直接: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 直接
• direct
• immediate
• personal
• firsthand
• straightforward
• directly

• 直接の
• immediate

• 直接波
• direct wave

• 直接に
• directly
• immediately
• personally
• smack-dab

• 直接性
• romance

• 直接費
• direct cost
• direct (or primary) costs

• 直接法
• direct method
• indicative mood

• 直接的
• direct
• directly

• 直接税
• direct tax

• 直接型
• direct

• 直接会合
• direct association

• 直接同期
• direct synchronization

• 直接価格
• direct price

• 直接埋立
• direct landfill

• 直接強制
• direct compulsion

• 直接改変
• direct impact

• 直接覆髄
• direct pulp capping

• 直接脱硫
• direct desulfurization

• 直接送達
• personal service

• 直接変換
• direct conversion

• 直接噴射
• direct injection

• 直接遷移
• direct transition

• 直接命令
• direct instruction

• 直接変調
• direct modulation

• 直接審議
• direct-conduct-of-trial principle

• 直接操作
• direct control

• 直接労働
• direct labor

• 直接発電
• direct conversion
• direct generation of electricity

• 直接送る
• direct distribution

• 直接｢に
• immediately

• 直接取引
• direct deal

• 直接原価
• direct costs

• 直接発信
• direct submission

• 直接比較
• direct comparison

• 直接投資
• direct investment
• Foreign direct investment

• 直接分裂
• direct division (i.e. amitosis)

• 直接入力
• direct input

• 直接伝染
• direct infection

• 直接接続
• making a direct connection

• 直接接触
• direct contact

• 直接選挙
• direct election

• 直接対話
• face-to-face talk
• direct communication
• direct dialogue
• direct talk

• 直接請求
• direct claim to a local government
• direct petition

• 直接教示
• direct teaching

• 直接面接
• personal interview

• 直接要因
• direct cause
• proximate cause

• 直接話法
• direct quotation
• direct speech
• direct narration

• 直接正犯
• direct principal offender
• direct perpetrator
• principal offender in the first degree

• 直接回答
• immediate, direct response

• 直接会談
• direct discussion
• direct talks

• 直接簡明
• simple and plain
• staightforward

• 直接関係
• direct relation

• 直接競争
• direct competition

• 直接協議
• direct talks
• direct discussion
• direct discussions

• 直接尋問
• direct examination

• 直接照明
• direct lighting

• 直接証拠
• direct evidence

• 直接収容
• dedicated line (e.g. phone service)

• 直接処分
• direct disposal (of spent nuclear fuel)
• direct disposal (without reprocessing)

• 直接受身
• direct passive

• 直接行動
• direct action

• 直接購入
• direct purchase

• 直接支配
• immediate dominance
• ID
• to immediately dominate

• 直接支援
• direct support

• 直接濾過
• direct filtration

• 直接接地
• direct grounding

• 直接損害
• direct damage
• direct losses
• proximate damage

• 直接浄化
• river flow purification
• direct purification

• 直接支出
• direct expenditure

• 直接視準
• direct sight

• 直接循環
• direct circulation

• 直接収益
• direct receipts

• 直接流出
• direct run-off
• direct runoff
• directrunoff
• storm runoff

• 直接腐食
• direct corrosion

• 直接費用
• direct cost

• 直接溶食
• direct corrosion

• 直接便益
• direct economic benefit

• 直接測定
• direct measurement

• 直接作用
• direct action

• 直接主義
• principle of direct trial

• 直接暖房
• direct heating

• 直接翻訳
• direct (source->target language) translation

• 直接効果
• direct benefits
• direct effect
• direct effects
• primary benefits
• primary effects

• 直接基礎
• spread foundation

• 直接確率
• direct probability

• 直接荷重
• direct load

• 半直接照明
• semi-direct lighting

• 直接金修復
• direct gold restoration

• 直接覆髄法
• direct pulp capping

• 直接接地系
• directly grounded system

• 直接グレア
• direct glare

• 直接再結合
• direct recombination

• 直接負荷損
• direct load loss

• 直接蒸解法
• direct cooking process

• 直接利回り
• current yield

• 直接燃焼室
• open combustion chamber

• 直接民主制
• direct democracy

• 直接積分法
• direct integration method

• 直接目的語
• direct object
• O$^d$

• 直接利用者
• direct user

• 直接労務費
• direct labor costs
• direct labour costs
• productive wages

• 再直接尋問
• redirect examination

• 直接色指定
• direct colour (specification)

• 直接教授法
• direct method

• 直接人件費
• direct labor cost

• 直接作業費
• direct operations cost

• 直接剪断機
• direct shear apparatus

• 直接分水工
• direct outlet
• spur offtake

• 直接再利用
• direct reuse

• 直接工事費
• Direct Cost
• direct construction cost

• 直接構成素
• direct constituent
• immediate constituent

• 直接的照応
• direct anaphora

• 直接微分法
• direct differentiation method

• 直接移動部
• straight warped transition

• 直接接地系統
• solidly grounded neutral system

• 直接維持装置
• direct retainer

• 直接記録計器
• direct-writing recorder

• 直接原価計算
• direct costing

• 直接教示方式
• direct teaching method

• 直接短絡試験
• direct short-circuit test

• 直接色素沈着
• direct pigmentation

• 直接手動操作
• direct manual operation

• 直接測定方法
• direct method of measurement

• 直接放送衛星
• direct broadcasting satellite

• 直接計数制御
• direct digital control

• 再直接尋問の
• redirect

• 直接接触凝縮
• direct contact condensation

• 直接還元設備
• direct reduction equipment

• 直接アドレス
• direct address

• 漢字直接入力
• direct kanji input (as opposed to kana-kanji conversion)

• 直接アクセス
• direct access
• random access
• Direct Entry

• 直接照準射撃
• direct fire

• 直接接触伝熱
• direct contact heat transfer

• 直接水準測量
• direct leveling
• precise leveling

• 直接脱水方式
• direct sludge dewatering

• 直接推定確率
• direct probability

• 直接的な事象
• direct things

• 直接的相似形
• direct analog

• 直接灌漑効果
• direct irrigation benefits
• direct irrigation effects
• primary benefits
• primary effects

• 直接灌漑地域
• direct area

• 直接灌漑方式
• direct irrigation system

• 直接剪断試験
• direct shear test

• 直接支配規則
• immediate dominance schema

• 対内直接投資
• inward direct investment

• 外国直接投資
• direct foreign investment

• 対外直接投資
• outward direct investment
• direct foreign investment

• 直接揚力制御
• direct lift control

• 治水直接効果
• flood control direct benefits

• 直接距離測量
• direct distance measurement

• 直接改変以外
• out of direct change

• 直接搬入ごみ量
• volume of waste directly brought in

• 直接記憶範囲法
• method of immediate memory span

• 直接周波数変調
• direct frequency modulation

• 直接ちょう架式
• contact wire system

• 直接トルク制御
• direct torque control

• 直接電力制御法
• direct power control

• 直接手に触れる
• hands-on

• 直接アクセス法
• direct access method

• 直接構成素分析
• immediate constituent analysis

• 直接関係のある
• pertinent

• 直接百分率機能
• direct percentage function

• 疑似直接目的語
• pseudo-direct object

• 直接呼出し機能
• direct call facility

• 直接接触凝縮器
• direct contact condenser

• 直接堤防保護工
• direct bank protection

• 直接剪断試験機
• direct shear apparatus

• 直接被害（額）
• direct damage

• 直接型表現形式
• direct representation

• 直接給水貯水池
• direct supply reservoir

• 直接せん断試験
• direct shear test

• 対内直接投資等
• Inward Direct Investment, etc.

• 直接ケーブル接続
• direct cable connection

• 送電線直接操作盤
• LCP Local Control Pannel

• 直接開路動作機構
• direct opening mechanism

• 直接遷移形半導体
• direct transition semiconductor

• 外国語直接教授法
• direct method

• 直接編成ファイル
• direct file

• 単純直接膨張方式
• simple direct expansion type

• EB直接描画装置
• electron beam lithography system

• 直接記憶アクセス
• direct memory access
• DMA

• 直接噴射式燃焼室
• direct injection open chamber
• combustion chamber with direct injection
• open combustion chamber

• 直接的コーディング
• straight line coding

• 直接蒸気発生集熱器
• DSG Direct-Steam-Generation collector

• 狭帯域直接印刷電信
• NBDP narrow-band direct printing

• 都市ごみ直接溶融炉
• municipal solid waste direct melting furnace

• 直接アドレッシング
• direct addressing

• 計算機直接制御方式
• direct digital control

• 直接エネルギー変換
• direct energy conversion

• AC-AC直接変換
• AC-to-AC direct converter

• 交流－交流直接変換
• AC to AC direct frequency conversion

• 直接に自分でやった
• personal

• 当の本人から直接に
• straight from the horse's mouth

• 直接接触式熱交換器
• direct contact heat exchanger

• 直接メモリアクセス
• Direct Memory Access
• DMA

• 直接蛍光抗体染色法
• direct immunofluorescent antibody stain

• 直接アナログモデル
• direct analog model

• 対外直接投資の内容
• Content of the outward direct investment

• 対外直接投資の届出
• Notification of Outward Direct Investment

• 直接メモリ アクセス
• direct memory access

• GHGの直接回収事業
• GHG direct capture project

• 直接照度(直射照度)
• direct illuminace

• 直接挿入サブルーチン
• direct insert subroutine

• 国際直接ダイヤル通話
• international direct distance dialing

• 直接アドレスファイル
• direct address file

• 直接アクセス記憶装置
• Direct Access Storage Device
• DASD

• 対内直接投資等の定義
• Definition of Inward Direct Investment, etc.

• 対内直接投資等の報告
• Report of Inward Direct Investment, etc.
• Report of Inward Direct Investment etc.

• Fisher直接確率法
• Fisher's exact test

• 直接メタノール燃料電池
• DMFC direct methanol fuel cell

• 直接側壁トランシジョン
• straight warped transition

• 対内直接投資等の届出等
• Notification, etc. of Inward Direct Investment, etc.

• 直接火にあぶって食べる。
• Foodstuffs are grilled directly over a fire, and are eaten there.

• 直接ちょう架式無軌道電車
• trolley wire system

• 直接数値シミュレーション
• direct numerical simulation

• 対外直接投資の実行の時期
• Time of making the outward direct investment

• フィッシャーの直接確率検定
• Fisher's exact test

• 史実には直接の関係はない。
• Historically, there was no direct connection.

• 古河鉱業と直接交渉を行った。
• They negotiated directly with Furukawa Mining.

• 直接方式(数値制御の)制御器
• CNC Computerized Numerical Controller

• 直接改変と地下水の水位の変化
• direct change

• 直接アナログシミュレーション
• direct analog simulation

• 直属別院 総本山の直接開設。
• Direct branch temple - Directly opened by the grand head temple.

• 今の下駄の直接の祖先にあたる。
• This is the direct origin of present-day Geta.

• 対外直接投資を行おうとする理由
• Reason for making the outward direct investment

• 直接描画を行うことができるもの
• Ion implanters which are capable of direct writing

• 直接燃料噴射式ディーゼルエンジン
• direct injection diesel engine

• 直接高次の川へ流入する部分の面積
• inter-basin area
• interbasin area

• 直接アナログシミュレーションモデル
• direct analog simulation model

• 対内直接投資等の届出及び変更勧告等
• Notification of Inward Direct Investment, etc. and Recommendation of a Change, etc.

• 幽霊に直接係わる若しくは模したもの。
• Things directly related to or modeled after yurei

• これが押小路烏丸殿の直接の祖となる。
• This building was the direct origin of Oshikoji Karasumadono residence.

• 複数のバア・チップを基板に直接搭載し
• MCM multi-chip module

• 彼がメーカーに直接問い合わせました。
• He directly inquired the manufacturer.

• 装着方法は古くは直接結び付けていた。
• Traditionally it was tied directly.

• 直接家庭用コンロにかける専用の調理器具
• A special cooking device which is designed to be heated directly over a household cooking stove

• また直接は関係ない水野も切腹となった。
• Mizuno was also ordered to commit seppuku even though he had no direct responsibility for the incident.

• 直接の報酬を宛にしないで良いことにする
• cast one's bread on the waters
• scatter one's bread upon the waters

• 彼が商品をメーカーから直接仕入れます。
• He purchases products directly from the manufacturer.

• 庭等外部から直接屋内に上がる用途ももつ。
• People can go up into the house by way of Engawa directly from outside (from the garden, for example).

• 私たちの生活にも直接的な影響を与えている
• hits a lot of us right where we live

• 防具着用の上での直接打撃を行う試合形式。
• The match style (called 'bogutsuki karate') is one in which contestants are required to wear protective gear but are allowed to use direct attacks.

• 彼が二度目は直接彼女をデートに誘いました。
• The second time, he asked her out on a date directly.

• 直接該当書籍紹介のページにジャンプします。
• It will directly jump to the right book introduction page.

• 対内直接投資等 （第二十六条―第四十六条）
• Inward Direct Investment, etc. (Articles 26 to 46)

• 証人が直接経験しなかつた事実についての尋問
• questions on facts of which the witness has no direct experience.

• 傷害を受けたことを直接の原因とする人の死亡
• Death of an individual directly caused by injury;

• これが師直が判官を挑発する直接の原因となる。
• This becomes the direct cause for which Moronao provokes Hangan.

• 寺田屋（※鳥羽・伏見の戦いとは直接は無関係）
• Teradaya, or Teradaya Inn (not directly connected to the Battle of Toba-Fushimi)

• テレビカメラを直接見すえてのニュースレポート
• straight stand-up

• 動物に直接触ったり、餌をやったりできる施設。
• In this facility, visitors can touch animals and feed them.

• グツグツと沸騰したまま供し、鍋から直接食べる。
• It is served while still simmering, and people eat it directly from the pot.

• もっとも、忍者は直接戦闘することを極力避けた。
• Actually, Ninja minimized chances of direct fighting.

• 民衆の直接行動が内閣を倒した最初の事例である。
• It was for the first time in Japanese history that a direct action by the public overthrew the administration.

• 環境汚染物質を除去あるいは無害化する直接型技術
• end-of-pipe technology

• これが歌会始の直接的起源であると考えられている。
• This is thought to be a direct origin of Utakai Hajime.

• 朝鮮人の地主と直接交渉して土地貸借ができること。
• Japanese people could borrow land by negotiating directly with the Korean landowner.

• 遣明船は当初、幕府が直接船主となり運航していた。
• Originally, the bakufu was the shipowner of Kenminsen and directly operated them.

• 不動産取引自体に直接「坪」という単位は使えない。
• However, the unit 'tsubo' is prohibited from using directly in real estate transaction.

• 切妻破風を葺き降ろしの屋根に直接置いて造られる。
• Made by putting kirizuma hafu (gable built on a kirizuma) directly on the roof of fukioroshi (the extension of a roof or the elongation of eaves on the main part of a building in order to cover an adjacent area).

• ただし、この詔は現在の仏壇の直接の起源ではない。
• However, the current butsudan is not originated directly from the above said imperial edict.

• 審判官が事件について直接の利害関係を有するとき。
• where the trial examiner has a direct interest in the case.

• 全国で初めて都道府県から直接権限の移譲を受ける。
• It's the first time in the country that authority was directly transferred from the prefectural and city governments.

• その他の仏教国では、僧侶は葬礼に直接関与しない。
• In other Buddhist countries, priests do not get directly involved in funeral ceremonies.

• 直接的には中国絵画の影響を受けたものと思われる。
• They are considered to be been directly influenced by Chinese painting.

• オキナワモズクなどは褐藻ではなく石に直接付着する。
• Okinawa mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus) does not attach to brown algae, but attaches to rocks directly.

• 分岐点・最大負荷点の直接計算法(電圧安定限界計算)
• direct methods for bifurcations

• 農村に住んで農業経営にあたり、農民を直接支配した。
• They lived in rural areas, conducted farm management and controlled the farmers.

• 古墳と神社は直接的な関係はないものと見られている。
• It seems therefore that the shrine is not directly related with the tumulus.

• フルコンタクトと呼ばれる直接打撃を認める試合形式。
• The match style called 'full-contact' is one in which the contestants are allowed to use direct attacks.

• それと直接経営の土地も含めて屯倉と呼ぶようになった。
• Miyake' includes lands directly managed by the Yamato government.

• 待矢場両堰はその後も渡良瀬川からの直接取水を続けた。
• Therefore, the Union of Machi-Yaba Ryozeki kept drawing water directly from Watarase-gawa River after the works.

• このように当初は大久保と板垣に直接の接触はなかった。
• As described above, at the beginning Okubo and Itagaki did not meet directly, which suggests that each of the three had his own anticipation.

• これらは天皇を直接名指すのをはばかった婉曲表現である。
• These are euphemistic expressions hesitating to call the Emperor directly.

• 前述の辻占とは独立に発生したもので、直接の関係はない。
• This came into being independently from the tsujiura previously mentioned, and is not directly related to it.

• 本来はインド周辺地域のカレー料理と直接の関連性はない。
• Originally, these have no direct connection with curry dishes from areas centering on India.

• しかしこれが三味線の直接的な祖先かどうかは分からない。
• But it's not known if this is the direct ancestor of shamisen.

• 備考であるが､東宮傅・東宮学士とは直接的な関係はない。
• As a remark, they were not directly related to Togu no fu (an official in charge of education of the Crown Prince) and Togugakushi (Teacher of the Classics of the Crown Prince).

• 証人が直接経験しなかった事実についての陳述を求める質問
• Question seeking statements on facts which the witness has not experienced directly

• 第三者ノードを介さずに直接他のコンピュータと通信できる
• peer-to-peer

• 本来、柱は地面に穴をあけて直接柱を立てた掘立柱とする。
• In principle, kirizuma-zukuri uses hottate-bashira posts, which were erected by excavating a hole in the ground and being secured directly in the ground.

• 対内直接投資等とは、次のいずれかに該当する行為をいう。
• The term 'inward direct investment, etc.' shall mean an act that falls under any of the following items.

• 第二十三条第七項の規定に違反して対外直接投資を行った者
• Any person who has made an outward direct investment in violation of Article 23, paragraph 7

• 口演には直接関係ないが、落語の演ぜられる場を構成する要素
• Other components of the rakugo stage

• 6世紀以前は、各々の豪族が土地と民衆を直接支配していた。
• Before the sixth century, each gozoku (local ruling family) directly governed the land and the people.

• 屯田（みた）は、大王 (ヤマト王権)の直接支配する田地。
• Mita were fields that the Daio (Yamato kingdom) directly controlled.

• 直接耕作者としては佃戸、奴隷、その他雇傭者が挙げられる。
• The direct cultivators included denkos, slaves, and other employees.

• 卵をご飯に直接かけ、そこに醤油を適量かけて食べる食べ方。
• Ways of directly pouring an egg on rice, and adding some soy sauce on it.

• 春の七種と違い、秋の七草に直接何かをする行事は特にない。
• Unlike the seven herbs of spring, there is no special event related to the seven flowers of autumn.

• 塩の中に直接漬けた後に、天日干ししたもので、塩分が強い。
• Fish is sun dried subsequently to being salt cured, having a high salt content.

• 飲食の際は飲み物は備わっているが料理は直接提供できない。
• When people use Machiai-chaya for drinking and eating, they cannot order dishes directly to Machiai-chaya except beverages, because Machiai-chaya are not allowed to have kitchens for cooking dishes to serve.

• また、屯倉は王室の財産であり、直接支配する土地であった。
• Miyakes were owned and directly managed by the royal family.

• 約50年のずれがあって直接の関連はないと見なされている。
• Because there is a gap of about 50 years, it is assumed that there was no direct relation.

• 三国干渉は日露戦争のきっかけに直接・間接の影響を与えた。
• The Triple Intervention triggered the Japanese-Russo War both directly and indirectly.

• 醤油の直接の起源は金山寺味噌という説があるが定かではない。
• It is uncertain about the theory that the direct origin of soy-sauce is kinzanji miso (chunky barley miso conserve).

• これを第2次増産酒といい、戦後の三増酒の直接の原型となる。
• This was called the second Zosanshu, which directly led to the postwar sanzoshu (sake swelled by adding distilled alcohol, sugars, acidulants, monosodium glutamate, etc.).

• 同様に陪臣が他家の主君に直接面会をすることも出来なかった。
• Baishin could not directly meet with lords of other clans, either.

• 後世の解釈によらず、論語などの経典を直接実証的に研究する。
• Kogaku scholars studied directly and empirically those Buddhist scriptures such as Rongo (Analects of Confucius), without relying on the interpretations of later generations.

• 長崎は幕府の天領として幕府の直接管理で貿易がおこなわれた。
• Nagasaki was regarded as a shogunal demesne, where trade was carried on under the direct control of the Bakufu.

• 政府の行政事務に伴い直接的及び間接的に排出される二酸化炭素
• CO2 Emission Generated Directly or Indirectly from Administrative Works

• （尚、同じ浄土真宗系の高田派本山専修寺と直接の関係は無い）
• (Moreover, there is no direct relationship to Takada Honzan Senju-ji Temple of the same Jodo Shinsu sect.)

• 日本拳法でも、直接打撃を行う稽古（実乱撃）において使用する。
• It is also used in Nippon Kenpo (Japanese martial art) where players practice to give and receive direct blows (exchange blows, wearing protectors).

• 遠方に神社があるため、直接行くことが困難な人も気軽に出来る。
• It makes it easier for people to visit and pray at the Shinto shrines when they are physically situated far away and difficult to reach.

• 直接福澤と会い、福澤も長沼村の利権回復運動に共鳴したという。
• It is said that he met face-to-face with FUKUZAWA, and FUKUZAWA also sympathized with the concession recovery movement by the Naganuma village.

• 翻訳作業に直接関わった様子はないが、その子甫周を参加させた。
• He had never directly participated in the translation work, but let his son Hoshu KATSURAGAWA join the translation team.

• 調は中央の財源であり、直接、宮都に納付することとされていた。
• The tax in kind was paid directly to the capital to provide financial resources for the central government.

• 二つの輪には、それぞれ親珠があるが、房を直接親玉に付けない。
• Oyadama is attached to each of 2 rings but tassels are not directly attached to Oyadama.

• 時宗が直接的に衰退したのは、明治の廃仏毀釈であると思われる。
• It seems that the direct reason of the Ji sect's decline was Haibutsu-kishaku (a movement to abolish Buddhism) in the Meiji period.

• 在位中は後嵯峨上皇が院政が敷き、直接政務を見ることは無かった。
• During his reign he did not in fact control politics since the Retired Emperor Gosaga ruled the cloistered government.

• そこへ卵を直接割り入れ、飯と共にかき混ぜた後、醤油で調味する。
• Crack an egg directly into the pit, toss it with the rice, and then season it with soy sauce.

• このため、非違を発見した場合でも直接逮捕・裁判する権限はない。
• Therefore, even when the officials of the agency found violations, they could not arrest or put the violators to court for trial.

• そこから直接経費の23万円を引くと21万円の利益となっている。
• The annual profit was calculated at 210,000 yen by subtraction of direct operating expenses, 230,000 yen, from the revenues.

• 当初は、各府県ごとに直接国税納付者15名より1名が互選された。
• Of the 15 direct national taxpayers per prefecture, one was elected as a High Taxpayer Councilor.

• 手で直接投げたり縄を付けて遠心力で投げたりする手榴弾の様な物。
• It is similar to a grenade, thrown directly by hand or sometimes with a rope using centrifugal force.

• その上で当事者を招集し、引付衆の眼前で直接互いに相論をさせた。
• After that, the parties were convened and were made to argue directly with each other before the hikitsukeshu.

• ただ、「里」は長い距離であるので、直接計測するのは困難である。
• However, it is difficult to measure the length of 'ri' directly because it is long distance.

• 質権者は、質権の目的である債権を直接に取り立てることができる。
• A pledgee may directly collect the claim that is the subject matter of the pledge.

• 天皇機関説論争の際には、神勅が天皇による直接統治の根拠とされた。
• When the issue of the Emperor Organ Theory emerged, oracles became the evidence for the emperors' reign.

• その他、八橋検校の直接の流れである八橋流が一部に伝えられていた。
• In addition, Yatsuhashi school, a direct linage of Yatsuhashi Kengyo, existed in some regions.

• しかし仁清から直接技法を学んだ尾形乾山は優れた作品を多く残した。
• However, Kanzan OGATA, who learned pottery techniques directly from Ninsei, produced many excellent pieces of pottery.

• ただし、古河側が直接、鉱毒に関して言及している例は非常に少ない。
• However, there are only a few records of Furukawa mentioning the mining pollution.

• 仏像、位牌その他礼拝又は祭祀に直接供するため欠くことができない物
• A Buddha statue, an ancestral memorial table or other object that is indispensable for direct use in a religious service or worship

• 役務取引　当該役務取引の対価又は当該役務取引に直接伴う資金の授受
• Service transactions:　Transfer of consideration for the service transactions or funds directly incidental to the service transactions

• 昭和23年に公布されたもので、明治節とは直接の関係はないとされる。
• It was issued in 1948 and has no direct connection with Meiji setsu.

• 勅（ちょく）は、天皇の言葉、あるいは天皇の命令を直接に伝える文書。
• Choku is the words of the emperor or a document that directly conveys the emperor's order.

• 本書の内容は、「善鸞事件」の後に作者が親鸞より直接聞いた話による。
• The heart of this book is the story which the writer listened directly from Shinran after 'the Incident of Zenran.'

• 熟したユズでも酸味が非常に強いため、普通は直接食用とすることはない。
• The ripened yuzu citron still has a strong, sour taste, so it's usually not directly edible.

• そのまま本願寺軍は石山を出て、14日に淀川堤で信長軍と直接激突した。
• Outside Ishiyama, the Hongan-ji Temple army directly fought with the Oda army at the bank of Yodo-gawa River on 23.

• 後北条氏末期には北条氏政が直接支配して太田氏や千葉氏を統率していた。
• During the later years of the Gohojo clan, HOJO Ujimasa seized direct control over the castle and led the Ota clan and the Chiba clan.

• 大迂や荃廬などは清国に渡り、徐三庚や呉昌碩から直接篆刻を学んでいる。
• Some people, including Taiu and Senro, went to Quing and learned tenkoku directly from Xu Sangeng and Goshoseki.

• 電話等の直接予約のほか、旅行代理店や観光案内所を通じた予約も出来る。
• You can either book rooms directly by phone or ask travel agents or tourist information centers to make reservations on your behalf.

• そもそも直接打撃制ルール自体は寸止めルールよりもはるかに歴史は古い。
• The history of direct-attack rules is far older than that of sundome rules.

• 貨物を輸出し、又は輸入する者がその輸出又は輸入に直接伴つてする支払等
• Payment, etc. made by a person who imports or exports goods, directly incidental to the import or export

• しかし、明治以降も、天皇が直接命令して政治を行うことはあまり無かった。
• However, also in and after the Meiji period, the Emperor rarely ordered directly and practiced politics.

• 僧坊酒の伝統や技法を直接に受け継ぎ、江戸時代の諸流派の源となった流派。
• Having followed firsthand the tradition and techniques of soboshu (僧坊酒: sake brewed in large temples) brewing, Nara-ryu became the origin of various sake-brewing schools which developed in the Edo period.

• この事件を直接の契機として、大王家と葛城氏の関係は破綻したとみられる。
• It is thought that by this event, the relationship between the Okimi family and the Katsuraki clan fell apart.

• 大神神社には本殿がなく、拝殿から神体である三輪山を直接拝むことになる。
• Since Omiwa-jinja Shrine is not equipped with Honden (main shrine), Mt. Miwa, a god, can be directly worshipped at Haiden (a hall of worship).

• また、直接火に掛ける道具のため、材質は素焼きの陶器であり磁器製はない。
• Bofura is directly put on to a fire therefore it is a made of earthenware of Suyaki (biscuit fire), not a ceramic made.

• 現在の杜氏や蔵人の制度の直接的な起源は日本酒の歴史江戸時代前期となる。
• The direct origin of present-day toji and the kurabito system appeared at the beginning of the Edo period.

• さらにその下位にあり、部（べ）を直接に指揮する多くの伴（とも）をさす。
• The clans that received the position of Momo Amari Yaso no Tomo were beneath the Tomo no Miyatsuko in its rank; many clans who received this title directly took control of common people.

• 明治後期よりおかれた役職で天皇の重臣であった元老とは直接の関係はない。
• It was a post set up in the late Meiji period, and had no direct connection with Genro who were senior vassals of the Emperor.

• その他に大番役・軍役など軍事力をもって直接奉仕を行う武家役も存在した。
• There were other forms of bukeyaku, such as Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) or Gunyaku, which services required direct exercising of military powers.

• 判者は藤原忠房が任じられていたが、当日不参のため法皇が直接判を下した。
• FUJIWARA no Tadafusa was appointed a hanja, but he was absent that day, so Cloistered Emperor Uda himself judged which tanka was better than the other.

• また、忠棟は秀吉から直接命令を受け、検地後の知行配分の責任者となった。
• Tadamune received direct orders from Hideyoshi and became the manager for the enfeoffment distribution after the survey.

• 商品デザインには社長も直接参画し、朱色、黒、白の3色を基調としている。
• The president personally takes part in product design which uses mainly three colors: Empire red, black, and white.

• 形態として床に直接置く背丈の高いものと、上置式の背丈の低いものがある。
• There are two types of Shumidan; the higher one is made such that the statue is placed directly on the floor while the lower one is made such that the statue is placed on the altar.

• 第一条から第十条は、親鸞が直接唯円に語ったとされる言葉が書かれている。
• From the 1st article to the 10th article, the writer (Yuien) recorded Shinran's words which are considered to have been directly told to the writer.

• また当時は直接、荘園を管理していたため、人的・経済的な負担も大きかった。
• Also in those days, shoens were directly managed and thus cost a lot economically and in personnel.

• 特に内藤氏は丹波の入り口に位置していたために細川氏らの攻撃を直接受けた。
• The position of the Naito clan at the entrance to Tanba meant that they, more often than the other families, suffered direct attacks from the Hosokawa clan.

• 重綱は父が幕府から直接拝領していた武蔵領3000石を三男の忠綱に与えた。
• Shigetsuna passed down the territory in Musashi of 3,000 koku crop yields, which was given to his father directly from bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), to his third son Tadatsuna.

• 発布の直接の因となったのは、12月山縣有朋の建議が採用されたことである。
• The direct cause of the issuance was that Aritomo YAMAGATA's proposal was adopted in December.

• この会はすぐに鉱害根絶同盟会と名称を変更し、古河鉱業と直接交渉を行った。
• Soon after that, the union changed its name to the Mining Pollution Eradication Committee and began negotiations directly with Furukawa Mining.

• 直接的に何の利益も生まない欧州派遣を、最初は渋っていた日本政府であった。
• At first, the Japanese Government was reluctant to dispatch fleets to Europe because it would not yield any immediate profit.

• また、検地帳に土地の直接耕作者を登録し、その者を租税負担の責任者とした。
• And on a cadastral register, direct cultivators on lands were registered and they were made to be persons in charge of tax burden.

• これが米収入を俸禄の基本とする旗本・下級武士の困窮に直接つながっていた。
• And this directly led to the poverty of 'hatamoto' (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu) and lower-ranking samurai whose stipends were based on a rice harvest.

• 直接記録に残ってはいないが、東北地方も例外ではなかったと考えられている。
• It is believed, although there is no written record of this, that the Tohoku region was not spared the effects of the disaster.

• 後述する「ぶぶ漬け」も、そのような直接的表現を嫌う風土によるものである。
• As is described below, a story of 'bubu zuke' was created in such a climate as people disliked any direct expression.

• 現在は三代目になるが、屋号を引き継いだだけで、初代とは直接の関係はない。
• Although it is in its third generation now, the present owner only took over the store name and has nothing to do with the founder.

• 中国では、直接鬼と呼ぶのはタブーであることから、婉曲して好兄弟ともいう。
• Because in China it is taboo to call upon Oni directly, it is also euphemistically called Good Brothers.

• 直接的に雅楽を取り入れた作曲法は、生田流系としては初めてのことと思われる。
• The composition technique that directly covers the traditional Japanese music may have been the first one in the line of Ikuta school.

• 木刀にかわって竹刀が普及する事によって、直接打ち合える試合が可能になった。
• With shinai replacing 'bokuto' wooden swords, it became possible for people to directly hit each other in tournaments.

• 日本では、瀟湘八景に直接影響を受けて考案された近江八景が最初の例とされる。
• In Japan, the Eight Views of Omi which was originated under the direct influence of the Eight Views of Xiaoxiang is considered to be the first example.

• 肌に直接触れるものであるため、晒（さらし）などの綿生地で仕立てられている。
• Since it is worn next to the skin, it is made of cotton such as sarashi (bleached cotton).

• 一部の寿司や汁物、飲み物は客が店員に直接注文しなければならない場合がある。
• Some sushi, soup, and drinks not traveling on the conveyer belt, can be ordered directly from the shop staff.

• 1946年（昭和21年）小笠原諸島が、アメリカ軍の直接統治の下におかれる。
• In 1946 Ogasawara Islands were put under direct rule by the U.S. Forces.

• やがて1756年（宝暦6年）には式部による桃園天皇への直接進講が実現する。
• Soon, Shikibu was allowed to directly give lectures to Emperor Momozono in 1756.

• 2009年（平成21年）現在、日本の首都を直接定める現行法令は存在しない。
• As of 2009, there is no existing law which directly prescribes the capital in Japan.

• 直接の目的とした戸籍編製は壬申戸籍に結実したが、大区小区制は不評であった。
• The ultimate purpose of the daiku-shoku system was to install a family resister system and was embodied in Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin), but the system itself was not well accepted among people.

• この仕組みによれば、ウドー音楽事務所などのプロモーターは直接使用できない。
• Under this system, Udo Artists, Inc. and other promoters were not able to use the hall directly.

• また、天守台を築かず、曲輪面に直接礎石を敷き、天守が建てられることもある。
• Some Tenshu were constructed directly on a foundation stone put on the ground of the castle, rather than on a Tenshudai.

• 一般利用者が直接、または他の公共図書館などを通じて間接的に受けるサービス。
• Services that users from the general public receive directly or indirectly through other public libraries

• ただし帆と檣は上流へさかのぼるときに用いるだけで、鵜飼と直接の関係はない。
• However, sail and sho are used only when a boat rows upstream and there is no direct relationship with Ukai.

• また、疏水放水路と合流して直接宇治川に流れ出ており、濠川とは合流していない。
• It also joins with the drainage canal to directly flow into the Uji-gawa River without joining with Hori-kawa River.

• イメージ低下の直接的要因は、温泉街の南側の湖畔沿いに形成された風俗街である。
• The red-light area, built on the lakeside located on the south of the hot springs resort area, is the direct cause that damages the image of the resort area.

• 茶碗に盛った飯を醤油で調味し、飯の上に作った窪みに直接卵を割り入れてほぐす。
• Season rice in a rice bowl with soy sauce, and directly crack an egg into a pit formed on the rice.

• 八橋検校の直接の伝承はその後も長く受け継がれ、現在でも細々と伝えられている。
• The direct flow of the Yatsuhashi school style from teacher to pupil continued over time, and continues as a trickle to this day.

• いずれにしろ地口の一種であり、雅楽や能の曲目と直接の関係があるわけではない。
• At any rate, either of them is a pun and is not related directly to the programs of gagaku or Noh.

• そのため、伝奏が将軍に対して直接天皇・上皇の意向を伝達するのが慣例となった。
• Therefore, it became customary for the tenso to directly relay the intention of the emperor or retired emperor.

• これは、宜仁親王の印にちなむものであり、かつてあった桂宮との直接の関係はない。
• There is no direct relationship with Katsuranomiya, but is related to the symbol of Imperial Prince Yoshihito.

• そして、独立プロダクションへの製作費の出資と作品の直接公開の方針を打ち出した。
• This company adopted a policy to invest in independent film studios and distribute their films directly.

• いずれにしろ、過料は刑罰ではないので、刑法総則・刑事訴訟法は直接適用されない。
• In any case, Karyo is not a penal punishment so general provisions of the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure would not directly apply to Karyo.

• 京への直接的脅威と言う点では、極めて深刻な状況であったのではとする見方もある。
• Therefore, Sumitomo must have seemed a serious threat to Kyoto.

• 本来や政府を経由して官司や寺社に給付された租税を直接搬入させたことに由来する。
• It originated when the government made the tax payers directly transport their land taxes (rice) to the government officials and temples and shrines through the government.

• 以下、影印・複製や直接閲覧により閲覧可能なものを筆写年代・刊行年代順に挙げる。
• In the following, the Wamyosho books that can be viewed by photographing, copying or directly viewing them are listed first for manuscripts in the order of the hand-copied ages and then for published books in the order of the printed ages:

• あくまで監察のための役職であり、州県の政治に直接口を出すことは禁じられていた。
• This job was limited to inspection only, and he was forbidden from interfering with the politics in the provinces.

• 頭鉢は特に大切にしなければならず、直接口をつける事、粗略に扱う事は厳禁である。
• Zuhatsu should be handled carefully, so rough handling, such as putting the bowl to one's lips, is strictly forbidden.

• 第二十三条第九項の規定による変更又は中止の命令に違反して対外直接投資を行った者
• Any person who has made an outward direct investment in violation of an order of change or discontinuance pursuant to the provision of Article 23, paragraph 9

• 第二十三条第一項による届出をせず、又は虚偽の届出をして、対外直接投資を行った者
• Any person who has made an outward direct investment failing to give notification pursuant to Article 23, paragraph 1 or giving a false notification

• また、皇族譜は所出天皇（直接の先祖にあたる天皇）ごとに簿冊を区分して編纂される。
• Also, the Kozokufu is divided into thinner booklets, which are edited depending on each source Emperor (direct ancestral Emperor).

• 狩野派や円山派といった他の江戸時代の流派は、模写を通じて直接師から画技を学んだ。
• Pupils of other schools in the Edo period such as the Kano school and the Maruyama school learned painting technique directly from their teachers by copying their works.

• しかし、直接危害を加えるわけではないので、妖怪の中では危険度の低い存在ではある。
• However, as this yokai does not do any other direct harm to anyone around, the degree of risk is low among supernatural beings.

• 将軍から直接の命令を受けて隠密に情報収集を行うなど、将軍直属の間諜の任を務めた。
• The oniwaban were the secret agents under the direct command of the shogun and accomplished the missions including intelligence collection.

• またホイートン原著から直接訳した瓜生三寅訳『交道起源 一名万国公法全書』も出た。
• In addition, the book directly translated from the original by Wheaton 'Kodokigen Ichimei Bankoku Kohozensho'translated by Mitora URYU was published.

• 具体的には支配者層が在地社会において直接把握の対象とした社会階層が百姓とされた。
• Specifically, the social class directly ruled by the ruling class in the local societies was referred to as a hyakusho.

• 証拠調べの期日において、証人、当事者本人又は鑑定人に対し直接に問いを発すること。
• Asking questions directly of a witness, a party him/herself or expert witness on the date for examination of evidence

• 五徳の上部に網を乗せ焼き物をする場合と、直接鍋などを乗せ煮たきをする場合がある。
• There are two ways of using it; grilling food over a net placed on the upper side of the Gotoku, and placing a pan directly on the Gotoku for cooking food.

• 試合によっては防具着用を義務付ける場合もあるが、それでも直接打撃は認めていない。
• In some matches, players are required to wear protective gear, but direct attack isn't allowed.

• 天皇・皇后は皇族の葬儀には直接出席せず、使者を派遣するのが古来よりの慣わしである。
• It is an ancient custom that the emperor and the empress do not attend, but dispatch an envoy to funeral ceremonies of imperial members.

• この寝具類は神座、神の為に設けられたものであり、この中に天皇が直接入ることはない。
• The bedclothes are Kamukura (the place of god) and emperors don't use them.

• この作り方では、飯に醤油が直接染み込まず、卵白や黄身をしっかり混ぜることができる。
• In this manner, the soy sauce does not come directly into rice, and the egg white and the yolk can be sufficiently mixed.

• 芳幾は写実的な画風で、錦絵の空白部分に直接詞書きを置く画賛のような書き方であった。
• Yoshiiku painted his works in a realistic painting style and he painted like Gasan who directly wrote text in a black portions of each of his nishiki-e prints.

• 太歳記事は読者の便宜をはかるためのものであって、干支と即位の間に直接の関係はない。
• The tai sui article was written for convenience of readers, and there was no direct relationship between the Oriental zodiac and the enthronement.

• また、在郷商人らも依然として港へ直接廻送を続けたため、法令の効果はあがらなかった。
• In addition because local merchants still continued to directly transport goods to open ports, the law did not produce satisfactory results.

• また、新制が出されると、鎌倉幕府や有力寺社にも使者が派遣されて直接通達が行われた。
• Upon issuance of each shinsei, it was directly notified by an envoy who was accredited to the Kamakura bakufu and dominant temples and shrines.

• はばからず直接的に書けば、反は皇帝・天皇に対する殺人と傷害、謀反はその計画である。
• In plain words, '反'(hon) is a murder or mayhem of the emperor, and 謀反 (muhon) is a plan for '反'.

• 土地の所有者は、直接に雨水を隣地に注ぐ構造の屋根その他の工作物を設けてはならない。
• A landowner may not install any structure including a roof that discharges rainwater directly onto neighboring land.

• 依頼や辞退を表すときには、直接的な言い方は避け、婉曲的で非断定的な言い回しを好む。
• In the case of request or declination, Kyo language prefers euphemistic and indecisive expressions and avoids straightforward words.

• いわゆる寸止めではなく、直接打撃制ルールを採用する流派のことで、実戦空手ともいう。
• Full-contact karate, also known as 'jissen (actual fighting) karate,' refers to karate organizations that adopt direct-attack rules instead of the so-called sundome rules.

• 外国投資家とは、次に掲げるもので、次項各号に掲げる対内直接投資等を行うものをいう。
• The term 'foreign investor' shall mean any one of the following persons who makes inward direct investment, etc. listed in the items of the next paragraph.

• - 病中の旻法師の部屋に見舞いに行き、直接やさしい言葉をかけた（白雉5年7月とも）。
• - He visited the room where Minhoshi was lying ill and directly offered kind words (also in July, 654).

• かくして、金五十両は勘平に直接渡らず盗賊を経由したがために、犯罪の金となってしまう。
• Thus, 50 ryo becomes stolen money because it went through the hands of a robber rather than directly into Kanpei's hands.

• 長岡赤十字病院の直接の前身は、明治6年に三島億二郎が設立した「長岡會社病院」である。
• The direct predecessor of Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital was 'Nagaoka Kaisha Hospital' which founded in 1873 by Okujiro MISHIMA.

• それを直接受け継いだのが奈良の造り酒屋たちであり、彼らの製法・技法を奈良流と称する。
• It was the breweries in Nara who inherited these techniques directly, and their style of sake-making is called Nara-ryu.

• 宇治橋下流で巨椋池に直接流れ込んでいた宇治川を、槇島堤によって伏見に向かって導いた。
• The Uji-gawa River which used to directly flow into Ogura-ike Pond at the downstream from Uji-bashi Bridge was channeled towards the direction of Fushimi by installation of Makishima-zutsumi Dike.

• その為には、正真正銘の刀と直接対峙し、自分なりに見極め処を覚えていく事が必要となる。
• It is required to face real swords and continue to learn key points for detecting real swords on one's own.

• 昔から、地元地御前で、網でなく一本釣りで釣れた穴子だけを直接漁師から買い付けている。
• It always purchases only congers which are caught not by fishing net but by fishing rods from local fishermen of the Jigozen area.

• 濃茶の場合は、茶碗の飲み口を直接懐紙で、または小茶巾と呼ばれる専用の布や紙でぬぐう。
• At a koicha (thick tea) party, people directly use kaishi or a special cloth (or a piece of paper) called kojakin to clean off the lip of a tea bowl.

• 詔（みことのり、御言宣、大御言）は、天皇の言葉、あるいは天皇の命令を直接に伝える文書。
• 'Mikotonori' (詔 or 御言宣), or 'Omikoto' (大御言) was a document of the emperor's words or orders to be directly conveyed.

• 関西風は、小型のテコ（ヘラ）で直接食べるのが大多数であるが、箸で食べるという人もいる。
• In Kansaifu-okonomiyaki, the majority eat it using small spatulas, but some eat using chopsticks.

• 都山流は明治期に初代中尾都山が創始した流派であり、普化宗とは直接のつながりを持たない。
• The Tozan school is a lineage that was founded during the Meiji period by first generation Tozan NAKAO, and is not directly connected to Fuke sect.

• 弦の圧力が親指に直接掛かる事が無く親指への負担が少ない為、矢数を掛ける事に適している。
• As there are no direct pressure of a string and little strain on a thumb, it is appropriate for shooting lots of arrows.

• おにぎりの直接の起源は、平安時代の「頓食」（とんじき）という食べ物だと考えられている。
• The direct origin of onigiri is considered to be a food called 'tonjiki' in the Heian period (the end of 8th century to the early 12th century).

• これらボトル缶は、缶に直接口をつけることに抵抗感のある女性向けに開発されたものである。
• These types of bottle cans were developed for female persons who felt uncomfortable drinking directly from a can.

• その性格上、資本力を持つ地主が直接、企業的な経営を行っているものがほとんどであること。
• Owing to the nature of the business, in most of the cases landlords with the financial power directly run forestry business, bringing in business-like management.

• この協定の中で、桂は、韓国政府がちょうど停戦した日露戦争の直接の原因であると指摘した。
• In this agreement, Katsura pointed out that the Korean government was the direct cause of the Russo-Japanese War, which had just reached a cease-fire.

• 敵討（かたきうち）とは、直接の尊属を殺害した者に対して私刑として復讐を行う制度である。
• Katakiuchi is the practice of taking out one's revenge, by taking the law into his own hands, against someone who has killed a direct ancestor of the avenging party.

• また、開発領主が直接権門層に荘園を寄進した場合、領家が存在せず本家のみの荘園となった。
• Note that, if kaihatsu ryoshu donated their shoen directly to influential families, these shoen would only have honke and no ryoke.

• ただ陽明学は宋代の陸象山の学を継承したものではあるが、その継承は直接的なものではない。
• Although Yomeigaku inherited the teachings of Lu Hsiang-shan of the Song period, it was not a direct succession.

• そのため、島津家の代表的家臣と認められ、戦後処分でも秀吉から直接肝属郡一郡を拝領した。
• Therefore, he was recognized as the major vassal of the Shimazu family, and received one county directly from Hideyoshi as part of the post-war treatment.

• 法律により直接に設立された法人又は特別の法律により特別の設立行為をもって設立された法人
• juridical persons established expressly by Acts or established by a special act of establishment pursuant to the provisions of special Acts; and,

• これは、直接攻撃用の武器の中で最も攻撃距離の長い槍が届かず、かつ遠すぎない距離である。
• This is about the shortest distance unreachable by a spear for a direct long distance attack.

• 自分の心を直接掘り下げるのでなく、他者をいわば鏡として外から自分を客観視する点が特徴。
• A distinctive point of this therapy is that the client sees him or herself objectively using the third person as a mirror instead of directly probing his or her mind.

• 直接の源流となる僧・賢順によって始められた「筑紫箏」および「筑紫流箏曲」は含められない。
• The 'Tsukushi goto' and 'Tsukushi school of koto music,' which were both started by Priest Kenjun and the direct origin of Yatsuhashi Kengyo's koto and koto music, are not included in zokuso.

• また遣隋使や遣唐使により、中華文化が直接日本に将来するようになり、晋唐の書風が流行した。
• In addition, since the envoys to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty China directly brought back Chinese culture, the calligraphic style of the Jin and Tang dynasties became the vogue.

• 真打・香盤問題は東京でも非常にセンシティブな問題で、協会分裂の直接の引き金になっている。
• Issues of shinuchi and koban are very sensitive issues in Tokyo as well, which immediately triggered the division of the association.

• 直接火を付けるのではなく、熱した香用の炭（＝チャコール）や熱灰の上で間接的に熱を加える。
• Neriko is not lit directly by a flame but placed on the hot charcoal for incense use or the hot ash so as to be heated indirectly.

• 「わりご」という段重ねの朱塗りの器にそばを小分けして盛り、直接薬味やつゆをかけて食べる。
• A small quantity of soba is served in the layered lacquerware to which condiments and soup is added before the noodles are eaten.

• 翌年に朝廷から出された返納の勅により、ようやく朝廷へ直接返納することで藩論が統一される。
• Following the order by the Imperial Court to return the chokusho in the next year, finally the opinion of the domain people was consolidated and the domain decided to return the chokusho directly to the Imperial Court.

• 在地領主蛎崎氏改め松前氏は安東氏の配下であったが、豊臣秀吉に直接仕え安東氏から独立した。
• The lord in the area, the Matsumae clan, the former Kakizaki clan was originally under the Ando clan, but directly served for Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI., and became independent from the Ando clan.

• 山城屋は陸軍省から更に金を借り出し、フランスの商人と直接取引をしようとフランスに渡った。
• He borrowed more money from the Ministry of Army and went to France to deal directly with French merchants.

• これらは律令に直接の根拠を持つものではないが、いずれも律令制に不可欠な構成要素であった。
• Although these projects were not directly based on the Ritsuryo, all of them were indispensable to the Ritsuryo system.

• 頭脳明敏で気丈な性格の貞明皇后ではあったが、目下の者にも決して直接叱責することはなかった。
• The Empress Teimei was bright, intelligent and courageous, but she never scolded her subordinates directly.

• 直接の原因は、勝が自分の演技をビデオカメラで撮影し、役作りの参考にしようとしたことである。
• The main cause of this was that Katsu tried to film his own performance with a video camera to rehearse for his role.

• また、戦国時代から江戸時代の打刀期の日本刀は帯に直接鞘を挿し通しており、これを帯刀という。
• Japanese swords from the Sengoku period (period of warring states) to the Edo period were carried by thrusting the scabbards directly through obi sashes, the form of which is called taito.

• 桓武（781年～806年）以下数代においては、天皇が直接に政治を行う天皇親政の時代だった。
• Emperor Kanmu (from 781 to 806) and several later generations conducted Tenno shinsei (direct rule by emperors).

• （東高瀬川において、宇治川に直接つなげるために整備された部分を新高瀬川と呼ぶこともある。）
• (The section in the Higashi-takase-gawa River which was developed to directly connect to the Uji-gawa River may be called the Shin-takase-gawa River.)

• 米から造られた酒ではなさそうなので、日本酒の直接の祖先と言ってよいかは議論を待つところだ。
• Since the liquor did not seem to be brewed from rice, it is controversial whether it could be said to be a direct origin of sake.

• 直接柔術と関連がないが、柔道で廃れていった当身技の稽古のために生まれたのが日本拳法である。
• Though not directly related to jujutsu, Nippon Kempo was established for the training of body-striking techniques, which went out of use in judo.

• 中世の被差別民や近現代日本の被差別部落の直接的な起源であるとする説が存在するが議論がある。
• There is a theory that the origin of discrimination during the medieval period, as well as those living in special hamlets in modern Japan, lies in goshiki no sen; however, this fact is often debated.

• これは小船等を用いず、鵜匠が1羽ないし2羽のウを連れて直接浅瀬に入って漁をする鵜飼である。
• This is the Ukai in where ujo uses one or two cormorants and conducts fishing by fording a river without using any boats.

• これは同梱のタレを従来の液状袋入りからペースト状にして容器内の小室に直接注入したものである。
• In this product, instead of attaching a conventional bag containing a liquid sause, a jellied sauce is directly injected into a small space in the container.

• このことは字を模写する人間や彫る職人の腕に、直接模刻の出来がかかっていることを意味している。
• This means that how well the mokoku is conducted directly depends on skills of those who copy and engrave characters.

• これは、本土町村とは異なり府県庁による直接統治であり、現在に当てはめれば東京都特別区が近い。
• Unlike towns and villages in Japan's mainland, this was a direct rule by the prefectural government, and resembles today's Tokyo Special Wards.

• 福田豊彦は「私営田領主」を「一口でいえば、広い土地を自分で直接経営する大土地所有者」とする。
• Toyohiko FUKUDA stated that a 'lord of shieiden' is 'the huge estate owner that directly managed a large parcel land, summarized in just a few words.'

• この頃になると、直接の耕作者である作人の耕作権が作職として確立し、惣村の形成が見られ始めた。
• By this period, the right to cultivate by sakunin (local cultivators) was established as saku-shiki (the right of the cultivator), and the formation of soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) began to appear.

• これにより松前藩が和人地を直接支配領域とし、あわせて蝦夷地との交易をも管理することになった。
• Due to this reason, the Matsumae clan placed Wajinchi under its direct control area, and besides, came to manage the trade with the Ezo area.

• ブドウ糖濃度は直接還元糖であり、分子構造の大きなデキストリンをのぞいた残りの糖分の量をさす。
• Glucose concentration represents the amount of sugar after excluding dexistrin, which is a direct reducing sugar and has a large molecular structure.

• 中には建物の部材に直接記されることもあり、これを梁上銘と呼ぶこともあるが、趣旨は同じである。
• Sometimes the record is written directly on the joists of the buildings and they are called 'ryojomei,' but the purpose is the same as 'muneki.'

• この事件は、法然が讃岐に配流され、親鸞が越後に配流された承元の法難の直接のきっかけとなった。
• This incident directly triggered Jogen no Honan (an event where four apprentices of Honen were executed and seven others including Honen and Shinran were banished by Retired Emperor Gotoba) for which Honen was exiled to Oki Island and Shinran to the Echigo Province.

• 肥前国神崎荘の預所となった忠盛は、大宰府の関与を排除して日宋貿易にも直接介入するようになった。
• When he became the Azukari dokoro of Kanzaki no sho (imperial estate) in the Hizen Province, he eliminated the influence of Dazaifu (the governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima under the ritsuryo system) and became directly involved in trade between Japan and Song.

• この場合、大石家の家臣は浅野家の陪臣であり、浅野家は大石家の家臣に直接の命令権を持たなかった。
• In this case, vassals of the Oishi family were baishin (indirect vassal) of the Asano family, and the Asano family did not have the right to directly give orders to vassals of the Oishi family.

• 後の二村一夫の研究では、直接のきっかけは飯場頭が労働者側を挑発したという説が有力になっている。
• In the later research by Kazuo NIMURA, a popular theory is that a head of hanba (accommodation for mine workers) provoked workers, and this was the direct opener.

• 塩焼王は直接関与した証拠がなかったために臣籍降下（「氷上塩焼」と改名）することで不問とされた。
• Prince Shioyaki was not punished because there was no evidence indicating his direct involvement in the rebellion; however, his position as a member of the Imperial family was revoked, demoting him from nobility to a subject (changed his name to 'HIKAMI no Shioyaki').

• しかし、この検地も実際に豊臣氏の家臣が直接行ったものではなく、多くは大名の自己申告制であった。
• Yet in most cases it was not Hideyoshi's own retainers who were personally conducting the survey, but rather was simply a system of personal reports by the various daimyo of the results of their own individual surveys.

• 中には竹崎季長などのように鎌倉まで赴いて直接幕府へ訴え出て、恩賞を得るといったケースもあった。
• Some vassals, like Suenaga TAKEZAKI, even went to Kamakura to make a direct appeal to bakufu to obtain a reward.

• イに規定するもののほか、名あて人の資格又は地位を直接にはく奪する不利益処分をしようとするとき。
• in addition to the circumstances provided for in (a) of this item, when rendering any other Adverse Dispositions which will directly deprive the subject parties of some conferred qualification or status;

• 施術を行う者、講師その他の役務を直接提供する者の資格、能力等に関して特約があるときは、その内容
• where there are special provisions concerning the qualification, ability, etc. of the person conducting the treatment, the lecturer, or any other person directly offering the services, the details of such provisions.

• 前三号に掲げる者により直接に占められる議決権の割合が総務省令で定める割合以上である法人又は団体
• Any juridical person or entity whose voting rights directly held by the persons set forth under the preceding three items exceed the ratio prescribed in the applicable Ordinance of MIC

• なお、義円は頼朝の元には出向かず直接尾張に入り、独自に挙兵したのではないのかという見方もある。
• Further, there is a view that Gien didn't go to Yoritomo's location but directly entered Owari and rose up in arms on his own.

• 第二十三条第三項又は第五項の規定に違反してこれらの規定に規定する期間中に対外直接投資を行った者
• Any person who has made an outward direct investment in violation of Article 23, paragraph 3 or 5, within a period prescribed in those paragraphs

• 日本が初めて直面した近代戦争である日清戦争と日露戦争では、天皇は大本営で直接戦争指導に当たった。
• In the first War Japan was involved in, the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War, the Emperor directly trained the soldiers at the Imperial headquarters.

• 思想、道徳としての儒学は支配階級を中心に学ばれ、明治以降は一般庶民にも直接、間接に影響を与えた。
• Confucianism was studied for its morals and ethics mainly by the ruling class, and after the Meiji period, its influence was directly and indirectly exerted on the ordinary people.

• その他、革張りの上に漆をかけないもの（生地胴）、竹の表面に直接漆を塗って仕上げるものなどがある。
• In addition, there are also other dodais such as the one with no urushi coating on the leather (kijido) and the one with urushi coated directly on the bamboo surface.

• また、火で直接炙るので焦げ目がつきやすく、落ちた脂による煙で多少燻されるので香ばしい風味となる。
• Grilling directly over a fire causes meat to readily brown and the fat that drips down leads to a slight smoking effect which adds a smoky taste.

• 茶釜はほとんど炉の上に直接据えて用いるが、天井から下げた鎖にかけて用いる小ぶりの茶釜も存在する。
• Commonly chagama is placed directly onto a hearth, but there is also a small chagama, which are hanged to a chain suspended from ceiling.

• 自然界における個体数の減少、稚魚の減少にも直接つながっており、養殖産業自身も打撃を受けつつある。
• This, however, is directly related to a decrease in the amount of young eels as well as a decrease in the number of eels in the wild, and the aqua farming industry itself is starting to feel the impact.

• 『吾妻鏡』によると出家の直接の理由は所領を巡る訴訟に敗れた際、梶原景時の言動に怒ったためである。
• According to 'Azuma Kagami,' the direct reason as to why Naozane would become a priest was because of Naozane's angry reaction toward the speech and conduct of Kagetoki KAJIWARA at the time of Naozane losing a lawsuit concerning a matter of territory.

• 戦後、1946年（昭和21年）9月の改正で府県知事が住民により直接選挙される公選制が導入された。
• The revision made after the war in September 1946 introduced the popular election system where a prefectural governor is directly elected by the citizens.

• 律令国家においては戸籍に登録された全公民が国家に直接把握の対象となりそれがすなわち百姓であった。
• In the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, all citizens who were registered in the family register were under direct control by the state and were thus hyakusho.

• 本来は満江が実際に現れて揚巻に直接会って懇願するのだが、大正末期にはそれは廃され手紙だけになった。
• This scene was originally a scene where Manko appears in person to make an appeal to Agemaki for help, which was replaced by this scene of receiving the letter at the end of the Taisho period.

• これによって、宇治川から巨椋池に直接流入する形から、洪水時にのみ伏見より下流で流入する形になった。
• Consequently, the flow of water that used to directly run from the Uji-gawa River into Ogura-ike Pond was redirected to run into that pond at downstream from Fushimi only during floods.

• 具体的には、メールで願い事を送信し、それを神職・住職が直接神前・仏前へ祈願する形式が一般的である。
• More precisely, it generally refers to the act of Shinto priests and Buddhist priests directly praying in front of the altar of shrines or temples on behalf of people who send in their wishes and prayers via email.

• 日本への伝播については直接ないし朝鮮半島を経由してきたと言われるが、どちらであるかは定かではない。
• It is said that it was propagated to Japan directly or via the Korean peninsula, but that isn't certain.

• それに対し、陸軍大臣上原勇作は帷幄上奏権を利用して、単独で即位直後の大正天皇に直接辞表を提出した。
• In response, Minister of Army Yusaku UEHARA directly handed in his resignation to Emperor Taisho who had just ascended to the throne, utilizing its authority called 'Iaku Joso-ken' (the power granted to the Japanese Forces to directly submit a proposal of military affairs to the emperor without any control of the Diet and the Cabinet).

• 基本的には、各藩は費用を負担するだけとなり、幕府が直接担当役人を派遣して指揮監督するようになった。
• Basically, each domain was responsible only for the expenses, and the Shogunate sent officials to supervise Fushin.

• また、薬学分野には「薬博士」は置かれず薬園師が直接薬園生（典薬寮）・薬生（内薬司）を教育していた。
• And in the field of pharmacy, there was no 'Yaku-hakase' (Master of Pharmacy), and instead, 'Yakuenshi' (an official in charge of managing medicinal herb gardens) directly taught students about medicinal herb gardens under the control of Tenyakuryo, and also taught the students of pharmacy under control of 'Naiyakushi' (the office in charge of providing medical examination and prescription drugs to the Imperial Family).

• この時点で俘囚3人が陣営に来て、雄物川以北を朝廷の直接支配が及ばない「己地」となすことを要求した。
• At that point three Ifu visited the base of the imperial forces and demanded that the regions to the north of the Omono-gawa River be out of the direct influence from the Imperial Court and be called 'kochi (己地).'

• 城内には琵琶湖の水が引き入れており、城内から直接船に乗り込み、そのまま安土城に向かったようである。
• It seems that the water of Lake Biwa was brought into the castle and they directly got on the boat inside the castle and headed for Azuchi-jo Castle.

• 逆に曹洞宗でも道元との直接的な関係の乏しい中国大陸系の宏智派などは、その保護・統制下に入っていた。
• Contrastingly, Sochiha (Sochi school of Buddhism) of Chinese origin, which wasn't directly related to Dogen, was under the control of the Gozan system despite belonging to the Soto sect of Zen Buddhism.

• よどみ点における温度が五六〇度を超える流れの壁面摩擦を直接計測することができるように設計した変換器
• Converters which are designed so that they are capable of directly measuring the wall friction of a flow in which temperatures at stagnation point are greater than 560 degrees centigrade

• 内閣や帝国議会は軍部に対し直接関与できなかった（これが、後の統帥権干犯問題を引き起こすこととなる）。
• The foregoing prescript precluded the Cabinet and the Imperial Diet from involving directly with the military (which, later on, caused a political dispute over interference of the supreme command).

• 画題は経文とは関係がないという指摘もある一方、直接的ないし間接的に関連があるとの指摘もなされている。
• Some researchers point out that the subjects of the paintings have nothing to do with the contents of the sutras but others insist that they are directly or indirectly connected.

• しかし、実質酒造業者に添加されたために慶応3年（1867年）には酒造業者の直接納付に切り替えられた。
• The merchants, however, shifted the myogakin virtually onto breweries, so the myogakin was changed to be collected directly from breweries in 1867.

• その為、諸種の学派間の抗争は、直接には性善説の解釈をめぐって行われる場合も多々見られることになった。
• For that reason, disputes among the various schools of Confucianism often directly involved the interpretation of the 'Theory of Innate Goodness'.

• 『陰徳太平記』では南条元続が河原山城を直接攻撃したと書かれているが元続は実際に出兵を行ってはいない。
• According to 'Intoku Taiheiki' (Old Chronicle), Mototsugu NANJO directly attacked Kawarayama-jo Castle, but in actuality, Mototsugu never dispatched troops.

• 裁判官は、必要があると認めるときは、司法委員が証人等に対し直接に問いを発することを許すことができる。
• The judge may, if he/she finds it to be necessary, allow a judicial commissioner to directly ask questions to a witness, etc. directly.

• 千鳥破風や唐破風は付けられるが、直接に基部となるような大入母屋は造られず、全く破風のないものもある。
• Chidori Hafu (a triangular shaped gable or a dormer bargeboard, or both combined) and Kara-Hafu (literally, Tang gable) were attached to them, but Oirimoya (big Irimoya) which could have directly become a base were not constructed, and there were ones without any Hafu.

• 第二十条第二号、第五号及び第十一号に掲げる資本取引のうち、居住者による対外直接投資に係るもの　居住者
• Among capital transactions listed in Article 20, items 2, 5 and 11, those pertaining to outward direct investment by a resident:　A resident

• 治世の最初は父である後水尾天皇に院政を敷かれていたが、1680年、後水尾法皇崩御後は直接政務を執った。
• In the early stage of his reign, his father, the Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo, had political control by running the cloister government, but Emperor Reigen took direct control of politics after his father's death in 1680.

• 日本では服装の西洋化が広まっているが、その直接的な要因は1858年の日米修好通商条約だとする説がある。
• Westernized clothing style is widely available in Japan, and some people say it was directly brought about by the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan in 1858.

• 当初は幕府が直接徴収していたものの、後には有力酒屋を納銭方に任じて数十軒単位ごとに酒屋役を徴収させた。
• The bakufu directly collected taxes initially, but later it picked up a large sake brewery from each several dozen houses in the same business and assigned them to serve as Nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) to collect sakaya-yaku.

• 便器は床面に直接設置されるのが普通であるが、駅などでは30cm程度の高さの台の上に設置する場合もある。
• Usually the basin is installed directly on the floor, but in railroad stations and so on, it is sometimes installed on a platform which is about thirty centimeters high.

• 「三味線音楽」の多くの種目はこういった舞台音楽である(地歌など舞台に直接関係しない三味線音楽もある)。
• Many pieces of 'Shamisen music' are such stage music (some Shamisen music like jiuta (a genre of traditional songs with samisen accompaniment) are not directly related to a stage).

• 杜氏の統率の下に部門別に工程を分担し、蔵人の直接指導をする責任者であり、中間管理職のような役割も負う。
• These people take partial charge of the brewing process by section and directly instruct kurabito under the command of the toji, and they also play a role of middle level executives.

• 弘法大師伝来を称する讃岐うどんに対し、五島うどんは地理的に大陸から独自ルートで直接伝来したと言われる。
• In contrast to Sanuki Udon that was purportedly introduced by Kobo Daishi (a posthumous title of the priest Kukai), Goto Udon is believed to have come down to Japan directly through the original route from the Continent, considering its geographical features.

• 地租は収穫量を今日でいう課税標準とし、直接に耕作者である百姓からその生産物をもって徴収された（物納）。
• The base of taxation of land-tax was crop yields and the yields were collected from the farmers, direct cultivators (payment in kind).

• 天下の中心にあるのが中国王朝の直接支配する地域で、「夏」「華」「中夏」「中華」「中国」などと呼ばれる。
• What existed in the center of Tenka was the area which the Chinese dynasty directly ruled, and it was called 'Ka', 'Ka', 'Chuka', 'Chuka', or 'Chugoku' etc.

• 表面は、製作の年月、鋳造に関する決まり文句（慣用的な吉祥句）、直接製作に当たった工人の名を記している。
• The front side has a date of creation, a set phrase (a conventional auspicious phrase) as to casting, and a name of the artisan who made the sword immediately.

• 当初は幕府が直接徴収していたものの、後には有力土倉を納銭方に任じて数十軒単位ごとに土倉役を徴収させた。
• The bakufu directly collected dosoyaku at first, but later on appointed influential doso as nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) and had them collect dosoyaku from several dozens of doso.

• 内奏方は直接判断は行わなかったが、調査・審理を行って適切な訴訟機関に審理を命じる権限が与えられていた。
• Although Naisogata didn't make any rulings by itself, it was given to the authority to investigate, deliberate, and order a proper legal institution to deliberate the case in question.

• 秀吉に直接服属した来島氏は秀吉直属の大名に取り立てられて豊臣氏のための水軍を負担することを命ぜられた。
• The Kijima clan that had become directly under Hideyoshi was promoted to daimyo that directly reported to Hideyoshi and ordered to burden the duties of suigun navy for the Toyotomi clan.

• 李氏朝鮮に対しこの要求を直接伝えず、日本統一を祝賀する朝鮮通信使の派遣を要求して穏便に済まそうとした。
• It did not convey these requirements directly to the Yi Dynasty in Korea and tried to settle the situation peacefully by requiring dispatch of Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary) to celebrate the unification of Japan.

• 協会は、その目的を達成するために直接必要な業務及びその業務に附帯する業務以外の業務を営んではならない。
• An Association shall not engage in business other than the business directly necessary for achieving its purpose and any other businesses incidental thereto.

• これらの壁画は切石に直接描いたものではなく、切石の上に数ミリの厚さに塗られた漆喰層の上に描かれている。
• These mural paintings were drawn not directly on cut stones but on a layer of plaster applied in few millimeters in thickness.

• 一部の神社では本殿を持たず、神体の前に直接拝殿が建てられているところ（大神神社・金鑚神社など）もある。
• In some shrines, a haiden is located directly at the front of shintai, or objects believed to contain the spirit of the deity, instead of having a honden in the middle, such as in Omiwa-jinja Shrine and Kanasana-jinja Shrine.

• また、この部分の記述は具体的であるが、師匠からの直接の伝法がなければ、真実は理解できないとされている。
• Although this part was described concretely, it is believed to have been impossible to understand the truth without direct teachings of Buddhism from a master.

• 後白河法皇の第三皇子である以仁王も所領没収の憂き目にあい、このことが以仁王の挙兵の直接的な原因となった。
• The third crown prince of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, Prince Mochihito, also faced his estate being confiscated, and this became a direct cause for the Prince Mochihito to mobilize the army.

• そしてそのまま太政官符にて諸国に直接通達する（官物免除は従来通り、民部省符を合わせて発給する）とされた。
• Furthermore, Daijokan was commissioned to notify each country of the taxation by Daijokan-pu (official documents from Daijokan to local governments) directly (however, approval of the application for exemption from Kanmotsu remained as it was, issued with Minbusho-fu (official documents from Minbu-sho to local governments)).

• さらに同年9月、それまで対馬藩が管理していた草梁倭館を日本公館と改名し外務省に直接管理させることにした。
• Further, in September of the same year, the name of this consulate was changed by Japan from Choryang-dong Wakan to Nihon Kokan (Japanese Consulate) and they also had the Ministry of Foreign Affairs manage this consulate in place of the Tsushima clan.

• コンピュータシステムによる情報の処理・加工を、システムを直接操作する人にゆだねるコンピュータの利用形態。
• EUC End User Computing

• 柱を地面に直接建てたり、礎石などの基礎を設置したりせずに、社殿の最下部に井桁を組み、その上に柱を建てる。
• In this type of structure, a timber grid is formed on the bottom of the pavillion, on top of which posts are placed, instead of placing posts directly onto the ground or building a foundation with stone.

• また、霊友会の小谷喜美は佛立講と直接の関わりがないものの、御教歌を久保継成に聞かせていたと言われている。
• While Kimi KOTANI of Reiyukai didn't have a direct connection to Butsuryu-ko, she had Tsugunari KUBO listen to Gokyoka.

• 振動源に対して直接的に対抗振動を発生させることにより能動的に防音することができる電子制御装置を有するもの
• Sound proofing devices or magnetic bearings that have electronic controllers that actively provide soundproofing by directly generating counter vibrations against the source of the vibration

• ただ、二条の乳母が滋子の姉・時子であったことが幸いして、滋子自身には直接の圧迫が加えられることはなかった。
• It was fortunate that Emperor Nijo's wet nurse was Shigeko's sister, Tokiko, there was no political pressure applied to Shigeko herself.

• こうした国家が土地・人民を直接に管理・支配しようとする試みは、のちの均田制にも通じるものであったといえる。
• Such attempts of direct control and management of land and people by the government can be considered to be linked with the Kinden system of later years.

• 贈答品を渡す際は、直接手で持って渡すことは失礼にあたるとされ、風呂敷に包んで持参するのが礼儀とされている。
• When one is giving a gift, it is considered impolite to give it directly by hand and it is instead considered polite to take it being wrapped in Furoshiki.

• これを切り分け水にさらした物が絹ごし豆腐と呼ばれ、水にさらさず直接容器に掬い上げた物が寄せ豆腐と呼ばれる。
• The curdled soy milk that is cut and soaked in water is called kinugoshidofu (silken tofu), while the kind that's scooped and put into a container directly without soaking in water is called yosedofu (fresh tofu).

• しかし戦後1955年に17代預師範加計静堂の没するを以て預師範制度を廃止し、以後は家元が直接指導している。
• However, when the 17th entrusted instructor, Seido KAKEI died in 1955 after the war, the system was abolished, and the head family has been directly teaching the desciples since then.

• 古河側の直接的な文献で、鉱毒に関する言及が多い文書には、古河鉱業刊『創業100年史』（1976年）がある。
• One publication that does directly mention the mining pollution many times is 'History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation' published by Furukawa Co., Ltd. (1976)

• 当時、田中は与党議員だったため、自身が農商務大臣に直接かけあうことで収拾がつけられると考えていたとされる。
• Tanaka, who then was a member of the ruling party, thought he would be able to settle down this problem through discussion with the Minster of Agriculture and Commerce.

• 代理人がその権限内において本人のためにすることを示してした意思表示は、本人に対して直接にその効力を生ずる。
• A manifestation of intention made by an agent representing that the same is made on behalf of the principal within the scope of the agent's authority binds the principal.

• 髭茶屋追分からは京都を通らず大津宿と伏見宿、大坂を直接つなぐ伏見街道（大津街道）が山科盆地を南へ走っていた。
• The Fushimi Kaido Road (Otsu Kaido Road)--a route extending from Higechaya-oiwake and connecting the Otsu-juku Station and Fushimi-juku Station as well as Osaka without passing through Kyoto--ran south of Yamashina Basin.

• 関西のものは文字通り牛肉を焼く料理で、肉が焼けたところに砂糖を乗せるかまぶし、醤油を直接加えて味付けをする。
• However, in the Kansai region, sukiyaki refers to a dish in which beef is grilled first, as the phrase sukiyaki implies ('yaki' meaning to broil or grill,) which is then flavored by covering it with sugar and soy sauce.

• 糊置き防染の技法を用いず、直接白生地に絵筆にて絵柄を施す染色法として「描上友禅（かきあげゆうぜん）」がある。
• There is 'kakiage-yuzen,' which is a dyeing technique of drawing a pattern directly on a white cloth with a brush without using the resisting technique.

• なお尺八も中期に興隆したが、これは当道座の外の楽器であり、その音楽に三味線や箏が直接合奏することはなかった。
• Incidentally, shakuhachi music also prospered in the middle of the Edo period, but neither the shamisen nor the koto participated in shakuhachi music because the shakuhachi wasn't an instrument performed by those in the Todo-za.

• 寛永12年（1635年）3月11日、三代将軍徳川家光の目の前で、宗義成、柳川調興の直接の口頭弁論が行われた。
• In 1635, oral proceedings by Yoshinari SO and Shigeoki YANAGAWA were conducted in the presence of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.

• これにより、私擬憲法が政府に持ち寄られて議論されることはなく、大日本帝国憲法に直接反映されることはなかった。
• Because of this, Shigi Kenpo were no longer brought to the government for discussion and thus were not directly reflected in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.

• 本来こうした荘園の取り分である雑役が国衙が官物とともに一括徴収していたが、負所では荘園領主に直接納入された。
• Zatsueki gained from such Shoen was originally collected by Kokuga together with Kanmotsu, but in the case of Ossho, it was directly delivered to the lords of Shoen.

• これにより日本は、封建的な幕藩体制に基づく代表的君主政から、近代的な官僚機構を擁する直接的君主政に移行した。
• In this way, Japan shifted from a representative monarchy based on the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate to direct monarchy with a modern bureaucratic organization.

• 報告又は物件の提出を命ずる処分その他その職務の遂行上必要な情報の収集を直接の目的としてされる処分及び行政指導
• Dispositions ordering submission of reports or articles, and any other Dispositions and Administrative Guidance rendered with the express purpose of collecting information necessary for the performance of administrative duties;

• しかし、近年では国際FSA拳真館や極真館など一部の試合で手技による顔面への直接打撃を認める流派も増えている。
• Recently, however, there has been an increase in the number of organizations that allow a direct attack to the face with the hands (a punch to the face) in portions of their matches, such as International F.S.A Kenshin-kan and the Kyokushin-kan.

• これらでは木（薪）といった直接的なバイオマス燃料や、炭などのバイオマス加工燃料が固形の燃料として用いられる。
• It uses direct biomass fuel such as trees (firewood) or processed biomass fuel like charcoal as solid fuel.

• 日本の冠の直接の祖先は、養老律令の衣服令（いぶくりょう）に見える朝服の被り物「頭巾（ときん）」であるとされる。
• It is said that the direct origin of Japanese Court caps was a headgear called 'tokin' (hood), which was a part of chofuku (clothes worn by the nobility when attending Court), and this headgear is seen in the Ibuku Ryo (Garment Code) of the Yoro Ritsuryo Code.

• また、『延喜式』に記述のみられる日本酒の歴史上古の日本の高温糖化法と現代の姫飯造りには直接的なつながりはない。
• Also, the ancient Japanese high-temperature saccharification method in the history of Japanese sake described in 'Engi-shiki'(detailed enforcement regulations of the Engi era) is not directly related to the modern Himeii method.

• 桂の主張を聞いたタフト特使は、韓国政府が日本の保護国となることが東アジアの安定性に直接貢献することに同意した。
• After listening to Katsura, the special envoy Taft agreed that the establishment of a Japanese protectorate over Korea would directly contribute to the stability in east Asia.

• 二回説は直接両軍が交戦した二回までは記録が残っているが、他の戦いは交戦を避けたりしている場合が多いことによる。
• The two-battles theory is based on the fact that it was recorded that both forces directly fought in two battles but fights were often avoided in the other battles.

• 地方公共団体の長、その議会の議員及び法律の定めるその他の吏員は、その地方公共団体の住民が、直接これを選挙する。
• The chief executive officers of all local public entities, the members of their assemblies, and such other local officials as may be determined by law shall be elected by direct popular vote within their several communities.

• 登記権利者　権利に関する登記をすることにより、登記上、直接に利益を受ける者をいい、間接に利益を受ける者を除く。
• person entitled to register:　a person who is to receive any benefit directly in terms of registration by making a registration of a right, excluding a person who is to receive any benefit indirectly;

• 見学には、事前に宮内庁京都事務所に、郵送・直接申請あるいはインターネットを通じて申し込んで許可を得る必要がある。
• To visit, it is necessary to obtain permission from the Imperial Household Agency's Kyoto office by mail or direct application or through an internet application beforehand.

• 通常の律令解釈によれば本来親王は天皇の息子または孫に天皇から直接「親王宣下」されない限り名乗れなかったとされる。
• According to an ordinary interpretation of the Ritsuryo codes, a son or grandson of an emperor could not call himself Imperial Prince unless the emperor 'gave the title of Imperial Prince' to him directly.

• 伝統芸能では、演者が本筋とは直接関係がない駄洒落や内輪ネタでことさらに観客の笑いを取ることを「くすぐり」という。
• In the traditional performing arts, performers sometimes go out of their ways to make the audience laugh by off-topic dajare (pun) and inside jokes, and that is called as 'kusuguri'.

• また、琉球王国などにおいては中国と同じ方式の便所の穴の下でシマブタを飼い、餌として直接供給する豚便所も存在した。
• In the Ryukyu Kingdom and so on, buta banjo existed, which had the same method of a lavatory as found in China, where shima buta (pigs in the Ryukyu Kingdom) were kept under the lavatory and fed directly by human excrement.

• そしてニコライから直接聖アンナ勲章を授与され、当時の金額で2500円の報奨金と1000円の終身年金が与えられた。
• They were given the Anna medal by Nicholas himself, and also given a reward of 2,500 yen plus an additional 1,000 yen pension, which was a tremendous sum for the time.

• 韓国の歴史家には、日本によって韓国が併合された直接の原因であるとされており、教科書にもそのように記述されている。
• According to some Korean historians and Korean textbooks, this agreement was the direct cause of Japan's colonization of Korea.

• 反乱計画に直接関与していなかったものの全成は捕縛され奈良麻呂から謀反をもちかけられた顛末を自白した上で自害した。
• Although Matanari was not directly involved in the planning of the rebellion, he was arrested and confessed, revealing the plans for the rebellion established by Naramaro; he later committed suicide.

• 各資産に係る引当金は、当該各資産の金額から直接控除し、その控除残高を当該各資産の金額として表示することができる。
• Allowances pertaining to the respective assets may be deducted directly from the amount of said respective assets and the outstanding amount of the deduction may be indicated as the amount of said respective assets.

• この百首歌を契機に、院は藤原俊成に師事し、定家の作風に直接の影響を受けるようになり、その歌作は急速に進歩してゆく。
• With this collection of 100 poems, Go-Toba-in began studying under FUJIWARA no Shunzei (Toshinari); he was directly affected by the style of FUJIWARA no Sadaie (Teika), and his poetry experienced dramatic improvement.

• 唐時代に喫茶の風習が始まった中国では、熱湯を入れた茶碗を直接持たなくてもいいように茶托にあたる物があったとされる。
• In China, a custom of tea drinking started in the Tang period and is believed that there was a utensil equivalent to chataku, so drinker do not need to hold tea bowl containing boiling water.

• また、回っている寿司であっても、直接頼んで握ってもらう（もしくは、コンベアに流してもらう）ことができるお店もある。
• Also there are some shops where customers can directly order to make and hand over (or place on the conveyer belt) their desired sushi, even same kind of sushi are already traveling there.

• 方法は、一度、目標とする神社へ直接向かわず、神社が恵方の方角になる地点まで出向き、そこから神社に参拝するのである。
• The method is to go not to the intended shrine directly but once to the point where the shrine comes in the eho direction, and then to visit the shrine from there to pray.

• 義尚が諸国の大名を動員して六角氏の本拠観音寺城に迫ると、六角久頼・六角高頼父子は直接対決を避けて甲賀城に移動した。
• When Yoshihisa mobilized daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) from various provinces and got close to the Kannonji-jo Castle, the headquarter of the Rokkaku clan, the father and the son Hisayori and Takayori Rokkaku moved to the Koka-jo Castle to avoid a direct confrontation.

• 形のうえでは私信であるが、身分の高い人物は直接自分では書かず、近臣に書かせるのが通例であるため、通常家司が書いた。
• Although they were written in the style of a private letter, they were customarily written by a Keishi since it was common for those with high rank to have their close aides write on their behalf.

• 太政官牒（だいじょうかんちょう）とは、太政官から僧綱・寺社などの直接管理下にない組織に対して送付する公文書のこと。
• Daijokancho are official documents sent from Daijokan to organizations not under its direct control such as sogo and Buddhist temples.

• 法曼荼羅 － 諸仏の姿を直接描く代わりに、1つの仏を1つの文字（サンスクリット文字、梵字）で象徴的に表わしたもの。
• Ho Mandala - the one that expresses a Buddha symbolically by means of a single letter (Sanskrit character, bonji (Siddhaṃ script)), instead of painting him directly.

• これは、日蓮が説法し、血脈を直接受け継いだとされる弟子の日興と日目が日蓮の見守る中、説法する意味が込められている。
• This is considered to express Nichiren observing the preaching disciples, Nikko and Nichimoku, who heard Nichiren preach and are directly descended from him.

• 大乗仏典は西暦紀元前後以降、大乗仏教教団によって創作されたもので、すべて歴史上の釈尊とは直接関係のないものである。
• The Mahayana sutras were created by Mahayana Buddhism religious associations beginning around the beginning of the A.D. epoch, so they have no direct relationship to the historical Syakamuni.

• 実際に、富永仲基などは、如是我聞は、もともとは又聞きを意味し、釈迦から直接聞いたという意味ではなかったと主張した。
• Actually, Nakamoto TOMINAGA and others claimed that 'nyozegamon' originally meant 'secondhand information', and that it did not mean the information had been heard directly from Shakyamuni.

• 第二十七条第八項の規定に違反して対内直接投資等をした者（同条第十三項の規定により外国投資家とみなされる者を含む。）
• Any person who has made an inward direct investment, etc. in violation of Article 27, paragraph 8 (including those deemed to be a foreign investor pursuant to the provision of paragraph 13 of the said article)

• 勾留状を執行するには、これを被告人に示した上、できる限り速やかに且つ直接、指定された監獄に引致しなければならない。
• In the execution of the detention warrant, the warrant shall be shown to the accused, and the accused shall be brought to the designated prison directly and as soon as possible.

• まだ小規模ではあったが、日本が初めて西洋文化と直接（中国などを介さずに、正式な形で）触れ合ったという点で重要である。
• It is significant that Japan had the first contact with Western culture (formally, without China, etc., acting as an intermediary), although it was still small in scale.

• 院政（いんせい）とは、在位する天皇の直系尊属である太上天皇（上皇）が、天皇に代わって政務を直接行う形態の政治である。
• Insei refers to a form of government in which the retired Emperor (Joko), who is the direct ancestor of the current Emperor, directly conducts the affairs of state.

• 船宿に直接申し込む他、近隣ホテルの宿泊パックや、バスツアー（東京でははとバスなど）の組み込みで利用できるものもある。
• Other than reserving it directly at the boat-keepers, it could be hired by nearby hotels or bus tours (such as hato bus in Tokyo).

• 儒教を直接受容したのは、主に武士や漢学をおさめた町人にとどまるものの、間接的な形で日本の庶民にも影響を及ぼしている。
• Major people who directly accepted Confucianism were not only the samurai and townspeople who mastered Sinology, but Confucianism also influenced common people in Japan in an indirect manner.

• 奏法は、紐で吊るすか枠や柄をつけてそのまま撥で打つ場合と、左手に直接持って指で音色や余韻を変えながら打つ場合がある。
• It's hanged with a rope, framed or handled, and beaten with a 'bachi' (a drumstick), or held directly by a left hand and beaten with fingers by changing the tones and lingering sounds.

• 律令法と区別される意味での公家法の成立は、直接的には白河上皇に始まる院政において大きな契機を指摘することができよう。
• For formation of the court noble law that is distinguished from ritsuryo law, cloister government that was started by the retired Emperor Shirakawa can be pointed out as a direct and significant momentum.

• 奄美諸島では鹿児島県設置後も、西南戦争で荒廃した県本土の復興資金調達のため、県の直接統治が政府により承認されていた。
• The government approved of the direct rule of the prefecture over Amami Islands even after the establishment of Kagoshima Prefecture, in order to raise fund for restoration of Kagoshima's mainland, which had been ruined by the Seinan War.

• 室町時代に入ると、守護に直接、荘園からの年貢徴収を認める半済が行われるようになり、領家の権益はさらに奪われていった。
• At the beginning of the Muromachi period, the introduction of the hanzei system (the system where the Muromachi bakufu allowed military governors or Shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military funds) further encroached on ryoke's vested interests.

• 最終的には太閤検地により、土地には直接の耕作者の権利しか認められなくなり、本家、領家という地位も消滅したことになる。
• In the end, as a result of taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi), the right to a particular area of land was granted only to the cultivator of that land, and positions such as honke and ryoke disappeared.

• その後、太閤検地により、土地には直接の耕作者の権利しか認められなくなり、以前までの重層的支配構造は名実共に解消された。
• After that, based on the Taiko kenchi, only new cultivator's rights became effective, resulting in the disappearance of the old multilayered land governance structure in both reality and in name.

• 使用する際は、水を含ませた化粧用の細い紅筆で少しずつ紅を溶きながら唇に塗り重ねてゆくか、直接指で紅を取ることもあった。
• When using beni, people used a wet thin cosmetic lipbrush to mix it with water little by little and applied the dissolved beni to the lips, or they sometimes directly used their third fingers to apply beni to their lips.

• 近世邦楽では特に、演奏家の直接的な操作でしか表現できない微妙な音色、音程、余韻の変化などを積極的に利用、追求して来た。
• Particularly, for early modern Japanese music delicate changes in tones, musical intervals and pauses, which could be expressed only through direct manipulation by the players, were positively utilized and pursued.

• 能楽協会（のうがくきょうかい）とは、大和四座の流れを直接継承している流派に所属する能楽師によって構成される団体である。
• Nogaku Kyokai is an organization comprised of nogakushi (Noh actors) who belong to the schools that have directly inherited the methods of Yamato-yoza or Yamato-shiza (four sarugaku performance groups in the Yamato Province).

• 江戸幕府の職制においては、徳川将軍家の直接の家臣を直参と呼んだのに対し、将軍家は、大名や旗本の家臣を「陪臣」と呼んだ。
• In the office organization of the Edo bakufu, direct vassals of the Tokugawa Shogun family were called jikisan (immediate retainer), while the Shogun family called vassals of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu) 'baishin.'

• 「仏説」を紀元前5世紀ごろの釈迦が話したことを直接の弟子が書き取ったものと定義するならば、そのようなものは現存しない。
• If the definition of 'Buddha's teachings' was limited to his own words that his pupils wrote down, it must be acknowledged that no such writings exist.

• タバコ専売の開始以来、大蔵省（専売局）が直接経営していたが昭和24年（1949年）6月からは日本専売公社が引き継いだ。
• After the monopolization of tobacco was started, the Ministry of Finance (Monopoly Bureau) managed it directly, but from June, 1949, on, the Japan Monopoly Corporation took over the business.

• 古墳の副葬品とは直接関係はないが、石室内から寛永通宝、文久永宝、1銭、10銭、半銭など117枚の銭貨が見つかっている。
• Some 117 coins including Kanei Tsuho, Bunkyu Eiho, 1 sen, 10 sen, and 0.5 sen were found in the stone chambers although they have no direct relationship with the burial articles in the tumulus.

• さらに松尾芭蕉以降の俳句では中心的な美意識となるが、松尾本人が寂について直接語ったり記した記録は非常に少ないとされる。
• In haiku since Basho MATSUO, it became the central sense of beauty, however, seldom did Matsuo himself talk or write directly about the elegant simplicity of sabi.

• 狭義では、極真会館とその分派の多くに代表される「手技による顔面攻撃以外」の直接打撃制ルールを採用する流派のことをさす。
• In a more limited sense, full-contact karate refers to organizations that adopt the rules by which 'all direct-attack techniques other than a punch to a face are allowed,' as represented by Kyokushin Kaikan and its offshoots.

• そのため軍事的に重要な土地であり、その記録が残されていることは、すべて当時の西域経営を直接的に物語ることになるのである。
• It was therefore the militarily important area and the fact that the records remained will directly indicate all of administration of the western region of the time.

• これは直接には砧という道具、あるいは砧を打つ行為であるが、その背後にこの能の情趣が当然に想起されるものとして使用される。
• Although 'kinuta' and 'kinuta utsu' directly refer to the tool called the kinuta and the action of pounding the kinuta respectively, the words are used to evoke the touching sentiment of the Noh play.

• 大阪に「日本活動常設館館主連盟映画配給本社」を設立、独立プロダクションへの製作費の出資と作品の直接公開の方針を打ち出す。
• Nihon Katsudo Josetsukan Kanshu Renmei Eiga Haikyu Honsha' (Distribution Company Headquarters for Movie Theater Owners in Japan) (also known as 'Kanshu Renmei' [the Theater Owner's Association]) was established in Osaka and announced policies on contributions to production costs and direct distribution of films to independent productions.

• 丈夫な生地で作られた本体にゴム底を貼り付け、直接屋外で履く事ができるようにした地下足袋（じかたび）と呼ばれる足袋もある。
• There is also a tabi called jikatabi that is made of durable cloth and a rubber plate is pasted on the sole so that it can be worn outdoors.

• また、時を前後して富山県での騒動が発生していることなどから、シベリア出兵と米騒動の直接的な因果関係を指摘するものもある。
• Also, since a riot occurred in Toyama Prefecture coincidentally, some pointed out the direct consequence between the dispatch of troops to Siberia and the rice riot.

• 794年に桓武天皇により定められた平安京以来、遷都宣言により法令、憲法または現行法などで直接的な表現で定めたものはない。
• Since the transfer of the capital to Heian-Kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto) ruled by Emperor Kanmu, the capital was transferred according to the emperor's declaration and there were no act, laws or ordinances that directly affected the transfer of the capital.

• 最終的には太閤検地により、土地には直接の耕作者の権利しか認められなくなり、以前までの重層的支配構造は名実共に解消された。
• Eventually, by taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi), only the right of direct cultivator was admitted to the land, and the previous stratified ruling structure disappeared both in name and reality.

• また、壬申戸籍自体が、役所の戸籍簿の集計であり、直接の人口調査によるものではなかったため、無視できない脱漏を残していた。
• Moreover, because the Jinshin-koseki itself was a totalization of family registers in public offices, not based on a direct survey of population, omissions that cannot be ignored were left behind.

• 社稷・国家とは、尊号を直接書くことをはばかったものだと律の疏（注釈）にあるので、字義通りではなく皇帝・天皇のことである。
• The notes for ritsu said, that the the word 'state' was used to avoid mentioning the honorary title directly, so 'the state' is understood as 'the emperor'.

• （高城町史）また、直接的な兵力ではないが、物資の援助などを島津氏と領地を隣接する加藤清正、伊東祐兵らが密かに行っている。
• According to the 'Takajirocho history,' those including Kiyomasa KATO and Suketaka ITO, who shared the borders with the Shimazu clain, provided support including materials in secret, although they are not counted as a direct military power.

• 秀吉は自身が任命する領主が領地の隅々まで直接支配を行う体制を目指し、その障害となる住民による地域自治を破壊したのである。
• Hideyoshi aimed to establish the framework that the lord he assigned directory controlled all parts of the territory and destroyed local government by people which could prevent it.

• この法律で「有害植物」とは、真菌、粘菌、細菌、寄生植物及びウイルスであつて、直接又は間接に有用な植物を害するものをいう。
• Injurious plant as used in this Act means fungus, slime mold, bacterium, para.itic plant and virus that are injurious to useful plants directly or indirectly.

• 寺院が重大な決定を行う際には集会決議を伴うのが通例であり、強訴などの直接行動を起こす際にも事前に集会決議が出されている。
• When the temples made important decisions, shue usually passed resolutions and when direct actions such as direct petitions were carried out, shue passed the resolutions beforehand.

• 『忠臣蔵』を元とした浪曲『義士伝』が直接の参照元といわれ、俗曲に分類される曲でありながら、浪曲的な歌い方をする個所がある。
• Its direct source is believed to be rokyoku (naniwabushi, storytelling with shamisen accompaniment) 'Gishiden,' which is based on 'Chushingura,' and some parts of the song are sung in rokyoku-style, even though the song is categorized as a folk song.

• これは直接和算の伝統を受け継いだものではないことが多いが、いずれにしても日本人の数学好きをあらわす文化事象として興味深い。
• Although most of these sangaku are not based on the traditional Japanese wasan, this cultural trend itself is interesting anyway in that it shows Japanese people's liking for mathematics.

• 特権的な貴族層が、全国の人民を直接支配するためには、中央から地方の末端にいたるまでの体系的な行政・司法の機構を必要とした。
• For the privileged kizoku class to directly rule the people nationwide, a systematic administrative/judicial structure covering the center and the remote provinces was necessary.

• 以前は寛平6年（894年）の遣唐使停止により中国の直接的影響を抜け出し、日本独自の文化が発展したと一般的に解釈されてきた。
• In general, people used to think that the stop of Japanese missions to Tang China in 894 allowed Japan to get out of direct influence of the China and to develop its own cultures.

• 江戸時代後期、一部の私塾や藩校において漢詩を素読する際に独特の節を付すことが行われたのが、今日の詩吟の直接のルーツである。
• During the late Edo period, when reading Chinese poetry without comprehending, they uniquely melodized it in some of the private schools in house or the hanko (a domain school), which is the direct origin of the present-day shigin.

• 語源は中国語にまでさかのぼることが可能であるが、直接には朝鮮語でスケトウダラのことを「ミョンテ」と言ったのが始まりである。
• It is possible to trace the derivation of the name to the Chinese language, however, its actual origins come from Korean, in which walleye pollack is known as 'myonte.'

• 領地（demesne：領主の直轄地）は、領主により直接支配された地区であり、領主の一族・郎党の利益のための収奪が行われた。
• The demesne (the land of the direct rule of the lords) were the areas directly-governed by the lords and deprivation was done for the sake of the lords' families or the roto (retainers).

• 幕府・藩が直接経営者となるのではなく、商人・豪農に請け負わせ、その利益を収奪するところに近代以降の専売制度との違いがある。
• It differs from the monopolization in the modern times in that the bakufu and domains did not directly manage it but made merchants and wealthy peasants do it by contracts and robbed the profits of them.

• 江藤は、薩摩系軍人が山城屋の事務所封鎖を計画しているのを知ってこれを抑え、司法省が直接捜査に乗り出すよう指示を出している。
• Eto, finding out that military men from Satsuma had been planning to close the office of YAMASHIROYA, prevented them and ordered the Ministry of Justice to start an investigation directly.

• 西周は オランダに留学してライデン大学のフィッセリングに直接教えを受けており、その講義を書きとめ翻訳したものが本書である。
• Amane NISHI studied at Leiden University in the Netherlands and had got directly lectured by Vissering, and the book was translation of his notes of lectures.

• 三昧耶曼荼羅（さまやまんだら、さんまや－） － 諸仏の姿を直接描く代わりに、各尊を表わす象徴物（シンボル）で表わしたもの。
• Samaya Mandala - the one that expresses various Buddha by means of the symbols that represent them, instead of painting them directly.

• 『絵因果経』を日本の絵巻物のルーツだとする見方のある一方で、平安時代以降の絵巻物とは直接の影響関係はないとする見方もある。
• There are two opposing opinions that, on the one hand, 'E Ingakyo' is to be regarded as a root of Japanese emakimono (illustrated scrolls), and, on the other hand, it has nothing to do with emakimono produced after the Heian period.

• 貨物の輸出又は輸入　当該貨物の輸出若しくは輸入の代金又は当該貨物の輸出若しくは輸入に直接伴う運賃、保険料その他の資金の授受
• Import or export of goods:　Transfer of charge for import or export of the goods or freight, insurance fees or funds directly incidental to import or export of the goods

• これら惣村・郷村は高い自治能力を醸成していき、荘園領主から直接、年貢納入を請け負う地下請（じげうけ）が行われることもあった。
• These sosons and gosons improved their self-governing capabilities and jigeuke was also done, where they undertook the collection of nengu directly from lords of shoen.

• 新約聖書はイエス・キリストの直接の弟子である使徒に由来するとされる正典と、それ以外の外典との仕分けが4世紀には行われている。
• Concerning the New Testament, classification between canonical books, which are said to stem from the Twelve Apostles, immediate pupils of Christ, and other secular books were conducted at least till the 4th century.

• 村においては地方知行制から俸禄制へと移行するなかで、村に対する武士の直接的関与が薄れ、年貢の村請けが進行するにともなかった。
• During Jikatachigyo system (provision of lands from a feudal government or domains to retainers as salary) changed into horoku system (salary) in villages, Samurai's (warrior's) direct engagement to villages weakened and the Murauke system (Village taxation system) did not move ahead.

• 人口が少ないことや、小笠原諸島には欧米系住民の居住などもあり、東京府による直接の行政運営がなされ、町村の設置は大幅に遅れた。
• These islands were directly administered by Tokyo Prefecture because they had a small population and because people from Europe and America lived in Ogasawara Islands, and towns and villages were not set until much later.

• 中国は海岸線こそ広いものの、領土が奥地に広がっていることや人口が膨大なために、多くの人々が直接塩を手にする機会に乏しかった。
• China has a long coastline, but its land is spread far inland and it has a huge population, so many people lacked the opportunity to gain salt directly.

• しかし、政府はこれらの私擬憲法を持ち寄り議論することなく、大日本帝国憲法を起草したため、憲法に直接反映されることはなかった。
• However, since the government drafted the Constitution of the Empire of Japan without discussing public ideas, they were not reflected in the constitution at all.

• 東京本館は、膨大な資料を管理するため原則としてすべての資料を利用者が直接触れられない書庫に配架する閉架式図書館をとっている。
• For the management of an enormous amount of materials, as a rule the Tokyo Main Library applies a closed-stack system for its materials, with which all materials are stored in a closed stack room that is not directly accessible by the user.

• 鑑定人は、被告人に対する質問若しくは証人の尋問を求め、又は裁判長の許可を受けてこれらの者に対し直接に問を発することができる。
• An expert witness may request that the accused be questioned or that a witness be examined, or may directly ask such persons questions with the permission of the presiding judge.

• しかしこの原則を古代史に当てはめると、皇室の歴史を直接疑うことにつながる故に、長らく本格的な史料批判は行われないままであった。
• However, if this principle was applied to ancient history, this would lead directly to doubt the history of Imperial Family, therefore, historical documents concerning the Imperial Family had not been criticized in earnest for a long time.

• 実際の価格は店員に直接尋ねて知ることが出来る場合から、会計を終えてもなお単価が幾らであったのか判然としない場合まで様々である。
• There are cases in which you may know the actual price by directly asking a restaurant staff but sometimes you would never know how much the unit price was even after check.

• 出荷用の鰹節を直接粉状にすることは稀で、製作工程上で出た屑節や廃棄用の物を粉状にして販売することで有効利用していることが多い。
• The katsuobushi that is shipped to market is rarely made into powder, but in many cases the crumbs or fragments produced during the production process are recycled into powder and placed on the market.

• そのため、例えば忠臣蔵で有名な大石家は赤穂浅野家の家臣であるが、大石家の家臣は浅野家とは直接の主従関係を持たなかったのである。
• Therefore, for example, the Oishi family which was famous for Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers) was a vassal of the Asano family of Ako Domain, but vassals of the Oishi family did not have a direct master-servant relationship with the Asano family.

• 大仏鋳造や寺院などの大型品の鋳造では、坩堝は用いず溶解炉から直接鋳型に流し込み技法であったことが考古学的にも立証されている。)
• For the casting of big objects, such as Great Buddha and temples, it is archaeologically proved that molding technique without crucibles, which pours the melted metal into a mold from a melting furnace directly, was used.

• 公営田制の主要な目的は、百姓らから直接、調・庸を徴収することを廃し、交易によって調・庸を調達することにあったと評価されている。
• It is evaluated that the major aim of Kueiden was to abolish collecting Cho or Yo directly from farmers and to gain Cho and Yo by commerce.

• この法律において「加工品」とは、種苗を用いることにより得られる収穫物から直接に生産される加工品であって政令で定めるものをいう。
• The term 'processed products' as used in this Act means the products which are made directly from the harvested material obtained through the use of propagating material and are specified by the Cabinet Order.

• 対内直接投資等に関する政令（以下「令」という。）第二条第七項第一号に規定する主務省令で定める金額は、一億円に相当する額とする。
• The amount specified by an ordinance of the competent ministry as prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (7), item (i) of the Cabinet Order on Inward Direct Investment, etc. (hereinafter referred to as the 'Order'), shall be an amount equivalent to 100 million yen.

• 著作者は、その著作物を、公衆に直接見せ又は聞かせることを目的として（以下「公に」という。）上演し、又は演奏する権利を専有する。
• The author shall have the exclusive right to perform his work publicly ("publicly" means for the purpose of making a work seen or heard directly by the public; the same shall apply hereinafter).

• 閑院家嫡流の転法輪三条家にも、たびたび養子をだしたため、戦国時代 (日本)以降の転法輪三条家の直接の血統は三条西家のものである。
• Although in the house of a branch line the house status excelled as compared with the head family (the Ogimachi-Sanjo Family), it was exceptionally ranked among the three houses of ministers and frequently produced ministers of the right from the Muromachi period through the early Edo period; therefore, the house status was considered to be approximately equivalent to seigake (one of the statuses of court nobility that is inferior to Sekke but superior to minister).

• 他の防具と異なり直接打撃を受けないことから、強固な材質は使われず、全体が刺し子及び布地である（装飾部材としては皮革も含まれる）。
• This protective gear, different form other gear, does not receive direct strokes so the entire portion is made of sashiko and cloth knit from strong materials (leather is also used for decoration materials).

• しかし同じ醸造技術者ではあっても、流派ごとの技法の有無や、集団としての制度などを考えると、後世の杜氏の直接的起源とは言いがたい。
• Although they were indeed brewing specialists, it is hard to say that they were the direct origin of latter-day toji, in terms of whether there were group-specific techniques or not, and/or in terms of their organization system.

• 中国の森林管理局によれば、黄砂の影響を受けている中国人は約4億人で、直接的な被害だけでも540億元（約840億円）に及ぶと言う。
• According to the Forest Management Office of China, approx. 400 million persons are affected by kosa, and the amount of damage reaches 54 billion yuan (approx. 84 billion yen), even if the damage is limited to those directly inflicted.

• 2000年代に入るとLVMHなどの外資ブランドが直接参入し、今では「最も神戸らしい洗練された街」として活況を呈するようになった。
• In 2000s, foreign brands such as LVMH joined directly, and now it is thriving as 'the town stylish and most Kobe-like '.

• 伝習隊（でんしゅうたい）とは、江戸幕府が幕府陸軍の精鋭部隊として編成した、フランス軍事顧問団の直接指導を受ける西洋式軍隊のこと。
• Denshutai (Edo shogunate's army) refers to the western-style army which was organized by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the elite troops of the bakufu army, and was directly trained by the French Military Advisory Group.

• 各繰延資産に対する償却累計額は、当該各繰延資産の金額から直接控除し、その控除残高を各繰延資産の金額として表示しなければならない。
• Accumulated extinguishment for the respective deferred assets shall be deducted directly from the amount of said respective deferred assets and the outstanding amount of the deduction shall be indicated as the amount of said respective deferred assets.

• 江戸幕府成立後の元和_(日本)元年（1615年）、諸宗寺院法度が制定されると、僧録・蔭涼職が廃止されて幕府の直接支配が図られた。
• In 1615 after the establishment of the Edo bakufu, Shoshu Jin Shohatto (law decreeing rules for Buddhist temples) was enacted and the posts of soroku and inryoshiki were abolished, with the bakufu attempting to exert direct control.

• 暫・鳴神などのような古様を残す直接的な荒事のほかに、助六・弁慶（勧進帳）のように写実性のなかに荒事の要素を溶けこませた作品もある。
• There are direct aragoto programs with an old style, such as Shibaraku and Narukami, while others include the essence of aragoto in a realistic story, such as Sukeroku and Benkei (Kanjincho).

• 大臣に欠員が出た場合、大納言から近衛大将を経ずに直接内大臣に昇進する家柄である（清華家とは異なり近衛大将を兼ねることはできない）。
• When there was a vacancy for Daijin (Minister) a member of the house of minister was promoted to Naidaijin (Minister of the Center) directly from Dainagon (chief councilor of state) without serving as Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards) (unlike the Seiga family, he could not serve as Konoe no daisho at the same time).

• ベーゴマなど通常の日本独楽では胴に紐を巻き付けて回転を加える物が多いが、京こまは心棒に指で直接回転を加えるひねりゴマに分類される。
• Although an ordinary Japanese spinning top, including the beigoma, is usually spun with a string wound around its body, twist spinning tops (including the Kyo top) are spun by directly spinning their stems.

• やがては出航時間を揃えて同時出航し、優劣を直接競い合うようになり、接触事故を起こすなど安全面においても懸念が示されるようになった。
• Eventually, they started sailing at the same time to directly compete with each other, which caused accidental contacts and raised safety concerns.

• 逆に信長の立場から見た場合、武田と直接戦わずとも時間が経つほど戦略的に優位に立つことになり、この時点で戦う必要は必ずしも無かった。
• Conversely, Nobunaga did not necessarily have to fight with Katsuyori at this point in history, or rather he would have been better off had he not confronted the Takeda clan directly, so that he would have gained strategic advantage over time.

• 登記義務者　権利に関する登記をすることにより、登記上、直接に不利益を受ける登記名義人をいい、間接に不利益を受ける登記名義人を除く。
• person obliged to register:　a registered right holder who is to suffer any detriment directly in terms of registration by making a registration of a right, excluding a registered right holder who is to suffer any detriment indirectly;

• 前項の規定により勧告を応諾する旨の通知をした者は、当該勧告をされたところに従い、当該勧告に係る対外直接投資を行わなければならない。
• Any person who has notified the Minister of Finance of his/her acceptance of a recommendation pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall make an outward direct investment pertaining to the recommendation in conformity with the recommendation.

• また8世紀以降で高橋人足、高橋子老、高橋安雄の三名が若狭国の国司に任命されており、律令制成立以後は、内膳司が直接支配した地域である。
• In addition, Hitotari TAKAHASHI, Kooyu TAKAHASHI, and Yasuo TAKAHASHI were assigned as kokushi (provincial governors) of Wakasa Province after the eighth century, and Naizenshi directly dominated the province after the establishment of the Ritsuryo system.

• 尊皇思想に基づき、天皇は親政を行い人民を直接統治するとしたが、政治体制は大日本帝国憲法（明治憲法）が制定されるまで、様々に変化した。
• In accordance with the pro-Emperor principles, the Government rule of a state by the direct administration of the Emperor took effect but the political system underwent numerous changes before the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (the Meiji Constitution) was enacted.

• それ以前では、母親が直接の相方となっていたようだが、近親相姦のタブーが広まったことから、母方の姉妹、血族以外の女性と変遷したようだ。
• Prior to this, mothers were directly involved as partners in this arrangement however, after incest became more of a taboo, there was a shift to women who were not blood relatives.

• 崩れた鉱石くずが渡良瀬川を流れ、渡良瀬川から直接農業用水を取水していた群馬県山田郡毛里田村（現在の太田市毛里田）の田畑に流れ込んだ。
• The ore wastes of the site poured into Watarase-gawa River, and through the river poured into the fields of Morita Village, Yamada County, Gunma Prefecture (present Morita in Ota City) which was drawing water for fields directly from Watarase-gawa River.

• 当初は蔵米が直接家臣に渡されたが、後には札差が公定価格で引き取って手数料を差し引いた後に家臣に代金を渡す方式も取られるようになった。
• Vassals received kuramai directly at first, but later on a system was adopted in which fudasashi (traders who received and sold kuramai on behalf of the government for a commission) would receive kuramai, sell it at an official price, then deduct the commissions and pay the proceeds to the vassals.

• 虐殺の有無や、虐殺された人数については諸説あるが、実際に従軍し直接見聞した有賀長雄は清国民間人の巻き添えが有ったことを示唆している。
• Opinions are divided on whether it was a massacre or not and, if so, how many people were killed, but Nagao ARIGA who was there in service and saw or heard what happened suggested that civilians were involved in the battle.

• なお、水墨画と禅宗の教義とには直接の関係はなく、水墨画は禅宗様の建築様式などと同様、外来の新しい文化として受容されたものと思われる。
• In addition, there is no direct relationship between Suiboku-ga and the dharma of the Zen sect, and it seems that Suiboku-ga was accepted as a new foreign culture as well as the Zen sect style architecture.

• 不改常典をめぐる諸学説は、直接的には詔の一節の解釈にすぎないが、これを足がかりに当時の政治体制とその変化について異なる理解が開かれる。
• Although the theories surrounding Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten are mere direct interpretation of a paragraph of imperial edicts, they can lead us to different views on the political system during that period and its transition.

• 王家の分裂を固定化する意図によるものとする説と、皇位継承を王家の自律に任せ直接的な関与を避ける意図によるものとする説とが対立している。
• There are two opposing theories, one that this was done to establish a division in the Imperial family, and the other is that it was done to avoid direct intervention and leave the Imperial succession to the autonomy of the Imperial family.

• このため、子供の頃から運行に直接参加させて祭に親しませ、後継者を育成していくために、本来の山笠とは別に子供山笠を運行している祭も多い。
• For this reason, kodomo yamakasa are moved separately from actual yamakasa in many festivals so that children can become familiar with a festival by participating from a young age, which contributes to the training of successors for the festival.

• 本来は直接訪問して贈り物をするものであるが、近年では百貨店などから直送（実際には宅配便のシステムを利用）で相手方に贈られることが多い。
• Although it is formal to visit the person and give a gift, in many cases, gifts are sent directly (actually via home delivery service) from shops like department stores.

• 御庭番は、庭の番の名目で御殿に近づくことができため、報告にあたっては御目見得以下の御家人身分であっても将軍に直接面会することもあった。
• The oniwaban could get close to the shogun's palace due to their duty as the garden security guard and sometimes met the shogun in person to report the intelligence they collected even though they were just a Gokenin (retainers) which was the lower position than Omemie (the vassals with the privilege to have an audience with the shogun.)

• なお、公式文書などでは、幕府が直接行う買い上げは「かいまい」、商人達に強制的に行わせるものは「かわせまい」と呼称させて区別されている。
• In the official documents, when the government purchased rice it was referred to as 'Kai-mai', while rice purchases by merchants was referred as 'Kawase-mai'.

• 首都建設法は1956年（昭和31年）に廃止されており、現在有効な法（現行法）で「首都は東京都」と直接的な表現を用いて定めるものはない。
• Law of Capital Construction was abolished in 1956 and there is no existing law that directly stipulates that 'the Capital is Tokyo.'

• しかし、室町時代後半になると管領などが発給する御教書が減少するかわりに御内書が増大し、将軍の意思を直接通達する書状として公文書化する。
• During the late Muromachi period, however, Gonaisho were increasingly issued in place of Migyosho issued by kanrei (shogunal deputy), and its nature became more of a quasi-official document used by the shogun to directly inform people of his intentions.

• このことから明らかなように国家の目は内陸に向いており、本格的な海上兵力を養成して海外に直接国家が乗り出していったことはあまり多くない。
• As this fact indicates, the kingdom looked inland, and there were not many instances where the kingdom directly developed its own full-fledged navy to advance abroad.

• この法律において「電子記録権利者」とは、電子記録をすることにより、電子記録上、直接に利益を受ける者をいい、間接に利益を受ける者を除く。
• The term 'Electronically Recorded Claim Holder' in this Act means any person in the Electronic Record who directly benefits from making Electronic Records, and excludes any person who receives indirect benefits.

• 長屋の条件として必ず求められることは、各戸の玄関が直接接道など外界に接しており、その玄関を他の住戸と共有していてはならないことである。
• An essential condition for a nagaya is that the entrance to each dwelling unit must connect directly to an external path, and this entrance must not be shared with those to the other dwelling units.

• 前項の規定により勧告を応諾する旨の通知をしたものは、当該勧告をされたところに従い、当該勧告に係る対内直接投資等を行わなければならない。
• Any person who has given a notice of acceptance of a recommendation pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall make an inward direct investment, etc. pertaining to the recommendation in compliance with the recommendation.

• そのため、時代の潮流で、賀歌の「我が君」という直接的な表現が、「君が代」という間接的な表現に置き換わったのではないか、と推測されている。
• Therefore, it is surmised that, in line with the trend of the times, direct expression, 'wagakimi,' in the gaka might be replaced with the indirect expression 'kimigayo.'

• しかし天皇が江戸で直接政治をみるため、江戸を東京として行幸・滞在（東京行幸）することになり、太政官（政府）も移動された（東京奠都参照）。
• However, so that the Imperial Court could directly supervise the politics of Edo, the city was renamed Tokyo and became visited by and resided in by the emperor (Tokyo Gyoko; the emperor's visit to Tokyo), while the Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was also relocated (refer to Tokyo Tento (transfer of the national capital to Tokyo)).

• 生魚を直接加工するため、現代では静岡県、鹿児島県、三重県、高知県、和歌山県、千葉県などカツオやマグロの水揚げが多い漁港周辺で生産される。
• It is now produced near big landing ports of bonito or tuna located in Shizuoka Prefecture, Kagoshima Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Kochi Prefecture, Wakayama Prefecture and Chiba Prefecture because raw fish is directly processed there.

• 1858年9月14日（安政5年8月8日 (旧暦)）、同藩に対して直接勅書を下賜するという異例の行動に出た（詳細は「戊午の密勅」を参照）。
• On September 14, 1858, the Emperor took an extraordinary action of giving a chokusho (official document issued by Emperor) directly to the Mito Domain (for details, refer to the section 'Bogo no micchoku' ［a secret imperial decree］).

• 更に職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
• Moreover, shiki itself became mere tokubunken (the right to share of profits of each shiki) from the one indicating the class difference, and the cases that honke (head family) and ryoke held the shiki containing the feature of local lords and vice versa came to be seen.

• 特に幕府・関白を介さず、朝廷から直接水戸藩へ勅書が出された件（戊午の密勅参照）は井伊ら幕閣の警戒感を強め、水戸藩への弾圧は苛烈を極めた。
• Among others, an incident in which the imperial court sent an imperial order directly to the Mito clan (Boshin no Micchoku) made Ii and the cabinet officials of the shogunate stay alert, and they clamped down on the Mito clan severely.

• 現在の鵜飼は、客が屋形船からその様子を見て楽しむというように、漁による直接的な生計の維持というよりはもっぱら観光事業として行われている。
• Today's Ukai is mostly practiced in the tourist industry rather than as a direct way to earn a living as tourists enjoy watching it from a roofed pleasure boat.

• これに直接的な関連は無いが、1990年代前半に地方分権法案が審議され日本の遷都が検討された際に、仙台市も首都候補都市として挙げられていた。
• Irrelevant of this directly, Sendai City was named as one of the candidates for the capital when the draft 'law of decentralization of authority' was deliberated and the transfer of the capital in Japan was examined in the early 1990's.

• また埠頭から高速道路へ直接アクセスできる国道27号バイパス「西舞鶴道路」も計画中であり、国際物流港としての重要性がますます高まりつつある。
• In addition, 'Nishi-maizuru Road,' which is a bypass of the National Route 27 is also being planned, and thereby the port is enhancing its importance as an international logistic port.

• 内部がフィルターで仕切られた二層構造になっており、缶底に仕込まれた本物のコーヒー豆から自販機の加温を利用して直接コーヒーを抽出する仕組み。
• The can inside was separated with a filter making it a double layer structure with real coffee beans being enclosed on the bottom, where coffee was directly extracted from the beans when heated in a vending machine.

• 乾燥麺タイプは直接容器に麺が入っているケースが殆どであるが、生タイプ麺はすべてその麺を真空パック包装した上で容器に入れた状態となっている。
• Most dried noodles are directly put in a container, while all fresh noodles are vacuum-packed and then put in a container.

• 柳川は、家康の覚えも良く、幕閣有力者からの支持もあり、「幕府も日朝貿易の実権を直接握りたいであろう」との推測から、勝算があると考えていた。
• Yanagawa stood high in Ieyasu's favor, and received support from influential cabinet officials of the Shogunate, and conjecturing that the bakufu hoped to seize real power over Japan-Korea Trade, he believed that he stood a fair chance of success.

• ここでいう「非マーティン版」とは、ヘンリー・ホイートン本を原著とするものの、直接翻訳するなどして、マーティン本を経由していないものを指す。
• 'Series not originated from Martin version' means those books which are directly translated and not translations of Martin version but originated from the book written by Henry WHEATON.

• 硬派と軟派の相克はなお継続していたが、当時獄中にいた山口がこの問題に直接関与していなかったこともあり、両派合同の歓迎会が実現したのである。
• The hard-liners and the soft-liners were still opposed to each other, but they could have the welcome party in cooperation, partly because YAMAGUCHI, who was in prison, could not directly be involved in this matter.

• しかし、10世紀以後は国衙の正税から捻出されるようになり、更に11世紀には国衙の許可を得た寺社が直接現地から雑役を徴収する仕組が確立した。
• In the tenth century, however, it came to be financed by shozei (rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) of kokuga (provincial government offices) and in the eleventh century, the system was established under which temples/shrines were allowed to directly collect zatsueki by obtaining kokuga's permission.

• しかし、現在のところ頼国と能勢を関連付ける史料は確認されておらず、能勢氏の直接の祖とされる国基は平安時代後期から末期にかけての人物である。
• However, no historical material that associates Yorikuni with Nose has been found by now, so Kunimoto, who is said to be the direct ancestor of the Nose clan, was a figure who lived from the late to the end of the Heian period.

• 契約により当事者の一方が第三者に対してある給付をすることを約したときは、その第三者は、債務者に対して直接にその給付を請求する権利を有する。
• If one of the parties promises in a contract that he/she will tender a certain performance to any third party, the third party shall have the right to claim that performance directly from the obligor.

• この法律において「電子記録義務者」とは、電子記録をすることにより、電子記録上、直接に不利益を受ける者をいい、間接に不利益を受ける者を除く。
• The term 'Electronically Recorded Claim Obligor' in this Act means any person in the Electronic Record who suffers direct disadvantages by making Electronic Records, and excludes any person who suffers indirect disadvantages.

• 須弥壇の上は仏の領域とされ、壇上に直接諸仏を安置する場合と、厨子や宮殿 (厨子)（くうでん）を置いて、その中に仏像等を安置する場合がある。
• The upper space of Shumidan is regarded as an area of Buddha, and Buddha statues are placed either directly on an altar or in a zushi or kuden (both are cupboard-like cases with double doors in which an image of (the) Buddha, a sutra, or some other revered object is kept at a temple) on a Shumidan.

• その内容としては直接民衆に説いて念仏・誦経などの行為を勧める者や寺院・仏像などの新造あるいは修復・再建のために浄財の寄付を求める者がいた。
• Specifically, some monks directly encouraged people to recite nenbutsu (Buddhist prayers) or jukyo (chanting or reading the sutras), and others called for people to offer money for building, repairing and remodeling a new temple or statue.

• 第二十七条第十項の規定による変更又は中止の命令に違反して対内直接投資等をした者（同条第十三項の規定により外国投資家とみなされる者を含む。）
• Any person who has made an inward direct investment, etc. in violation of an order of change or discontinuance pursuant to the provision of Article 27, paragraph 10 (including those deemed to be a foreign investor pursuant to the provision of paragraph 13 of the said article)

• 売春又はその周旋、勧誘、その場所の提供その他売春に直接に関係がある業務に従事する者（人身取引等により他人の支配下に置かれている者を除く。）
• A person who engages or has engaged in prostitution, or intermediation or solicitation of prostitutes for others, or provision of a place for prostitution, or any other business directly connected to prostitution (except for those under the control of another due to trafficking in persons).

• そのため、公家や寺院、奉公衆・奉行衆などの室町幕府官僚集団などは、段銭免除や京都の幕府倉奉行への直接納付（京済・直進）の特権を幕府から得た。
• This encouraged the court nobles, shrines and temples, and the bureaucratic groupings in the Muromachi bakufu, such as hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) and bugyoshu (group of magistrates), to acquire the privilege from the bakufu either to be exempted from tansen or to pay directly to the bakufu's magistrate in Kyoto, who was in charge of monetary and rice payment to the bakufu.

• 葛井寺像の小手は、正面から見ると像本体から直接生えているように見えるが、実は、像背後に立てた2本の支柱にびっしりと小手が取りつけられている。
• When viewed from the front, the small arms of the statue in Fujii-dera Temple appear to be coming directly out of the body, but they are actually attached to two column supports that stand just behind the statue.

• 第五項から前項までに定めるもののほか、対内直接投資等に係る内容の変更又は中止の勧告の手続その他これらの勧告に関し必要な事項は、政令で定める。
• In addition to what is prescribed in paragraphs 5 to 11 inclusive, the procedures of recommendation of change of content pertaining to inward direct investment, etc. or discontinuance of inward direct investment, etc., and other matters necessary for such recommendations shall be specified by Cabinet Order.

• この法律における事業所管大臣は、別段の定めがある場合を除き、対内直接投資等又は技術導入契約の締結等に係る事業の所管大臣として、政令で定める。
• The minister having jurisdiction over the business referred to in this Act shall be specified by Cabinet Order as the minister having jurisdiction over the business pertaining to inward direct investment, etc. or the Conclusion of a Technology Introduction Contract, etc., except as otherwise specified.

• 皇位簒奪（こういさんだつ）とは、直接血縁にない者、あるいは血縁がより遠い者が天皇の地位（皇位）を奪取すること、ないしそれを批判的に表現した語。
• The usurpation of the imperial throne is either when those who do not have direct blood relationship or have remote blood relationship seize the Emperor's position or when this is expressed in a critical manner.

• 直接的な史料としては俗に「東武皇帝の閣僚名簿」などと通称されるものがあり、現在3種類が知られる（蜂須賀家資料・菊池容斎資料・郷右近馨氏資料）。
• Direct historical materials include the commonly called 'List of Ministers of the Emperor Tobu' and three types of materials are known (the Hachisuka family materials, the materials of Yosai KIKUCHI, the materials of Kaoru GOKON).

• また、外戚関係を媒介に摂政関白として政務にあたる摂関政治と異なって、院政は直接的な父権に基づくものであったため、専制的な統治を可能としていた。
• Because insei was based on direct paternal rights, contrary to the Sekkan government, whereby the regents/kampakus conducted political affairs through their ties as cognates of the Emperor, insei facilitated a despotic form of government.

• 主に日本では屋外などの仕事の労働着として存在し、特徴は、袂（たもと）が無いこと、身八つ口が無く袖全体が身頃に直接縫いつけられていることである。
• In old Japan, kimono with tsutsusode were designed to be worn by outdoor workers, and its main characteristics are that it doesn't have a tamoto (sleeve pouch) or amiyatsukuchi (opening in the sides of the kimono), and its sleeves are stitched to the front and the back without leaving an opening.

• しかしながら、聖徳太子が遣隋使を派遣するなど、中国文化が朝鮮半島を経由せずに直接日本に将来されるようになり、隋唐の書の影響が現れるようになる。
• However, Chinese culture was brought to Japan without going through the Korean peninsula, for example, by means of sending an envoy to the Sui Dynasty China by Prince Shotoku, and calligraphy in Japan was affected by Sui and Tang.

• 着用の場合には、本来は素肌の上に直接着るものとされており、近年では下着を着用することが多くなったが、それでも和装用スリップや肌襦袢程度である。
• Under normal circumstances, the yukata is supposed to be worn direct to the skin, but nowadays many people put on underwear which is, however, no more than an underslip for kimono or hadajuban (an undershirt with tie strings to be worn beneath the kimono) underneath the yukata.

• 田部（たべ）とは、日本の古墳時代に設けられた土地や人民の支配制度の一つで、ヤマト王権が直接支配した人民のうち屯倉（みあけ）で耕作した方を指す。
• Tabe was one of the systems that were established during the Kofun period (tumulus period) to control people and land, which also referred to people who cultivated miyake under the direct control of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty).

• 朱印船制度は初代将軍徳川家康が制度化したものであり、家康自身が直接発行したものも多く、余人がそれを取り消すことは事実上不可能だったからである。
• The shuinsen regulations were institutionalized by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the first Shogun and many of the shuinjo were issued by Ieyasu himself, so the cancellation of shuinjo was virtually impossible

• プロイセン王国の地方自治制度が取り入れられ、参政権は地租もしくは直接国税を年2円以上納税している者のみに付与するなど資産家優位の制度であった。
• As it adopted the local self-government system of Kingdom of Prussia, it was advantageous to the propertied class, for example, the suffrage was given only to those who were paying more than two yen in land tax or direct national tax.

• しかし同党は、暴力革命を主張する幸徳ら「直接行動派（硬派）」と、議会を通じた合法的政権奪取を主張する田添鉄二ら「議会政策派（軟派）」とに分裂。
• This party, however, was divided into two groups; advocates of direct action (hard-liners) who insisted on violent revolution, including KOTOKU, and advocates of parliament activities (soft-liners) who insisted on legal takeover through parliaments, including Tetsuji TAZOE.

• 8世紀後期頃から始まった古代の戸籍制度の崩壊は、平安時代に入っても止まらず、平安時代中期には、国家による直接の人民支配はもはや不可能になった。
• The collapse of the ancient family registration that had begun in the end 8th century did not stop in the early Heian period and the direct control of people by the central government became impossible in the mid Heian period.

• これは、幕府や藩などの媒介なしに、天皇の下にある中央政府が直接に土地と人民を支配し、統治権（立法権・行政権・司法権）を行使することを意味する。
• This meant that the central government, on behalf of the emperor, could directly rule land and people, and exercise ruling powers (legislative power, executive power, and judicial power).

• 権利の行使により受けることができる役務について、施術を行う者、講師その他の役務を直接提供する者の資格、能力等に関して特約があるときは、その内容
• where there are special provisions concerning the qualification, ability, etc. of the person conducting the treatment, the lecturer, or any other person directly offering the services with respect to the services that are available through exercise of the rights, the details of such provisions.

• 神宮寺の建立により、神社は仏教建築の直接の影響にさらされたが、隣接するためにかえって神社建築と寺院建築の差異を求めるようになったと考えられる。
• After jinguji temples had started being built, Shinto Shrines were exposed to the influence of Buddhist architecture; however, having been built side by side, differentiation of shrine and Buddhist architecture from each other became rather desirable.

• 資本取引とは、次に掲げる取引又は行為（第二十六条第一項各号に掲げるものが行う同条第二項に規定する対内直接投資等に該当する行為を除く。）をいう。
• The term 'capital transactions' shall mean the following transactions or acts (excluding acts that fall under inward direct investment, etc. prescribed in Article 26, paragraph 2, which are committed by those listed in the items of paragraph 1 of the said article).

• 外国相互間における貨物の移動を伴う貨物の売買に関する取引　当該取引に係る当該貨物の売買代金又は当該取引に直接伴う運賃、保険料その他の資金の授受
• Transactions related to the buying and selling of goods involving the movement of goods between foreign states:　Transfer of charge for the buying and selling of the goods pertaining to the transactions or freights, insurance fees or other funds directly incidental to the transactions

• その者の生命、身体又は身体の自由が難民条約第一条Ａ（２）に規定する理由によつて害されるおそれのあつた領域から、直接本邦に入つたものであること。
• He/She entered Japan directly from a territory where his/her life, body or physical freedom was likely to be persecuted on the grounds prescribed in Article 1, paragraph A-(2) of the Refugee Convention.

• しかし、白河天皇に始まる院政では、上皇が子へ譲位した後も、直接的な父権に基づき政治の実権を握るようになったため、摂関政治はその存立根拠を失った。
• However, after Emperor Shirakawa started his cloister government, the retired Emperor still took the control of politics to use his direct paternal rights after he passed the position to his son, there was no basis for regency government to exist any longer.

• 太政官からの命令は通常は太政官符が用いられるが、寺社とは直接的な被官関係を有しないために太政官符よりも命令色の薄い太政官牒が替わりに用いられた。
• While daijokanpu was normally used to send a daijokan's order, daijokancho, a less imperative document, was used to send it to Buddhist temples because daijokan did not have a direct vassal relationship with Buddhist temples.

• 一方、現在のような里山の再評価に直接繋がる言論活動を開始した人物という意味では、京都大学農学部・京都府立大学などの教官を務めた四手井綱英がいる。
• On the other hand, it can be said that Tsunahide SHIDEI, who was a teacher at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University and Kyoto Prefectural University among others, was the person who defused the concept of Satoyama through his speech and writing activities that lead to the present reevaluation of Satoyama.

• 小腰は「源氏物語絵巻」などによると、現在の形式のように直接に縫い付けたものでなく、大腰の端に小さな輪をつけ、引腰をむすびつけていたことがわかる。
• According to 'Genji Monogatari emaki' (the Illustrated Handscroll of the Tale of Genji) and so on, kogoshi was not directly stitched to mo like it is today, and it is understood that a small loop was attached to the end of ogoshi and tied with hikigoshi.

• 第二十七条第一項の規定による届出をせず、又は虚偽の届出をして、対内直接投資等をした者（同条第十三項の規定により外国投資家とみなされる者を含む。）
• Any person who has made an inward direct investment, etc. failing to give notification pursuant to the provision of Article 27, paragraph 1 or giving a false notification (including those deemed to be a foreign investor pursuant to the provision of paragraph 13 of the said article)

• 鎌倉時代においては（有力御家人の被官のような例外はあるが）個々の御家人が直接将軍と主従関係を結んでおり、守護は国内の御家人の監督者に過ぎなかった。
• In the Kamakura period, individual Gokenin directly paid homage to the Shogun (although there were exceptions such as being hired by a strong Gokenin), and shugos were mere supervisors of Gokenin within their lands.

• それによると、この条約により各地の港が開かれ、役人や通訳などの直接外国人と交渉をする立場の人間を中心として、服装の西洋化が広まっていくことになる。
• According to this theory, westernized clothing style became widespread mainly among officers or interpreters who had negotiations with foreigners in person after ports throughout Japan were opened due to the treaty.

• 写真店での注文方法も、チラシによる注文方式に加えて、店頭端末機といわれる注文ソフトを利用してデジタルカメラ画像から直接写真店で注文する方式もある。
• To order it at the photo shop, in addition to ordering with a flyer there is a method of ordering through a terminal by entering a digital image via the ordering software installed in the terminal.

• 前者は執権あるいは六波羅探題に内々に直訴するものであり、奏事は評定衆・引付衆・越訴奉行らに取り上げられなかった訴えを幕府に直接訴えるものであった。
• The former was one by which people were allowed to appeal directly to Shikken (regent) or Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) and the latter was one by which people were allowed to directly appeal to bakufu in case their appeals were dismissed by Hyojoshu/Hikitsukeshu (coadjustor of the High Court)/Ossobugyo (temporary positions in charge of retrials and accepting appeals in Kamakura bakufu).

• 銀山から山出しされた灰吹銀は原則として銀座が買上、丁銀に鋳造することになっていたが、灰吹銀を銀座に売り渡さず直接長崎に送り利益を得る者が続出した。
• Although cupellated silver coming from silver mines was purchased by the ginza as a rule for minting into Chogin silver, many sought to make profits by shipping the ore directly to Nagasaki rather than selling it to the ginza.

• 各有形固定資産に対する減価償却累計額は、当該各有形固定資産の金額から直接控除し、その控除残高を当該各有形固定資産の金額として表示することができる。
• Accumulated depreciation for the respective tangible assets may be deducted directly from the amount of said respective tangible assets and the outstanding amount of the deduction and may be indicated as the amount of said respective tangible assets.

• 申請者が法律により直接に設立された法人又は特別の法律により特別の設立行為をもって設立された法人である場合にあっては、その旨及び申請者を所管する大臣
• In cases where the applicant is a juridical person directly incorporated by law or a juridical person incorporated by a special act of incorporation under a special statute, a statement to that effect and the name of the minister who has jurisdiction over the applicant

• 現在普及している空手は、試合方式の違いから、寸止めルールを採用する伝統派空手と直接打撃制ルールを採用するフルコンタクト空手に大別することができる。
• The currently prevailing karate can be divided into two categories based on the differences in match rules: 'dentoha karate' (traditional-style karate), which adopts the 'sundome' (non-contact) rules, and full-contact karate, which adopts direct-attack rules.

• また、一部の寺院では、現在も直接宿坊を運営する所があり、比較的安価な宿泊料金で、精進料理を味わうことが出来、禅に於いては座禅も体験する事が出来る。
• Also, in the present day there are temples that directly manage shukubo, and people can enjoy shojin ryori (vegetarian dishes) and experience Zen sitting meditation in exchange for relatively inexpensive lodging charges.

• 蛇口から出る新しい水を直接利用するのではなく、あえて使い古した水を再利用することにより無駄を減らし、なおかつ涼も得るという、一石二鳥の考え方である。
• By recommending citizens to recycle used water instead of using fresh water coming out of a tap, such campaigns aim to achieve a dual purpose of reducing waste and getting coolness.

• これは伝承砲術によっているものであるが、日本では幕末明治維新期に兵制・武器の西欧化が急速に行われたため、流派の直接伝承はすべていったん途絶えている。
• They did it following traditional gunnery, but in Japan, during the Meiji Restoration, the military conscription and weapons were rapidly westernized and thus all the direct handing down of the school stopped.

• 著者ホイートンが直接手を加えたものは第四版までであり、それ以後は友人であったW.B.ローレンスが改訂を引き継ぎ、これが1855年に出た第六版である。
• The author, Wheaton, took part in revision up to the fourth edition and, after that, his friend, W.B. Lawrence succeeded revision work resulting in the sixth edition published in 1855.

• この頃になると、職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
• Meanwhile, shiki itself shifted from being an expression of an official position to being the right to tax profit, and there were cases where honke or ryoke directly held the shiki of a local lord, or the other way around meaning local lords holding the shiki of honke or ryoke.

• 専門室では利用の多い参考資料は開架されているため、そこでは百科事典、辞典、統計、生活暦、新聞などの一部は書架から直接手にとって利用することができる。
• Because some of the materials in the special materials rooms are available in open stacks, users can read some of the materials on open shelves such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, statistics, almanacs, newspapers, etc., and hold them in their hands.

• 経済産業大臣指定伝統的工芸品の製造に現在も直接従事して試験実施年度の4月1日現在、12年以上の実務経験年数を有して、原則産地内に居住している者である。
• The qualifications of candidacy for the examination are that candidates be engaged directly in the manufacture of Traditional Crafts designated by the Minister for Economy, Trade and Industry, that as of April 1st of their examination years, the number of years of their work experience be 12 or more, and that they live principally in the production areas of Traditional Crafts.

• ただし、土御門家といえども幸徳井家と興福寺などの南都社寺との関係に直接干渉することは出来ず、南都社寺への日時勘申などは引き続き幸徳井家が担当している。
• However, even with their powerful influence, the TSUCHIMIKADO family was not able to interfere with the relationship between the KOTOKUI family and Nanto shrines like the Kofuku-ji Temple; therefore, the KOTOKUI family continued to oversee the Nichiji Kanjin (a way of divining something according to the time and day) to the Nanto shrines and temples among other tasks.

• NHK教育テレビジョン、MBS毎日放送、ABC朝日放送、KTV関西テレビ放送、YTV讀賣テレビ放送については、生駒山からの電波を直接受信して視聴する。
• Local households receive TV signals directly from Mt. Ikoma when watching the programs by NHK Educational TV, MBS Mainichi Broadcasting System, Asahi Broadcasting Corporation, KTV Kansai Telecasting Corporation, and YTV Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation.

• 江戸時代には、全くの平常の出仕には衣冠・直衣の下に単を用いず白小袖の上に直接袍を着たり、指貫に代えて切袴の「指袴（さしこ）」を着たりすることもあった。
• In the Edo period, they sometimes wore ho directly over shiro kosode (a kind of white underwear) without wearing hitoe under ikan or noshi, or 'sashiko' (a kind of quilted trousers) or kiri-bakama (short fringe hakama) was worn instead of sashinuki for ordinary serving.

• また芸の系統的な伝承を重んじ、先人をうやまうことが厚く、特に直接の師弟関係を大切にするなど、水平方向的なひろがりよりも垂直方向的なつらなりを優先する。
• It also values the systematic transmission of arts, and prioritizes vertical relationships over horizontal relationships with elements such as great respect for one's predecessors and a particular importance on the direct teacher-disciple relationship.

• また、豆腐を直接揚げるのではなく、いったん植物の発酵液に漬け込んで、風味を付けてから油で揚げる「臭豆腐」(チョウドウフ)という食材もしくは料理がある。
• There is a food or a dish called chou do fu made by soaking tofu in fermentation liquor to add flavor and then deep-frying.

• 女性参政権（じょせいさんせいけん）または婦人参政権（ふじんさんせいけん）とは、女性が直接または間接的に国ないし地方の政治に参加するための諸権利を言う。
• Women's suffrage, also known as woman suffrage, refers to the right of women to participate in national and local politics directly or indirectly.

• 王が自らの支配する土地を、自らが支配する人民（百姓）へ直接（中間支配者である豪族を介さずに）班給するというものであり、儒教的な理想を多分に含んでいた。
• The system was designed such that the sovereign would directly allot land to his people (peasants) without any intervention by powerful regional clans, the intermediate rulers between the sovereign and the people; in this, the system came very close to the Confucian ideal.

• 賃借人が適法に賃借物を転貸したときは、転借人は、賃貸人に対して直接に義務を負う。この場合においては、賃料の前払をもって賃貸人に対抗することができない。
• If a lessee lawfully subleases a leased Thing, the sublessee shall assume a direct obligation to the lessor. In such cases, advance payment of rent may not be asserted against the lessor.

• そして不受不施派では教義上「内信」は不受不施の信者とは一線を画され直接「法中」に供養することが出来ず、「施主」がその間を仲介するという役割を果たした。
• According to the doctrine of the Fujufuse School, as 'naishin' were distinguished from believers of fujufuse and were not allowed to donate offerings directly to 'hocchu,' these 'donors' played the role of mediating between them.

• 実質的に全国の土地を支配していた武士を天皇が直接支配することは全く前例のないことである上、性急な政策であったため武士たちの支持を得ることはできなかった。
• Over and above the fact that to the samurai, who had owned the lion's share of land throughout the country, having the Emperor assert direct control over that land was entirely unprecedented, Emperor Godaigo's government was also impetuous, ensuring that it would not receive the support of the samurai class.

• 直接関係はなかったとはいえ、謀反人の一族が処罰されないことは少なく、毛利季光が処罰されなかったのは鎌倉幕府中枢に居た一族の長井氏の存在があると思われる。
• It was rare that a rebelling family could avoid being punished, although they ware not directly participating; it is thought that the reason of Suemitsu MORI not being punished could be due to the fact that the Nagai clan, who was playing the central role in the Kamakura bakufu.

• かつて、小便器は便器上部にあるフラッシュバルブまたは蛇口で便器を洗浄することが多かったが、不特定多数の人が直接触れて、不衛生と嫌い触りたくない人が多い。
• Formerly, as for the urinal, mostly the flush bulb or faucet at the upper part of a basin washes down the basin, but many hate to touch it because the general public touches it and it is unsanitary.

• 今日の茶漬けの直接の始祖は、当時商家に奉公していた使用人（奉公人）らがその仕事の合間に食事を極めて迅速に済ませる為に、とった食事法であるといわれている。
• Chazuke is said to have been invented by employees of merchant businesses of those days who tried to finish meals as quickly as possible during short breaks from their work.

• その一方で一般に出回っている養殖ウナギのように箸先でほぐすことを期待しても切れないことがあり、直接蒲焼を口に運んで食いちぎらなければならないほどである。
• On the other hand, some natural eels cannot be cut by chopsticks as the usual farmed eel so that they have to be bitten off with one's teeth.

• 大坂冬の陣で家康は一旦和睦し堀を埋め立てた後に再度、兵を挙げる事で大坂城を落としているが、この方法は家康が存命中の秀吉に直接聞いたものという逸話がある。
• After a peace treaty and reclamation of the moats in Osaka Fuyu no Jin, Ieyasu raised an army again and captured Osaka-jo Castle and there is an episode that Ieyasu heard about this approach directly from Hideyoshi when he was alive.

• 法文を素直に解釈すると、大日本帝国憲法においての天皇は大きな権力を持っていたように読めるが、明治以降も、天皇が直接命令して政治を行うことはあまり無かった。
• Reading the contents literally gives the impression that the Emperor had great power; but even after the Meiji period, the Emperor rarely governed the affairs of state directly.

• 「…にことならず」「…の時の如し」という直喩表現からも明らかなとおり、当時の公家が使った「戦国の世」という語は、直接的には古代中国の戦国時代を指していた。
• As clearly understood from the simile expression such as 'equivalent to' and 'same as,' the word 'sengoku no yo' as used by court nobles at that time directly denoted the Zhanguo period in ancient China.

• また富豪層は受領との名田請負契約に基づいて巨富を築くと同時に中央官界とも直接結びついて受領を牽制するなど、受領の統制を超えて権益拡大を図る存在でもあった。
• Millionaires made enormous fortunes through the Myoden contract system and tried to increase their interest beyond the zuryo's control by directly connecting to central official circles.

• 鎌倉時代以降、鎌倉幕府の御家人たる武士の叙位任官は鎌倉殿を通じて朝廷に具申することを原則として、御家人が直接的に朝廷から叙位任官を受けることを厳禁とした。
• Since the Kamakura period, as a general rule, the conferments of a court rank and appointment to an office of samurai who were shogunal retainers were reported to the Imperial Court via the lord of Kamakura, and it was strictly prohibited for the shogunal retainers to receive a rank and office directly from the Imperial Court.

• このことは、耕作者である作人（さくにん）が直接の年貢負担者としての地位を獲得したこと、そして名主・荘官層が加地子を得るだけの地位に低下したことを意味する。
• The above indicates the fact that sakunin, cultivator, obtained the status as a direct bearer of the burden of nengu while the status of myoshu/shokan declined to the one only gaining Kajishi.

• 更に745年の国司の給与の財源として公廨稲が正税から分離されて、出挙の運用原資として用いられるようになった事で出挙と国司の収入が直接関係するようになった。
• In addition, regarded as financial resources for provincial governors' salary, Kugaito (local source of revenue) was separated from Shozei in 745 and used as the fund for managing Suiko, which created a direct relationship between the income through Suiko and the provincial governors' salary.

• 更に唐制のように天皇が三省六部に相当する諸機関（二官八省）を直接統括しておらず、太政官が間に入る形となったために、太政官によってその権限が制約されていた。
• Moreover, unlike the Tang system, the emperor had no direct control over those organizations that corresponded to the Tang's Three Departments and Six Ministries (i.e., the Two Departments and Eight Ministries), since the Grand Council of State existed between them, which meant the emperor's authority was limited by the Grand Council of State.

• 前号に掲げるもののほか、被告人以外の者の供述録取書等であつて、検察官が特定の検察官請求証拠により直接証明しようとする事実の有無に関する供述を内容とするもの
• In addition to those provided in the preceding items, the recorded statement documents of a person other than the accused which contains a statement relating to the existence of a fact which the public prosecutor plans to prove directly by the particular evidence for examination requested by the public prosecutor

• 当該タンカーのタンカー所有者の同意を得て、又は行政庁の指示に従い、海上における人命、積荷又はタンカーの救助に直接関連する役務を提供する者及びその使用する者
• A person who renders services directly relating to life saving or rescue of cargo or the tanker with consent of the Tanker Owner or pursuant to the instructions of administrative agencies, and the employees of them.

• 法第二十三条第一項の規定による届出は、前項各号に掲げる事業に係る対外直接投資を行おうとする日前二月以内に、財務省令で定める手続により、しなければならない。
• A notification pursuant to the provision of Article 23, paragraph (1) of the Act shall be given through procedures specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance within two months prior to the day on which a person intends to make an outward direct investment pertaining to business listed in the items of the preceding paragraph.

• このため、足利義教の代に永享の乱を起こした第4代鎌倉公方・足利持氏を攻め滅ぼして一時直接統治を図るが失敗に終わり、持氏の子・足利成氏を新しい鎌倉公方とした。
• Consequently, in the era of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA the fourth Kamakura-kubo, Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, who raised the Eikyo Rebellion, was conquered and temporarily direct rule by the shogun was exercised but eventually failed; subsequently, Mochiuji's son Shigeuji ASHIKAGA was made the new Kamakura-kubo.

• もともと奈良時代に日本に伝わった時点では、日本の笙もパイプのような吹き口が付属していたが、現在ではそれをはずし、直接胴に口をあてて演奏する形に変わっている。
• When first introduced to Japan during the Nara period, the Japanese sho also had a pipe-like mouthpiece but this has since been removed and the instrument is now played by placing the mouth directly on the body.

• 直送（当事者の相手方に対する直接の送付をいう。以下同じ。）その他の送付は、送付すべき書類の写しの交付又はその書類のファクシミリを利用しての送信によってする。
• Direct sending (meaning a party sending documents directly to the opponent; the same shall apply hereinafter) and any other sending of documents shall be carried out by delivering a copy of the document to be sent or by sending said document by facsimile.

• 襖障子は、表面仕上げに鳥の子紙を貼り、その上に金箔を貼りその上から極彩色の岩絵の具で絵柄を描くか、鳥の子の地肌に直接彩色あるいは墨で絵を描いたものを指した。
• Fusuma-shoji referred to shoji on which torinoko paper was pasted for finishing the surface, patterns were drawn by richly colored mineral paints on an applied gold foil over it or the pictures were drawn in colors or with Sumi directly on the surface of the torinoko paper.

• 本論争は直接的には、この動きを信長の強制と見るか否かを争うものであるが、その論を立脚点とした織田政権の将来構想や本能寺の変の背景に対する考察を含むものである。
• The point of the argument is whether the move was forced by Nobunaga or not, while other issues which could be derived from the main argument include considerations to the grand plan of the Oda administration and the background of the Honnoji Incident.

• 相手方が準備をしなければ陳述をすることができないと認めるべき事項は、前項の規定にかかわらず、書面で準備し、又は口頭弁論前直接に相手方に通知しなければならない。
• With regard to matters on which it is found that the opponent will be unable to make statements without making preparation, notwithstanding the provision of the preceding paragraph, a document shall be prepared or a notice shall be given directly to the opponent prior to oral argument.

• 平安京大極殿はそれ以前のものが築地回廊で囲まれ、閤門を持っていたのと異なり、南の朝堂と直接つながる構造となっていた（画像Plan of Chodoin参考）。
• The Daigokuden of Heian-kyo was directly connected with the Chodoin to the south, in contrast to its predecessors which were encircled by Tsukijikairo (a cloister along a surrounding clay fence) containing a Komon Gate (refer to the image: Plan of Chodoin).

• 親鸞が法然から直接教え受けていた頃、「善信が信心も、聖人の御信心もひとつなり」（自らの信心と法然の信心は一つである）と言い、それに対し他の門弟が異義を唱えた。
• When Shinran was learning directly from Honen, he said that his faith and Honen's faith were the same, then other disciples blamed him.

• この項には各国に割当てられた食材をそれぞれ毎月（旬料）・正月元旦や新嘗祭などの節日（節料）・年（年料）に一度というように内膳司に直接納めることが規定されていた。
• In these items, it was defined for each province to supply the assigned food directly to Naizenshi every month (shunryo), on New Year's day, on seasonal festivals such as Ninamesai (the Harvest Festival) (setsuryo), and once a year (nenryo).

• しかし、法律の存在を前提とせず政令で憲法を直接実施することは認められないとの解釈が通説であり、褒章条例を政令によって改正したのは失当とする見解が呈示されている。
• Prevailing views, however, hold that any part of the Constitution may not be enforced through a Cabinet Order without the existence of an underlying law, and accordingly it is pointed out that this Ordinance on Medals of Honor should not have been revised by a Cabinet Order.

• 安定な状態を、確実なものにしようと、荘園の寄進を行うが、その段階で、自分の直接支配地だけでなく、郷の単位ぐらいに、周辺の公領も切り取って規模を拡大して立荘する。
• A donation of shoen was made to secure its stable state, and on this occasion, the area of the shoen was defined by inclusion of not only their regions of direct influence but also nearby public land cut off by about a village unit to increase the area.

• このため諸藩は江戸在勤者に対し、直接切捨御免には言及していないものの『町民とトラブルを起こさずにくれぐれも自重すべき』旨の訓令をたびたび発した記録が残っている。
• Because of this, it was recorded in many domains that official directives saying 'You should respect yourself not to have trouble with townsmen,' were issued many times, without directly mentioning Kirisutegomen.

• つまり織田家はすでに信長の直接指揮から外れているため、信長自らが巨大な兵力をもつことは組織としての弊害が大きいといえる（信忠が大兵力をもつのであれば問題ない）。
• In other words, the Oda clan was already not under Nobunaga's direct control, therefore, if Nobunaga himself had a huge military force, it would have had a harmful influence on the organization (It was acceptable that Nobutada had a large military force).

• 施行日前にされた法第二十七条第五項の規定による勧告、同条第七項の規定による通知又は同条第十項の規定による命令に係る対内直接投資等については、なお従前の例による。
• For inward direct investment, etc. pertaining to a recommendation as prescribed in Article 27, paragraph (5) of the Act, a notice as prescribed in paragraph (7) of the same Article, or an order as prescribed in paragraph (10) of the same Article that has been given prior to the enforcement date, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.
• For inward direct investment, etc. pertaining to a recommendation as prescribed in Article 27, paragraph (5) of the Act, a notice as prescribed in paragraph (7) of the same Article, or an order prescribed in paragraph (10) of the same Article that has been given prior to the enforcement date, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 近世では、衣冠･直衣・狩衣について正式には単や衣を重ねたものの、小袖に直接これらのうわぎを着ることも行われ、また指貫に代えて指袴（指貫と同じ生地の切袴）も用いた。
• In recent years, the hitoe and the kinu were worn together with Ikan, Noshi, Kariginu as formal style, or sometimes these clothes were worn directly on top of Kosode (a kimono with short sleeves worn as underclothing by the upper classes), or Sashiko (Kiribakama made from same fabric as Sashinuki) was worn instead of wearing Sashinuki.

• どぶろくの起源についても諸説あり、中国の長江/黄河流域の稲作文化の直接伝播（紀元前3千年紀ごろ）に伴って伝わったという説や自然発酵による独自の発生説など諸説ある。
• There are various theories about the origin of Doburoku: a theory that it was brought from China with the direct transmission of the rice-producing culture from the Yangtze River/the Yellow River region (around 3,000 B.C.), a theory of spontaneous generation by natural fermentation and other theories.

• 「白樺派」に属する人々らについては直接的に関連付けられることは少ないが、その自由性や耽美性、明治以降のロマンティシズムにおいて大いにその牽引力となったと思われる。
• When it comes to people classified in 'Shirakaba School', 'Taisho Roman' is seldom associated with them directly, but it seems to play an important role in its liberal ideas and aestheticism, and the romanticism after the Meiji period.

• 若いころに先人たちの舞台を研究したり、明治の名人中村芝翫 (4代目)に直接仕込まれたりしたこともあり、長年の精進と鍛錬に培われた舞踊の技術と知識はずば抜けていた。
• During his youth, he studied the works of his predecessors and trained directly under the Meiji-period master Shikan NAKAMURA IV; in adulthood he possessed outstanding knowledge and buyo (Japanese traditional dance) skills, which he had cultivated through years of devotion and training.

• 開業翌年の1873年の営業状況は、乗客が1日平均4347人、年間の旅客収入42万円と貨物収入2万円、そこから直接経費の23万円を引くと21万円の利益となっている。
• The year after the opening in 1873, it had an average of 4347 passengers a day and an annual passenger income of 420,000 yen plus cargo income of 20,000 yen and subtracting the direct operating expenses of 270,000 yen, it netted 210,000 yen.

• 鎌倉時代後期になると、幕府が直接両使を派遣することに代えて、守護に施行状で下達し、守護が使節を選定し遵行状に基づき遵行を実施するようなケースも見られるようになる。
• In the late Kamakura period, some cases emerged in which the Bakufu, instead of sending ryoshi directly, sent shigyojo (a letter conveying orders from the head to the subjects) to a Shugo, who in turn selected an envoy and carried out this procedure based on the shigyojo.

• その後は治天の君に近侍する伝奏が直接自分達の上司でもある将軍・足利義満に伝達し、義満もしくは奉行などの幕府役人の意向も伝奏を経由して治天の君・天皇に取り次がれた。
• After that, the tenso who served the Chiten no kimi directly conveyed the messages to the shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who was his superior, and the intention of Yoshimitsu or the bakufu officials including bugyo (magistrate) was in return relayed to Chiten no kimi or the Emperor through the tenso.

• 留意すべき点は、この保存施設は、古墳の石室内の温湿度を直接的に制御するものではなく、石室内の自然の温湿度の変化に合わせて前室の温湿度を調整しているという点である。
• It should be noted that this conservation facility is not designed to regulate the temperature and humidity in the stone chamber, but adjust those of the antechamber to the naturally varying temperature and humidity in the chamber.

• 施行日前にされた旧法第二十七条第五項の規定による勧告、同条第七項の規定による通知又は同条第十項の規定による命令に係る対内直接投資等については、なお従前の例による。
• For inward direct investment, etc. pertaining to a recommendation as prescribed in Article 27, paragraph (5) of the Old Act, a notice as prescribed in paragraph (7) of the same Article, or an order as prescribed in paragraph (10) of the same Article that has been given prior to the enforcement date, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 施行日前にされた旧法第二十七条第二項の規定による勧告、同条第四項の規定による通知又は同条第七項の規定による命令に係る対内直接投資等については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to inward direct investment, etc. pertaining to a recommendation pursuant to the provision of Article 27, paragraph 2 of the Old Act, a notice pursuant to the provision of paragraph 4 of the said article or an order pursuant to the provision of paragraph 7 of the said article, which has been given prior to the Date of Enforcement, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 式正茶法の特色として、畳の上に直接道具を置くことがなく、「茶碗台」というものが考案され、居前で手を清めたり、帛紗を使い分けるなど清潔を旨としていることが挙げられる。
• The characteristics of the Shikisei way of tea are that the tea implements aren't placed directly on the tatami mat but on a 'tea-bowl stand', and purification is emphasized by washing hands when sitting in the Imae position and separating the used fukusa cloths.

• このヒエラルキーが特異なのは、中国王朝が直接支配する領域とそれ以外の地域とが国境のような確固たる分断線によって区切られず、連続したものとして捉えられている点である。
• Uniqueness of this hierarchy was that the area directly controlled by Chinese dynasty and other areas were not separated with clear separating lines such as border between countries but recognized as continuous one.

• 表向きは健康上の問題によるとされたが、山縣有朋が「事件は社会主義者に対する融和の結果発生した。これは西園寺内閣の失策である」と奏上したのが直接の原因といわれている。
• The official reason of the resignation was Saionji's failing health, but it is said that the direct cause of the resignation was Arimoto YAMAGATA's report to the Emperor that said 'The incident occurred as a result of a move to reconcile with socialists by the Saionji's cabinet, so it was a blunder by the cabinet.'

• 諸軍記は相互に影響しあっておりその関係性は未だ十分には明らかになっていないが、特に『鎌倉持氏記』に直接依拠、あるいは強い影響を受けたとされる軍記は以下の通りである。
• The various military records influenced each other and their relationship is not sufficiently clear yet, but the military records that are known to have been directly influenced or strongly affected by 'Kamakura Mochiuji ki' are the following.

• 不利益処分　行政庁が、法令に基づき、特定の者を名あて人として、直接に、これに義務を課し、又はその権利を制限する処分をいう。ただし、次のいずれかに該当するものを除く。
• Adverse Dispositions:　Dispositions in which administrative agencies, acting pursuant to laws and regulations, designate specified persons as subject parties to the Disposition and directly impose duties upon them or limit their rights; excluding however, those fall under any of the following specified provisions:

• 前項の規定による勧告を受けた者は、第三項の規定にかかわらず、当該勧告を受けた日から起算して二十日を経過する日までは、同項の届出に係る対外直接投資を行つてはならない。
• Any person who has received a recommendation pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall not make an outward direct investment pertaining to a notification set forth in paragraph 3 until the expiration of 20 days from the date of receipt of the recommendation, notwithstanding the provision of the said paragraph.

• 乱の終結後、土御門上皇は乱に直接関与していなかったにもかかわらず、父後鳥羽天皇の隠岐国への配流が決定すると自ら望んで土佐国に配流されたが、麗子は同行せず京に留まった。
• After the Jokyu Disturbance was over, the Retired Emperor Tsuchimikado decided to willingly be exiled to Tosa Province, even though he was not directly involved in the disturbance, when his father, Emperor Gotoba was determined to be exiled to Oki Province; Reishi remained in Kyoto.

• 昭和維新を標榜した一連の変革運動でも、君民一体の思想から、天皇による直接支配こそ社会の閉塞をうちやぶるものであり、「君側の奸」がそれを妨げているという主張がなされた。
• In a series of transformative movements which shaped the Showa Restoration, activists insisted from the viewpoint that the Emperor was the symbol of the unity of people, Emperor's direct reign of Japan could open a closed society, but 'Wily vassals surrounding the Emperor' caused criticism against it.

• 典仁親王は1884年（明治17年）に明治天皇の直接の祖先にあたる（明治天皇は典仁親王の玄孫）ということで、慶光天皇（慶光院とも）の諡号と太上天皇の称号が贈られている。
• The Imperial Prince Sukehito was given the honorary name of the Emperor Keiko (also called Keikoin) and the honorary title of Daijo Tenno in 1884, because he was a direct ancestor of the Meiji Emperor (the Meiji Emperor was the great-great-grandson of the Imperial Prince Sukehito).

• そのため西洋画の技法研究も、蘭学者である平賀源内が外国人からの直接の指導を受けることなく、書物の挿画の模写などを通して独学で行っており、余技の域を出ないものであった。
• The techniques of Western paintings were studied by Gennai HIRAGA, a scholar of Dutch studies, by copying the illustrations in books, and since he painted in his own way without any direct guidance from Westerners, his study of the art was no better than painting as a hobby.

• そこで村田三介は三将に寡兵が随従する策を、野村忍介は野村自身が寡兵を率いて海路で小浜に出て、そこから陸路で京都に行き、行幸で京都にいる天皇に直接上奏する策を主張した。
• Then, Sansuke MURATA said that a small army should accompany the three leaders, whereas Oshisuke NOMURA said that he would lead a small army to Obama by sea and from there to Kyoto by land to directly report the matters to the Emperor who would be there for an imperial visit.

• 阿蘇惟将は宿老・甲斐宗運の卓抜した軍略によってどうにか領国を維持するが、1581年にはついに相良氏が島津氏に降伏し、南から島津氏の圧力を直接受けることになってしまう。
• Although Koremasa ASO barely retained the territories owing to excellent military strategies by the chief vassal, Soun KAI, the Sagara clan surrendered to the Shimazu clan in 1581, causing the Aso clan to be directly pressured by the Shimazu clan from the south.

• 各無形固定資産に対する減価償却累計額及び減損損失累計額は、当該各無形固定資産の金額から直接控除し、その控除残高を当該各無形固定資産の金額として表示しなければならない。
• Accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss for the respective intangible fixed assets shall be deducted directly from the amount of said respective intangible assets, and the outstanding amount of the deduction shall be indicated as the amount of said respective intangible fixed assets.

• 弓騎兵は『カルラエの戦い（紀元前53年）』、『ワールシュタットの戦い（13世紀）』で中心的役割を果たし、両戦とも敵兵が弓騎兵に対して直接戦闘に固執した為に勝利を収めた。
• The archery cavalry played an important role in the Battle of Karurae of 53 B.C. and the Battle of Warushutatto (the 13th century), since as the enemies in both battles tried to fight directly with the archery cavalry, they were able to win.

• 弓射に於いて、ユガケの作りの善し悪しは行射の善し悪しに直接関わる極めて重要な要素であり、また、長年使い込まれ射手の手に馴染んだユガケはそう簡単に新調出来るものではない。
• In kyusha, the good or ill of making of a yugake is very important because it directly relates with the good or ill of shooting and the yugake which has long been used and fitted in the hand of a shooter can not be easily renewed.

• 他の地域と異なり、渡良瀬川から直接農業用水を取水していた群馬県山田郡 (群馬県)毛里田村（現太田市毛里田）とその周辺では、大正期以降、逆に鉱毒被害が増加したと言われる。
• It is said that unlike other areas, Morita Village (present Morita, Ota City), Yamada County, Gunma Prefecture and its surroundings, where the water for fields had been drawn directly from Watarase-gawa River, had an increase in damage by the mining pollution after the Taisho period.

• 殷を方国の連盟の盟主と見る場合、封建された国はより殷の支配の強い国々であったと考えられ、したがって殷代には同族や直接支配下にあった部族の有力者が封建されたと考えられる。
• If the Yin were the leaders of the Hokoku league of countries, those granted countries must have been strongly controlled by the Yin, therefore, in the Yin period, the sovereignty over the country should have been given by the Zhou Dynasty to the same families and clans directly under control.

• 1936年に三栗谷用水は古河鉱業から事業資金の一部8万5千円を提供させ、取水口の改良工事を行い、それまでの渡良瀬川からの直接取水から、伏流水を主に取水する方式に変更した。
• In 1936, the union of Mikuriya Yosui managed to get 85,000 yen from Furukawa Mining as funds for the project to improve the intake; before the works, they had drawn water directly from Watarase-gawa River, however, after the works, they began to draw water from the undercurrent.

• しかし『万国公法』を読むことによって、あるいは駐在公使として直接海外に赴く人が増えたことで、西欧諸国間にも徳に基づくルールが存在するのだという認識が徐々に広まっていった。
• However, by reading 'Bankoku Koho' and increase in the number of people going abroad as minister, realization that there was a rule based on virtue in Western countries gradually gained ground.

• 直接出資者から出資又は拠出を受けた金銭その他の財産の総額が、当該権利を有するすべての者から出資又は拠出を受けた金銭その他の財産の総額の三分の一に相当する額を超えないこと。
• that the total amount of money or other properties invested or contributed by Direct Equity Investors does not exceed the amount equivalent to one third of the aggregate amount of money or other properties invested or contributed by all of the persons who hold said rights.

• 現在ではむしろ京都祇園甲部の芸妓舞妓が習うお座敷舞や「都をどり」の流儀として知られるが、これは明治の始め「都をどり」の振付けに井上流が採用されたのが直接のきっかけである。
• Today, the Inoue school is known as the style for Ozashiki mai (dances performed in a tatami room), which is performed by geisha and apprentice geisha in the Gion Kobu district in Kyoto, and Miyako odori (dance performance held in April by geisha and maiko in Kyoto's Gion district) because the style was adopted for the choreography of Miyako odori in early Meiji period.

• 昭和天皇は人間宣言をした後、日本全国各地への巡幸をはじめたが、多大な犠牲者を出した沖縄戦が行われ当時日本と切り離され連合軍の直接統治下におかれた沖縄は、対象とされなかった。
• Emperor Showa, after declaring himself as a human, started Junko (visit by the Emperor) to various places in Japan, but Okinawa, where the Battle of Okinawa took place causing great casualties, and was placed under direct control of the Allied Forces, apart from Japan at that time, was not included.

• 奥羽14藩は会議を開き、会津藩・庄内藩赦免の嘆願書を九条総督に提出するも却下されたため、朝廷へ直接建白を行う方針に変更し、閏4月23日新たに11藩を加えて白石盟約書が調印。
• Fourteen domains in Ou held a conference and submitted a petition for the pardon of the Aizu and Shonai Domains to Commander KUJO, but KUJO rejected it; as a result, they modified the plan to petition directly to the Imperial Court and added eleven more domains to sign the Shiraishi pact on May 15.

• 温泉の蒸気熱を利用した地獄釜で蒸す地獄蒸し卵の他、別府地獄めぐり海地獄では、98度のコバルトブルーの温泉に、竹籠に入れた卵を直接浸してゆでた、地獄ゆで卵が名物となっている。
• Apart from jigoku steamed eggs which are steamed in a stone steamer which utilizes steam from a hot spring, at Umi jigoku hot springs on the Beppu Jigoku (Hell) Tour, the specialty is jigoku boiled eggs which are eggs that have been put in bamboo baskets and put directly into the 98℃ cobalt blue hot springs.

• ただし上座部仏教の三蔵も、最古の部分でも釈迦の死後100年内に編纂されたと推測されている程度で、実際に釈迦の直接の教説の記述を伝えるものとし確定されている経典は存在しない。
• However, even the oldest portion of Theravada Buddhism's tripitaka is assumed to have been compiled only 100 years after Shaka's demise and there exist no scriptures that have been confirmed as those handed down from Shaka's direct teachings.

• 絵因果経は、絵巻物の源流とも言われるが、絵因果経の画風はきわめて古風で素朴なもので、平安時代以降に盛んに制作された絵巻物と直接の影響関係があるかどうかについては疑問もある。
• Although the E Ingakyo is widely believed to have been influential in the development of emakimono, there is some doubt whether the E Ingakyo had a direct relationship with the emakimono produced abundantly from the Heian period, because the painting style of the E Ingakyo is extremely antique and simple.

• 売春又はその周旋、勧誘、その場所の提供その他売春に直接に関係がある業務に従事したことのある者（人身取引等により他人の支配下に置かれていた者が当該業務に従事した場合を除く。）
• A person who has engaged in prostitution, or intermediation or solicitation of prostitutes for other persons or provision of a place for prostitution, or any other business directly connected to prostitution (except for those who have engaged in these businesses under the control of another due to trafficking in persons).

• これを賄うために、朝廷は専売制度を復活させて財政の立て直しを図る共に、国家の直接所有地（官田）を設定して民間に貸し出し、小作料である高税率の公課（租）を徴収するようになった。
• To cover them, the Imperial Court restored monopolization and tried to rebuild the finances and established areas which were under the direct control of the state (kanden) to lease them to private hands and collected a high-rate tax as a farm rent.

• これは、御家人の主人はあくまで幕府主宰者たる鎌倉殿であり、御家人が直接的に朝廷と関わりを持つことは、御家人の離反や自立などの事態を招く危険もあり、これを予防する意味があった。
• It was intended to prevent shogunal retainers from having a direct relation with the Imperial Court because the master of shogunal retainers was the lord of Kamakura, who held the bakufu, and the bakufu feared that a direct relation between shogunal retainers and the Imperial Court might lead to estrangement or independence of shogunal retainers.

• また、上記とは別に戦後京都大学人文科学研究所（京大人文研）にて頻繁に共同研究会を開き、活発な討論を行っていた一派も、京都学派と呼ばれるが、上記の京都学派とは直接の関係はない。
• Moreover, apart from the above, a group which frequently held collaborative research in the Institute for Research in the Humanities, Kyoto University, and actively held discussions after the war is also called the Kyoto school, but is not directly related with the above Kyoto school.

• 前項の年金制度は、退職又は死亡の時の条件を考慮して、本人及びその退職又は死亡の当時直接扶養する者のその後における適当な生活の維持を図ることを目的とするものでなければならない。
• The pension system set forth in the preceding paragraph shall have as its purpose the provision of an income necessary to enable the person concerned and his/her immediate dependents at the time of his/her retirement or death to maintain thereafter a standard of living appropriate to the conditions prevailing at the time of retirement or death.

• 版画のように版木に直接絵具を刷毛塗りをせず、から紙は絹篩を通して絵具を移し、手の平でこするのは、顔料の着量の調節が目的で、ふっくらとした風合いのある仕上がりを得るためである。
• The reason why the paints are transferred through the silk sieve and rubbed with a palm for karakami, unlike the process for ordinary woodcuts that directly prints from the block, is that it aims to control the amount of pigments that are transferred and it produces a puffed up texture in the finished product.

• この命令は、外国為替及び外国貿易法（以下「法」という。）第五章に規定する対内直接投資等及び技術導入契約の締結等について、報告及び届出の手続その他必要な事項を定めるものとする。
• The purpose of this Order is to provide for reporting and notification procedures and other necessary matters with regard to inward direct investment, etc. and the conclusion of technology introduction contracts, etc. as prescribed in Chapter V of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act').

• その一方で、大和民族は朝鮮半島やベトナムなど、他の中華文明圏とは違い、中国に直接支配された経験はなく、受け入れた海外の文化（とりわけ中華文明）を独自に消化していく余裕があった。
• On the other hand, the Yamato race could originally afford to assimilate foreign cultures (especially that of China), having had no experience of being controlled directly by China unlike other nations under the Chinese sphere of influence, such as the Korean Peninsula and Vietnam.

• 義和団の乱において直隷総督配下の近代化軍隊は連合軍に敗れて大きな打撃を受けたが、袁世凱の軍だけは義和団をたたくのみで、直接列強との戦争に参加しなかったためほとんど無傷であった。
• The modernized army directly under the control of Governor General of Zhili lost against the allied nations and received great damages during the Boxer Rebellion, but the army of Yuan Shikai only suppressed the Boxers and did not directly participate in the war against the powerful nations, and so suffered very little damage.

• それに対して算道の扱う分野は儒教とは直接的な関連性はなく、計算や測量などの技術系官人の育成を行うことを目的としていたことから、唯一本科から独立した存在であったのが算道であった。
• In contrast, the fields covered by Sando had no direct relevance to Confucianism and aimed at educating technical government officials in calculation, survey, and other similar subjects; in this way, Sando was the only existence independent from the regular course.

• 鑑定人は、鑑定のため必要があるときは、審理に立ち会い、裁判長に証人若しくは当事者本人に対する尋問を求め、又は裁判長の許可を得て、これらの者に対し直接に問いを発することができる。
• An expert witness may, when it is necessary for giving expert testimony, attend the trial, make a request for the examination of a witness or a party himself/herself to the presiding judge, or with the permission of the presiding judge, ask questions to such persons directly.

• 宗門では、ゴータマ・シッダッタの教え（悟り）を直接に受け継いだ十大弟子（迦葉）から28代目のボーディダルマ（菩提達磨）を得てインドから中国に伝えられた、ということになっている。
• According to doctrine, it was brought over to China from India by Bodhidharma, the 28th successor of the 10 disciples (called Kasho) who directly received the teaching (enlightenment) of Siddhartha Gautama.

• 1962年（昭和37年）には、山田辰雄 (空手家)が後楽園ホールで、グローブを着用した「第一回空手競技会」を開催して、のちのフルコンタクト空手に先駆けて直接打撃制試合を行った。
• In 1962, the karate expert Tatsuo YAMADA hosted the first Karate Competition at Korakuen Hall, whereby karate practitioners with gloves fought games under direct-attack rules, ahead of the ensuing full-contact karate.

• 鎌倉幕府が六波羅に六波羅探題を設置したのも、平家滅亡後に、京都における北条氏の邸宅が置かれていたこともあるが、検断権を巡る検非違使との直接的な衝突を避けたことも理由に挙げられる。
• This was because the Kamakura bakufu established the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency) in Rokuhara and because the Kyoto residence of the Hojo clan was established after the defeat of the Taira clan, but the avoidance of direct conflict with kebiishi over the right to judge criminal cases is also given as a reason.

• また、もち米の粉に水を入れて熱し、それを練ったものを管に通して焼き型にそそぎ込み、直接加熱プレスして皮種を作っていく製法もあり、これにより多彩な形の皮種を作ることも可能になった。
• It is also possible to make various forms of tane by another production method of heating the mixture of the rice powder and water, kneading it, pouring it into the baking pan through a tube, and directly hot-pressing it.

• また、海外の熱帯地方に生息する大型の地表徘徊性蜘蛛のグループタランチュラ科は、これらに因んで和名が付けられているが命名は後年近代に入ってからであり、直接的にはやはり無関係である。
• A family of tarantula, which falls under the category of the big ground spider living in the tropical region abroad, was given the Japanese name 'Tsuchigumo' after the above-mentioned meanings, but this name was given later in the modern age, so the family of tarantula has nothing to do with 'Tsuchigumo' mentioned here.

• 赤穂藩改易騒ぎのどさくさで岡島常樹の部下の小役人たちが金銀を盗んで逃げだした事件を捉えて、大野が「岡島も一味に違いない」と吹聴し、岡島が激高したのが直接の原因だったともいわれる。
• It is thought that it was because Ono made Okajima very angry when he found out that Tsuneki OKAJIMA's retainers stole money under this confusion happening in Ako and questioned Okajima thinking 'he must have been a part of this crime.'

• これによって加賀を初めとする北陸地方の門徒は本願寺派遣の代官による直接支配下に置かれることとなり、天文15年(1546年)にその象徴として金沢市に尾山御坊が建立されることになる。
• After this battle, the followers in the Hokuriku region including Kaga fell under the direct dominance of the magistrates dispatched by the Hongan-ji Temple, and in 1546 Oyama Gobo was built in Kanazawa City as its symbol.

• これは世襲によって終身の議員身分が保証された公爵議員・侯爵議員や天皇の直接任命による勅撰議員の存在によって選挙による議席の大幅拡大が望めない貴族院においては驚異的な数字であった。
• This was a surprising number in the House of Peers because large increasing in the number of seats through election was unlikely due to the presence of duke and marquis members whose positions were secured for life by heredity and members directly nominated by the Emperor.

• 口宣案（くぜんあん）とは、元来は口宣の案文であり、覚書（メモ）の下書き程度の意味合いでしかなかったが、後には太政官を経由せずに直接実務担当者に勅旨の内容を伝えるために用いられた。
• Kuzen-an' was originally a draft proposal of kuzen, meaning no more than an incomplete version of a memorandum (memo); but later, it came into use as a means of directly conveying the imperial order to working-level officials, bypassing the Daijokan.

• 現在も、いくつかの店舗が「大栄」を名乗り、営業を続けているが、旧体制の「大栄」とは直接の関係はない（詳細は略するが、「大栄」の創始者が、これらの関わりから手を引いたためである）。
• Some stores are still open under the name of 'Daiei,' but they have nothing to do with the old 'Daiei' (Although details here are omitted, this is because the founder of 'Daiei' withdrew from the business).

• →これに対して、その物資の支援の内容が寺田（そこから挙がった収穫が寺に納付される）の設定によるものなのか、それとも直接物資の形で支給されたものなのかが不明であるという反論がある。
• Against this theory, some point out that there are no clear answers to whether the aid was given as 'jiden'(rice fields owned by temples)(a harvest from jiden was given to temples) or as the direct provision of supplies.

• 特定の業種に属する事業に係る対外直接投資を行うことが法第二十三条第四項各号のいずれかの事態を生じさせるおそれがある場合における当該特定の業種として財務省令で定める業種に属する事業
• Business that belongs to a business type specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance as the specified business type in the cases where the act of making an outward direct investment pertaining to business that belongs to the specified business type is likely to cause any of the situations set forth in the items of Article 23, paragraph (4) of the Act

• 必ずしも全ての椀や皿を食事の際に口元に運ばない食文化の上で、食器に顔を突っ込まんばかりに前屈する犬食い姿勢が推奨されているわけでもなく、皿などに口を直接つけることも避けられている。
• It is not necessarily the case that Inugui, eat in a stooped position as if they put their heads into the food, is recommended in food culture where people don't bring bowls and plates to their mouths when they eat, and putting their mouths directly to plates and other utensils is also avoided.

• 治承5年（1181年）1月、高倉上皇が死去し、後白河院政が再開されたが、畿内に臨時の軍政を布くべしという高倉の遺志に基づいて、清盛は子の平宗盛を畿内周辺を直接管領する惣官に任じた。
• In January 1181, Retired Emperor Takakura died and the Goshirakawa cloistered government started again, and based on the wish of Takakura to establish a temporary military government in Kinai, Kiyomori named TAIRA no Munemasa as Sokan (a military position with power over the provinces of the Kinai) to directly control the Kinai area.

• その支配体制は富樫氏滅亡以前である文明年間末期の段階において室町幕府が守護に対して下す奉行人奉書などの命令書が富樫政親ではなく直接蓮綱・蓮悟あてに送付されていることからでも分かる。
• This ruling system can be seen in the fact that the orders such as bugyonin hosho (magistrate orders) given from the Muromachi bakufu to provincial governors in the late Bunmei Era when the Togashi clan still existed, were not sent to Masachika TOGASHI but sent directly to Renko and Rengo.

• 芸娼妓解放令は直接的に機能したとは言い難い状態であったが、同令がきっかけとなり、貧農の娘の身売りを防ぐために、女性に対して教育や軽工業に対応する技能習得の場が設けられた地方もある。
• The Geishogi Kaiho Rei wasn't very effective in changing the situation directly; however, as its by-product, in some regions, opportunities for women to study and to achieve vocational skills for light industry were created with the intent of preventing poor peasants from selling their daughters into prostitution.

• これにより、土地に対して重層的にあった中世的な中間権利である様々な職が否定され、耕作者は直接領主に納税することとなり、農村にいた中間搾取者としての武士はほぼ一掃されることとなった。
• As a result, the legitimacy of the positions of a great many medieval-period middleman tax collectors and the like were repudiated, since now cultivators were paying taxes directly to their local lords; at the agricultural village level, Hideyoshi's survey had eliminated nearly all the extortionist middleman warriors who lived off others' effort in one clean sweep.

• 直接出資者の数（間接出資者から出資又は拠出を受けた金銭その他の財産を充てて当該権利に対する投資事業を行い、又は行おうとする者を除く。）及び間接出資者の数の合計数が十未満であること。
• that the total of the number of Direct Equity Investors (excluding an investor who operates or intends to operate an investment business related to the relevant rights by using money or other properties invested or contributed by Indirect Equity Investors) and the number of Indirect Equity Investors is less than ten; and

• 当該届出に係る支店等の設置の中止（法第二十七条第七項又は第十項の規定に基づく対内直接投資等の中止の勧告の応諾又は中止の命令による中止を除く。）又は当該支店等の廃止　別紙様式第二十二
• Suspension of the establishment of a branch office, etc. pertaining to the relevant notification (excluding suspension resulting from a recommendation or an order to suspend inward direct investment, etc. based on the provisions of Article 27, paragraph (7) or paragraph (10) of the Act) or abolition of said branch office, etc.:　Appended Form 22.

• 間接打法･･･打撃具を直接打ちつけるのではなく、石材の一端にシカの角（つの）や獣骨のタガネを当て、槌で間接的に打撃を加えて石片をはぎ取り、その石片（剥片とよぶ）から石刃技法をつくる。
• Indirect striking: Not by directly striking stones with hammers but by indirectly striking stones covered with deer's horns or chisel made of animal bones to peel off a piece of stone (called a flake) and making a stone blade from it.

• 更に「臣下の臣下は臣下でない」という語に示されるように、直接に主従関係を結んでいなければ「臣下の臣下」は「主君の主君」に対して主従関係を形成しなかった為、複雑な権力構造が形成された。
• Furthermore, as indicated by the saying 'a retainer's retainer is not a retainer,' 'a retainer's retainer' did not have the master to servant relationship with 'a master's master,' therefore, a complicated power structure was formed.

• 翌年に守護富樫政親が倒された長享の一揆には直接の関与の明証は無いものの、その後の加賀の支配が蓮悟と蓮綱主導の「両御山」体制に移されている事から、何らかのつながりがあったとされている。
• Although there was no evidence of direct involvement, they were believed to have some sort of connection with the Revolt of the Chokyo era, which Shugo (provincial constable) Masachika TOGASHI was defeated the following year, since the control of Kaga Province was thereafter moved to 'Two Temples' system led by Rengo and Renko.

• 本著は封建社会の武士道を題材としているが同時に武士道を直接的に解釈したのではなく「武士道」という日本の精神的土壌に発現した現象をその根本から探り当て普遍的真理を導こうとするものである。
• While the subject matter of this book is Bushido in feudal society, it is not a direct interpretation of Bushido, but a guideline for a universal truth for finding out the basis of Bushido as a phenomenon which appeared as a spiritual base in Japan.

• また、この法度を実際に分析すると武家伝奏の位置付けなど朝幕関係のあり方を規定し、幕府への大政委任に法的根拠を与えた事は事実であるが、直接的に朝廷の統制を目的とした条文は存在していない。
• Practical analysis of the law shows that it does not contain any provision for directly controlling the imperial court, although it defines the relationships between the imperial court and the bakufu including the status of buke tenso (liaison officers between the imperial court and the military government) and gave the legal basis for delegating the administration of the country to the bakufu.

• この屯倉がある程度発達・広域展開した段階で、屯倉を拠点として、直接的に地方を把握・管轄した単位が県（コホリ）であり、のちに律令制における郡（コホリ）へと発展していったと考えられている。
• When these miyake developed and expanded to a certain size, they became the bases of kohori (written as 県 in Chinese characters), which was a unit that the central government directly administered and controlled in local areas, and it is believed that they later developed into the kohori (written as 郡) of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

• そのため、戦国大名家の職制では、武者奉行と同格の戦闘経験が豊富な熟練の老臣が任じられるケースが多く、直接戦闘に参加して武功を上げるよりも輸送する小荷駄を敵軍から防衛する事が求められた。
• As a preventative measure, an accomplished roshin (key retainer) with a wealth of combat experience in rank with Musha bugyo (magistrate of warriors), who was often appointed in the organization of a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period) family, was given the task of protecting the transport of Konida from enemy armies rather than directly joining the battle in order to distinguish himself.

• 明治になって再び朝廷に政権が返った事により、江戸幕府の大奥や西洋の宮廷の例のように皇后やその周辺の側近が国政に関与する可能性も存在したが、彼女は自らを律して国政に直接関与する事を戒めた。
• Due to the return of political power to the court during Meiji Period, there was a possibility that the empress along with advisers close to the empress could take part in the national government, like the O-oku in the Edo Bakufu or the Imperial Court in Western countries, but the Empress disciplined herself and prohibited themselves from taking part in the national government.

• 宇都宮氏第8代(宇都宮朝綱を初代とすれば第6代)当主宇都宮貞綱（元寇の時に討伐軍総大将）とともに九州に同行し、筑後国山門郡大木を拠点とした貞綱の弟である宇都宮泰宗の子孫が直接の始祖である。
• Its direct founder was a descendant of a younger brother of Sadatsuna UTSUNOMIYA, Yasumune UTSUNOMIYA who accompanied Sadatsuna (supreme commander of the bakufu forces when Mongol invaded Japan), the eighth head of the Utsunomiya clan (the sixth head if Tomotsuna UTSUNOMIYA was the first head) to the Kyushu region and was based in Oki, Yamato District, Chikugo Province.

• その大堰川によって運ばれた丹波地方の木材などを、京都側の終点である渡月橋上流から、市中心部に直接引き込むための運河として、文久3年（1863年）に嵯峨（渡月橋上流）～千本三条が開削された。
• In 1863, a channel between Saga (upstream from Togetsu-kyo Bridge) and Senbon-sanjo was excavated to build a canal to bring in lumber of Tanba region and the like carried down by the Oi-gawa River from upstream from Togetsu-kyo Bridge, the endpoint in Kyoto, to the city center.

• 現在では排泄後には一般的にトイレットペーパーと呼ばれる紙が使われているが、古くは直接手で拭いていたか植物の葉や海草などを使用しており、奈良時代に入ってから細い木の棒が使われるようになった。
• Nowadays after excretion people generally use the paper called toilet paper, but they once wiped directly with their hand or used plant leaves, seaweed, and so on and during the Nara period a thin wooden stick came to be used.

• 第六項の規定により勧告を応諾する旨の通知をした者は、第三項又は第五項の規定にかかわらず、当該勧告を受けた日から起算して二十日を経過しなくても、当該勧告に係る対外直接投資を行うことができる。
• Any person who has notified the Minister of Finance of his/her acceptance of a recommendation pursuant to the provision of paragraph 6 may make an outward direct investment pertaining to the recommendation before the expiration of 20 days from the receipt of the recommendation, notwithstanding the provision of paragraph 3 or 5.

• 本邦にある間に難民となる事由が生じた場合を除き、その者の生命、身体又は身体の自由が難民条約第一条Ａ（２）に規定する理由によつて害されるおそれのあつた領域から直接本邦に入つたものでないとき。
• The foreign national has not entered Japan directly from a territory where his/her life, body or physical freedom was likely to be persecuted on the grounds prescribed in Article 1, paragraph A- (2) of the Refugee Convention, unless the circumstances under which he/she may have become a refugee arose while he/she was in Japan.

• NHK大阪放送局NHK教育テレビジョン、MBS毎日放送、ABC朝日放送、KTV関西テレビ放送、ytv讀賣テレビ放送については、デジタル・アナログとも、生駒山からの電波を直接受信して視聴する。
• NHK Osaka, NHK Educational Television, MBS Mainichi Broadcasting, ABC Asahi Broadcasting, KTV Kansai TV, and ytv Yomiuri TV signals can be received directly from Mt. Ikoma (both digital and analog broadcasting).

• 他には、暖房便座や温水洗浄便座の設置が可能であり、快適な排便が出来る、汚物が溜水面に直接落ちるため悪臭が発生しにくい、痔に優しいとする意見も多い、便器や便器の周囲が汚れにくいなどの点がある。
• There are additionally many advantages; for example, it is possible to install the heated toilet seat or onsui senjo benza, the user can do his business comfortably, it is resistant to bad smell because the feces drop directly in the water, it is good for piles, the basin and the basin's surroundings are resistant to filth, and so on.

• このような保存・鑑賞・学書に適した形に仕立て上げられた、多く模写や複製による書蹟を「法帖」というが、特に模刻によるものを「刻帖」、対して紙に直接筆記・模写したものを「墨帖」と呼ぶこともある。
• The handwriting thus converted to a suitable form for preservation, appreciation and learning by usually copying and reproducing is referred to as 'hojo,' of which those made by mokoku are called 'kokujo,' while those made by writing/copying directly on paper are called 'bokujo.'

• 言いかえれば、酵母がデンプンから直接アルコール発酵を行うことはできないので、アルコールが生成されるには酵母が発酵を始められるように、いわば下ごしらえとしてデンプンが糖化されなければならない。
• In other words, since yeast cannot carry out alcohol fermentation directly from starch, starch must be saccharified in preparation for fermentation.

• 兵士には、博徒・やくざ・雲助・馬丁・町火消などの江戸の無頼の徒を徴募して編成し、シャルル・シャノワーヌやジュール・ブリュネなどのフランス軍顧問により直接フランス式の調練を施された部隊である。
• The soldiers were composed of a gang of outlaws in Edo including Bakuto (gamblers), Yakuza (Japanese mafia), Kumosuke (shifty carrier), Batei (horse keeper) and Machibikeshi (civilian firefighters), and the troops received the French style military training directly from French military advisers, such as Charles Chanoine and Jules Brunet.

• 国人領主制（こくじんりょうしゅせい）とは、中世後期の日本（南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)）の体制を、直接農民層を支配していた国人領主の動向から把握すべきであるとする考え。
• Kokujin-ryoshu sei was a thesis concerning the structure of Japan during the late medieval period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi period, and the Sengoku period - period of warring states) -- accordingly, the structure should be comprehended through research of movement of kokujin-ryoshu (local samurai lords) who directly ruled the farmers.

• とはいえ、末期養子の認可のためには、幕府から派遣された役人が直接当主の生存と養子縁組の意思を確かめる判元見届（はんもとみとどけ）という手続きが必要であり、無制限に認められたわけではなかった。
• However, even after the lifting of a ban, for Matsugo yoshi to be given approval, the procedure of 'Hanmoto Mitodoke', in which the family head was confirmed as alive and his will for adoption was certified by a bakufu official, had to be carried out, which made it not always as straightforward as it could have been.

• この竈の発達により、調理者は裸火による直接的な放射熱に晒されなくてすみ、より高温の炎で調理することが出来るため調理時間の短縮にも繋がり、また調理方法も様々なバリエーションを生むようになった。
• Due to the development of the kamado, cooks did not have to be exposed to direct thermal radiation of an open flame and they could cook at a higher temperature, which shortened the time for preparing food, making various cooking methods available.

• 地震若しくは噴火又はこれらによる津波（以下「地震等」という。）を直接又は間接の原因とする火災、損壊、埋没又は流失による損害（政令で定めるものに限る。）を政令で定める金額によりてん補すること。
• Damage (limited to those provided by a Cabinet Order) due to fire, destruction, burial or being carried away in a flood, resulting directly or indirectly from an earthquake or volcanic eruption, or tsunami following these events (hereinafter referred to as 'earthquake, etc.') is compensated by the amount set forth by a Cabinet Order.

• ただ、熱い汁物を満たしたアルマイトの椀は、熱が直接手に伝わるため手に持って口に運ぶのが困難となることがしばしばあって犬食いを誘発することがあり、その後の犬食い問題の萌芽はこの時点で生じていた。
• However, it was hard for students to hold and bring anodized bowl filled with hot soup dishes to their mouths, because its heat was spread directly to their hands, and this sometimes induced Inugui, and the bud of later Inugui issue arose at this point.

• 玉露の呼び名自体に特に規定があるわけではなく、特に茶飲料の「玉露入り」に配合されている茶葉は、棚を作らず化学繊維で茶の木に直接カバーを掛け、かつ被覆日数の浅いかぶせ茶に近い物である場合も多い。
• While the name gyokuro itself isn't specifically defined pertaining to a particular use, there are many cases in which the tea leaves used in tea beverages called 'gyokuro-iri' (containing gyokuro) are similar to those of kabuse-cha (covered tea), which are not cultivated under trellises like real gyokuro but under a synthetic textile sheet that is put directly on the tea plants for fewer days than in the case of genuine gyokuro.

• 県（アガタ）と県（コホリ）との違いは、前者が在地首長の支配力に依存し、間接的に地方を把握するものであったのに対し、後者は直接的に地方の把握・支配の体系を作り出そうとしていたところにあるだろう。
• The difference between agata and kohori may be that the former depends on the control of a local head and managed indirectly, whereas the latter was part of an organization that attempted direct management and control.

• 次の団体がその直接又は間接の構成員に対して行う特定継続的役務提供（その団体が構成員以外の者にその事業又は施設を利用させることができる場合には、これらの者に対して行う特定継続的役務提供を含む。）
• Specified Continuous Service Offers by the following organizations to their direct or indirect members (when the organization is capable of making the business or facility available to its non-members, it includes Specified Continuous Service Offers to such non-members):

• 次の団体がその直接又は間接の構成員に対して行う販売又は役務の提供（その団体が構成員以外の者にその事業又は施設を利用させることができる場合には、これらの者に対して行う販売又は役務の提供を含む。）
• sales or offer of services by the following organizations to their direct or indirect members (when the organization is capable of making the business or facility available to its non-members, it includes sales or offer of services to such non-members):

• 結局のところ現在の研究では、南伝・北伝のほとんどの教典に釈迦が直接説いた教えは見られないとの主張もあるし、大乗経典が文献学によって紛い物であることが証明されたとする主張などがあり、定説はない。
• The bottom line is that, in current studies, there are assertions both that few Nanden and Hokuden scriptures contain direct teachings of Shakyamuni, and that philology has proved that Mahayana Sutras are phony, and there is no established theory.

• ※大阪府域局のテレビ大阪（京都支社→京都市中京区烏丸通竹屋町角）も京都市山科区の東南部と山城国のほぼ全域、丹波国および丹後国の一部地域で直接受信可能（但し、本来の放送放送区域は大阪府地域のみ）。
• TV Osaka programs, which is for the Osaka Prefecture area (whose Kyoto branch office is located at Karasuma-Takeya-cho-kado, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City), can in fact be received directly in the southeast area of Yamashina Ward, Kyoto City, in the almost entire area of former Yamashiro Province, and in some areas of former Tanba Province and former Tango Province (however, the original broadcasting area is limited to the Osaka Prefecture area).

• しかし、同条約では日本に対するロシアの賠償金支払い義務はなかった為、日清戦争と比較にならないほど多くの犠牲者や膨大な戦費（対外債務も含む）を支出したにも関わらず、直接的な賠償金が得られなかった。
• However, this treaty didn't mention the Russia's obligation to pay the reparations to Japan, so Japan couldn't directly gain the reparations although it sacrificed a considerable number of victims and a huge amount of war expenditure (including the external debt) incomparable with the Sino-Japanese War.

• 室町時代初頭の貞和2年（1346年）、南北朝の争乱が続く中で、室町幕府は守護の権能を強化することで治安を確保することを企図し、守護に使節遵行権および刈田狼藉 の検断権を直接付与する法令を発した。
• In 1346 of the early Muromachi period, while the battle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties had been going on, the Muromachi bakufu contemplated securing public order by strengthening the Shugo's authorities and enacted laws which directly granted the Shugo the right to judge criminal cases for shisetsu jungyo and Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally).

• 続いて擬文章生及び蔭位の対象者、宣旨などで特に許された者に対して式部省が直接行う省試にて詩賦を課し、それに合格することにより初めて文章生になった（記録では極稀に文章得業生に抜擢された例もある）。
• Following this, gimonjosho, those who enjoyed On I (the automatic promotion of persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from the Imperial Prince to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents are above upper third rank) and those who were given permission by imperial decree would take Shoshi (an examination held by Shikibusho for determining whether applicants are employable) on poetry, which was held directly by the Shikibu sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) and those who passed this examination became monjosho (a record shows that in exceptional cases, students were promoted to monjo tokugosho).

• 特定の地域において行われる事業に係る対外直接投資を行うことが法第二十三条第四項各号のいずれかの事態を生じさせるおそれがある場合における当該特定の地域として財務省令で定める地域において行われる事業
• Business conducted in the region specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance as the specified region in the cases where the act of making an outward direct investment pertaining to business conducted in the specified region is likely to cause any of the situations set forth in the items of Article 23, paragraph (4) of the Act

• ここで重要なのはこれら院庁や政所はそれぞれ内部の政務を処理するだけであり、それらのいずれかが直接的に全体的な政務をとりしきったわけではなく、その間の交渉を通じて公家社会の政務が構成されるのである。
• What's important here is that In no cho and Mandokoro handled only their internal government affairs respectively, and neither of them directly handled general government affairs, but negotiation between them made up government affairs of the court noble society.

• 後に昭和に入ってから軍部が大きくこれを利用し、陸海軍は天皇から直接統帥を受けるのであって政府の指示に従う必要はないとして、満州事変などにおいて政府の決定を無視した行動を取るなどその勢力を誇示した。
• Later during the Showa period, the military insisted that they needed to follow only a direct order from the emperor, and did not have to follow the government because they had the supreme command, and took advantage of the supreme command to act ignoring the government to show its influence such as raising the Manchurian Incident.

• 法律により直接に設立される法人又は特別の法律により特別の設立行為をもって設立すべきものとされる法人（総務省設置法（平成十一年法律第九十一号）第四条第十五号の規定の適用を受けない法人を除く。）の業務
• Operations of the legal persons established directly by act, or the legal persons required by individual act to be established by a special procedure (except the legal persons to whom the provisions of Article 4, item (xv) of Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Act No. 91 of 1999) do not apply)

• 当該貨物の輸出契約又は輸入契約の履行保証契約、当該貨物代金の前受金又は前払金の返還保証契約及び当該貨物の輸出契約又は輸入契約に直接伴つて、かつ、これらの契約の定めるところにより行うその他の保証契約
• Performance guarantee contracts for an import or export contract for the goods, refund guarantee contracts for advances received or advance payments for the charges of the goods, and other guarantee contracts that are concluded directly incidental to an import or export contract for the goods and pursuant to the provisions of such contracts

• これは、和式便所は洋式に比べて便器の設置で手間と費用がかからないことや、清掃が簡単であるうえ洋式便所では便座に直接肌を密着させなければならず、不特定多数で共用される便所では不潔感を与えるためである。
• This is because the washiki lavatory basin is easy to install, easy to clean, and low cost compared with yoshiki and in the case of yoshiki the skin must be directly in touch with a toilet seat and general public shares it, which gives a nasty feeling.

• 当初は民部省に貢進された後で各官司に配分されたが、10世紀に入ると民部省を関与させずに特定の官司に対して特定の国が舂米を直接貢進する形式に替わり、各官司の財政が独立採算制に変わっていく一因となった。
• Originally, it was tithed to the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) and then distributed to the various Kanji (government official), but in the tenth century, the Minbusho did not intervene, but each province directly tithed shomai to a given Kanji and this became one of the factors that led to each Kanji becoming responsible for their individual finances.

• 貨物を輸出する居住者による当該貨物の輸出契約に直接伴う当該輸出契約の相手方からの金銭の借入契約のうち、当該借入契約による債務の全額と当該輸出貨物の代金の全部又は一部との相殺をすることを内容とするもの
• Monetary debt contracts that are concluded by a resident who exports goods with another party to an export contract for the goods and are directly incidentally to the export contract for the goods, which are related to the offsetting of the total amount of debts based thereon and the whole or part of the charges of the export goods

• また、京都扶持衆として直接将軍と結び付き、1438年の永享の乱では幕府より鎌倉公方の討伐命令をくだされているなど、南北朝時代に南朝方であった伊達氏は幕府との接近によって、その地位と勢力を高めていった。
• After becoming a direct retainer of shogun as Kyoto fuchishu, the Date clan enhanced its social status and power by establishing a closer relationship with bakufu, as exemplified in the order from bakufu in the Eikyo War of 1438 to subjugate the Kamakura kubo which the Date clan had supported in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• アメリカシロヒトリは、葉の裏に造る巣網の中で3齢虫まで集団で成長することから、成虫になる前に枝・葉を落とす直接除去もしくはフェニトロチオンやオルトラン乳剤などの殺虫剤を適宜散布することにより駆虫する。
• Because America Shirohitori grow as a group in the nest net, which is on the back of the leaves, until they reach their final form as worms, they are removed directly by cutting off the affected branches and leaves before they grow up to be imagoes, or are exterminated by spraying an appropriate amount of insecticide such as fenitrothion or emulsion of acephate.

• これは農民の要求を受け入れたものだが、この措置のおかげで選挙権を失うものが続出、誰も立候補できずに村長が選べない村も出るという弊害も生まれた（当時は一定額の直接税を納めないと選挙権が得られなかった）。
• This measure was taken due to the peasants' demands, however it brought bad effects that many residents lost the right to vote, and that some villages could not have the next chiefs since nobody could not run for chief in fact (in those days it was necessary to have paid a certain amount of direct taxes to have the right to vote).

• また、国史の記事の引用について、祖父公方が編纂した『本朝月令』が、直接『日本書紀』以下の六国史から引用しているのに対し、本書は、六国史からの引用と、菅原道真が編纂した『類聚国史』からの引用も見られる。
• As for quotation of articles of the national history, while 'Honcho Gatsuryo' compiled by Kinkata, Tadasuke's grandfather, uses direct quotations from 'Rikkokushi' (Japan's six national histories chronicling the seventh and eighth centuries) such as 'The Nihon Shoki' (the Chronicle of Japan), the Seiji yoryaku includes not only some quotations from Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories) but also some from 'Ruiju-kokushi' (Classified National History) compiled by SUGAWARA no Michizane.

• その直接さがゆえ、徳川慶喜は維新後、長州に対しての恨みが消えていったが、佐幕派を装いつつ結果的に寝返った薩摩に対しての恨みは強かったと言われる(司馬遼太郎著『最後の将軍 徳川慶喜』『竜馬がゆく』ほか)。
• Perhaps because of such directness, after the restoration Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA's ill feelings against the Choshu disappeared; however, it is said that he had strong ill feelings against Satsuma, which pretended to be pro-Bakufu but ultimately moved over to the enemy ('Last Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA (最後の将軍 徳川慶喜),' 'Ryoma ga yuku (竜馬がゆく),' written by Ryotaro SHIBA).

• また「吾妻獅子」（峰崎勾当作曲）、「越後獅子」（同）、 「御山獅子」（菊岡検校作曲）など「獅子物」と呼ばれる曲群の手事は、直接獅子舞を描写するというよりは、格調高くしかも華麗な旋律を持つのが特徴である。
• Also a group of pieces of tegoto called 'shishimono' (pieces about lions) such as 'Azuma Jishi' and 'Echigojishi,' both by Koto MINEZAKI, and 'Miyamajishi' (by Koto ISHIKAWA) have a feature of stylish and gorgeous melodies rather than being a direct description of shishimai (lion dance).

• ところが、ヨーロッパの書籍から直接知識を得ようとする洋学（蘭学）が出現するようになると、従来の学問（日本固有の学術及び中国伝来の学術）はこれと区別する意味で「皇漢学（こうかんがく）」と称されるようになる。
• However, when form of studies referred to as western studies (Dutch studies) which sought to directly obtain knowledge through books from Europe started, the traditional way of studies (studies typical of Japan as well as studies introduced from China) had come to be referred to as 'koukangaku' to distinguish from western studies.

• またこれら明法家の勘申（明法勘文）は律令法を参照するものではあるものの、その取捨選択はたぶんに恣意的な側面もあり、中世において律令の規定が直接的に規範的作用をもつものではなかったということは注目に値する。
• In addition, while such Myobo kanmon (written reports to the Imperial Court) by Myobo-ke referenced ritsuryo law, the choices were pretty arbitrary, and it is worthy of attention that ritsuryo provisions did not directly have normative influence in the medieval period.

• 逃亡犯罪人が人違いでないときは、直ちに、拘束の事由を告げた上、拘禁すべき刑事施設を指定し、速やかに、かつ、直接、逃亡犯罪人をその刑事施設に送致しなければならない。この場合には、前条第一項の規定を準用する。
• When the identity of the fugitive has been confirmed, the public prosecutor of the Tokyo High Public Prosecutors Office, shall immediately notify the fugitive of the grounds for detention, designate the penal institution in which the fugitive is to be detained, and shall promptly and directly refer the fugitive to that penal institution. In such case the provisions of paragraph (1) of Article 6 shall apply mutatis mutandis.

• 被告人が人違でないときは、速やかに且つ直接これを指定された裁判所に送致しなければならない。この場合には、嘱託によつて勾引状を発した裁判官は、被告人が指定された裁判所に到着すべき期間を定めなければならない。
• When the identity of the accused has been confirmed, the judge shall promptly and directly refer him/her to the designated court. In such case, the judge who issued the subpoena through delegation shall determine a period within which the accused is to arrive at the designated court.

• イングランドで1086年に編纂された統計大鑑ドームズデイ・ブックに残された記録から推計してみると、国王が直接支配した荘園は全体の17%を占め、さらに大きな割合（4分の1以上）を主教職や修道院が保有していた。
• Estimated from the records remaining in the great statistical survey book Domesday Book edited in 1086 in England, the shoens which the king directly dominated occupied 17 % and the larger ratio (more than one-fourth) was owned by bishops or monasteries.

• 幕府の臣下であるはずの水戸藩へ朝廷から直接勅書が渡されたということは幕府が蔑ろにされ威信を失墜させられたということであったため、幕府は勅条の内容を秘匿し、大老井伊直弼による安政の大獄を起こす引き金となった。
• The fact that the chokusho was delivered directly from the Imperial Court to the Mito Domain that was regarded as a vassal of the bakufu meant that the bakufu was ignored and lost its dignity, so the bakufu kept the contents of the document confidential, which led to trigger the Ansei no Taigoku (suppression of extremists by the bakufu) by Naosuke II, Tairo (chief minister).

• この点についてのNHKへの問い合わせに対して、NHK側は、「1985年の救出に直接関わったトルコ大使やトルコ航空機長など当事者の方々に確認したところ、エルトゥールル号事件のことは全くご存知ありませんでした。
• In response to inquiries to NHK about this issue, they said, 'We asked the people who had been directly involved in the rescue operation in 1985, such as the Turkish ambassador and the Turkish Airlines captain; however nobody knew about the Ertuğrul incident.

• 法律により直接に設立された法人、特別の法律により特別の設立行為をもって設立された法人（独立行政法人を除く。）又は特別の法律により設立され、かつ、その設立に関し行政庁の認可を要する法人のうち、政令で定めるもの
• Juridical persons specified by a Cabinet Order among those directly incorporated by Acts, those incorporated through a special act for establishment under a special Act (excluding incorporated administrative agencies), or those incorporated under special Acts and where approval from administrative agencies is required for their incorporation.

• この方式では、まず、家屋、ビルなどが直接面している通りの名を先に言い、その後に直近で交差する通りの名を付記し、「上る」（あがる）、「下る」（さがる）、「東入」（ひがしいる）、「西入」（にしいる）等と表記する。
• According to this method, the street name which a house or a building directly faces is being mentioned first, and then a name of an intersecting street in the nearest area is added, followed by the expressions such as 'Agaru' (to the north of), 'Sagaru' (to the south of), 'Higashiiru' (to the east of) and 'Nishiiru' (to the west of).

• 彼らは確かに、佃、手作（てづくり）、門田（かどた）などという直接耕作農地も持ってはいたが、大きな特徴は基本的には農業経営から離れ、農民から「加地子（かぢし）」を取る本格的な「領主」へと転化し始めることである。
• While they definitely directly held cultivation land such as tsukuda (directly-managed rice fields by a lord or an officer of shoen), tezukuri (handmade), or kadota, their biggest characteristic was leaving the farm management to a genuine 'manor lord' that collected 'kajishi' (land rent) from peasants.

• 河内祥輔は東国独立論の存在を否定（平広常の個人的意見でしかないと）する立場から、頼朝の立場を平家政権の支配からの独立とそれに代わる朝廷との関係構築を求めて、一貫して後白河法皇との直接交渉を望んだ点を重視する。
• From the standpoint that denies the existence of the argument about the independence of the Togoku region (and regards it as only a personal opinion of TAIRA no Hirotsune), Shosuke KOUCHI focuses on the fact that Yoritomo consistently desired to negotiate directly with the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa seeking independence from the ruling of the Heike government and the relationship building with the Imperial Court in lieu thereof.

• 一般に日本に火縄銃を伝えたのはポルトガル人とされており、欧州の銃がそのまま持ち込まれたと思われがちであるが、当時日本で南蛮人と呼ばれたポルトガル人達の多くは、実はポルトガル本国から直接渡来した者は少なかった。
• Although it is generally believed that the Portuguese introduced matchlocks to Japan and that the European-style ones were brought in as they were, most Portuguese called Nanban-jin (literally, southern barbarians) in Japan at that time were actually not directly from Portugal.

• 勾引状を執行するには、これを被告人に示した上、できる限り速やかに且つ直接、指定された裁判所その他の場所に引致しなければならない。第六十六条第四項の勾引状については、これを発した裁判官に引致しなければならない。
• In the execution of the subpoena, the subpoena shall be shown to the accused, and the accused shall be brought to the court or the designated place directly and as soon as possible. With regard to execution of the subpoena prescribed in paragraph (4) of Article 66, the accused shall be brought to the judge who issued it.

• 直接には、｢則ち精兵を率ゐて、進みて那羅山に登りて軍いくさす。時に官軍屯聚して、草木を蹢跙す。因りて其の山を號して、那羅山と曰ふ。蹢跙、此を布瀰那羅須ふみならすと云ふ｣〈『日本書紀』崇神天皇 10 年〉に拠る。
• The word, however, comes directly from 'quickly led elite soldiers up to Mt. Nara where the soldiers fought a war. Then, the Imperial army soldiers got together to stamp (narasu, 蹢跙す) the plants. Therefore, the mountain was given the name Mt. Nara. Here, '蹢跙' means to stamp.' (88 B.C., 'Nihonshoki')

• しかし、地方に本拠を置く軍事貴族も、中央の有力貴族に名簿 (名札)（みょうぶ）を差し出し、私的な主従関係を結んで、多くの場合は直接京に出向いて奉仕し（それが「侍」であるが）、その推挙により武官の官職を得ている。
• However, military aristocrats with a main base in districts submitted the Myobu (identification) to central powerful aristocrats, held the private master and servant relationship, and many went directly to Kyoto to serve (that was 'samurai'), and obtained the court position of military officer by their recommendations.

• 外国投資家以外の者（法人その他の団体を含む。）が外国投資家のために当該外国投資家の名義によらないで行う対内直接投資等に相当するものについては、当該外国投資家以外の者を外国投資家とみなして、前項の規定を適用する。
• With regard to those equivalent to the inward direct investment, etc. made by a person who is not a foreign investor (including juridical persons and other organizations) on behalf of a foreign investor not under the name of the foreign investor, the provision of the preceding paragraph shall apply deeming the person who is not a foreign investor to be a foreign investor.

• 1355年（文和4年/正平10年）、幕府は半済の拡大を防ぐため、戦乱の収まった国の半済を停止するとともに、戦乱国においても、守護が年貢半分を直接徴収するのではなく、本所（荘園領主）から守護へ納入させることとした。
• In 1355, to prevent the spread of the hanzei law, the feudal government exempted provinces in which the disturbance had settled from its application and made the Honjo (lord of the manor) pay half of the customs or taxes to the provincial constable, instead of letting the provincial constable directly collect the customs or taxes from peasants even in the provinces in which the disturbance was still continuing.

• 香道においては、線香等のように直接点火するものはあまり用いられず、多くは聞香炉に灰と熾した炭団を入れ、灰を形作り、その上に銀葉という雲母の板をのせ、数ミリ角に薄く切った香木を熱し、香りを発散させる方式がとられる。
• Incense burning is often performed without using any instruments or accessories like senko (incense stick), etc. and is lit directly, and in many cases, it is performed through the processes of putting burned Tadon (charcoal briquettes) in the Monko-ro (or Kikiko-ro; incense burner used in Monko), shaping the ash, putting a mica board called Ginyo on top of the ash, and burning Koboku cutting it into thin cubes measuring a few millimeters, and exuding incense.

• また、日本の儒教の大きな特色として、朱子学や陽明学などの後世の解釈によらず、論語などの経典を直接実証的に研究する聖学（古学）、古義学、古文辞学などの古学が、それぞれ山鹿素行、伊藤仁斎、荻生徂徠によって始められた。
• Additionally, as a major characteristic of Ju-kyo in Japan, Ko-gaku (learning about ancient teachings), such as Sei-gaku (learning about saints) (Ko-gaku), Kogi-gaku (learning about ancient morals), and Komonji-gaku (learning about ancient words), which directly and empirically studied scriptures such as the Analects of Confucius without referring to interpretation by Neo-Confucianism or Yomei-gaku in the later ages, were started by Soko YAMAGA, Jinsai ITO, and Sorai OGYU, respectively.

• 外国投資家以外の者（法人その他の団体を含む。）が外国投資家のために当該外国投資家の名義によらないで行う対内直接投資等に相当するものについては、当該外国投資家以外の者を外国投資家とみなして、前各項の規定を適用する。
• With regard to those equivalent to inward direct investment, etc. made by a person who is not a foreign investor (including juridical persons and other organizations) on behalf of a foreign investor not under the name of the foreign investor, the provisions of the preceding respective paragraphs shall apply, deeming the person who is not a foreign investor as a foreign investor.

• 職員が公務に基き死亡し、又は負傷し、若しくは疾病にかかり、若しくはこれに起因して死亡した場合における、本人及びその直接扶養する者がこれによつて受ける損害に対し、これを補償する制度が樹立し実施せられなければならない。
• A system of compensating the official himself/herself and his/her immediate dependents for damage sustained by them due to the death, injury or disease of the official incurred in line of public duty or the death of the official resultant of injury or disease incurred in line of public duty shall be established and enforced.

• 当時、農民層を直接支配していたのは、地頭・荘官などの階層から在地の領主として成長していった国人領主層であり、彼らが守護大名の被官となることでその軍事力を支え、室町幕府や守護大名の動向を規定していったとするものである。
• It asserted that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who had been raised from the classes of jito (manager and lord of manor) or shokan (an officer governing manor) to the local lord, that directly ruled the farmers class in those days, and that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who, by becoming low-level bureaucrat of the shugo daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), supported their military power and came to define the movement of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the shugo daimyo.

• しかし、延喜年間になると諸国の国衙はそれまでの国内公田（口分田・乗田など）の直接支配から、その公田を名（みょう）という単位に分割し、それぞれの名の経営を当時「富豪の輩」と呼ばれていた田堵に請け負わせる体制に移行した。
• In the Engi era, however, kokuga in various provinces shifted the system from the conventional direct control over koden (field administered directly by a ruler, such as kubunden or joden) in the territory to a new system in which the koden was divided into units called myo, and the administration of each myo was contracted out to tato that was called 'rich class' in those days.

• また、中国で成立した浄土教は仏教を爆発的に民衆の間に広め、僧侶を介しての仏への信仰から個々の信者自身が直接仏へ信仰する形態が一般社会に定着し、数珠や仏画などの仏具を僧侶ではない普通の信者が家庭で使用するようになった。
• Further, as Jodo-kyo (Pure Land teachings), which had originated in China, helped the explosive diffusion of Buddhism among ordinary people, and ordinary lay believers began worshipping Buddha directly by themselves rather than through Buddhist monks and as a result, Buddhist altar fittings such as Juzu (beads) and Buddhist pictures were brought into use by lay believers at their home.

• 更に本所法の中には本所そのものの家政のために定めた家務法と荘園に対して直接適用する荘園法に分けられ（ただし、「荘園法」という呼称は公武権力が荘園に対して実施する法に対する呼称でもある）、両者が混合されている場合もある。
• Additionally, in some cases, honjo law was divided into two different kinds of laws, Kamu-ho, which was enacted to regulate domestic economies for the honjo themselves, and Shoen-ho, which was directly applied to the Shoen ('Shoen-ho' also refers to another law which was enforced on Shoen by the imperial court and shogunate), both of which were collectively called Hojo-law.

• アンデス文明では、プレ・インカの時代からリマ文化やモチェ文化などの神殿のやわらかな日干し煉瓦（アドベ）の壁面に施された浮き彫りに彩色されている事例のほかにエル＝ブルーホ、パニャマルカがなどで直接彩色した壁画が見られる。
• Regarding the Cultures of the Andes, even in the pre-Inca period, there are colored reliefs produced on sun-dried brick (adobe) walls of shrines in the Lima Culture and Moche Culture and also, wall paintings colored directly with El Brujo and Panamarca in the shrines.

• 日本からは主に生糸が輸出されたが、生糸などの輸出品は、国内市場よりも貿易市場の方が高値で取引されていたため、生産地と市場を仲立ちしていた在郷商人は、江戸などの大都市の問屋ではなく、直接、開港場へ生産品を卸すようになった。
• Japanese main export was raw silk thread, and because exported goods such as raw silk thread were exchanged at higher prices on the trading market than on the domestic market, local merchants, who mediated between a place of production and market, began to sell products wholesale directly at open ports, not to warehouse merchants in big cities such as Edo (now Tokyo).

• 香山は上司と相談する為に4日の猶予をくれるように頼んだが、ペリーは3日なら待とうと答え、さらに親書を受け取れるような高い身分の役人を派遣しなければ、江戸湾を北上して、兵を率いて上陸し、将軍に直接手渡しすると脅しをかけた。
• When KAYAMA asked Perry to give him 4 days to talk with his superiors, Perry answered that he would wait three days, and further threatened that if the Shogunate did not dispatch a high ranking officer to whom he could hand the letter, he and his men would sail to the north of Edo Bay and hand the letter directly to the Shogun.

• 慶長年間までは姫路城「への門」や名古屋城「本丸二の門」のように直接、冠木に屋根をかけていたが、江戸時代初期以降に、江戸城「外桜田門」の高麗門のように冠木の上に束が立てられ、小壁が立ち上がった姿のものが造られるようになった。
• Until the Keicho era, the roof is placed directly on the Kabuki like the Himeji-jo Castle 'He no mon Gate' and the Nagoya-jo Castle 'Honmaru Ni no mon Gate,' but after the early Edo period, gates with Tsuka (short upright materials) on top of the Kabuki, which makes a wall extend upwards, came to be constructed like the Korai-mon Gate, Edo-jo Castle 'Soto sakurada mon Gate.'

• 布教の概念を広く理解し、団体としては政治運動と直接の関わりを持たない伝統仏教各宗派とは大きく違い、他の真宗各派と共に社会的・政治的に踏み込んだ活動をすることから、政治運動的・左翼運動的過ぎであるという批判の声も内外からある。
• Being greatly different from other traditional Buddhist sects, which interpret the concept of missionary work broadly and have no direct relationship with political movements as organizations, it conducts in-depth activities socially and politically with other Shinshu sects, so that there is such a criticism from inside and outside the sect, as it is too active in movements of a political and/or leftist nature.

• この僧たちは造酒司の酒部とは異なり、菩提酛に代表されるようなそれぞれの寺院の味や造り方を分化させていったため、のちの杜氏集団の流派の原型と見ることもできるが、集団としての制度など考えると、後世の杜氏とは直接的なつながりはない。
• Unlike sakabe at the Miki no Tsukasa, such priests can be somewhat regarded as the origin of latter-day toji schools because they developed each temple's unique taste and brewing method such as bodaimoto (the oldest starter of refined sake), but they still did not have a direct relation with latter-day toji, in view of their organization system.

• 荘園は度重なる寄進によって重層的な支配構造となっていたが、実際に直接あるいは雑掌などを派遣して、荘園内の在地勢力（荘官及び荘民）に対して諸権限を行使しえたのは荘務権を持っている職の体系であり、本来本所とは荘務権を持つ職を指した。
• Shoen was often placed under the complicated control system due to repeated donations; the honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a private estate) originally referred to the individuals who held the shomuken, and those who were in the position to hold the shomuken could administer various authorities against the local power within shoen, such as shokan (an officer governing shoen) and shomin (people of the manor), by personally going to the shoen himself or by sending a zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) there.

• 認証審査参与員は、行政不服審査法（昭和三十七年法律第百六十号）第四十八条において準用する同法第二十五条第一項ただし書の規定による異議申立人又は参加人の意見の陳述に係る手続に立ち会い、及びこれらの者に直接問いを発することができる。
• Certification examiners may attend the proceedings in which a petitioner or intervener states his opinions in accordance with the proviso of Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Administrative Appeal Act (Act No. 160 of 1962), as applied mutatis mutandis under Article 48 of the said Act, and may directly ask such person questions.

• 探題は管領と同じ権限を持ったと思われるが、のちに奥州の有力国人は将軍家と直接主従関係を結ぶ「京都扶持衆」となり、奥州南半には篠川御所、稲村御所など鎌倉公方の分家が入府し、勢力を持っていたため、奥州管領時代のような威勢は無くなった。
• Although Tandai (Local commissioner) is thought to have possessed the same authority as Kanrei did, it was not so influential as in the period of the Oshu Kanrei, due to the facts that the powerful Kokujin in the Oshu region later became 'the Kyoto fuchishu' by entering into the feudal master-servant relationship directly with the Shogun family and that the branch families of the Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) including Sasagawa Gosho (Palace) and Inamura Gosho entered into the southern part of the Oshu region and exercised influence.

• 太政官符・太政官牒の発給には直接の担当者ではない少納言や外記が関与したり、天皇の御璽の請印などが必要とされたために、手続が煩雑でしかも間に儀礼的な文書授受や請印を求めるための儀礼が加わるなど、緊急時には対応が出来ないものであった。
• The daijokanpu or dajokancho was not fit for emergencies because shonagon and geki, who were not directly in charge of their issuance, were implicated, because the imperial stamp was needed for their issuance and because the procedures were complicated and often necessitated ceremonious events: exchange of documents, stamping etc.

• 長時間座っても疲れない堅牢な鞍（サドル）を使用し、手綱はルーズレインと呼ばれ、馬が自由に首を動かしバランスをとりやすい様ゆるませ、ハミに直接プレッシャーを掛けるのではなく、手綱（レイン）を馬の首に触れてコントロールする乗り方が特徴。
• The rider uses a durable saddle to prevent getting tired from riding for a long time; the distinctive riding style is called 'loose rein'; the rider looses the rein to make the horse move the head and keep its balance, and controls the horse by touching the rein to the horse's neck without directly pulling the bit.

• 環境税のうち特に炭素税については、二酸化炭素排出に対して直接課税を行う手法により、それまでの外部費用を内部化し、つまり従来は環境汚染に対する外部性ために市場経済の中で環境負荷が考慮されなかった市場の失敗を補正する役割を担うものである。
• As for a carbon tax in particular, among environmental taxes, conventionally external expenses are internalized by the method of direct taxation against the emissions of carbon dioxide, that is, it has a role of correcting the failure of a market, where an environmental burden is not considered so far in a market economy because of the externality against environmental pollutions.

• 寛平の治は、王臣家が諸国富豪と直接結びつくことを規制することで権門（有力貴族・寺社）を抑制し、小農民を保護するという律令制への回帰を強く志向したものであり、併せて蔵人所の充実や検非違使庁の権限拡充等天皇直属機関の強化を行うものであった。
• Kanpyo no chi was intended as a return to the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) that protected tenant farmers and suppressed influential families (noble families, temples and shrines with power) by restricting direct bondage between oshinke (nobles in the capital) and the rich classes in the provinces, while at the same time, it was also intended to reinforce organizations ruled by the emperor, including enhancing the kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) and an increase of authority by the Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief).

• 公衆衛生、環境保全、防疫、保安その他の公益にかかわる事象が発生し又は発生する可能性のある現場において警察官若しくは海上保安官又はこれらの公益を確保するために行使すべき権限を法律上直接に与えられたその他の職員によってされる処分及び行政指導
• Dispositions and Administrative Guidance rendered on the scene by police officials, coast guard officers, or other personnel invested expressly by Acts with the authority to safeguard the public interest, where situations implicating a risk to public health, environmental protection, the prevention of epidemics, public safety, and other public interests arise or are likely to arise;

• 商品市場における取引等（商品清算取引を除く。）の委託を受けること又は商品市場における取引を業として営む企業の役員、顧問若しくは評議員となり、直接間接に当該企業の経営に参加し、当該企業から反対給付を受け、又は当該企業に投資していないこと。
• the committee member shall not be an officer, advisor, or councilor of any enterprise which is, in the course of trade, engaged in accepting the consignment of transactions, etc. on the Commodity Market (excluding Commodity Clearing Transactions) or carrying out transactions on the Commodity Market, nor join directly or indirectly in the management of said enterprise, nor receive any compensation for performance from said enterprise, nor hold an investment in said enterprise.
• the committee member shall not be an officer, advisor, or councilor of any enterprise, in the course of trade, engaged in accepting the consignment of transactions, etc., on the Commodity Market (excluding Commodity Clearing Transactions) or carrying out transactions on the Commodity Market, nor joining directly or indirectly in the management of said enterprise, nor receiving any compensation for performance from said enterprise, nor investing in said enterprise.

• また、全空連の試合規則、いわゆる「寸止め（極め）」ルールに対する不満などから、大山倍達の極真会館に代表されるような、フルコンタクト空手という、直接打撃制スタイル（顔面攻撃を除く）を採用する流派もあらわれ、一大勢力を形成するようになった。
• Also, backed by practitioners who were dissatisfied with the JKF's so-called 'sundome (kime)' match rules, there emerged organizations and circles that advocated full-contact karate--as represented by the Kyokushin Kaikan founded by Masutatsu OYAMA--which was characterized by a direct-attack style (attacks to the face were prohibited), and these organizations came to have power in the karate realm.

• 前項第一号に掲げる保険のうち、人が外国への旅行のために住居を出発した後、住居に帰着するまでの間（以下この号において「海外旅行期間」という。）における当該人の死亡又は人が海外旅行期間中にかかった疾病を直接の原因とする当該人の死亡に関する保険
• Among the classes of insurance listed in item (i) of the preceding paragraph, insurance related to the death of an individual between the time he/she leaves his/her residence for overseas travel and the time he/she returns to his/her residence (hereinafter referred to in this item as 'Overseas Travel Period') or the death of an individual directly caused by disease contracted during the Overseas Travel Period.

• しかも三井高泰の長男高篤（元三井物産取締役）は、三井総領家である北家十代の三井八郎右衛門（高棟）の妹礼子を妻にしているので、住友家と三井家の閨閥のつながりは、単に一族と一族との結合ではなく、本家と総領家が直接に結びついた本格的なものである。
• Moreover, since Takayasu MITSUI's eldest son Takaatsu (the torishimariyaku of Mitsui & Co., Ltd.) married Reiko, who was younger sister of Hachiroemon MITSUI, the tenth-generation Hokke, being the Mitsui Soryo-ke family and heir, the Keibatsu, Keibatsu blood connection between the Sumitomo and Mitsui families is not only a simple bond between one family and another family but is also a genuine connection directly connecting the Honke and Soryo-ke families and heirs.

• 届出　行政庁に対し一定の事項の通知をする行為（申請に該当するものを除く。）であって、法令により直接に当該通知が義務付けられているもの（自己の期待する一定の法律上の効果を発生させるためには当該通知をすべきこととされているものを含む。）をいう。
• Notifications:　acts taken to notify administrative agencies of given matters (excluding Applications) as may be expressly obligated by laws and regulations (including those notices which become necessary by virtue of being prerequisite for bringing about some hoped-for legal effect).

• その後、明治22年（1889年）の大日本帝国憲法公布にともない、衆議院議員選挙法が公布され、直接国税15円以上を納税した25歳以上の男子のみ（当時の全人口の1.1%）に選挙権を与えた制限選挙を実施し、に最初の帝国議会（第一議会）が開会された。
• Afterwards, in conjunction with proclamation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan in 1889, the Election Law of the Member of the House of Representatives was issued thereby implementing a limited election allowing male subjects who paid 15 yen or more directly in general tax and who were over 25 of age (that accounted for approximately 1.1% of the total population of Japan at the time) to vote and, on November 25, 1890, the inaugural Imperial Diet (the first parliamentary session) convened.

• 太平洋戦争勃発後、無尽会社は戦時統合の対象とされ、都道府県別に1社に「強制的に合併させられた」と第二地方銀行協会は記念誌で主張しているが、これは、陸上交通事業調整法のような直接的法律に基づき行なわれた明確な処分ではないので、実態は未詳である。
• After the Pacific War broke out, Mujin companies became the target of wartime integration and a Second Association of Regional Banks asserted in an anniversary magazine that they were 'forced to merge' into one company per prefecture, but this was not a clear disposition performed based on direct law like the Land Transportation Business Coordination Act, therefore, actual conditions are not known.

• 代わって在地社会の民衆を直接把握して支配下に置いたのは、元郡司層や土着国司子弟などから成長し、田堵や負名の資格で大規模な農地経営を行うようになっていった富豪の輩、有力百姓階層であり、彼らを現地赴任国司の筆頭者たる受領が支配するようになっていく。
• People who directly took hold and control of people in the local society instead, were those in the wealthy class and the powerful farmer class who grew from the younger people of class of former Gunji and native Kokushi and so on, and came to conduct a large-scale farmland management in the qualifications of Tato (a field manager) or Fumyo (a local tax manager), and they came to be controlled by Zuryo who was a head of Kokushi transferred to the locale.

• ただし、蔵人所成立後は、天文博士らは陰陽頭を通さずに蔵人に対して密奏を提出して、蔵人から天皇に報告するようになった（ただし事の性格上、深夜あるいは早朝に密奏が行われる場合もあり、その場合は天文博士が直接天皇に上奏する事も例外的に認められていた）。
• After kurodo dokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) was established, tenmon hakase and others began to submit misso to kurodo (chamberlain), bypassing Onmyo no kami, and the kurodo mediated the misso to the emperor (due to the nature of the matter, the misso often took place in the middle of the night or in the early morning, in which case the tenmon hakase was exceptionally allowed to report the misso directly to the emperor.)

• なお、公式令の規定に従えば、詔書と違って天皇が直接署名などの行為を行うことはないが、実際の運用においては、法的には勅旨で出される事項であった場合でも天皇が重要と認識した場合には、天皇が詔書と同様に日付などを加えた勅旨を特に発給されるケースもあった。
• In addition, according to the regulations in Kushiki-ryo, unlike the Shosho, the emperor does not perform behaviors such as direct signature； however, in actual practice, even in the case of matters which should be issued by imperial order according to the law, if the emperor considered it important, the emperor might in particular issue an imperial order with date and other items added like Shosho (imperial edict, decree).

• 江戸時代になると、諸藩の藩主は、強大な統治権を得るために、家臣の知行を、土地を直接給付して独自に徴税を行わせる地方知行制から、藩が一括して徴税した米を中心とした農産物を家臣に給付して、その一部を商人を通じて換金させる蔵米知行に転換することを目指した。
• In the Edo period, the lord of each domain tried to change the fief system of their vassal from a local enforcement system in which the land was provided directly for the vassal and the vassal collected tax individually into kuramaichigyo in which the lord of the domain collected rice and farm products collectively and provided them for their vassal who, in turn, changed them into money through a dealer, in order to extend their ruling power.

• したがって法華経の教えは、他の大乗経典と同様、歴史上のゴータマ・シッダールタ（釈迦）が直接的に説いた教えではないが、経典には上記のように「外道の論議を説くと謂わん」と、末世には法華経が信じがたく、外道（非仏説）であると誹謗するものが多くなると説かれる。
• Therefore, the Hokke-kyo sutra isn't a direct teaching of the historical Gotama Siddhartha (Shaka) as well as other Mahayana sutras, but instead it describes that '外道の論議を説くと謂わん' as mentioned above, that is, in the Age of Final Dharma, more people could not believe the Hokke-kyo sutra and criticize it as a heresy (an idea that was not preached by Buddha, 非仏説).

• -「館の者共」（国司の私的従者＋在庁官人）と異なり、「国の兵共」は、「譜第図」「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載され、国司主催の狩りや、一宮での流鏑馬など、必要に応じて招集される程度のものであり、自分自身の直接的利害に関わらなければ命を懸けて戦ったりはしない。
• It differed from '館の者共' (private servant of the governor and Zaichokanjin) in the way that '兵共 (soldiers) of the province' were registered in things such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (list of warriors), participated in hunting hosted by the governor, yabusame (horseback archery) at Ichinomiya (shrine with the highest ranking in the area), summoned with need, and did not fight to death if their interests were not directly involved.

• 貨物を輸入する居住者による当該貨物の輸入契約に直接伴う当該輸入契約の相手方に対する金銭の貸付契約のうち、当該貸付契約による債権の全額と当該輸入貨物の代金の全部又は一部との相殺（実質的に相殺と認められるものを含む。次号において同じ。）をすることを内容とするもの
• Money loan contracts that are concluded by a resident who imports goods with another party to an import contract for the goods and are directly incidental to the import contract for the goods, which are related to the offsetting of the total amount of claims based thereon and the whole or part of the charges of the import goods (including acts substantially recognized as offsetting; the same shall apply in the following item).

• 国立国会図書館の各サービスポイント、すなわち東京本館、関西館、国際子ども図書館などを利用者が直接訪れる来館利用では、利用に許可の必要な貴重書や特別の事情があって利用の制限されている資料を除き、国立国会図書館の所蔵する膨大な資料が利用者の求めに応じて提供される。
• In on-site user services, meaning the services for users who physically visit each of the NDL service points (i.e. the Tokyo Main Library, the Kansai-kan, the International Library of Children's Literature, etc.), enormous amounts of materials possessed by the NDL are made available based on user request, except for rare books that require special approval for viewing and materials whose usage is limited for special reasons.

• 特定の地域において行われる特定の業種に属する事業に係る対外直接投資を行うことが法第二十三条第四項各号のいずれかの事態を生じさせるおそれがある場合における当該特定の地域として財務省令で定める地域において行われる当該特定の業種として財務省令で定める業種に属する事業
• Business that belongs to a business type specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance as a specified business type which is conducted in the region specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance as a specified region in the cases where the act of making an outward direct investment pertaining to business that belongs to the specified business type, which is conducted in the specified region, is likely to cause any of the situations set forth in the items of Article 23, paragraph (4) of the Act

• この命令の別紙様式第一から第二十二までによる届出書等については、当分の間、この命令による改正前の対内直接投資等に関する命令の別紙様式第八から第十五まで、第十七、第十八、第一から第七まで、第十六、第十九から第二十二までによる届出書等を取り繕い使用することができる。
• With regard to written notices, etc. that are to be prepared using Appended Forms 1 to 22 inclusive of this Order, Appended Forms 8 to 15 inclusive, Appended Form 17, Appended Form 18, Appended Forms 1 to 7 inclusive, Appended Form 16, and Appended Forms 19 to 22 inclusive from prior to their revision by this Order may be corrected accordingly and used as written notices until otherwise stipulated.

• 十如是とは、相（形相）・性（本質）・体（形体）・力（能力）・作（作用）・因（直接的な原因）・縁（条件・間接的な関係）・果（因に対する結果）・報（報い・縁に対する間接的な結果）・本末究竟等相（相から報にいたるまでの9つの事柄が究極的に無差別平等であること）をいう。
• Junyoze refers to a form (appearance), nature (essence), embodiment (entity), potency (power), function (action), a primary cause (direct cause), a secondary cause (condition or indirect connection), effect (result of a primary cause), recompense (retribution or indirect result of a secondary cause), and complete fundamental whole (ultimate equality in nine factors from the form to the recompense).

• 一般的に現在の日本の皇室は、この持明院統の子孫と言われているが、持明院統嫡流とされている後光厳院流は後小松天皇の子である称光天皇の代で断絶しており、厳密に言えば持明院統の分家（崇光天皇の子孫、崇光院流）と位置付けられてきた伏見宮家が現在の皇室の直接の祖先にあたる。
• Generally, it is said that Jimyoin-to's ancestors are the current Imperial Family; but the legitimate highbred of Jimyoin-to, Go-Kogon'in-ryu was extinguished after the generation of Emperor Shoko, son of Emperor Go-Komatsu, and strictly speaking the direct ancestor of the Imperial Family is the Fushimi-no-Miya Family, which was in the position of a cadet family (the descendant of Emperor Suko, Suko'in-ryu) of Jimyoin-to.

• そのため、和食では標準的な食事方法である「料理の入った食器を口元に持っていって、直接口の中に流し込む」という食べ方が可能であったため、先割れスプーンは「汁物がこぼれる」や「麺類は食べ難い」などの問題点もありながらも、さほど食事風景としては見苦しいものではなかった。
• Therefore, since students were able to follow the standard eating style of Japanese food such as 'bringing eating utensils closer to their mouths and getting food down with their throats directly from them,' the scene of their school lunch was not so displeasing, despite they still had some problems such as 'the soup dishes spill over' or 'noodles are difficult to eat.'

• 中国、日本では、月を愛でるという習慣が古くからあり、日本では縄文時代ごろからあるといわれ平安時代ごろから中国から月見の祭事が伝わると貴族などの間で観月の宴や舟遊び（直接月を見るのではなく船などにのったりして水面に揺れる月を楽しむ）など歌を詠んだり酒を飲んだりした。
• China and Japan have had the custom of appreciating the moon since ancient times, and particularly in Japan it is said that the custom has existed since the Jomon period; after the festival of moon viewing was introduced from China around the Heian period, the nobles had Kangetsu parties and boating parties (to enjoy the reflection of the moon swinging on the water surface from a boat, instead of viewing the moon directly) in which they would compose poems and enjoy drinking.

• 第二十七条第二項の規定に違反して、同項に規定する期間（同条第三項若しくは第六項の規定により延長され、又は同条第四項の規定により短縮された場合には、当該延長され、又は短縮された期間）中に対内直接投資等をした者（同条第十三項の規定により外国投資家とみなされる者を含む。）
• Any person who has made an inward direct investment, etc. within a period prescribed in Article 27, paragraph 2 (where the period was extended pursuant to the provision of paragraph 3 or 6 of the said article or shortened pursuant to the provision of paragraph 4 of the said article, the period extended or shortened) in violation of the said paragraph (including those deemed to be a foreign investor pursuant to the provision of paragraph 13 of the said article)

• 仏教における縁起 (えんぎ、サンスクリット：pratiitya-samutpaada、パーリ語：paTicca-samuppaada)は、仏教の根幹をなす思想の一つで、世界の一切は直接にも間接にも何らかのかたちでそれぞれ関わり合って消滅変化しているという考え方を指す。
• Engi in Buddhism (Sanskrit: pratiitya-samutpaada; Pali: paTicca-samuppaada) is one of the fundamental ideas in Buddhism, and its meaning is the idea that everything in this world is related to the other in direct and indirect ways, changing and disappearing in the relationship.

• バテレン追放令は、既に豊臣秀吉が発令していたが、鎖国の直接的契機となったのは島原の乱で、キリスト教と一揆（中世の国人一揆と近世の百姓一揆の中間的な性格を持つもの）が結び付いたことにより、その鎮圧が困難であったため、キリスト教の危険性が強く認識されたためであると言われる。
• Although Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI promulgated the edict expelling the European missionaries before, the Shimabara Uprising is said to be the direct trigger for the national isolation policy for the reason that the combination of Christianity and the riot (the intermediate nature between an uprising of powerful local samurai in the medieval period and a peasant's revolt during the early-modern period) turned out to be so difficult to suppress that Christianity was strongly recognized as danderous.

• これは、上記のように歯止めの効かず野放図に増え続けてきた自動車や民生部門等からの化石燃料の浪費に対し、産業界・個人などの枠にとらわれず幅広く、排出量に応じた経済的負担をさせるための枠組みを設けることで、市場原理に基づいて上記部門からの排出抑制に直接働きかけるものである。
• It directly exerts influence on waste of fossil fuels at cars, civilian sectors and so on, which has hugely increased with no restraint, sets up the framework for widely imposing economic burdens, depending on the amount of emissions, on industries, individuals and so on, and consequently, according to the market principle, directly drives the suppression of emissions from the sectors mentioned above.

• なお、奈良時代、天平宝字6年（762年）～同8年（764年）に神武天皇から持統天皇までの41代、及び元明天皇・元正天皇の漢風諡号である天皇号が淡海三船によって一括撰進された事が『続日本紀』に記述されているがこれは諡号（一人一人の名前）であって「天皇」という称号とは直接関係ない。
• Further, according to 'Shoku-Nihongi' (the chronicles of Japan II), in Nara period (762-764), kanpu-shigo (Chinese style posthumous name) was chosen for the Emperors of forty-one generations, from Emperor Jinmu to Empress Jito, and for Empress Genmei and Empress Gensho at once by OMI no Mifune, but those are shigo (names for the individuals) and the title 'Tenno' doesn't directly concerns with them.

• 東大寺は二月堂・法華堂・正倉院・南大門・鐘楼・転害門・念仏堂などが焼け残り、被害そのものは源平の戦いの時に行われた平重衡の南都焼討よりも少なかったが、類焼によって炎上した前回とは違い、東大寺そのものが戦場になり、なおかつ大仏殿に直接火がかけられたと言う事実は内外に衝撃を与えた。
• The surviving buildings of Todai-ji Temple included Nigatsudo, Hokkedo, Shosoin, Nandaimon (literally 'southern big gate'), Shoro (bell tower), Tengaimon (literally 'the gate of shifting the evil') and Nenbutsudo (Buddha invocation hall); although the extent of destruction was smaller than in the burning of Nato by TAIRA no Shigehira during the Taira-Minamoto War, the very fact that Todai-ji Temple itself became a battlefield unlike in the past incident, in which the temple had caught fire from next door, and Daibutsu-den (the Great Buddha hall) itself was set fire shocked people both in and out of the area.

• 三木合戦もそうであったが、毛利氏は援軍の約束しながら、花隈城や尼崎城を通じて兵糧は補給していたが、1年経っても援兵はこず、このままでは城を持ちこたえるのは不可能と判断し、家臣を使者としても効果は無く、城主自ら安芸国に出向き毛利氏と直接交渉しようとしたのではないかと説明している。
• It is explained that the castellan might have judged that, because, same as in the case of Miki-jo Castle, the Mori clan promised to send reinforcement troops and supplied provisions through Hanakuma-jo Castle and Amagasaki-jo Castle, but no reinforcement troops did come even after one year, it was impossible to maintain if the situation remained as it was and, because sending subordinates as emissaries did not bring any result, the castellan decided to visit Aki Province by himself and directly negotiate with the Mori clan.

• ただし、神功皇后や倭姫命などの例があるように古代の女性皇族で巫女的な資質をもっていた人がいてもまったく不思議ではないが、記紀をみる限り、飯豊女王について巫女的な要素が直接うかがわれるような記述があるわけではなく、あまり巫女的な面を強調しすぎることには慎重であるべきとする説もある。
• However, it is not strange that there existed people who had a miko-type character in ancient female Imperial families like Empress Jingu or Yamato hime no mikoto and so on, but in 'A Record of Ancient Matter' and 'Chronicles of Japan' there is no description which suggests that Iitoyo no himemiko had a miko-type character and some theories say that you should be careful to emphasize her miko aspect too much.

• 編纂者を直接示す記録は無いが、臨時格を追加したときに編纂に関与した人物として左大臣藤原時平が総裁を務め、藤原定国（大納言・右近衛大将）・三善清行（文章博士）・大蔵春行（民部大輔）・藤原善経（明法博士）が挙げられており、「延喜格」本文の編纂もほぼ同じ人員構成であったと考えられている。
• Although there is no record directly identifying the compilers, the names of persons cited as having participated in the compilation of the extraordinary volumes include FUJIWARA no Tokihira, Sadaijin (minister of the left), serving as the editor-in-chief, FUJIWARA no Sadakuni (Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and Ukone no Taisho or the Chief of Ukonefu, (Guard Department)), Kiyotsura MIYOSHI, Monjo-hakase (teacher of Chinese poetry and history under the Ritsuryo system), Haruyuki OKURA (Minbutaifu, executive officer of the Ministry of Popular Affairs) and FUJIWARA no Yoshitsune, (Myoho-hakase, teacher of the law under the Ritsuryo system), and the staff which compiled the main volumes of Engikyaku are assumed to have consisted mainly of the same persons.

• 従来の藩が租税として集めた米をまとめて江戸や大坂の蔵屋敷を経由して同地の米問屋に売却するというこれまでの米の流通システムが崩壊して、個々の農民が地元の米商人などに直接米を換金してその代金を納め、地元の米商人が全国市場に米を売却するようになるなど、商業や流通に対する影響も大きかった。
• The land-tax reform also had a large effect on Japanese commerce and distribution system; that is, prior to the reform rice collected as tax from various clans were sold and distributed by wholesale dealers in Edo or Osaka through storehouses of various clans in Edo or Osaka; the reform allowed farmers to change their rice to cash directly at local rice merchants, who sold rice to the market across the country; thus the previous distribution system collapsed.

• 前項の規定により関税・外国為替等審議会の意見を聴く場合において、関税・外国為替等審議会が当該事案の性質にかんがみ、第三項に規定する四月の期間内に意見を述べることが困難である旨を申し出た場合には、同項に規定する対内直接投資等を行つてはならない期間は、同項の規定にかかわらず、五月とする。
• Where the Minister of Finance and the minister having jurisdiction over the business hear the opinions of the Council on Customs, Tariff, Foreign Exchange and other Transactions pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, if the Council on Customs, Tariff, Foreign Exchange and other Transactions replied that it was difficult to state its opinions within a period of four months prescribed in paragraph 3 by taking into consideration the character of the case, the period in which inward direct investment is prohibited prescribed in the said paragraph shall be five months, notwithstanding the provision of the said paragraph.

• 1420年7月、李氏朝鮮が宗氏に「宗氏 都都雄瓦」という印信を授け、対馬領主としての地位を認たことは失敗であり、その時に李氏朝鮮が対馬の自治権を認めず、役人を派遣して直接支配下に組み込んでいれば、現在の対馬は韓国領になっていたはずだと結論付けた（2006年9月17日聯合ニュース配信）。
• The analysis further concluded that in granting Tsushima's So clan a seal that bore the inscription 'So clan of Yugawara City' in July 1420, Joseon Korea failed to gain recognition for their sovereignty over Tsushima; if at that time Korea had refused to recognize Tsushima's autonomy, and instead sent an official to put Tsushima's government under their direct control, Tsushima would almost certainly be under Korea's territorial control today (as reported in a Rengo news broadcast of September 17, 2006).

• 餌釣りでの方法としては、ブッコミ釣り（コイなどのブッコミ仕掛けの変形、一本針が基本）、置き釣り（ウナギが通りそうな場所に針と糸が付いた竹杭を刺してしばらく置く）穴釣り（昼間ウナギがいそうな穴に小魚等をつけるための先端にまっすぐな針をつけた竹の棒と、針と糸をもち直接いれて釣る）等がある。
• For bait fishing methods, there are bukkomi zuri (a variation of carp fishing in which fish bait is tossed into the water to set up a trap, basically a single hook fishing), oki zuri (placing a bamboo pole equipped with a hook and a line in areas where eels are likely to pass through, and leaving the setup there for a while) and ana zuri (eels are caught in an area where they tend to gather during the day, by directly using a line and a hook plus a bamboo pole with a straight needle for attaching small fish), among others.

• しかしこの多川と月岡の両名は、荒木、榊原と小田原あたりで行き違いになり、江戸に到着後、「目付に直接手渡すように」という内蔵助の命令に背いて江戸家老安井彦右衛門に報告してしまい、安井の報告を受けた大垣藩主の戸田氏定の「穏便に開城するように」という書状を持って帰ってくるだけに終わっている。
• However, since Tagawa and Tsukioka missed Araki and Sakakibara on the way around Odawara, after arriving in Edo they went against Kuranosuke's order to 'hand the letter directly to the inspectors' and gave it to chief retainer in Edo Hikoemon YASUI, who reported the matter to the lord of Ogaki Domain Ujisada TODA, and they brought back the letter from him, which stated 'surrender the castle without fighting.'

• 具体的には、天命を承けた中国皇帝が直接支配する地域（行政区である省が置かれている）間接統治地域（辺境の有力者を土司・土官に任命し、貢ぎ物と引き替えに一定の自治を認める）版図外（「夷狄」のいる地域、皇帝の徳の感化が及ばない土地。所謂「化外の地」）という大きく分けて三つのカテゴリーがある。
• In more details, regions are roughly classified into the following three categories:- Regions which were directly controlled by an emperor of China, who received the will of heaven (Administrative districts called 'sho (Province)' were set up.)- Indirectly controlled area (Influential persons in outlands were appointed to doshi/dokan (local governor) and a certain level of autonomous control was allowed in exchange of tributes.)- Outside of the territory (regions in which 'iteki' lived; land which was not covered by influence of the virtue of the emperor; so-called 'kegainochi (land out of states reign)').

• 法令上必要とされる資格がなかったこと又は失われるに至ったことが判明した場合に必ずすることとされている不利益処分であって、その資格の不存在又は喪失の事実が裁判所の判決書又は決定書、一定の職に就いたことを証する当該任命権者の書類その他の客観的な資料により直接証明されたものをしようとするとき。
• when rendering Adverse Dispositions which must be rendered when it is ascertained that some person's qualifications required by laws and regulations are lacking or have been lost, and when the fact of the non-existence of the qualifications or their loss has been expressly established by a written judgment or decision of court, by the document of the appointer which corroborates that person's assuming the specific position, or by some other objective documents;

• 新田一郎 (法学者)は頼朝以来の先例や武家社会の道理を記した部分、特に律令法・公家法と相違・対立する部分の多くは直接条文としては盛り込まれず、細目や例外事項などの形式によって触れられており、一方で条文本文に記されている幕府関係以外の事項の多くは鎌倉時代初期の公家法に依拠する部分が多いとする。
• According to Ichiro NITTA (legal expert), the part which wrote about the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society and especially most of the part which opposed to Ritsuryo law and kugeho were not included in the articles, but were only mentioned in the forms of details and exceptions, while most of the matters not related to bakufu in the articles were based on the kugeho in the early Kamakura period.

• また、塩谷氏については、小田原の役の際、直接参陣しなかったために改易されたとする見解もあるが、義綱は、天正17年（1589年）6月29日に上洛して秀吉に恭順の意を表しており、小田原の陣では、名代として家臣の岡本正親を派遣していることから、この時に改易になったとは考え難い（『ふるさと矢板のあゆみ』）。
• One theory states that the SHIONOYA clan was ordered 'kaieki' because they did not directly join the Siege of Odawara, but Yoshitsuna went to the capital (Kyoto) on August 10, 1589 to show reverence for Hideyoshi and, in the Siege of Odawara, he sent his retainer Masachika OKAMOTO as a representative; therefore, it isn't plausible that he was ordered 'kaieki' at that time ('Furusato Yaita no Ayumi (History of Our Hometown Yaita)').

• 何人も、左の各号の一に掲げる事項を実現するために、金銭その他の利益を授受し、提供し、要求し、若しくは授受を約束したり、脅迫、強制その他これに類する方法を用いたり、直接たると間接たるとを問わず、公の地位を利用し、又はその利用を提供し、要求し、若しくは約束したり、あるいはこれらの行為に関与してはならない。
• No person shall, for the purpose of realizing any matters listed in any of the following items, pay or receive, offer, solicit, or promise to pay or receive money or other interest, use intimidation, compulsion or other similar method, directly or indirectly utilize or offer, demand or promise to utilize his/her public status, or in any way participate in such acts:

• しかし、18世紀の末頃から江戸幕府が蝦夷地の直接支配に乗り出し始めると次第に拡大し、東は1800年には野田追（のだおい、現八雲町）、1864年には同長万部（おしゃまんべ、現長万部町）など、後の胆振国山越郡にあたる地域に広がり、西では1865年に後の後志国小樽郡に相当する小樽内（おたるない、現小樽市）に達した。
• But from the end of 18th century, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) began to control directly the Ezo area, Wajinchi expanded gradually, and in the eastern area, the scope of Wajinchi reached Nodaoi (present Yakumo town) in 1800, and Oshamanbe (present Oshamanbe town, later Yamakoshi County, Iburi Province) in eastern area of Ezo in 1864, and within Otaru area corresponding to later Otaru County, Goshi Province (present Otaru City) in western area in 1865.

• 同戸籍は、その後の六年に一度作成するという「六年一造」の造籍の出発点になっただけでなく、五十戸一里を基準に行政的に戸を編成して、その戸内の家族（戸口）の名・年齢・戸主との続柄などを詳述したことによって、個々の家族構成を直接的に把握することを可能にし、それを基に班田収授を行い、人頭課税をする台帳の機能も果たした。
• This registration system not only served as a starting point of 'rokunen-ichizo' (literally, 'one creation in six years) in which family registers were created every six years thereafter, but also made it possible to see the direct composition of each household by organizing households in terms of fifty households in ichi-ri on an administrative basis and describing each family member's name, age and relation to the household head in detail, and served as a ledger to conduct Handen Shuju (a regulation of land ownership) and jinto kazei (poll taxation).

• そのころ、マキノの四国ブロック配給を行っていた三共社の山崎徳次郎は、阪東妻三郎プロダクションの経営者・立花良介と謀り、神戸市の菊水キネマ商会の大島菊松ら全国150館の独立系映画館主に呼びかけ、大阪に「日本活動常設館館主連盟映画配給本社」を設立、独立プロダクションへの製作費の出資と作品の直接公開の方針を打ち出した。
• At about that time, Tokujiro YAMAZAKI of Sankyo, which distributed Makino's movies in the Shikoku area, conspired with Ryosuke TACHIBANA, the top executive of Bando Tsumasaburo Productions, to ask 150 independent theater owners throughout Japan, including Kikumatsu OSHIMA of Kikusui Kinema in Kobe, to cooperate in establishing 'Nihon Katsudo Josetsukan Kanshu Renmei Eiga Haikyu Honsha' (Distribution Company Headquarters for Movie Theater Owners in Japan) (also known as 'Kanshu Renmei' [the Theater Owner's Association]) in Osaka and declaring policies on directly releasing movies and funding for production costs of independent productions.

• 訴訟上の救助の決定を受けた者に支払を猶予した費用は、これを負担することとされた相手方から直接に取り立てることができる。この場合において、弁護士又は執行官は、報酬又は手数料及び費用について、訴訟上の救助の決定を受けた者に代わり、第七十一条第一項、第七十二条又は第七十三条第一項の申立て及び強制執行をすることができる。
• Expenses and costs for which grace is given to a person who has received an order to grant judicial aid may be collected directly from the opponent who shall bear such expenses and costs. In this case, an attorney at law or a court execution officer, on behalf of the person who has received the order to grant judicial aid, may file a petition set forth in Article 71(1), Article 72 or Article 73(1) or enforce compulsory execution with regard to their compensation or fees and expenses and costs.

• しかしながら、近年、様々な犯罪等が跡を絶たず、それらに巻き込まれた犯罪被害者等の多くは、これまでその権利が尊重されてきたとは言い難いばかりか、十分な支援を受けられず、社会において孤立することを余儀なくされてきた。さらに、犯罪等による直接的な被害にとどまらず、その後も副次的な被害に苦しめられることも少なくなかった。
• However, there have occurred various kinds of Crimes unceasingly in recent years, and most Crime Victims, whose rights have not been respected, have been isolated in society without receiving sufficient support. Many of them often suffer from not only direct harm caused by Crimes but also additional harm that arises afterwards.

• 行政機関は、本人から直接書面（電子的方式、磁気的方式その他人の知覚によっては認識することができない方式で作られる記録（第二十四条及び第五十五条において「電磁的記録」という。）を含む。）に記録された当該本人の個人情報を取得するときは、次に掲げる場合を除き、あらかじめ、本人に対し、その利用目的を明示しなければならない。
• When an Administrative Organ directly acquires Personal Information on an Individual Concerned that is recorded in a document (including a record made by an electronic method, a magnetic method, or any other method not recognizable to human senses [referred to as an 'Electromagnetic Record' in Articles 24 and 55]) from the said Individual Concerned, the Administrative Organ shall clearly indicate the Purpose of Use to the Individual Concerned in advance, except in the following cases:

• なお、資料によってはこの勅諭の末尾に「御名御璽」と表記しているものがあるが、この勅諭は明治天皇の署名（印刷物等に表記する場合は「御名」）のみで御璽を捺さずに陸海軍に直接下賜する形式を採った（軍内部には「明治15年陸軍省達乙第2号」として陸軍大臣から布達された）ため、印刷物の場合は「御名」のみ表記されるのが正確である。
• By the way, although some materials show this imperial rescript with letters of 'Onna (name) gyoji (imperial seal)' at the end, Emperor Meiji signed the rescript without putting gyoji ('Onna' was written on prints) and gave it directly to the Army and the Navy (It was notified by Minister of Army to the members of the Ministry as 'Meiji 15, Ministry of Army, Otsu No.2'), and therefore, to be exact only 'onna' was inscribed on prints.

• 公衆送信　公衆によつて直接受信されることを目的として無線通信又は有線電気通信の送信（電気通信設備で、その一の部分の設置の場所が他の部分の設置の場所と同一の構内（その構内が二以上の者の占有に属している場合には、同一の者の占有に属する区域内）にあるものによる送信（プログラムの著作物の送信を除く。）を除く。）を行うことをいう。
• by telecommunication facilities, one part of which is located on the same premises where all remaining parts are located or, if the premises are occupied by two or more persons, all parts of which are located within the area (within such premises) occupied by the same person(s);

• 直接出資者（当該権利を有する居住者（外国為替及び外国貿易法第六条第一項第五号前段に規定する居住者をいう。ロにおいて同じ。）をいう。ハ及びニにおいて同じ。）が適格機関投資家又は法第六十三条第二項若しくは第六十三条の三第一項の規定に基づく届出を行った者（法第六十三条第一項第二号に掲げる行為を業として行う者に限る。）であること。
• that a Direct Equity Investor (meaning the Resident (meaning a Resident as prescribed in the first sentence of Article 6, paragraph (1), item (v) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act; the same shall apply in sub-item (b)) who holds said rights; the same shall apply in sub-items (c) and (d)) is a Qualified Institutional Investor or a person who has made a notification under the provisions of Article 63, paragraph (2) or Article 63-3, paragraph (1) of the Act (limited to a person engaged in the acts listed in Article 63, paragraph (1), item (ii) of the Act as a part of business);

• だが、時代が進むにつれて朝廷や幕府などが勧進職に対して直接的な寄付を行うだけではなく、所領などを与えて（東大寺の周防国一国など）その収益から再建費用を捻出させるように取り計らったたために、勧進職は一種の利権の絡む役職となり、更に律宗の衰微も加わって、勧進職を巡る寺内の抗争や、その収益を私する勧進職が出現するなど問題も生じた。
• However, as time progressed problems arose, including conflicts among temples over the post of kanjinshoku and the emergence of kanjin shoku, which monopolized profits, concurrently with the decline of the Risshu sect; kanjin shoku became a kind of post that involved vested interest, because the chotei (Imperial Court) and the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) not only made direct contributions to the Kanjin shoku monks but also offered a shoryo (territory) (for example, all of Sue Province) for making money for the destruction of temples.

• しかし大津地裁で扱われるべき事件を正常な手続きなしで大審院に移したり（大逆罪の適用を考慮していた為、皇室罪に関する裁判はすべて大審院における一審において判決が下されることから、適用可否判断を含め地裁ではなく大審院に持ち込まれることになった）、裁判に直接関わっていなかった児島が干渉を重ねたことは裁判官の独立等の問題として残った。
• Basically, Tsuda's trial should have been handled by the Otsu District Court, but it was taken over by Daishin-in without taking a formal procedure (Since Tsuda's case could be treated as a high treason, Daishin-in, which handled all crime cases against the Imperial family, was required to judge whether it should be treated as a high treason and if so, rendered a judgment).

• 前項の「対外直接投資」とは、居住者による外国法令に基づいて設立された法人の発行に係る証券の取得若しくは当該法人に対する金銭の貸付けであつて当該法人との間に永続的な経済関係を樹立するために行われるものとして政令で定めるもの又は外国における支店、工場その他の事業所（以下「支店等」という。）の設置若しくは拡張に係る資金の支払をいう。
• The 'outward direct investment' set forth in the preceding paragraph shall mean acquisition of securities issued by a juridical person established pursuant to foreign laws and regulations or loan of money to the juridical person, which is specified by Cabinet Order as an act committed to establish a permanent economic relationship with the juridical person, or payment of funds pertaining to the establishment or expansion of branch offices, factories or other offices (hereinafter referred to as the 'Branch Offices, etc.') in a foreign state, which is conducted by a resident.

• 1945年の終戦後、一時連合軍に接収された際に、白木仕上げの内外装が不潔であるとして、米兵によって全館ペンキ塗り潰しにされかかったが、当時の支配人の必死の説得で欄干など直接手が触れる部分のみ朱塗りとすることで本体を守った、というエピソードがあり、1960年代末までは内装の間取りの変更はあったものの、概ね創建当時の姿を保っていた。
• There is an episode when it was temporarily taken over by the allied forces after the war in 1945, U.S. soldiers tried to paint out the interior and exterior design considering them unclean, but the main part were protected while only a part where hands directly touched was painted vermilion-lacquered by the desperate persuasion of the hotel manager in those days; until the end of 1960s it kept the original form almost the same as the opening days, while the room arrangement of the interior design was changed.

• 第四項の規定による勧告を受けた者が、第六項の規定による通知をしなかつた場合又は当該勧告を応諾しない旨の通知をした場合には、財務大臣は、当該勧告を受けた者に対し、当該対外直接投資の内容の変更又は中止を命ずることができる。ただし、当該変更又は中止を命ずることができる期間は、第四項の規定による勧告を行つた日から起算して二十日以内とする。
• Where a person who has received a recommendation pursuant to the provision of paragraph 4 has failed to give a notice pursuant to the provision of paragraph 6 or has given a notice of refusal of the recommendation, the Minister of Finance may order the person who has received the recommendation to change the content of the outward direct investment or discontinue the outward direct investment; provided, however, the period for ordering the change or discontinuance shall be within 20 days from the date of the recommendation pursuant to the provision of paragraph 4.

• なお、1920年代前後に出生している二世の多くは、日本での教育費用が居留国のそれと比べて、安価であった事、または、日本文化を継承する目的で日本の学校に通う事がある種の流行になった時期があり、また、ネイティブの一世の親から直接日本語を習っていた場合がある為、戦時中や戦後直後に生まれた三世や四世と比べて日本語を理解出来る人口が比較的多い。
• A relatively large number of the nisei (second-generation) unlike third or fourth generations, who were born during or after the war, understand Japanese, since many were born around the 1920s and it was popular among them to go to Japanese schools because of the need they perceived to continue Japanese culture and because education expenses in Japan were lower than that of their countries of residence; and some of them learned Japanese directly from their native Japanese parents.

• 安康暗殺の背景に葛城氏が直接関与していた可能性も指摘されているが、生前の安康は押磐皇子に後事を託そうとしていたという記述（雄略即位前紀）からすれば、むしろ安康（允恭系）と押磐皇子（履中系）・葛城氏との間には王位継承に関する妥協が成立していて、このことに強く反発した大泊瀬皇子が安康を含む敵対勢力の一掃に踏み切ったと解釈することも出来よう。
• It has been pointed out that the Katsuraki clan was involved in the assassination of Emperor Anko; however, there is a record that Emperor Anko was planning to hand over his future affairs to Prince Oshihano, which could mean that there was a compromise between the Emperor Anko (the Ingyo family), and Prince Oshihano (the Richu family) and Katsuraki clan, but Pince Ohatsuse was strongly opposed to this plan and decided to wipe out his opponents, including Emperor Anko.

• 室町幕府においては、守護（守護大名）に対して、既存の大犯三箇条に加えて、苅田狼藉検断、使節遵行権、段銭徴収権などの広範な権利が付与されていたが、幕府御家人は、足利将軍家の威光を背景に守護使不入の特権を得て、守護からの段銭徴収を拒絶し、幕府からの段銭要求に対しても幕府への直接納付（京納）が認められて守護からの加重徴収の危険を免れる事を可能とした。
• In the Muromachi bakufu, extensive rights were given to shugo (or shugo daimyo, shugo that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), such as Karita Rozeki Kendan (the shugo's right to suppress provincial warriors who entered shoen unlawfully to harvest rice, and to prosecute and convict them), Shisetsu Jungyo Ken (a right empowered to shugo to implement shisetsu jungyo, in which shugo who received orders from the bakufu sent jungyo-shi, emissaries, to a region and have them execute the orders) and Tansen Choshu Ken (a right to collect surtax), in addition to the existing Taibon Sankajo, but bakufu gokenin (an immediate vasal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who had been granted the shugoshi-funyu privilege backed by the authority of the Ashikaga family positioned to accede to the shogunate, refused collection of tansen (surtax) from shugo, and responded to one from the bakufu as direct payment to the bakufu (known as kyono) was approved, which enabled them to escape from a danger of being surcharged by the shugo.

• その一方で、称徳天皇や道鏡が清麻呂を流した事で2番目の神託を否認した以上、最初の神託に基づいて道鏡への皇位継承を進めることも可能であった筈なのに事件以後に全くそうした動きを見せていない事や逆に藤原氏らの反対派がこの事件を直接の大義名分として天皇や道鏡排除に積極的に動いていない事から、道鏡がこの事件に深く関わっていたとする証拠を見出す事は困難である。
• On the other hand, it is difficult to find the evidence that Dokyo was deeply involved in this incident because of the following reasons; Empress Shotoku did not proceed with the move to let Dokyo ascend the throne based on the first oracle although she could have done so after she and Dokyo denied the second oracle and exiled Kiyomaro; furthermore, there was no active movement in the opposition factions such as Fujiwara clan concerning the removal of Empress Shotoku or Dokyo using this incident as a legitimate reason.

• そのきっかけとして、同年4月、当時マキノの四国ブロック配給を行っていた三共社の山崎徳次郎が、阪東妻三郎プロダクションの経営者・立花良介と計画し、神戸市の菊水キネマ商会の大島菊松を中心とした全国150館の独立系映画館主に呼びかけ、大阪に「日本活動常設館館主連盟映画配給本社」を設立、独立プロダクションへの製作費の出資と作品の直接公開の方針を打ち出すという動きがあった。
• As prelude to this establishment, in April of 1928 Tokujiro YAMAZAKI of Sankyo, which had been distributing Makino films in the Shikoku area, conspired with the top executive of Bando Tsumasaburo Productions named Ryosuke TACHIBANA to ask 150 independent theater owners throughout Japan, including Kikumatsu OSHIMA of Kikusui Kinema in Kobe, to cooperate in establishing 'Nihon Katsudo Josetsukan Kanshu Renmei Eiga Haikyu Honsha' (Distribution Company Headquarters for Movie Theater Owners in Japan) (also known as 'Kanshu Renmei' [the Theater Owner's Association]) in Osaka and declaring policies of directly releasing films as well as funding for production costs of independent productions.

• 第五項の規定による勧告を受けたものが、第七項の規定による通知をしなかつた場合又は当該勧告を応諾しない旨の通知をした場合には、財務大臣及び事業所管大臣は、当該勧告を受けたものに対し、当該対内直接投資等に係る内容の変更又は中止を命ずることができる。ただし、当該変更又は中止を命ずることができる期間は、当該届出を受理した日から起算して第三項又は第六項の規定により延長された期間の満了する日までとする。
• Where a person who has received a recommendation pursuant to the provision of paragraph 5 has not given a notice pursuant to the provision of paragraph 7 or has given a notice of refusal of the recommendation, the Minister of Finance and the minister having jurisdiction over the business may order the person to change the content pertaining to the inward direct investment, etc., or to discontinue the inward direct investment, etc.; provided, however, that the period for giving an order of the change or discontinuance shall be up to the expiration date of the period extended pursuant to the provision of paragraph 3 or 6, counting from the day of acceptance of the notification.

• 本部は、その所掌事務を遂行するため必要があると認めるときは、関係行政機関、地方公共団体、独立行政法人及び地方独立行政法人の長並びに特殊法人（法律により直接に設立された法人又は特別の法律により特別の設立行為をもって設立された法人であって、総務省設置法（平成十一年法律第九十一号）第四条第十五号の規定の適用を受けるものをいう。）の代表者に対して、資料の提出、意見の表明、説明その他必要な協力を求めることができる。
• The Headquarters may, if it considers it necessary for implementing affairs under the jurisdiction, demand submission of materials, statements of opinions, explanations and other required cooperation from the heads of the relevant administrative organs, Local Governments, Incorporated Administrative Agencies and Local Incorporated Administrative Agencies and the representatives of statutory juridical persons (Corporations which are directly established by Acts or juridical persons which are established according to their statute of establishment provided by special Act, under provision of item (xv) of Article 4 of the Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Act No. 91 of 1999)).

• 出動自衛官は、前条第一項又は第二項の規定にかかわらず、被拘束者の心身の状況、利用可能な輸送手段その他の事情を考慮し、被拘束者がこれらの規定による引渡しのための移動に耐えられないと認めるに足りる相当の理由があるときは、戦闘行為の直接の危険から回避することができる近傍の場所への移動、適切な医薬品等の給与その他の当該被拘束者の状況に応じて可能な範囲の安全措置を講じた上で、直ちに当該被拘束者を放免することができる。
• When there are reasonable grounds to believe that the captive persons cannot endure the transfer for delivery in the light of physical and mental conditions of the captive persons, available means of transport and other circumstances, the SDF personnel under Operations may, notwithstanding the provisions of the paragraph (1) or (2) of the preceding Article, release the captive persons immediately, after taking all feasible precautions in accordance with the relevant situation to ensure their safety, such as bringing them to nearby places where they can avoid the direct danger from combat actions, provision of appropriate medical supplies and such like.

• そもそも、同年4月、当時マキノの四国ブロック配給を行っていた三共社の山崎徳次郎が、阪東妻三郎プロダクションの経営者・立花良介と計画し、従来から映画作家のインディペンデント系作品を手がけていた神戸市の菊水キネマ商会の大島菊松を中心とした全国150館の独立系映画館主に呼びかけ、大阪に「日本活動常設館館主連盟映画配給本社」を設立、独立プロダクションへの製作費の出資と作品の直接公開の方針を打ち出したことがきっかけであった。
• As prelude to this establishment, in April of 1928 Tokujiro YAMAZAKI of Sankyo, which had been distributing Makino's films in the Shikoku area, conspired with the top executive of Bando Tsumasaburo Productions named Ryosuke TACHIBANA to ask 150 independent theater owners throughout Japan, such as Kikumatsu OSHIMA of Kikusui Kinema in Kobe that had dealt with independent works by moviemakers, to cooperate in establishing 'Nihon Katsudo Josetsukan Kanshu Renmei Eiga Haikyu Honsha' (Distribution Company Headquarters for Movie Theater Owners in Japan) (also known as 'Kanshu Renmei' [the Theater Owner's Association]) in Osaka and declaring policies of the direct release of movies as well as funding for production costs of independent productions.

• 外国為替及び外国貿易管理法第二十二条第一項第四号（居住者による対外直接投資に係る届出）の規定による届出（当該届出につき、同法第二十三条第二項（資本取引に係る内容の審査及び変更勧告等）の規定による大蔵大臣の勧告を受けることなく同条第一項の規定により当該届出に係る当該株式若しくは持分の取得を行つてはならない期間を経過している場合又は当該勧告を受け同条第四項の規定により当該勧告を応諾する旨の通知がされている場合に限る。）
• Notification made under the provisions of Article 22, paragraph (1), item (iv) (Notification of Outward Direct Investment by Resident) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (limited to the case where the period during which the acquisition of the shares or the equity pertaining to the notification is prohibited under the provisions of Article 23, paragraph (1) of that Act has already expired without receiving a recommendation from the Minister of Finance provided in Article 23, paragraph (2) of that Act (Examination on Contents of Capital Transactions and Recommendation to Change Thereof) or the case where said recommendation has been given with regard to the notification and the Bank has notified its acceptance of the recommendation under the provisions of Article 23, paragraph (4) of that Act).

• 「寺社などの神託」とは具体的には寺社普請といい、現在でも残っているが、特に明治以前の人々の暮らしは政（まつりごとが自治権として地域で認められていた）の中心として寺や神社があり、定期的な修繕や社会基盤としての拡張や一新を図るに当たり莫大な費用が必要であり、その一環として寄付を直接募るよりは、祭りを開催し的屋を招き地域住民に参加してもらい、非日常（ハレ）を演出する事で的屋から場所代として売り上げの一部を普請の資金とした。
• The signs of temples or shrines' was basically jisha fushin and still exists today, but in pre-Meiji Period society (1868 - 1912) local government was fairly autonomous, revolving around temples and shrines and since regular repairs, improving infrastructure and planning renovations needed large amounts of money, the funds were raised not through donations, but by holding festivals, inviting tekiya and getting the locals to participate to create an atmosphere of extraordinary (hare) and making tekiya contribute part of their profit as rent.

• 公正取引委員 会は、第五十六条第一項の規定により審判官に審判手続の全部又は一部を行わせた場合において、被審人又はその代理人の申出があるときは、これらの者が直接 公正取引委員会に対し陳述する機会を与えなければならない。ただし、第五十二条第三項の規定により納付命令に係る審判手続が開始された場合において、当該 納付命令に係る違反行為についての排除措置命令に係る審決において当該違反行為が認定されているときは、この限りでない。
• In cases where the Fair Trade Commission has caused hearing examiners to conduct all or a part of the hearing procedures pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 56, the Fair Trade Commission shall, if the respondent or his or her agent so offers, give the respondent or his or her agent an opportunity to state their views directly to the Fair Trade Commission; provided, however, that this shall not apply to cases where the hearing procedures pertaining to a payment order have been commenced pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 3 of Article 52 and the violation has been found in a decision pertaining to the cease and desist order regarding the said violation pertaining to the said payment order.

• 外国為替及び外国貿易管理法第二十二条第一項第四号（居住者による対外直接投資に係 る届出）の規定による届出（当該届出につき、同法第二十三条第二項（資本取引に係る内容の審査及び変更勧告等）の規定による大蔵大臣の勧告を受けることな く同条第一項の規定により当該届出に係る当該株式若しくは持分の取得を行つてはならない期間を経過している場合又は当該勧告を受け同条第四項の規定により 当該勧告を応諾する旨の通知がされている場合に限る。）
• Notification made under the provision of Article 22(1)(iv)(Notification of Outward Direct Investment by Resident) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (limited to the case where the period during which the acquisition of the shares or the equity pertaining to the notification is prohibited under the provision of Article 23(1) of that Act has already expired without receiving a recommendation from the Minister of Finance provided in Article 23(2) of that Act (Examination on Contents of Capital Transactions and Recommendation to Change Thereof) or the case where said recommendation has been given with regard to the notification and the Bank has notified its acceptance of the recommendation under the provision of Article 23(4) of that Act)

• 法務大臣は、第五条の認証の申請に対する処分をしようとする場合又は当該申請に対する処分についての異議申立てに対する決定をしようとする場合には、あらかじめ、申請者が法律により直接に設立された法人又は特別の法律により特別の設立行為をもって設立された法人であるときはこれらの法人を所管する大臣に、申請者が設立に関し許可又は認可を受けている法人であるときはその許可又は認可をした大臣又は国家公安委員会に、それぞれ協議しなければならない。
• The Minister of Justice shall, when disposing an application for the certification under Article 5 or making a decision on an objection to the outcome of the application, consult in advance, where the applicant is a juridical person established directly under laws or a juridical person established by a special act of establishment under special laws, with the minister who has jurisdiction over the applicant, or where the applicant was established with permission or approval, with the minister who granted the permission or approval or with the National Public Safety Commission.

• 新天皇が先帝死去の翌年になるのを待って改元する先例に反して即位後ただちに大同 (日本)と改元し、桓武がさかんに行った蝦夷侵略の軍事行動や遷都にともなう土木工事のために弛緩した財政の引き締め、機能していない官司の整理、参議を廃止して太政官が地方政治を直接監督する観察使を置くなど積極的に政治改革に取り組んだが、若いころから病身だった彼はやがて体調を崩し、早くも大同4年（809年）には皇太子神野（嵯峨天皇）に譲位することになった。
• Rather than wait until the year after the preceding Emperor died to change the name of the era which was the custom, the new Emperor changed the era name into Dodai and tightened the budget that had loosened while Kanmu had conducted frequent military activity against the Siberian invasion and moved the capital, and actively worked on organizing redundant court positions, placing of a Kansatsushi, where Daijokan directly watches over regional government and abolishing Sangi, but he was sickly from a young age and abdicated the throne to the Crown Prince Kamino (Emperor Saga) in 809.

• 第一項又は前項に規定す る販売の相手方たる事業者には、次に掲げる法律の規定に基づいて設立された団体を含まないものとする。ただし、第八号及び第八号の二に掲げる法律の規定に 基づいて設立された団体にあつては、事業協同組合、事業協同小組合、協同組合連合会、商工組合又は商工組合連合会が当該事業協同組合、協同組合連合会、商 工組合又は商工組合連合会を直接又は間接に構成する者の消費の用に供する第二項に規定する商品又は第四項に規定する物を買い受ける場合に限る。
• Organizations formed pursuant to the provisions of any of the following Acts shall not be included in another entrepreneur who purchases commodities or works prescribed in paragraph 1 or the preceding paragraph; provided, however, that this shall, in the case of organizations formed pursuant to the provisions of any of the Acts mentioned in items (viii) and (viii)-2, only apply to the cases where a business cooperative, a minor business cooperative, a federation of cooperatives, a commercial and industrial partnership, or a federation of commercial and industrial partnerships purchases such commodities as prescribed in paragraph 2 or such works as prescribed in paragraph 4, for the consumption of persons directly or indirectly constituting the said business cooperative, federation of cooperatives, commercial and industrial partnerships, or a federation of commercial and industrial partnerships:

• 会社は、その株式を取得した次に掲げる者から、その氏名及び住所を株主名 簿に記載し、又は記録することの請求を受けた場合において、その請求に応ずることによつて第一号から第三号までに掲げる者により直接に占められる議決権の 割合とこれらの者により第四号に掲げる者を通じて間接に占められる議決権の割合として総務省令で定める割合とを合計した割合（以下この条において「外国人 等議決権割合」という。）が三分の一以上となるときは、その氏名及び住所を株主名簿に記載し、又は記録してはならない。
• When the Company has received a request to enter the name and address in its register of shareholders from those persons set forth in any of the following items who have acquired its shares, the Company shall not do so if the aggregate of the ratios of the voting rights directly held by the persons set forth in items (i) through (iii) and the ratio prescribed in the provisions of the applicable Ordinance of MIC as the ratio of voting rights indirectly held by such persons through controlling the persons set forth in item (iv) (such an aggregate will be referred to as the 'ratio of voting rights of foreign nationals, etc.') in this article reaches or exceed one-third upon acceptance of the request.

• 個人情報取扱事業者は、前項の規定にかかわらず、本人との間で契約を締結することに伴って契約書その他の書面（電子的方式、磁気的方式その他人の知覚によっては認識することができない方式で作られる記録を含む。以下この項において同じ。）に記載された当該本人の個人情報を取得する場合その他本人から直接書面に記載された当該本人の個人情報を取得する場合は、あらかじめ、本人に対し、その利用目的を明示しなければならない。ただし、人の生命、身体又は財産の保護のために緊急に必要がある場合は、この限りでない。
• Notwithstanding the provision of the preceding paragraph, when a business operator handling personal information acquires such personal information on a person as is written in a contract or other document (including a record made by an electronic method, a magnetic method, or any other method not recognizable to human senses. hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph.) as a result of concluding a contract with the person or acquires such personal information on a person as is written in a document directly from the person, the business operator shall expressly show the Purpose of Utilization in advance. However, this provision shall not apply in cases in which the acquisition of personal information is urgently required for the protection of the life, body, or property of an individual.

• 裁判所は、証拠調べをするに当たり、訴訟関係又は証拠調べの結果の趣旨を明瞭にするため必要があると認めるときは、当事者の意見を聴いて、決定で、証拠調べの期日において専門的な知見に基づく説明を聴くために専門委員を手続に関与させることができる。この場合において、証人若しくは当事者本人の尋問又は鑑定人質問の期日において専門委員に説明をさせるときは、裁判長は、当事者の同意を得て、訴訟関係又は証拠調べの結果の趣旨を明瞭にするために必要な事項について専門委員が証人、当事者本人又は鑑定人に対し直接に問いを発することを許すことができる。
• When the court finds it necessary, in the process of conducting the examination of evidence, in order to clarify the matters related to the suit or the gist of the result of the examination of evidence, it may, after hearing opinions of the parties, by an order, have a technical adviser participate in the proceedings so as to hear his/her explanation based on expert knowledge on the date for the examination of evidence. In this case, in order to have a technical adviser give an explanation on the date for the examination of a witness or a party him/herself or date for the questioning of an expert witness, the presiding judge, with the consent of the party, may permit the technical adviser to ask questions directly of the witness, the party him/herself or the expert witness with regard to the matters necessary for clarifying the matters related to the suit or the gist of the result of the examination of evidence.

• 会社で、第一号又は前号に掲げるものにより直接に保有されるその議決権（株主総会において決議をすることができる事項の全部につき議決権を行使することができない株式についての議決権を除き、会社法（平成十七年法律第八十六号）第八百七十九条第三項の規定により議決権を有するものとみなされる株式についての議決権を含む。以下この号及び次項第四号において同じ。）の数と他の会社を通じて間接に保有されるものとして政令で定めるその議決権の数とを合計した議決権の数の当該会社の総株主又は総社員の議決権の数に占める割合が百分の五十以上に相当するもの
• A corporation of which the ratio of the sum of the number of voting rights directly held by those listed in item 1 or 2 (excluding voting rights relating to shares which do not allow exercising voting rights for all the matters which may be resolved at a shareholders' meeting, but including voting rights relating to shares of which holders are deemed to have voting rights pursuant to the provision of Article 879, paragraph 3 of the Companies Act (Act No. 86 of 2005); hereinafter the same shall apply in this item and item 4 of the next paragraph) and the number of voting rights specified by Cabinet Order as those indirectly held through other corporations in the number of voting rights of all shareholders or members of the corporation is 50% or higher

• 公表された著作物については、前項の教育機関における授業の過程において、当該授業を直接受ける者に対して当該著作物をその原作品若しくは複製物を提供し、若しくは提示して利用する場合又は当該著作物を第三十八条第一項の規定により上演し、演奏し、上映し、若しくは口述して利用する場合には、当該授業が行われる場所以外の場所において当該授業を同時に受ける者に対して公衆送信（自動公衆送信の場合にあつては、送信可能化を含む。）を行うことができる。ただし、当該著作物の種類及び用途並びに当該公衆送信の態様に照らし著作権者の利益を不当に害することとなる場合は、この限りでない。
• When, in the course of a lesson at an educational institution set forth in the preceding paragraph, exploiting a work already made public, by offering or presenting the original or reproductions of such work to those who directly take lessons, or by performing, presenting or reciting it pursuant to the provisions of Article 38, paragraph (1), it shall be permissible to make public transmissions of such work (including, in the case of an automatic public transmission, making such work transmittable) for reception by those who are receiving the same lesson at the same time but at a location other than where such lesson is being given; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not apply in the case where such public transmission is likely to unreasonably prejudice the interests of the copyright holder in light of the type and the usage of the work as well as the manner of the public transmission.

• 旧法事前審査対象資本取引が、新法事前審査対象対外直接投資に該当するものであって、届出手続完了資本取引に該当するものでないときは、当該旧法事前審査対象資本取引に係る届出については、これを当該届出がされた日において新法第二十三条第一項の規定によりされたものとみなして、新法の規定を適用する。この場合において、当該旧法事前審査対象資本取引についてあった旧法第二十三条第二項の規定による勧告又は同条第四項の規定による通知（同条第五項に規定する勧告を応諾する旨の通知を除く。）は、それぞれ新法第二十三条第四項の規定による勧告又は同条第六項の規定による通知とみなす。
• When the Capital Transactions Subject to Examination in Advance under the Old Act fall under the Outward Direct Investment Subject to Examination in Advance under the New Act but do not fall under the Capital Transactions for Which Notification Procedure Has Been Completed, the provisions of the New Act shall apply, deeming that a notification pertaining to the Capital Transactions Subject to Examination in Advance under the Old Act has been given pursuant to the provision of Article 23, paragraph 1 of the New Act on the date of the notification. In this case, a recommendation pursuant to the provision of Article 23, paragraph 2 of the Old Act or a notice pursuant to the provision of paragraph 4 of the said act (excluding notices of acceptance of a recommendation prescribed in paragraph 5 of the said article) in regard to the Capital Transactions Subject to Examination in Advance under the Old Act shall be deemed to be a recommendation pursuant to the provision of Article 23, paragraph 4 of the New Act or a notice pursuant to the provision of paragraph 6 of the said article, respectively.

• 債務者等が、貸付けの契約に基づく債権に係る債務の処理を弁護士若しくは弁護士法人若しくは司法書士若しくは司法書士法人（以下この号において「弁護士等」という。）に委託し、又はその処理のため必要な裁判所における民事事件に関する手続をとり、弁護士等又は裁判所から書面によりその旨の通知があつた場合において、正当な理由がないのに、債務者等に対し、電話をかけ、電報を送達し、若しくはファクシミリ装置を用いて送信し、又は訪問する方法により、当該債務を弁済することを要求し、これに対し債務者等から直接要求しないよう求められたにもかかわらず、更にこれらの方法で当該債務を弁済することを要求すること。
• Requesting that the Obligor, etc. perform his/her obligations by calling, sending a telegram, transmitting a message by using a facsimile machine, or visiting the Obligor, etc., without justifiable grounds and in spite of the fact that the Obligor, etc. has entrusted the arrangement of obligations under the Contract for a Loan to an attorney-at-law or legal professional corporation or to a judicial scrivener or judicial scrivener corporation (hereinafter collectively referred to as an 'Attorney-at-Law, etc.' in this item), or in spite of the fact that the Obligor, etc. has taken procedures toward a civil case in the necessary court for such arrangements and the Money Lender has received notice to that effect in writing from his/her Attorney-at-Law, etc. or from the court, and continues to request performance of said obligations in any of the aforementioned manners, although the Obligor, etc. has requested that the Money Lender not directly demand performance; and

• 法別表第一の二の表の研究の項の下欄に掲げる活動|申請人が次のいずれにも該当していること。ただし、我が国の国若しくは地方公共団体の機関、我が国の法律により直接に設立された法人若しくは我が国の特別の法律により特別の設立行為をもって設立された法人、我が国の特別の法律により設立され、かつ、その設立に関し行政官庁の認可を要する法人若しくは独立行政法人（独立行政法人通則法（平成十一年法律第百三号）第二条第一項に規定する独立行政法人をいう。以下同じ。）又は国、地方公共団体若しくは独立行政法人から交付された資金により運営されている法人で法務大臣が告示をもって定めるものとの契約に基づいて研究を行う業務に従事しようとする場合は、この限りでない。
• Researcher|The applicant who intends to engage in research must fulfill all of the following requirements; provided, however, that this shall not apply to cases where the applicant intends to engage in research based on a contract with the national government; a local government; a juridical person established directly pursuant to Japanese law; a juridical person established pursuant to special Japanese laws through a special act of establishment; a juridical person established pursuant to special Japanese laws which required the approval of a government agency regarding its establishment; an incorporated administrative agency (meaning an incorporated administrative agency as prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act No. 103, 1999); the same shall apply hereinafter); or a juridical person designated in a public notice given by the Minister of Justice which is managed by funds granted by the national government, a local government, or an incorporated administrative agency.

• 法律により直接に設立された法人又は特別の法律により特別の設立行為をもって設立された法人（総務省設置法（平成十一年法律第九十一号）第四条第十五号の規定の適用を受けない法人を除く。）、独立行政法人通則法第二条第一項に規定する独立行政法人であって特定独立行政法人以外のものその他これらに準ずるものとして政令で定める法人のうち、その設立の根拠となる法律又は法人格を付与する法律において、役員、職員その他の当該法人の業務に従事する者を法令により公務に従事する者とみなすこととされ、かつ、政府の出資を受けているもの（以下「特殊法人等」という。）は、この法律の規定に基づく国及び特定独立行政法人の施策に準じて、特殊法人等の職員の職務に係る倫理の保持のために必要な施策を講ずるようにしなければならない。
• Among juridical persons which are directly established by laws and juridical persons which are established by a special establishing act pursuant to special laws (excluding those to which the provision of item 15 of Article 4 of the Act for Establishment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Act No. 91 of 1999) is not applied), incorporated administrative agencies which are provided for in paragraph 1 of Article 2 of the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agency and are not specified incorporated administrative agencies, and other juridical persons which are provided for by a Cabinet Order as equivalent to these, juridical persons in which directors, employees, and other persons being engaged in the business of the judicial persons shall be deemed to be engaged in public services by laws and regulations in an Act that gives ground for establishment of the juridical persons or an Act that grants a juridical personality and which are funded by the government (hereinafter referred to as 'special corporations, etc.') shall take measures necessary to maintain ethics pertaining to the duties of employees of the special corporations, etc., equivalent to the measures taken by the State and the specified incorporated administrative agencies pursuant to this Act.

• この法律において「独占 的状態」とは、同種の商品（当該同種の商品に係る通常の事業活動の施設又は態様に重要な変更を加えることなく供給することができる商品を含む。）（以下こ の項において「一定の商品」という。）並びにこれとその機能及び効用が著しく類似している他の商品で国内において供給されたもの（輸出されたものを除 く。）の価額（当該商品に直接課される租税の額に相当する額を控除した額とする。）又は国内において供給された同種の役務の価額（当該役務の提供を受ける 者に当該役務に関して課される租税の額に相当する額を控除した額とする。）の政令で定める最近の一年間における合計額が千億円を超える場合における当該一 定の商品又は役務に係る一定の事業分野において、次に掲げる市場構造及び市場における弊害があることをいう。
• The term 'monopolistic situation' as used in this Act means circumstances in which each of the following market structures and negative effect in the market exist in any particular field of business where the aggregate total value (this term refers to the prices of the relevant goods less an amount equivalent to the amount of taxes levied directly on such goods) of goods of the same description (including goods capable of being supplied without making any material change to the facilities for, or kinds of, such business activities; hereinafter referred to as 'particular goods' in this paragraph) and those of any other goods having an extremely similar function and utility thereto, which are supplied in Japan (excluding those exported), or the total value (this term refers to the prices of the relevant services less an amount equivalent to the amount of taxes levied on the recipient of such services with respect thereto) of services of the same description which are supplied in Japan, during the latest one-year period designated by a Cabinet Order, exceeds hundred billion yen:

• 認定漁場改善計画を作成した漁業協同組合連合会が、認定漁場改善計画の内容を遵守させるために、総会（総代会を含む。）で、第四条第二項第三号に掲げる事項の内容に適合するように行う第一項に規定する漁業権行使規則又は入漁権行使規則の変更の議決を行おうとする場合において、特定組合員を直接又は間接の構成員とする会員たる漁業協同組合（以下「特定組合員所属組合」という。）のすべての同意を農林水産省令で定めるところにより得ているときは、水産業協同組合法第九十二条第三項において準用する同法第五十条（同法第九十二条第三項において準用する同法第五十二条第六項において準用する場合を含む。以下この項において同じ。）の規定にかかわらず、同法第九十二条第三項において準用する同法第五十条の規定による議決によることを要しないものとする。
• In the case where a Federation of Fisheries Cooperative Associations which has prepared an authorized Aquaculture Area Improvement Plan intends to issue a resolution on a change to a Fishery Right Exercise Rule or a Piscary Exercise Rule as provided in paragraph (1) of this Article at a general meeting (including a representatives' meeting), to conform to the contents of the matter provided in Article 4, paragraph (2), item (iii) of this Act in order to make the members of the Federation of Fisheries Cooperative Associations comply with the contents of the authorized Aquaculture Area Improvement Plan, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 50 of the Aquatic Industry Cooperative Association Act (including cases where applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 52, paragraph (6) of the same Act which is then applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 92, paragraph (3) of the same Act; hereinafter the same shall apply elsewhere in this paragraph) applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (3) of Article 92 of the same Act, the Federation of Fisheries Cooperative Associations shall not be required to issue a resolution pursuant to the provisions of Article 50 of the same Act as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (3) of Article 92 of the same Act, if the consent of all of the member Fisheries Cooperative Associations respectively, directly or indirectly consisting of the specific members (hereinafter referred to as 'Specific Members' Associations') is obtained pursuant to ordinance of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

• この法律で「大学等」とは、大学及び高等専門学校（学校教育法（昭和二十二年法律第二十六号）第一条に規定する大学及び高等専門学校をいう。第七条第三項において同じ。）、大学共同利用機関（国立学校設置法（昭和二十四年法律第百五十号）第九条の二第一項に規定する大学共同利用機関をいう。第七条第三項において同じ。）、独立行政法人（独立行政法人通則法（平成十一年法律第百三号）第二条第一項に規定する独立行政法人をいう。第三十条第一項において同じ。）であって試験研究に関する業務を行うもの、特殊法人（法律により直接に設立された法人又は特別の法律により特別の設立行為をもって設立された法人であって、総務省設置法（平成十一年法律第九十一号）第四条第十五号の規定の適用を受けるものをいう。第三十条第一項において同じ。）であって研究開発を目的とするもの並びに国及び地方公共団体の試験研究機関をいう。
• The term 'universities, etc.' as used in this Act shall mean universities and colleges of technology (which means universities and colleges of technology as provided in Article 1 of School Education Act [Act No. 26 of 1947]; The same shall apply in Article 7, paragraph 3 of this Act), inter-university research institutions (which means inter-university research institutions as provided in Article 9-2, paragraph 1 of National School Establishment Act [Act No. 150 of 1949]; The same shall apply in Article 7, paragraph 3 of this Act), incorporated administrative agency (which means incorporated administrative agency as provided in Article 2, paragraph 1 of Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agency [Act No. 103 of 1999]; The same shall apply in Article 30, paragraph 1 of this Act) that are engaged in test and research activities, public corporations (which means juridical person directly incorporated by an act or juridical person incorporated by special juristic act for establishment by a special act, to which the provision of Article 4, paragraph 15 of the Act on Establishment of the Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications [Act No.91 of 1999] are applicable ; The same shall apply in Article 30, paragraph 1 of this Act) that are designed for Research and Development, and test and research institutions that belong to national government and local governments.

• 経済産業大臣は、居住者による特定資本取引（第二十条第二号に掲げる資本取引（同条第十二号の規定により同条第二号に準ずる取引として政令で定めるものを含む。）のうち、貨物を輸出し、又は輸入する者が貨物の輸出又は輸入に直接伴つてする取引又は行為として政令で定めるもの及び鉱業権、工業所有権その他これらに類する権利の移転又はこれらの権利の使用権の設定に係る取引又は行為として政令で定めるもの（短期の国際商業取引の決済のための資本取引として政令で定めるものを除く。）をいう。以下同じ。）が何らの制限なしに行われた場合には、我が国が締結した条約その他の国際約束を誠実に履行することを妨げ、若しくは国際平和のための国際的な努力に我が国として寄与することを妨げることとなる事態を生じ、この法律の目的を達成することが困難になると認めるとき又は第十条第一項の閣議決定が行われたときは、政令で定めるところにより、当該特定資本取引を行おうとする居住者に対し、当該特定資本取引を行うことについて、許可を受ける義務を課することができる。
• When the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry finds that if specified capital transactions by a resident (meaning capital transactions listed in Article 20, item 2 (including those specified by Cabinet Order as transactions equivalent to item 2 of the said article pursuant to the provision of item 12 of the said article), which are specified by Cabinet Order as transactions or acts committed by a person who imports or exports goods directly accompanying the import or export of the goods, or which are specified by Cabinet Order as transactions or acts pertaining to the transfer of the mining right, industrial property right or other right equivalent thereto or establishment of the right to use these rights (excluding those specified by Cabinet Order as capital transactions to settle short-term international commercial transactions)), are conducted without any restrictions, it will cause a situation that prevents Japan from sincerely fulfilling obligations under the treaties and other international agreements it has signed or from making its contribution to international efforts for achieving international peace, which will make it difficult to achieve the purpose of this Act, or when a cabinet decision set forth in Article 10, paragraph 1 has been made, he/she may impose, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, on a person who intends to commit the specified capital transactions, the obligation to obtain permission for the implementation of the specified capital transactions.