会科学・自然科学の3分野として各界の権威者を招くようになった。
- After World War II it was decided to replace Japanese books, Chinese classic books and Western books by cultural science, social science, and natural science and to invite the representative authorities of these three fields.
- 別家に養子に出た慶喜との同居は武家社会の慣習上出来なかったが、親しく文通を行い、頻繁に交流していた様子が残っている書簡から伺える。
- Because of the customs of the samurai society at that time, she was not allowed to live with her child, Yoshinobu who had been adopted by a different family; However, the remaining letters show that she and Youshinobu closely corresponded and frequently communicated.
- 重層的な構成を取っていた荘園領主のうちで実社会においてもっとも有力な地位に立っていることが多かった本家が本所になることが多かった。
- Among the lords of the manor who had multilayered structures, the honke, who often occupied the most advantageous position in the real world, became the honjo in many cases.
- 叡尊は、西大寺を本山とする真言律宗の宗祖で、日本仏教における戒律の復興に努め、貧者・病者救済などの社会事業を行ったことで知られる。
- Eison was the founder of Shingo Risshu sect, whose head temple was Saidai-ji Temple, and he is well known for his hard work to restore the precepts of Japanese Buddhism and his social work such as relief of the poor and the sick.
- 幼少時から学問好きの才媛として公家社会の中では有名人であったが、一方で野暮で理屈っぽい醜女として避けている人も多かったようである。
- From one perspective, she was studious in her childhood and well known amongst court noble society, while on the other hand there were many who avoided her because of her unrefined demeanor and ugly looks.
- 卒業生は、専門分野における特性を反映し、僧侶・教員・図書館司書・博物館学芸員・社会福祉・出版等々、幅広い分野において活躍している。
- With their specialized knowledge, graduates are activity involved in diverse fields of endeavor as monks, teachers, librarians, curators, social welfare workers, editors and so on.
- 義和団の乱当時の世界は、社会進化論が有力なイデオロギーとして機能し、文明/野蛮という二項対立でもって物事が語られることが多かった。
- When talking about the world at the time of the Boxer Rebellion, the theory of social evolution often plays a prominent role as an ideology, describing a binomial confrontation between civilization and barbarianism.
- 「社会」などは元々南宋の書『近思録』(朱子・呂祖謙共同編集)に登場する語彙であるから、装いも新たに大陸に逆輸入されたといってよい。
- For example, the term 'shakai' (society, '社会' in kanji) was the one which had originally appeared in 'Kinshiroku' (a book of Chinese thought) (edited by CHU Hsi and RYO Soken), a book of Southern Sung Dynasty, so that it may be said that it was reimported to the continent with a new meaning.
- つまり後醍醐天皇の行為は鎌倉幕府が社会秩序を維持する国家形態及び政権自体に対する転覆の企て、即ち「謀叛」であると見なされたのである。
- The Emperor Godaigo's act was seen as an attempt to overthrow the state or government itself, namely '謀叛', when the Kamakura bakufu maintained the social order in Japan.
- 目安箱(めやすばこ)は施政の参考意見や社会事情の収集などを目的に、庶民の進言の投書を集めるために設置した箱、及びその制度の事である。
- Meyasubako was a box which was set up to collect letters of proposal by the common people for the purpose of collecting opinions about administrative policies and information about the society, or the system thereof.
- 政治運動に命をかけるという人物モデルにもなり、自由民権運動の活動家や、明治社会主義者の一部にも「志士」という理想像が共有されていた。
- The term 'Shishi' came to symbolize a person who puts his life towards political activity, such as the activists for Civic Rights, and Meiji Period socialists.
- 武家社会の勃興した鎌倉時代よりみられるが、室町時代までは年寄(としより、おとな)・宿老(しゅくろう)・執事(しつじ)などと呼ばれた。
- Such a post already existed in the Kamakura period, the start of samurai-based society, and was called Toshiyori (or Otona), Shukuro or Shitsuji.
- 21世紀を迎え、グローバル化やインターネット社会の拡大なども相まって、戦後一貫して進んできた文化・生活の多様化が、一層進展している。
- The culture and lives have been diversified consistently since the end of the war, but entering the 21st century, they have further diversified together with globalization and the trend of society where the Internet has been used more and more widely.
- 13世紀中期頃から、貨幣経済の浸透と商品流通の活発化、村落の形成、地頭ら武士による荘園公領への侵出など、大きな社会変動が生じ始めた。
- Starting around the middle of the 13th century, the social system started changing drastically: For example, money had become used in the economy, goods were circulated actively, and samurai, such as jito (managers and lords of manors), had advanced into shoen koryo (public lands and private estates).
- これに対して日本の切捨御免には支配階層である武士の名誉と威厳を守る事によって武士を頂点とした当時の社会秩序が防衛されると考えられた。
- On the other hand, it was considered that helping to protect warriors' honor and dignity by Japanese Kirisutegomen kept the social order, of which warriors were at the top.
- 中世後半になると、社会が不安定となり、境相論などを訴訟によらず実力によって解決(自力救済)しようとする故戦防戦が頻発するようになる。
- In the late medieval period, as the nation became unsettled, kosen bosen (offensive and defensive war) broke out frequently to resolve disputes over the boundaries of territories or the like by force (self-help) instead of by bringing them into court.
- モンゴル国、中国、大韓民国などでは住民の生活や経済に多大な支障が出る場合があり、黄砂への対策や黄砂の防止が社会的に重要となっている。
- In Mongolia, China, and the Republic of Korea, kosa sometimes causes significant damage to activities of the people and the economy in these areas, and it becomes socially important to take measures against kosa and to prevent kosa from occurring.
- また、山本有三原作の『生きとし生けるもの』においては社会派的側面を強く打ち出し、戦時中に撮った『新雪』は興行的にも大ヒットとなった。
- 'Ikitoshi Ikeru Mono' (lit. 'All Living things'), originally written by Yuzo YAMAMOTO, focused strongly on social aspects, and 'Shinsetsu' (lit. 'New Snow'), filmed during the war, was a box office hit.
- バブル期において乗車拒否が多く見受けられていたが、昨今の社会状況において、乗務員が意図的に乗車拒否をすることは少なくなってきている。
- Although there were many rejections of boarding during the years of the asset-inflated economy, the number of cases where taxi drivers intentionally rejected offers of boarding is becoming less under recent social conditions.
- 他には日記『紀光卿記』(『愚紳』)、随筆『閑窓自語』などが残されており、公家社会や自然科学などに関する紀光の広い関心が垣間見られる。
- Besides history books, he wrote the diary 'Norimitsu kyoki (diary of lord Norimitsu)' (or 'Gu shin (愚紳)') and essay 'Kanso jigo' (monologue in the quiet life), which show his wide interests in noble society and natural science.
- 更に単独の氏族のみではなく、その地域にある各家の氏神が共通化されて、地域社会全体の守護神・氏社として「鎮守」が成立するようになった。
- In addition, no single ujigami was worshiped in each community but some ujigami of families in an area were made common and, as a result, 'chinju' (village shrine) was established in each area as the guardian god and ujisha in the whole local community.
- これによって伝統的な秩序を回復させて社会不安の沈静化に務めると共に、本所一円地住人の御家人化を進めて幕府の基盤の拡大と安定を図った。
- While seeking to quell social unrest by restoring traditional order, he attempted to expand and stabilize the bakufu's basis through the appointment of inhabitants within the territory of the Imperial Court as shogunal retainers.
- 当時の民間の流行歌謡であり、白拍子という女性芸人(しばしば遊女を兼ねた)のうたう七五調四句を基調とする今様も貴族社会でもてはやされた。
- The imayo (popular style of song during the Heian period), a popular music among common people, which was based on the seven-and-five syllable meter and four phrases and sung by shirabyoshi, female entertainer (who was often a yujo [a prostitute]), was loved by the noble society.
- 家格に基づいて、1家もしくは少数の家の家督継承者の相対的に安定した家職及び官職昇進次第が保証された制度が公家社会各層において確立した。
- A system of relatively stable Kasho and position promotion path for the head of one or several families depending upon the family class became established as a system for every layer of the aristocracy.
- その際に『九条年中行事』に基づいて宮廷儀式を遂行して、しきたりを重視する宮廷社会において他家に対して優位な立場に立つ事を図ったと言う。
- It is said that they performed the court ceremony based on 'Kujo nenchugyoji' and tried to put themselves in a superior position over other clans in the Imperial society which weighed heavily on its convention.
- 当然このような劣悪な状況では途中で飢餓や病により倒れたり、死亡したりして行旅死亡人となる者も多く、初期の頃から社会問題化し始めていた。
- As a matter of course, the severe conditions caused many people to collapse from starvation and illnesses or even die en route, causing the issue to be recognized as a social problem.
- 江戸幕府をはじめとした領主は、このような本百姓数の維持増加に努め、平和が続いたことによる社会の安定化によって耕地の開発も進んでいった。
- Feudal lords, exemplified by the Edo bakufu, made efforts to increase and maintain the number of such hon-byakusho, and as the peaceful period continued to realize social stability, cultivation of land was developed.
- 当時の社会通念からして、天皇や将軍の代替わりには土地・物品が元の所有者へ返るべきとする思想が広く浸透しており、これを徳政と呼んでいた。
- Under the social conventions of the time, there was the prevalent idea that land or an article should be returned to the original owner concurrent with a change in the reign of the Emperor or the rule of the shogun; this idea was called tokusei (benevolent rule).
- 後のプロレタリア作家徳永直が感謝の言葉を綴っており、社会主義者片山潜から村田に宛てた手紙が『新映画』一九二三年七月号に掲載されている。
- Sunao TOKUNAGA who became a proletarian writer later wrote appreciative words, and a letter from Sen KATAYAMA, a socialist to Murata was published in 'Shin eiga' (literally 'New Movie') in July 1923 issue.
- 当時の武家社会でも男子はともかく女性は助けられるのが慣例であり、秀吉が秀次の妻妾子女ほぼ全員を処刑したのはそれを無視したものであった。
- In the samurai society at that time, women were accustomed to being treated differently from men, but Hideyoshi ignored this by executing almost all the family members of Hidetsugu; a wife, concubines, and children.
- 社会人教育を目的に夜間学校(三年制)として設立されたため、学生には官庁職員、府立学校教諭、府の名誉職にあるものなどが多く含まれていた。
- The school was established for worker education as a night school (three years); there were students who served as the government officer, prefecture school teacher, or the prefectural worker in an honorary position.
- 恩讐のけじめをはっきりさせているやや単純な筋ながらも、継子いじめの筋を軸に、当時の貴族社会を写実的に描写した物語として評価されている。
- Although its storyline is rather simple, drawing clear line between love and hate, it has been appreciated as a tale that represents realistically the society of nobles at that time, centering on ill-treatment of a stepchild.
- 昭和30年代半ばには、前衛短歌は社会的影響力を持ち始めたため敬遠する出版会の動きがあったことと、方法意識が出尽くしたことから停滞した。
- Around 1960, the avant-garde tanka poetry started to lose its impetus, due to the fact that many publishers, fearing the over-reaching influence of the avant-garde tanka poetry into societal matters, distanced themselves from this type of poetry, and also due to the loss of direction.
- 「せんいの町一宮」の負の歴史を語る上で欠かせない事件として、一宮市教育委員会発行の中学校社会科副読本『のびゆく一宮』に掲載されている。
- In telling the negative history of 'Ichinomiya the Textile Town,' this incident represents the absolute nadir, a fact that led the Board of Education for the city of Ichinomiya to publish a supplementary reader for Middle School-level Social Studies entitled 'Nobiyuku Ichinomiya' (Ichinomiya: the growing city).
- 帰朝後は開成学校で社会学の教鞭をとり1877年(明治10年)、同校が東京大学(後の東京帝国大学)に改編されると日本人初の教授となった。
- After returning to Japan, he started to teach sociology at Kaisei School in 1877 and became the first Japanese professor when the school was reorganized into Tokyo University (later to become Tokyo Imperial University).
- 貸し手の商人達から見れば大名貸は一種の不良債権であり返って来る見込みは薄くても名目上は資産として認められ、また社会的な地位ともなりえた。
- From the standpoint of merchants who lent money, daimyo-gashi was the nominal assets and the basis of their social status in spite of the fact that they were a kind of bad loan and their collectability was low.
- 北宋の米芾は『画史』において書画鑑賞の本質的な意義は「清玩」することにあると述べているが書画の芸術性が社会に認識されたことを示している。
- BEI Futsu in the Northern Sung Dynasty described in his work, 'Gashi (the history of paintings)' that the significance of viewing calligraphic works and paintings was in 'doing Seigan (appreciating something beautiful),' which showed that artistic quality of calligraphic works and paintings came to be recognized in society.
- 近世江戸幕府は「天下人=将軍」、「天下の公儀=幕府法」と位置づけ、そのもとに「地方的な公儀=藩法」として大きく二元的な法社会を形成した。
- The Edo bakufu formed the broadly-defined dual legal system which had 'Tenkabito = shogun' and 'the kogi of Tenka = the law of the bakufu' on top and 'the local kogi = the law of domains' at the bottom.
- こうした背景を受けて以前の学界では、平氏政権が貴族社会の中で形成されたことに着目して、武家政権というよりも貴族政権として認識されていた。
- In the past, the academic field focused on the fact that the Taira clan administration was developed under the aristocracy and it was recognized as an aristocratic government rather than a bushi one.
- はやくから社会人のための単位取得プラン「京(みやこ)カレッジ(2006年度まではシティー・カレッジ)」や、産学連携事業もおこなっている。
- The foundation started 'Miyako College (City College until 2006),' a credit earning plan for working people, and a collaboration with industries and universities in the early stage.
- 国民の叡智とたゆみない努力によって、我が国が一層の発展を遂げ、国際社会の友好と平和、人類の福祉と繁栄に寄与することを切に希望いたします。
- I eagerly hope that our country accomplishes further development and contributes to the friendship and peace of the international society and the welfare and prosperity of human beings by our people's wisdom and persistent efforts.
- 室町時代以降、武家社会で有職故実の中心的存在となり家の伝統を継承していったことから、時の幕府からも礼典や武芸の事柄においては重用された。
- Since the Muromachi period, because it passed the family tradition down as a key player of yusoku kojitsu in the samurai society, its ceremonies and military arts treated preferentially by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) of the period.
- 祠堂銭として集められた金銭を資金として寺院の内外に貸付を行い、その利息により寺院の管理・運営の維持を図ったり、社会事業の財源などとした。
- Using gathered Shidosen funds, monks engaged in moneylending both inside and outside of the temples, using the interest for social work in addition to continuously managing and maintaining the temples.
- これによって、公家社会においては家領の単独相続への移行と「家」そのものの安堵を行う権限を有した治天の君による公家支配の拡大につながった。
- For the noble families of the court, this led to the single succession of an estate; moreover, it expanded the authority of the chiten no kimi, who had the power to stabilize a 'family' and thereby control the court nobles.
- だが、裕次郎のスターイメージを損なうとして会社側に却下されて、結局、葉山良二主演で映画化されたが力の入った異色の社会派ミステリーとなる。
- However, this project was rejected by the company because it would have hurt the image of Yujiro as a star, and as a result, it was made into a film with Ryoji HAYAMA playing the lead as a unique mystery that dealt strongly with social problems.
- 仏教が、限られた皇族や有力豪族の信仰から、貴族社会全般に浸透し、武家や一般民衆まで及ぶ中世に入ると、氏寺も古代のそれとは変化していった。
- Ujidera underwent a change during the middle ages when Buddhism diffused down through aristocratic society and the samurai class to develop from being the sole preserve of the imperial family and powerful families to become a religion of the common people.
- 公家社会もこの異常な事件の対応に苦慮したが、結局は太政大臣一条冬良の意見を採用し、政基父子を勅勘処分として出仕を停止することに決定した。
- The court noble society was also at a loss over how to cope with this unusual incident, but it ended up adopting the opinion of Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) Fuyuyoshi ICHIJO, deciding that Masamoto and his son would be dismissed by the Emperor and their attendance at court would be stopped.
- 内山 愚童(うちやま ぐどう、1874年5月17日 - 1911年1月24日)は、日本の仏教者・僧(曹洞宗林泉寺住職)・社会主義運動家。
- Gudo UCHIYAMA (May 17, 1874-January 24, 1911) was a Japanese Buddhist, a monk (the chief priest of Rinsen-ji Temple, Soto sect), and a socialist activist.
- 同志社ローム記念館プロジェクトは産官学地域連携を通し、文化の創造・発信と次世代社会を担う人材を育成することを目的とした課外プロジェクト。
- The Doshisha Rohm Plaza Project is an extracurricular project aimed at cultural creation and sharing, as well as human resources development for next-generation society through cooperation by industry, government, academia, and local community.
- 倹約の奨励や富の蓄積を天命の実現と見る考え方はアメリカの社会学者ロバート・ニーリ・ベラーによってカルヴァン主義商業倫理の日本版とされた。
- Since he encouraged thrifty and regarded accumulation of wealth as achievement of God's will, American sociologist Robert Neelly Bellah saw his thought as Japanese version of Calvinism commercial ethics.
- 1910年(明治43年)5月25日、信州の社会主義者宮下太吉ら4名による明治天皇暗殺計画が発覚し逮捕された「信州明科爆裂弾事件」が起こる。
- On May 25, 1910, 'Shinshu Akashina Bomb Incident' occurred, in which a socialist in the Shinshu region, Takichi MIYASHITA, and other three socialists were arrested for plotting to kill the Meiji Emperor.
- 江戸時代には、戦乱が静まり社会が安定し平和になったことと経済活動が活発になったことにより人びとの言論活動も活発になり多様な学問が開花した。
- After the settling of the warring period, the Edo period saw the social stability and peace and the revitalization of economy, and people began to speack freely to lead flourishing various studies.
- そして第二次世界大戦時の日系人の強制収容という悲劇を乗り越え、1960年代以降のアメリカ社会における地位向上の時代を経て現代に至っている。
- And after surviving the tragedy of Japanese American Internment during the World War II, they have seen the improvement of their position in American society since the 1960s.
- 戦前段階には狭義に政治体制自体を指していたが、戦後の歴史学の進展に伴い、近世日本の社会体制全体の特色を示す概念として使われるようになった。
- In the pre-war days, the term meant a political system itself in the narrow sense, but along with the development of the historical science in the post-war era, the term has become to mean a concept that indicates the features of entire society system of the early modern Japan.
- 「増鏡」は四鏡の最後の史書で、後鳥羽天皇の即位から1333年に配流となっていた後醍醐天皇が京都に帰還するまでの宮廷社会の動向を記している。
- The 'Masukagami' is the last of the four 'kagami' history books (books with the word 'kagami,' or 'mirror,' in the title), and covers the period from Emperor Go-Toba's enthronement to Emperor Go-Daigo's triumphant return to Kyoto from exile in 1333, focusing on trends within courtly society.
- 亀山は、朝廷の訴訟処理機構の整備を進め、また公家社会の身分秩序を律する「弘安礼節(弘安書札礼)」を制定するなど、意欲的に政務に取り組んだ。
- Kameyama worked extensively to arrange a court management system within the Imperial court, and established 'Koanreisetsu' (Koan Shosatsurei) to maintain class order within the Imperial Court society.
- 親に対する「孝」を重んじる儒教社会では、君主が人々に対する模範として、率先して母親やその親族に対して礼を尽くすべきであると考えられてきた。
- In Confucian society that highly regards filial duty, it has been considered that the monarch should take the initiative in according his mother and her relatives every courtesy as an example for the people.
- 西欧キリスト教社会などの一夫一婦制度を採る世界では、皇帝の妻は正式には一人しか存在せず「皇后」または「皇妃」と訳されることが一般的である。
- In societies with the monogamous system, such as the West European Christian societies, there is only one official wife of the emperor and it is common to be translated as 'Kogo' or 'Kohi,'
- 当時の貴族社会では貴族が自ら草花を育てる事は考えられなかったが、宗輔は自ら菊や牡丹を育てて、藤原頼長や鳥羽法皇ら親しい人々に献上している。
- It was not conceivable in the aristocratic society at that time for any noble to grow flowers with own hands, but Munesuke grew chrysanthemum and tree peony, donating them to close friends such as FUJIWARA no Yorinaga and the Cloistered Emperor Toba.
- 江戸時代には、陰陽道はもはや政治に影響を及ぼすことはなくなったが、民間で暦や方角の吉凶を占う民間信仰として広く日本社会へと定着していった。
- Although Ommyodo had lost its political clout by the beginning of the Edo period, it became widespread and permeated deeply into Japanese society as folk beliefs; that people used to seek for an auspicious date or direction for special occasions.
- また、原始宗教がそのまま封建社会や中世を経て、近代化されたあとも現在まで排斥されず、引き継がれる例はほとんどなく、日本独特ともなっている。
- Japan's case, in which this sort of primitive religion survived the feudal and Medieval periods and reached the modern period intact, is almost unique.
- 博学で才気煥発な彼女は、主君定子の恩寵を被ったばかりでなく、公卿や殿上人との贈答や機知を賭けた応酬をうまく交わし、宮廷社会に令名を残した。
- Because she was very learned and talented, she received her majesty Teishi's favor and succeeded wonderfully in exchanging poems and witty words with nobles and court peoples, winning fame in imperial society.
- 20世紀に入って英訳、仏訳などにより欧米社会にも紹介され、『失われた時を求めて』など、20世紀文学との類似から高く評価されるようになった。
- In the twentieth century, English and French translations were introduced to Western countries, and it came to be evaluated highly in terms of its resemblance to twentieth-century literature such as 'Remembrance of Things Past,' by Proust.
- 金井延(かない のぶる、1865年2月26日(元治2年2月1日 (旧暦))- 1933年8月13日)は静岡県出身の経済学者・社会政策学会。
- Noburu KANAI (February 26, 1865 - August 13, 1933) was from Shizuoka Prefecture, an economist and a member of Society for the Study of Social Policy.
- 公家社会に対しては文禄4年(1595年)に「御掟追加」によって家職をたしなみ、公儀に奉公することを義務付け、その代償に所領を保証・加増した。
- Towards the aristocracy, the 'On okite tsuika (additional regulations)' in 1595 ordered diligence towards their Kashoku and Kogi as mandatory in exchange for guaranteeing or increasing land.
- 日本においては、金融機関から融資を受けられなかった社会的マイノリティー層においても、古くから現在に至るまで運用されている民間金融手法である。
- In Japan, it is a private financing method operating from ancient times up to the present even amongst social minority classes who could not get financing from financial institutions.
- この為、警察の増加をもって社会情勢の不安を抑え込む方針が取られ、それまで5,300人であった巡査を3,000人増員するという措置が取られた。
- As a result, the policy to quell fears of the social situation by increasing the number of police officers was adopted and 3,000 patrol officers were added to the 5,300 officers already existing.
- 『青い山脈』の成功で手に入れた資金をもとに、東宝から独立してフリーの監督として民主主義の社会の到来を高らかに謳いあげる作品を次々と発表した。
- With the funds earned form the success of 'Aoi Sanmyaku,' he left Toho to work as a freelance director and produced a series of films that celebrated the arrival of a democratic society.
- 第二次世界大戦中の1943年に極楽院の住職となった辻村泰圓は戦災孤児のための社会福祉事業に尽力するかたわら、境内の整備や建物の修理を進めた。
- Taizen TSUJIMURA, who became the chief priest of Gokuraku-in Temple in 1943 during the World War II, encouraged the maintenance of the precincts and the repair of the building, while devoting himself to the social welfare work for war orphans.
- 地域振興の中心は古くは寺社であり、その中心にある神社が興行や縁日や神事を行い、「寺社普請」だけでなく地域の社会基盤整備としての普請も担った。
- In ancient times most local development efforts were carried out by temples and shrines, and among such shrines, the focus was on entertainment, religious festivals, and Shinto rituals; their efforts were not limited only to building temples and shrines, but also extended to firming up societal infrastructure as well.
- 開国以後、江戸幕府は金の海外流出を食い止めるために金貨の質を落としたが、そのために物価は上昇、社会は混乱し、欧米商人も経済的な打撃を受けた。
- After Japan opened its country to the world, the Edo bakufu lowered the quality of gold coins to stop the outflow of gold to foreign countries, but because of this, prices rose, the society was in confusion, and European and American merchants also took a hard hit economically.
- 上記メンバー(堺以外の6名)によって翌1901年5月に社会民主党 (日本 1901年)が結成されたが、こちらは結党2日後に結社禁止となった。
- In May of the following year, 1901, the Social Democratic Party (Japan 1901) was formed by these members mentioned above (6 people excluding SAKAI), but two years later a ban was placed on the party.
- 『葉隠』(武士)や『町人嚢』、『盲安杖』(僧侶)などはそれぞれの立場からの家職・家業を全うさせる事が社会的義務であることを説いた書物であった。
- Documents such as 'Hagakure (The Book of The Samurai' (bushi), 'Choninbukuro' 'Moanjo'(monk) encouraged people that staying and succeeding in their Kashoku/Kagyo was a societal responsibility.
- この考え方では、古代律令社会の解体から各地に形成された在地領主の発展を原動力として、領主層の独自の国家権力として鎌倉幕府が形成されたとみなす。
- In this view, the Kamakura bakufu was formed as an independent state power of feudal lords driven by the development of local feudal lords in various places after the breakup of ancient society based on the ancient Ritsuryo codes.
- 具体的には封建社会において並存する「幕藩体制の倫理と武士階級の倫理の衝突」であり、近代日本においては「日本人のアイデンティティの喪失」である。
- In more concrete terms, it is 'a conflict between the ethics in the feudal system and in samurai hierarchy' which are present simultaneously in feudal society and it is 'a loss of identity as a Japanese person' in modern Japan.
- 日野家は代々足利将軍家の外戚であり、そこの養子とされたということより、実の母親もそれ相応の社会的地位を持っていた出自であったと推定されている。
- As the Hino family was 'gaiseki,' maternal relatives for generations of the Ashikaga family positioned to accede to the shogunate, it is assumed that the real mother of Gisho was of a woman of a certain rank because Gisho became an adopted child of the Hino family.
- 彼らは親の世代の早世などによって保持する位階の上昇の機会を逸して京の貴族社会から脱落し、武功の勲功認定によって失地回復を図っていた者達であった。
- They had fallen out of aristocratic society in Kyoto because the early deaths of their parents had caused them to miss opportunitues for promotion, and they were trying to restore their status by making the Imperial Court recognize their military exploits as honourable deeds.
- 列国も清朝や中華民国が賠償によって苦しむ姿を見て、国際社会の批判や自国の中国権益減少を恐れ、第一次世界大戦前後から賠償金の緩和をたびたび行った。
- The Powers, seeing the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China suffering from reparations and fearing criticisms from the international community and the reduction of their interests in China, often eased the reparations before and after World War I.
- かつては10世紀初頭以降の政治状況・社会状況を指して、中央政府が統治権をほとんど放棄し、地方の無秩序状態をきたした状態と評価されたこともあった。
- In the past, political/social situations in the early 10th century was thought of as a society where the central government abandoned almost of its ruling power and invited the state of chaos in the provinces.
- 11世紀中期に見られた体制変化・社会変化は、当時徐々に一円化を進め、著しい増加を見せていた荘園に対抗するための国衙側(公領側)の対応策であった。
- The changes in the governing structure and society that occurred in the mid-11th century were countermeasures taken by kokuga side (public land side) in order to counter shoen (manor in medieval Japan), which were rapidly increasing at the time and proceeding with ichienka (realization of complete ownership).
- 現代日本における処女性重視は近代以前の武家社会における志向(家督の正統継承)と、明治維新以後、キリスト教由来の貞操観念が普及したことに起因する。
- The great stress on virginity held by modern Japanese society comes from the ideology of the samurai society, where the highest importance was attached to inheriting the family's estate properly, as well as the chastity valued by Christianity, which had spread since the Meiji period.
- それが江戸時代になると、江戸幕府の司法制度において社会各層に対して行われるようになった(ただし、無宿に関しては牢獄での拘禁が基本とされていた)。
- In the Edo period, under the justice system of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), azuke came to be conducted for each rank of the society (however, mushuku [homeless and jobless persons] were basically detained in prison).
- その思想もやはり営利活動を否定せず、倫理というよりむしろ「ビジネスの持続的発展」の観点から、本業の中で社会的責任を果たしていくことを説いている。
- The thought also does not deny a profit-making activity and teaches to achieve social responsibility in main business from a viewpoint of 'sustainable development of business' rather than ethics.
- 後藤は台湾の社会風俗などの調査を行い、その結果をもとに政策を立案、生物学的原則を確立すると同時に、漸次同化の方法を模索するという統治方針であった。
- Goto conducted research on Taiwanese society and customs and formulated the governance policy based upon research results to establish biological principles as well as to seek eventual assimilation.
- 釈迦はこのような社会に登場し、すべての人々(牧畜業、漁業関係者などの生物の命を奪う職業の人々も含む)が輪廻転生可能であることを説き、信仰を集めた。
- Shakyamuni appeared in such a society and preached that every one (including those whose occupations required that they take the lives of living things, such as stockbreeders and fishermen) could perform Rinne Tensho, to whom believers gathered.
- 佐藤は、自らが率先して革命歌を高唱し、「無政府主義万歳」と叫んだことを認めると共に、無政府主義も社会主義も究極の目的は一致するかもしれぬと答えた。
- SATO acknowledged that he was the first to sing songs of revolution in a loud voice and to yell 'Hurrah for anarchism,' and replied that the ultimate objectives of anarchism and of socilalism may be the same.
- 極官は参議止まりであったが、西洞院家の女子の多くは後宮に勤め、歴代の当主の多くは日記を記しており、当時の公家社会の様子を知る手がかりとなっている。
- Although the highest office achieved was Sangi, many women of the Nishinotoin family worked in the kokyu (empress's residence) and many generations of the family heads left diaries, valuable records of kuge society in each generation.
- このことから、戦後第一世代の研究者は、この領主と「武士団」の、領地を媒介とした重層的結合関係と、そこに至たる社会経済・地方経済の成熟を重要視した。
- From this, researchers of the first generation born after World War II focused greatly on multilayered combination relationships between manor lords and 'bushidan' as well as the growth of social and district economics mediated by the estate that led to it.
- その10世紀初頭の地方社会経済に目を転じると、旧来の郡司の勢力が弱体化しはじめると同時に、王臣子孫も含めた新興勢力・有力農業経営者が台頭を始める。
- When looking at the social situation in districts of the early tenth century, the former gunji (district managers) force weakened simultaneously with the rise of the new power consisting of the posterity of vassals and wealthy farmers.
- そうした武士の一人、佐賀藩士・山本常朝が話した内容が『葉隠』に「武士道」という記述としてまとめられているが、それは武士社会に広まることはなかった。
- One such bushi, the feudal retainer of the Saga clan Tsunetomo YAMAMOTO talked on this and the contents were edited in the description called 'bushido' in 'Hagakure' (the book of Bushido), but they did not spread in the society of bushi.
- 南方戦線より復員後の1947年、没落華族を描いて新しい社会の到来を印象付けた『安城家の舞踏会』を撮り、好評を博し、キネマ旬報ベストテン1位に輝く。
- After being demobilized from the southern front, in 1947 he filmed 'Anjoke no Butokai' (The Ball of the Anjo Family) which depicted the decline of a noble family and signified the arrival of a new society and was met with a good reaction; ranking number one in the Kinema Junpo magazine's top ten.
- これらの事実について京都大学の関係者は「幅広い分野において日本を代表する学術研究拠点となってきた、京都大学の社会的特徴を表している」と考えている。
- Kyoto University people think that these facts symbolize the public character of Kyoto University, that is, the role that it has played as the representative base in Japan of the academic research over wide-ranging fields.
- 従来縄文時代晩期後半と考えられていた夜臼式土器期において、すでに水稲農耕技術が採用されており、この段階を農耕社会としてよいという考えが提出された。
- The Yusu earthenware stage was originally considered the latter half of the last Jomon period, but an opinion stating that the stage was an agrarian society was submitted, as the period already adapted rice-paddy cultivation techniques.
- それには、「社会民主党は安寧秩序に妨害ありと認むるを以て治安警察法第八条二項に依り其結社を禁止する旨内務大臣より達せられたり。右伝達す」とあった。
- It read that 'This is to notify that an official notice of banning the Shakai minshuto as an association which disturbs public peace and order was issued by the Minister of Home Affairs under the Security Police Law Article 8 Clause 2.'
- 9月下旬、カールスルーエで開催される第四回赤十字社会議の日本代表(首席)としてドイツを訪れていた石黒忠悳軍医監に随行し、通訳官として同会議に出席。
- In late September, he accompanied Tadanori ISHIGURO, Surgeon Major General - visiting Germany as head Japanese representative at the 4th Red Cross Society Conference in Karlsruhe - to the conference as his interpreter official.
- 鎌倉時代には御家人による双六や四一半による博打が盛んで、中には屋敷や所領まで賭ける者がいて、勝敗がもとで殺し合いにまでなり、社会問題となっていた。
- In the Kamakura period, gambling games of sugoroku and shiichi-han were popular among gokenin, and some of them even risked their residence or territory, which sometimes resulted in a killing fight, and became a social problem.
- 刷雄本人は若い時から禅行を修めていた(当時の社会で重んじられていた遣唐使留学生だった経歴が考慮されたものとも)として死を免れ、隠岐国に配流された。
- It is believed that because he was an exchange student with the Kentoshi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China), which was highly respected in the society at that time, he was able to avoid execution, and was instead exiled to Oki Province.
- 特に一般には1910,1911年(明治42,43年)に社会主義者幸徳秋水らが天皇暗殺計画を企てたとして検挙された事件を指す(幸徳事件ともいわれる)。
- Generally, Taigyaku Jiken especially refers to the so-called Kotoku Incident in which Shusui KOTOKU, a socialist, was prosecuted for trying to kill then-Emperor in 1910 and 1911.
- ところが、律令政治の変質とともに貴族・官人社会において求められるのは、実務文章の作成能力よりも漢詩などの文学文章の作成能力に移るようになっていった。
- Meanwhile, with a change in quality of the ritsuryo political system, what was required in the society of nobles and government officials changed from the ability of business writing to that of literary writing, such as composing Chinese poetry.
- また、鎌倉時代後期以後に公家社会にも受容された背景には幕府・朝廷ともに徳政を通じた徳治主義の実現という共通した政治目標が存在したことも指摘している。
- Also since the late Kamakura period, it was also accepted by the court noble society, he pointed out that the back ground was the common policy goal of bakufu and Imperial Court to realize the principle of the rule by virtue of the sovereign through benevolent rule.
- ところが、1910年(同43年)の教師用教科書改訂にあたって問題化し始め、同年に幸徳秋水ら社会主義者が起こしたとされた幸徳事件がこれに拍車をかけた。
- However, this became problematic around 1910 when the textbooks for teachers was revised, and this movement was further fueled by the 'Kotoku Incident,' which is said to have been caused by socialists such as Shusui KOTOKU and others.
- 記紀、隋書倭国伝、祝詞(のりと)などの資料によっても、大化前代の地方族長社会においては、神判制度や宗教からまだ完全には分離しない形での法が存在した。
- According to sources like the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, the Zuisho-wakoku-den (Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty), and Shinto ritual prayers, in the provincial patriarchal society under the pre-Taika era, law existed in a form not yet completely detached from the trial by ordeal system and religion.
- 大島の闘いは必然的に、社会的な疎外感や屈辱感をもっとも鮮明に内包している人々の心理的探究へ移り、彼らを主要人物とした作品の制作へと向かうことになる。
- Oshima's struggles inevitably moved towards researching the minds of people who clearly held a sense of humiliation and social alienation which led to the creation of works in which these phenomenon played a central role.
- 川島が監督した『洲崎パラダイス・赤信号』で、彼らは「戦後の好景気から疎外された社会の底辺」に蠢く庶民のヴァイタリティーを基本に据えた作風を確立する。
- It was in Kawashima's 'Suzaki paradaisu, aka shingo' that the three established their directorial style, which centered on the vitality of ordinary people, the 'rock-bottom of society, who did not see any benefits from the postwar economic boom.'
- 科学的・合理的に見れば全く無意味な方法であるが、古代社会において、容疑者に恐怖感を与えて犯罪行為を自白させるための手段としてはある程度有効であった。
- It was completely without scientific and rational basis but, for people in earlier times, it was effective to some extent, instilling fear in suspects and making them confess their crimes.
- 古ゲルマン人社会の従士制度(軍事的奉仕)と、ローマ帝国末期の恩貸地制度(土地の保護)に起源を見いだし、これらが結びつき成立したと説明されることが多い。
- The retainer system (military duties) in the ancient German society and the land loan system (land protection) in the later Roman Empire are often seen as the origin, and it is often explained that the two systems were combined to form feudalism.
- 社会が変貌するなかで、貴族はもはや自己の現実生活のなかから題材をみいだすことが難しくなり、『源氏物語』ののちは創作物語にはこれをしのぐものがなかった。
- When society was in process of change, it became difficult for court nobles to find a subject from their daily life, and that's why no other fictionalized stories surpassed the 'Tale of Genji.'
- 社会進化論が当時先進的科学言説として世界を席巻していたさなかにあって、文明/野蛮言説の外から思考・発言することは非常な困難であったと言わねばならない。
- It should have been very difficult to think and make statements from outside of the civilization vs. barbarianism logic when social evolutionism swept the world as the latest scientific theory.
- そのため、10世紀後半の貴族社会において、承平天慶勲功者とその子孫は軍事に特化した家系、すなわち兵の家(つわもののいえ)として認知されるようになった。
- Therefore, in the noble society in the latter half of the 10th century, Johei Tengyo kunkosha and their descendants came to be recognized as family lines specialized in military affairs, that is, tsuwamono no ie (samurai families).
- 凶作(前年からの天候不順)、流行病(三日病)、将軍の代替わり(足利義持から足利義教へ)などの社会不安が高まる中、近江国坂本や大津の馬借が徳政を求める。
- With growing social unrest, such as poor harvest (unseasonable weather from the previous year), epidemic (mikka-yami (three-day disease)), and replacement of the shogun (from Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA to Yoshinori ASHIKAGA), bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) in Sakamoto of Omi Province and Otsu demanded debt cancellation.
- ダウン症の子供と出会った事がきっかけで、現在ダウン症の子供たちにダンスを教える『LOVE JUNX』というスタジオを主催、社会貢献活動も行なっている。
- Her meeting with children with Down syndrome led her to host a studio named 'LOVE JUNX' to teach dance to children with Down syndrome and she also works on social contribution activities.
- 地域社会や企業と連携し、学生に生きた智恵や技術を学ばせるとと現場に学ぶ視点を育み、問題の「所在」と「解決」を考え抜く力を陶冶することを目的としている。
- The purpose of this class was to have the students learn real intelligence and arts, and also cultivate ideas of what was happening on the ground, training the ability to think of 'where' the problem is and 'how' it is solved, in collaboration with local communities and companies.
- この場合、おおよそ古代の奴隷制が生産力の進歩によって覆され、領主が生産者である農民を農奴として支配するようになったと解釈される社会経済制度のことを示す。
- In this case, it means the socio-political system considered to have been established after the overturn of ancient slavery with the improvement of productivity, under which feudal lords ruled productive peasants as serfs.
- 賀川豊彦(社会運動家)・松田竹千代(立憲民政党代議士。戦後、衆議院議長)・三木武夫(代議士。戦後、首相)らとともに「日米同志会」を立ち上げて会長となる。
- He worked with Toyohiko KAGAWA (engaged in a social movement), Takechiyo MATSUDA (a parliamentarian of Rikken Minsei-to political party, who became the Chairman of House of Representatives after the Second World War), Takeo MIKI (a parliamentarian who became the Prime Minister after the Second World War), etc. to found 'Japan-U.S. Fellow Association,' and he became the first chairman.
- 明治44年(1911年)には大逆事件が生じ、時の政権から社会主義者弾圧の口実に使用され、明治天皇を暗殺しようとしたとして幸徳秋水ら12人が死刑に処された。
- In 1911, the Taigyaku Jiken (a case of high treason) was developed and was used as an excuse to oppress socialists by the government at that time, and 12 people, including Shusui KOTOKU, were executed for attempting to assassinate Emperor Meiji.
- また、武家社会でも、それまで当たり前だった全国に分散した所領の支配が難しくなり、分散した所領を売却・交換し、一箇所にまとめた所領の一円化傾向が顕著になる。
- Moreover, even within the samurai society, the system of dividing and distributing ownership and control of lands throughout the country, which until that point had been thought fair and natural, became problematic, and the tendency for owners to sell or exchange some of these distributed lands to concentrate their power and influence in one place became pronounced.
- ただし仏教の天部の神々も元はヒンドゥー教の神であったように、日本だけでなくインドの地域社会や中国においても、それら土着民族の神々を包摂してきた歴史がある。
- Historically, Buddhism had connoted local deities not only in Japan but also in India and China; the gods of the Buddhistic Tenbu were originally the deities of Hinduism.
- しかしその子孫に目を向けると、息子の藤原高藤は娘藤原胤子が醍醐天皇の生母となったことから内大臣に至り、早い時期で貴族社会において一定の地位を確立している。
- If we look at his descendants, however, his son, FUJIWARA no Takafuji was promoted to Naidaijin (Inner Minister) because his daughter, FUJIWARA no Inshi (or Taneko) was the mother of the Emperor Daigo, and established for him early in his life a position in noble society.
- ただし、院政期には公家社会における土地を巡る訴訟においては基本的な判断材料とされた証文の有無とともに「多年領掌」「経年序」の考え方も合わせて存在している。
- In the insei period (period of the government by the retired Emperor), however, there existed the ideas of 'Tanen ryosho' (long-term territory reign) and 'Keinenjo' (order over time) as well as the existence of a deed as a basic criterion in lawsuits about lands in the Court noble society.
- なお、社会的に影響が小さい事件については短期でも恩赦が認められ(11年必要なケースでは6年など)、また逆に影響が大きいケースでは認められない場合があった。
- A pardon was approved after a short time in cases which had little effect on society (for example, after six years where the requirement was eleven years); conversely, a pardon might not be approved in cases which had a big effect on society.
- すなわち「東道西器」という中国の「中体西用」に似たスローガンを掲げ、新式軍隊や外交顧問を設置し、高宗は「公法」に依拠して国際社会に参加することを宣言した。
- Namely, Korea created a slogan '東道西器,' which was close in meaning with a slogan in China '中体西用' (to learn technology and culture of Western countries while centering on traditional studies and systems) and set up the new model army and advisers for diplomatic issues, and Gojong announced that Korea joined in the international society and abide by the 'Koho.'
- 前身は1898年から開催された社会主義研究会で、安部磯雄を会長とし河上清、片山潜、堺利彦、幸徳秋水、木下尚江、西川光二郎により1900年1月に結成された。
- Its predecessor was a socialism study group which had been held since 1898, and it was established by Isoo ABE, a chairman, and Kiyoshi KAWAKAMI, Sen KATAYAMA, Toshihiko SAKAI, Shusui KOTOKU, Naoe KINOSHITA, and Kojiro NISHIKAWA in January 1900.
- もっともこの時には既に大日本帝国憲法が制定されており、見かけだけの「欧化」に依存しなくても日本の国際社会における地位は少しずつ上昇に向かっていたのである。
- Having said that, however, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan had already been established then and Japan's international status was gradually getting high without depending on a shell of 'Europeanization.'
- 古紙,古着,金物,番傘,屎尿,樽,桶,糠など様々で,江戸時代は最近の研究では,全ての時代の世界の中でも高い水準でのリサイクル社会であったと考えられている。
- The vendors purchased wide variety of things including used papers, used clothes, metal utensils and fittings, coarse oil-paper umbrellas, human waste, used barrels, used wash tubs, and rice bran; according to a recent study, Japan was one of the most advanced society in recycling throughout the history of the whole world.
- この天覧歌舞伎は外務大臣井上馨邸で開催されたが、九代目は井上のほかにも伊藤博文や松方正義などの元老とも交流を持ち、歌舞伎俳優の社会的地位の向上につとめた。
- This Tenran Kabuki was held in the residence of Kaoru INOUE, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the Ninth, having friendly connections with Genro (elder statesmen) including Hirobumi ITO, Masayoshi MATSUKATA and others, strove to improve the social status of Kabuki actors.
- これは長年朝廷の全権を握っていた摂関家が勅使となり、政治的に非力であった清華家出身の三条を出仕させるという公家社会始まって以来の出来事として衝撃を与えた。
- This news shocked the people as an unprecedented event in the court noble society, because the head of one of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor; line of regents and advisers), which had gripped the absolute power in the Imperial Court for many years, was sent as Imperial envoys to call up SANJO, descended from the Seiga family (ranked second in the court noble families), which had no political influence until then.
- 幕藩体制(ばくはんたいせい)とは、近世日本の社会体制のあり方を、幕府(征夷大将軍)と藩(大名)という封建制度的主従関係を基点にとらえた歴史学上の概念である。
- 'Bakuhan-taisei' is a historical concept of social system of early modern Japan viewed basically from feudal homage between bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (or seii-taishogun, literally 'great general who subdues the barbarians) and han (domains) (or daimyo, meaning 'feudal lords').
- この時期の清盛の出世について「当時の貴族社会の中では清盛を白河上皇の落胤とする説が信じられており、このことが清盛の異例の昇進に強く影響した」という説もある。
- Regarding the rapid progression of Kiyomori's career at this time, there is a hypothesis that 'many within the aristocracy believed the theory that Kiyomori was retired Emperor Shirakawa's illegitimate child and this led to his rapid promotion.'
- その後、江戸時代に入り、商工業の発展や社会に浸透していた文書主義などにより、実務教育の需要が一層高まり、先ず江戸や京都などの都市部に寺子屋が普及して行った。
- Later, in the Edo period, with the development of commerce and trade, and with the rise in importance of documents, the demand for practical education grew, which led to the spread of Terakoya initially in city areas such as Edo and Kyoto.
- 王朝国家論が唱えられ、史学的検証が進んでからは、以上に見るとおり、中央政府は積極的に社会実態に適合した統治体制(王朝国家体制)を構築していったとされている。
- As explained above, it is now contemplated, thanks to progress in the study of Dynastic polity and its historical verification, that the central government actively built up the governing structure which could adapt to changing social situation.
- なおこの頃、政情不安や物価の高騰による生活苦などから「世直し一揆」や打ちこわしが頻発し、また社会現象として「ええじゃないか」なる奇妙な流行が広範囲で見られた。
- Due to the political instability and the inflated prices of goods in the market, many radical actions, such as 'reform riots' and destructive urban riots, occurred, and 'Eejanaika', an unusual movement consisting of religious celebrations and communal activities, was seen in many parts of the country.
- 特に、戦後の歴史学に強い影響を及ぼした唯物史観は、発展史観の度合いをさらに強め、古代アジアの社会はアジア的生産様式の中で総体的奴隷制度が行われたと考えていた。
- In particular, historical materialism, which strongly influenced the Japanese post-war historical school, further advanced the historical view of development to consider that ancient Asian society was generally based on slavery in the Asiatic mode of production.
- 交通の改善により台湾の人口は1895年の260万人から1945年の650万人に増加し、台湾の南北を連絡する交通網は台湾社会の大動脈として現在も利用されている。
- Due to the development of transportation in Taiwan, the population increased from 2.6 million people in 1895 to 6.5 million in 1945 and the transportation network linking the west and north is still used now as the main artery in Taiwan.
- 世襲(せしゅう)とは、親の手にしている特定の地位や肩書き(官位や爵位など)、職業等を、その子や係累が引き継ぎ、それによって社会的な権力や権限を得ることである。
- Heredity means that a specific status or title (e.g. official rank, peerage) held by a parent or their occupation or the like is passed on to their children, family members or in-laws, thus ensuring that such successors obtain social power and authority.
- 晩年は日本人共済会(現ニューヨーク日系人会)の設立、貧しく身寄りのない日本人のための墓地の購入、日本人信用組合の組織化など、同胞のための社会奉仕にも尽くした。
- In his later years, he worked hard for the welfare of his fellow Japanese by founding the Japanese Mutual Aid Society (the present day Japanese American Association of New York), purchasing a graveyard for underprivileged Japanese with no relatives, and organizing the Japanese Credit Cooperative.
- こうした中で最初の武家政権である平氏政権が登場するが、この時期の社会矛盾を一手に引き受けたため、程なくして同時多発的に全国に拡大した内乱により崩壊してしまう。
- As the first Samurai government, the Taira clan administration came to the forefront, but soon collapsed due to simultaneous nation-wide civil wars, brought upon their attempt to single handledly shoulder the social contradictions of the times by themselves.
- 成立当初は帝皇系図・神祇道系図・宿曜道系図を伴ったらしいが失われ、現存する部分は源平藤橘のうち藤原氏・源氏の両氏(いずれも長く宮廷社会の中枢にいた)に詳しい。
- When first written, a genealogical table of the Imperial line, a genealogical table of the gods, and a genealogical table of astrology appear to have been included, but these have been lost, with the surviving books being especially detailed on the Fujiwara and the Minamoto clans (because both had taken over key positions in the court society) among the distinguished families which included the Minamoto, the Taira, the Fujiwara, and the Tachibana (also known as the Gen, Pei, To, Kitsu due to Chinese readings of the characters in their names).
- 『万国公法』の普及と、上記のような様々な事件・問題の際の近代国際法の強制的な適用と受容が、東アジア国際社会に大きな影響を与えたことは改めて強調するまでもない。
- It is obvious that diffusion of 'Bankoku Koho'and forcible application and acceptance of modern international law on the above mentioned incidents and issues had major impact on international society in East Asia.
- このような中にあって、1908年6月22日、東京・神田 (千代田区)の映画館「錦輝館(きんきかん)」に社会主義者数十名が集い、山口孤剣の出獄歓迎会が開催された。
- In such a situation, tens of socialists gathered at a movie theater in Kanda, Tokyo (Chiyoda-ku) called 'Kinki-kan Theater' on June 22, 1908, in order to welcome Koken YAMAGUCHI, who had just been discharged from prison.
- 大乗院日記目録(だいじょういんにっきもくろく)とは、奈良興福寺の門跡寺院である大乗院の、第27代大僧正尋尊が当時の政治・社会・文化・宗教史等について記した書物。
- Daijoin Nikki Mokuroku is the book recording the politics, social events, culture, and the history of religion written by Jinson, the 27th Daisojo (highest ranked priest among Japanese Buddhist monks) of Daijoin-Temple, which is the related temple of the nobility oriented/established Kofuku-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture.
- そして、改新時に一気に改革が進んだとは考えにくく、特に改新の主要政策は地方社会への影響が大きいものばかりだったため、諸制度が全国に浸透するには長い年月を要した。
- It is quite unlikely that the political reforms were completed at a stroke at the time of the Great Reformation of the Taika Era and especially, since all of the main policies of the reforms were to have great influence on local societies, it took many years for the new institutions to penetrate nationwide.
- その象徴的な出来事がハーグ密使事件であり、朝鮮に対する日本の支配を排除するため、その不合理を国際社会に訴えたが、これが頓挫した上、日本との関係をより悪化させた。
- One symbolic episode is the Hague Secret Emissary Affair, in which Korea tried to exclude Japanese rule by demonstrating its illegitimacy to the international community, but the trial failed and the Korea-Japan relationship deteriorated.
- 江戸時代に入ると、公家社会は幕府から保護を受けることとなったが、反面、天皇と公家を規制する禁中並公家諸法度が定められ、これにより江戸時代の公武関係が規定された。
- During the Edo period, the kuge society gained protection from the bakufu, while the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of legal regulations that applied to emperors and Kyoto nobles) that regulated emperors and kuge was established and defined the relationship between kuge and samurai of the Edo period.
- この結果、10世紀後半の貴族社会において、承平天慶の乱の勲功者とその子孫たちは軍事に特化した家系、すなわち兵の家(つわもののいえ)として認知されるようになった。
- As a result, in aristocratic society of the later half of the 10th century, Johei Tengyo kunkosha and their descendants became known as families specialized in military affairs called tsuwamono-no-ie.
- 平安期の10世紀頃、大きな社会変化を背景として、朝廷は、徴税・軍事をもはや官司機構で担うのではなく、国司や富豪などへ請け負わせる官司請負制への転換を進めていた。
- Around the tenth century during the Heian period when a large social change occurred, the Imperial court abandoned the policy of entrusting tax-collecting affairs and military affairs solely to the central government system and promoted to entrust these affairs to kokushi (provincial governors) or rich persons, or, in other words, to introduce the kanshiukeoi-sei system.
- 今井は共産党員ながらもイデオロギーを尖鋭に推したてることはせず、戦争や差別や貧困など社会的テーマを掘り下げ、それに翻弄される弱者の姿を同情を込めて美しく描いた。
- Although he was a member of the Japanese Communist Party, Imai did not press its ideology; instead, he delved into social issues such as war, discrimination and poverty, and beautifully filmed the weak at the mercy of these conditions with compassion.
- 手話狂言は、日本ろう者劇団(社会福祉法人トット基金付帯劇団)において、「時間が短くて世界に通じる笑いを」というトット基金理事長・黒柳徹子の発案で企画されたもの。
- Shuwa kyogen was organized in Japan Deaf People's Performing Art Troupe (social welfare corporation Totto kikin futai gekidan [Totto Foundation to train deaf actors]) based on the idea of Tetsuko KUROYANAGI, administrative director of Totto Foundation: 'Make people laugh in a short time and internationally.'
- 道真との確執については、個人的な嫉妬のみならず、律令制の再建を志向する道真と社会の実情に合わせた政策を採ろうとした時平との政治改革を巡る対立に求める意見がある。
- There is an opinion that Tokihira's enmity towards Michizane stemmed from not only personal jealousy, but also Michizane's desire to restore the Ritsuryo system and his seeking of opinions to oppose Tokihira's political reform that engaged in political measures that took into consideration the actual state of affairs of society.
- 武家社会のしがらみの中で犠牲となった形であるが、彼の死によって会津藩と土佐藩の衝突が回避され、その潔い最期に対して会津藩主松平容保から兄に褒章がくだされている。
- Though he seemed to be a victim of the complicated relation of interest in the samurai society, his death enabled avoidance of conflicts between the Aizu clan and Tosa clan, and the head of Aizu clan, Katamori MATSUDAIRA honored his graceful last moments and, therefore, gave a medal to his elder brother.
- それをもっとも端的に示すのが『太平記』であって、仏教的な影響を受けつつも、南北朝の動乱を怨霊の仕業とする立場を見せ、社会を変動させる原動力であるとみなしている。
- This trend is not any more obvious than in the Taihei-ki (Japanese historical epic written in the late 14th century); although under the influence of Buddhism, it attributes the turmoil of the Northern and Southern Dynasties period to Onryo, which it believes, has the power to overturn society.
- しかし、行基のように禁令にそむいて民間への布教をおこない、弾圧されたものの灌漑設備や布施屋の設置、道路建設などの社会事業に尽力し、民衆の支持を集める僧侶もあった。
- On the other hand, there were monks such as Gyoki who violated these restrictions and preached to the general public, and, although he was suppressed, he was also supported by general public for his efforts in social work such as provision of irrigation systems and fuseya (aid station or rest house) as well as road construction.
- このため、藤白鈴木氏が全国の鈴木氏の本家筋と見られたのも東日本で鈴木姓が爆発的に広がったのも、中世日本社会で広く見られた義経人気にあやかったものとみる向きもある。
- Therefore, there is a theory presuming that the reasons why the Fujishiro Suzuki clan was deemed as the head line of the Suzuki families of all over Japan and why the family name 'Suzuki' had extended in eastern Japan at an explosive pace, is because of a booming popularity of Yoshitsune, generated in Japanese medieval society.
- もっとも時代が進んで社会が豊かになってくると消費生活の統制が困難となり、効果の低い奢侈禁止令が他度々出されては遵守が徹底されなというジレンマも抱えることとなった。
- However, as time went by and societies became richer and richer, it became harder to put people's consumption under control, resulting in a dilemma that many ineffective sumptuary laws were issued but not thoroughly observed.
- 御成敗式目の条文も実は新制や明法勘文などに積み重ねによって社会の実情に対応して変化していった鎌倉時代前期当時の公家法の法形式に則していることが明らかになっている。
- It became evident that provisions for the Goseibai-shikimoku was in accordance with the law formula for the court noble law of the early Kamakura period, which had changed corresponding to the social reality, actually by adding to a new system and Myobo kanmon (written reports to the Imperial Court by scholars of the law).
- 所領給与・年紀法などの所謂「武家社会の道理」に関する部分については明記はされているものの、但書や細目、例外条項の形で触れられており、間接的に触れているに過ぎない。
- In shikimoku the section of so-called 'reason in the samurai society' regarding incomes from land taxes on shoryo (territory), Nenkiho (a legal principle for the statute of limitations on land in possession) and so force were clearly described, while only indirectly mentioned in the form of proviso, details, and article of exceptions.
- この二作は、当時の社会主義思想の影響を受けた「傾向映画」とされるもので、『一殺多生剣』は内務省の検閲によって、完成フィルムから300フィート余りが削除されている。
- These two works were referred to as 'Keiko Eiga' (trend film), influenced by socialist thought at that time, and more than 300 feet of the completed film of 'Issatsu Tasho Ken' was censored by the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs.
- 九条 武子(くじょう たけこ、1887年(明治20年)10月20日 - 1928年(昭和3年)2月7日)は、教育者・歌人、後年には社会運動活動家としても活躍した。
- Takeko KUJO (October 20, 1887 - February 7, 1928) was an educator and tanka poet, also actively engaged in the social movement in her later years.
- ザビエルの生涯とゆかりの深いスペイン、フランス、中国等、またカトリックが社会の大勢を占める諸国を中心に、世界各地にザビエルの名を冠する教会・施設が建てられている。
- Churches and institutions with Xavier's name were built around the world centering around Spain, France, China closely related to the life of Xavier, and nations with a majority of their society being Catholics.
- 管野 スガ(かんの すが、1881年(明治14年)6月7日 - 1911年(明治44年)1月25日)は、明治時代の新聞記者・著作家・女性解放運動・社会主義運動家。
- Suga KANNO (June 7, 1881 - January 25, 1911) was a newspaper journalist, writer, feminist and socialist activist in the Meiji era.
- ヨッフェは当時モスクワに滞在していたアメリカ共産党員・片山潜の推薦を受けて派遣されたもので、仲介したのは黎明会を組織した内藤民治と田口運蔵等の社会主義者であった。
- Joffe was sent by the recommendation of Sen KATAYAMA who had been staying in Moscow at the time as a member of the Communist Party of the USA, and the meeting was mediated by Tamiji NAITO and Unzo TAGUCHI, socialists who organized the Reimei-kai Organization.
- 外山 正一(とやま・まさかず、嘉永元年9月27日 (旧暦)(1848年10月23日) - 明治33年(1900年)3月8日は、明治時代の教育家・文学者・社会学者。
- Masakazu TOYAMA (October 23, 1848 - March 8, 1900) was an educator, writer, and sociologist who lived in the Meiji period.
- 週刊『平民新聞』は、第1面に英文欄を設け、アメリカ合衆国やイギリス、さらに日本にとっては敵国であるロシアの社会主義者らへ情報の発信をおこない、国際的な連帯を訴えた。
- The weekly 'Heimin-shinbun', having an English column on the first page, provided information to socialists in the United States of America, the United Kingdom and even Russia, which was a hostile country to Japan, and appealed to them for solidarity.
- 表向きは健康上の問題によるとされたが、山縣有朋が「事件は社会主義者に対する融和の結果発生した。これは西園寺内閣の失策である」と奏上したのが直接の原因といわれている。
- The official reason of the resignation was Saionji's failing health, but it is said that the direct cause of the resignation was Arimoto YAMAGATA's report to the Emperor that said 'The incident occurred as a result of a move to reconcile with socialists by the Saionji's cabinet, so it was a blunder by the cabinet.'
- 外国人宣教師たちは、宗教的信念と戦勝国に属しているという傲岸さが入り交じった姿勢で中国社会に臨み、その慣行を無視することが多く、しばしば地域の官僚・郷紳と衝突した。
- The foreign missionaries dealt with Chinese society with an attitude of missionary belief and the arrogance of those belonging to a winning nation, and they often ignored customs, leading to frequent clashes with local bureaucracy and Kyoshin (Chinese gentry).
- 更に幕府に反抗的だった鎌倉公方足利持氏を永享の乱で、その残党を結城合戦で討伐すると全国に足利将軍に表向きに刃向かう勢力は無くなり、一見社会は安定に向かうかに見えた。
- Furthermore, Yoshinori defeated the Kubo (Commander) of Kamakura, Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, who had rebelled against the bakufu, in the Eikyo Rebellion, and the remnants of his faction in the Yuki War, thereby ridding the country of any force that could openly strike down the Ashikaga Shogun, at first glance restoring peace and stability to society.
- ただし、武装した私兵集団が全て武士であるとは言えず、公的な軍事警察力の担い手としての社会的な公認がなければ武士と認められなかったこともまた、強調しなければならない。
- However, all the private army groups of armed fighters are not said to have been bushi and it must be emphasized that they were not approved as bushi without the social authorization as the bearer of public military police.
- 出納平田家は催官人であり職掌面では局務押小路家・官務壬生家と同格であったが、伝統的な公家社会では壬生孝亮が唱えたように出納を「凡卑」と捉える考え方は依然と強かった。
- The Suino Hirata family was in the controlling class equivalent to the Kyokumu Oshinokoji family and the Kanmu Mibu family; yet in the traditional court noble society, Suino was regarded as people of humble origin as stated by Takasuke MIBU.
- その「兵の家」が定着していくのは、ちょうど藤原道長の時代からであり、「武」に限らず、貴族社会全般に「家格」と「家業」が固定化の方向へ向かう流れの中での出来事である。
- The time when that 'house of tsuwamono' concept began to settle in society was from the period of FUJIWARA no Michinaga, and 'family blood' and 'family business' started to be fixed in among all aristocratic without being limited by 'mu.'
- 1995年6月30日、父・和泉元秀が他界すると、この公演が宗家襲名披露として、後見人を立てるなどの手続きがなく能楽宗家会の了承も得てない事が判明し、社会的に問題化。
- After his father Motohide IZUMI died on June 30, 1995, the fact came to light that the above performance was held without taking procedures required for soke shumei hiro koen, such as the nomination of guardian and the approval of Nogaku Soke-kai, and it became a social problem.
- 精神病院に長期間社会的入院を強いられていた患者が、退院した場合このような困難を経験することがあり、退院の際には入念なカウンセリングとトレーニングを受ける必要がある。
- When a patient who has been forced into 'social hospitalization' in a mental hospital for a long period of time leaves the hospital, he or she sometimes experiences such troubles, so it is necessary for them to receive careful counseling and training when leaving the hospital.
- 『万国公法』は、国際社会が遵守すべき法規として受け取られ、また理念として世界中の国家が平等である権利(「万国並立の権」・「諸国平行の権」)を有することを説いていた。
- 'Bankoku Koho' was recognized as law which international society should abide by and it also referred to the right to equality of nations in the world (such as '万国並立の権,' '諸国平行の権').
- 東洋自由党(とうようじゆうとう)は、1892年11月6日に自由党_(明治)左派の大井憲太郎が、樽井藤吉(元東洋社会党)や小久保喜七、新井章吾らとともに結成した政党。
- The Toyo Jiyuto (Oriental Liberal Party) was a political party formed by Kentaro OI, a member of the (Meiji) left wing of the Jiyuto (Liberal Party), along with Tokichi TARUI (a former member of the Toyo Shakaito [Oriental Social Party]), Kishichi KOKUBO, Shogo ARAI and other politicians on November 6, 1892.
- ところが、日清戦争の前後より、社会構造の変化に伴って米価が上昇基調のまま推移するようになり、相対的に古いままの地価を基にした税額に対して負担が軽くなる現象が生じた。
- However, the price of rice remained on an upward trend along with changes in the social structure around the time of the Japanese-Sino War, causing a phenomenon of burden reduction since the tax was still based on a relatively old land price.
- 帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近(侵略・進出・植民地化)により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
- This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, expansion, and colonization.
- 銅鐸を祭る当時の列島の信仰的背景とは著しく異なる文化を持った外敵が攻めて来た等の社会的な変動が起きた時に、銅鐸の所有者が土中に隠匿して退散したという説(古田武彦等)。
- The sixth is that people hid dotaku in the ground and escaped when a social change took place, such as attacks of a foreign enemy with a significantly different religious background from that of the Japanese island of that time, when dotaku were adored (Takehiko FURUTA).
- 昭和維新を標榜した一連の変革運動でも、君民一体の思想から、天皇による直接支配こそ社会の閉塞をうちやぶるものであり、「君側の奸」がそれを妨げているという主張がなされた。
- In a series of transformative movements which shaped the Showa Restoration, activists insisted from the viewpoint that the Emperor was the symbol of the unity of people, Emperor's direct reign of Japan could open a closed society, but 'Wily vassals surrounding the Emperor' caused criticism against it.
- 江戸時代の国学発生以降、平安時代以前の語彙・語音を知る資料として、また社会・風俗・制度などを知る史料として国文学・日本語学・日本史の世界で重要視されている書物である。
- Since the time when the study of Japanese classical literatures started in the Edo period, it has been highly evaluated as a document where information about vocabulary and about pronunciations of words is available, and in addition, it has also been highly evaluated in the fields of Japanese literatures, of Japanese language study and of Japanese history, as a document in which information about states of society, customs and social systems is available.
- これは儒教的な封建社会において金利を伴う取引が卑しまれた事に加え、こうした取引は相互信頼に基づくものであり本来は内部で解決されるべき問題であると考えられたからである。
- This was because, in Confucian feudal society, it was thought that deal accompanied by interest was vulgar, that it should had been based on the mutual trust, and that it was an issue basically to be settled inside.
- 王朝末期から中世への過渡期において政治的・社会的大きな変動があったにもかかわらず、政治への関心は薄く、儀式典礼や風流韻事など中世,・芸能に重点を置く記述を貫いている。
- Notwithstanding that there were large changes and turmoil in political and social situations in the transitional stage from the end stage of the Heian dynasty to the medieval period, interest in politics seems low and it emphasizes learning and public entertainment such as ceremonies and rituals as well as furyu-inji (elegant aestheticism and writing poems).
- ええじゃないかは、日本の江戸時代末期の慶応3年(1867年)7月から翌明治元年(1868年)4月にかけて、東海道、畿内を中心に、江戸から四国に広がった社会現象である。
- Eejanaika is a social phenomenon observed from the end of the Edo period, August 1867 (表記の変更) to the beginning of the Meiji period, April 1868 (表記の変更), starting from Edo and extending to the Shikoku region with the Tokai and Kinki regions as its centers.
- 小倉時代に「圭角」がとれ、「胆が練れて来」たと末弟の森潤三郎が記述したように、そのころ鴎外は、社会の周縁ないし底辺に生きる人々への親和、慈しみの眼差しを獲得していた。
- As his youngest brother Junzaburo MORI observed, 'he was becoming calm and not afraid of anything' during his stay in Kokura, and at that time started to look upon people living at the bottom of society with affectionate eyes.
- 江戸時代後期の蘭学者・高野長英は後藤の大叔父に当たり、甥に政治家の椎名悦三郎、娘婿に政治家の鶴見祐輔、孫に社会学者の鶴見和子、哲学者の鶴見俊輔、演出家の佐野碩をもつ。
- Choei TAKANO, a scholar of the Western studies (rangakusha) of the late Edo Period, was his granduncle, a politician Etsusaburo SIINA, his nephew, the politician Yusuke TSURUMI, a son-in-law who married with his daughter, and a sociologist Kazuko TSURUMI, a philosopher Shunsuke TSURUMI, a theatrical director Seki SANO are his grandchildren.
- 明治41年(1908年)には日露戦争後の自由主義・社会主義思想の勃興や弛緩した世情を危ぶみ、思想統制政策としての公布を仰ぎ、また地方政策では、地方改良運動を推進した。
- Concerned about the precariousness of society and the rise of the post-Russo-Japanese war liberalism and socialism, Tosuke in 1908 attempted to issue laws to control the people's thinking and also promoted local improvements as regional measures.
- やがて、源頼朝によって幕府が開かれて全国の武士団を統率するようになると、鎌倉幕府が朝廷より社会秩序を維持する検断権が委ねられるようになる(「文治勅許」・「建久新制」)。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu to head samurai groups in Japan, the Imperial Court granted the bakufu the right to judge criminal cases, for the maintenance of the social order (with 'Bunji Imperial permission' and 'Kenkyu law reconstitution').
- 中世社会では、信仰の形として刀を仏にささげる行為が一般化しており、鎌倉時代には執権北条泰時が鎌倉市中の僧侶の帯刀を禁じた際に、没収した刀を高徳院に寄進すると述べている。
- In the Japanese medieval society, an offering of sword to Buddha was generally accepted as an expression of belief such that when regent Yasutoki HOJO prohibited the Buddhist monks in the city of Kamakura from wearing swords in the Kamakura period, he declared that he would contribute the confiscated swords to Kotoku-in Temple.
- しかし、いずれも効果は薄く、特に上知令は幕府財政の安定と国防の充実との両方を狙う意欲的な政策であったが、社会各層からの猛反対を浴びて頓挫し、忠邦もわずか3年で失脚した。
- However, none of these policies worked well, least of all Land Requisition Orders, which was an ambitious policy aimed at both the financial stabilization and the reinforcement of the national defense, but fierce opposition from every social class threw back them and Tadakuni was overthrown in only three years.
- しかしそれは、半年間の期限付の内閣であると見なされていたこと、清浦内閣を支持する勢力が衆議院でいなければ社会主義者などの過激な運動が高まる危険性を恐れてのことであった。
- However, TAKAHASHI rather supported the cabinet because he thought the KIYOURA cabinet was believed to be in power for only a limited period of time and feared that if the incumbent cabinet lost support in the House of Representatives, it might increase risks of radicalists including socialists gaining momentum.
- ただし、品位そのものは天皇との親疎は勿論のこと当該皇親の母親の出自や年齢、経歴、その他社会的評価に基づいて叙せられる場合が多く、一品親王と皇位継承との関連性は全く無い。
- However, since the Honi was most of time conferred based on the degree of the intimacy with the emperor, the origin of Koshin's mother, the age, the career and the other social valuation, there was no relation between the Ippon Shinno and the succession to the Imperial Throne.
- こうした経緯から戦後の日本国憲法では政治の場から神国思想を排除するために、政教分離原則の厳格化と信教の自由の導入が行われ、日本社会の表舞台から神国思想は退く事になった。
- Considering the above, the strict principle of separation of government and religion, and the freedom of religion in the Constitution of Japan were later introduced to rid Shinkoku belief from politics, and it appeared that belief in Shinkoku was wiped from the surface of Japanese society.
- この新制は後白河天皇即位という代始めの意味合いとともに、直後に発生した保元の乱によって動揺する社会を沈静化させ、徳政を実行することで朝廷の求心力回復を図ったものである。
- This shinsei not only marked the beginning of a new era ushered in by the enthronement of Emperor Goshirakawa but also aimed at the restoration of centripetal force of the Imperial court by exercising a benevolent rule over the society and allaying the disturbance caused by the Hogen War, which had occurred immediately after the aforementioned event.
- 経済の急成長に伴い大量に発生した新興地主や新興商人が紛争の絶えない時代に開墾や内外の通商を通じて発展し、自らの実力に相応しい発言力を社会に対して要求した時代でもあった。
- It was also a period in which emerging landlords and merchants grew in a large number along with the quick growth of the economy developed through land reclamation and trading in the period in which quarrels last and required a voice that corresponded to the raw power of society.
- 10世紀には陰陽道・天文道・暦道いずれも究めた賀茂忠行・賀茂保憲父子が現れ、その弟子から陰陽道の占術に卓越した才能を示し、宮廷社会から非常に信頼を受けた安倍晴明が出た。
- The 10th century saw the appearance of Tadayuki KAMO and Yasunori KAMO, a father and a son who mastered all Ommydo, Tenmondo, and Rekido, and ABE no Seimei, one of their disciples and a superb Ommyodo diviner, who was fully trusted by the imperial court.
- 」とした上で、「無政府主義と、それと一しょに芽ざした社会主義との排斥をする為に、個人主義という漠然たる名を附けて、芸術に迫害を加えるのは、国家のために惜むべき事である。
- Then, he concluded that 'For the sake of our nation, we must stop persecuting art and labelling it as 'individualistic' or 'egotistical' simply for the purpose of removing anarchism and socialism which grew up together
- この時期に勃興した台湾の社会史としては1914年、台中霧峰の著名な土着地主資産家である林献堂は来台した板垣退助と協力し在台日本人と同等の権利を求める台湾同化会を設立する。
- As a notable event in the social history of Taiwan, Xiantang LIN, who was born into a renowned wealthy family in Wufong, Taichung, founded Taiwan Dokakai (Taiwan Assimilation Society) in collaboration with Taisuke ITAGAKI visiting Taiwan, to demand the same right with the Japanese residents in Taiwan.
- 憲法学者の美濃部達吉、植民政策学者の新渡戸稲造、矢内原忠雄など社会科学者は概ね植民地であると見なしていたが、歴史学者の田保橋潔や思想家の北一輝などは植民地ではないとした。
- Tatsukichi MINOBE, a scholar of constitutional law, and Inazo NITOBE, a scholar of colonial policies, as well as social scientists such as Tadao YANAIHARA generally considered it as a colony, while Kiyoshi TABOBASHI, a historian, Ikki KITA, a thinker, and others did not.
- この「天皇の軍隊の最高幹部がなんら倫理的葛藤なしに天皇の指名した首相を拒否・打倒する」事態については、山本七平・小室直樹・堺屋太一などが社会評論の題材として分析している。
- Shichihei YAMAMOTO, Naoki KOMURO, and Taichi SAKAIYA analyzed the matter that 'the top Army executives of the emperor refuses or dismisses a prime minister who the Emperor designates' as a subject of social criticism.
- こうして「武士団」を「中世封建社会の担い手となる在地領主層を中核とする戦闘的権力組織で、内部構造としては、主従的な、階層関係(ヒエラルヒー)が認められるもの」と規程する。
- This type of 'bushidan' was 'a militarily ruled society that was centralized around estate owners supporting medieval feudal society, centrally formed on a master and servant hierarchical relationship.'
- 忠実との会話を師元が筆録した『中外抄』は、院政期の公家社会の様子を克明に伝える史料の一つとして名高い(同書の書名は中原の「中」と大外記の「外」から各々一字を取ったもの)。
- Moromoto wrote down the conversation he had with Tadasane in 'Chugaisho,' which became famous as a valuable historical manuscript that told of aristocratic society during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor (the title of the manuscript is derived by taking '中' (Naka) from Nakahara and '外' from Daigeki).
- 広大な人脈を背景に京都社会に類稀な利権構造を築き上げ、その頂点に君臨した人物であることから、京都の田中角栄と呼ぶ向きもある(1984年以降は野中広務が京都のドンとなる)。
- With his broad network, he built a rare vested-interest structure in Kyoto society and reigned over its top, and this makes some people to call him Kakuei TANAKA in Kyoto (since 1984, Hiromu NONAKA became the boss in Kyoto.)
- 平安時代の後期、院政期頃にすこしづつ形を成してきた所謂「イエ」の概念が、更に家格の形成、家業・家職の固定化として京の公家社会から進んでいったことを五味文彦は示唆している。
- Fumihiko GOMI suggested that the concept of 'Family,' which was gradually being formed in the late Heian, the period of the rule of a cloistered emperor, began to spread among the court nobles' society in Kyoto, forming house status and fixing family business and trade.
- 近代化=西欧化そのものは明治時代に於いて一貫した課題であったが、文明開化という言葉は、一般に明治初期に、世相風俗がこれまでの封建社会から大きく変わった時期を指して使われる。
- While modernization = Westernization was the fundamental issue throughout Meiji period, the term Civilization and Enlightenment is generally applied to the conditions seen in early Meiji period, when the social conditions and customs of people dramatically changed from the former feudalistic society.
- 1910年代前半より、各旧制大学・旧制高等学校・旧制専門学校などでは社会科学研究会(社研)が組織され、1924年9月には49校の社研が参加する学生連合会(学連)が発足した。
- From the first half of the 1910s, Shakai Kagaku Kenkyu-kai (Society for the Study of Social Science), or Shaken, has been organized in universities, high schools, vocational schools and so forth under the old system of education, and Gakusei Rengokai (Federation of Students), or Gakuren, in which Shaken from 49 schools participated, was inaugurated in September 1924.
- これは御成敗式目が武家法・公家法に共通する法観念や「徳治」理念を抱合した法令という意味で公家法と対峙可能な法令だからであり、社会に広く受け入れられるものであったからである。
- That was because the Goseibai-shikimoku was comparable to the court noble law and widely accepted in the society since it incorporated the legal conception and 'tokuchi' doctrine (a doctrine for administration based on moral or humanity) common to the samurai law and court noble law.
- 室町幕府第3代征夷大将軍となった足利義満は太政大臣に昇り、更に治天の君の持つ政治的権限を手中にして永徳期以後は自らの手で家門・家領一括安堵を行って公家社会を支配下に置いた。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Muromachi shogun, became Grand Minister with the political authority of a chiten no kimi; after the Eitoku period, he independently approved families and their estates en bloc, and exercised control over the court nobles.
- 鎌倉・極楽寺 (鎌倉市)の開山であり、鎌倉時代に戒律の復興と社会事業に尽力した僧・忍性の遺骨は、遺言により、極楽寺、額安寺(奈良県大和郡山市)、竹林寺の3箇所に分骨された。
- They contain some of the remains of the monk Ninsho who founded Gokuraku-ji Temple (in Kamakura City) and dedicated himself to the revival of religious precepts and work benefitting the community in the Kamakura Period, and which were, according to his will, buried at Gokuraku-ji Temple, Kakuan-ji Temple (in Yamato-Koriyama City, Nara Prefecture) and Chikurin-ji Temple.
- 従四位下はこの叙任の前年に死去した陰陽師の安倍晴明と同じ位階であり、両者とも当時の家格からして前例のない叙任であったという側面からしても、その社会的名声の高さを示している。
- Jushiinoge was the same rank as an Onmyoji (diviner), ABE no Seimei who died the previous year of his appointment, and considering it an unprecedented appointment for both families of that time; it was representative of the fact that his social prestige was fairly high.
- リュシアン・レヴィ=ブリュールの『未開社会の思惟』など、民族学や文化人類学の南太平洋(トロブリアンド諸島)やブラジルの先住民のその根本的な考察観にうかがい知ることができる。
- It can be seen in the fundamental view of the natives in the South Pacific (Trobriand Islands) and Brazil in the folklore and the cultural anthropology, as seen in 'How Natives Think' by Lucien Lévy-Bruhl.
- 悪党(あくとう)とは、一般的に社会の秩序を乱す者ないし悪事をなす集団などを意味する用語であるが、日本の歴史においては中世に既存支配体系へ対抗した者・階層を悪党と呼んでいる。
- 'Akuto' generally refers to a person who disturbs the order of society, or a group of people who commit wrongdoing, but in Japanese history, it refers to a person or class rebelling against the existing system in the middle ages.
- 応仁の乱後、幕府における椀飯は行われなくなり、その一方で一般の武家社会においては家臣が主君を接待する儀式から、年始や節供などに主君が家臣を接待する儀式へと変質を遂げていった。
- After the Onin War, oban was not conducted at the bakufu any more, but within the ordinary buke society, it transformed from a ceremony where vassals entertained their lord into a ceremony where the lord entertained his vassals in the beginning of the year and Sechi (seasonal) times.
- 俘囚と公民百姓の差異に対応するため、812年(弘仁3)、朝廷は国司に対し、俘囚の中から優れた者を夷俘長に専任し、俘囚社会における刑罰権を夷俘長に与える旨の命令を発出している。
- To erase the differences between the Fushu and the public peasants, in 812 the Imperial Court issued an order to the kokushi to select competent persons from the Fushu as full-time Ifucho (leaders of Ifu) who would exercise their punitive authority for crimes in Fushu society.
- 徳富蘆花は、「謀反論」を書き、謀反を恐れてはならないとし、石川啄木は「時代閉塞の現状」への宣戦布告を行ったが、永井荷風はこれを機に社会的関心から意識的に遠ざかるようになった。
- Roka TOKUTOMI wrote 'Muhonron' (on rebellion) and advocated not to be afraid to rebel and Takuboku ISHIKAWA declared war against the 'situation of exclusive period,' but Kafu NAGAI intentionally kept his distance of social interests on this occasion.
- 往来物は当初は文書作成のための文例集でしかなかったが、次第にその文面の中に社会常識や知識を盛り込んだものへと変化を遂げていき、南北朝時代 (日本)には『庭訓往来』が著された。
- Originally, Oraimono was a collection of model sentences for letter-writing, but later it developed to include social knowledge and common sense, and by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Teikin Orai' was created.
- 9世紀中期~10世紀頃になると、従来の律令制(編戸制・班田制など)による統治に限界が見られるようになり、中央政府は租税収入を確保するため、社会の実情に即した国制改革を進めた。
- From the mid 9th century to the 10th century, the conventional administration based on the ritsuryo system (such as henko-sei, the organization of the citizens, and handen-sei, the ritsuryo land-allotment system) faced its organizational limit, and the central government promoted a nation-wide reform of the system to reflect the actual social situations in order to maintain the level of the tax revenue.
- 朝生の討論で、パネラーの国会議員に「批判しているだけ」と指摘され、「僕がテレビで話すことは社会的に価値のある活動だと思っている」と言い返したが、スタジオの観客からは笑われた。
- When a member of the Diet as a panelist of 'Asamade Namaterebi' pointed out to Oshima, 'All you do is criticize,' he answered with, 'I think what I say on the program has social value,' but he was laughed at by the studio audience.
- それでも、義家の声望は依然として高く、承徳2年(1098年)法皇は義家に院の昇殿を許し、義家は感激したが、武士の身分を低く見る当時の公卿社会はこれすらも納得しない風潮だった。
- Nevertheless, Yoshiie maintained high reputation and the Cloistered Emperor allowed him access to the imperial court in 1098, with which he was moved, but the climate at that time was such that the Kugyo (high court noble) community which considered the social status of samurai to be low did not take it well.
- 奥宮 健之(おくのみや けんし、1857年12月27日(安政4年11月12日 (旧暦)) - 1911年(明治44年)1月24日)は、自由民権運動で活躍した日本の社会運動家。
- Kenshi OKUNOMIYA (December 27, 1857 - January 24, 1911) was a social movement activist in Japan, who played an active part during Jiyu Minken Undo (the Freedom and People's Rights Movement).
- 更に院政期において公家社会が再編される中で官職昇進次第や極位極官が出自によって決定される傾向が強まっていくと、古代からの貴族諸氏は一門に分化して中世的な「家」へと変質していく。
- Furthermore, as the aristocratic society was restructured during the cloistered government, promotion path to official positions and the final achievable position/rank became determined more by birth, and the aristocratic clans from the ancient times differentiated into each mon and transformed into the 'Ie (family, house)' of the middle ages.
- 唐後半から在地の地主や有力者が行政事務の末端を引き受け重要な役割をになうようになり 形勢戸と呼ばれ官戸と併せて官戸形勢戸あるいは形勢官戸として地域社会における支配勢力となった。
- In the latter part of the Tang Dynasty, resident landowners and people of influence who came to undertake important roles in administrative affairs were called xingshihu (rich local families), and the role combined with guanhu to form the position of 'guanhu xinhshihu' or' xingshihu guanhu' who governed regional communities.
- これにより、和泉元彌は能楽協会に属せず、登録商標「和泉流二十世宗家 和泉元彌」と「株式会社和泉宗家」として「宗家」を名乗っているが、社会的には和泉流宗家として認められていない。
- As a result, Motoya IZUMI is not acknowledged as Izumi-ryu soke at present in the society, though he still calls himself 'soke' based on the trademarks 'Motoya IZUMI, the 20th soke of Izumi-ryu' as well as 'Izumi Soke Co.'.
- その他、飢餓や火災などの際に窮民を救う為の食料の出庫のような社会福祉も国衙の仕事なのにそれをしなかったので、それらの一部は郡司らが私財をもって補わざるを得なかったと訴えている。
- Furthermore, he was also accused of failing to provide social welfare services such as distributing food to save struggling people suffering from starvation or fire disasters, all of which were the responsibilities of kokuga (provincial government offices), and part of which had to be compensated by gunji and others using their personal assets.
- 世俗説話には、紀貫之・凡河内躬恒・藤原公任などの才子に加え、和泉式部・赤染衛門・伊勢大輔・選子内親王ら王朝を代表する才媛が登場し、和歌を中心とする宮廷社会の風雅な逸事を集める。
- Characters of the stories of the first part include noteworthy and talented women of the Imperial Court such as Izumi Shikibu, Akazome Emon, ISE no Taifu, and Imperial Princess Senshi, as well as talented men such as KI no Tsurayuki, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, and FUJIWARA no Kinto, and many elegant anecdotes based on waka (Japanese poems) are used in the narratives.
- 同時に、8項目からなる党の理想と、28項目からなる綱領を含んだ「社会民主党宣言書」を発表し、これが『労働世界』をはじめ『横浜毎日新聞』、『万朝報』、『報知新聞』等に掲載された。
- At the same time, they announced 'the Declaration of the Social Democratic Party,' which contained eight-article party ideals and a 28-article party platform; the declaration was published in such newspapers as the 'Rodo Sekai,' the 'Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun,' the 'Yorozuchoho,' and the 'Hochi Shimbun.'
- 忍性は教学を学びなおしながら、1240年に常施院を設け、ハンセン氏病患者らの救済などの慈善活動、悲田院を改修して非人救済を行うなどの社会事業を行い、この間に律宗布教にも努めた。
- Ninsho learned the religious doctorines once again, built Jose-in Temple in 1240 and practiced charities like relief of Hansen's disease patients, and participated in social work such as helping the Hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system, often ex-convicts or vagrants) by repairing the Hidenin Temple, and while doing so, he took part in propagation of Ritsu sect.
- 朱熹の学は、社会の統治を担う士大夫層の学として受け入れられたが、元 (王朝)代には科挙試験が準拠する経書解釈として国に認定されるに至り、国家教学としてその姿を変えることになった。
- The learnings of Hsi CHU were accepted as learnings for the Shitaifu (Scholar-bureaucrats) class, who were in charge of social governance; during the Yuan dynasty, the state for interpretation of classic Confucian writings stipulated that the Kakyo shiken (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) should conform to these learnings, and changes were made to the national education.
- 新渡戸は近代において人間が陥りやすい拝金主義や唯物主義の根っこにある個人主義に対して、封建時代の武士は(封建)社会全体への義務を負う存在として己を認識していたことを指摘している。
- Nitobe pointed out that while people could easily become individualistic which underlied mammonism and materialism in modern times, samurais in the feudal period recognized themselves as an existence that was responsible to the whole (feudal) society.
- この場合、明治維新から第2次世界大戦までの日本の政治体制は絶対主義であり、明治維新はブルジョワ的市民革命ではなく、不十分な改革であったと評価される、社会経済史理論の一形態である。
- This is a theory of socioeconomic history to say that the political system in Japan from the Meiji Restoration until World War II was to be absolutism and that the Meiji Restoration was not a bourgeois revolution but an unfinished reform.
- 信長が公認した枡のそれぞれに焼印や花押を押すことによる単位の統合、質の悪い貨幣ではなく良い貨幣を使うよう呼びかける選銭令を発令したりと、社会・経済の基盤を安定させる政策を行った。
- Nobunaga implemented various policies to stabilize social and economic infrastructure such as the integration of units by sealing a brand or Kao (written seal mark) on the masu (a measure) which Nobunaga admitted officially, and the declaration of the ordinance of selection of coins to use good-quality coins instead of bad-quality.
- 寛子の母祇子は素性がはっきりせず、母方の血統を重んじた当時身分低い女性から生まれたことは貴族社会において不利であったが、子女に恵まれなかった頼通にとっては待ちに待った娘であった。
- The origin of the mother of Kanshi was uncertain, and it was to her disadvantage in the aristocratic society that she was born from a lady of low birth when the social standing of a mother was greatly stressed at that time, but she was a daughter whom Yorimichi had longed for for a long time.
- そのほとんどが『拾芥抄』あるいは『南瞻部洲大日本国正統図』の系統をひく地図であるが、社会の安定に伴う交通の発達によって、より実際の日本地図に近い地形が描かれるようになっていった。
- Most of them were maps inherited from either 'Shogaisho' or 'Nansenbushu Dainihon Seito-zu,' and as the transportation systems were developed with the stabilization of the society, topography closer to the actual map of Japan began to be drawn.
- これ以前の中国法制では特に律と令の区分はなかったが、このとき初めて、社会規範を規定する律と統治体制を規定する令が明確に区別され、体系的な統一法典としての律令が登場することとなった。
- There were no classifications between Lu and Li in the earlier Chinese legislations, and this was therefore the first establishment of Luli as a system developed on collective codes with clear classification of Lu defining the social standards and norms, and Li prescribing the ruling system.
- 七分積金や人足寄場の設置など、今日でいう社会福祉政策を行ってもいるが、思想や文芸を統制し、全体として町人・百姓に厳しく、旗本・御家人を過剰に保護する政策を採り、民衆の離反を招いた。
- Although Sadanobu also implemented present social welfare policies such as the accumulation of relief fund for the poor (seventy-percent reserve fund) and the establishment of independence support facilities for minor offenders and the homeless (ninsokuyoseba), the support of the people was lost due to the strict control over thought, art and literature, in short townspeople and peasants as a whole, and the excessive protection of his retainers on the other hand.
- 1925年12月1日:この日早朝、京都府警特高課が京大・同大などの寄宿舎、両大学の社会科学研究会員の自宅・下宿を急襲、家宅捜索のうえ「不穏文書」多数を押収したほか学生33名を検束。
- December 1, 1925: Early in the morning, the Special Higher Police Division of Kyoto Prefectural Police Department attacked and conducted domiciliary searches on dormitories of Kyoto Imperial University, Doshisha University, and so forth as well as the houses and lodgings of members of the Shakai Kagaku Kenkyu-kai to seize a lot of seditious documents and arrest 33 students.
- また、百姓身分の活動の場であった在地の村社会から人材を引き抜く形で近代的第二次産業、第三次産業が成立し、近代的生業との対比としての古来の生業の従事者が百姓であるとする観念も生じた。
- The modern secondary and tertiary industries were established by recruiting people from the local village societies, which were places of the hyakusho rank's activities, and a concept emerged that people who were engaged in conventional vocations in comparison with modern vocations were hyakusho.
- これらの動きは、中世を通じて社会体制であり続けた荘園公領制の出現を意味するものであり、これと相前後して開始した院政と併せて、11世紀後期には既に中世に入っていたと見ることもできる。
- These movements implies the arrival of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), which was the social structure throughout the medieval age, and based on this fact together with the advent of cloister government, we can consider that the medieval age already arrived in late 11th century.
- 五味文彦『院政期社会の研究』によると、康治元年(1142年)に藤原頼長と男色関係にあったと記される「四品羽林」、また久安3年(1147年)正月に情交を持っているのが為通だとされる。
- According to 'Insei-ki Shakai no Kenkyu' (study on the period of rule by the retired emperors) by Fumihiko GOMI, 'Shihon-urin'(四品羽林) recorded that Tamemichi had a homosexual relationship with FUJIWARA no Yorinaga in 1142, and the person with whom Michinaga had a sex on a New Year's day of 1147 was said to be Tamemichi.
- 「ビルマの竪琴」「幸福」や50年代の風刺喜劇に若干の例外的要素は見られるものの、このクラス、年代の巨匠としては社会的テーマを前面に打ち出した作品がほとんど存在しないのも稀有である。
- With some exceptions in 'Biruma no tategoto' (The Burmese Harp) and 'Kofuku' (Happiness) as well as satirical comedies in the 1950s, it is unconventional that he had few films featuring the social themes compared with other masters in this rank and period.
- 刑法にあたる6巻の「律(りつ)」はほぼ唐律をそのまま導入しているが、現代の行政法および民法などにあたる11巻の「令(りょう)」は唐令に倣いつつも日本社会の実情に則して改変されている。
- Ritsu' consisting of 6 volumes which was equivalent to a criminal law followed Toritsu (codes in the Tang era) almost as it was, but 'Ryo' consisting of 11 volumes which was equivalent to a present-day administrative law and the Civil Code was compiled by amending Torei (codes in the Tang era) so as to conform to actual conditions of Japanese society while following it.
- 平安貴族という明確な実態があったわけではないが、平安中期-後期にかけて貴族層による政治的・社会経済的・文化的支配が展開したため、同時期の貴族を表すための用語として使われることが多い。
- Although there was no clear and actual condition of the Heian nobles, since the political, socioeconomic, cultural domination by the nobility was achieved from the mid to late Heian Period, this term is often used to refer to the nobles in this period.
- 第二十七以降で解説されている占いのテーマには、「病の死生を占う法」や「産期を占う法」、「産まれる子の性別を占う法」、「晴れを占う法」といった日常生活や社会の動きに密着したものが多い。
- Many of the subjects explained in Chapter 27 and the subsequent chapters, such as 'The method to divine the life and death of the sick,' 'The method to divine the time of delivery,' 'The method to divine the distinction of sex of a baby to be delivered,' and 'The method to divine fine weather,' are closely related to daily lives or the movement of society.
- 律令制の導入により社会構造が変化し、豪族らが単なる共同体の首長から私的所有地を持つ領主的な性格を持つようになるに伴い、共同体による祭祀に支えられた従来の神祇信仰は行き詰まりを見せた。
- As the social structure changed by introducing the system of the ritsuryo legal codes, local ruling families, who were simply the head of a community, became like feudal-lords with private property, and the conventional Jingi belief supported the religious service by a community was in a deadlock.
- ヨーロッパにおける荘園制(Manorialism or Seigneurialism)は、中世の西ヨーロッパ農村及び中央ヨーロッパの一部農村に見られた経済・社会構造を指す用語である。
- Manorialism or Seigneurialism in Europe is the word which refers to the economical and social structure as seen in the villages in west European villages or some villages in central Europe in medieval times.
- 国際的名声を不動にしたのは、阿部定事件(1936年)を題材に社会の底辺にすむ男女の性的執着と究極の愛を描いた1976年の『愛のコリーダ』(LEmpire des sens)であった。
- Oshima received unshakable international fame by his work 'In the Realm of the Senses' (L'Empire des sens) in 1976, which presented sexual obsession and the ultimate love of men and women in the lowest classes of society based on the incident of Sada ABE (1936).
- 彼女の死は、ニコライ皇太子に宛てた遺書やセンセーショナルな新聞の報道などによって国際社会の同情をかい、ロシア側の寛容な態度(武力報復・賠償請求ともになし)につながったとの評価もある。
- Some people say that the Russian side took a generous attitude (they did not carry out armed reprisals nor demand reparation) because her death had captured the international society's sympathy through her suicide note to the crown prince Nicholaii and sensational reports by newspapers.
- しかしこれを予め知りたいという欲求も、人間がその関係性のなかでしか存在できない(社会的動物)という面もあるために無理の無いところで、しばしばこういった相性を知ろうという考えも存在する。
- However, it cannot be denied that, as social animals that cannot exist outside the social relationships, humans have desire to know it beforehand; as such, often there is a tendency in us which tries to know the compatibility with others in advance.
- 王朝国家の進展に伴って、平安時代には一時「天下」の概念は廃れるが、鎌倉幕府の成立が「天下の草創」と認識されたように、武家社会の進展に伴って日本とほぼ同義の意味で使用されるようになった。
- Although the notion of 'Tenka' once became out of use in the Heian period according to the development of the dynastic state, it again started to be used according to the development of samurai society as the word which was almost synonymous with 'Japan,' as shown by the fact that the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu was understood as 'the creation of Tenka.'
- 本著は封建社会の武士道を題材としているが同時に武士道を直接的に解釈したのではなく「武士道」という日本の精神的土壌に発現した現象をその根本から探り当て普遍的真理を導こうとするものである。
- While the subject matter of this book is Bushido in feudal society, it is not a direct interpretation of Bushido, but a guideline for a universal truth for finding out the basis of Bushido as a phenomenon which appeared as a spiritual base in Japan.
- 一品叙位は社会的にも財政的にも大きな意味を有するために死後の叙位は比較的多かったものの、生存者への叙位は極めて慎重に行われ、平安時代最初の叙位は天長8年(831年)の葛原親王であった。
- As conferring Ippon was socially and financially of a great meaning, the conferment during ones' lifetime was determined very carefully while the conferment after ones' deaths took place relatively frequently; the first Ippon in the Heian period was conferred to the Imperial Prince Kazurawara in 831.
- 後の世の粉飾が入らない資料の中で、農村での武士団の社会密度の変化がうかがえるもとして、『信貴山縁起絵巻』(しぎさんえんぎえまき)と、『粉河寺縁起絵巻』(こかわでらえんぎえまき)がある。
- There were 'Shigisan engi emaki' (Picture Scroll of the Legends of Mount Shigi) and 'Kokawadera Engiemaki' (Picture Scroll of Legends of Kokawa-dera Temple) for historical documents not embellished by later generations and these mentioned the transformation of social concentration of bushidan at peasant villages.
- 12世紀後半の平安時代末期には、院政に際して重用された北面の武士に由来する平家の興隆や、それを倒した源氏などによる武家社会が台頭し、1192年に武家政権である鎌倉幕府が正式に成立した。
- At the end of the Heian Period in the late 12th century, the Samurai class gained prominence with the rise of Heike (the Taira family) originated from Hokumen no bushi (warriors who served Emperor Daijo to provide protection) that was given an important position during the times of Insei (Cloistered politics) and Genji (the Minamoto clan) who defeated Heike, the military government, the Kamakura bakufu formally came into power in 1192.
- その後、後陽成天皇・後水尾天皇が社会の安定化を受けて収集に尽力したが、承応2年6月23日 (旧暦)(1653年7月17日)の火災で内裏はほぼ全焼し、文庫も1宇を残して全て灰燼に帰した。
- After that, the Emperor Goyozei and the Emperor Gomizunoo did their best to collect the books with the stabilization of the society, but the fire on July 17, 1653 burned almost all the dairi (Imperial Palace) and all the libraries were burnt down except for one.
- だが、この見解も日本の律令制社会をヨーロッパ的な発展史観に当て嵌め、欧米列強がかつて行った植民地支配の実態と重ね合わせているだけで、本末転倒な見方とする意見が現在では多くなってきている。
- Recently, the most popular current theory is that the above-mentioned view emphasizes the wrong points because it adapts Japanese society based on the Ritsuryo system to the historical view of European development, merely to match that Japanese society with the realities of the Western powers' colonial rule.
- 特に貴族の社会では、母系の血筋も家門繁栄や昇進の目安であり、内親王を母に持つ者は、皇女腹(みこばら)といわれ、皇后を母とするという意味である后腹(きさいばら)と並び、尊い生まれとされた。
- Especially in the society of nobles, the genealogy of the maternal line was a criterion of prosperity of the family and promotions; and the ones whose mothers were Naishino were described as Mikobara (children by Himemiko) and regarded as the children of noble birth, along with Kisaibara (children by empress).
- 南北朝時代_(日本)には一族のほとんどが南朝_(日本)方に付くが、それが却って一族の分裂・弱体化を回避する事になり、南北朝合一後に京都に復帰した後も公家社会に留まる事を可能にしたという。
- Most of the family took the Southern Court side in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but this in fact helped the family avoid to being broken up or weakened, which enabled it to remain part of the nobility on its return to Kyoto after the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 荘官、郡司、郷司、保司らは在地社会での軍事的緊張、特に荘園と公領の対立が高まるにつれて武士が任命されることが多くなり、鎌倉時代に至って鎌倉殿に任命された地頭として安定した地位を獲得した。
- More samurai warriors were assigned to shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji officers as military tensions increased in local societies, especially between manors and the Imperial demesnes, and they eventually gained a stable position during the Kamakura period, when a position called jito (a lord of a manor) was given to the Kamakura-dono (the lord of the Kamakura shogunate).
- かねてより厚く仏教を信仰していた聖武天皇は鎮護国家の思想により、社会の動揺をしずめようと考え、741年(天平13年)に国分寺建立の詔、743年(天平15年)には盧舎那大仏造立の詔を発した。
- The Emperor Shomu, who was a deep believer in Buddhism, wanted to settle social unease based on the ideology of Chingokokka (keeping the nation tranquil by the reciting of Buddhist prayers and other Buddhist ceremonies) and issued in 741 an Imperial edict establishing Kokubunji (state-supported provincial temples) and, in 743, an Imperial edict for construction of Rushana daibutsu (a large statue of Buddha).
- しかし日本では鎌倉幕府が滅び朝廷が分裂する中で治安が悪化、倭寇が出没するようになり貿易船を襲うなど海賊行為が横行し、社会不安や行政機能の停滞などもあって、貿易は円滑なものとはいえなかった。
- However, in Japan, since the social security had declined when the Kamakura bakufu was ruined and the Imperial Court was divided, the piracy by wako (Japanese Pirates) was rampant and the trade with China didn't carry on smoothly because of the social security worsening and public administration stagnating.
- 用語としては鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)より見られ、鎌倉時代後期から出現した自らの既得権益を守るために権力と戦う悪党や、南北朝時代の社会的風潮であった「ばさら」も下剋上の一種とされた。
- As a term, gekokujo was in use from the Kamakura period through to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); examples of gekokujo include the scoundrels that started to appear near the end of the Kamakura period who fought against the authorities in order to protect their own vested interests, as well as the anti-authoritarian social movement known as 'basara' ('vajra' in Sanskrit) that occurred during the Nanbokucho period.
- しかしそれは髙橋昌明の武士論は自ら語るように、発生論、「武士という職能」の発生論だからであって、髙橋昌明は、「武士」の存在の2つの側面、平安時代後期における社会的背景も十分に承知している。
- However, while the samurai theory of Masaaki TAKAHASHI said the origin theory was based on 'bushi as a job performance' origin theory, he recognized the two sides of 'bushi' existence and the social background of the late Heian period.
- これは、泰時が「消息文」で述べている通り、新しい法体系を作成する意図は無く、むしろ公家法を中心とした法秩序と武家社会の調和を図り、そのために必要な規則・注釈であったからだと考えられている。
- That was supposedly because, as Yasutoki mentioned in the 'shosokubun,' he never meant to create a new legal system but contemplated a legal order based on the court noble law and harmony in the samurai society, therefore the Goseibai-shikimoku were the regulations and notes required to achieve this goal.
- 室町時代から江戸初期までの社会用語としては、神社勢力が強訴などの要求を行うための武力である僧衆(江戸時代に僧兵と呼ばれる)も含め、中央もしくは地方政権から非公認の武装勢力そのものを指した。
- As a sociological term from the Muromachi period to the Edo period, ikki referred to military forces that had not been officially recognized by the central government or the local government; such forces included monk-soldiers (known in Edo period as sohei, meaning 'armed priests'), who the shrine authorities used to submit claims such as a goso (a petition lodged directly with the Imperial Court or the shogunate government).
- 社会政策学会における添田は、「主従の情誼」や家族主義・温情主義に基づく政策を唱道する最右派とされ、先述の第1回大会でもより急進的な部分を代表する高野岩三郎・福田徳三からの批判を受けている。
- He was thought to be one of members of the right wing at the Society for the Study of Social Policy as he proposed policies based on a master-pupil relationship, familism, and paternalism, and he was criticized by extremists such as Iwasaburo TAKANO and Tokuzo FUKUDA in the above-mentioned first meeting.
- 結果から言えば「妻妾論論争」は、夫婦間の私的な空間における男女平等については積極的な問題提起をしたが、公的な空間における政治的・社会的な男女同権については消極的姿勢に甘んじたと言って良い。
- As a result, it can be said that 'a dispute on wives and concubines' raised questions about the equal between men and women at a private space between husband and wife, but that it was passive against the equal of political and social rights between men and women.
- また、ブルジョワ自由主義・ダーウィニズム的文明史観の立場から私有財産の永続性と個人の自由を人類史の到達点とみなして、社会主義や軍国主義には強く反対して以後の彼の政治活動を規定するに至った。
- He also considered that the perpetual security of private properties and the individual freedom was the final goal in the human history, from the bourgeois liberalism and Darwinian historical view point on the civilization; and after that this view became the basis of his political activity, based on which he was strongly opposed to the socialism and militarism.
- 以降、この事件を口実に全ての社会主義者、アナキスト(無政府主義者)に対して取り調べや家宅捜索が行なわれ、根絶やしにする弾圧を、政府が主導、フレームアップ(政治的でっちあげ)したとされる事件。
- The Incident triggered the Japanese government to step up crackdowns on all the socialists and anarchists through investigations and house search and the government even faked treason cases in an effort to eradicate them.
- 天皇の訪問が同様に予定されていた京都市役所前の「組合掲示板」ではそうした事態を皮肉り、(天皇の巡幸が社会問題の存在を掃き出し隠蔽するという意味で)「天皇はほうきである」という大書がなされた。
- On the 'union signboard' placed in front of the Kyoto Municipal Office, which was also the destination of the Emperor's visit, a phrase saying 'the Emperor is a broom' was written in large letters with sarcasm (in the sense that the Emperor's tour was intended to sweep out and conceal social problems).
- 寛弘4年(1007年)1月20日従二位、同9年正月27日按察使、長和3年(1014年)11月7日任大宰権帥、翌4年4月21日正二位と、徐々に宮廷社会で復帰していったが、官は中納言に止まった。
- On February 16, 1007 he was promoted to Junii (Junior Second Rank), on February 27, 1012 appointed Azechi (inspector of the provincial government), and on December 7, 1014 the Dazai gon no sochi; on May 17, 1015 he was promoted Shonii (Senior Second Rank), slowly making his return through court society, finally ending at Chunagon.
- この当時は実力で処断権を有する者を広く「武士」と称する用法があった事に加えて、承久の変後、武士に対して卑屈に成り下がった(定通自身も含めた)公家社会に対する痛烈な皮肉であると考えられている。
- The term 'Bushi' was sometimes used to refer to someone who had the right to punish with power, and this also was a sarcastic comment towards the aristocracy (including Sadamichi) who had become ubiquitous to the bushi class.
- また高齢化社会に伴い利潤のみならず地域振興や福祉目的を持って幾つかの小さな企業が、物売りとして豆腐などの大豆食品を呼び込みのラッパを使うなど、昔ながらの形態で販売を始めている地域も存在する。
- As the Japanese society is aging, several small businesses have launched traditional style monouri using a whistle for attracting customers for selling tofu curds and processed-soybean products in some regions not only for the pursuit of profits but also for the promotion of regional development and welfare.
- 第10回衆議院議員総選挙において過半数に迫る187議席を獲得したものの、政友会の基盤が確固たるものになることを警戒した山縣有朋から財政政策の不備と社会主義取締の緩さを問題視する上奏が行われた。
- In the tenth general election of members of the House of Representatives, the Seiyu party won 187 seats, and almost became the majority; Aritomo YAMAGATA, who feared the stability of the party, reported to the throne that the cabinet was not effective in its financial policy or regulation of socialism.
- 当時、武士の台頭や僧兵の横暴、公家勢力の後退などによる社会不安、天変地異・疫病・火災などの自然災害を経験した人びとは、はっきりと末法を意識するようになり、無常観や厭世観がかき立てられていった。
- The people who experienced public fear owing to the appearance of samurai, despotic acts by armed priest, a down fallen court noble force, and natural disasters such as extraordinary natural phenomenon, epidemics, fire became clearly aware of Mappo, and the concept of the impermanence or a pessimistic view of life among the population was intensified.
- 1887年(明治20年)、社会改良運動の機関誌として普通教校学生有志により発刊された「反省会雑誌」は、1899年(明治32年)に「中央公論」と改題され、今日まで続く総合雑誌として発展している。
- Some students of the General School had voluntarily launched the 'Hanseikai Magazine' as a journal for a social reform campaign in A.D.1887, and this magazine was retitled 'Chuokoron'in A.D.1899 and has been developed as a general interest magazine until today.
- 建武政権の政庁である二条富小路近くの二条河原(鴨川 (淀川水系)流域のうち、現在の京都市中京区二条大橋付近)に掲げられたとされる落書(政治や社会などを批判した文)で、写本として現代にも伝わる。
- Hand written copies (criticizing and satirizing politics and society) have been passed down through the years up until today, and it is said to have been displayed at the Nijo river beach near Nijo Tomikoji Street in the Kamogawa river basin (Yodogawa river system) (near the present day Nijo-Ohashi Bridge, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City) where the Kenmu regime's office was.
- 従って、弥生時代前期前半より以前に(夜臼式土器に代表されるような刻目突帯文土器と総称される一群の土器形式に示された)水稲農耕技術を伴う社会が(少なくとも北部九州地域には)成立していたとされる。
- Therefore, a society with rice-paddy cultivation techniques (at least in northern Kyushu) existed before the first half of the early Yayoi period (Shown in a form of earthenware called Kizamimetottaimon earthenware such as Yusu earthenware.)
- なおかつ支配者の統治・命令の絶対性を前提とした前近代の日本(及び東アジア)社会においては、民衆が裁判を請求する権利を否定して支配者が民衆に法的保護を与える義務がないことを認める効果を与えていた。
- Moreover, in the Japanese (and east Asian) society before modern times that premised absoluteness of domination and order by governors, it gave an effect to deny people's right to ask for trial and to confirm that governors had no obligation to give people a legal protection.
- 他に社会事業をおこなった人物としては、行基の師で宇治橋をつくったといわれる道昭(法相宗の開祖)、貧窮した民衆を救済するための悲田院・施薬院を設けた光明皇后、多数の孤児を養育した和気広虫などがいる。
- Others who carried out social works include Dosho (founder of the Hosso sect) who was Gyoki's teacher and said to have built Uji-bashi Bridge, the Empress Komyo who established Hidenin and Seyauin to give relief to poor people, and WAKE no Hiromushi who brought up a large number of orphans.
- つまり、京の貴族社会から脱落しかけていた状況を、当時多発していた田堵負名、つまり地方富豪層の反受領武装闘争の鎮圧の任に当たり、武功を朝廷に認定させることによって失地回復を図ったとも考えられている。
- After that, Takamochi, who had fallen from aristocratic society in Kyoto, tried to restore his status by suppressing anti-Zuryo (provincial governors) movements, which were frequently being staged by tax collectors of the upper class in the province, and thereby highlighting his military prowess to the Imperial Court.
- ここで重要なのはこれら院庁や政所はそれぞれ内部の政務を処理するだけであり、それらのいずれかが直接的に全体的な政務をとりしきったわけではなく、その間の交渉を通じて公家社会の政務が構成されるのである。
- What's important here is that In no cho and Mandokoro handled only their internal government affairs respectively, and neither of them directly handled general government affairs, but negotiation between them made up government affairs of the court noble society.
- 戦時の武家社会ではほとんど顧りみられることのなかった陰陽道も、太平の江戸幕政下では、将軍家の儀礼に取り入れられるようになったり、幕府官僚によって有職故実の研究対象の一分野とされるようになっている。
- Onmyodo, ignored by the samurai class during wartime, was adopted in rituals observed by the Shogunate and became one of the fields of study for yusoku kojitsu (a study on government posts, ceremonies, and costumes in accordance with precedent since ancient times) by shogunate bureaucrats under the Edo bakufu government in time of peace.
- この条文は、もともとの由利の意図では庶民の社会生活の充足をうたったものであったが、福岡が政治の意味を込めて「官武一途」の語を挿入したため、条文の主旨が不明瞭になったことが指摘されている(稲田正次)。
- This provision declared fulfilling social life of the common people originally based on the intention of Yuri, however, because Fukuoka added 'No less than the civil and military officials' meaning politics, it is pointed out that the point of the provision became unclear (Masatsugu INADA).
- 従来この使節派遣の目的は、条約改正の打診であったといわれてきたが、実情は国法や近代的社会制度の整備が遅れていることから、改正時期の延期を諸外国に求めるものであったという学説が一般的になってきている。
- The purpose of the dispatch of the mission was traditionally considered to be an approach for the treaty revision, but now it is commonly believed that in fact the mission intended to request the foreign countries to postpone the time of the revision due to the delay of improvement of the state law and the modern social system in Japan.
- いっぽう、荘園の崩壊による惣の発達によって在地土豪や国人層の社会的地位が上昇し諸国で紛争が発生すると、領国を一元的に支配する傾向が顕著になって戦国大名が成長し守護大名とともに守護代は消滅していった。
- On the other hand, with the decline of the shoen and consequent rise of the so, the social position of local lords and the kokujin class rose and strife broke out in the provinces, and the trend grew toward unilateral rule of fiefs; thus with the growth of feudal daimyo, the Shugodai disappeared along with the Shugo daimyo.
- このようにしてかれにとって帝国主義や社会主義は、国民を一致団結させ国家に事業を興させる手段であり、ニッコロ・マキャヴェッリのように、祖国のために個人の意志は吸収され、国家そのものが崇拝の対象となる。
- Thus, for him, the imperialism and socialism were merely the means to bring people in unity and make the state to create businesses, and according to his theories, as Niccolo MACHIAVELLI put it, the will of a person would be absorbed for his or her homeland and the state itself would be the subject of worship.
- こうして、農奴制とフューダリズムを土台とした西欧封建社会が成熟していった(ただし、実際には各農村ごとにかなり相違があったと考えられている上、多くの農村では農奴だけでなく自由農民も相当数存在していた)。
- Thus, the Western European Hoken society based on serfdom and Feudalism matured (but the situation was quite different from village to village and most villages had a large number of free peasants as well as serfs).
- また武家権力による天下統一のため農地を基礎とする農本主義を選択せざるを得ず商業の隆盛による前期資本主義的社会の成立に財政徴税などの基本体制が対応できず幕府各藩とも大商人からの借入が拡大し破綻していく。
- Each domain of the bakufu ran into debt from large-scale merchants and eventually went broke because of their dependence on agricultural fundamentalism to rule the nation, in addition, basic systems such as tax collection, did not respond to the establishment of the lower capitalist society made up of flourishing commerce.
- 記述は全体的に辛口であり、実資達小野宮流と対立する九条流、特に実資と同時代の当主道長の政治および人物を痛烈に批判している、55年間の長期の記述であるため摂関時代の社会の状態や有職故実がよく理解できる。
- The tone of his descriptions is dry and harsh overall, and critical of the Fujiwara family's Kujo lineage (rivals of Sanesuke's own Ononomiya lineage) but it is especially scathing in its criticisms of both the political decisions and personal life of Michinaga, the head of the Fujiwara family during Sanesuke's lifetime, and furthermore, because the diary covers a lengthy 55 year span, it is possible to achieve a true understanding of the circumstances and Court/military practices of society during the Fujiwara regency period.
- 縄文時代は、縄文土器が使用された時代を示す呼称であったが、次第に生活内容を加えた特徴の説明が為されるようになり、磨製石器を造る技術、土器の使用、狩猟採集経済、定住化した社会ととらえられるようになった。
- The Jomon period is the term for the time when Jomon earthenware was in use; however, it comes to include the characteristics of people's lives at the time and to describe the society characterized by the ability to produce ground stoneware, the use of earthenware, the economy based on hunting and gathering, and the sedentary life.
- 幼少期に学んだ『論語』を拠り所に倫理と利益の両立を掲げ、経済を発展させ、利益を独占するのではなく、国全体を豊かにする為に、富は全体で共有するものとして社会に還元することを説くと同時に自身にも心がけた。
- Based on 'Rongo' (Analects of Confucius) he learned in his childhood, he preached and commited himself to share and give back wealth to society aiming at good balance between logic and profit, to enrich the whole country and develop the economy without creating a monopoly.
- 封建制に代わる、中国史上の経済制度を特徴づける概念や歴史像はいまだ構築されていないが、最近では階級構造を描き出そうとする従来の方法に代わって、地域社会の中における地主の役割に注目した研究がなされている。
- Concepts and views of history which characterize the economic system in Chinese history have yet to be constructed, but recently, more studies are focusing on the role of landlords in a local community, instead of describing the class structure by conventional methods.
- 紀光の父・光綱は六国史以後、官による正史編纂が断絶しており、公家社会による編纂も『百錬抄』(亀山天皇時代)以後断絶している事を嘆き、自らの手で以後の歴史書編纂を志していたが、果たすことなく病死していた。
- Norimitsu's father, Michitsuna lamented that compiling history books by the government had stopped since the Rikkokushi (Japan's six national histories) as well as compilations by nobles since 'Hyakuren sho' (in the Emperor Kameyama period), thus Michitsuna tried to compile the history books by himself, however, he died of illness before accomplishing his goal.
- 商人や職人に自由に利潤追求を許せば、その経済力によって支配階級が脅かされ、農民が重労働である農業を嫌って商工に転身する事により穀物の生産が減少して飢饉が発生し、ひいては社会秩序が崩壊すると考えたのである。
- The thought was that if merchants and artisans were allowed to freely pursuit profits, their wealth would threaten the ruling class and farmers would give up the hard labor of agriculture start new careers as sho or ko, decreasing agricultural output, leading to famine, and resulting in the collapse of the social order.
- 明治時代になると近代国家に脱皮するためには中世封建制社会の身分制度を破棄することは避けて通れないと考えられ、政府により江戸時代の身分制度が廃止され四民平等(しみんびょうどう)の政策が採られることになった。
- In the Meiji period, it was considered that Japan would not be able to develop into a modern nation unless it broke away from its class system based in the medieval feudal society: therefore the government abolished the class system from the Edo period and enacted the policy of shimin byodo (the equality of four classes).
- 清代の朱子学は、理気論や心性論よりも、朱熹が晩年に力を入れていた礼学が重視され、社会的な秩序構築を具体的に担う「礼」への関心が高まり、壮大な世界観を有する学問よりは、具体的・具象的な学問へと狭まっていった。
- Neo-Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty focused on Reigaku (courtesy science), which Hsi CHU concentrated in his later years, rather than the theory of Li-Ch'i and the theory of Mind, and interest in 'courtesy' increased, which was practically responsible for the establishment of public order, so that Neo-Confucianism was narrowed down from learning having a grand world view to becoming practicable and concrete.
- 落葉性堅果類、いわゆるドングリや栗は秋の一時期に集中的に収穫される為、比較的大きな集落による労働集約的な作業が必要となる為、土偶を用いた祭祀を行うことで社会集団を統合していたのではないかという考え方である。
- Fujio presumes that the nuts from deciduous trees such as acorns and the chestnuts were harvested during a relatively brief period of time in autumn; therefore, a consolidated labor by a fairly large settlement was necessary and the Jomon people used the earthen figures to conduct religious services in order to promote solidarity in the society.
- 儒教的・自然法的な『万国公法』理解は、その公的・道徳的性格は天(自然)に由来するものだと受け止められていたが、「社会進化論」においてはその同じ天が各国間の競争を促し切磋琢磨することで進化させるのだと説いた。
- From the Confucianism and natural law perspective, the public and moral characteristics of 'Bankoku Koho' were considered to have been derived from heaven (nature); however, from the 'social evolutionism' perspective, this same heaven was said to promote competition between countries in order to facilitate their evolution through friendly rivalry.
- しかし、既に見つかったものだけでも400枚以上になること、中国社会科学院考古学研究所長である王仲殊が「それらは漢鏡ではない」と発表したことなどから、九州説の側から「三角縁神獣鏡は全て偽作」との反論を受けた。
- However, because more than 400 mirrors have been found and Zhongshu WANG, who was director of the Institute of Archaeology under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, insisted that 'they are not Han mirrors,' this theory was refuted by researchers of the Kyushu theory, who said that 'all the triangular-rimmed mirrors are forged.'
- しかし平安時代になるころから地域社会での階層分化が激しく進み、資本となる動産を蓄積し、安定経営を成し遂げた少数の富豪百姓が、経営が破綻して口分田を失った零細百姓層を隷属下に収めていく動きが激しくなっていった。
- However, starting from about the Heian period, the rank differentiation was developed dramatically in regional society, and actions by a small number of rich peasants, who had accumulated movable assets and achieved stable business to enslave poor peasants who had lost their kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) due to failed management became more popular.
- 大化前代からの家父長制家族の発達は、このような法を受用する基礎をつくったことは事実であるが、律令法は儒教の精神によって、親または家長の権力を強大にし、同時に女性の法的・社会的地位をいちじるしく低める作用をした。
- Development of the patriarchal authority family since the pre-Taika era did build a basis for accepting and applying such law, but in the Confucian spirit, ritsuryo law gave tremendous power to parents or the head of the family, while drastically lowering the legal and social status of women.
- また、町衆主導によって行われたと評価されてきた明応9年(1500年)の祇園祭の再興も本来祇園祭が疫病平癒の祭りであったことを考えると、逆に当時の社会不安の反映が祇園祭再興を促したという側面も考えられるのである。
- Also, the resumption in 1500 of the Gion Festival, which had been acclaimed for the townsmen's initiative behind it, may be considered to have been motivated in part by the social unrest prevailing then, given the history that the Gion Festival had originally been an event of prayer for recovery from epidemics.
- 加えて、ダブルブッキングやドタキャン(後述)など、和泉元彌の公演トラブルで狂言の社会的信用を失墜させたこと及び、能楽宗家会から保留裁定が出ているにもかかわらず商標登録を断行した行為に和泉流職分会は業を煮やした。
- In addition, Izumi-ryu Shokubunkai was frustrated because Motoya IZUMI damaged public confidence in kyogen by troubles relating to his behavior, such as double-booking and last minute cancellation (to be mentioned later), and registered the trademark ignoring a suspension decision made by Izumi-ryu Shokubunkai.
- 息子藤原定家の『小倉百人一首』には皇太后宮大夫俊成として採られるが、彼とともに社会が政治・経済的矛盾が深まる中、武家が政権を奪取する中世へ移行する、時代の激動期を生き抜き、歌の家としての御子左家の名を確立した。
- In his son FUJIWARA no Teika's 'Ogura Hyakunin Isshu' (Ogura's Sequence of One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets), Toshinari is engaged as Kotaigo gu no daibu, but with him there was an intensification of political/economic contradictions in society, a shift to the middle ages where the warrior families took back political control; the period was marked by upheaval and the Mikohidari family cemented its name as poets.
- とくにシカゴ美術館で、この建物の保存にアメリカの富豪マーシャル・フィールドが100万ドルを寄付したことを知り、深く心に期すところがあり、自ら社会的使命の1つとして公共用の施設を建設したいとの希望をもつに至った。
- In particular, in the Art institute of Chicago, he learned that an American rich man, Marshall FIELD donated one million dollars to conserve this building and he made up his mind that, his mission was to build social facilities.
- 社会詠は、1920年代後半のいわゆるプロレタリアート短歌、第二次世界大戦後の「人民短歌」の「人民大衆の生活実感を根底とした」歌、いわゆる「60年安保」を詠んだ歌、65年以降のベトナム戦争の歌などが知られている。
- Well known shakaiei include the proletariat tanka of the latter half of the 1920s, post-war 'jinmin tanka' (people's tanka) poems which were 'based on life experiences of the general public,' poems based on the 'rokuju-nen anpo' (Japan-U.S. Security Treaty of 1960), and post 1965 poems about the Vietnam War.
- また軍を解散させると職を失った大量の兵士達が社会不安の要因となってしまうというものだが、征服した現地兵を次の戦争に投入することは元ではよく行われており、日本との戦いのときのみことさら強調すべきこととは考えにくい。
- It is also said that dissolving the army would cause social anxiety by producing numerous unemployed soldiers, but the Yuan Dynasty often sent local conquered soldiers to the next war and it could not be particularly emphasized only in the case of war with Japan.
- 主君押込(しゅくんおしこめ、単なる「押込」とも)は鎌倉時代から武家社会に見られた慣行で、特に江戸時代の幕藩体制において、行跡が悪いとされる藩主を、家老らの合議による決定により、強制的に監禁(押込)する行為を指す。
- Shukun oshikome (or simply called 'oshikome') is a practice seen in the samurai society beginning in the Kamakura period, and it especially refers to the forcible confinement of the allegedly misbehaving lord based on the decision made by Karo (chief retainers) and others after consultation.
- 江戸時代の刑罰は共同体からの追放刑が基本であったため、町や村といった公認された共同体の外部に、そこからの追放を受けた犯罪者の共同体が形成され、その内部社会に通じた者を使わなければ犯罪捜査自体が困難だったのである。
- Because banishment from a community was a basic punishment in the Edo period, the communities of criminals who had been banished from authorized communities such as towns and villages were built outside of there, so criminal investigations themselves were difficult without hiring people who knew much about the inner societies.
- また、頼朝以来の先例・武家社会の道理を盾にして律令法・公家法と異なる規定、時にはこれと反する規定を積極的・かつ自立的に制定している点を評価して、御成敗式目を幕府法の独立を宣言したものとする解釈が通説となっている。
- Also, it is a generally accepted view that Goseibai-shikimoku is a declaration of independence of bakufu law as it is recognized that Goseibai-shikimoku, backed by the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society, actively and independently established provisions which were different from or sometimes went against the ritsuryo law or the kugeho.
- 学者のあり方から妾の是非(男女同権論等)、哲学や信教の自由などの宗教論、文字改良論などの教育論、死刑廃止論等の社会問題関連、貨幣・貿易等の経済諸問題、はては妖怪の類まで、非常に広きにわたる論説・翻訳を扱っている。
- It dealt with articles and translations in wide areas, ranging from the style of scholar, right and wrong of concubine (feminism etc.), Philosophy, religious arguments including freedom of faith, educational arguments such as an opinion to improve letters, social problems such as the abolition of death penalty, economic problems such as currency and trades, to specters.
- 1970年代頃からの環境問題への意識の高まりや、企業の不祥事が続く中、CSR(Corporate Social Responsibility=企業の社会的責任)ということが欧米を中心に盛んに言われるようになった。
- While the concerns to the environmental issue have been raised from the 1970s, and the scandals of enterprises have happened one after another, CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) became a much-discussed subject especially in Europe and America.
- 今出川兼季や西園寺実俊(ただし、貞治3年以後)といった現職・前職大臣に勅裁を伝える場合には当時の公家社会の慣例に従って院宣や綸旨はその家の家司宛に出されたのに対して、武家執奏が大納言以下の場合には本人宛に出された。
- In cases where the chokusai was conveyed to the current or former ministers such as Kanesue IMADEGAWA and Sanetoshi SAIONJI (1224 or later), the messages of inzen and rinji were conveyed to the keishi (household superintendent) of the household in accordance with the court nobles' customary practice at that time, while in cases where the bukeshisso's rank was Dainagon (Chief Counselor of State) or lower, the messages were sent directly to the designated person.
- しかし散会間際に、荒畑寒村、宇都宮卓爾、大杉栄、村木源次郎ら硬派の一団は、突如赤地に白の文字で「無政府共産」「社会革命」「SOCIALISM」などと書かれた赤旗(本数は資料により異なる)を翻し、革命歌を歌い始めた。
- Just before the end of the celebration, a group of hard-liners including Kanson ARAHATA, Takuji UTSUNOMIYA, Sakae OSUGI and Genjiro MURAKI suddenly waved red flags (the number of the flags varies according to materials) on which white letters saying 'Anarchism,' 'Social Revolution' and 'SOCIALISM' were written, and started to sing songs of revolution.
- 琉球王国以来の聖地であり、古代の信仰を現在も残しているといわれる久高島には「男は海人(うみんちゅ)、女は神人(かみんちゅ)」なる常套句が残り、かつて男性は労務に、女性は神職に従事した社会であったことを言い伝えている。
- On Kudaka-jima Island, which has been a sacred place since the Ryukyu Kingdom, and where ancient faiths still remain today, a conventional phrase, 'Men are uminchu, women are kaminchu' continues to be used, passing along a societal tradition where men were laborers and women served as Shinto priests.
- 松村武雄(1884-1969)によれば、女が本国人の姿で出産し、これを見ることが禁忌であるのは女が夫の神と異なる部族の神を祀る物忌みの期間が夫にとって呪禁であり、これを犯せば社会的制裁を受けるという習俗の反映である。
- According to Takeo MATSUMURA (1884 - 1969), it was taboo to see a woman give birth in the form of her original province, because it reflected the folkways in which the period of monoimi (avoiding something regarding as ominous) when the woman worshiped a god from a different tribe from the god of the husband was jugon (purifying misfortune with charms) for the husband, and social sanction was imposed when this was violated.
- これは本来は九州地方固有の神を祀った神社であったとも言われている宇佐八幡宮の社会的影響力の増大が、皇室と律令制・鎮護国家が形成する皇室祭祀と仏教を基軸とする宗教的秩序に対する脅威になる事を危惧したからだと言われている。
- This is said to have occurred because the government was afraid that the social influence of Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine, which was said to be a shrine that originally worshipped a local god of Kyushu region, grew so much that it would become a threat to the religious order centered on the Imperial family, Imperial household religious rites formed by the Ritsuryo system and the nation protection thought, and Buddhism.
- また、日系アメリカ人がアメリカ社会の中に築いた日系人、すなわち日本に対する信頼が、第二次世界大戦後の高度経済成長期前後における日本企業のアメリカ市場への進出の際に、日本企業に対する信頼感の醸成に大きく役立つことになる。
- Also, American society's trust in Japanese Americans (and therefore in Japan), which Japanese Americans had succeeded in fostering there, greatly helped Japanese companies gain trust from American society when they entered the American market during the period of rapid economic growth after World War II.
- 室町時代は、3代征夷大将軍足利義満の時代の全盛を除いて戦乱と無秩序の時代であったが、鎌倉時代以前には見られない、出自不明の農民・商人層の社会進出を可能とし、日本史上、初めて人間の顔が見える人物を登場させた時代でもある。
- Aside from the golden age of prosperity reached under the third seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Muromachi period was fraught with wars and disorder, but on the other hand, not since before the Kamakura period had there been such opportunity for common people of obscure origins, farmers and tradesmen, to advance socially, and among all the eras of Japanese history, the Muromachi period was the first to produce notable people whose faces and lives appear in clear focus to later eyes.
- 先の藤原利仁も、平将門の祖父の平髙望も、あるいはそれ以前に関東進出を果たしていた嵯峨源氏も、そうした「群盗蜂起」に対する治安維持の為に、京の貴族社会の中で武勇に優れたものが下向し、治安維持に当たったものと見られている。
- FUJIWARA no Toshihito, who lived earlier, TAIRA no Takamochi, who was the grandfather of TAIRA no Masakado, and Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan) that entered Kanto region even earlier than all of them sent one within the aristocratic society of Kyoto that excelled in martial arts to travel to districts to deal with the 'increase in robberies' for the sake of public peace.
- 江戸幕府による朝廷及び公家社会の秩序回復については、関ヶ原の戦いの翌月(慶長5年(1600年)10月 (旧暦))に、公家領の録上を行い、翌年には禁裏御料をはじめとして女院・宮家・公家・門跡に対する知行の確定を行っている。
- The Edo bakufu restored the order of the imperial court and the court noble society by recording the territories of the court nobles in November 1600, the next month of the Battle of Sekigahara, and by defining chigyo (enfeoffment) including the imperial property against nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a womwan of comparable standing), Miyake (the house of an imperial prince), the court nobles, and monzeki (temple formerly led by founder of sect, temple in which resided a member of nobility or imperial family) in the next year.
- 穀倉院は唐の常平倉をモデルとして大同 (日本)年間に設置されたと言われている社会福祉施設の体裁を採っていたが、実際には早い時期より律令制の弛緩によって不足する内廷費用を捻出するための一種の「裏金」捻出の役割を担っていた。
- Although it is said that Kokumotsu-in was a kind of social welfare institution which was established in the Daido era (Japan) using Joheiso (Johei storehouse) of Tang Dynasty as a model, actually it assumed from the very beginning the role of generating slush money to finance naitei-hiyo (daily living and other expenses for the Imperial Family) which was deficient due to the decline of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 近衛尚通の元には合戦当事者を含めた武将やその家臣、僧侶など様々な身分の相手から情報が寄せられて合戦の事情を把握していることが分るのに対して、鷲尾隆康は公家社会の風説を聞いて「恐怖」するのみであったことが知ることが出来る。
- While we can find that Hisamichi KONOE received information from persons of various statuses such as busho including parties of the war and their vassals, and priests, Takayasu WASHIO had just heard rumors in the court noble's society and was 'horrified.'
- 以降、『大菩薩峠 (小説)』、『宮本武蔵映画』のような大作を発表する一方、アイヌの問題を扱った『森と湖のまつり』、部落問題を底流に描いた水上勉のサスペンス『飢餓海峡』など、現代社会の弱者を鋭く照射した作品も発表し続けた。
- In addition to major works such as 'Dai-bosatsu Toge' (the Daibosatsu pass) and 'Miyamoto Musashi,' he also created films exposing the disadvantaged members of contemporary Japanese society including 'Mori to Mizuumi no Matsuri' (A festival of the forest and the lake) which dealt with the issue of the Ainu people and 'Kiga Kaikyo' (Starvation strait) - a tale of suspense by Tsutomu MINAKAMI set against the backdrop of the burakumin issue.
- 「自分の映画の方法論は、近代的人間像を日本映画にうちたてるためのものだ」と主張し、成瀬巳喜男を、『日本の社会をそのまま認め、はかなき小市民の「情緒」を描く自然主義的風速映画』と、今井正もの当時の巨匠たちを痛烈に批判した。
- And he argued that 'my cimematographic methodology is to establish a modern image of a man,' and he roundly criticized the renowned film directors of the time such as the master director Tadashi IMAMURA, and referring to Mikio NARUSE, he wrote 'his films, which come to terms with the actual Japanese Society and depict the ephemeral 'sentiment' of petit bourgeois can be called naturalistic velocity movies.'
- 宇多天皇が次期天皇の決定について菅原道真以外には関与させなかったという事実は、一面において天皇や貴族社会における道真への警戒心と反発を高め、後年菅原道真が大宰権帥に左遷された事件(昌泰の変)の原因になったとも言われている。
- The fact that Emperor Uda did not involve anybody but SUGAWARA no Michizane in deciding the next emperor, in one sense, intensified wariness and backlash against Michizane within the society of emperor and the nobles, and it was allegedly one of the causes of the incident in the later years (the Shotai Incident) in which SUGAWARA no Michizane was demoted and transferred to Dazai gon no sochi (provincial governor-general of the Dazai-fu [local government office in Kyushu region]).
- 「徳政(とくせい)」とは天人相関思想に基づき、代替わり或いは災害などに伴い改元が行われた際に天皇が行う貧民救済活動や神領興行(儀式遂行とその財源たる所領等の保障)、訴訟処理などの社会政策のことであり、「新制」とも呼ばれる。
- Tokusei' (acts of Virtuous Government), also called 'Shinsei' (new system), are social policies that the Emperor initiated upon ascending to the throne or when the name of the era was changed because of natural disasters, etc. and were based on the theory of correlation between heaven and man and entailed activities to save the poor, 'Shinryo-kogyo' (conducting ceremonies and securing property for revenue) and court case processing.
- 白河天皇以降院政が定着するとともに、当時貴族社会の中で徐々に一般化しつつあった家職観念のもと、天皇位と天皇家の家督が分離し、家督者(治天の君)となった者が本来の天皇の権限を執行し、皇位継承者を指名(譲国)するようになった。
- As the cloistered government became established after Emperor Shirakawa, under the concept of the family business that gradually became common in noble society at that time, the imperial throne and the head of the imperial family were separated, by which the head of the family ('chiten no kimi' - the retired Emperor who organizes politics) came to operate the essential imperial authority to designate an heir to the imperial throne.
- また、大日本帝国時代には台湾と朝鮮半島を領有し、さらにアジアや南洋の各地に進出して分布域を広げ、その地域に一定の社会基盤を築いていったが、太平洋戦争(大東亜戦争)が終結した時、日本の主権が失われたため日本本土へ帰っていった。
- In the Imperial Japanese period, they occupied Taiwan and the Korean Peninsula, moving into the countries of Asia and the South Seas, expanding their range of distribution and establishing a standardized social foundation; however, they returned to Japan's mainland as Japan's sovereign power was lost when the Pacific War (The Greater East Asian War) ended.
- だが、実際の貴族社会の立身に大いに影響を与えたのは、蔭位・大舎人・内舎人などの血統に基づく仕組によるところが大きく、有力貴族の子弟は大学寮への就学が義務付けられていた平安時代のごく初期を除いて家庭における教育が主体であった。
- One's success in the aristocratic society largely depended on systems such as the Oni, the Otoneri, and the Udoneri, which took your bloodline into account, and the children of powerful aristocrats were educated mainly at home, except during a short period in the early Heian period when such children were obliged to study in the Daigaku-ryo.
- 平安時代以降は、律令制の弛緩と藤原氏の台頭につれて、形式化が進んだ宮廷社会で高まりつつあった怨霊に対する御霊信仰などに対し、陰陽道は占術と呪術をもって災異を回避する方法を示し、天皇や公家の私的生活に影響を与える指針となった。
- From the Heian period onwards, when the Ritsuryo system declined and the Fujiwara clan gained power, Ommyodo, showed people how to avoid natural disasters through the art of divination and spell-casting and became guidelines that could affect the private life of the Emperor and court nobles, in contrast to Goryo-shinko (an off-shoot of Shintoism, its purpose to quell angry spirits of individuals who have been done injustices), which had become increasingly popular and more ritual in the imperial court.
- 神社神道では教義を明確に統一できないことに由来する神道の「掴みにくさ」は、同時に言語に強く依存した外来の諸宗教に完全には吸収同化されない、身体感覚を重視した遠い昔からの所作の現われとして現代日本社会にもなお受け継がれている。
- As it was impossible to clearly unify the theories of Shrine Shinto, there exists 'Difficulty of grasping' in Shinto, and it is the appearance of behaviors focusing on the physical senses, continued for a long time and still succeeded in Japan's modern society, because Shrine Shinto cannot be completely absorbed into foreign religions that heavily depend on language.
- 対外硬(たいがいこう)とは、国際社会における日本国家の現状を対外的に危機的状況と考え、国際協調を否定して、国家の自主・独立を重んじて軍事力をも視野においた強硬的な外交でのみによってこの危機を打開できるとする思想・主張のこと。
- Taigaiko was the idea or concept that considered the situation of Japan in the international community as the critical externally, and only the forceful diplomacy including the military force which denies the international cooperation, and values national independence can defuse a crisis.
- これらは重点産業こそ異なれ、経済発展の目標は農産物或いは工業製品の生産工場に拠り日本国内の需要を満たすことにあったが、日本からの大量資本投下は台湾経済の発展と社会インフラ整備を支援し、戦後の台湾経済にも大きな影響を与えている。
- Though the primary industry differed in each period, the primary goal throughout the entire time was to meet the domestic demand in Japan by increasing the production of agricultural and industrial products, while Japan's massive investment, which supported the development of Taiwan's economy and social infrastructure, influenced the post-war economy of Taiwan.
- 自営業でなくても、親と同じ職種につくことは人脈や職務上必要とされる知識といった無形の財産をひきつぐ上で有利であるため、政治家、外交官、大学教員、芸能人など、社会的に突出した職業や地位の多くに、事実上の世襲が多くなる傾向がある。
- Even though it is not an independent enterprise, to take the same occupation as the parent is advantageous in terms of the succession of intangible assets such as goodwill, personal networks and the knowledge required in the course of their work; therefore, many of those occupations or positions that are regarded as socially outstanding such as politicians, diplomatic officials, academics, and entertainers tend to be passed on through the generations.
- 京都に10年ほど住んだ後にふたたび東京へ居を移した柳は、実業家大原孫三郎(株式会社クラレ、大原美術館、大原社会問題研究所などの創設者)より経済面の援助を得て、1936年(昭和11年)、東京・駒場の自邸隣に日本民藝館を開設した。
- After living in Kyoto for 10 years, Yanagi moved to Tokyo again, obtained financial help from Magosaburo OHARA (founder of Kuraray, Ohara Museum of Art and Ohara Institute for Social Research) and opened the Japan Folk Crafts Museum near his own house in Komaba, Tokyo in 1936.
- 第二次世界大戦中における日系人の強制収容など人種差別をもとにしたいくつもの障害があったものの、このことがやがて世代が変わるごとに、ゆっくりとではあっても確実に、日系人がアメリカ社会での地位を向上させていくことにつながっていった。
- This led to the enhancement of the position of Japanese Americans in American society as generations went by, despite various obstacles due to racial discrimination including the Japanese American internment during the World War II.
- 源頼朝の死後、将軍の輔弼制度として北条氏による執政制度も創設され、たとえ頼朝の血統が絶えても鎌倉幕府体制は永続するように制度整備がなされ、その裏打ちとして御成敗式目という初の武家法が制定され、その後の中世社会の基本法典となった。
- After MINAMOTO no Yoritomo died, an administrative system was created by the Hojo clan to fill the role of Shogunal advisor to the Imperial Court; they also arranged the system so that even if Yoritomo's bloodline died out, the Kamakura bakufu system could continue, and to serve as the bakufu's legal basis created the Goseibei Shikimoku (Formulary of Adjudications), the first set of laws governing the warrior class, which was to became the legal foundation of medieval society in Japan.
- また武家階級という新たな社会層も、自らの後進のために、学問を身につけるための施設、学校の整備に配慮するようになり、鎌倉時代には北条実時が金沢称名寺 (横浜市)(現、神奈川県横浜市金沢区)に金沢文庫を設置し、多くの文書を収集した。
- A new stratum of society, the bushi class arms, also came to make arrangements for schools, being facilities where their juniors could learn; in the Kamakura period, Sanetoki HOJYO established the Kanazawa Library at Kanazawa Shomyo-ji Temple, (Yokohama City; present-day Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture), and collected numerous documents.
- しかし次第に後者のグループ(小野塚喜平次ら)が大勢を占めるようになり、国家学会東大法科(法学部)内部の公法・政治学・経済学の研究者団体(その後さらに経済学プロパーの団体として社会政策学会 (日本 1897年)が分化)に純化した。
- However, the latter faction (Kiheiji ONOZUKA and others) gradually held a majority, and Kokkagakkai was purified into a researcher group in the Todai law school (Faculty of Law) about public law, political science and economics (Later, Society for the Study of Social Policy [Japan, 1897] was differentiated as a group specializing economics).
- 家康の政治目標は徳川氏を頂点とした長期的かつ安定した政権をつくることであったとされ、徳川家の主君筋に当たり幕府のヒエラルキー社会では別格的存在となる豊臣家に対し、服属させるか、それが拒絶された場合には処分する事を考え始めたという。
- Ieyasu's political goal was assumed to establish a long-term and firm government led by the Tokugawa clan, therefore, he was said to have begun to think how he could make the Toyotomi Family, which kept a lord-like position to the Tokugawa Family and an exceptional existence in the hierarchy of the bakufu, obey the Tokugawa clan or punish them if they would not obey him.
- 中世日本(平安時代後期から室町時代・戦国時代 (日本))において存在していた被差別民が、中世社会の中でいかなる存在であったかについては、1980年代以降、網野善彦らによって急速に研究が進展しており、いまだその評価は確定していない。
- Research about the state of discriminated people who existed during medieval Japan (in the era from the latter half of the Heian period to the Muromachi period and the Sengoku Period - period of warring states in Japan) has rapidly progressed since the 1980s through efforts by Yoshihiko AMINO and others, but an evaluation has not been established yet.
- 江湖館(こうこかん)という町屋一軒だけのキャンパスではあるが、総合政策科学研究科や、2007年度に採択された社会人の学び直しニーズ対応教育推進事業のソーシャル・イノベーション型再チャレンジ支援教育プログラムなど幅広く活用されている。
- Although the campus consists of one building of Machiya (a traditional form of townhouse found mainly in Kyoto) called Kokokan, it is widely used by the Graduate School of Policy and Management and the re-challenge support program for social innovation which was adopted as Education Promotion Program Responding to Working Adults' Needs for Re-learning in the 2007 academic year.
- これを再び統一したのは北宋であったが、宋王朝は遼や金 (王朝)などと対立していたことなどから、中国全土に対して強力な支配を行っていたとは必ずしもいえないが、宋のもとで中国の社会が安定し農業や商業が飛躍的に発展したと考えることはできる。
- It was the Northern Sung Dynasty that unified China again, but it can not be said that the Sung Dynasty was able to exert a controlling force over the whole area of China, since Sung was confronted with the Ryo and Jin Dynasties, but it can be thought that society achieved stability, and agriculture and commerce made remarkable progress in China during this period.
- また、行基とその教団は諸国を移動して布教活動及び各種社会事業を行っており、後の東大寺盧舎那仏像建立にも関与していることから、当然こうした活動を円滑化するための地図を何らかの形で所持あるいは作成を行っていたことは十分考えられるのである。
- On the other hand, Gyoki and his religious community moved around various districts, performing both missionary and social works, and were involved in the construction of Todaiji-ji Temple rushanabutsuzo (the statue of Birushana Buddha), and therefore it is really conceivable that he possessed or was making in some way or other the maps to facilitate these activities.
- 解放令が検討された最初の案は、明治2年(1869年)12月に民部省改正掛の渋沢栄一より、大蔵大輔大隈重信(当時、民部省と大蔵省は事実上統合されていた)にあてて提出された戸籍に関する草案である(現在早稲田大学社会科学研究所「大隈文書」)。
- The first proposal was the draft on the family register made by Eiichi SHIBUSAWA who was in charge of revision at Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) in December, 1869 for Shigenobu OKUMA who was Okura no taifu (a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury), when the both Ministries were unified in effect (according to 'OKUMA monjo (written material),' present Institute of social science of Waseda University).
- それでも京都府中丹地方を統括する京都府中丹広域振興局や府北部唯一の社会保険事務所や近畿財務局、検察審査会等が立地、また京都地方裁判所舞鶴支部は北部4支部のなかで唯一、地裁の合議事件、実裁の少年事件を受け持つなど行政・司法の中心地である。
- Still it is the center of administration and judicature since it holds Kyoto Prefecture Chutan wide area Promotion Bureau which controls Chutan region, Kyoto Prefecture, the only social insurance office in the north of Kyoto Prefecture, Kinki Finance Bureau, prosecution review commissions, and Kyoto District Court Maizuru Branch is the only court among four branches in north which handles cases judging by collegiate court system in the district court and juvenile delinquencies of family court.
- また友愛会設立(1912年)への関与と同会顧問就任、労資協調の調査機関である協調会(1919年発足)への参加、志を同じくする実業家・武藤山治が1923年に結成した実業同志会への参加は、先述した社会問題への関心の延長線上にあるものだった。
- In addition, his above-mentioned interests in social matters made him have further activities such as participation in the establishment of workers' organization called Yuai-kai (in 1912), assumption of office as an adviser of Yuai-kai, participation in a research institute for labor-management cooperation called Kyocho-kai (established in 1919), and participation in a group called Jitsugyo Doshi-kai, which was established by Sanji MUTO, a businessman who had the same ideals, in 1923.
- また、当時の物語に対する批判(『源氏物語』を書いた紫式部が妄語戒によって地獄に堕ちたとする風説)に老婆が反論する場面が盛り込まれるなど、仏教戒律を重んじて極楽往生を願うという当時の社会風潮が物語としての創作性を抑制したとする見方もある。
- There is a view that says that the contemporary tendency to emphasize Buddhist precepts and wishing for gokuraku ojo (peaceful death) suppressed creativity in story telling as seen in the fact that a scene in which the old lady argued against criticism of the tales of the time, and a rumor that Murasakishikibu, who wrote 'Genji Monogatari,' descended into hell under mogokai (a Buddhist admonition not to tell a lie) was included.
- 農学者で思想家の新渡戸稲造は『武士道』(1900)において19世紀末の哲学や科学的思考を用いながら、島国の自然がどのようなもので、四季の移り変わりなどから影響を及ぼされた結果、社会という枠の中で日本人はどのように生きたのかを説明している。
- Agriculturist and thinker Inazo NITOBE explained the nature of the island country and how Japanese who lived in society were affected by the four seasons, using philosophy and scientific thinking of the late 19th century in 'Bushido' (1900).
- 現在では社会経済史的視点からの研究や戦国大名武田氏の権力構造の解明、家臣団の個別研究のほか、財政や治水事業、軍事や外交、交通や都市問題、商職人支配や郷村支配、宗教など各分野における実証的研究や民俗学的アプローチなど研究の地平が広っている。
- At present, empirical as well as ethnological studies are being conducted on various themes, including socio-economic history, power structure of the Sengoku daimyo Takeda clan, individual study of vassals, finance, flood prevention projects, military and foreign affairs, urban problem, ruling of merchants/craftsmen, ruling of villages and religion etc.
- そうした中で、武士は所領の知行権などをめぐる訴訟(所務沙汰)において幕府による裁定が下された後も、当時の社会で容認されていた自力救済慣行を背景として、必ずしも幕府裁定に従わず、自らの実力を行使して所領知行権を確保しようとする傾向があった。
- On the other hand, there was a tendency that samurai, even after the bakufu judged in the lawsuit over the right of fief, which was called shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues), not necessarily followed the bakufu's judgment but tried to keep their right to manage the territory using their force with the aid of the customary practice of self-help which had been approved in the society at that time.
- かって、戦国時代 (日本)、破戒僧の巣であるとして織田信長の焼き討ちにあった事でも知られる同寺ではあるが、このように現在でも反社会的活動を行う団体に寛容なことは、中世以来の同寺に脈々と受け継がれている寛容と受容の精神の証と見る向きもある。
- Even though previously, in the Warring States period, this temple had been burned down by Nobunaga ODA for being a den of immoral monks, it still today is tolerant of anti-social organizations; some view this as proof that the temple's spirit of tolerance and receptiveness has been passed down from the middle ages.
- 大宝律令に続く律令として施行され、古代日本の政治体制を規定する根本法令として機能したが、平安時代に入ると現実の社会・経済状況と齟齬をきたし始め、平安時代には格式の制定などによってこれを補ってきたが、遅くとも平安中期までにほとんど形骸化した。
- This code was enacted as the succeeding fundamental law code to Taiho Ritsuryo Code and functioned as the essential laws and ordinances that prescribed the political system of ancient Japan; however, the code began to reveal the contradictions against the actual social and economic conditions in the Heian period, and even though the Kyakushiki code (amendments and enforcement regulations of the Ritsuryo codes) was also enacted to support it, it had become a mere name by the mid Heian period at the latest.
- もっとも、律令制が衰微したこの時代においても最低限の社会秩序の維持は模索されたことから、治安・司法分野においては法律の専門家である明法家に対する需要は存在し続け、以後も明法道から刑部省や弾正台、検非違使などの官人が送り込まれることとなった。
- Though the system under the ritsuryo legal codes declined, minimum social order was sought, which required Myoho experts as the specialists of law in the field of order and justice and government officials who had studied Myohodo were sent to the ministries such as Gyobusho, Danjodai, Kebiishi.
- エッセイや映画評論にも辣腕なところを見せ、映画賞でテーマ性や社会性のある作品ばかりが安易にベストテン入りする状況を厳しく批判し、映画を原作や素材によって評価するのではなく、その素材をどのように映像化したかをこそ評価すべきだと繰り返し訴えた。
- He also wrote excellent essays and cinematic reviews, in which he criticized the situation that the only films with a certain theme or social problem were easily selected for the top ten of film awards, and repeatedly insisted that a film should be evaluated by how it shot the subjects in stead of what kind of subjects it shot.
- また作中での人物表記は当時の実際の社会の習慣に沿ったものであると見られ、人物をその官職や居住地などのゆかりのある場所の名前で呼んだり、「一の宮」や「三の女宮」あるいは「大君」や「小」君といった一般的な尊称や敬称で呼んだりしていることが多い。
- Also, the characters' names in the work seem to be followed by the social custom in those days, and they are called by their ranks and places of dwelling, or by general honorific titles such as 'Ichi no Miya (first Imperial Prince),' 'Onna Sannomiya (third Imperial Princess),' 'Oigimi (oldest sister)' or 'Kogimi (youngest child).'
- 律令格式や祖父坂上明兼が編纂し、明基が校訂したとされる『法曹至要抄』を参考としているが、条文や『法曹至要抄』の解釈とは違う案文を提示している部分もあり、杓子定規的な法文解釈に拘らずに社会の実情に合わせた法解釈を試みている点で評価されている。
- This law book refers to Laws of codes and ethics (conduct) and 'Hossoshiyo-sho' (The Essentials for the Judiciary) which is said to have been compiled by SAKANOUE no Akikane and revised by his grandson Akimoto, but in some cases provisions and texts different from the interpretation in 'Hossoshiyo-sho' are presented, and it is highly valued in that it tries to interpret laws in accordance with the actual situation of society instead of sticking to rigid literal interpretation of laws.
- 代わって在地社会の民衆を直接把握して支配下に置いたのは、元郡司層や土着国司子弟などから成長し、田堵や負名の資格で大規模な農地経営を行うようになっていった富豪の輩、有力百姓階層であり、彼らを現地赴任国司の筆頭者たる受領が支配するようになっていく。
- People who directly took hold and control of people in the local society instead, were those in the wealthy class and the powerful farmer class who grew from the younger people of class of former Gunji and native Kokushi and so on, and came to conduct a large-scale farmland management in the qualifications of Tato (a field manager) or Fumyo (a local tax manager), and they came to be controlled by Zuryo who was a head of Kokushi transferred to the locale.
- この期間、国内税率を一律固定化する公田官物率法が導入されたり、小規模な名田に並行して広く領域的な別名が公認されるようになったり、大規模事業の財源として一国単位で一律に課税する一国平均役が成立するなど、社会構造に変革を及ぼすような政策がとられた。
- During this period, some policies, which affected the social structure, were developed: the Koden kanmotsu rippo, which fixed the domestic tax rate, was introduced; bechimyo (large territories including mountains and forests) was authorized alongside small-sized Myoden; Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on every private estate in one province) in order to get financial resources for large-scale projects.
- そして職業身分とは、平安時代後期の上層階級での社会的分業が、「イヘ」への職能として固定し、その文士、例えば陰陽の家とかいう形で「芸能」としての家業が固定され、官職までが世襲されるようになる段階で、同様に武士という職業身分の類型が生まれるとする。
- The 'job rank' referred to the specialized social job of the upper class during the late Heian period such as the writer or the house of yin-yang where the job function of 'art' became fixed to a 'house' as a family business, the court position became hereditary, at the same time as a similar form of bushi social rank was born.
- 先述のように現実の社会矛盾が取り繕われ隠蔽されたなかで天皇が多額の公費により巡幸を行っていることを悲しむとともに、米軍占領下での再軍備や朝鮮戦争が進行していた当時の情勢を踏まえ、日本が戦争に巻き込まれそうになった時の対応などを問うものであった。
- In this letter, students expressed sadness for the Emperor's tour on the ground that it was done using a big amount of tax money while social problems were being glossed over and concealed, and based on the situation at the time where Japan's re-militarization was in progress under U.S. occupation and the Korean War was becoming serious, they asked about Japan's attitude if it was on the verge of being dragged into the war.
- 都市を洗練、田舎を野卑とする古くからの観念とあいまって、戦後社会では百姓を農業に従事する者に対する差別的な呼称であると捉える傾向が生じ、このため農業従事者が '百姓' と自称する場合を除き、マスコミなどでは '百姓' という表現を控える事が多い。
- Combined with the conventional concept that cities were sophisticated whereas the countryside was vulgar, there was a tendency in the postwar society to recognize that the term 'hyakusho' was a discriminatory term with respect to agriculture workers and, thus, except for cases in which an agriculture worker calls himself or herself 'hyakusho,' use of the expression 'hyakusho' is often refrained in mass media and the like.
- 中世史研究史上においては「武士」と同義語として扱われることもあるが、「武士」は中世から近世(江戸時代)までを対象とし、また「武士」論は「武士団」を率いる「侍」のみを対象とすることもあるに対し、「武士団」ではその郎党も含めた社会的実態が問題とされる。
- It was treated as a synonym of 'bushi' in medieval history studies, but 'bushi' referred to those between the medieval to the modern era (Edo period), and 'bushi' theory referred to only 'samurai' that lead 'bushidan' while 'bushidan' was also concerned with social conditions that also included the roto (retainer).
- 「虫は」「木の花は」「すさまじきもの」「うつくしきもの」に代表される「ものはづくし」の「類聚章段」をはじめ、日常生活や四季の自然を観察した「随想章段」、作者が出仕した定子皇后周辺の宮廷社会を振り返った「回想章段」(日記章段)など多彩な文章から成る。
- It consists of various types of writing: 'chapters of Ruiju' of 'Monowazukushi (enumerating the things in the same category),' as represented by the lists of things like 'Insects,' 'Flowering trees,' 'Dispiriting things,' 'Endearingly lovely things,' and 'Chapters of Zuiso (essay),' which is an observation of daily life and nature in the seasons, and 'chapters of reminiscence (chapters of a diary)' in which the author wrote about the life around Empress Teishi, whom she served in the Imperial Court.
- 5世紀から6世紀頃、陰陽五行説が仏教や儒教とともに日本に伝わったとき、陰陽五行説と密接な関係をもつ天文、暦数、時刻、易経といった自然の観察に関わる学問、占術とあわさって、自然界の瑞祥・災厄を判断し、人間界の吉凶を占う技術として日本社会に受け入れられた。
- When the Ommyo-gogyo-setsu theory was introduced to Japan together with Buddhism and Confucianism during the 5th and 6th centuries, it combined the studies and art of divination that involve the observations of Nature, including astronomy, Rekisu (a study to establish a calendar by calculating the solar and lunar movements), time science, Iching (Book of Changes), and became adopted in Japanese society as fortune telling techniques that could serve human needs based on the auspicious and inauspicious signs identified in Nature.
- 栄一は実業界の中でも最も社会活動に熱心で、東京市からの要請で養育院の院長を務めたほか、東京慈恵会、日本赤十字社、癩予防協会の設立などに携わり財団法人聖路加国際病院初代理事長、財団法人滝乃川学園初代理事長、YMCA環太平洋連絡会議の日本側議長などもした。
- Eichi was most enthusiastic about social activities in the business world and served as the president of nursing house at the request of Tokyo City and was involved in the establishment of Tokyo Jikei Kai, Japanese Red Cross Society and Rai Yobo Kyokai (Japan preventive association for leprosy) and served as the first presidents of St.Lukes International Hospital and Takinogawa-Gakuen and the Japanese chairman of the YMCA pacific rim liaison conference.
- この中では単純に西洋の文化・風俗を模倣したものから、或いはそれら文化や風俗を手本としながら日本の既存文化との融合を図ったもの、更には既存文化を西洋風にアレンジしたものなど多岐に渡り、過渡期的には熱病の如き流行となって様々な社会階層に受け入れられていった。
- There were wide variety of ways how the movement took shapes within Japanese society, from the simple imitation of Western culture and customs, to the absorption of those elements as the model cases for fusing with traditional Japanese culture, or rearranging the traditional Japanese culture into Western styles; the movement became an enthusiastic trend during this transitional phase, received by wide variety of people among different social levels.
- しかし、女性の集会の自由を阻んでいた新婦人協会治安警察法第五条改正運動(1922年・大正11)や、女性が弁護士になる事を可能とする、婦人弁護士制度制定(弁護士法改正、1933年・昭和8)等、女性の政治的・社会的権利獲得の面でいくつかの重要な成果をあげた。
- Nevertheless, the campaigns did achieve some important results in acquiring political and social rights for women, for example the New Women's Association's successful campaign for the revision of Article five of the Security Police Law (1922), which banned women from joining political assemblies, and the amendment of the Lawyers Act (1933), whose revision enabled women to become lawyers.
- その成果のひとつは、戦争中の1904年8月にアムステルダムで開催された第二インターナショナルの第6回大会で、片山潜とロシア代表のゲオルギー・プレハーノフがともに副議長に選出されて会議場で握手を交わし、社会主義者の国境を越えた連帯と協力を確認したことである。
- One of the results was that Sen KATAYAMA and the Russian representative, Georgii PLEKHANOV, were elected as vice-chairmen and shook their hands in the 6th convention of the Second International held in Amsterdam during the war in August, 1904 and then they confirmed socialist's solidarity and cooperation across the border.
- 日本美術史(にほんびじゅつし)とは、日本の美術の流れ、様式の変遷、各時代の代表的な作品や作家の研究、相互の影響関係、作品や作家を生んだ時代背景(政治、経済、信仰、風俗、社会、文学などとの関連)などについて述べたもの、またはそうした分野を研究する学問のこと。
- 'Nihon bijutsu-shi' refers to the chronological explanation - or the academic field - of Japanese art history, such as the trend of Japanese art, the transition of its style, the research of the representative works and artists in each period, their mutual influence, and the historical background of the works and artists - that is, the works' and artists' relation with Japanese politics, economy, religion, customs, society, literature and others.
- 「職能」起源論では、武士とみなされる社会階層は源氏、平氏などの発生期には武芸を家業とする諸大夫、侍身分のエリート騎馬戦士に限定されていたとし、その後、中世を通じて「狭義の武士」との主従関係を通じて「広義の武士」とみなされる階層が室町時代以降拡大していった。
- According to the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function,' the social class considered as bushi was limited to shodaibu or elite cavalry warriors coming from samurai status, whose family business was military art, during the period when the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan emerged; and later, through the medieval times, the class of 'bushi in a broad sense' came to have the master-subordinate relationship with 'bushi in a narrow sense' and expanded after the Muromachi period.
- 社会経済の発達に伴い、人々の生活にも基礎的な算術の素養が求められるようになってきた中で出版されたこと、またその後これに比肩するような類書が出版されなかったことなどから同書は初版以後版を重ね、江戸時代に出版された数学書のベストセラーかつロングセラーとなった。
- This book was published at a time when the demand for skill and knowledge of basic mathematics in daily life was increasing due to social and economic development, and it run into several impressions because it had no equal; therefore, it became an enduring and best-selling book of mathematics published in the Edo period.
- 南北に長い京都府では従来、京都市を除く12の地域に地方振興局を設置し、地域にあった振興策を策定していたが、社会情勢の大きな変化により、2004年(平成16年)5月に地域の中核都市(宇治・亀岡・舞鶴市・京丹後)に地方振興局を集約、4の広域振興局体制に再編した。
- In Kyoto Prefecture that covers a wide area in the north-south direction, a regional development bureau placed at each of the twelve regions of the prefecture, except Kyoto City, compiled its own development plan, but corresponding to changes in social situations, they were reorganized in May of 2004 into four wide-area development bureaus, each placed in the four core cities of Uji, Kameoka, Maizuru and Kyotango.
- そのため、中世の公家社会においては日記の家に限らず、その家に相伝された家記は「知識的基盤」として、「経済的基盤」である家領とともに家産の主要部分とされ、その家の後継者(嫡男)に充てられた譲状・置文などによってその重要性や取り扱いについて記されるようになった。
- For that reason, not only 'houses with diaries' but all of aristocratic society during the medieval period depended on these diaries which each successive generation inherited as the 'foundations of knowledge,' and took the diaries to be the principal source for determining house territory and property, which was each family's 'economic base'; eventually the importance of these diaries as well as instructions on how to handle diary-related matters came to be recorded in such documents as the letter of transfer and the last will and testament given to each successor (the eldest son and heir) of each such family.
- ただし、それは技能としての算術・数学であって、数学的思考や教養、感性が求められたものではなく、ましてや中国に見られたような高等数学が当時の日本社会で必要とされる場面は存在しなかったと考えられ、日本数学史が独自の進歩を見せるきっかけにはなりえなかったのである。
- However, this was arithmetic and mathematics as skill: mathematical thinking, cultivation, and sensibility were not sought after, and it seems that the advanced mathematics seen in China was not required by the Japanese society of that time, so this was not an opportunity for unique progress in the Japanese history of mathematics.
- 下賜当時、西南戦争・竹橋・自由民権運動などの社会情勢により、設立間もない軍部に動揺が広がっていたため、これを抑え、精神的支柱を確立する意図で起草されたものされ、1878年(明治11年)10月に陸軍卿山縣有朋が全陸軍将兵に印刷配布した軍人訓誡が元になっている。
- At the time of the grant, the newly organized military had been shook up due to social unrest caused by Seinan War, Takebashi and Movement for democratic rights, and therefore, in order to settle the situation and establish a mental pillar they drafted the imperial rescript, which was made from the admonition for military men printed and distributed to all the officers and soldiers by Aritomo YAMAGATA, director general of the army, in October, 1878.
- 明法道の学者といえども自宅での講義には天皇の宣旨による許可が必要とされており、実際にこれを許されたのは平安前期の讃岐永直、允亮の曽祖父(祖父とも)である惟宗直本とこの時の允亮の3例のみであり、前年の令宗賜姓と並んで彼の社会的名声が破格のものであった事を示している。
- Even a scholar of Myobodo needed permission by the Emperor's decree to lecture at home, and only SANUKI no Naganao in the early Heian Period, Tadasuke's great-grandfather (or grandfather) KOREMUNE no Naomoto, and Tadasuke that time were actually permitted to do this, which shows his social prestige was exceptional, as did the grant to Yoshimune in the previous year.
- 中世・近世には拘禁施設が不十分であること、身分が異なる者を同一施設に拘禁することは身分制度の建前上不適切とされたことを理由として身分が高い者(公家・武家・僧侶)を有力な御家人のもとに預けることが鎌倉幕府において行われており武家法の慣例として武家社会で行われてきた。
- For the reasons of insufficient detention facilities and inappropriateness of interning people of different social status in the same facilities, people of high social status (court noble, samurai family and Buddhist monks) were taken to major gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) during the time of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and so this became a custom under the Bukeho in the samurai society in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.
- 以降は放射能を題材とした『第五福竜丸 (映画)』、『さくら隊散る』、連続拳銃発砲事件の永山則夫を題材にした『裸の十九才』、家庭内暴力に材を取った『絞殺』、死と不能をテーマにした『性の起源』、老いをテーマとした『午後の遺言状』など社会に問題提起を投げかける作品を発表。
- From then on, he released works that raised social problems such as 'Daigo Fukuryumaru' (Lucky Dragon No. 5) and 'Sakuratai Chiru' (Fall of the Sakura Troop) with radiation as their subject, 'Hadaka no Jukyusai' (A Naked Nineteen-Year Old) based on Norio NAGAYAMA of the multiple shooting incident, 'Kosatsu' (Strangling) dealing with domestic violence, 'Sei no Kigen' (The Origin of Sex) with a theme of death and impotence, and 'Gogo no Yuigonjo' (A Will in the Afternoon) that used aging as its subject.
- それが、名例律32条の条文にあった本来無関係の「和与」の語句と結び付けられ、律令法・初期公家法及び明法家学説の集大成である『法曹至要抄』には「和与物不悔返事(和与した物は悔返してはならない)」と記され、公家法における一種の法諺として社会に定着することになったP806。
- This movement was linked to the originally unrelated term, 'wayo,' in the Article 32 of Meirei-ritsu, and then 'Hossoshiyosho' (The Essentials for the Judiciary), a collection of ritsuryo law and primary court noble law as well as theories of lawyers, stated 'what was transferred based on wayo shall not be restored,' which became established in society as a kind of legal maxim of the court noble law P806.
- 一方、当時の公家社会では、公家達のほとんどが北朝方公家の末裔であったために(多くは家督を巡って南北に分裂した)北朝正統論が強く、柳原紀光ら公家出身の歴史家の多くが北朝正統論を支持した、また皇室も永く現皇統につながる北朝を正統と考えていたとされ祭祀もその方針で行われていた。
- On the other hand, most of the court nobles at that time were descended from court nobles of the Northern Court (many families divided into Southern and Northern based on the family head), and strongly supported the Northern Court legitimacy theory, together with many aristocratic historians such as Norimitsu YANAGIHARA, and the Imperial Line also considered the Northern Court as legitimate because it was directly connected to the current imperial line, so rituals were also conducted following those policies.
- その一方で道長自身は自らが示した新儀(御堂流)の作法を小野宮流など他家の公卿にも強要しようとしていたことが藤原実資の『小右記』(長和2年正月2日条及び治安 (日本)元年7月25日・26日条など)に記されており、御堂流の手法で公家社会の故実を統一しようとする意図も有していた。
- On the other hand, it was written in 'Shoyuki' (in the article on February 20, 1013, or the article on September 10 and 11, 1021 and so on of the diary) by FUJIWARA no Sanesuke that Michinaga tried to force his new style (Mido-ryu) on Kugyo (court nobles) of other families such as Ononomiya family, so he had an intention of unifying ancient practices in the court noble society with Mido-ryu.
- また親しかった高山登久太郎会長率いる会津小鉄会をはじめとして闇社会にも太いパイプを持ち、歴代京都市長の誕生にも多大な影響を及ぼすなど、京都の黒幕的存在として隠然たる力を誇ったが、京都銀行の株買占め事件に際しての対応が誤解を招き、後に各界からの離反者を出してその影響力は衰えた。
- He boasted his latent power as a key person in Kyoto, such as having a strong connection with the dark society including Aizu Kotetsu-kai (one of the Japanese organized crime syndicates) led by Tokutaro TAKAYAMA who had a close relationship with him, and also exerted a huge influence on taking the position of the past mayors of Kyoto City, but his handling of the incident of buying up stocks of Kyoto Bank led to a misunderstanding, and later dividers from various fields caused his power to be diminished.
- 従って、承久の乱を引き起こした後鳥羽天皇は非難され、逆に官軍を討伐した北条義時とその子北条泰時のその後の善政による社会の安定を評価して、「天照大神の意思に忠実だったのは泰時である」という一見矛盾した論理展開も見られるが、これも徳治を重視する親房から見れば、「正理」なのである。
- Consequently, Chikafusa is critical of Emperor Gotoba, who instigated the Jokyu War, and by contrast highly esteems the era of stability ushered in by the good government that began after the time of Yoshitoki HOJO and his son Yasutoki, who fought the loyalist forces into submission; the book also includes the seemingly contradictory assertion that 'the one that was truly faithful to the intentions of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu was Yasutoki,' but to Chikafusa, who placed such emphasis on virtuous rule, it must have seemed consistent and logical.
- 刊行物としては創立30周年記念出版の『明治憲政経済史論』(1919年)、50周年記念の『国家学論集』(1937年)、戦後に刊行された『新憲法の研究』(1947年)、100周年記念の『国家と社会』(1987年)などがあるが、最近は機関誌『国家学会雑誌』の刊行が中心になっている。
- Publications are 'Meiji Kensei Keizai Shiron'(Essay on History of Meiji Constitutional Government, Economics)(1919) published to mark the 30th anniversary of the foundation, 'Kokkagaku Ronshu'(Collection of the Science of the Nation)(1937) as the 50th anniversary, 'Shin Kenpo no Kenkyu'(Study on the New Constitution)(1947) published after the war, 'Kokka to Shakai'(Nation and Society)(1987) as the 100th anniversary and so on, but recently major publication is an organ 'Kokkagakkai-zasshi'.
- そしてその後の治承・寿永の乱、鎌倉幕府成立、承久の乱を経て13世紀半ば、鎌倉を追われた前将軍宗尊親王が京都に到着する1266年(文永3年)7月20日の条までの87年間を、武家政権や社会の動きを鎌倉幕府将軍の年代記というスタイルで、貴族の日記と同じように和風漢文で記述されている。
- The work was written in a mixed writing style of Japanese and Chinese loanwords or passages just like diaries written by court nobles, and it takes the form of a chronicle of the Kamakura shogun, containing records of 87 years, which begin with the Jisho-Juei War through the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Jokyu Disturbance, until the middle of the 13th century of Imperial Prince Munetaka's arrival at Kyoto on July 20, 1266, who was a retired shogun expelled from Kamakura.
- また、倭は長い交流を通じて中国の社会制度・文化や外交儀礼に詳しいはずなのに、初期の遣隋使派遣では、ヤマト王権は外交儀礼に疎く、国書も持たず遣使したとされる(第1回遣隋使派遣は『日本書紀』に記載がなく『隋書』にあるのみ、また『日本書紀』では遣隋使のことが「遣唐使」となっている)。
- Furthermore, it is said that the ken-suishi in the early period were not familiar with diplomatic courtesy and they visited China without the sovereign's message, which is questionable because Wa should have been very familiar with the social system, culture, or diplomatic courtesies in China from the longtime cultural exchange (the first ken-suishi was not described in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), was described only in Suishu (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), while ken-suishi was described as `kento-shi' (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- 外記局や弁官局などが持っていた律令制における公文書管理組織が解体していった10世紀に儀式や公事の作法・判断の典拠として日記に記された先例故実の校勘に求めるようになり、そうした日記を多く所持していた家系がそれを理由として先例故実の家柄として公家社会において重要視されるようになった。
- The apparatus to manage official documents under the Ritsuryo system, namely the Gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office) and the Benkankyoku (Controller's Office), was dismantled in the 10th century, which led people to begin seeking to modify the precedents for etiquette and legal judgments of public ceremonies and events according to what was found in the written record as recorded in diaries; this meant that for the noble families of aristocratic society, who tended to own many such diaries and could now use them to defend their own pedigree according to past precedent, great importance came to be attached to diaries.
- 足利義満の死後には天皇が家門安堵の権限を回復するようになるが、その一方で軍事力を持たない公家社会においては室町幕府や守護大名の軍事力に依存しなければ家領の保全が不可能であったために、天皇が家門そのものを安堵し、将軍が家領の実質面での安堵を行うという共同体制が長く続くことになった。
- After his death, the emperors regained the authority to approve families, but since there was no military force in the court nobles' society it was impossible to maintain family estates without depending on the military force of the Muromachi bakufu or the Shugo (Military Governor) Daimyo; thus the cooperative system in which emperors approved of the names of families and shoguns literally approved of family estates continued for a long time.
- これにより大都市では新規参入事業者が増加している反面、既存の中小事業者は地方・大都市の別を問わず、マイカーの普及や公共交通網の拡充、社会事情の変化などによる乗客の減少に加え、業務の性質そのものが収入を増やせず支出を減らせないため、構造的な業績不良に陥り、経営の苦しいところが多い。
- Since this relaxation of the taxi regulations, while the number of new taxi operators has been increasing in large cities, the existing small- and mid-sized operators, regardless whether in large cities or in rural areas, have been in a business slump suffering difficult management because of the decrease in customers due to dissemination of private cars, improvement and expansion of the public transportation net, and change in the social environment, as well as the nature of the business itself that cannot increase the income and decrease the expenses.
- これは古い部民制の残滓である品部そのものが律令制と相容れなかったこと、律令制の衰退によって品部の維持が困難になってきたこと、社会経済水準の向上によって民間からの調達・雇役が可能になったこと(この場合の民間には旧品部の商工業者からの調達を含む)が複雑に絡み合っていたと考えられている。
- This situation was caused by intricately intertwined reasons, i.e., the fact that shinabe, which was the remnant of the bemin system, itself was incompatible with the ritsuryo system, that it became difficult to preserve shinabe as the ritsuryo system was weakened, and that improved social economy standard enabled procurement from and koeki (forced labor under the ritsuryo system) by ordinary citizens (procurement from ordinary citizens here includes procurement from commercial and industrial men in former shinabe).
- 幕末は、徳川宗家の当主が征夷大将軍職に就き、幕府の主宰者として君臨する幕藩体制が変質し、崩壊していく過程であり、また、鎖国すなわち海禁政策を抛棄して開港し、外国との通商貿易の開始によって日本が世界的な資本主義市場経済に組み込まれ、社会そのもののあり方が劇的に変化していく過程でもある。
- The bakumatsu can be described as the period in which the feudal system characteristic of the shogunage by the head of the Tokugawa family collapsed, or the period in which the social structure dramatically changed as the country abolished the long-held closed-door policy and started trading with foreign countries, eventually becoming a member of the global capitalist market economy.
- 東映においても社会派映画を次々と製作、1957年、霞ヶ浦を舞台に農村の貧困を描いた、今井の初のカラー作品『米 (映画)』や、原爆症の少女と不良少年の恋を描く『純愛物語』、1961年、李承晩ラインをめぐる日韓関係の悪化を、在日朝鮮人の若い漁師を通して描く『あれが港の灯だ』など話題を呼んだ。
- Also in Toei, Imai created a series of social films: in 1957, the two movies, 'Kome' (The Rice People), his first color film depicting poverty in a farming village set in Kasumigaura, and 'Junai monogatari' (The Story of Pure Love), a story of love between a girl suffering from radiation sickness and a delinquent boy, became popular; in 1961, 'Arega minato no hi da' (That Is the Port Light), a film depicting through young Korean fishermen in Japan the deteriorated relationship between Japan and Korea caused by the dispute of the Syngman Rhee Line, became a hit.
- 明治になって、勅令によって褒章条例がさだめられ、人命救助者、孝子、順孫、義僕、精励実業家、発明改良家、教育、衛生、社会事業、防疫の諸事業、道路、河渠、堤防、橋梁の修築、学校、病院の建設、田野の墾闢などにつくして公衆の利益をはかり、成績のすこぶる顕著なものにたいして褒章をあたえることにした。
- In the Meiji period, an ordinance for granting rewards was prescribed by imperial edict -- such that rewards were to be granted to the most conspicuous among: those who saved a life; koshi; junson; giboku; hard-working businessman; a person who involved in invention and innovation; and those who served the public interest by devoted themselves to education, hygiene, social service, projects to prevent epidemics, repair and construction of road, alveus, bank, and bridge, construction of school and hospital, and development of farms and fields.
- 新田一郎 (法学者)は頼朝以来の先例や武家社会の道理を記した部分、特に律令法・公家法と相違・対立する部分の多くは直接条文としては盛り込まれず、細目や例外事項などの形式によって触れられており、一方で条文本文に記されている幕府関係以外の事項の多くは鎌倉時代初期の公家法に依拠する部分が多いとする。
- According to Ichiro NITTA (legal expert), the part which wrote about the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society and especially most of the part which opposed to Ritsuryo law and kugeho were not included in the articles, but were only mentioned in the forms of details and exceptions, while most of the matters not related to bakufu in the articles were based on the kugeho in the early Kamakura period.
- 山本有三原作による社会派メロドラマ『生きとし生けるもの』(主演山村聡)を第1作に、日活での初期作としては『東京の人』(主演月丘夢路)、『美しい庵主さん』(主演小林旭)などがあるが、当然のように「大船色」が濃く、「日活っぽい」昭和35年の『俺の故郷は大西部』(主演和田浩治)は西河作品としては逆に異色である。
- His first movie was a social soap opera, ' Ikitoshi ikeru mono (All living things)' (main actor was So YAMAMURA), whose original author was Yuzo YAMAMOTO, he also directed 'Tokyo no hito' (a person from Tokyo) (main actress was Yumeji TSUKIOKA) and 'Utsukushii Ionushi-san' (The beautiful master of a hermitage) (main actor was Akira KOBAYASHI) as his first movie with Nikkatsu, it was needless to say that those movies had a strong 'Obune' flavor, movies such as 'Ore no Kokyo wa Daiseibu' (my hometown is big old western America) (main actor was Koji WADA) in 1960 which had a 'Nikkatsu flavor' was a different movie than Nishikawa's movie.
- ただし、公家社会において政所及びこれを構成する家司の制度が解体された中世後期に入ると、公家の家臣層も諸大夫と青侍を中心とする家僕に再編成されることになるが、諸大夫を持てない中下層公家では青侍のみで家僕が構成されて公家家政を運営するようになり、青侍と家僕が同義語として扱われる場合もあった(『教言卿記』など)。
- In the late Medieval period, with the mandokoro (Administrative Office) and Ie no tsukasa (house steward) system that constituted mandokoro being broken up by the court, those of the court nobles at the level of vassals were to be reassigned to retainers, mainly including shodaibu and Aozamurai; however, the court nobles at the lower and middle levels who could not have vassals at shodaibu rank had only Aozamurai constituting their vassals and managing their households, whereas Aozamurai and vassals were treated as synonyms in some cases (according to 'Noritoki Kyo ki' [The Diary of Noritoki YAMASHINA]).
- 江南軍のほとんどが嘗ての南宋の兵であり、放っておけば社会不安の要因となる彼らを厄介払いする目的もあったと言われる杉山正明の一連の著作、『中国史3』P449など(山川出版社)(それを裏付けるように、モンゴルの司令官たちが乗った船は一隻も沈んでおらず、江南軍に従軍した兵士達の墓も旧南宋の領内では確認されていない)。
- According to a series of books written by Masaaki SUGIYAMA and page 449 of 'Chugokushi 3' (The History of China, Volume 3) (published by Yamakawa Shuppansha) says that a purpose for organizing most of the Southern Yangtze Army with soldiers from the former Southern Sung Dynasty was to get rid of them, and they would cause social anxiety if left alone (in fact, to support this idea, no ship in which Mongol commanders were on board sank, and tombs of the soldiers joined in the Southern Yangtze Army have not been found in the former territory of the Southern Sung Dynasty).
- 上嶋家文書の真偽をめぐって学界では意見がわかれ、概ね否定的見解が主流であったが、後にその記載内容を裏書きする古文書が兵庫県揖保郡揖保川町新在家の豪農であった永富家(元楠木同族会顧問 鹿島建設株式会社会長鹿島守之助の生家)から発見され、この系図は江戸後期の写しであっても、古本を書写したものであることが証明された。
- The credibility of this document has been a controversial issue in the society of Japanese history that majority of them viewed as false; however, an old document that was found in the house of a wealthy farmer, the Nagatomi family (the birthplace of Morinosuke KAJIMA who was the chairman of Kajima Corporation and the former advisor of the Kusunoki family council) in Shinzaike, Ibokawa-cho in Ibo-gun, Hyogo Prefecture and it was revealed that this geneology recorded in this manuscrit during the late Edo Period was actually copied from an old document.
- ローマ帝国の君主の称号のひとつである Imperator は、通常「皇帝」と訳され、また Caesar という家名も君主の称号となって、東西ローマ帝国の歴史を継承する社会(神聖ローマ帝国・ドイツ帝国・オーストリア帝国のカイザー、ロシア帝国のツァーリなど)の統治者・君主の称号として使われ、これも「皇帝」と訳される。
- Imperator, one of the titles for the monarch in the Roman Empire, is usually translated as 'Kotei' and the family name Caesar became a title for the monarch, which was used as a title for the ruler and monarch in societies that inherit the history of East Western Roman Empire, and it also translated as 'Kotei.'
- この声明書の中で、「これまでの朝鮮の歴史の悲劇は自分達が招いたことであり、我が国の皇帝陛下と日本天皇陛下に懇願し、朝鮮人も日本人と同じ一等国民の待遇を享受して、政府と社会を発展させようではないか」と、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が新たに一つの政治機関を設立し、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が対等合邦して一つの大帝国を作るように求めた。
- In the statement, it says 'Tragedies in Korean history are our own fault, so we would like to plead to our Emperor and the Emperor of Japan to give Koreans the opportunity to enjoy the same treatment as the first class citizens of Japan. We ask the Japanese to develop our government and society' and suggest the Korean Empire and the Empire of Japan establish a new unified political body together and create a new empire by equal merger of both Empires.
- 京都市では、都市の再開発として地下鉄駅上に大型の施設がオープンした例として、北大路駅(地上に北大路ビブレ、地下に北大路バスターミナル)、山科駅(地上にラクトA~C、ホテル、大丸山科店、ラクト健康・文化館、山科社会教育総合センターなど)、醍醐駅 (京都府)(地上にアルプラザ・京都市醍醐中央図書館などが入居)が存在する。
- Examples of large-scale facilities built above subway stations as urban redevelopment projects in Kyoto City include Kitaoji Station (Kitaoji VIVRE above-ground and the Kitaoji Bus Terminal underground), Yamashina Station (RACTO A, B, C, a hotel, DAIMARU YAMASHINA, RACTO-Kenko-Bunkakan (RACTO SPORTS PLAZA), and Yamashina Shakai-kyoiku-sogo Center (ASNY YAMASHINA) above-ground), and Daigo Station (Kyoto Prefecture)(AL PLAZA, and Daigo-chuo Library, Kyoto City above-ground).
- 三浦らは、ヨーロッパの中世が、ゲルマン民族の大移動によって辺境で発生した「武装した封建領主」である騎士によって支えられていたことに着目し、日本で平安時代中期から東国を中心とした辺境社会で活躍した武士を騎士と同じ「武装した封建領主」と位置づけ、アジアで唯一日本にも中世が存在したことを「発見」し、日本は近代化できると主張した。
- MIURA and so on noted that medieval Europe was supported by the knights who were 'armed suzerain' emerging on the frontier by the Great Barbarian Invasion of Germanic peoples, positioned the bushi, who flourished in the frontier society centering on Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) from the middle of Heian period in Japan, as 'armed suzerain' who were the same as the knights, 'discovered' that there also existed medieval times in Japan, which was the only country in Asia, and insisted that Japan could be modernized.
- 治承4年(1180年)、猶子である以仁王が反平氏の兵を挙げた(「以仁王の乱」)時にも八条院が密かに支援していたのではと言われ、また現実に以仁王の子女(生母は八条院女房)が八条院の御所に匿われているのは明らかであったが、清盛も社会的な反響を恐れて結局は以仁王の男子を出家させることを条件に女院の行為を不問にせざるを得なかった。
- When her adopted child, Prince Mochihito raised his army against the Taira clan in 1180 (the Rising of Prince Mochihito), it was said Hachijoin secretly supported Prince Mochihito, in fact, it was apparent that Prince Mochihito's child (the birth mother was the court-lady for Hachijoin) was sheltered in Hachijoin's Palace, however Kiyomori had to overlook her act since he was worried about social criticism, instead, he let Prince Mochihito's son entered the priesthood.
- 詳細は西村慎太郎「近世後期堂上公家勧修寺家の雑掌について―蔵人方地下官人袖岡文景『家記』を事例に」(初出『史料館研究紀要』第34号(2003年3月)・所収「堂上公家雑掌の地下官人」(加筆・改題)『近世朝廷社会と地下官人』(吉川弘文館、2008年) ISBN 978-4-642-02330-6 P274-275)を参照のこと。
- For detail information, refer to 'On Zassho (or Karei: butler) of the Kashuji family, the Toshokuge (high court nobility who is allowed to enter the Imperial Palace) of late modern ages ---'Kaki' (The Family Chronicle) written by Fumikage SODEOKA, Kurodogata Jigekanjin (lower-ranked courtiers who were not allowed to enter the court official of Chamberlain's Office)' as an example' by Shintaro NISHIMURA (the first appearance was in 'Proceedings of Historical Museum' No. 34 [March, 2003]) included in 'Zassho Jigekanjin of Toshokuge' (addition and alteration to the original) and 'the Medieval Imperial Court and Jigekanjin' (Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc., 2008) ISBN 978-4-642-02330-6 P274-275).
- 平民社(へいみんしゃ)は、1903年11月に、日露戦争を開戦しようとする動きに対して非戦論を主張していた『萬朝報』が、社論を開戦論へと転換したときに、非戦論を訴えつづけていた同紙記者の幸徳秋水と堺利彦(枯川)が、非戦論の主張を貫くために朝報社を退社し、あらたに非戦論を訴え、社会主義思想の宣伝・普及をおこなうために開業した新聞社。
- Heiminsha is a newspaper company established by newspaper reporters of 'Yorozu-choho' newspaper company, Shusui KOTOKU and Toshihiko SAKAI (KOSEN), to promote and spread socialist thoughts, who retired from the Choho press company in order to insist their claim of pacifism, when the company, which had been claiming pacifism against the move to the Russo-Japanese War, shifted its policy from pacifism to the theory of making war.
- 下官人は一種の「株」の形で身分を売買することが行われ(表面上は買主が売主の養子縁組に入る場合が多い)、また必要な人員確保を理由とした官司による取立も行われたため、京都や周辺の商人や農民が社会的身分の上昇や生活の糧(仕事)の獲得などを目的に地下官人の身分を得る例もあった(催官人は官司からの地下人補任の申請があれば、ほとんどの場合そのまま受理していた)。
- The rank of Shimokanjin was traded in the form of 'stock' ostensibly through adoption of 'the buyer' by 'the seller' in most cases, and sometimes 'collected' by the government office on the pretext of staff acquisition, which led some cases of merchants and farmers in Kyoto and its surroundings acquiring the rank of Jige official for the purpose of raising their social status or earning their living, i.e., securing their jobs (In most cases, Saikanjin accepted the application for appointment of Jigenin by the government office without question).
- 維新期の皇后として社会事業振興の先頭に立ち、華族女学校(現学習院女子部)や、お茶の水の東京女子師範学校(現お茶の水女子大学)の設立、日本赤十字社の発展などに大きく寄与した(赤十字社の正式紋章「赤十字桐竹鳳凰章」は、紋章制定の相談を受けた際、皇后がたまたま被っていた冠が桐と竹の組み合わせで出来ていた事から、「これがよかろう」という事で決められたという)。
- As an empress after the Restoration, Shoken took the lead in social work promotion and greatly contributed to the establishment of Kazoku Jogakko (present day Gakushuin School Corporation Girl's Division) and Tokyo Joshi Shikan Gakko (present day Ochanomizu University), along with the development of the Japanese Red Cross Society and others (it is said that the official crest for the Red Cross Society, the 'Red Cross Kiritake Phoenix,' was decided on from the crown, made by a combination of paulownia wood and bamboo, which Shoken happened to be wearing on the occasion she was consulted for the decision of the crest.
- 治承・建久の2度の新制の制定に大臣・摂関として関わった九条兼実(道長の6代目の子孫)は「長保以後代々制符」が制符(新制)策定の基本であるべきであると度々主張(『玉葉』治承2年4月23日・6月5日条)しており、長保から200年経た後世においても長保元年令が新制の出発点になるとする考え方が公家社会に広く存在し、中世公家法に対して強い影響を与えたことが分かる。
- Kanezane KUJO (the sixth generation descendant of Michinaga), who was involved in the establishment of shinsei in Jisho and Kenkyu eras as a minister and Sekkan (regents and advisers), often insisted that it was fundamental for the establishment of seifu (an official code of new laws issued by Daijokan, Great Council of State) or shinsei to 'follow the example of Choho' (articles dated April 23 and June 5, 1178 of 'Gyokuyo') and it follows that even two hundred years after the Choho era it was widely believed in the court noble society that Chohogannenrei should be a starting point for shinsei and that kugeho (laws issued by the imperial court) in the medieval period was greatly influenced by such a belief.
- 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
- There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.
- これは実際には「生かさぬように殺さぬように」という発想で再生産が抑圧され、地主の地位が強力であった日本の農業社会の実態に合わず、また実際の地租算定においても生産経費を実際よりも低く見積もられたために、高率の税率も重なって地租が生産経費を圧迫し、小作料を跳ね上げる(当時の物価水準では収穫の1/3近くが地価の3%に相当し、更に地主が利潤を上乗せするために、結果的に小作料が上昇した)結果をもたらした。
- In fact, this assumption proved to be incorrect in the Japanese agricultural society where the position of landowners were strong and reproduction was suppressed under the idea of 'let the farmers live only well enough to work but don't kill them'; In addition, because the production expense was estimated lower than the expense required in the actual calculation of land-tax, together with high tax rate, land-tax put pressure on the production expense and as the result, the land-tax made the farm rent jump; (in the price level at the time, nearly the one third of the crop yield was equivalent to the 3% of the land price, and because the landowners added their profit on top of this, the farm rent increased as the result).
- そして民間でも自治としての政が江戸時代から一層顕著に認められ{江戸時代以降の都心では町場(町奉行管轄)と庭場(寺社奉行管轄)と野帳場(検地がされていない管轄未定地や郊外)に区分され、庶民と町人が協力して自治を行った}、祭りとして神や御霊や自然を祀り、その社会的行為は「七夕祭り」や「恵比寿講」として現在にも行われ、神社神道の儀式とは離れた民衆の神事として定着し、昔と同様に普請としての地域振興を担っている。
- And their method, in which even commoners practiced self government, received recognition, and indeed it became all the more striking starting in the Edo period (beginning in that period, large cities were divided into machiba (towns, under the jurisdiction of town magistrates), niwaba (jisha-bugyo, under the jurisdiction of (government-appointed) temples and shrine administrators), and nochoba (unsurveyed areas or suburbs of unfixed jurisdiction), and so commoners and townspeople cooperated to achieve self-government); the people used festivals to enshrine gods, spirits, and elements of nature itself, including such festivals as Tanabata (the Festival of the Weaver, celebrated July 7) and the Feast for Ebisu, both of which are still celebrated today, eventually becoming established as popular versions of Shinto rituals quite separate in form from Shrine Shinto rituals, but in any case, shrines continue to contribute to local development, even as they did in the past.
- これは、当時の武士(特に御家人)が巻き込まれ易かったのは、地頭として治める荘園における荘園領主である公家との揉め事であり、こうした揉め事から武士を救うには公家法を中心に動いていた当時の法秩序の概要を平易に説いて理解させ、武家社会との調和を図るために御成敗式目は制定されたもので、武家法の体系化や武家法に基づく新秩序形成を目的としたわけではなく、少なくても公家法の存在を前提とし、かつ形式的な模範・素材であったとしている。
- Samurai (especially shogunal retainers) at that time were easily involved in problems with court nobles who were lords of private estates where they (samurai) worked as jito; Goseibai-shikimoku was established in order to save samurai from such problems by making them understand the summary of legal order of the time centered in the kugeho and by working in harmony with the samurai society, therefore the reason was not to systemize the bukeho or to make a new order of law based on the bukeho; the kugeho was said to be still the base and was regarded as a formal model and material.
- ただ、皇族・公家出身の将軍近辺のみ陰陽道に熱心なのであって、実権を持っていた執権の北条一族は必ずしも陰陽道にこだわりを持っておらず、配下のいわゆる関東八平氏から全国の地域地盤に由来する後に「国人」と呼ばれるようになった武士層に至るまで、朝廷代々の格式を意識したり陰陽師に行動規範を諮る習慣はなかったため、総じて陰陽師は武家社会全般を蹂躙するような精神的影響力を持つことはなく、もっぱら傀儡である皇族・公家出身将軍と、実権を失った朝廷や公卿・公家世界においてのみ、その存在感を示すにとどまった。
- However, only those close to the shogun who came from the Royal Family or the court noble class were devoted to Onmyodo, whereas, the Regent Hojo clan was indifferent and, from Bando hachi Heishi (the Taira clan in Eastern Japan) to the class of warriors originating from all regions throughout the country who later became known as 'kokujin' (people of the country) serving under the Hojo clan were not interested in prestige of the Imperial Court nor were they in the habit of consulting onmyoji on the code of conduct, onmyoji never acquired the power of spiritual influence to trample on the entire samurai class, limiting their visibility to within the powerless Imperial Court as well as the world of kugyo and court nobles.
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- 政府は曩に一の帝国大学を京都に新設し、天下学問の中心を東西二都に置くの制を採れり、蓋し東西二大学の競争をして学問進歩の動機たらしめんとするに在るべし、而して東京には帝国大学の外各種の官私学校ありて各般学生の志望に充つることを得、青年の志を立つる者此に集合し自ら既に天下学問の中心たり、然るに京都に在りては帝国大学新たに設置せられ関西の学術大に振るわんとし青年の志を有して京都に集まり来るもの頗る多きも、大学の門戸は未だ高等学校卒業生以外の志望者を迎ふるに至らず、大学以外に在りて高等の学術を修めんとするも其機関あることなし、是れ頗る恨事なり、爰に於てか有志の者相図り京都法政学校を新設し、講義を京都帝国大学教授及其他博学知名の諸氏に嘱託し、政治法律経済に関する高等の学術を広く社会に紹介するの一機関たらしめんとす、是れ蓋し、一は政府か学問の中心を東西の二都に置かんとするの趣意に賛同の意を表し、又一は帝国大学か広く門戸を開放して高等学校卒業生以外の志望者を迎ふる能はさるの欠点を補はんとするの微意に出つるものなり (「立命館大学沿革略」『立命館学報』二 一九一五・大正4年3月)
- The government established one campus of Teikoku (Imperial) University in Kyoto. It had been decided that there would be two universities (in the east and west, respectively) as the center of the best education, and that the two universities would compete with each other as motivation for progress in education; and in Tokyo, several public and private schools as well as Teikoku (Imperial) University already began accepting various applicants; thus the students who had youthful resolution gathered, which is the center of education. However, there were many good, enthusiastic young students gathered at Teikoku (Imperial) University, which was newly established in Kyoto, but the university couldn't accept the applicants who had not graduated from high school, so there was no school to study high education without status as a university, which was the problem of greatest concern, so volunteers who were of the same mind gathered and established the Kyoto Hosei School, entrusting the lectures to the professors of Kyoto Imperial University and other well-known teachers; thus the institution could provide higher education in politics, law and economics to society. Certainly, a reason for that was to demonstrate the government's approval concerning the establishment of education in two places (east and west), and another reason was to make up for the flaw in the educational system whereby Teikoku (Imperial) University was not widely open to applicants who had not graduated from high school ('A Brief History of Ritsumeikan University,' 'Ritsumeikan Gakuho,' March 1915).