目上: 102 Terms and Phrases

• 目上
• superior
• superiors
• senior

• 名目上
• in name
• on paper
• nominal
• in name only

• 黒目上
• Kuromikami

• 名目上の
• in name
• nominal

• 目上の人
• superior

• 下神目上
• Shimokoumekami

• 名目上の頭首
• figurehead

• 名目上の頭主
• figurehead

• 名目上の元本
• notional amount

• 名目上の尺度
• nominal scale

• 編み目上になったもの
• plexus

• 名目上、彼は上司である
• nominally he is the boss

• 蔵人所の名目上の責任者。
• This refers to a person nominally responsible for Kurododokoro.

• 『単に名目上のものです。』
• ''Is purely nominal.'

• 名目上摂津の旗頭とされた。
• He was regarded as a nominal leader of Settsu Province.

• 山号は法華山、開山は天目上人。
• The sango is Hokkezan and the kaisan is Tenmoku Shonin (Priest Tenmoku).

• 彼は目上の人に対して丁重である。
• He behaves respectfully toward his superiors.

• 名目上の簡潔さのロシアのシステム
• the Russian system of nominal brevity

• 名目上無料のサービスに払われる料金
• a fee paid for a nominally free service

• ソレが年上や目上の者に対する態度か！
• How dare you speak like that to your elders and betters!

• 名目上は独立しているが、本当はそうでない
• to be nominally but not actually independent

• ここに江戸幕府による政権は名目上終了する。
• Here the governance by the Edo shogunate was nominally ended.

• 目上の人には礼儀正しくしなければならない。
• You must be polite to your elders.

• 最近、目上の人に敬語を使わない若者が多い。
• Recently there are a lot of young people who don't use respectful language to their superiors.

• 「でも、俺たち兄妹だろ！」「名目上ではね」
• 'But, we're brother and sisters aren't we!?' 'In name we are.'

• しかし義昭は名目上とはいえ征夷大将軍である。
• However, Yoshiaki was, even if only in name, Seii taishogun (literally, 'the great general who subdues the barbarians').

• 彼は名目上では首相だが、実際はそうではない。
• He is prime minister in name, but not in reality.

• 目上の人に対して帽子をとって挨拶するべきです。
• You should greet your betters by tipping your hat.

• 目上の人間を喜ばせるために極端によく振舞う人間
• a person who behaves extremely well in order to please a superior

• 『単に名目上とはどんなものを言うんでしょう？』
• ''What do you call purely nominal?'

• 夢窓疎石を勧請開山（名目上の開山）としている。
• Muso Soseki was posthumously declared as the kaisan (temple founder) in name only.

• これにより名目上も完全に金銀複本位制に移行した。
• Bimetallism completely replaced the previous system notionally by this movement.

• 秀吉は名目上あくまで近衛家の一員として関白を継ぐ事
• 1) Hideyoshi would assume the position of Kanpaku technically as a member of the Konoe family,

• 8月4日、本尊を書写し陸前柳目上総公日宣に授与す。
• August 4: Nichiu made a replica of honzon and gave it to 上総公 Nissen of Yanaginome, Rikuzen Province.

• 目上の人のすることについて話す時、尊敬語を使います。
• When speaking about your superiors' actions, you use respectful language.

• 名目上の出席簿によって明らかにされるような課税可能な男性
• taxable males as revealed by the nominal rolls

• 〒605-0927　京都市東山区渋谷通東大路東入3丁目上馬町
• Kamiuma-cho, 3-chome, Higashioji Higashi-iru, Shibutani Street, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City, 605-0927

• 年末に贈られる歳暮と異なり、目上の者が目下のものに贈るのが特徴。
• It differs from Seibo which presented at the end of the year, in that elders give it to juniors.

• メンバーには純粋に名目上の貢献に対して週四ポンドの俸給の権利を与える。
• which entitles a member of the League to a salary of 4 pounds a week for purely nominal services.

• ですから、両親や目上の人を馬鹿にしたり、わずらわせたりしてはいけません。
• so that we will neither look down on our parents or superiors nor irritate them,

• 当時の兵部卿（後の陸軍大臣）は嘉彰親王であり、名目上だけの存在であった。
• The hyobukyo (later Minister of the Army) of that time was Imperial Prince Yoshiakira, but he was minister in name only.

• 引き続き摂政関白は置かれたものの、これにより名目上の存在に近いものとなる。
• Through such system, although the Sessho and Kampaku offices continued, they did not have actual power to rule the government.

• 名目上の越前の国主とされたので越前に移り住んだという説が有力視されている。
• There is a strong view that he moved to Echizen Province as he was the nominal sovereign of the region.

• 観察使は名目上は監察のための役職であったが、実質的に道内の行政権を握った。
• Kansatsushi was a nominal post for inspection, but, effectively held authority on the inside of Do.

• 永禄の変の後、足利義栄を擁立する三好氏により名目上の管領として処遇を受ける。
• After Eiroku Incident, Nobuyoshi was treated as a nominal kanrei by the Miyoshi clan, who backed up Yoshihide ASHIKAGA.

• 根来・雑賀衆は畠山貞政を名目上の盟主に立て、さらに紀南の湯河氏の支援も受けた。
• Negoro and Saiga shu worked respectfully for Sadamasa HATAKEYAMA as a nominal master and also received the support of the Yukawa clan in Kinan (southern part of Wakayama Prefecture).

• 1478年の畠山氏任命まで、本来、山城国には、名目上の守護しか置かれていなかった。
• Until the time when the Hatakeyama clan was appointed in 1478, only a nominally appointed Shugo had served Yamashiro Province.

• 名目上、藩札の専一流通を規定した藩は数多いが、赤穂藩ほど徹底していた例は稀である。
• Although many domains only allowed their han bills to be circulated within the territories, few of them could do this as thoroughly as Ako Domain did.

• 名目上は高倉上皇の院政だったが、平氏の傀儡政権であることは誰の目にも明らかだった。
• Although the administration officially was the cloister government led by the retired Emperor Takakura, it was clear to everyone that it really was a puppet government run by the Taira clan.

• 天皇の父が臣下である摂関家を目上としなければならない事に対しても天皇は不満を抱いた。
• The Emperor Kokaku was disgruntled about the fact that the emperor's father had to show respect the line of regents and advisers who were the subordinates of the emperor.

• これ以降、得宗と執権が分離し、実際の権力は得宗が持つようになり、執権は名目上の地位となった。
• Tokuso and the post of Shikken had become separated since then, and the actual power in the bakufu was held by Tokuso, then Shikken became only a nominal post.

• また、秀吉の御伽衆には、旧守護家出身など出自が高い者や元々は主筋や目上の武将だった者も多かった。
• And also, many otogishu of Hideyoshi came from a good line such as the old shugo family, the family of former his master, or higher ranking busho (Japanese military commander) than him.

• 私は目上として敬っている人を訪問しようと思う時には、まず最初に手紙を書いて面会したい理由を述べる。
• When I am going to visit someone I look up to, I first write to him and tell him why.

• そうではなくて、両親や目上の人を敬い、仕え、従い、愛し、大切な存在として扱いなさい、という意味です。
• but will honor them, serve them, obey them, love them and value them.

• 名目上合祀された後も、社殿などの設備を残したところもあり、そういったところでは復祀が行なわれ易かった。
• Restoration was easier for the shrines that were nominally merged but their main building and other facilities remained.

• だが、長い内乱や半済令の影響で寺社本所領や公領の衰退が著しく、彼らが持っていた職は名目上のものとなった。
• Under the influences of the long-lasting civil war and hanzeirei (half-tax decrees), Jisha honjoryo (lands of temples and nobles) and koryo were severely declined, and the shiki associated with the lands became in name only.

• そうでもしなければ譜代大名に過ぎない井伊直弼が自分の目上に当たる朝廷・徳川一門を処罰することはできなかったのである。
• Had Iesada not done so, Naosuke II, the only fudai daimyo (a daimyo as a hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), would have been unable to punish his superiors, such as the Imperial Court and the Tokugawa family.

• 天正4年（1576年）9月、名目上管領畠山氏が守護をつとめる越中に侵攻して一向一揆支配下の富山城、増山城を落とした。
• In October 1576, Kenshin invaded Ecchu Province where the Shogunal Deputy Hatakeyama clan served as Shugo (provincial constable) nominally, and conquered Toyama-jo Castle and Masuyama-jo Castle under control of an uprising of Ikko sect followers.

• ただし、近衛大将との兼務が慣例とされたためにその官位相当は従三位と大幅に上昇しており、馬寮では名目上の最高職であった。
• However, since it was conventional to double as Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), its equivalent official court rank was largely promoted to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), and was the highest in Meryo nominally.

• 畠山氏は実権はないものの、秀吉との抗争に当たっては根来・雑賀衆に名目上の盟主として担がれており、上方勢の攻撃対象になった。
• The Hatakeyama clan did not have real power, but since it was held as a nominal head of the battle with Hideyoshi by Negoro and Saiga shu, it was attacked by the Kamigata army.

• 正林寺（しょうりんじ）は京都市東山区渋谷（しぶたに）通東大路東入3丁目上馬町（かみうまちょう）にある、浄土宗の寺院である。
• Shorin-ji Temple is a Jodo (Pure Land) sect temple located in Kamiuma-cho, 3-chome, Higashioji Higashi-iru, Shibutani Street, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City.

• ただし、一介の小国人に過ぎなかった浅井氏による江北支配も順調ではなく、なおしばらくは京極氏を名目上の守護と仰ぐ時代が続いた。
• However, the contol of Gohoku by the Azai, who were merely a small country clan, was not stable, and for some time after that the Kyogoku clan became respected as the ostensible Shugo (military governor) and continued.

• 今日、無理難題を強いる上司や目上を指してお代官様と揶揄するのも、こうしたドラマを通じた悪代官のイメージが強いことに由来する。
• Bosses and superiors who order irrational demand are sarcastically called odaikan sama (Mr. Daikan) today, which derives from the persistent images of the bad daikan in those dramas.

• その際、義晴将軍を名目上であろうと担ぎだした場合には、現職の管領（高国側）が官軍となり、他方（晴元側）が賊軍となってしまう。
• At that point in time, in the event that it was possible to raise up Yoshiharu as Shogun, even if in name only, the forces of the current Kanrei (a supporter of Takakuni) would become the loyalist army, while the other combatants (who were supporting Harumoto) would become the rebel army.

• 多くの場合では、入り口から最も遠く、掛軸や華道が飾ってある場所が「上座」とよばれ、一番目上の人か大切なゲストが座る位置である。
• In many instances, the place farthest from the entrance of the room and nearest to decorations of hanging scroll and flower arrangements is called 'kamiza' where the highest ranked person or the most important guest may sit.

• 継ぎ目を元の状態に戻すと、左隻の右1扇目上部の山から緩やかな三角形の構図になっており、丁度のその延長上の両端に落款が押されている。
• If the seams were to be aligned, the composition would form a gentle triangle starting from the mountain on the top of the first right panel on the left screen, to the signatures and seals placed to the right on both edges along the extension of the slopes.

• とはいえ降参というのはあくまで名目上のことに過ぎず、雑賀衆の形式的な降伏と引き換えに織田勢が撤退したというのが事実に近いと思われる。
• However, it seems that they surrendered only nominally and that in fact, the Oda army withdrew in exchange for the nominal surrender of Saiga shu.

• 中世戦国時代_(日本)における毛利氏の場合、石見銀山を名目上”禁裏御料”とすることで、時の政権（豊臣氏）の干渉を免れていた様である。
• During the Sengoku period the Mori clan was able to avoid intervention by the ruling clan at that time (namely the Toyotomi clan) by registering Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine officially as 'Imperial property.'

• 貸し手の商人達から見れば大名貸は一種の不良債権であり返って来る見込みは薄くても名目上は資産として認められ、また社会的な地位ともなりえた。
• From the standpoint of merchants who lent money, daimyo-gashi was the nominal assets and the basis of their social status in spite of the fact that they were a kind of bad loan and their collectability was low.

• 裳は平安時代十二単の中で一番ポイントとなる物であり、自分より身分の高い人、或いは目上の者の前に出る場合は裳は必ず着用せねばならなかった。
• As mo is the most important garment in juni-hitoe (traditional multi-layer court costume, literally, twelve-layered ceremonial kimono) layered garment of the Heian period, and people had to wear mo when they served those who were elder or at a higher rank than themselves.

• その後、摂津国富田 (高槻市)で「中国大返し」後の豊臣秀吉軍に合流、名目上の総大将として山崎の戦いに参戦し、仇である明智光秀を撃破した。
• After that, he joined forces with Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who had completed the 'Chugoku Ogaeshi' (the term refers to Hideyoshi's reaction to the Honnoji Incident, in which he rushed back to Yamasaki, even though he had been fighting with the Mori clan in Bichu, when he learned the news) in Tomita, Settsu Province (Takatsuki City), and fought in the battle of Yamasaki as a nominal supreme commander, defeating Mitsuhide AKECHI.

• なお、頼貞の嫡子である徳川頼韶が1958年に42歳の若さで亡くなり、それ以降は、家の名は頼貞の夫人や娘の女系によって名目上は保たれていた。
• Yoriaki TOKUGAWA, an heir of Yorisada, died young at the age of 42 in 1985, and after that the family name was kept by the female family members, namely Yorisada's wife and daughter, in name.

• この内容はミュアヘッドの書物の一節からとられたもので「動機が善ならば弑逆（親など目上の人を殺すこと）も許されるであろうか」という課題である。
• The content was from one passage of the book written by Muirhead, and the question was 'If the motive is good, would it be excusable to kill superiors such as parents?'

• 南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年に、後醍醐天皇により開かれた南朝は、3代将軍足利義満時代の1392年に明徳の和談が行われて名目上は解消された。
• In 1336, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Nancho (Southern Court) started by Emperor Godaigo was alleviated in the Meitoku no wadan (peace negotiations between Nancho and Hokucho) during the time of the third shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in 1392.

• 南北朝の内乱から寺社本所領事による下地中分の過程で京都周辺以外の公家領の多くは「不知行」化されて収入が全く入ってこない名目上だけの存在となる。
• During the time between the beginning of the internal disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts and the shitaji chubun (the territorial division of the land, shoen, between competing central and local claimants) which was handled according to the Jisha honjoryo no koto Act, the land and land rights of a large number of kuge-ryo territories outside the capital area (Kyoto and the neighboring regions) were unlawfully seized by local warriors ('bushi') and no longer functioned as chigyo ('fuchigyo'), thus plundered ex-chigyo remained nominal and ceased to be the source of income for its lawful proprietors.

• 通常そのような上下関係がある席では、目上の者が座るまで待って座布団に座るのが一般的であるが、目上の者が遅れて来る場合は必ずしもその限りではない。
• Usually if there is a hierachical relationship in the seating arrangements, it is common to wait until the person in the place of honor or other superiors have sat before sitting down, however this may not necessarily be the case if the person is arriving late.

• しかし、この中には現在でも地域間対立や地理的要件の不一致などの問題を孕んでおり名目上は一つの県でありながら、実質上は別の県という地域が少なくない。
• However, some of the newly created prefectures still have problems in regional confrontation and geographic inconsistencies to this day, and there are cases where a prefecture is actually divided into two regions.

• 12日に高槻市で軍議を開き、秀吉は長秀、次いで信孝を総大将に推したが、逆に両者から望まれて自身が事実上の盟主となった（名目上、信孝が総大将となった）。
• A war council was convened in Takatsuki City on June 12, where Hideyoshi recommended Nagahide, and then Nobutaka, as the supreme commander, but conversely Hideyoshi himself became the virtual leader at the request of the two (nominally Nobutaka became the supreme commander).

• 「西郷どん」とは「西郷殿」の鹿児島弁表現（現地での発音は「セゴドン」に近い）であり、目上の者に対する敬意だけでなく、親しみのニュアンスも込められている。
• 'Saigo-don' was an expression in Kagoshima dialect meaning 'Mr. Saigo' (the local pronunciation is close to 'Sego-don'), it not only shows respect for elders, but also includes a friendly connotation.

• だが、西南戦争に伴う不換紙幣増発によって生じたインフレーションで金貨・銀貨ともに国外への流出や退蔵が深刻化して, 本位貨幣としては名目上の存在となってしまった。
• However, due to the inflation caused by the overissue of inconvertible currencies accompanying the Seinan War, both gold and silver coins fled Japan or were kept as dead storage to a great extent and came down to just nominal stanrdard money.

• 農奴の保有財産は、名目上は領主と借地人（農奴）との合意に基づくものとされていたが、実際には、ほぼ強制的に世襲させられていた（相続時に領主への支払が課せられていた）。
• The estate owned by serfs was notionally based on the agreement between the lords and the tenants (serfs), but in fact was obligatorily succeeded by heredity (on succession, the payment to the lords were imposed).

• 五代目中村翫雀 (5代目)、三代目中村扇雀 (3代目)、六代目片岡愛之助 (6代目)、六代目上村吉弥 (6代目)などの関西歌舞伎ゆかりの名跡が若手により継がれている。
• Well known names in Kansai Kabuki, such as Kanjaku NAKAMURA V (godaime), Senjaku NAKAMURA III (sandaime), Ainosuke KATAOKA VI (rokudaime) and Kichiya UEMURA VI (rokudaime), have been succeeded by young actors.

• すると、かつての守護斯波義廉の子を鞍谷氏の養子として足利義俊と名乗らせた上で、幕府の反対を押し切ってこの義俊を”名目上越前国主”として擁立し越前守護の斯波氏に対抗した。
• Takakage, therefore, forced the Kuratani clan to adopt the son of Shugo Yoshiyasu SHIBA and made the adopted son proclaim himself Yoshitoshi ASHIKAGA, and then, to oppose the Shiba clan, which was the Shugo of Echizen Province, Takakage backed up Yoshitoshi as 'the nominal provincial lord of Echizen Province,' overcoming resistance from the bakufu.

• これは、名目上は前年正月に三好氏が京都を攻めたことへの報復であったが、信長自身「三好氏の次は本願寺だ」という発言があったとされており、その本当の目的は本願寺への脅迫であった。
• This was conducted nominally in retaliation for the Miyoshi clan's attack on Kyoto on the New Year's Day of the previous year, but Nobunaga's true intention was to threaten Hongan-ji Temple because he himself allegedly said, 'The next target of Miyoshi is Hongan-ji Temple.'

• ただし、律令制の死滅は、律令もしくは律令法の死滅を必ずしも意味していないので、律令の名目上の完全な終焉時期も重要であるが、制度としての律令制が崩壊したことに注意する必要がある。
• The extinction of the Ritsuryo system does not necessarily mean the extinction of the Ritsuryo codes or Ritsuryo law and, although the time when the Ritsuryo ceased to exist in name is also important, it should be noted that it was the system based on the Ritsuryo that collapsed.

• ある人が思慮分別や個人的尊厳の欠如によって当然敬意を払われなくなることと、他人の権利を侵害したために当然受けるべき非難との間の区別は、単に名目上の区分というわけではありません。
• The distinction between the loss of consideration which a person may rightly incur by defect of prudence or of personal dignity, and the reprobation which is due to him for an offence against the rights of others, is not a merely nominal distinction.

• これに対して学生が「許される」としたため、哲学館の教育方針は「目上を殺してよいということは天皇も殺してよいということだ。この思想は国体を危うくする恐れがある」という見解をまとめた。
• As one student answered 'Yes it would be excusable', the views on the education policy of Tetsugakukan was summarized as follows: 'if it is excusable to kill superiors, it would be excusable to kill an Emperor and this thought would endanger the fundamental character of the nation'.

• ただ、実際には、刀や脇差の上納と没収が名目上で展開されたのみで、祭祀に用いる武具や害獣駆除のための鉄砲などは所持を許可されるなど、刀狩の展開後も農村には大量の武器が存在したままだった。
• Actually, however, the katanagari edict developed as a means to deliver or confiscate swords and short swords, while arms used for religious ceremonies and muskets for getting rid of noxious beasts were still allowed, leaving a great deal of weapons in the villages even after the execution of the katanagari edict.

• 1627年（寛永4年）に落雷により天守を焼失した後、1810年（文化7年）に幕府にはばかって名目上櫓として3重3階天守層塔型構造で新築したもので、「御三階櫓」として幕府には届け出を出していた。
• After the original castle tower was burnt down by lightning in 1627, the three-tiered, three-story castle tower was newly built in the Sotogata (multi-level tower-type keep) style as a yagura (turret) on paper in deference to the bakufu in 1810 and it was reported to be a ‘three-story turret.’

• しかし和議が整うと孝胤は千葉氏当主を自称できなくなり、山内上杉家に終生復讐を繰り返した長尾景春とともに、和議に反対し名目上は足利成氏を主君としながらもその古河御所への帰城は阻止する方針を固めた。
• Once the peace was established, however, Noritane was no longer able to declare himself the head of the Chiba clan, so he was against this peace negotiation together with Kageharu NAGAO, who repeatedly attempted to exact revenge on the Yamanouchi-Uesugi family throughout his life, and his nominal lord was still Shigeuji ASHIKAGA but he decided firmly to prevent Shigeuji from returning to the Koga Imperial Palace.

• 現代日本政治の「院政」は、名目上実権を持たない地位に就いて実質的な権力を行使することにより、権力行使に伴う法的・道義的責任を回避することを主目的とする意味で使われており、歴史上の院政とは本質的に異なる。
• In modern Japan, 'insei' is used to mean the subject person assumes a position that nominally does not have actual power, primarily for the purpose of exercising virtual power, thereby avoiding legal/moral responsibilities accompanying the exercise of power; it differs in essence from insei in its historical connotation.

• 晴元が将軍　足利義晴、足利義輝親子とともに六角氏のもとに落ち延びると、三好氏は氏綱を傀儡化させて名目上の管領として都を掌握、やがて幕府とも和睦して、幕府、管領を傀儡とした畿内一帯の支配権を拡大していった。
• When Harumoto ran away with father-son Shoguns Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA and Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA to the protection of the Rokkaku clan, the Miyoshi clan made Ujitsuna into a puppet and held the capital with a nominal Kanrei, eventually reconciling with the Shogunate and expanding their rule over all Imperial lands with the Shogunate and Kanrei as puppets.

• ところが、乱の最中に政長が山城国の守護に任じられると、本来山城国は幕府や朝廷の直轄領や有力貴族・寺社の荘園として統治され、名目上の役割に過ぎなかった筈の守護職に実権を得るために、守護領国制の導入を強行した。
• However, when Masanaga was appointed as shugo of Yamashiro Province during the war, he forced through an implementation of Shugo-ryogoku system in order to obtain the real power of shugo, which was just a nominal role before because originally Yamashiro Province was governed as direct control territory of the bakufu or Imperial Court, or as shoen (manor) of dominant nobility or temples and shrines.

• なお、旧幕府時代、名目上は独立国でありながら実質上薩摩藩の支配下にあった琉球王国に関しては、廃藩置県の際に「琉球藩」が設置されて日本国家内に取り込まれることとなり、1879年（明治12年）に沖縄県として正式に県に編入された。
• In addition, the Ryukyu Kingdom, which was nominally an independent country but actually was under the control of Satsuma Clan in the Shogunate period, belonged to Japan when Ryukyu domain was established at the time of Haihan-chiken, and then Ryukyu was formally incorporated into Japan as Okinawa prefecture in 1879.

• 先帝の后や母后ではなく皇太子の方が実権を握っている点で、中国の称制とは異なるが、まず母后（斉明天皇）のちに先帝の后（孝徳天皇の皇后・間人皇女）を名目上の上位者として立てていたために形式上「称制」という名称が選ばれたのであろう。
• Since the Crown Prince had actual political control of the Japanese Shosei, it was different from the one in China where the Empress or the Empress Dowager used to take control of politics, it is presumed that above case was formally called 'Shosei' as the Empress Dowager (Emperor Saimei) was first appointed the nominal highest position followed by former Emperor's Empress (Emperor Kotoku's Empress, Princess Hashihito).

• 『吾妻鏡』の当該時期には敬称としての「和泉前司」の他に「行方」と実名表記されている記事が多数見られること、同様に表記されている者に目上の者が居ないことなどから、この時期の『吾妻鏡』は、二階堂行方の筆録をベースにしていると見られている。
• The real name of 'Yukikata' was found frequently in addition to 'IZUMI no Zenji' which was a courtesy title in a lot of articles of 'Azuma Kagami' in the corresponding period and there were no elder persons who were mentioned in the same way, thus the articles of 'Azuma Kagami' in this period seem to be based on the records written by Yukikata NIKAIDO.

• 三條は1869年（明治2年）に太政官制太政官制が導入されて以来、実権はさておき、名目上は常に明治新政府の首班として諸事万端を整えることに努めてきたが、伊藤博文の主導する内閣制度の導入によってこれに終止符が打たれたのはこの4年前のことだった。
• Setting aside the question about his real power, SANJO had always strived to organize everything as head seat of new Meiji government since the System of Departments of State was introduced in 1869, but it was four years earlier that it was put an end by the introduction of cabinet system led by Hirobumi ITO.

• どんな信条でもその教師たちが、信者たちの心に、彼らが名目上は承認している真理についての、生き生きとした理解を保持させ、そうやって、その真理が感情に浸透して、行為にたいする真の統率を獲得するようにさせることが、いかに難しいか嘆いているのを、よく耳にします。
• We often hear the teachers of all creeds lamenting the difficulty of keeping up in the minds of believers a lively apprehension of the truth which they nominally recognise, so that it may penetrate the feelings, and acquire a real mastery over the conduct.

• これ以降も同様に、津山城（1616年）や福山城 (備後国)（1622年）のように4重目の屋根を庇とみなして事実上の5重天守でありながら名目上4重天守とするものや、高松城 (讃岐国)（1669年）のように内部5階建てでありながら外見を3重とするものなどが造られた。
• After this, in a similar way, some were constructed as virtual five-tiered Tenshu but made as nominal four-tiered ones, regarding the fourth-tier roof as Hisashi (eaves), as in the case of Tsuyama-jo Castle (1616) and Fukuyama-jo Castle (Bingo Province) (1622), and some were constructed as five-story Tenshu inside but made to appear three-tiered from the outside as in the case of Takamatsu-jo Castle (Sanuki Province) (1669).

• 阪堺電気軌道は南海鉄道と路線が競合していたため、両社間において競争が起こったが、不毛な競争を終息させるため両社間で合併協議がなされ、、南海鉄道が阪堺電気軌道を吸収合併することと決まり、面目上、阪堺電気軌道側から南海鉄道社長が選出されることになったため、引き続き南海鉄道の社長となる。
• Hankai Tramway Co., Ltd. and Nankai Railway's lines overlapped creating useless competition and to avert such competition, both companies were merged by Nankai Railway merging with Hankai Tramway Co., Ltd. and he remained as the president under the conditions of the merger.

• 鎌倉殿である源頼家の独裁権を掣肘するため1199年に開始された十三人の合議制が原型であるが、評定衆として制度化されたのは1225年、鎌倉幕府の執権北条泰時が、摂家から迎えた若年の鎌倉殿の藤原頼経が名目上支配する幕府政治を、有力御家人による合議により運営するべく設置したのが最初である。
• Hyojoshu originated from the council system with 13 councilors started in 1199 to restrain the dictatorship of MINAMOTO no Yoriie, and was established as a system by Yasutoki HOJO, the regent of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), in 1225 to operate the government under the nominal control of the young Lord of Kamakura, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune from a regent family, by the leading immediate vessels of the Lord.

• これに限らず、抱席身分も実際には、隠居や死去したときは子などの相続人に相当する近親者が、新規取り立ての名目で身分と俸禄を継承していたため、江戸時代後期になると、富裕な町人や農民が困窮した御家人の名目上の養子の身分を金銭で買い取って、御家人身分を獲得することが広く行われるようになった。
• Not only this, but in reality the status and stipends of Kakaeseki gokenin retainers were inherited by successors upon retirement or death, so in the latter part of the Edo period it became common for wealthy merchants and farmers to buy their way into gokenin ranks by paying to become the adopted son of an impoverished gokenin.