確: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 処方確認
- medication reconciliation
- お気を確かに
- Don't do anything rash!
- Keep composed!
- 参詣道の確立
- Establishment of the Road as a Pilgrimage Route
- 近代国家の確立
- The Establishment of the modern nation
- 執権政治の確立
- Establishment of Regency
- The Establishment of Shikken (Regent of the Shogun) Politics
- 真言密教の確立
- Establishment of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism
- 日本での戒律の確立
- Establishing the Vinaya precepts in Japan
- 中身を確かめている。
- He checks the content of the wallet.
- 由来は明確ではない。
- The origin of bon toro is unclear.
- 周代において確立した。
- It was established in the Zhou period.
- 家名を藤波に確定する。
- The family name was finally settled as Fujinami.
- 正確には東大寺東南院。
- To be precise, it was referred to as Tonan-in Temple in Todai-ji Temple.
- 濠は確認されていない。
- No moat has been found.
- 織田信長による政権の確立
- Establishment of government by Nobunaga ODA
- 父子の確執の深さが伺える。
- It shows a serious discord between the father and the son.
- しかし、助六は確かに見た。
- Sukeroku stares at the sword.
- 井戸と墓地群などの遺構が確認
- Remains of water well and series of tombs have been discovered from the site.
- 元彌の能楽協会退会が確定した。
- This made Motoya's withdrawal certain.
- 掛軸の様式は茶道と共に確立した。
- The style of kakejiku was established with tea ceremony.
- 意休の刀は確かに友切丸であった。
- The sword is certainly the Tomokirimaru.
- 葺石と円筒埴輪が確認されている。
- Fukiishi and cylindrical haniwa were identified.
- まだ研究者間でも確定されていない。
- The researchers don't have the established opinion yet.
- だが、その所在は確認されていない。
- However, its whereabouts has not been confirmed.
- 足利義満・義持時代と幕府権力の確立
- The bakufu's grip on power tightens during Yoshimitsu and Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA's reigns
- 一説に三国姓ともされ明確ではない。
- One theory holds that they had the family name of Mikuni, and its origin is not clear.
- いずれにせよ、正確な生年は未詳である。
- In either case his accurate year of birth is unknown.
- 秦の始皇帝の末裔を称するが明確でない。
- The Hata clan claimed to be a descendant of the first Qin Emperor, but it is not clear if this was true.
- 3月5日、別の農場で新たな感染を確認。
- March 5: Another farm tested positive.
- 武田輔長はこれを武田新当流として確立。
- Sukenaga TAKEDA established Takeda shintoryu based on the above.
- が、両者の区別は必ずしも明確ではない。
- But there is not necessarily a clear distinction between them.
- この姿は平安時代に確立したものである。
- This image was established during the Heian period.
- 淀藩の基盤は、永井氏によって確立された。
- The Nagai clan established the administrative foundations of the Yodo Domain.
- そのため、正確な始まりはわかっていない。
- so the exact origins are unknown.
- 明代には、現代の木魚の形が確立している。
- By the Ming Dynasty, the shape of Mokugyo that is seen today was established.
- 結果は大審院において清之側の勝訴が確定。
- Daishin-in (Predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan) found in favor of Kiyoshi KANZE.
- 北近畿の中核都市としての地位を確立した。
- Maizuru established itself as a regional hub city in Kita-kinki.
- 横綱免許に関する五条家と吉田司家との確執
- Feud Between the Gojo Family and the Yoshida Tsukasa Family about the Yokozuna License
- 草庵茶室は千利休によって確立されていく。
- The tea room in the tea hut was established by SEN no Rikyu.
- ただし、その由来や選定基準は明確でない。
- However, the origin of why these three are or the criterion for selection is not clear.
- ただし、正確な所在地については諸説ある。
- However, opinions vary as to its true location.
- 墳丘が確認できる古墳は少数となっている。
- The burial mounds which retain the original shapes are getting fewer.
- 日本刀の様式(鎬造・湾刀)の確立期である。
- The styles of Japanese swords (shinogi-zukuri [ridge style], wanto [curved sword]) were established.
- (ただし、のち当主生存の確認は儀式化する)
- (Later, however, the procedure in which the family head was confirmed as alive became a matter of formality.)
- ここに足利室町幕府の無力化は明確となった。
- Here, dis-empowerment of the Muromachi bakufu of the Ashikaga clan became clear.
- 太閤検地によって、各地の石高が確定された。
- In accordance with Taiko-kenchi, Kokudaka (crop yield) for each province was defined.
- 片側1車線の確保された道路を持つ峠である。
- The pass has a road with double lane.
- しかし、そのような作例は確認されていない。
- However, such evidence has not been identified.
- 元禄時代に始まり、2世西川扇藏が確立した。
- It began in the Genroku Era between the late 1600's and the beginning of 1700's and was established by Senzo NISHIKWA II.
- 発掘後まもなく古墳であることが確認された。
- It was not long before the excavation confirmed that the mound was a tumulus.
- しかし、現時点では正確なことは分からない。
- However, the precise details remain unknown at this time.
- (また、任期などもそれほど明確ではない。)
- (Also, their terms of service are not so clear.)
- また頓宮の正確な場所も現在では殆ど不明だ。
- In addition, the accurate locations of Tongu are mostly unidentified today.
- 当該皇族の母が内容を確認して、再び箱に戻す。
- The mother of the imperial member checks the contents, and then returns them into the box.
- 模刻は確かに保存性にも複製性にも優れている。
- Mokoku is surely superior in terms of preservation and replication.
- しかし、上述のように明確な区別は困難である。
- However, as mentioned above, it's difficult to categorize them clearly.
- 確認されているだけで曇林、慧可の弟子がいる。
- According to verifiable sources he had at least two disciples, Donrin and Eka.
- しかし、確定した字義の源泉はわかっていない。
- However, the origin of the determined kanji characters is not understood.
- 繊細な感覚と確かな技術で上菓子はつくられる。
- Jogashi can only be made by those with refined taste and a solid technique.
- その後も上皇(後に法皇)と幕府との確執が続く。
- The conflict between the Retired Emperor (who later became a Cloistered Emperor) and the government continued.
- この結果、宗盛が清盛の後継者の地位を確立した。
- As a result, Munemori established his position as Kiyomori's successor.
- 平氏政権は天皇の外戚として政権確立を指向した。
- The Taira clan government demanded an establishment of authority as a maternal relative of the Emperor.
- これは幕藩体制を確立するために大いに役立った。
- This measure worked very well in establishing the shogunate system.
- 2月29日トリインフルエンザの陽性反応を確認。
- February 29: The farm tested positive for avian influenza.
- 能の起源について正確なことはわかってはいない。
- Concerning the origin of Noh, an accurate account is still unclear.
- 1985年度に墳丘の範囲確認調査が実施された。
- In 1985, a research was conducted to verify the dimensions of the tumulus.
- その後、利休の時代となり竹製のものが確立される。
- Later, in the era of Rikyu, bamboo Chashaku took hold.
- また、中国や朝鮮の「武人」との違いも明確でない。
- And the difference between a 'military officer' in China and Korea and bushi is not clear, either.
- 支給が済んだ後は、境界(四至)を明確にすること。
- After kubunden was supplied, its boundaries (Shishi (the northern, southern, eastern, and western boundaries of a tract of land)) should be clarified.
- 守護は一国全体の領域的な支配を確立したのである。
- Shugos established the territorial governance of the whole of one province.
- 確認されている被害範囲は東アジアの広範囲に及ぶ。
- The damaged areas confirmed cover a wide area in eastern Asia.
- 浸食が進んでおり、明確な頂上をもたない山が多い。
- Many mountains do not have definitive mountaintops due to ongoing erosion.
- 南に開口した片袖式の横穴式石室が確認されている。
- The horizontal stone chamber with katasode-style (a stone chamber with passage connected the side in the wall of the burial chamber) opened to the south is verified.
- しかし現在までに確認されているのは10基である。
- However, only 10 burial mounds have been found so far.
- 最初、表千家の指導を受けていたことは確かなようだ。
- It seems to be sure that he firstly took a lesson of Omotesenke school (the main branch of the Senke school of tea ceremony).
- 一説には藤原伊信の作とする説があるが、確証はない。
- There is an unconfirmed theory that the work was authored by FUJIWARA no Korenobu.
- 町内に湧く別の温泉として確執があるのかもしれない。
- It may be that, even within the same town, they wanted to be treated as separate hot springs.
- 境界確定の目的は主に地方交付税交付金の増額である。
- The main purpose in establishing the borders was that each municipality could receive more of the state subsidies destined for municipalities.
- 要するに親氏以前の確かな系譜はわからないのである。
- In short, any pedigree prior to Chikauji is not known for sure.
- 彼女の図画は胎蔵界曼荼羅の外金剛部院に確認できる。
- Her picture can be found in Gekongobu-in, outer court of Taizokai mandala (Womb World Mandala).
- が、今ひとつ決め手を欠き、正確な像名は未詳である。
- However, the official image names are unknown, due to a lack of sufficient or substantial key supporting evidence.
- 土塁の外側には幅15メートルの濠も確認されている。
- It is confirmed that there were also moats which were 15 meters wide outside of the earth mounds.
- 墳丘の四辺がほぼ正確に東西・南北方向に沿っている。
- Four sides of the tumulus are oriented almost exactly in the east and west direction and the north and south direction.
- 明治天皇は、近代の天皇制が確立した時期の天皇である。
- Emperor Meiji was the Emperor during a time when the modern Emperor system was established.
- 実信房蓮生と号して京に隠棲して宇都宮歌壇を確立した。
- Taking the name of Jisshin-bo Rensho, he went into seclusion in Kyoto and then established an Utsunomiya poetry circle.
- 町の名称としては「鞆」(福山市鞆町鞆)が正確である。
- More accurately, the name of town is 'Tomo' (Tomo, Tomo-cho, Fukuyama City).
- しかし、命日の確認に便利であるため、容認されている。
- However, kakocho is so convenient for checking anniversaries of the deceased persons that it is allowed to be placed in an altar.
- 後には山取した雑木を畑に植えて流通をも確保している。
- Later, this method was distributed by planting the acquired miscellaneous small trees from the mountains on the farm.
- このため、仏教伝来年次が確定困難な一因となってきた。
- This has been one of the reasons for the difficulty in defining the introduction year of Buddhism.
- しかし、天武天皇の時代に正式に制度として確立される。
- However, it was formally established as a system during the period of Emperor Tenmu.
- その後も製作は配給所が負担するという条件が確認された。
- At the same time, it was confirmed that the production costs be born by the distribution unit as before.
- あるときに若者たちが、何者か確かめようと夜の町に出た。
- One day, young men went out to town at night to find out who the man was.
- その結果、大久保利通の独裁体制が確立することとなった。
- As a result, the dictatorship of Toshimichi OKUBO became established.
- 新渡戸稲造は公式の場で紀元の正確さに疑問を呈している。
- Inazo NITOBE publicly questioned its accuracy.
- そうすることで、彼らは自らの権利行使の基礎を確保した。
- With that contract, the people secured the basis for the execution of rights.
- 夏期においては穂垂首は軍鑑の確認に止める場合もあった。
- During summertime displaying severed heads on pikes was halted in certain cases.
- どちらの正誤も明確ではなく、天海の前半生は不詳である。
- But both are uncertain, and the first half of Tenkai's life is unknown.
- これらが朝廷に認められ、天台宗は正式に宗派として確立。
- These petitions were approved by the Imperial Court and the Tendai sect was officially established as one religious school.
- 平安時代の国風文化の中で日本独特の甲冑として確立した。
- Thus during the Heian Period, it established itself as a peculiar Japanese armor with a national cultural style.
- これが資料的に確かな、最古の引き違い戸の襖障子である。
- This is the oldest clear document of Fusuma Shoji (sliding door).
- その結果として、日本を代表するの美意識として確立した。
- As a result, it was established to represent Japan's sense of beauty.
- が、最近まで古墳であるかどうかの確証がつかめなかった。
- Nevertheless, it was not until recently that the mound was confirmed as a tumulus.
- 没年は、確実な記録はないが1506年とするものが多い。
- There is no reliable record of the date of his death, but most put it at 1506.
- 封土はほとんど失われており墳丘の正確な形は不明である。
- Its exact shape is not known as its hodo (covering soil) is almost gone.
- 河原石を用いた横穴式石室で3基の古墳が確認されている。
- They are burial mounds with Yokoana-shiki sekishitsu constructed using river stones, and three burial mounds have been found.
- 滋子の熊野参詣はこの時を含めて、記録上で四回確認できる。
- It was confirmed and recorded that Shigeko visited Kumano four times including this visit.
- これにより物部氏と蘇我氏の間の確執が始まる。(仏教公伝)
- This was the start of feud between the Mononobe Clan and the Soga clan, according to the book, 'Official Introduction of Buddhism'.
- 池大雅は後に中国の書の影響を受けて独自の書風を確立した。
- Being affected by the calligraphy in China, IKE no Taiga established his own calligraphic style.
- そのため、江戸時代以来の日本猫の姿は確実に失われている。
- Therefore, the original figure of the Japanese cats since the Edo period has been disappearing for certain.
- 江戸時代初期における朝幕関係上、最大の不和確執とされる。
- It is considered the most serious discord or feud between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court in the early Edo period.
- 確かに一揆が反乱的、暴動的武力行使に踏み切ることもある。
- It is true that ikki sometimes embarked on a revolt or a riot using armed forces, but the use of armed forces doesn't necessarily constitute ikki.
- なお「白川」の呼称は13世紀中ほどからしか確認できない。
- Incidentally, the name of 'Shirakawa' can be identified to have been used only from the middle of the thirteenth century.
- 八木尾からの道は国道によって消されており、不明確である。
- The road from Yagio is unclear because there constructed a national highway over it.
- ソバの日本への伝来は奈良時代以前であることは確実である。
- It is certain that soba was imported to Japan prior to the Nara period.
- この時代にはようやく画人の名前と個性が明確になってくる。
- The names and personalities of Gajin painters during this age were finally clear.
- 外部からの観察ではあるが円筒埴輪と葺石が確認されている。
- External observation has confirmed cylindrical clay figures and stone pavements.
- このため、正確には式膽王及び興我王の子孫が光孝平氏である。
- It is therefore correct to define the descendants of Prince Shikisen and Prince Koga as the Koko-Heishi.
- 鍋料理としての「ちゃんこ」が確立されたのは明治時代である。
- It was the Meiji period when 'chanko' was established as hot pod dishes.
- これにより「荒事の成田屋」という看板が確立したといわれる。
- It is said that by this performance, the feature attraction of 'Aragoto no Naritaya' (aragoto (kabuki play featuring exaggerated posture, makeup, and costume) at Naritaya) was established.
- 開発労働力の確保と並んで、池溝堰堤の建設・整備も行われた。
- In parallel with acquisition of labor for the development, construction and improvement of ponds, ditches and dikes were also carried out.
- 正確にはこれは室町時代の終焉、安土桃山時代の始まりである。
- To be precise, however, this is the end of the Muromachi Period and the beginning of the Azuchi-Momoyama Period.
- しかし、事績を伝える確実な史料に乏しく研究が進んでいない。
- However, the materials reliant enough to confirm the details are limited, thus it is difficult to develop further studies.
- 極めて稀な形態であり、これまでに5例しか確認されていない。
- The dome-shaped mound on a square base is quite unique that only five are confirmed.
- 同書をもって初めて歴史認識が明確に示されたとする見解もある。
- According to some opinions, this book is the first one in which a recognition of history was clearly described.
- 1546年(天文15)、河越城の戦いに勝利し覇権を確立した。
- In 1546, the Go-Hojo clan was victorious in the Battle of Kawagoejo and thus became the dominant power.
- 後に前田利家の家老として斯波氏の一族が確認されるのみである。
- The only case in which a family member of the Shiba clan was confirmed later was the member as Karo (Senior retainer) of Toshiie MAEDA.
- したがって、この時期に日本の宿曜道が確立したと見られている。
- Therefore, it seems that Sukuyodo in Japan was established around this time.
- 華道としては、室町時代中期、京都頂法寺の僧により確立された。
- Kado was established during the mid Muromachi period by monks of Choho-ji Temple in Kyoto.
- なお、斎宮跡は1970年の発掘調査でその存在が確かめられた。
- Incidentally, the presence of the remains of Saigu was confirmed in the excavation research of 1970.
- 地方の支配体制を明確にするために地方の行政組織づくりが進んだ。
- In order to enforce the domination of rural areas, in which he started establishing administration organizations.
- また、この時代に北条氏が鎌倉幕府を掌握し、執権政治を確立する。
- During this period the Hojo clan took control of the Kamakura bakufu and established regency politics.
- なお、酒造米の精米歩合は、正確には次の3つに分けて考えられる。
- Furthermore, the the rice-polishing ratios of rice for sake brewing are grouped into the following three categories.
- 以上のように、江戸時代前期に確立した支配体制を幕藩体制という。
- The control system established in the first half of the Edo period, as described above, is called the bakufu-domain system.
- しかし、千早城では城中に水源を確保しておりびくともしなかった。
- The Kusunoki army, however, maintained a water source in Chihaya-jo Castle and was therefore undaunted.
- どの程度の身分、階級から将と呼ばれるのかの下限は明確ではない。
- From which status or rank may be called sho has not been defined.
- 武家の官職の格付けは大名のランクに応じて明確に決められていた。
- A post which could be allotted to a certain buke was strictly specified according to the rank of that daimyo.
- 峠付近は片側1車線が確保されており、勾配もそれほど急ではない。
- The road is secured double lanes wide around the pass and the inclination isn't so sharp.
- 当時は東寺との確執や落雷による火災などで高野山は荒廃していた。
- Those days, Mt. Koya was devastated by conflicts with Toji Temple, fire caused by thunderbolt, and the like.
- 正確な門弟数は不明であるが、裏千家の半数程度であると思われる。
- Although the exact number of disciples is unknown, it is considered about one half of that of Ura-senke.
- 焼損前の写真でも画面の下半分は剥落が激しく、図様が明確でない。
- The lower half of the wall has been severely peeled off even in the photograph prior to the fire damage, the design is unclear.
- ここに至り、清和源氏が武家の棟梁となる慣習が確立したと言われる。
- It is said that a custom was established then to have the head of the samurai family from Seiwa-Genji.
- このため、正確には雅望王・行忠王・惟時王の子孫が仁明平氏である。
- It is therefore correct to define the descendants of Prince Masamochi, Prince Yukitada and Prince Koretoki as the Ninmyo-Heishi.
- ルール違反者に「退出」願うルールも確立されていないところがある。
- There are even such groups in which there is no rule stating that those who violate regulations will be forced to leave.
- 京都、江戸、大坂ともに万治、寛文には顔見世がほぼ確立したらしい。
- It is thought that the tradition of kaomise was established between the Manji and the Kanbun era in Kyoto, Edo and Osaka.
- ただし、これらは三説とも字を見て論じたもので、確かな証拠はない。
- However, these three theories were developed just by examining the Chinese characters, and thus none of them has solid evidence.
- (さらに正確には、安土桃山時代の始期も複数の説が並立している)。
- (To be more precise, there are multiples views on the time of the beginning of the Azuchi-Momoyama Period.)
- 黄砂によって、以下に挙げるようなさまざまな被害が確認されている。
- It has been confirmed that kosa causes various kinds of damage listed below:
- これ以降、印明伝授は二条家が行うことが確定し、争論はなくなった。
- After that, it was fixed that inmyodenju should be conducted by the Nijo family and conflicts ceased.
- 室町時代に確立された武家の礼法から始まり江戸時代に発展した形式。
- It began with the manners of the samurai community established in the Muromachi period and developed during the Edo period.
- おおむね平安時代中期頃にその基本形式が確立したと考えられている。
- However, it is generally agreed that the basic style roughly established itself around the mid Heian Period and during the battles on buildings, shooting at each other with bows and arrows.
- 2003年の年末には三段築成の上円下方墳であることが確認された。
- It further showed by the end of 2003 that the mound was a three-story dome-shaped tumulus.
- 床面に土砂が流入していたため、石室の正確な天井高が不明であった。
- The stone chamber floor was covered with sand flowed so the exact height to the ceiling was unknown.
- 五十瓊敷命の墓と伝えられるが確証はなく、現在宮内庁の管理下にある。
- Although it is said to be Inishiki no mikoto's tomb, there is no evidence and it is currently under the control of the Imperial Household Agency.
- ともあれ、即位後は飛鳥浄御原令の制定を命じ律令国家の確立を目指す。
- Anyway, the Emperor Tenmu, after ascending the throne, enacted the Asukakiyomihararyo (a legal code of Japanese ancient state) and tried to put the Japanese nation under the Ritsuryo codes.
- 盤双六は幕末に廃れ、現在では、双六と言えばほぼ確実に絵双六を指す。
- The board Sugoroku died out in the end of the Edo period, now the word Sugoroku almost certainly signifies the picture Sugoroku.
- 勘平は師直への仇討ちに加わるべく軍資金を確保しようとし、成功する。
- Kanpei strives to secure the funds necessary for participating in the plot to avenge Moronao, and he succeeds.
- なお、進氏の名は伯耆衆と呼ばれる山名尚之の被官衆には確認されない。
- The name of the Shin clan is not found in the group of vassals of Hisayuki YAMANA, although many Hokishu must have become such vassals.
- そのため、今日に至る葬儀を取り仕切る主宰教としての地位を確立した。
- The results of this can be seen in Buddhism's position as the primary religion for performing funerals.
- 生年もはっきりしていないが、長命であったことは確かであるとされる。
- The year of birth of Tenkai is unclear, but it is an indisputable fact that he lived long.
- 正確な年は不明だが、590年前後頃に異母兄の押坂彦人大兄皇子と結婚。
- Although the exact year is unknown, around 590, she married Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko, who was her older paternal half-brother.
- この実在の不確かさもあり、大王の実像をめぐっては諸説が出されてきた。
- With this uncertainty of his actual existence, there have been proposed many theories regarding real images of the great king.
- 皇后宮と中宮との使い分けについても固定した明確なルールは存在しない。
- There are no clear rules about usage of Kisai no miya and chugu.
- ついには唐をも朝鮮半島から排除して,朝鮮半島の統一的支配を確立する。
- The Silla Kingdom also eliminated the Tang Dynasty from the Korean peninsula finally, ensuring the unified domination over the Korean peninsula.
- 「教育勅語等排除に関する決議」と「教育勅語等の失効確認に関する決議」
- The resolution on the abolition of education ordinance and so forth' and 'the resolution on affirmation of losing the effect of education ordinance and so forth'
- 現在でもしばしばその都市構造を確認することができる(→天正の地割)。
- These structures can still often be seen to this day (refer to Tensho no Jiwari (land allotment system in the Tensho era)).
- これらは、江戸時代以降に創作された講談話であり、明確な裏付けはない。
- Those stories were kodan (story-telling) created in the Edo period and later and there was no reliable backup data.
- しかし信長は、親書を届けた勅使に明確な返答をしないまま返してしまう。
- However, Nobunaga let the imperial envoy, who delivered the letter, go back without giving clear reply.
- 建物の横に回ってみると、拝殿の奥に幣殿や本殿を確認することができる。
- If you walk to the side of the building, you'll see the heiden and honden at the rear of haiden.
- このころ西陣織の二大技法である紋織りと綴れ織りの基礎技法が確立した。
- Around this time two major techniques of Nishijin ori, mon ori (brilliant weavings textured with motifs in relief) and tsuzure ori (figured brocade with a sculptured effect) were established.
- 葺石、くびれ部分両側の造り出し、二重濠の一部分なども確認されている。
- What is more, fuki-ishi (stones covering an old tomb), tsukuridashi (narrow terraces) at the both sides of the central narrow part, and a part of the double moats have also been distinguished.
- これより、金剛峯寺方(本寺方)と大伝法院(院方)の長く確執が続いた。
- After this incident, the Kongobu-ji side (Hon-ji side, 本寺方) continued to fight against Daidenpo-in (inside, 院方), and this continued for a long time.
- 南区画の方は20×11.2メートルの大規模な建物跡が確認されている。
- In the south area, a large building site measuring 20 meters by 11.2 meters has been found.
- 先述の形状により、茶葉の量を目で確認することが出来る便利な道具である。
- It is a convenient utensil that amount of tea leaves can be checked with eye from above described shape.
- 継承内容の正確性などが向上する反面、外部への情報漏洩の危険性は高まる。
- By transcribing information to be handed down, preciseness of the information can be improved while the risk of information leak is increased.
- これは、此花区の住吉神社の地車囃子ホームページで確認することができる。
- It can be checked on the homepage of the danjiri-bayashi of Sumiyoshi-jinja Shrine in Konohana Ward.
- 確定条件は「ところ」「ほどに」「あひだ」などの語法で表すようになった。
- Fixed Condition is now represented by the usage of 'tokoro,' 'hodoni' and 'ahida.'
- 観光関連事業者に統計作成のため申告を求める場合、正確性に疑問が生じる。
- If businesses in the tourism industry are asked to report for the statistics, their data are unconvincing in terms of accuracy.
- 近年は担い手が少ないため、送電線架線工会社は人員の確保に困窮している。
- Nowadays, due to the shortage of workers, overhead power line companies have a difficulty in securing the human resources.
- まず、末期養子においては当主の意思を確認する事が困難であった事による。
- Primarily, it was difficult to confirm the will of the family head by that time the Matsugo yoshi was required.
- 唐代の禅においては、師資相承関係は明確に固定化されたものではなかった。
- With respect to the Zen Sect during the Tang Dynasty, the shishi sosho (transmission of the teachings and the way of Buddhism from a teacher to a disciple) relationship was not clearly defined.
- ただいずれの説も決定的な根拠を欠いており、位置の確定には至っていない。
- However, each of them lacked a decisive ground, and the exact location has not been fixed yet.
- すると今度は、頼朝と法皇の間で確執が発生し、義経に頼朝討伐の院宣を下す。
- Then there was a conflict between Yoritomo and the Cloister government, the Cloistered Emperor ordered Yoshitsune to kill Yoritomo.
- しかし、皇室の法的地位は、皇位の世襲の原則を再確認することで是認された。
- However, a legal status of the Imperial family was approved on the basis that the Imperial throne should be succeeded by heredity.
- その書法は江戸の門人細井広沢に伝えられ、唐様の流行を確固たるものにした。
- This calligraphic style was transferred to Kotaku HOSOI, his follower in Edo, establishing the popularity of the Chinese calligraphic style.
- 現存が確認されているものは世界でわずか4点(または3点、後述)しかない。
- There are only four (or three; see below for further details) tea bowls identified as existing Yohen Tenmoku tea bowls in the world.
- 鈕の部分は動物鈕・人物鈕を中心に多種多様で200種類以上確認されている。
- There are various kinds of chu (finger grip of a seal), such as animal-shape chu or man-shape chu, mainly, and more than 200 kinds has been recognized.
- 待て意休、この刀は確かにもらうぞ、と助六は意気込みながら花道にひっこむ。
- Wait Ikyu, I've got this sword' Sukeroku enthusiastically exits onto the hanamichi.
- しかしながら、朝鮮侵攻の噂の真偽を確かめるために派遣された通信使である。
- However, the actual mission was to check whether the rumor of his intruding Korea was true or not.
- しかしながら、正確にその変化を捉えるためには長期的なデータが必要となる。
- However, to know how the occurrence frequency has changed needs data over a long period of time.
- 小弓公方の滅亡により、北条氏の南関東における覇権確立の基礎が固められた。
- The end of Oyumi-kubo enabled the Hojo clan to strengthen its base and establish its supremacy in southern Kanto region.
- 鵜匠と漁場の確保は、大名達にとっても面子に関わる一大事であったのである。
- The securing of ujo and the fishing grounds was very important for the daimyo, and it was concerned with their honor.
- 日本における水墨画の受容と制作がいつ頃始まったかは必ずしも明確ではない。
- It not necessarily clear when the acceptance and production of Suiboku-ga began in Japan.
- この写真の和宮からは、袿の袖から僅かに両手の先を出している姿が確認できる。
- Kazumomiya posed with both her hands slightly out of her sleeves in this photograph.
- 万葉集の歌の中に「御食国」(「御食津国」、「御食都国」とも)が確認できる。
- Miketsukuni could be found in the poems of the Manyoshu.
- 中務省ではこれに基づいて内記が草案を作成し、天皇に覆奏して内容を確認する。
- In the Ministry of Central Affairs, a naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs) prepares a preliminary draft based on the Choku, and then it is returned to the emperor, the contents are confirmed.
- これが皇位継承資格者を確保するという目的をもった世襲親王家の始まりである。
- This was the beginning of the Seshu-Shinno-ke which could offer a pool of potential successors to the Imperial Throne.
- 「天皇制の下に日本民族の主体性を把握」(治安確立同志会・1952年設立)。
- Find the main constituent of the Japanese race under the Tennosei' (Chian Kakuritsu Doshikai [Group of Comrades to Establish National Security] established in 1952).
- 行司は一般のスポーツのように開始を宣言するのではなく、確認するだけである。
- A gyoji simply confirms the wrestlers' tachiai, and he does not declare the start of the match, unlike referees and umpires of other sports.
- 自己の学んだ(流儀)技術の正確な所作・動作・趣旨を理解し確認するのが目的。
- The purpose of 'Kata training' is to understand and check accurate shosa (conduct), action and intended meaning of the one's learnt technique (or a style).
- 連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指導などをふまえ、新たな制度を確立されていく。
- The new school system was established under the guidance of the GHQ (General Headquarters of the Allied Forces) and so forth.
- 国と地方公共団体は学研都市の整備、建設の資金の確保に努めなければならない。
- The national and local public bodies concerned must endeavor to raise funds necessary for constructing Science City.
- 京都市内には活断層の存在が確認され、歴史的にも大きな被害をもたらしている。
- The presence of an active fault in Kyoto City has been confirmed, and this has historically caused great damage.
- ウェーサーカ祭の正確な開催日は、その地域や宗派の採用する暦によって異なる。
- The date of Wesak celebration depends on the region and the calendar adopted by different sects of Buddhism.
- 阪神大震災により倒壊し、中から骨灰が現れたことで、実際の埋納が確認された。
- When it collapsed during the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Ippen's ashes were visible, which confirmed that he was actually buried there.
- 流刑に遭うまでは、仁寛には独自理論の確立に関する目立った動きがみられない。
- No prominent act to establish an original theory by Ninkan is seen before he was banished.
- また、禅僧たちにも自身の法系を意識する立場が明確になってくることとなった。
- It also helped Zen monks define perspectives to gain their awareness of the school of the Buddhist sect which they belong to.
- 4辺のうち北東辺だけが見つかっていないので、長辺の正確な長さは不明である。
- Of the four sides the northeast side has not been found, so the exact length of the long side remains unknown.
- 驚いた頼長はただちに法皇に多子の立后を求めるが、明確な返答は得られなかった。
- Yorinaga was surprised to hear that, and immediately asked the Cloistered Emperor for Masaruko to be enthroned as an empress; a clear answer was not obtained.
- 皇位の場合とは異なり、諸外国の君主の場合は、確実に簒奪とされている例も多い。
- Unlike the cases of the Imperial Throne, there are many certain examples of usurpation of monarchs in foreign countries.
- 9世宗先は元禄期の時流に沿って家元制度を確立させ、志野流の中興と称せられる。
- Sosen, the ninth tea master of the Shino school, established the iemoto system (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art), catching the tide of the Genroku era (the period when culture, especially among chonin [townspeople] flowered), therefore he was called as the restorer of the Shino school.
- 岡山寿司・備前寿司・祭寿司(正確にはばら寿司弁当の商品名)などとも呼ばれる。
- It is also called Okayama-zushi, Bizen-zushi and Matsuri-zushi (which are the commercial names of barazushi box lunches).
- 貴族社会のたしなみを反映した流派であり、運動の正確さ、美しさなどを重視する。
- Since it had been developed reflecting the manners of the aristocracy, the accuracy and the beauty of the riding are considered to be important.
- まだ歴史が新しいために2006年5月現在、酒税法的な定義は確立されていない。
- As of May, 2006, a definition based on the Liquor Tax Act was not established because it had only a short history as a product.
- 従って貴族制的な身分秩序を法によって確立することが律令法の骨格となっている。
- Therefore, the framework of ritsuryo law was the legal establishment of a class system somewhat like the kizoku system.
- 最初の教育の制度というのは、大宝律令(701年)による教育制度の確立である。
- The first educational system, Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), was the one established in 701.
- そのため、室町幕府は事実究明のため朝鮮へ使者を送り、その真偽を確かめさせた。
- Consequently, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) sent envoys to Korea to conduct an investigation into whether the rumors of a new invasion from mainland China were accurate, and had the envoys endeavor to get to the bottom of the matter.
- しかしながら、観測装置が故障することがあるためこれが正確な値かは不明である。
- However, it is not clear whether the value was correct, because the observation unit may sometimes malfunction.
- 義詮は譲歩の確認のために尊氏と連絡し、万一の際の退路を確保するなど紛糾した。
- Yoshiakira contacted Takauji to confirm the concessions and tried to keep a contingent escape route.
- この時に細かな疵や、肉の付き具合、地刃の姿を確かめながら最終的な調整を行う。
- In this step, final adjustment is done by checking for small scratches, blade thickness and Jiba (blade surface).
- 最初にこの形式が確認されたのは石のカラト古墳(カザハヒ古墳、風灰古墳とも。)
- The first tumulus confirmed as this style is the Ishi no Karato-kofun Tumulus (also known as the Kazahahi-kofun Tumulus [風灰古墳]).
- 茂山千五郎家の家訓として知られる「お豆腐主義」は正重の代に確立したものである。
- 'Otofu-shugi' (the tofu principle: like tofu, which is loved by everybody and used in both high class food and home cuisine, the Shigeyama people willingly performed their Kyogen anywhere they were asked to) was established as the Sengoro SHIGEYAMA family precept in Masashige's generation.
- とりわけ、義和団事件以降、ロシアは満州に軍隊を駐留させ、利権を確保していった。
- After the Boxer Uprising, in particular, Russia maintained stationary troops in Manchuria to secure their rights and interests in that region.
- 観光客の吸引構造に変化のあった場合にも、推計方式の見直しが的確に行われにくい。
- When there is a change in a structure attracting tourists, it is difficult to review the estimating method.
- 更に豊臣政権の確立を間近に控え、秀吉にそれ相応の官職を与える必要性が出てきた。
- Furthermore, it was necessary for the Imperial Court to designate Hideyoshi, who was on the verge of establishing the Toyotomi administration, in an appropriate official position.
- 南北朝合一後に後南朝の武将としても楠木正秀や楠木光正ら楠木氏一族が確認できる。
- Even after the unification of the Courts, Kusunoki families continued to be active, producing some of the notable figures such as Masahide KUSUNIKI and Mitsumasa KUSUNOKI, who served as military commanders of Gonancho (Second Southern Court).
- 駐輪スペースを確保出来れば、自転車や原付含む自動二輪の方が柔軟な移動が出来る。
- If more space for bicycles, mopeds, and motorcycles was made available in the city, they would be more flexible modes of transportation.
- また、二条天皇の外舅として勢威をふるい、左大臣に昇って清華家の家格を確保した。
- Also, he wielded great power as the maternal father of Emperor Nijo and he was promoted to sadaijin (Minister of the left) and secured kakaku of seigake.
- 京方は院宣の効果を絶対視しており、諸国の武士はこぞって味方すると確信していた。
- Those of the capital faction were convinced that the Imperial decree would absolutely have the desired effect, and all the warriors of the various provinces would flock to join them.
- 光秀が反旗を翻した原因については定かではなく、現在でも定説が確立されていない。
- The cause of Mitsuhide's revolt is not clear and, even today, we have no firm explanation about this incident.
- 空梅雨の場合、夏季に使用する水が確保できなくなり、渇水を引き起こすことが多い。
- If karatsuyu occurs, in many cases, water to be used in the summer cannot be secured resulting in drought.
- これには肺結核での喀血のためという説もあるが、様々な疑問点もあり確実ではない。
- Some accounts say that this was because of a tuberculosis-related blood spitting, but there is a lot of doubt and it is not certain.
- 正確な山頂は御所市の葛木神社 (御所市)の本殿の裏山で立ち入ることはできない。
- The exact top of the mountain is located on the hill at the back of Honden (main shrine) of Katsuragi-jinja Shrine in Gose City and it is a forbidden zone.
- 茎を包みこみ、使用者の握りを確かなものにするために重要な役割を持つ部分である。
- This is a part with an important role to cover the Nakago (core) and to ensure a good grip by the swordsman.
- 木寺宮家はその後京に於ける明確な消息が途絶え、宮家としては廃絶したと考えられる。
- The specific information on the Kideranoiya family in Kyoto became scarce, and it is believed that the Kideranomiya family line as Miyake (house of an imperial prince) ended.
- 2代執権義時から数代にわたって他の有力御家人を次々と排除し、執権政治を確立した。
- Over generations from the second regent Yoshitoki, the Hojo clan had disposed of other powerful gokenin and established the solid base of regency.
- またこのほかに「大日本国皇帝」や「大日本帝国皇帝」といった表記も確認されている。
- In addition, the titles 'Dainihonkoku Kotei' (Emperor of great Japan) and 'Dainippon Teikoku Kotei' (Emperor of the great Empire of Japan' are also identified.
- 同時期では、八坂焼は1640年、清水焼は1643年までには存在が確認されている。
- Yasaka-yaki (Yasaka pottery) and Kiyomizu-yaki (Kiyomizu pottery) are almost as old, and it has been confirmed that Yasaka-yaki existed in 1640 and Kiyomizu-yaki appeared no later than 1643.
- 日本では長く神仏習合が行われたため、神道と仏教の間には明確な境界線が存在しない。
- Since the syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism has been seen for a long time in Japan, there is no clear line between the two.
- 茶筅を上下するのは、穂先を目前で改めて折れや汚れのないことを確かめる意味がある。
- The chasen is moved up and down for the purpose of checking the bristles up close for broken tips and dirt.
- 証拠として黒主が取り出した『万葉集』の草子には、確かにその歌が書き込まれていた。
- Kuronushi showed his bound book of 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) as an evidence to prove that her poem was from it.
- (見直した際に、過去のデータにさかのぼって更新する等の接続性の確保が求められる)
- (If the method is reviewed, the previously collected data need to be updated for consistency.)
- そして、国際的地位を確保していく中で日本統治時代 (台湾)や韓国併合を行なった。
- Then, acquiring an international position, Japan ruled Taiwan and annexed Korea.
- その後、御家人筆頭である北条氏が幕府政治を実質的にリードする執権政治が確立した。
- After that, the regency in which the Hojo clan, the head of gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), practically controlled the bakufu politics was established.
- 長い期間自立したためその中には琵琶湖にのみ生息する固有種も数多く確認されている。
- Among them, there are many species indigenous to Lake Biwa because the area has been independent for such a long time.
- 勝利を収めた清和源氏の頭領・源頼朝は、鎌倉に鎌倉幕府を開き武家政権を確立させる。
- The victorious leader of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), Yoritomo clans, created the warrior-based Kamakura shogunate in the city of Kamakura.
- ただしこの理由は江戸を中心とした武家政権が確立された地区の習慣だとする説もある。
- There is an argument, however, that the foregoing reason only applied to the areas in and around Edo where the Military Government was established.
- 年月日は、暦の正確性・著作との整合を保つ為、旧暦表示(性歿年月日を除く)とした。
- All the dates and years below are according to the Japanese lunar calendar, in order to show the accurate date and be able to identify the dates when the books are written.
- 1951年(昭和26年)に改めて発掘調査が行われて火葬墓であることが確認された。
- In 1951, investigations based on excavation was conducted for the site anew, confirming that it was a grave for cremated remains.
- 天武天皇10年(681年)3月17日に、天皇は帝紀と上古の諸事を記録、確定させた。
- On April 13, 681, Emperor recorded and decided the genealogy of the imperial family and various matters in the ancient period.
- 明確な起源は不明だが、すでに江戸時代中期には各種の興行ものにおいて用いられていた。
- Although its origin is unclear, it had been already heard at various performances in the mid-Edo period.
- 俊寛は赦免状を手に取り何度も内容を確認するが、やはり自分の名前だけが見当たらない。
- Shunkan repeatedly looked for his name in the letter of amnesty, but it wasn't there.
- 一般的にその背景には時平と道真の確執が主な理由とされるが、それだけが理由ではない。
- In the general background of this event, the main reason for the conspiracy is considered to be the antagonism between Tokihira and Michizane, but there were other reasons as well.
- このことは、口分田制度によらずとも一定の税収確保が可能となったことを示唆している。
- This suggests that a certain amount of tax became to be able to be secured without using the kubunden system.
- 氏清と満幸を挑発して挙兵に追い込んだ義満だが、必勝を確信していたわけではなかった。
- Yoshimitsu had provoked Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki to raise an army, but he was not confident that he would win.
- 『平治物語』では信頼が近衛大将を希望して、信西が断ったために確執が生まれたとする。
- The 'Heiji Monogatari' (The Tale of Heiji) claims that Nobuyori wished to be appointed Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), and that discord arose between them when Shinzei refused his request.
- ただ、これらに収録されている文書には現在原本が確認できないものも多く含まれている。
- However, the above books include many documents of which the originals cannot be identified at present.
- 1351年(正平6年/観応2年)1月、直義軍は義詮を京都から追い、北朝を確保する。
- In January 1351, the Tadayoshi forces chased Yoshiakira from Kyoto and preserved the Northern Court.
- 山頂へのアクセスは山焼き前、新芽時期を除き可能(奈良奥山ドライブウェイに要確認)。
- The access to the mountain top is possible at any time, excluding before the mountain burning, and sprouting time (inquiry to Nara Okuyama Toll Road is needed).
- 最期の地は、木喰戎を受けた水戸の羅漢寺ではなかったかと言われているが、確証はない。
- Although it is not certified, it is said that he might have died at Rakan-ji Temple in Mito where he received mokujiki-kai.
- 一説には沢庵宗彭が考案したものという言い伝えがあるが、確たる証拠はなく異説もある。
- According to one explanation, it was invented by Sosho TAKUWAN as legend goes but it has remained unsubstantiated and there is a heresy on this account.
- 墳丘の後円部と前方部の接合部である南側だけに、外観から造り出しの存在が確認できる。
- Only at the southern side of the attaching point of the rectangular frontage part and the circular rear-end part, 'Tsukuridashi' (a section of the tumulus to place the offerings) is preserved and visible from the outside.
- 2009年2月に行われた調査によれば、前方部や渡り堤の斜面に葺石が確認されている。
- According to the investigation conducted in February, 2009, it was confirmed that there were stones covering the slopes of the front part and the banks connecting the tumulus mound with the outer banks..
- 学識の高さや政治・経済に対する確かな見識をもって朝廷・民間双方からの信任が篤かった。
- With his great scholarship and accurate discernment of politics and the economy, he won the confidence of both the Imperial Court and private organizations.
- 決定した名前は大高和紙に墨書され、両親が確認したのちにそれを宮務官が桐の箱に入れる。
- The determined name is written on Otaka washi (big size fine crepe paper) in black ink, the parents check it, and then an official of the Imperial Household Agency puts it into a paulownia box.
- 時代が進み北朝・室町幕府側の優位が明確になってくると、南朝側も妥結点を模索してきた。
- As time went by, when it became apparent the Northern Court and the Muromachi bakufu were in the superior position, the Southern Court started looking for an agreement.
- 田辺藩主牧野氏と長岡藩主牧野氏との系譜関係を完全・確実に伝える史料は知られていない。
- There is no family tree known that shows completely and with certainly, the family tree relationship between the lord of the Tanabe domain, the Makino clan, and the lord of the Nagaoka domain, the Makino clan.
- が、何れにしても、乎非王が実際に応神に連なる血統の王族であったかどうかの確証はない。
- Whether or not it is true in each case, there is no confirmed evidence to support Prince Oi as a royal family with a lineage line to Ojin.
- この貝児が出現したという明確な伝承は残されていないため、石燕の創作物とする説もある。
- However, there is no reliable oral tradition that the kaichigo actually appeared, therefore, another interpretation indicates that it was a imaginary creature Sekien made up.
- 少なくとも現代の相撲とは異なるもので、武芸 (日本)・武術であったことは明確である。
- This is different from modern sumo, and was obviously a military or martial art.
- 現代日本語の仮定形においてはもはや仮定条件のみが存在し、確定条件は使用されていない。
- In the conditional form of Modern Japanese, only Hypothetical Condition remained and Fixed Condition was no longer used.
- この論争は2007年現在も継続しており、いまだ定説と見なされる見解は確定していない。
- This controversy was still under way as of 2007 without reaching any settlement over an accepted theory.
- この時、花崗岩の礎石が見つかり八角塔(八角形の瓦積み基壇の塔跡)の存在が確認された。
- This research first found granite foundation stones, and has determined that there had been an octagonal tower (remains of an octagonal tower stylobate supported by bricks were found).
- 義経は自ら数騎を率いて追撃、院御所門前で義仲を追い払い、後白河法皇の確保に成功する。
- Yoshitsune personally led several samurai warriors to chase and drive away Yoshinaka from the front gate of the imperial palace, and succeeded in securing the safety of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 茶の湯・能楽・書院造など今日、文化の原型と考えられているものがこの時代に確立された。
- Many aspects of Japanese culture today considered iconic of Japan, including the tea ceremony, Noh theater, and shoinzukuri (a traditional Japanese architectural style) were created during this period.
- そのような墓を筆子塚といい、房総半島だけでも3350基以上の筆子塚が確認されている。
- These graves are called Fudekozuka, and there are over 3,350 graves confirmed to be Fudekozuka just in the Boso Penninsula.
- 8世紀には、地中海貿易が壊滅したことで、農村の自給自足体制が急速に確立されていった。
- As the Mediterranean trade collapsed during the eighth century, the self-sufficient system in villages came to be rapidly established.
- 秀吉は、各地を征服するごとに検地を行い、征服地を確実に把握して全国統一の基礎とした。
- Hideyoshi carried out the land surveys in each area he conquered to understand the extent of the land as a foundation to build a united country.
- 確実なのは、河内の悪党の棟梁格だったことである(あるいは秦氏の系統との見方もある)。
- One thing that is certain is that they were the head of Akuto (a villain in the medieval times) in Kawachi (or some view that they were descended from the Hata clan)
- これが国府の中心施設でもあることから、政庁を発見した時点で国府位置確定とみなされる。
- Since Seicho was the central facility of the Kokufu, discovering the Seicho is as good as determining the location of the Kokufu.
- 忠平の息子の藤原実頼と藤原師輔は、父の意志を受け継いでそれぞれの儀式作法を確立した。
- The sons of Tadahira, FUJIWARA no Saneyori and FUJIWARA no Morosuke, followed in their father's footsteps and established their own ceremony etiquette styles independently.
- この寝室としての利用は、戦乱期の主人の万一のための、身の安全を確保するものであった。
- This bedroom secured the owner's own safety in case of an emergency during periods of war.
- いずれにせよ上記各説は一長一短があり、仏教公伝年次は今なお確定しているとは言い難い。
- In any event, each theory above has an advantage and disadvantage and it is difficult to say that the year of the official introduction of Buddhism has been defined.
- そのため、空海が不空の生まれ変わりとする伝承によるもので、正確な誕生日は不明である。
- Therefore, his accurate date of birth is unknown since it is considered that the date was used based upon the tradition that Kukai was considered a reincarnation of Fuku.
- しかし、発掘調査で墳丘の形態を確認しておらず、上円下方墳であるかどうか未確定である。
- However, the type of tumuli is not confirmed by an excavation, so they remain undefined whether they are the dome-shaped barrows on square bases or not.
- (故に現在では、嵯峨野のどのあたりに野宮が存在したのか、正確な位置は判っていない。)
- (Therefore, it is not accurately known today in which parts of Sagano there were Nonomiya.)
- 主要な政策事項の実施には、天皇の裁可が必要とされており、天皇の重要性が確保されていた。
- Approvals of the Emperor were needed to enforce principle political matters, and the importance of the Emperor was secured.
- 時宗の息子・9代執権北条貞時は平禅門の乱で内管領の平頼綱を滅ぼして得宗専制を確立する。
- The ninth regent Sadatoki HOJO, a son of Tokimune, killed TAIRA no Yoritsuna the Uchi-Kanrei in the Heizenmon War to secure a Tokuso autocracy.
- しかし、そもそも『古事記』、『日本書紀』とも倭の五王の遣使に明確に対応する記事はない。
- There is no clear mention about the envoys of the five kings of Wa in 'Kojiki'and 'Nihonshoki' in the first place.
- 次代の継体天皇以降は実在が確実視されていることから、実在が疑われる最新の天皇でもある。
- The existence of all the emperors after Emperor Keitai, the next Emperor to Emperor Buretsu, is considered to be certain; therefore, Emperor Buretsu is the latest Emperor whose existence is doubted.
- 了心が去ると、毒酒を三五郎と小万が飲んだかを確かめるために、源五兵衛が再びやって来る。
- After Ryoshin leaves, Gengobe comes again to check whether Sangoro and Koma already drank the poisonous sake.
- これにより既にこの時代には蝦夷の存在とその支配が進んでいた様子を確認することが出来る。
- From this Johyobun it can be confirmed that the presence of the Emishi and its rule went forward.
- 日本列島において確認されている人類の歴史は、約10万年ないし約3万年前までさかのぼる。
- The history of the human race confirmed in the Japanese archipelago can be traced back to about 30,000 to 100,000 years ago.
- 良民は階級的には貴族と平民に二大別されているが、両者の区別は法的には明確ではなかった。
- Ryomin (law-abiding people) were roughly divided into two classes, kizoku and heimin (commoners), although distinction between the two were not clear by law.
- 土地税の租は,課税対象確保のための農民の最低生活の保障の意味で,低率に抑えられていた。
- So of So-Yo-Cho, land tax, was kept at low rate aimed at securing the lowest living standard of a peasant so as to acquire a stable subject of taxation.
- 江戸時代初期に角倉了以により大堰川が開削され、丹波国地方と京都の間の水運が確保された。
- In the early Edo period, the Oi-gawa River was excavated by Ryoi SUMINOKURA and thus the water transportation system between the Tanba Province region and Kyoto was secured.
- 豊富な宇治川の水源を求め、また、広大な事業用地の確保に打って付けの場所故のことである。
- The company built the factory there because of the relatively easy procurement of vast commercial land and an abundant water supply from the Uji River.
- さらに、霊元天皇が院政を行うと、江戸幕府との間に確執を生み、朝幕関係に緊張を走らせた。
- Subsequently, when Emperor Reigen conducted insei, discord arose continually with Edo Bakufu, and the relationship with Edo Bakufu became tense.
- これは、集団で向かってくる敵兵の先頭の者を確実に射倒す事で、敵兵の戦意を削ぐ為である。
- The purpose is to shoot down for sure the person standing out first when confronting an enemy group, in order to destroy the enemy's fighting spirit.
- また武蔵府中熊野神社古墳は、現在正式確認されている上円下方墳の中では最大のものである。
- The tumulus is the largest of all the officially confirmed tombs with a dome-shaped mound on a square base.
- 鉄剣が作られた頃はそのような天皇(大王)の存在は系図上確立されていなかったことを物語る。
- It implied that the existence of such emperors (kings) wasn't established in the genealogy when the iron sword was made.
- 明治4年7月14日(1871年8月29日)には廃藩置県を断行し、中央集権体制を確立した。
- On August 29, 1871, the government absolved the han system (feudal domains) and the establishment of prefectures to establish the system of one consolidated political power into the center of the government.
- なお、定成(この実名にも諸説有り)以前の牧野山城守の系譜は確定したものが知られていない。
- Incidentally, the family tree of Makino Yamashiro no Kami before Sadanari (as for this name there are also a few theories) is not known as whether it was being established or not
- 初代藩主となった有馬豊氏は福知山城や城下町の整備を行ない、検地を行なって藩政を確立した。
- The first lord, Toyouji ARIMA, sured up the domain administration by improving the Fukuchiyama-jo Castle and the castle town, and implementing a land survey.
- また、皇后が皇子を4人儲けたのは稀有というべきであり、一夫一妻制の確立に大いに貢献した。
- Additionally, it was very rare, in that the Empress Teimei gave birth to four Imperial princes, so this fact helped to establish the concept of monogamy in Japan.
- 1289年、自分の皇子である後伏見天皇を皇太子にしたため、大覚寺統との間の確執が強まる。
- In 1289, because Emperor Fushimi had appointed his son, Emperor Gofushimi, to become the crown prince, a feud was caused with the Daikaku ji line.
- また音量を確保するため、弦の張力は強く、それに耐えるように棹や楽器も頑丈に作られている。
- In order to secure the sound volume, the tensile strength of the string is high and the neck and the body are made strong so that they can stand the high tensile strength.
- 陰陽道を始源とするとも、中国起源を持つとも言われるが両者共に明確な経緯を示す資料は無い。
- There are different theories that it originated in the Way of Yin and Yang or it came from China, but there are no written materials to show the exact history of how it started.
- 競技人口は正確には協会も把握しておらず、現在のところ100万~200万人といわれている。
- The player population is not grasped accurately even by the association, and presently it is said to be 1 million to 2 million people.
- 国交回復を確実なものとするために対馬藩は国書の偽造まで行い、朝鮮側使者も偽造を黙認した。
- To make sure the restoration of diplomatic relations, the Tshushima Domain forged even sovereign's message, and the envoy on the Korean side approved the message, even though knowing that it was forged one.
- こうして、予想を越える秀吉軍の進攻に体制を十分確立できぬまま光秀は決戦に望む羽目となる。
- Thus, Mitsuhide had to enter into a showdown, still unable to fully establish a defense setup against the unexpectedly fast advance of Hideyoshi's troops.
- これは後の確立した中国禅において、六祖慧能の言葉とされる坐禅の定義などに継承されている。
- This thought was assumed by the later established Chinese Zen; for example, it became the definition of zazen, which is said to be a word created by Rokuso Eno (sixth leader Eno).
- 今日ある調理方法のほとんどは、この竈によってその原型が確立されたといっても過言ではない。
- It is not an exaggeration to say that the original forms of almost all cooking methods today derive from the kamado.
- 5例目は2008年に確認された野地久保古墳(福島県白河市、7世紀末から8世紀初)である。
- The fifth is the Nojikubo-kofun Tumulus (Shirakawa City, Fukushima Prefecture; the end of the seventh century to the early eighth century) found in 2008.
- レーダー探査の結果、小山の頂上部分から南側にかけて、大きな構造物があることが確認された。
- As the result of the radar investigation, a large construction was confirmed to exist from the top of the mound to and along the southern side.
- 浄土真宗の開祖親鸞とは、互いに母方の縁戚にあたり面識があったとする説があるが確証はない。
- There is a story that he was acquainted with Shinran, the founder of Shin Buddhism, as they were related via their mothers; but there is no proof.
- だが、内閣総理大臣など三権の長が大祭を中心に一部の祭祀に陪席していることが確認されている。
- However, it is comfirmed that the heads of the three powers (legislative, executive and judicial) such as the prime minister have attended some rituals, mainly taisai.
- 歴史上で企図した人物を確認出来るとされるが、それらにその意図があったかは不明な部分が多い。
- It is said that historical people who plotted it can be checked but it is unknown whether they had such intentions.
- 例えばモナコ公国の大公の娘は公女・姫と呼ばれるのが正確であるが、一般的に王女とも呼ばれる。
- For example, the correct term for the daughters of the prince of the Principality of Monaco are either kojo or hime (both meaning princess), but they are generally called ojo as well.
- 隆季の子四条隆房は鎌倉時代初頭に正二位、権大納言にまで至り、公卿家としての家格を確立した。
- Takafusa SHIJO, the son of Takasue, was promoted to Junior Chief of the Councilor of State, shonii (Senior Second Rank), at the beginning of the Kamakura period, and established the family status of Kugyo (which means 'court nobility').
- 芳年の錦絵は、背景まで写実的に細かく書き込まれ、文章部分と錦絵部分が明確に区分されていた。
- Nishiki-e prints by Honen were realistically painted in detail including even the background, and the portions for text and nishiki-e prints were clearly separated from each other.
- 実朝死後の源氏嫡流として足利将軍家を確立し頼朝以来の源氏将軍を復活させるに至ったのである。
- He established the Ashikaga shogun family as the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan after the death of Sanetomo, and he managed to revive Genji shogun since Yoritomo.
- 例えば、鰯の輸送記録を見ても、明確に干物や魚肥類(肥料)とは区別されて鮮魚が存在している。
- For example, according to records of transporting sardines, fresh fishes were clearly differentiated from dried fishes and from sardines for fertilizer.
- 更に、保元元年(1156年)の「保元新制」において神人・供御人制が確立したと見られている。
- In addition, it seems that the jinin and Kugonin system was established with the 'Hogen new system' in 1156.
- この時の整理令は摂関家内部の確執による対応の乱れもあって、比較的成果を収めたとされている。
- Seiri-rei in those times are said to have relatively had accomplishments, partly because of the disorder in response due to feud within the sekkan-ke.
- そして神職における吉田家の優位は江戸時代になって寛文5年諸社禰宜神主法度の制定で確定する。
- During Edo period, predominance of the Yoshida family in Shinto priesthood was settled by the establishment of the shosha neki kannushi hatto (ordinances for shrine priests) in 1665.
- 次代の天皇の外祖父の地位を確保した道長は三条の早期の譲位を望み、両者の折り合いは悪かった。
- Michinaga had obtained the position of maternal grandfather of the next emperor and wished for the early abdication of Sanjo, hence the relationship between the two was rocky.
- 奈良時代から平安時代中期にかけての鎌倉の実情については、史料が乏しく、あまり明確ではない。
- Not much is known as to what went on during the time between the Nara period through the mid Heian period due to the lack of abundant historical evidence.
- 考古学的には、スリランカ、そして東南アジアなど、現在の座部仏教圏への伝播も確認されている。
- Archaeologically, propagation to current Theravada Buddhism areas, including Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, has been confirmed.
- 百済観音に該当すると思われる像の存在が記録で確認できるのはようやく近世になってからである。
- It is only in early-modern times that a statue which seems to correspond to Kudara Kannon can be confirmed in a historical record.
- 火葬が主流の日本国内で暮らすイスラム教徒が、土葬が行い得る墓地を自力で確保した事例もある。
- There are cases in which Muslims living in Japan, where cremation is predominant, secured burial sites for themselves in order to be able to directly bury the dead body under the earth.
- 2001年(平成13)に高松市教委が城門遺構を発掘したことにより、その存在が確かになった。
- The board of education in Takamatsu City excavated remains of the castle gate in 2001, making it clear that the castle once existed actually.
- したがって当時の伊勢屋流のざる蕎麦に海苔はかかっていなかったと思われるがこれは未確認である。
- It is therefore considered that there was no nori on top of Iseya-style zaru soba in those days, but this is yet to be confirmed.
- この時期こそ、じつは日本が近代醸造学の基礎を確立しようと奮闘していた時期でもあったといえる。
- In fact, it was during that period that Japan was struggling to form foundations for modern zymurgy.
- 米である事を明確にする場合は、「米飯」(べいはん)、「飯米」(はんまい)や「米の飯」と言う。
- To make it clear that it refers to rice, it is called 'beihan,' 'hanmai' or 'kome no meshi.'
- 鎌倉時代後期成立した無住編纂の『沙石集』巻八「歯取ラルヽ事」にも、「会所」の語が確認できる。
- The word, 'Kaisho' could be confirmed within 'the thing about pulling out a tooth' in the eighth volume of 'Shasekishu' (Rasekishu) (Collection of Buddhist stories) edited by Mujo during the latter part of the Kamakura period.
- この時代区分は明確な区分基準を持っている訳ではなく、歴史研究上の時代区分としては適当でない。
- However, this classification of historical periods is not based upon clear criteria for the classification and is inappropriate for classifying historical periods for researching of history.
- また大文字山の東にあり京都市街地から頂を確認することが難しい如意ヶ岳も含まれないことが多い。
- Similarly, it often excludes Mt. Nyoigadake to the east of Mt. Daimonji, whose top is hard to be identified from the central Kyoto.
- 国家神道体制が確立する過程で神社は宗教ではないということで公法上の営造物法人として扱われた。
- In the process of establishing the State Shinto system, shrines were treated under public law as artificial corporations rather than religions.
- このような形態で今井の町造りが始まり、惣年寄制によって自治権を確立した町並みが出来上がった。
- The construction of Imai-cho thus began and the town run by the so-doshiyori system with an established autonomy came into existence.
- さらに2003年(平成15年)には、白河市教育委員会が内容確認のための発掘調査をおこなった。
- Furthermore, in 2003, the board of education at Shirakawa City Board of Education excavated the site for checks.
- 前方部東側の墳丘裙やや外側ではそれまで知られていなかった円筒埴輪列が原位置のまま確認された。
- A row of cylindrical haniwa (clay figure) which had not been known before were found in their original position at the mound hem and outside of the east side of the front square part.
- 史料により3代目までは確認できるが、以後の子孫は不明で、事実上断絶した宮家として扱われている。
- The family line is confirmed to 3 generations by historical materials, however, later generations are unknown and are treated as a virtually discontinued family.
- 幕末の尊王攘夷運動の過程で強化され、明治維新後には政治体制によって正統な歴史観として確立した。
- It was strongly influenced by a campaign to restore the emperor and expel the barbarians during the last days of the Tokugawa government, it was established as an orthodox historical view by the new political system after the Meiji Restoration.
- なお、桔梗原の戦いに関しては矢島文書など極少数の資料にしか記述がなく、確定された事実ではない。
- There are only a few written records of the Kikyogahara battle, for example, the Yajima bunsho, and there is no proof whether the battle in fact took place or not.
- 続く貞明皇后と香淳皇后の2人の皇后は、生前皇后であったことを正確に反映した追号を贈られている。
- The following two empresses, Empress Teimei and Empress Kojun were given a posthumous title which accurately reflected that they were empresses during their lifetime.
- しかし、天皇の血統は確実に孫娘の禎子内親王をもって、没後円融系と融合される事となったのである。
- However, his imperial line certainly fused together with Princess Teishi and Emperor Enyu's line after his death.
- 以後、鎌倉時代の末まで、皇后の定員は2名となり、一方を皇后宮、他方を中宮と呼ぶ慣行が確立した。
- Two empresses were allowed until the end of the Kamakura period, one was called Kisai no miya (empress) and the other, chugu.
- 「延寿」の年号はすでにこの年の四月頃から奥羽を中心に流布していたことが当時の新聞で確認できる。
- The fact that era name of 'Enju' has already been known mainly in Ou region since around April of that year can be confirmed by the newspapers at that time.
- しかしその後に入り乱れる同名の人物群を両人にどう振り分けるかについては、確実な手がかりがない。
- However, there is no certain evidence proving who was who in a group of the same name afterwards.
- その女性の家を訪ねたところ、女性は確かに応声虫の病気を患っているらしく、腹から声を出していた。
- When the manager saw the woman, he noticed that surely she suffered from the Osei-chu because they heard the voice from her stomach.
- その後、初世高安重政(高安寿閑)が金春流のワキ方春藤友尊の女婿となって修行し、流儀を確立した。
- Subsequently, the first generation head named Shigemasa TAKAYASU (also known as Jukan TAKAYASU) married a daughter of Yuson (友尊) SHUNDO, who was a waki-kata of the Konparu school, and established the school.
- しかし、最近は各メーカーで独自に作成するそうめんの方が細くなり、この区分は不明確となっている。
- However, this classification has become unclear because other makers produce their own somen that are thinner than the ones mentioned above.
- 確かに、甲斐源氏の武田信義や木曾の源義仲など、反平氏の掛け声のもとに挙兵をした源氏一族は多い。
- It is a fact that many Minamoto clan members, such as Nobuyoshi TAKEDA of the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) and MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka of the Kiso clan, raised forces in response to the anti-Taira clan call.
- しかし、戦乱を経て地方に荘園や国衙領という枠を超えた一円に支配権を確立する戦国大名が成長する。
- But eventually there arose the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), who by weathering countless wars and riots were able to establish their total authority over all the land within their domains, thereby rendering the system of public and private estates obsolete.
- そこで、鎌倉幕府では所務沙汰を適正に裁判するため、非常に精緻な訴訟処理システムを確立していた。
- Thus, in order to judge shomusata appropriately, Kamakura bakufu had established a very detailed system for settling lawsuits.
- 第二次世界大戦後君が代の位置づけには議論があったが、法定により日本国国歌として公式に確定した。
- There was debate regarding the relevance of Kimigayo after the World War II but it was officially designated Japan's national anthem by law.
- 戦国期には歩兵の大集団による集団戦が確立されており、足軽の兵装もそれに沿ったものになっていた。
- Group battles fought by large groups of infantry emerged during the Sengoku period and the equipment used by ashigaru followed this trend.
- 承平 (日本)元年(931年)には神願寺(神護寺の旧称)名義の荘園・秋篠荘の存在が確認できる。
- It has been established that, in 931, there existed Akishinosho, a shoen (manor) owned under the name of Jingan-ji Temple (former name of Jingo-ji Temple).
- この傾向は『般若経』には希薄だが、明確に打ち出した経典として『法華経』や『涅槃経』などがある。
- This trend is subtle in the 'Hannya-kyo Sutra,' but some sutras, including the 'Hokke-kyo Sutra' (the Lotus Sutra) and the 'Nehan-gyo Sutra' (The Sutra of The Great Nirvana) stipulated it clearly.
- 後に根来山は豊臣秀吉との確執の末に討伐を受け壊滅、生き延びた一部の僧たちは奈良や京都へ逃れた。
- Later, after feud against Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the sect of Mt. Negoro was subjugated and wiped out, and some priests who survived retreated to Nara and Kyoto.
- 4例目は2007年に確認調査が行われた天文台構内古墳(東京都三鷹市、7世紀中頃と推定)である。
- The fourth is the Tenmondai Konai-kofun Tumulus (Mitaka City, Tokyo Prefecture; estimated to be constructed in the middle of the seventh century) investigated to confirm in 2007.
- 1979年(昭和54年)に仙台市教育委員会が調査を開始し、廃寺とI期、II期の官衙を確認した。
- In 1979 Sendai City Board of Education began investigating and confirmed the existence of the abandoned temple and stage I and II kanga.
- 遺物の出土は確認されていないものの、年代は石槨の形態から7世紀末葉から8世紀初頭と推定される。
- Although no relic is found there, it is presumed that from the shape of the sekkan, the tumulus was constructed in the era from towards the end of the seventh century to the early eighth century.
- これを確かめるべく、和気清麻呂が勅使として宇佐八幡に送られたが、この託宣は虚偽であると復命した。
- WAKE no Kiyomaro was sent to Usa Hachiman-gu Shrine as an imperial envoy to ascertain the authenticity of this oracle which, he confirmed, was false.
- これからはトーキーだと確信していたマキノは、退職金の2,000円(当時)の半分を握って上京した。
- Makino who believed in the arrival of the era of talkie went to Tokyo with a half of his retirement allowance 2000 yen (at the time) in pockets.
- なお、尺八は縦笛であるから、共鳴管の長さは管の上端(正確には尺八)から下端(管尻)までと考える。
- Since the shakuhachi bamboo flute is an end-blown flute, the length of its resonance tube is considered to be from the upper part (precisely, the part of Shakuhachi bamboo flute) to the lower part of the tube (the end of tube).
- 1919年(大正8年)の「史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法」によって、記念物の法的な保護制度が確立した。
- By the 'Historical Spot, Scenic Beauty and Natural Monument Preservation Law' enacted in 1919, the legal system for protecting monuments was established.
- 江戸時代から明治ごろまでに原型が成立し、戦前までの時期に演出が確立した演目を「古典落語」とする。
- Classical rakugo refers to those performances which were established in some form between the Edo and Meiji periods, and which were staged World War Ⅱ.
- 地域によっては、地車に発電機をのせて大きな電力を確保し、派手なネオンや照明を装備することもある。
- Depending on the region, an electric generator is loaded on the danjiri to ensure large electric power in order to equip the danjiri with bold decorations with neon lights and lighting.
- また、一地一作人原則が確立されて土地に対する借耕が盛んになり加地子・作徳分が成立するようになる。
- One cultivator policy was established and shakko (borrowing land for cultivation) land became popular and kajishi (land rent) and sakutokubun (profit which was left after paying land tax) began existing.
- 荘官に任ぜられた義重は新田氏を称し、新田荘と八幡荘を中心に息子たちを配して、支配体制を確立する。
- Yoshishige who was appointed to a shokan (an officer governing shoen [manor]) called himself the Nitta clan, and established a ruling system by deploying his sons centered in Nitta no sho estate and Yawata no sho estate.
- しかし明治時代以降は肝心の首都機能を消失していることも確かで、首都に関する議論を複雑にしている。
- However, it is also true that Kyoto lost its function as a capital after the Meiji period, and the arguments regarding its status as a capital are complicated.
- 町組は近隣の町の連合体、自治組織であり、その起源は判然としないが、室町時代には存在が確認される。
- Chogumi was an union of neighboring towns and a self-governing organization, and although its origin is unclear, its existence can be confirmed already in the Muromachi period.
- いつ、どこの寺院から、いかなる事情により移されたかについては諸説あるが、正確なことは不明である。
- Although there are many theories regarding when, from which temple, and for what reason the statue was transferred, the truth remains unclear.
- →これに対して、定額寺の中で定額僧が定まっていた事実を確認できる寺は少数であるという反論がある。
- A refutation of this theory is that there are only a handful of temples that are proved to have embraced jogakuso.
- 都市に人口が集中しており、その都市部では土葬で埋葬するために必要な土地が確保することができない。
- The population is concentrated in cities, and in these urban areas, it is difficult to secure burial sites.
- 古いものでは1630年代に作成されており、1664年に寺請制度が確立すると全国的なものとなった。
- Older ones were created in the 1630s, and after the completion of the terauke seido (the system in which the public should be registered in any one of designated temples to prove their Buddhist faith) in 1664, Shumon Ninbetsu Aratame Cho were created nationwide.
- このため、楽で速い方法より遠回りでも確実な方法をとった方がよいというこのことわざが生まれている。
- Therefore, it was better to take the 'long way around but reliable path' than to take the 'easy and quick path,' which later became the popular proverb.
- 以下は野口王墓が天武持統天皇陵であることを前提とし、文献によって確認できる野口王墓の様子を記す。
- Based on the assumption that Noguchino Ono-haka is the Tenmu-Jito Mausoleum, the following is a description of that tomb as verified by documents.
- この憲法は、日本史上初めて天皇の権限(天皇大権)を明記しており、近代天皇制国家確立の基礎となった。
- This constitution clearly stated the Emperor's prerogative rights (Tenno Taiken) for the first time in history, this became the basis to establish the modern Emperor System of Japan.
- しかしながらいずれも決め手となるようなものはなく、倭の五王の正体については今のところ不確定である。
- But none of the theories is decisive and the identities of the five kings remain uncertain.
- そして平安時代中期、唐の衰頽にともない遣唐使が廃止され、国風文化の確立によって「かな」が誕生した。
- Then during the middle era of the Heian period, the Tang dynasty declined and sending an envoy to Tang Dynasty China ceased, causing Japanese style culture to establish and generating 'kana' characters.
- (特に消費額の場合、個々の事業者の売り上げに直結するデータであるため、正確な申告が期待しづらい。)
- (As for the amount of consumption, in particular, the data are directly linked to their sales, so it is hard to expect them to make accurate reports.
- ここな(曾我五郎)時致の腰ぬけめ」 意休は確かに助六の本名を、隠さなくてはならない秘密を口にした。
- You, chicken SOGA no Goro Tokimune!' Ikyu said the real name of Sukeroku, which was a secret he must keep.
- この蕎麦切りの存在が確認できる最も古い文献は、長野県木曽郡大桑村須原にある定勝寺の寄進記録である。
- The oldest document verifying that this sobakiri existed was the donation record at Josho-ji Temple in Suhara Okuwa Village, Kiso County, Nagano Prefecture.
- 武家政権とはかならずしも幕府と同一ではなく、幕府開設以外の方法で武家政権の確立を目指した例もある。
- It was not always the case that the military government was the identical authority of the bakufu; in fact, there were some cases where a military government would be established through means other than that of establishing a bakufu.
- 巡礼は宗教色が強く、巡拝はどちらかと言えば観光や娯楽の意味合いが強いとされるが、明確な区別はない。
- Junrei has a more religious aspect and Junpai is generally geared towards sightseeing and leisure, but there is no clear distinction in meaning.
- ここに至り、清盛は院政派の反発を抑えるため皇居の警護体制を整えるなど、二条支持の姿勢を明確にした。
- At this point, Kiyomori organized the system for guarding the Imperial grounds to suppress rebellion by the cloistered government group, therefore clarifying his position as supporting Nijo.
- 信西が自害した14日、内裏に二条天皇・後白河上皇を確保して政権を掌握した信頼は、臨時除目を行った。
- By January 31, when Shinzei committed suicide, Nobuyori, having secured the persons of both Emperor Nijo and Retired Emperor Goshirakawa inside the palace and seized political power, next convened a Rinji jimoku (special promotions session).
- 古文書によると四条隆綱を祖とする場合と孫の四条隆政を祖とする場合とがあり明確には分かってはいない。
- The founder of the family was not identified: Some old documents describe that Takatsuna SHIJO was the founder, and others describe that Takatsuna's grandson Takamasa SHIJO was the founder.
- 常陸入道念西と伊達朝宗が同一人物であるとする明確な記録があるわけではなく別人であるという説もある。
- There is no clear record that Hitachi-nyudo Nensai and Tomomune DATE are the same person, however, and some people believe the two are completely different people.
- 『壇経』においては、その思想が明確に(中国禅の典籍にしては、という但し書きが付くが)語られている。
- This idea is clearly laid out in 'Dankyo', although with a proviso of being compared with other Chinese Zen books.
- これによって家元を権威付け、分派独立を防ぐと同時に組織の経済的基盤を確立することができたといえる。
- It should be said that this system serves various purposes whereby to give authority to the iemoto, to keep disciples from breaking away from the iemoto to create their own schools as well as to establish the financial base of the organization.
- 刀身は前述の通り水の中で反りを生じ、十分な冷却の後に引き上げられ、荒砥石で研がれ焼刃が確認される。
- As mentioned above, the blade warps in the water, and it is pulled out after it is fully cooled, and is then ground with a rough polishing stone, and the Yakiba (焼刃, cutting edge) is checked.
- そして杉田氏が、東京帝国大学史料編纂所の渡辺世祐に鑑定を依頼し、結果、徳政一揆の史料と確認された。
- And Sugita asked Yosuke WATANABE of Historiographical Institute at Tokyo Imperial University to appraise the inscription, and as a result it is confirmed that the inscription was historical material of an uprising of Tokusei.
- それ故、朝早く起きて役人が見回りに来る前にシカが家の前で死んでいないか確認するようになったという。
- The area residents consequently came to get up early to check to see if there was no dead deer in front of their houses before the officials began to make the rounds of the town.
- 不安定な基盤にのっていた王統が確立したのが継体の子である欽明天皇の頃(6世紀中期)だと言われている。
- It is said that around the period of Emperor Kinmei (middle of the 6th century), the son of Emperor Ketai, the lineage of the Emperor, which had been unstable, was stabilized.
- 2006年の悠仁親王生誕により、一応は皇位継承者を確保できたが、依然として継承者不足に変わりはない。
- After Imperial Hisahito was born in 2006, there was a sense of relief to have an Imperial successor, however the situation is still the same that there are not enough successors to succeed to the throne.
- 天智天皇の皇女・菟野皇后の称制は自らが産んだ草壁皇子の血統が続くのをより確実にしたいがためであった。
- Emperor Tenchi/Tenji's Prince, Uno no Sarara no Himemiko conducted the Shosei since she wished to secure her son, Prince Kusakabe to succeed the blood line to the throne.
- 持株会社整理委員会は、占領軍当局の指令を受けて、財閥家族の範囲を確定する基準を下記のように選択した。
- The Holding Company Liquidation Commission, in accordance with the order by the forces of the Allied Occupation, selected the standards by which to determine the scope of the Zaibatsu family as follows:
- しかし、公家一党の支配確立を目指す、後醍醐天皇の政治が様々な混乱を呼ぶとともに武家の不満が集積した。
- However, Emperor Godaigo's policy which aimed at political primacy of the Court nobles caused various confusion, resulting in the accumulation of discontent among samurai families.
- 国際連盟の事務局長の職にあったとき、日本国外の公式の場で、紀元の正確さにはっきりと疑問を呈している。
- When he was the Secretary General of the League of Nations, he clearly mentioned in his public appearance abroad that he doubted the foundation year of Japan.
- 平成11年(1999年)、皇統を褒め称える「君が代」も、国旗国歌法により日本の国歌として確定された。
- In 1999, 'Kimigayo', the song for celebrating the long Imperial lineage was legally recognized as the national anthem by the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem.
- 一方、この時期に備前国守護として松田盛明がいた事が記録で確認されてるが、元保らとの関係は不明である。
- Meanwhile, the record that Moriaki MATSUDA (松田盛明) was Shugo (military governor) in Bizen Province in this period is confirmed, but the relationship with Motoyasu or Motokuni is unclear.
- 保守派や京都市民への配慮から、東京奠都を明確にはしなかったものの、東西両都の方針通り東京が誕生した。
- Although the transfer of the capital to Tokyo was not made entirely clear due to concerns about the conservatives and Kyoto citizens, Tokyo was born just as proposed.
- 後に保元3年(1158年)には所有権が石清水八幡宮の別当寺である護国寺に移っていることが確認できる。
- It has been established that, later in 1158, the ownership had been transferred to Gokoku-ji Temple, which was a bettoji (a temple attached to a shrine) of Iwashimizu-hachimangu Shrine.
- 法然が浄土宗を確立した当時、仏教といえば密教系の天台宗と真言宗が主流だったため、主にこの2宗をさす。
- Buddhism meant mainly two sects, Tendai sect and Shingon sect from Esoteric Buddhism group when Honen established Jodo sect.
- 系統は代表的な説によるが、実際の系統は複雑、不明確な点もあるため、各派の関係を完全には示していない。
- The lineage is shown in accordance with representative theory, but actual lineage is complicated and unclear so that the following do not completely show the relationship between each school.
- これ以前は拙宗等楊と名乗っていたと思われるが、拙宗と雪舟が同一人物であることを示す確実な史料はない。
- It is thought that until this time he was known as Touyou SESSHU, but there is not a firm source to indicate that SESSHU and Sesshu were the same person.
- また、香川敬三や下田歌子などの周囲の側近に恵まれて、近代日本の皇后としての役割を確立することができた。
- Furthermore, Empress Dowager Shoken was blessed with close advisers around her, such as Keizou KAGAWA and Utako SHIMODA, and was able to establish her role as an empress in modern Japan.
- 洋服にはないこの和服の特徴により、和服を新たに取得するときに、洋服よりもサイズを確かめる必要性が低い。
- For this characteristic of wafuku, which is not seen in Western clothing, when one is to buy a new wafuku there is less need to verify the sizes than in Western clothing.
- 12世紀末から13世紀にかけて荘園の増加が著しくなり、荘園公領制と呼ばれる中世的な支配体制が確立した。
- The number of shoen (private estates) had increased considerably from around the end of the 12th century to the early 13th century, and a medieval control system called shoen koryo sei (a system of public lands and private estates) was established.
- 11世紀頃小槻孝信の代からは世襲となって、弁官を取り仕切り官中を統轄する官務家としての地位を確立した。
- Since the generation of OZUKI no Takanobu in the eleventh century, the Ozuki clan gained hereditary control over the position and solidified their status as a Kanmu family with authority over benkan (officials of the dajokan) and official works of the government.
- しかし、徳川政権の確立していく様を見ても、豊臣秀頼は一大名として徳川将軍に臣従することを認めなかった。
- However, Hideyori TOYOTOMI, who was cast down to a daimyo, did not accept the submission to the Tokugawa Shogunate as a mere retainer, although witnessing the process of establishment of the Tokugawa Administration.
- 以上のように近世に確立した参詣道であることから、小辺路は信仰の側面においても近世的な特徴を示している。
- Since it was established as a pilgrimage road in the Edo period, as for the aspect of beliefs, Kohechi had the characteristics of the early-modern period.
- 確認できる最初期の仏像は1778年(安永7年)、61歳の時、蝦夷地(北海道南部)で制作したものである。
- His earliest certified Buddhist statue was produced in the Ezochi (southern part of Hokkaido) in 1778 when he was in his sixty-first year.
- 天台教学の確立を目指し繁忙だったという理由で自らの弟子をして、空海から借経を幾度となく繰り返していた。
- Because Saicho, who aimed to establish Tendai doctrine, was very busy, he frequently made his disciples borrow Buddhist scriptures from Kukai.
- →これに対して、定額寺に列せられた際に寺額を授与された事実を確認できる寺は少数であるという反論がある。
- This theory has been rebutted in that there are few temples that are proved to have been awarded the frame with a certificate on the occasion of appointment as a jogakuji.
- 現在は、御諏訪太鼓宗家・小口大八によって考案・確立された複式複打法(組太鼓)が演奏の主流となっている。
- Nowadays, the multiple drums, multiple drummers technique (united Japanese drums) designed and established by the Osuwa Japanese Drum originator Daihachi OGUCHI is the main stream performance.
- 大陸風の挂甲から日本独特の大鎧形式への変化の過程やその正確な時期については、遺品が乏しく明らかでない。
- Concerning the exact time and the process of change from continent's style of armor to Japan's peculiar style of large armor, historical items left behind are scarce and not clear.
- 『日本紙業史・京都篇』によっても、北野天満宮あたりの紙屋(かんや)川のほとりにあったことは確かである。
- According to 'Nihon Shigyoshi, Kyoto-hen' (the chapter on Kyoto in the history of paper making in Japan), it is also clear that it was near the Kanya-gawa River in the vicinity of the Kitanotenman-gu Shrine.
- 古墳時代後期の築造とみられているが、発掘調査が行われていないため正確な築造時期を推定することは難しい。
- It is thought that Umeyama Tumulus was constructed in the late Tumulus period, but because the excavation and research has not been carried out, it is difficult to estimate exactly when it was constructed.
- 台石には「國」の字が刻まれていると言われるが、コンクリートにより補修されているため、現在確認できない。
- A character '國' (country) is said to be engraved on the pedestal stone, but it is impossible to confirm it because of concrete repair.
- 明確な記録は欠くものの、『日本後紀』の記述よりその際に親王宣下が行われて三品が与えられたと見られている。
- Although no reliable record has been found, 'Nihonkoki' (Later Chronicle of Japan) suggested that Prince Tsuneyo was given the title of Imperial Prince on this occasion and awarded the rank of Sanbon (the third rank of the Imperial Princess's ranks).
- 聖武天皇の自筆として確実なものは、他に静岡・平田寺の「聖武天皇勅書」(国宝)中の「勅」の1字のみである。
- What Emperor Shomu in fact handwrote is just one letter '勅' included in '聖武天皇勅書' (national treasure) which is held at the Heiden-ji Temple in Shizuoka Prefecture.
- 醍醐天皇陵は、長く醍醐寺の管理下にあったため、所在が確定できる数少ない平安時代の御陵の一つとなっている。
- The Imperial mausoleum was under the supervision of Daigo-ji Temple; today it's one of the few mausoleums whose location was known in the Heian period.
- その結果、海鶴の門下である鈴木翠軒が国定の習字教科書の執筆をするに至り、この基準は確固たるものとなった。
- As a result, Suiken SUZUKI, a disciple of Kaikaku, became an author of national school textbooks for calligraphy, making the standards even more solid.
- 空海が東寺に将来した真言五祖像は、宮廷画家の李真などが制作した確実な唐代絵画(ACE806年頃)である。
- The portraits of the five patriarchs of the Shingon Buddhism which Kukai brought to To-ji Temple were authentic paintings of the Tang Dynasty created by Li Zhen and others who were kyutei gaka (court painters) (around AD 806).
- これらの職についた中下流貴族らは自らが得た職の確保をはかり、職を「家業」として世襲することに努めている。
- The middle and lower class nobles who gained such positions strived to secure such positions, attempting to make them hereditary or a 'family business.'
- 安土桃山時代に、李氏朝鮮から豊臣秀吉が朝鮮に出兵するか否かを確認するため、秀吉に向けても派遣されている。
- In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Yi Dynasty Korea sent Chosen Tsushinshi to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI for checking whether he had an intention of sending his military troops to Korea.
- 対馬からの歳遣船は毎年50隻を上限とし、代わりに歳賜米200石を朝鮮王朝から支給されることが確認された。
- With this trade agreement, it was confirmed that 50 saikensen (ship to dispatch an envoy to Korea) be permitted from Tsushima per year, and 200 koku of rice per year be given out from the Korean Dynasties in return.
- 古代より大陸との交流が盛んな所で近年の考古学的発掘によりこの地方に一大勢力があったことが確認されている。
- Areas on the Tango Peninsula have had close contact with the Asian continent since ancient times, and archaeological excavations in recent years have shown that powerful clans existed in the region.
- 元亀4年(1573年)に足利義昭を京から放逐すると、室町幕府は事実上崩壊し、名実共に織田政権が確立する。
- When he exiled Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA from Kyoto in 1573, Muromachi Bakufu virtually collapsed, and the Oda government was established in name and reality.
- 路面もアスファルトで舗装され、麓から峠まで片側1車線の確保された、4輪車でも安心して通行できる峠である。
- The road is two lanes wide and paved with asphalt from the foot to the peak, so four-wheeled vehicles can run through it easily and safely.
- 75巻本、108法明門がある12巻本、60巻本、卍山本、80巻本、95巻本の6系統が現在確認されている。
- Currently the existence of six versions of the work has been confirmed, a seventy-five volume book, a twelve volume book (including the hyakuhachi homyo-mon (108 Buddhist teachings), a sixty volume book, the 卍 Yamamoto book and a ninety-five volume book.
- 伏見天皇が即位灌頂を行ったことは確かであるため、遅くとも13世紀後半には即位灌頂は始まったことがわかる。
- Because it is assured that Emperor Fushimi conducted sokuikanjo, we know that sokuikanjo started in the latter half of the 13th century at the latest.
- 平安初期に伝来した密教との結びつきが強く、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代 (日本)には独自の立場を確立した。
- This religion became strongly connected to Esoteric Buddhism that was brought to Japan in the early Heian Period, and in the era from the latter half of the Kamakura Period to the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), its unique position was established.
- その後、延暦寺では良源によって天禄元年(970年)に起請26箇条が定められ、内部規範の確立が進められた。
- Later in Enryaku-ji Temple, Ryogen made Kisho nijuroku kajo (26 articles of vow) in 970, accelerating the establishment of inner regulations.
- ここでも信心正因を確認し、明確に正しており、「ただ念仏を称えれば、誰でも極楽へゆける」とは述べていない。
- He confirmed Shinjin Shoin here and defined correctly, and never mentioned 'Reciting nenbutsu simply takes everyone to paradise'.
- 邦康親王の子には師煕親王(静覚入道親王)などがいるが、一等史料による限り、その後の子孫は確認されていない。
- Imperial Prince Kuniyasu had sons including Imperial Prince 師煕 (priestly Imperial Prince Jokaku), but as long as excellent historical documents have been referred to, there has been no descendant, thereafter, confirmed.
- しかし『万葉集』の註には斉明天皇作との旨が記されているなどの異伝も見られ、必ずしも確証があるわけではない。
- However, it has been pointed out that the argument is lacking in sufficient evidence, and some researchers argue that there are notes in 'Manyoshu' saying the poem was written by the Empress Saimei.
- 1933年(昭和8年)、マキノ正博は、亡くなった父・省三の代からの横田永之助との確執から日活を馘首された。
- Masahiro MAKINO was dismissed by Nikkatsu in 1933 because of the feud with Einosuke YOKOTA, which had lasted since the time of his late father Shozo.
- (「語りもの」と「唄もの」の区別は明確でなく、「唄もの的な清元節」や「語りもの的な長唄」も作られている。)
- There is no clear distinction between narration-like performance and song-like performance, and kiyomoto bushi (theatrical music) similar to song-like performance and nagauta similar to narration-like performance are also created.
- なお、日本産とする説もあったが、上海博物館に収蔵が確認されたことから中国で鋳造されたことが明らかとなった。
- The theories also included that of production in Japan, but casting in China has been determined since it was affirmed that it was stored in the Shanghai Museum.
- 同様に上代特殊仮名遣いについても使い分けがそのまま当時の母音体系を正確に表したものではないことを指摘した。
- Similarly, he pointed out that the distinction of usage in Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai did not precisely represent the vowel system of the time.
- その結果、明治末になるとそれらは書き言葉として次第に確立し、一般の文章にも大きな影響を与えるようになった。
- As a result, in the late Meiji period they gradually became established as the written language, and came to greatly influence Japanese general writing.
- 八角塔を中心に南側には基壇を持つ中門が検出され、南面回廊や東側・西側には築地が巡っていた塀跡も確認された。
- Also, remains of a chumon (an inner gate) with a base mound were found at the south of the octagonal tower, along with remains of a cloister facing south and mud walls with a roof surrounding the tower at the east and the west.
- 京都盆地から比叡山を見た場合、大比叡の頂を確認することが難しく、四明岳を比叡山の山頂だと見なすことがある。
- When one views Mt. Hiei from the Kyoto basin, it is difficult to see the Daihiei peak, so some think that Shimeigatake is the peak of Mt. Hiei.
- 時頼は前将軍藤原頼経を鎌倉から追放、与同する有力御家人を排除し、執権として確固とした権威を築く(宮騒動)。
- Tokiyori expelled former shogun Yoritsune FUJIWARA from Kamakura and excluded the powerful gokenin on Yoritsune's side, thus establishing the absolute authority of the position of regent (these events are known as the Miya-sodo, which literally means 'palace disturbance').
- これらのことは、奥羽における室町時代の旧権威衰退と奥羽における伊達氏の覇権確立を予見させるには十分過ぎた。
- These achievements of the Date clan were a more than enough evidence to foresee the declining power of the old authorities in the Ou region and the establishment of the hegemony by the Date clan in the same region during the Muromachi Period.
- 一般には、それらを全て読破することは勿論、ましてや全ての意味を正確に理解することなどはきわめて困難である。
- Generally, it is very difficult to read all of them and understood all the meaning correctly.
- 後日訴訟を起こした場合でも消費者側が不利になる事が多いので、契約する前に必ず内容確認をする事が必要である。
- Even if one files an action later, it puts the consumer side at a disadvantage in many cases, and so it is necessary to check the contents of the contract before signing.
- 名塩の源照寺の永大経奉納木札や源照寺文書によって、安永・天明のころに弥右衛門が名塩にいたことは確かである。
- According to the eidaikyo hono kifuda (a wooden plate certifying the dedication of eternal and essential Buddhist scriptures) (永大経奉納木札) of Gensho-ji Temple in Najio and the documents of Gensho-ji Temple, it is sure that Yaemon existed in Najio during 1772 and 1788.
- 邦良親王の成長とともに皇統の再分裂を危惧した後宇多は、邦良親王を尊治親王の次の皇太子とする意思を明確にした。
- As Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi got older, Gouda became worried about the split of the imperial lineage again, thus announced that Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi would succeed Imperial Prince Takaharu as the next Crown Prince.
- 天皇機関説(てんのうきかんせつ、天皇機關說)とは、大日本帝国憲法下で確立された、天皇に関する憲法学説である。
- The Emperor Organ Theory (Tenno kikan setsu) is a theory from the Study of Constitution about Emperor, and it was established under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 1889年(明治22年)には、大日本帝国憲法の公布とともに、旧皇室典範が裁定され、皇室自律の原則が確立した。
- In 1889, Former Imperial House Act was established when the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was proclaimed, and the principle of autonomy of the Imperial Household was established.
- 後日、茶室に宗旦が現れたときを見計らい、弟子たちは宗旦本人が自宅にいることを確かめた上で偽宗旦を問い詰めた。
- Several days later, they waited until Sotan appeared in a tea ceremony room and began to interrogate the fake Sotan after confirming that real Sotan was at home.
- このようにして、守護は半済を契機として、管轄する国内一円(これを領国という)にわたる支配権を確立していった。
- In this way, provincial constables established their authority that could be exerted in their own territories (ryogoku) by taking advantage of the practice of the hanzei law.
- 西ヨーロッパ旧帝国内の一定の地域では、古代末期に別荘(villa)システムが確立し、中世世界へと継承された。
- In certain areas of the west European old empire, the villa system was established in the late ancient period and continued into the medieval world.
- それに対し宗氏にとって通交の制限は受け入れられるものではなく、両者の間に確執が生まれる(交易の制限節参照)。
- However, such restrictions were unacceptable to the So clan, which gave rise to a feud between the two sides (See the section on the trade restriction).
- 義弥の孫義央が、儀典の指導に関して浅野長矩との間に確執を生じ、元禄赤穂事件に発展したことはよく知られている。
- It is well known that, Yoshinaka, a grandson of Yoshimitsu, caused a discord with Naganori ASANO regarding the guidance of the protocol, and it developed into the Genroku Ako Incident.
- 17代菊池武朝は肥後国守護の地位を確保して阿蘇惟政とともに了俊と和睦し、それ以降天下の形勢は静謐に向かった。
- The 17th head, Taketomo KIKUCHI, secured his position as Shugo of Higo Province, and reconciled with Ryoshun, with Koremasa ASO, and thereafter the warring state came to be stabilized.
- 「徳川」姓は、家康個人が松平氏内部で専制権力を確立して松平一族と家臣団を統制するために使われたと考えられる。
- The 'Tokugawa' surname established Ieyasu's autocratic powers within the Matsudaira clan and as such, it is thought Ieyasu exploited the entire Matsudaira clan and framework of retainers.
- 文永9年(1272年)、70歳の年まで存命したことは確実であるが、その生涯の伝記的事項には不明な部分が多い。
- It has been authenticated that he was still alive at the age of 70 in 1272 but many of the biographical matters of his life are unknown.
- これに対して、ほとんどの和紙生産地は、平安時代の官立の紙漉き場の紙屋院で確立された「流し漉き」を用いている。
- On the contrary, almost all production areas of Japanese paper adopted the method of 'Nagashi-suki' (poured water-disposing paper making) that was established at Kamiyain, a national paper making place during the Heian period.
- 上記のように史料によって記述がバラバラであり、実態として生没年に関しては不詳とする方が正確性が高いと思われる。
- As shown above, records are so diversified depending on historical materials that it seems to be appropriate to assume that the year of his birth and death is unclear.
- が、治天の君が皇位継承における決定権を有したために結果的に亀山上皇の子孫が皇位を継承する可能性が確実となった。
- Since Chiten no Kimi had the discretion of imperial succession, and as one the Retired Emperor Kameyama's descendants he was ensured of being enthroned.
- ※正確には、邦家親王→貞教親王→貞愛親王→邦家親王(再継承)→貞愛親王(再継承)→博恭王という継承が行われた。
- *Strictly speaking, the Imperial succession order was as follows; Imperial Prince Kuniie=>Imperial Prince Sadayoshi=>Imperial Prince Sadanaru=>Imperial Prince Kuniie (re-succession)=>Imperial Prince Sadanaru (re-succession)=>Prince Hiroyasu
- 確実性を増してからの書紀の記述による限り、天皇に和風諡号を追号するようになったのは6世紀の半ば以降と見られる。
- According to descriptions of Nihonshoki after it increased certainty, it seems to be after the middle of the sixth century when it began to give a Japanese-style posthumous name to the Emperor.
- なお、『宋書』倭国伝に記される「倭の五王」中の讃(さん)または珍(ちん)に比定する説があるが、確定していない。
- Additionally, there is a theory which identifies him with San or Chin of the 'five kings of Wa' described in 'Sosho' (Book of the Sung dynasty) Wakokuden but this is not definite.
- なお躙り口の発生に関しては資料が不足しており、流布している利休の創作という主張も確たる根拠があるわけではない。
- Moreover, the material is not sufficient for the origin of Nijiriguchi (crawling entrance), and there is no concrete grounds in the widespread assertion that it was created by Rikyu.
- パンツのようにゴムを使わず、高温多湿の日本の気候で褌の持つ機能や効能を支持する愛好家は現在でも確かに存在する。
- It is certain that there exist the fanciers even now who uphold the function and effectiveness that fundoshi bring about in the Japanese climate with high temperature and high humidity since elastic is not used for fundoshi unlike underpants.
- 後者としては、文徳天皇に娘を嫁がせ、その結果清和天皇が誕生し、天皇の外祖父として確固たる政治基盤を築いている。
- As an example of the second method, he married his daughter to Emperor Montoku, and as a result Emperor Seiwa was born, and he built a solid political foundation as the emperor's maternal grandfather.
- また、藤原氏の中でも実頼・師尹派と師輔派の確執があり、そのとばっちりを高明が受けたのではないかという説もある。
- In addition, some say that Takaakira may have become embroiled in a feud inside the Fujiwara clan between Saneyori and Morotada's side and Morosuke's side.
- 後白河上皇・上西門院(後白河の同母姉)の身柄を確保すると、三条殿に火をかけて逃げる者には容赦なく矢を射掛けた。
- After capturing and securing Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and Josaimonin (his biological sister), they torched Sanjo Palace and unleashed a relentless barrage of arrows against those who tried to flee.
- しかし、その後の壬申の乱などの影響で整備が遅れ、大宝律令(学令)の制定により具体的な制度が確立したといわれる。
- It is said, however, that the development of Daigaku-ryo was delayed due to the influence of the ensuing Jinshin War, and that the concrete Daigaku-ryo system was finalized thanks to the introduction of the Taiho Ritsuryo Code (Gakuryo [the rule of education]).
- これによって座の特定は否認されたが、反対に領主と結びついた特定の御用商人による支配が確立するきっかけとなった。
- As a result of this, privileges of za were denied, but this triggered the establishment of the control of specific goyo-shonin (chartered merchants) tied to feudal lords.
- 国府の発掘は面積的に一つの都市を掘り出すのに等しいため、位置が確定しても全貌を完全に解明したことにはならない。
- Considering the scale of Kokufu, its excavation amounts to excavating a whole city, therefore only identifying its location is insufficient to grasp all the details.
- 現峠である深見トンネルは片側1車線の確保された快走路であり、かつて難所と呼ばれていたという雰囲気はまるでない。
- Fukami Tunnel, current Fukami-toge Pass, is easy to drive with two lanes wide and it has no shadow as a chokepoint at all.
- この記事により、現行の近江八景の成立は、近衛信尹によるものという見方が有力である(奥書の原本は未確認である)。
- With this scroll and its colophon, the theory that the present Omihakkei was established by Nobutada KONOE is prevailing (the original of the colophon has not been confirmed).
- スリランカでは東南部において遺跡が確認されており、上座部仏教と併存した後に12世紀までには消滅したようである。
- In Sri Lanka, ruins were identified in southeast areas, and it seems to have disappeared by the 12th Century after a period of coexistance with Theravada Buddhism.
- 天文台構内古墳は1970年には発掘調査が行われていたが、2007年の再調査で上円下方墳であることが確認された。
- The Tenmondai Konai-kofun Tumulus was excavated and researched in 1970; however, it was confirmed by reinvestigation in 2007 that it was a dome-shaped barrow on a square base.
- 閑院宮の宮号は平安時代の清和天皇の皇子である貞元親王が閑院を号したことに由来するといわれているが、明確ではない。
- Although there is no historical proof, it is said the Miya go title of Kanin no Miya came from Heian period Emperor Seiwa's Prince, Imperial Prince Sadamoto, named Kan in.
- この時も次期皇太子を巡る敦康親王派と敦成親王派(後の後一条天皇)の確執があり、惟喬と敦康の境遇が類似していた)。
- This time as well, there was a conflict between Imperial Prince Atsuyasu and Imperial Prince Atsuhira (later called Emperor Goichijo), which was a similar situation when there was a conflict between Koretaka and Atsuyasu.)
- 馬術(ばじゅつ)はウマに騎乗して運動の正確さ、活発さ、美しさなどを目指すスポーツ、技術体系、また競技種目である。
- Equestrianism (called 'bajutsu' in Japan) refers to recreational activities and competitive sports and a system of technique of riding or driving horses and aiming at accuracy, activity, beauty, and so on.
- 従って『書紀』が語る東日本全域の蝦夷や、遡って縄文人・弥生人等との関係についての議論では、未だ確定的な説はない。
- Thus there is still no definitive conclusion about the Emishi in all of the eastern Japan mentioned in 'Nihon Shoki,' nor about arguments concerning the relationship with people in the Jomon and Yayoi periods.
- 以後、院政を展開しようとする霊元上皇とこれを阻もうとする近衛基熙や江戸幕府との長い確執が始まる事になるのである。
- There ensued a prolonged feud between the Retired Emperor Reigen, attempting to exercising virtual ruling authority as retired emperor, on one hand and Motohiro KONOE and the Bakufu in Edo trying to obstruct the retired Emperor's intention on the other.
- 口分田の祖型は、7世紀中葉の大化の改新頃に始まり、7世紀終盤の律令形成期に口分田制度が確立したと考えられている。
- It is considered that the original kubunden system began to be formed around the Taika Reforms, or in the middle era of the seventh century, and was established towards the end of seventh century when the ritsuryo system was formed.
- 軍事貴族は確かに在地有力者との主従関係の構築を進めてきてはいたが、その存立基盤はやはり中央政界にあったのである。
- Although military aristocrats worked on establishment of subordinate-superior relationships with locally powerful individuals, the foundation of their existence was after all in central politics.
- 1981年(昭和56年)の発掘調査では出土遺物が確認されるものの義光の在所とする確定的な証拠は発見されなかった。
- In an excavation conducted in 1981, no firm evidence proving that it was Yoshimitsu's residence was discovered, although some relics were unearthed.
- 18世紀になると宗教調査的な目的も薄れ、人口動態を確認し、徴税などのための基礎資料として活用されるようになった。
- In the 18th century, with its purpose as religion investigation being attenuated, Shumon Ninbetsu Aratame Cho were used as basic documents for the check of the nation's population (census) and for the collection of taxes and so on.
- 発掘調査がおこわなれていないため出土品などは確認されていないが、築造時期は6世紀後半の早い時期と考えられている。
- Since excavation research has not been conducted, artifacts are not discovered, but it has been thought that the tumulus was constructed in early years in the late sixth century.
- 文武天皇時代の修築記事(698年)ではじめてその名が正史に登場するが、築城年は記載がなく現在も確定されていない。
- The name of the castle first appeared in the authentic history in the article of the renovation during the era of Emperor Monmu (in 698), however, the document has no description about the year when it was constructed and even now it remains unknown.
- 日本の弓道、弓術で弓道射法八節稽古、及び確認、慣らしを行うために至近距離で矢を受ける藁を俵状に束ね巻き束ねたもの。
- It is a sheaf of straw bunched together in a shape of bale to take arrows at point-blank range, as the training of Kyudo-shaho Hassetsu (eight arts of shooting an arrow), checking the characteristic of bow, or warming up in Kyudo or Kyujutsu, the art of Japanese archery.
- 硫黄島の伝説については、安徳天皇であるという確証はないものの、島民から「天皇さん」と呼ばれていた人物がいたらしい。
- There is no written proof whether Emperor Antoku in fact existed as stated in the legend of Io-jima Island, but it is said there was a person whom the local people called 'Mr. Emperor.'
- 刃先を鋭利に保つために保護するとともに、刃が周りを傷つけないように隔離し、保管や携行中の安全を確保する機能を持つ。
- It protects the blade to keep its sharpness, and insulates it to prevent things around it from being damaged by the blade, while ensuring safety in storage or transport.
- 山崎の戦いで光秀を討ち、続いて賤ヶ岳の戦いで柴田勝家を滅ぼして信長の後継者の地位を確実にしたのは羽柴秀吉であった。
- It was Hideyoshi HASHIBA who defeated Mitsuhide in the Battle of Yamazaki, then crushed Katsuie SHIBATA in the Battle of Shizugatake, and thus secured his position as successor to Nobunaga.
- しかし確証性が乏しく、柳生氏の系譜の比較考証が考慮する必要性がある(あるいは服部氏同様に秦氏の系統ともいわれる)。
- However, there is no sufficient evidence to prove it, and the remaining genealogies of the Yagyu clan still have to be studied in detail; some historian says that they originated from the Hata clan like the Hattori clan.
- 横瀬氏は名字を由良氏と改め、新田義宗の子・横瀬貞氏の子孫とされているが、これといった確証がなく信憑性は薄いという。
- The Yokose clan, who changed its family name to the Yura clan, is assumed to be descended from Sadauji YOKOSE, a Yoshimune NITTA's child, which would have little credibility without any specific evidence.
- 確かに一向も一遍と同様に浄土宗の影響を受けて自己の教義を確立させたものであるが、全く別箇に教団を開いたものである。
- Both Ikko Shunsho and Ippen established their original doctrines under the influence of the Jodoshu sect, but their sects were completely independent from each other.
- 当時は(明暦不動を別とすれば)三不動しか知られていなかった一方で、前述の「五色」に見立てる発想の存在が確認できる。
- While only 3 Fudo (aside from Meireki Fudo) were known in those days, it is confirmed that an idea that related the eye colors of Fudo to 'Goshiki' (five colors) mentioned earlier existed.
- 墳丘にしみこんだ雨水を抜くための石組の地中排水溝があることが、レーダー探査による調査で2007年に確認されている。
- A research by radar scan in 2007 confirmed the existence of a rockwork underground drain ditch for draining the rainwater sunk into the soil of the burial mound.
- 制度としての宮中祭祀が確立して以降の天皇では明治天皇や大正天皇はあまり熱心ではなく、侍従らが代拝するのが主であった。
- After the Court rituals were institutionalized, both Emperor Meiji and Emperor Taisho were not so interested in them, and chamberlains usually worshipped on behalf of the Emperor.
- 準則は、増補では明確でなかった皇玄孫以降の子孫たちが順次臣籍に降下してゆく基準を具体的・機械的に定めるものであった。
- The regulation was to set the process of how descendants of the great-great grandchildren of the Imperial Family were to be demoted from nobility to subject, practically and automatically one after another, which was not covered in the expanded revised regulation.
- 同書はこの際に確実な天正年間の資料として地位を高め、堺市の町衆の「わび茶」を論じる上での最重要資料になったのである。
- YAMANOUE no Soji ki was highly regarded as a valid reference material of the Tensho era, and came to be regarded as the most important material in discussing the 'wabicha' conducted by the merchant class in the city of Sakai.
- 屋台を合法的な存在と認める代わりに、屋台に関する様々な規制を明確化し、要綱に合致しない屋台の移転・再配置を明示した。
- In exchange for legalizing the existence of street stalls as a business entity, Fukuoka City would now establish clearly detailed regulations governing the operations of street stalls; the city stated that, 'street stalls businesses, might be moved or repositioned, if the shops did not meet the guidelines.'
- 忠平以降は朝政の中心としての摂関が官職として確立し、忠平の子孫のみが摂関に就任するという摂関政治の枠組みが確定した。
- After Tadahira, Sekkan (regents and advisers) was established as a central post in the government and also the framework in which only descendents of Tadahira were able to become Sekkan was established.
- 11世紀に入ると、ある家系が特定の官職を世襲する「家業の継承」または官司請負制が貴族社会内で次第に確立されていった。
- In the 11th century, the 'family business takeover' or the hereditary government office system, in which certain families inherited certain government positions, was gradually established in the aristocratic society.
- しかし、関東武士層を権力基盤とする頼朝は、軍事貴族としての地位を否定し、鎌倉殿という新たな武家棟梁の地位を確立した。
- Yoritomo, who was basing his power in the samurai class in Kanto, rejected the military aristocrat position and established a new samurai leader position as Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura).
- 1917年に鉱床が発見され、1933年から太平洋戦争末期にかけて兵器に不可欠なニッケルを確保するため大江山から採鉱。
- In 1917, a mineral deposit was found in the mountain, after which it was mined for nickel, which was necessary to support the production of weapons from 1933 to the end of the Pacific War.
- しかしながら、頼貞はその後の戦乱で活躍しており、記録に混乱があるが、土岐氏の一族がこの計画に関与したのは確かである。
- However, the story about Taiheiki recorded contradics the fact that Yorisada played an important role in the battles occurred in later years, nevertheless, it is certain that the family of the Toki clan was involved in the plot.
- しかし、一方では中央政界から遠く辺境にあったが故に確保できた自立性の強さは伊達氏に台頭の機会を十分に与えたといえる。
- However, the geographical merit for the Date clan of being located far from the central authority helped the clan to retain a strong autonomy in the region and gave it a lot of opportunity to gain power.
- 円融は子息の皇位継承を確実なものにして“中継ぎ”の立場を脱することに成功し、兼家は外孫を皇太子にすることに成功した。
- Enyu was able to escape the position of 'interim' by establishing his descendants as successors to the Imperial title and Kaneie was able to become the maternal grandfather to a crown prince.
- 確かな南朝方と呼べるのは阿蘇惟直ぐらいで、その他のほとんどはもともと日和見、もしくはむしろ尊氏よりの武将達であった。
- Korenao ASO was the only one clearly on the side of the Southern Court while the other warriors were opportunistic or on the side of Takauji.
- 一方、岡崎は早くも明治21年(1888年)に京都市上京区(当時)に編入されて京都市の一部として市制確立を迎えている。
- In contrast, as early as 1888, Okazaki was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City and became a part of municipality established in Kyoto City.
- 熊野記念館の調査では、小辺路沿いに道標・町石・宿屋跡など多くの交通遺跡が確認され、庶民の道としての性格が指摘された。
- The investigation by the Kumano Kinenkan Museum confirmed many relics such as guideposts, stupa-shaped stones for indicating distances and ruins of inns, and pointed out that it had been a road for the common people.
- 日付は、暦の正確性、著作との整合を保つ為、明治5年12月2日 (旧暦)(1872年12月31日)までは、天保暦表示。
- To maintain accuracy of the calendar and consistency with literary works, the dates are given in Tenpo reki (Tenpo calendar) up to December 2, 1872 (December 31, 1872 in new calendar).
- 高野山奥の院御廟で空海は今も生き続けていると信じ、「南無大師遍照金剛」の称呼によって宗祖への崇敬を確認するのである。
- It is believed that Kukai is still alive in the mausoleum of Oku-no-in (inner sanctuary) on Mt. Koya, and worship to the founder of the sect was confirmed by chanting the phrase of 'Namu Daishi Henjo Kongo.'
- 法華経の題目である「南無妙法蓮華経」を唱えることで、日蓮の唱えた教義と信徒間のつながりを確認する意図があるとされる。
- It is said that it was aimed to confirm the creed Nichiren advocated and relationship among followers by chanting together 'Namu Myoho Renge-kyo Sutra' (Devotion to the Law of Hokekyo (the Lotus Sutra), daimoku (Nichiren chant) of Hokekyo.
- 延久元年(1069年)、秦致貞(正確な読み方は不明だが通常「はたのむねざね」と読む)という作者の名前も判明している。
- The name of the painter was HATA no Munesada, and it was done in 1069.
- 「大和絵」とはどのような絵画を指すかを明確に定義付けすることは困難であり、時代によって意味・用法が微妙に異っている。
- It is difficult to define what kind of paintings the term 'Yamato-e' refers to clearly, and its sense and usage are subtly different depending on the period.
- 大木は高さ54メートル(18丈)あり、曲がりも虫食いもない良材であることが確認され虹梁として採用されることになった。
- Kokei decided that the trees would be good materials for Koryo; the trees were 54-meter long, with no bendings or worm holes.
- が、古墳本体の東側と南側の少し離れた場所から、幅約6メートル、深さが2メートル以上の落ち込みが2ヶ所確認されている。
- However, two depressions with some 6 meters in width and over 2 meters in depth have been confirmed east and south of and slightly away from the tumulus itself.
- さらに天武13年(684年)、八色の姓を制定して朝廷の身分秩序を確立し新冠位制を施行して冠位賦与を親王にまで拡大した。
- In 684, he enacted the Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) so as to establish the order of social status within the imperial court, and put the new system indicating court ranks by headgear colors in effect and made Imperial Princes able to gain court rank.
- 家忠の孫花山院忠雅が太政大臣、その子で後白河上皇の近臣である花山院兼雅が左大臣に進み、清華家としての家格が確立された。
- The family status of Seiga family was secured after Tadamasa KAZANIN, Ietada's grandson, became the Grand Minister of State, and his son, Kanemasa KAZANIN who was a trusted vassal of the retired Emperor Goshirakawa, was promoted to the Minister of the Left.
- また、愛媛県松山市の伊佐爾波神社には22面の算額が奉納されており、これは1箇所で確認されているものとしては最多である。
- Also, Isaniwa-jinja Shrine located in Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture, has 22 old sangaku dedicated thereto, and the number is the largest among those known to have survived in one location.
- しかし、一方で障害者差別に繋がるという主張があるが、だるまに関する正確な知識が流布していないことによる思い違いである。
- On the other hand, however, there is a claim that the practice of making daruma without eyes is discriminatory against the blind, which could be said to be a misconception resulting from a lack of accurate knowledge about daruma dolls.
- 文化的とは当時流行した大陸の禅の匂いであり、美的とは能阿弥、相阿弥、芸阿弥といった同朋衆などの目利きの確かさであった。
- What was meant by cultural was that it had the smell of continental Zen that was popular back then, and artistically the accuracy of Doboshu, Noami, Geiami, and Soami, as the judges.
- 信憑性に欠けるこの説明から確実にわかるのは、都加留(津軽)が固有名をあげられるほどの有力集団として存在したことである。
- What can be said for sure from this description, which has no credibility, is that Tsugaru was a dominant group of the Emishi because its proper name was mentioned in the record.
- 開発領主(かいほつりょうしゅ/かいはつりょうしゅ)は、日本の荘園公領制において、田地を開発して領地を確保した者をいう。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshu (also pronounced as Kaihotsu-ryoshu) were those who owned the lands they developed as their territories in Shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) in Japan.
- 安藤系図、藤崎系図にも同様の記述が見られ、真偽は別にして安倍氏の後裔はそのような自己意識を持っていたことは確かである。
- Similar descriptions can be found in the Ando and the Fujisaki genealogy; therefore, apart from ascertaining facts, it is for certain that the descendants of the Abe clan identified themselves in such a way.
- 直系相続による皇位継承は理想的である反面、皇位継承男子が必ずしも確保できる訳ではなく、常に皇統断絶の不安がつきまとう。
- Although imperial succession by direct descendants was ideal, a male successor to the throne was not always assured, and at all times there was the risk that the line of succession could be severed.
- この「四禽図に叶ひ」とは四神相応のことであり、奈良時代には平城京が四神相応の地であると考えられていたことを確認できる。
- The phrase 'accordance with the painting of four beasts' here means Shijin-so-o topography, which confirms that during the Nara period Heijo-kyo was considered to be the place having Shijin-so-o topography.
- その系譜は、馬祖道一に始まり、『百丈清規』によって禅院の規律を制定した百丈懐海によって、禅宗独自の教団制度を確立した。
- The Koshu sect originated from Baso Doitsu, and Hyakujo Ekai (Baizhang Fuanhai) established the disciplines of the Zen temple with 'the Regulations by Baizhang' and formed an original system of the religious community of the Zen sect.
- また、摂関家の権力の源泉としては、摂関家が天皇家の外祖父(母方の祖父)としての地位を確保し続けたことにあるとされている。
- Also, it is considered that the source of Sekkanke power was the continuation of the secure position of the maternal grandfather of the Imperial family by Sekkanke.
- しかし、『日本書紀』の系図一巻が失われたために正確な系譜が書けず、『上宮記』逸文によって辛うじて状況を知ることが出来る。
- An accurate genealogy cannot be created because a roll of family tree in 'Nihonshoki' has been lost, and we can barely know the circumstances at the time from the surviving fragment of 'Joguki'.
- 8世紀になると中国の政治体制に倣った律令制が整備され、天皇を中心とした中央集権制が確立し、親政が行われた(古代天皇制)。
- With the onset of the eighth century, the Ritsuryo system taken from China was implemented and the centralized authoritarian rule centering on Emperor was established; accordingly, Emperor directly administered the government (the Emperor System in the ancient sovereignty).
- この背景には兄にあたる後光明天皇が急逝したために、万が一の皇統断絶の事態に備えて皇位継承の候補者を確保する目的もあった。
- Because of the sudden death of his older brother Emperor Gokomyo, it was necessary for the Imperial court to secure nominees for the heir to the Imperial throne in order to prevent the extinction of imperial line.
- 彼自身「淀君集」という家の芸を確立したり、そのエロキューションの巧さは物真似になったりレコードで販売されるほどであった。
- He himself established 'Yodogimi shu' of his family's accomplishment and his skillful expression of her elocution was impersonated or recorded on discs offered for sale.
- そのため、開発領主の多くは、中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ荘園を寄進することで、荘園の支配権・管理権を確保するようになった。
- Consequently, many Kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to retain their dominion and the right to manage shoen by donating their shoen to the powerful central nobility, temples, and shrines.
- This made many kaihatsu-ryoshu donate their shoen to dominant nobles, temples or shrines in central capital in order to secure the dominion and the management rights over the shoen.
- 同盟軍も奪還を試みたが失敗に終わり、白河口へ兵力が集中した隙を衝かれ二本松城も落城し新政府軍は会津へと進行路を確保した。
- The allied forces attempted to recapture the castle, but in vain; on the other hand, the new government's forces seized Nihonmatsu Castle while the allied forces deployed their troops heavily concentrated their troops at Shirakawaguchi, gaining access to Aizu.
- 道路としては片側1車線が確保されているが、急勾配、急カーブの連続する区間であり、上記のバイパスの建設が急務となっている。
- The road over the pass is double lane, but because it has continuous steep slopes and tight curves it is imperative to build the bypass mentioned above.
- ここからの古道は国道425号に飲み込まれたと見え、大津越え近辺の区間などのわずかな部分を除けば古道の道筋は不明確である。
- From this point, the old road seems to have been incorporated in National Highway 425, therefore the old road is unclear except for few sections such as the section around Otsu-goe.
- この時の勧学会は末法思想の高まりなどもあって比較的長期にわたって続けられ、断続的であるが勧学会関係の出来事も確認できる。
- Because the Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) became popular in this period of time, Kangakue was held for a comparatively long period, and some events relating to Kangakue can be confirmed, intermittently.
- 憲法発布当初その1年後に帝国議会が開会し、大正デモクラシー以後の政党政治の確立によって、日本は名実共に立憲君主国となった。
- One year after the proclamation of the constitution, the Imperial Diet session was opened, and Japan became a constitutional monarchy both in name and reality through the establishment of the party government in and after the Taisho Democracy.
- この発言では、天皇の地位が憲法に記されたものであることを確認した一方、護憲とも解釈可能なため一部の右翼勢力から非難された。
- Letting people confirm that the Constitution of Japan gives a definition of the Emperor, the remark was criticized by a small group of right-wing organizations for its probability of being interpreted as protecting the Constitution.
- どこまでの時代を扱った作品が「時代劇」と呼ばれるかに明確な定義はないが、明治維新までを扱った作品がそう呼ばれることが多い。
- Although there is no clear definition as to which periods qualify as jidaigeki, those based on periods up to the Meiji Restoration are often referred to as such.
- 種類は対馬暖流系の暖水種と、リマン寒流系の冷水種に分けられるが、両者の分布は水塊分布ほど明確に区分されず、混在海域が広い。
- The type of plankton is broken down into warm water species in the Tushima Warm Current and cold water species in the Liman Cold Current, but the distribution of both types is not as clearly divided as water mass distribution and there is a wide sea area where they coexist.
- 本書の特性は「わび」を強調して、これを「清浄無垢の仏世界」と規定する仏教(禅宗)中心主義の立場を明確にとっている点である。
- The characteristic of this book is that it emphasizes 'wabi' (an aesthetic ideal that finds surpassing beauty and deep significance in what is humble or commonplace and appears natural or artless), taking the definite stand for Buddhism (Zen sect)-centrism which defines it as 'pure and clean Buddha's world.'
- 決まり字(きまりじ)とは、百人一首で札の取り合いをする際に、そこまで読まれればその札だと確定できるという部分のことを指す。
- Kimariji is a term used for Hyakunin Isshu play cards (a game based on a famous poetry anthology, One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets); when a card of the first half of a poem is read out, players compete to take a matching card of the last half, and Kimariji means the first several letters of poems with which players can be sure which card to take.
- 全五幕一場からなるこの狂言は、初演時には既に確立されていた少なくとも三つの「世界 (曖昧さ回避)」のなかで物語が展開する。
- This kyogen of five acts and one scene unfolds the story of at least three 'worlds' that had already established at the first performance.
- 確かに、『日本書紀』の天智天皇と一部の歴史書に掲載される天武天皇の享年をもとに生年を逆算すれば、天武が年長となってしまう。
- It is apparent that Emperor Temmu was older than Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) after tracing back their ages according to the Emperor Tenchi's (Tenji's) age at death in 'Chronicles of Japan (Nihon Shoki)' and the Emperor Temmu's age at death in other history books.
- この処分案に対し、後陽成帝は非常に不満であったが、諸公卿・新上東門院など朝廷の主立った面々は賛成しており、処刑が確定した。
- Although Emperor Goyozei was very much dissatisfied with this proposal, court nobles and other influential members of the Imperial Court including Shinjotomon-in approved of it, and the penal sentence was finalized.
- 13世紀から14世紀頃には、現在アイヌと呼ばれる民族と同一とみられる「蝦夷」が存在していたことが文献史料上から確認される。
- In some historical documents it can be confirmed that a group called 'Ezo,' who seem to have been identical to today's Ainu, already lived in Japan by the thirteenth century through the fourteenth century.
- ただし、以上のうちで律令の研究といえるものは「古記」のみで、他は条文の解釈を公的に確定する作業であったというべきであろう。
- However, among the above, only the 'Koki' can be referred to as being research on ritsuryo, while others were acts of publicly deciding on the interpretation of the text.
- また確たる史料はないものの亘理郡の有力者で五位に叙せられ、陸奥の在庁官人として権守候補であった可能性は高いと見られている。
- It is also thought that Tsunekiyo was an influential person in Watari County who was titled Goi (Fifth Rank) and that it is very likely that he was a candidate for Gon no kami (a provisional governor) of Mutsu Province among zaichokanjin (locally hired government officials during the Heian period), although there are no historical materials that can validate it for sure.
- 『初会金剛頂経』は金剛界曼荼羅の典拠となる経典で、真言宗や天台宗では密教の「即身成仏」の原理を明確に説いているとしている。
- 'Shoe Kongocho-kyo' is a sutra (or sacred book) used as a reference for Diamond World Mandala, and within the Shingon sect and Tendai sect, it is said to clearly explain the principles of 'Sokushin-Jobutsu' (Attaining Buddhahood with the Present Body) in Esoteric Buddhism.
- 日ごろから葬儀について知識を蓄えておくとともに、いざ葬儀になったら葬儀屋に最終的に必要となる総計を確認しておく必要がある。
- It is necessary to gain knowledge of funerals on a day-to-day basis and, when the time comes for a funeral, to confirm with the funeral agency the total amount to be finally claimed.
- 古墳の周囲には空濠がめぐるが、発掘調査の結果、前方部の南側に幅約20メートル深さの溝が確認されており、外濠とみられている。
- The tumulus is surrounded with empty moats in about 20 meters depth, which is seen as the outer moat, was confirmed on the south side of the front square part by the results of the research.
- 歌舞伎や商業演劇のように、一座の座頭や花形役者が明確に決まっている場合、下回りの役者に対して座長が振る舞いをする習慣もある。
- When the head performer or a star performer is fixed as in kabuki and commercial theatrical performances, it is also customary that the performer entertains the lower-ranked performers on the senshuraku day.
- 月ヶ瀬村を合併した奈良市は2007年までに梅林の規模や衰退状況等を正確に調査した上「保存管理計画」を取りまとめる予定である。
- Nara City, which has absorbed Tsukigase Village, was to conduct a thorough study on the Tsukigase Bairin in terms of its size and current waning situation, and to compile a 'Conservation and Management Plan' by 2007.
- だが、「へたり」で囃子が音楽として確立されていくと、笛や三味線は鉦の大音響に負けるため、用いなくなったと言い伝えられている。
- However, as hayashi played in 'hetari' style was becoming established as music, fifes and shamisen were apparently used less and less because they were overcome by the heavy sound of the gongs.
- 「いき」は現代ではしばしば拡大解釈されており、ファッション雑誌などに乱用されるように、正確な意味を把握していないことも多い。
- The meaning of 'iki' is often overinterpreted in the modern period, and it is often used without recognition of its precise meaning, like being abused in fashion magazines, etc.
- 彼らは自らもまた名田経営を請け負う富豪として、また富豪相互あるいは富豪と受領の確執の調停者として地方に勢力を扶植していった。
- The warriors became influential in rural areas as rich farmers who undertook the management of Myoden, or as mediators to solve conflicts between millionaires and zuryo or between millionaires.
- しかし、明治政府の国家権力を以てしても、楠木氏末裔を称する氏族は数多いものの、楠木氏の直系の子孫を確認する事はできなかった。
- Although there were many families who were identified as being descendants of the Kusuniki clan, it was not possible to confirm whether they were direct descendants, even when the state power of the Meiji government was used.
- 延信王以後、康資王、顕康王、顕広王と白川家の人物が神祇伯に補任されている(ただし顕康王に関しては確証がないとの見方がある)。
- After Nobuzane-o, the following members of the Shirakawa family were appointed to the position of Jingi haku: Yasusuke-o, Akiyasu-o, and then Akihiro-o. Some believe, however, that there is no hard evidence that Akiyasu-o became Jingi haku.
- この際に義詮は北朝の光厳天皇、光明天皇、崇光天皇、直仁親王を京都に取り残し、三上皇らは南朝方に確保され、賀名生へ連行される。
- When he escaped, Yoshiakira left the Northern Court Emperor Kogon, Emperor Komyo, Emperor Suko, and Imperial Prince Naohito in Kyoto, and they were taken into custody by the Southern Court and sent to Ano.
- まして、両統迭立が幕府の方針として明確にされている以上、後醍醐の攻撃対象に幕府も含まれることになるのは必然的だったと言える。
- Since Ryoto tetsuritsu was a bakufu policy, it was natural that the bakufu was included as Godaigo's offensive target
- また、寺院の中には安定した収入を確保するために、所領からの収入や祠堂銭(供養料)などを元手に金融業に進出するところもあった。
- In addition, in order to secure a stable income, some temples entered the money lending business, using revenue from their territories and from 'shidosen' (mortuary donations) as capital.
- 特に目黒不動・目白不動・目赤不動については江戸時代の資料からもその名称が確認でき、江戸の名所として『三不動』の名で知られる。
- Meguro Fudo, Mejiro Fudo and Meaka Fudo, in particular, can be identified in documents in the Edo Period and were places of interest known as the 'Three Fudo.'
- つまり、仏像彫刻家としての木喰のスタートは61歳であり、30年後の91歳の時まで制作を続けていたことが、遺品から確認できる。
- The relics show that Mokujiki started producing Buddhist statues when he was in his sixty-first year until thirty years later, when he was in his ninety-first year.
- 更に永宣旨による権限を行使して、本来ならば一定の資格を必要とする法橋・法眼・法印などの僧官を彼らに与えてその忠誠を確保した。
- In addition, monzeki exercised their right under Eisenji (decree allowing certain rights permanently) and granted sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by Imperial Court) such as hokkyo (the third highest rank for Buddhist priests), hogen (the second highest rank for Buddhist priests) or hoin (the highest rank in the order of priesthood) to such bokan to secure their loyalty.
- 父親は偶然見たその窮子が息子だと確信し、召使いに連れてくるよう命じたが、何も知らない息子は捕まえられるのが嫌で逃げてしまう。
- The father felt certain that the poor man he saw by chance was his son and ordered a servant to bring him in, however, his son who knew nothing went away not to be caught.
- とされ、漢代には12人のチームが対抗して鞠を争奪し「球門」に入れた数を競う遊戯として確立し、宮廷内で大規模な競技が行われた。
- In Han Dynasty, it was established as a competing game in which 2 teams of 12 people were striking the shuttlecock in order to kick it into the 'kyumon (goal),' and large-scale games were held in the Court.
- そのため自己を証明したり、手柄の確認、また敵味方の区別が必要になり、幔幕や旗、馬標や刀の鞘などありとあらゆる場所に描かれた。
- To identify themselves, confirm their achievements and distinguish friend from foe, samurai decorated all manner of things with Kamon, including Manmaku, flags, Umajirushi and sword scabbards.
- 1961年(昭和36年)、山根徳太郎らの発掘により、聖武天皇時代の「後期難波宮」の大極殿跡が発見され、その存在が確認された。
- In 1961, the excavation work performed by Tokutaro YAMANE and his collaborators unearthed the remains of Daigokuden (Council Hall in the Imperial Palace) in 'the late Naniwa no Miya Palace' of the era of Emperor Shomu and its existence was confirmed.
- 臣籍降下の概念が明確ではなかった上代においては、第9代の開化天皇以降の皇別の氏族には公(きみ)の姓(かばね)が与えられていた。
- In ancient times when the concept of demotion from nobility to subject was not yet clear, Imperial Families with ancestors from after the era of the ninth Emperor Kaika, were given the surname Kimi (Kabane).
- 大乗院の絵仏師としての巨勢家は室町末期までしか確認できないが、江戸時代に入っても巨勢家が大乗院の絵仏師の任にあったと思われる。
- The history of the Kose family as priest painters of Buddhist images of Daijo-in Temple can be traced up to the end of the Muromachi period, but the family probably continued in the same work into the Edo period.
- 同月、日活・松竹・帝キネ・マキノの4社で、検閲の統一や配給制度の確立、引き抜き防止等を目的に「日本映画製作者協会」を設立した。
- In January of the same year, the 'Japan Film Makers Association' was established by the four companies of Nikkatsu, Shochiku, Tei-kine and Makino for the purposes of unification of censorship, establishment of film distribution system, prevention of headhunting and so forth.
- しかし、20世紀以降、南方録の偽書説が認知されるに従い、天正年間の確実な資料として研究者の間で特別に重要視されるようになった。
- But from the 20th century and on, when Nanpo roku came to be acknowledged as a pseudograph, YAMANOUE no Soji came to assume more importance among scholars as a valid reference of the Tensho era.
- 融点の低い鋳鉄で鋳造された当時の鍋・釜を直すために鋳鉄片を溶融しうるだけの熱量は、これぐらいの装備でも確保できていたのだろう。
- It can be imagined that the enough heat amount to melt a piece of cast iron for repairing the pots and rice cookers casted by cast iron with a low melting point in those days could be obtained by such a simple equipment.
- 戦国大名は武力で自らの支配地域を確立していったため、従前の権利関係を解消して、支配地域を家臣や寺社へ分け与えることが多かった。
- As Sengoku-daimyos established their own regions of influence by force, they dissolved the previous rights and often gave their regions to the retainers, temples or shrines.
- 発掘が進むと、国府に明確な外郭線が存在しないこと、都市域は付けたし程度で官衙域を包み込むほどの広がりを持たないことが判明した。
- As work on the excavation progressed, it was discovered that there was not a definite outer demarcated line in Kokufu, and that the stretch of urban area was not large enough to encompass the Kanga area; rather, it was a small additional parcel of land.
- 墳丘は前方部を西に向け東西に正確に主軸をとった前方後円墳で、全長約140m 後円部径72mで、明日香村内では最大の古墳である。
- The tumulus is a large keyhole-shaped tomb mound with the front square part facing west and with the principal axis running exactly from east to west, whose total length was 140 meters with its rear round part being 72 meters in diameter, and it is the largest tumulus in Asuka-mura.
- しかし、明治維新からは手厚い保護への反発から、戦中から戦後しばらくの間は食糧確保のため狩られ、その結果頭数が二桁まで激減した。
- But because an antipathy toward careful protection arose after Meiji Restoration, and because it was necessary to secure the food during and for a while after World War II, they were hunted, and as a result the number of the deer decreased markedly to double digits.
- この地域の古墳に限って見れば、本稿の遺跡以外にも泉崎村の原山1号墳は5世紀末の全長20mの前方後円墳である事が確認されている。
- As far as this area is concerned, in addition to the remains described here, it was also confirmed that the Harayama Ichigo-fun tumulus in the Zumizaki-mura Village is a 20m keyhole-shaped one constructed towards the end of the fifth century.
- ガイドと称する中には客引きに等しい悪質な人が居る恐れもあり、「質」を確保するために、一定の「認定」「認証」の仕組みが必要である。
- There are fears that some disreputable solicitor will attempt to use the label of 'guide,' so in order for legitimate guides to maintain their reputation, a certain level of certification is required.
- 『山上宗二記』からは、この道具の序列の変化が確認され、また高麗物である井戸茶碗(秀吉所持)が名物に名を連ねている点も注目される。
- This change in the order of tea utensils was identified in 'YAMANOUE no Soji ki' (a book of secrets written by YAMANOUE no Soji, the best pupil of SEN no Rikyu), and it should be noted that the Ido chawan (a rustic tea bowl possessed by Hideyoshi) made in Korea was among the meibutsu.
- 石鼓は10基で1セットであるが、無造作に発掘されたために順序は明確ではなく、詩歌の解釈を通して現在の並びが妥当と判断されている。
- One set of sekko is constituted by ten stone monuments, however, they were carelessly excavated and, therefore, their order is not clear and it is determined that the present order is correct through the interpretation of the poems.
- 代わりに派遣された足利政知(義教の子)も上杉氏との確執から伊豆の堀越御所(堀越公方)に根拠を定めたために鎌倉府は事実上消滅した。
- As Masatomo ASHIKAGA (Yoshinori's son), who was appointed in place of Shigeuji, was based at Horikoshi palace (Horikoshi kubo) in Izu Province due to a feud with the Uesugi clan, the Kamakurafu ceased to exist in effect.
- その一方で自己の専売を確立した市場では座外の商人・職人の営業を禁止して座衆による独占を図り、座に属する小規模業者の維持に努めた。
- In the market where a za obtained an exclusive right to sell their merchandise, at the same time, they attempted to monopolize the market by prohibiting merchants and artisans who did not participated in that za from engaging in trade, and thus they sustained small traders belonging to the za.
- 大内政弘の後を継いだ大内義興は、少弐氏を一時滅亡に追いやるなど北九州・中国地方の覇権を確立し、その勢力基盤を確固たるものとした。
- Yoshioki OUCHI, who succeeded to Masahiro OUCHI, established a hegemony in northern Kyushu and Chugoku regions, as well as driving the Shoni clan to a temporary fall, and consolidated the base of his power.
- 元より半神話の世界なので、正確な比定は困難であるが、現在の川上村 (奈良県)、或いは東吉野村などの吉野川沿いの地域が想定される。
- Needless to say, as it is a story of half-mythical world, it is difficult to identify correctly, a region along Yoshino-gawa River such as present Kawakami-mura (Nara Prefecture) or Higashiyoshino-mura is considered.
- 小辺路を通行しての熊野ないし高野山への参詣記録は近世以降のものが大半を占め、近世以前の記録もいくつか確認されているが少数である。
- Most records of pilgrimage to Kumano or Mt. Koya through Kohechi were compiled after the early-modern period and there are few records before the early-modern period.
- このことから、すでに梁の時代には、偽経の『盂蘭盆経』が既に成立し、仏寺内では盂蘭盆会が行なわれていたことが確かめられるのである。
- Therefore, it is confirmed that in the era of Ryo, 'Urabon-kyo,' a gikyo, was complete, and that urabone ceremonies were already held in Buddhist temples.
- その後、材料調達・運搬の容易さ、原野という参照項の手近さ、選定方法の確立、未成木の植栽方法の定式化によってこの方法は伝えられた。
- Later, this method succeeded because of the availability of material supply and transport, closeness of the field as a reference, the establishment of selection methods, and the formularization of cultivation of immature trees.
- 元信は時の権力者であった足利将軍や細川家との結び付きを強め、多くの門弟を抱えて、画家集団としての狩野派の基盤を確かなものにした。
- Motonobu strengthened the ties with the Ashikaga Shogun and the Hosokawa clan as the powers-that-be, had numerous disciples and consolidated the basis of the Kanoha as a group of painters.
- いずれにしても、皇位継承争いに敗れた皇族が、皇位を確保した本家に政治的に対抗するかたちで分家を創立する、というパターンは共通する。
- Both Imperial families had a similar tendency to establish a branch family of the future generations after losing the battle of Imperial succession and trying to go against the main Miyake.
- 歴史学者の塚口義信氏は、『新撰姓氏録』左京皇別に見える百済王 (皇族) (百済親王)に同一人としているものの、確かとは思われない。
- Yosinobu TSUKAGUCHI, a historian, insisted that he was the same person as Kudara no okimi who appeared in Sakyo Kobetsu (clans branched out from the Imperial Family) in 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility); however, it does not seem to be certain.
- 観光ボランティアガイド組織は、企業や行政のように、ある一つの目的(ミッション)とそれを達成するためのルール・執行組織が明確でない。
- As they differ from business or administrative bodies, tourism volunteer guide organizations do not have a definite objective (mission) or rules and procedures in place to achieve this mission.
- 日本料理には宮廷料理の系統である有職料理、大名の宴会料理である本膳料理、江戸時代に町人の宴会料理として確立した会席料理などがある。
- Japanese cuisine is categorized into Yusoku ryori (dishes prepared for the royal court) derived from court dishes, honzen ryori (full-course haute cuisine) which are party dishes for feudal lords, Kaiseki ryori (formally arranged dinner to enjoy sake) established as party dishes for townspeople in the Edo period, and so on.
- しかしながら、中世以降は昇殿を許される家(堂上家)と昇殿を許されない家(地下家)として、家格で明確に区分されるようになり成立した。
- After the Medieval Ages, the status of Jigeke was established when court officials were clearly divided according to their family rank, and families permitted to enter the Hall were called Toshoke, and families not permitted to enter the Hall were called Jigeke.
- 信西自身は、保元の乱で敗死した藤原頼長の所領を没収して後院領に組み込み、自らはその預所になるなど経済基盤の確保にも余念がなかった。
- Shinzei himself confiscated the lands owned by FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, who perished in the Hogen Rebellion, and nominally added these estates to the land already prescribed for the Emperor's use after he abdicated the throne, yet in reality devoted his undivided attention to making those lands into a buffer to guarantee his own financial footing.
- 『楮幣』とよばれる新紙幣、貨幣の発行も計画され、3月には「乾坤通宝」発行詔書が発行されているが、乾坤通宝の存在は確認されていない。
- Plans were laid to issue new paper money called 'chohei' (mulberry paper notes) and new coins, and in the third month there is a record of an Imperial decree to issue kenkon tsuho ('circulating treasures of heaven and earth'), but it cannot be confirmed whether these kenkon tsuho ever in fact existed.
- 最澄は『法華秀句』を著した直後に没し、徳一もその後の動向は不詳なため、両者の論争が必ずしも明確な結論を得て終結した訳ではなかった。
- After Saicho wrote 'Hokke-shuku' he died and it is unknown where Tokuitsu was after that and thus the dispute between them did not reach a clear conclusion.
- また、書道の楷書、行書、草書にならって、絵画における「真体、行体、草体」という画体の概念を確立し、近世障壁画の祖とも言われている。
- He is also called the founder of the early modern screen paintings as he established the concept of calligraphy painting styles such as Shintai (standard style), Gyotai (semi-cursive style), and Sotai (cursive style).
- 同庁によれば、2007年2月15日までに南壁の朱雀がはぎ取られ、確認されている壁画のはぎ取り作業は(天井の天文図を除き)完了した。
- According to the Agency, Suzaku was cut out from the south wall by February 15, 2007, by which the removing work of all the mural paintings discovered was completed (except for the astronomical chart on the ceiling).
- 後に主流となった頼信の嫡流が東国の武士団を支配下に置いて武家の棟梁としての地位を固め、源頼朝の代に鎌倉幕府を開き武家政権を確立した。
- The direct descendants of Yorinobu, who later became the mainstream, solidified their position as the head of the samurai family with the eastern samurai groups under their control, and in the era of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, they founded the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and established the samurai government.
- 旧皇室令が廃止された際、宮内庁は内部通牒を出し、戦後明文の規定がなくなった事項についても旧皇室令に準じて実施することを確認している。
- When the former Imperial Household Orders were abolished, the Imperial Household Agency issued an internal notification in order to ensure that issues that lost explicit provisions after the war would be enforced according to the former Imperial Household Orders.
- 彼らは皇族に順ずる存在として高い尊敬を受けたが、やがて藤原家の外戚政治が確立していく中、2・3代ほどで没落する例がほとんどになった。
- They received a lot of respect as quasi-imperial families, but as the Fujiwara family established a political system which involved holding onto power as maternal relatives by marrying their daughters to members of the imperial family, most of the families fell into ruin during the second or third generations.
- ちなみに、太皇太后宮職の設置がはじめて史料的に確認できるのは貞観 (日本)6年(864年)に太皇太后となった藤原順子のケースである。
- Taikotaigogushiki was established for the first time for FUJIWARA no Junshi who became Grand Empress Dowager in 864 according to historical documents.
- 一説には皇統譜でも天皇とされているというが未確認(また別の一説には、前述の生涯1度だけの性交渉ゆえに歴代から外されたのだともいう)。
- In one theory she was regarded as Emperor in Kotofu (the genealogy of the Imperial Family), but it is not confirmed (and in another theory, she was deleted from the history because she had only one intercourse in her life as mentioned above.
- 興行における一座の一体感を確認し、共にひとつの舞台をつくりあげてきたことを喜び合う日として、千秋楽は独自の意味を持っているといえる。
- Senshuraku has the special meaning as the day when a sense of unity should be confirmed among the performers, and they all take delight in having achieved a play together.
- やがて壽海も自らの舞台の確保に苦しむことになり、これが養子に迎えた市川雷蔵 (8代目)が梨園と決別して映画界入りする一因ともなった。
- Eventually, Jukai himself had difficulty in securing opportunities to perform, which was one of the reasons his adopted son, Raizo ICHIKAWA (VIII) left the kabuki world to enter the world of cinema.
- 単に高所作業を行うだけでなく、設置場所の状態や作業性、足場解体時の効率など、その場に応じて的確に判断して組み立てることが求められる。
- Besides working simply in high places, ashibatobi is required to assemble scaffolds based on proper judgment of the condition or the workability in the area and the efficiency at the time of disassembling depending on the various situations.
- 久保田藩(秋田藩)は同盟に参加したものの、なおも藩内の意見が不確定だったため、新政府側の鎮撫使総督と同盟側の使者の両者が訪れていた。
- Emissaries from both the allied forces and the governor general of the chinbushi in the new government were sent to the Kubota Domain (also called Akita Domain) because opinions within the domain were not monolithic even though it had joined the alliance.
- いわゆる戦時教学を確立させ、指導的立場にあった僧侶の戦争責任を問う声も根強い一方、時代の流れとして止むを得なかったとする評価もある。
- Priests, who established so called wartime doctrine at the helm of the school, were either accused persistently of their responsibilities for the war, or evaluated that they had no other choice in the circumstances at that time.
- この「朝鮮風観音」という名称については、確証はないが、当時奈良地方の文化財を調査していた岡倉天心の発案によるものかと推定されている。
- Although it is not certain, it is assumed that the name of this 'Korean-style Kannon' was invented by Tenshin OKAKURA, who was researching cultural properties in the Nara area at the time.
- 覚猷(とばそうじょう かくゆう)の作、と伝えられるが、それを示す資料はなく、むしろ鳥羽僧正の筆が加わっているかどうかも確かめがたい。
- It is said to be a work of Sojo TOBA, Kakuyu, however, there is no historical record to prove it, and moreover, there is no way to confirm that he was in fact involved in it.
- 日置流(へきりゅう)とは、古流の逸見流を学んだ日置弾正政次(へきだんじょうまさつぐ)(正次とも)が確立した、和弓の流派の一つである。
- Heki school was established by Masatsugu Danjo HEKI, who learned in the ancient Henmi school.
- 鎌倉時代初期の日本刀は平安時代末期とあまりかわらない姿をしているが、鎌倉幕府による武家政治の体制が確立し、刀剣界が活発になっていく。
- Although Japanese swords in the early Kamakura era looked like the ones in the late Heian period, the military government system was established by the Kamakura Shogunate, and the world of swords blossomed.
- またその後の南朝方(足利直義を含む)の活動が停滞・沈静化するなどの傍証から、その戦いが南朝方の敗北であったこともほぼ確実とされている。
- It is also almost certain that the Southern Court lost the battle because there was supporting evidence that the activities of the Southern Court (including that of Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA) calmed down or stopped.
- 国民の間での知名度もきわめて低く、皇位継承者としての正統性の確立が見込まれないことから、この意見は現実的な解決策とはみなされていない。
- Therefore, this has not been seen as a viable solution as Kobetsu Sekke is extremely little known amongst the public, and it is not regarded as legitimate that Kobetsu Sekke succeed to the Imperial Throne.
- この時期までに郡司・郷司・負名層が自ら墾田して領主となる開発領主が登場しており、彼らは自領を権門へ寄進することで権利を確保していった。
- By this time, Gunji (local magistrates), Goji (local government officials under the Ritsuryo system), Fumyo (tillers of public rice fields) developed new rice fields, owned these fields, and ensured their power by donating such fields to the influential.
- したがって、少なくとも17世紀半ば、江戸時代前期において、天皇の御世を長かれと祝賀する歌である、とする解釈が存在したことは確かである。
- Therefore, we can say for sure that, at least in the middle of the seventeenth century, namely during the early part of the Edo Period, there was an interpretation that the poem in question was for celebrating the reign of the emperor and wishing his reign would last long.
- 明治以降、五條代官所がこの地にあった事などから「五條県」が置かれており、当時の公文書等などからも『五條』とされていることが確認できる。
- Around the end of the Meiji period, '五條 Prefecture' was established and has also been recognized from official documents, etc. at that time that it was described as '五條;' this is because of the fact that there used to be the 五條 daikansho (regional office of administrative official) here.
- 湖西線下り線から分岐する緩勾配の側線は、勾配を緩和することで牽引定数を確保することで、重量のある列車が通過できるように設けられている。
- The gentle gradient sidetrack diverging from the westbound Kosei track secures a certain nominal hauling capacity by decreasing the gradient in order to enable heavy trains to pass through.
- 明確に範囲を定義することは出来ないが、カルスト台地で有名な平尾台の南東に位置し、行橋市、みやこ町、築上町北部にかけて広がる平野である。
- Although its definite scope cannot be defined, this plain lies southeast to Hiraodai Plateau, famous for its karst plateau, and spreads over Yukuhashi City, Miyako Town, and the northern part of Chikujo Town.
- 禅宗では現在もこれを仏の教えにより恐怖や不安から解放されて悟りの境地に到達し、心の安らぎを得て主体性を確立することという意味で用いる。
- In the Zen sect, the term is still used for being released from fear and anxiety, attaining a state of enlightenment and spiritual peace to establish one's independence by teachings of Buddha.
- 日本の弓術がいつ頃『術』として体系化されたか、また起源など弓矢の始まりが先史時代という事もあり明確な資料に乏しく定かにはなっていない。
- It's not sure when Japanese Kyujutsu was systematized as a 'technique' not only because of the lack of clear records, but also partly because the use of the bow and arrow began in prehistoric times.
- 遺跡の保存と公開のため瀬戸内市教育委員会により平成17年(2005年)から平成20年(2008年)にかけて発掘確認調査が行われている。
- In order to preserve the remains and open them to the public, Setouchi City Board of Education carried out the excavation, recognition and research from 2005 through to 2008.
- 明確な周濠は無いが古墳の西は約10メートルほどの幅で平らに整地されており、東側の一段低くなった田も墓域を示す空濠の跡と考えられている。
- There is no clear surrounding moats, but the west side of the tumulus is leveled nearly 10 meters wide, and the east side of the sunken rice field is considered to be the remain of a dry moat which shows the area of the tumulus.
- 尚、同区に現存する後花園天皇の火葬塚は、京都府内における近世以前の皇室の陵墓・火葬塚の中で、学術上最も確実なものの一つであるといわれる。
- It is called Emperor Gohanazono's cremation mound (a burial mound wherer cremated remains are stored) and it exists in the same Ward, this cremation mound is known for the most accurate historical information in the study of the Imperial Mausoleums and cremation mounds of the early modern ages that exist in Kyoto Prefecture.
- 第2代藩主・大村純頼は慶長12年(1607年)、財源確保と藩主権力強化のため、「御一門払い」と呼ばれる一門の領地没収を強制的に実行した。
- In 1607, Sumiyori OMURA, the 2nd lord of the domain annexed the lands of these families in a move known as 'Goichimon Barai' to secure a source of income and shore up his position as lord of the domain.
- この乱の過程で、伊達晴宗は国人一揆との契約関係を再確認することで、他の奥羽諸大名に先駆けて戦国大名としての体制を確立することに成功した。
- In the process of this turbulence, Harumune DATE succeeded to firmly establish the system as a sengoku daimyo by reconfirming the contract relationship with kokujin ikki (rising of kokujin) in the run up to other daimyo in the Ou Region.
- しかし、室町時代になって代々神祇大副(神祇官の次官)を世襲していた卜部氏の吉田兼倶が吉田神道を確立し、神祇管領長上を称するようになった。
- During the Muromachi period, Kanetomo YOSHIDA of the Urabe clan, who inherited the title of Jingi taifu (Senior Assistant Head of the Department of Shinto), established Yoshida Shinto and began to call himself 'Jingi kanrei chojo' (Shinto-in-Chief).
- その後、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代を通し津軽十三湊を本拠地とし栄えたと言われるが、十三湊を支配した時期については諸説あり確定していない。
- Afterwards, the Ando clan is said to have been prosperous placing its home base in Tosaminato, Tsugaru Province through the time from the late Kamakura period to the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts, however, the period of time in which the clan was dominating Tosaminato can not be precisely determined because of various estimates.
- 結局この時は、霊元天皇がそれぞれの家説を確認した上で、かつて自らが受けた印明伝授を二条綱平に伝え、二条綱平が印明伝授を行うことになった。
- Finally, it was determined that after Emperor Reigen checked the traditional theory of each family, he initiated with inmyodenju which he had been initiated in the past to Tsunahira NIJO who would conduct inmyodenju.
- 恒久的である神殿内部の依り代と並行して、この山は神の降臨を表現する、或いは、再確認する臨時の依り代として祭礼などで用いられるようになる。
- In parallel with permanent yorishiro fixed inside shrines, these Yama (imitation mountains) have been fabricated and used in festivals as temporary yorishiro to represent or reconfirm the descent of gods.
- 現在のところ発掘調査によって正式に確認されている上円下方墳は、武蔵府中熊野神社古墳を含めて全国で5例しかなく、きわめて稀少な墳形である。
- At present, tombs with a dome-shaped mound on a square base officially confirmed through research excavations amount to only five in Japan, including the tumulus under consideration, and are therefore very rare.
- 新説提唱が一段落してから、1980年代以降は直系・嫡系の皇位継承法説が最有力と目される状態に揺り戻したが、それで確定とはみなされていない。
- After the boom of the new theories, in the 1980's and later, the direct line imperial succession code theory and the legitimate child imperial succession code theory were again deemed dominant, but their credibility has not been confirmed yet.
- 壱志姫王の名は『日本書紀』『続日本紀』などの基本史料に確認出来ず、遥か時代を下った『本朝皇胤紹運録』に弘文天皇の女として見えるだけである。
- The name Ichishihime no Okimi is not found in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) or 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), which were thought to be the basic historical documents, but only appears as the princess of the Emperor Kobun in 'Honcho koin jounroku' (the Emperor's family tree) which was edited after a long period of time.
- 文楽と竹本にさまで大きな内容的相違がないにもかかわらず、これを明確に区分しようとする意識がつよいのはこうした階級意識によるところが大きい。
- This class-based prejudice explains why Bunraku practitioners have a deep-seated mind-set to clearly discriminate against Takemoto in favor of Bunraku, despite no major differences in their practices.
- 浮世絵の風景画は当時「名所絵」と呼ばれており、このシリーズの商業的成功により、名所絵が役者絵や美人画と並ぶジャンルとして確立したと言える。
- The landscape Ukiyoe picture was called 'Meishoe' in those days; this series was such a great commercial success that Meishoe was defined as a new genre along with Yakushae (a print of a Kabuki actor) and Bijinga (a type of Ukiyoe portraying beautiful women).
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、北朝 (日本)を擁した室町幕府は、兵粮確保を名目に半済令を出して荘園・公領の年貢半分の徴収権を守護に認めた。
- Upon entering the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Muromachi bakufu, which championed the Northern Court, issued Hanzeirei (order allowing military governors, or Shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund) on the pretense of keeping the army provisioned; the law recognized the authority of Shugo (provincial constable) to levy a half-tax (50% of all rice) annually on all private estates and public territories.
- これに対して細石(さざれ石の項目を参照)についての詳細など、先に述べた歌詞の正確な内容がほとんど知られていない事による誤解が広まっている。
- In this regard, there are misunderstanding due to the fact that above-described correct meaning of the words such as the details of sazareishi (pebbles) (Refer to the section for 'sazareishi (pebbles),' are hardly known.
- 現地派遣の筆頭国司(受領)が前代より大幅に権限委譲された上で、富豪百姓層を通じて地域支配、税の徴収を行う王朝国家体制が10世紀に確立した。
- As a result a system of the dynasty state was established in the 10th century, in which the heads of the provincial governors (Zuryo) who had been sent to each region received much stronger empowerment than their previous generation and ruled the region and collected tax through the rich peasants.
- 現在は一般に、警察が被疑者を真犯人か否か検証するために目撃者に被疑者の面相を確認させる行為(面通し)を指す俗語として用いられることが多い。
- Currently in general, when the police endeavor to identify if a suspect is actually a criminal, eye-witnesses act to verify the identity of suspects; the colloquial term 'Kubi jikken' is widely used when referring to a 'line up.'
- しかし、後継の大内持世は盛見に匹敵する人物であり、足利義教の信任を受け少弐氏・大友氏を征伐するなど、大内氏の北九州における優位を確立した。
- However, the successor, Mochiyo OUCHI, who was a person as good as Morimi, received the confidence of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and established an Ouchi clan's priority in northern Kyushu, as well as conquering the Shoni clan and Otomo clan.
- また、熊野詣それ自体の盛衰もあって、正確なルートが不明になっている区間があること、歴史的な変遷から生じた派生ルートの扱いなどの問題もある。
- In addition, with rise and decline in popularity of pilgrimages to Kumano Sanzan, adequate routes are left unclear in some districts, and how to treat the routes derived from historical changes is not fixed.
- 移動元から移動先に送る証文を宗旨送・寺送状と呼び、本人確認後の証明として移転先から移転元に送る証文を引取一札(ひきとりいっさつ)と呼んだ。
- The shomon sent from the original place of living to the new place was called Shushi Okuri (literally, letters of transmittal concerning his or her doctrines of a religious sect) or Tera Okurijo (literally, letters of transmittal by a temple), while the shomon sent from the new place to the original place to prove the identification of the person was called Hikitori issatsu.
- 手水鉢の代りにガラスの水時計、連続的な音と増幅、彫刻(正確には漫画のキャラクター)で飾られ日本庭園ではない屋内の駅待合所に設置されている。
- Instead of being a suikinkutsu with a wash basin in a Japanese garden, it is a suikinkutsu with a glass clock of water emitting a continuous amplified sound decorated by a sculpture (to be more precise, it is a comic book character) built inside the waiting room of the station building.
- このような内部空間を間仕切る多様な障子の発明は、寝殿造りの住宅の公と私の明確な分離に基づく、住まい方の変化をもたらした重大な転機となった。
- These inventions of various shoji that divided internal space were a significant turning point which led to a change of living based on the definite separation between public and private matters (formal and private matters) in the Shinden-zukuri style residence.
- 文献で確認できる限り、1680年に井原西鶴が「一昼夜独吟四千句」の中の一句「廬斉が夢の蝶はおりすえ」に詠んだ、雄蝶・雌蝶が最古の記録である。
- As far as is shown in literature, the earliest reference to the girei origami was ocho and mecho (male and female butterfly models) in the haiku, 'butterflies in a beggar's dream are origami' composed by Saikaku IHARA in the 'Ittyuya Dokugin onsenku (4000 Haikus Recited Alone All Day and Night)' in 1680.
- それでも、受領を勤めると多大な蓄財ができたといわれ、蓄財によって上流貴族へ私的に奉仕し、受領の座を確保しようとする中流貴族は少なくなかった。
- Still, it is said that they could accumulate great wealth once they worked as Zuryo, and quite a number of middle class nobles served the upper class nobles privately by providing them with a substantial financial contribution in order to keep the position of Zuryo.
- 近年開業した大規模小売店舗の敷地内にも久御山町の野菜の直販コーナーが設けられ、徐々に知名度が上がりリピーターを確保する程までに成長している。
- Because of an outlet store for vegetables of Kumiyama-cho established within the premises of a recently-opened large-scale retail store, the area's name recognition increased gradually, until it experienced growth through establishing repeat customers.
- 朝倉景鏡の甥とされるが、父親の動向等に不明な点が多く、越前朝倉氏との関連は確定ではない(北条家臣、もしくは伊勢、遠江の朝倉氏等の系統か?)。
- The head of this clan was said to be the nephew of Kageakira ASAKURA, but there are many unclear points about his father's life and so on, and the connection with the Echizen-Asakura clan can not be confirmed (His father could have been a retainer of the Hojo clan, or a member of a certain family line of the Asakura clan of Ise Province or the Asakura clan of Totomi Province.)
- なお、豊臣秀吉政権の確立以降、こうした主君押込めは沈静化し、少なくとも徳川将軍家では見られなくなったが、各大名では比較的頻繁に行われていた。
- Yet, starting from the establishment of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's government, situations of shukun oshikome calmed down, and were not seen inside the Tokugawa family itself (which held the shogunate), but shukun oshikome remained comparatively frequent among the various daimyo.
- 湖西線下り線と緩勾配の側線の合流部付近に信号機(第3日本の鉄道信号機閉塞信号機)があるが、どちらの線からも確認しやすい位置に設置されている。
- Near the junction of the eastbound track and the gentle gradient sidetrack of the Kosei Line, there is a railroad signal (the 3rd block signal) which is located in a clearly visible place seen from both of the tracks.
- これは、建設に先立つ事前協議の結果、難波宮跡の遺構の保存と難波宮跡公園から大坂城跡への景観を確保するために「平面案」が採用されたためである。
- As a result of pre-construction consultation, this 'street-level design' was adopted to preserve the remains of the Naniwa no Miya Palace ruins and to secure the scenery between Naniwa no Miya Historical Park and the ruins of the Osaka-jo Castle.
- このような中、慶安3年(1650年)5月25日_(旧暦)に金森宗和が参加した茶会に関する記述の中で、絵付を施した御室焼の登場が確認されている。
- In a description about a tea party in which Sowa KANAMORI participated in on June 23, 1650, painted Mimuro-yaki is mentioned.
- 2006年現在、食用が認められているフグは、22種類で、1983年に当時の厚生省局長通達、「フグの衛生確保についての新しい措置基準」に基づく。
- As of 2006, there are 22 kinds of pufferfish that people are allowed to eat, which is decided based on 'New Rules for Measures to Secure Sanitation Regarding Pufferfish,' an official notice from the then director-general of the Ministry of Health and Welfare released in 1983.
- 入れ代わるようにやってきた三五郎は、小万から聞いた百両の金子が源五兵衛の懐にあることを確認して、小万の手紙をだしに源五兵衛を誘い出そうとする。
- Soon after Sukeemon left, Sangoro visits Gengobe and confirms that Gengobe has the 100 ryo, which Koman told of, in his pocket, and tries to lure him out using the letter from Koman.
- 従来の日本地図とは異なり、実測を元にした非常に正確・精密な地図の質の高さに幕府上層部も大いに驚き、伊能の測量事業への支援を強化することとなる。
- The top management of the Bakufu was greatly surprised at the high quality of the very accurate and precise maps which were drawn on the basis of local survey unlike the previous maps of Japan and decided to strengthen support for INO's survey operations.
- なお沿海・沿道の精密さに較べ、土地の高低などは測定されなかったため、山稜の描写は従来の国絵図のごとく鳥瞰的に描写されており、正確とはいえない。
- Compared with the precision of the depiction of coasts and roadside areas, ridges are depicted in a bird's-eye way just as in traditional Domain Maps and their depiction is not so accurate because height of lands was not surveyed.
- しかし、ふっくらした生地を造るのに適した重曹成分や蒸しに適した高温の蒸気が確保できる温泉は限られており、多くは単なる土産物としての饅頭である。
- However, there are only few hot springs which have both sodium bicarbonate suited for making soft and full dough, and steam of high temperature required for steaming, therefore many of the manju called Onsen-manju are normal manju just as a souvenirs.
- 律令法は貴族層が、その特権と支配を維持するための法であるから、賤民制度をふくめた全体の身分の体系は、法によって明確に規定しておく必要があった。
- The purpose of ritsuryo law was to enable the kizoku class to maintain its privilege and dominance, and therefore, a general class system, including the senmin, had to be clearly defined by law.
- 大将や重臣が、討ち取ったと主張する者にその首を提出させ、相手の氏名や討ち取った経緯を、場合によっては証人を伴い確認した上で戦功として承認する。
- General and senior retainers required the individual claiming to have made the kill to provide the severed head and the details surrounding the kill and the deceased's name; in some situations, recognition of valor occurred following corroboration from a witness.
- 確認されたもののうち、最も初期のアプリシオは、ナルボンヌ(Narbonne)に近いフォンジョクス(Fontjoncouse)で見つかっている。
- The earliest aprisio among the ones confirmed was found in Fontjoncouse near Narbonne.
- 織田政権内での主導権をもくろむ秀吉は、さらに清洲会議にて信忠の子・三法師(織田秀信)の後見となり、事実上の信長の後継者としての地位を確立する。
- Hideyoshi, who aimed to take the initiative in the Oda government, became the guardian for Sanposhi (Hidenobu ODA), who was a son of Nobutada, as a result of the Meeting in Kiyosu-jo Castle and established his position as the successor of Nobunaga.
- 周防・長門・石見・豊前・和泉・紀伊の6カ国の守護を兼ね貿易により財力を有する強大な大内氏の存在は将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満の警戒を誘った。
- The Ouchi clan had become so powerful - simultaneously shugo of six provinces, Suo, Nagato, Iwami, Buzen, Izumi, and Kii, and possessing great wealth thanks to their trade - that they were bound to put Yoshimitsu, who was aiming to establish a system of despotic rule by the Shogun, on his guard.
- このように中世における事例が見られるとはいえ、小辺路が参詣道として確立するのは近世になってのことであり、その呼称の初見も近世初期のことである。
- Although there were such examples in the Muromachi period, Kohechi as a pilgrimage road was established in the early-modern period, and its name 'Kohechi' appeared at the beginning of the early-modern period for the first time as well.
- 光長に継承された逸見氏は信義の武田氏が躍進して衰退したと考えられているが、その後は支族の動向が確認できるものの直系に関しては不明とされている。
- The Henmi clan that was inherited by Mitsunaga is believed to have declined with the rise of the Takeda clan under Nobuyoshi, and its direct descendants remain unknown, despite evidences of activities by branch families.
- 格式を重んじる書院の茶から、俗世間を超越した精神的昂揚を重んじる侘茶が流行して行き、草庵の風情を意匠に取り入れた茶の為の空間が確立されていく。
- From the Shoin tea ceremony that was particular about formalities, the wabicha (the subdued-style tea ceremony) which emphasized the raising of a spirit standing aloof from the world had become popular and the space for tea ceremony including a tea hut into design had been established.
- 近年では聖王が523年に即位したことはほぼ確実となったため、これに従えば聖王26年は548年にあたり、これを仏教公伝年とする説も浮上している。
- Recently, it is almost sure that Shoo was enthroned in 523, according to which the 26th year of Shoo corresponds to 548, so that some people say that this is the year of the official introduction of Buddhism.
- そのため、二度目のデートを確実に行うために、十五夜に異性を誘う(相手はどうしても十三夜にも来なければならないため)、ということがあったようだ。
- Therefore, in order to have the second date for sure, it is said that some people would invite someone of the opposite sex on the fifteenth night (the invited person must come to the thirteenth night as well).
- さらに、冬嗣(文徳天皇)・藤原良房(清和天皇)・藤原基経(朱雀天皇・村上天皇)と北家嫡流が三代に亘って天皇の外祖父となり、同家の優勢を確立した。
- Moreover, the main branch of the Northern House became maternal grandfather over three generations--Fuyutsugu (Emperor Montoku), FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa (Emperor Seiwa) and FUJIWARA no Mototsune (Emperor Suzaku and Emperor Murakami)--whereby the predominance of the Northern House was established.
- 急造のバラックスタジオで、牧野の長男・マキノ正博監督が『二番手赤穂浪士』ほかを撮影したが、配給網が確立できず、資金難となり、2か月で解散となる。
- Director Masahiro Makino, Makino's oldest son, filmed 'Nabante Ako Roshi' and other films using a hastily built studio, but the company was unable to secure a distribution network and was liquidated two months later due to financial difficulties.
- 高倉の即位は、清盛だけでなく、安定した王統の確立を目指していた後白河も望んでいたものであり、後白河と清盛は利害をともにする関係にあったといえる。
- Takakura's ascension was wished for by not only Kiyomori, but also Goshirakawa, who wanted to establish a stable Imperial line, and therefore the relationship between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori may be considered to have had common interests.
- 後鳥羽上皇らが幕府討伐のため起こした承久の乱は、結果としては幕府が朝廷に勝利し、朝廷に対する幕府の政治的優位性の確立という画期的な事件となった。
- The end result of the Jokyu Rebellion, in which Retired Emperor Gotoba and others tried to overthrow the bakufu, was the triumph of the bakufu over the court--this rebellion ushered in a new era, one of the political ascendancy of the bakufu over the court.
- その中にあって、東部イングランド低地では、スカンジナビア入植者の遺産の一部として、当時としては例外的とも言える農民の広範な自由が確保されていた。
- Among them, in the eastern England lower zone, a wide variety of farmers' freedom was secured, which was exceptional in those days, because of a part of Scandinavian settlers' heritage.
- その後、1935年(昭和10年)の大楠公600年祭時に、ついに確認された楠木氏子孫によって、湊川神社内に楠木同族会が結成されて現在に至っている。
- Later, the Kusunoki family council was formed in the Minatogawa-jinja Shrine by the those who were finally confirmed as the descendants of the Kusunoki clan during the Dai-Nanko 600 years anniversary held in 1935 and is still active today.
- だが、応仁の乱では岡崎が戦場となり、北白川も目前の東山に北白川城が築かれて度々攻防戦が行われるなど、戦国 (日本)乱世の影響を確実に受けている。
- During the Onin War, both areas were directly affected by the turbulent war period such that Okazaki became a battleground, whereas Kitashirakawa-jo Castle was built in Higashiyama which was within a stone's throw of Kita Shirakawa where offensive and defensive battles were frequently fought.
- この兵を湯沐邑の兵力とみる説と、美濃国全体の兵力とする説とがあるが、いずれの場合でも安八磨郡の湯沐邑が真っ先に軍事行動を起こしたことは確実である。
- One theory is that soldiers were said to be from Tomokuyu and in another theory the soldiers are from the whole Mino Province, but with either theory, it is certain that Tomokuyu of Ahachimanokoori raised the army first.
- 月ヶ瀬村では村を挙げての反対運動が行われ、奈良県やマスコミも声を上げたが、下流域の安全確保の大義の前にしてついに水没を回避することはできなかった。
- Tsukigase Village carried out official protests and Nara City and mass media also voiced opposition, but the construction could not be stopped for the cause of securing safety in the downstream area.
- 当時、武士身分の領地所有は不安定であって頼朝軍への急速な武士の集結の背景には、武士による権利確立への強い希求があったのではないかと考えられている。
- In those times, the ownership of land by members of the warrior class was uncertain and it is suggested that the reason for the rapid gathering of bushi under Yoritomo's troops was because there was a strong wish for a government controlled by bushi.
- 『日本書紀』安閑天皇二年(535)5月に屯倉の大量設置の記事がみられるが、これらの屯倉の名前の多くが、現存する地名と一致し、その実在を確認できる。
- 'Nihon Shoki' contains articles relating to the establishment of numerous miyake (imperially controlled territories) in June 535 but the names of many of these miyake match surviving place names and their existence can be confirmed.
- 日付は、暦の正確性、著作との整合を保つため、貞享2年(1685年)から、宝暦4年12月30日 (旧暦)(1755年2月10日)までは、貞享暦表示。
- The dates are described with Jokyo calendar from 1685 to December 30, 1754 (February 10, 1755 in new calendar) in order to ensure chronological accuracy and consistency with the works.
- 内容はそれまでの戒律を基に、仏教教団としては異例の自給自足体制を確立させた禅宗教団に適合するような、主に集団生活を適正に維持するための規則である。
- Based on the preceding religious precepts, it was established principally as the rules by which to maintain group life, which were suitable for the Zen sect organization that had established the self-sufficiency system, which was exceptional for a Buddhist organization.
- なお、東京日日新聞や郵便報知新聞の錦絵版のように多数の発行が確認されるもののほか、本紙の宣伝や付録として、ごく限られた回数のみ発行されたものもある。
- In addition to those like the nishiki-e versions of Tokyo-nichinichi Shinbun and Yubin-hochi Shinbun whose numbers of copies were verified to be many, some nishiki-e-shinbun were issued for a limited number of times as advertisements or attachments to the main paper.
- 確実な記録としては、『天王寺屋茶会記』の永禄7年(1564)8月20日の津田宗達の茶会で用いられたのが初例であり、珠光の時代よりも随分と下っている。
- A reliable record is 'Record of the Tea Ceremony at Tennojiya,' which describes the tea ceremony given by Sotatsu TSUDA on October 5, 1564, on which occasion the caddy was used, but the date is much later than the period of Juko.
- 当時、地球の緯度1度の長さについて、30里、32里あるいは25里などと諸説があったなか、高橋・伊能師弟はこれを正確に測定するという目標を有していた。
- In those days there were several theories about the latitudinal length of the earth, argued whether it was 30-ri ('ri' is about 3.927km), 32-ri or 25-ri, and TAKAHASHI and INO aimed to measure this length correctly.
- しかし、これらの反平氏勢力は平氏追討を建前として掲げてはいたが、本音では自らの権利の確保、そして中央政府からの一定範囲での独立を真の目的としていた。
- However, while the anti-Taira clan forces attacked the Taira clan, the real reason was to keep their own rights and privileges and to obtain a certain degree of independence from the central government.
- 清盛はその経済力・軍事力を背景に朝廷における武家の地位を確立して、永暦元年(1160年)、参議に任命され、武士で初めて公卿(議政官)の地位に就いた。
- With the weight of the Taira's great economic and military might behind him, Kiyomori firmly established the (high) position of the warrior clans at court; in 1160 he was named Sangi (councillor), marking the first time a warrior had been raised to such a high and lordly (Giseikan) rank at court.
- ところが、斥候の浅野薫が乱戦を怖れたため、大石鍬次郎隊への連絡が遅れて当初予定していた包囲体制が完成せず、土佐藩士たちは退路を確保することができた。
- However, because Kaoru ASANO, on patrol, was afraid of the battle royal and his report to the group of Kuwajiro OISHI was too late, the plan to surrender the Tosa retainers failed and consequently they secured their escape route.
- 開発領主は国衙よりも権威のある中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ開発田地を寄進して(寄進型荘園)、国衙の圧力を断ち切ることで支配権・管理権を確保していった。
- Therefore, kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to secure their dominion and management rights by donating their developed fields to major central nobility, temples, and shrines, that were more powerful than kokuga, to eliminate the pressure from kokuga (those shoen were specifically categorized as donated shoen).
- その後の一族の動向は不明だが、天正年間からは東伯耆の南条氏家臣に進下総守が確認され、一部の者は他の有力者の家臣に組み込まれていったものと推察される。
- Although there is no record about the clan in years thereafter, in the records after Tensho era, 'Shin Shimosa no kami' who was a vassal of the Nanjo clan in East Hoki is found, therefore, presumably some of the clan became vassals of other powerful clans.
- 武田氏関係文書の特徴として、文書の多くは戦国期に武田氏の拡大領国が確立した信玄・勝頼期に集中し、信虎期以前のものが極端に少ないことが指摘されている。
- Concerning the characteristics of the documents related to the Takeda clan, it is pointed out that while many documents written during the Shingen/Katsuyori era, the era after the Takeda clan established its wide territory, are existing, the number of those written during Nobutora era or before is quite small.
- 5月、勝元は北陸に落ちていた政長を含む全国の同盟者に呼びかけ、花の御所を制し、戦火から保護するという名目で将軍らを確保、天皇、上皇を室町亭に迎える。
- In May, Katsumoto successfully called on his allies nationwide, including Masanaga who had taken refuge in Hokuriku, to occupy Hana no Gosho, took into custody the Shogun and others on the pretext of protecting them from warfare, and invited the incumbent and retired emperors to Muromachi-dai.
- 平安時代の貴族の邸宅や寺院に描かれた障壁画は、中国の故事や風物を描いた唐絵であったが、日本の四季の花鳥風月や風景を主題に選び、独特の画法を確立した。
- The pictures drawn on partitions in aristocratic residences and temples during the Heian period were Kara-e paintings (a Chinese style painting) on which historical events, scenery and customs in China were drawn, but he chose the beauty of nature and seasonal landscapes in Japan as subjects and established his peculiar style of painting.
- 弥生時代時代に入ると狩猟生活から稲作へと人々の生活が変化、それに伴い土地や水源確保のため領地争いが盛んになり、戦いの場で弓矢も武器として使用される。
- In the Yayoi Period life changed from hunting and gathering to rice farming, which led to many problems on lands in order to getting field and water, so the bow and arrow developed into weapons on the battlefield.
- 陵墓参考地のために詳細な調査がなされておらず不明確な点があるものの、埴輪の存在が明らかでないなどの特徴から、前方後円墳終末期のものであるとの説が強い。
- This mausoleum is generally supposed to have been constructed as one of the last keyhole-shaped mounds judging from the fact that it does not furnish Haniwa (unglazed terra-cotta cylinders and hollow sculptures arranged on and around the mounded tombs (kofun)), although no detailed investigation has been carried out because this is just a referable mausoleum.
- しかし、それ以外の外交とは関係の無い国内向けの公文書(例えば日本人向けの勲記、辞令等)においても「日本国皇帝」を発令者とするものが多数確認されている。
- However, many official documents for domestic communication that have nothing to do with diplomacy (e.g. certificates for decoration for the Japanese, appointment letters, etc.) with the title 'Nihonkoku Kotei' as issuer are identified.
- よって、2年後以降の春分の日の日付は確定していないことになるが、これまでに、天文計算によって求められた春分の日付以外の日が春分の日とされたことはない。
- Therefore, the dates of the Vernal Equinox Day two years and beyond have not been fixed; however, days other than vernal equinox day obtained by an astronomical calculation has never been set as the Vernal Equinox Day so far.
- よって、2年後以降の秋分の日の日付は確定していないことになるが、これまでに、天文計算によって求められた春分の日付以外の日が春分の日とされたことはない。
- Therefore, the dates of the Autumnal Equinox Day two years and beyond have not been fixed; however, days other than autumnal equinox day obtained by an astronomical calculation has never been set as the Autumnal Equinox Day so far.
- 1989年の日本囲碁規約改訂では、対局の停止後での「死活確認の際における同一劫での取り返しは、行うことができない」という規定により、これが継承された。
- When the Nihon Ki-in's rule was revised in 1989, the idea was succeeded through the regulation 'forbidding to take back the same ko in the judgment of life-and-death' after the game is finished.
- だがこの間、摂関家では頼通とその後を継いで関白となった藤原教通(頼通の同腹弟)が確執を起こして、天皇に対して具体的な対抗手段を取れる状況ではなかった。
- In the regent's house, however, Yorimichi and FUJIWARA no Norimichi (Yorimichi's brother by the same mother), who took over the post of chancellor after him, were in conflict during this period and they were not in any condition to take any concrete measures against the emperor.
- その後、両説を折衷する見解や地域差・民族問題などと関連付けて両説の並立の可能性を探る見解も出されているが、通説の確立には程遠い状況にあるとされている。
- Later, the viewpoint eclectically mixing both of the two theories and the viewpoint seeking the possibility of the compatibility between them linking with the regional differences, ethnic problems and so on was proposed, but it is far from establishment as a commonly accepted theory.
- その後行われた、寮自治会と大学当局との話し合いの場で、これまで得ていた確約の引き継ぎを求める寮自治会に対し、西村氏は吉田寮の早急な建て替えを提案する。
- In a meeting in which the council of the dormitory and the university authority participated, Nishimura proposed to reconstruct Yoshida dormitory as soon as possible while the council of the dormitory requested him to keep previous promises.
- 最澄はこの時期すでに天皇の護持僧である内供奉十禅師の一人に任命されており、当時の仏教界に確固たる地位を築いていたが、空海はまったく無名の一沙門だった。
- At that time, Saicho had been appointed to one of the naikubu-juzenshi (the ten selected excellent priests for conducting Buddhist services in the Imperial Court) who were gojiso (a priest who prayed to guard the emperor), but Kukai was only an obscure priest.
- しかし、中央公論社は嶋中事件の後遺症で「皇位簒奪」の用語を用いることを恐れ、今谷の反対を押し切って、「王権簒奪」という不正確な表題にしてしまったという。
- However, afraid of using the term, 'usurpation of the imperial throne' following the aftermath of Shimanaka incident, Chuo Koronsha used an inaccurate title 'usurpation of sovereignty,' overriding Imatani's opposition.
- いっぽう、それと同時期である同年10月に、1925年に独立した牧野が設立したマキノ・プロダクション、正確にはその新社「新マキノ映画株式会社」が解散した。
- At around the same time in October of the same year, Makino Productions, or more precisely 'Shin Makino Eiga Kabushiki Kaisha,' which was established by Makino in 1925 was liquidated.
- 実際にこの法則が発表されたのは1932年の論文「古事記におけるモの仮名の用法について」であるが、彼がこれに強い確信を持って発表したのは前述の論文である。
- In fact these laws had already been mentioned in 1932 in his article 'Concerning the Usage of Kana for mo in Kojiki,' but he pointed them out with firm conviction in the aforementioned article.
- 大口屋暁雨は実在が確認できる人物で、寛延から宝暦年間に江戸の江戸三座や吉原で豪遊して粋を競った18人の札差、いわゆる「十八大通」の一人に数えられている。
- Gyouu OGUCHIYA can be identified with a real person, one of eighteen rice brokers called 'the eighteen splendid sophisticates and big spender' who vied with one another to show their spirit of 'Iki' by spending a lot of money at the three theaters in Edo and the licensed quarters in Yoshiwara during the Kanen and Horeki eras.
- ただし、武装集団である武士社会の行動原理に、現代社会ではヤクザなどの暴力団組織に特徴的に認められる行動原理が無視できないほど共通しているのも確かである。
- It is certain that the behavioral principle of bushi society, which were an armed group, is significantly similar to the behavioral principle which is characteristically seen in a gangster organization like yakuza and so on in modern society.
- 非公式に発足した関東軍事政権(後の鎌倉幕府)にとって、これらの訴訟を迅速・円滑に処理していくことが、確固たる政権として認められる条件の一つとなっていた。
- The smooth and swift handling of lawsuits was one of the requirements for the unofficially established military government (later Kamakura bakufu) to be recognized as a stable government.
- 国司は、国内の国衙領(公田)を名田へ再編成し、当時台頭していた富豪層へ名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負わせることで、租税を確実に収取するようになっていった。
- The kokushi reorganized the kokugaryo (public fields administered directly by a ruler) in the province into the myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and by entrusting the myoden and tax management to the newly-influential wealthy class, they ensured the collection of taxes.
- 広義の「煎茶」とは、中世までに確立した茶道における抹茶(挽茶)に対して、近世以降中国大陸から伝わった茶葉を挽かずに用いるお茶一般に与えられる総称である。
- 'Sencha' in a broad sense, is a term for the tea that is not made into powder, and which was transmitted from China since recent times, as opposed to Macha (the powdered green tea used for ceremonies) (steamed and dried before being stone-ground) which was established before medieval times.
- このうち「済」、「興」、「武」については研究者間でほぼ一致を見ているが、「讃」と「珍」については「宋書」と「記紀」の伝承に食い違いがあるため未確定である。
- Researchers have nearly reached consensus on the identification of 'Sai', 'Ko' and 'Bu' in the above theory, but 'San' and 'Chin' are yet to be confirmed due to discrepancy between the traditions written in Sungshu (Book of the Sung dynasty) and Kiki (Kojiki [Record of Ancient Matter] and Nihonshoki).
- 四天王の1人・渡辺綱は、王地の総門に鬼が住む謂れはないと言い、確かめるために鎧兜と先祖伝来の太刀で武装して馬に乗り、従者も従えずに1人で羅城門へ向かった。
- One of the four retainers, WATANABE no Tsuna said it was irrational that there was an ogre at the main gate of the domain of the Emperor, and to determine if it was true or not, he rode a horse in full armor, with an ancestral sword and headed for Rajo-mon Gate alone, without any followers.
- なお、両者の線引きは必ずしも明確ではなく、多くの演者によって演じられる新作落語(桂米朝 (3代目)作「一文笛」等)のように境界線上にある作品も少なくない。
- The distinction between classical rakugo and new rakugo is not always clear, and a number of works such as Little Flute (a new rakugo performance created by the third Beicho KATSURA and performed by many storytellers) are deemed to be ambiguous in terms of which category they belong to.
- 1720年(享保5年)に著された「大明律例訳義」は人道・恤刑思想を重視して正確かつ平易(当時の日本で使われている用語に置き換えた)を旨とした全訳書である。
- Authored in 1720, 'Daiminritsureiyakugi' is a complete translation based on accuracy and simplicity (translated into terms used in Japan at that time), with a focus on thoughts on humanity and merciful punishment.
- ただし、自らを蝦夷の子孫と伝承してきたことは確かであり、「朝敵」の子孫であるとする系図を伝えてきたことが、北奥地方に独特の系譜認識を示すものとされている。
- However, it is certain that the Ando clan itself handed down this tradition that they were Emishi's descendent, and the fact that they themselves handed down the genealogical record that they were the descendent of 'Emperor's enemy,' shows a unique recognition on the genealogy in the northern Ou region.
- が、これは大坂城主の豊臣宗家のみを指して「豊臣家」と呼ぶことが一般的であるためであり、豊臣氏全体が滅亡したという誤解を生じさせかねない不正確な表現である。
- However, this is because in general 'Toyotomi family' only refers to the head family of Toyotomi, the lord of Osaka-jo Castle, and, this is an inaccurate explanation that might lead to a misunderstanding that the whole Toyotomi clan was destroyed there.
- ところが、近時住宅地にのみこまれた文化財は、地震等による大火で失われる確立が過去に無いほど非常に危険な状態にあると危惧する声が有識者の中から上がっている。
- However, experts are voicing the fear that the probability that cultural properties enveloped by the sprawl of recent residential areas can become lost in fires caused by earthquakes and other factors is greater than ever before.
- 殿原衆は堅田の水上交通に従事して堅田船と呼ばれる船団を保有して、時には海賊行為を行って他の琵琶湖沿岸都市を牽制しつつ、堅田衆の指導的な地位を確保していた。
- Tonobara-shu were engaged in water transportation: they owned their fleet called Katata-sen (a group of ships in Katata) and maintained Katata-shu's leading position by checking other areas surrounding the lake and sometimes even by pirating.
- 確実な参詣の記録として最古のものは16世紀にさかのぼり、伊予国の武将土居清良が戦死した父の菩提を弔うために高野山を経て熊野三山に参詣したとするものである。
- The oldest reliable record of pilgrimage to Kumano dates to the 16th century, according to it, Kiyoyoshi DOI, a samurai of Iyo Province, visited Kumano Sanzan after visiting Mt. Koya to perform a memorial service for his father who had died in a battle.
- 「厨子」との区別は必ずしも明確でないが、構造、形式、形態、技法など、実際の社寺建築に準じて製作されたものを「宮殿形厨子」ないし「宮殿」と称することが多い。
- Kuden is not clearly distinguished from 'Zushi', but generally those made like real shrines and temples in their structures, models, forms, and techniques are called 'Kuden-style zushi' or 'Kuden'.
- 元正天皇が母親に天皇を持つ女系天皇であったことは確かだが、同時に父親から皇統をたどることのできる男系天皇でもあり、男女双系天皇であると考えるのがふさわしい。
- It is certain that Emperor Gensho is a Female-line Emperor having his mother as Emperor as well as being a Male-line Emperor that can be traced back to his father, therefore; he is a Female & Male-line Emperor.
- もし間人皇女=「中皇命」とすれば、なぜ彼女だけが特別にこうした呼称で呼ばれる必要性があったのかを考えられるが、斉明天皇だとする説もあり、必ずしも確証は無い。
- If Hashihito no Himemiko was the same person as 'Nakatsusumera-mikoto,' there is a question why only she had this special name; alternatively, it is said that this name could have been for Empress Saimei, but there is no proof.
- 支配体制のいまだ確立していない江戸時代初期には特に顕著で、幕府の成立から三代征夷大将軍徳川家光の治下にかけて、嗣子がないために取り潰される大名家が続出した。
- During the early Edo period when the control system had not been established yet, especially the period between the foundation of the bakufu and the regime of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, many daimyo families became extinct due to the lack of an heir.
- 開発領主たちは、国司の寄人として在庁官人となって、地方行政へ進出するとともに、本所から下司・公文などといった荘官に任じられ、所領に関する権利の確保に努めた。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshus became zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) as yoriudo of kokushi and advanced to the local administration and were appointed to shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor)) such as geshi (a local official to manage a shoen estate), kumon (a local shoen official below the geshi in rank) and so on by honjo and tried to secure the rights on shoryo (territory).
- しかし、少なくとも勢力間において発生する諸問題の解決に際して行使可能な手段として、武力、すなわち軍備の果たす役割に注目が集まる傾向にあったことは確かである。
- It is certain however, that there was a tendency that the role of military power, namely armaments, as at least available means in solving various problem occurring between such powers attracted attention.
- 戦国時代 (日本)になると各地の所領を武家に横領されたため、経済基盤を確保するために柳原資綱・柳原量光・柳原資定の3代に渡って、所領のある因幡国に下向した。
- During Japan's Sengoku (Warring States) period, some of the family's territories in various locations were confiscated by samurai families; in order to maintain a financial base, therefore, the family moved to Inaba Province, where it had held territory over three generations, from Suketsuna YANAGIWARA to Kazumitsu YANAGIWARA and Sukesada YANAGIWARA.
- しかし、末法思想が流行った当時は他界観がクローズアップされ、明確な情報をもった仏教的他界である地獄 (仏教)が広く受け入れられる結果となったのは自然だった。
- However in the time when Mappo-shiso was popular, the world after death was under scrutiny and it was natural for people to widely accept the idea of hell,which was the other world in Buddhism, with clear description.
- 近年では国内の日本人・外国人のなかでムスリムの人口が増加しており、彼らのうち戒律に厳格な者の努力により、土葬地を確保し火葬によらない葬儀を行う例もみられる。
- In recent years, the percentage of Muslim population is increasing among Japanese and foreign people living in Japan, and thanks to the efforts of those who are strictly adhere to Muslim values, in some cases, funerals at burial sites are allowed without cremation.
- 中級貴族であった経基の子源満仲(多田満仲)が藤原北家による摂関政治の確立に協力して中央における武門としての地位を築き、摂津国川辺郡多田の地に武士団を形成する。
- MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka (TADA no Manju), the son of Tsunemoto who was a middle-ranking noble, cooperated with the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan for the establishment of Sekkanseiji (regency), thereby gaining the status as the central samurai family and forming a samurai group in Tada, Kawabe District, Settsu Province.
- ただ、当時の基本資料である園太暦には「信濃での戦乱」に関する記述があり、この時期に「都にまで伝わるぐらいの規模の戦い(または戦乱)」があった事は確実とされる。
- The only description of 'the battle of Shinano' is found in the Entairyaku (the Diary of Kinkata TOIN) from the basic materials from those days, it is said it is certain there was 'a large scale battle and the story was passed to the city.'
- 7世紀末に建設された藤原京では、大極殿などの宮殿は瓦葺きで建てられていることが考古学的に確認されていることから、初めて寺院以外で瓦が使用されたとみられている。
- It has been archaeologically proved that the roofs of the palaces such as Daigokuden (Council Hall in the Imperial Palace) were covered with Kawara tiles in the Fujiwara Capital, which was constructed at the end of the 7th century, therefore it is believed that Kawara was first used for the buildings other than temples at that time.
- 以上から判るとおり、裁判結果が決して一方の主張に偏ることなく、特定の権力者の意向が反映しないよう、透明性と公平性が確保されたシステムが構築されていたのである。
- As explained above, the system ensured transparency and fairness in order to prevent the outcome of a trial to be one-sided or to reflect the inclinations of a particular influential individual.
- このように室町時代以降、武士内部に複雑な身分階層が成立していったが、これらは拡大した武士身分の範囲が一応確定された江戸時代の武士内部の身分制度に結実している。
- Likewise, after the Muromachi period, complicated stratification by class formed in bushi, but the expanded range of the samurai status led to the temporarily fixed class system in bushi during the Edo period.
- また今までの権限を強化するとともに、特定非営利活動法人(NPO法人)の認証や大規模小売店舗の届出確認など府から新たな権限を委譲するなど機能強化が図られている。
- In addition to retaining the former administrative power, the new bureaus had their functions strengthened: for example the right to certify non-profit organizations (NPO corporations) and those to check large-scale retail stores were transferred from the prefectural government to these bureaus.
- しかし一色義貫の死が義教の陰謀によるものであったため、持常とそれを継いだ成之が三河国に守護権を確立する際には、一色残党の激しい抵抗に遭い、多大な犠牲を払った。
- However, because the death of Yoshitsura ISSHIKI was a plot of Yoshinori, the remnants (of a defeated party) of Isshiki fiercely resisted when Mochitsune and his successor Shigeyuki were establishing the authorization of Shugo in Mikawa Province, and they made a great sacrifice.
- 中には義政側近でありながら武田信賢との確執から西軍に奔った一色義直や六角高頼・土岐成頼のように成り行き的に参加したものも多く、その統率には不安が残されていた。
- Many of the latter's associates including Yoshinao ISSHIKI had taken part in it on account of discord with Nobukata TAKEDA in spite of their being aides to Yoshimasa or out of not-so-relevant circumstances, such as Takayori ROKKAKU and Shigeyori TOKI, leaving uncertainty about their obedience to leadership.
- また企業や団体での類似の現象も院政と比喩されることがあるが、この場合は忠実な腹心や縁者を後継者として確定させることにより権力の更なる強化を図る意味合いが強い。
- Also, similar situations in companies or groups are sometimes described as insei, but in such cases the further strengthening of power is sought by deciding on a loyal right-hand man or a relative as one's successor.
- 小辺路の呼称を確認できる最古の史料は寛永5年(1628年)に編纂された笑話集『醒睡笑』巻一に収められた次の小話で、小辺路の読み方(こへち)の典拠もここである。
- The oldest historical material that confirms the name 'Kohechi' is a story collected in 'Seisuisho' (volume 1) which was a collection of comical stories compiled in 1628, and this pronunciation 'kohechi' (小辺路) is derived from it.
- 1114年(永久2年)3月に仁寛が城山(じょうやま)から投身自殺を遂げたのちは、見蓮らが陰陽道と真言密教の教義を混合して立川流を確立し、布教したとされている。
- It is believed that after Ninkan committed suicide by throwing himself from Mt. Jo in April, 1114, Kenren and others established the Tachikawa-ryu school by mixing the yin yang philosophy and the creed of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism and propagated it.
- だが、日本においては、一部に摩擦を抱えながらも仏教と伝統宗教である神道の共存が確立しており、儒教を受容しながらもこれを仏教と相反するとする意識は高くなかった。
- But in Japan, even though there were conflicts, Buddhism and Shinto, which were traditional religions, coexisted together, lowering people's views of Buddhism being against Confucianism, even though they had taken in the teaching of Confucianism.
- 飯田十基らが植治と異なるのは、雑木という全国の山野に自生して、強健で種類も多く、移植しやすい材料を求め、それ自体を原寸大で自然に見せる手法を確立した点である。
- What Juki IDA and his sympathizers did differently from Ueji was they found miscellaneous small trees grown naturally in the fields and mountains of the entire country are robust and consist of a number of species and are easy to transplant, and they were able to depict nature by themselves, in full-scale.
- 明確な基準がないために、現在では、料亭という言葉の高級感や響きの良さから、通常の日本料理店が自ら「料亭」と名乗る例が非常に多いが、それらは本来の料亭ではない。
- Since there is no clear criteria, many Japanese restaurants nowadays claim themselves to be 'Ryotei' because the term 'Ryotei' looks luxurious and sounds good, however, they are not really 'Ryotei.'
- ただし、外交文書などではその後も「日本国皇帝」が多く用いられ、国内向けの公文書類でも同様の表記が何点か確認されている(用例については別項「日本国皇帝」を参照)。
- However, in diplomatic documents and so on, 'Nihonkoku Kotei' (Emperor of Japan) was used afterwards, too, and several similar expressions can be found in official domestic documents, also (look at 'Nihonkoku Kotei' for the usage of the expression).
- 離脱後に生まれた男系子孫については、過去に皇族であったことがないため「旧皇族の男系子孫」と呼ぶのが正確であるが、一般には彼らをも一括して「旧皇族」と呼んでいる。
- Strictly speaking, male descendants who were born after their parents left the Imperial Family, should have been called 'male descendants of the former Imperial Family,' since they were not included as Imperial Family members in the past, however they were generally called as a whole, 'the former Imperial Family.'
- これにより、結果的に先に亡くなった厩戸皇子より長生きした大王からは後継者に明確に指定はされなかったものの、蘇我氏の力を背景に629年(舒明天皇元年)に即位した。
- Therefore, backed by the power of the Soga clan, he acceded to the throne in 629 although he had not been officially assigned by the okimi (great king), who outlived the Imperial Prince Umayado, who consequently died earlier than the okimi.
- 1983年に当時の厚生省局長通達、「フグの衛生確保についての新しい措置基準」により22種類の販売可能なフグとその部位が示され、それ以外の調理と販売は禁止された。
- In 1983, 22 kinds of pufferfish and the parts that can be sold were announced in 'New Rules for Measures to Secure Sanitation Regarding Pufferfish,' an official notice from the then director-general of the Ministry of Health and Welfare.
- 已然形は既に起こっていることを述べる場合(確定条件)に用いられたがこの用法は徐々に衰え、いまだ起きていないことについて述べる仮定条件として使われるようになった。
- The classical imperfective form, previously used to describe what has already occurred (Fixed Condition), started to be used to describe what has not occurred yet (Hypothetical Condition), and Fixed Condition was gradually diminishing.
- また、遣唐使の廃止による中国文化への関心低下と律令制の弛緩、藤原氏摂関政治の確立による中下流貴族の没落などによって、大学寮の地位も徐々に低下していくようになる。
- Also, the status of Daigaku-ryo gradually declined due to reasons such as a decrease in interest in Chinese culture because of the abolishment of Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China, the relaxation of the Ritsuryo system, and the downfall of low and middle ranking peers owing to the establishment of Fujiwara's Sekkan (regents and advisers) government.
- しかし、陵墓に対する「墓=死=穢れ」といったイメージが貴族たちに嫌われたことから、次第に忌避されるようになり、陵墓の所在が不明確になっていく理由のひとつになった。
- Due to negative images about mausoleums (graves = death = uncleanliness), nobles came to avoid mausoleum rituals, causing the locations of imperial mausoleums to be forgotten.
- 英照皇太后は生前女御のままで皇后には冊立されず、明治天皇の即位にともなって皇太后とされたので、その追号は正確なものであったが、昭憲皇太后にはこれは当てはまらない。
- In life, Empress Dowager Eisho stayed as a consort and was never installed as an empress, and she was titled Empress Dowager to accompany Emperor Meiji's enthronement, so this posthumous title is correct, but this does not hold true for Empress Dowager Shoken.
- ただ、万葉仮名の「共」を逆説の確定条件を示す接続助詞「ども」や「とも」として用いる例はないので、上のいずれの読み方であっても「ともに寝る」という解釈がされている。
- As '共' (Tomo) of Manyogana (early Japanese syllabary composed of Chinese characters used phonetically) has never been used as conjunctions of 'domo' and 'tomo' indicating fixed conditions of paradox, both of the above reading have been interpreted as 'sleep together.'
- よく言われるように貴族に仕える存在として認識された武士を侍と呼んだと言うよりもむしろ、上層武士を除く大多数の武士が侍身分の一角を形成したと言った方が正確であろう。
- It is more accurate to say that the majority of bushi, except for upper-class bushi, formed a part of the samurai status, rather than that the bushi who were recognized as those who served the aristocrats were called samurai, as they say.
- 院政期は律令制に代わり、院を頂点とした主従制的関係が形成され、官職や土地を恩給として臣下に与えて奉仕させるようになり、知行国・荘園制度が確立していった時期だった。
- The cloistered government took the place of the Ritsuryo system, developing lord-vassal relationships with the cloistered Emperor at the apex, and making subordinates work in exchange for positions and land as rewards, and was a period when the system of custodial provinces and shoen were established.
- そのことから実際に藤原氏の一族であったかはともかく、少なくとも当時の摂家から一族の係累に連なる者と認められていたことは確認されている(興福寺は摂家の氏寺である)。
- From these facts, although whether the Oshu Fujiwara clan was in fact related to the Fujiwara clan is still not clear, at least it was validated that the Sekke family (a lineage of regents and advisers, namely the Fujiwara clan at that time) recognized Tsunekiyo as someone who had a relation to the Fujiwara clan (Kofuku-ji Temple was an uji-dera temple [a temple built to pray for a clan's glory] of the Sekke family).
- 後嵯峨院は、奏事(弁官や蔵人による奏上)を取り次ぐ役職である伝奏の制度化、そして院が評定衆とともに相論(訴訟)裁許に当たる院評定を確立し、院政の機能強化に努めた。
- Gosaga-in strengthened the function of insei by formalizing the system of delivery, which was a position for the delivery of reports from Benkan (弁官) and Kurodo (蔵人) to the Emperor, and by establishing In-no-hyojo, where the In, together with Hyojo-shu, participated in decision/permission regarding lawsuits.
- このことで、太上天皇の地位は後任の天皇から与えられることに根拠を持つものに変質し、在位の天皇の優位性が確立して、二頭政治・二重権力の弊害は解消されることになった。
- This led to a change in the position of retired emperor as a position to be given by the coming emperor, and established the superiority of the residing emperor, relieving the harmful effects of diarchy/dual power.
- 『十住心論』(じゅうじゅうしんろん)、正確には『秘密曼陀羅十住心論』は、空海の代表的著述のひとつで、830年ころ、淳和天皇の勅にこたえて真言密教の体系を述べた書。
- 'Jujushinron' (Ten Stages of Mind Development), or 'Himitsu Mandala Jujushinron' (Ten Abiding Stages on the Secret Mandalas) to be precise, is one of the most famous writings by Kukai, which was written around 830 and describes the system of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism in response to the imperial order of Emperor Junna.
- 空海は、816年(弘仁7年)に高野山金剛峯寺を修禅の道場として開創し、弘仁14年(823年)に勅賜された教王護国寺(東寺)を真言宗の根本道場として宗団を確立した。
- Kukai founded Koyasan Kongobu-ji Temple in 816 as a dojo for Zen training, and established a sect having the Kyoogokoku-ji Temple (To-ji Temple), which was given by the Imperial Court in 823, as a fundamental dojo of the Shingon sect.
- 親鸞の念仏集団の隆盛が、既成の仏教教団や浄土宗他派からの攻撃を受けるなどする中で、宗派としての教義の相違が明確となって、親鸞の没後に宗旨として確立される事になる。
- While Shinran's nenbutsu group was censured by the Buddhist establishment and the other sects of Jodo Shu, a distinctive character of his discipline became clear, so his followers established a new sect, Jodo Shinshu, after his death.
- そして次の大統領盧武鉉は天皇という称号が世界的かどうか確認していないため「天皇」と「日王」どちらを用いるべきか準備ができていないと従来の方針を転換する姿勢を示した。
- And the next President Moo-Hyun ROH showed an attitude to convert the former policy because they were not prepared to decide to use either 'Tenno' or 'Nichio' for they did not confirm whether the title Tenno was used worldwide.
- このように本作品は、南宋院体画の影響を強く受けたものであり、日本の初期水墨画を代表する人物である如拙の筆であることが確実な遺品として、日本絵画史上貴重な遺品である。
- As described above, this work was strongly influenced by Nanso-Intaiga (the Southern Sung Imperial Academy style of painting) and is a valuable piece in the history of Japanese painting as a relic definitely drawn by Josetsu, who was the leading painter specializing in the early stage of ink-and-wash paintings in Japan.
- 水道、排水、電気、トイレの確保やゴミ処理が難しく、深夜の騒音問題、衛生面での問題や道路を占拠し交通を妨害するなどの問題もあり、最近ではこの種の屋台は減ってきている。
- Licenses are not the only impediments to owning a street stall business; there are other significant obstacles that are contributing to the vendor's decline: obtaining a water supply, drainage, electricity, bathroom facilities; trash and waste can be difficult to manage, together with problems with noise and hygiene; not to mention issues that occur from taking up a roadway and blocking traffic.
- 国府は桑田郡にあり、現在の亀岡市千代川遺跡または南丹市八木町屋賀(旧船井郡八木町屋賀)または亀岡市三宅町(国衙との説もある)にあてる説があるが、未だ確定していない。
- The Kokufu was placed in Kuwada District, and there are various theories about its location: that it was at the Chiyokawa site in the present Kameoka city, or at the present Yagi-cho Yaga in Nantan city (the former Yagi-cho Yaga in Funai District) or at Miyake-cho in Kameoka city (there is another theory that it was a Kokuga), but the precise location is still unclear.
- 「燃やすこみ」とされるもの以外は燃やせないタイプの焼却炉であり、現在の埋め立て用地は十数年もすればなくなってしまうため新たな埋め立て用地の確保が問題点となっている。
- An incinerator for non-burnable garbage is used for garbage other than burnable garbage, and as the current site for landfill will become unavailable in a little over ten years, the current issue is to secure a new landfill site.
- 江戸時代には、大名家及び仙台藩士の他に旗本(駿河伊達氏系)、紀州藩士(駿河伊達氏系)、津山藩士(駿河伊達氏系)、久保田藩士(国分盛重の系統)にも伊達氏が確認できる。
- During the Edo Period, in addition to daimyo and a feudal retainer of Sendai Domain, the Date clan also served as hatamoto (the Suruga-Date clan line), a feudal retainer of Kishu Domain (the Suruga-Date clan line), a feudal retainer of Tsuyama Domain (Suruga-Date clan line) and a feudal retainer of Kubota Domain (descendants of Morishige KOKUBUN).
- こうした環境は、当時、長子による家督権継承が完全に確立されていなかったことも相まって、しばしば将軍家・守護大名家に後継者争いや「お家騒動」を発生させる原因になった。
- This circumstance, coupled with the still incomplete establishment of the system of family headship inheritance by the eldest son, often gave rise to rivalry for heirship or other 'oie sodo' (family feuds) in the families of the Shogun and shugo daimyos.
- 森羅万象に命や神霊が宿るとする、古神道の一つである神奈備(かむなび)や磐座(いわくら)という山岳信仰と仏教、道教、陰陽道などが習合して確立した日本独特の宗教である。
- It is a Japan-specific religion combining various religions, such as Buddhism, Taoism, Onmyodo (the way of Yin and Yang, an occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) with Kannabi (an old form of Shintoism) and Iwakura (a form of mountain worship) in which a life or divine spirit is considered to reside in everything.
- 3世紀から日本列島ではクニの統合や政治的連合などが進み、ヤマト王権が確立し国家が成立していく時期になるが、また高塚式の墳墓を伴う古墳が造られ始めた時代と考えられる。
- From the 3rd century, integration of provinces and politics advanced, and Yamato sovereignty (ancient Japan sovereignty), the state was being established during this period, and burial mounds, such as the takatsuka style tomb (a tomb built as a mound), were constructed.
- 無形文化遺産保護条約に基づく「人類の無形文化遺産の代表的な一覧表」に掲載されており、2009年9月に予定される初の登録での世界無形遺産への登録が事実上確定している。
- Based upon the Law governing the Protection of Intangible Cultural Properties, it has been published in the representative list of 'human's intangible cultural properties,' and in fact, it has already been decided to be the first intangible world property to be registered in September, 2009.
- It is on 'The Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity,' which is based on Convention for the Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage, and it is almost guaranteed to be registered as the first World Intangible Heritage in September 2009.
- It also is listed in 'Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity' based on Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, and it is practically certain to be registered as an intangible cultural asset at the first registration scheduled for September, 2009.
- 昭和42年(1967年)より発掘調査が行われ、当時としては珍しい八角形建物(韓国の二聖山城跡に類似の遺構がある)をはじめ72棟の建物基礎が現在までに確認されている。
- Since the start of excavation research in 1967, 72 building foundations including an octagonal building which was rare at that time (there are similar remains in Niseiyama-jo Castle in the South Korea) have been found.
- しかし将門は、敵対勢力への対応に忙殺されて翌年には討たれているためその政治目的は不明瞭であるが、独自に諸国受領などの文武百官を任命するなど支配機構の確立も行っている。
- However, Masakado was busy dealing with the enemy forces and he was avenged the following year so the political aim is unclear but he established the ruling organization by assigning Bunbu Hyakkan such as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) in various districts in his own accord.
- しかし、平安後期に太上天皇が治天の君(事実上の国王)として君臨し、政務を取り仕切る院政が開始すると、詔勅や太政官符に代わる、政治意思の表示方式を確立する必要が生じた。
- However, in the later Heian period, when the Insei political system started, where the retired emperor took power and administered all affairs of state as a de facto emperor, it was required to establish a way to express its own political will instead of Daijokanpu.
- 1404年(応永11年)以降は日本に対して交付される貿易許可証である勘合符を所持する事で倭寇と区別し、正式な遣明使船である事が確認できる勘合船に限られるようになった。
- After 1404, the Ming Dynasty distinguished the official traders from wako by issuing Kangofu to Japan, limiting the trade to the kangosen (trading vessels with Kangofu between Japan and the Ming in the Muromachi period) because it was easily confirmed as an official vessel of Kenminshi (Japanese envoys to Ming Dynasty China).
- 平安時代末期ごろから貴族社会において公卿に昇る家柄が限定されるようになり、藤原北家による摂家の確立に伴って家格が固定化し、鎌倉時代前期ごろまでに公家社会が形成された。
- In the aristocratic society family lineage which allowed one to ascend to Kugyo (the top court officials) began to be limited since the late Heian period, and as kakaku (family status) was fixed when Sekke (line of regents and advisers) was established by the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, a hierarchical kuge society was formed by the early Kamakura period.
- 後嵯峨は、異論もあるものの、治天の指名を幕府に求める遺勅を残していたとされ、後嵯峨の内意を後深草、亀山の母である大宮院に確認した幕府により、亀山天皇の親政と決められた。
- Despite some objections, Gosaga left the order asking the bakufu to designate the chiten; the bakufu confirmed his will with Omiyain, the mother of Gofukakusa and Kameyama, thus deciding to have direct Imperial rule by Emperor Kameyama.
- 「タラシヒコ」という称号は12代景行、13代成務、14代仲哀の3天皇が持ち、時代が下って7世紀前半に在位したことが確実な34代舒明、35代皇極の両天皇も同じ称号をもつ。
- Not only the twelfth Emperor Keiko, the thirteenth Emperor Seimu and the fourteenth Emperor Chuai, but also the thirty-fourth Emperor Jomei and the thirty-fifth Emperor Kogyoku, who really existed and were certainly on the throne in the early seventh century, had the title 'Tarashihiko.'
- 文徳天皇の頃から藤原北家が天皇の外戚として摂政・関白につく摂関政治がある程度形成されていたが、醍醐の子である朱雀天皇・村上天皇兄弟の頃に、摂関政治が確立することとなる。
- Since the era of Emperor Montoku, the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan became Regent and Chancellor as the Emperor's maternal relatives and the regency government was partly established, during the era of Emperor Daigo's child, brothers of the Emperor Suzaku and Emperor Murakami, this government was fully established.
- 西暦600~700年にかけて律令制の導入に成功した藤原氏、特に藤原北家が東国においてもその基盤を確立した(宇都宮氏、小田氏、那須氏、小山氏、結城氏、佐野氏、比企氏等)。
- The Fujiwara clan successfully introduced the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) between the years 600 and 700; specifically, one of the Fujiwara clan lines, the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, established its foundations in Togoku (the Utsunomiya clan, the Oda clan, the Nasu clan, the Koyama clan, the Yuki clan, the Sano clan, the Hiki clan, etc.).
- これを検討すると、河内国太秦には弥生中期頃の高地性集落(太秦遺跡)が確認されており、付近の古墳群からは5~6世紀にかけての渡来人関係の遺物が出土(太秦古墳群)している。
- A fortified hilltop settlement dating from the middle of the Yayoi period was found in the Uzumasa in Kawachi Province (the Uzumasa site), and artifacts of the fifth to sixth centuries relating to Toraijin (the Chinese and Koreans who settled in Japan in the fourth to seventh centuries), have been excavated (from a cluster of nearby burial mounds).
- また、中世になり武門の家が確立した後でも、それとは別に朝廷の武官に相当する職種が一応存在したが、たとえこの官職を得ても、武士身分出身でなければ武士とは認められなかった。
- And even after the military families were established in medieval times, apart from this, the post corresponding to the military officer in the Imperial Court existed, but he could not be admitted as bushi unless coming from samurai status even though he got the government post.
- 御三家同士、特に尾張家と紀州家の間には将軍職の継承を巡って競争意識があり、紀州家出身の将軍吉宗と尾張家当主徳川宗春の間には吉宗の毒殺疑惑があり確執があったとされている。
- Gosanke, especially the Owari and Kishu families, were competitive against each other over the succession of shogunate, and it is believed that Yoshimune, who was from the Kishu family, and Muneharu TOKUGAWA, who was the head of the Owari family, were at odds, with the Owari family suspected to have poisoned Yoshimune.
- 狩野正信がいつ上京し、誰に師事し、いつ室町幕府の御用絵師となったか、正確なところは不明であるが、室町幕府8代将軍・足利義政に重用されていたことは諸記録から明らかである。
- Although it is not exactly certain when Masanobu KANO went to Kyoto, whom he studied under and when he became the official painter for the Muromachi shogunate, it is clear (according to certain records) that Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the eighth Shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, gave him an important position.
- 記録によれば、正信は障壁画、仏画を含め、多様な形式・題材の作品を手掛けたことが知られるが、障壁画はことごとく失われ、現存する確実な作品は掛軸などの小画面に限られている。
- According to records, it is known that Masanobu created works in various styles and subjects, including screen paintings and Buddhist paintings; however, all his screen paintings have been lost and the existing works are limited to small paintings such as a hanging scroll.
- やはり相国寺の画僧であった周文は、幕府の御用絵師としての事績が文献からは知られ、詩画軸、山水屏風などに「伝周文筆」とされる作品が多数残るが、確証のある作例は1点もない。
- The achievements of Shubun, an artist-monk of Shokoku-ji Temple as well, as an Official painter of Shogunate, are known from documents and there are many works of Shigajiku and Senzui-byobu (folding screen with landscape picture) 'which are attributed to Shubun,' but there is no work showing clear evidence.
- 「タラシヒコ」という称号は12代景行、13代成務、14代仲哀の3天皇が持ち、ずっと下がって7世紀前半に在位したことの確実な34代舒明、35代皇極の両天皇も同じ称号をもつ。
- The title 'Tarashihiko' was used for the 12th Emperor Keiko, the 13th Emperor Seimu, the 14th Emperor Chuai, and after an interval, the 34th Emperor Jomei and the 35th Empress Kogyoku who surely existed in the early seventh century also had the same title.
- 律令制が確立した当初において、政治意思決定に天皇が占める位置は絶対的なものとされていたが、9世紀ごろから貴族層が実質的な政治意思決定権を次第に掌握するようになっていった。
- At the beginning of the time when the Ritsuryo system was established, the position of the Emperor in the political decision making was to be unquestioned but from around the ninth century, the noble hierarchy gradually started to have the right of decision making.
- ただし能久親王は実際には比叡山延暦寺座主につく機会がなかったが、江戸時代においては延暦寺ではなく寛永寺が天台宗を管轄したため、彼が天台座主でなかったというのは正確でない。
- Although Imperial Prince Yoshihisa did not actually have an opportunity to serve as zasu of Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, it is not correct to say that he was not Tendai-zasu because the Tendai Sect was administered by Kanei-ji Temple, not by Enryaku-ji Temple.
- 義満は奉公衆と呼ばれる軍事力を整え、有力守護大名の山名氏や大内氏を挑発してそれぞれ明徳の乱、応永の乱で追討し、将軍権力を固めて、南北朝合一を行い天皇に迫る権力を確立する。
- Yoshimitsu also formed an auxiliary military force, called the Hokoshu, and worked to provoke two influential shugo daimyo families, the Yamana clan in the Meitoku Rebellion and the Ouchi clan in the Oei Rebellion, successfully suppressing both, and thereby strengthened the power of the bakufu, managing to unify the Northern and Southern Courts and eventually superceding the emperor's authority.
- 6代将軍の足利義教の頃には将軍家の「弓馬師範」としての地位を確立し、以後的始め、馬始めなど幕府の公式儀礼をしばしば差配し、当時における武家の有職故実の中心的存在となった。
- In the period of the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, it established the position of 'the master of kyuba' of the shogun family and often managed the official ceremonies of bakufu such as Mato-hajime and Uma-hajime (first horse riding in beginning of year) as the key player of yusoku kojitsu of samurai families around that time.
- 「東山国有林風致計画」の選定、京都新聞の連載記事による選定では、両者で一部異なった山の名前が挙げられており、また、現在では「山」と呼ぶに値する頂の確認できないものもある。
- The respective selections of 36 mountains by 'Higashiyama National Forest Landscape Management Planning' and the article of Kyoto Shinbun Newspaper were partly inconsistent, and today, some of those mountains cannot be confirmed to have enough height of peaks deserved to be called 'a mountain.'
- これにより、「宿善開発(しゅくぜんかいほつ)」または「信心獲得(しんじんぎゃくとく)」という一種の悟りのような体験をして、阿弥陀仏の救済を確信するというものだったという。
- Through such extreme experiences, the participant attained some sort of enlightenment called 'Shikuzen kaihotsu' or 'Shinjin gyakutoku' and was convinced of salvation by Amida Buddha.
- しかしながら、竪穴の平面形態や柱穴、炉などの住居跡として保持する要因が不統一であり、必ずしも旧石器時代の明確な包含層から検出されていないものもあって確実な例とは言い難い。
- However, it cannot be said that they are definitely examples of remains in the Paleolithic period, because the elements of a dwelling site, such as the floor layout of such a pit dwelling, the column pits and the furnace, lack consistency and because some of them were not found from the earth layers that can be identified clearly as those in the Paleolithic period.
- 平群真鳥(へぐりのまとり)を大臣に、大伴室屋(おおとものむろや)・物部目(もののべのめ)を大連(おおむらじ)に任じて、軍事力で専制王権を確立した大泊瀬幼武大王(雄略天皇)。
- By appointing HEGURI no Matori as an Oomi, and OTOMO no Muroya and MONONOBE no Me as Omuraji (Oomi and Omuraji are high ranking titles), Ohatsuse no Wakatakeru no Okimi (the Emperor Yuryaku) established a tyrannical government with military power.
- 事実、源氏に生まれたものの頼朝の政治的な思惑により生まれ、確立さされていった源氏嫡流の地位は、最終的には徳川将軍家が天下を平定するにあたり、政治的に利用されることとなった。
- In fact, the status as the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan, which was created out of political consideration by Yoritomo who was born into the Minamoto family, and became established, was used politically in the end by the Tokugawa shogun family in order to conquer the country.
- 鎌倉幕府滅亡後に京都に成立した後醍醐天皇の建武政権から離反した足利尊氏は、持明院統の光厳上皇の院宣を受け、建武3年(1336年)6月に京都を確保すると上皇を奉じて入京する。
- Takauji ASHIKAGA separated from the Kenmu Government set up by Emperor Godaigo in Kyoto after the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and received an Imperial decree by the Retired Emperor Kogon of the Jimyo-in line, after which he captured Kyoto in July and August 1336 and led the Retired Emperor into Kyoto.
- 家臣である管領が将軍を廃したこの事件によって政元は細川京兆家による管領職の世襲化と独占状態を確立し、さらに将軍の廃立権をも手中に収めたのだが、その天下も長くは続かなかった。
- With this coup, in which the Kanrei, a retainer of the Shogun, deposed the Shogun, Masamoto managed to create a hereditary monopoly over the position of Kanrei for his Keicho branch of the Hosokawa clan, and moreover arrogated to himself the right to depose and appoint the Shogun, but such a state of affairs did not continue for long.
- 確かに源平藤橘といった貴族を起源とする武士や技術としての武芸については説明ができるが、彼らの職能を支える経済的基盤としての所領や人的基盤としての主従関係への説明が弱すぎる。
- Certainly the bushi who originated from the aristocrats such as genpeitokitsu (shortened expression of four major families) or the military arts as a technique can be explained, but the explanation of the shoryo as economic base which supported their samurai function or the master-subordinate relationship as a human base is too weak.
- その改革は、地方官(国司)へ租税収取や軍事などの権限を大幅に委譲するというもので、国司は中央へ確実に租税を上納する代わりに、自由かつ強力に国内を支配する権利を得たのである。
- The reform involved transferring a great part of the power to impose and collect taxes as well as the military power to the local officials (kokushi); in return for the secure payment of taxes to the central government, the kokushi gained the freedom to govern the province at his will.
- 上京区内の東の堀川通から西の七本松通、北の鞍馬口通から南の中立売通あたりまでの範囲の中を指すが、住所としては存在せず、どこからどこまでかは正確に定められているわけではない。
- To be precise, it refers to the area between the Horikawa-dori Street in the east and the Shichihonmatsu-dori Street in the west and between the Kuramaguchi-dori Street in the north and the Nakadachiuri-dori Street in the south of Kamigyo Ward; however, the exact location of Nishijin is not officially specified because Nishijin is not a real address.
- のちに徳川氏の覇権が確固たるものになっていく過程の中で、豊臣朝臣や羽柴氏を名乗ることを許されていた大名たちは、豊臣朝臣の本姓を捨てて「羽柴」を公称しないようになっていった。
- Later, in the process of the hegemony of the Tokugawa clan becoming secured, those daimyos who were once allowed to use the denomination of TOYOTOMI no Ason and/or the Hashiba clan gradually abandoned this honsei (original name) 'TOYOTOMI no Ason,' and stopped using the myoji 'Hashiba' in public.
- 室町幕府は、南北朝時代 (日本)の混乱や有力守護大名による反乱が収束した将軍足利義満・足利義持の代に、将軍(室町殿)を推戴する有力守護の連合体として宿老政治が確立していた。
- In the Muromachi bakufu, a system of Shukuro government (literally, 'government by experienced senior officers') as a coalition of influential shugos (military governors) upholding the Shogun (reverentially addressed to as Muromachi-dono) had been established by generations of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, by whose times the turmoil of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (period in which two - north and south) rivaling splits of the Imperial Family were fighting each other and revolts by influential shugo daimyos had been pacified.
- なお、関東においては、惣荘や惣郷の存在について確認されていないが、特殊な事例であるが、「香取文書」には、下総国佐原において、それに近いものが存在していたことが書かれている。
- In the Kanto region, the existence of sosho or sogo was not identified; however, as an exception the 'Katori monjo' (Katori document) contained information that a community close to a sosho or a sogo existed in Sahara, Shimousa Province.
- 自然、天皇の即位時に即位灌頂が行われる機会が増え、また、天皇家の側でも権威確立の手段の一つとなる即位灌頂を歓迎する面があり、やがて即位式に即位灌頂が定着していくことになる。
- Naturally, the number of occasion that sokuikanjo was conducted in the enthronement of the emperor was increased and the Imperial Family was welcomed it as a mean to make the authority firm, then sokuikanjo came to stay in the enthronement ceremony.
- 1143年覚鑁の死後、彼の弟子たちは高野山へ戻るも既に金剛峯寺との確執は深く、再び根来山に戻り頼瑜を中心として覚鑁の教学・解釈を基礎とした「新義真言宗」へと発展させていく。
- After Kakuban's death in 1143, his disciples returned to Koya-san Mountain, but the feud between Kongobuji Temple and them was already too deep, so they returned to Mt. Negoro and, led by Raiyu, developed 'Shingi Shingon sect' based on Kakuban's teachings and interpretations.
- 糸花は、横目扇でなく白地の扇ながら幼い皇太子の檜扇に松の飾りがあるという承久2年(1220年)の記録(玉蘂)があり、鎌倉時代中期頃より文献で蜷飾りが確認できる(装束式目抄)。
- There is a record in 1220 (Gyokuzui (Michiie KUJO's diary)) that thread flower of pine was found on the hiogi of young crown prince, although it was a plain-wood fan instead of cross-grained fan, and nina decoration can be found in the documents in the mid-Kamakura period (Shozoku Shikimokusho).
- 観光ボランティアガイドが今日の地位を確保しえたのも、一つには「ボランティア」つまり「無料」であるという安心感、わかりやすさ、つまりブランド構築における「安心」「保証」である。
- Sightseeing volunteer guides have been able to maintain their current status due to the sense of security and clearness that comes from the fact that they are volunteers and therefore free as well as the security and guarantees that come with an established brand.
- 陰陽道自体が中国の学問、思想、呪術、祭祀等を包括して体系化したものである為、日本に取り入れた中国の諸文化を元に日本流に昇華させた文化行事であると言うのが正確であると思われる。
- It is believed to be true that Shihohai is a cultural ceremony that came from China and was changed to suit the Japanese culture while retaining various aspects of Chinese culture, since the Way of Yin and Yan originally came from China and has been systematized, including Chinese studies, thinking, magic and rituals.
- 特に南北朝時代_(日本)によって財政難に拍車がかかると、朝廷が収入を確保するために各官庁に命じて内裏率分関(だいりりつぶんぜき・内裏率分所(だいりりつぶんしょ))を設置した。
- Especially in the Period of Northern and Southern Courts, as financial difficulties became more serious, the Imperial Court commanded each government office to set up Dairi-ritsubunseki (Imperial pro rata checkpoints, also called Dairi-ritsubunsho) in order to ensure their income.
- この後幕府は、17世紀中葉までに、武家諸法度の発布や参勤交代の義務化、有力大名の改易などを通して、諸大名との主従制を確固たるものとし、朝廷統制を強め、幕府官僚機構を整備した。
- After this, the bakufu solidified the master-servant relationship with each daimyo by around the middle of 17th century, through enacting Buke shohatto (laws for the military households), making Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) obligatory, and conducting Kaieki operations (forfeiting the rank of samurai and properties) for powerful daimyo, strengthened control of the Imperial Court, and established its government officer system.
- このような情勢下の1月20日、範頼軍と義経軍は、それぞれ京都近郊の勢多と宇治で待ち受ける義仲軍と交戦して勝利し(宇治川の戦い)、義経軍はそのまま入洛して法皇の身柄を確保した。
- In this situation, on January 20, the troops of Noriyori and Yoshitsune battled against Yoshinaka's troops that were waiting at the suburbs of Kyoto, Seta and Uji, respectively (the Battle of Uji River), and Yoshitsune's troop entered Kyoto and captured the Cloistered Emperor.
- 延宝6年(1677年)、天皇は幕府の意向を確かめるべく江戸に使者を派遣するが、当時の征夷大将軍徳川家綱は法皇やその正妃東福門院(家綱の叔母)の同意のないこの提案には反対した。
- In 1677, the Emperor sent an envoy to Edo to know what the Bakufu's intention was, but Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, then Seii Taishogun (literally 'great general who subdues the barbarians') objected to this proposal, which had not been approved by the Cloistered Emperor and his legitimate consort Tofukumonin (Ietsuna's aunt).
- 9世紀中期~10世紀頃になると、従来の律令制(編戸制・班田制など)による統治に限界が見られるようになり、中央政府は租税収入を確保するため、社会の実情に即した国制改革を進めた。
- From the mid 9th century to the 10th century, the conventional administration based on the ritsuryo system (such as henko-sei, the organization of the citizens, and handen-sei, the ritsuryo land-allotment system) faced its organizational limit, and the central government promoted a nation-wide reform of the system to reflect the actual social situations in order to maintain the level of the tax revenue.
- 秀吉没後、徳川家康は関ヶ原の戦いに勝利して、諸大名の有無を言わさず配置換えを行い、大坂の役で豊臣氏を滅ぼし、徳川氏一統が日本の実質的支配者とすることを諸大名に徹底確認させた。
- After Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA won the Battle of Sekigahara, carried out the change of daimyo's territories autocratically, subverted the Toyotomi clan in Osaka no Eki (the Siege of Osaka) and made all daimyo acknowledge and confirm that the Tokugawa clan became the virtual ruler of Japan.
- 長州藩は江戸期全体を通して表向きは幕府に恭順の姿勢をとる普通の藩として存在していたが、毎年正月には幕府への怨恨を確かめる儀式を執り行っていたと伝えられる(確たる証拠はない)。
- Throughout the Edo period, the Choshu clan superficially existed as a normal clan that assumed an attitude of obedience toward Bakufu; however, it is said that with each new year it conducted a ceremony to confirm its hard feelings against Bakufu (although no decisive evidence exists).
- 当初は利用目的がわからなかったが、同時期に鹿児島県栗野町(湧水町)の山崎遺跡でも同様の遺構が見つかっており、いずれも確証はないが虹梁材の運搬に用いられたものと考えられている。
- The researchers could not find out the purpose of the ancient structural remnants; however, recently it is considered, although there is no definite evidence in both cases, that the remains, as well as the similar remains discovered at the same time in Yamazaki Remains in Awano-cho town (Yusui-cho town), Kagoshima Prefecture, were used for transport of Koryo timbers in the past.
- しかし、明らか本鍛錬刀とは見られない特殊刀であっても、登録を堂々正式に受けているも数多くあり、全時代全国全審査員共通の確固たる制式があるかという面に於いては考慮が必要である。
- However, numbers of special swords which are apparently not authentically forged swords are officially registered, so, it requires some consideration on the system common to all the periods, all the regions, and all judges.
- そのあとも在位認定はされていなかったが、八代國治の実証学的な文献研究により学術的な正当性をもって在位が確認された(八代が旧南朝の勢力圏であった奈良の旧家から古文書を発掘した)。
- Even after that, the Emperor Chokei's reign had not been identified until Kuniji YASHIRO made empirical research on materials and identified the reign with academic validity (YASHIRO found old materials in an old house in Nara, a region dominated by the old Southern Court).
- 臣下に降籍してからという形を取ったが、史料上確実な「臣下の妻となった初めての皇女」である(令の規定により皇女(内親王)は三世王(天皇の孫)までにしか嫁げないことになっていた)。
- She was the first Princess who became the wife of a husband who was a subject with a historical record, although she married after being demoted from nobility to a commoner, due to regulations issued by the Emperor, the Princesses (Imperial Princesses) were only allowed to marry Princes up to the third generation (the Emperor's grandchildren).
- 摂関政治が確立し始めた9世紀後期から10世紀初頭にかけては、国外へは鎖国主義を採り、国内でも蝦夷侵略がほぼ終結するなど、国内外に大きな脅威がなくなり、国政も安定期に入っていた。
- In the period from the late ninth century to the beginning of the tenth century, when the regency became established, there were no particular threats either at home or abroad because the country took an isolationist policy toward foreign countries, and domestically, the subjugation of the Emishi (Japanese northerners) was almost completed, and the administration had entered a period of stability.
- これらの諸勢力を抑えて国政の主導権を確保するため、白河は自らの手足である院近臣や親衛隊ともいえる北面武士を、受領・太政官・兵衛府・衛門府などの公的機関に強引に送り込んでいった。
- To suppress such opposition and maintain initiative in the national government, Shirakawa forcibly sent members of the Hokumen no bushi (northern guards), who were his close aids and royal guard, into official positions such as Zuryo (career provincial officials), Daijokan (council of state), Hyoefu (military guards), and Emonfu (outer palace guards).
- そのため奥州は朝廷における政争と無縁な地帯になり、奥州藤原氏は奥州17万騎と言われた強大な武力と政治的中立を背景に源平合戦の最中も平穏の中で独自の政権と文化を確立する事になる。
- Thus, the Oshu region incurred no effect from the political strife which occurred in the Imperial Court, and even during the middle of the Genpei War, the Oshu Fujiwara clan enjoyed a peace through which it established independent politics and culture backed by its political neutrality and huge military forces, which is said to have reached 170,000 cavalry.
- 義詮の死後は、足利幕府は幼い将軍足利義満を補佐した管領細川頼之の指導により、南朝方の中心的武将であった楠木正儀(正成の子)を帰順させるなど対南朝工作を行い、幕府体制を確立する。
- After Yoshiakira died, governance over the shogunate fell to the Kanrei Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, acting as advisor to the young Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA; under Yoriyuki's direction, the shogunal system was firmly established, and the Northern Court launched various maneuvers against the Southern Court, including forcing Masanori KUSUNOKI (son of Masashige), the Southern Court's chief military commander, to switch allegiance to the Northern Court.
- 図像的特色からは尊名の確定が困難であるが、この絵と対をなす11号壁が普賢菩薩(釈迦如来の右脇侍)像であることから、8号壁の像は文殊菩薩(釈迦如来の左脇侍)像であると判断される。
- It is difficult to identify the image of the wall No. 8 by the iconographic characteristic, however, it is estimated as Monju Bosatsu (an attendant figure of the left of Shaka Nyorai) since the image on the wall No. 11, which is paired with the image on the wall No. 8, is Fugen Bosatsu (an attendant figure of the right of Shaka Nyorai).
- 例えば千葉県松戸市の戸定歴史館に展示されている徳川家関連の文書では「日本国皇帝」の国内向け使用例(1903年徳川家達への貴族院 (日本)議長の任命辞令等)を確認することができる。
- For example, in Tokugawa family-related documents exhibited in Tojo History Museum in Matsudo City, Chiba Prefecture, usage examples of the title 'Nihonkoku Kotei' for domestic communication (e.g. the letter of appointment of Iesato TOKUGAWA to Chairman of the House of Peers in 1903) can be seen.
- そのため、農林水産省が海外の日本食レストランを「正しい和食」と認証する、いわゆる「日本食を名乗る創作料理」と「伝統的な日本食」を明確にする「スシポリス」を派遣する事が検討された。
- For this reason the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries planned to send 'sushi police' to certify Japanese food restaurants abroad as 'authentic Japanese food' by distinguishing between so-called 'creative cuisine called Japanese food' and 'traditional Japanese food.'
- この「あかずの箱」というものは、中身未確認のまま島津氏に奪われたが、この箱の中には、三種の神器のうち、壇ノ浦の戦いで海底に沈んだとされる宝剣が入っていたのではないかと考えられる。
- Although this 'secret box' was stolen by the Shimazu clan and it is not known what the box contained, it is considered that the box might have contained a sacred sword (one of the San-shu no jingi), which was otherwise believed to have been lost at sea during the Battle of Dannoura.
- いずれにしても、建治元年の幕府の介入によって、後深草と亀山の両人が等しく皇位を子孫に伝え自らは治天となる資格を有することが確定し、これが以後200年に及ぶ王家分裂の端緒となった。
- In any case, due to the intervention of the bakufu in 1275, it was determined that both Gofukakusa and Kameyama had equal right to have their descendants as Emperor and both had eligibility to become Chiten themselves, and this was the beginning of the division of the Imperial family which lasted for two hundred years.
- 1671年(寛文11年)幕府は宗門人別改帳の作成を義務付け、原則として特定の仏教寺院(不受不施派を除く檀那寺、藩によっては神社もあった)に属する寺請制度とともに宗門改が確立した。
- With the 1671 bakufu decree that made it mandatory to create Shumon-Ninbetsu-Aratame-Cho, the system of shumon aratame was completed together with the terauke seido, where Shogunal subjects were required to belong, in principle, to specific temples (family temples excluding the Fujufuse School, and sometimes shrines, depending on the domain).
- 1978年から鎌倉市教育委員会によって二階堂と阿弥陀堂、薬師堂を中心とする主要伽藍とこれら建物の前面に広がる庭園の遺構を確認することに主眼を定めた発掘調査が継続して行われている。
- Excavation researches aiming principally at certification of remains of major temples mainly the Nikai-do Temple, the Amida-do Temple and the Yakushi-do Temple, and gardens spread in front of these temples have been continuously conducted by the Board of Education of Kamakura City since 1978.
- 証如の子、第11代顕如のとき、事実上、自立した大名権力となっていた本願寺教団は、畿内に進出し、宗教勢力から領主権力を奪って統一支配を確立しようとする織田信長と対立することとなった。
- At the period of the eleventh generation, Kennyo, who was a child of Shonyo, the Honganji Buddhist sect that became a virtually independent feudal lordship, expanded its influence into Kinai, which led to the confrontation with Nobunaga ODA, who tried to establish unified control by seizing seigniory from the religious power.
- 安土桃山時代頃までは現在の濃茶と薄茶という区別は明確ではなく、こうした木製の茶器も当初は濃茶を点てるために使われていた(茶器に残った茶を飲むために薄茶が発生したと考えられている)。
- The present-day distinction of thick and thin tea was not clear until around the Azuchi-Momoyama period, and wooden tea caddies were initially also used for making thick tea (It is considered that thin tea was originally prepared to empty the residual in a chaki.)
- 荘園領主はこうした事案(所務沙汰)について幕府へ訴訟を起こしたが、意外にも領主側が勝訴し、地頭側が敗訴する事案が多くあった(幕府の訴訟制度が公平性を確保していたことを表している)。
- The lords of shoens filed a suit to the bakufu on these incidents (shomusata, trial dealing with land-related issues), but surprisingly there were many cases where the side of the lords of shoens won a lawsuit and the side of the jitos lost (which means that the fairness of the bakufu's litigation system was secured).
- 具体的には、適切な植林、効率の良い薪などの燃料の確保、家畜の管理、土壌浸食の防止、灌漑、水資源の有効利用、エネルギーの再利用、適切な土地利用や農法への転換、砂の移動防止などがある。
- More specifically, these measures include planting trees more properly, securing fuel, such as more energy-efficient firewood, managing livestock, preventing soil erosion, irrigation, using resources more effectively, re-using energy, using land more properly or changing the farming method to more proper ones, and preventing sand from moving.
- 1603年に家康は征夷大将軍に就任して江戸幕府を開き、1605年には将軍職を子の徳川秀忠に譲って徳川政権の正統性を確立していき、豊臣宗家は全国政権の座から完全に滑り落ちてしまった。
- In 1603, he became the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and established the Edo bakufu (feudal government headed by Ieyasu), and in 1605, he passed over the shogunate to his son Hidetada TOKUGAWA in order to secure the legitimacy of the Tokugawa Administration, and consequently, the head family of Toyotomi completely lost its authority over the country.
- 例:夢窓疎石の作とされる庭園として西芳寺(京都)、天龍寺(京都)、瑞泉寺 (鎌倉市)(鎌倉)などが挙げられるが、帰化僧の蘭渓道隆が関わったという説もあり確定されているものではない。
- Examples: Although it is said that gardens of the Saiho-ji Temple (Kyoto), Tenryu-ji Temple (Kyoto) and the Zuisen-ji Temple (Kamakura City, Kamakura) can be given as examples produced by Soseki MUSO, there is an explanation that a naturalized priest Doryu RANKEI was involved in building them, but this has not been confirmed.
- だが、皇太子の叔父で禖子には異母兄にあたる後醍醐天皇は自らの系統が大覚寺統の庶流に位置づけられたことに不満を抱き、大覚寺統の嫡流の地位を主張して譲位を求める邦良との確執を深めていた。
- Emperor Godaigo, who was the Crown Prince's uncle and Baishi's half brother, complained that his family line was positioned as a branch family of Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama) and insisted on the position of direct descendant of Daikakuji-to, thus intensifying a feud with Kuniyoshi who was demanding Emperor Godaigo's abdication.
- 記録上確認できるのは、『続日本紀』に記された聖武上皇の母藤原宮子の死去の時(母親の事例)と同じく桓武天皇の父光仁上皇の死去の時(父親の事例)に宮中行事が中止されたことが記されている。
- There is a record in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) that court functions were canceled when Retired Emperor Shomu's mother, GUJIWARA no Miyako died (as a case of a mother's death) and Emperor Kanmu's father, Retired Emperor Konin died (as a case of a father's death).
- 飛騨地方と東濃・中濃地方は隣接しているため、作り方は両者が混在しており明確な線引きは難しいが、この辺りを中心に最も盛んに朴葉寿司が作られており、岐阜県から広まったものと言われている。
- As Hida region and Tono region and Chuno region join each other, sometimes two recipes are found in a part and it is difficult to draw a clear line; however since in mainly around those regions Hoba-zushi has been made, it can be said that this sushi had spread from Gifu Prefecture.
- 平安貴族という明確な実態があったわけではないが、平安中期-後期にかけて貴族層による政治的・社会経済的・文化的支配が展開したため、同時期の貴族を表すための用語として使われることが多い。
- Although there was no clear and actual condition of the Heian nobles, since the political, socioeconomic, cultural domination by the nobility was achieved from the mid to late Heian Period, this term is often used to refer to the nobles in this period.
- 吉保の参詣記は、一代記『身自鏡』に記されたもので、地名が明言されていないが、7月10日に新宮市に到着し、14日に高野山に到るという日程や経路から見て小辺路を利用したことは確実である。
- This pilgrimage record by Yoshiyasu was compiled in his biography 'Minokagami,' and analyzing the record about the dates and the route that he arrived at Shingu City on July 10 and at Mt. Koya on July 14, it is certain that he used kohechi, although he did not record this name of the road.
- 天長・承和期の淳和天皇と仁明天皇の治世は、学問が興隆し、後世の故実ともなった宮廷儀式が確立するなど、王朝文化が花開いた時期であるが、これらは勅旨田収入に支えられたものと考えられている。
- In the reigns of Emperors Junna and Ninmyo in the Tencho and Showa periods, a royal court culture was in full bloom with academics flourishing as well as court ceremonies that would be practiced in later ages, all supported by the income from Chokushiden.
- 確実な記録としては、『天王寺屋茶会記』の永禄7年(1564)8月20日の津田宗達の茶会で用いられたのが初例であり、他の木製の茶器(薄茶器参照)よりも随分と下っていることが判明している。
- One reliable record was the one found in 'Record of the Tea Ceremony at Tennojiya,' that recorded a chakai (tea party) held by Sotatsu TSUDA in October 5, 1564, and it is known that this was the first time a natsume was used as a tea utensil, much later than other wooden cha-ki (See the item for usucha-ki.)
- なお、「珠光一紙目録」前半部は、他の部分と明らかに筆致が違い、あるいは「坊主(利休)より請け取り申し候は、今度の身上乱れ候時、失い申し候」と記す一巻を正確になぞったものとも考えられる。
- The brushwork of the first half of 'Juko Isshi Mokuroku' is obviously different from the rest of the book, suggesting that the volume noted 'the book received from the bozu (Rikyu) was lost in a disturbance of the present owner' was copied precisely.
- とはいえ、それまで日本で作成されてきた諸地図と較べ、技法の点から見て飛躍的に進歩した精密・詳細・正確な地図であり、いくつかの点を除けば、当時の西洋の地図にもほぼ遜色のない水準であった。
- However, the complete map is precise, detailed and accurate, greatly advanced in terms of technique compared with the past Japanese maps, and almost comparable to Western maps in those days except for some defects.
- だが、有世が“土御門”を名乗ったとする記録は当の土御門家にも存在せず、確実に「土御門」を名乗ったと言えるのは、その曾孫にあたる安倍有宣(室町時代中期-後期)以後であると考えられている。
- However, even the Tsuchimikado family themselves do not have any record which shows that Ariyo used the surname of 'Tsuchimikado,' and it is thought that the first person who used the 'Tsuchimikado' surname was ABE no Nobuari, the grandson of Ariyo, and the later generations (mid- to late- Muromachi period).
- 特に、戦国時代初期にあっては、勘合貿易および一種の密貿易である私貿易といった日明間の貿易によって、明から舶来品だけでなく大量の銅銭の導入を図り、貨幣経済の確立をなしとげる段階にあった。
- In particular, the beginning of the Sengoku Period was a stage in which money economy was established, through trade between Japan and Ming such as the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) and private trade, which was a kind of smuggling, by introducing from the Ming, not only import articles but also a large quantity of copper coins.
- また、国王の土地に対する支配権が確立され、バラモンやクシャトリヤに土地を与えることが行われるようになり、彼らはダーサと呼ばれる従属民などを用いて大土地所有者としての地位を確保してきた。
- And the king's governance of the land was established and the land could be given to Brahman or Ksatriya and they secured the status of large land holders by using the subservient people called Dasa.
- 徳川氏を外戚に持つ明正天皇の即位でこの体制は確立されるが、明正の治世中は後水尾天皇による院政が敷かれたため、明正が朝廷に於ける実権を持つことは無く、後水尾上皇に朝廷内の実権が集中した。
- The system was established when Emperor Meisho, whose cognates were the Tokugawa clan, succeeded to the throne, but as insei by Emperor Gomizunoo was conducted during the reign of Meisho, Meisho never had actual power in the Imperial Court; instead, the actual power of the court was concentrated in Emperor Gomizunoo.
- 特に、玉置らは猛吹雪に見舞われ、峠での40センチメートルの積雪や和歌山県側の積雪で道が不明確であったことなどに阻まれて、充分な調査ができなかったと述べている[玉置 1979: 28]。
- It explains particulars about snow on the route as Tamaki and others encountered heavy snow and could not know even which was the right course since 40 centimeters of snow lay at one of the passes and there also lay the thick snow at the other side of the pass (Wakayama Prefecture), therefore they could not make sufficient investigation (refer to 28 of 'Tamaki 1979').
- (関西以西でかき揚げを載せたものは「かき揚げそば」と明確に品名を分けることが多く、また市中の蕎麦屋と同様の大きな海老の天ぷらを載せる場合は「上天ぷらそば」「えび天そば」等の名称がある。)
- (In areas west of the Kansai district, soba with kakiage topping is frequently referred to as 'Kakiage soba' for the clarity and, if tenpura is made from large prawns as with the regular soba restaurants in the city, it is referred to as 'Jo tenpura soba' (superior tenpura soba), 'Ebi-ten soba' (prawn tenpura soba) and the like.)
- 文明_(日本)15年(1483年)頃には備前国西部に確固とした力を築いていたためか、守護の赤松氏から警戒され、赤松政則の追討の命を受けた浦上則宗の一族の浦上則国に攻め込まれることとなる。
- Because of the Matsuda clan's having built the unchallenged power in the western Bizen Province in around 1483, the Akamatsu clan, the Shugo, was wary of them, and Norikuni URAGAMI, a family member of Norimune URAGAMI, who was ordered to hunt down and kill them by Masanori AKAMATSU, attacked them.
- 同寺での1574年(天正2年)初めの建物修復工事完成に際しての寄進物一覧の中に「振舞ソハキリ 金永」というくだりが確認でき、少なくともこの時点で蕎麦切りが存在していたことが判明している。
- An entry reading 'Sobakiri, donated by 金永' in the list of oblations for the occasion to mark the completion of building renovation in early 1574 has been confirmed which, at any rate, ascertained that sobakiri existed at this point of time.
- この一連の措置から、後嵯峨が亀山を自らの後継者としその子孫に皇統を伝える意図を持っていたことは容易に推測できるが、後嵯峨はその意図を明確にせずに文永9年(1272年)に死去した(53歳)。
- From this string of actions, it is easy to presume that Gosaga wanted Kameyama and his descendants as his successors, but Gosaga died in 1272 without clarifying his wishes (aged 53).
- 彼女は草壁の早世にめげず、強いリーダーシップで律令国家体制確立への舵を執り、孫・軽皇子への譲位(直前に天武天皇第一皇子高市皇子が薨去したが、菟野・藤原不比等による暗殺説もある。)を果たした。
- Although her son, Prince Kusakabe died young, she showed strong leadership and was brave enough to take control of politics to establish the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, she finally passed the throne to her grandchild, Prince Karu (there was a theory Uno no and FUJIWARA no Fuhito planned an assassination when Prince Takechi, Emperor Tenmu's first Prince died just before Prince Karu's enthronement).
- 女性皇族と非皇族男子との間の子に皇位継承権がなかったとの事実も、あったとの事実もまた確認されていないが、当時女性皇族を母に持つ人間は「宮腹」と呼ばれ、普通の貴族より高貴な存在と目されていた。
- It is uncertain whether a child between a female member of the Imperial Family and a male member of a non-Imperial Family member obtains the right to succeed the throne or not; the person whose mother is a member of the Imperial Family was regarded nobler than their general peers, so called `Miyahara' (born to a female member of the Imperial Family).
- 同裁判は最高裁判所にまで持ち込まれ、1989年12月14日に「製造理由の如何を問わず、自家生産の禁止は、税収確保の見地より行政の裁量内にある」として、酒税法の合憲判断と前田の有罪判決が出た。
- The case went to the Supreme Court, and on December 14, 1989, it was decided that 'whatever the production reason may be, the prohibition of in-house production is under administrative discretion in order to secure tax revenue,' and Maeda was convicted as the constitutionality of the Liquor Tax Act was confirmed.
- しかし、律令制と現実の乖離が大きくなっていき、9世紀末~10世紀初頭ごろ、政府は税収を確保するため、律令制の基本だった人別支配体制を改め、土地を対象に課税する支配体制へと大きく方針転換した。
- However, as the the Ritsuryo system lost touch with reality, the government changed its policy from an individual-based ruling system, which was the base of the the Ritsuryo system to a land-based ruling system in order to secure tax revenue from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
- 公判自体は滝川自身の監禁に対する証言の曖昧さもあって、1959年大阪高等裁判所での控訴判決により確定し、被告2名のうち1名の暴行罪のみを認定した(両名の不退去罪および傷害罪は無罪となった)。
- Because there were unclear points in Takigawa's testimony of his capture during the hearing, the sentence was decided after an appeal to the Osaka Higher Court in 1959, with one of the two defendants being accused of assault (both were acquitted of forcible detainment and inflicting bodily injury).
- とはいえ、末期養子の認可のためには、幕府から派遣された役人が直接当主の生存と養子縁組の意思を確かめる判元見届(はんもとみとどけ)という手続きが必要であり、無制限に認められたわけではなかった。
- However, even after the lifting of a ban, for Matsugo yoshi to be given approval, the procedure of 'Hanmoto Mitodoke', in which the family head was confirmed as alive and his will for adoption was certified by a bakufu official, had to be carried out, which made it not always as straightforward as it could have been.
- 一般的には、サンスクリットのアスラ(asura)は歴史言語学的に正確にアヴェスター語のアフラ(ahura)に対応し、おそらくインド-イラン時代にまでさかのぼる古い神格であると考えられている。
- Generally, asura in Sanskrit exactly corresponds to ahura in Avesta in historical linguistics and is considered to be old divinity that probably goes back to the India-Iran period.
- 確実な記録として最古の物は、10世紀の文人・陶穀が残した『清異録』(965年)において、当塗(安徽省太平府の都市)の漁民が「魚を捕らえるのに非常に機敏な鵜を使う」と記述されているものである。
- The oldest certain record is a description that the fishermen in Toto (city of Taihei-fu (Taihei district) (太平府), Anki-sho (Anki province)) 'use very alert cormorant for fishing' in 'Seiiroku (清異録)' (965) written by Koku TO (陶穀), a literary man in the 10th century.
- なお、藤原北家閑院流の洞院家も、鎌倉~室町期に上記清華家と同等に太政大臣をたびたび輩出しているが、戦国時代の初めに断絶しているため、江戸時代に確立した清華家等の公家の家格に該当するものがない。
- Although the Toin Family of the Fujiwara Hokke-Kanin group also produced grand ministers of state from the Kamakura era through the Muromachi era as frequently as the Seiga Family did, since the family line of the Toin Family failed in the early Sengoku period the Toin Family did not have kakaku corresponding to that of court noble, such as the Seiga Family or other families established during the Edo period.
- 経実は権大納言どまりであったが、その子大炊御門経宗(1119年 - 1189年)は二条天皇の外舅として勢威をふるい、左大臣に昇って清華家の家格を確保した(経宗は閑院流公実の女公子を母とする)。
- Tsunezane was promoted only up to supernumerary chief councilor of state, but his son Tsunemune OINOMIKADO (1119 to 1189) held the reins of power as the maternal father of Emperor Nijo and was promoted to minister of the left so as to ensure the kakaku (family status) of the Seiga Family (Tsunemune's mother was Kimiko, a daughter of Kinzane KANINRYU).
- 1875年(明治7年)に地租改正により、農家が納める税金は米から金に変わり、農家では収量を重視するようになり、米の品質が落ちてきたが、一方で、酒の需要が増加し、蔵本では酒米を確保しようとした。
- Because of the land-tax reform in 1875, the tax paid by farmers changed from rice to money, and farmers began to make a point of the harvest volume to reduce the quality of rice while demand for sake increased to have Kuramoto endeavor to secure rice for brewing sake.
- しかし伊丹で奈良流に改良が加えられ伊丹酒大量生産方式が確立されたことや、奈良が地理的に大消費地である江戸への輸送に適していなかったことなどから、奈良流そのものは商業的に隆盛することはなかった。
- Nara-ryu itself, however, did not commercially succeed because Itami-zake came to be produced in a large volume through the development of mass production technology and also because Nara was located inconveniently to Edo, the then greatest market for sake.
- 後嵯峨院政以来整備されてきた朝廷の訴訟処理機構で伝奏や奉行などの役職に就き実務を担う家柄(名家の家柄)を確立させてきた貴族たちは、すでにいずれかの皇統に組織されてそれぞれ主従関係を結んでいた。
- The aristocrats that have established the lineage (lineage of reputable families) of who becomes Tenso, Bugyo, and other practical positions in the court management system of the Imperial Court that had been worked on since the cloistered government of Gosaga, had already tied master-subordinate relationships with one of the Imperial lines.
- 旧皇族との関連で言えば、準則は、伏見宮系の皇族を皇位継承者として確保することよりも、むしろ邦家親王の子孫からこれ以上宮家・皇族が増加することを抑制し、将来的には自然消滅に導くことを志向していた。
- Regarding the former Imperial Family, the purpose of the regulation was to prevent increasing the numbers of Miyake and prevent Imperial Family members spreading from among the Imperial Prince's descendants and to let it die out in the future accordingly, not to keep the Imperial succession from the Fushiminomiya line.
- 禅宗を強調する点は利休時代の確実な秘伝書である『山上宗二記』にも見られるものの、同時代の茶書に較べると精神論の比重が際立って高く、用いている用語に関しても『禅茶録』のような江戸時代の茶書に近い。
- 'Yamanoue Soji ki' (The Record of Soji YAMANOUE), a reliable book of secrets in Rikyu's day, was also written with emphasis on the Zen sect, but Nanboroku obviously placed more emphasis on the spirit than other tea books of the same age; in addition, it used words similar to the ones in tea books of Edo period such as 'Zen tea.'
- だがこの遠征は倭寇制圧を目的とした侵攻に過ぎず、対馬の属州化要求も対馬が朝鮮の形式的な『外藩』であることを再確認させ倭寇を禁圧させるためのもので、恒久的な属国化を図る朝鮮側の意思は見出しがたい。
- However, the sole purpose of the expeditionary force's invasion was to subjugate the Wako pirates, and Joseon Korea's demand that Tsushima become a vassal state was only an attempt to reassert Korea's titular control over Tsushima as an 'outer domain' in order to encourage them to bring the Wako under control; it is difficult to find evidence of any suggestion that the Koreans were planning to make Tsushima a permanent vassal state.
- 「天下の台所」と呼ばれた経済都市の大阪は健在であったが、江戸期以来参勤交代で富裕層の集住に成功して大消費地となった江戸が、東京となって中央集権体制を確立し、税と外貿で富を更に集めるようになった。
- As Osaka, an economic city called the 'kitchen of Japan,' was in good health, Edo succeeded in attracting many wealthy people by Sankinkotai system (a daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo) and became a major consumer area in Edo period, and after changing its name to Tokyo, established a centralized administrative framework, and came to collect more wealth by taxes and foreign trade.
- また、明治時代に東京で起きたとされる、某・旧省庁内における「平将門の『首塚(くびづか)』移転などにまつわる数々の祟り」など、怨霊に関する、不特定多数の人間によって確認されたとされる現象もあった。
- Also, there were also phenomenon reportedly witnessed by an unspecified number of people in connection with onryo ghosts such as the reported happenings in Tokyo during the Meiji Period in connection with the transfer of 'a tomb for the head' of TAIRA no Masakado inside an old undisclosed ministry and related curses.
- ところが、大谷廟堂は諸国の門徒の参詣と寄進を集めることから、のちに留守職をめぐって覚恵の子覚如と、覚恵の異父弟唯善との間で争いとなり、覚如が辛うじて勝利して自己の家系による留守職の世襲を確立した。
- However, because Otani-byodo Mausoleum drew pilgrimages and donations from various provinces, Kakue's child Kakunyo and Kakue's younger brother by a different father, Yuizen, started to fight for the position of caretaker; resulting in the narrow victory of Kakunyo, and therefore Kakunyo established the hereditary position of caretaker based on Kakunyo's family blood.
- 和様の諸流派、すなわち世尊寺流、世尊寺流から平安時代末期より藤原忠通によって分かれた法性寺流、藤原俊成による俊成流、藤原定家による定家様などの書風が確立し、特に法性寺流がこの時代に入り大流行した。
- Various Japanese styles, such as the sesonji style, the Hosshoji style that was branched off by FUJIWARA no Tadamichi from the sesonji style towards the end of the Heian period, the Toshinari style by FUJIWARA no Toshinari, and the Teika style by FUJIWARA no Teika, were established, and in particular, the Hosshoji style became quite popular entering this period.
- 宅地を区画するまがきを設け薗をつくって蔬菜を栽培したりするような実質的な庭空間が成立し、充恭天皇8年の、井の傍らの櫻華をみる、といった記事は自然環境的な美意識が確立していた段階と見て妥当とされる。
- Since magaki that divides residential and a farm land where vegetables are grown, had already been produced, this shows that substantial garden space was already established at the time, and the entry of 419 about watching cherry blossoms near a well, shows that it is reasonable to consider that a sense of beauty seen in the natural environment was already established at this stage.
- さらに滋賀県東近江市五個荘町の小幡人形などには通信使人形(正確には唐人人形、 随行員である小童や楽隊の人形)があり、異国より献上された象などとともに当時の人気キャラクターであったことがうかがわれる。
- Furthermore, Obata dolls in Gokasho-cho, Higashiomi City, Shiga Prefecture include Tsushinshi dolls (correctly, tojin (Chinese) dolls): the dolls of children and those of a music band), suggesting that they were popular at that time together with elephants presented by a foreign country.
- 中世の経済的利益は座・問丸・株仲間によって独占され既得権化していたが、戦国大名はこれを排除して絶対的な領主権の確立を目指すとともに、税の減免を通して新興商工業者を育成し経済の活性化を図ったのである。
- Economic benefits in Japan during the middle ages were monopolized by za (guilds), toimaru (specialized wholesale merchants) and kabunakama (trade associations) but Sengoku daimyo abolished these and, as well as attempting to establish absolute feudal rights, aimed to stimulate the economy by fostering emerging merchants and tradesmen via the reduction and exemption of taxes.
- 邦良も幼い男子を遺しており、彼らも将来は後醍醐の強力なライバルとなり得る立場にあって、後醍醐の「一代主」としての立場は幕府の権威のもとでますます明確となり、彼の倒幕志向もますます強まることになった。
- Kuniyoshi also left a young son, and he was also in a position to be a strong rival of Godaigo in the future, and the position of Godaigo as a 'One-generation-head' was becoming even clearer under the authority of the bakufu and his tendency towards overthrowing the bakufu became stronger.
- そのため、少なく見積もってもほぼ1500年は確実に系譜を辿り得る日本の皇室のような王朝は、約800年にもわたってフランスを統治し、現在もスペインを統治しているカペー朝の男系一族を例外として存在しない。
- Therefore, dynasties like the imperial household in Japan whose line can be unfailingly traced back in the genealogy, at least 1,500 years, doesn't exist in Europe except for the Capetian Dynasty male-line family that governed France for about 800 years, and governs Spain even now.
- 頼朝には、自らの支持勢力の権利を確保することが求められており、実際に頼朝は、志田義広、新田義重、佐竹氏や足利忠綱といった関東在住の非支持勢力を排除するか、もしくは、屈服させることに非常に尽力している。
- Yoritomo was asked to maintain the rights for his supporting forces and spent much effort on eliminating or subduing forces based in Kanto that did not support him, such as Yoshihiro SHIDA, Yoshishige NITTA, the Satake clan and Tadatsuna ASHIKAGA.
- この背景には、大学制度の範を唐の制度に求めたものの、儒教による国家統治の原則が確立していた唐とは違い、仏教や古来からの神道が儒教と並立した日本の支配階層においては、儒教理念が唐よりも重視されなかった。
- The reason is that although Daigaku-ryo was modeled on the university system in Tang Dynasty China, unlike in Tang Dynasty China where the rule that a nation should be governed based on Confucianism was already established, in Japan Confucianism coexisted with Buddhism and traditional Shintoism, and the ruling classes in Japan did not pay heed to the philosophy of Confucianism as much as those in the Tang Dynasty did.
- 上国家は、一般的に湊家と称し、遅くとも天文 (元号)年間には京都扶持衆となっていること、代々「左衛門佐」を名乗り本願寺や細川氏とも誼を通じるなど中央との交流があったこと等が史料から確認されていること。
- Based on the historical materials, the following facts were confirmed; the Kaminokuni family usually used the name of Minato family, and at latest in the Tenmon era, the family was raised to Kyoto fuchishu (warriors from Kanto or Tohoku region in the Muromachi Period, who served Seii taishogun in Kyoto under a direct master-servant relationship), and that, the family had a certain connection with the central government as associating with Hongan-ji Temple and the Hosokawa clan, and the family proclaimed itself 'Saemon no suke' (assistant captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) for generations.
- 少なくとも数億枚は発行が確認されている銭が、いくら経済発展があるとはいえなかなか回収できず、品位を下げざるをえなかったのは、破銭(銭を溶かして銅地金として利用する行為)が広く行われたためと理解される。
- It is now understood that, no matter how the economy had developed at that time, people then carried out extensively the hasen (to melt coins to use as a raw material) so that at least a few thousand million pieces of issued coins could hardly be retrieved and the remaining coins were compelled to degraded values.
- 1889年(明治22年)2月11日制定の旧皇室典範で打ち出された永世皇族制は、すでに1907年(明治40年)の皇室典範増補で事実上放棄され、確実に皇族の身分にとどまるのは親王のみ(皇玄孫まで)とされた。
- The regulation concerning eternal Imperial membership of the former Imperial House Law issued on February 11, 1889 was in fact abolished when the same Law was greatly revised in 1907, it was decided that only an Imperial Prince (up to great-great-grandchild) can keep his position as an Imperial member.
- これらは解釈が難しい所であるが、大日本帝國憲法においては明確に「統治權ヲ總攬(第4条)」とあるので主権は君主が有する(第4条での統治権は「總攬」が政治の掌握の意であり、すなはち国家の最高決定権を指す)。
- Interpreting these issues are difficult, however, since the Constitution of the Empire of Japan clearly describes as 'combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them (Article 4),' sovereign power resides with monarch (in Article 4, sovereignty means the highest right to decide in the nation since 'combining' means seizure of politics).
- さらに、1997年(平成9年)には、指定地域の北方で民間の宅地開発に伴い発掘調査が実施され、寺域北辺を画する回廊跡と掘立柱建物3棟が検出され、続いて実施された確認調査では塔の北側に建物基壇が検出された。
- In 1997, since a private housing development was planned in an area north to this site, another excavation was conducted, when remains of cloisters on the northern border of the temple and of three buildings supported by hottate bashira (earthfast posts) were found, and research that followed recognized that a stylobate of a building to the north of the tower still remained.
- だが、錦連行の実在性は確かではなく、実在人物である錦良助と三善清行・三善茂明との血縁関係の有無も不明である(勿論、「三善清行-錦良助-錦連行-三善茂明」という茂明を清行の曾孫とする系譜は事実ではない)。
- It is uncertain, however, whether Tsurayuki NISHIKI really existed, and whether Ryosuke NISHIKI, who did exist, was related to Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI and Shigeaki MIYOSHI (and it is certainly not true to state that Shigeaki was a great-grandson of Kiyoyuki as depicted in the family line of 'Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI - Ryosuke NISHIKI - Tsurayuki NISHIKI - Shigeaki MIYOSHI').
- 本能寺の変後、賤ヶ岳の戦いで豊臣秀吉が織田信長の後継者としての地位を確立すると、隆景は進んで毛利家を羽柴秀吉の天下統一事業に参加させ、には四国征伐の功賞として伊予国一国を与えられて独立した大名となった。
- After the Honnoji Incident, when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI established his status as the successor of Nobunaga ODA at the Battle of Shizugatake, Takakage willingly got the Mori family in on Hideyoshi HASHIBA's task of unification of the whole country; in 1585, he was given a whole Iyo Province after the Conquest of Shikoku and became an independent daimyo (Japanese feudal lord).
- 鳥羽院・待賢門院の参詣記(『長秋記』所収)長承3年2月1日条には『中右記』に挙げられていた十二所権現とその本地仏が挙げられており、この頃までに熊野三所権現および熊野十二所権現が確立していたことが分かる。
- The article dated on March 5, 1134 in the records of pilgrimage of Toba-in and Taikenmon-in (included in 'Choshuki' (diary of MINAMOTO no Morotoki)) lists the Kumano junisho gongen and their honji-butsu (original Buddhist divinity), so it is understood that Kumano sanjo gongen and Kumano junisho gongen had been established by then.
- 大正3年から研究を開始した杉田氏は、享保年間に柳生藩の松田四郎兵衛が記した『柳生家雑記録』に「地蔵石に天長元戌申年春日四箇郷の事書付有」とあるのを確認、その後、大正13年に正長の土一揆の遺物説を唱えた。
- Sugita, who started the study in 1914, located a passage that said, 'A note about an occurrence in Kasuga four villages in 1428 was found on the surface of the Jizo rock,' in 'Yagyu-ke Zakkiroku' (Miscellanea of the Yagyu family) written by Shirobe MATSUDA of the Yagyu clan in the Kyoho era, and later in 1924, he advanced an opinion that it was a relic of the peasants' uprising of the Shocho era.
- 慶応3年(1867年)5月、江戸に下って上野の寛永寺に入り、同月慈性入道親王の隠退に伴って三山管領宮(寛永寺貫主・日光輪王寺門跡・天台座主(正確には比叡山延暦寺座主)を兼ね、東叡大王ともいう)を継承した。
- In June 1867, he traveled down to Edo and entered Kanei-ji Temple in Ueno, then succeeded to Sanzan Kanryo no miya (also called Toei Daio and serve as chief priest of Kanei-ji Temple, Nikko Rinno-ji Temple Monzeki (head priest), Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect) (to be precise, zasu (temple's head priest)of Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei) at the same time) along with the retirement of Imperial Prince and Monk Jisho in the same month.
- 当初は鯉一匹など簡単な物であったが、室町時代になり武家の経済的政治的優位が確立し、幕府政治の本拠地も公家文化の影響が深い京に移るに至って、料理の品数も増え、料理自体にも派手な工夫が凝らされるようになった。
- At first, it was just a simple dish like carp, however, during the Muromachi period when Samurai dominated the economy and politics, the shogunate moved to the capital where the cultural influence of the court nobles ran deep; not only the number of dishes increased, but more eleaborate ideas were put into the meals.
- 茂山家は江戸時代以来京都で狂言師として活動してきた家であったが、大蔵流の名門としての地位が確固たるものになったのは、江戸後期に9世茂山千五郎正虎(初世千作。1810年生~1886年没)が登場して以降である。
- Although the Shigeyama family had worked as Kyogen performers in Kyoto since the early years of the Edo period, they only succeeded in firmly establishing themselves as a famous Okura-ryu school Kyogen family after Masatora, the 9th Sengoro SHIGEYAMA (the 1st Sensaku, born in 1810 and died in 1886), began performing in the late Edo period.
- 神が悲しみのうちにある遺族を励ましてくださるよう祈ると同時に、キリストに結ばれたものとして、キリストが死んで復活したように自分たちもキリストの死と復活にあずかることができるという信仰を再確認する場でもある。
- It is also not only an occasion to pray to God to encourage the surviving members of the family in their grief, but also an occasion to reconfirm the faith that, as human beings who believe in Jesus Christ, they can be resurrected after death as He had.
- 「賢聖の障子」の成立の確かな資料は、『日本紀略』延長 (元号)七年(929年)の条に、「少内記 小野道風をして紫宸殿障子を賢聖像に改書せしむ。先年道風書く所なり」とあり、この以前から存在していたことになる。
- The clear evidence of the existence of 'Kenjo no shoji ' is a description in the section of the year of 929 of 'Nihongi Ryaku' (history book of six countries) as 'Shonaiki made ONO no Michikaze overdraw the image of Kenjo sage on the Shoji of Shishinden. In past years ONO no Michikaze wrote it.,' therefore, it could have existed before this.
- 紙屋(かんや)院の置かれていた位置の明確な記録はないが、『擁州府誌(ようしゆうふし)』には、「北野の南に宿紙(しゅくし)村あり、古この川において宿紙(しゅくし)を製す。故に紙屋(かんや)川と号す。」とある。
- Although there is no clear record showing the location of the kanyain, in the 'Yoshufushi' (a history and geographic book on Kyoto written during the Edo period) there is a description of the Shukushi-mura village in the south of Kitano and shukushi (recycled paper) was produced along this river in the past. Therefore, it is called the Kanya-gawa River.'
- また、旧皇室典範では、皇位継承の順序を明確に規定しており、現行の皇室典範でも、第2条で皇位継承の順序を、第3条でその順序の変更について規定しており、天皇はみずからの意思によって継承者を指名することはできない。
- The Former Imperial House Law specifies the order of succession to the Imperial Throne clearly, and the article 2 of the current Imperial House Law stipulates the order of succession to the Imperial Throne and the article 3 specifies the changes of the order, so the emperor cannot appoint his successor on his own free will.
- そこで中世の七口の関について比定する研究も行われたが、実態として7つ以上の関所が存在したのは確実で、かつ現存記録でさえ七口に該当する場所がまちまちである以上、7つを特定することには意義はないとする見解もある。
- Therefore, studies to extrapolate the Nanakuchi no seki in the medieval times was conducted, but it is certain that more than seven checkpoints existed in reality, and even existing records have different points corresponding to the Nanakuchi, which lead to an opinion that it makes no sense to identify the seven checkpoints.
- 慶応3年12月9日 (旧暦)(1868年1月3日)、この年の10月に行われた大政奉還後の王政復古の大号令クーデターによって薩摩藩・長州藩が京都の支配権を確立したため、京都守護職は設置後6年をもって廃止された。
- On January 3, 1868, due to the coup of Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule after Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) was implemented in October in the same year, the Satsuma and the Choshu clans established the right to rule Kyoto and, therefore, the Kyoto Shugoshoku was abolished six years after its foundation.
- 『古事記』と『日本書紀』を編集した人物は、当代の天皇の正統性を確保しようとするために、これらの天皇とその年代を、当時最先端の科学(讖緯説)に基いて算出したと考えられるが、現在の科学からは疑問視される部分も多い。
- Editors of the'Kojiki' and the 'Nihonshoki' tried to date the ages of these emperors using the most advanced technology at the time so as to justify the orthodoxy of their emperor, but many modern scholars doubt their dating.
- このような特別な八角墳が大王にのみ採用されたのは、畿内を中心とした首長連合の盟主であった大王の地位を、一般の首長を超越して中国の天子のような唯一の最高権力者として地位を確立しようとして形に表したという解釈がある。
- Some people argue that these octagonal tumuli, which were built only for Great Kings, were built as symbols designed to establish the status of these kings, who led the union of chiefs in and around the Kinai region (region around Kyoto and Nara), as supreme rulers like Chinese emperors ranking far above other ordinary chiefs.
- これはかつて利休が北向道陳から学んだ書院の茶と、武野紹鴎から学んだわび茶を止揚したという主張の根拠となっていた部分であるが、その思想の明確な違いは後述するように複数の秘伝書から編纂された痕跡と捉えることもできる。
- This part has supported the opinion that Rikyu sublated 'tea ceremony in Shoin' learned from Dochin KITAMUKI and 'wabicha' learned from Joo TAKENO, but the clear difference between the thoughts can be assumed to be, as described later, the sign of compilation from several books of secrets.
- これは『利休茶湯書』の他にも、『堺鑑』(1684)などから引用が行われた事実が確認されているためであり、その編纂に用いられたであろう資料に、現存しない利休関係の資料が含まれていた可能性は否定しきれないからである。
- That's because it is confirmed that not only 'Rikyu's Tea Ceremony' but also 'Sakaikagami' (a topography of Sakai) and other materials are quoted in Nanboroku, so that no one can deny the possibility that lost materials about Rikyu were included in the ones for the compilation.
- 長享2年(1488年)の本願寺による加賀支配確立後には蓮誓の光教寺は兄蓮綱の松岡寺・弟で兄蓮乗の後継となった蓮悟の本泉寺と並んで「賀州三ヶ寺」または「加賀三山」と呼ばれて加賀における本願寺の代行統治機関となった。
- After Hongan-ji Temple took control of Kaga in 1488, Kokyo-ji Temple of Rensei, along with Matsuoka-ji Temple of Renko, who was his older brother, and Honsen-ji Temple of Rengo, who was his younger brother and the successor of his older brother Renjo, came to be called 'Three Temples of Kaga' or 'Three Mountains of Kaga', and became the deputy governing institutions of Hongan-ji Temple in Kaga.
- また緯度については天体観測からほぼ正確に測定できているものの、経度については測定に必要なクロノメーターの未発達などの理由により若干精度が劣り、北海道や九州南部などの辺縁部では実際の位置よりもやや東方向にずれている。
- Furthermore, while degrees of latitude are almost correctly measured on the basis of astronomical observation, degrees of longitude are less precise due to a lack of well-developed chronometers required for measurement, and lines of longitude deviate a little eastward from the actual position in marginal areas such as Hokkaido and the south Kyushu.
- 確かに冷泉天皇以降歴代の天皇は内親王に恵まれること少なく、斎院の候補者となるべき皇女が存在しなかった時期もあったが、歴代摂関と濃い血縁関係にあったことが幼くして両親に死別した内親王の生涯の安定を支えたことは疑いない。
- Without a doubt, emperors after Emperor Reizei were less fortunate to have imperial princesses, so there was a time when a princess could not be a possible candidate for Saiin, but there was no doubt that her strong blood relations with successive regents kept her life stable even though she lost her parents at a young age.
- 近年、若者層の視聴率が取りにくい事や現代劇に比べ制作費がかかる(時代考証、およびそのための資料引用に関する許諾、大道具・小道具等の制作や調達、ロケ地の確保やそれに伴う許諾、化粧・鬘・衣装等の製作費用や手間...等)。
- In recent years, viewer ratings among young people have dropped and production costs (such as checks for historical accuracy and licensing for the use of related data, production and procurement of sets and props, securing of locations and related licensing, plus costs and labour involved in makeup, wigs, costumes) have increased compared to contemporary dramas.
- 他に蕎麦切り発祥地として中山道本山宿(現在の長野県塩尻市宗賀本山地区)という説、甲斐国の天目山栖雲寺(現在の山梨県甲州市大和町)説(天野信景著『塩尻』)もあるが、定勝寺文書の傍証を鑑みるに、確実な発祥地とは言い難い。
- There are other opinions that the birthplace of sobakiri was elsewhere such as Motoyama-juku Station on Nakasendo Road (the present Motoyama area Soga, Shiojiri City, Nagano Prefecture) and Seiun-ji Temple in Tenmokuzan Mountain (the present Yamato-cho, Koshu City, Yamanashi Prefecture) ('Shiojiri' written by Sadakage AMANO) but, in view of the document at Josho-ji Temple as a collateral evidence, it is hard to say that sobakiri originated in either location for sure.
- しかし、名和長年同様に季房から則景へと繋がる系譜の確証となる資料がないため、近時、赤松則村(赤松円心)が北畠親房との縁により、後醍醐天皇方に参戦した際に北畠家の属する村上源氏の末裔を自称することを許可された説もある。
- However, similar to the case of Nagatoshi NAWA, there is no document that confirms the lineage from Suefusa to Norikage, and recently, there is a theory arguing that Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin AKAMATSU) was allowed to proclaim himself as a descendant of the Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan) when joining the Emperor Godaigo side because of the connection with Chikafusa KITABATAKE, and since the Kitabatake family belonged to the Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 室町幕府の成立時期には、幕府の施政方針が建武式目として確立・明示された1336年(建武 (日本)3)11月、足利尊氏が持明院統の光明天皇に征夷大将軍へ補任された1338年(暦応1)の2説があるが、前者が有力説である。
- There are two views regarding the year of Muromachi Bakufu's establishment--in November 1336, when the administrative policies of Bakufu were set up (being clearly indicated as Kenmu Shikimoku), or in 1338, when Takauji ASHIKAGA was assigned as Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') by Emperor Komyo of Jimyoin-to faction (持明院統); however, the former view is more convincing.
- いっぽう、百済王の仏像贈与・上表文などは象徴的事件に過ぎず、実際には仏教の伝来自体は公伝・私伝の区別無くこの時期に断続的に何度も行われたとみて、公伝の年次をいずれかに確定することにそれほど意義を見出さない論者もいる。
- On the other hand, other people say that it is not so important to define any official introduction year among various theories, because the gifts of Buddha statue and Johyobun of the Baekje King were only a symbolic incident and the Buddhism itself was intermittently introduced many times without regard to the distinction between official or nonofficial.
- 金井沢碑に刻まれる「三家」は山ノ上碑に刻まれる「佐野三家」であると考えられてきたが、最近の発掘調査により史料上知られていないミヤケの存在が確実視されているため、「三家」が「佐野三家」とは別のミヤケである可能性もある。
- Miyake' engraved on Kanaizawa no hi has been thought to be 'Sano no Miyake' (ruling family of Miyake in Sano), but with recent excavation research ensuring the existence of Miyake not found in historical records, 'Miyake' can be a different Miyake from 'Sano no Miyake.'
- そこで本来ならば口減らしのために出家させるのが通例だった公家の嫡男以外の男子に家禄を授けて新しい家を興させ、こうした公家の不満をそらす一方で公家の減少を防いで朝廷運用に必要な最低限の人員を確保しようとする意図があった。
- In this context, the bakufu granted hereditary stipends not just to the heirs but to other sons of the nobility (who would otherwise have become priests to reduce the burden on their families) and permitted these other sons to establish new families, thereby placating the nobility while at the same time avoiding a decline in the number of court nobles and retaining the minimum number of people required for the operation of the Imperial Court.
- テレビ用時代劇は他のテレビ番組が急速にビデオ撮影による収録に切り替わっていく中、1990年代後半までは映画用写真フィルムによる撮影を主流とし、'ドラマ'というよりは'映画'的なコンテンツとして特異な地位を確立していた。
- Whilst video-tape was rapidly taking over as the recording medium for other television shows, jidaigeki continued mainly to be shot using motion-picture film, thus establishing a unique status of being more 'movies' than 'dramas.'
- 強訴は当時のポーランドではヘンリク条項や議会に関する契約(パクタ・コンヴェンタ)により法的に明確に定められた権利で、全ての貴族にその権利が認められており、強訴が鎮圧されても首謀者は強訴そのものの行為では罪に問われない。
- In Poland at the time, goso was a right legally defined by the Henrician Articles and pacta conventa (contractual agreements on governance, which allowed all the nobles to form goso, and even if it was suppressed, its leaders were not to be accused of the act of goso itself.
- (この一族は、第7代孝霊天皇の第3皇子を始祖とする末裔であると代々伝承されているが、名前が確認されている5人の皇子(孝元天皇、日子刺肩別命、彦五十狭芹彦命、彦狭島命、稚武彦命)のうち具体的に誰を示すのかは不明である)。
- (This clan is told for generations that descendants of the founder, the third prince of the seventh Emperor, Korei, however it is not exactly known which prince was that among five princes whose names are identified [Emperor Kogen, Hikosashi Katawake no Mikoto, Hikoisaseribiko no Mikoto, Hikosashima no Mikoto, and Wakatakehiko no Mikoto].)
- 確認後、中務省の責任者3名(卿・大輔・少輔)が内記の記した官位姓の下に自署を行い正文を作成した後に、その写本を太政官に送付し、太政官の史 (律令制)が「奉勅旨如右、符到奉行」の文言を加えて署名し、弁官の署名がこれに続く。
- After confirmation, the three responsible people (Kyo, Taifu, Sho) in the Nakatsukasasho created the body text with their own signatures under the official rank surname written by a naiki, sent the manuscript to Daijokan (Grand Council of State), and the Shi of Daijokan (the ritsuryo system) added the wording of 'hochoku (obeying imperial order) is as the right mentioned, and ensure implementation when it arrives', and was then appended with the Benkan's signature.
- 鉄則は、時代劇の文法を守って「最後に悪人は正義の味方に倒される(勧善懲悪)」というものであり(ただし明確に悪人役が決められて遊ぶ場合に限る)、このため役を決めて遊ぶ場合には、正義の味方役が奪いあいになることがよくあった。
- In case that roles of evil strangers and heroes were clearly casted among children, there was a cardinal rule 'evil strangers are always defeated by heroes at the end - encouraging the good and punishing the evil,' following the convention of historical dramas, therefore there were often competitions for heroes.
- 合戦においては、そのローコストさが非常に使いやすかったらしく(河原にいけば、簡単に石は確保出来た)また、熟達した兵士が使用した場合は弓よりも飛距離があった上、甲冑の上からでも衝撃が伝わったと言うことで、多用されたらしい。
- In the battle, the slinging was frequently used because it was low-cost (stones were always available at the riverside), the slings operated by skilled soldiers carried stones further than allows did, and the stone could damage the body even through the armor.
- なおこの織部灯篭は、その竿部分にマリア像らしき像を掘り込んでいることから別名「キリシタン灯篭」ともいい、織部がキリシタンであったとの憶測も呼んでいるが、像がマリアであることも織部がキリシタンであったこともともに確証はない。
- Furthermore, the Oribe Toro is also called 'Kirishitan [Christian] Toro' since the image seems to be that of the Virgin Mary engraved on the pole of this lantern, which lead to the speculation that Oribe was Christian, but there is no proof of the image being Mary and Oribe being Christian.
- これにより、男系の後継者がいない有栖川宮家は皇室典範の定めによって断絶が確定したが、威仁親王の教育を受け、身分を越えて親王を慕っていた大正天皇は有栖川宮家の維新以降の功績を特に慮り、第三皇子の宣仁親王にその祭祀を継承させた。
- After his death, following the Imperial Family Law, it was decided for the Arisugawa no Miya family to be discontinued as there was no male successor in the family, Emperor Taisho who was taught by Imperial Prince Takehito and was fond of him although there was a difference in social standing, the Emperor considered the achievements of the Arisugawa no Miya family especially after the restoration, he let the third Prince, Imperial Prince Nobuhito succeed to the ritual of the family.
- 後光厳、後円融天皇、後小松天皇、称光天皇と4代にわたって後光厳系が皇位についた一方、兄筋の崇光上皇の子孫は嫡流から排されて世襲親王家である伏見宮家として存続し、北朝内部でも皇位継承をめぐる両系統間の確執があったとされている。
- The 4 emperors of the Gokogon line, Emperors Gokogon, Koenyu, Gokomatsu, Shoko were on the throne, whereas descendants of Emperor Suko who were the elder brothers, were eliminated from the succeeding line and existed as the hereditary Imperial Prince line, the Fushiminomiya ke, and there is said to be a conflict between the two lines within the Northern Court regarding Imperial succession.
- 伎楽の役柄に応じて、治道、獅子、獅子児、呉王(または呉公)、金剛、迦楼羅(かるら)、呉女、崑崙(くろん/こんろん)、力士、波羅門(ばらもん)、大孤父(たいこふ)、大孤児、酔胡王(すいこおう)、酔胡従の14種類が確認されている。
- There were 14 roles in gigaku: Chido (the role of usher), Shishi (Lion), Shishiko (two boys who lead the Shishi), Goo (or Goko) (Man of the country of Wu), Kongo (Thunderbolt-Bearer), Karura (Garuda), Gojo (maid of the country of Wu), Kuron/Konron (lecherous man), Rikishi (the Buddhist guardian king Rikishi), Baramon (Brahmin [the highest caste in India, known for its scholars and priests]), Taikofu (old Persian man), Taikoji (young Persian boy), Suiko-o (Drunken Persian King), and Suikoju (the followers of suiko-o).
- 士農工商という身分が明確に分けられていた階級社会があった江戸時代では、家紋の用途は相手の身分や家格に応じて自分や家族の身なりを正すためであったり、家の格式を他人に示したりする、相手の身分を確認したり示すといった目的に変化した。
- Japan was a hierarchical society of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants during the Edo period, and Kamon were used as a means of indicating the social status of your family to others and ascertaining the social standing and lineage of others, enabling you and your family to dress accordingly.
- 大日本帝国憲法第1条で、「大日本帝國ハ萬世一系ノ天皇之ヲ統治ス」と定められており、大日本帝国憲法第4条で「天皇ハ国ノ元首ニシテ統治権ヲ総攬シ此ノ憲法ノ条規ニ依リテ之ヲ行フ」と、日本国憲法とは異なり明確に「元首」と規定されている。
- In Article 1 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, it says, 'The Empire of Japan shall be reigned over and governed by a line of Emperors unbroken for ages eternal' and Article 4 says 'The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and the exercise of them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution'; in which, unlike the Constitution of Japan, clearly states the Emperor is the Genshu 'Head of the State'.
- 晩年については、新葉和歌集の選集がほぼ終わったと思われる1378年(天授4年)に大河原に一度戻った事が判明しているが、1381年(弘和元年/永徳元年)に吉野に戻って新葉和歌集を長慶天皇に奉覧して以後は、確たる記録が残されていない。
- It was discovered that, in his later years, he once returned to Okawara in 1378, when the selection of the Shinyo Wakashu had almost been completed, but no reliable records remain concerning what he did after he went back to Yoshino in 1381 to pass the Wakashu to Emperor Chokei.
- 安土桃山時代以前の牧野氏のルーツは、不明な点や矛盾が多く、複数の異なった系譜が伝わり、また徳川氏帰属後は反徳川の急先鋒だった三河牛窪城主・牧野保成との関係を意図的に遠ざけたとも考えられ、これも系譜関係の不明確さの一因となっている。
- The family tree is unclear because as for the roots of the Makino clan before the Azuchi Momoyama period, many unclear points and discrepancies exsist, and there are some different family trees prevailing, and because of those after the Makino clan belonged to the Tokugawa clan, it is considered that the Makino clan intentionally kept away from Lord of Mikawa Ushikubo-jo Castle Yasushige MAKINO who was one of the anti-Tokugawa radicals.
- ただし、書紀以前に成立した書とされ、作為が少ないと思われた『上宮聖徳法王帝説』や『元興寺縁起』についても、近年の研究において書紀以後の成立とする説も現れ(後世に用いられた「天皇」号が記載されているなど)、その地位は確定していない。
- However, some recent research considers that 'Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu' and 'Gangoji Garan Engi,' which were thought to be written before Shoki and to have little modification, were written after Shoki (partly because the title of 'emperor' which was used in later years was already seen), so that their positions have not been established.
- 後嵯峨上皇が、後深草天皇の皇子ではなく、亀山天皇の皇子(後の後宇多天皇)を皇太子にした事が、後の持明院統(後深草天皇の血統)と大覚寺統(亀山天皇の血統)の確執のきっかけとなり、それが南北朝時代、更には後南朝まで続く大乱の源となった。
- The Retired Emperor Gosaga appointed Emperor Kameyama's Prince (later called Emperor Gouda) as Crown Prince, instead of appointing Emperor Gofukakusa's Prince, and this caused a conflict between what it's called the Jimyo-in Imperial line (Emperor Gofukakusa's line) and the Daikaku-ji Imperial line (Emperor Kameyama's line) in later years, it also caused the big battle during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and even the post Southern Court.
- しかし、この来目歌がどの程度史実を反映するものかどうかは判然とせず、またここで登場する「えみし」が後の「蝦夷」を意味するかどうかも判然としないため、古い時代の蝦夷の民族的性格や居住範囲については諸説があり確かなことはわかっていない。
- However, it isn't clear how accurately this Kumeuta reflects the history or whether 'Emishi' in this poem means the same '蝦夷' that appeared in later history; instead, there are various theories about the characteristics as an ethnic group of an occupied zone of '蝦夷' in ancient times, but no one knows for sure.
- 記紀の登場人物では最も長命の人間で、一人の人物とは考えられず、親子が何代かが同じ名前をついだもの、あるいは個人ではなくある種の人間集団の事跡を一人の人物の事柄に仮託して描かれたものではないかとする仮説も唱えられているが、確かではない。
- He has the longest life span of any character recorded in the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki - too long for a single person, which led some people to hypothesize that he may have been created as an imaginary character representing a certain group of people; however, this remains uncertain.
- 承暦4年(1080年)3月29日 (旧暦)には六波羅蜜寺で勧学会が開かれているが、以後同寺が勧学会会場として確定する一方で、毎年3月もしくは9月の15日と定められていた開催日が記録上初めて破られており、以後開催日の遅延が続く事になる。
- On April 27, 1080, a Kangakue was held in Rokuharamitsu-ji Temple, making the temple the site of Kangakue in the future, but the rule for the opening day of Kangakue, which was decided to be the 15th day of March or September, was broken for the first time, and the opening day of Kangakue continued to be delayed.
- 彼らは、東陣の「白雲村」の練貫職人集団と京都での営業権を争ったが、永正十年(1513年)の下知によって京都での絹織物の生産を独占、天文十七年(1548年)に「大舎人座」の職人のうち31人が足利家の官となり「西陣」ブランドが確立された。
- After vying for the right to trade in Kyoto against a group of artisans of 'Hakuun village' in Higashijin who manufactured nerinuki (silk fabrics), 'Otoneri za' was granted a monopoly to manufacture silk fabrics by a letter of mandate dated 1513, and in 1548 thirty-one artisans of 'Otoneri za' entered public service for the Ashikaga family, establishing the brand 'Nishijin.'
- 欠史八代(けっしはちだい)(正確な表記は、闕史八代)とは、『古事記』および『日本書紀』において、系譜(帝紀)は存在するもののその事績(旧辞)が記されていない第2代綏靖天皇から第9代開化天皇までの8人の天皇のこと、あるいはその時代を指す。
- The expression 'eight undocumented eras' ('kesshi hachidai' in Japanese) refers to the eight emperors from Emperor Suizei (second emperor) to Emperor Kaika (ninth emperor) whose pedigree records (called 'Teiki' in Japanese) exist but whose achievements are not recorded in 'Kojiki' and 'Nihon Shoki' and the period represented by these emperors.
- なお、『新撰姓氏録』左京皇別に敏達天皇の孫として見える「百済王 (皇族)(くたらのみこ)」も彦人大兄皇子の子であることは確実だが、『古事記』に掲げられた系譜には見えないため、多良王(久多良王の久が脱落)や茅渟王と同一人に考える説がある。
- It is certain that Kutarano Miko was reported in 'Shinsen Shojiroku' (Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility) as a grandson of the Emperor Bidatsu on Sakyo Kobetsu (clans branched out from the Imperial Family) was a son of Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko, but since his name was not mentioned in the genealogy in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), there is a theory that Kutara no Miko was the same person as Tara no Miko (Ku from Kutara was dropped) and Chinu no Okimi.
- 「明太子」という言葉は全国的に見れば辛子明太子のことを指す言葉として使われる場合が多いが福岡県をはじめとした西日本の一部地域では唐辛子を使わない、いわゆる「たらこ」を示す言葉として辛子明太子とは明確に使い分けられるため注意が必要である。
- Mentaiko' generally means Karashi-mentaiko, however, in some regions in western Japan such as Fukuoka Prefecture, 'mentaiko' indicates pepper-less cod roe or 'tarako' thus caution should be exercised when using these names as people in different regions refer to them differently.
- もっとも、宮廷や官庁自身も荘園の一大所有者であり、宮廷に属する荘園(唐の内荘宅使、宋の御荘)や軍事的要所の周囲にて兵糧確保のために開墾・屯田によって形成された営田官荘および屯田軍荘、その他民間から没収して没官田の官荘なども存在していた。
- However, the imperial court or the authority themselves were big owners of shoens and there also existed the shoens belonging to the imperial court (the naishotakushi during the Tang dynasty and the gosho during the Sung dynasty), eidenkansho (the manor cultivated for the military purpose) or tondengunsho (the manor cultivated for the military purpose) which was made around military strategic spots in order to secure army provisions by the cultivation and settlement of ex-legionary, the manors such as botsukanden (confiscated fields) and so on.
- 前述のごとく年分度者の割当を勝ち取り、大乗戒壇の設立など、天台宗を確立して南都仏教に対抗しようとする最澄にとって、法相宗の理論家である徳一を説き伏せることは、天台宗の南都六宗への優位を示すことにも繋がるため、より攻撃的になった面もある。
- As mentioned before, Saicho tried to establish the Tendai sect by winning the assignments of nenbundo-sha, building Daijo-Kaidan and so on in order to oppose the Nanto sects, and since persuading Tokuitsu who was the theorist of the Hosso sect of Buddhism led to the advantage of the Tendai sect over Nanto rokushu, he became more aggressive.
- しかし貞享3年(1686年)における米や酒の価格が詳しく分析されていることから、それより後であることは確かであり、かつまた、同年が米作という面でそれほど特殊な年であったとも思われないので、はるか後代になってから書かれるにしては必然性がない。
- However, due to the detailed analysis of the prices of rice and sake in 1686, it is certain that it was written after 1686 and also because the year was probably not particular for rice cropping, it is not logical that it was written long after the year.
- 琵琶湖の市町境界については、今までどの市町にも組み入れられていなかったが、沿岸の各自治体で行う共同会議において2007年5月8日に境界の設定に合意し、各自治体の議会の同意を得た上で総務省に届け出を行い、9月28日付で官報に確定が公示された。
- The municipal borders of Lake Biwa had never been established, but at a joint conference held by the municipalities on the shore of the lake, their delegates reached an agreement to establish the borders of Lake Biwa on May 8, 2007; a document was submitted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications after the approval of each municipality's assembly, and finally the establishment of borders was officially announced in the official gazette on September 28.
- 後三条天皇以前の天皇の多くも即位した直後に、王権の確立と律令の復興を企図して「新政」と称した一連の政策を企画実行していたが、後三条天皇は外戚に摂関家を持たない強みも背景として、延久の荘園整理令(1069年)などより積極的な政策展開を行った。
- Many emperors prior to Emperor Gosanjo also planned and implemented a series of policies called 'new policies,' being intended for establishment of sovereignty and the revival of ritsuryo legal codes, which they enacted immediately after succeeding to the throne; but Emperor Gosanjo conducted active policies, including Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei (an order given in the Enkyu era to consolidate manors) (in 1069), supported by his advantage of not having Sekkan-ke as his cognates.
- 15世紀前半に制作された詩画軸の代表作としては他に『渓陰小築図』、『竹斎読書図』、『水色巒光図』(すいしょくらんこうず)などがあり、絵の筆者は『渓陰小築図』が明兆(みんちょう)、『竹斎読書図』、『水色巒光図』が周文との伝えもあるが、確証はない。
- The other representative works of Shigajiku made in the early part of the 15th centuries are 'Kein-shochiku-zu (painting of a building in the valley),' 'Chikusai Dokusho-zu (painting of Chikusai reading a book),' and 'Suishoku-ranko-zu;' the painter of 'Kein-shochiku-zu' is said to be Mincho and the one of 'Chikusai Dokusho-zu,' and 'Suishoku-ranko-zu' are said to be Shubun, which have no clear evidence.
- 結果的には上記提案どおりであったが、両統迭立の約束自体が極めて不確実な状態のまま大覚寺統傍系の後醍醐が即位したことは、後醍醐が父後宇多の遺志に従わずに自分の子孫に皇位を継承させようとしたこともあり、南北朝時代 (日本)の両統並立に繋がっていった。
- The above proposal was achieved, but the enthronement of Godaigo, who was in the collateral line of Daikakuji-to, without a definite agreement on alternate succession led to the concurrent succession in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), where Godaigo attempted to make his descendant succeed to the throne irrespective of the wishes of his father Gouda.
- 滝川事件は法学部のみの処分で決着し、理学部とはほとんど関係のない事件であるので、この人物設定は歴史的な意味では正確さを欠くものともいえるが、「思想信条を理由に大学教員が弾圧された戦前の事件」としては象徴的な意味を今なお持っていることを示している。
- The punishment related to the Takigawa Incident was concluded within the Faculty of Law and has almost nothing to do with the Faculty of Science, and although this character setting is inaccurate historically, it shows that the 'incident was the oppression of thinking and ideology of pre-war university staff' has a figurative meaning to this day.
- 「奥絵師」と呼ばれる、もっとも格式の高い4家を筆頭に、それに次いで格式の高い「表絵師」が約15家あり、その下には公儀や寺社の画事ではなく、一般町人の需要に応える「町狩野」が位置するというように、明確に格付けがされ、その影響力は日本全国に及んでいた。
- They are clearly ranked: under the most prestigious four families (called 'inner court painters') there are about 15 families less prestigious called 'outer court painters' and then the 'Machi Kano painters' who catered to the demands of townspeople instead of the Imperial Court or temples and shrines; and consequently their influence spread throughout the nation.
- 15世紀から16世紀にかけて、渡党を統一することで渡島半島南部の領主に成長していった蠣崎氏は豊臣秀吉・徳川家康から蝦夷地の支配権、交易権を公認され、名実共に安東氏から独立し、江戸時代になると蠣崎氏は松前氏と改名して大名に列し渡党は明確に和人とされた。
- From the fifteenth century to the sixteenth century, the Kakizaki clan, who was growing to become the feudal lord of the southern Oshima Peninsula by unifying Watari-to, was recognized as to the right of dominion and trade in the Ezo territory by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and thus became independent from the Ando clan in both name and reality; and the Kakizaki clan changed its name to Matsumae and was elevated to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), by which Watari-to became Japanese in Edo period.
- そのうち鎌倉、室町、徳川の各武家権力は、武力により政権を樹立し、源頼朝が確立したが、形式上朝廷から任ぜられる形で征夷大将軍の位に付く事で幕府を開き、封建制とも呼ばれる分権的な統治を行い、地方領主として地域の実効支配権を持つ武士の連合政権の形をとった。
- Of all administrations in the military government, each samurai authority of Kamakura, Muromachi, and Tokugawa were set up by force and could be traced back to the establishment by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo; he started the bakufu by arriving in power of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in the form of being entrusted by the Imperial Court, achieved decentralized governance, called a 'feudal system,' and adopted a form of coalition government of samurai who held sway over their region as a local feudal lord.
- 編纂に当たっては「弘仁格」・貞観格に既出のもの、編纂当時に廃止されていたものは掲載せず、文章が長すぎるものは削り、以前の格で内容が不十分あるいは不明確であったものは書き加え、更に一部が使われていない場合には該当部分を削除するなどの修正が施されている。
- In compiling the new collection, such corrections were made as excluding items already taken up in Koninkyaku or Jogyankyaku and those already abolished at the time of compilation, shortening too long sentences, supplementing insufficient or unclear statements in any earlier Kyaku and, where some rules were partially out of use, clearing the pertinent rules of those unused parts.
- この襲名には、師である武智鉄二の意向が強く働いていたと言われるが、襲名披露の口上の席で座頭である市村羽左衛門 (17代目)より「本来ならば、竹之丞の名跡を継ぐべき人ではない」との強烈な批判ともとれる発言をされるなど、橘屋宗家との確執が浮き彫りになった。
- It was said that wishes of Tetsuji TAKECHI, his master, had strong influence on this succession, but during kojo (a ceremony to announce that an actor takes a new stage name), he received a remark 'He is essentially, not the person who should succeed to the family name of Takenojo', from the leader of troupe Uzaemon ICHIZAWA XVII, which may be taken as a severe criticism, and the discord with Tachibana head family was clearly brought to light.
- 財産税の賦課を受けてほとんどの者が資産の多くを失い、長く経済的な困窮に苦しんだ者がいる一方、資産の一部を確保して一定の生活レベルを維持できた者、事業を興して成功した者、皇室・旧華族・神道などに関係する職に就いたりして、社会の名士として活動を続けた者もいた。
- Most of them lost a large part of their assets in taxes and suffered financial difficulties for a long time; some, however, managed to keep hold of some of their assets and so were able to maintain their previous standard of living, others achieved success by starting their own business, while still others found employment in occupations related to the Imperial Family, the former nobility, or Shintoism. The fates of these former members of the Imperial Family varied thereafter.
- しかし、東山文化がいつ始まりいつまで続いたか区分が明確でないことや、義持・義教の時代が無視されてしまうことへの批判、禅宗の影響や公家文化と武家文化の融合など共通性が多いことから、今日の歴史学では両者を合わせて「室町文化」として論じるのが一般的であるという。
- However, today it is said that both cultures are generally discussed together as 'Muromachi culture' according to the following reasons; when Higashiyama culture began and ended is not clear, there is criticism that the era of Yoshimochi and Yoshinori are ignored and both have many points in common such as the influence of the Zen sect and the fusion of the culture of the nobility and the culture of the samurai class.
- 大日本帝国憲法においては、その大日本帝国憲法第1条で、「大日本帝國ハ萬世一系ノ天皇之ヲ統治ス」と定められており、大日本帝国憲法第4条で「天皇ハ国ノ元首ニシテ統治権ヲ総攬シ此ノ憲法ノ条規ニ依リテ之ヲ行フ」と、日本国憲法とは異なり明確に「元首」と規定されている。
- In the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the position is provided in Article 1 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan that 'The Empire of Japan is ruled by the Emperor in unbroken line,' and article 4 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan states that 'The Emperor is the head of state of the country, and controls the right to rule depended on the articles of this Constitution,' which clearly provides as 'the head of state,' unlike the Constitution of Japan.
- 『新撰姓氏録』は、平安京および畿内に住む1182氏を、その出自により「皇別」・「神別」・「諸蕃」に分類してその祖先を明らかにし、氏名(うじな)の由来、分岐の様子などを記述するものであるが、主として氏族の改賜姓が正確かどうかを判別するために編まれたものである。
- For the 1182 clans that lived in Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in the current Kyoto) and the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), 'Shinsen Shojiroku' describes the origin of their family names, how the pedigrees branched and other information by classifying the clans, based on the place of origin, into 'Kobetsu' (clans that branched out from the Imperial Family), 'Shinbetsu' (clans the branched out of the family of god) and 'Shoban' (clans coming from foreign lands) to clarify their ancestors; however, it was compiled mainly to determine whether the changed family names of the clans were accurate.
- 平安時代前期~中期の大和絵の絵師としては、巨勢派(こせは)の巨勢金岡(こせのかなおか)、巨勢相覧(おうみ)や飛鳥部常則(あすかべのつねのり)などの名が伝わるが、これらの絵師には現存する確実な遺品はなく、実作品からその作風の変遷をたどることは残念ながらできない。
- As a Yamato-e painter from the early part to the middle of the Heian period, KOSE no Kanaoka and KOSE no Omi of Kose School and ASUKABE no Tsunenori were known, but their works did not exist now so it is a pity that we can not trace the history of their styles from their original works.
- この反乱は朝廷の勲功認定を目的に全国から集結した武士たちによって鎮圧され、武芸の家、すなわち、武士として公認された家系は、承平天慶勲功者の子孫ということになり、「武」が貴族の家としての「家業」となり、武家としての清和源氏や桓武平氏、秀郷流藤原氏もこの時に確定した。
- These revolts were quelled by the bushi who came together from across Japan to get the approval of their deeds of valor from the Imperial Court and the families of military art, that is, the family lines publicly authorized as bushi were considered as the descendants of Johei Tengyo kunkosha (people who served with distinguish in the Johei and Tengyo War) and '武' (military affair) became a 'family business' of the aristocrat family and Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line were established as military families at this time.
- 一般的には即位式の前に摂関家、主に二条家の人物から天皇に対して印相と真言が伝授される「印明伝授」と呼ばれる伝授行為と、即位式の中で天皇が伝授された印明を結び、真言を唱える実修行為を併せて即位灌頂と呼んでいるが、印明伝授と即位灌頂の実修を明確に区別する研究者もある。
- Generally, sokuikanjo referred to the acts combining an act of initiation called 'inmyodenju' and the practice of the teaching; the former was what a person from Sekkan-ke (families that produced the regent and chief adviser to the emperor), usually from the Nijo family, taught the emperor the mudra (Hand Gestures) and the mantra before the enthronement ceremony, and the latter was what the emperor made the initiated mudra and chanted the initiated mantra; but some researchers clearly distinguish between the inmyodenju and the practice of sokuikanjo.
- これらのほか、宮内庁が現在管理しているものには、分骨所・火葬塚・灰塚など陵に準じるもの、髪・歯・爪などを納めた髪歯爪塔などの一種の供養塔、被葬者を確定できないものの皇族の墓所の可能性が考えられる陵墓参考地、などがあり、一般にはこれらを総称して陵墓(りょうぼ)という。
- Apart from these graves, the Imperial Household Agency currently manages various other properties, including quasi-mausoleums (such as cinerariums, cremation mounds and ash mounds), memorial pagodas used to bury hair, teeth and nails, and potential mausoleums with unidentified owners that have the possibility of being imperial family members' graves, and all these properties are collectively called mausoleums.
- 天皇の譲位については古くは仏道専心説が有力であったが、近年では藤原氏からの政治的自由を確保するためとする説、一旦臣下から皇族に復帰して即位したためにこれに不満を抱く他の皇族の皇位要求の動きに先んじた説などがある(後述の『大鏡』の陽成上皇の発言はその暗示ともされる)。
- In the old days it was believed that Emperor Uda came to power due to his strict Buddhist belief; however, one recent theory says the reason was that dominant political control had been taken away from the Fujiwara clan, or that it was done to stop the complaints from the royal families after Emperor Uda came into power by coming back to the Imperial Family, although he had become an allegiant (as indicated by the retired Emperor Yozei in his remark in 'Okagami (The Great Mirror),' which is described below).
- 大広間形式の寝殿造りの、内部空間を間仕切る建具の発明は、マルチパーパスの大きな内部空間から、特定の機能目的を備えた少空間への分離独立へ展開していく、大きな契機であり、寝殿造りの住宅の公と私の明確な分離に基づく、住まい方の変化をもたらした重大な建築様式の革新であった。
- The invention of fittings which separate room of Shinden-zukuri in the style of a large hall was a big momentum of the development from a large space with multipurpose to small spaces with specific purposes and a significant innovation of architecture style which changed the style of living based on the separation between public and private in Shinden-zukuri residence.
- 和宮と家茂の間に子はなく、家茂は田安慶頼の子亀之助(のちの徳川家達)に相続させることを表明していたが、家茂薨去後、和宮は「唯今の時勢、幼齢の亀之助にては如何あるべき、確かなる後見の人なくては協(かな)はざることなれば、然るべき人体を天下の為に選ぶべし」と語ったという。
- They did not have any children, Iemochi announced to let Yoshiyori TAYASU's son, Kamenosuke (later called Iesato TOKUGAWA) succeed to his position, however after Iemochi died, it was said that Kazunomiya mentioned, 'In this time, the young Kamenosuke may not be good enough as a successor, since there is no one to supervise Kamenosuke, we need to choose someone appropriate for the country.'
- 9世紀中ごろになると、単に熊野坐神(くまのにますかみ)とだけ呼ばれ、神名が明確でなかった本宮の神が家津美御子ないし証誠菩薩と呼ばれるようになり、新宮の牟須美・速玉とともに家津美御子が古くからの熊野神であるとの伝承が成立した(「熊野権現垂迹縁起」、『長寛勘文』所収))。
- In mid ninth century, the deity of Hongu, who had been simply called Kumanonimasukami (the deity who resides in Kumano) and whose name had not been clear, became to be called Ketsumimiko or Shosei bosatsu, and a tradition that Ketsumimiko, together with Fusubi and Hayatama in Shingu, were traditional Kumano deities was established ('Kumano Gongen Suijaku Engi,' included in 'Chokan-kanmon').
- 古い史料による確認は困難なものの、母である糠手姫皇女(田村の御名は彼女から継承されたものである)が舒明よりも20年以上長く生きて天智天皇3年(664年)に死去している事や、子である天智天皇らの年齢を考えると、ほぼ正確な年齢(もしくは数年の誤差)ではないかと見られている。
- Although confirmation using old historical materials is difficult, his age of death is thought to be nearly exact (or with a few years of error), considering the age of his son, the Emperor Tenchi and others, and that his mother, Nukadehime no Himemiko (the name of Tamura was succeeded from her) lived for more than 20 years after his death and died in 664.
- 最終的には「大日本史」の記述を根拠に、明治天皇の裁断で三種の神器を所有していた南朝が正統であるとされ(ただし、現在の学説では北朝の光厳・光明・崇光の三帝は三種の神器を保有していたことがほぼ確実とみられ、神器の有無を根拠に北朝のすべてを「正統でない」とするのは無理である。
- In the end, based on the description in 'Dainihonshi' (Great Japanese History) as evidence, the Emperor Meiji decided that the Southern Court was the legitimate line because it owned the Three Sacred Treasures (however, the current academic theory has basically established that the three Northern Court emperors, Emperors Kogon, Komyo and Suko, had owned the Three Sacred Treasures, so the assumption that all of the emperors in the Northern Court were 'not legitimate' because they did not own the sacred treasures is incorrect.
- この像の旧所在については飛鳥の橘寺とする説(『法隆寺大鏡』、1917年)、斑鳩の中宮寺から移したものとする高田良信(法隆寺208世管主)の説などがあるがいずれも確証はなく、本像がいつ、どこで、誰によって造られ、どこの寺に安置されていたものか、正確なことは全く不明である。
- One theory has it that the old location of this statue was Tachibana-dera Temple in Asuka ('Horyu-ji Okagami' [The Great Art of the Horyu-ji Temple], 1917), and according to a theory by Ryoshin TAKADA (the 208th kannushi [Shinto priest] of Horyu-ji Temple), it was transferred from Chugu-ji Temple in Ikaruga (a town in Ikoma County, Nara Prefecture), among other theories; yet none of them is confirmed and it remains completely unclear how, when, and by whom this statue was made, and in which temple it was enshrined.
- 正史において、神名が確実に確認できるのは大同元年(806年)の史料中にある記述で、天平神護2年(766年)付で速玉神と熊野牟須美神にそれぞれ4戸の神封を施入したとあるもので、これら2柱の神は今日の新宮市に比定される熊野神邑(くまのしんそん)に一緒に祀られていたと見られる。
- In the official history, the names of the deities can be certainly identified in the description in a historical material in 806, which describes four jinfu (vassal households allotted to courtier, shrines and temples) were allotted to Hayatama-no-Kami and Kumano-Fusubi-no-Kami respectively, and it is thought that these two deities were enshrined together in Kumano-shin village that is identified as current Shingu City.
- 以上に見るように、政治世界における武力が占める比重の増加、後白河と清盛の強い連携、後白河と滋子の関係、高倉の即位、清盛の大臣補任、日宋貿易や集積した所領(荘園)に基づく巨大な経済力、西国武士や瀬戸内海の水軍を中心とする軍事力などを背景として、1160年代後期に平氏政権が確立した。
- As shown above, the Taira clan administration was established in the latter half of the 1160s due to increased influence of military force in the political scene, strong collaboration between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori, the relationship between Goshirakawa and Shigeko, Takakura's ascension, Kiyomori's support of the Daijin, substantial financial power based on Japan-Song trade and accumulated properties (shoen), and military power based on the western bushi and the Seto Inland Sea naval force.
- 弁官は改めて写本を作成し、その内容の実施を命じる太政官符を添付、地方に対しては勅旨をそのまま太政官符化した騰勅符の形式で施行することになっていた(なお、公式令には緊急時などに太政官での手続きを省略して中務省符で出す略式の勅旨の規定も存在するが、現存の記録では実施が確認できていない)。
- Benkan would re-create a manuscript, attach a Daijokanpu (the official document of the Daijokan) that ordered the implementation of the contents, and for local regions, an imperial order would be implemented by dispatching the Daijokanpu on a post-horse (In addition, there is also a regulation in the Kushiki-ryo for an informal imperial order given with a Nakatsukasashopu [the official document of Ministry of Central Affairs] by omitting the procedures at the Dajokan in an emergency).
- これは後の鎌倉幕府による本格的な武家政権支配と比較すると、御家人制度のように確立されたものでもなく未熟なものだったといえるが、武士を通じた支配ネットワークを構築したことは従前の貴族政権には見られない画期的なものとされ、ゆえに学界では発現期の武家政権であるとする評価が主流となっている。
- Later, compared to the more established samurai government control by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it was an undeveloped system without an established lower-ranking vassal system, but was nonetheless significant because it built a control network through bushi that was not seen in previous aristocratic governments, and therefore in the academic field it is largely considered as a beginning form of samurai government.
- 円融もこのような権力の空白状況のなかで、新皇統を確立する可能性のある候補者として注目され、藤原兼通(師輔の次男)の娘藤原こう子、藤原頼忠(実頼の長男)の娘藤原遵子、藤原兼家(師輔の三男)の娘東三条院ら、皇后となり皇太子を産むにふさわしい身分の妻と有力な外戚の後ろ盾を得ることができた。
- In this situation where there was a power vacuum, Enyu attracted attention as a candidate to establish a new Imperial lineage and was able to obtain wives with high lineage who could become empress and give birth to a crown prince, such as FUJIWARA no Kanemichi (Morosuke's second son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Koshi,FUJIWARA no Yoritada (Saneyori's first son)'s daughter, FUJIWARA no Junshi, FUJIWARA no Kaneie (Morosute's third son)'s daughter, Higashisanjyoin and also the support of influential maternal relatives.
- 更に陰陽道の総帥たる陰陽寮の座を巡る安倍氏(土御門家)と賀茂氏(幸徳井家)の間での長年の確執は、賀茂氏出身の幸徳井友傳が天和 (日本)2年(1682年)に35歳で夭折したことで、土御門泰福(1655-1717)が陰陽寮に任じられて、以降陰陽寮は安倍氏が独占することで決着することとなる。
- Moreover, the long-time conflict between the Abe clan (Tsuchimikado family) and the Kamo clan (the Kotokui family) over the Onmyoryo position, which was the commander of Onmyodo, settled when Tomosuke KOTOKUI from the Kamo clan died at the age of 35 in 1682 and Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADD (1655-1717) was assigned to Onmyoryo; since then, the Abe clan dominated the Onmyoryo position.
- 正確な数値を出すのが難しい理由は、いまや簡単な精米機が家庭でも所有され、玄米のままで食べる人、三分搗き(づき / つき)、五分搗き、七分搗きで食べる人など精米歩合は無限に細かくすることができ、なおかつ、どこから先を「白米」と考えて食べているかは結局、消費者本人の感覚によっているからである。
- The reason why it is difficult to find the accurate numbers is that the rice-polishing ratio can be infinitely subdivided under the current circumstance where simple rice-milling machines are installed in some homes and some people eat brown rice without polishing and others eat rice after thirty percent threshing, half threshing or seventy percent threshing, and that after all the boundary of 'polished rice' depends on the sense of the consumer.
- 一般的には鎌倉時代の後で、元弘の変や建武の新政も南北朝時代の出来事として扱うが、正確には1336年(延元元年/建武 (日本)3年)に足利尊氏による光明天皇の践祚、後醍醐天皇の吉野遷幸により朝廷が分裂してから、1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)に両朝が合一するまでの期間を指し、室町時代の初期に当たる。
- Events that occurred at or right after the end of the Kamakura period such as the Genko War and the Kenmu Restoration are usually considered part of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but strictly speaking, the term refers only to the span of time between 1336, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised Emperor Komyo to the Chrysanthemum throne, thus leading to a schism in the Imperial Court after Emperor Godaigo departed Kyoto and established his Court at Yoshino, and 1392 when the two courts were again unified; it overlaps with the early Muromachi period.
- 後醍醐天皇の建武の新政から離反した足利尊氏は、建武政権から尊氏追討を命じられた新田義貞を箱根・竹ノ下の戦いで破り、さらに新田軍を追撃して京都の確保を図るが、1336年、楠木正成や北畠顕家らと連絡した宮方勢に京都とその近辺で敗れ海路西走し、途中播磨国の赤松則村(円心)らに助けられ、再興を賭けて九州地方に下る。
- At the battle of Hakone-Takenoshita, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who was defecting from the Kemmu Restoration by Emperor Godaigo, defeated Yoshisada NITTA who had been ordered to crush Takauji by the Kemmu government; then, Takauji chased Nitta's forces trying to capture Kyoto, but in 1336, he was defeated in and around Kyoto by the Imperial forces which had contact with Masashige KUSUNOKI and Akiie KITABATAKE; he escaped to the west, towards Kyushu, by ship to renew his forces, helped by Norimura AKAMATU (Enshin) of Harima Province on the way.
- ただし、もともとは鎮守社として同町の法楽寺(真言宗、聖徳太子開基)の境内にあったものが、明治時代初期の神仏分離令により現社地へ遷座し黒田村の氏神として引き継がれたという経緯(旧地より移した「明和7年(西暦1770年)」の紀年銘をもつ石燈籠1対により確認できる)の為、現在の庵戸神社は厳密には宮跡とはいえない。
- However, since the shrine originally was located in precincts of Horaku-ji Temple (Shingonshu sect, founded by Prince Shotoku) in the same town as a chinju-sha shrine (Shinto shrine on Buddhist temple grounds dedicated to the tutelary deity of the area), then was transferred to the current place by the Ordinance Distinguishing Shinto and Buddhism in early Meiji period to take over ujigami (a guardian god or spirit of a particular place in the Shinto religion) of Kuroda village (confirmed by a pair of stone lantern with the inscription of the transferred year as '1770'), the present location of Ioto-jinja Shrine technically is not the palace site.
- また、諸家がそれぞれ持っているとされる『帝紀』や内容の異なるものが存在するとされる『帝王本紀』のような一定の条件を満たす複数の書物ないしは文書の総称であると考えられる「普通名詞」と、『帝王の日嗣』といった特定の時点で編纂された特定の書物を示すと見られる「固有名詞」とは明確に区別するべきであるとする見解もある。
- Further, there are opinions that the 'common noun' which is thought to be the generic term for several books or documents that satisfy fixed conditions, such as the 'Teiki,' which every family was thought to have, and the 'Teio Honki' (Chronicle of Emperors) which existing contents were supposed to be different, and the 'proper noun' which is thought to describe specific books that are complied at a specific point of time called 'Teiki no Hitsugi' should be clearly distinguished.
- その後、後村上天皇が摂津国の住吉大社宮司の津守氏の正印殿を約10年間、行宮(住吉行宮)とし、住吉大神を奉じる瀬戸内海の水軍を傘下にして、四国、九州との連絡網を確立し、南朝は各地で活動するが、1363年には山名氏や大内氏の北朝への帰順、楠木正儀の投降などで衰退し、拉致した三上皇を返還するなど講和的態度も示している。
- Afterwards, Emperor Gomurakami made the Shoinden (main shrine building) of the Tsumori clan, who were hereditary chief priests of the Sumiyoshi-taisha Grand Shrine in Settsu Province, his Angu (Sumiyoshi Angu), or temporary lodging especially for an Imperial visit, for about ten years and established a contact route with Shikokua and Kyushu because he held control of the naval forces in the Seto Inland Sea, who worshiped the Sumiyoshi Gods, leading to activities of the Southern Court in various places, but the betrayal of the Yamana clan and Ouchi clan to the Northern Court and the surrender of Masanori KUSUNOKI in 1363 led to its decline and it started to show a shift towards a peaceful stance by returning the three retired emperors.
- 西園寺家の鳥羽の荘園は鳥羽荘と称されて、『管見記』によれば応仁の乱最中の文明 (日本)年間にも西園寺家の支配が確認でき、室町幕府官僚の大舘尚氏による『大舘常興日記』には大永5年(1527年)に行われていた西園寺家の鳥羽荘と久我家の久我荘の境相論についての覚書が残されているなど、戦国時代 (日本)まで同家の所領であった。
- The manor in Toba, called Toba no sho, was owned by the Saionji family as their shoryo (territory) until the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) as described in 'Kankenki' (The house diary of the Saionji family) which shows the manor was ruled by the Saionji family during the Onin War in Bunmei era (1469 to 1486), and in 'Odachi Joko Nikki' (The Diary of Joko ODACHI) written by Hisauji ODACHI, who was a bureaucrat of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which contains a memorandum regarding the dispute over the boundaries between the Saionji family's Toba no sho and the Koga family's Koga no sho (manor), and so on.
- 国家権限の委譲とこれによる中央集権の過大な負担の軽減により、中央政界では政治が安定し、官職が特定の家業を担う家系に世襲される家職化が進み、貴族の最上位では摂関家が確立し、中流貴族に固定した階層は中央においては家業の専門技能によって公務を担う技能官人として行政実務を、地方においては受領となって地方行政を担った(平安貴族)。
- The transmission of governmental power and authority reduced the burden of the government, which enabled political stabilization of the central government, and facilitated the transfer of government posts according to heredity: among the aristocracy, the highest became Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the middle-class carried out administrative affairs based on the specialized skills related with their family businesses in the central government and carried out administration as Zuryo in the local regions (Nobles in the Heian period).
- 男鹿半島の領主として確認される安藤孫五郎、安東太の両者や、「市川湊文書」に含まれている寺社修造棟札写に残る寂蔵、安倍忠季、安倍浄宗等が鹿季の南遷と伝えられている時代以前に遡れること、湊家以前の男鹿半島の領主を女川家と伝える伝承があること等から、湊家の成立と伝えられる以前に安東一族が秋田郡に土着していた可能性を指摘する見解
- The theory to point out the possibility that the Ando family had been already settled in Akita Country before the supposed time of the Minato family's establishment, based on such findings; the family's history can be dated back even earlier period than the time of Magogoro ANDO and Andota, both of whom are confirmed as the territorial lords of the Oga Peninsula, and also earlier than the time of the legendary Kanosue's Nansen (provincial capital's relocation to the south), about which Jakuzo, Tadasue ABE, Joso ABE, etc. described in the copy of Jisha shuzo munefuda (ridge tag with history of the reparation and construction of temples and shrines) compiled in 'Ichikawa Minato Monjo' (The letter of Ichikawa Minato), and that there is an oral tradition in which a family called the Onagawa family was the territorial lord of the Oga Peninsula before the Minato family.
- 「タラシヒコ」という称号は12代景行、13代成務、14代仲哀の3天皇が持ち、ずっと下がって7世紀前半に在位したことの確実な34代舒明、35代皇極の両天皇も同じ称号をもつことから、タラシヒコの称号は7世紀前半のものであり、12,13,14代の称号は後世の造作ということになり、仲哀天皇の実在性には疑問が出されている(仲哀天皇架空説)。
- The title 'Tarashihiko' was held by the twelfth Emperor, Keiko, the thirteenth Emperor, Seimu, and the fourteenth Emperor, Chuai, although this title is believed to have come into use in the early seventh century, when it was used by the thirty-fourth Emperor, Jomei and the thirty-fifth Emperor, Kogyoku, both of whom are known to have existed, and added later to the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth Emperors, raising doubts about the actual existence of Emperor Chuai (theory of Emperor Chuai as a fictional person).
- 丹波の名を広めたのは旧丹波国全域であり、「丹波黒豆」や「丹波松茸」などの丹波ブランドを確立したと自負している篠山市に加え神戸新聞2003年7月17日付記事など、京都府内の綾部市長からも反対の声があったにも関らず京都新聞2003年7月5日、2004年(平成16年)11月、旧氷上郡が町村合併で周囲の反対を押し切る形で丹波市を名乗った。
- In November 2004, as the result of the consolidation, the former Hikami District announced itself as Tanba city over the opposition of the surrounding areas, although it was the whole former Tanba region that made the name known widely, and not only Sasayama city, which was proud of itself as the city that established some famous brands like 'Tanba kuromame (black soybean)', 'Tanba matsutake (mushroom)', etc. (from Kobe shinbun, July 17, 2003, etc.), but also the mayor of Ayabe city in Kyoto opposed it (from Kyoto shinbun, July 5, 2003).
- 4代・6代~9代の天皇の名は明らかに和風諡号と考えられるが、記紀のより確実な史料による限り、和風諡号の制度ができたのは6世紀半ばごろであるし、神武・綏靖のように、伝えられる名が実名であるとすると、それに「神」がつくのも考え難く、やはり神話的ないし和風諡号的なものであるので、これらの天皇は後世になって皇統に列せられたものと推定できる。
- The names of the fourth and sixth to ninth generations of emperors are obviously Japanese-style posthumous names, but according to reliable descriptions in 'Kojiki' and 'Nihon Shoki,' Japanese-style posthumous names came to be used around the mid-sixth century; and although names like Jinmu and Suizei may sound like names of emperors used when they were alive, names that contain characters representing god (as in Jinmu) is unlikely to have been used as names of living persons, which leads us to believe that these were names for legendary characters or something similar to posthumous names and that, therefore, these emperors were added to the imperial lineage later in history.
- 1606年にはミコワイ・ゼブジドフスキをリーダーとしたカトリックとプロテスタントの両派からなる有力貴族たちのグループが、民主主義を廃止して絶対主義を確立しようと画策する国王ジグムント3世とそれを後押しするイエズス会に対して、黄金の自由と宗教的寛容(プロテスタントの権利の保護)の2つを求めて大規模なロコシュを起こした(ゼブジドフスキの乱)。
- In 1606, a group comprising both Catholics and Protestants, which had Mikołaj Zebrzydowski as its leader, formed a grand-scale rokosz against King Sigismund III, who intended to establish a monarchy in place of democracy, and the Society of Jesus, which supported him, appealing for Golden Liberty and religious tolerance (protection of Protestant rights); this is known as the Zebrzydowski's Rebellion.
- 当初、東軍が義政の支持を受けて「官軍」と号し、内裏や花の御所周辺から西軍を駆逐して皇室と義政を確保したこと、細川氏及びその支持者の領国が畿内周辺に集中していた事が幸いして戦いを有利に進めたが、 6月には細川領丹波国を制圧した山名軍8万が上洛、8月には周防から大内政弘が四国の河野通春ら7カ国の軍勢をはじめ、水軍を率いて入京、西軍が勢力を回復する。
- At first, the Eastern camp was dominant, favored by the circumstances that it called itself the 'imperial army' winning the support of Yoshimasa, that it drove the Western camp away from the surroundings of the Imperial Palace and Hana no Gosho to secure the Imperial Family and Yoshimasa and that the territories of the Hosokawa family and its supporters were concentrated in the surrounding areas of the capital; but by June Yamana's 80,000-member troops having conquered Hosokawa's Tanba Province had come up to Kyoto and by August Masahiro OUCHI had entered Kyoto, leading not only the troops of Michiharu KONO's and others' seven provinces in Shikoku, but also suigun (navy) squadrons, resulting in recovered power of the Western camp.
- 下官人は一種の「株」の形で身分を売買することが行われ(表面上は買主が売主の養子縁組に入る場合が多い)、また必要な人員確保を理由とした官司による取立も行われたため、京都や周辺の商人や農民が社会的身分の上昇や生活の糧(仕事)の獲得などを目的に地下官人の身分を得る例もあった(催官人は官司からの地下人補任の申請があれば、ほとんどの場合そのまま受理していた)。
- The rank of Shimokanjin was traded in the form of 'stock' ostensibly through adoption of 'the buyer' by 'the seller' in most cases, and sometimes 'collected' by the government office on the pretext of staff acquisition, which led some cases of merchants and farmers in Kyoto and its surroundings acquiring the rank of Jige official for the purpose of raising their social status or earning their living, i.e., securing their jobs (In most cases, Saikanjin accepted the application for appointment of Jigenin by the government office without question).
- 新制の一環としての寺社興行令は院政期から出されており、職の体系や神人・供御人制を確立したとの評価がある保元元年(1156年)の「保元新制」においても、後白河天皇による神事興行令が出されているが、具体的な施策としては、後嵯峨上皇新制において、建長5年(1253年)官司国司による神事執務怠慢を諌め、神人、供御人の増加を防止する方針が打ち出されたことが最初の事例である。
- Jishakogyo-rei (literally 'law on the performance of temples and shrines') had been issued as part of such new policy systems since the rule by cloistered emperors; under Hogen Shinsei (Hogen new law) of 1156 acclaimed as having established the Shinjin (godlike person) Kugonin (people who presented food and other supplies to the Imperial Court, noble families, temples and shrines) Sei (system), Emperor Goshirakawa promulgated his own Shinji Kogyo Rei (literally 'law on the performance of religious rituals') but as a specific policy action, the first instance is found in the policy advocated under the Shinsei of the Retired Emperor Gosaga in 1156 to admonish government officials and provincial governors against neglect of religious rituals and to prevent Shinjin and Kugonin from increasing in number.
- また、天皇が道長を関白とせずに内覧に留めたのは、天皇自身が長ずるにつれ、曽祖父の醍醐天皇・祖父の村上天皇のように、摂政関白を置かずに親政する事を志したのと、道長自身も、当時閣議に出られない決まりがある摂政関白よりも、内覧を兼ねたまま一上(閣員の首座)として実権を掌握しようとした事が一致した為で、これにより、後に大江匡房が『続本朝往生伝』で藤原実資や藤原行成等の有能な人材を輩出したと称えたほど、有為な政治体制が確立した。
- The Emperor decided that Michinaga would be nairan (chief secretary) instead of kampaku (chief adviser) to the Emperor, once he became older, since he wanted to run the government directly instead of having a regent and kampaku, like his great-grandfather Emperor Daigo and his grandfather, Emperor MurakamiI; on the other hand, Michinaga agreed to be nairan and also the head of various sections to control the government, since the regent and kampaku weren't entitled to attend the meetings of the Cabinet; thus a strong political framework was set up and OE no Masahusa acknowledged through 'Zoku Honcho Ojoden,' with which talented people like FUJIWARA no Sanesuke and FUJIWARA no Yukinari were produced.
- また、小笠原氏の内部においても内紛が絶えず、幕府の後ろ盾を得た信濃小笠原氏の小笠原政康(長秀の弟)が一時支配権を確立しそうになったが、嘉吉元年(1441年)の嘉吉の乱で将軍足利義教が暗殺され、後ろ盾を失った政康が死去すると、信濃小笠原氏は長秀の子の小笠原持長(府中家)と政康の子の小笠原宗康、小笠原光康(松尾家)との間で内紛が再発し、さらに松尾家は宗康の系統(鈴岡家)と光康の系統(松尾家)に分裂、三家に分かれて抗争することとなる。
- Also while there were constant conflicts inside the Ogasawara clan, Masayasu OGASAWARA (a younger brother of Nagahide) of the Shinano-Ogasawara clan, who had support from bakufu, almost established control temporally at one time, but in 1441 after Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA was murdered at Kakitsu War and Masayasu who lost the support died, the Shinano-Ogasawara clan had an internal conflict again among a three party - a son of Nagahide, Mochinaga OGASAWARA (Fuchu family) and a son of Masayasu, Muneyasu OGASAWARA and Mitsuyasu OGASAWARA (Matsuo family) - and furthermore the Matsuo family had a conflict splitting into three including the line of Muneyasu (Suzuoka family) and the line of Mitsuyasu (Matsuo family).
- その後、幸仁親王の子・有栖川宮正仁親王が嗣子無く没したため、霊元天皇の皇子・有栖川宮職仁親王が入って第5代を継承し、以後、6代・有栖川宮織仁親王、7代・有栖川宮韶仁親王、8代・有栖川宮幟仁親王、9代・有栖川宮熾仁親王、10代・有栖川宮威仁親王と、いずれも直系を以って伝えたが、1913年(大正2年)1月5日、威仁親王の薨去によって実質的に断絶が確定し、1923年(大正12年)6月29日、威仁親王妃慰子の薨去によって正式に絶家となった。
- Subsequently, Prince Yoshihito's child, Prince Arisugawa no miya Tadahito, died without having any children, Emperor Reigen's Prince Arisugawa no miya Yorihito succeeded as the fifth court noble, followed by the sixth prince, Arisugawa no miya Orihito; the seventh prince, Arisugawa no miya Tsunahito; the eighth prince, Arisugawa no miya Takahito; the ninth prince, Arisugawa no miya Taruhito; and the tenth prince, Arisugawa no miya Takehito, it was passed down through the lineage; however, on January 5, 1913, after the death of Prince Takehito, it was definite that there was no successor to take over the family, so on June 29, 1923, the family name officially died after Princess Yasuko (Prince Takehito's wife) passed away.
- 国司は中央政府から検田権を委譲されると、治田(ちでん、田堵の開発した小規模の墾田)や公験(くげん、正式に土地所有を認めた文書)のない荘園・私領(郡司・郷司など在地領主の所領)を次々に没収して国衙領に組み入れ、税収を確保しようとした(この権限が強かったことは、若狭国にあった摂関家の荘園が国司に接収された際に関白藤原頼通が国司に公験不備を指摘されると、国司の判断を妥当とした(『小右記』万寿2年9月1日・13日条)ことでも明らかである)。
- When the right of cadastral surveys was transferred to kokushi from the central government, the shoens and private lands (lands of local lords such as gunji (district managers), goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and so on) without chiden (small scale land already developed by tato) or kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi or gunji (local magistrates) for transfer of the ownership of private property) were confiscated one after another into kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in order for them to secure tax revenue (it is clear that this authority was strong because when the shoen of sekkan-ke in Wakasa Province was confiscated by kokushi and it was pointed out that FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, the chief adviser to the emperor, was wrong in kugen, the judgment of kokushi was justified (in the description on September 1 and 13, 1025 in 'Shoyuki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke)).
- 一方で西南戦争における抜刀隊への評価から、日本陸海軍が将校の主要兵器として軍刀を採用し続け、サーベル様式の軍刀拵えに日本刀を仕込むのが普通となり、さらには日露戦争における白兵戦で近代戦の武器としての日本刀の有効性が確認され、また昭和に入り国粋主義的気運が高まった事から、陸海軍ともにサーベル様式の軍刀拵えに代わり鎌倉時代の太刀拵えをモチーフとした、日本刀を納めるのにより適した軍刀拵えが開発された(しかし同時に、軍刀として出陣した古今の数多くの刀が戦地で失われることともなった)。
- On the other hand, appreciation of the Drawn Sword Squad in the Seinan War influenced the Japanese Army and Navy to keep using military swords as major weapons for officers, and it became standard to make Japanese swords with military sword fittings of saber style, then the proof of Japanese swords' effectiveness in close combats in the Russo-Japanese War as weapons in a modern war, and the increasing momentum of ultranationalism in the Showa era made the Army and Navy develop military sword fittings more suitable to store a Japanese sword with the motif of Tachi fittings in the Kamakura era, instead of military sword fittings of the saber style (at the same time, however, numbers of swords that had been used in ancient and modern wars as military swords were lost on the battleground).
- 東西それぞれに与力20騎と同心50人が付いていたが、享保年間から元文年間にかけて訴訟の受付と市中警備を担当する番方、闕所された財物の処分を入札監督などを担当する闕所方、制札や各種証明書の発給や宗門改・鉄砲改・浪人改を行う証文方、建築の届出・確認や道路管理などの都市計画を行う新家方、奉行所内外の監察業務を行う目付(後に新家方を統合して目付方とも)、奉行所内の会計・公的な入札業務及び天領の年貢収納を行う勘定方、一般の刑事・行政を扱う公事方、鴨川の管理を行う川方といった担当部門に分離されてそこに与力・同心が配置されるようになる。
- During the Kyoho and Genbun era, 20 yoriki (a police sergeant) and 50 doshin (a police constable), who used to serve for each of the East and West Magistrates, came to be dispatched to separate divisions such as Ban-kata responsible for lawsuit registration and city guard, Kessho-gata responsible for bidding and managing confisticated properties, Shomon-gata responsible for issuing paper bills and various certificates as well as checking the religion, gun-owning and ronin status, Niinomi-gata responsible for urban development including construction registration and checking as well as road management, Metsuke responsible for auditing the Magistrate both internally and externally (later merged with Niinomi-gata to be collectively called Metsuke-gata), Kanjo-gata responsible for the Magistrate's accounting, official bidding and collecting land taxes from the shogunate demesne, Kuji-kata responsible for general criminal investigation and administration, and Kawa-gata responsible for management of the Kamo-gawa River.
- 古代の妃に関して、正史などによって確実なのは桓武天皇妃酒人内親王(光仁天皇皇女・桓武天皇異母妹)、平城天皇妃朝原内親王及び大宅内親王(ともに桓武天皇皇女・平城天皇異母妹)、嵯峨天皇妃高津内親王(桓武天皇皇女・嵯峨天皇異母妹)、同多治比高子(多治比氏守娘・夫人からの昇格)、醍醐天皇妃為子内親王(光孝天皇皇女・醍醐天皇叔母)であり、他に皇太妃(現在の皇太子妃)として草壁皇子妃阿閇皇女(天智天皇皇女・草壁皇子叔母、ただし皇子は即位せずに死去)、その他の例として大伴親王妃高志内親王(桓武天皇皇女・大伴親王異母妹、ただし妃は親王の立太子・即位前に死去)の例が存在する。
- Officai history confirmed that there are many Hi in ancient times, certain ones were Imperial Princess Sakahito (Imperial Princess of Emperor Konin, younger maternal half-sister of Emperor Kanmu), Emperor Kanmu's empress, Princess Asahara, Emperor Heizei's empress and Imperial Princess Oyake (both Imperial Princesses of Emperor Kanmu, younger maternal half-sister of Emperor Heizei), Princess Takatsu (Imperial Princess of Emperor Kanmu, younger maternal half-sister of Emperor Heizei) and TAJIHI no Takako (daughter of TAJIHI no ujinokami, upgraded from Fujin [consort of emperor]), both of them were Emperor Saga's empress, Imperial Princess Ishi (Imperial Princess of Emperor Koko, aunt of Emperor Daigo), Emperor Daigo's Empress, and as wife of prince (crown princess in modern time), Princess Ahe (Imperial Princess of Emperor Tenchi, aunto of Prince Kusakabe, but Prince didn't ascended the throne because he died), Prince Kusakabe's wife, and Imperial Princess Koshi (Imperial Princess of Emperor Kanmu, younger maternal half-sister of Imperial Prince Otomo, but the princess died before the prince ascended the crown prince and the throne), Imperial Prince Otomo's wife.