発展: 1839 Terms and Phrases

• 発展
• development
• growth
• advancement
• unfurling
• expansion
• extension
• enlargement
• playing around
• having an active sex life
• Hatten
• evolution
• explication
• progress
• progression
• expand

• 急発展
• boom (development, sales, etc.)

• 発展型
• variant
• successor model

• 発展場
• cruising spot
• gay venue
• fruit stand

• 発展性
• possibilities
• evolutivity
• developing

• 発展中
• under development
• in progress

• 発展的
• developing
• developmental

• 発展形
• Product Development

• 発展期
• Development

• 経済発展
• economic development

• 時間発展
• time evolution
• temporal development

• 発展学習
• enrichment program (i.e. for high-performing students)
• supplementary curriculum

• 発展途上
• developing (e.g. industry, town, economy)

• 発展する
• development
• blossom
• progressive
• shape up
• develop into

• 発展的な
• expansive

• 発展時間
• time of evolution

• 発展的解消
• dissolution of several sections into a new organization (organisation)
• Its positive disappearance

• 発展途上国
• developing country
• less developed country

• 発展させる
• develop

• 持続的発展
• sustainable development

• 発展方程式
• evolution equation

• 集落の発展
• Development of the Settlements

• 継承と発展
• Succession and development

• 発展の諸相
• Various aspects of development

• 発生と発展
• Origin and development

• 隈取の発展
• Development of Kumadori

• 成立と発展
• Establishment and development

• 完全な発展
• full development

• 文化の発展
• the growth of culture

• 社会の発展
• societal evolution

• 公正発展党
• Justice and Development Party (Turkey)

• 経済発展協会
• Association for Economic Development

• 発展の遅れた
• backward

• 発展性のある
• expansible

• 発展期の古筆
• Ancient Japanese calligraphy in the developing period

• 宿場町の発展
• Development of post-station towns

• 発展に関して
• with respect to development

• 科学的発展観
• Scientific development concept

• 後発発展途上国
• least developed among developing nations
• least developed among developing countries

• 時間発展方程式
• time evolution equation

• 持続可能な発展
• sustainable development

• 急速に発展する
• burgeon

• 発展を助成する
• promote

• 京ものの大発展
• Great Progress in Kyomono

• 武力闘争に発展
• Developing to the military fight

• 江州音頭の発展
• Development of Koshu ondo

• 発展しはじめる
• beginning to develop

• 発展していない
• not developed

• タイ国民発展党
• Chartthaipattana Party

• 連邦団結発展党
• Union Solidarity and Development Party

• 香港貿易発展局
• Hong Kong Trade Development Council

• 民主発展新戦線
• New Front for Democracy and Development

• 都市発展パターン
• urban development pattern

• 発展して～となる
• develop into

• 発展する/させる
• evolve

• 加工紙技術の発展
• The Development of the Technique for Processed Paper

• 天皇機関説の発展
• Development of the Emperor Organ Theory

• 技術的に発展する
• become technologically advanced

• 産業を発展させる
• develop industry

• 発展上で遅延した
• developmentally retarded

• 社会発展国民運動
• National Movement for the Development of Society

• 上海浦東発展銀行
• Shanghai Pudong Development Bank

• 水産業の健全な発展
• Sound Development of Fisheries

• 農業の持続的な発展
• Sustainable Agricultural Development

• 武士道の発展と深化
• Development and deepening of Bushido

• 剣歯虎発展の最高点
• culmination of sabertooth development

• 新しくて発展途上の
• new and developing

• 経済的に発展途上国
• an economically backward country

• ギリシア文明の発展
• the evolution of Greek civilization

• 国家平和発展評議会
• State Peace and Development Council

• 海洋産業の健全な発展
• Sound Development of Ocean Industries

• 食品産業の健全な発展
• Sound Development of Food Industry

• 発展期（明治・大正）
• The developing period (Meiji and Taisho period)

• 王朝国家の成立・発展
• Establishment and development of dynastic polity

• 発展または進化を経る
• undergo development or evolution

• 通常、足から発展する
• usually evolved from the legs

• 発展における最高段階
• the highest stage of development

• 発展の鍵は経済統合だ
• the key to development is economic integration

• 発展途上国対策委員会
• Committee on Developing Countries (DEVCO)

• 木材産業等の健全な発展
• Sound Development of Wood Industry

• 恒久的建築に発展した。
• Hence, it meant to be a permanent construction.

• 中国における発展段階論
• Development stage theory in China

• 血の粛清へと発展する。
• It evolved into a purge of blood.

• 幅広い規模の産業の発展
• the development of industry on an extensive scale

• 発展の可能性がないこと
• lack of potential for development

• 最も前の発展段階の器官
• an organ in its earliest stage of development

• クリオール語に発展する
• develop into a creole

• 発展型使い捨てロケット
• Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle

• 上海磁浮交通発展有限公司
• SMT Shanghai Maglev Transportation Development Co. Ltd

• Xが市政発展に不可欠だ。
• X is essential to the development of the municipal government.

• 和算の発展に関わった人物
• People who Contributed to the Development of Wasan

• 吾郷清彦による分類の発展
• Expansion of classifications by Kiyohiko AGO

• 文化の発展にも尽力した。
• He also contributed to cultural development.

• 夜間学校・保育所への発展
• Development into Night Schools and Nursery Schools

• 変化または発展受け入れる
• undergo a change or development

• 存在、または発展のレベル
• a level of existence or development

• 歯擦音への子音音素の発展
• the development of a consonant phoneme into a sibilant

• 一切の発展が望めない状態
• a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible

• 強力な超大国に発展した国
• The country developed into a mighty superpower

• 公正発展党 (モロッコ)
• Justice and Development Party (Morocco)

• 水源地の自立的持続的な発展
• independent and sustainable development of reservoir area

• 世界水発展報告書(国連)
• World Water Development Report (UN)

• 発展途上国77か国グループ
• Group of 77

• 民事法律扶助事業の整備発展
• Maintenance and Development of Civil Legal Aid

• 林業の持続的かつ健全な発展
• Sustainable and Sound Forestry Development

• 「田舎の舞方」からの発展説
• Developed from country mekata' theory

• 気候の変化と縄文文化の発展
• The climate change and the development of the Jomon culture

• 考えまたは計画の概念と発展
• the conception and development of an idea or plan

• 発展途上国の人々を援助する
• helps people in developing countries

• 何かの発展段階の発見と説明
• the discovery and description of the course of development of something

• 浄土真宗の発展と本願寺の形成
• The development of Jodo Shinshu sect and the establishment of Hongwan-ji Temple

• 住友の基盤を守り発展させた。
• He maintained the basis of Sumitomo and developed it.

• 彼はその町の発展に貢献した。
• He contributed to the development to the city.

• 彼は自分の商売を発展させた。
• He developed his business.

• 貿易は諸国の発展を促進する。
• Trade helps nations develop.

• なんという発展であろうか。
• This is a spectacular change.

• 何かが由来または発展する囲い
• an enclosure within which something originates or develops

• 時間発展型エネルギー平衡方程式
• time-depedent energy balance equation

• 水産業の健全な発展に関する施策
• Policies for Maintenance of Sound Development of Fisheries

• 農業の持続的な発展に関する施策
• Policy on Sustainable Agricultural Development

• 益々将来の発展が期待されます。
• Further developments are expected in the near future.

• 発展途上国の人口増加は急速だ。
• The growth in population is very rapid in developing countries.

• 商業は都市の発展をもたらした。
• Commerce led to the development of cities.

• 経済の発展はゆっくりと進んだ。
• Economic development proceeded slowly.

• 日本の国力はまだ発展している。
• The Japanese national power is still developing.

• 極端な繊細さと微妙さで発展した
• developed with extreme delicacy and subtlety

• 発展の製品として提供される何か
• something that can be provided as the product of development

• 良い道徳的な発展に役に立たない
• not conducive to good moral development

• 人口と産業における未曽有の発展
• an unprecedented expansion in population and industry

• 持続可能な発展のための社会的投資
• social investment for sustainable development

• 丸木、伏竹からくる発展的な作り。
• It was the structure developed from the maruki and fuseta bows.

• こうして閑院流発展の元となった。
• She thus paved the way for the expansion of the Kanryuin clan.

• そのように産業発展にも貢献した。
• Thus, Ryoo had contributed to industrial development.

• 彼は自分なりの理論を発展させた。
• He developed his own theory.

• 彼らの友情は深い愛情に発展した。
• Their friendship ripened into a deep love.

• 発展を助ける、または成長を助ける
• help develop, help grow

• 複雑な結果になる、または発展する
• have or develop complicating consequences

• 漸進的な改善または成長または発展
• gradual improvement or growth or development

• 言語または文学の発展の初期段階の
• of an early stage in the development of a language or literature

• メロディーを発展し、音階を変える
• develop the melody and change the key

• 音楽のテーマの想像力に乏しい発展
• unimaginative development of a musical theme

• 連合からしばしば発展する連邦政府
• federal governments often evolved out of confederations

• 中華人民共和国国家発展改革委員会
• National Development and Reform Commission

• 将来発展作業部会(EANETの)
• Working Group on Future Development of EANET

• Xが社会全体の発展に寄与しました。
• X contributed to the development of all of society.

• 醤油は日本で発展した調味料である。
• Soy-sauce is a seasoning which has been developed in Japan.

• 荒地であった吉崎は急速に発展する。
• Yoshizaki, which had been a waste land, developed quickly.

• 彼は経済の発展に大きな貢献をした。
• He contributed much to the development of the economy.

• 彼らはその市の急速な発展に驚いた。
• They were surprised at the city's rapid growth.

• 経済発展はアフリカでは重要である。
• Economic development is important for Africa.

• 日本は自らの経済成長を発展させた。
• Japan has developed her economic growth.

• 事態はさらに複雑な問題に発展した。
• The situation has evolved into a more complex problem.

• 我々は皆国の発展に一身をささげた。
• All of us devoted ourselves to the development of our country.

• 生活または通常の成長と発展ができる
• capable of life or normal growth and development

• 最も良い発展、幸福、または美の期間
• the period of finest development, happiness, or beauty

• 最近の発展を考慮しなくてはならない
• You must factor in the recent developments

• 研究の仕組みが少しずつ発展してきた
• the research structure has developed piecemeal

• 地域社会の健全な発展を目的とする事業
• Business to develop sound local community

• 水産加工業及び水産流通業の健全な発展
• Sound Development of Fishery Processing Industry and Fishery Marketing

• 政治・経済・社会の劇的な変化と発展。
• There was drastic change and development in politics, economics and society.

• 「旧劇」と呼ばれるものから発展した。
• Jidaigeki evolved from what was known as 'Kyugeki'(old drama).

• 発展系の中には金色に輝くものもある。
• Among the advanced types, there is one that sparkles in gold.

• 已然形は仮定形へと発展を遂げていく。
• The classical imperfective form developed into the conditional form.

• 市街地は東西で分かれて発展している。
• Development within the city is split between the east and west.

• 田中はこの銀行を根拠として発展する。
• TANAKA developed his business on the basis of this bank.

• 彼は日本の社会的発展について書いた。
• He wrote on the social evolution of Japan.

• 読書は知性を発展させることができる。
• Reading can develop your mind.

• 町が発展し、社会が都市化する社会過程
• the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban

• 絵と彫刻の発展を研究する学問の一分野
• the academic discipline that studies the development of painting and sculpture

• ユニテリアン神学の発展に影響を受けた
• influenced the development of Unitarian theology

• 更なる発展への道を切り開く最初の完成
• an initial accomplishment that opens the way for further developments

• 発展途上国には外部の助けが必要である
• developing nations need outside help

• 優美の概念は罪の概念とともに発展した
• the conception of grace developed alongside the conception of sin

• ヨーロッパ発展のためのブルガリア市民
• Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria

• それが、地域の発展の一翼を担いました。
• It played a role in developing the community.

• 後の禅宗の発展に大きな影響を及ぼした。
• It impacted the growth of the Zen sect later on to a considerable degree.

• 江戸時代に歌舞伎の伴奏音楽として発展。
• Nagauta developed as a form of music performed in conjunction with Kabuki (a type of drama).

• 江戸時代に日本の数学は大いに発展した。
• During the Edo period mathematics greatly developed in Japan.

• のちに野袴、山袴、裁付などに発展した。
• It later evolved into nobakama (literally, hakama for fields), yamabakama (literally, hakama for mountains), tattsuke (hakama for work) and so on.

• ソウルの繁華街の10000倍の発展だ。
• The size of the downtown area is 10000 times that of Seoul.

• 彼らの小さな抗議が大衆デモに発展した。
• Their small protest triggered a mass demonstration.

• 彼らは新事実によって議論を発展させた。
• They amplified their argument by new facts.

• 議論が空回りして一向に発展しなかった。
• The discussion produced a great deal of noise but no forward motion.

• それはわが国の産業の発展を妨げている。
• It interferes with our industrial development.

• その都市の急速な発展に私たちは驚いた。
• The rapid growth of the city surprised us.

• 学校の建設や教育の発展の水準において；
• The achievements made on the level of building schools and developing education;

• 男性の二次性徴の発展に対して責任がある
• responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics

• 激してしばしば暴力に発展するような争い
• heated often violent dissension

• アメリカ野球殿堂表彰者 (発展貢献者)
• Baseball Hall of Fame executives

• 国民経済の健全な発展及び豊かな文化の創造
• Sound development of the national economy and creation of rich culture

• 神明造の発展型であることから歴史は浅い。
• Because it is an advanced variation of the shinmei-zukuri style, its history is not long.

• 妻戸を軽量化した発展的形態と考えられる。
• It is apparently a lightweight form developed from tsumado.

• 戦乱の続く京を尻目に平泉は発展を続けた。
• Hiraizumi continued to develop in contrary to Kyoto, where battles incessantly went on.

• 財政危機に直面している発展途上国もある。
• Some developing countries are faced with financial crises.

• 先進国は発展途上国をもっと援助すべきだ。
• The countries should aid the countries much more.

• その都市はここ１０年間に急速に発展した。
• The city has grown rapidly last ten years.

• その計画は私たちの市を発展させるだろう。
• The plan will develop our city.

• 編集に対して自動的な発展的方法を適用する
• Applies automatic heuristics to edits

• この国の発展に力を貸したことでしょうな」
• He'd of helped build up the country.'

• ゆっくりと発展し、長期にわたり続く様子で
• in a slowly developing and long lasting manner

• 相互に結びついた出来事や活動や発展の連続
• a connected series of events or actions or developments

• 発展の2つの流れがアメリカ史を貫いている
• two streams of development run through American history

• マスタバから発展したエジプトのピラミッド
• the Egyptian pyramids developed from the mastaba

• それが急速に世界的規模の発展を遂げました。
• It has developed rapidly on a worldwide scale.

• それがいまや社会問題にまで発展しています。
• Now it has developed into a social issue.

• 寺院や城郭建築などで大きく発展が見られた。
• Significant developments were seen in the hafu on temples and castles.

• 後々にそれが発展して経典として形成された。
• These teachings were compiled into scriptures in later years.

• これは供養壇が神道風に発展したものである。
• This soreisha is an altar of Shinto style developed from Buddhist kuyodan.

• 地歌と箏曲は同時に発展していくことになる。
• Consequently, jiuta and sokyoku began to develop together.

• 上記の王府からの発展で「使府」ともいった。
• It then evolved from the above Wang Fu, also called 'Shi Fu (Official Posts).'

• これ以降、伏見区は港湾商業都市として発展。
• After this, Fushimi Ward developed as a commercial city centered on ports and harbors.

• 市場の成立や交通の整備は都市の発展を促す。
• The founding of and subsequent commerce at markets spurred cities to grow and develop.

• そのため、後には国会で責任問題に発展した。
• Therefore, the cost problem became a liability issue later.

• 発展途上国では優れた技術者が不足している。
• Good technicians are in short supply in the developing countries.

• 私達の関係が発展することを希望しています。
• I hope to see our relationship expand.

• その国の発展は日本のそれよりも遅れている。
• The development of the country is falling behind that of Japan.

• 技術者の不足が当社の発展の最大のネックだ。
• The shortage of engineers is the greatest bottleneck to the development of our company.

• 口論はいつしか殴り合いの喧嘩へと発展した。
• The quarrel proceeded from words to blows, and while the men fought,

• 実際どの文化も固有の物語を発展させてきた。
• Virtually every culture has developed its own,

• 文化的および社会的発展があまり進んでいない
• not having a high state of culture and social development

• 毛沢東によって中国で発展した共産主義の形態
• a form of communism developed in China by Mao Zedong

• 21世紀の国際経済社会の調和と発展に寄与する
• contribute to the harmony and development of a world economic society of the 21st century

• 我が国産業の国際競争力の強化及び持続的な発展
• Intensification of the international competitiveness and sustainable development of Japanese industry

• 行政が地域の産業発展に一定の役割を果たした。
• The administration played a certain role in developing local industry.

• マレーシアの発展振りには目を見張るばかりだ。
• The development in Malaysia is nothing short of amazing.

• 唐古南氏の居館周辺は、現在の鍵集落へと発展。
• The area around the Karakominami clan's residence developed into the present the Kagi settlement.

• 東龍そばは、こってり系の発展系と考えられる。
• Toryu noodle is considered to be evolved from the thick soup type.

• 通し矢の発展とともに道具も改良されていった。
• As Toshiya progressed, so too did its tools evolve.

• そのために、発展が遅れているとの指摘もある。
• It has been pointed out that such a situation has hampered development in the city.

• のちに大槻玄沢とともに蘭学の発展に貢献する。
• Subsequently, he and Gentaku OTSUKI contributed to the advancement of Dutch studies.

• 鉄道発展に寄与し、日本の鉄道の父と呼ばれる。
• He made contributions to the development of railways in Japan and is called the father of the Japanese railways.

• 基家の子孫は羽林家の持明院家として発展した。
• Motoie's descendants were expanded as the Jimyoin family of the Urin family.

• 彼らは町の発展に大いに貢献してくれるだろう。
• They will contribute greatly to the growth of the town.

• 先進国は発展途上国を援助しなければならない。
• Advanced countries must give aid to developing countries.

• 政府は発展途上国に対する財政援助を増やした。
• The government has increased its financial aid to the developing nations.

• それは発展して非常に大きな都市になっている。
• It has developed into a very large city.

• 幹線道路の建設は郊外の発展に寄与するだろう。
• The construction of a highway will contribute to the growth of the suburbs.

• コンピューター産業の発展は非常に急速である。
• The development of the computer industry has been very rapid.

• 成長または発展を妨げることによって衰弱させる
• make weak by stunting the growth or development of

• 発展または進歩が起こっていない場所または状態
• a place or condition in which no development or progress is occurring

• 何かの成育または発展を妨げることで弱める行為
• the act of weakening by stunting the growth or development of something

• 発展の、発展に関する、または、発展を構成する
• of or relating to or constituting development

• 第四章　林業の持続的かつ健全な発展に関する施策
• Chapter4 Policies for the Sustainable and Sound Development of Forestry

• 隣のさとうと競争しながら互いに発展していった。
• It competed and developed with SATO located next to it.

• 上記から発展した →「寺院仏教の寺院」を参照。
• This developed from the above usage (refer to 'Buddhist Temple').

• また劇場とは関係なく純音楽として発展して来た。
• Moreover, they have developed as pure music independent of theater.

• 古武道と同じく、江戸時代に発展したものが多い。
• Same as the kobudo (classical material arts), many of them were developed in the Edo period.

• 割高台 - 祭器から発展したもので高台に特徴。
• Warikodai: tea bowls that developed from items used in religious rituals and have a distinctive kodai.

• これはマスメディアの発展と無関係とはいえまい。
• This was linked with the development of a mass media.

• 惣追捕使はその後、守護制度へと発展していった。
• After this, the system of using Sotsuibushi developed into the Shugo (provincial constable) system.

• 次いで許インと張維が出て、陽明学を発展させた。
• Then, Heo Gyun and Jang Yu appeared and developed Yomeigaku.

• 工業化は日本の経済発展に多大な影響を及ぼした。
• Industrialization had a great influence on the development of the economy in Japan.

• たいていの発展途上国は過剰人口で苦しんでいる。
• Most developing countries are suffering from overpopulation.

• この会社は私の祖父が創立し、両親が発展させた。
• My grandfather founded and my parents developed this company.

• 心のほとんどあらゆる側面の起源と発展の一般用語
• a general term for the origin and development of almost any aspect of the mind

• 急速な発展（特に悪いものの発展）に理想的な状態
• a situation that is ideal for rapid development (especially of something bad)

• 基部から頭頂部まで連続して発展したまたは開いた
• developing or opening in succession from base to apex

• キブラと密接に関係する反欧米の自警団に発展する
• evolved into a vigilante group with anti-western views closely allied with Qibla

• 込み入って手間のかかる細部において発展すること
• developing in intricate and painstaking detail

• 歴史、歴史発展または伝統に無関心または無関係の
• unconcerned with or unrelated to history or to historical development or to tradition

• 彼らは、アジアの発展途上の国への援助を実現した
• They voted aid for the underdeveloped countries in Asia

• 発展は列挙された品目の重さの増大を暗示していた
• the progression implied an increasing weightiness of the items listed

• 各社が業界全体のいっそうの発展を目指しています。
• Each company aims to further develop the whole industry.

• 弟子には曹洞宗発展の基礎を築いた瑩山紹瑾がいる。
• Keizanjokei, who laid the foundation of the development of Soto Sect, was his disciple.

• 現在では都市イベントにまで発展している例も多い。
• Up to now, many of them have developed into city events.

• こうして箏曲が再び独自に発展を始めることになる。
• Thus sokyoku again began to develop on its own.

• それと同時に表具の技術技巧が著しく発展を遂げた。
• At the same time, the technique of mounting developed significantly.

• 発展期には全国に255校、ほぼ全藩につくられた。
• During the developing period, 255 schools were established all over Japan, in nearly every domain.

• 新しい工法を採用するなど定朝様を飛躍発展させた。
• He dramatically developed Jocho-style by adopting new methods and so on.

• 発展途上国は財政問題で諸々の困難に苦しんでいる。
• Developing countries suffer from difficulties of fiscal problems.

• ロンドンは発展してヨーロッパの一般市場になった。
• London developed into the general market of Europe.

• [8]：『ヨーロッパの知的発展史』295ページ
• 8. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, p. 295.

• 古代メソポタミアの偉大な文明の発展に重要であった
• was important in the development of several great civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia

• 特別の行動または機能のために発展または設計された
• developed or designed for a special activity or function

• 社会的および技術的に高い文化を持ち高度に発展した
• having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

• 更なる指導または発展を待つかのように静止して待つ
• stop and wait, as if awaiting further instructions or developments

• 1つの主義の影響力のある考えは他の発展に影響する
• seminal ideas of one discipline can influence the growth of another

• 両国間の平和友好関係を強固にし、発展させるため、
• For the purpose of solidifying and developing the relations of peace and friendship between the two countries.

• その積み重ねが、ひいては地域社会の発展に貢献する。
• The accumulation will contribute to the development of the whole community.

• この須恵器が現在の備前焼に発展したといわれている。
• It is said that this Sueki has been developed into Bizen ware.

• 真言宗の事相の流派「広沢流」の本拠として発展した。
• This temple developed as the headquarters of the Hirosawa school (one of the two schools in the Kogi Shingon sect), which valued Jiso (the practical aspects of Esoteric Buddhism, including rituals, incantations and prayers).

• 砧もの（箏曲「砧」より移入しそれから発展した曲群）
• Kinutamono (a group of musical pieces that came from and then developed from the sokyoku entitled 'Kinuta')

• 近年、独自な発展を遂げつつあり注目される杜氏集団。
• They have been attracting more attention because of their unique development.

• この伝統的な「なます」が発展したものが刺身である。
• Sashimi developed from that traditional 'namasu' dishes.

• 冊封使歓待を目的として発展した明清系の音楽である。
• It is a style of music with roots in the Ming and Qing dynasties that was developed with the aim of fostering warm diplomatic relations.

• 同年5月末には契約解除となり、訴訟にまで発展した。
• The agreement was terminated at the end of May of the same year and the disputes went all the way to litigation.

• この時代も禅は公家や武家の帰依を受け発展を続けた。
• During this period as well, Zen, believed by kuge and samurai, became increasingly more prosperous.

• この背景には資本主義の急速な発展が指摘されている。
• It is pointed out that it was caused by the rapid development of capitalism.

• こうして、石山本願寺は本願寺の本拠として発展した。
• Then, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple flourished as a headquarters of Hongan-ji Temple.

• この発想は六人部是香に受け継がれ、発展させている。
• This concept was succeeded to Yoshika MUTOBE and developed further.

• また、多くの文化人を招聘して文治の発展に尽力した。
• He dedicated himself to develop the Bunji era through inviting many men of culture.

• 江戸時代になると呉服店が立ち並ぶ問屋街として発展。
• During the Edo period, it developed as a wholesale street lined with kimono shops (drapers).

• 米国の豊かさは発展途上国の貧しさと比較対照される。
• The affluence of the United States is often contrasted with the poverty of undeveloped countries.

• 近代科学技術はなぜ中国で発展しなかったのだろうか。
• Why didn't modern technology develop in China?

• [11]：『ヨーロッパの知的発展史』359ページ
• 11. Intellectual Development of Europe, p. 359.

• 5世紀後に発展したビザンチン帝国で発生した建築様式
• the style of architecture developed in the Byzantine Empire developed after the 5th century

• 社会の発展にかかわる国際連合経済社会理事会の委員会
• the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with social development

• 私は分子生物学の最新の発展についていこうとしている
• I'm trying to catch up with the latest developments in molecular biology

• 臨床的研究の発展並びに診療レベルの向上を目的とする。
• Our purpose is improving the development of clinical approaches and the standards of medical practice.

• 禅宗の一派、臨済宗が幕府の保護によりさらに発展した。
• The Rinzai sect, one school of Zen sect, developed more and patronized by the shogunate.

• このような環境の中で地歌は、三弦音楽として発展した。
• In such an environment, jiuta developed as sangen music.

• 福知山は後にその城下町として発展を遂げた都市である。
• Thereafter, Fukuchiyama developed into a castle town.

• 中世には寺内町である今井町が自治都市として発展した。
• In medieval times, Imai-cho as Jinai-cho (temple villages) was developed as an autonomous city.

• 既存の財閥では貧弱な化学産業を中心に発展していった。
• The development of the existing zaibatsu was promoted as revolving around the limited chemical industry.

• これが「口宣」もしくは「宣旨」へと発展する事になる。
• That was shaped up into 'kuzen' or 'senji.'

• 15世紀、日本では「字引」形式の書物が発展してきた。
• In the 15th century, a book in the form of 'Jibiki' developed in Japan.

• 貿易による経済交流と文化発展に寄与することとなった。
• He contributed to the cultural development and financial exchange through trade.

• 覚馬は同志社臨時総長として、同志社の発展に尽力する。
• Kakuma contributed to the development of Doshisha as the temporary president of Doshisha.

• が、この事が家督騒動に発展し、家中は分裂して争った。
• That led to troubles about the family estate and the Tochi family fought in several groups.

• 四条通以南は明治以降発展し、茶屋や料理屋が立ち並ぶ。
• The section of Hanamikoji-dori Street south of Shijo-dori Street started to develop during the Meiji period with tea rooms and restaurants lining the road.

• パートタイム労働者は経済の発展に重要な役割を演じる。
• Part-time workers play an important role in developing the economies.

• その国の経済は豊かな天然資源を利用して発展してきた。
• The country's economy has developed making use of its rich national resources.

• 発展の初期段階である、または、発展の初期段階で起きる
• being or occurring at an early stage of development

• 中国と日本の間で発展した兵器を使用しない防衛システム
• a method of self-defense without weapons that was developed in China and Japan

• それから10年程は変遷もなく、しばらく唐様が発展した。
• During around ten years after that, no new movement appeared, and the Chinese styles developed for a while.

• 戦後は交通アクセスの良さで関西の奥座敷として発展した。
• Ogoto developed as a area where one can enjoy adult entertainment of Kansai region due to its good traffic accessibility, after the war.

• 後に、東の吉身、西の今宿が加宿となり、さらに発展した。
• It later merged with Yoshimi to its east and with Imajuku to its west and developed further.

• 奈良時代に日本で考案された蒔絵の技法が大きく発展した。
• Makie was created in the Nara period and its techniques were remarkably developed.

• 経済が発展するとともに大量の物資輸送の必要が出てきた。
• Along with the economic development, it became necessary to transport large quantities of goods.

• 集団制作による詩形である連歌は講と結びついて発展した。
• Renga, a poem composed by a group, developed in relation to the ko (meeting for a lecture on Buddhist scriptures).

• この説を発展させ、家康が実父ではないかという説もある。
• Expanding on YAKIRI's theory, there is yet another theory that Ieyasu might have been the father of Iemitsu.

• 多くの科学の著訳書があり、日本の科学の発展に貢献した。
• He has written and translated many literature on science, and made a great contribution to the development of science in Japan.

• 自然の種から発展して、耕作中で維持されるいろいろな工場
• a variety of a plant developed from a natural species and maintained under cultivation

• 小さい脳半球あるいは脳半球の欠落をもたらす脳発展の欠陥
• a defect in brain development resulting in small or missing brain hemispheres

• 異なる社会レベル、クラスまたはカースト制度を発展させる
• develop different social levels, classes, or castes

• 近代文学の発展に強く影響した（1885年−1972年）
• strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972)

• 発展の後期または後段階に向かうまたはそれらの状態にある
• at or toward an end or late period or stage of development

• 物質的な富の生産、発展そして経営に影響する過程のどれか
• any process affecting the production and development and management of material wealth

• アジアの多くの国は、現在非常に速いペースで発展している
• Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace

• 花柳界で発展したため、手振りが多く、品のある舞踊である。
• Since it developed in the pleasure quarters, it is a graceful form of buyo with intricate hand and arm movements.

• 「手事もの」の発展に伴い、多音的で複雑な合奏が発達した。
• With the development of 'tegotomono' there emerged ensembles that were complex and polyphonic.

• 八橋検校の弟子たちによって八橋流は継承、発展していった。
• The music of the Yatsuhashi school was passed down to later generations by the pupils of Kengyo YATSUHASHI and continued to develop.

• 現在は発展途上国で児童労働の代表的な職業として知られる。
• It is known today as a leading occupation for child labor in developing countries.

• つまり、円山派の発展形のひとつが四条派と言うことになる。
• In other words, the Shijo school is one of the developed styles of the Maruyama school.

• それ以後、保津川は丹波と京を結ぶ産業水路として発展した。
• Since then, the Hozu-gawa River has developed as an industrial waterway connecting Tanba with Kyoto.

• 日本建築は朝鮮半島・中国からの影響を受けて発展してきた。
• Japanese architecture has developed with influences from the Korean Peninsula and China.

• 大太刀の柄を延長して取り回し易くした中巻きから発展した。
• Nagamaki was developed from Nakamaki which has an extended handle of a long Japanese sword for ease of removal.

• この対立はついに観応の擾乱と呼ばれる内部抗争に発展した。
• This conflict finally raised an internal split called the Kanno Disturbance.

• 朝鮮での発展や日本への流入の過程は今でも不明な点が多い。
• Many aspects of how Tengen jutsu spread to Korea and how it was introduced into Japan remain unclear even today.

• また後進の育成にも熱心で以後蘭学が発展する基礎を築いた。
• Also, Genpaku eagerly fostered young doctors and medical researchers, contributing to building a foundation for the Western studies to develop further in future.

• 毛利両川の一人として、元春と共に毛利氏の発展に尽くした。
• As a member of Mori Ryosen (military and political allies formed by Motonari MORI, literally, two rivers [kawa] of the Mori clan), he and Motoharu contributed to the prosperity of the Mori clan.

• 鎌倉は後の鎌倉幕府の本拠地として、発展を遂げる事となる。
• Kamakura continued to develop as future headquarters of the Kamakura bakufu.

• 財政改革にはあまり効果が無かったが、文化的には発展した。
• Although his financial reform wasn't very effective, cultural policy was developed.

• 教育、文化、福祉の向上、スポーツの振興・発展のための連携
• Cooperation for education, culture, improvement of welfare, promotion and improvement of sports

• 京都では鎌倉時代後期から土倉・酒屋が急速に発展してきた。
• In Kyoto, the doso and sakaya had developed rapidly since the latter part of the Kamakura period.

• 大統領は発展途上諸国に十分な援助を提供することを決めた。
• The President decided to provide developing countries with sufficient aid.

• 発展段階の初期において元金を出すことで援助する（会社を）
• help (an enterprise) in its early stages of development by providing seed money

• 彼の教えは見蓮らが発展させ、立川流を確立したとされている。
• It is believed that his teachings were disseminated by his disciples to form the Tachikawa School.

• 猿楽・田楽・延年は、互いに影響を及ぼし合い発展していった。
• Circus performance (Sarugaku), ritual field music (Dengaku) and celebrating longevity (Einen) influenced one each other and developed further.
• Sarugaku, dengaku and ennen developed while being mutually influenced.

• また、天下一品（こってり）はこの系統の発展系と考えられる。
• The 'thick type' of Tenka-ippin is believed to have been developed from this type.

• 地歌の隆盛とともに複雑な合奏を楽しめる箏曲として発展した。
• As a result, it was developed as sokyoku which could be enjoyed as sophisticated concert music along with jiuta's populatiry.

• 漫画作品自体の発展に比べ、評論は比較的未発達の分野である。
• Compared to the development of comic work itself, criticism remains relatively undeveloped.

• 同年末、日活に提携絶縁状を提出したがそれが訴訟に発展する。
• At the end of the year, Chiezo Productions sent a letter to break off its relationship with Nikkatsu, but this turned into a dispute and went into litigation.

• また国内では分国法を定めて、今川氏を戦国大名に発展させた。
• He established bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) and the Imagawa clan became daimyo (Japanese territorial lord).

• 能の歴史とは、日本の伝統芸能である能の発展史のことである。
• History of Noh means the history of the development of Japanese traditional art of Noh.

• これによって両者の対立は派閥間の争いに発展することとなる。
• This caused the conflicts between the master and a disciple to develop into a battle between the factions.

• 規模も西日本の古代山城の発展形とみられ、注意が必要である。
• Considering their scales, those two castles seem to be develop forms of the Kodai Sanjo castles in western Japan, so we need to be careful when categorizing ancient castles.

• 農業の技術的、経済的発展および改良を目的として設立された。
• It was founded for the purposes of technical, economical development and improvement of agriculture.

• 荻生徂徠と親交があったため、藩政では文治の発展に尽力した。
• Because he enjoyed the friendship of Sorai OGYU, he devoted himself to the development of civilian government druing his administration of the Domain.

• その小国は他の発展途上国に遅れまいと大変な努力をしている。
• The small country is making great efforts to keep up with other developing countries.

• フィデル・カストロによってキューバで発展した共産主義の形態
• a form of communism developed in Cuba by Fidel Castro

• パレスティナにユダヤ人のための母国を設立し、発展させる政策
• a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine

• 1つの商業活動を作り上げる人か、国を組織化して発展させる人
• a person who creates a business or who organizes and develops a country

• ここに並べた順序は、形式の発展順序を示しているわけではない。
• The sequence of the above listing does not necessarily indicate the development sequence of the types.

• 普賢院では多くの書物を著し、真言密教の事相の発展に寄与した。
• While at Fugenin, he wrote many books, which contributed to the development of the practical training of the Shingon Esoteric Buddhism.

• 以降室町時代にかけて山上山下72坊を有する巨刹へと発展した。
• Later, toward the Muromachi period, the temple became a large complex with 72 temple buildings in Sanjo and Sange.

• 本来が劇場とは関係なく発展してきたので、劇的な表現は少ない。
• It originally developed independent of the theater, and therefore dramatic expressions are rare.

• 天保頃までの箏の発展も、主にそこに便乗し合奏する形で進んだ。
• Moreover, Sokyoku developed until around Tenpo era, mainly by jumping on the shamisen bandwagon or, in other words, by participating in Jiuta.

• 更に、当時箏が江戸中期以来、三味線の後続として発展していた。
• Furthermore in those days, the koto had developed as a sequel to the shamisen since the middle of the Edo period and still had room for development.

• 平安時代には、中国の影響を受けながら料理はいっそう発展した。
• In the Heian period, the cooking level advanced with the influence of China.

• これにより蘇我氏と物部氏による皇位継承を巡る争いに発展する。
• His death developed the conflict between the Soga clan and the Mononobe clan over the imperial succession.

• 京都市は、明治維新以降は発展と保全をバランスよく保っていた。
• Since the Meiji Restoration, Kyoto City has maintained a proper balance between development and conservation.

• この過程で軍事貴族と呼ぶべき実態は発展的に解消されていった。
• During the course of these events, the status called military aristocrat rapidly disappeared.

• 転機が訪れたのは、翌年日清間の抗争に発展した台湾出兵である。
• The turning point was when Japan dispatched troops to Taiwan during the conflict between Japan and Qing that developed the following year.

• これらの新興資本家の多くは総督府と良好な関係を保ち発展した。
• Many of those emerging capitalists grew, keeping good relationships with Sotoku-fu.

• これは中国において書斎を中心に文化が発展してきたからである。
• This was because cultures had developed centering on libraries in China.

• その後鉄道は先進各国で産業発展の担い手として発達して行った。
• From that time on, railways made progress in advanced countries as a bearer of industrial development.

• いっぽう、磨きの技術も徐々に発展し、精緻な磨製石斧も現れる。
• Meanwhile techniques for grinding were developed gradually, and elaborate ground stone axes appeared.

• さらに親友の沢田東江までもが連座するに及んで大獄に発展する。
• Moreover, Kinga's close friend Toko SAWADA was also implicated, and the incident thereby grew into taigoku (mass arrest of serious case suspects by the shogunate).

• 飢饉のための対策、殖産産業に寄与し日本の本草学を発展させた。
• Through the progress of his study in the field of herbalism, Joan contributed for the development of measures against famine and the growth of various industries in Japan.

• このように混乱続きの藩政で、玄綱の功績には文武の発展がある。
• Although these troubles occurred one after another during his administration of the domain, Totsuna's achievements include development of literary and military arts.

• ほとんどの発展途上国の都会の人口は非常に急激に増加している。
• The urban population in most developing countries is increasing very fast.

• 知的発展の決定には遺伝が環境よりも重要であるという哲学的主義
• the philosophical doctrine that heredity is more important than environment in determining intellectual growth

• 腎臓に関する医療の分科−その発展と解剖学的構造と生理学と疾患
• the branch of medicine concerned with the kidney - its development and anatomy and physiology and disorders

• ヨーロッパの経済発展にかかわる国際連合経済社会理事会の委員会
• the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development in Europe

• このお金は、発展途上国で読み書きの能力の発達を支援するだろう
• This money will help the development of literacy in developing countries

• 持続可能な発展につながる低炭素社会に向けたグローバルチャレンジ
• Global Challenges Toward a Low-Carbon Society (LCS) Through Sustainable Development

• 商店街名は全長の800に未来への発展を意味して1を加えたもの。
• The name of the shopping street comes from its length of 800m plus 1 which was added intending further expansion in the future.

• 駒寄せから発展したとも言われ、泥棒が家に入りにくい効果もある。
• It is said that inuyarais are originated from Komayose (surrounded areas under eaves), and they also have an effect to make it difficult for thieves to enter the house.

• なお、この2名の流罪では収まらず、翌年承元の法難へと発展した。
• Expelling these two was not enough, this became Jogen no honan (an event where four apprentices of Honen were executed and seven others including Honen and Shinran were banished by the Retired Emperor Gotoba) in the following year.

• 主にこの3箇所を中心にして、教学の研鑽・研究・発展が見られた。
• These three locations served as centers for training, research and advancement of the religion.

• この形式を発展させたのが、俵屋宗達と尾形光琳だといわれている。
• People who contributed to developing this style of painting were believed to be Sotatsu TAWARAYA and Korin OGATA.

• しかし、江戸時代後期に大発展し、地歌を代表する楽曲形式となる。
• However, great progress was made during the latter part of the Edo period, and they became the representative form of jiuta composition.

• 以後吉沢検校らに受け継がれて、次第にこの傾向が発展していった。
• It was then passed on to Kengyo Yoshizawa, and the development gradually took on this trend.

• これは日英間の国際問題にまで発展し、偽造グループが逮捕された。
• This issue developed into an international issue between Japan and Britain, which resulted in the capture of a group of counterfeiters.

• 中国の唐代に始まって宋 (王朝)代に発展したと考えられている。
• It is believed that tocha originated in theTang dynasty period in China, which was developed in the Sung dynast period.

• 1962年、アマチュアの普及発展を目的に、伯国相撲連盟が結成。
• Brazilian Sumo Federation was established in 1962 to develop and spread amateur sumo.

• 万世一系についていくつかの疑問がなされ、大きな論争に発展した。
• The theory of the unbroken Imperial line was often questioned and it grew into considerable disputes.

• また、灘五郷や伊丹市の酒造業、有田町や瀬戸市の窯業も発展した。
• In addition, sake brewing industries in five villages of Nada and Itami City were developed as well as ceramic industries in Arita Town and Seto City.

• 室町幕府も同様の制度を整備し、後に5番制の奉公衆へと発展する。
• In the Muromachi bakufu, the same system was used, and later it developed into the Hokoshu (the shogunal military guard), which was made up of five teams.

• translatewiki.netはさらなる発展を望んでいます
• Translatewiki.net wants to grow

• これらの時代は、発展させた個々の意見は大きく異なっていますが、
• These periods differed widely in the particular opinions which they developed;

• ドイツの哲学者で、現象論を発展させた（1859年−1938年）
• German philosopher who developed phenomenology (1859-1938)

• 運動、進歩、発展などにおいてにおいて留まるか、あるいは落下する
• hang (back) or fall (behind) in movement, progress, development, etc.

• 両方の発展のための救いは、彼らが仕事を創出しているということだ
• the saving grace for both developments is that they are creating jobs

• 囲炉裏は生活にかかせないものとして発展し各地方特有の形態を持つ。
• The Irori fireplace was developed as an essential part of everyday life, and each region has its own style.

• これは後に発展し、「念仏」という新たな仏教の展開の萌芽となった。
• Shikangyo developed further in later years and became the first step of the development of new Buddhism called 'nenbutsu.'

• 大太刀の柄を延長して取り回し易くした「中巻き」から発展したもの。
• It was evolved from 'Nakamaki (literally 'medium roll')' that became easier to handle by extending the Tsuka of Odachi.

• 室町時代に確立された武家の礼法から始まり江戸時代に発展した形式。
• It began with the manners of the samurai community established in the Muromachi period and developed during the Edo period.

• 分類については、まだ発展・整理の途上であり、正式なものではない。
• Categories are in the process of development and organization, and are not formalized yet.

• 庶民文芸の発展や鎌倉新仏教の地方への広まりなどはその現れである。
• Typical examples were the development of the popular literature and the spread of Kamakura New Buddhism (new schools of Japanese Buddhism founded during the Kamakura period) to local regions.

• 狂言（きょうげん）は、能と同様に猿楽から発展した伝統芸能である。
• Kyogen is a traditional form of public entertainment developed from Sarugaku (comical mimicry and speech performance in the Heian period), similar to Noh.

• 1941年国民学校令の施行で唱歌は芸能科音楽へと発展的解消した。
• In 1941 with the enforcement of the National School Order, shoka developed into the geinoka (entertainment course) music.

• これは武田の仲介があって関係を改善、甲相駿三国同盟に発展させた。
• The relationship was improved through the intermediation of Takeda and this evolved into the three-party alliance of Ko, So and Sun.

• このためか角倉家は大いに発展し、東南アジアにまで進出するに至る。
• The Suminokura family thrived, making inroads as far as to Southeast Asia.

• その後、道教の道術を取り入れて、陰陽道へと日本独自の発展をした。
• From then on it developed in a way unique to Japan into Onmyodo (the way of Yin and Yang), with Taoist methodology.

• また、民家も一部は書院造の要素も取り入れ、次第に発展していった。
• Private houses also developed gradually, adopting the features of Shoin-zukuri style in part.

• 政党内閣が典型的な発展を見せたのは17世紀後半のイギリスである。
• The party cabinet system witnessed a remarkable development in England in the latter half of the seventeenth century.

• 文房趣味とは、文房（書斎）を中心に発展した中国文人の趣味である。
• The word 'Bunbo shumi' refers to the hobbies of Bunjin in China which developed centering around Bunbo (library).

• 明治21年から30年までの第三期は後進に譲り、発展を待つ時期だ。
• The third period would be from 1888 to 1897 in which there will be making way for the next generation and awaiting their development'.

• 向学心と積極性に富み、多くの学者と交わり、蘭学の発展に貢献する。
• He was endowed with great interest in learning and forwardness, and played an important role to develop the Western medical science in Japan through cooperating with many scientists and doctors.

• 発展途上諸国と先進諸国が協力すれば戦争の勃発を防ぐことができる。
• The developing world and the developed world can prevent a war from breaking out by helping each other.

• 経済が発展すると、労働集約産業は資本集約産業に取って代わられる。
• As economy develops, labor-intensive industries give way to capital-intensive industries.

• 略奪文化が完全な発展を遂げると、職業の間に区別が生じる。
• As the predatory culture reaches a fuller development, there comes a distinction between employments.

• ラテンアメリカの経済発展にかかわる国際連合経済社会理事会の委員会
• the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development in Latin America

• 米国の建築家で、摩天楼の発展に影響した（1859年−1934年）
• United States architect who influenced the development of the skyscraper (1859-1934)

• 集合的にアジア、アフリカとラテンアメリカの未発達で発展途上の国々
• underdeveloped and developing countries of Asia and Africa and Latin America collectively

• ただし組織として大きく発展することだけが茶道としての発展ではない。
• Progress of the tea ceremony, however, is not defined by the growth, just to be a big organization alone.

• 大陸の騎馬民族の鎧の影響が伺え、挂甲から発展したと考えられている。
• It was influenced by the armor of mounted clans from the Asian continent.

• ゆがけ…通し矢の発展にともない堅帽子、四つがけが発明されたという。
• A yugake (glove on the hand) - As Toshiya made progress, a kataboshi (glove with a hard cover on the thumb) & a yotsugake (four-finger glove) were invented, they say.

• - 発展途上国の公園や路上で良く見られ、屋外で営業する床屋がある。
• These are commonly seen in parks or on streets in developing countries, and some barbers do business outdoors.

• 緩やかな衰退の中で分化し、演歌の中に新ジャンルが発展しつつあった。
• In the course of gradual decline, enka music was being subdivided to give rise to new genres within it.

• 日本の場合は神仏習合の結果、日本独自に発展した仏教が多く見られる。
• In Japan, as a result of the syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism, many strands of Buddhism unique to Japan developed.

• 現在は大津市北部の拠点であり、近年住宅地としての発展が目覚ましい。
• In these days, Katata is a central point of the northern part of Otsu City, and has developed remarkably as a residential area.

• 古くは興福寺の荘園で、中世の環濠集落を母体として発展した町である。
• Being a private estate of the Kofuku-ji Temple in olden times, the town developed from a medieval village surrounded by a moat.

• また経済の発展による庶民の台頭は、学問の担い手を生むこととなった。
• The rise of common people due to economic development produced the supporters of academic studies.

• 関東管領上杉氏と白井長尾氏の発展のために力を尽くした生涯であった。
• Kagenaka committed himself to the prosperity of UESUGI clan, which was a life as Shogun's deputy for the Kanto region and SHIRAI-NAGAO clan over a lifetime.

• 米国天文学者で、星の発展の理論を展開した（1877年−1957年）
• United States astronomer who developed a theory of stellar evolution (1877-1957)

• 中世のボエティウスによって発展されたアリストテレスの三段論法的論理
• the syllogistic logic of Aristotle as developed by Boethius in the Middle Ages

• アフリカの国家の経済発展に取り組む、国際連合経済社会理事会の委員会
• the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development of African nations

• 枡形とは別に東日本中心に発展した虎口の形態が馬出（うまだし）である。
• Separate from Masugata, a Koguchi type developed in the eastern part of Japan was Umadashi.

• この未来仏の概念は過去七仏から発展して生まれたものと考えられている。
• The concept of a future Buddha is thought to have developed from that of the 'past seven Buddhas.'

• 教学的には師日珖の折伏主義を排して摂受主義の教義を発展的に継承した。
• As for the doctrine, Nichiju denied his master, Nichiko's Shakubuku shugi (the doctrine of Shakubuku, the method of propagating Buddhism by correcting another's mistaken views) but accepted the doctrine of Shoju shugi (the doctrine of Shoju, the method of propagating Buddhism by teaching without pointing out mistaken beliefs) and developed it.

• これは豊臣家と徳川の争いに発展し、「大坂の役方広寺鐘銘事件」である。
• This was 'the Incident of the Hoko-ji Temple Bell in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka),' which developed into a conflict between the Toyotomi and the Tokugawa families.

• 紙に紋様をつける試みは中国の南北朝時代に始まり随・唐時代に発展した。
• Efforts to put patterns on paper began in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties in China and developed further during the age of the Sui and the Tang.

• 全日本煎茶道連盟は、煎茶道の普及発展を目的として結成された社団法人。
• Zen Nihon Senchado Renmei (National Japanese Sencha Association) is an incorporated association founded for the promotion and development of Sencha-do (the way of sencha).

• 地歌・箏曲の合奏曲として発展し、地歌としても最盛期を迎えたといえる。
• These pieces developed as jiuta and sokyoku ensembles, and the golden age of jiuta arrived.

• 平安時代から江戸時代にかけて日本独自の酢飯文化として発展・定着した。
• From the Heian to the Edo period, the sushi-eating habit was developed and established as vinegared rice-eating culture specific to Japan.

• 魚崎地方を中心に発展し、江戸時代には上方の代表産地として名を馳せた。
• Developed around the Uozaki district, Nada gained a reputation as a leading production area in Kamigata during the Edo period.

• 後の納銭方・公方御倉などに発展していく契機となったと考えられている。
• It is considered to have developed into Nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) and Kubo-okura (finance branch).

• 国史体から発展して後に漢文伝という漢文の伝記が書かれるようになった。
• Later the biographies called kanbun-den, which was developed from Kokushi-tai, were written in classical Chinese (kanbun).

• 内地のセルロイド工場の発展により、原料である樟脳油の需要が高まった。
• Due to the development of celluloid factories inland, the demand for camphor oil, which is the basic material for celluloid, increased.

• それが徳川家康の天下平定とともに全国規模の法令に発展したものである。
• With the subjugation of the land by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA it developed into a law on a nationwide scale.

• 白石は歴史の発展を「大勢」と考え、この体制の転換を「変」と表現した。
• Hakuseki thought that the development of history was in 'general trends' and expressed the turning points in the system as 'changes.'

• 明治文学の一時代を築いた露伴は、近代文学の発展を方向づけたとされる。
• Building an era of Meiji literature, Rohan was instrumental in determining the way modern Japanese literature developed.

• 三男の基家がこれを継承し、その子孫は羽林家の持明院家として発展した。
• Motomichi's third son Motoie inherited the house, and his descendants prospered as the Jimyo-in family of the House of Urin.

• アジア・極東の国々の経済発展に関する、国際連合経済社会理事会の委員会
• the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development of countries in Asia and the Far East

• 発展または改良によるかにかかわらず、資産が生み出すすべてに対する権利
• the right to all of that which your property produces whether by growth or improvement

• ジョージ・スーラと19世紀後半のフランスの彼の後継者によって発展した
• developed by Georges Seurat and his followers in late 19th century France

• 個性の特色と性格を見積もる多くの尺度がMMPI項目を使用して発展した
• many scales estimating traits and qualities of personality have been developed using MMPI items

• 国際ワークショップ「持続可能な発展につながる低炭素社会ビジョンの構築」
• Workshop on Developing Visions for a Low-Carbon Society (LCS) through Sustainable Development

• ただし、発展の順序において層塔型が先か望楼型が先かは結論が出ていない。
• However, as for the sequence of development, no conclusion has been reached about which of Borogata or Sotogata was first.

• 寄棟造 竪穴式住居から発展したと考えられる形状で、日本各地で見られる。
• Yosemune-zukuri (a square or rectangular building, covered with a hipped roof): This style is found throughout Japan and is thought to have developed from prehistoric pit dwellings.

• 前者は初期の浄土教思想、後者は後期の発展した浄土教思想を示すとされる。
• Of the above two groups, the former is considered to represent the philosophy of the early Pure Land sect, whereas the latter is supposed to represent that of the late developed stage of the Pure Land sect.

• これと踊念仏によって時宗は鎌倉時代から室町時代にかけて大いに発展した。
• The Ji sect greatly evolved between the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period because of both fusan and odori-nenbutsu.

• 教団が発展するなかで、順調な遊行を行うために権力への接近がはじまった。
• While the Ji sect was developing as a religious community, they gradually approached authorities in order to do yugyo without difficulty.

• その入れ物が松花堂弁当に発展したのは、それから数百年たってからである。
• The development of this container from the origin into the Shokado meal box took several hundred years.

• やや後れて阮元を始めとする揚州学派が起こり、乾嘉漢学を発展させている。
• Yangzhou school of Gen Gen was born a little after this, and developed the Ken-Ka Sinology.

• 七夕伝説の発展により、より説話に相応しい位置に遷されたものと思われる。
• It seems that the star was moved, with the development of the tanabata legend, to a position more suitable for the above anecdote.

• 政府の外郭団体として再出発したことにより、武道は飛躍的に発展普及する。
• Martial arts grew and spread significantly with this new start as an extra-departmental organization of the government.

• 古来、夏祭りは歌垣が発展したとの解釈もある、民俗学的に研究されている。
• According to folklore research, a natsumatsuri festival is also interpreted to be a result of development of ancient utagaki (a poetry reading party).

• 江戸時代になると、布教活動としての色彩が薄れ、大衆娯楽として発展した。
• During the Edo period the role of the Nenbutsu Kyogen as a vehicle for spreading Buddhist teachings gradually became diluted, with the Kyogen taking on more of a form of entertainment for the masses.
• During the Edo period, the performance became less important as a method of preaching and developed as a form of entertainment.

• 『継色紙』は発展期と完成期の中間に位置するが、ここでは発展期に含める。
• The 'Tsugi-shikishi' is placed between the developing and complete period, but is included in the developing period here.

• 欧州の影響外で独自に様々な高度な数学、代数学、積分法、幾何が発展した。
• Various and advanced mathematics, algebra, integration method, and geometry were developed independently of European influence.

• 近代書道教育の発展に貢献したのは小中学校の習字教科書の筆者ともいえる。
• It can be said that the persons who contributed to the development of modern calligraphy in education were the authors of school textbooks of calligraphy.

• 新興コンツェルン以外で、昭和初期～第二次世界大戦中に発展した中堅財閥。
• There were some medium-size zaibatsu, other than the emerging zaibatsu, that grew from the early Showa era through the middle of World War II.

• 六章…詳細は不明であるが、『九章算術』を応用発展させたと言われている。
• Rokusho: Details are unknown, but it is said to have applied and expanded the 'Kyushosanjutsu.'

• これにより従来の行政機関である樺太民政署は発展的解消を遂げたと言える。
• In this way the Karafuto Civil Office (Karafuto Minseisho), which was the administrative body up to then, was dissolved and absorbed into the new administration.

• 足利家の内紛から発展した観応の擾乱では尊氏の弟である足利直義に属した。
• At the Kanno Disturbance, which was escalated from the internal conflict of the Ashikaga family, he took sides with Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, Takauji's brother.

• 東西線開業前は、単なる通過駅でありビジネス街としての発展度も低かった。
• Before the Tozai Line commenced operations, not many passengers got off trains at this station; consequently, the area around it wasn't well developed as a business district.

• 平安時代以降には日本独自の形態として発展し、この建築様式を和様と呼ぶ。
• This developed into a uniquely Japanese style following the Heian period to become what is known as the 'Wa-yo' architectural style.

• 神道においては、万物は「むすひ」の働きによって生じ、発展すると考える。
• In Shinto, it is considered that all the things in the universe are produced and develop by the power of 'Musuhi'.

• これが今日までみられる地域の氏神と氏子の関係へと発展することとなった。
• This developed into a relation between ujigami and ujiko (supporters of ujigami) that can be seen today.

• クラブの今日の発展にはこれらの人々の努力があずかって大いに力があった。
• What this club is today is largely due to the effort of these people.

• 文化の発展の順序では、搾取の規範が現れる前に所有権が始まることはない。
• In the cultural sequence, ownership does not begin before the rise of a canon of exploit;

• 英国の物理学者、電気技術者で、電信と電話通信を発展させることに貢献した
• English physicist and electrical engineer who helped develop telegraphic and telephonic communications

• 湿気の多い草の生えた、またはスゲの地域で水はけの悪い状態の中で発展する
• developed through poor drainage in humid grassy or sedge regions

• 19世紀末のフランスでジョージ・スーラーとその後継者によって発展された
• developed by Georges Seurat and his followers late in 19th century France

• 事態は鐘銘問題から徳川と豊臣家との対立に発展し、大坂の陣の遠因となった。
• This incident developed into a full-fledged confrontation between the Tokugawa and Toyotomi families, which eventually led to Osaka no Jin (The Siege of Osaka).

• これ以降、中国禅宗では燈史の刊行が相次ぎ、それはやがて公案へと発展した。
• The Chinese Zen sect subsequently continued to publish one history book after the other and these history books eventually developed into koans.

• 喫茶の風習は元々中国の唐代から宋 (王朝)代にかけて発展したものである。
• The tea drinking custom was originally developed in China from the Tang dynasty through the Song dynasty.

• 尊円流の名の由来は、尊円法親王が世尊寺流から分化発展させ、創始されたため
• It is known as Sonen School because it was separated from Sesonji School, developed, and founded as a new school by Cloistered Imperial Prince Sonen.

• そして、その選択と方向性や発展は、日本と日本以外では大きく違っていった。
• And the selection, direction and development were greatly differentiated between Japan and other countries.

• 大阪では、早くから職業的に発展し、天保年間には職業的俄師がいたとされる。
• Niwaka is said to have developed as an occupation in Osaka from early on, where there were a number of professional niwakashi (niwaka performer) in the Tenpo era.

• 特に聖武天皇の天平年間は奈良文化の最盛期であり、書道の発展が著しかった。
• In particular, in the Tenpyo era of Emperor Shomu, the Nara culture became most prosperous and calligraphy developed considerably.

• 平家物語の巻十、海道下(かいどうくだり)の場面から発展させたと思われる。
• The story seemingly expands on the scenes from 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike) Vol.10 'Kaidokudari.'

• なお、このため会津塗器は日野塗の技術導入により発展したと考えられている。
• The introduction of the Hino lacquering technique helped develop Aizu lacquerware.

• 公正のあとを継いだのが三条西実謙であり、実謙もまた香道の発展に尽力した。
• Kimimasa was inherited by Sanekane SANJONISHI, and Sanekane also worked hard in developing the art of fragrance.

• 足利家の内紛から発展した観応の擾乱では尊氏方に就いた氏綱が武功を上げた。
• In the Kanno Disturbance developed from the internal conflict of the Ashikaga family, Ujitsuna on the Takauji side rendered distinguished military service.

• 江戸時代には、近江商人（八幡商人）による町の発展に大きな役割を果たした。
• In the Edo Period, it contributed to the development of the city by Omi shonin (Omi merchants), i.e. Hachiman shonin (Hachiman merchant).

• 社会進化論は、あらゆる人類が同じ発展をすると考える単一的発展史観を取る。
• Evolutionism takes a simple view of humankind development that all mankind develop through the same process.

• したがって世界各地の地域的な差異を歴史的な発展程度に置き換えて理解する。
• Therefore, regional differences in different area across the world are understood as difference of their stage of historical development.

• アララギは赤彦が編集を担当した大正期に歌壇主流と言っていい発展を遂げる。
• Under the command of Akahiko during the Taisho period, Araragi's reputation had made it very influential among tanka circles.

• しかし、現代の俳句は「俳諧の発句」とは異なるものとして発展してきている。
• However, modern-day haiku poetry has developed into something that is different from 'the hokku of a haikai.'

• 特に宋金元時代に大きく発展した天元術を深く研究し、根本的な改良を加えた。
• In particular, he conducted extensive research into the Tengen jutsu, an algebraic system (created in China in the thirteenth century) which saw extensive development in the Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties, and was able to make basic improvements to the system.

• 房定はこれをよく保護したため、越後の文化発展にも貢献するところとなった。
• Fusasada generously protected them, thereby contributing to the cultural advancement in Echigo.

• これは守護大名の守護領国制がより集権性を高めて発展した支配形態とされる。
• It is said that the control style of this system was reached by increasing the level of central control in the shugo-ryogoku system (the system in which a shugo controlled a province).

• 人々はもっと実用的な交換制度を求め、その結果、様々な貨幣制度が発展した。
• People needed a more practical system of exchange, so various money systems developed.

• 日本は資源が乏しい国にもかかわらず、国際貿易のお陰で経済大国に発展した。
• Though it is poor in natural resources, Japan has become an economic superpower thanks to international trade.

• 我々は国営産業の発展と成長のために必要なすべての条件を満たしていました。
• We provided all the conditions for the development and growth of the national industries.

• （例えば鳥類が爬虫類から発展したり、人類が高等な類人猿から発展したり）。
• (e.g., birds from reptiles, human beings from higher apes).

• 種の発展の説明は、創世記の説とダーウィンの説の二つだけしかありえない。
• 1. There are only two possible explanations for the development of species, the Genesis account and the Darwinian account.

• 米国の画家で、アメリカ版キュビズムを発展させた（1894年−1964年）
• United States painter who developed an American version of cubism (1894-1964)

• また、書籍のほかに寺務管理ソフトや研修講師派遣など、寺院の発展にも関わる。
• Furthermore, in addition to publishing books, the institute is also engaged in promoting the prosperity of temples through the development of temple job management software and the sending of lecturers on training courses.

• 戦国時代 (日本)には能の芸の内容に大きな発展は無かったと考えられている。
• It is thought that there was no large developments in the contents of Noh as an art form during the Warring States Period (Japan).
• It is believed that the arts of Noh didn't make any particular progress during the Sengoku period (Japan).

• また上方舞のうち、京都で発展した井上流、篠塚流を京舞（きょうまい）と呼ぶ。
• In kamigatamai, the Inoue and Shinozuka Schools, developed in Kyoto, are specifically called Kyomai (Kyoto dance).

• 他にも、シマ（沖縄相撲）からの発展説、本土から柔術が伝来した説などがある。
• Others include a belief that karate was developed from 'Shima' (Okinawan sumo) and a belief that 'jujutsu' (a classical Japanese martial art, usually referring to fighting without a weapon) of the Japanese mainland was introduced.

• さらに江戸時代後期には、光崎検校、吉沢検校らによって箏曲は一段と発展する。
• Sokyoku was further developed by Kengyo MITSUZAKI and Kengyo YOSHIZAWA at the end of the Edo period.

• しかし稲作技術の発展による品種改良でより収量が多く作りやすい米が出てきた。
• However, the breed improvement achieved through the development of rice-growing techniques brought about a new kind of rice that could easily be produced in larger quantities.

• 元禄時代（1688年―1704年）には上方の経済がめざましい発展をとげた。
• In the Genroku era (1688 – 1704) the economy of Kamigata developed remarkably.

• また考古学も発展し、教科書には神代ではなく原始社会の様子も記述されていた。
• Also archeology was developed, and detailed descriptions of primitive society replaced the age of the gods, in school textbooks.

• 一円知行された領国は地域国家へと発展し、日本各地に地域国家が多数並立した。
• The area over which a daimyo was allowed to control completely by himself developed into a regional nation, with many regional nations established in parallel throughout Japan.

• 結果、立命館をはじめ京大以外の関西圏大学法学部の発展を促すことにもなった。
• In the end, it led to the development of law faculties within the Kansai area other than Kyoto University such as Ritsumeikan.

• 当時先進地域だった畿内において、惣掟の事例数・その内容が最も発展していた。
• In the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), which was an advanced region at that time, so-okite was most developed quantitatively as well as qualitatively.

• やがて祭事のみならず統治においても力を持つようになり、大名として発展した。
• Then, the clan gained power not only in rites and festivals but also in politics, and became a daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) clan.

• 観音寺城は当時の技術としては堅城で、発展途上ではなかったとか思われている。
• Considering the architectural technology at that time, Kannonji-jo Castle was a strong fortress and it is thought that it was still developing.

• 平安時代以降には日本独自の形態として発展し、この建築様式を和様建築と呼ぶ。
• During and after the Heian period, a unique Japanese style of architecture developed called Wayo Kenchiku (Japanese-style architecture).

• 中部・関東地方まで勢力を拡大させ、のちの日本へと発展していったとしている。
• The dynasty expanded its power to Chubu and Kanto regions and developed into Japan as we know it today.

• 学問の自由研究と芸術の自由発展とを妨げる国は栄えるはずがない。」と結んだ。
• A country which prevents the independent research of learning as well as the independent evolution of art can never flourish.

• また百三十銀行を通じて行った融資によって発展の礎を築いた企業も少なくない。
• Besides, many companies made the basis of their development by getting loans through the one-hundred and thirtieth bank.

• なお忠季の子忠尋は天台座主・大僧正となり、天台宗の発展に功績を挙げている。
• Tadasue's son, Chujin became the tendai-zasu (the head of Tendai Sect.) and daisojo (the chief priest), and contributed to development of the Tendai Sect.

• 京都駅の南側は4車線以上ある大通りで、東海道新幹線の開通によって発展した。
• With the opening of the Tokaido Shinkansen, the four-lane street south of Kyoto Station has become busy.

• その技術は、歴史的に、途切れ途切れに長い間をおきながらも飛躍的に発展した。
• Historically, it advanced intermittently and in leaps at long intervals,

• それは千年以上もかけて、ノルウェイやドイツの部族法から発展してきたものだ。
• It developed over a period of a thousand years from Norse and Germanic tribal law.

• 1857年と1858年に多数の反乱に発展したインドにおける英国政権への不満
• discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858

• （土地について）木とブラシをきれいにすることにより、発展または農業に備える
• (of land) made ready for development or agriculture by clearing of trees and brush

• 物理学者で、固体電子工学の発展で栄誉を与えられた（1925年、日本生まれ）
• physicist honored for advances in solid state electronics (born in Japan in 1925)

• ドイツの劇作家、詩人で、叙事演劇の型を発展させた（1898年−1956年）
• German dramatist and poet who developed a style of epic theater (1898-1956)

• 当協会は記録型ＤＶＤフォーマット並びにその市場の一層の拡大・発展を図ります。
• Our association is planning to expand and develop the Recordable DVD format and market.

• 戦後日本の図書館運動・図書館界の発展においてこの句が与えた影響は少なくない。
• This phrase had a significant influence on library movements and the development of libraries in postwar Japan.

• 第二次世界大戦後は茶道の発展というよりも、茶道組織として発展した時代である。
• After World War II were the times when Omote-senke grew as a tea ceremony organization rather than its tea ceremony developing further.

• 明治時代になると、箏曲が独自に発展してゆき、地歌の作曲は少なくなっていった。
• During the Meiji period sokyoku developed on its own, and fewer jiuta compositions were created.

• そして散楽の芸は、他の芸能と融合していき、それぞれ独自の発展を遂げていった。
• Subsequently, various arts of Sangaku merged with other arts and began to evolve on their own.

• - 福山市にある日本ゲタ飛ばし協会が、上記の占いを発展させて競技化している。
• The Japan Geta-Tobashi Association (JGTA) in Fukuyama City developed the above method of forecast to the competition.

• これらの例から、仏教美術の隆盛と共に截金は飛躍的な発展を遂げたことが窺える。
• From these examples, it is known that the kirikane technique had developed dramatically corresponding to the prosperity of Buddhist art.

• それに伴いそれ以降は機械製麺が発展し、それにこだわりを持つ職人も少なくない。
• The machine-production of noodles developed accordingly, and quite a few workmen stick to it.

• ここでは日本国内において発展を遂げた西洋風の料理を「洋食」として取り上げる。
• In this article, the term 'Yoshoku' refers to western style dishes which were developed in Japan.

• 対して、江戸指物は江戸で発展したため、武家や町人・商人が用いる事が多かった。
• On the other hand, Edo-sashimono was developed in Edo, and its products were mainly used by samurai, townspeople, and merchants.

• また中丹広域振興局や近畿財務局などが立地する行政都市として発展を続けている。
• And Maizuru also contains the Chutan wide area Promotion Bureau and Kinki Finance Bureau, and continues to expand as an administration city.

• その後、1970年（昭和45年）に新丸太町通が開通して以来、急速に発展した。
• Following this, with the opening of the Shin-marutamachi-dori in 1970, the region underwent rapid growth.

• また大化前代の土地私有制の発展段階の相違が考慮されていることも明らかである。
• Additionally, it is clear that differences during the stage of development in the system for private ownership of land in the pre-Taika era were taken into account.

• 無尽から発展したものとしては、現在の第二地方銀行、消費者金融に多く見られる。
• For those developed from Mujin, there are many organizations in current secondary regional banks and consumer loans.

• 官位制は、中国から他の政治行政制度と共に継受され、日本で独自の発展を遂げた。
• The Kani official rank system first came from China along with other political administrative systems, but was developed in its own way in Japan.

• 狩猟・植物採取・漁労の三つの新たな生業体系をもとに生産力を飛躍的に発展させた
• The productivity improved dramatically with the establishment of three regular vocations, hunting, gathering, and fish catching.

• そのため賢立の話した神前祝詞の拒否感情と共に賢立個人に対する誹謗に発展した。
• Therefore Kenryu's talk which was a refusal feeling of Norito in front of the gods and it developed into libel against Kenryu himself.

• ある意味、蜷川時代を発展させどう乗り越えていくかが今後の京都の課題であろう。
• In a sense, it might remain to be seen how Kyoto would develop and surpass the achievements accomplished in the Ninagawa era.

• 互いに兵を挙げてこれの奪取を図ったことから合戦に発展しかけた（『中右記』）。
• As they both rose in arms to take this man, the dispute almost developed into a battle according to 'Chuyuki' (the diary written by FUJIWARA no Munetada).

• その経緯から寺院では国家の発展、疫病防除、万民の健康を祈念するようになった。
• It is this that led to temples becoming places at which to pray for the development of the nation, the prevention of infectious diseases and the health of the country's population.

• 位階制度は、他の政治行政制度と共に中国から継受し、日本で独自の発展を遂げた。
• The court rank system introduced from China with other political and administrative systems has developed independently in Japan.

• - 19世紀前半京都で活躍、地歌の「京流手事物」を発展させ多数の名曲を作った
• Active in Kyoto in the early 19th century, and developed 'Kyoryu tegotomono' in Jiuta, and composed various masterpieces.

• 社会的発展（例えば法的、政治的、宗教的に複雑な組織を伴う）の先進の状態の社会
• a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

• 米国の化学者で、長鎖分子を研究する方法を発展させた（1910年−1985年）
• United States chemist who developed methods for studying long-chain molecules (1910-1985)

• 前記の供与及び貸付けは、大韓民国の経済の発展に役立つものでなければならない。
• The aforesaid supply and loans must serve the economic development of the Republic of Korea.

• 明智藪　由良川の流れを曲げ、度重なる氾濫防止と水運交易発展のために築いた堤防。
• Akechiyabu (dike): this dike bent the stream of the Yura-gawa River to prevent frequent floods and for the development of trade by water transportation.

• こうした福知山周辺の再開発が進んでおり、まだまだ発展を遂げることは間違いない。
• With redevelopment around Fukuchiyama advancing in this way, it is certain that the Fukuchiyama family will develop more and more.

• 扇子のアイデアがヨーロッパに輸出された時は、絹やレースを貼った洋扇に発展した。
• After the concept of Sensu spread to Europe, it developed into silk- or lace-glued Yo-sen.

• 表千家としてどう発展していくのかが、茶道史の上で今後問い直されるところである。
• The question is how Omote-senke will further develop in the context of the history of the tea ceremony in the future.

• これらの楽器によるそれぞれの音楽である地歌、箏曲、胡弓楽が成立、発展して来た。
• Music for these instruments, known respectively as jiuta, sokyoku and kokyugaku, was established and developed.

• 三弦音楽として地歌は成立し、ほぼ同時かその後に箏曲が発展してきたと考えられる。
• It is considered that jiuta was established as a sangen music, while sokyoku developed at about the same time or thereafter.

• 大正時代、学校に弁当を持って来る慣例を廃止する動きがあり、社会問題に発展した。
• In the Taisho period, there were moves to discard the custom of bringing bento to school, and it developed into a social problem.

• 菊岡の開拓した芸術は後輩にあたる光崎検校らに更に受け継がれ発展することとなる。
• The art pioneered by KIKUOKA was passed down to his junior fellow kengyo MITSUZAKI and he developed furthermore.

• 続いて港を開き水運を発展させ稲作、養蚕、採石、製紙など様々な産業を発達させた。
• Following this, he opened a port and developed water transport which, as a result, developed rice cropping, sericulture, quarrying and papermaking and various other industries.

• 朝倉氏（あさくらし）は、越前国を拠点とした豪族で、後に発展して戦国大名となる。
• Asakura clan was a local ruling family whose home base was Echizen Province, and the clan later ascended to be a sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku Period).

• 社会の安定と経済の成長は、都市の発展を支え、17世紀後半の元禄文化に結実した。
• The stabilization of society and economical growth supported the development of urban areas, producing Genroku Culture in the latter half of 17th century.

• 中国などの経済発展と密接に関連しており、政治的な対策が鍵を握るとの見方もある。
• Kosa is closely related to economical progress in China and there is a view of considering that political measures to be taken are the key to solving the problem.

• この萌芽は漢代にまで遡れるが、六朝から唐にかけて発展し、宋代に骨格が築かれた。
• This germination can go back to the Hang period and it was developed from the Six Dynasties period to the Tang period and its framework was established in the Sung period.

• 俳句は近世に発展した文芸である俳諧連歌、略して俳諧から生まれた近代文芸である。
• Haiku poetry is a form of modern literature that evolved from haikai-renga, haikai for short, which developed in the early modern ages.

• この広い道路は将来の発展を考え、山縣が周辺の反対を押し切って作ったものである。
• Yamagata was determined to construct these wide roads over strong opposition for future development of the area.

• 会津でも日野や松坂から多くの商人や職人を連れ、会津塗などの発展に力を尽くした。
• Many merchants and tradespersons were bought to Aizu from Matsuzaka and Hino, and efforts were made to develop Aizu lacquerware and other goods.

• 玄真は蘭方医として蘭学の発展に尽くし日本初の蘭日辞書ハルマ和解の編纂にも参加。
• Genshin devoted himself to the development of Western studies as a Ranpoi and was also involved in the compilation of the Halma Wage (Dutch-Japanese Dictionary based on the dictionary by Halma), the first Dutch-Japanese dictionary in Japan.

• 中国に渡り呉昌碩に師事し、金石学に基づく篆刻を日本に啓蒙しその発展に尽くした。
• After moving to China and studying under Shoseki GO, he devoted himself to spreading seal engraving and its development

• また白磁染付で知られる亀山焼 (長崎)の発展に尽くし、自ら絵付けも行っている。
• He contributed to the development of Kameyama-yaki ceramic ware (Nagasaki), known for its white porcelain sometsuke (ceramics with blue patterns on white backgrounds), and hand-painted the porcelain himself.

• 学問上では、儒学・神道以外の全てを排し、朱子学の発展、儒学の官学化に貢献した。
• He removed all subjects other than Confucianism and Shintoism from the syllabus, and contributed to the development of neo-Confucianism and the promotion of Confucianism as the learning of government.

• 西舞鶴は古くから商業の街として発展し、買い物利用の他に、通勤・通学利用も多い。
• Nishi-Maizuru has a long history of commerce and quite a few people use this station for shopping as well as for commuting.

• 弘法大師に帰依した後宇多天皇が、出家の翌年に東寺の発展を願って書き記したもの。
• Emperor Gouda, who revered Kobo Daishi, wrote this the year after his ordination to express his wishes for the development of To-ji.

• 晴の汗袗から発展したもので、近世の宮廷行事から近代の神事に用いるようになった。
• It developed from Hare no Kazami, and it is used in occasions varying from modern court functions to modern Shinto rituals.

• 過去10年で、アニメという媒体はアメリカにおいて信じがたいほどの発展をとげた。
• The medium has made almost unimaginable strides in America over the past ten years.

• この体系の発展から、外的世界を単なる意識現象に解消する観念論がもたされました。
• and the development of this system would have led to an idealism in which the outer world would be resolved into a mere phenomenon of consciousness.

• そして、このことは文化の発展段階が後になればなるほど、その度合いが薄れていく。
• This point of view in large measure shapes and colors all the institutions of the early culture

• この町は、モルモン教が広めた一夫多妻制のおかげで、予想以上の発展を示したのだ。
• thanks to the polygamy practised by the Mormons, had flourished beyond expectations.

• ほぼ平均的である、または、例えば知性や発展においての、確実な限界の範囲内にある
• being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development

• 発展途上国における教育や母子の健康を助成するプログラムに責任を負う国際連合機関
• an agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries

• 12世紀から16世紀にかけてフランス北部で発展し、ヨーロッパに広がった建築様式
• a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries

• 微積分学の発展や、重力の法則と運動の3法則で知られる（1642年−1727年）
• remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727)

• 前各号に掲げるもののほか、金融商品取引業の健全な発展又は投資者の保護に資する業務
• in addition to what is listed in the preceding items, activities that would contribute to the sound development of Financial Instruments Businesses and protection of investors.

• 前二号に掲げるもののほか、金融商品取引業の健全な発展又は投資者の保護に資する業務
• in addition to what is listed in the preceding two items, activities that would contribute to the sound development of Financial Instruments Businesses and protection of investors.

• こうした山城の中には、火縄銃などに対応するためにむしろ従来より発展した例もある。
• Among these mountain castles are those that developed differently from previous mountain castles in order to increase defensive capability against firearms.

• 交通網の発達と周囲の発展により徐々に客足は遠のき、ついに温泉施設も閉園になった。
• Gradually the number of visitors decreased because the public transportation network was developed for travelling various locations, and the surrounding area was also developed with more attractions for visitors--in the end, this spa facility was also closed.

• なお、立川流の教義自体は、陰陽の二道により真言密教の教理を発展させたものである。
• The creed of the Tachikawa-ryu school itself consists of the extended doctrines of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism using the two ways of yin and yang.

• 大阪で発展した義太夫節に対し、これらは江戸で発展したもので江戸浄瑠璃と呼ばれる。
• In contrast to Gidayu-bushi that developed in Osaka, they developed it in Edo, so they are called 'Edo Joruri.'

• 近代、松涛館流の空手に他武術を取り入れ合理的に発展してきたのがテコンドーである。
• A style that had combined Shotokan-ryu karate with another martial art rationally developed into taekwondo decades ago.

• このころから、箏曲は三弦音楽から独立して新たに独自の発展を遂げていくことになる。
• From this point onwards, sokyoku developed independently from shamisen music.

• 鶴田錦史の流れを汲む一派を「鶴田流」あるいは「鶴田派」と呼び、近年発展している。
• The school that followed Kinshi TSURUTA is called the Tsuruta-ryu or Tsuruta-school and is expanding its activities.

• 今後は日本において截金の技術をどのように継承発展させていくかが大きな課題である。
• Hereafter, how to inherit and develop the kirikane technique in Japan is a big problem.

• ただし、こうした鑑賞行事は祭会の際の走馬（はしりうま）として別個の発展を遂げた。
• However, this appreciation event developed differently as hashiriuma (horse racing) at festivals.

• 経済発展目覚しいロシアでも寿司ブームが起こり、富裕層を中心に愛好家が増えている。
• Even in Russia achieving a remarkable economic growth, the sushi boom rises, and fanciers of sushi increase mainly in the wealthier categories.

• 近年は冷凍技術や養殖技術が発展し、年間を通じてふぐ料理を味わうことが可能である。
• In recent years, freezing and aquaculture technologies have developed, making it possible to eat fugu dishes all year around.

• 『平家物語』の巻十「海道下」（かいどうくだり）の場面から発展させたと考えられる。
• It seemingly expands on the scenes from 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike) Vol.10 'Kaidokudari.'

• 寺社はこの時期に荘園領主として発展しており、各地で国司と紛争を引き起こしていた。
• In this period, temples and shrines had prospered as a lord of a manor and had caused disputes with kokushi (provincial governors).

• こうした状況が、後に足利義満による王権侵奪（室町将軍の日本国王化）へと発展した。
• Such situations developed into a decline in Imperial sovereignty (the transformation of the shogun into the King of Japan) of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.

• 水野の学説を批判的に発展させた学説がその後、古代史学の学界で発表されたのである。
• Later a theory, which developed Mizuno's theory critically, was brought forth in the academic community of the studies of ancient history.

• これらの発展的な改称・改組にあたっても市川幡谷とともに「マキノ」の初期を支えた。
• Yet through all the renamings and reorganizations, Ichitaro and Hataya ICHIKAWA both continued to give Makino their unstinting support throughout his early career.

• 関は和算が中国の模倣を超えて独自の発展を始めるにあたって、重要な役割を果たした。
• SEKI played an important role in starting the development of Japanese mathematics beyond the influence of Chinese mathematics

• 音楽理論にもすぐれ、別々に発展していた雅楽の音階と俗楽の音階との関係を考察した。
• He was also excellent in musical theory, and considered the relationship between the scales of the gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) and the worldly music that had been developing individually.

• また実業界の発展にも力を尽くし、紡績業・鉄道事業などを興して殖産興業につとめた。
• He also contributed to the development of the business world, starting cotton spinning and railway industries, promoting industrialization.

• 蘭学の発展のためには、蘭日辞書の翻訳が必要と考え、師である大槻玄沢にこれを頼む。
• He asked Gentaku OTSUKI to make a Dutch-Japanese Dictionary since he thought it was necessary for the development of Western studies.

• 源実朝の命を受けた北条時房の仲介により事なきを得るという騒ぎにまで発展している。
• The commotion was such that it could be calmed only by the mediation by Tokifusa HOJO, who took the command from MINAMOTO no Sanetomo.

• また1921年には住友本店を合資会社に改組するなど、住友の発展の大いに貢献した。
• As in 1921 he reorganized the head office of Sumitomo into a joint-stock company, he significantly contributed to the development of the Sumitomo Group.

• 一条兼良らとともに和歌などの貴族文化を保持、発展させ、宗祇から古今伝授を受ける。
• With Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, Sanetaka maintained and developed the culture of the nobles such as waka poem and received Kokin denju (the secret transmissions of the 'Kokinshu,' Anthology of Old and New Japanese Poems) from Sogi.

• 世阿弥の目指した名人像の一つであり、能の芸術的発展にも、大きく寄与したと言える。
• Iccho constituted an image of experts to be aimed at by Zeami, and it can be said that Iccho contributed greatly to the artistic advancement of Noh.

• 都市がゆっくり発展してきたことや、各々の時代がその痕跡を残していることがわかる。
• One feels that the city has grown slowly and each age has left its mark.

• 世俗的な信仰対象の美は、ルネッサンスの時代に発展し、三百年もの間、主流になった。
• The secular cult of beauty, developed during the Renaissance and prevailing for three centuries,

• 自分たちの感情を大っぴらに表現することによって相互の理解を発展させる人々の集まり
• a meeting of people to develop mutual understanding by freely expressing emotions

• 英国の経済学者で、資本主義の発展に関する研究で知られる（1880年−1962年）
• English economist remembered for his studies of the development of capitalism (1880-1962)

• オーストリアの医者（1876年−1936年）で、中耳を検査する回転法を発展させた
• Austrian physician who developed a rotational method for testing the middle ear (1876-1936)

• 密接に、経済発展がキューバであることにならなければなりません；学生の進歩をたどる
• We must follow closely the economic development is Cuba; trace the student's progress

• ソフトウエア開発組織を対象とした発展段階モデル「CMM」のカギとなる開発工程の要件
• KPA key process area

• 平安時代中期ころより発展し、江戸時代の中ごろには現在残る形にほぼ近いものとなった。
• The Machiya style was originally invented in the middle Heian period, and had been modified almost to the present style by the middle Edo period.

• これは後代の宮城において、朝堂院と大極殿および内裏に発展するものの原型と思われる。
• This structure of a palace later developed into a palace consisting of Chodo-in (office in palace), Daigokuden (council hall in palace), and Dairi (Imperial residence).

• そのために北大和の奈良に対して、南大和随一の町として今井は発展してきたようである。
• It seems that Imai has consequently developed into the largest town in southern Yamato, being the counterpart of Nara in northern Yamato.

• ヨーロッパで発展したものには、羽根扇やレース (手芸)を編みこんだ洋扇などがある。
• Among folding fans developed in Europe, there were some called Hane-ogi (feathered folding fan) and Yo-sen made of lace (for handicraft) knitted onto the strips.

• さらにはわび茶から発展し、小堀政一、片桐貞昌、織田長益ら流派をなす大名も現われた。
• In addition, daimyos appeared, such as Masaichi KOBORI, Sadamasa KATAGIRI, and Nagamasu ODA, who created their own schools developed from wabicha.

• 一方、日本では貨幣経済が急速に発展しており、中国銭貨への需要が非常に高まっていた。
• In the meantime, the money economy in Japan rapidly developed and the demands for Chinese coins greatly increased.

• また長歌は江戸で歌舞伎舞踊の伴奏としても使われるようになり、長唄へと発展して行く。
• Furthermore, nagauta became an accompaniment to Kabuki dance in Edo, and it developed into nagauta.

• 武射系は戦場での実利を重視して発展してきた射の系統を言い、事実上日置流系統をさす。
• The Busha group refers to the shooting lineage that developed with focus on practical benefits on the battlefield, and it refers to the Heki-ryu school lineage.

• 概要で述べた旧藩による地域ごとの生活習慣によって各地で独特の食文化が発展してきた。
• As mentioned above, unique culinary cultures developed in accordance with the customs of people in each former regional clan.

• 中世（飛鳥、奈良、平安、鎌倉時代）、公家、役人、僧侶の間では威儀具として発展した。
• Uchiwa fan developed into a tool for showing person's dignity among kuge (court noble), government officers and Buddhist monks in the Medieval period (Asuka, Nara, Heian, and Kamakura periods).

• 特に上方の三味線音楽である地歌は、盲人音楽家たちによって高度な音楽的発展を見せた。
• The blind musicians highly developed especially jiuta, which was shamisen music in Kamigata.

• 同じく「麻鞋」から発展したものに、下級武官用の藁製の靴「草鞋（わらうず）」がある。
• The straw-made shoes called 'Warauzu' worn by low-ranking military officials were also developed out of 'Makai.'

• また、中国各地に書法協会が存在し、公教育から離れた立場で書道の発展に貢献している。
• Furthermore, calligraphy associations exist in various places of China and contribute to the development of Shodo outside of public education.

• また、京街道・山陰街道および国道423号の分岐点が城下の追分に設けられて発展した。
• The junction of the Kyo-Kaido Road, the Sanin-Kaido Road and the National Route 423 was built in Oiwake in the castle town, allowing for the Kameoka to be developed thereafter.

• これも元々中国的な建築様式が日本独自の発展をとげて生まれた日本風の建築様式である。
• This is also a Japanese architectural style, which was developed uniquely in Japan separate from Chinese architectural style.

• 農耕社会の発展とともに地域集団は大型化していき、その中心部には環濠集落が営まれた。
• Corresponding to the advancement of an agriculture-based society, the sizes of the local communities had become larger, being surrounded-by-moat type settlements at their centers

• さらに今日の歴史学では西欧中心の単線的な発展段階史観が強く批判されるようになった。
• In today's historical science, the unilinear evolution phase concept of history focused mainly on Western Europe is sharply criticized.

• このときに破壊された電車は54両に上り、100名以上の検挙者を出す事件に発展した。
• The number of the trains destructed during this incident amounted to 54, and more than 100 people were arrested.

• 永年に渡る日本美術発展への貢献により正三位に叙せられ、勲一等旭日大綬章を贈られた。
• He was raised to Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) and presented with the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun for his many years of service in the development of Japanese art.

• その後、事件は桓武天皇の皇太子であった弟早良親王の廃嫡、配流と憤死にまで発展する。
• Later Imperial Prince Sawara who was Emperor Kammu's younger brother and the Crown Prince was disinherited and then later expelled and died in exile.

• これを知った政子の父北条時政が一族を率いて伊豆国へ立ち退いてしまう事件に発展した。
• When Masako's father, Tokimasa HOJO came to know that, this skirmish developed into an incident, in which Tokimasa withdrew to Izu Province leading all his family.

• 噂を聞いて集まった若手工人達にその技術を惜しげもなく公開し、京焼の発展に貢献した。
• He was generous enough to unveil these techniques to young craftsmen who happened to hear the news and call on him; he contributed to the development of Kyo yaki (Kyoto style ceramic art).

• これら最後の英語はそれぞれの話し手の必要に応じて独自の路線で発展しつづけるだろう。
• The latter will continue to develop along their own paths according to the needs of their own speakers.

• また、必然的に、もう一方では、仕事の訓練は職人的な態度を発展させるように作用した。
• And necessarily also, on the other hand, the discipline of work has acted to develop a workmanlike attitude.

• 加盟政府により保証されるローンにより、発展途上国を援助するためにつくられた国連機関
• a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments

• また、了源の教団は、京都の仏光寺を中心にして「名帳」「絵系図」によって発展をとげた。
• Also, Ryogen's group developed by using '名帳' and '絵系図' based in Bukko-ji Temple of Kyoto.

• それに続く室町幕府では、それを発展させ臨済宗寺院を五山・十刹・諸山・林下に区分した。
• The Muromachi shogunate further segmentized the Rinzai Sect temples into gozan, jissatsu (ten important temples of the Rinzai sect), shozan (zen temples other than gozan and jissatsu) and rinka (lowest ranked zen temples.

• 道元は、中国曹洞宗の如浄の法を継いだが、さらに道元独自の思想深化発展がなされている。
• Although assuming the principles of Nyojo of the Sotoshu sect in China, Dogen advanced the philosophy to a higher level.

• やがて、この神籬が発展して本格的な建築物をなすようになり、社殿になったと考えられる。
• Later, himorogi is considered to have developed into a substantial structure and subsequently became shaden, a shrine pavillion.

• しかし中にはその地域独自の演目を備えるなど、個性的な発展をみせている公演も存在する。
• But there also exist some originally developed performances, including those having their own original programs.

• 公務執行妨害罪を理由とした事件を中心に逮捕者が出るほどの騒ぎに発展した市町村もある。
• In some municipalities, such rampage developed to the extent of arresting rampaging youths for obstructing officers from performing their duty.

• 日本では古くから弁当の習慣が起こり、他の諸国では例を見ないほどの発展を遂げていった。
• Japan has a long history of bento, and its development has been unparalleled in the world's history of bento.

• 散楽のうちの物真似芸を起源とする猿楽は、後に観阿弥、世阿弥らによって能へと発展した。
• Sarugaku whose origin was mimicry, one of various arts of Sangaku, later developed into noh play thanks to Kanami and Zeami.

• 実際は武家が昔ながらの寸胴、庶民がそこから発展させた派手なそぎを好んだのが基らしい。
• In reality, the two forms seem to have originated from the fact that samurai families favored the old-fashioned zundo while ordinary people preferred the showy sogi that they had developed from the zundo.

• この文化的流行が歌舞伎役者に一般化するにつれて俳名に変化した（現代の俳優名に発展）。
• As this cultural fashion was generalized to Kabuki actors, the item branched into Haimyo (a pen name of the haiku poet), which later developed into a name used by current actors.

• ただし、かなり早い段階で（賭博の道具でもあった）盤双六とは別箇の発展を遂げていった。
• However, in the early stage, it was developed separately from the board Sugoroku (which was occasionally a gambling tool).

• この作品はその表徴を早い時期にだしてきたもので、後年、箏曲「砧」などに発展してゆく。
• The symbols first used in the piece were later developed in the sokyoku (koto music) Kinuta amongst other works.

• 兵農分離による家臣の城下への集住は、楽市楽座とともに、城下町発展の大きな要因となる。
• Having their vassals move and live around the castles became a big factor for the castles to develop besides rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds).

• 後世の礼法においては転じて相手に進物・贈物をする際の目録の書札礼へと発展していった。
• Later, these were transformed into the epistolary etiquette (shosatsurei) of mokuroku that were used when giving gifts.

• 徳山藩が改易されると、徳山の家中は事の意外な発展に驚き、硬軟両派に分かれて論争した。
• When the Tokuyama domain was abolished, the former retainers of the lord family was astonished by the unexpected development of the incident, and disputed the situation between the hard-liners and soft-liners.

• こうした知識の累積がやがて学問として体系化されて有職故実へと発展していくことになる。
• This accumulation of the knowledge was later systematized into a lerning to be developped into Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past).

• 1887年5月24日、造幣寮の創業・鉄道の発展に貢献した功績により子爵を授けられる。
• On May 24, 1887, he was given the title of Viscount because of his contributions to the establishment of the Mint and the development of railways.

• 維新後は友人でもある初代兵庫県知事・伊藤博文と共に、兵庫および神戸の発展に貢献した。
• After the Meiji Restoration, he contributed to the development of Hyogo Prefecture and Kobe City with Hirobumi ITO who was then the first governor of Hyogo Prefecture and was also his friend.

• 大日本帝国海軍の舞鶴鎮守府が置かれ、軍港として発展した舞鶴への鉄道として建設された。
• It was constructed to serve Maizuru, which had grown as a naval port following the installation of an Imperial Naval base.

• また2004年には、教育活動の発展と向上を目的に、学内に教育推進センターを設置した。
• Additionally, in 2004, for purpose of developing and enhancing educational activities, the Center for Enhancement of Teaching and Learning was established in the school.

• コード共有を奨励するソフト文化にあって、これはプロジェクト発展の自然な道筋ではある。
• In a software culture that encourages code-sharing, this is a natural way for a project to evolve.

• 米国の経済学者、心理学者で、認知科学の発展の先駆者となった（1916年−2001年）
• United States economist and psychologist who pioneered in the development of cognitive science (1916-2001 )

• 彼は緊急事態に対応するためのプランを発展させたことについて、彼らに祝いの言葉を述べた
• he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency

• 切妻造本を開いて伏せたような形状の屋根で、日本では高床式倉庫から発展したと考えられる。
• Kirizuma-zukuri style (an architectural style with a gabled roof): The roof has a book opened facedown shape and is thought to have developed in Japan from takayukashiki-soko (warehouse on stilts).

• また、公家や僧侶から商工業者まで各階層の消費者を多く抱えており、金融業も発展していた。
• Also, Kyoto had many of consumers in each social class, from the Court noble, the Buddhist monk to the commercial and industrial men, and was developed in the financial business.

• 華道は、仏教の伝来と発展に伴い、仏前に花を手向ける供花に由来するという説が有力である。
• A widely-accepted theory is that Kado originated from floral offerings being presented at a Buddhist alter, together with the introduction and development of Buddhism.

• この散楽が含む雑芸のうち、物真似などの滑稽芸を中心に発展していったのが猿楽と言われる。
• It is said that the comical arts of Sangaku, especially mimicry, evolved into Sarugaku.

• 日本における洋画と日本画はその後、互いに影響を与えながらも対抗的に併存、発展してきた。
• Since then Yo-ga and Nihon-ga have continued to their symbiotic relationship, coexisting and developing as rival forces in Japan.

• 総合的に評価して、西洋数学との差は論じるまでもないが、その発展の速さは驚異的であった。
• Although there was a world of difference in the level of European mathematics and that of Japanese at that time, if we were to give a comprehensive evaluation, the speed in which wasan was developed was unprecedented.

• ただし、音楽における京流手事物や陶芸の京焼のように、上方で著しく発展を見たものもある。
• However, like Kyoto style music or Kyo-yaki as Kyoto style ceramic arts, some were highly developed in Kamigata.

• 尾形光琳らによる琳派、土佐派などが活躍、野々村仁清、本阿弥光悦等による陶芸が発展した。
• In fine art, Rinpa school by Korin OGATA and others, and Tosa school played active roles, and Ninsei NONOMURA, Koetsu HONAMI and others developed ceramic art.

• 大きな発展の一例として、終止形の代わりに連体形を使用するようになったことが挙げられる。
• One example of great developments is the use of the attributive form instead of the end-form.

• 明治の開国を通じ神戸が国際貿易港として発展し、大阪・京都も都市の近代化が進んでいった。
• After the opening of Japan to the world in the Meiji era, Kobe had been developed as an international trade port and modernization of the cities in Osaka and Kyoto had also advanced.

• 例えば俘囚が使用していた蕨手刀は、武士が使用することとなる毛抜形太刀へと発展している。
• For example, Fushu's warabite-to (curved swords) were developed into a kind of sword, Kenukigata Tachi (Tachi with a shape of tweezer), that would be used by samurai.

• 日本の貨幣経済の実態や、店舗商業の発展等にも及んだが、その中で技術にまで言及していた。
• The survey also covered the state of the monetary economy and the progress of shop-based goods-selling business in Japan, and in particular, included descriptions related to technology.

• 日本において中世から近世の時代に、農村部などで商品生産の発展に伴って発生した町・集落。
• It was a town or settlement developed as commodity production grew in rural communities such as a farming village from the Medieval period to early Modern period in Japan.

• 富国強兵（ふこくきょうへい）とは、国家の経済を発展させて軍事力の増強を促す政策をいう。
• Fukoku kyohei refers to a policy that makes state economics grow and encourages reinforcement of military forces.

• 後にこれは商人などの同一職能民によって編成された座に対する公事へと発展することになる。
• It later developed to kuji, which was to be imposed on za consisting of the same professional group such as merchants.

• 大岡は、〈連詩〉という概念をここから発展させて、外国語での詩作の可能性も追求している。
• OKA developed the idea of renshi (linked poem) from such discussions, as well as by pursuing the possibility of composing poems in foreign languages.

• 9月には貞親や真蘂、赤松政則らが失脚する応仁の乱文正の政変に発展し、義敏も越前へ下る。
• In October 1466, the internal conflicts developed into the Bunsho Coup, in which Sadachika, Shinzui and Masanori AKAMATSU lost their positions and Yoshitoshi went back to Echizen province.

• 父より神楽・琴の秘伝を継ぎ、松木家（中御門家）を楽道の家として発展させる基礎を築いた。
• He succeeded in the secret teachings of Kagura (a musical dance) and koto (a long Japanese zither with 13 strings) from his father and formed the basis for the Matsunoki family (also known as the Nakamikado family) to blossom as the family of Gakudo (school of Japanese Court Music).

• したがって、メリットの標準とメリットのある行為の規範が発展していくのもこの方向である。
• It is, therefore, in this direction that a standard of merit and a canon of meritorious conduct will develop.

• 米国の実務家で、そのビジネスが最初のデパートの一つに発展した（1838年−1922年）
• United States businessman whose business grew into one of the first department stores (1838-1922 )

• 米国の興行師で、率いていた歌と踊りの一団がサーカスに発展した（1863年−1926年）
• United States showman whose song-and-dance troop evolved into a circus (1863-1926)

• 義演は秀吉の基本設計をもとにさらに構想を発展させ、また当時一流の庭師を作庭に参画させた。
• Gien advanced the plan, based on Hideyoshi's basic design, and had first-class garden designers participated in building the garden.

• 「神籬」と呼ばれる上古の仮設の祭壇が発展して、常設の社殿となったのではないかといわれる。
• It has been suggested that a temporary alter in ancient times called himorogi was developed into a permanent pavillion structure.

• 応仁の乱を期に大きく発展したが、応仁の乱より昔の、5世紀末からこの伝統が伝えられている。
• Although its technique was refined around the period of the Onin War, the tradition was passed down before the war, since the late fifth century.

• 美濃書院紙という名は、書院造とともに発展し、明かり障子に最もふさわしい紙として定着した。
• Mino Shoinshi was developed along with the shoin style (a residential architecture study-room style) and holds an established position as paper most suitable for akari shoji.

• 余興として行われていた曲芸は舞台芸としての太神楽に発展、江戸太神楽や水戸大神楽となった。
• Kyokugei played as a form of entertainment have developed to become a part of dai-kagura played on stage, namely Edo dai-kagura and Mito dai-kagura.

• しかし、火山帯が少ないため湯量が少なく、また泉温が低かったため、温泉地は発展しなかった。
• However, hot spring resorts didn't develop there because of the small quantity of hot spring water as well as its low temperature resulting from the lack of a volcanic belt.

• また、国際的な温泉地の固定名称にもなったベルギーのスパは療養向けに発展した温泉地である。
• Spas in Belgium, which have became the common name for international hot spring resorts, have developed as hot springs for recuperation.

• また、この頃から、薩摩を経由して伝来した日本武術も、唐手の発展に影響を及ぼしたとされる。
• Around the same time, traditional Japanese martial arts, which were introduced to Okinawa via Satsuma Province, allegedly influenced the development of toudee.

• 当時の欧米史学では、中世は欧米特有なもので、近代へ発展するために必須な時代とされていた。
• In the history study of Europe and America in those days, the medieval times were peculiar to Europe and America and indispensable in developing into the modern age.

• しかし残された真田領を北条氏の軍が略取したために、小田原の役へと発展していくことになる。
• However, the remaining territories of Sanada were taken by the army of the Hojo clan, causing a series of incidents that finally led to the Battle of Odawara.

• 彼の豊富な海外知識は桂川甫周が『北槎聞略』としてまとめ、蘭学発展のための刺激にもなった。
• His rich knowledge of overseas was organized by Hoshu KATSURAGAWA into the book titled 'Hokusa bunryaku' (Stories about Russia Told by a Repatriated Drifter) and encouraged the development of Rangaku.

• 元禄文化や化政文化が発展し、現在は海外でも有名な日本的な物とされる文物の多くが作られた。
• Genroku culture and Kasei cultures were developed and most of the aspects of culture which are now appreciated as popular Japanese products abroad as well as nationally came into being.

• 室町時代頃から、次第に市場経済が発展し、宋銭など中国からの渡来銭が流通するようになった。
• Market economy gradually developed from around the Muromachi period, and 'toraisen' (Chinese coins) such as Song coins became current.

• このようにして、難なく統治し、関東はこれ以降現在に至るまで大きく発展を遂げることとなる。
• In these ways, Ieyasu governed the region without any difficulty, and after this, Kanto has developed greatly until now.

• 貧困救済や育英事業に惜しみなく寄付をしたが、とりわけ長崎市立浪平小学校の発展に尽力した。
• He contributed generously to the relief of the poor and the educational work, particularly made an effort for the development of Naminohira elementary school.

• その他、現在もたつの市の名産である「薄口醤油」の生産を奨励するなど龍野藩の発展に尽くす。
• Other than that, he dedicated himself to develop the Tatsuno Domain by encouraging the production of 'light-colored soy sauce,' which is still one of the special local products in Tatsuno City.

• むすひは、神道における観念で、天地・万物を生成・発展・完成させる霊的な働きのことである。
• Musuhi, a concept embraced in Shinto, refers to a spiritual influence that produces all the things in the universe and helps them develop and complete their cycle.

• それに、どんな場合でも、地球上に一旦成立した生命の継続的発展とは何の関係もないことだ。
• and, in any case, it has nothing to do with the continuing development of life once established on earth.

• 論理的推論の点でも、歴史的発展の点でも、これで制度は充分に説明がついているではないかと。
• It sufficiently accounts for the institution, both in point of logical derivation and in point of historical development.

• 独特なことの印となる出来事、重要で歴史的な方向転換、または、重要な発展がかかっていること
• an event marking a unique or important historical change of course or one on which important developments depend

• ヘブライ語の聖書に基づき、7世紀から18世紀の間に発展したラビの教義の発端で難解な見神論
• an esoteric theosophy of rabbinical origin based on the Hebrew scriptures and developed between the 7th and 18th centuries

• フランスの哲学者で、生命の躍動を進化と発展の要因として提案した（1859年−1941年）
• French philosopher who proposed elan vital as the cause of evolution and development (1859-1941)

• 最もよく知れられているものは、弥生時代の墳墓から独自に発展したものであるという学説である。
• The most famous theory is that they developed uniquely from the above-ground tombs of the Yayoi-period.

• これは、大乗仏教の発展とともに細分化、構造化されたが、経論によって所説が種々不同になった。
• This had been segmented and structured in accordance with the development of Mahayana Buddhism, but various theories emerged according to the interpretation of sutra.

• ここから発展し、身体を清める、邪気を寄せ付けないという意味で仏教で取り入れられたとされる。
• It is said that this developed into the sense of cleansing the body or holding off bad vibes, which was adopted by Buddhism

• 戦場、祭礼行事、朝廷での故実・年中行事などに於いて弓術流派はそれぞれに活躍、発展していく。
• In the battlefields, festival events and Kojitsu (ancient practices of customs) or annual events at the Imperial Court, each school of Kyujutsu had flourished and developed.

• 1896年～ 水車精米業、運送業など主に大日本帝国陸軍第16師団司令部の御用商として発展。
• From 1896: He developed his business mainly as a purveyor to the headquarters of Dai Juroku Shidan (the 16th division) of the Imperial Japanese Army, including rice milling with water wheels, transportation and others.

• 珠光の弟子の宗珠、武野紹鴎らがわび茶を発展させ、千利休がこれを完成させたと考えられている。
• It is believed that Soju, one of Juko's disciples, and Joo Takeno contributed to the development of wabicha and that SEN no Rikyu completed the style of wabicha.

• しかし、禁武政策と空手発展の因果関係については、近年、これを疑問視する研究者が少なくない。
• Recently, however, many researchers have questioned the correlation between the kinmu seisaku and the development of karate.

• また江戸末期以降、それまで地歌に便乗する形で発展して来た箏曲が、今度は先に立って発展した。
• Furthermore, after the late Edo period sokyoku, which until this point had developed as an addition to jiuta, began to surpass jiuta.

• これらの酒郷は、のちに摂泉十二郷と呼ばれる上方の一大酒造地として発展していく母体となった。
• These brewing districts led to the background of the development of a major brewing district in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) which was later called Sessen junigo (the 12 sake brewing districts in Settsu Province and Izumi Province shipping for Edo).

• 漫画表現として鎖帷子を簡略に描いているうちに網シャツを着たキャラクターデザインに発展した。
• While kusari-katabira was drawn simply in the comic expression, it developed a design of character who wear a mesh shirt.

• 京都は寺院料理の影響をうけ、また海産物に乏しいことから野菜や乾物を使った料理に発展をみた。
• Because dishes in Kyoto were affected by dishes at temples and marine products were unavailable, dishes using vegetables and dried foodstuffs developed.

• その後、胡弓音楽は三味線 (三弦) の音楽である地歌、箏の音楽である箏曲と同時に発展した。
• After that, Kokyu music developed consequently with Jiuta songs using Shamisen (with three strings) and with So music (played with So - thirteen-stringed Koto).

• 地歌・箏曲とともに発展し、当道座の盲人音楽家によって伝承されてきた胡弓音楽を胡弓楽と呼ぶ。
• The Kokyu music that has evolved together with Jiuta songs and So music and has been handed down to subsequent generations by blind musicians at Todo-za is called Kokyu-gaku.

• 室町時代から安土桃山時代にわたって丹後国の国府として発展した舞鶴には、数多くの史跡がある。
• Maizuru has many historic sites, owing to its development as Kokufu (provincial capital) of Tango Province from the Muromachi to Azuchi-Momoyama Period.

• 又、城下町として栄えた西舞鶴と違い、1901年に舞鶴鎮守府が設置され、軍港として発展した。
• Unlike Nishi-Maizuru, which thrived as a castle town, Higashi-Maizuru developed with a naval and army base since the establishment of Maizuru Chinju-fu, Maizuru army and navy bases in 1901.

• この時期には百済から仏教が伝来し、後の飛鳥文化・白鳳文化などの仏教文化へと発展していった。
• In this era, Buddhism was brought to Japan from Kudara (Baekje, Paekche), and Buddhist culture, such as Asuka culture and Hakuho culture in the later era, developed.

• これに対して朝鮮側は強硬に退去を要求し、日朝間の外交問題に発展、日本では征韓論が台頭した。
• In response, the Korean government adamantly demanded Japanese withdrawal, which subsequently escalated into a diplomatic problem between Japan and Korea, leading to the rise of Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) in Japan.

• 特に菅原道真の怨霊が天神信仰へと発展するに際し、仏教の論理により天部として位置づけられた。
• Especially, when the vindictive spirit of SUGAWARA no Michizane turned to Tenjin belief, he was regarded as Tenbu (deities who reside in a heavenly realm, one of six realms in which the souls of living beings transmigrate from one to another) according to Buddhistic logic.

• 古代においては在来の古神道であり、その後はその発展形態である神道が信仰されるようになった。
• In ancient times, conventional Koshinto (as practiced prior to the introduction of Confucianism and Buddhism to Japan) was followed, with the Shinto religion, which is a developed form of Koshinto, becoming the main religion later.

• 幕府を開いた後は弟・足利直義と二頭政治を布いたが、後に直義と対立し観応の擾乱へと発展する。
• After he established the Muromachi Shogunate, he and his brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA divided power between them, but in later years discord between them increased until the Kanno Disturbance.

• なお、イギリス人殺傷の一件は結果的に、翌文久3年（1863年）7月の薩英戦争へと発展する。
• Furthermore, the stabbing incident of Englishmen developed into the war between Anglo-Satsuma War in August of the following year, 1863.

• のちに百川を敬慕する与謝蕪村は百川の草画を学び発展させて、俳画と命名しその画風を確立した。
• Later, YOSA no Buson who admired Hyakusen studied Hyakusen's Soga, developed it, and established its painting style by naming it as 'Haiga.'

• 名陶亀山焼 (長崎)の発展に尽力し、自らも鉄翁祖門や木下逸雲らとともに絵付けを施している。
• Kendo made a great contribution in developing Kameyama porcelain, and he himself left some hand-painting with Somon TETSUO and Itsuun KINOSHITA.

• 我国発展の上に偉大な事業を致され、わけても道路交通治水関係に於いて不滅の業績を残されました
• He was involved in many huge projects, particularly in the field of road, transportation, and river improvement.

• 現在、韓国と日本の政府との間で、教科書問題が両国間にかかわる重要な問題へと発展しています。
• At present the text book issue between the Korean and Japanese governments is developing into a significant problem affecting both countries.

• 「この事件は、最初に僕が考えたよりも、もっと興味があって、また面白く発展してゆくらしいぞ。
• ``The case certainly presents more features of interest and more possibility of development than I had originally thought.

• それは、傭兵が勃興し発展するのを見て、うまく彼らの力を削ぐ準備となればと思ってのことです。
• in order that, having seen their rise and progress, one may be better prepared to counteract them.

• また興福寺大乗院第3世として内山永久寺を発展させたことでも知られ、世に内山大僧正と呼ばれた。
• He was also known for the development of Uchiyama Eikyu-ji Temple as the third chief priest of Kofuku-ji Temple Daijo-in, and was commonly called Uchiyama Daisojo (the highest-ranking Buddhist priest).

• 古くから弓術として戦術、武芸として発展し、現在ではスポーツ、健康体育の面も持ち合わせている。
• It developed long ago as Kyujutsu (the art of Japanese archery) for tactics and military art, and today it's also considered a sport or a healthful exercise.

• 礼射系は儀礼・儀式的な要素が加味されつつ発展した射の系統を言うが、事実上小笠原流系統をさす。
• The Reisha group refers to a shooting lineage that developed with elements of courtesy and ceremony, but in reality it refers to the Ogasawara school lineage.

• そして地歌に合奏することで、多くの地歌曲、ことに手事物をレパートリーとして、大いに発展した。
• Later, Soh music added many jiuta, especially tegotomono, to its repertoire through ensemble and further developed.

• 猿楽の持っていた物まね・道化的な要素を発展させたものであり、せりふも含め写実的表現が目立つ。
• In addition, Kyogen performances including lines contain lots of realistic expressions, because Kyogen was derived from Sarugaku by sophisticating its comical and mimic elements.

• この禅僧による書は日本の書流唐様と呼ばれ、江戸時代から日本の書流唐様として継承され発展した。
• This calligraphic style by Zen priests was called the Chinese calligraphic style in Japan, and was handed down and developed during the Edo period and later as the Chinese calligraphic style in Japan.

• 西港は田辺城 (丹後国)の城下町として発展してきたため、江戸時代より商港として発展してきた。
• The West Port, located in and developed as a castle town of the Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province), and has been developed as a commercial port since the Edo period.

• 堀は、八幡城の防衛と湖上交通による物流の役割を兼ね備え、城下町の発展・繁栄に大きく寄与した。
• The canal served both as defense for Hachiman Castle and also as a route for transportation in Lake Biwa, contributing hugely to the growth and prosperity of the town.

• 職業教育では総督府は当初農試験講習生制度を設立し台湾の産業発展に寄与する人材育成に着手した。
• For vocational education, the Sotoku-fu established the agricultural examination trainee system to educate persons who could contribute to the development of farming in Taiwan.

• 横浜、神戸、長崎では居留地の中（神戸は隣接地）に中華街が形成され、日本三大中華街に発展した。
• Chinatowns were founded in the settlements in Yokohama, Kobe, and Nagasaki (Kobe's Chinatown was founded on land adjoining the settlement); these three have developed into the three major Chinatowns in Japan today.

• 日本の資本主義がこのようにして発展していったため、農村の貧困状態は改善されることがなかった。
• Since the Japanese capitalism had developed in this way, the poverty of the farmers was never improved.

• 茶などの文化が発展した南北朝時代 (中国)には、陶淵明（365年 - 427年）が活躍した。
• Tao Yuan-Ming (365 - 427) was popular in the period of the Southern and Northern dynasties when culture, such as the tea ceremony, developed.

• 西洋の歴史学の研究法をから影響を受け、久米邦武、星恆、黒板勝美などが中心になり発展していく。
• Under the influence of Western methods for studying history, it developed with scholars such as Kunitake KUME, 星恆 and Katsumi KUROITA as central figures.

• しかし、史料上の初見は足利将軍家の内紛から発展した観応の擾乱における阿波での軍事行動となる。
• However, he is first mentioned inj historical sources in relation to his military maneuvers in Awa during the Kanno Disturbance, which had started as a feud within the Ashikaga shogunal family.

• 特に書道は尊円流を学び、更にこれを発展させて一派を形成し、近衛流、または三藐院流と称される。
• He was particularly known for calligraphy, having learned the Sonen school and developed a manner of his own called the Konoe school or the Sanmyakuin school.

• その際に鎌倉における歌壇を指導し、「藤ヶ谷式目」を作るなどして鎌倉連歌の発展に貢献している。
• On the occasions, he instructed poetry circles in Kamakura and contributed to the development of the renga (linked verse) by composing 'Fujigaya Shikimoku.'

• 明治40年には河井荃廬、浜村蔵六、岡本椿所、山田寒山らと丁未印社を創立し篆刻の発展に尽した。
• In 1907, he founded Teibiinsha with Senro KAWAI, Zoroku HAMAMURA, Chinsho OKAMOTO, Kanzan YAMADA and others, which contributed to the development of tenkoku (seal-engraving).

• 最澄が天台宗を広めるために広く経典の書写を呼びかけた際に仏法発展のために支援を行ったという。
• It is said that when Saicho called people for transcriptions by handwriting of the Buddhist scriptures in an attempt to popularize Tendai sect, Dochu supported Saicho to develop Buddhism.

• 次男の藤原忠雅、三男の藤原忠親の子孫が、後世においてそれぞれ花山院家、中山家として発展した。
• Descendants of his second son, FUJIWARA no Tadamasa, and those of his third son, FUJIWARA no Tadachika, thrived as the Kasannoin family and the Nakayama family, respectively.

• 激動期の宮廷にあって最終的に地位を全うしたことで、後世における花山院家の発展の基礎を築いた。
• By having carried out the post to the end during the tempestuous period of the court, he built the foundation of the Kazanin family's future prosperity.

• 東西線開業後は、京都市内唯一の地下鉄の交差する交通至便の場所として駅周辺が発展し始めている。
• Once the Tozai Line started operating, this station, becoming the only subway station in Kyoto City where two subway lines crossed, was able to provide very convenient transportation means, thus promoting the development of the area around the station.

• 平安時代には藤原高光が出家後に入山、増賀上人を招聘するなど、藤原氏の繁栄と共に発展を遂げた。
• In the Heian period, the temple developed along with the prosperity of the Fujiwara clan, as is shown in such episodes as the ascetic stay of FUJIWARA no Takamitsu at the temple after he had entered into priesthood and the temple's invitation to a holy priest Zoga shonin.

• 大安寺が日本の上代仏教の発展に果たした役割は大きかったが、都が平安京へ移ると次第に衰退した。
• Daian-ji Temple played an important role in the ancient Japanese history of Buddhism, but it gradually fell into a decline after the capital was transferred to Heian-kyo (ancient Kyoto).

• また公立、私立の高等学校設立がみとめられるようになり、第二次世界大戦終結後まで発展をとげた。
• Moreover, the establishment of public and private higher schools was permitted, and they continued to grow until the end of the World War II.

• その後、上田喜三郎 （後の出口王仁三郎）が活動を補佐するようになって組織的に発展していった。
• Later, Kisaburo UEDA (later Onizaburo DEGUCHI) started to assist the activities, which came to develop organizationally.

• 古代のローマ人によって発展された、西ヨーロッパの言語の大部分を書くために役立つアルファベット
• the alphabet evolved by the ancient Romans which serves for writing most of the languages of western Europe

• 簡易なものであったが、戦国時代 (日本)に著しい発展を遂げ、城の縄張の重要要素となっていった。
• They were simple, but in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), the Koguchi made a remarkable development and became a key factor in castle territories.

• 城郭の最終防衛拠点と位置付けられ、城の象徴でもある天守は、大型の望楼櫓が発展したともいわれる。
• The tenshu that was positioned as the final strongpoint of a citadel and a symbol of a castle was said to be evolved from a large watchtower turret.

• この軽量化された衝立てを改良発展して、張り付け壁（副障子）や屏風にも応用していったと思われる。
• It seems that these improved points of the screen were applied to haritsuke kabe (a fixed and unmoving fusuma used as a wall) (also known as fukushoji (set-in translucent screens)) and folding screens.

• - 荷台や本棚のようなものに綺麗に商品を並べ、引き売りしている姿が発展途上国を中心にみられる。
• They are seen mainly in developing countries pulling a luggage rack with something akin to a bookcase with products neatly displayed for sale.

• - チューインガムや飴、味付けしたピーナッツなど様々であるが、発展途上国でよく見る事が出来る。
• This is often seen in developing countries, and chewing gum, candy, and flavored peanuts are some examples of what is sold.

• こうして、平安時代以降、各地の自衛農民団、もしくは自衛海運業者団としての武士団の発展を促した。
• Thus, many bushidan (samurai group) were organized in the Heian period as self-defense groups for farmers and shipping agents.

• 山背国においては桂川中流域、鴨川 (淀川水系)下流域を支配下におき、その発展に大きく寄与した。
• In Yamashiro Province, the family that ruled the middle reach of the Katsura-gawa River and the lower reach of the Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River system) greatly contributed to the improvement of these regions.

• これが発展し鎌倉を本拠とした地方政権を樹立し、東国を中心に守護と地頭の設置を朝廷に認めさせる。
• Due to development of this system, he established a Kamakura-based local government and convinced the Imperial Court to allow him to deploy provincial constables and lords of manors mainly in eastern countries.

• 明治以降には西川産業など企業として発展し、今日の大企業の中にも近江商人の系譜を引くものは多い。
• Many of the large-scale companies today, such as Nishikawa Sangyo which developed as a business enterprise after the Meiji period, have their origin as Omi shonin.

• 武家屋敷が建ち並び、また陣屋に関わる武士等を相手に商売を営む商工業者が集まり発展した町である。
• Jinyamachi developed into a town as a number of bukeyashiki (samurai mansions) stand and those engaged in commerce and industry gathered there to trade with samurai and others who were working at the jinya.

• これに勝利した蘇我氏と蘇我氏系大王のもと、王権の本拠地である飛鳥京を中心に仏教文化が発展する。
• Following the Soga's victory, Buddhist culture developed under the Soga clan and the clan-affiliated Okimi (King, a term used before 'Emperor' became common), mainly in and around the capital Asuka-kyo, home to the Yamato royalty.

• 米騒動は移出の取りやめ、安売りの哀願から始まり、要求は次第に寄付の強要、打ちこわしに発展した。
• Initially, the rice riots started to ask to cancel the transportation of rice and to sell it cheap, but gradually led to the enforcement of donation and grew into Uchikowashi (it refers to an act where people destroyed residences of privileged merchants or officials who were involved in misgovernment).

• 好学の名君であり文政元年（1818年）藩校である「国光館」を新たに「造士館」として発展させた。
• He was a wise ruler who loved learning, and in 1818 he developed the hanko 'Kokkokan' further into a new school named 'Zoshikan.'

• 南ドイツのフッガー家や北イタリアのメディチ家は、両替商から銀行家へと発展した典型的な例である。
• The Fugger family in South Germany and the Medici family in North Italy are the typical examples of the money changers who later became bankers.

• また、さらに僧侶、僧坊の個別化、分散化、世俗化がすすみ、一人ひとりが住居する私僧坊が発展する。
• In addition, the monks and their lodging facilities were individualized, decentralized and secularized further with development of private residential spaces for each monk.

• 戦乱は吉野朝廷の末裔（後南朝）まで参加するなど、収拾がつかない全国規模なものへ発展していった。
• Even the descendants of Yoshino (Imperial) Court (Go-nancho) entered the war, and it escalated into an out-of-control war that involved the entire nation.

• 門人の伊藤左千夫、長塚節、岡麓らが結社「根岸短歌会」として継承し、後のアララギ派へと発展した。
• His Monjin Students Sachio ITO, Takashi NAGATSUKA, Fumoto OKA and others continued the trend set by Shiki by forming an association called the 'Negishi Tanka Society' which evolved later into the Araragi School (Araragi School of Tanka poetry).

• このように忠雅は、巧みな婚姻政策によって平氏政権の下で昇進し、後の花山院家の発展の礎を築いた。
• As seen in the above descriptions, through his well-considered marriage strategies, Tadamasa was promoted smoothly under the government by the Taira clan and established a basis for future development of the Kasannoin family.

• そして経営問題と労働紛争の影響から技術革新も見られなくなり、新幹線の発展・発達は一時停滞した。
• Then affected by the business operation problems and labor troubles, no technical innovation was achieved, and the progress and advancement of Shinkansen became stagnant for a while.

• 曼荼羅を祀る堂は「極楽坊」と呼ばれて、次第に元興寺本体とは別の寺院として発展するようになった。
• The hall enshrining the Mandala was called 'Gokuraku-bo,' which gradually developed as a different temple from the original Gango-ji Temple.

• １７世紀に国際経済論の発展が労働力の大移動を導いたとハンセンが述べているが、これは誤りである。
• Hanson is wrong when he states international economic developments led to great migrations of labour in the seventeenth century.

• これは暗号研究コミュニティによるレビュー、批判、検討、そしてさらなる発展のためにやったことだ。
• for review, critique, exploration, and further evolution by the cryptographic research community.

• 初期のアパートは、こうした宿所の各部屋に玄関を設け、独立した住居へと発展させたものと考えられる。
• It is thought that the first 'apart' was developed from such a lodging house room into an independent dwelling with an entry attached to each room.

• そのような中、天皇の宗教的権威を保つ新たな儀式として即位灌頂は生まれ、発展していったとみられる。
• Under such situations, sokuikanjo was born and developed as a new ritual to maintain religious authority of the emperor.

• 時代と共に技術、道具共に研鑽が重ねられ、また同時に諸流派それぞれに独自、或は相互に発展を遂げた。
• Over time, its technique and equipment had been improved and each school developed individually at the same time.

• 戦国時代が終わってこれらの技術が発展し、禅の思想や中国の思想や医学などの影響も受けるようになる。
• After the Sengoku period (the Warring States period), the above-mentioned techniques developed, and they began to be influenced by the philosophy of 'Zen' (a sect of Buddhism, which emphasizes focusing one's mind), and by the Chinese philosophy and medical science.

• 北澤楽天は1905年に『東京パック』を創刊するなど、日本における風刺漫画の発展に大きく貢献した。
• Rakuten KITAZAWA showed great dedication to the development of Japanese cartoons by launching 'Tokyo Puck' in 1905 and so on.

• そこで、弓兵が矢を槍の代わりにして戦う発想から発展していったのが、打根術（うちねじゅつ）である。
• Therefore, Uchine-jutsu (the art of Uchine) developed from the idea that archers use arrows instead of spears in battles.

• 都市部では、最近の経済発展によるスモッグ（煙霧）との相乗効果で、視程がかなり悪くなることがある。
• When falling in city areas, kosa and smog, generated due to recent economic progress, produce a synergistic effect, sometimes limiting the visibility considerably.

• 江戸時代に入ると、大坂を中心とした金融網の形成によって全国的な為替制度へと発展することとなった。
• In the Edo period, a financial network was formed with Osaka at its center, which developed into a national currency exchange system.

• これを機に朝廷でも新制が出され、「弘安徳政」と呼ばれる幕府・朝廷共同の政治改革の動きに発展した。
• It galvanized the Imperial court to enact its shinsei and led to the movement of political reform, which is called koan-tokusei (political reforms in the Koan era), carried out by the cooperation between the bakufu and the Imperial court.

• 縄文時代は日本列島の美術が外部からの影響や情報にさらされず、独自の発展をとげた唯一の時代である。
• The Jomon period was the only period that Japanese art developed by itself without the influence and information from abroad.

• 境内は貧富貴賎さまざまな人々が流入し、当時の寺社の文化的先進性と結びついて都市的な発展を遂げる。
• Various people including the rich and the poor or high and low social standing entered into temples and the area around temple developed into a city, tied with the spirit of cultural innovation of temples and shrines in those days.

• 結果としてこのような盲人保護政策が、江戸時代の音楽や鍼灸医学の発展の重要な要素になったと言える。
• As a result, these protection policies of the blind became a major cause for the development of music during the Edo period and acupuncture technology.

• 日本統治時代、台湾の主要産業は農業であり、水利施設の拡充は台湾経済発展に重要な地位を占めていた。
• The main industry of Taiwan under Japanese rule was agriculture, so the fulfillment of water facilities was important in order to develop the Taiwanese economy.

• 一連の寺内内閣の言論弾圧に対し新聞社は激しく抗議し、言論報道の自由に関する運動に発展していった。
• Newspaper companies made a vigorous protest against a series of suppression of free speech by the Terauchi Cabinet and it gradually developed into the movement about freedom of press.

• 内侍から蔵人頭に伝えられる文書は「内侍宣｣と呼ばれ、｢鎌倉時代｣以降に｢女房奉書｣へと発展する。
• A document transmitted from Naishi (a maid of honor to the emperor) to Kurodo no to was called 'Naijisen,' which developed to 'Nyobo hosho' (letters sent by the court ladies by imperial order) in and after the 'Kamakura period.'

• 国友村の年寄4家は自分たちを差し置いてのこの扱いに異議を申し立て長い抗争に発展した（彦根事件）。
• The four toshiyori (one rank above toshiyoriwaki) families in Kunitomo village, objected to him being favored despite his lower rank, which resulted in a long lasting conflict (Hikone Incident).

• その準備をしていた8月8日、甲州で税法統一の際に紛争が起き、農民騒動へと発展する（大小切騒動）。
• On September 10, when it was being prepared, there turmoil occurred as they tried to unify the tax law in Koshu, which developed into a riot by farmers (Daishogiri sodo (Daishogiri riot)).

• その後宣長門人の平田篤胤に至って宣長の持つ「古道論」を新たな神道である「復古神道」に発展させた。
• Atsutane HIRATA, a disciple of Norinaga's, later developed the ideas expressed in Norinaga's 'Kodoron' into the 'Fukko shinto' (Restored Shinto), a new form of Shinto.

• 英国の通貨危機は、政府がポンドの急落をくい止められなかったことをめぐる政治危機へと発展しました。
• Britain's currency crisis has turned into a political one over government failure to stop the pound from going into free-fall.

• ――ユーザと共同開発者たちの巨大で活発なコミュニティがある中で、ソフトがどう発展するかという話。
• ?the evolution of software in the presence of a large and active community of users and co-developers.

• 当時はイギリス的な意味でのドイツの中産階級は、まだしかるべき発展をほとんど遂げていませんでした。
• when the German middle class, in the English sense, had scarcely attained its proper development.

• 1900年ごろニューオーリンズで生まれ、ますます複雑なスタイルに発展したポピュラー音楽のジャンル
• a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles

• 1600年につくられた英国の会社で、インドと東南アジアにある新しい英国植民地との貿易を発展させた
• an English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia

• 特に新しい発展あるいは時代の始まりを引き起こすか、または示すことに非常に意味があるか重要である、
• highly significant or important especially bringing about or marking the beginning of a new development or era

• これらの変形・発展型や合体型（例えば“輪郭式+梯郭式”といったように）と言えるものも数多くあった。
• There were many castles that should be classified into variations, expansions, and combinations of these styles (the combination of the rinkaku style and the teikaku style, for example).

• その存在は当時の仏教界でも大きく、周信と並んで臨済宗夢窓派の発展に寄与したということで評価は高い。
• He was highly evaluated as a Buddhism priest at that time; his contribution, along with Shushin, to the development of the Muso school of the Rinzai sect was highly evaluated.

• また、経済の発展により下絵師、彫師、刷師と複雑な工程の分業体制を整えることができた点も重要である。
• Also, the economic development took an important role, as the division of labor was established for the complicated processes among Shitaeshi, Horishi and Surishi.

• もう一方に、駅弁業者を発端として発展し、それぞれの地域で最大級の食品企業となっている調製元がある。
• Another group consists of producers that started and developed their businesses as a Ekiben delicatessen, and then have become one of the largest food companies in their own region.

• その根本原因として、コンビニエンスストアやスーパーマーケットなど小売業の発展や情報化の発展がある。
• The say this is mainly due to the development of retailers, such as convenience stores and supermarkets, and the progress of information technology.

• この頃から、宮中に出入りする一方で、京都の町衆の支持も受け、四条派は大きく発展していくことになる。
• From that period, they started to visit the Imperial Court and on the other hand they had the support of people in Kyoto, which developed the Shijo school further.

• また、中国からは仏教を通しても特殊な料理や茶が伝えられ、これはおもに寺院において独自の発展をみた。
• In addition, special dishes as well as tea were also brought to Japan through the introduction of Buddhism form China, and these dishes have been uniquely developed mostly in temples.

• 一方、狂言は室町時代から江戸時代初期にかけて発展してきた芸能であり、当時の価値観が反映されている。
• On the other hand, kyogen was developed from the Muromachi period to the early Edo period, and it reflected the values at that time.

• 江戸時代初期に八坂神社の門前で水茶屋を営業したのが始まりで以後、花街として発展し正式に許可された。
• Gion Kobu started with the opening of a tea house in front of the gate of the Yasaka-jinja Shrine in the beginning of the Edo period; thereafter, Gion Kobu flourished as a hanamachi and received official approval.

• 王家の分裂が公家社会全体の分裂へと発展してゆくことになった一方、貴族たちの治天への従属は深まった。
• While the division of the Imperial family led to the division of Imperial Court society in general, the subordination of the aristocrats to the Chiten side also progressed.

• 11世紀中後期から12世紀初期にかけて成立し、院政期を通じて発展し、鎌倉時代前後に最盛期を迎えた。
• The Shoen-Koryo system was established in the mid to late 11th century and continued through until the early 12th century, so it was developed through the period of the Cloister government, and peaked around the Kamakura period.

• これによって武力衝突に発展して死者も出した上、北野社一帯が炎上したが幕府側が付近の制圧に成功した。
• This lead to an armed conflict leaving some dead, and the area around Kitano-sha Shrine burnt, but the bakufu successfully conquered the surrounding area.

• より茶の湯に適した建物である茶湯座敷が発展し、連歌を張行する文芸の場としては、数寄座敷が生まれた。
• As a result, Chanoyu zashiki that suited cha no yu developed, and suki zashiki was born as the cultural place to carry out renga (linked poems).

• こうした疑義から出発し思索する中で陸象山の学へと立ち帰り、それを精緻に発展させたのが陽明学である。
• Contemplating these questions, Wang Yangming went back to the teachings of Lu Hsiang-shan, and elaborately developed them into what became Yomei-gaku.

• 大和民族は、独自の文化を土台にして、他民族の文化を上手く取り入れ、融合・発展させてきた民族である。
• The Yamato race assimilated the cultures of other races and developed them based on their original culture.

• この書する文字・書体にも文人の雅俗意識が峻厳に働き、その審美が書芸の発展のひとつの原動力となった。
• Bunjin showed a severe sense of elegance and vulgarian on these letters and the style of writing, and their sense of beauty was part of the motive power for the development of calligraphic arts.

• 縄文時代早期から前期にかけての北日本では、砥石状工具を用いた擦切技法（すりきりぎほう）が発展する。
• A technique for cutting by rubbing based on grindstone shaped tool was developed from the beginning to the early Jomon period in Northern Japan.

• そして、同年12月25日 (旧暦)に庄内藩を中心とする幕軍が薩摩藩邸を焼き討ちする事件に発展した。
• The foregoing matter developed into an incident that, on January 19, 1868, the shogunate army, with the Shonai Clan taking the leading part set fire to the Satsuma Clan residence.

• 大秀は生涯、師である宣長を敬慕し続け、毎年飛騨の地で宣長の追悼会を主催し、独自の国学を発展させた。
• Ohide expressed great reverence for his teacher Norinaga throughout his life and hosted an annual memorial for Norinaga in Hida while evolving his own study of Japanese classical literature.

• 主に西洋内科の医学書を翻訳し、内科の発展に寄与しながら私塾・蘭馨堂を開いて後進の指導にもあたった。
• He taught younger people in his private school, Rankeido while he contributed to the development of internal medicine, mainly translating the medical books of the Western internal medicine.

• 松井氏はこの後、山城国を中心に発展分岐し、室町期松井康之(武将)・松井友閑(堺奉行)等を輩出した。
• Later on, the Matsui clan developed and branched off into some lineages with Yamashiro Province being its base, and Yasuyuki MATSUI (busho (Japanese military commander)) and Yukan MATSUI (Sakai bugyo (Magistrate of around Sakai)) appeared in succession during the Muromachi Period.

• しかし、十河ら国鉄幹部は将来の発展性を視野に入れ、あえて困難の多い広軌新線建設を決定したのである。
• However, with future expandability in sight, the executives of JNR, including Sogo, decided to lay new broad gauge railways that were supposed to include many difficult problems.

• 新聞を核に書籍も発行し、各種シンポジウム・講演会を主催するなど、学生による総合メディアとして発展。
• It has developed as a creator of student-produced multimedia, publishing newspapers as well as books, and sponsoring various symposiums and lecture presentations.

• さらに都市自治体や地方評議会も、その上に今まで発展してきたものまるごと、中央行政の一部局となって、
• if, in addition, the municipal corporations and local boards, with all that now devolves on them, became departments of the central administration;

• また経験の示すところでは、君主や共和国は独力で最大の発展を成し遂げますが、傭兵は害しかなしません。
• And experience has shown princes and republics, single-handed, making the greatest progress, and mercenaries doing nothing except damage;

• 所有権が捕獲された女性以外の人へと拡大していく発展の詳細な変化を、ここで取り上げることはできない。
• The varying details of the development whereby ownership extends to other persons than captured women cannot be taken up here;

• 弥生時代の遺跡の柱の遺構が大社造の柱の配置に似ているため、高床式住居が発展したものと考えられている。
• The layout of pillars in remains from the Yayoi Period is similar to that of taisha-zukuri style buildings, and so it is considered that the taisha-zukuri style developed out of takayukashiki-soko (raised-floor houses).

• 大鳥大社（おおとりたいしゃ）に代表される大鳥造は、出雲大社に代表される大社造から発展した様式である。
• Otori-zukuri style, which is typified by Otori Taisha Shrine, is a style that developed from taisha-zukuri style, which is exemplified by Izumo-taisha Shrine.

• 円珍の門流である寺門流は余慶によって発展し、その後山門派・寺門派の対立が激しくなるきっかけとなった。
• Although the Jimon school, which was descended from Enchin, increased its influence thanks to Yokei, this became the beginning of the subsequent severe confrontation between the Sanmon school and the Jimon school.

• 近年では、急進派団体の信者による折伏によって、警察沙汰にまで発展したことがマスコミで報じられている。
• In recent years, cases of the shakubuku by extremist organization's believers getting into trouble with the police have been reported by mass media.

• 主として大阪・京都を中心に発展してきた歌舞伎の型、技法、演出、演技法、演目、劇壇などを総称して言う。
• Kamigata Kabuki is the collective name for forms, technique, direction, performing method, program, theatrical world and other aspects of Kabuki that have been developed centered on Osaka and Kyoto.

• 中国伝来の行事と日本古来の風習が習合した上巳の祓は、3月3日の桃の節句（雛祭り）に発展したとされる。
• The purification ceremony held on joshi, which is a syncretic fusion of events of Chinese origin and ancient Japanese customs, is said to have developed into the Doll Festival on March 3.

• 実際は地方では戦前まで盛んに行われており、大正前後にはまだ多くの流派で多数の門人を抱え発展していた。
• Actually, jujutsu was actively practiced in local areas until the time of World War Ⅱ, and around the Taisho period, many schools were still prosperous having their own pupils.

• 祭囃子は祭に付随する音楽を総称したもので、各地域にあるそれぞれの祭に密着して発展してきたものである。
• Matsuribayashi is a general term that refers to music associated with festivals and as such, its development is closely linked with festivals of various regions in Japan.

• また余興、騎射の腕を競う勝負事として、儀礼的な側面が強く敷居の高い流鏑馬とは別に独自の発展を遂げた。
• Also, as a form of entertainment, wagers were made on the skills of the horseback archery competitors which led to the 'Kasakake' form developing separately and independently from the more formalized and somewhat awkward 'Yabusame' form of horseback archery.

• 後に宮城四隅疫神祭と平安京の道饗祭が統合され、平安京の四堺における「四境四堺祭」へと発展していった。
• Kyujo Yosumi Ekijin-sai Festival was later united with Dokyo-sai Festival in Heiankyo to be developed into 'Shikyo Shisakai Matsuri ' (Festival of Four Borders and Four-corner Points) at four corner points in Heiankyo.

• 「かんかんのう（看々踊り）」や、「法界節（ほうかいぶし）」や「演歌」も、清楽から発展したものである。
• Kankan no' (Kankan dance), 'Hokaibushi' and 'Enka' (Japanese ballad) all derived from Shingaku.

• 欧米から学んだ会社制度が発達し、制度上は個人商店であった私企業が発展、世界に向けて大規模化していく。
• The company system learned from the western countries was growing, and private companies, which were only privately-run stores in a system, developed on a large scale and carried out overseas expansion.

• 市内東部にある軍港のほか、造船や硝子といった重厚長大産業都市として発展し、舞鶴都市圏を形成している。
• In addition to the military port in the east of Maizuru, the city has undergone development in the areas of heavy industries, shipbuilding and glass industries which form the urban areas of Maizuru.

• 朝廷では徳川時代以前の古例を持ち出し、朱子学を正当とする定信と対抗し、朝幕間の学問的論争に発展する。
• The Imperial Court brought up an old case from before the Tokugawa Period to counter Sadanobu, who justified his opposition with Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism based on the teachings of Zhu Xi and his followers), and so this developed into a scholarly dispute between the Imperial Court and the Bakufu.

• 令旨によって熊野の勢力が二つに割れて争乱に発展したため、湛増が平氏に以仁王の謀反を注進したのである。
• Because the military forces of Kumano, upon receiving the command, split into two opposing camps and began rioting, Tanzo sent the Taira clan word of prince Mochihito's plot.

• いずれにせよこの制度改定は、後述の正徳 (日本)度来日の際のような深刻な外交問題には発展しなかった。
• Anyway, this system change did not develop into a serious diplomatic problem as when Tsushinshi came to Japan in the Shotoku era (1711 - 1716), as described later.

• 律令制を整え発展した唐と連合し，その律令制を受容することで強大化した新羅が，百済・高句麗を滅ぼした。
• The Silla Kingdom, which was strengthened by adopting the Ritsuryo system following its ally, the Tang Dynasty, that had already attained the development by perfecting the Ritsuryo system, overthrew Paekche and Goguryeo.

• 周の封建制（後述）とは別に、中国史において唯物史観的発展段階論を適用した場合の封建制について述べる。
• Apart from the Hoken system in Zhou (which will be described later), the Hoken system will be described in view of the development stage theory based on materialistic conception of history.

• 中国では「南船北馬」という言葉があるように、長江を中心に水路が入り組んだ南方において水軍が発展した。
• In China, as the phrase 'south ship north horse (travel far and wide) indicates, suigun navy developed in the south, mainly in the area along the Yangtze River, where a maze of waterways ran through.

• 大名たちは上納金を貢いでくれる城下町が栄えることは、みずからの発展と同義と考え保護政策をおこなった。
• Feudal lords (daimyo) took a protective policy, considering the more the castle town developed, the more money were paied to them, which meant their own prosperity.

• 江戸時代は経済的にはめまぐるしい発展を遂げ、その資本の蓄積は、明治維新以降の経済発展の原動力となる。
• During the Edo period, the economy grew rapidly, and the accumulated capital contributed to the economic development following the Meiji Restoration.

• 喜田はその後も自論を発展させて1922年（大正11年）の論文「後淡海宮御宇天皇論」で区切りをつけた。
• Kida developed his theory further and published a thesis 'Go Tankai no miya Gyo Tenno theory' in 1922.

• さらに直義が逃げ込んだ尊氏邸をも包囲して、尊氏に対して直義らの身柄引き渡しを要求する抗争に発展した。
• The army surrounded Takauji's residence where Tadayoshi was hiding and demanded his handover.

• 街道の流通と伝馬を確立し、飯田十八町を完成させ、文化産業振興にも力を注ぐなど、飯田の発展に尽くした。
• He contributed to the development of Iida by establishing the distribution and post-horse system on the road, completing the Iida Juhachi-cho (飯田十八町, 18 towns of Ida), and focusing also on promotion of cultural business.

• 私が思うに、ヨーロッパが漸進的で多面的な発展を遂げたのは、全くこの経路の複数性のおかげだったのです。
• Europe is, in my judgment, wholly indebted to this plurality of paths for its progressive and many-sided development.

• 西暦1000年の後、ローマ様式とゴシック・スタイルの間でイタリアと西ヨーロッパで発展した建築物の様式
• a style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD

• 岩石唐紙をさらに改良したものが泰平紙で、これをさらに明治時代に入って改良発展させたものが楽水紙である。
• The taihei-shi (literary, peace-paper) was a modification of ganseki-toshi and its further modification was the rakusui-shi (literary, happy water paper) produced in the Meiji period.

• まず京都の生田検校が元禄頃、箏の楽器法（調弦および奏法や爪の改良）や楽曲を大きく発展させたといわれる。
• It is said that Ikuta Kengyo in Kyoto developed the way of playing Soh (tuning, playing method, improvement of a pick) as well as Soh music in the era of Genroku.

• その中で最も威力があり武士に好まれたのが大弓で、大弓を用いた射術も発展し現在に至り、弓道として残った。
• The one that had the most strength and favored by bushi was Daikyu long bow, and the archery evolved and remains today as kyudo.

• また僧坊酒の発展から、奈良酒や天野酒などの、のちの摂泉十二郷の各流派の原型にあたる技法の違いも現れた。
• In addition, the developing Soboshu led to different techniques such as narazake (sake of Nara) and Amanosake (sake of Kongo-ji Temple on Mt. Amano), the original forms of each school of the later Sessen juni go (the 12 sake brewing districts in Settsu Province and Izumi Province shipping for Edo).

• その流れは16世紀の戦国時代に広く地方へと普及していき、やがて国民文化として発展していくこととなった。
• This trend spread widely to local regions in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in the sixteenth century, resulting in the creation of a national culture.

• 開国したことで欧米の諷刺雑誌を入手できるようになり、これらを模倣することで日本の漫画は発展していった。
• Western satire magazines became available afterJapan marked the end of a long period of isolation and Japanese comics developed by imitating them.

• 狭義には大いに発展した江戸時代の関孝和以降のそれを指すが、西洋数学導入以前の数学全体を指すこともある。
• In a strict sense, wasan refers to mathematics developed by Takakazu SEKI that flourished during the Edo period, but in a wider sense, it refers to mathematics in general practiced and studied in Japan before the introduction of mathematics from Europe.

• これに伴い写経が盛んになり、また高麗の僧、曇徴が紙や墨の製法を伝えたことにより、書道は急速に発展する。
• Then Buddhist scriptures were copied widely, and additionally because Damjing, a priest in Goryeo, brought to Japan the methods of manufacturing paper and ink sticks, calligraphy developed rapidly.

• ロシアはなお陸軍は維持していたが、海軍力の大半を失い、国内でも革命運動が発展していたため講和に傾いた。
• Russia still sustained the army but, due to the fact that much of the sea power had been lost and a revolutionary movement was developing within the country, it leaned towards making peace with Japan.

• その後、土岐持益 (守護)の頃に富島氏と斎藤氏の争いが、美濃全土を巻き込む内乱に発展した（美濃錯乱）。
• Subsequently, at the time when Mochimasu TOKI served as Shugo, a conflict between the Tomishima clan and the Saito clan escalated into a civil war, involving the whole Mino Province (Mino Civil War).

• 東港は前述の通り、明治時代より軍港として発展してきた関係から、多くの旧日本海軍関連の遺跡を有している。
• The East port, which has been developed as a naval port since the Meiji period, has many historic sites related to the former Imperial Japanese Navy.

• 東海道と中山道と北国街道が交差する交通の要衝である近江国の地の利を生かして商業地として発展、繁栄した。
• It was developed and flourished as a commercial district making use of geographical advantage of Omi Province which was an important point for traffic in which Tokaido Road, Nakasendo Road and Hokkoku Kaido Road crossed with each other.

• 平安時代の末期、皇族・貴族内部の権力闘争が、保元の乱・平治の乱といった軍事衝突に発展するようになった。
• The power struggle amongst Imperial family members and the aristocracy during the later Heian period led to military conflicts such as Hogen Rebellion and Heiji Rebellion.

• 儒教は日本においてはむしろ儒学として発展し、江戸時代初期から中頃にかけて朱子学や陽明学が盛んになった。
• Confucianism developed not as a religion but rather as a study, and from the beginning to the middle of Edo period, the doctrines of Zhu Xi (the shushigaku school) and the teaching of Wan Yangming (the yomeigaku school) became popular.

• また、韓国のように、比較的経済が発展しているにも関わらず、欠食児童が社会問題となっている国も存在する。
• And, there is a country like Korea where even if the economy has relatively grown, the poorly-fed children becomes a social problem.

• 9条8坊でありながら、道幅を大幅に拡充した朱雀大路や羅城門を備えるなど、一層発展を深めたものとなった。
• It showed further development by equipping largely-widened Suzaku-oji Street and Rajo-mon Gate, even though it had only nine rows and eight columns.

• 茂平は、この地の開発を積極的に推し進め、高山城 (安芸国)を築き、その後の小早川氏発展の基礎を作った。
• Shigehira aggressively promoted development of his own feud and constructed Takayama-jo Castle (Aki Province), laying the groundwork for the future growth of the Kobayakawa clan.

• 祖父・祐秀から砲術を学んだため、砲術に優れ、それをさらに発展させて稲富流砲術を創始したと言われている。
• Because he was taught gunnery techniques by his grandfather Sukehide, he was surpassingly skilled in gunnery and it is said that he made further advances beyond his grandfather's technique, thereby founding the Inadome school of gunnery.

• 興戸駅、三山木駅と並んで同志社大学・同志社女子大学生の下宿が多い地域のため、比較的発展した地域である。
• As with Kodo Station and Miyamaki Station, the area around the facility, where lodgings for the students of Doshisha University and Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts are found, is relatively well developed.

• 室町時代には旧仏教勢力の延暦寺や園城寺と対立して政治問題に発展、管領の細川頼之が調停に乗り出している。
• During the Muromachi period the temple became embroiled in political problems with the traditional temples Enryaku-ji Temple and Onjo-ji Temple and the Kanre Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA stepped in to mediate.

• 伝法阿闍梨（でんぽうあじゃり） 伝法（術・経文など維持発展に必要な総ての要素）の灌頂を受けた者がなる。
• Demp Ajari - Those who have received a kanjo (a ceremony to be the successor) of the denpo (all of the necessary elements for preservation and development of the techniques and sutras).

• それから、彼は、ケンブリッジで研究を始め、宇宙の本質について前よりいっそう多くの考えを発展させ始めた。
• Then he began working at Cambridge and developing many more ideas about the nature of the universe.

• おもに十九世紀に発展した、大人数のひとが同時に絵画を鑑賞するということは、絵画危機の最初の兆候だった。
• The simultaneous contemplation of paintings by a large public, such as developed in the nineteenth century, is an early symptom of the crisis of painting,

• 典型的には、優しい独裁者組織は、創始者が貢献者を集めるにしたがって所有管理者組織から発展して生まれる。
• Typically, a benevolent-dictator organization evolves from an owner-maintainer organization as the founder attracts contributors.

• 進化、自然の成長、分化、あるいは伝導性のある環境の過程を通じて、成長し、進歩し、展開し、または発展する
• grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment

• 他方、寺院における楼閣建築も本邦独自の発展を見せ、西本願寺の飛雲閣など優れた木造楼閣が現れることとなる。
• On the other hand, rokaku buildings in temples in Japan developed independently of those on the continent, and many superior wooden rokakus, such as Hiunkaku in Nishihongan-ji Temple, were designed and built.

• 若衆歌舞伎が禁止される際に、幕府より「物真似狂言づくし」を義務付けられたことも演劇的発展の一因になった。
• Before banning Wakashu Kabuki, the Tokugawa shogunate ordered them to play 'impersonation & 'Kyogen' (Noh comedies),' and this also encouraged the development of Kabuki as a drama.

• 田舎の武術的要素をもった琉球舞踊から、沖縄固有の武術「手（ティー）」が生まれ、空手へと発展したとする説。
• This theory asserts that a country-style Ryukyu dance having an element of a martial art developed into 'tee,' a martial art peculiar to Okinawa, which in turn developed into karate.

• それゆえ、禁武政策による空手発展説を「全く根拠のない巷間の浮説」（藤原稜三）と一刀両断する研究者もいる。
• The theory that karate developed due to the kinmu seisaku is therefore refuted by some researchers as 'completely groundless fiction invented in the streets' (Ryozo FUJIWARA).

• これらがやがて、「猿樂の能」となり、公家や武家の庇護をも得つつ、能や狂言に発展していったと言われている。
• It is believed that these performances became known as 'Noh of Sarugaku' and eventually evolved into Noh and Kyogen under the protection of court nobles and warrior families.

• 松浦の完成した「京流手事物」は、後輩にあたる石川勾当や菊岡検校、光崎検校らに受け継がれ更に発展してゆく。
• Kyoto-style tegotomono' which MATSUURA completed was handed down to his junior fellows such as koto (the title of the official ranks within the Todo-za) ISHIKAWA, kengyo KIKUOKA and kengyo MITSUZAKI and developed further.

• 室町時代に入って結崎座の観阿弥・世阿弥父子が将軍家に重んじられて猿楽を能（猿楽能）として発展させている。
• In Muromachi period, Kannami and Zeami (father and his son), the Sarugaku performers of Yuzaki Group, were highly regarded by the Muromachi Shogunate family, and they developed the Sarugaku into the form of Noh (Sarugaku Noh) under the patronage of Muromachi Shogunate family.

• しかし、前述のように、城下町・商業都市として発展し、加佐郡の中心都市と自負する（旧）舞鶴市（西舞鶴）と、
• However, as was mentioned before, the people of (Old) Maizuru City (Nishi-Maizuru) were proud of their history as an old castle town/town of commerce and a center of Kasa-gun.

• ただし、戦後の雄琴温泉は歓楽温泉として発展したことで、雄琴の集客において一役買っていたことも事実である。
• However, in fact, the red-light area played a part in attracting guests for Ogoto Onsen, which developed as a hot springs resort with red-light areas, after the war.

• アジア・アフリカはいまだ（当時）古代社会であり、欧米のような近代社会に発展することは不可能とされていた。
• Asia and Africa were still in the ancient societies (in those days) and were not able to develop into modern societies like Europe and America.

• しかしながら、これは従来の饗応、待遇を全面的に変更するものであり、結果として日朝間の外交摩擦に発展する。
• However, the former ways of treating and entertaining the envoy were totally changed in the new system, resultantly leading to diplomatic conflicts between Japan and Korea.

• 当時はちょうど荘園公領制の発展過程の時期にあたり、荘園・国衙領（公領）の運営体制が確立しようとしていた。
• This was the time when the Shoen koryo (public lands) system was developed and the management system for shoen, kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) was being established.

• 船床銀とは1698年（元禄11年）堀江新地発展のために上荷船500艘を許したことに対する冥加金であった。
• Funadoko-gin was a tax imposed for 500 uwanibune (freighters) which were newly permitted in order to develop the area called Horie Shinchi in 1698.

• 師の稲生若水は中国の本草学を日本の本草学に変えていく草分けとして以後の本草学を発展させる人材を輩出した。
• Joan's teacher, Jakusui INOU, was a forerunner in the field of Japanese herbalism who transformed Chinese herbalism into the study suitable for Japanese environment; he instructed scholars who would further develop herbalism in the future.

• 文暦元年（1234年）には家令の地位に就いて、後世その子孫が幕府内管領の長崎氏として発展する礎を築いた。
• In 1234, he held the position of butler and later, his descendants laid the foundation to develop into Nagasaki clan of the bakufu uchi-kanrei.

• 一方で、経済発展になるという理由で、新幹線が整備されていない地域では新幹線を求める声が依然として大きい。
• On the other hand, there is still considerable discussion about the need for Shinkansen in regions with no Shinkansen lines, because it would encourage economic development.

• ぼくの言う進化は、ごく簡単に言うと、動物や植物の種がそれとはまるで似ていない種から発展したということだ。
• By evolution I mean, very simply, the development of animal and plant species out of other species not at all like them,

• アンシャル書体から発展した小さい草書体文字の、または、アンシャル書体から発展した小さい草書体文字に関する
• of or relating to a small cursive script developed from uncial

• この扇面に絵を描く必要から、湾曲した形状（いわゆる扇形）の紙に描く、扇絵と呼ばれる日本画の形式が発展した。
• From the need for painting on a curved area, fan painting progressed in drawing pictures on a curved shape (ogigata- or senkei-shaped place) was developed and is known as a Japanese painting style.

• 俵屋宗達や緒方光琳などが、狩野派の絵画技法を継承発展させて、金碧障壁画は日本美術に実に大きな影響を与えた。
• Sotatsu TAWARAYA, Korin OGATA and other painters succeeded and further developed the technique of paintings of the Kano School, so that kinpeki-shohekiga had a large impact on the art in Japan.

• その弟子、許慎は『説文解字』を著して今文による文字解釈の妥当性を否定し、古文学の発展に大きく寄与している。
• His disciple, Kyoshin (Xu Shen), wrote 'Setsumon-kaiji' (Shuowen Jiezi) to deny the legitimacy of character interpretation based on Kinbun, and made a significant contribution to the development of Kobun learning.

• 琉球の沖縄本島で空手が発展した理由として、従来言及されてきたのが、二度にわたって実施された禁武政策である。
• Traditionally, the kinmu seisaku (a ban on weapons), which was implemented twice, has been cited as the reason that karate prospered in Okinawa's main island during the Ryukyu Kingdom era.

• 鎌倉時代の猿楽が発展し、観阿弥や世阿弥らの登場によって現在の能楽とほぼ同等の芸能としての猿楽が形作られる。
• During these periods, the Sarugaku of the Kamakura period further evolved thanks to Kanami and Zeami, as well as the establishment of Sarugaku, which was nearly equivalent to the present-day Nogaku.

• 肉筆で絵を描き添えていたが、後に木版刷りで量産されるようになり、江戸時代には小間紙、千代紙などに発展した。
• The pictures on the E-hoshoshi, which were originally drawn by hand, were starting to be mass-printed by wood-block printing techniques later, and the E-hoshoshi was developed into Komagami, Chiyogami, etc. in the Edo period.

• 蕪村から学んだ文人画（南画）を基礎とし、応挙の写生画風を取り入れ、独自の形で発展させ、四条派を作り上げる。
• He rather took the realism of Okyo in his own style and developed it uniquely on the basis of literati painting (Nanga) learned from Buson and built up the Shijo school.

• 京指物は平安時代の貴族文化の中で発展し、朝廷や公家が主に用いていたことから優雅かつ精緻な細工を特徴とする。
• Since Kyo-sashimono was developed in the noble culture of the Heian period and its products were mainly used at the Imperial Court and by court nobles, graceful and fine workmanship constitutes a characteristic feature of this.

• さらにこのような模刻に対する批判は、それを用いて伝承されて来た法帖自体に対する疑惑と碑への傾倒に発展した。
• The criticism against mokoku then raised doubts about the hojo which had been handed down using the method and promoted respect for monuments.

• つづいて仏教が伝来し飛鳥時代の聖徳太子、奈良時代の聖武天皇によって写経が盛行し、日本の書は急速に発展する。
• Then Buddhism was brought to Japan, and promoted by Prince Shotoku during the Asuka period and by Emperor Shomu during the Nara period, sutras were copied widely, making calligraphy in Japan develop rapidly.

• 聖武天皇が奈良時代の天平文化の中心者であったと同様に、この時代の弘仁文化は嵯峨天皇を中心に大きく発展した。
• As Emperor Shomu was the central person of the Tenpyo culture, the Konin culture in this period developed greatly centered on Emperor Saga.

• 東舞鶴とは異なり、江戸時代は城下町として舞鶴港や伊佐津川を中心に発展し、また近代は商業都市として発展した。
• Unlike Higashi-Maizuru, Nishi-Maizuru developed as a castle town mainly around the Maizuru Port and the Isatsu-gawa River in the Edo period, and as a commercial city in recent times.

• しかし、交易の発展にともない豆毛浦倭館は手狭になり、交通も不便であったので、朝鮮側に再三移転要求を行った。
• However, since its space became insufficient as the commerce had been thriving, combined with its poor transportation conditions, the Japanese-side repeatedly asked the Korean government for its relocation.

• 大名と家臣の関係も必要に応じ登城し務めを果たす関係から常に登城し務めを果たす専従の関係へと発展していった。
• This caused a change in the relationship between vassals and daimyo; whereas vassals formerly went to the castle to work when necessary, under the new policy they were required to work in the castle every day.

• たとえばマルクス主義的な発展段階論においては周代中国を奴隷社会であるか古代荘園社会であるかが論争となった。
• For example, in the development stage theory of Marx, it is argued whether China in the Zhou period was a slavery society or an ancient manor-based society, therefore, it is not easy to settle the dispute.

• さらに元からあった周辺集落である南の芝 (東京都港区)、北の浅草や西の赤坂、牛込、麹町にも町屋が発展した。
• Furthermore, machiya (merchant houses) were also built in the villages such as Shiba in the south (Minato Ward), Asakusa in the north, and Akasaka, Ushigome and Kojimachi in the west.

• 鎖鎌は主に農民の武器で、戦場に駆り出された農民が武器として鎌を使ったことから発展したとされるが詳細は不明。
• It is believed that kusarigama was mainly used as a weapon by farmers who were forced to fight in a battlefield, and eventually developed into a martial art form, but the details remain unknown.

• 茶人の武野紹鴎、千利休が修行し、沢庵宗彭が住職を務めたこともあり、堺の町衆文化の発展に寄与した寺院である。
• Since the temple was a place for the Chajin (master of the tea ceremony), where Joo TAKENO and SEN no Rikyu received their training, and Soho TAKUAN was serving as chief priest, this significantly contributed to the development of the Machishu-bunka (bourgeois culture) in Sakai.

• 越前では、義敏派の国人堀江利真と常治派の朝倉孝景らが衝突し、その年の7月ころ、ついに長禄合戦へと発展する。
• In Echizen, Toshizane HORIE, the local Lord, in Yoshitoshi's faction and Takakage ASAKURA in Jochi's faction had a fight which caused the Battle of Choroku around August 1458.

• 室町幕府内の抗争から発展した観応の擾乱においては、父の頼春に従い将軍足利尊氏の側に属して京都で戦っている。
• During the Kanno Disturbance that was caused by an internal conflict within the Muromachi bakufu, he followed his father Yoriharu and fought in Kyoto on shogun Takauji ASHIKAGA's side.

• 1992年、後にスルッとKANSAIへ発展するラガールカードによる乗車カード「ラガールカード」を開始する。
• In 1992, a travel card called the Lagare Card was introduced, but subsequently it developed into the KANSAI THRU PASS.

• 西園寺の取り立てで貴族院議員として活躍する一方、西園寺の意思を引き継いで発展した立命館大学の運営にも尽力。
• He served as a politician in the Kizokuin (House of Peers) on the recommendation of SAIONJI (Kinmochi), and inherited SAIONJI's passion, which was to ensure the management and growth of Ritsumeikan University.

• それに伴い神道事務局の中では、旧典練習所をより発展させた機関を設置する必要があるとの考えが強くなっていた。
• Consequently an idea has gained strength within the Shinto Jimukyoku that it would be necessary to establish a new institution which has a wider range of functions and roles of Kyuten Renshujo (the training institute of ancient national literature).

• いくつかの種は基本の歌に対する何十、いや何百もの変化形をもつ洗練されたレパートリーを次第に発展させていく。
• Some species gradually develop elaborate repertoires of dozens or even hundreds of variants of a basic song.

• それで、例えば、魚類の異なる種は進化によって一つ以上の魚類の共通祖先から発展してきたのかもしれないとする。
• So, for example, different species of fish may have developed by evolution out of one or more common fish ancestors.

• 日本の温泉が入浴本位で発展したのに対し、欧州の温泉は飲用を主に、日光浴や空気浴を加えた保養地として発達した。
• While hot springs have been used basically for bathing in Japan, they have been mainly used in Europe for drinking as well as for resorts where people enjoy sun-bathing and air-bathing.

• 今日温泉町として知られるバースやカルルスバードなどは保養地としても発展し、温泉病院や老後施設なども完備する。
• Bath and Carlsbad, well-known as the town of hot spring currently, have developed as health resorts and there are hot spring hospitals and nursing homes at present.

• しかし国内で生産されるワインには輸入果汁やバルクワインの混入も多く、まだまだ発展途上といわれ評価は低かった。
• However, imported juices and bulk wine were added to most of the wine produced in Japan and Japanese wine was said to be still developing and it received a low score.

• 引退後は芝居茶屋・紀伊國屋を立ち上げてその経営にあたり、明治初年にはこれを芝居小屋・澤村座に発展させている。
• After retiring, he set up and ran a tea room called Kinokuniya and in the Meiji Period this grew to become the Sawamura-za Theater.

• また、日下部鳴鶴門下の比田井天来は鳴鶴の古典研究をさらに発展させて、書の近代化と芸術的独立のために努力した。
• In addition, Tenrai HIDAI, a follower of Meikaku KUSAKABE, further progressed the study of classic calligraphy, and made an effort to modernize calligraphy and to make calligraphy independent of other art.

• だが、昭和48年に小倉藩主家である小笠原総領家第32代当主小笠原忠統を古流総裁に迎え、流儀の発展をはかった。
• But in 1973, Tadamune OGASAWARA, who was the 32nd head of the main Ogasawara family, which is the family of lord of Kokura Domain, assumed the position of the president of the Ko school to promote development of the school.

• 昭和の当主・三条西公正は、実践女子大学教授などを勤める一方、御家流香道宗家として香道の復興・発展に尽力した。
• The family head in the Showa period was Kimimasa SANJONISHI, who worked as a professor at Jissen Women's University and dedicated considerable effort to restoring and nurturing the art of fragrance as the head house of the Oie-style art of fragrance.

• 義弥の孫義央が、儀典の指導に関して浅野長矩との間に確執を生じ、元禄赤穂事件に発展したことはよく知られている。
• It is well known that, Yoshinaka, a grandson of Yoshimitsu, caused a discord with Naganori ASANO regarding the guidance of the protocol, and it developed into the Genroku Ako Incident.

• このような相違は、国家権力の強さ、土地私有性および交換経済の発展の状態などの相違を反映させたものとみられる。
• Such differences may have been a reflection of the strength in government power and the state of development of a system for private ownership of land and an exchange economy.

• 彼ら同士の対立や受領に対する不平が叛乱へ発展したのが、忠平執政期の940年前後に発生した承平天慶の乱である。
• However, conflicts among warriors and disaffectedness toward zuryo turned into a rebellion, the Johei-Tengyo War, during Tadahira's administration around 940.

• 明治末期には、ドイツ歴史学派の影響による発展段階史観が唱えられ、またマルクス主義による唯物史観が紹介された。
• Towards the end of the Meiji period, evolution phase-based views of history was advocated affected by the German historical school, and materialistic views of history based on Marxism was introduced to Japan as well.

• そのような中で有職故実の大家であり、連歌の発展に尽力した良基がその両方の振興を図るべく企画したものであった。
• Under such circumstances, Yoshimoto, an expert of yusoku-kojitsu (ancient courtly traditions and etiquette) who strived for the promotion of renga (linked verse), organized this event with the aim of promoting both of the above.

• この時代には朝鮮人による合法的民族運動が盛り上がり、朝鮮文学の発展や大都市における大衆文化の発達が見られた。
• In this period, legal racial movement by the Koreans became active, and development of Korean literature and that of popular culture in big cities were seen.

• 鎖鎌（くさりがま）とは、草刈り鎌に鎖分銅を取付けた様な形をした武器で、農耕具を武器として発展させた物である。
• Kusarigama (a chain and a sickle) is a weapon that has a form like a kama (a sickle) for cutting grass attached to a chain weight and it was developed as a weapon from a farming tool.

• また、旧石器時代の時期区分や文化の発展段階を検討するうえで、尖頭器や細石器と並んで重要な役割を果たしている。
• In addition, stone tools resembling a knife play a key part to examine the time division and the cultural development stages of the Paleolithic period, along with points and microliths.

• フロイスは日本におけるキリスト教宣教の栄光と悲劇、発展と斜陽を直接目撃し、その貴重な記録を残すことになった。
• Frois had witnessed the Christian missionaries' glory and tragedy through the development and decline in Japan, and he left a crucial record of his journey.

• 与一は信濃など各地に逃亡していた兄達を赦免し領土を分け与え、下野国における那須氏発展の基礎を築いたとされる。
• According to legend, Yoichi pardoned his older brothers who were on the run in Shinano and other areas and allotted land to them, and he constructed a foundation for the development of the Nasu clan in Shimotsuke Province.

• 電化は国有化後全く顧みられず、1920年代以降に発展した現在の近畿日本鉄道の路線網に機能をとって代わられた。
• The electrification plan did not proceed after the nationalization, but instead the line network of the current Kintetsu Corporation took place, which had been in development since 1920.

• 平安時代に入って近江国の多くの寺院と同様、比叡山延暦寺の勢力下に入り、天台寺院として発展したものと思われる。
• In the Heian period, the temple came under the influence of Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei like many other temples in Omi Province and was developed as a temple of the Tendai sect.

• 弥生時代の遺跡の柱の遺構が神明造の柱の配置に似ているため、弥生時代の高床式倉庫が発展したものと考えられている。
• The layout of pillars in remains from the Yayoi Period is similar to that of the shinmei-zukuri style buildings, and so it is considered that the shinmei-zukuri style developed out of takayukashiki-soko in this period.

• 良忍が始めた融通念仏は当初は勧進行脚が主で、仏教宗派としての組織を持たず集団運動の中から発展したものであった。
• Yuzu Nenbutsu, which Ryonin began, was mainly temple solicitation and pilgrimage at first and developed from a collective motion having no organization as a Buddhism sect.

• 日本では観光用などを除いてあまり見かけられなくなったが、アジアをはじめとする発展途上国ではごく普通に見られる。
• Although it is no longer seen in Japan apart from sightseeing, in some developing countries in Asia and elsewhere it is still a very common sight.

• 間仕切り建具としての発展的形態から見ると、「障子」は、衝立の原型といえる台脚の上に立てる衝立障子が原型である。
• Judging from the development of styles as partition fittings, the original 'shoji' was tsuitate-shoji on a stand which could be said to be an original form of screen.

• 千利休はわび茶をさらに発展させ、国産の道具を用いるだけでなく自身で器具を積極的にデザインし、職人につくらせた。
• SEN no Rikyu endeavored to develop wabicha further, and had professionals produce utensils based upon the designs he drew to use for his tea ceremonies in addition to his ordinary Japanese utensils.

• メインの「とんこつラーメン」は大量の豚骨を高温で煮込んだ極めて濃厚なスープで、こってり系の発展系と考えられる。
• Features a 'pork bone broth ramen' which uses a very thick soup made out of boiling a huge amount of pork bones at high temperature, and is considered to be an evolved form of thick type of soup.

• これ以降、「七夕祭り」が集客力のある商店街イベントとして認知され、現在では都市イベントとなるまで発展している。
• Since then, 'Tanabata Matsuri' was acknowledged as an event of a shopping avenue which has the ability to attract more customers and has developed as one of city events at present.

• また、上方と江戸で別々に発展したため、以下のように東西によって落語の題名が違ったり、片方にしかない演目がある。
• As rakugo developed separately in Kamigata and Edo, some programs have different names or are found only in either area.

• 江戸時代に大きく発展したため、戦闘で着用する甲冑は前提とされず、平時の服装での斬り合いを想定している型が多い。
• As Kenjutsu developed considerably during the Edo period, most of kata (forms of Kenjutsu) were created under the assumption that the fight would be in a peaceful time between people wearing ordinary clothes, not a fight on a battlefield in which people would wear kacchu (armor).

• 中世日本語（ちゅうせいにほんご）とは、中古日本語と近世日本語の間に位置する、日本語の発展における一段階である。
• Middle Japanese is a stage in the development of the Japanese language located between Early Middle Japanese and Early Modern Japanese.

• 日露戦争後、天皇機関説は一木の弟子である東京帝大教授の美濃部達吉によって、議会の役割を高める方向で発展された。
• After the Russo-Japanese War, the Emperor Organ Theory was developed in a direction enhancing a role of the diet by Tatsukichi MINOBE, a follower of Ichiki and a professor of Tokyo Imperial University.

• 侍（さむらい）は、古代から中世にかけての日本における官人の身分呼称、あるいはそこから発展的に生じた武士の別名。
• 'Samurai' is the positional title for officials in Japan from the ancient to middle ages, and an alternative name for 'bushi' (warrior) that was derived from the first meaning.

• 元は武士団の統制などを目的として武士の間で成立した慣習法として成立、公家法・本所法に対するものとして発展した。
• Originally, the bukeho was administered by samurai themselves in order to discipline samurai groups, which then developed as a set of codes that function separately from the kugeho (laws issued by the imperial court) and the honjoho (laws issued by proprietors or guarantors of manor).

• 関の死後、その学統（関流）は目覚ましく発展し、山路主住に至り免許制度などを整え、和算の圧倒的な中心勢力になる。
• After Seki died, his school of thought (called the 'Seki school') remarkably expanded, and after Nushizumi YAMAJI assumed the leadership of the school, the Seki school organized a license system and came to dominate the world of Japanese mathematics.

• 奈良時代には、生霊として呪術が皇室や貴族の間で盛んに行われていたし、それらは民衆レベルでも発展していたという。
• In the Nara period, divination, which dealt with the spirits of people who were alive, became popular not only among the imperial family and court nobles but also among common people.

• 賀茂別雷神社（上賀茂神社）、賀茂御祖神社（下鴨神社）に代表される流造は、伊勢神宮に代表される神明造から発展した。
• The nagare-zukuri style, which is represented by Kamowakeikazuchi-jinja Shrine (Kamigamo-jinja Shrine) and Kamomioya-jinja Shrine (Shimogamo-jinja Shrine), is an advanced variation of the Shinmei-zukuri style, which is represented by Ise-jingu Shrine.

• 元亨元年（1321年）瑩山から嗣法し、正中 (日本)元年（1324年）總持寺2世となり曹洞宗発展の基礎を築いた。
• In 1321, he received the shiho(to inherit the dharma from a priest master) from Keizan, and in 1324 he became the 2nd Soji-ji Temple priest, and thereafter established the foundation for the development of the Soto sect.

• 日本の竈も社会の高度化に伴って多様化し、七輪のような移動の簡便な焜炉が発展する以前より、長く広く利用されていた。
• Japanese-style kamado increased in variation with the advancement of society, and they had been used widely for a long time before the portable cooking charcoal stove developed.

• また日置流誕生以降、歩射技術が様々に発展したが、その中でも江戸時代に隆盛した通し矢（堂射）は独自の発展を遂げた。
• Moreover, various Busha techniques had developed after the establishment of the Heki school, among which Toshiya (Dosha) (通し矢), which was at it's peak during the Edo Period, developed independently.

• 多くが人形浄瑠璃や歌舞伎といった舞台芸能と結びついて発展してきた近世邦楽の中で、舞台芸能とは比較的独立している。
• Among the many pieces of modern traditional Japanese music that developed in association with stage entertainment, such as ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) and kabuki, jiuta is relatively independent from stage entertainment.

• 楽曲としての高度に発達を遂げて飛躍的な発展の余地が少ないと思われた地歌から、まだ発展の余地のある箏に眼を向けた。
• He turned to so, which still had room for improvement, as opposed to jiuta, which had little room for dramatic development because it was already highly refined as a form of musical composition.

• また、カステラのように、ヨーロッパから伝わった製法が独自に発展した例や、卓袱料理の様に中国から伝わった例もある。
• The cooking methods of some foods from Europe, such as castella sponge cakes, were modified when they were introduced to Japan, while other foods came from China, like Shippoku ryori (special Chinese cuisine in Nagasaki Prefecture, to which Japanese cooking methods were introduced).

• 鉄砲の伝来と共に戦場では使われなくなった武術の薙刀術のうち女薙刀が、明治末から大正にかけて女子の武道として発展。
• With a harquebus introduced in Japan, naginata wielding techniques became rarely used on the battlefield, but from the last days of the Meiji period to the Taisho period, they were partially revived as a martial art for women, and this was called 'onna naginata' (women's naginata).

• こうして光崎検校の多面的な試みの内に、実に一世紀半ぶりに、箏曲は次第に地歌三味線から離れ、独自の再発展が始まる。
• With Mitsuzaki Kengyo's multifaceted experiments, koto music gradually left jiuta shamisen to start its unique development after one and a half centuries.

• 10世紀半ばは、かなが日本の書道史草仮名から日本の書道史女手へ発展する頃で、『継色紙』では草仮名が使われている。
• Around the middle of the 10th century, kana arose as 'sogana' (a cursive style of writing Chinese characters used for their phonetic value) developed into 'onnade' (hiragana syllabary) and the 'Tsugi-shikishi' is written in sogana.

• また、技術面でも印刷術の発展によって模刻という手法自体が時代遅れとなり、自然消滅せざるを得なくなったのであった。
• Moreover, the method of mokoku itself also became technologically outdated by the development of the printing technology, and had no choice but to disappear on its own.

• 京都の学生通訳ガイド団体メンバーの一部が2006年に開催した「学生ガイドコンペティション」が発展したものである。
• It was the development of the 'Student Guide Competition' which was held by some members of a student interpreter/guide organization in Kyoto in 2006.

• さらにそれを発展させたのが豊臣秀吉で、豊臣政権の政治経済の中心となった大坂城下は富の集積地となって殷賑を極めた。
• Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI developed this further and the castle town of Osaka-jo Castle, which became the center of politics and economy under the Toyotomi government, became a center for riches and was very prosperous.

• 仏教の発展は、遣唐使にしたがって留学した道慈（三論宗）や玄ボウ（法相宗）ら学問僧たちの努力によるところが大きい。
• Development of Buddhism was owed largely to the efforts of gakumonso (literally, studying monks) such as Doji (of the Sanron sect) and Genbo (of the Hosso sect) who accompanied the envoys to Tang to study.

• 台湾総督府も糖業の発展のために高い含糖量の蔗種導入を図るとともに、製糖方法の改善を推奨するなどの政策を推進した。
• The Sotoku-fu promoted the development of the sugar industry in Taiwan by introducing sugarcane with high sugar content as well as improving the method of producing sugar.

• 李氏朝鮮時代、日常生活に浸透した朱子学を思想的基盤とした両班は知識人・道徳的指導者を輩出する身分階層に発展した。
• During the Yi Dynasty Korea period, yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty), which had Neo-Confucianism permeate their daily lives as their ideological foundation, grew into a status hierarchy that produced intellectual people and ethical leaders.

• これまで全て漢字や万葉仮名で記述されていた日本語をそのまま文章にすることが可能となり、日本文学が発生・発展した。
• This made it possible to write Japanese, which had hitherto been written only in kanji (Chinese characters) or Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu or Collection of Myriad Leaves), as it actually was, leading to the emergence and evolution of Japanese literature.

• 明治維新後、急速に発展を遂げた日本は対外的な国防政策を考えた場合に朝鮮半島が地政学的に大きな意味があると考えた。
• Japan, which achieved rapid progress after the Meiji Restoration, believed the Korean Peninsula was geopolitically important, when it considered its national defense policy against foreign countries.

• 新たに成立した第2次桂内閣による取締り強化もこの流れに拍車をかけ、1910年の大逆事件（幸徳事件）へと発展した。
• This trend was further spurred by the stronger crackdown by the newly-formed second Katsura Cabinet, and developed into the Taigyaku Jiken (case of high treason) or the Kotoku Incident in 1910.

• この間の明治29年（1897年）に田能村直入・谷口藹山らと日本南画協会を発足させ南画の発展にも寄与しようとした。
• During this time, in 1897, he established the Nanga Association of Japan with Chokunyu TANOMURA and Aizan TANIGUCHI, with the aim of contributing to the development of Nanga.

• 維衡、正度らの活動によって確固たる勢力を築いた伊勢平氏は、やがて後世において平清盛が出て一大権門に発展していく。
• By the activities of Korehira and Masanori, Ise-Heishi (the Taira clan) established strong power and Kiyomori appearing in the later generations, the Taira clan developed into one of the most powerful families in the country.

• 昭和44年11月1日、観光業者の発案で観光客の安全息災と業界の発展を祈念して、道案内の神として勧請創祀したもの。
• The shrine was first appealed to the gods for the tourists' safety and health and development of the industry and founded on November 1, 1969 with the idea of tourist agents as a guiding deity.

• 近世に大きく発展した儒家神道はしだいに大衆に支持基盤を得て尊王攘夷思想を広め、討幕の国民的原理ともなっていった。
• After Juka Shinto (teachings on Shinto as expounded by Japanese Confucianists) made significant progress in the medieval period, it gradually gained support bases among the public and made the antiforeign imperialism widely known, which became a foundation or principle for the nation to attack the shogunate.

• 神示にはまた、敗戦後の復興や経済的な発展、そして日本人の精神的な凋落ぶりを指摘していると思われる帖も有るという。
• The revelation also includes chapters that point out the recovery after defeat in the war, the development of the economy and mental decline of Japanese people.

• これが関東地方では東百官に発展し、こちらが武家百官と言われたのに対し、官職を元にした百官名は公家百官と呼ばれた。
• This was developed into azuma hyakkan (eastern-style titles conferred on daimyo and samurai) in the Kanto area (Eastern part of Japan) and was called buke hyakkan (titles conferred on daimyo and samurai), while hyakkan na based on government posts was called kuge hyakkan (titles conferred on samurai warriors based on the official names).

• 道具の使用と環境の力に対する人間の支配力がさらに発展するにつれ、未開な集団の生活の習慣は変わっていった。
• With a further development of the use of tools and of human command over the forces of the environment, the habits of life of the savage group change.

• 集団がその発展の略奪的段階に至ったとき、人の注意をもっとも惹きつけた職業は、搾取にかかわる職業であった。
• When a group emerges into this predatory phase of its development, the employments which most occupy men's attention are employments that involve exploit.

• オランダ人の画家で、（直角の線と原色の面が交差する）その作品が抽象芸術の発展に影響した（1872年−1944年）
• Dutch painter whose work (intersecting lines at right angles and planes in primary colors) influenced the development of abstract art (1872-1944)

• この法律は、計量の基準を定め、適正な計量の実施を確保し、もって経済の発展及び文化の向上に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to establish the standards of measurement and ensure execution of proper measurement and thereby to contribute to economic development and cultural enhancement.

• 江戸時代以降には、城郭で発展した技術も生かされ、火災や盗難防止のために盛んに建てられ、後に裕福さの象徴ともなった。
• From the Edo period, the construction of dozo for fire-proofing and theft prevention flourished, often with the adoption of techniques developed in castle construction, and this created an impression of affluence.

• この事により本願寺は急速に発展・拡大し、一向宗と呼ばれるようになった（逆にこの他の真宗各派は衰退することとなる）。
• By his achievement, Hongan-ji Temple rapidly developed and expanded, and came to be called Ikko Shu. (On the contrary, other sects of Shinshu went into decline.)

• そして、1925年（大正14年）には東京、大阪の相撲集団が合流し大日本相撲協会（いまの日本相撲協会）へと発展する。
• The sumo groups in Tokyo and Osaka joined together in 1925 and developed into Dai Nihon Sumo Kyokai (the present-day Nihon Sumo Kyokai (Japan Sumo Association).

• そして天台宗・延暦寺の守護神としての崇敬が、山王信仰へと発展しやがては「山王神道」とも呼ばれる信仰をも派生させた。
• The worship of the deities as the tutelary deities of Enryakuji Temple of the Tendai sect developed into the Sanno Shinko belief, from which a belief called 'Sanno shinto' was further derived later.

• 日本刀（にほんとう、英：Japanese sword）は、日本に於いて独自に発展した方法で鍛えられた刀剣類の総称。
• Japanese swords (日本刀) are a generic term for swords forged in the originally developed way in Japan.

• しかし、江戸中期に糊で防染する友禅の技法が出現・発展すると、自由度・手間の両面で劣る辻ヶ花は、急速に廃れ消滅した。
• However, when the technique 'yuzen,' which uses starch for preventing a dye from soaking into cloth, was devised and developed in the middle of the Edo period, tsujigahana rapidly went into decline and disappeared, because tsujigahana was inferior to yuzen in leeway and labor.

• 次の世代の安島直円は、三斜三円術（マルファッティの定理）などを発見し、これらの問題の系統的な解法の発展に寄与した。
• Naonobu Ajima, who belonged to the next generation, founded sansha sanen-jutsu (the method of three diagonals and three circles; Malfatti's Problem) and contributed to further solving these mathematical problems in a systematic manner.

• 草加宿が日光街道の宿場町として発展したことに伴い、この塩味の煎餅が旅人向けの商品として売り出され、各地に広まった。
• As Soka-juku developed as a relay station on the Nikko-kaido Road, this salty senbei was sold more to travelers and became widely known everywhere.

• 八坂神社（江戸時代までは祇園社）の門前町として鴨川_(淀川水系)から東大路通・八坂神社までの四条通沿いに発展した。
• Gion developed as a monzen-machi (a town established around a prominent temple or shrine) of the Yasaka-jinja Shrine (called Gion-sha Shrine until the end of the Edo period) along Shijo-dori Street from the Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system) to the Yasaka-jinja shrine on Shijo-dori Street.

• 政党政治に代って日本軍が力を持ち、満州を占領して満州国を樹立し、やがて中華民国との日中戦争（支那事変）に発展した。
• The Japanese army came to have power replacing party politics, and occupied Manchuria and established Manchukuo, developing, before long, into the Sino-Japanese war (Shina-jihen) with the Republic of China.

• 沖の山炭坑の騒動は付近住民を加えた数千人規模の騒動に発展し、米問屋、屋敷の打ちこわしや遊廓への放火などが起こった。
• While the riot in Okinoyama coal mine developed into a riot of several thousand people including local residents, Uchikowashi of rice warehouse merchants and residences and arsons to brothels took place.

• その後、年寄陣幕として大坂相撲の発展に尽くしたが、1880年（明治13年）9月場所限りで廃業し、実業家に転進した。
• After that, he was involved deeply in the development of Osakazumo as Toshiyori (retired wrestler), however he resigned at the end of the September Tournament of 1880 and withdrew from the sumo world, and became a business man.

• 他にも益斎富鴻の『印章備正』の刊行、中村不折らと書会を催すなど活発に行動し、後進の育成や篆刻芸術の発展に尽力した。
• In addition, he actively did works such as publication of 'Insho Bisei' written by Ekisai TOMITORI, organizing Shokai (calligraphy session) with Fusetsu NAKAMURA, etc, and made great efforts in fostering of young successors and developing Tenkoku art.

• 1960年代、駅西側は当時都市中心部以外では珍しかった映画館やパチンコ店などを有する商店街、歓楽街として発展した。
• In the 1960s, the west side of the station developed as a shopping street and entertainment district, including movie theaters and 'pachinko parlors,' the Japanese pinball parlors, both of which were rare outside of city downtown areas at that time.

• さらにその後、1190年に源頼朝が日本国惣追捕使に任命され、惣追捕使の任免権が鎌倉殿に移り、守護に発展していった。
• Then, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to be Nihonkoku-sotsuibushi (literally, sotsuibushi of Japan) in 1190 and the appointing power of Sotsuibushi was transferred to Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura), and the post of Sotsuibushi gradually evolved into Shugo (military governor).

• 私たちは神経系の発展を跡づけることができるし、感覚と思考の平行現象と神経系の発展との相互関係を示すこともできます。
• We can trace the development of a nervous system, and correlate with it the parallel phenomena of sensation and thought.

• ハッカーは意識的な分析なしにこうした慣習を発展させてきたし、（いままでは）意識的な分析なしにそれにしたがってきた。
• Hackers developed these customs without conscious analysis and (up to now) have followed them without conscious analysis.

• ジョージア州サバンナは家庭料理を出す食堂のある町から、専門のシェフが腕を振るう高級レストランの町へと発展しました。
• Savannah, Georgia has evolved from a purely home-style cooking restaurant scene to fine dining with expert chefs.

• 漁業生産力の発展に特に寄与すると農林水産大臣が認める試験研究又は新技術の企業化のために使用する船舶についてされた申請
• An application filed with respect to a boat to be used for the experimental research or the commercialization of a new technology found to especially contribute to the development of fishery productivity by the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Minister)

• その影響で、平安時代は極楽浄土や阿弥陀三尊を表現する建築様式（宇治の平等院や平泉の中尊寺など）や美術様式が発展した。
• Given that influence, the style of architecture and art by which to show the Pure Land and Amida-triad (such as Byodoin Temple in Uji and Chuson-ji Temple in Hiraizumi) developed during the Heian period.

• その間に、本願寺の教勢は大いに発展し、日本有数の大教団として、また一個の強力な社会的勢力としての地位を得るにいたる。
• During that period, Hongwan-ji Temple became more influential and established itself as one of the largest religious sects as well as a strong social group.

• そして和三盆は貴重な特産品として諸国へ売りに出されたが、これは全国の和菓子や郷土菓子の発展に大いなる貢献を果たした。
• Wasanbon was put on the market of other domains as a precious local specialty and greatly contributed for development of Japanese sweets and local sweets across the nation.

• この時代の印刷・出版技術の発展とともに、出版文化が発達していき、黄表紙などによって盛んに題材として妖怪が用いられた。
• With the development of printing and publishing technology during this period, yokai was frequently used as a theme of picture books.

• 財閥形成の過程として、片倉財閥の様に製糸業に注力するなど、一つの事業に集中して投資し、芋づる式に発展する場合が多い。
• The typical process of forming a zaibatsu shows, as seen in an example of Katakura Zaibatsu, that entrepreneurs concentrate on a single business, such as the silk-reeling industry, and then expand the business through the imozuru system.

• 幕府はこうした経済発展の動きに十分な対応が取れず、物価変動による社会的混乱を鎮められずに幕府が動揺する一因となった。
• The shogunate government could neither take enough measures to respond to the economic development nor quell social disorders caused by price fluctuations, which led to the turbulence of the shogunate government.

• 居留地が置かれていた都市の港は居留地時代に大きな発展を遂げ、特に神戸は上海・香港を凌ぐ東洋最大の港へと飛躍していた。
• The ports of those cities with settlements developed rapidly during the settlement period; Kobe, in particular, leapt ahead of Shanghai and Hong Kong to become the largest port in the Orient.

• それに加え、文相尾崎行雄の共和演説事件による罷免をめぐり後任人事が両者間で紛糾し、星らによる憲政党の分裂騒ぎに発展。
• In addition, dismissal of Yukio OZAKI, the Minister of Education, triggered by the Kyowa enzetsu affair brought an entanglement of replacement that escalated into division of the Constitutional Party by HOSHI

• 明治政府はやがて酒税の確保に血眼になり、酒屋たちの抵抗も表面化し、大阪酒屋会議事件などさまざまな社会事件に発展した。
• Then, the Meiji Government became desperate to secure liquor taxes and resistance from breweries came to the fore, which led to various social incidents such as the Osaka Incident of the Sake Brewers' Conference Movement.

• 1960年代までに多くの伝染病院は、隔離病棟を廃止したり一般病棟を拡充するなどして総合病院となり発展的解消を遂げた。
• Most infectious disease hospitals positively disappeared to become general hospitals by closing their isolation wards or expanding their general wards until 1960's.

• この薩土盟約は、更なる雄藩連合推進のため、同年6月26日、長州藩の隣の安芸藩を加えた薩土芸三藩約定書に拡大発展する。
• On July 27 of the same year, the pact between Satsuma and Tosa was expanded to include Aki, which was a neighboring domain of Choshu, further strengthening ties among major clans.

• 貞観 (日本)元年（859年）、三井寺初代長吏に就任し、その後の三井寺の発展の基礎を築いたのが、智証大師円珍である。
• The first chori of Mii-dera Temple was Chisho Daishi Enchin (859), who established the basis for the development of Mii-dera Temple thereafter.

• 西園寺は公人として特定の私学に肩入れすることをよしとしなかったが、最後まで立命館学園の発展に有形無形の支援を続けた。
• Though Saionji frowned on committing to a specific private school as a public figure, he continued to give tangible and intangible support to the development of Ritsumeikan Gakuen (academy) for the rest of his life.

• この法律は、技術士等の資格を定め、その業務の適正を図り、もつて科学技術の向上と国民経済の発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to specify qualification of professional engineer etc., and to ensure the appropriateness of the business, so as to contribute to the improvement of science and technology and development of the national economy.

• 中国や日本では仏教の発展に伴い律令法の中に僧尼の統制（仏教そのものの統制ではない）を定めた法令（僧尼令）が導入された。
• In accordance with the development of Buddhism in China and Japan, the 'soni-ryo' or Monks and Nuns Act, which determined the regulation of monks and nuns (not of Buddhism itself) was introduced as part of Ritsuryo law.

• 後漢になると、古文経が学官に立てられることはなかったものの、民間において経伝の訓詁解釈学を発展させて力をつけていった。
• In the later Han, Kobun-kei was never assigned as gakkan, but they gained influence by advancing the study on interpretation of the meaning of old characters, words and phrases of the sacred texts among ordinary citizens.

• 彼の創始した京友禅の技法を本人が加賀藩（現在の石川県）の城下町金沢に持ち込んで独自の発展を遂げたものを加賀友禅という。
• He brought the technique of Kyo-Yuzen that he started into Kanazawa, the castle town of Kaga Domain (present Ishikawa Prefecture), and the technique was developed into a unique style, which is called Kaga-Yuzen.

• こうした大地主が始めた酒蔵のなかには、そのまま発展して今日の日本酒業界でいわゆる「大メーカー」となっている会社も多い。
• Among such sake breweries which were started by large landowners, many sake breweries continuously developed into 'large breweries' in today's sake brewing industry.

• いっぽう、商工業の発展や郷村制の成立にともなって、都市の商工業者（町衆）や農民のあいだにも新しい文化がうまれていった。
• Meanwhile, with the development of commerce and industry and the establishment of Gosonsei system (the self-governing system of coalitions of villages), a new style of culture developed among commercial and industrial workers in urban areas (Machishu) as well as peasants.

• 中国料理で言えば、元来中国料理にはラーメンという調理品目はなく、あくまでラーメンは日本で独自の発展を遂げた料理である。
• For example, in Chinese cuisine, there was originally no such dish as 'ramen'; it is a dish that was developed uniquely in Japan.

• しかし、近くには上七軒があり、五番町は職人が通う花街としてのイメージが抱かれたため、発展解消され娼妓本位の街となった。
• Due to the existence of nearby Kamishichiken, many people had the impression that Goban-cho was the geisha quarter for craftsmen; consequently Goban-cho was reorganized into a town that centered on prostitution.

• ヤマト王権の時代になれば、刑法を中心とした法が、中国古代法の影響をうけながら不文法の形で発展していたことが推測される。
• During the royal Yamato era, it is believed that laws centered around criminal law developed as the form of common law while being influenced by ancient Chinese law.

• 日本統治時代の台湾は植民地型経済構造であり、総論的には台湾の資源と労働力を日本内地の発展のために利用していたと言える。
• The economy of Taiwan under Japanese rule was a colonial economy, which means that Japan used the resources and labors of Taiwan for the domestic development of mainland Japan.

• その起源はナイフ形石器から発展変化したとも、ユーラシア大陸からもたらされたものともいわれるが、未だに解決されていない。
• It is said to have been developed and evolved from the knife-like stone tools or brought from the Eurasian Continent, but its origin is not still unknown.

• 師直は直義と性格的に正反対だったこともあって直義との対立が次第に深まっていき、幕府を二分する権力闘争へと発展していく。
• The conflict arose from the opposite personalities of Moronao and Tadayoshi, with strife over authority dividing the bakufu into two groups.

• 吉川氏を安芸国に移住させることによって、後の吉川氏の発展と、その名と血脈を現代まで残すことに成功した功労者と言えよう。
• It may be fair to say that his decision of transferring to Aki Province contributed greatly to establish the foundation for the growth of KIKKAWA clan that retained its name and lineage of the family into modern era.

• この文書には『小倉碑文』の全文が転記されており、碑文の内容を基に伝承を追記し、内容を発展させたものであると考えられる。
• 'Heiho Taiso Bushu Genshin-ko Denrai' quotes the complete inscription of 'Kokura Hibun,' so presumably, the writer, Minehira TACHIBANA based on 'Kokura Hibun' and added other legends to it to develop the story.

• 鉄道の草創期は民間事業者によって鉄道網が発展した国は多いものの、現在に至るまで私鉄が広く路線網を維持している国はない。
• While there are many countries in which the railway network was developed by private companies in pioneer days of railways, there are no countries in which private railways have maintained the railway network widely up to the present date except for Japan.

• 進化論とは、その根本となる生物学的意味では、単に動植物の形態がそれとは著しく異なった形態から発展することを意味している
• Evolution in its root biological sense means simply the development of forms of animal and plant life out of forms significantly different from them

• また浄土教の発展に伴い、阿弥陀堂を中心にして前面に広い池を設けた浄土曼荼羅図（浄土変）にみるような伽藍が多く建てられた。
• As the Jodo sect (Pure Land Buddhism) developed, more garan were built with a style seen in the Jodo-mandala, which has an Amida hall in the center and a large pond placed in front of the Amida hall.

• 江戸時代に入り、現在世界遺産に登録されている元興寺境内に様々な産業（筆、墨、蚊帳、晒、布団、刀、酒、醤油等）が発展した。
• In the Edo period, various businesses (such as making brushes, ink, mosquito nets, bleached cotton cloth, futon (Japanese-style bedding), swords, sake liquor and soy sauce) developed on the premises of Gango-ji Temple which is now registered as the world heritage.

• 今井町は称念寺を中心に発展した寺内町であったが、織田信長に武装解除されてから後は、堺と共に自治都市として幕末まで栄えた。
• Imai Town had developed as a jinai-cho around the Shonen-ji Temple, but after Nobunaga ODA disarmed the town, it enjoyed prosperity as an autonomous city, along with Sakai, until the end of the Edo period.

• 鎌倉時代になると、商品経済が発展していき、貨幣流通が増加し、中には銭貨で年貢を納入する代銭納が行われるケースも出てきた。
• As the commercial economy developed during the Kamakura period, the circulation of money increased, and in some cases, the nengu was paid by coins.

• 例えば石井進の国衙軍制論を発展させるとして、「国衙軍制」を中心に武士を論ずる下向井龍彦は「武士職能論」を激しく批判する。
• For example, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI who argued that bushi centered around 'the kokuga forces system' to develop 'the theory of the kokuga forces system' and greatly opposed 'the theory of samurai function' of Susumu ISHII.

• 南・西・北にも都市化の波は及び、外延部の上野 (台東区)、浅草が盛り場として発展、さらに外側には吉原遊郭が置かれていた。
• The urbanization also began in the south, west and north of Edo, and Ueno (Taito Ward) and Asakusa on the peripheries of Edo developed into amusement districts, and the Yoshiwara yukaku (red-light district) became located outside of this area.

• また、石橋湛山は自著『大正時代の真評価』において大正時代を「デモクラシーの発展史上特筆大書すべき新時期」と評価している。
• Tanzan ISHIBASHI wrote in his book 'Taisho Jidai no Shinhyoka' (True Assessment of the Taisho Period) that it was 'a new period of great noteworthiness in the history of development of democracy.'

• 我が国の皇帝陛下と日本明治天皇に懇願し、我々も一等国民の待遇を享受して、政府と社会を発展させようではないか」と主張した。
• We should beg his Imperial Majesty and Meiji Emperor of Japan in order to be able to receive the treatment as Itto Kokumin (First-class people) to develop our government and society.

• 著書『日本超古代秘史資料』（新人物往来社、1976年）では、「古典四書」「古伝四書」「古史四書」「異録四書」に発展した。
• In his book 'Nihon Chokodaihishi Siryo (Reference on Super-Ancient History of Japan)' (published in 1976 by Shin-Jinbutsuoraisha Co., Ltd.), it was expanded to 'koten sisho (four classics),' 'koden shisho (four legends),' 'koshi shisho (four ancient historical documents)' and 'iroku sisho (four miscellaneous records).'

• 中間子論の提唱などで原子核・素粒子物理学の発展に大きな功績をあげ、1949年、日本人として初めてのノーベル賞を受賞した。
• Contributed to the development of nuclear and particle physics by advocating the meson theory, he became the first Japanese to win the Nobel Prize in 1949.

• 思想家横井小楠が、富国・強兵・士道（経済、国防、道徳）の確立を唱えた「国是三論」に酷似しているが、さらに発展させている。
• His petition is remarkably similar to 'Kokuze Sanron' (the Three Major Discussion of State Policy), which a thinker Shonan YOKOI advocated to stress the importance of establishing Fukoku (fortifying the country), Kyohei (strengthening the military) and Shido (morality of samurai) (economics, national defense and ethics), however Kakuma further advanced his idea.

• 「会津 新選組隊長 近藤勇」「勤勉 努力 活動 発展」と墨書されているが、一説には、周平が落書きしたものとする説がある。
• The words written with a brush are '会津 新選組隊長 近藤勇' (Aizu Shinsengumi Commander Isami KONDO) and '勤勉 努力 活動 発展' (diligence, effort, activity and development), which, according to one view, was written by Shuhei.

• その後緒方医学化学研究所に発展し、血清学に留まらず広く医学・歯学分野などの調査研究（学術誌：医学と生物学）を行っている。
• The foundation was later renamed Ogata Institute for Medical and Chemical Research and has widened its investigative research areas from serology to medical science and dentistry (issuing an academic journal called Medical and Biology).

• 高城氏歴代当主の印が「胤吉」の名義が入った黒印であった事からも、胤吉が高城氏発展の基礎を築いたという事実が裏付けられる。
• The fact that the black-inked impressions (used in official documents) of the seals used by generations of the head of the Takagi clan included the name 'Taneyoshi' has supported the historical fact that it was he who built the foundation for the Takagi clan to grow.

• それに対して、西上州を中心とする農民が反対一揆・打ちこわしを起こし、居城高崎城を攻撃するという前代未聞の事態に発展した。
• In response, peasants in West Joshu and other areas revolted and did Uchikowashi (an act where people destroyed residences of privileged merchants or officials who were involved in misgovernment) against it; they even took the unprecedented step of attacking Takasaki-jo Castle where he resided.

• これらの諸氏はいずれも律令制のもとで成立あるいは発展した氏族であり、父系出自集団の形成が積極的に展開された氏族であった。
• All of these families were clans that were established or developed under the ritsuryo system and, in these families, formation of groups by paternal line was actively deployed.

• （最近の学説 − うさんくさい発展論− は、エイブラハム・マズロウ＜注11＞の「欠乏」と「成長」動機という反対論である）
• (A modern version -- dubiously developmental -- is Abraham Maslow's counterposition of 'deficiency' and 'growth' motivation.)

• だがかれらは、アニメ消費に対するしっかりした関心の発展において、ファン流通がどれほど貢献したかには気がついていなかった。
• They were not aware, however, to the extent that fan distribution played in developing a sustainable, growing interest in anime consumption.

• ここはかつて集落が散在しているだけの場所だけだったけれども、Ｍ．レセップス氏のおかげですざましい勢いで発展していたのだ。
• who were sojourning at this once straggling village - now, thanks to the enterprise of M. Lesseps, a fast-growing town.

• 世界規模の発展、政策問題の焦点やインテリジェンス・コミュニティーの活動の解釈的分析のための国務省の一次資料である政府機関
• an agency that is the primary source in the State Department for interpretive analyses of global developments and focal point for policy issues and activities of the Intelligence Community

• しかしながら、神明造は奥行きより幅が大きく、高床式倉庫から発展し穀物の代わりに神宝を納めるように変化したと考えられている。
• However, it is believed that the shinmei-zukuri style, with its width longer than its depth, developed from takayukashiki-soko (warehouses on stilts) and changed so that the building became more used for keeping shinpo (sacred treasures) than storing grain.

• 店舗・住居を兼ねるものは「見世蔵（店蔵）」と呼ばれることもあり、倉庫・保管庫として建てられるものとは分化して発展してきた。
• Buildings of this type which combine shop and dwelling are sometimes called 'misegura' and developed as an off-shoot of the original buildings built for storage.

• 法然の弟子の親鸞（1173年 - 1262年）は、『顕浄土真実教行証文類』等を著して継承発展させ、後に浄土真宗の祖となる。
• Shinran (1173-1262), a disciple of Honen, wrote 'Kenjodoshinjitsukyogyoshomonrui' and others, developed the Jodo sect and later became a founder of the Jodo Shinshu sect.

• 後代に発展した教義としては、業感縁起・頼耶縁起・如来蔵縁起・法界縁起・六大縁起などが、それぞれの教学の中心として説かれる。
• As creeds developed in the latter years, Gokan Engi (a Buddhist theory of Engi; every phenomenon in this world are occurred by goin (right or wrong conduct which can be a cause of the happiness or trouble in the future) of all living things), Raya Engi (a Buddhist theory of Engi; every phenomenon in this world are occurred by arayashiki (to store consciousness, consciousness forming the base of all human existence)), Nyoraizo Engi (a Buddhist theory of Engi; every phenomenon in this world are occurred by Nyoraizo (the Buddhist nature)), fate (destiny), Rokudai Engi (Six major Buddhist theories of Engi) and so on are preached as the main principles of each creed.

• 鎌倉仏教の登場などの刺激により、全国の武士や庶民階層への普及が定着していき、以後は日本独自の仏教が発展していくことになる。
• The appearance of Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura Period) triggered the prevalence of Buddhism among samurai and common people all over the country, and Japan's own Buddhism was developed after that.

• やがて民衆の間に広まり、それまでにあった古来の芸能と結びつき、物まねなどを中心とした滑稽な笑いの芸・寸劇に発展していった。
• However, they soon spread among the people, merging with the old public entertainment existing at that time, and developed into comic dramas or short plays that centered on mimicry etc.
• Later, it became popular among ordinary people and developed into a comical performance/short play centered on mimics after it combined with a previously-existing ancient art.

• 2000～2002年に大学コンソーシアム京都が主催して実施された京都・学生フェスティバルが発展して、京都学生祭典となった。
• From 2000 through 2002, the Student Festival in Kyoto was held under the auspices of The Consortium of Universities in Kyoto, later developing into the Kyoto Intercollegiate Festa.

• また洋楽器が操作機能や音域拡大、分担化の追求により分化、発展したのに比べ、和楽器は音色の追求により分化、発展したといえる。
• Furthermore, it can also be said that while Western musical instruments have developed and diversified through the pursuit of better manipulation features, larger tessitura and higher levels of specialization, Wagakki have developed and diversified through the pursuit of more beautiful tones.

• 由来は、上棟式（建前）などで災いを払うために行われた神事である散餅の儀（もしくは散餅銭の儀）が発展的に広まったものである。
• It originated from sanpei no gi or sanpeisen no gi (both meaning the ceremony of scattering rice cakes or coins), which was a Shinto ritual held during jotoshiki (also called tatemae) and other ceremonies for praying there would be no problem with the building, and this ritual developed into - and became popular as - mochimaki.

• 茲ニ新タナル書道会ヲ創立シ書道ノ健全ナル向上発展ヲ図ルト同時ニ実力本位ニヨリ新進ノ大成ヲ期シ兼テ後進ヲ誘掖センコトヨ欲ス。
• Therefore, we will establish a new calligraphic association to make calligraphy develop soundly, to make new calligraphers grow into experts based upon their own abilities and to help our followers.

• 奈良・京都・大坂への物資や人材の供給源や中継地、あるいは都と東国・北国とを結ぶ要衝として発展し、日本の歴史に関わって来た。
• Shiga has been greatly related with Japanese history by developing as a supply source or a stopping point of materials and/or workforce to Nara, Kyoto and Osaka and as a strategic stop connecting the capital and eastern and northern areas.

• 以前は寛平6年（894年）の遣唐使停止により中国の直接的影響を抜け出し、日本独自の文化が発展したと一般的に解釈されてきた。
• In general, people used to think that the stop of Japanese missions to Tang China in 894 allowed Japan to get out of direct influence of the China and to develop its own cultures.

• 経済都市･大坂は貿易港であった難波津や石山御坊寺内町、豊臣政権の拠点など幾度かその都市の性格を変えながら発展を続けてきた。
• Osaka is an economic center that continued its development over the course of history by changing its function--as a trade port (Naniwa no Tsu), as a temple town under Ishiyama Gobo Temple, and more later as the seat of the Toyotomi government.

• そして国防方針は外交で国家の発展を確保し、その上で有事においては先制主義と短期決戦を軍事ドクトリンとすることが定められた。
• And the policy for national defense stated to ensure national development in diplomacy and to set first-strike principal and short-term operation in a military contingency as the military doctrine.

• やがて足利家の内紛から発展した観応の擾乱が起こると、はじめ足利直義方に与してその有力武将となるも、後に足利尊氏方についた。
• Before long, when the Kanno Disturbance, which had grown from the internal conflict in the Ashikaga family, happened, Takatsune took sides with Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA at first and became a powerful military commander, but later he took the side of Takauji ASHIKAGA.

• この天狼名古屋句会は、現在、「森」俳句会として生まれ変わったが、誓子の俳句精神を受け継ぎ、発展させようと毎月開かれている。
• Tenro Nagoya Kukai was now reborn as 'Mori' Haiku-kai, and it is held monthly to inherit and develop the haiku spirit of Seishi.

• 地方官として各地の受領を務め、地方の発展に尽くし、盗賊の捕縛などの記録のある人物で、在世中に良吏であると名を馳せたという。
• He served as Zuryo (the head of the provincial officers) in many regions as a local official, dedicated himself to local development and had records such as capture of robbers, and he achieved prominence as a good official while he lived.

• そのような国々、中でもアセアン諸国（東南アジア諸国連合）の人々は、日本のめざましい経済発展の秘密は教育であると信じている。
• People in such countries, especially the ASEAN countries, believe that the secret of Japan's remarkable economic growth is education.

• アニメファンサブ屋たちは、らんまプロジェクト創設からアニメコン '91までに集団ゼロ個からおよそ4集団くらいまでに発展し、
• Anime fansubbers grew from zero groups to about four between the foundation of the Ranma Project and AnimeCon '91, then to eight groups in the following span of about six months.

• たとえばいままでの歴史の相当部分は、単に運が良くたまたま生じただけのようであり、合理的で系統立った市場の発展には見えない。
• So much of this history, for example, seems to be mere fortune and happenstance than a reasoned and systematic development of a market.

• でも絶対不可欠なのが、開発者候補たちに、それが目に見える将来にはなにか本当に使える代物に発展させられると説得できることだ。
• What it must not fail to do is (a) run, and (b) convince potential co-developers that it can be evolved into something really neat in the foreseeable future.

• 細部まで公開してあるので、ほかの科学者やエンジニアたちもわれわれの作業をレビューし、再現し、さらに発展させることもできる。
• We have published its details so that other scientists and engineers can review, reproduce, and build on our work.

• これに反発した越智氏などが反幕府・反筒井氏の動きを見せ、そこに有力守護大名も介入して応仁の乱を挟んだ長期の内紛へと発展した。
• The Ochi clan and others were opposed to this, and showed the movements against bakufu and the Tsutsui clan, and the influential Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) intervened as well, which led to the long-term infighting which preceded the Onin War and continued thereafter.

• なお涅槃経では、法華経の久遠実成を引継ぎつつ、それを更に発展昇華し、如来は入滅後においてもその仏性は永遠に存在すると説いた。
• Nehan-gyo (the Nirvana Sutra), has succeeded the idea of Kuon-jitsujo (Buddha had attained Enlightenment in the eternal past) from Hokke-kyo Sutra, and developed and sublimated it into an idea that the real nature of Budddha shall exist forever even after Nyorai (Buddha) entered nirvana.

• 中国において紀元1世紀頃に伝えられた仏教は、原始仏教の忠実な継承にこだわることなく、戒律や教義解釈などで独自の発展を遂げた。
• The Buddhism which was introduced to China around the first century A.D. developed independently in the aspects of religious precept and interpretation of dharma without regard to a literal succession of original Buddhism.

• 鉄砲伝来まで弓矢は最有力の武器であったことから重んじられ、的中と矢の威力を高めるため、技術の発展と道具の改良がなされてきた。
• The bow and arrow was highly valued as the most prevailing weapon in Japan before the introduction of firearms, so technique had been developed and their equipment and strength of the arrow improved to improve the hitting ratio.

• その一方で、三味線はその音楽がますます発展し、次々と新しい形式が生み出され、後期にかけて日本音楽の主導権を握る楽器となった。
• Meanwhile, shamisen music continued to develop and new styles were introduced one after another, so it took the lead among Japanese musical instruments until the later Edo period.

• 観光産業をさらに発展させていくために、新たな観光事業の展開を図る事業者への支援を行ったり、観光関連産業の連携強化を支援する。
• The Ministry is to support entrepreneurs who plan to start tourism-related businesses, and assist the tourism industry to enhance cooperation amongst its members to further develop the industry.

• 舞鶴鎮守府が設置され、軍需都市として発展した旧東舞鶴市（東舞鶴）では、住民気質が全く異なり、舞鶴市東西分離運動が活発化した。
• People in the old Higashi-Maizuru City (Higashi Maizuru) where Maizuru Chinju-fu was founded and developed as a military city, were quite different, which brought a movement to life to separate the two cities.

• 京都府北部の中核都市である舞鶴市は古より城下町があり商都として栄えた西舞鶴と、軍港として栄えた東舞鶴にわかれて発展してきた。
• Maizuru, a major city in northern Kyoto Prefecture, has been developed as Nishi Maizuru (western Maizuru) with an ancient castle town flourishing as a commercial city and Higashi Maizuru (eastern Maizuru) prospering as a naval port, separately.

• 渡辺綱の子孫は渡辺党と呼ばれる武士団に発展し、港に立地することから水軍として日本全国に散らばり、瀬戸内海の水軍の棟梁となる。
• The descendants of WATANABE no Tsuna grew into a bushidan (warrior bands) called Watanabe-to Party, and since they located at seaports, scattered everywhere in Japan as Suigun (warriors battle in the sea) and became the toryo (leader) of the Suigun in the Seto Inland Sea.

• 義満の「道有」、「天山」、義教の「雑華室」であり、これらの印がついた宝物は義政のコレクションである「東山御物」へと発展した。
• There were 'Doyu' and 'Tenzan' of Yoshimitsu, 'Zakkeshitsu' of Yoshinori, and these treasures developed into 'Higashiyama gomotsu' (Imperial treasures owned by the Ashikaga family) of the collection of Yoshimasa.

• 鎌倉幕府は、頼朝以来、鎌倉殿の個人的な資質に依拠するところが大きく、その組織も鎌倉殿の家政機関を発展させただけのものだった。
• The Kamakura Bakufu largely depended on the personal character of the Kamakura-dono and the organization only developed to become a domestic governing institution of the Kamakura-dono.

• 紀伝道の統合期に活躍した文章博士である菅原清公は大学頭を兼務してその発展に貢献し、大学寮の北側に文章院という学舎を設置した。
• Monjo hakase SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, who was active at the time of the merger of kidendo, also served as daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), contributing to the development of the subject and founding a school to the north of the daigakuryo called monjoin.

• そのために、紀伝道発展の要素も絶たれて伝統を固守するだけの学問となり、その結果として文章博士の家による独占・家学化が進んだ。
• This cut off any possible development of kidendo and the subject became one in which only traditions were maintained, resulting in domination by certain monjo hakase families and making it their kagaku (hereditary learning).

• 平城京が持統天皇期の藤原京の発展形であったのと同様、和同開珎もまた富本銭の発展形であり、また唐の銭貨にならったものであった。
• It the same way as Heijokyo was a developed form of Fujiwarakyo of the Emperor Jito's period, Wado Kaichin was also a developed form of Fuhonsen coins and also followed the example of Tang coinage.

• そのようなトモ制の拡大・発展の結果、5世紀後半には、さらにトモノミヤツコ（伴造）がトモ（伴）を率いるという体制も整備された。
• As a result of the development and expansion of such Tomo system, by the latter half of the fifth century, a system was organized in which the Tomonomiyatsuko led the Tomo.

• 鉄板では海水によって腐食するため長期の運用は不可能であり、そのため銅板に換えたと考えられ、鉄甲船からの順当な発展型と言える。
• Iron plates would become eroded so easily by sea water that they were unfit for a long-term use, therefore, they were substituted by copper plates, which can be said to have made a reasonable development from a tekkosen.

• 2006年夏には日野市において「平山季重フェスタ」が開催され、現在でも地元の英雄として語り継がれ、街の発展に一役買っている。
• In the summer of 2006, 'Hirayama Sueshige Festa' was held in Hino City (Tokyo), and to the present, he has been talked about as a local hero, contributing to the development of the city.

• 足利家内部の対立から征夷大将軍の足利尊氏と弟の足利直義の両派の抗争へ発展した観応の擾乱においては、父とともに将軍側に属する。
• At the Kanno Disturbance which was developed from internal conflict of the Ashikaga family to fight between Takauji ASHIKAGA, Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, a younger brother of Takauji, Sadayo and his father joined to the Shogun group.

• 米国のギタリストで、エレキギターによる革新的なスタイルがロック・ミュージックの発展に影響を及ぼした（1942年−1970年）
• United States guitarist whose innovative style with electric guitars influenced the development of rock music (1942-1970)

• この法律は、水産資源の保護培養を図り、且つ、その効果を将来にわたつて維持することにより、漁業の発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to ensure the protection and culture of fishery resources, to maintain those advantages for the future, and thereby to contribute to the development of fishery.

• 大韓民国の国立文化財研究所や中華人民共和国の中国社会科学院考古研究所とも共同研究を行い、発展途上国の文化財担当者の研修を行う。
• The institute conducts joint researches with National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (Korea) and Institute of Archaeology Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (China) and offers training for officials from developing countries who are in charge of cultural property.

• 今井郷が都市的に発展したのは、本願寺一向宗の真宗の道場を建設して以来のことで、町並の整った寺内町今井が成立してきたようである。
• It was after a Shinshu sect dojo (place of Buddhist practice or meditation) of Ikkoshu Hongan-ji Temple had been constructed that Imai-go (Imai Village) developed into a city and it seems that the temple village Imai with organized townscape became established.

• 以後上方歌舞伎は歌舞伎界の中心から外れてゆくが、丁度上方から江戸への文化伝播にともない、江戸歌舞伎が発展していくのと符合する。
• After this period, Kamigata Kabuki drifted from the center of the Kabuki world, coinciding with the development of Edo Kabuki in conjunction with the dissemination of culture from Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) to Edo.

• このように三曲合奏が多音的な展開を見せたのも、地歌の手事もの、箏曲の段もの、胡弓本曲など器楽的な発展が著しかったからであろう。
• Sankyoku gasso developed in such a polyphonic way probably because there was much development in instrumental works, such as Jiuta's 'tegotomono' (pieces with long instrumental interludes called 'tegoto'), koto music's 'danmono' (leveled pieces) and kokyu music's 'honkyoku' (pieces composed in the early days).

• 後者は伝承が廃絶し使われなくなったが、前者は後に中国及び日本においていくつもの種類が生じて発展し、多くは現代も演奏されている。
• The latter is not used any more because its tradition has not been carried on, but the former developed later and had increased the number of its variety in China and Japan and many are still played even today.

• これらのことに、地方の酒蔵はおおいに驚くとともに鼓舞され、各地で自分たちの水と米に適合した酒造りが研究・発展されることになる。
• The sake breweries in local districts were very surprised at these and inspired, and began to research and develop their sake brewing methods which were suitable for their own water and rice in various places.

• 近世以後、家と道の関係・理念は近世以後はこれを享受する層と分野が更に拡大され、家元制度と芸道理念へと発展・継承することとなる。
• Since the early-modern times, people and fields blessed with the relationship and philosophy of Family and Michi were expanded more and it was developed to the Iemoto system (a system of licensing inherited by specific families) and philosophies of arts and inherited.

• 一方、商業都市として発展をみた大阪は海に近く、魚介も豊かで地方の産物も集まるところから、「天下の台所」と謳われるほどであった。
• On the other hand, because Osaka, having developed as a commercial city, was placed near to sea, fishes and seashells were available abundantly there and foodstuffs from other areas gathered there as well, being called the kitchen of Japan.

• 武術（古武道）の様々な流派は、戦国時代 (日本)において形成されたものは少なく、多くがむしろ戦乱の収まった江戸時代に発展した。
• Looking over at the various schools of bujutsu (kobudo), a few of them were formed in the Sengoku Period (Japan), and many were developed during the Edo period rather than the previous one, when the chaos of wars had already been over.

• 国人間の重層的な姻戚関係により奥州国人すべて親族血縁の誼を通じていたため、領土紛争も互いの存亡をかける争いには発展しなかった．
• Because all the local lords in the Oshu region had a close relationship each other through either blood or marriage, a territorial dispute hardly developed into a dead or alive conflict.

• 特に田畑関係に関しては、平安時代中期以降の荘園の発展とともに、それから必然的に生ずる地券関係の諸問題を扱う重要な役割を担った。
• Especially, in managing the fields, Minbu-sho played a key role in dealing with various affairs related to the title to an estate, which was a by-product of the development of Shoen (manor) since the mid Heian period.

• ロシアは、韓国の商用・経済発展への日本の投資を妨害しないことを誓約し、それにより韓国が日本の勢力範囲になることを明確に認めた。
• Russia clearly recognized that the Republic of Korea will not become Japanese sphere of influence by pledging that they would not interfere with the Japanese business investments and economic development in the South Korea.

• また、都市部で町人の文化が発展する一方、益の薄い農業で困窮した農民が田畑を放棄し、都市部へ流れ込んだために農村の荒廃が生じた。
• While the culture of townspeople developed in urban areas, farmers who had been reduced to poverty by non-profitable agriculture abandoned their fields and drifted into cities, thus ruining agricultural communities.

• この頃、新興都市・神戸は国内屈指の重工業都市として飛躍的な発展を遂げたが、鹿島はさらに神戸を活性化させるべく様々な手を打った。
• At around this time, although a new city Kobe developed drastically as one of the leading heavy industry cities, Kashima took next steps to revitalize the city.

• 3日後、伊周の同母弟・隆家の従者は道長の従者と都の大路にて乱闘し、翌月2日には道長の随身秦久忠が隆家方に殺害される事態に発展。
• Three days later, retainers of Takaie, Korechika's younger brother of the same mother, clashed with retainers of Michinaga on main street in Kyoto, which culminated in the incident on September 4 in which Michinaga's escort HATA no Hisatada was killed by Takaie's followers.

• しかし、義光の子孫が、武田氏、佐竹氏、小笠原氏、南部氏と発展していったことを考えると一族の繁栄に対する義光の功績は偉大である。
• On the other hand, since Yoshimitsu's descendants--which include the Takeda, Satake, Ogasawara, and Nanbu clans--ended up flourishing, Yoshimitsu's contributions to the family's prosperity could actually be seen as quite significant.

• ことから揚水ダム建設計画時に地元から演習林の返還要求が出されると、施設の存続が危ぶまれるような事態にまで発展することもあった。
• Therefore, when the local community side requested the return of the land that was to be used in constructing a dam to pump water, the problem became so serious that the very existence of the forest itself was threatened.

• また王朝文学を発展させた清少納言や紫式部らがこの階層に出自した女官であったことからわかるように王朝文化の重要な担い手であった。
• And also, as you can see that Sei Shonagon and Murasaki Shikibu who developed dynastic style literature were court ladies from this class, people from this class were the important bearers of the culture of dynasty.

• 安いインターネットは、Linux モデルの発展にとっての必要条件ではあったけれど、でもそれだけでは十分条件ではなかったと思う。
• While cheap Internet was a necessary condition for the Linux model to evolve, I think it was not by itself a sufficient condition.

• でも、第三のおもしろい性質というのは、こういう慣習が時を追って発展してくるとき、それは一貫した方向性を持っていたということだ。
• Yet a third interesting feature is that as these customs have evolved over time, they have done so in a consistent direction.

• 淘汰と訓練によって、人間生活は、略奪的生活が可能になる以前は、ワークマンシップの本能をその中に発展させ保存するように作用する。
• By selection and by training, the life of man, before a predaceous life became possible, would act to develop and to conserve in him instinct for workmanship.

• また当館は、コンピュータ技術の発達にともなう情報通信の発展に対応する情報発信、非来館型サービスに特化した図書館と位置づけられた。
• It was also decided that the new facility would specialize in providing information corresponding to the development of telecommunications accompanied by the progress of computer technology, as well as services as a digital library for remote users.

• この名が華厳経の教主の毘盧遮那仏（ヴァイローチャナ）と類似することから、毘盧遮那仏から発展した大日如来とも同一視する学説もある。
• Moreover, the other theory considers it to be a unit of Dainichinyorai that developed from Vairocana, since the name is similar to Virocana, the hierarchy of the Kegon-kyo sutra.

• 太平洋戦争終結後、第2代会長に就任した戸田は、創価教育学会の名称を創価学会と改称し、以後、日蓮正宗も格段に発展することとなった。
• After the Pacific War ended, Toda assumed the position as the second president and he changed the name from Soka Kyoiku Gakkai to Soka Gakkai (literally, Value-Creation Society), and after that, Nichiren Shoshu Sect itself became very popular.

• 知識を中心としたそれまでの中国の仏教に対して、知識と瞑想による漸悟でなく、頓悟を目標とした仏教として禅は中国で大きな発展を見た。
• As opposed to traditional Chinese Buddhism, which was centered around knowledge, Zen developed greatly in China as Buddhism which aimed at prompt enlightenment instead of gradual enlightenment through knowledge and mediation.

• 像容としての荒神は、インド由来の仏教尊像ではなく、日本仏教の信仰の中で独自に発展した尊像であり、三宝荒神はその代表的な物である。
• Kojin as the statue form was not a venerable image Buddhist statue originating from India but was instead a statue of noble character independently developed in the belief of Japanese Buddhism, and was represented by sanpokojin.

• 一念三千は、本来は天台宗によって創始、発展されたものであるが、日蓮はこの一念三千の理法を受け継ぎ、やはり仏法の極理であるとした。
• Although ichinen sanzen was originally created and developed by the Tendai sect, Nichiren succeeded the principle of ichinen sanzen and regarded it as the ultimate principle of the Buddhism.

• 明かり障子の歴史的発展の過程で、漆の塗子の縁が寝殿造りに使用され、襖障子と同様な室礼としての位置付けがあったことは注目に値する。
• It is notable that akari shoji with lacquered framework was used in a house built in the manner of Heian period palatial architecture and in the historical development of akari shoji, it was considered to be a kind of shitsurai equivalent to fusuma.

• さらには屏風や衝立障子、衝立障子の発展的形態として、木格子の表裏に絹や布地、後に和紙を張り黒塗りの縁をつけた衾障子などを用いた。
• In addition, there were folding screens, tsuitate-shoji (shoji or fusuma with a stand, which is easy to carry) and fusuma-shoji made with a wooden lattice pasted silk and cloth, later Japanese paper and black-lacquered hem as a developed form of tsuitate-shoji.

• 最近では、失伝した技を他の武術から取り入れて補う形で、総合的な体術への回帰、あるいは新たな総合武道へ発展を目指す流派も存在する。
• Recently, karate has also seen the rise of circles that aspire to a return to comprehensive 'taijutsu' (a method of using the body for self-defense) by incorporating skills adopted by other martial arts to compensate for lost karate techniques, as well as circles that promote karate's development into a new, comprehensive martial art (a mixed martial art).

• しかし江戸時代後期には器楽部分を重要視する地歌の形式である「手事もの」が非常に発展したので、それに合わせて器楽的展開が見られた。
• However, the late Edo period saw great developments in 'Tegotomono,' a style of jiuta in which instrumental parts of music were regarded important, and this led to innovations of the instruments.

• やがて武家社会でも行われるようになり、江戸時代には庶民の人形遊びと節句が結び付けられ、行事となり「雛祭り」として発展して行った。
• Later, Hina-asobi also became popular within the buke shakai (the society of samurai families) and then during the Edo period, commoners playing with dolls was associated with seasonal festivals to form an event of season which developed into the Hina Festival or 'Hina-matsuri.'

• ただ、胡弓楽から「巣籠」や「獅子」といった器楽的要素が地歌に取り入れられ、地歌の器楽的発展のひとつの要素となった点は重要である。
• However, it was important that Jiuta should acquire the instrumental facet of kokyu pieces, such as 'Tsuru no sugomori' (The Cranes Nesting) and 'Yachiyojishi' (Lion of Eight Thousand Generations, from the 16th century), because this became a basic factor in Jiuta's instrumental development.

• 寿司店にやってくる人々は、寿司ばかりでなく、そのほかの日本食にも興味を示すようになり、寿司ブームは日本食全般のブームに発展した。
• People visiting the sushi restaurant came to show their interests not only in sushi but also in other Japanese foods, with the result that the sushi boom developed into the boom of all Japanese foods.

• こうして独奏楽器として、また三味線・胡弓合奏、箏・胡弓合奏、三曲合奏の1パートとして胡弓楽のジャンルが広がり発展することになる。
• In this way, Kokyu was not only used for playing music specialized for Kokyu alone, but also played together with Shamisen or So or as a part of Sangyoku-gasso, which expanded music genres where Kokyu was played and made Kokyu used more widely.

• 田楽その他の芸能が発展して室町時代にその形を整えた能においても、世阿弥の頃までには能囃子の中に笛が取り入れられていたようである.
• Noh, which derived from dengaku and other folk entertainments, developed its style in the Muromachi period, and fue seem to have been introduced into Noh-hayashi (Noh musical accompaniment) around the time of Zeami.

• 20世紀前半に小紋を作る手法を発展させて、布を裁断すると模様の上下方向が統一されるようなデザインを反物の布に描く技術が発達した。
• In the early twentieth century, based on the technique of drawing komon (small patterns drawn on the whole cloth) craftsmen introduced new technique of drawing a little bigger pattern on materials so that patterns don't lose the direction.

• 「ちゃんこの味がしみてない」は、入門後間もなく発展途上であったり、相撲界のしきたりになじみきれていない力士を指してよく言われる。
• 'Chanko has not been flavored' refers to sumo wrestlers who are in development or have difficulty in getting accustomed to rules of the sumo world just after joining sumo.

• 斯波満種の子斯波持種は越前守護代の甲斐氏と対立を重ね、やがて武衛家の後嗣として斯波持種の子斯波義敏が入ると長禄合戦へと発展した。
• Mochitane SHIBA, a child of Mitsutane SHIBA, had repeated confrontations with the Kai clan, Echizen Shugodai, and after a while Yoshitoshi SHIBA, a child of Mochitane SHIBA, came in as Koshi (an inheritor) of the Buei family, which developed into the Battle of Choroku.

• 安土桃山時代に入って明智光秀が丹波統治のため古世地区に丹波亀山城を築き城下町を形成したことによって、亀岡は近代的な発展を遂げる。
• During the Azuchi Momoyama period, Mitsuhide AKECHI built Tanba Kameyama-jo Castle to rule Tanba and developed the castle town in the Kose area, which made way for modern development of Kameoka in recent times.

• 久御山町の農業の発展に道路網は大きく貢献しており、2000年代になって相次いで開通した新しい道路網により、今後の見通しは明るい。
• The road network greatly contributes to the development of agriculture in Kumiyama-cho, and new road networks which opened in the 2000s are brightening its prospects.

• 武芸・武力を家業とする兵の家が軍事貴族へと発展し、地方官（受領）として赴任した際に現地の富豪百姓らとゆるやかな主従関係を結んだ。
• The Army clan which worked for military arts and force as a family business, developed into military nobles, and they established a gradual relation of master and servant with the local rich farmers when they transferred as a local official (Zuryo).

• しかし、日本においても城下町が発展すると、経済的および政治的価値が上昇し、それにともない城下町を戦乱から防護する必要性が生じた。
• However, as jokamachi developed in Japan, they increased in economic and political value and the necessity for their safeguard against war arose.

• 1542年には伊達稙宗父子が家督の位置付けを巡って争いを起こし、血縁関係にある奥羽諸大名を巻き込んだ大乱（天文の乱）へ発展した。
• In 1542, Tanemune DATE and his son began conflicts with respect to the reigns of the family and it developed into a great uprising involving many daimyo in the Ou Region that had blood relationships (Tenbun Turbulence).

• 郭沫若はその著書『中国古代社会史研究』の中に於いて中国史に発展段階論を適用し、周を奴隷制の時代とし、春秋時代以降を封建制とした。
• Guo Moruo applied the development stage theory to Chinese history in his book 'Studies on the Ancient Society of China' and defined Zhou as a slavery period and the Hoken system took hold after the Chunqiu period.

• そして、これらの郎党を組織して多田庄に武士団を形成したことから、のちに武門として大きく発展した清和源氏一族の最初の拠点となった。
• As he organized his retainers to form an army in Tada Manors, the manors became the first base of Seiwa-Genji which had developed to a prominent samurai clan.

• 清盛らが大量に輸入した宋銭は、一時はインフレーションを起こし、貨幣経済の発展をうながすなど中世の日本経済に大きな影響をあたえた。
• The Sung currency which Kiyomori and so on imported in high volume caused a temporary inflation and had a large impact on the medieval Japanese economy, promoting the development of money economy and so on.

• 商品流通・貨幣経済の発展に伴い、諸物価の基準であった米価は江戸時代を通じて下落を続け、「米価安の諸色高」と言われた状況にあった。
• As goods distribution and a monetary economy developed, the rice price, which served as a standard of other commodities' price, continued falling throughout the Edo period, so people then said that rice price was low while other commodities' was high.

• この間鉄道は「物珍しい先進国の技術」から始まって、旅行の足、産業発展に不可欠な輸送機関、戦争遂行のための道具などの責務を担った。
• Around this time, what began as a 'curious technology from an advanced country' moved on to serve as a means of travel, an indispensable means of transportation for industrial development, and a tool for war and other functions.

• 水田農耕発展のために農地の拡大と農具となる鉄の獲得のため、また地域間の交易をめぐる争いのために戦いが起こり時代が進行していった。
• Period forwarded with battles over commerce between regions as well as battles over acquisition of cultivation land and iron for farming equipment, for development of rice-paddy cultivation.

• 定家の父俊成によって提唱された幽玄、有心の概念を、定家が発展させて「余情妖艶の体」を築き上げ、これが撰歌に大きく反映されている。
• Sadaie developed the idea of Yugen (subtle and profound beauty) or Ushin, which was advocated by his father Toshinari, and established 'suggestiveness and fascinating style,' being greatly reflected in the collected poems.

• このため、張保皐の勢力は東シナ海・黄海海上を制覇し、東アジア一帯の海上王国に発展し、その名前は日本でもよく知られるようになった。
• Because of this, conquering the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, Bogo JANG built an empire of the sea all over the Eastern Asia and his name became well-known in Japan, too.

• 宗綱本人は若くして死去したが、孫の下間宗重（蓮位）が親鸞の弟子となったことを契機に、その子孫は本願寺の重臣下間氏として発展する。
• Although Munetsuna himself died young, his grandson Muneshige SHIMOTSUMA (Reni SHIMOTSUMA or Reni SHIMOZUMA) became a disciple of Shinran, which led to his descendants' development as the Shimotsuma clan (the Shimozuma clan) as senior vassals of Hongan-ji Temple.

• お玉が池種痘所は西洋医学所、医学所等と改称・発展し、東京大学医学部の前身とされるため、俊斎は東大医学部初代総長と見なされている。
• Because the Otama ga Ike Vaccination Institute is said to have been the predecessor of Faculty of Medicine at the University of Tokyo, which changed its name first to the School of the Western Medical Science, then School of Medical Science, and other names as the institute expanded, Shunsai is regarded as the first president of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Tokyo.

• 名声を不動のものにした友禅斎は正徳二年頃、加賀藩の藩主である前田氏の招待を受けて金沢で加賀友禅の発展に力を尽くしその地で没した。
• After having established his reputation, he went to Kanazawa in 1712 by the invitation of Maeda clan, the lord of the Kaga Domain, and died there after striving for the development of Kaga Yuzen.

• 京都写生派の流れに立った写実を発展させ、神泉様式とも表現される幽玄かつ象徴的な独自の日本画は、戦後の日本画に大きな影響を与えた。
• He developed a realistic painting style aligned with the Kyoto Shaseiha (realistic painting) group, and his subtle, profound, symbolic, and unique Japanese paintings, often described as the Shinsen style, greatly influenced post-war Japanese painting.

• 第一次世界大戦の好景気にわく日本は同時に工業力の大発展をとげ、帝国大学の増設や学生定員の増加が社会的にもとめられることとなった。
• While enjoying the economic growth because of World War I, Japan also experienced a great advancement in industrial power, and consequently, there was a societal demand to build more imperial universities and increase the student enrollment limit.

• 山が神界として信仰の対象となっていた一方で、死者の霊の集まる他界として、イタコの口寄せをはじめとする先祖霊供養にも発展をみせた。
• While mountains were the object of faith as the divine world, it was also a place where memorial services for the spirit of ancestors, such as spiritualism by itako (shrine maiden performing spiritualism) evolved, as the next world where spirits of the dead gather.

• いやいや、それ以上で、あらゆる生物が、ともに並んで発展の大道を行進し、後に分かれたものほど、今あるようなものになってきたのです。
• Nay, more, all living beings march side by side along the high road of development, and separate the later the more like they are;

• また顔真卿、徐浩の書を習ったといわれるが、その当時の中国の素晴らしいものを迅速に消化して、これをさらに日本的な姿に発展させている。
• It is also said that he studied the calligraphy written by Gan Shinkei and Joko and immediately absorbed the excellent parts of China at that time; after he brought them back to Japan, he developed them into a Japanese style.

• その考えが定着し始めたのは、大紋から発展した「素襖」や「肩衣」といった衣服が出始めた室町時代に入った中期の東山時代頃だと言われる。
• The idea is said to have begun around the Higashiyama period, the middle of Muromachi period, when clothes like 'Suo' and 'Kataginu,' developed from Daimon, were becoming fashionable.

• 江戸では、しばしば大火に見舞われ版木を消失することが多く、応急にからかみのを作る必要に迫られて、型紙の捺染を用いたものが発展した。
• In Edo, printing blocks were often destroyed by big fires, so printing with model papers developed from the necessity to urgently making karakami.

• ドイツのバーデンバーデンは温泉としてより、むしろ付随するカジノやブティック、宝石店や高級ホテルなどによるリゾート地として発展した。
• Baden-Baden in Germany has developed as a resort town where casinos, boutiques, jewel shops and high-grade hotels are located, rather than as a hot spring resort.

• 醤油は日本の料理には欠かせない調味料であるが、江戸時代における濃口醤油の発明はその後の日本料理の発展において重要な役割を果たした。
• Soy-sauce is an essential seasoning for Japanese cooking, and the invention of koikuchi soy-sauce in the Edo period played a critical role for subsequent development of Japanese cooking.

• 炉端焼き（ろばたやき）は、宮城県仙台市で発祥し、北海道釧路市で発展した飲食店の店舗や給仕の形態、および、そこで出される料理のこと。
• Robatayaki refers to the style of premises and serving at restaurants, which originated in Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture and developed in Kushiro City, Hokkaido, as well as the dishes served there.

• 化政文化（かせい ぶんか）とは、文化 (元号)・文政期（1804年～1829年）を中心とする江戸時代後期に発展した町人文化である。
• Kasei Culture was townsman culture that developed in the late Edo period, mainly between 1804 and 1829.

• 本体は大別して、棕櫚をかぶせたもの（これが原始系とされる）と、黒・赤などの布をかぶせたもの（発展系とされる）の二つのタイプがある。
• The main bodies are broadly classified into two types: a palm leaves-covered type (allegedly the original type) and a red or black cloth-covered type (allegedly the advanced type).

• 都市圏の中心地となる舞鶴市は長らく軍事・行政の中心都市としての位置づけられてきたが、近年においては商業都市としても発展しつつある。
• Maizuru City which is the center of the urban area has long been positioned as the central city for military and administration, and recently has been developing as a commercial city.

• それ以前の藤原良房の時から藤原北家が摂政・関白に就いて執政してきたが、発展段階の摂関政治だったとして初期摂関政治と区別されている。
• Although the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan had conducted policy as a regent or chief adviser to the Emperor since the time of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, their regency is considered to have still been in the developmental stage and was distinguished from the early regency.

• 倍増した耕地面積は食糧増産と人口増加をもたらし、村請を通じて幕府財政や藩財政を支えるとともに、全国的な流通経済を大きく発展させた。
• Doubling the arable land increased the population as well as the amount of food produced, supporting the finance of the bakufu and that of each domain through the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) and greatly advancing nation-wide distribution-related economy.

• この官僚集団と家康の急成長は、豊臣政権存続を図る官僚集団と次期政権を狙う家康との対立に発展し、関ヶ原の戦い（1600年）に至った。
• Such rapid growth of the bureaucratic group and Ieyasu developed to confrontation between the bureaucratic group that tried to maintain the Toyotomi government and Ieyasu who had been looking to the next government resulting in the Battle of Sekigahara (1600).

• 人材を効率よく使おうという秀吉らしいやり方と言えるのだが、それは秀吉没後に加藤清正ら武断派と、石田三成ら文治派の抗争へと発展した。
• Although it can be said that it was typical of Hideyoshi's way of using people effectively, it resulted in the conflict between Budan-ha including Kiyomasa KATO and Bunchi-ha including Mitsunari ISHIDA after Hideyoshi's death.

• 奈良時代の仏教は、鎮護国家の思想とあいまって国家の保護下に置かれていよいよ発展し、国を守るための法会や祈祷がさかんにおこなわれた。
• In the Nara period, Buddhism developed thanks to protection by the government as well as the ideology of Chingo kokka and Hoe (Buddhist mass) and prayers to protect the nation were often held.

• 身分的には下層社会であったが、優れた技術力と豊富な資金量は武士を圧倒する面もみせ、独自の都市文化（町人文化）の形成発展に寄与した。
• In the social status, they ranked at lower position but showed superiority over the samurai class at times with their outstanding craftsmanship and abundant financial resources, which contributed to the development of distinctive urban cultures (Chonin culture [townsmen culture].)

• ただし、前述のように地方召上には懲罰的な意味合いを持つケースもあったために、移行の際のトラブルが御家騒動に発展する可能性もあった。
• However, as mentioned before, jikata-meshiage was a measure that sometimes had a punitive meaning, and therefore, the transferring to the other form of provision might provoke a family dispute.

• 具体的には、旧領の日野・松阪の商人の招聘、定期市の開設、楽市楽座の導入、手工業の奨励等により、江戸時代の会津藩の発展の礎を築いた。
• Merchants of the former domains of Hino and Matsuzaka were welcomed to the town, regular scheduled markets were organized, free markets and free guilds were introduced and handicrafts were encouraged etc, all of which laid the foundations for development in the Aizu domain in the Edo period.

• だが、恕庵の本草学はそれまでの薬学に重きを置くものに収まらず、積極的に多種多様の動植物、鉱物を収集し博物学的なものに発展していた。
• However, Joan's study in herbalism could not be contained within the conventional herbalism to focus on pharmacy, and he developed his study toward natural history by actively collecting a wide range of sample animals, plants and minerals for further investigation.

• また日本国内に留まらず、1970年代の香港でも何作もアイドル映画の監督を務めており、東南アジアの映画や芸能の発展にも功績を残した。
• His work was not limited to Japan, and he also directed several idol films in Hong Kong during the 1970s, and contributing to the development of the film and performing arts industries in Southeast Asia.

• 一方的な保護・援助の対象から、氏や家との密接な関係を保ちつつ、存続と自立的発展を目的としており、氏寺の中世的展開として注目される。
• Great attention has been paid to the development of ujidera during the middle ages as they aimed to make a transition from being the recipients of one-sided protection and assistance to achieve self-sustaining development while maintaining close relationships with clans and families.

• レーニンによるマルクス主義の修正は、帝国主義が資本主義の最高形であると強調した（それは、発展国から発展途上の国へと苦闘を移動する）
• the modification of Marxism by Lenin stressed that imperialism is the highest form of capitalism (which shifts the struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries)

• 現在は、電車やモノレールなどの交通機関が発展したこともあり、商業中心地より少し離れて各種環境の良い場所へ、団地の建設が行われている。
• Danchi are now being constructed in areas with good environments and a little distant from commercial centers due to the development of transportation facilities such as monorails.

• さらに青色の泥間似合紙は、隠蔽性の良さと日焼けしにくい特性から、襖用の間似合鳥の子紙として使用され、上方市場に近いことから発展した。
• In addition, the blue doromaniai-shi had been used as maniai torinoko paper for fusuma because of its good concealing and age resisting qualities, and it spread widely because it was close to the Kamigata market.

• そしてソースを作る際に出来る沈殿液を使うようになり、さらに甘く味付けしたり、とろみを付けたりした事で、現在のお好みソースに発展した。
• And the sedimentary liquid produced from the sauce making came to be used and furthermore sweetened, flavored or thickened and developed into the present okonomiyaki sauce.

• 観劇や噺などの日常娯楽に浸る事に併せ酒を呑むという、娯楽が食文化を発展させ、また食文化が娯楽を発展させてきた歴史は世界各地に存在する
• In many parts of the world, history shows that enjoyment of drinking along with usual enjoyments such as going to plays and comic stories has helped food culture develop while food culture has helped enjoyments grow.

• 剣道は、重い防具や当たれば痛い竹刀を使うこと、武道として厳しい稽古を必要とすることなどから国際的なスポーツに発展し難い部分があった。
• In Kendo, heavy protective gears and bamboo swords which hurt players if they are hit are used and strict training is necessary, therefore it was difficult to be developed as an international sport.

• 伏見の大地震によって倒壊したこともあったが、早くに再建されて豊臣時代には秀吉の繁栄を示すシンボル、そして一大政治都市として発展した。
• Although the castle was destroyed in the great Fushimi earthquake, it was quickly reconstructed, and became a symbol of the prosperity of Hideyoshi in the Toyotomi Period, with the town becoming an important administrative center.

• その一方で歓楽温泉としても発展し、なかでも風俗街（特殊浴場群。いわゆるソープランド街。）は行楽、観光客誘致の大きな障碍となっていた。
• On the other hand, the area also developed as a hot spring resort with a nightlife district, and especially the red-light area (area of brothels where one can bathe with the prostitutes) had been a major obstacle, which came in the way of the holidaymakers and tourists coming to the resort area.

• これを打開するため、発展してきた商品生産・流通に新たな財源を見出し、さらに大規模な新田開発と蝦夷地開発を試みたのが田沼意次であった。
• It is Okitsugu TANUMA who devised a strategy for breaking out of this situation by levying business taxes on production and distribution of commodities as a new source of revenue and furthermore carrying out the large-scale development of a new fields and development of the Ezo (present Hokkaido).

• 有名な所では久保田藩と盛岡藩が干戈を交えるところまで発展した鹿角領争いであるが、これ以外にも仙台藩と相馬藩、萩藩と徳山藩などがある。
• A famous conflict was a dispute concerning the Kazuno territory which developed into a fight between the Kubota Domain and the Morioka Domain, and in addition to this, there were other disputes between the Sendai Domain and the Soma Domain, and between the Hagi Domain and the Tokuyama Domain.

• 武士道は個人的戦闘者の生存術としての武士道であり、武名を高めることにより自己および一族郎党の発展を有利にすることを主眼に置いている。
• Bushido is a way of survival as an individual fighter, which focuses on developing oneself and the family, bringing them an advantage by achieving military renown.

• この宋代に生まれた清（清逸・清楚）なる趣致は後代まで受け継がれて発展していき、単なる遊戯であるはずの趣味を芸術の域にまで引き上げた。
• This taste of 'cleanliness' (neatness) which appeared in the Sung period was succeeded and developed in later periods and elevated a hobby which was supposed to be a mere play to an art.

• 藩主・鍋島直正の推薦で安政3年(1856年)、20歳で長崎海軍伝習所へ入所し、卒業後には佐賀藩海軍方助役を務めて海軍力の発展を促す。
• At the recommendation of Naomasa NABESHIMA, the lord of domain, NAKAMUTA entered a naval school in Nagasaki at the age of 20 in 1856, and after graduation, he served as an assistant of mayor in the domain's Navy and contributed to its development.

• 庭園の作風については、遠州は師である古田織部の作風を受け継ぎ発展させたとされるが、遠州の著しい特徴は庭園に直線を導入したことである。
• In his gardens, Enshu carried on and developed the style of his teacher, Oribe FURUTA, but Enshu's significant contribution to gardening is the introduction of straight lines.

• 陰陽道（おんみょうどう）は、古代の中国で生まれた自然哲学思想、陰陽五行思想を起源として日本で独自の発展を遂げた自然科学と呪術の体系。
• Ommyodo, which owes its origin to ancient Chinese natural philosophical theory and Inyo-gogyo-shiso theory (the way of Yin and Yang, combined with the Taoist theory of the five elements), is a system of natural science and the art of spell-casting that uniquely developed in Japan.

• 奈良時代より、高い山や、美しい山は霊山として山岳信仰の対象とされ、山地に於いて修行する者も現れ、それらは後に修験道へと発展していった。
• Since the Nara period, high or beautiful mountains in Japan have been the object of a mountain religion, so some people began to implement their ascetic deeds on mountains; subsequently, these deeds developed into shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism and shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts).

• 上菓子は、お供え菓子や、茶道の菓子として洗練した発展をとげ、ふだんの菓子も年中行事ごとに様々なものが食べられた経緯から多彩に展開した。
• Jogashi has been finely developed as osonae-gashi (wagashi for offerings) and confectionaries for the tea ceremony, and also various kinds of confectionaries for everyday consumption have been made since people have many types of wagashi which is suited for every annual event.

• 明かり障子の歴史的発展の過程で、漆の塗子の縁が寝殿造りに使用され、襖障子と同様な室礼としての位置付けがあった事は、興味深いことである。
• It is interesting to note that in the historical process of development of Akari-shoji, the edge of lacquered Nuriko (thing to be coated with) was used in Shinden-zukuri house and considered as Shitsurai the same as Fusuma Shoji.

• しかし、致経が比叡山横川で出家し、治安 (元号)3年（1023年）に亡くなるに及んで、維衡一派の覇権が確立し、伊勢平氏として発展する。
• However, the hegemony by Korehira's group was established and developed into the Ise-Heishi after Munetsune became a priest at Yokawa on Mt. Hiei and died in 1023.

• また明治20年（1887年）に天満紡績を設立し社長となり、ほかに日本綿花、日本紡績などの育成・発展に努め、大阪綿紡界の草分けとなった。
• In 1887, he established Tennma Boseki and became a president and trailblazer in the world of Osaka cotton spinning industry serving a development and growth of Nippon Menka, Nippon Boseki.

• OVAは押井守の1983年の『ダロス』から発展し、1980年代半ばから1990年代半ばまで実験的・前衛的アニメはOVAが主体となった。
• OVAs evolved from Mamoru Oshii's 1983 Dallos, and from the mid 80s to the mid 90s became the dominant venue for experimental or avant-garde animation.

• 認可協会は、金融に係る知識の普及、啓発活動及び広報活動を通じて、金融商品取引業の健全な発展及び投資者の保護の促進に努めなければならない。
• An Authorized Association shall endeavor to promote sound development of Financial Instruments Business and protection of investors by dissemination of financial knowledge, enlightenment campaigns and publicity campaigns.

• 認定団体は、金融に係る知識の普及、啓発活動及び広報活動を通じて、金融商品取引業の健全な発展及び投資者の保護の促進に努めなければならない。
• A Certified Organization shall endeavor to promote sound development of Financial Instruments Businesses and protection of investors through dissemination of financial knowledge, enlightenment campaigns and publicity campaigns.

• 日本銀行は、通貨及び金融の調節を行うに当たっては、物価の安定を図ることを通じて国民経済の健全な発展に資することをもって、その理念とする。
• Currency and monetary control by the Bank of Japan shall be aimed at achieving price stability, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.

• 楼門建設には南禅寺と紛争状態であった園城寺が抗議し、比叡山の門徒もこれに加わり楼門撤去や妙葩の配流を求め、紛争は政治問題にまで発展する。
• Together with the Monto (followers) of Mt. Hiei, Onjo-ji Temple, which was in conflict with Nanzen-ji Temple, protested against the construction of the Romon, requesting its removal and Myoha's banishment, and this resulted in the conflict becoming a political issue.

• 本来大鼓は小鼓の連調から発展してきた楽器であるといわれ、初期には鼓方の若手が大鼓にまわって小鼓の伴奏をしたのではないかと考えられている。
• It is said that a big drum was originally a musical instrument that evolved from a small hand drum and in early days it is thought that younger drummers accompanied the small hand drums by playing the big drums.

• 日本も長期戦には耐えうる経済発展を達成していなかったので、外相小村寿太郎は米大統領セオドア・ルーズベルトに仲介を頼み、講和に持ち込んだ。
• As Japan was not yet economically developed enough to adequately sustain a long drawn-out war, Foreign Minister Jutaro KOBAYASHI began negotiations for the peace treaty under the mediation of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.

• 江戸の荒事の中で隈取が発展する際に参考とされたのが、仁王像などに代表される仏像の誇張された筋肉表現と能面の洗練された表情の表現であった。
• Aragoto (Kabuki play featuring exaggerated posture, makeup, and costume) of Edo referred to Buddhist statue such as Nio Zo (statue of Deva Kings) that expressed muscles and refined facial expression of the noh mask.

• 国民の叡智とたゆみない努力によって、我が国が一層の発展を遂げ、国際社会の友好と平和、人類の福祉と繁栄に寄与することを切に希望いたします。
• I eagerly hope that our country accomplishes further development and contributes to the friendship and peace of the international society and the welfare and prosperity of human beings by our people's wisdom and persistent efforts.

• 理由はいろいろ考えられるが、最も大きな理由はマルクス主義の魅力が薄れ、中国史に発展段階論を当てはめることの意義を疑い始めたからであろう。
• Various reasons can be cited, but the biggest reason is that Marxism became less appealing and people are now skeptical about the significance of applying development stage theory to Chinese history.

• 日本の戦況優勢を見て、東学党の系列から一進会が1904年に設立され、大衆層での親日的独立運動から、日本の支援を受けた合邦運動へ発展した。
• Recognizing that Japan had the upperhand in the war, the Iljinhoe was established from the Donghak Party in 1904, developing from a grass-roots pro-Japanese independence movement into an pro-annexation movement that received support from Japan.

• 後に西宮町を含む灘地方（摂津国西部沿岸地域）における酒造業の飛躍的発展に伴って、三田藩領及び周辺の米も酒米として利用されるようになった。
• As the sake brewing industry later developed rapidly in the Nada area (a coastal area in the western part of Settsu Province), rice grown in the territory of Sanda Domain and its surroundings was also used for brewing sake.

• 具体的には信者と一般民衆との土地境界線争いに宣教師が介入したり、教会建設への反感からくる確執といった民事事件などから発展したものが多い。
• Specifically, many incidents developed from the missionaries entering conflicts over land boundaries between believers and common people, and antipathy towards the construction of churches.

• 19日に幕府軍に鎮圧されるまでの7日間に参加した村200余り、打ち壊された村役人や豪商の屋敷520ヶ所と言われる大規模な一揆に発展した。
• During the seven days before the uprising was suppressed by the Edo bakufu army on July 30 (表記の変更), it had grown into a massive riot, in which it is said that people from more than 200 villages took part and 520 houses of village officers and wealthy merchants were destroyed.

• 古代ギリシアの商業的貴族制が東方の近隣種族と混じり合う地域で、自由に考える勇敢な人々によって、科学は生み出され、育まれ、発展したのです。
• In those regions where the commercial aristocracy of ancient Greece mingled with its eastern neighbours the sciences were born, being nurtured and developed by free-thinking and courageous men.

• 財産保有の確固たる根拠を武勇に頼ることは、初期の野蛮な文化へと発展段階を遡っていけばいくほど、より直接的により習慣的なものになっていく。
• The recourse to prowess as the definitive basis of tenure becomes more immediate and more habitual the farther the development is traced back into the early barbarian culture;

• 無意識の考えおよび夢を表わすために空想的なイメージおよび不合理な並置を使用した芸術家および作家（ダダイズムから発展して）の20世紀の動き
• a 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams

• 1990年代以降には、情報通信の発展に対応し、国立国会図書館は主にインターネット上のウェブサイトを通じた電子図書館機能拡充を模索し始めた。
• After the 1990s the NDL started to expand its digital library functions, primarily via websites on the Internet, in response to developments in telecommunications.

• これ以後、大坂の地は、城郭にも匹敵する本願寺の伽藍とその周辺に形成された寺内町を中心に大きく発展し、その脅威は時の権力者たちに恐れられた。
• Since then, Osaka developed around the monastery of Hongan-ji Temple, comparable to a castle, and a temple town formed around it, and it strength frightened power people of the time.

• したがって、あくまでシャワー、サウナやマッサージとして使用されるにとどまっており、付随するカジノなどのリゾート施設が発展を後押ししている。
• Therefore, hot spring water is only used for showers, saunas and massage and the development of the town is supported by casinos and resort facilities.

• その後、生田流系の箏曲は箏曲独自の作曲が次第に下火になり、幕末に至るまで、厖大な数の地歌曲にパートとして合奏、参加することで発展していく。
• While the original style of sokyoku went into gradual decline towards the end of the Edo period, sokyoku of the Ikuta school style prospered as a result of its contributing the koto parts for an enormous number of jiuta songs.

• このことから、咒禁道の影響を受けた儀式を芸能と融合させたものがこの時期に存在しており、それらが翁猿楽へと発展したのではないかとの説もある。
• Based on the above, some people have asserted that something that combined the rituals Jugondo (way of vanquishing monsters, spirits, etc., through the use of charms) and art existed at that time and eventually evolved into Okina Sarugaku.

• この対立は文安1年（1444年）、文安の麹騒動という武力衝突にまで発展し、その結果、京都における麹屋という専門職は滅亡し、麹座も解散した。
• This conflict developed into the military conflict called the koji riot in the Bunan era in 1444, and as a result, the profession of supplying malt in Kyoto was extinguished and the koji-za (rice malt guild) was dismissed.

• 本心でない「愛想尽かし」が「逆恨み殺し」に発展するというのは歌舞伎ではよく使われるあらすじだが、本作では二重の「愛想尽かし」を用いている。
• The story that a seeming 'act of abandoning someone in disgust' develops into 'an act of killing in resentment instead' is often used in kabuki plays, but this play uses 'act of abandoning someone in disgust' on the double.

• 平安時代の律令制の形骸化にともなって次第に本来の領域にとらわれない、鴨川と大内裏・京都御所を中心とする都市になり、経済的に発展していった。
• As the Ritsuryo System (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo Code) declined during the Heian period, the city gradually expanded beyond its original area to become centered around the Kamo-gawa River and the Kyoto Imperial Palace of the Daidairi (Greater Imperial Palace), and developed economically.

• また寛永期を過ぎると金銀の産出に陰りが見え始めたのに対し、人口が次第に増加し経済が発展して幕府の支出が増大したため財政難に陥るようになる。
• As the outputs of gold and silver began to decline after the Kanei era, in spite of the increase of expenditure due to the economic development and the population growth, the shogunate government got into financial trouble.

• 和魂洋才（わこんようさい）とは、日本古来の精神世界を大切にしつつ西洋の技術を受け入れ、両者を調和させ発展させていくという意味の言葉である。
• Wakon yosai (Japanese spirit with Western learning) means adopting Western arts while valuing Japanese traditional spirituality, and harmonizing as well as developing them.

• ところが、その際に一部の村役人が徴兵の選定に際して不正があったとして下旬より三国の村々で村役人の追放などを訴える大規模な一揆へと発展した。
• Nevertheless, from the mid-March, large-scale uprisings recurred in villages of the three provinces, demanding the expulsion of some village officers for the reason that they acted wrong in recruitment to decide whom to draft.

• もっとも、小選挙区が残ったこと、政党そのものが発展途上の時期であったことなどから、大選挙区制の下でも、むしろ議席は大政党への集中が進んだ。
• However, because single-member constituencies remained and political parties were under development, large political parties dominated legislative seats even in the large constituency system.

• 足利家の内紛から発展した観応の擾乱が起こると、父の尊氏は鎌倉にいた長男である足利義詮に次期将軍として政務を担当させるため京都へ呼び戻した。
• When an internal conflict of Ashikaga family led to Kanno Disturbance, his father Takauji summoned the eldest son Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, who was at Kamakura, back to Kyoto, to attend to government as next shogun.

• 1985年には、従弟の小林正樹監督により、毎日映画コンクールに「田中絹代賞」が創設され、映画界の発展に貢献した女優に贈られることとなった。
• In 1985, her cousin Masaki KOBAYASHI, a film director, created the 'Tanaka Kinuyo Award' at the Mainichi Film Awards to be given to such actresses that have contributed to the development of the film industry.

• 彼の残した「暦林」は現代においてもいわゆる旧暦を読む際の重要な資料となっており、後の暦法の発展は彼がいなければなかったことであるといえる。
• The 'Rekirin' that he left is used as a valuable source even now in reading what is called the old calendar and it can be said that there have been no later development of rekiho (method of making calendars) without him.

• その後山陰本線が開通し、後に近鉄京都線となる奈良電気鉄道や市内の路面電車（京都市電）の発着点にもなって、京都駅周辺は急速に発展していった。
• Subsequently, with the opening of the Sanin Main Line the station became the departure and arrival point of the Nara Electric Railway and the city trams (Kyoto City Trams), so the area around the station developed rapidly.

• しかし昭和になってから作られたので、平安時代の地図と見比べてみてたまたま位置が一致しただけであり、野寺小路が西大路通に発展したのではない。
• However the two roads happened to correspond with each other in comparing today's map with the Heian period's; the Nishioji-dori Street was not developed according to the Nodera-koji but built in the Showa period.

• 観音霊場の寺として庶民の信仰を集め、近世に門前町が発展し、そこには巡礼者のための宿屋が数多く建ち並び、洛中では有数の旅宿町として発展した。
• As a sacred temple of Kannon, Choho-ji Temple received the devotion of the masses and, during the early modern period, a town grew up around the temple and developed into the largest lodging district in Kyoto with its numerous inns for pilgrims.

• もしそんなものであったなら、キリスト教は、見下されていたヘブライ人の名もしれぬ宗派から、ローマ帝国の宗教にまで、発展はしなかったでしょう。
• Had it been thus, Christianity never would have expanded from an obscure sect of the despised Hebrews into the religion of the Roman empire.

• 先に引用したヴィルヘルム・フォン・フンボルトの一節で、人々が互いに異なっているために必要だとして、人間の発展の必要条件を二つ挙げています。
• In a passage already quoted from Wilhelm von Humboldt, he points out two things as necessary conditions of human development, because necessary to render people unlike one another;

• JR福知山駅北口を出て駅正面通り商店街に隣接する大型商業施設で、昔から隣接するさとうの福知山ショッピングセンターと競争しながら発展してきた。
• It is large-scale commercial facility adjacent to the shopping street just in front of the north exit of JR Fukuchiyama Station, with SATO's Fukuchiyam shopping center located next to it.

• 1941年（昭和16年）勝劣派の顕本法華宗、一致派の日蓮宗とともに三派合同を行い、勝劣派、一致派の諸門流の本山末寺からなる日蓮宗に発展解消。
• In 1941, it was united with the Kenpon Hokke Sect of Shoretsu School and the Nichiren Sect of Icchi School in order to form the better organization, the Nichiren Sect, which was composed of major and branch temples of various schools of Shoretsu School and Icchi School.

• 目的に合わせて、馬上の射「騎射」、徒歩（かち）の射「歩射」、通し矢の射「堂射」と、流派の中でそれぞれで独自に進化、発展した経緯が背景にある。
• There is a history of development behind it, where the evolution and development occurred separately among the schools depending on the purpose, such as for horseback shooting 'Kisha' (to shoot an arrow while riding a horse), shooting on foot 'Busha' (to shoot an arrow while walking) and Toshiya shooting, 'Dosha,' (long-range archery).

• 基本的に「年蘢り」形式を踏まず、単に寺社に「元日詣」を行うだけの初詣は明治以降広まった新しい風習であり、それも鉄道網の発展による賜物という。
• Fundamentally, hatsumode, in which no 'toshigomori' formalities are taken but only 'ganjitsumode' to shrines and temples is conducted, is a new custom which became widespread after the Meiji period; this is considered as being the product resulting from development of the railway network.

• 江戸はもともと幕府の計画によって造られた都市で、初期は江戸城を中心として周囲に武家地を造り、そこに商人や職人を移住させる形で発展していった。
• The city of Edo was originally built based on the shogunate plan and then developed by building a warrior's district around Edo-jo Castle and allowing merchants and craftsmen to move to the city.

• 完了を表す「ぬ」「つ」「り」、過去の時制を表す「き」「し」「けり」は廃れていき、代わりに完了相「たり」が一般的な過去時制へと発展していった。
• The perfective represented by 'nu,' 'tsu' and 'ri' and the past tense represented by 'ki,' 'shi' and 'keri' were obsolete and the perfect aspect 'tari' developed into the general past tense.

• 江戸期に下の森や五番町に茶屋株を貸し、芸妓中心の花街として発展し、江戸末期に土方歳三が上七軒の芸妓、舞妓を相手にした逸話があるが不明である。
• Kamishichiken let Shimonomori and Goban-cho use its chaya-kabu (license for 'teahouses,' or the red-light district), and prospered as a hanamachi around geisha in the Edo period; Toshizo HIJIKATA is rumored to have had a relationship with geisha and apprentice geisha in Kamishichiken at the end of the Edo period.

• 上記のような時代区分論は、発展段階史観の影響を少なからず受けており、歴史の重層性・連続性にあまり目を向けていないという限界が指摘されている。
• The theories concerning the classification of historical periods, described above, are significantly affected by the evolution phase concept of history, and it is pointed out that they have a limitation in not taking into account that history is layered and is continuous.

• 古代のカースト制氏族社会においては自由な土地の売買や譲渡は許されていなかったが、紀元前5世紀前後には社会の発展とともに緩やかになっていった。
• In the ancient caste system clan society, free purchase and sale or transfer of lands were not allowed, but around the fifth century B.C., they were loosely allowed with the development of society.

• このため、深刻な外交摩擦に発展し、将軍の名分をめぐって林信篤や対馬藩藩儒雨森芳洲も巻き込んで日朝双方を果てしない議論にまき起む結果となった。
• Therefore, this problem developed into a serious diplomatic conflict, plunging both Japan and Korea sides into endless arguments concerning the positioning of shogun, including Nobuatsu HAYASHI and Hoshu AMENOMORI, Hanju of the Tsushima Domain (a Confucian scholar who worked for the Tsushima Domain).

• 『富士野往来』に始まる歴史物語を織り込んだものは「武家往来」とも呼ばれ、十返舎一九が伝記型の往来物を確立し、更に史詩型の往来物へと発展した。
• Oraimono with historical episodes which started with 'Fujino Orai' are called 'buke orai' (literally, samurai orai) and later developed into the historical poetry style oraimono, after Ikku JUPPENSHA established the biography style oraimono.

• 産業の未発達な発展途上国と比較して、人口一人当たりの温室効果排出量を議論するのはナンセンスであり、明らかに日本にとって不利な規定となっている
• It is nonsense to discuss the per capita emission amount of greenhouse gases of Japan by comparison with that of a developing country whose industry is immature, accordingly, the present regulations are unfair to Japan.

• 彼らは資本主義の発展にともなって鉄道経営が大きな利益をもたらすとともに、産業支配と鉄道支配との間に密接な関連性があることをよく認識していた。
• They were well aware that railway management would bring a huge profit along with the development of capitalism and there is close relationship between the control of industries and the control of railways.

• 宝永の札遣い停止令を経て、元文5年（1740年）に、藩財政窮乏の緩和、藩経済の発展に対応した通貨量増大などを目的として藩札の発行を再開した。
• After the order for the suspension of bills in the Hoei era lapsed, in 1740 the domain again issued han bills to ease financial poverty and to increase the amount of currency for economic growth.

• すなわち、銀の産出が低迷していたのに加え、海外流出による絶対量の不足、さらに人口は2倍程度に増加し経済活動は飛躍的に発展していたのであった。
• In other words, in addition to low silver production, amount was in short supply by distribution to foreign country and population increased by double, causing development of economic activity on large scale.

• 総裁として初日挨拶を行った（大正15年（1926年）、東京放送局は大阪放送局、名古屋放送局と合併し、社団法人日本放送協会に発展的解消する）。
• He made a speech announcing the start of the service as president (and in 1926 Tokyo Broadcasting System Corporation merged with Osaka Broadcasting Corporation and Nagoya Broadcasting Corporation to be consolidated into Nihon Hoso Kyokai [NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation]).

• そのため享保6年（1721年）江戸の本草学発展の為の人材として恕庵ら京都の本草学者が幕府からの招聘を受け京都から幕府の江戸医学館に招かれた。
• Therefore, Edo bakufu invited Joan and other herbalists from Kyoto to Edo Igakukan (Medical School in Edo) in order to acquire experts to develop herbalism in Edo.

• すなわち、この点に関して必要なだけの法を制定し、我が国の民主主義の発展を保証する活動を監視することが、我々にとって必要不可欠となったのです。
• This makes it essential for us to legislate some necessary laws in this regard, and to monitor the performance in order to ensure democratic development in our country.

• しかし、この異例な、半ば仮説的なこれらの浮浪者の生活が、所有制度を生み出すに至るまでの社会的発展に影響を及ぼすことなど、ほとんどありえない。
• But the anomalous, half-hypothetical life of these waifs can scarcely have affected social development to the extent of originating the institution of ownership.

• 更なる浄土教の発展を語る上で、良源（912年-985年）の弟子、源信（942年-1017年）が985年に著した『往生要集』は重要な意味を持つ。
• 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation), written in 985 by Genshin (942 - 1017), a disciple of Ryogen (912 – 985) apprentice had an important part in the further development of the Jodo sect.

• 写経は、印刷技術が発展していなかった時代には仏法を広めるため、またはひとつの寺院でも複数の僧侶で修行・講義・研究するために必要なことであった。
• Shakyo was necessary to spread Buddhism in a time when printing technology had not been developed, and it was also necessary for many priests in a single temple to conduct ascetic practice, to give lectures, and to conduct research.

• 中国茶はその種類が非常に多く、茶葉によって淹れ方が異なるため、「最も美味しく茶を淹れる方法」や一種のパフォーマンスとして、中国茶芸は発展した。
• There are great types of Chinese tea and different ways of pouring tea depending on the tea leaves, that Chinese tea developed as 'the most beautiful way of pouring tea' and one form of performance.

• また語り物である浄瑠璃にも取り入れられ、三味線音楽は「歌いもの」「語り物」の二つの流れに大きく分かれ、更に分化を繰り返して大きく発展していく。
• Since shamisen was also adopted into a narrative called Joruri, shamisen music had been roughly divided in two: 'utai mono' (lyrical song) and 'katari mono' (narrative), and then they have repeated subdivisions that developed much further.

• 平安時代以後、律令政治の発展による儀礼の深化とともに『日本三代実録』などの文献などに見られるようになり、源義経の「腰越状」にもその行が見える。
• After the Heian period, as government ceremonies, according to the Ritsuryo codes, became more popular, it was mentioned in literature such as 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts), or 'Koshigoe-jo' (Yoshitsune's letter sent from Koshigoe) written by MINAMOTO no Yoshitusune.

• 特に伊勢参りに向かう人々が津市や松阪市を経由していく事から、彼から諸国の情報を手に入れられた事が伊勢商人の発展につながっていると見られている。
• Particularly, it is believed that the information on various areas all around Japan, which was brought by people making a pilgrimage to Ise (Shrine) because they went to Ise Shrine via Tsu City and Matsuzaka City, helped the Ise shonin develop.

• 農業生産の高まりと宋銭の流入によって商工業が全国的に発展した鎌倉時代中期以後から見られるようになり、南北朝時代_(日本)には全国的に普及した。
• This system started in the mid-Kamakura period when commerce and industries developed nationwide thanks to boosting agricultural production and the circulation of Sung currency and spread throughout the nation in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• また、書名に国号を冠することや論賛の是非について、立原と史館員の藤田幽谷の間で対立が発生し、江館と水館の党派的対立に発展している（史館動揺）。
• A conflict took place between TACHIHARA and a staff, FUJITA Yukoku over whether the name of Japan should be added to the title or whether criticism of historical events, to the last, and the conflict developed to become rivalry between the Mito and the Edo groups (disturbed Shokokan).

• この考え方では、古代律令社会の解体から各地に形成された在地領主の発展を原動力として、領主層の独自の国家権力として鎌倉幕府が形成されたとみなす。
• In this view, the Kamakura bakufu was formed as an independent state power of feudal lords driven by the development of local feudal lords in various places after the breakup of ancient society based on the ancient Ritsuryo codes.

• その人口は絶えず拡大を続け、18世紀初頭には人口が百万人を超え、八百八町といわれる世界有数（一説によると当時世界一）の大都市へと発展を遂げた。
• The population continued to increase, and exceeded one million at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and became known as a city of a 'eight-hundred-and-eight-towns' (metaphor for an infinite towns)- one of the world's great metropolises (By some estimates, it was the most populous metropolis in the world.).

• この西国街道沿いにおける小競り合いが、隣接する居留地予定地を実況検分していた欧米諸国公使たちに銃口を向け、数度一斉射撃を加えることに発展する。
• Although it was started as a skirmish on the Saigoku kaido Road, some pistols were pointed to the minister-counselors from western countries who were inspecting the settlement site nearby and fusilladed them several times.

• 没後、娘の懿子が二条天皇の生母となったことから家運が開け、嫡男の経宗は左大臣にまで昇進、その子孫は清華家の一つ大炊御門家として大いに発展した。
• After his death, his daughter Yoshiko became the mother of Emperor Nijo, bringing good luck to the family; his legitimate son Tsunemune was promoted to Sadaijin (minister of the left) and his offspring's thrived well as the Oinomikado family, one of the Seiga family (one of the highest court noble families in Japan at that time).

• （荷田春満は，稲荷社祠官，羽倉家の生まれで，僧契沖に始まる近世国学（和学　倭学）を発展させて，「万葉集，古事記，日本書紀」研究の基礎を作った。
• Azumamaro KADA, who was born to the Hakura family whose profession was the priest of an Inari Shrine, laid a foundation for the research of classic Japanese literature, Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters), and Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), by developing Kinsei Kokugaku (also called 'Wagaku') (the study of pre-modern Japanese literature and culture).

• 私たちはついには原子に到達するのですが、消滅することのない基礎としての原子がなければ、事物の生成と発展のあらゆる秩序は壊れてしまうでしょう。
• We come at length to the atoms, without which, as an imperishable substratum, all order in the generation and development of things would be destroyed.

• これに対して、大社造はほぼ正方形の古典的な日本家屋に近い「田の字」形であることから、祭祀の場に使われていた宮殿が社殿に発展したと考えられている。
• Conversely, taisha-zukuri style buildings use the shape of the Chinese character 田, which is square and close to that of traditional Japanese houses, and accordingly it is considered that shrine buildings using this style developed from palaces that had been used for religious services.

• しかし、発展過程がそれぞれ異なる、日置流（武射系）や小笠原流（礼射系）の文化的・歴史的な背景に敬意を払い、よく理解して弓道を学ぶことが望ましい。
• However, because the development processes are respectively different, it is hoped that students of archery will pay respect to and understand well the cultural and historical backgrounds of the Heki school (busha group) and the Ogasawara school (reisha group).

• ただしその指摘はまだ一部に限られており、この宣長の着想をさらに発展させたのが彼の門弟・石塚龍麿による『仮名遣奥山路』（1798年頃発表）である。
• However, it was only a limited comment, and this idea of Motoori was further developed by his disciple Tatsumaro ISHIZUKA who wrote 'Kanazukai Oku no Yamamichi' (The Mountain Road into the Secrets of Kana Usage) (published around 1798).

• もっとも、明治以前においても、江戸時代の経済発展に伴い、水運路の整備のため東北地方から九州まで河川改修が進み、物資の流通は飛躍的に伸びてはいた。
• It seems that, even before the Meiji period, rivers were improved in the areas from Tohoku to Kyushu to provide better water transportation routes, corresponding to economic development in the Edo period, and the amount of goods distributed throughout the nation increased greatly.

• 特に内蔵寮など自己に属していた官人の多くを失った壬生家の反発は強く、寛永11年（1634年）に出納平田職忠と官務壬生孝亮との間の相論に発展した。
• Especially, the Mibu family reacted sharply because their former subordinate officials, including those of the Palace Storehouse Bureau, were taken over by the Hirata family, which culminated in the dispute between 'suino' Mototada HIRATA and 'kanmu' Takasuke MIBU in 1634.

• 京極高三は宮津城の築城にともない廃城（一国一城令）となっていた舞鶴城（田辺城）の再構築や、城下町の整備などを行い、その後の舞鶴発展の礎を築いた。
• Takamitsu KYOGOKU rebuilt Maizuru-jo Castle (Tanabe-jo Castle) which was abandoned due to the 'One Clan, One Castle' policy of the Tokugawa shogunate, and maintained the castle town, laying the foundation for the future development of Maizuru.

• 京は富裕層向けを初めとした高付加価値商品生産地、すなわち工業都市として発展し、製品・職人が日本各地へと流れ、付随して京文化の影響を各地に与えた。
• Kyoto had been developed as a high-value-added commodity production area, or industrial city, such as those for the wealthy class, and its products and craftsmen circulated around various areas in Japan, which brought the accompanying influence of Kyoto culture to those regions thereon.

• 鎌倉中期から徐々に発展してきた貨幣経済や商業・流通経済を政策に取り込んだ体制の維持の成功は、豊臣秀吉や蒲生氏郷など多くの模倣者や追随者を生んだ。
• He succeeded in maintaining this system by adopting a monetary economy and commodity markets which gradually developed after the mid-Kamakura period; this success also gave rise to many imitators and followers such as Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ujisato GAMO.

• この時代の初め、藤原鎌足の息子藤原不比等があらわれて政権をにぎり、律令制度の確立に力を尽くすとともに、皇室に接近して藤原氏発展の基礎をかためた。
• At the beginning of this era, FUJIWARA no Fuhito, son of FUJIWARA no Kamatari, grasped the reins of government and devoted himself to establishing the ritsuryo system and strengthening the foundation of Fujiwara clan expansion through links to the Imperial Family.

• 1970年代後半頃から、終身雇用・年功序列などの「日本的経営」が日本の経済発展の基盤にあるという論調が多く見られるようになった（日本的経営論）。
• Since around the latter half of the 1970s, the tone of argument as follows could be seen a lot; 'Japanese-style management' such as lifetime employment and a seniority system form the foundation of economic development in Japan (Japanese-style management).

• その一例として、滋賀県彦根市では、直政が現在の彦根市の発展の基礎を築いたということを顕彰して、『井伊直政公顕彰式』という祭典が毎年行われている。
• For example, the festival called 'Naomasa II kensho (honor a person publicly for an unrecognized good deed) ceremony' is held every year in Hikone City, Shiga Prefecture to honor Naomasa for having founded what is now Hikone City.

• その思想もやはり営利活動を否定せず、倫理というよりむしろ「ビジネスの持続的発展」の観点から、本業の中で社会的責任を果たしていくことを説いている。
• The thought also does not deny a profit-making activity and teaches to achieve social responsibility in main business from a viewpoint of 'sustainable development of business' rather than ethics.

• さらに文化が発展して、富が蓄積し共同体の成員が一方は奴隷階級に他方は有閑階級にわかれてしまうと、労働は下賎だという伝統は付加的な異義を獲得する。
• In the further cultural development, when some wealth has been accumulated and the members of the community fall into a servile class on the one hand and a leisure class on the other, the tradition that labor is ignoble gains an added significance.

• 日本国及び中華民国は、公海における漁猟の規制又は制限並びに漁業の保存及び発展を規定する協定をできる限りすみやかに締結することに努めるものとする。
• Japan and the Republic of China will endeavor to conclude, as soon as possible, an agreement providing for the regulation or limitation of fishing and the conservation and development of fisheries on the high seas.

• 日本国政府及び中華人民共和国政府は、両国間の平和友好関係を強固にし、発展させるため、平和友好条約の締結を目的として、交渉を行なうことに合意した。
• The Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China have agreed that, with a view to solidifying and developing the relations of peace and friendship between the two countries, the two Governments will enter into negotiations for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace and friendship.

• 有価証券の売買その他の取引及びデリバティブ取引等を公正かつ円滑にし、並びに金融商品取引業の健全な発展及び投資者の保護に資することを目的とすること。
• the juridical person shall aim at ensuring fair and smooth transaction of Securities, including sales and purchase or other transactions of Securities, and Derivative Transactions, etc. as well as contributing to sound development of Financial Instruments Businesses and protection of investors;

• 1992年、立命館大学の教学理念『平和と民主主義』を具体化するとともに、同大学が蓄積してきた平和教育・平和研究を発展させるために設立・開設された。
• The museum was established in 1992 to embody 'Peace and democracy,' the educational and academic philosophy of Ritsumeikan University and to further build up the accumulations of education for peace and of research for peace.

• 一般的に中国大陸より初期に渡来した系統の伽藍においては「金堂」、禅宗にあっては「仏殿」、日本的発展を遂げた寺院では「本堂」と称すると理解してよい。
• Generally speaking, it isn't wrong to understand that 'Kondo' is used by temples that were founded in the early stage after Buddhism was introduced from China, that 'Butsuden' is used by the Zen sect, and that 'Hondo'' is used other temples that developed in Japan.

• 会日が縁日に変化し、庶民の生活習慣に深く根ざすようになった事や、各地域での経済の発展と市（定期市）の発生が、的屋を中心とする露天商の発展を促した。
• The transformation of 'kaijitsu' (gatherings) into fairs, becoming an integral part of people's lifestyle, together with the growth of local economies and the emergence of markets, prompted the growth of stalls centered around tekiya.

• この時代には禅宗僧の往来がしきりで、禅宗とともに持ち込まれた文化（精進料理、水墨画、喫茶の習慣など）はその後の日本文化の発展に大きな影響を与えた。
• In this period, coming and going by Zen (Buddhism) monks were implemented actively, and cultures (a vegetarian dish, ink-wash painting, custom of tea drinking) brought along with the Zen sect had a big influence on subsequent developments of Japanese culture.

• 滋賀県の県庁所在地ではあるが、県の南西端に位置し、また京都市に隣接し京都の衛星都市として発展してきたことから、滋賀県の中核都市としての性格は弱い。
• Although it is the prefectural capital, the feature as a core city of Shiga Prefecture is weak since it is located at the southwest end of the prefecture and adjacent to Kyoto City, and it has been developed as a satellite city of Kyoto.

• その後の1980年代以降では、義江彰夫、関幸彦、元木泰雄その他の方が、それら両論の成果を発展させるべくそれぞれの視点から積極的に論を展開している。
• Since the 1980s, Akio YOSHIE, Yukihiko SEKI, Yasuo MOTOKI, and others have passionately debated those two arguments from their respective points of view to develop each other's theory.

• 以上が「甲子の宣」の大氏、小氏、伴造氏の発展形であり、その間にさらに氏族の再編が進められ、朝臣52氏、宿禰50氏、忌寸11氏に収（おさ）められた。
• Those described above are a developed form of Ouji, Kouji, and Tomo no Miyatsuko in 'Kasshi no Sen' and the clan system was further reorganized to include 52 clans of Ason, 50 clans of Sukune, and 11 clans of Imiki.

• また、その学績は実証的学問法を確立して国学の発展に寄与し古典研究史上、時代を画するものであり、また後世の歴史的仮名遣いの成立に大きな影響を与えた。
• Keichu established an empirical study method, and his academic achievements contributed to the development of early modern Japanology (Kokugaku) and became a landmark of the history of the study on the Japanese classics, thus greatly influencing the establishment of old kana orthography of the posterity.

• また、歴史的存在、肉体を持った存在であった釈迦の教えがただそのまま伝わるのではなく、大乗仏教として種々に発展を遂げ、さまざまな宗派を生み出すに至る。
• In addition, the teachings of Shakyamuni as a historical and physical personage are not simply transmitted verbatim, but, as Mahayana Buddhism, have developed in various ways and have produced various schools.

• しかしながら文様の延長線上としての色彩的な意味合いが強く、鎌倉時代にかけて徐々に、その後の帰属の証明や家紋の意味合いや役割に、発展・変貌していった。
• There was a strong sense of color in the design, but by the Kamakura period the Kamon had gradually developed and evolved to take on the more traditional role and connotations of Kamon and served as proof of ownership.

• このため地歌以外の三味線音楽が歌舞伎や人形浄瑠璃などの視覚的要素を伴う伴奏音楽として発展したのに対し、箏曲は劇場とは関係のない純音楽として発展した。
• As a result, while shamisen music other than jiuta developed as accompanying music for kabuki and ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) that involve visual elements, Soh music developed as purely music independently from theater arts.

• その後、三代目南陵の弟子間で訴訟にまで発展する内紛があり、四代目南陵（前名小南陵・元参議院議員）一門は上方講談協会を除名され大阪講談協会を結成した。
• Subsequently, an internecine feud broke out between those apprenticed to Nanryo the third, which developed into a lawsuit, and the family of Nanryo the fourth (former Konanryo and former member of the House of Councilors) was expelled from Kamigata Kodan Kyokai (Kamigata Kodan Association), after which they formed Osaka Kodan Kyokai (Osaka Kodan Association).

• 具体的には、(2) 紀伊山地の文化的景観を形成する記念碑と遺跡は神道と仏教のたぐいまれな融合であり、東アジアにおける宗教文化の交流と発展を例証する。
• Specifically, (2) monuments and sites, which form cultural scenery in Kii Mountain Range, are unusual syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism, while it illustrates the interaction and development of religious culture in the east Asia.

• このような経済の発展は、院内銀山などの鉱山開発が進んで金・銀・銅が大量に生産され、それと引き替えに海外の物資が大量に日本に入り込んだためでもあった。
• Such economic development was resulted from production of gold, silver and copper in large amount due to mine development such as Innai Silver Mine, and a lot of foreign goods were imported to Japan in exchange for gold and so on.

• これに対していったん民家に退いた水兵数人が拳銃を取り出し、それを見た滝が「鉄砲、鉄砲」と叫んだのを発砲命令と受け取った藩兵が発砲、銃撃戦に発展した。
• After this, several sailors once retreated into a private house and took out their pistols, and TAKI, seeing their pistols, shouted'Pistols, pistols,'so that his men mistakenly took his shout for an order to fire and a gunfight was started.

• また、諸藩も安定した平和による軍役の負担の軽減により藩政も安定し、また、寛永の大飢饉を背景に、新田開発が進展し、結果として領内の経済も発展してきた。
• Furthermore, the administration of each domain was stabilized due to the reduced burden of military service in the long-lasting peace, and each domain set out the development of new fields in response to the great famine of the Kanei era, which consequently produced economic growth within the domain.

• 室町幕府では将軍尊氏とともに二元政治を行っていた直義と、各地で軍事的功績のあった執事の高師直らとの対立が生じ、やがて内紛に発展して観応の擾乱に至る。
• In the Muromachi bakufu, Tadayoshi, who had conducted political affairs in tandem with the Shogun, Takauji, came into contention with the major-domo Moronao KO, who had achieved military successes in various regions; later this contention developed into internal strife, and led to the Kano Disturbance.

• 帰国後は新政府に出仕し、新橋駅（品川駅） - 横浜駅間の鉄道や東海道線、日本鉄道会社（東京～青森間）など、鉄道庁長官として鉄道事業の発展に尽力した。
• After he came back to Japan, he served the new government, working hard as the Minister of Railways for the development of the railway business, including construction of the line between Shinbashi (Shinagawa) and Yokohama and Tokaido Main Line, and establishment of Nippon Railway Company (railways between Tokyo and Aomori).

• しかし、駅が発展すると共に増築に次ぐ増築を重ねたため、地下街を含む商店街や連絡通路などを含めると構内の構造は混迷を極め、大変不便なものになっていた。
• However, with the development of the station the building underwent further extensions repeatedly, and as a consequence the station structure--with its shopping area, including an underground shopping mall and access-ways--became extremely chaotic and terribly inconvenient.

• 円仁（慈覚大師、794 - 864）と円珍（智証大師、814 - 891）はどちらも唐に留学して多くの仏典を持ち帰り、比叡山の密教の発展に尽くした。
• Ennin (Jikaku Daishi, 794-864) and Enchin (Chisho Daishi, 814-891) both studied in Tang China, brought back lots of Buddhist scriptures, and worked to develop Mt. Hiei's esoteric teachings.

• 江戸時代には地歌三弦、箏曲、胡弓楽、平曲のプロフェッショナルとして、三都を中心に優れた音楽家となる検校が多く、近世邦楽大発展の大きな原動力となった。
• During the Edo period, there were many Kengyo who became excellent musicians in the three capital cities as professionals of jiuta sangen, sokyoku, kokyu (Chinese fiddle) music and heikyoku, which lead to them having an important role as a driving power in the development of Japanese music in the modern ages.

• 自己発展についてのギリシア的観念があって、プラトン的でキリスト教的な自己管理の観念と混じり合っているのですが、それが取ってかわったのではないのです。
• There is a Greek ideal of self-development, which the Platonic and Christian ideal of self-government blends with, but does not supersede.

• この二つの概念はあまりにも異なっており、本質形に別の物とさえ言えるので、一方が成長して、そこから他方が発展したということは、とてもありそうにもない。
• The two concepts are so far distinct, or even disparate, as to make it extremely improbable that the one has been developed out of the other by a process of growth.

• 後期や初期といった区分は、構造上の違いはほとんどなく、年代・発展や、平面規模の逓減率、初重平面が整っていったということにより分けられているものである。
• The division into the early and later periods is done by era/development, decrease rate of plane scale, and improvement of the Shoju (the first story) plane, and not by structural development.

• 日本では集落が発展し、建物が密集する都市が形成されるにつれて火災に弱い短所が嫌われ、都市部や街道沿いの町屋などでは瓦の普及などにより早期に姿を消した。
• In Japan, as communities grew larger and developed into densely-packed urban areas, its flammability was a serious disadvantage, therefore, such roofs disappeared rapidly in urban areas, and town houses along roads to be replaced by tiled roofs.

• 神明造が奥行きより幅が大きい長方形で、高床式倉庫から発展し穀物の代わりに神宝を納めるように変化したものと考えられ、住吉造が大嘗祭の建物に近似している。
• In the shinmei-zukuri style buildings have a rectangular shape with its width longer than the depth, and the style is thought to have been developed from takayukashiki-soko (warehouses on stilts) and changed so that the building became more fitted for keeping shinpo (sacred treasures) than storing grain, and the sumiyoshi-zukuri style is close to the style of the building where Daijosai (the first ceremonial offering of rice by newly-enthroned Emperor) is held.

• 江戸幕府が本末制度を定めて他宗派間の本末関係を清算することに努めた背景には、こうした本末論争が大規模な政治・宗教対立に発展することを防ぐ意図があった。
• Edo Bakufu established Honmatsu seido and tried to nullify the Honmatsu relationship between different sects in order to prevent massive political and religious conflicts.

• 弓射の分類は伝統的に騎射と歩射の二分類であるが、江戸時代に堂射が隆盛し独自の発展を遂げたので、射法の系統としては堂射を加えた3分類とされることが多い。
• Yumiire has been traditionally classified into Kisha and Busha, but Dosha is often added as another style of shooting, because it was in it's prime and developed independently during Edo Period.

• ただ沖縄諸島、または沖縄の文化を伝えている地域では、八橋流の流れをくむ独自の琉球箏曲が発展・継承されていて、そちらは現在でも生田流式の箏を使っている。
• However, as the unique Ryukyu Sohkyoku (Okinawa Soh music) which originated from the Yatsuhashi school has been handed down in Okinawa as well as in other regions where Okinawa culture remains, Soh of the Ikuta school style is being used in these regions even today.

• 家の存続・発展と道の存続・発展は密接につながり合っており、家は道を追求するために存在し、道が家によって保持されるという補完関係にあると考えられてきた。
• People had been thinking that keeping up and developing a family and the Michi were connected closely; a family existed to pursue the Michi and the Michi was maintained by the family in a complementary relationship.

• 洋菓子の飴細工と日本の伝統的な飴細工は、この分野での交流が資料として認められないものの、発祥の違いこそあれ、製法や技術にあまり大差がなく発展している。
• Amezaiku of western confectionery and that of traditional Japanese confectionery have developed, though there is no interaction between them in this field as documents and origins were different, and the method of production or technique are not so different.

• 整備計画は、明日香村の歴史的風土の維持・保存と同時に、生活環境を整え村を発展させていくため、道路・下水道・公園・教育施設・農業環境などの整備をはかる。
• The development plan aims to preserve and maitain the historical landscape of Asuka-mura and, at the same time, to develop and adjust streets, sewers, parks, educational facilities and agricultural environment.

• (3) 紀伊山地の神社と仏教寺院は、それらに関連する宗教儀式とともに、1000年以上にわたる日本の宗教文化の発展に関するひときわ優れた証拠性を有する。
• (3) The shrines and Buddhist temples in Kii Mountain Range, together with their associated religious rites, are regarded as particularly excellent evidence on the development of Japanese religious culture over 1000 years.

• これには朝廷内部でも不満を持つものが多く、嘉応2年（1170年）には摂政・松殿基房と平重盛との間で暴力沙汰に発展した紛争が起きている（殿下乗合事件）。
• This state of affairs had aroused resentment among many within the imperial court, until in 1170, the conflict between the Regent Motofusa MATSUDONO and TAIRA no Shigemori escalated into violence (the 'Riding together in His Highness's Carriage' incident).

• 入江氏の発展に伴い、入江景義の嫡男・経義は寿永2年（1183年）に源頼朝から駿河国吉河荘を得た際に“吉川氏”（もしくは吉河・吉香）を名乗るようになる。
• With the Irie clan growing, in 1183, on the occasion of receiving the territory of Yoshikawa-no-sho in Suruga Province from MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, Tsuneyoshi, the eldest legitimate son of Kageyoshi IRIE, took the name of the 'Kikkawa clan' (吉川氏) (also written in different kanji characters such as吉河 or吉香).

• 私の信じるところでは、人類の道徳的再生がなされるには、もっぱらキリスト教的起源から発展した倫理以外の倫理が、キリスト教倫理とならんで存在すべきですし、
• I believe that other ethics than any one which can be evolved from exclusively Christian sources, must exist side by side with Christian ethics to produce the moral regeneration of mankind;

• 原材料がもっといるし、もっと労働もいるし、だからぼくたちの所有物の考え方は、そういう事実にあてはまるよう、道徳的に納得がいくかたちで発展してきたんだ。
• It takes more raw materials, it takes more work of production, and our ideas of property were evolved to make moral sense to fit these facts.

• コンセントリック型をさらに発展させたのが、13世紀のエドワード式でイングランドのエドワード1世 (イングランド王)がウェールズ支配のために多く築かせた。
• Concentric castles evolved into Edward type castles in the thirteenth century, which Edward I (King of England) built to govern Wales.

• 日隆 (法華宗本門流)の八品主義に反対して、日要の奉じた文底寿量説を発展させて富士門流の発展に尽力して京都要法寺の日辰とともに「東我西辰」と並称された。
• Nichiga was opposed to the Happon policy by Nichiryu of Honmon school of Hokkeshu sect, and developed the Montei-juryo theory embraced by Nichiyo, in his effort to reinforce the development of Fujimon school, after which he came to share the title 'Toga Saishin' (Nichiga of East and Nisshin of West) along with Nisshin of Kyoto Yobo-ji Temple.

• 今日、ニュージーランドの温泉はスポーツやエクササイズといった健康面で結びつき、あくまでスポーツやアウトドア後に汗を流すための保養施設として発展している。
• At present, the use of hot springs in New Zealand is linked with healthcare activities, such as sports and exercise, and hot springs have developed as health resorts where people shed sweat after participating in sports and/or outdoor activities.

• 近世邦楽としての箏曲は本来「組歌」という歌のみの楽曲形式による曲を最も正式なジャンルとし、またその後も地歌とともに発展したため、歌のついている曲が多い。
• A lot of sokyoku music pieces have lyrics since the most formal style of sokyoku as early-modern traditional Japanese music is 'kumiuta,' which is composition style of songs with vocals only, and sokyoku have been developed along with jiuta.

• 日本は開国したため国外との貿易が発展し、絹糸（生糸）と絹製品の輸出額は全輸出額のうち大きな割合をしめ、世界的に日本は絹の生産地とみなされるようになった。
• As Japan opened the country and trade with countries abroad grew, the export of silk yarn and silk products accounted for a major part of the total amount of export; Japan began to be regarded as the world's silk supplier.

• 港は大きく二つに分かれており、軍港から発展した東舞鶴（東舞鶴市）と、城下町商港から発展した西舞鶴（舞鶴市(～1943年5月26日)）より構成されている。
• The port can be divided into two main parts: Higashi (east) - Maizuru (Higashi-Maizuru City), which developed as a result of the military port, while Nishi (west) - Maizuru (Maizuru City from May 26, 1943), originated from an old trade port of a castle town.

• 安土桃山時代に入ると織田信長や豊臣秀吉が当地に拠点を築いて経済改革を行い、また、大規模な手伝普請と城下町形成を行うことで人口の集住と経済発展が見られた。
• In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI built their bases here and carried out economic reforms, and in addition, a concentration of population and economic development were seen by conducting a large-scale engineering works for the shogun (tetsudai bushin) and by forming castle towns.

• 経済状況の変化にともなって荘園経済は相当な発展を見せたが、それでも中世後期に至るまで、荘園が全く存在しないか、不完全でしか存在しない地域が残存し続けた。
• With the change of economical situations, the shoen's economy dramatically developed, but until the late medieval period, some regions had continued to remain where shoens had not existed at all or only partially.

• こうした動きは室町時代に入ると一層加速していき、守護大名による守護領国制が形成され、さらに戦国時代 (日本)の戦国大名による大名領国制へ発展していった。
• During the Muromachi period, such a trend was accelerated, the shugo-ryogoku system (in which shugo, or provincial constable, controlled the province) was formed by shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), and then entering into the Sengoku Period (period of warring states) (in Japan), the daimyo-ryogoku system (a system whereby a daimyo controlled a feudal domain) was developed by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period.

• 室町時代に入ると商業取引上の決済手段としても用いられ、京都・奈良・堺・兵庫津などとの主要商業都市には割符屋・替銭屋と呼ばれる専門業者が発展するに至った。
• In the early Muromachi period, tally was used as a means of settlement in commercial transactions, and in the major commercial towns such as Kyoto, Nara, Sakai and Hyogonotsu, specialized dealers called 'saifuya' and 'kaesenya' flourished.

• 国民政府により台湾の資源を収奪した植民地時代として否定的な評価が行われるが、鉄道に関して確実に戦後の台湾経済の発展に大きな影響を与えた遺産となっている。
• The National Government made a negative evaluation on Japan's colonial rule as depriving Taiwanese of their resources, but the railways are undoubtedly the heritage that contributed greatly to post-war economic development in Taiwan.

• 『解体新書』刊行後、医学が発展したことはもちろんであるが、オランダ語の理解が進み、鎖国下の日本において西洋の文物を理解する下地ができたことは重要である。
• It is important to acknowledge that, after the publication of 'Kaitai Shinsho,' the medical science not only achieved, but also advancement in the comprehension of Dutch language was made significantly, which formed a foundation for the people to understand materials of Western culture in Japan under seclusion policy.

• 収容者に強制労働を強いたことに批判が集まったこと、1894年頃から徐々に強制労働的な受刑者の使役を廃止、1903年以降は監獄と名を改め発展的に消滅した。
• Due to mounting criticism of forcing hard labor on prisoners, forced labor was gradually abolished since around 1894, and Shujikan were renamed Kangoku and dissolved to form new facilities after 1903.

• また、江戸時代に譜代大名の筆頭として、江戸幕府を支えた井伊氏の手本となった人物であり、現在の群馬県高崎市と滋賀県彦根市の発展の基礎を築いた人物でもある。
• He also became a paragon of the Ii clan, which supported Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as a head fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) in the Edo period, and founded the base of modern day Takasaki City, Gunma Prefecture and Hikone City, Shiga Prefecture.

• 異母兄の義重は父とともに上野国新田庄を開墾し新田氏の開祖になったが、これに対して父から相続した足利庄に拠った義康の子孫は後世足利氏として発展していった。
• While his older paternal half-brother, Yoshishige reclaimed the land of Nitta sho (Nitta manor) in Kozuke Province with his father and became the founder of the Nitta clan, Yoshiyasu's descendants who were based in the Ashikaga manor inherited from his father were developed as the Ashikaga clan in the future generations.

• これは東洋医学者達に大きな批判を浴び看板をおろすことになったが長淑の確かな腕と人格に加賀藩をはじめ多くの支持者が集まり日本の内科医学を大きく発展させた。
• Though he was much criticized by the oriental medicine specialists and closed his hospital, many people including the Kaga domain supported Chosyuku's reliable skill and personality, which contributed greatly to the development of internal medicine in Japan.

• 基本方針は、交通体系の整備、国土の適正な利用及び均衡ある発展並びに国民の福祉の向上のため果たすべき港湾及び開発保全航路の役割を考慮して定めるものとする。
• The Basic Policy shall be formulated by taking into account the role to be played by ports and harbors and the Waterways to be Developed and Preserved for the improvement of transport systems, appropriate utilization and balanced development of national land and for the enhancement of welfare of the nation.

• これを庭園に再現する努力から筑山・池・島・白砂・水流・滝など自然要素で構成する日本の伝統様式に発展し、すでにこの時代に位置付けられていたことを示している。
• Japanese people tried to reproduce them in gardens and effort was developed to compose a traditional form of Japanese garden with a small mountain, a pond, an island, white sand, a stream, and a water fall, and this was already positioned as a form during the period.

• 武道の諸団体と相協力して維持発展に努力を期し、役員も全国から選ばれた評議員の会で純民間人を推薦してこれをあて、取扱う種目も剣道・柔道・弓道などに限定した。
• Efforts were made on behalf of conservation and development through mutual cooperation with various martial arts organizations, the board members were appointed from among the private citizens, being recommended through a council elected from around the country, and the items they handled were limited to Kendo, Judo and Kyudo.

• そして、近世城下町発展の最大の功労者は織田信長で、本格的な兵農分離を意図し武士を城下に集住させるとともに、市街に楽市楽座を設けて商工業の発達を活発にした。
• The most important person in relation to the development of jokamachi in the early-modern times was Nobunaga ODA, and with the idea of serious heinobunri in mind, he gathered bushi (warriors) near his castle and established Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) in the city areas to stimulate the development of commerce and trade.

• これは、人類の歴史を原始社会→奴隷制社会→農奴制社会→…と類型化したヨーロッパ的な発展史観、なかんづくカール・マルクスの唯物史観に準拠した考え方であった。
• That idea complied with a historical view of European development, particularly Karl MARX's historical materialism, that classifies human history as primitive society to slavery society to villeinage and so on.

• 伝統的な街並みや過去の優れた建造物の多くが戦災や経済発展の中で失われ、経済性・合理性優先の安上がりな建築が多くなり、スクラップアンドビルドが繰り返された。
• Many of the traditional cityscapes and beautiful old buildings and structures were lost in the war or during the economic growth, and there was a growing number of cheap structures that emphasized economic rationality and repeated 'scrap and build' constructions.

• 明治以降の歌学は、歌論よりも古歌・古歌集の研究に重点がおかれ、万葉集・古今和歌集の研究や和歌史・歌論史及び古歌集の書誌学的研究などが目覚しい発展を遂げた。
• The kagaku of the Meiji period and thereafter was focused on studying ancient waka and old waka anthologies rather than on karon itself; as a result, remarkable progress has been made in research on the Manyoshu and the Kokin wakashu, in study of the history of waka and of karon, and in the bibliographic study of old waka anthologies.

• 延宝2年（1674年）、『発微算法』を著し、筆算による代数の計算法（点竄術、てんざんじゅつ）を発明して、和算が高等数学として発展するための基礎をつくった。
• He wrote a mathematical treatise called 'Hatsubi sanpo' in 1674, and invented a notation system for algebra (which was called Tensan jutsu) to allow computations on paper, and laid the foundations on which more advanced discoveries in the field of Japanese mathematics could later be reached.

• 安子自身は若くして亡くなったが、安子所生の冷泉天皇・円融天皇の即位は九条流摂関家発展の元となり、やがて安子の甥藤原道長を頂点とする全盛期へ至ることになる。
• Anshi herself died early, but the accession of Emperors Reizei and Enyu, who were born from Anshi became the foundation for the development of the line of regents and advisors of the Kujo School and led to the prosperous period with the niece of Anshi, FUJIWARA no Michinaga, as head.

• 足利将軍家の内紛から発展した観応の擾乱では導誉とともに将軍足利尊氏派に属していたが、観応2年（1351年）に将軍実弟足利直義派が有利となると直義方に降る。
• During the Kanno Disturbance that developed from an internal discord in the Ashikaga shogunate, he belonged to the side of Takauji ASHIKAGA, who was the shogun, together with Doyo, but surrendered to the side of Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, the true younger brother of the shogun, in 1351 when the situation became favorable for Tadayoshi's side.

• 1985年に小林自身が病気で倒れた際には急遽、彼の働きで毎日映画コンクールに田中絹代賞が創設され、日本映画界の発展に貢献した女優に授与されることとなった。
• In 1985, when Kobayashi himself fell sick, he hurried to establish the Tanaka Kinuyo Award in the Mainichi Film Awards, to be given to an actress contributing to the development of Japanese movies.

• 同年主君である藤原忠実の命令で美濃国の荘園に下向した際、道中で無礼者を咎めたことから私闘に発展し、信濃国守橘広房、源為義の郎党など3人を殺害するに至った。
• When he went down to shoen (manor in medieval Japan) in Mino Province by the order of the lord FUJIWARA no Tadazane in the same year, he blamed an insolent fellow on the way, which developed to strife arising from mutual personal grudges, ended up killing three retainers including TACHIBANA no Hirofusa, Shinano no kuni no kami (Governor of Shinano Province), and MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi.

• このような、その年初めてのものを神に供えるという初穂の習慣が、後に、「初物」と呼んでそれを貴んだり、近隣や知人の間で初物を贈りあったりする習慣に発展した。
• This hatsuho tradition, of supplying gods with things harvested first (first fruit) of the year, later came to be called 'hatsumono' (primeur) and valued, and was then developed into a tradition of giving hatsumono to neighbors or acquaintances.

• 管理者たちはこの科学を発展させることが義務であるが、同時にこの科学の下で働く作業員を指導、援助すべきであり、その結果に対しては多大な責任を負うべきである。
• Those in the management whose duty it is to develop this science should also guide and help the workman in working under it, and should assume a much larger share of the responsibility for results than under usual conditions is assumed by the management.

• この法律において「ものづくり基盤技術」とは、工業製品の設計、製造又は修理に係る技術のうち汎用性を有し、製造業の発展を支えるものとして政令で定めるものをいう。
• The term 'core manufacturing technology' as used in this Act means such technology pertaining to the design, manufacture or repair of industrial products that is specified by a Cabinet Order as versatile technology that supports the development of the manufacturing industry.

• 小田原城のように、元々は山城であったものが、城と麓の城下町が拡張を繰り返した結果両者が一体化し、城下町全体を惣構えで囲んだ大規模な平山城に発展した例もある。
• Like Odawara Castle, as a result of the repeated expansion of a castle that was originally a mountain castle and castle town at the foot of the mountain, both merged and developed into a large flatland castle surrounding its entire castle town by the sogamae (outer citadel).

• しかるに大乗仏教の発展に伴い、それでは仏に近づきつつも無限に近い気の遠くなるような時間であり、結局は永久に仏と成ることはできないだろうという発想が生まれた。
• But, the development of Mahayana Buddhism gave rise to the idea that it would take an excessive amount of time, almost endless, just to come closer to a Buddha, and that it would be impossible to ever become a Buddha.

• 日本の弓術は独自の発展を遂げ、ヨーロッパでの短弓を用いる技術体系を元に成立した現代スポーツのアーチェリー等とは全く異なり、日本独特の技法・文化・歴史を持つ。
• Japanese Kyujutsu developed independently and has its own technique, culture, and history, and is totally different from modern sports like archery, based upon Tankyu (short bow) from Europe.

• 敷居と鴨居を設けて樋（みぞ）を彫った、可動式の板壁の発明が契機となり、建具技術の革新と応用発展が一気に開花し、引き違い戸の襖障子や遣戸を工夫発明していった。
• The invention of movable wooden wall set in the tracks carved in the threshold and kamoi led to the flowering in innovations of techniques of doors and applications and the devices for sliding Fusuma Shoji and yarido.

• 江戸時代初期池坊専好が、色彩本位の豪華な法式をはじめて発展し、華道の家元として江戸時代中期に興った遠州流や古流などの本流となるものとして現在にいたっている。
• In the early Edo period, Senko IKENOBO launched a fancy flower arrangement style particularly emphasizing colors, thought to be main school for the Enshu School and the Old School in the mid Edo period.

• 明治36年頃、北海道で不振であったマダラにかわってスケトウダラの漁が発展したことから卵の加工が始まり、その影響でたらこが普及するようになったと言われている。
• It is said that, the development of Walleye pollack fishing which replaced the Pacific cod fishing that stagnated around 1903 in Hokkaido, led the production of cod roes to begin, and by that, the tarako has become widespread.

• しかし、阪妻プロと松竹キネマとの契約上、ユニヴァーサル社が望む「阪東妻三郎主演作品」が1作もなかったため、同年5月末には契約解除となり、訴訟にまで発展した。
• However, since Universal Pictures, Inc. desired a film starring Bantsuma and such a film was never created due to a contract between Bantsuma Productions and Shochiku Kinema, the contract with Universal Pictures, Inc. was cancelled at the end of May of the same year and even turned into a lawsuit.

• 自由民権運動の発展に対し、、開拓使官有物払下げ事件に端を発した明治十四年の政変で、伊藤博文は即時国会開設を唱えていた急進派の大隈重信一派を政府から追放する。
• To address the growing Movement for Liberty and People's Right, during the political coup of 1881 triggered by the incident in which the Hokkaido Development Commissioner disposed of state-owned articles, Hirobumi ITO drove out the left-wing faction under the leadership of Shigenobu OKUMA that was calling for immediate establishment of the Diet.

• 更なる発展形として、移動販売車の欠点［衛生面での業態の制限］［道路交通法の問題］［電気や給排水設備の不足］［車内作業効率の悪さ］を解決した車両も現し始めた。
• Subsequently, Mobile Food Vendor Vehicles were developed into different forms to facilitate and resolve certain negative aspects: 'Limits on the business dependent on hygiene conditions,' 'problems in compliance to the Road Traffic Act,' 'the lack of equipment electricity, water supply, draining systems,' and 'the inefficiency of working inside a vehicle.'

• 再開発をされたのが江戸時代初期、御所拡大に伴い移住してきた住民が北野天満宮、愛宕山への参拝客を相手に煮売茶屋をはじめ、それが花街として発展してゆくのである。
• Goban-cho was redeveloped during the early Edo period, and as people moved in and 'Gosho' (the imperial palace) expanded, they formed 'Niuri-jaya' (tea houses selling boiled vegetables, fish and beans) for visitors going to Kitano Tenmangu Shrine or Mt. Atago; in later days, these shops changed their business and the area formed the geisha quarter.

• 南朝が衰微して、室町時代になると京には室町幕府が置かれたために政治都市として復活する一方で経済発展を遂げ、町衆と呼ばれる有力市民による自治の伝統が生まれた。
• While the establishment of the Muromachi bakufu in Kyo during the Muromachi period following the decline of the Southern Court led to the revival of Kyoto as a political city, it also achieved economic development and a tradition of self-governance by influential citizens called machishu (merchant class) arose.

• 通説的には惣領制が崩壊し、庶子家が独自の動きを取り始めると一族一揆を結ぶことで庶子家との繋がりを維持したが、やがて地縁による国人一揆へと発展したと言われる。
• It is commonly accepted that when the Soryo system (a system in which the eldest son would succeed as head of the family) collapsed, the branch families began to act independently from the main line of the house, which led to them maintaining relationships with other branch families by forming ichizoku ikki (family ikki) with them, and this is said to have developed into the forming of kokujin ikki based on territorial connections.

• その後、江戸時代に入り、商工業の発展や社会に浸透していた文書主義などにより、実務教育の需要が一層高まり、先ず江戸や京都などの都市部に寺子屋が普及して行った。
• Later, in the Edo period, with the development of commerce and trade, and with the rise in importance of documents, the demand for practical education grew, which led to the spread of Terakoya initially in city areas such as Edo and Kyoto.

• 第二次世界大戦後は平和国家として再出発し、アメリカ合衆国の軍事的な保護の元、急激に海外文化（主にアメリカ文化）を吸収して経済発展を成し遂げた（神武景気等）。
• After World War II, Japan started out as a peaceful country and achieved economic development (Jimmu Boom and others), assimilating foreign cultures rapidly (mainly American culture) under the military protection of the U.S.A.

• 近隣諸国との関係が悪化する中でも民間や地方ベースでは交易が続けられており、とくに江南地方は経済拡大が続いていたこともあって、その規模はむしろ発展していった。
• Although the relationship with neighboring countries was worsened, trade among ordinary citizens continued, and Japan's trade with the Jiagnan region was getting especially prosperous with the development of its economy.

• 亀岡市の代表駅であり、京都・大阪のベッドタウンとして発展している場所柄、利用客は非常に多く、時間帯によっては、この駅から京都方面への列車が相当な混雑になる。
• Because this is the central station of Kameoka City, which has developed as a bedroom suburb of Kyoto and Osaka, the number of passengers is very large and, depending on the time zone, the congestion on trains bound for Kyoto is relatively heavy.

• インド北部におけるイスラム勢力の侵攻・破壊活動によってインドでは密教を含む仏教は途絶したが、さらに発展した後期密教の体系はチベット仏教の中に見ることができる。
• The Muslim invasion and destruction in northern India interrupted Buddhism (including Mikkyo in India), but a developed system of late-stage Mikkyo can be seen in Tibetan Buddhism.

• 二度の禁武政策を通じて、武器を取り上げられた人々が、薩摩藩に対抗するために空手を発展させたとする説が、従来、歴史的事実であるかのように繰り返し言及されてきた。
• Traditionally, the belief that Okinawan people, who were deprived of weapons after two kinmu seisaku, tried to refine karate to confront the Satsuma Domain was repeatedly insisted as if it were a historical fact.

• 実際、手事物は地歌において組歌や長歌から派生 (短い合の手が発展) したものと、もともと器楽曲であったものに歌の部分を付加したものの二通りがあると考えられる。
• In fact, tegotomono is thought to be divided into two kinds: the one which originated from kumiuta or choka in jiuta (short intermezzo developed) and the one which added the song parts to the works that were originally pieces of instrumental music.

• 2000年代以降は同人誌や2次創作、アンソロジー、ウェブコミック（ウェブ漫画、インターネット上で公開する漫画）の文化も更に発展し、更に漫画誌の数も増え続けた。
• Since the 2000s, the culture of dojinshi (publication aimed at a particular hobby group), derivative work, anthology and web comic (a comic published on the Internet) developed further and the number of comic magazines continued to increase.

• またこのジャンルの発展に決定的な役割を果たした古賀政男は、少年時代を過ごした朝鮮をはじめロマなど世界各地の民族音楽や西洋音楽からの影響も作品に盛り込んでいる。
• Masao KOGA who played a critical role in the development of this genre produced works reflecting the influence of ethnic music around the world, including music in Korea where he spent his boyhood, Roma music and western music.

• 舞鶴港は近畿地方の日本海側における玄関港として発展した港湾で、1970年（昭和45年）より北海道小樽市の小樽港とを直結する長距離フェリー航路が開設されている。
• Maizuru Port was developed as the main port for the Kinki region on the Japan Sea side, and a long-distance direct ferry route has operated since 1970 between this port and Otaru Port in Otaru City, Hokkaido Prefecture.

• また、6世紀前半には仏教が朝鮮半島より伝来し(日本の仏教の項を参照)、さらに遣隋使・遣唐使の派遣もあって、農業・鍛鉄・建築など多方面にわたって技術が発展した。
• In addition, Buddhism was introduced into Japan from the Korean Peninsula in the first half of the 6th century (cf. the article on Japanese Buddhism) and through dispatches of missions to Sui and Tang Dynasty China technological developments were made in many areas including agriculture, iron working, and architecture.

• 特に、戦後の歴史学に強い影響を及ぼした唯物史観は、発展史観の度合いをさらに強め、古代アジアの社会はアジア的生産様式の中で総体的奴隷制度が行われたと考えていた。
• In particular, historical materialism, which strongly influenced the Japanese post-war historical school, further advanced the historical view of development to consider that ancient Asian society was generally based on slavery in the Asiatic mode of production.

• 大黒柱の看板スター達を相次いで失い、大型の新人スターも輩出できず、映画産業全体の斜陽やテレビ界の発展にも圧され、大映映画の観客数の落ち込みがさらに深刻になる。
• With its top box office earners leaving in rapid succession, no big stars emerging to take their place, and the motion picture industry itself losing its luster in the face of the dynamic growth of the TV industry, the decline in its moviegoing audience was further exacerbated.

• そしてこの国家目標に基づく国家戦略としては、満州及び大韓帝国に扶植した利権と東南アジア・中国に拡張しつつある民力の発展の擁護と拡張であると定められたのだった。
• The national strategy based on the national goal was specified to protect and expand the interests which were implanted in Manchuria and the Korean Empire and the development of resources of a nation which was extending to the Southeast Asia and China.

• そして、仁平3年（1153年）に父行国が死去すると、頼憲との遺領を巡る対立は摂津国内において激しい合戦となるまでに発展した（『本朝世紀』同年閏12月1日条）。
• After his father Yukikuni's death in 1153, the conflict between Yorimori and Yorinori over property inheritance escalated into a violent battle within the Settsu Province ('Honcho seiki' (Chronicle of Imperial Reigns), Article of January 23, 1154).

• 仏事といった信仰的・宗教的行為の役割のみならず、氏寺の存続・発展の為の荘園経営や、本来主人たる氏や家へ対しての経済援助や助言といった活動を行う氏寺も出てきた。
• These temples not only served a religious role, as ujidera emerged that also conducted manor management duties for the continuation and growth of the temple as well as providing financial assistance and advice to the clans or families that owned them.

• 科挙及第者と担当試験官との間の私的な関係という面では、問題のないものと見えるが、これが機縁となって、科挙官僚中に党派が生まれ、それが党争に発展する温床となった。
• Such relationships did not seem problematic from the viewpoint of a relationship between a successful Kakyo applicant and the examiner in charge, however, they produced bureaucratic alliances, which created a breeding ground for the development of factions.

• 駅構内で販売される実用的な食事という枠を飛び越え地域の特産品などを盛り込んだ郷土色溢れる弁当としての発展を目指す、という方向性が駅弁のひとつの流れとなっている。
• Ekiben business has changed its strategy aimed at the development as a box lunch enriched with the local color by adding local specialties, with eliminating the concept that Ekiben is a practical meal sold within station precincts.

• もともとはフランス料理のCôteletteまでルーツを辿ることができるが、日本の「カツレツ」という料理方法は独自に発展したもので、和食と考えるのが一般的である。
• Its roots originally go back to the Côtelette of French cuisine, but Japan's 'tonkatsu' recipe has developed separately and is therefore considered a Japanese dish.

• ただし、これらもリアルに描写するというよりは象徴的であり、またあくまでもモティーフとして音楽的に発展させられており、単なる描写音楽として片付けることはできない。
• However, the depiction in these pieces is symbolic rather than realistic, and its musical development was clearly as motifs; thus these pieces cannot be regarded simply as depictive music.

• 明治維新後、特に戦後は交通や通信の発展と多くの流派が衰退し同流多派が少なくなった事により、古武道の世界でも宗家制度が広まり、全国的な組織が作られる例も見られる。
• After the Meiji Restoration, especially after World War II, because traffic and communications developed, and a lot of schools declined and doryutaha (multi styles in the same school) decreased, Soke Seido (system of the head family or house) pervades also in the world of kobudo, and we can see cases where a nationwide organization has been established.

• 1958年「東京フォトスクール」を創立、1960年東京綜合写真専門学校と名称を変えて発展させ、自らの写真美学や批評精神を展開しつつ、写真家の育成に情熱を注いだ。
• Having established 'Tokyo Photo School' in 1958 and renamed it Tokyo College of Photography in 1960 for further development, he devoted himself to training photographers while he developed his own photographic aesthetics and critical spirit.

• 昭和になり、伊達興宗亡き後夫人が伊達家の所有する山林を勝手に売却するなど横暴な振る舞いをして親族と争いごとに発展したとされ、世間で新伊達騒動と言われ注目された。
• In the early Showa Period, after Okimune DATE died, his widow started to behave in an autocratic manner and sold mountain forests owned by the Date clan without consulting other family members, which led to an internal conflict of the Date family (a 'new Date Sodo') and attracted people's attention.

• 現在の町並みは愛宕神社 (京都市)の門前町として発展したもので、化野念仏寺を境に瓦屋根の町家風民家が並ぶ下地区と茅葺きの農家が多い上地区と二つの風景が共存する。
• The area, which developed as a Monzen-machi or a temple town of Atago-jinja Shrine, has two different townscapes with Adashino Nenbutsu-ji Temple as the boundary: Shimo-chiku characterized by Machiya (tradesmen's houses) with tiled roof and Kami-chiku characterized by farmhouses with thatched roof.

• しかし、北海道では開拓事業や九州の炭鉱労働（三池集治監の三井三池炭鉱）の現場では労働力不足を穴埋めするように一般労働者を監禁して酷使するタコ部屋労働が発展した。
• However, in land reclamation projects in Hokkaido and at the labor site of coal mines in Kyushu (the Mitsui Miike coal mine in relation with Miike Shujikan), Takobeya (labor camp) Rodo, a form of labor under which general workers were placed in confinement and exploited to make up for the shortage of workforce, developed.

• 高木は別所氏が拠った三木城の城下町で、豊臣秀吉が免税地としたために金物の町として発展した三木町の近隣に位置し、少し北には加古川の支流である美嚢川が西行している。
• Takagi was the Miki-jo Castle town where the Bessho clan lived, near Miki Town which was flourished as a hardware town by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI giving the town a tax-free privilege, and slightly in the north, the Mino-gawa river, a tributary of the Kako-gawa River, flowed to the west.

• 円仁・円珍の後には「元三大師」の別名で知られる良源（慈恵大師）は延暦寺中興の祖として知られ、火災で焼失した堂塔伽藍の再建・寺内の規律維持・学業の発展に尽くした。
• After Ennin and Enchin there was Ryogen (Jie Daishi), also called 'Ganzandaishi,' known as the restoration patriarch of Enryaku-ji Temple, who worked to rebuilt the buildings that had burned, maintain temple discipline, and develop scholarship.

• 肝炎に関する専門的、学際的又は総合的な研究を推進するとともに、肝炎の予防、診断、治療等に係る技術の向上その他の研究等の成果を普及し、活用し、及び発展させること。
• to promote specialized, interdisciplinary or comprehensive research concerning hepatitis, and to develop, disseminate, and exploit technological improvements concerning prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, etc. of hepatitis, and other research results, etc.;

• ファイルが日本語語彙の大部分をカバーしたことで入力数の伸びは緩やかになり、近年の編集作業の多くは、修正、及び既に入力された項目を発展させることに移行しています。
• The increase in entry numbers has slowed as the file has achieved coverage of a large proportion of the Japanese lexicon. Much of the editorial work in recent years has concentrated on amendments and expansion to existing entries.

• この法律は、弁理士の制度を定め、その業務の適正を図ることにより、工業所有権の適正な保護及び利用の促進等に寄与し、もって経済及び産業の発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to provide for a system of patent attorneys and make their business proper, thereby contributing to such matters as the proper protection and the promotion of utilization of industrial property rights, and consequently contributing to the development of economy and industry.

• 室町時代は戦乱の世であったが、東山文化の時代を中心にして、猿楽（能）、茶道、書院（書院造）などが発展し、今日「日本的」といわれる文化の多くがこの時代につくられた。
• Although the Muromachi period was the age of wars, sarugaku (form of theater popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries) (Noh), tea ceremony and Shoin (reception room) (Shoin-zukuri style (a traditional Japanese style of residential architecture that included a tokonoma) developed, and many cultures considered to be a 'Japanese-style' culture at present were created in this period.

• それを師の浦崎検校が受けて発展させたが、更に八重崎がより工夫、洗練させ、松浦検校や菊岡検校が完成させた京流手事物を、合奏音楽として更に音楽的価値の高いものとした。
• His master Kengyo URASAKI took over and developed it, but YAEZAKI himself devised and refined it further and made Kyoto-style tegotomono (a form of Japanese chamber music) which kengyo MATSUURA or kengyo KIKUOKA had completed an ensemble music which had a higher musical value.

• しかし、東舞鶴は明治時代からの軍港から急速に発展した都市にあるのに対して、西舞鶴は戦国時代からの城下町から発展した都市であったため、住民感情に大きな相違があった。
• However, there were anti-merge sentiments due to the different background of people from both areas; Higashi-Maizuru had rapidly developed as a navy and army port in and after the Meiji period, but Nishi-Maizuru had developed as a castle town since the Sengoku period (period of Warring States).

• 軽々に思想と経済の間の因果関係を結論づけることはできないが、陽明学における人欲の肯定が、発展著しい商業経済にとって非常にタイムリーな思想であったことは間違いない。
• It might be superficial to conclude that there is a relationship between ideology and the economy, but the approval of desire in Yomei-^gaku at a time the commercial economy was rapidly developing was, undoubtedly, an extremely timely ideology.

• 彼は慶尚南道の大地主の次男として生まれ、米の輸出で得た多額の資金を元手に1938年に大邱広域市にて三星商会を設立し、これがのちのサムスングループに発展していった。
• He was born as the second son of a large landowner in Gyeongnam Prefecture, and with the large amount of money he had gained from export of rice, he established Samsung Trading Company in Daegu Metropolitan City in 1938, which developed later the Samsung Group.

• つまりアフリカやアジアの文明は、かつてヨーロッパが遠い過去において経験した発展段階だと考え、ヨーロッパ文明圏以外の人々・地域を「遅れた」「劣った」文明とみなした。
• In other words, civilizations of Africa and Asia were considered as the stage in development which Europe had experienced in distant past, and those civilizations and people outside Europe were regarded as'primitive' and 'inferior'.

• 東大寺戒壇は、下野国の薬師寺や大宰府の観世音寺と三戒壇に数えられ、平安時代に作られ下野薬師寺の代りに発展していった延暦寺戒壇とともに多くの官僧を生み出していった。
• As one of the three major pledging sites in Japan including Yakushi-ji Temple in Shimotsuke Province and Kanzeon-ji Temple in Dazaifu, Kaidan-in of Todai-ji Temple produced so many official monks together with Kaidan-in of Enryaku-ji Temple, which developed in place of Shimotsuke Yakushi-ji Temple since its foundation in the Heian period.

• 孫の平田佐矩は、平田紡績社長から四日市市長に就任して四日市コンビナートを建設して、経済発展と工業都市四日市を建設した反面・四日市喘息公害問題の負の遺産をつくった。
• A grandchild, Sukenori HIRATA assumed the position of the mayor of Yokkaichi City after being the president of Hirata Boseki, and constructed Yokkaichi Industrial Complex and succeeded in achieving economic development and making Yokkaichi be an industrialized city, whereas he created the negative legacy of Yokkaichi asthma pollution issue.

• この論文で（それに一般でも）使われる創造説というのは、種の発展や植物と動物の多様性は創世記に書かれたとおり、神による種の創造として起こったという信念のことを言う。
• Creationism, as used in this essay (and generally), refers to the belief that the development of species, the variety of plants and animals, occurred as described in the Book of Genesis, as a special creation by God.

• 「この本で展開されたどの議論も直接それへとまとまっていく偉大な主導的原理は、多様性に満ちた人類の発展においては欠くべからざる本質的な重要性をもっているのです。」
• 'The grand, leading principle, towards which every argument unfolded in these pages directly converges, is the absolute and essential importance of human development in its richest diversity.'

• 両国間の国交を正常化し、相互に善隣友好関係を発展させることは、両国国民の利益に合致するところであり、また、アジアにおける緊張緩和と世界の平和に貢献するものである。
• The normalization of relations and development of good-neighborly and friendly relations between the two countries are in the interests of the two peoples and will contribute to the relaxation of tension in Asia and peace in the world.

• 「天一」の「こってり」はラーメンと言うより独自の食べ物という人もいるが、歴史的な流れや、味の形成過程を見る限り、旧来の京都ラーメンのこってり系の発展系と考えられる。
• Some people say the 'thick type' for 'Ten-ichi' is more a unique dish rather than ramen, but it can be considered to be have evolved from the thick type of conventional Kyoto ramen considering the historical background and the way in which the taste was formed.

• しかし総じて、このような盲人への保護政策により三味線音楽や近世箏曲、胡弓楽の成立発展、管鍼法の確立など、江戸時代の音楽や鍼灸医学の発展が促進されたことは重要である。
• In general, however, it should be noted that by the welfare system for the blind, the development of music and the medicine of acupuncture and moxibustion in the Edo period was advanced, including the formation and development of shamisen music, modern koto music and Chinese fiddle as well as the establishment of the acupuncture needle tube method.

• おでんに関しても基本的には同様であるが、上記のような複雑な発展の経緯があったために、関東で関西風のだしが本格的とされたり、関西でも濃口醤油を用いたりすることがある。
• Although this holds true for Oden, due to the complex history of development mentioned above, Kansai-style soup stock may be considered as authentic in Kanto, and dark-colored soy sauce may be used in Kansai as well.

• 更に検非違使が徴税に関する業務を行うことがあったことから、検非違使の不入を求める動きも現れ、結果的には検非違使本来の業務である警察権の排除にも発展するようになった。
• In addition, because kebiishi sometimes worked to collect taxes, a movement to keep kebiishi from entering shoen also arose and this led to the elimination of their policing rights, which was the actual task of kebiishi.

• 昭和時代初期には、無尽会社による無尽は更に発展していき、銀行に相当するほどの規模を持つものまで存在すようになっていき、日本の経済を担う金融機関の一つとなっていった。
• In the early Showa period, Mujin by Mujin companies further developed and some of them became quite large equivalent to banks, and consequently became one of the financial institutions to bear the Japanese economy.

• この事件により、一時、外国軍が神戸中心部を占拠するに至るなどの動きにまで発展したが、その際に問題を起こした隊の責任者であった滝善三郎が切腹する事で一応の解決を見た。
• This incident expanded to the temporal occupation of the center of Kobe by the foreign military, but the person in charge of the troop that caused the incident, Zenzaburo TAKI, committed suicide by disembowelment, which led to a tentative solution.

• 日本海側の新潟港は、江戸時代に北前船の寄港地として発展し、1868年対外開港したが、外国人の来住が少ないため、特に居留地は設置せず、市街に雑居することが認められた。
• The port of Niigata on the Sea of Japan (northern) side had been developed as an anchoring site for Kitamae-bune (cargo ships that sailed the Japan Sea) in the Edo period and was opened internationally in 1868; however, as few foreigners came and settled there, no particular settlement was established, and foreigners were permitted to live together in Niigata's urban areas.

• 道長の権勢の発展につれて、その側近である頼光も武門の名将「朝家の守護」と呼ばれるようになり、同じく摂関家に仕え、武勇に優れた弟の頼信と共に後の源氏の興隆の礎を築く。
• With the expansion of Michinaga's power, Yorimitsu, who was his close adviser, came to be called the 'Protector of the Imperial Family' because of his skill as a commander and he laid the foundations for the subsequent rise of the Genji (Minamoto clan) with his chivalrous younger brother, Yorinobu, who also served the Fujiwara family.

• 唐のころから一元高次方程式を扱い始め、宋金元の時代に大いに発展し、一般の実数係数の一元高次方程式の数値的解法（ホーナー法、ホーナーによる提唱は19世紀）を見出した。
• High-powered equations with one unknown variable were introduced in the Tang Dynasty, and their use was greatly expanded during the Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties, and a method of numerical analysis (the Horner scheme, which was introduced by Horner in nineteenth century) of high-powered equations with one unknown variable for ordinary real numbers and coefficients was discovered.

• 康平7年（1064年）、美濃において同族源義家の郎党を凌辱したことに端を発し、報復として国房の館まで攻め寄せた義家との間で合戦に発展した（『水左記』、『百錬抄』）。
• Because he humiliated the retainers of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie in Mino Province in 1064, a battle occurred against Yoshiie who came to attack the residence of Kunifusa in retaliation ('Suisaki' [diary of MINAMOTO no Toshifusa] and 'Hyakuren sho' [History book from the Kamakura period]).

• 後継を定めない高時の出家は、次期執権に高時の子の北条邦時を推す内管領の長崎氏と、高時の弟の北条泰家（のちの時興）を推す外戚の安達氏が対立する得宗家の争いに発展する。
• Because Takatoki did not specify his successor when he became a priest, a dispute occurred within the Tokuso family between Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family) Nagasaki clan who pushed Kunitoki HOJO, a child of Takatoki, and the maternal relative Adachi clan who pushed Yasuie HOJO (later Tokioki), a younger brother of Takatoki for the next regent.

• 有人改札口の方は、現在、駅前道路拡張事業が行われており、比較的発展しており、主に住宅地だが、しばらく西に向かって歩くと、国道9号線があり、商業施設が建ち並んでいる。
• A road-expansion project is going on in front of the manned ticket gates, the side that is relatively developed and mainly residential, but slightly further to the west is National Route 9, along which commercial facilities can be found along the roadside.

• 食料の供給は、農業の生産性の向上を促進しつつ、農業と食品産業の健全な発展を総合的に図ることを通じ、高度化し、かつ、多様化する国民の需要に即して行われなければならない。
• Food supply shall be managed through improvement of agricultural productivity and comprehensive promotion of sound development of agriculture and food industry in response to the more sophisticated and diversified public needs.

• これを「真理を見つめる眼が仏を産む」更に「人に真理を見せて仏として生まれ変わらせる宇宙の神性」という様に擬人化して考え、仏母即ち「仏の母」としての仏眼信仰に発展した。
• This is personified as 'eyes looking at the truth will give birth to Buddha', and further as 'divinity of the universe to make a person look at the truth to reborn as a Buddha', which were further developed into worship of Buddha's eyes that symbolize the mother of Buddha.

• （駅弁業者が出自であっても、その後大規模な食品会社に発展したところでは、その地域のコンビニ弁当やお惣菜商品の調理を一手に引き受けるているところも少なからず存在する）。
• (Not a few companies that have developed into large-scaled food companies, even if their origin was in the Ekiben delicatessen, undertake the cooking of the convenience store box lunches or side dishes sold in the areas.)

• 便器は重く嵩張るため、製造コストが安い中国などの発展途上国からの輸送では引き合わず日本市場はほぼ国内メーカーで占められ、将来的にもこの傾向は変わらないとみられている。
• As the toilet basin is heavy and bulky, the transportation from the developing countries such as China and so on whose production costs are cheap is out of proportion to the benefit and thus the Japanese market is mostly dominated by home manufacturers and this tendency is expected to continue in the future.

• 同時に合奏法が発達して、独奏だけでなく段合わせ、地合わせ、打ち合わせ、本手替手合奏、三曲合奏など、様々な合奏法が編み出され、手事は次第にその中心的部分として発展した。
• At the same time, ensemble methods developed, and not only solos but also various types of ensemble methods such as danawase, jiawase, uchiawase, honte kaede gasso, and sankyoku gasso were created; gradually tegoto developed as a core part of these methods.

• 世阿弥の女婿・金春禅竹らとともに一時代を担い、他の芸能を押しのけて猿楽能が芸界の主流となる道を作って、祖父観阿弥、伯父世阿弥が築いた観世流を発展されることに成功した。
• He worked along with Zenchiku KONPARU, who was the son-in-law of Zeami, and laid a path to ensure Sarugakuno as the main art form by pushing aside other art forms, and developed the Kanze school established by his grandfather Kanami and uncle Zeami.

• 1349年に足利尊氏と弟の足利直義が対立（「観応の擾乱」に発展）した際、直義に代わって政務を執るために上京した足利義詮の後を継いで鎌倉に下向した足利基氏を初代とする。
• The first person to take the post was Motouji ASHIKAGA in 1349 who went to Kamakura to take over the duties of Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA when Yoshiakira had to return to Kyoto in order to administer affairs of state instead of Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA who had entered into conflict with Takauji ASHIKAGA, his older brother (this conflict lead to the 'Kanno Disturbance').

• 先進諸国では出生率の上昇が図られる一方で、発展途上国では出生率の抑制が叫ばれる。これは先進国側のエゴととらえられ、発展途上国側との合意形成は極めて難しいことになろう。
• While the birth rate is intended to be decreased in developing countries, that of developed nations is selfishly planned to be increased, resulting in the difficulty of getting mutual consent.

• しかし、あなたの疑問に答えるなら、彼らは、実証できる先行する生命から以外に、生命が発展できるという満足のいく実験的証明を示すことができないことを率直に認めるでしょう。
• But in reply to your question they will frankly admit their inability to point to any satisfactory experimental proof that life can be developed save from demonstrable antecedent life.

• 武射系と言えば日置流系統の射を指し（この場合は歩射・堂射が含まれている）、礼射系と言えば、小笠原流騎射・歩射から儀礼・儀式的なものを加味されつつ発展した射の系統を指す。
• When it comes to the busha group, it refers to the Heki school system (in this case, it includes walking archery and long-range archery), and when it comes to the reisha group, it refers to the shooting system developed from Ogasawara school's riding archery and walking archery, but gradually implemented with ceremonial elements.

• 江戸中期頃、松村呉春を祖とし、岡本豊彦や松村景文らが発展させ、京都画壇で一大勢力となり、その後塩川文麟、幸野楳嶺、竹内栖鳳、西山翠嶂、堂本印象などと現代まで続いている。
• Around the Mid-Edo period, Goshun MATSUMURA founded it and Toyohiko OKAMOTO, Keibun MATSUMURA and others developed it to a force of the Kyoto painting circles, then Bunrin SHIOKAWA, Bairei KONO, Seiho TAKEUCHI, Suisho NISHIYAMA, Insho DOMOTO and others took over and it continues to this day.

• 少林寺拳法は宗道臣（みちおみ・後のどうしん）が香川県を拠点に、日本拳法は澤山宗海（さわやまむねおみ・本名　澤山勝）が大阪府を中心に活動を始め発展した全く別の拳法である。
• Shorinji kenpo, which was started by Michiomi (the future Doshin) SO and has developed based in Kagawa Prefecture, and Nihon Kenpo, which was started by Nuneomi SAWAYAMA (born Masaru SAWAYAMA) and has developed centered in Osaka Prefecture, are totally different Kenpo.

• 密教などの影響を受け仏教や神道の枠に収まりがたい発展を遂げた宗教には修験道、陰陽道などがあり、真言陀羅尼や功徳を積んだ法力への期待から御霊会など怨霊の鎮魂を担っていた。
• Shugendo (mountaineering asceticism), the Way of Yin and Yang and others have developed to go beyond Buddhism and Shinto under the influence of Esoteric Buddhism, and these religions were used to to pray for repose of vengeful spirits in sacred spirit service (goryoe) and other occasions from the expectation for the manifestation of mantra dharani (commandment of true words) or the power of Buddhism attained by accumulated virtues.

• 経済の急成長に伴い大量に発生した新興地主や新興商人が紛争の絶えない時代に開墾や内外の通商を通じて発展し、自らの実力に相応しい発言力を社会に対して要求した時代でもあった。
• It was also a period in which emerging landlords and merchants grew in a large number along with the quick growth of the economy developed through land reclamation and trading in the period in which quarrels last and required a voice that corresponded to the raw power of society.

• 国風文化の時代の和歌の隆盛は歌学の発展を促し、『古今和歌集』の紀貫之「仮名序」がその先駆けをなすといわれ、藤原公任の『新撰髄脳』などの自覚的な著作もあらわれるに至った。
• The prosperity of waka in the period of Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) facilitated the development in the study of poetry; beginning with 'Kanajo' (a preface written in kana) by KI no Tsurayuki of 'Kokin Wakashu,' subjective pieces such as 'Shinsen Zuino' (The Essentials of Poetry, Newly Compiled) of FUJIWARA no Kinto appeared.

• しかし、その後の経済発展により生じた銭貨不足を補うため、明暦2年（1656年）、幕府は江戸浅草鳥越 (台東区)および駿河国沓谷（くつのや）に銭座を設け鋳銭を命じている。
• In 1656, however, in order to make up for scarcity of coins due to the subsequent economic development, the bakufu established zeniza in Torigoe, Asakusa, Edo (Taito Ward) and in Kutsunoya, Suruga Province and ordered mintage.

• 加藤は議院そのものには反対しないものの、国民のレヴェルがまだ議院を必要とするほど発展していないと断じ、啓蒙を通じて文明化を図り、その上で議院制度を導入しようと主張した。
• Kato did not oppose to the establishment of parliament itself, but insisted that people did not reach the level which needed a parliament and that a system of parliament should be introduced after civilization through enlightenment was realized.

• 足利将軍家や畠山氏、斯波氏の家督争いなどから発展した「応仁の乱」を中心に、その原因と洛中の合戦の様子や東軍細川勝元と西軍山名持豊(宗全)の死までが記されている軍記物語。
• It is a war chronicle focusing on the Onin War that developed out of inheritance disputes within the Ashikaga Shogunal family, the Hatakeyama clan, and the Shiba clan, recounting everything from its origins, through all the battles fought in and around the capital, up until the deaths of Katsumoto HOSOKAWA of the eastern forces and Mochitoyo (Sozen) YAMANA of the western forces.

• しかし鉄道敷設法では、多数の議員が鉄道各社の株主との理由もあってか法案成立に抵抗し、また、田口卯吉（両毛鉄道社長）は、民営鉄道こそが鉄道発展を促すとして井上と対立した。
• Many parliament members were, however, against enactment of the Railroad Construction Law, probably because they were shareholders of railway companies, and Ukichi TAGUCHI (president of Ryomo Railway) opposed INOUE, arguing that it was private railways that would facilitate the development of railways.

• 日本国は、公海における漁猟の規制又は制限並びに漁業の保存及び発展を規定する二国間及び多数国間の協定を締結するために、希望する連合国とすみやかに交渉を開始するものとする。
• Japan will enter promptly into negotiations with the Allied Powers so desiring for the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral agreements providing for the regulation or limitation of fishing and the conservation and development of fisheries on the high seas.

• 締約国は、個別的及び相互に協力して、継続的かつ効果的な自助及び相互援助により、武力攻撃に抵抗するそれぞれの能力を、憲法上の規定に従うことを条件として、維持し発展させる。
• The Parties, individually and in cooperation with each other, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid will maintain and develop, subject to their constitutional provisions, their capacities to resist armed attack.

• 足利尊氏の崇敬を受けてきた夢窓疎石のもとで大きく発展し、以後も春屋妙葩・義堂周信・絶海中津などの高僧を輩出して歴代足利将軍の崇敬を受けて、室町幕府の政策にも影響を与えた。
• The Gozanha system flourished under Soseki MUSO, to whom Takauji ASHIKAGA had paid respect; ultimately it produced many high-ranking priests, such as Myoha SHUNOKU, Shushin GIDO and Chushin ZEKKAI, thereby exerting considerable influence on the policies of the Muromachi bakufu with reverence by the successive Ashikaga shoguns.

• 主に、近江国・伊勢国・河内の教団発展に努力し、実如の死の際には共通の孫にあたる証如を託され、幼少の法主の後見人として本願寺内部で大きな発言権を持ち、指導的な役割を果した。
• Renjun worked hard for the development of the religious community in Omi, Ise, and Kawachi Provinces, and when Jitsunyo died, Renjun was entrusted with the care of Shonyo, the grandson of both these brothers, and exerted leadership with his powerful voice within Hongan-ji Temple as the guardian of the future head of the sect in his childhood.

• 原料に砂糖を用いるようになったのは近世以降であり、特に和三盆は、容易には白砂糖が手に入らない江戸時代、その独特の風味と程よい甘さによって、和菓子の発展に貢献したとされる。
• White sugar has been used as an ingredient only since recently as it was not easy to obtain during the Edo period and wasanbon (refined sugar) sugar is said to have been contributed to the development of wagashi with its unique flavor and the right degree of sweetness.

• また、ホテルやレストランも建てられているが、中に入浴用の温泉は存在しない（ヨーロッパ、特に西欧や東欧は日本ほど湿潤でないことも入浴文化が発展しなかった大きな理由である）。
• Although hotels and restaurants also exist, they don't have the facilities for hot spring bathing inside the building (the fact that the climate in Europe, especially in west and east Europe, is not so humid as Japan is a big reason why the culture of bathing has not developed).

• 江戸時代には、全国各地でその地名を冠した尾張萬歳、三河萬歳、その後、大和万歳などが興り、歌舞のみでなく言葉の掛け合い噺や謎かけ問答を芸に加えて滑稽味を増し発展していった。
• In the Edo period, manzai named after its originating location including Owari Manzai, Mikawa Manzai and Yamato Manzai became popular in many places throughout the country, which developed into something much funnier by adding more wisecracks and riddle dialogues to utamai (a performance of singing and dancing).

• 西洋近代を告げるルネサンスにおいては自然回帰運動が起き、芸術の世界では具象をありのままに捉えようとする近代的パースペクティヴが発展し、写実性を求める動きが次第に強まった。
• A movement pursuing photorealism was gradually intensified with the back-to-nature movement launched during the Renaissance which brought the modernization of Western culture, as well as with the modern perspective developed in the world of art which attempted to depict figures as they were.

• 元禄文化（げんろくぶんか）とは、17世紀終わり頃から18世紀初頭にかけて、元禄時代（1688～1707）を中心として、主に京都・大阪などの上方を中心に発展した文化である。
• Genroku culture was a culture that flourished from the end of 17th century to the early 18th century, especially in the Genroku Period (1688-1707), and was centered in mainly Kamigata (Osaka and Kyoto area).

• 現在は大きく2つの港に分れており、東港が海上自衛隊舞鶴地方総監部が鎮座する軍港、西港が中華人民共和国・大韓民国・ロシアなどへの定期航路をもつ国際貿易港として発展している。
• It is largely divided into two ports--East Port and West Port; East Port is a navy port where the Maritime Self-Defense Force Maizuru District Headquarters is located; West Port has been developed as an international trade port having regular services heading to and from countries such as the People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea, and Russian Federation.

• 多量の唐物で飾り付けられているところ、のちに同朋衆にもなっていく遁世者がふたりおかれたところは、最盛期、室町時代のそれをおもわせ、会所の発展の経過を示す好例となっている。
• The fact that many karamono were decorated and the presence of two monks, who would eventually become the Doboshu (monks who performed art, tea, and various duties for shogun or daimyo) were viewed as fine examples indicating the progress of Kaisho development and the most flourishing period of Muromachi period,

• さらにこの日午前10時過ぎ、南助松と永岡鶴蔵が、教唆扇動の疑いで逮捕され、宇都宮市に護送されると、逆に暴動を制止する者がいなくなり、収拾のつかない大規模な暴動に発展した。
• Furthermore, shortly after ten o'clock in the morning of that day, Sukematsu MINAMI and Tsuruzo NAGAOKA were arrested for solicitation and incitement and escorted to Utsunomiya City, so there was nobody to stop the riot, and this escalated the riot beyond control.

• 万役山事件 （まんにゃくやまじけん）は、正徳 (日本)5年（1715年）、周防国の久米村万役山の松の木一本を巡る争いから、領界の争論を生じ、徳山藩改易にまで発展した事件。
• The Mannyaku-yama incident was the incident in which a dispute concerning a pine tree in the Kume-mura village in Suo Province caused a territory boundary-related dispute, further developing to the abolishment of the Tokuyama clan in 1715.

• しかし、驚くべき技術の発展、到達された適応性、その精密さ、そして考え方と、創造された習慣は、古代の工芸の美において、ものすごい変化が差し迫っていることを確かなものにする。
• But the amazing growth of our techniques, the adaptability and precision they have attained, the ideas and habits they are creating, make it a certainty that profound changes are impending in the ancient craft of the Beautiful.

• この法律において「都市計画」とは、都市の健全な発展と秩序ある整備を図るための土地利用、都市施設の整備及び市街地開発事業に関する計画で、次章の規定に従い定められたものをいう。
• 'City plan' as used in this Act means a plan concerning land use, improvement of urban facilities, and urban development projects for the sake of promoting the sound development and orderly improvement of cities pursuant to the provisions of the next Chapter.

• 釈迦の直説を長い時を経て弟子から弟子へと継承される課程で発展していったものとして、後世の経典もまた「釈迦の教義」として認める、という類の折衷的解釈を打ち出す傾向がみられる。
• They tend to insist on such eclectic theories that later sutras can be admitted as 'Shaka's dharma' because they have developed in the process of inheriting Shaka's teaching orally, from disciple to disciple.

• 1143年覚鑁の死後、彼の弟子たちは高野山へ戻るも既に金剛峯寺との確執は深く、再び根来山に戻り頼瑜を中心として覚鑁の教学・解釈を基礎とした「新義真言宗」へと発展させていく。
• After Kakuban's death in 1143, his disciples returned to Koya-san Mountain, but the feud between Kongobuji Temple and them was already too deep, so they returned to Mt. Negoro and, led by Raiyu, developed 'Shingi Shingon sect' based on Kakuban's teachings and interpretations.

• 江戸時代以後、古典研究の発展に伴って民間でも有職故実の研究をする者が現れ、世襲化されて学問としては停滞が見られた公家や武家の有職故実の伝統に囚われない独自の研究が見られた。
• During and after the Edo period, researchers of yusoku kojitsu emerged among ordinary citizens along with the development of the study of classical literature, and made original studies free from the traditions of kuge and buke yusoku kojitsu, which showed stagnation as academics because they were transferred by heredity.

• その一方で、超長期の政権安定、特に前半の百数十年は成長経済基調のもと、町人層が発展し、学問・文化・芸術・経済等様々な分野の活動が活発化し、現代にまで続く伝統を確立している。
• From one point of view, the ultra long-term stable government, especially for the first hundred and dozens of years, enjoyed economic growth, which brought about development of the merchant class, who played active roles in flourishing fields such as studies, culture, art, and business, and accomplished traditions unswerving even today.

• これら九つの文化圏の間の関係であるが、縄文文化という一つの文化圏内での差異というよりは、「発展の方向を同じくする別個の地域文化」と見るべきであるとの渡辺誠による指摘がある。
• Makoto WATANABE points out that variances among these nine cultural regions are not differences within one cultural region known as the Jomon culture, but rather these nine cultural regions have to be thought of as 'independent regional cultures with the similar developmental characteristics.'

• 国防の本義は国防の目的として自主独立の保障、国利国権の擁護、国家の発展、国民の福祉増進という原則的な記述にとどまり、国家戦略の部分については従来のような具体的な記述はない。
• The primordial doctrine was described only the guarantee of independence, the protection of national interests and sovereign right, the national development, and the promotion of people's welfare as the national goal in principle, and there was no specific definition for the national strategy as before.

• 近代史学の発展に伴い、官製の『古事記』や『日本書紀』などの文献批判が行われ、記紀以前の古い史料が基礎になっていると思料される本書が、信用度の高い古典として脚光を浴びてきた。
• The government-manufactured literature such as 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) were criticized hand in hand with the advancement of the modern historical science, and this manuscript which seems to have been based on the old historical materials before 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki' drew people's attention as a highly reliable classic.

• 日本では、特に東京圏、大阪圏や、県庁所在都市、新幹線停車駅など地方の主要ターミナルでは、鉄道駅を中心に都市が発展し、駅が人々の生活やビジネスの中心となって活気を呈している。
• In Japan, cities grow around the railway station, which is the center of people's lives and business and adds sparkle to people's lives, especially in the Tokyo area, Osaka area, and major terminal stations in local areas such as prefectural capitals and stops for Shinkansen.

• だから「どの人間も休むことなくその努力を振り向けるべき」目的、「また特に同胞に影響を及ぼそうと志す人たちが常に注視すべき」目的は「能力と発展の個人性なのだ」ということです。
• that, therefore, the object 'towards which every human being must ceaselessly direct his efforts, and on which especially those who design to influence their fellow-men must ever keep their eyes, is the individuality of power and development;'

• 財団法人小倉百人一首文化財団（おぐらひゃくにんいっしゅぶんかざいだん）は、百人一首をテーマとして、京都文化や京都観光の発展に貢献するために京都商工会議所が設立した財団である。
• The Ogura Hyakunin Isshu Cultural Foundation was established by the Kyoto Chamber of Commerce and Industry under the theme of 'Hyakunin Isshu' (One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets) to contribute to the development of Kyoto Culture and Kyoto tourism.

• 博多織の発展と次世代職人の育成を目的とした特定非営利活動法人「博多織技能開発養成学校（博多織デベロップメントカレッジ）」が2006年4月に設立され、後身の育成が図られている。
• A specified nonprofit organization, 'Hakata-ori Development College' for development of Hakata-ori textile and training of next-generation craftsmen was established in April, 2006, which has fostered the younger generation.

• かつて韓国では、空手道を「コンスドー」（空手道）「タンスドー」（唐手道）と呼んでいたが、韓国流に変化・発展させ、新たな格闘技とし、蹴り技に特化をし、名称もテコンドーとなった。
• In South Korea, karatedo was once called konsudo or tansudo, but it developed into a new martial art called taekwondo, which, being arranged and improved in the Korean style, focuses on a kicking art.

• 武道（ぶどう）とは、伝統的な日本武術（古武道）から発展したもので、人を殺傷・制圧する技術に、その技を磨く稽古を通じて人格の完成をめざす、といった芸道の面が加わったものである。
• Budo has developed from a traditional Japanese martial art ('kobudo,' old budo), to which has been added the aspect of 'geido' (the way of artistic self-discipline), which aims for the perfection of character through practices to hone the skills, to the techniques to kill or conquer others.

• 江戸時代も中期に差し掛かると、世の中は平和になる一方で社会が発展するにつれて新たな社会問題も生じ、古い戦国期以来の法体系を継承した従来の幕藩法体系では対応出来なくなってきた。
• By mid-Edo period, while the world became peaceful and as society developed, new social issues emerged that could not be dealt with by the traditional shogunate system of law that succeeded the ancient system after the warring states period.

• 平安時代以降、鏡面に仏像を線彫りにして信仰礼拝の対象とした「鏡像」（きょうぞう）が盛んに製作され、これは後に銅板に半肉彫りの彫像を取り付けた「懸仏」（かけぼとけ）に発展した。
• After the Heian period, many 'kyo-zos' (mirror images), which were made as the object for religious pray by engraving lines of Buddha on the mirror, were produced, and later they developed into Kakebotoke (hanging plaque Buddha) which were bronze plates with an image made by hannikubori engraving method.

• しかしこれは、アメリカのインターアーバンに準ずる路面電車を発展させた形の都市間電車で、既にあった沿線の市街地を縫うように敷かれたため、曲線が多く高速運転には向いていなかった。
• However, this was inter-urban transportation developed from the tramway, by taking the electric inter-urban railway in America as a model; however, since the railway was laid as if to fill the niche through already urbanized areas with many curves, it wasn't suitable for rapid transportation.

• 明治以後の急速な経済発展や、第二次世界大戦時の空襲などによって、沿道が急速に変貌した東海道沿線と異なり、中山道沿線では、江戸時代以前の街道や宿場町が比較的良く保存されて来た。
• Unlike areas along Tokai-do Road that went through a rapid transfiguration due to various factors such as the post-Meiji fast economic growth and air raids during World War II, the pre-Edo period highways and post-station towns have relatively been well preserved in areas along Nakasen-do Road.

• この法律は、半導体集積回路の回路配置の適正な利用の確保を図るための制度を創設することにより、半導体集積回路の開発を促進し、もつて国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to establish a system for ensuring the proper exploitation of the layout-design of semiconductor integrated circuits and thereby to promote the development of semiconductor integrated circuits to contribute to the sound development of the national economy.

• 遊牧民族の彼らは牧草を求め常に移動しならが生活、また屢々馬に跨がり他民族と闘っていたが、彼らのこういった生活文化の中で自然的必要性から騎射は開発・発展して来たものと考えられる。
• Since they were nomadic tribes, they moved around to live to look for good vegetation and also fought against other tribes on horseback, and it is presumed that Kisha was developed and improved through the manner of their lifestyle, as it was naturally necessary for them.

• 源満仲を祭神とする兵庫県川西市多田院にある多田神社では1939年5月、清和源氏一門として崇神崇祖、日本の産業と文化発展、一門の相互親和を図る目的で「清和源氏同族会」を設立した。
• In May 1939, Tada-jinja Shrine, located in Tadain, Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture and enshrining MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, established 'Seiwa-Genji Dozokukai' (Seiwa-Genji family council) to worship the deity and ancestors as the family of Seiwa-Genji, and for the development of industries and cultures in Japan, and mutual friendship among the family.

• 鎌倉時代末期には一族で争いが起こり、正中 (元号)2年（1325年）に北条高時が蝦夷管領を安藤季長から従兄弟である安藤季久に代えると、争乱は幕府への反乱に発展する（蝦夷大乱）。
• In the late Kamakura period, the clan had an internal conflict, and after Takatoki HOJO replaced Suenaga ANDO by Suenaga's cousin Suehisa ANDO as Ezo kanrei in 1325, the conflict resulted in a rebellion against the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun, in this case the Kamakura bakufu) (Ezo War).

• 足利政権では将軍尊氏や足利家執事の高師直と実質的政務を任された尊氏実弟の足利直義が対立し、やがて全国的な争乱に発展する観応の擾乱が起こり、これを契機に南朝は再び勢力を回復する。
• The Shogun Takauji and the Ashikaga family chamberlain KO no Moronao became antagonized by Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, who was in charge of the actual governance, leading to the Kanno Disturbance where a nation-wide battle broke out and due to this incident, the Southern Court regained its power.

• こうした歴史学の発展の一方で、歴史学と国家主義的な歴史観との衝突も発生していた（「神道は祭天の古俗」事件、南北朝時代 (日本)南北朝正閏論と後世への影響、天皇機関説事件など）。
• While history advanced in this way, collisions between history and nationalistic views of history occurred (for example, the incident of 'Shinto is a remnant of the ancient custom of worshiping heaven,' Nanbokucho-Seijunron (an argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), and the incident of the emperor-as-organ theory).

• （2）古都奈良の文化財は日本建築と日本美術の進化のひときわ優れた証拠性を有しており、それらは中国と朝鮮との文化的つながりの結果であり後世の発展に重要な影響を与えることになった。
• 2. Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara is exceptionally useful evidence of the development of Japanese Architecture and Art and the result of cultural ties among Japan, China, and Korea; it had the important influence on the development which took place in later years.

• こうした西欧を指標として日本との落差を計測する姿勢の背後には、一国の文明化・強国化の要件として国民一人 々 の知識獲得や文化程度の向上を求める単線的な発展史観があったのである。
• On the background of such attitude to judge the gap between Western Europe and Japan from the standard of Western Europe, there was a single-track historical view of development which demands individual's acquisition of knowledge and improvement of culture standard, as the requirements for civilization and enhancement of national power.

• 足利幕府の政務は将軍尊氏と足利家執事の高師直、将軍弟の直義の二頭体制で行われていたが、両者の関係の悪化により1350年からの観応年間には観応の擾乱と呼ばれる内部抗争に発展する。
• The Ashikaga shogunate was split into two competing factions, one led by the Shogun Takauji and his steward Moronao KO, and the other by Takauji's brother Tadayoshi; the relationship between the two factions gradually worsened, eventually escalating into an internal feud known as the Kano Incident in the Kano period, in 1350.

• それは、半端な期間であり、多くの不規則性を伴っているとはいえ、この明らかな一般的な進歩を示しているこうした形態は、発展や変化の継続的法則に従っているのではないかということです。
• ―Have these forms, showing, though in broken stages and with many irregularities, this unmistakable general advance, been subjected to no continuous law of growth or variation?

• 両締約国は、主権及び領土保全の相互尊重、相互不可侵、内政に対する相互不干渉、平等及び互恵並びに平和共存の諸原則の基礎の上に、両国間の恒久的な平和友好関係を発展させるものとする。
• The Contracting Parties shall develop relations of perpetual peace and friendship between the two countries on the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful co-existence.

• いっぽう、庶民の社会的地位が高まり、商工業の発展にともなって町衆や農民が文化の担い手として登場したことから、文化の面でも幅広い交流がすすみ、庶民性や地方的特色がいっそう強まった。
• Meanwhile, as the social status of the common people rose with the development of commerce and industry, the merchant class and peasants emerged as supporters of culture; the broad cultural interaction was encouraged, and local or plebeian characteristics of culture were enhanced.

• 江戸時代末に農閑期を利用して大和国へ出稼ぎに行った農民が帰りに奈良県で筆や墨を仕入れ、行商するとともに自ら製造し販売したことが始まりと言われ、広島藩の生産奨励も手伝って発展した。
• The origin of the Kumano-fude is said to be that, at the end of the Edo period, farmers who worked as seasonal migrant workers in Yamato Province during the agricultural off-season purchased writing brushes and ink in Nara Prefecture on the way back home and then peddled them, as well as produced them on their own to sell, and later its manufacturing developed with the help of incentives for industry from Hiroshima Domain.

• 第二次世界大戦後の経済成長において、畿内の一角に当たる旧山城国はいち早く発展したのに対して、北陸地方と山陰地方を結ぶ北部は、日本海側の要衝であるにも拘らず軽視される傾向にあった。
• In the era after WWII when the Japanese economy grew rapidly, the area of former Yamashiro Province, occupying part of the Kinai region, developed quickly, but the northern area, connecting the Hokuriku region and the Sanin region, tended to be ignored, though the area is located in an important position on the Japan Sea side.

• 当初は、荒廃田を再開させた開発者には、期限つきで耕作権が認められるに過ぎなかったが、平安時代初期には終身の権利に発展したため、富豪農民（田堵）・郡司級土豪は積極的に開発を行った。
• An award given to developers who resumed ruined fields was at first nothing but the right to cultivate the land on a temporary basis, but eventually evolved into permanent rights in the early Heian period, which greatly motivated Tato (wealthy cultivators) and powerful local clans at Gunji (magistrates) level to cultivate fields.

• しかし、江戸が都市として発展するためには、日比谷入江の東、隅田川河口の西にあたる江戸前島と呼ばれる砂州を除けば、城下町をつくるために十分な平地が存在しないことが大きな障害となる。
• With the exception of the sandbar known as Edomaeshima, which is east of the Hibiya inlet and west of the Sumidagawa Estuary, the lack of level land not only posed a significant obstacle to development of the castletown, but also hampered the development of Edo into metropolis.

• 開港以後は、国学 (学問)の発展によって強化されつつあった日本は神国であるというナショナリズムの発想である尊皇論と結びつき、尊皇攘夷論となって諸藩の志士や公卿によって支持された。
• After the opening of the port, the theory of Joi was related to the Sonno ron (theory of 'Revere the Emperor'), which was becoming prevalent due to the development of kokugaku (the study of Japanese literature and culture) and was transformed into Sonno joi ron (the theory of Sonno joi); the Sonno ron believed that Japan was the country of god and became origin of the thought of nationalism, and was supported by patriots of various domains and kugyo (court nobles).

• 高い経済発展とは裏腹にその果実の大部分が在朝日本人や日本企業に分配され、米をはじめとする多くの食料が日本に贈られ、朝鮮人（とりわけ農村部）への分配度は低かったとする研究者もいる。
• Some researchers believe that, contrary to the high economic development, most of the profit were distributed to the Japanese people and companies in Korea, and most of the food including rice were given to Japan, which made the distribution ratio to the Koreans (especially in the rural area) low.

• 明治以降の西陣の織物技術の発展に、フランスから取り入れたジャガード織機が大きく寄与しており、感謝の意を込めて1995年に、当時既に完成していた「源氏物語錦織絵巻」二巻を寄贈した。
• Nishijin's textile technology developed from the Meiji era on with the introduction of the Jacquard loom imported from France, and two scrolls of the completed 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' were donated in 1995.

• 本来は、神霊を集落内の祭壇に迎える形であったものが、祭壇が祭祀の施設として神社に発展すると、迎える行為が逆の過程の里帰りとして残り、神幸祭が行われるようになったと考えられている。
• Originally, the divine spirit was welcomed at the altar in a village, but as the altar developed into a shrine, as a facility for accomodating religious services, the act of welcoming remained as a home visit or reverse process, and led to the Shinko-sai Festival.

• 両締約国は、善隣友好の精神に基づき、かつ、平等及び互恵並びに内政に対する相互不干渉の原則に従い、両国間の経済関係及び文化関係の一層の発展並びに両国民の交流の促進のために努力する。
• The Contracting parties shall, in the good-neighborly and friendly spirit and in conformity with the principles of equality and mutual benefit and non-interference in each other's internal affairs, endeavor to further develop economic and cultural relations between the two countries and to promote exchanges between the peoples of the two countries.

• このため、戦後は地域産業発展のため地元資本の地方銀行を求める声が起こり、元来丹波国・丹後国地区での戦時中の統合銀行であった丹和銀行（本店・福知山市）が京都市内に進出することになる。
• For this reason, after the war there was a call to create regional banks with the local capital, and Tanwa Bank (with its head office in Fukuchiyama City), which had originally been an integrated bank during the war in regions of Tanba Province and Tango Province, entered business in Kyoto City.

• 日本の弓道は、主に戦場における徒歩による弓射から発展した「歩射」と、馬上から射る弓射から発展した「騎射」、三十三間堂における通し矢の弓射から発展した「堂射」に分類することが出来る。
• Archery in Japan can be classified mainly into 'Busha/Kachiyumi' (walking archery), developed from bow shooting on foot on the battlefield, 'Kisha' (riding archery), developed from bow shooting while riding horseback, and 'Dosha' (long-range archery), developed from Toshiya (long-range archery) passing through the Sanjusangen-do Temple.

• しかし征韓論政変によって参議から下野した板垣退助らが自由民権運動を開始し、それが次第に議会開設の国民運動として発展すると、政府は大日本帝国憲法を発布し、議会と内閣制度を発足させた。
• However, when Taisuke ITAGAKI and others, who resigned from the post of Sangi (councilor) after the political change of Seikanron (debate about the subjugation of Korea), started the Jiyuminken Undo (the Freedom and People's Rights Movement), that movement developed gradually into a movement by the people to establish the Diet, and the government promulgated the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and established the Diet and the cabinet system.

• 軍都として順調に発展を遂げた舞鶴であったが、1923年（大正12年）2月のワシントン海軍軍縮条約締結に伴い、舞鶴鎮守府は海軍要港部に格下げされ、同時に海軍工廠も工作部に縮小された。
• Although Maizuru saw successful development as a military capital, according to the Washington Naval Treaty in February 1923, Maizuru Chinju-fu was scaled down to a Critical Naval Department with the Naval Arsenal also being reduced to a Naval Factory Department.

• 孫童子丸派には持清の次男・京極政経と一族出の近江国守護代・多賀高忠が付き、乙童子丸派には持清の三男・京極政光と飛騨国守護代・多賀清直が付いて、京極家中を巻き込んだ事態へと発展する。
• Masatsune KYOGOKU, Mochikiyo's second son, and Takatada TAGA who was from the family and was Omi-no-kuni Shugodai (Military Commissioner of Omi-no-kuni) joined the group to support Sondojimaru and Masamitsu KYOGOKU, Mochikiyo's third son, and Takatada TAGA who was Hida no kuni no Kami (Governor of the Hida Province) joined the group to support Otsudojimaru; the dispute developed into the battle which involved the entire Kyogoku clan.

• むしろ、かつては街の中心であったものの、自動車の普及後は街の発展から取り残されて治安の悪いさびれた場所になっていたり、街の核から外れて駅が人の集まらない場所になっている場合が多い。
• Rather, there are many cases where the station used to be the center of the town, but was left behind in the development of the town and thus is now located in a rough area, or the station is located outside of the city center where not very many people gather.

• しかしながら、権力を持ったあとの労働者アートについてとか、階級のない社会のアートについてなど、現在の生産の条件における、アートの発展傾向についてより、その予測との関係が薄いようだ。
• However, theses about the art of the proletariat after its assumption of power or about the art of a classless society would have less bearing on these demands than theses about the developmental tendencies of art under present conditions of production.

• 最善の方法と最善の実践方法は、現在用いられている全ての方法と実践方法を正確さで詳細な動作そして時間の研究をともなった科学的研究を通じてのみ発見され、発展させることが可能なのである。
• And this one best method and best implement can only be discovered or developed through a scientific study and analysis of all of the methods and implements in use, together with accurate, minute, motion and time study.

• 略奪文化が充分堅牢に発展したところでは、労働は下賎だという常識的理解は、まだ恥辱以下にまでなっていない人にとっては、労働は悪いことだというところまで、さらに純化してしまう。
• Where the predatory culture has developed in full consistency, the common-sense apprehension that labor is ignoble has developed into the further refinement that labor is wrong - for those who are not already beneath reproach.

• 戦国後期に「弓」が戦場の主戦力から後退するが、依然「弓射」は武士の表芸とされ武士の間での人気も高く、心身鍛練の道として泰平の江戸の世においても弓は引かれ弓術流派、射術は発展していく。
• The 'Bow and arrow' retired from the status of major weapon in battlefields in the latter part of the Sengoku Period, but 'Yumiire' remained popular as a profession among Samurai so, that drawing a bow was considered to be a discipline of mind and body even during the peaceful Edo Period and various schools of Kyujutsu and ways of shooting developed.

• 新潟市では芸妓と料理がセットになったプランを提供する料理屋もあるが、これもマンネリ化により定員数の集客が出来なかったり、料理屋側が花代を一部負担するなどという事態にまで発展している。
• There are some traditional Japanese restaurants that offer inclusive plans covering geigi and food in Niigata City but as users have grown bored with it, it developed into a situation where they cannot collect enough customers or the restaurant has to absorb part of Hana-dai.

• また様々な竹と木材を張り合わせた積層弓は、日本の軽工業に欠かせない、ゼラチン（にかわ）の発展にも寄与し「にべ」（「にべもない」という語源になっている）と言う特殊な接着剤も生み出した。
• In addition, a laminated bow made by bonding various types of bamboo and wood together, has contributed the development of gelatin (glue) which is important for light industry in Japan, and has created a special bond called 'nibe' (drumfish, the origin of the word 'nibemonai' (flat refusal)).

• またこれらの曲に八重崎検校らが箏のパートを付け、あるいは三味線の替手が付けられたり、段合わせや地合わせ、三曲合奏など、さまざまな合奏形態で演奏され、合奏音楽としての発展も著しかった。
• And kengyo YAEZAKI put the so (or koto) parts to these works or made kaede (accompanying melody) for shamisen and they were played in various ensembles such as danawase (type of ensemble method), jiawase (type of ensemble method), instrumental trio (shamisen (three-stringed Japanese guitar), so (thirteen-stringed Japanese zither), and shakuhachi (bamboo flute)) ensemble and so on and dramatically developed as ensemble music.

• 江戸は明治維新により東京とされるまで皇居を置かなかったため都ではなかったが、江戸時代には江戸幕府が置かれた事実上の日本の首都(行政首都)であり、日本の政治経済の中心地として発展した。
• Edo did not become the capital until the Meiji Restoration when it was renamed Tokyo because the Imperial Palace was not located there; However, Edo served as the seat of Bakufu authority and thus the defacto capital of Japan (administrative capital) in the Edo period, and developed into a political and economic center of power.

• 明治2年（1869年）釈放され、斗南に減封移封された後廃藩置県により小参事となった広沢は貧困に苦しんでいた会津藩士のため谷地頭（現在の三沢市）に洋式牧場を開設し地域の発展に尽くした。
• After released by the government in 1869, he devoted himself to promote regional growth; when he became a junior councilor of Tonami Prefecture (soon incorporated into Aomori Prefecture) established by Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures enacted by new government), he exploited Western style pastures in Yachigashira (present Misawa City) for those retainers of the Aizu clan suffering from extreme poverty since the reduction and transfer of Aizu Domain to a wasteland Tonami as Tonami clan (reorganized as Tonami Prefecture and soon incorporated into Aomori Prefecture by Haihan-chiken).

• のちに足利政権において尊氏の弟である足利直義と尊氏、執事の高師直との対立から内紛に発展した観応の擾乱が起こると頼春は師直派に属し、直義派であった斯波高経から越前国の守護職を奪取する。
• During the Kanno Disturbance, which developed from the opposition within the Ashikaga government between Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, a younger brother of Takauji, and a group led by Takauji and his steward KO no Moronao, Yoriharu joined the Moronao group and ruled Echizen Province as its Shugo by driving Takatsune SHIBA, a member of the Tadayoshi group, out of the Shugo position.

• この屯倉がある程度発達・広域展開した段階で、屯倉を拠点として、直接的に地方を把握・管轄した単位が県（コホリ）であり、のちに律令制における郡（コホリ）へと発展していったと考えられている。
• When these miyake developed and expanded to a certain size, they became the bases of kohori (written as 県 in Chinese characters), which was a unit that the central government directly administered and controlled in local areas, and it is believed that they later developed into the kohori (written as 郡) of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

• 加えて経済発展により銭不足も目立ち始めたため、勘定奉行の荻原重秀は銅一文銭についても量目を減ずることとし、量目がこれまでの一匁（3.7グラム）程度から八分（3.0グラム）程度となった。
• In addition, since a shortage of coins became remarkable due to economic development, Shigehide OGIWARA, kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), decided to also decrease ryome (a weighed value) of one-mon copper coin, and the ryome decreased from about one monme (equivalent to 3.7 grams) in the past to about eight bu (equivalent to 3.0 grams).

• 長州藩への冤罪・雄藩同士の有害無益な対立・志士たちへの弾圧を目の当たりにして、活動方針を単なる尊皇攘夷論から雄藩連合による武力倒幕論に発展させる（中岡慎太郎自身のこの頃の手紙による）。
• Knowing that false charges were being brought against Choshu clan, witnessing the hostility between the major clans that was causing more harm than good, and seeing the suppression of the restoration activists, Shintaro changed from acting to protect the Emperor and exile barbarians to actively working to overthrow the shogunate by force (according to a letter written by Shintaro NAKAOKA at about this time).

• 江戸中期以降、本居宣長の『古事記伝』など国学の発展によって、『日本書紀』よりも古く、かつ漢文だけでなく日本の言葉も混ぜて書かれた『古事記』の方が重視されるようになり、現在に至っている。
• With the development of studies on Japanese classical literature, such as Norinaga MOTOORI's 'Kojikiden,'since the mid-Edo period, 'The Kojiki,'became more highly regarded because it is older than 'Nihon Shoki,' and written not only in classical Chinese character text but also with Japanese words.

• この法律は、交通の発達及び国土の適正な利用と均衡ある発展に資するため、環境の保全に配慮しつつ、港湾の秩序ある整備と適正な運営を図るとともに、航路を開発し、及び保全することを目的とする。
• With the aim of contributing to the development of transportation and suitable utilization and balanced growth of the national land, the purpose of this Act is to provide for orderly development and appropriate management of ports and harbors, together with the development and maintenance of waterways, while considering environmental conservation.

• 国は、木材産業等が林産物の供給において果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、その健全な発展を図るため、事業基盤の強化、林業との連携の推進、流通及び加工の合理化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures, in consideration of an importance of the role of wood industry, etc. in the supply of wood products, such as enhancement of business base, promotion of partnerships with forestry, streamlining of distribution and processing, for the sound development of wood industry.

• 元亀元年（1570年）　天下統一を目指す織田信長が、一大勢力である浄土真宗門徒の本拠地でありかつ西国への要衝でもあった環濠城塞都市石山からの退去を命じたため、戦いに発展する（石山合戦）。
• In 1570, Nobunaga ODA, whose goal was the integration of Japan, ordered Hongwan-ji Temple to withdraw from the moated castle city Ishiyama, a the headquarters of the Jodo Shinshu sect's lay follower groups and a strategic point against western Japan, which led to a war (the Ishiyama War).

• 柔道や合気道は、時代が進んでその名が広まるにつれ、これらの名称に「柔術」の語が含まれていない事から、これらが柔術のひとつであるという認識は希薄になり、また、武道としての発展の道へ進んだ。
• Judo (the traditional Japanese martial art mainly used for self-defense) and aikido (the traditional Japanese martial art exclusively used for self-defense) both originated from jujutsu, but as times went by and these arts became famous, people's recognition of the origin began to fade away partly because they do not have 'jujutsu' in their names, and they developed as the independent martial art.

• だが、この見解も日本の律令制社会をヨーロッパ的な発展史観に当て嵌め、欧米列強がかつて行った植民地支配の実態と重ね合わせているだけで、本末転倒な見方とする意見が現在では多くなってきている。
• Recently, the most popular current theory is that the above-mentioned view emphasizes the wrong points because it adapts Japanese society based on the Ritsuryo system to the historical view of European development, merely to match that Japanese society with the realities of the Western powers' colonial rule.

• 細川晴元は石山の発展も恐れ、たびたび石山を攻撃したが、石山は小高い山や川が多く守りに適した土地であり、また山科を教訓として本願寺が軍備を進めていたために、まったく戦果を挙げられなかった。
• Threatened by the development of Ishiyama too, Harumoto HOSOKAWA repeatedly attacked Ishiyama but did not achieve any results at all because Ishiyama was best suited to defense with many hills and rivers and also because Hongan-ji Temple had built up its armaments, learning from Yamashina case.

• 大名貸は言うなれば、石高制・儒教的農本主義に基づく米納年貢制による歳入制度と商品経済・貨幣経済の発展によって信用経済の発生までみていた貨幣制度による歳出制度の矛盾を補完する制度であった。
• Daimyogashi can be explained as a system which complemented discrepancy between the annual revenue system that was based on the system of Kokudaka (tax system based on rice) and Confucian physiocracy, and annual expenditure system that was even experiencing occurrence of credit economy as a result of the development of commodity economy and monetary economy.

• 早くから鉄道国有化の必要を唱え、鉄道局長時代の1881年に工部卿佐々木高行に対し、民営鉄道の利益優先主義と競合は鉄道発展にマイナスとなるとする「私設鉄道に対する鉄道局長論旨」を提出する。
• He advocated the need for nationalization of the railways from early on, and in 1881 during his time as the Director General of the Railway Agency, he submitted to Takayuki SASAKI, the Minister of Industry then, a written opinion titled 'Argument against Private Railways from Director General of Railway Agency' stating that profit-oriented buisiness and competition of private railways would adversely affect the development of railways.

• 1904年（明治37年）に「事業の進歩発展に最も害するものは、青年の過失ではなくして、老人の跋扈である」として総理事を辞し引退（ただし家長の友純の説得により住友家関係の顧問等は続けた）。
• He left his post of Director General in 1904, giving way to younger generations in accordance with his belief that what was most harmful to business progress was not mistakes of the young but infestation of the old (however, he continued to serve as an adviser to Sumitomo's businesses at request of Tomoito SUMITOMO, the head of the Sumitomo family at the time).

• 承元3年（1209年）12月、宿所を相対する御家人橘公業と妻女を巡った争論から合戦へと発展しかけ、征夷大将軍源実朝の命によって駆け付けた北条時房の仲介により事を収めるという騒ぎがあった。
• In the twelfth month of 1209, an incident occured in which he had a dispute with TACHIBANA no Kiminari, a gokenin (shogunal retainer) who was staying at an lodging directly opposite his own, over his wife; this dispute threatened to escalate into a duel, but the issue was resolved with the help of a mediator, Tokifusa HOJO who was sent by order of the Seii taishogun (literally, the 'great general who subdues the barbarians') MINAMOTO no Sanetomo.

• 工部美術学校がアーネスト・フェノロサらによって西洋美術学習・研究の発展を妨害され、後発の東京美術学校もフェノロサや岡倉天心の意向によりながらく西洋画科が置かれなかったのとは対照的である。
• While the study and research towards Western Painting was interrupted at the Technology Art School by Ernest Fenollosa, in contrast, the Department of Western Painting had not been established for a long time in Tokyo Fine Arts School, a school which was founded later, based on the will of Fenollosa and Tenshin OKAKURA.

• 現在、東京・浅草寺門前「やげん堀」、京都・清水寺門前「七味家」、長野・善光寺門前「八幡屋礒五郎」などのオーソドックスなもののほか、新潟・上越のかんずりなど七味から発展した調味料も存在する。
• Standard types of shichimi togarashi brands include 'Yagen-bori' in front of the gate of Senso-ji Temple, 'Shichimi-ya' in front of the gate of Kiyomizu-dera Temple, and 'Yawataya Isogoro' in front of the gate of Zenko-ji Temple; there are also flavoring products developed from shichimi togarashi, such as Kanzuri of Joetsu City in Niigata Prefecture.

• 東北地方の「鷹使い」は生業鷹匠として発展したが、第二次世界大戦後の経済状況の変化で急速に衰亡し、現在では沓澤朝治(1896-1983)の下で1年間学んだ松原英俊1人が残っているにすぎない。
• The 'hawker' in the Tohoku Region developed as Takajo of a regular vocation, but declined rapidly because of the change in the economy after the World War II, so only Hidetoshi MATSUBARA, who learned from Asaji KUTSUZAWA (1896-1983) for a year, remains as a present day hawker.

• 一方遣戸は、外回りの隔て建具として使用され、妻戸を軽量化した発展的形態と考えられるが、開閉自在の遣戸の誕生は、湿度の高い日本の風土にとって不向きな塗り込めの土壁に代わる革新的建具であった。
• On the other hand, yarido were used as an external partition and seems to be the lightweight form developed from tsumado, and the openable and closable yarido was an innovative fitting as an alternative to the clay wall of plaster which was not adequate for the humid climate of Japan.

• 遠州流は武家茶道の代表とも言える流儀で、武野紹鴎・千利休と発展した質素で内省的な「わび」「さび」の茶道に、古田重然を経て小堀政一独特の美意識を加えた「綺麗さび」と呼ばれる茶風を特徴とする。
• Enshu school is a school of tea ceremony that can be said to represent the samurai tea ceremony; it features a style called 'kirei-sabi' (pure elegance), which is a synthesis of the austere and introspective way of tea incorporating 'wabi' (simplicity) and 'sabi' (elegance) developed by Joo TAKENO and SEN no Rikyu, and Masakazu KOBORI's original aesthetic sense, as influenced by Shigenari FURUTA.

• しかし、翌6月11日 (旧暦)に麻田が「士道不覚悟」として藩により切腹させられたことにより、若い土佐藩士たちが「片手落ち」だと激昂し、会津・土佐の関係に亀裂が入りかねない事態へと発展した。
• On June 11 (old calendar), however, ASADA was forced to commit seppuku by the Tosa clan for Shido-fukakugo (disobeying Bushido (the code of the samurai)), which infuriated young retainers of Tosa clan who clamored that the punishment was 'unfair,' their dissent was serious enough to harm the relationship between the Aizu clan and the Tosa clan.

• 竹越の著作は歴史上における国民または個人の思想動向とその分析の重要性と時期区分とその変化の法則性把握を提唱し、歴史における経済的要因を重視するなど、市民的立場からみた発展的歴史観を示した。
• Takekoshi's literary works advocated the importance of understanding and analyzing the trend of thought formented among the national public and individuals, and finding out a certain principle in the relationship between the classification of each period of history and its change, and thus, he presented a developmental view of history from the standpoint of an ordinary citizen.

• 永仁7年（1299年）に日常が病死すると、その遺言により本妙寺に留まったまま法花寺の貫首に就任し、以後両寺院の貫首は同一人物が務める規則が成立して、後の中山法華経寺への発展の基礎となった。
• In 1299, Nichijo died of illness, who left a will to designate Nichiko to the office of Kanju (or Kanshu, the head priest) of Hokke-ji Temple while remaining at Honmyo-ji Temple, thereby establishing a rule that a single individual was appointed Kanju of both Honmyo-ji and Hokke-ji Temples since then, which laid the foundation for development of the two temples to be united to form single Nakayama Hokekyo-ji Temple.

• 人類の発展が人間的な段階に達してからは、まあそう言っておいたほうが無難であろう、いかなる個人も産業的に孤立し、有用な品物を自分自身の独力だけで生産しなければならなくなったことは決してない。
• Within the human period of the race development, it is safe to say, no individual has fallen into industrial isolation, so as to produce any one useful article by his own independent effort alone.

• 日本の伝統教団では、師の教義を弟子が継承し発展させることは、生きた教団である以上あり得ることから、法華経をはじめ般若経、大般涅槃経など後世の成立とされる大乗経典は根無し草の如き存在ではない。
• According to the traditional Japanese religious sects, Mahayana sutras such as Hannya-kyo, the Nirvana sutra and the Hokke-kyo, which was considered to have been written in a later age by other sects, are not rootless because it's possible for disciples of existent religious organizations to succeed and develop their master's dharma.

• 軍港の街として発展した舞鶴市が、旧日本海軍が利用していた舞鶴赤レンガ倉庫群を活用したイベントで、舞鶴が発祥といわれる肉じゃがや海軍料理などのグルメコーナーや日本海でとれた魚介類などの物産展。
• Maizuru City developed as a naval port town and this festival is an event that uses the Maizuru Aka-renga Soko-gun (red-brick warehouses of Maizuru) that the Imperial Japanese Navy was using: the gourmet corner displays Nikujaga (simmered meat and potatoes) and naval dishes; the local product exhibition introduces seafood taken from the Japan Sea and other local production.

• その後、784年の長岡京、794年の平安京へと発展推移していくが、これらの都城が隋唐の長安城から直接の影響を受けたものか、藤原京から日本独自の発展を遂げたものかについては明確となっていない。
• The Japanese capital developed and moved to Nagaoka-kyo in 784 and Heian-kyo in 794 but it is yet to be known whether the development was directly inspired by Changan of Sui and Tang or was accomplished within Japan, originating in Fujiwara-kyo.

• 朱子学者であった新井白石は、経済発展よりも徳川家康による「貨幣は常に尊敬に値する素材で吹き立てられるべき」という言葉通りに江戸幕府の道義を重んじたのであったが、状況は慶長期とは一変していた。
• Rather than economic development,Hakuseki ARAI who was a Neo-Confucian scholar emphasized moral of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) based on the motto by Ieyasu TOKUNAGA 'currency must be reminted by material which is respected all the time,'but the situation changed drastically from Keicho era.

• また、「交易」を重視する立場から、外国との通商貿易をすすめ、産業の振興をも「交易」として捉えて国内における自律的な経済発展の方策を建議し、そのために幕府・藩を越えた統一国家の必要性を説いた。
• In addition, from his position of emphasizing 'commerce', he pushed forward overseas trade, and suggested the domestic scheme of autonomous development of industry looking on the development of industry also as 'commerce', and for this, advocated the necessity of united nation beyond bakufu and han.

• このため、王政復古派の公卿から反撥され、慶応2年（1866年）8月には中御門経之・大原重徳ら22名の廷臣が列参して、朝政改革を奏請する事態に発展、斉敬および朝彦親王の罷免を要求するに至った。
• As a consequence, Nariyuki offended nobles of the pro-Imperial Rule Restoration faction and the situation developed into a demonstration by 22 retainers of the Imperial Court including Tsuneyuki NAKAMIKADO and Shigetomi OHARA to petition the Emperor for a reform of the government by the Imperial Court on September 9, 1866, demanding dismissal of Nariyuki and Imperial Prince Asahiko.

• 日本で初めて教育委員会と大学が締結した協定で、相互の人的・知的資源の交流・活性をはかり、相互に連携・協力して研究・協議を行い、その成果を双方の教育の充実・発展に寄与することを目的としている。
• This agreement is the first one in Japan concluded between the board of education and the university, and its objectives are to exchange and vitalize human and intellectual resources mutually, to research and discuss the education cooperatively, and to make use of the result of those activities for enriching and developing the education both sides.

• 人間はその発展の中で、しばらくの間はもっとも下等な蠕虫形の生物と、同じ道を通りはしなかったが、並んで走り、それからしばらく魚類の傍らを旅し、そのあと旅の仲間の鳥類と爬虫類と一緒に旅したあと、
• A man in his development runs for a little while parallel with, though never passing through, the form of the meanest worm, then travels for a space beside the fish, then journeys along with the bird and the reptile for his fellow travellers;

• 海洋の開発、利用、保全等を担う産業（以下「海洋産業」という。）については、我が国の経済社会の健全な発展及び国民生活の安定向上の基盤であることにかんがみ、その健全な発展が図られなければならない。
• With regard to the industries bearing the development, use and conservation of the oceans (hereinafter referred to as 'Ocean Industries'), in consideration of the fact that they are the basis for the sound development of the economy and society of our State and of stabilization and improvement of the lives of the citizenry, their sound development shall be promoted.

• 被害の総計は、死者2,925名（京都府内・2,898名）、負傷者7,806人、全壊1万2,584棟、半壊9,443戸、焼失8,287戸、全焼6,459戸、半焼96戸であり、大災害へと発展した。
• The statistics for the damage, which show the extent of the catastrophe, are as follows: 2,925 deaths (2,898 deaths in Kyoto City); 7,806 injuries; 12,584 homes destroyed; 9,443 homes partially destroyed; 8,287 homes burned to the ground; 6,459 homes burned; 96 homes partially burned.

• 一般の人民は自分の持っている通貨の真贋を見極められないのに、ある日突然それは贋金だからとその価値を4分の1にされたら人々は大混乱に陥り、各地で一揆や打ちこわしなどの騒ぎに発展する危険性がある。
• There was danger that the general public would fall into great confusion if they were suddenly told that what they had was counterfeit money and was only worth ¼ of the real value, especially since they could not tell apart their currency from counterfeit or specie, and this could develop into to an uproar such as uprisings or vandalism.

• しかし、これは朝鮮半島は経済的に発展しておらず通信需要が乏しかったこともあるが、朝鮮半島全体に郵便網と通信網を広げるための設備投資が嵩んだためであり、やむをえない赤字であったとする見解もある。
• However some people claimed that the deficit was inevitable owing to the mounting capital investment required to expand the postal network and communication network throughout Korean Peninsula, in addition to the poor demand for communication, as Korean Peninsula had not yet been economically developed.

• しかし、1348年（正平 (日本)3年/貞和4年）頃から足利家執事の高師直と対立するようになり、幕府を直義派と反直義派の二つに割る観応の擾乱に発展し、南朝 (日本)も混乱に乗じて勢力を強める。
• However from around 1348, he entered into a dispute with Ashikaga family steward KO no Moronao, developing into the Kanno Disturbance which split the bakufu into the Tadayoshi faction and anti-Tadayoshi faction and saw the Southern Court (Japan) entering the conflict in order to strengthen its power.

• 1887年（明治20年）、社会改良運動の機関誌として普通教校学生有志により発刊された「反省会雑誌」は、1899年（明治32年）に「中央公論」と改題され、今日まで続く総合雑誌として発展している。
• Some students of the General School had voluntarily launched the 'Hanseikai Magazine' as a journal for a social reform campaign in A.D.1887, and this magazine was retitled 'Chuokoron'in A.D.1899 and has been developed as a general interest magazine until today.

• その後、教学の振興と僧侶の育成を担う浄土宗の高等教育機関として発展を遂げ、学制の改革による統合・独立によって何度か校名を変更し、1912年の専門学校令による高等学院の設置を以て創立としている。
• Subsequently, the school developed for the purpose of promoting education and rearing priests of the Jodo Sect as a high educational institution, and was renamed several times for mergers and independence in the reformation of education; in 1912, based on the Professional School Act, it was re-established after the establishment of Koto Gakuin.

• 自然崇拝の一種で、狩猟民族などの山岳と関係の深い民族が山岳地とそれに付帯する自然環境に対して抱く畏敬の念、雄大さや厳しい自然環境に圧倒され恐れ敬う感情などから発展した宗教形態であると思われる。
• It is a kind of nature worship, and is believed to be a form of religion developing from the feeling of awe towards mountainous areas and its accompanying natural environment and the feeling of being overwhelmed, fear, and respect with the magnificence and harshness of the natural environment that hunters had in their deep relationship with mountains..

• なんらかの生命形態が、実証できる先行する生物がなく、物質から発展したことを証明する最小限の証拠があるのではないのかと尋ねられれば、私の答は、多くの人たちが全く確実だと思う証拠は示されてきたし、
• If you ask me whether there exists the least evidence to prove that any form of life can be developed out of matter, without demonstrable antecedent life, my reply is that evidence considered perfectly conclusive by many has been adduced;

• 弟子の王畿はこれを発展させて心・意・知・物すべて無善無悪だとする四無説を主張したが、同門の銭徳洪は意・知・物については「善を為し悪を去る」自己修養が必要とした四有説を主張してこれに反対している。
• His disciple, O Ki, evolved this to preach shimu-setsu (four containing no-evil theory), which viewed the mind, wish, wisdom, and things as all being no good, no evil, but his colleague, Sen Tokuko, opposed this, advocating shiyu-setsu (four containing evil theory), which viewed that wish, wisdom, and things required self-training to 'be good and fight off evil.'

• 弓矢の構造や効果（飛翔性）は、力学や放物線（微分・積分）という概念がない頃から世界各地おいて、それらについて試行錯誤されてきた道具であり、初期の機械工学の発展の要因（機械弓、カタパルト）である。
• The structure and effect (flying capability) of Yumiya has been developed by trial and error in various parts of the world since the period when the idea of dynamics and parabola (differential and integral calculus) were not created, which led to the development of early machine engineering by producing the machine bow and the catapult.

• しかし、今日のボードゲームやテレビゲームの中にさいころ（あるいは代用品としてルーレット）を用いてゲームを進行させる作品が多く存在しており、これらを双六の進化・発展した姿であると考える事も出来る。
• Still nowadays, there are many games, such as board games and video games that use dices (or a roulette, in place of dices) and they can be regarded as improved and evolved forms of the Sugoroku game.

• 農業生産力の発展を基盤として、経済的な繁栄が見られたのが元禄であり、この時代には文学や絵画の面でも、井原西鶴の浮世草子、松尾芭蕉の俳諧、近松門左衛門の浄瑠璃、菱川師宣の浮世絵などが誕生していく。
• The Genroku era enjoyed economic prosperity based on the development of agricultural productivity, and in the field of literature and painting famous masterpieces such as Ukiyozoshi (Literally, Books of the Floating World) by Saikaku IHARA, seven-syllable verse (haikai) by Basho MATSUO, Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU and ukiyoe paintings by Moronobu HISHIKAWA were created.

• しかし、物理学の領域においても、量子力学の発展以降は、物質レベルでも、さらに根深い次元で「観測問題」が扱われるようになり、"客観的な観察"というものが、この点からも揺らいでいる。
• However also in the field of physics, 'the issue of observation' started being discussed more deeply even at the level of substance since quantum mechanics has been developed, and the concept of 'the objective observation' has become unstable from this point of view as well.

• 千九百七十二年九月二十九日に北京で日本国政府及び中華人民共和国政府が共同声明を発出して以来、両国政府及び両国民の間の友好関係が新しい基礎の上に大きな発展を遂げていることを満足の意をもつて回顧し、
• Recalling with satisfaction that since the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China issued a Joint Communique in Peking on September 29, 1972, the friendly relations between the two Governments and the peoples of the two countries have developed greatly on a new basis.

• 米国テコンドー発展に大きな貢献をしたATAの故イ・ヘンウン会長も、自身がはじめて米国に行ったとき「コリアン カラテ」として自身の武術を紹介して教え、実際テコンドーとカラテの差はなかったと証言した。
• The late Haeng Ung Lee of the ATA (American Taekwondo Association), who greatly contributed to the development of taekwondo in the U.S., also stated that when he visited the U.S. for the first time he taught his martial art as 'Korean karate,' but there was no actual difference between karate and taekwondo.

• しかし地歌や浄瑠璃などの三味線音楽や箏曲の発展と共に次第に下火となり、波多野流は断絶、前田流は江戸時代中期に名古屋の荻野検校によって中興し、この流派のみがこんにちまで名古屋と仙台に伝えられている。
• However, they had gradually cooled down as Shamisen music and sokyoku (koto music) such as Jiuta (a genre of traditional songs with samisen accompaniment) and Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) developed, and the Hatano-ryu was put to an end while the Maeda-ryu was restored by Kengyo OGINO in Nagoya in the middle of the Edo period, and only this school has been handed down to the present in Nagoya and Sendai.

• 一方、徳川家康は江戸移封の際に旧領の遠江国の樽屋藤左衛門を江戸に招いて自領における京枡生産を一任し、これが江戸の枡座に発展するとともに江戸幕府成立後には江戸の枡座は京都のそれと同様に重んじられた。
• On the other hand, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, when transferring his clan to Edo, invited Tozaemon TARUYA from Totomi Domain (his former territory) to come to Edo, and left the manufacture of kyo-masu in Ieyasu's territories in his hands; this later developed into the Edo Masu-za and, after the formation of the Edo shogunate, was deemed as important as the Masu-za in Kyoto.

• 有名なラマルクは、『創造の痕跡』の著者がその見解を強固に解説したことで、世論に深い印象を与えてきましたが、1801年以降、種の発展は習慣や外的条件の変化から生じることを熱心に示そうとしてきました。
• In 1801, and in subsequent years, the celebrated Lamarck, who produced so profound an impression on the public mind through the vigorous exposition of his views by the author of the 'Vestiges of Creation,' endeavoured to show the development of species out of changes of habit and external condition.

• 「最大限の繁栄」という言葉は彼らの意識の中で、その繁栄を永遠なものにするために、企業や所有者の大きな配当金というだけではなく、卓越した最も高い状態に全ての業務の部門の発展という意味で使われている。
• The words 'maximum prosperity' are used, in their broad sense, to mean not only large dividends for the company or owner, but the development of every branch of the business to its highest state of excellence, so that the prosperity may be permanent.

• この法律は、信託業を営む者等に関し必要な事項を定め、信託に関する引受けその他の取引の公正を確保することにより、信託の委託者及び受益者の保護を図り、もって国民経済の健全な発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to ensure the protection of the settlors and beneficiaries of trusts by securing fairness in the acceptance of trusts and other transactions related thereto through the provision of the necessary matters for such persons as those carrying out Trust Business, and thereby to contribute to the sound development of the national economy.

• 定款その他の規則の規定が法令に適合し、かつ、有価証券の売買その他の取引及びデリバティブ取引等を公正かつ円滑にし、並びに金融商品取引業を健全に発展させるとともに、投資者を保護するために十分であること。
• the provisions of the articles of incorporation and other rules conform to laws and regulations, and are sufficient to facilitate fair and smooth sales and purchase or other transactions of Securities as well as Derivative Transactions, etc., and to ensure sound development of Financial Instruments Businesses and protection of investors; and

• この法律は、漁業生産に関する基本的制度を定め、漁業者及び漁業従事者を主体とする漁業調整機構の運用によつて水面を総合的に利用し、もつて漁業生産力を発展させ、あわせて漁業の民主化を図ることを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to establish a basic fisheries production system in which fisheries adjustment organizations mainly consisting of fishery managers and fishery employees can be operated for systematic utilize of waters, to thereby enhance fisheries productivity and also to democratize the fishing industry.

• 会所（かいしょ）とは、文字通り解釈すれば、なんらかの会、催し物、寄合・会合が行われるところであるが、日本の中世期に発展して、ある特定の区画、さらには独立した建物が「会所」と名づけられることもあった。
• Kaisho, interpreted literally, was some sort of place where a meeting, exhibition, Yoriai (debate), or association was held, but developed in the medieval era in Japan where certain divisions, or even independent buildings were named 'kaisho.'

• フランク王国（カロリング朝）の時代から奢侈禁止令が見られるが、本格的に奢侈禁止令が出されるようになるのは、十字軍以後の商業の急激な発展と都市生活の高度化に対する教会及び国家の警戒によるものであった。
• Sumptuary laws existed from the time of the Frankish kingdom (the Carolingians), and after the Crusades full-scale laws started to be issued because the church and states were alerted to the rapid development of trade and advancement of urban life.

• 李氏朝鮮の金玉均などを支援しているし、漢文とハングルの混合文を発案するとともに、朝鮮で初めてのハングル交じりの新聞『漢城周報』へと発展する『漢城旬報』（漢字表記）の創刊にも私財を投じて関わっている。
• He supported Gyokukin KIN and others of the Yi dynasty Korea; invented a mixed writing system of Chinese and Hangul; and expended his funds on the establishment of 'Kanjo Junpo' (written in Chinese,) which was to develop into the first newspaper partly written in Hangul in Korea 'Kanjo Shuho.'

• 本質的な技術発展はC51・D50の水準で停滞し、以後はボイラー圧力のある程度の向上や電気溶接採用などの部分改良が成功した程度で、本質的な新技術の単発導入は開発陣の配慮不足もあって大方失敗に終わった。
• Essential technological development stagnated at the C51/D50 level, and after that a certain degree of improvement of boiler pressure and partial improvement of the electric welding adoption, etc. were made, but most one-off introductions of essentially new technology failed because of a lack of consideration on the part of the development staff.

• この法律は、銀行の業務の公共性にかんがみ、信用を維持し、預金者等の保護を確保するとともに金融の円滑を図るため、銀行の業務の健全かつ適切な運営を期し、もつて国民経済の健全な発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, in view of the public nature of banking services and for the purpose of maintaining their credibility, securing protection for depositors, etc. and facilitating the smooth functioning of financial services, to ensure the sound and appropriate operations of banking services, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.
• The purpose of this Act is, in view of the public nature of the business of banks and for the purpose of maintaining its credibility, securing the protection of Depositors, etc. and facilitating smooth functioning of financial services, to ensure sound and appropriate operations of the business of banks, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.

• この法律は、事業者間の公正な競争及びこれに関する国際約束の的確な実施を確保するため、不正競争の防止及び不正競争に係る損害賠償に関する措置等を講じ、もって国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, in order to ensure fair competition among business operators and the proper implementation of international agreements related thereto, to provide measures for the prevention of unfair competition and compensation for damages caused by unfair competition.and thereby contribute to the sound development of the national economy,.by

• 少なくとも数億枚は発行が確認されている銭が、いくら経済発展があるとはいえなかなか回収できず、品位を下げざるをえなかったのは、破銭（銭を溶かして銅地金として利用する行為）が広く行われたためと理解される。
• It is now understood that, no matter how the economy had developed at that time, people then carried out extensively the hasen (to melt coins to use as a raw material) so that at least a few thousand million pieces of issued coins could hardly be retrieved and the remaining coins were compelled to degraded values.

• 慶安ごろまでは比較的広い範囲で活字印刷がおこなわれたが、再版の際に活字を組みなおす手間が出版費を高騰させるなど、発展しつつあった出版産業のなかでしだいにその地位を失い、通常の整版本に座を譲っていった。
• Until around the Keian era, type printing had been rather widespread, but because the cost of publication increased due to the labor of setting up type for reprinting, typography gradually lost its position in the developing publishing industry and gave place to ordinary wood-block printing.

• 富国強兵政策が執られた明治時代には、いままで寒村であった東舞鶴（舞鶴市東部）に舞鶴鎮守府が設置され、日本海沿岸の一大軍事拠点となり、軍都として急速に発展し、日本海側有数の都市圏を形成することとなった。
• Under the plan for promoting national prosperity and defense in the Meiji period, Maizuru Chinju-fu (Maizuru navy base) was established in a once-isolated village of Higashi-Maizuru (eastern Maizuru City) and became one of the biggest military base along the coast of the Japan Sea, which contributed to its rapid development as a military city and the creation of one of the leading urban areas of Japan-Sea side of Japan.

• 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
• Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.

• 小沢蘆庵（1723年-1801年）が提唱した「ただごと歌」（＝人の心が発する自然の声をそのまま言葉にした歌）の主張を発展させ、優雅・清新な歌風をもって京都を中心とした歌壇に君臨した景樹の代表作である。
• This is the most famous poetry collection of Kageki who evolved Roan OZAWA's proposal of 'Tadagoto uta' (a style of poetry of unaffected feelings with straightforward wording) and dominated the poetry circle based in Kyoto with a sophisticated and fresh style of poetry.

• 幼少期に学んだ『論語』を拠り所に倫理と利益の両立を掲げ、経済を発展させ、利益を独占するのではなく、国全体を豊かにする為に、富は全体で共有するものとして社会に還元することを説くと同時に自身にも心がけた。
• Based on 'Rongo' (Analects of Confucius) he learned in his childhood, he preached and commited himself to share and give back wealth to society aiming at good balance between logic and profit, to enrich the whole country and develop the economy without creating a monopoly.

• 板垣は日本の民主主義発展に大きな功績を残したが、彼自身は無欲恬淡、金銭欲も淡白でしたたかさがなく（端的に言えば「いい人」）、清濁合わせ呑むことが要求される政治家としては必ずしも有能だったとは言えない。
• While there is no doubt that Itagaki immensely contributed to the growth of Japan's democracy, however, because of his selfless character with no thirst for money and with no wiliness (that is to say, he was simply 'a nice person'), he was not necessarily an adept politician, a profession that requires to be broad-minded enough to deal with all sorts of good and evil.

• 徳川家康につかえていた江戸時代の僧・天海は、家康の歿後、山王神道説を発展させた山王一実神道（さんのういちじつしんとう）を唱え、山王一実神道に従って家康の霊を権現（東照大権現）の神号で祀るよう主張した。
• Tenkai, a Buddhist priest in the Edo period who served Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, established Sanno Ichijitsu Shinto, a developed version of Sanno Shinto, after the death of his master and insisted the master's spirit be enshrined by the divine name of Gongen, an avatar of Buddha, according to the principle of Sanno Ichijitsu Shinto (aka Tosho Daigongen).

• メンバーはみんな、オープンソース（つまり自由に再配布ができて、ニーズの変化に対応して自由に発展・変更可能なソフト）がいいものであって、大がかりに力をあわせる価値のあるものだということには合意している。
• All members agree that open source (that is, software that is freely redistributable and can readily evolved and be modified to fit changing needs) is a good thing and worthy of significant and collective effort.

• この法律は、新品種の保護のための品種登録に関する制度、指定種苗の表示に関する規制等について定めることにより、品種の育成の振興と種苗の流通の適正化を図り、もって農林水産業の発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to promote the breeding of plant varieties and the rational distribution of propagating material by providing for a system relating to the registration of plant varieties for the protection of new plant varieties and regulations relating to the indication of designated seeds, so as to contribute to the development of agriculture, forestry and fisheries.

• さらに六祖慧能（638年 - 713年）の名を使用し、弟子の荷沢神会が編纂したと考えられている『六祖大師法宝壇経（六祖壇経）』に新しい坐禅と禅定の定義が宣揚されたのを契機として発展したものと考えられる。
• In addition, it is thought that it was developed after a new definition of mediation and Dhyana (Meditation) were shown in the 'Rokusodaishi Hobodangyo' (also known as Rokuso Dankyo, the platform sutra of the sixth patriarch) which included the name of Rokuso Eno (the sixth leader Eno) (638 - 713) and was thought to be edited by his disciple Kataku Jinne.

• 入信を断った場合に、非合法な物理力の行使による信仰の強制（もしくは拒否）や団体への寄付は勿論、勧誘した側の信仰を反対する親類への弱みに付け込んだ慰謝料を口実とした恐喝等と言った犯罪に発展することもある。
• If the inducement to the religion is rejected, then it may turn to a crime, which is first of all the forced affiliation to (or rejection of) the religion or donation to the organization by exertion of unlawful physical power, or which is blackmail with the excuse of payment for pain and suffering exploiting the weak point of the relatives opposing the religious belief, or the like.

• 今日の多く個人主義の日に発達し、ニヒリストさへ輩出する時代に於ては特に緊要重大にして欠くべからず」という論が出され、これを機に南北朝のどちらの皇統が正統であるかを巡り帝国議会での政治論争にまで発展した。
• In these days of individualism, where even nihilists are appearing, this is a matter of great urgency and importance,' which led to a political debate in the Imperial Diet about whether the Southern or the Northern Court was legitimate.

• 摂関政治や院政などの新しい政治形態の出現、班田制の衰退と荘園の発展、律令法的身分秩序の解体などにみられる各種の歴史上の変化によって、律令法に基づく新しい慣習法が律令法の各分野で形成されてきた結果である。
• This is a result of new common laws being formed in various areas of ritsuryo law, due to a variety of historical changes such as the emergence of new political formats like sekkan seiji (politics of regents and advisers) and insei (rule by a retired Emperor), decline of ancient farmland allotment and accepting system and development of manors, and dismantling of the class system under ritsuryo law.

• いわゆる貿易も、当初の頃はこういった行商で都市間を巡回していた商人らが担っており、これが交通・輸送技術の発達にも従い、より組織化され相互連結されて海外貿易などの極大な交易網に発展していったと考えられる。
• In the earliest years, merchants peddling from city to city had taken a role in so-called trade, so it is considered to be developed into massive trade routes including overseas trades after the routes were organized and connected each other according to the development of transport technologies.

• 五味文彦の研究は、八代がその著書の結びとした「鎌倉時代の根本資料として価値を失わざるのみならず、恐らくは之に比敵するものあらざるべし」という方向で、更に具体的に研究と推論を発展させたものといえるだろう。
• Fumihiko GOMI's study could be said to have been developed from Yashiro's conclusion in his book: 'not only does it not lose its value as source material for the Kamakura period, but there is also no comparative work,' changing his study and conjecture more concretely.

• 香道は、香木が推古天皇3年（595年）に淡路島に漂着してから、宗教的（主として仏教）に利用されてきた香木を、炷き、香りを聞いて鑑賞するものとして利用するようになり、結果として日本独自の芸道として発展した。
• Koboku originally used in religion (mainly Buddhism) was introduced to Awaji Island in 595 and was used to appreciate incense by listening to as it burns, and as a result, incense burning developed as unique Japanese Geido.

• 本来、「柔術」は日本における徒手武術全般の総称であるが、その流れを汲む現代柔道、合気道、ブラジルで発展したブラジリアン柔術、ヨーロッパで発展したJJIF柔術・IJJF柔術等も「柔術」に含まれる場合がある。
• Originally, 'jujutsu' is used as the general term for the Japanese unarmed martial arts, but occasionally, 'jujutsu' includes not only its Japanese descendants (the modern judo and aikido) but also its descendants abroad (Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu developed in Brazil, JJIF Ju-jitsu and IJJF Jujitsu [the latter two were developed in Europe]).

• 国衙の目代と現地の寺社が、寺領荘園の所務を巡り紛争を起こすことは各地で頻発していたが、この事件では白山が山門の末寺で、国司が院近臣・西光の子であることから、中央に波及して山門と院勢力の全面衝突に発展した。
• It was common for the Mokudai of the governor's office and temples/shrines at the province to fight over various aspects regarding shoen (private estates) owned by temples, but this incident sent ripples into the central government and caused a full confrontation between the Sanmon and the cloistered government group because Hakusan was a branch temple of the Sanmon and the governor was a child of Saiko, a close aide of the cloistered government.

• 福山入封後は放浪時代の恩人で知謀の名高い三村親成を高禄で家老職に迎え藩政に力を注ぎ、城下町の建設、産業育成、治水工事や新田開発を積極的に行い、それまでは概ね湿地帯であった現在の福山市域の発展の礎を築いた。
• After entering the Fukuyama Domain, Katsunari hired the highly-respected and resourceful Chikanari MIMURA who was his benefactor during his wandering years as a position of chief retainers by giving him a high salary to carry out domain duties, and he engaged actively in castle town construction, promotion of industrial development, embankment works, and development of new rice fields, and laid the foundation for the present-day Fukuyama City area which was mostly a wetland before.

• が、戦前と同様合祀・合祀申請ともに遺族の同意を一切求めず行われるため、クリスチャンである殉職自衛官の妻が（他の遺族は全員賛成）、宗教的人格権を侵害されたとして損害賠償等を請求する事態に発展したことがある。
• However, since the collective enshrinement and its application proceeded without an agreement with the bereaved family like in the prewar period, a situation once developed where the Christian wife of a self-defense official who died on duty (other family members all agreed with the collective enshrinement) asked for compensation or the like for religious human rights violations.

• 水産業の発展に当たっては、漁村が漁業者を含めた地域住民の生活の場として水産業の健全な発展の基盤たる役割を果たしていることにかんがみ、生活環境の整備その他の福祉の向上により、その振興が図られなければならない。
• Development of fishery shall, in view of the role of fishing villages as bases of the sound development of fishery for the communities including fishery operators, be promoted by improving living environment and other welfare.

• 沖縄では、大正13年（1924年）、「唐手研究倶楽部」が設立され、大正15年（1926年）には「沖縄唐手倶楽部」へと発展しながら、在沖縄の唐手の大家が一堂に会して、唐手の技術交流と共同研究の試みが行われた。
• In Okinawa, the Karate Study Club was set up in 1924 and developed into the Okinawa Karate Club in 1926, whereby karate grand masters in Okinawa gathered together to promote the exchange of karate techniques and carry out collaborative research on karate on a trial basis.

• 発展する経済活動と土地資本体制の行政官である武士を過剰に抱える各政府（各藩）との構造的な軋轢を内包しつつも、「泰平の世」を謳歌していた江戸時代も19世紀を迎えると、急速に制度疲労による硬直化が目立ち始める。
• The Edo period enjoyed a 'peaceful world,' although there was structural conflict between developing economic activities in a city and the land capital system in the domain economy which held an excessive number of samurai, executive officers of the land capital structure, but early in the 19th century the structual fatigue became apparent rapidly as organizational inflexibility.

• 僧肇の説は、法華経が久遠実成（釈迦仏は現世で悟ったのではなく久遠の昔に悟っていた）と説くことから、さらに中国天台宗の智顗に影響を与え、法華経の前半部を“迹門”、後半部を“本門”として、教学的解釈が発展した。
• His theory, as endorsed by Hokekyo (Lotus Sutra), which supports Kuon jitsujo--a view that Buddha had been in nirvana long before he was born into this world--further influenced Zhiyi of the Chinese Tendai Sect, thus providing a basis for the development of Hokekyo's educational interpretations and the division of its scripture into 'Jaku-mon' (the first half) and 'Hon-mon' (the second half).

• 昭和になるまで和太鼓はそれを主体とする音楽に発展することはなかったが、太鼓奏者の小口大八は、胴の長さや直径等の違いで音が違ってくることを利用し、これを組み合わせることによって太鼓をひとつの音楽に仕立て上げた。
• Although the Japanese drum did not develop into music with itself being the main constituent until the start of Showa Period, drum player Daihachi OGUCHI made use of the fact that the sound differs in accordance with the length of the trunk, the diameter of the skin surface and the combination of both, to tailor the Japanese drum in order to perform a piece of music.

• それらが大阪にも伝わり、コンニャクや豆の具を入れしょう油味で食べる「ベタ焼」「チョボ焼」が誕生し、それが各種鉄板料理へと派生、関西地方や広島県において現在「お好み焼き」と呼ばれるスタイルに発展したといわれる。
• They were introduced to Osaka and 'beta-yaki' (Japanese pancake) or 'chobo-yaki' (Japanese pancake) was born, that used konjac or beans as ingredients and were eaten in soy sauce, and they developed into various kinds of foods grilled on an iron plate, and in the Kansai region and Hiroshima prefecture the current 'okonomiyaki' style is said to have been established.

• 室町時代には朝倉敏景（英林孝景）が守護代甲斐常治とともに主である斯波義敏と対立し、足利将軍家の家督争いなどから発展した応仁の乱では山名持豊(宗全)率いる西軍から細川勝元率いる東軍に属し、越前から甲斐氏を追う。
• During the Muromachi period, Toshikage ASAKURA (Eirin Takakage) came to oppose his lord Yoshitoshi SHIBA with Tsuneharu KAI, and in the Onin War, which broke out from the internal squabble of the Ashikaga Shogun family over the family reign, he switched from the West army lead by Mochitoyo YAMANA (Sozen) to the East army lead by Katsumoto HOSOKAWA, and he expelled the Kai clan from Echizen Province.

• だが中国の銅の生産能力は決して高いとは言えない上に、経済の急速な発展から銅銭の需要が銅銭発行量を上回るペースで高まったために、結果的には市中に流通する銅銭が慢性的に不足すると言う銭荒現象が生じるようになった。
• However, since Chinese copper production capacity was not high enough and a demand for copper coins increased at a pace surpassing the amount of copper coins issued due to rapid economic development, a phenomenon called senko that the quantity of circulating copper coins was chronically short occurred.

• この状況を、阪神急行電鉄の前身である箕面有馬電気軌道が阪神間新線の免許を申請した時から見ていた京阪電気鉄道は、自社の保有する京阪本線に関する競合線が同様に出現し、利権が損なわれる事態へ発展することを危惧した。
• Having observed this competition since the Mino-Arima Electric Tramline (Mino-Arima Denki Kido Company), the forerunner of the Hanshin Electric Express Railway, applied for a license to build a new railway line between Osaka and Kobe, the Keihan Electric Railway was seriously concerned about the possibility that a competitor might appear and jeopardize its interests in the Keihan Main Line, which it owned.

• 認可金融商品取引業協会（以下この章において「認可協会」という。）は、有価証券の売買その他の取引及びデリバティブ取引等を公正かつ円滑にし、並びに金融商品取引業の健全な発展及び投資者の保護に資することを目的とする。
• An Authorized Financial Instruments Firms Association (hereinafter referred to as an 'Authorized Association' in this Chapter) aims to ensure fair and smooth sales and purchase or other transactions of Securities and Derivative Transactions, etc. and to contribute to the sound development of Financial Instruments Businesses and protection of investors.

• 更に今日、世界的にもてはやされる日本文化のかなり多くの部分 （俳句、園芸、近世邦楽、文楽、歌舞伎、浮世絵、根付、日本料理、和菓子、陶磁器、漆芸、服飾など）がこの時期に生まれ、あるいは発展、確立したものである。
• In addition, a considerable amount of Japanese culture (the Haiku [a Japanese poem in 17 syllables], horticulture, modern Japanese music, Bunraku [Japanese puppet theater], Kabuki [traditional drama performed by male actors], Ukiyoe [Japanese woodblock prints], Netsuke (miniature carving attached to the end of a cord hanging from a pouch), Japanese cuisine, Japanese-style confectionary, ceramic ware, lacquer art, clothing, etc.), which are extolled world wide, started during this period, or developed for establishment.

• インドからイギリスを経由して日本で広く定着したカレーライスであるが、最近ではカレーライスに様々なフライ (料理)等の別の料理を載せて供するという、他国ではあまり見られない日本独自の食文化としての発展が見られる。
• Although the curry and rice has become widely established in Japan since its arrival from India via the United Kingdom, recently a new food culture has developed, in which the curry and rice is served with other dishes such as various fried food; this culture is uncommon in other countries and is unique to Japan.

• 7世紀～8世紀ころには山陰道各国府を結ぶ山陰道が設けられ、また現在の京都市右京区の京北地域にあたる弓削郷・山国郷などの木材が桂川に乗って京都へ運ばれるようになると、亀岡周辺は保津峡直前の船待ち場として発展した。
• The area around Kameoka prospered as a port right before Hozu-kyo Gorge when the Sanin-do Road to connect provincial capitals in Sanin-do was built in around the seventh to eighth century, and wood in Yuge-go and Yamaguni-go (the present Keihoku area in Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City) was sent to Kyoto via the Katsura-gawa River.

• 近代になり西洋近代歴史学が導入されるとマルクス主義史観に代表される発展段階史観の概念に基づいた過去の日本の歴史の分析が行われるようになり、歴史的百姓身分を封建制段階における農奴身分と規定することが通説となった。
• In the modern times when western modern history was introduced, analysis of Japanese history based on the idea of the evolution phase concept of history, exemplified by Marxist history, was carried out, and it became a common theory that the historical hyakusho rank was defined as a serfdom in the feudalism phase.

• しかし皇后、皇太后、太皇太后に関しては、民間出身者が天皇の代行として摂政位に就き、国事行為を行う是非を議論された事はなく、将来そのような状況になった場合、非常に難しい問題に発展する可能性があると懸念されている。
• However, regarding an Empress, Empress Dowager, or Grand Empress Dowager, the possibility of person of common birth entering a regent position as the emperor's agent and conducting national affairs has never been discussed; and some worry about the possibility that in the future if such a situation arose, it would develop into a very difficult problem.

• 「人間の目的、永遠で不変の理性の命ずるものによって示されたもので、曖昧で束の間の欲望がたほのめかしたのではないような目的は、完全で首尾一貫した全体へと向かう、人間の能力の最高のもっとも調和のとれた発展であり」、
• 'the end of man, or that which is prescribed by the eternal or immutable dictates of reason, and not suggested by vague and transient desires, is the highest and most harmonious development of his powers to a complete and consistent whole;'

• 浄土真宗（じょうどしんしゅう、Shin-Buddhism, Pure Land Buddhism）は、日本の仏教の宗派のひとつで、鎌倉時代初期、法然の弟子・親鸞が、法然の教え（浄土宗）を継承発展させた教団である。
• Jodo Shinshu (Shin-Buddhism/True Pure Land Sect) is one of the sects of Japanese Buddhism, and a religious community that Shinran, an apprentice of Honen, succeeded and which developed Honen's doctrine (Jodo Shu/Pure Land Buddhism) in the early Kamakura period.

• 堂射は高さ・幅に制限のある長い軒下（三十三間堂は高さ約5.5m、幅約2.5m、距離約120m）を射通す競技で、低い弾道で長距離矢を飛ばし、さらに決められた時間内で射通した矢数を競うため、独自の技術的発展を遂げた。
• Dosha is the game of shooting at Nokishita (a space under the eaves) with limited height and width (at Sanjusangendo, it is about 5.5m high, 2.5m wide and 120m long), and the technique has been developed independently because of the need for an arrow to fly a long distance over a low path, and also for a number of arrows to hit a target within a certain time limit, is contested,

• ブームのピーク時には芋焼酎の原料となるサツマイモが市場に不足する深刻な問題が起きたほか、一部銘柄ではプレミアがつき、一本数万円などという値段が付けられるようになり、森伊蔵については偽物が出回る事件にまで発展した。
• At the peak of the boom, it caused a serious lack of sweet potatoes from which sweet potato shochu was made, in the market and also because some brands labeled premium and priced at tens of thousands of yen per bottle, counterfeit Moriizo appeared on the market.

• この平安朝古筆を同筆・同系統で分類すると、「発展期の古筆」（男性的書風）、「完成期の古筆」（古典主義的書風）、「爛熟期の古筆」（ロマン主義的書風）、「移行期の古筆」（個性的書風と直截的書風）に分けることができる。
• Heian court ancient calligraphy is divided, based on style on lineage, into the 'developmental period' (masculine style calligraphy), the 'complete period'' (classic style calligraphy), the 'mature period' (romantic style calligraphy), and the 'transitional period' (individual style and straightforward style calligraphy).

• 以前は唐の都の長安を模倣して作られたというのが一般的な定説であったが、先行する藤原京との密接な関係から現在は関連が疑われており、北魏洛陽などをモデルとした、日本独自の発展系ではないかという見方も有力となっている。
• Although it was a well established theory that the capital was modeled after Changan of Tang Dynasty, its relationship with Fujiwara-kyo, previously thought to be close, became questionable, and therefore another theory became accepted, which stated that Rakuyo in Northern Wei Dynasty was the inspiration, yet the development of the capital was unique to Japan.

• この法律は、保険業の公共性にかんがみ、保険業を行う者の業務の健全かつ適切な運営及び保険募集の公正を確保することにより、保険契約者等の保護を図り、もって国民生活の安定及び国民経済の健全な発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, in view of the public nature of the insurance business, to protect policyholders, etc. by ensuring sound and appropriate management of persons carrying on insurance business and fairness of insurance solicitation, and thereby to contribute to the stability of the lives of the citizens and to the sound development of the national economy.

• 日蓮本門宗（にちれんほんもんしゅう、本門宗）は、日興門流（＝日蓮の弟子日興の法脈を受け継ぐ本山末寺）が1876年（明治9年）に結成し、 1941年の日蓮宗、顕本法華宗との三派合同によって発展解消した、日蓮系の宗派。
• The Nichiren Honmon Sect (Also known as Honmon Sect) is a sect based on Nichiren Buddhism, which was organized by Nikkomon School (a branch temple succeeding the Nikko's Buddhist teaching lineage) in 1876, and merged with the Nichiren Sect and the Kenpon Hokke Sect in 1941 in order to form a better organization.

• 一方で、古来から続く弓道、弓術流派は自身の発展の土台（「騎射」「歩射」「堂射」の内のどれか）を重要視、または流祖の教え、古流の保存など、それぞれの目的に合わせ一貫した技術・教えにより古来からの伝統を受け継いでいる。
• Meanwhile, the Kyudo and Kyujutsu schools continuing from ancient times either value the foundation (either Kisha, Busha or Dosha) of their development or assume the ancient tradition through consistent techniques and teachings that meet the different purposes by preserving the teachings of the ryuso (a founder of a school, an originator), traditional schools, etc.

• 国は、水産加工業及び水産流通業の健全な発展を図るため、事業活動に伴う環境への負荷の低減及び資源の有効利用の確保に配慮しつつ、事業基盤の強化、漁業との連携の推進、水産物の流通の合理化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as enhancement of business base, promotion of coordination with fisheries and rationalization of marine products marketing for the sound development of fishery processing industry and fishery marketing with consideration to the reduction of adverse effects to environment caused by the business operation and maintenance of effective utilization of resources.

• 当時最先端の都市であったロンドン、パリを超えた世界最大級の人口密度を持った江戸の街の隅々に食料を供給するために、流通システムも巨大で複雑で細かなものに発展していき、そのシステムの末端が、振売と呼ばれる業種の人々だった。
• In order to supply food to every corner of Edo, the most highly populated city in the world beyond London and Paris that were the most advanced cities in those days, the distribution was developed into a big, complicated and fine system, and people categorized into business called the furiuri were at the lowest end of the system.

• 武士は当初、「侍」に象徴されるように天皇・貴族の警護や紛争の鎮圧を任とする階層であったが、平清盛の平氏政権を経て鎌倉幕府の成立に至り、旧来の支配権力である朝廷・国司・荘園に対して全国の軍事・警察を担う公権力に発展した。
• Bushi were firstly in the class which guarded the Emperor and aristocrats and suppressed the conflicts as symbolized in 'samurai,' but when the Kamakura bakufu was established through the Taira clan government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, bushi developed into the official authority which were in charge of military affairs and police activities against the Imperial Court, kokushi (provincial governors) and shoen which were traditionally ruling powers.

• 『日本書紀』の記述が正しいとして、常識的に考えれば、多くの資材を投入して防衛のための付属施設である水城等が建設されたとされる664年には、既に本体である都城は存在し、資材を投入するに足りる発展を遂げていたと考えられる。
• On the assumption that the description of the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) is correct, and based upon common sense, Miyakonojo which served as the central function, was constructed and developed enough for materials to be applied before 664 when many materials were put to construct affiliated facilities including mizu-shiro (castles on lakes or marshes for defensive purposes) for defense.

• この法律は、著作物並びに実演、レコード、放送及び有線放送に関し著作者の権利及びこれに隣接する権利を定め、これらの文化的所産の公正な利用に留意しつつ、著作者等の権利の保護を図り、もつて文化の発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to provide for, and to secure protection of, the rights of authors, etc. and the rights neighboring thereto with respect [copyrightable] works as well as performances, phonograms, broadcasts and wire-broadcasts, while giving due regard to the fair exploitation of these cultural products, and by doing so, to contribute to the development of culture.
• 'The purpose of this Law is, by providing for the rights of authors and the rights neighboring thereon with respect to works as well as performances, phonograms, broadcasts and wire diffusions, to secure the protection of the rights of authors, etc., having regard to a just and fair exploitation of these cultural products, and thereby to contribute to the development of culture.'

• 経済産業大臣は、外国貿易及び国民経済の健全な発展を図るために必要があると認めるときは、第九条第一項の規定による輸入割当てに当たり、輸入の期間、貨物の原産地、船積地域その他輸入に関する事項について条件を付することができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, when he/she finds it necessary in order to achieve the sound development of foreign trade and the national economy, attach conditions to an import quota allocated under Article 9, paragraph 1 with respect to the period of import, place of origin or place of shipment of goods and other matters concerning import.

• 隠元の法孫に当たる鉄眼道光禅師は艱難辛苦の末に隠元のもたらした大蔵経を底本とした『鉄眼版（黄檗版）一切経』といわれる大蔵経を開刻・刊行し、これによって日本の仏教研究は飛躍的に進んだばかりか、出版技術も大きく進歩発展した。
• Zen Master Doko TETSUGEN, who was a successor (法孫) of Ingen, carved out a pattern of Daizo-kyo on a woodblock, which is called 'Tetsugen-ban Version (Obaku-ban Version) Issai-kyo Sutra,' based on the Daizo-kyo introduced by Ingen describing the trials and tribulations, and published it so that not merely the research of Buddhism in Japan would make dramatic process but the technology of publishing did as well.

• 応保2年（1162年）、後白河が日宋貿易の発展を目論んで摂津の大輪田泊を修築した際、清盛は隣接地の福原に日宋貿易の拠点として山荘を築いているが、このことは、後白河と清盛が共同して日宋貿易に取り組んでいたことを示している。
• In 1162, Goshirakawa renovated Owada no tomari in Settsu with an eye on developing trade between Japan and Song, and Kiyomori built a mountain residence in the neighboring Fukuhara as a base for Japan-Song trade, showing that Goshirakwa and Kiyomori worked together to develop Japan-Song trade.

• 五代には貴族層が没落し、宋 (王朝)初には科挙制度が整備される一方で武人の勢力が抑圧されるようになったために、地方の豪族から官僚が生み出され、その庇護によって当人及び一族の荘園が発展するという構図が描かれるようになった。
• During the Five Dynasties period the class of aristocrats was impoverished and during the early Sung dynasty, while kakyo system (the Imperial Examination System) was streamlined, the strength of warriors was oppressed and so the bureaucracy was born from the local ruling families, who protected the bureaucrats to develop the shoens for them and their families.

• この内紛は一向一揆同士の戦いに発展した事から、本願寺法主の命令を奉じた超勝寺・本覚寺側を「大一揆」、加賀の国主権限を認められながら反逆者として粛清された賀州三ヶ寺側を「小一揆」と呼ぶ事からこれを「大小一揆」とも呼ばれる。
• This internal conflict developed into the battle between the Ikko sects in which the Chosho-ji Temple and Hongan-ji Temple side which confined to orders from Hongan-ji hoshu was called 'Dai-Ikki' (Big League) and the Gashu Sanka-ji Temples side which was purged as traitors despite they were authorized as governors of the Kaga Domain was called 'Sho-Ikki' (Little League), which is why this battle is also called 'Daisho Ikki.'

• 競争の図式が、後の環境がその発展を助長するところに出現するその迅速さから、おそらく競争への性癖は、初期の時代にも、初期の集団生活の緊急時には許容される範囲内で明らかに顕示するほどに充分な力を喪って現われていたと思われる。
• From the readiness with which a scheme of emulation is entered upon where late circumstances favor its development, it seems probable that the proclivity to emulation must have been present also in the earlier days in sufficient force to assert itself to the extent to which the exigencies of the earlier life of the group would permit.

• これがその後何年にもわたって徐々に発展、拡大、そして改編され、1999年にはEDICTは約6万エントリーに達します。そして拡張フォーマットへと変換され、初代XMLフォーマットのJMdictファイルとしてリリースされました。
• This was progressively expanded and edited over the following years. In 1999 the EDICT, which by this time contained about 60,000 entries, was converted into an expanded format and the first XML-format JMdict file released.

• 行政機関の長又は届出独立行政法人等は、学術研究の発展に資すると認める場合その他の総務省令で定める場合には、総務省令で定めるところにより、一般からの求めに応じ、前条第一項の規定により作成した匿名データを提供することができる。
• The head of an administrative organ or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 may provide anonymized data produced pursuant to the provision of Article 35, paragraph (1) upon a request from the citizens, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, when finding that it would contribute to the development of academic researches or in other cases specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

• 2日目は射法について審議されるが、「打起し（後述射法八節）」の審議に入るとそれぞれ自己の流派射法から「正面打起し」と「斜面打起し」を主張し合い、互いに譲らず喧々囂々白熱した議論へと発展、その日は議論の決着を見ずに終了した。
• The second day, shooting forms were discussed, but when 'Uchiokoshi (anchoring) (mentioned later in Shaho hassetsu)' was discussed they each advocated their own school's shooting forms, 'Shomen-uchiokoshi' or 'Shamen-uchiokoshi (anchoring in slanting position)' and would not give in, leading to a hot debate and ending the day without a conclusion.

• しかし明治27年に勃発した日清戦争を契機に大阪は「東洋のマンチェスター」と呼ばれる日本最大の商工業都市に発展し、神戸は東洋最大の港湾都市へ飛躍するなど、再び日本における文化・経済の中心地となった（阪神間モダニズムも参照）。
• However, through the Sino-Japanese War which broke out in 1894, Osaka developed into the largest industrial and commercial city in Japan, called the 'Manchester of the East,' while Kobe had rapidly progressed to become the largest port city in the East, causing the cities to once more be the center of culture and economy in Japan (also refer to the Hanshin-kan Modernism).

• 平和が招来されたことにより、大量の兵士（武士）が非生産的な軍事活動から行政的活動に転じ、広域的な新田開発が各地で行われたため、戦国時代から安土・桃山時代へと長い成長を続けていた経済は爆発的に発展し、高度成長時代が始まった。
• Since a large number of soldiers (samurai) shifted their activities from counterproductive military activities to administrative activities due to the rise of peaceful state and new rice fields were cultivated in various places, the economic development which had sustained for a long time from the Warring States period to the Azuchi Momoyama period accerelated explosively, and a high-growth era started.

• 日清戦争の後、高まりを見せ始めていた労働運動を取り締まるために、それまで自由民権運動を念頭に置いて政治活動の規制を主な目的としていた集会及政社法に、労働運動の規制という新たな役割を付加した上で継承発展させる形で制定された。
• In order to crack down on the labor movements which were rising after Japanese-Shino War, with a new role of regulating them it was enacted as the successor of Shukai oyobi Seisha Ho (the law on assembly and association), the major target of which had been to regulate political activities focusing on the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.

• 明治6年（1873年）には朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論問題から発展した明治六年政変で西郷・板垣退助・後藤象二郎・副島と共に10月24日に下野、明治7年（1874年）1月10日に愛国公党を結成し1月12日に民撰議院設立建白書に署名。
• In 1873 during the Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (Coup of 1873) that developed from the Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) issue surrounding Japan's Invasion of Korea, Eto went to Shimonotsuke Province with Saigo, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shojiro GOTO and SOEJIMA on October 24, he formed the Aikokukoto Party on January 10, 1874, and signed the political statement for democratic representatives on January 12.

• しかしながら、各業界の発展の歴史は、新しい機械の発明や新しい方式の導入といった改良が行われるたび、この業界の労働者に置ける生産能力の増加と安価なコストを生じ、失業者を生じさせることはなく、かわりに多くの働く人を必要とした。
• and yet the history of the development of each trade shows that each improvement, whether it be the invention of a new machine or the introduction of a better method, which results in increasing the productive capacity of the men in the trade and cheapening the costs, instead of throwing men out of work make in the end work for more men.

• 元々は南米に連れてこられた奴隷たちが、主人の目を盗んで、ばれないように陰に隠れて盗んだ魚介類をそのままライムや塩などをかけてガブついて腹に収めていた奴隷料理が起源と言われており、それが発展して現在の一般的な家庭料理になった。
• It is said that this dish originated with slaves that had been taken to South America--they would hide in the shadows so as not to be discovered and quickly eat their stolen fish with lime and salt--and their preparation method became common in households throughout the region.

• 区域区分は、当該都市の発展の動向、当該都市計画区域における人口及び産業の将来の見通し等を勘案して、産業活動の利便と居住環境の保全との調和を図りつつ、国土の合理的利用を確保し、効率的な公共投資を行うことができるように定めること。
• Area classification shall be conducted with consideration given to development trends and the current conditions and future expectations of population and industry in said cities, while maintaining a balance between convenience for industrial activities and the preservation of the residential environment, to allow for the reasonable use of national land and to facilitate efficient public investment;

• 「平」という名称の由来は不明であるが、もっとも有力な説は太田亮が唱えて藤木邦彦・佐伯有清らが発展させた説で、最初の平氏であった桓武平氏の祖である桓武天皇が建設した平安京にちなんで「平（和訓多比良）」と名づけたとするものである。
• While the origin of the name 'Taira' is unknown, the most influential theory proposed by Akira OTA and developed by Kunihiko FUJIKI, Arikiyo SAEKI and others, states that 'Taira' derives from a Japanese reading of the kanji character '平' in '平安京,' the ancient capital in present-day Kyoto which was built by the Emperor Kanmu, an ancestor of the first Taira clan, Kanmu-Heishi.

• これらは重点産業こそ異なれ、経済発展の目標は農産物或いは工業製品の生産工場に拠り日本国内の需要を満たすことにあったが、日本からの大量資本投下は台湾経済の発展と社会インフラ整備を支援し、戦後の台湾経済にも大きな影響を与えている。
• Though the primary industry differed in each period, the primary goal throughout the entire time was to meet the domestic demand in Japan by increasing the production of agricultural and industrial products, while Japan's massive investment, which supported the development of Taiwan's economy and social infrastructure, influenced the post-war economy of Taiwan.

• この度々の計画の変更については、「芳賀矢一記念会」の了承を得て、また芳賀矢一が死去する昭和2年までは同人の了承をも得ていたとされており、この点について池田は源氏物語大成の序文の中で「本来の計画の正しい発展である」と述べている。
• It is said that this frequent changing of plans were approved by the 'Memorial Association of Yaichi Haga' and also accepted by HAGA until his death in 1927, so IKEDA stated in the foreword to Genji monogatari taisei that 'these frequent changes were the proper development of the original plan.'

• 1350年、足利家において将軍尊氏の弟の足利直義と、足利家執事の高師直の対立が発展して観応の擾乱が起こると、時氏は初め師直を推して直義排斥のクーデターにも参加するが、12月に京都を脱出して南朝に属し、師直を滅ぼした直義に従う。
• In 1350 when Kanno Disturbance occurred, that was a consequence of the conflict in the Ashikaga family between Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, a younger brother of Shogun Takauji, and KO no Moronao, a shitsuji (steward) of the Ashikaga family, Tokiuji at first supported Moronao and joined the coup d'etat for the rejection of Tadayoshi, but in December he escaped from Kyoto to belong to the Southern Court and obeyed Tadayoshi who had destroyed Moronao.

• この法律は、製造物の欠陥により人の生命、身体又は財産に係る被害が生じた場合における製造業者等の損害賠償の責任について定めることにより、被害者の保護を図り、もって国民生活の安定向上と国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to protect the victim of the injury to life, body, or property which is caused by a defect in the product by setting forth liability of the manufacturer, etc. for damages, and thereby to contribute to the stabilization and improvement of the life of the citizens and to the sound development of the national economy.

• この法律は、都市計画の内容及びその決定手続、都市計画制限、都市計画事業その他都市計画に関し必要な事項を定めることにより、都市の健全な発展と秩序ある整備を図り、もつて国土の均衡ある発展と公共の福祉の増進に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to promote the sound development and orderly improvement of cities by stipulating the details of city planning and decision procedures therefor, city planning restrictions, city planning projects and any other necessary matters concerning city planning, thereby contributing to well-balanced national development and the promotion of public welfare.

• またちなみに、多くの経典が釈迦の直説ではないといっても、そのおおもととなる教説により各経典が発展して成立し、まったくのデタラメとも言えないという観点から、大乗非仏説ではなく経典成立史と呼称して新しく教相の判釈を試みる傾向もある。
• In this connection, some monks still try to conduct Kyoso Hanjaku under the pretext of the history of creation of scriptures, independent of the thesis that the Mahayana teachings do not stem from the historical Buddha, from the standpoint that even though many of scriptures do not directly derive from Shaka's teachings, they cannot be completely bogus since each scripture should have been created and developed based on the original Shaka's teachings.

• だが、欧米の研究家の間では、欧州の瞬発式火縄銃が日本に伝えられて改良発展したものが、逆にオランダによって日本から買い付けられて東南アジアに輸出され、それらが手本となって日本式の機構が東南アジアに広まったものとする説が有力である。
• However, among European and US researchers one theory is dominant, which says that instantaneous discharge matchlocks in Europe were introduced into Japan and improved, Holland bought them from Japan and exported them to Southeast Asia and the Japanese model spread across Southeast Asia as an example.

• 石原は「神武会」に政財界や軍部の大物を参加させることで会を発展させようとし、中川のほか菊池武夫陸軍中将・男爵、南郷次郎海軍少将、千坂智次郎海軍中将、田中国重陸軍大将、原道太海軍大佐、外交官の本田熊多郎らにも参加を持ちかけていた。
• ISHIHARA intended to expand the society by incorporating prominent figures in the political and economic circles as well as the military, and besides NAKAGAWA, he also invited the lieutenant general (army) and baron Takeo KIKUCHI, major general (navy) Jiro NANGO, lieutenant general (navy) Tomojiro Chisaka, general (army) Kunishige TANAKA, general (navy) Michita HARA, and the diplomat Kumataro HONDA among others, to participate in the society.

• 加賀守・藤原師高の目代が白山の末寺を焼いたことが発端で、当初は目代と現地の寺社によるありふれた紛争にすぎなかったが、白山の本寺が延暦寺であり、師高の父が院近臣の西光だったため、中央に波及して延暦寺と院勢力との全面衝突に発展した。
• The beginning was an incident where Kaga no kami (the governer of Kaga Province) FUJIWARA no Morotaka burned a branch temple of Hakusan, and initially this was simply an ordinary conflict between the Mokudai (personal deputy of an absentee provincial governor) and the local temple, but the main temple of Hakusan was Enryaku-ji Temple and because Morotaka's father was the cloistered government aide Saiko, this led to a direct confrontation at the central government between the Enryaku-ji Temple and the cloistered government.

• 日本国政府及び中華人民共和国政府は、両国間の関係を一層発展させ、人的往来を拡大するため、必要に応じ、また、既存の民間取決めをも考慮しつつ、貿易、海運、航空、漁業等の事項に関する協定の締結を目的として、交渉を行なうことに合意した。
• The Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China have agreed that, with a view to further promoting relations between the two countries and to expanding interchanges of people, the two Governments will, as necessary and taking account of the existing non-governmental arrangements, enter into negotiations for the purpose of concluding agreements concerning such matters as trade, shipping, aviation, and fisheries.

• 公益法人金融商品取引業協会（以下この章において「公益協会」という。）は、前条第二項各号に掲げるもののほか、金融に係る知識の普及、啓発活動及び広報活動を通じて、金融商品取引業の健全な発展及び投資者の保護の促進に努めなければならない。
• A Public Interest Corporation-Type Financial Instruments Firms Association (hereinafter referred to as a 'Public Interest-Type Association' in this Chapter) shall endeavor to promote sound development of Financial Instruments Businesses and protection of investors by dissemination of financial knowledge, enlightenment campaigns and publicity campaigns, in addition to what is listed in the items of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)以降、戦陣において歩射が一般化すると、戦国時代初期には歩射弓術を基礎とする日置流が発生し、矢を遠くへ飛ばす繰矢・尋矢（くりや、遠矢とも）、速射をする指矢（さしや、数矢とも）など様々な技法が発展した（五射参照）。
• Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when Busha was generalized in battle, the Heki school based on the Kyujutsu of Busha, was founded in early Sengoku Period and various techniques such as Kuriya (繰矢・尋矢, 遠矢) to release arrow from far away and Sashiya (指矢, 数矢) of Sokusha (quick shooting) were developed (see Gosha).

• また、会計官では不換紙幣としての太政官札の企画を推進してきた副知事の由利公正が従来の財政問題を巡る路線対立に加えて、外交問題から太政官札の位置付け変更に踏み込んだ通貨改革の流れに発展してきたことに対する不満から辞意を表明していた。
• Furthermore, Kosei YURI, the vice prefectural governor who promoted the the plan of the Dajokan-satsu as the inconvertible paper currency at the finance office, expressed his will to resign because of his dissatisfaction with the confrontation on the existing financial issues along with his dissatisfaction with the circumstances that the diplomatic issue had grown into a monetary reform which even involved the change of position of Dajokan-satsu.

• しかし、この国替えは信長自身も数度行っており、信長はそれらを解決するために家族そのものの移住等を行いその度にその国を発展させてきたが、信長にとっては大した事ではないが家臣にとっては難しい問題であったが故の摩擦となった可能性もある。
• Nobunaga, who had himself changed his province several times, moved them to new provinces to develop the province, which may not have been a difficult matter for Nobunaga, but more so for his vassals, and was a possible cause of friction.

• 2008年（平成20年）3月11日、日本政府は閣議に於いて市川に対し、彼の長年の映画界への貢献及び日本文化の発展に尽くした功績を評価し、逝去した2008年2月13日に遡って正四位に叙すると共に、旭日重光章を授与することを決定した。
• Evaluating his achievement for contribution to the film industry for many years and for the development of Japanese culture, the Japanese government on March 11, 2008 decided to award him the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star as well as Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank) retroactively to February 13, 2008 when he died.

• この見解を文化の進化図式に適合させようとする試みでは、人類は、前人あるいは原類人猿段階のときには、捕食性の種であったのであり、人間の文化の最初の段階も、後の文化の発展も実質的に略奪的なものであったという含意が支持されることになる。
• In any attempt to fit this view into an evolutionary scheme of culture it would carry the implication that in the prehuman or proto-anthropoid phase of its life the race was a predaceous species, and that the initial phase of human culture, as well as the later cultural development, has been substantially of a predatory kind.

• 今は阪神工業地帯を持つ近畿地方が中心となり、日本のみならず世界全体の若年者問題と、労働意欲低下問題解決のための機能を持つことで人々の士気向上をめざし、特に日本においては、ものづくりを中心とする経済発展に貢献することが期待されている。
• Today, the Kinki region, which contains Hanshin Industrial Zone, hopes to lift the human spirit by working towards building solutions to youth problems and tackling issues of declining motivation relating to working not only in Japan but in the world as well, with a particular focus on contributing to economic development based on manufacturing in Japan.

• フェノロサが最初に使った「日本画」という言葉は、西洋から渡来した油彩画に対して、それまでに日本にあった図画全般を単に指すものではなく、中国や朝鮮半島に由来しながらも、日本の中で熟成、独自に発展した様式について言っているものであろう。
• It is thought that the term 'Nihon-ga' used by Fenollosa for the first time did not simply refer to all drawings existing in Japan prior to the arrival of western oil painting, but more specifically to the style which had roots in China and the Korean Peninsula but was developed independently and matured in Japan.

• ユガケは和弓の登場時から親指に弦を掛け弓を引く「蒙古式（右図Fig.3）」の取り掛けをする日本の射法に合わせて独自に発展した道具であり、時代毎の流派や射術、弓射のあり方の変遷に伴いユガケもその時代毎に改良が重ねられ、現在の形に至る。
• Yugake is the gear which uniquely developed with Japanese way of shooting that had applied the way of setting of 'Menggu' (Mongol) style (right figure. 3) where a bow was drawn with a thumb since Japanese bow appeared and improved repeatedly with the changes of schools in successive periods, shajutsu (technique to shoot a bow) or yumiire(or kyusha, ceremonial shooting) and have become a present form.

• これは他の分野でも同様の現象が起きており、やがて特定の博士家が博士の職を世襲するために、家説を秘伝化・神秘化しながらこれに権威性と絶対性を与えていくことによって、学術そのものを氏族内部のみで世襲化する「家学」へと発展させることとなる。
• The same phenomena took place in other fields, and in order to take up the position of hakase by heredityparticular hakase families developed the learning itself into 'kagaku' inherited within the clan by making their family's theory esoteric and mystified, and by giving it authority and unequivocalness.

• 台湾銀行以外に、台湾総督府は台湾金融の安定化を図るために彰化銀行、嘉義銀行、台湾商工銀行、新高銀行、華南銀行、日本勧業銀行などを設立し、また特別法を制定し、信用組合、無尽、金融講、信託会社なども設立され台湾経済の発展に寄与させていた。
• In addition to Bank of Taiwan, the Sotoku-fu allowed the establishment of the Shoka Bank, Kayoshi Bank, Bank of Taiwan of Commerce, Niitaka Bank, Bank of Hunan and the Nihon Kangyo Bank, and it also enacted a special act to establish credit associations, trust companies, mutual loan associations, savings and credit associations to contribute to the economic development in Taiwan.

• これを再び統一したのは北宋であったが、宋王朝は遼や金 (王朝)などと対立していたことなどから、中国全土に対して強力な支配を行っていたとは必ずしもいえないが、宋のもとで中国の社会が安定し農業や商業が飛躍的に発展したと考えることはできる。
• It was the Northern Sung Dynasty that unified China again, but it can not be said that the Sung Dynasty was able to exert a controlling force over the whole area of China, since Sung was confronted with the Ryo and Jin Dynasties, but it can be thought that society achieved stability, and agriculture and commerce made remarkable progress in China during this period.

• 縄文時代（じょうもんじだい）は、年代でいうと今から約16,500年から約3,000年前（紀元前10世紀）、地質時代では更新世末期から完新世にかけて日本列島で発展した時代であり、世界史では中石器時代ないし新石器時代に相当する時代である。
• The Jomon period is approximately from 16,500 to 3,000 years ago (the tenth century B.C.) in terms of date, developed from the end of the Pleistocene epoch to the Holocene epoch in the Japanese archipelago in terms of geological age, and is comparable to the Mesolithic period or the Neolithic period in terms of the world history.

• 公認会計士は、監査及び会計の専門家として、独立した立場において、財務書類その他の財務に関する情報の信頼性を確保することにより、会社等の公正な事業活動、投資者及び債権者の保護等を図り、もつて国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを使命とする。
• The mission of certified public accountants, as professionals on auditing and accounting, shall be to ensure matters such as the fair business activities of companies, etc. and the protection of investors and creditors by ensuring the reliability of financial documents and any other information concerning finance from an independent standpoint, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.

• 約800年前に中国原産の小ミカンが肥後国八代（現熊本県八代市）に伝わったのが元であり、それが紀州有田（現和歌山県有田郡）に移植され一大産業に発展したことから「紀州」の名が付けられたとの説の他、元々紀州有田に自生していたという説等がある。
• There are many assumptions about the origin that small citrus unshu of China was imported to Yatushiro, Higo Province (today's Yatsushiro City, Kumamoto Prefecture) about 800 years ago and planted in Arida, Kishu (today's Arida District, Wakayama Prefecture) and thus named as 'Kishu' because it grew to be a big industry there, and other assumptions say that citrus unshu (mikan) grew wild in Kishu and so on.

• だが、江戸時代後期彦根藩などの保護を受けた他の琵琶湖湖畔の諸港の台頭、船主・漁民と農民・商人との利害対立による内紛（堀田氏の佐野移封と前後として農民と漁民の対立が大規模暴動に発展している）などがあり、徐々にその影響力を低下させていった。
• However, Katata gradually lost its power, owing to the rise of other domains surrounding Lake Biwa that were protected by some authorities such as the Hikone Domain in the late Edo period and internal conflicts between shipowners and fishermen and farmers and merchants (around the transfer of Hotta clan to Sano, the conflict between farmers and fishermen developed into a large-scale riot).

• 締約当時に開発途上国と見なされた中華人民共和国・インドなどが、その後順調な経済的発展を遂げ、非効率的なエネルギー政策で大量に温室効果ガスを発生させ、世界有数の排出国となっているにも関わらず、何ら義務を負っていないことも問題視されている。
• Countries such as People's Republic of China and India, which were regarded as developing countries at the time of ratification, have economically developed steadily afterward and they have come to produced a massive amount of greenhouse gases to be the world's top-class emitter due to their inefficient energy policies; accordingly, it is problematic that they have not undertaken any obligation in spite of such a situation.

• しかし、江戸時代中期に入り港町や宿場町などの発展、換金性の高い綿が栽培され始めるなど農村部に資本主義が流入され、また（これが最も大きいのだろうが）大名への献金が過重になり過ぎて商家の一部がつぶれるなど、城下町の衰退が目立つようになった。
• Since the middle of the Edo period, however, the decline of castle towns had been given stark expression in the development of port towns and post towns, the influx of capitalism into agricultural communities, such as the cultivation of cotton, one of readily redeemable goods, and bankruptcies of the merchants due to the excessive financial contribution to feudal lords (daimyo), (which might be the biggest cause of the decline).

• ただ更に時代を下った近代では、陰陽五行思想は一般には余り気に掛けられず、専ら各々の人などが持つ要素・属性などの相互関係で、望ましい方向に発展することを「相性が良い」といい、どうも芳しくない結果に陥りがちな関係は「相性が悪い」と表現する。
• In the modern times, the philosophy of Onmyo gogyo is not much cared for in general; simply, when the mutual relationship between the elements or attributes of people develops to a desired direction, it is said to have a 'good aisho,' and when the combination may produces an undesirable result, it is said to have a 'bad aisho.'

• だが、新将軍・義尚は若くして病死し、引退した父・義政も銀閣をはじめとする慈照寺の造営に余生を費やして、芸術の世界にのみ生きた（とはいえ、義政の芸術保護が後の東山文化発展の基礎となり、後々の日本文化に大きな影響を与えた事は否定できない）。
• But the new Shogun, Yoshihisa, died of illness while still young, and his retired father Yoshimasa devoted his remaining years to construction projects at Jisho-ji Temple, notably the building known as Ginkaku (the Silver Pavilion), focusing his attention entirely on the world of artistic endeavor (and indeed, Yoshimasa's patronage of the arts became the foundation of the flourishing artistic culture of the Higashiyama area, and no one can deny he had a profound influence on later developments in Japanese culture.)

• 会終了後に高揚した一部の参加者が暴徒と化し、偶々近くを走行していた市内電車や、郡部線（郊外路線）のターミナル駅であった柳橋駅、隣接の名電本社へ破壊・放火するなどの事態に発展し、本社建屋・柳橋駅舎と電車23両などが被災（焼失・破壊）した。
• Some participants resulted to violence at the end of the meeting, and the situation developed into the destruction and arson of city train running across every parts of the city, facilities of the Yanagibashi station that was a terminal port for the suburban line, headquarter of Nagoya Denki Tetsudo adjacent to it, and 23 trains.

• とはいえ日本の蒸気機関車技術の発展は、狭軌鉄道のハンディキャップ（軌間の狭さだけでなく、軌道の弱さによる軸重制限の厳しさが、車両性能向上には非常な障害となった）を差し引いても、同時期の欧米の水準からは、一貫して著しく遅れた状態であった。
• Nonetheless, the development of Japan's steam locomotive technology was consistently far behind European and American levels at that time, even considering the handicaps of narrow-gage railroads (a big obstacle to the upgrading of trains due not only to the narrow gage, but also weak tracks, which severely limited the axle load).

• 林業については、森林の有する多面的機能の発揮に重要な役割を果たしていることにかんがみ、林業の担い手が確保されるとともに、その生産性の向上が促進され、望ましい林業構造が確立されることにより、その持続的かつ健全な発展が図られなければならない。
• In consideration of the fact that forestry plays an important role in the fulfillment of forests' multifunctional role, sustainable and sound forestry development shall be promoted by securing the workforce, improving the productivity, and establishing a desirable forestry structure.

• また文禄・慶長の役で南岸域を中心に日本軍が造った城も多く存在し、それらは倭城と呼ばれているが、近年の韓国の経済発展に伴う各種造成工事でその少なからぬものが根強い反日感情もあって重要な史跡とみなされることなく毀損されているという現状がある。
• There were many castles built by Japanese forces in the southern region during the Bunroku-Keicho War, but they are known as wagon (Japanese-style castles), due to the considerable economic development in recent years in South Korea, many of these wagon have been destroyed despite being important historical sites, due to the strong anti-Japanese sentiment.

• 国または政府によって基本方針を策定し、その地域の関係者との協議を行い地方自治体である市町村や都道府県による観光圏の整備計画の作成とそれらの整備事業の実施に必要な事を関係する観光などの事業者とともに行い、その圏の発展を促すことを目指すもの。
• The aim is that the nation or government formulates the basic policy, has talks with the people involved in the area, works with relevant companies (including tourism operators) on the things necessary for preparation of the plan for the development of sightseeing area by the local government such as the municipalities or prefectures and the implementation of its development project, and promotes the development of that area.

• なお、マッコリを日本のどぶろくや日本酒のルーツとする記載がネット上で散見されるが、そもそも使用する麹が異なっている（マッコリは麦麹、どぶろくは米麹）ので、両者は醸造学的に異なる歴史を歩み発展した別系統の酒であるとする見解がほとんどである。
• Although there are descriptions on the Internet that Japanese Doburoku and sake were derived from makgeolli, as they use different malts (makgeolli uses malt and Doburoku uses malted rice), a prevailing view is that they are different lines of sake, which went through different histories and developments in zymurgy.

• 1901年(明治34年)に舞鶴鎮守府が創設され、日本海側唯一の軍港として発展した歴史を持つ舞鶴市であるが、鎮守府創設にあわせる形で1898年(明治31年)に軍事水道の建設が開始され、1900年(明治33年)に与保呂川上流に桂貯水池が完成。
• Maizuru City has a history of being developed as the only military port along the Japan Sea after Maizuru Chinjufu (Maizuru Naval District) was established in 1901; however, in order to complete its construction before the establishment of Chinjufu, the construction of the military water system started in 1898, and the Katsura reservoir was completed upstream of Yohoro-gawa River.

• また、同盟者である家康を見殺しにしたとも見えるこの行動は、織田家の宿将ともいえる人物の行いとしては適切とはいえず、家康が死んだ場合の徳川家が敵側へと回る可能性を上げたり、同盟する者を減らすなどの織田家全体に関わる問題に発展した可能性がある。
• Also, his behavior which looks as if he had let Ieyasu die without attempting to help him was not an act appropriate for a person who was an experienced warrior of the Oda family, and it was possible that this might have led to a problem for all of the Oda family if he had let the Tokugawa family become the enemy after Ieyasu's death, or if the number of allies had decreased.

• この法律は、漁業協同組合等による養殖漁場の改善を促進するための措置及び特定の養殖水産動植物の伝染性疾病のまん延の防止のための措置を講ずることにより、持続的な養殖生産の確保を図り、もって養殖業の発展と水産物の供給の安定に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to assure sustainable aquaculture production, thereby contributing to the development of aquaculture and to a stable supply of aquatic products by taking measures to promote the improvement of aquaculture areas to be performed by Fisheries Cooperative Associations, and also by taking measures to prevent the spread of specified infectious diseases among farm-raised aquatic animals and plants.

• その結果、大覚寺統傍流出身の後醍醐天皇子孫への皇位継承を認めないという結論に達したとき、これに反発した後醍醐天皇がこれを支持する公家と幕府に不満を抱く武士達の連携の動きが現われるのを見てクーデターを起こし、討幕運動へと発展する事になった。
• As a result, when the policy eventually reached the point of refusing to consider descendants of Emperor Godaigo, himself a scion of the Daikakuji lineage, as candidates for the throne, Emperor Godaigo was able to harness the long-festering resentment among warriors towards those who supported this policy--the nobility and the bakufu--and cooperate with them to launch a coup d'etat, which then developed into a full-scale rebellion against the bakufu.

• 藤原秀郷の一族を追捕している満仲が、なぜ秀郷の嫡流である仲光を郎等にしたのかは不明だが、源満仲と藤原仲光との間に起きた「美女丸・幸寿丸の事件」を機に、満仲が隠居した後、仲光は多田院の主代殿となるなど、初期清和源氏の発展に貢献したとされる。
• It is unclear why Mitsunaka who searched and captured the family of FUJIWARA no Hidesato accepted Nakamitsu who was a direct descendant of Hidesato as roto (retainer), however, after 'Incident of Bijomaru and Kojumaru' which had happened between MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka and FUJIWARA no Nakamitsu, Nakamitsu apparently contributed to the early development of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan originated from Emperor Seiwa), for example, having been 主代殿 of Tada-in Shrine after Mitsunaka had retired.

• 明治政府は新政府樹立の基本精神である祭政一致の実現と、開国以来の治安問題(浦上四番崩れなど)に発展していたキリスト教流入の防御のため、律令制の崩壊以降衰えていた神祇官を復興させ、中世以来混沌とした様相を見せていた神道の組織整備をおこなった。
• In order to realize 'saisei icchi,' which was the basic spirit of the Meiji Government, and to prevent an influx of Christianity which, since the opening up of the country, had created public order problems (such as the Urakami Yoban Kuzure crackdown on Christians), the new government restored the Jingikan, which had been in decline since the collapse of the Ritsuryo system and reorganized Shinto, which had been in a state of chaos since the Medieval Period.

• この法律は、内外の経済的社会的環境に応じたエネルギーの安定的かつ適切な供給の確保に資するため、電気事業者による新エネルギー等の利用に関する必要な措置を講ずることとし、もって環境の保全に寄与し、及び国民経済の健全な発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to take necessary measures for new energy use by operators of electric utilities with an aim to contribute to the stable and appropriate supply of energy in accordance with the domestic and global economic and social environment, thereby contributing to environmental protection and the sound development of the national economy.

• 御三家筆頭尾張徳川家の徳川宗春は吉宗と異なった経済政策をとり、積極政策による経済の発展を図ったが、吉宗の改革と異なる華美振る舞いが幕府の忌諱に触れ、また竹腰正武らの尾張家重臣層も宗春の政策を危ぶんだため、宗春は隠居謹慎の上、閉門を命じられた。
• Muneharu TOKUGAWA of the Owari Tokugawa family, the highest-ranked gosanke, tried to develop the economy by using differenct policy from Yoshimune by proactively promoting economic activities, but his extravagant lifestyle, which conflicted with the reforms by Yoshimune, caused ill feelings in the bakufu, and senior retainers of the Owari family including Masatake TAKENOKOSHI also became anxious about the policy of Muneharu, who was then ordered to retire and confine himself at home, with doors and windows locked.

• しかし信長も、楽市楽座を大規模な施策とし、さらに琵琶湖などを中心とした流通による商業発展を目指すなど、やはり先見性のある内政を行なっていたといえる（流通による商業政策が重視されはじめたのは江戸時代後期であり、それまでは年貢が重視されていた）。
• However, it can be said that Nobunaga implemented visionary domestic administration such as a large-scale Rakuichi-rakuza and the intention in the development of commerce which emphasized a distribution system around Lake Biwa (the commercial policy emphasizing a distribution system began to be highly valued from the latter part of the Edo period, and nengu (land tax) had been emphasized.).

• 国は、食品産業が食料の供給において果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、その健全な発展を図るため、事業活動に伴う環境への負荷の低減及び資源の有効利用の確保に配慮しつつ、事業基盤の強化、農業との連携の推進、流通の合理化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as enhancing business base, encouraging closer cooperation with agriculture, streamlining its distribution system, in order to promote the sound development of food industry in view of an importance of its role in stable food supply with proper consideration to the reduction of adverse effects to be caused by the business operation on the environment and ensuring effective use of the resources.

• 『摂州名所記』承応4年（1655年）篇には「名塩、鳥の子紙、昔よりすき出す所也、越前にもおとらさる程にすく、或いは色々 紙有り」とあり、同書が書かれた承応年間（1652～54年）より以前の十七世紀前半には、名塩で紙業が発展していたことが分かる。
• In the section 1655 of the 'Sesshu meisho ki' (a guide to noted places of Settsu province) there is a description of 'Najio being a place where torinoko-gami was made in the past. They make paper as skillfully as people in Echizen province and there are various types of paper.,' which shows that the paper manufacturing in Najio had already been developed in the early part of the 17th centuries during 1652 and 54 when it was written.

• 江戸時代には歌舞伎狂言の公演は公許制度の下にあり、多くの時代において日の出から日没までにすべてを公演するという幕府によって定められた規則の下で公演された（理由は、日没後に大衆が集まることで不穏な政治行動に発展することを幕府が恐れたためとされる）。
• During the Edo period, the performances of Kabuki Kyogen were under control of the authorities, so they obeyed the rules set down by the Tokugawa shogunate that all of the performances should be finished within the daytime; the shogunate was afraid that a gathering of a mob after sunset could develop into disorderly political activities, they say.

• この会社が1885年に開通させた前橋駅～赤羽駅～品川駅のルート（後の高崎線・赤羽線・山手線）は、官営鉄道（品川駅～横浜駅）と合わせて当時の主要輸出商品であった生糸や絹織物の産地と輸出港を結ぶ路線となり、鉄道による産業発展への貢献の第一号となった。
• The route opened by this company between Maebashi Station and Akabane Station (later became Takasaki Line, Akabane Line, Yamanote Line) along with the state-owned railway line (Shinagawa Station - Yokohama Station) in 1885 made the first contribution to the industrial development by transporting raw silk and silk textile by providing a connection between the production area and shipping ports.

• 鎌倉幕府がそれ以前の武家政権である平氏政権と最も異なる点は「問注所」（後に評定所）と呼ばれる訴訟受付機関を設置したことで、これまでは地所の支配権をめぐる争いは当事者同士の武力闘争に容易に発展していたものをこれにより実質的に禁止することになった。
• The most striking difference between the Kamakura bakufu and the prior warrior government run by the Taira clan was the bakufu's creation of what was called the Monjusho (hereafter referred to as the Hyojosho or 'Office of Arbitration'), an organization devoted to hearing and ruling on legal disputes over land ownership; until this office was founded, final authority to own land rested with the side whose military might was greatest and disputes were resolved in a simple way--through force--but the new office substantially reduced such bloody conflicts.

• 第七項の申出があったときは、国土交通大臣又は都道府県知事は、従来の沿革、関係地方公共団体の財政の事情、将来の発展の計画及び当該港湾の利用の程度その他当該港湾と、関係地方公共団体の関係を考慮し、且つ、重要港湾については総務大臣に協議して調停する。
• When an application is made pursuant to paragraph (7), the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism or the prefectural governor shall undertake mediation while taking into account the background of the issue, financial positions of the relevant local governments, future development plans and the degree of utilization of the said port and the relationship between the proposed port and the relevant local governments. For Major Ports, consultation with the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications is also required.

• この法律は、共同で営利を目的とする事業を営むための組合契約であって、組合員の責任の限度を出資の価額とするものに関する制度を確立することにより、個人又は法人が共同して行う事業の健全な発展を図り、もって我が国の経済活力の向上に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to promote sound development of business activities jointly carried out by an individual or a juridical person by establishing a system regarding partnership agreements for jointly conducting business activities for profit, which agreements provide that the liability of a partner is limited to its capital contribution amount, and thereby contributing to the furtherance of the economic vitality of our country.

• それはパレスチナを、その発展や民族の創造性、そして我が民族やアラブ民族がこの地域や世界全体の進歩に対して文明的な貢献を続けていくであろうことを確信させるミナレット（光塔）となるべき民主主義に誇りを持つことができる国家として復活させるという夢です。
• It is the dream of resurrecting Palestine into a state that can take pride in its progress, the creativity of its people, and its democracy so as to be a minerate that makes sure that our people and Arab Nation will continue their civilizational contributions in the march of the region and the whole world.

• このレベルにおける成果は、ここ数年にわたって、高度の透明性と統制、および説明責任、同時に我々の内閣と組織における幹部の再評価を発展の意図や機会均等および公正の原則の達成を伴って実現するべく、より多くを成し遂げるための確固たる基盤を提供しています。
• The achievements made on this level, over the last years, provide a firm base to achieve more in order to realize the highest degrees of transparency, control and accountability as well as the reevaluation of the cadres in our ministries and institutions with the aim of development and the achievement of the principle of equal opportunities and justice.

• しかし昨今のアメリカにおける経済発展が、シリコンバレーに代表されるICTを中心としたイノベーションであることがはっきりし、日本も同様のモデルによる経済発展が求められている中、研究開発機能と新産業創出機能を集積した施設が各地で建設されるようになった。
• However, inspired by the fact that the driving force for recent economic development in the US was technological innovation as typified by the information and communication technology (ICT) in Silicon Valley, calls for similar economic development in Japan have grown, so new facilities combining the functions of R&D and the creation of new industries are being built throughout the country.

• 日本で発明された扇子は、コンパクトに折り畳めるという利点が高く評価され、大航海時代には中国を経由して西洋にまで輸出されて独自の発展を遂げ、17世紀のパリには扇を扱う店が150軒を数えるほど、上流階級の女性のコミュニケーションの道具として大流行した。
• Sensu invented in Japan were exported through China to the West in the age of discovery, and because of its convenient folding into a compact size it developed in a unique way, becoming very popular among high-class women of the times, as a communication tool when there were about 150 shops handling Sensu in Paris during the 17th century.

• 国は、地域の農業の健全な発展を図るとともに、景観が優れ、豊かで住みよい農村とするため、地域の特性に応じた農業生産の基盤の整備と交通、情報通信、衛生、教育、文化等の生活環境の整備その他の福祉の向上とを総合的に推進するよう、必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for the comprehensive promotion of improvements of agricultural production bases and rural welfare including living infrastructure such as transportation, telecommunications, public health, education and culture that suit the regional characteristics, in order to promote the sound development of regional agriculture and create pleasant and comfortable rural areas with beautiful landscape.

• いっぽう、地歌と共に三曲のひとつであり、やはり盲人音楽家たちが専門としてきた箏曲は、江戸初期の発展とは裏腹に中期になると停滞してしまい、むしろ独自に発展するのではなく、地歌の肩を借り、地歌三味線曲に付随し合奏するという形で、後期に至るまで発展してきた。
• On the other hand, the development of koto music, one of sankyoku along with jiuta specialized by the blind musicians, was sluggish in the middle of Edo period unlike its prosperity in the beginning of Edo period, and kept growing until the end of Edo period in the form of accompanying jiuta shamisen music without seeking an independent development.

• 醍醐寺は山深い醍醐山頂上一帯を中心に、多くの修験者の霊場として発展した後（この場所を「上醍醐」と呼称する）、醍醐天皇は醍醐寺を自らの祈願寺とすると共に手厚い庇護を掛け、その圧倒的な財力によって醍醐山麓の広大な平地に大伽藍「下醍醐」が発展することになる。
• Deep in the mountains and centered around the peak of Mt. Daigo (this area is called 'Upper Daigo'), at first Daigo-ji Temple developed as a sacred site for ascetics, later growing into Daigaran (large monastery), 'Lower Daigo', on the broad, flat land at the foot of Mt. Daigo thanks to the overwhelming support of Emperor Daigo, who decided to make it his place for prayer.

• 日本では異民族の侵入が少なかったことや山地が国土の大半を占めることなどから、大陸に見られるような城壁都市は一部を除いて発展せず、野戦用の防御施設として作られた「城柵」や武士の居館を堀や櫓で防備した「館（やかた、たて、たち）」が、中世には山城へと発展した。
• Unlike in Continental Asai, walled towns did not develop in Japan with only a few exceptions partly because different races seldom invaded Japan and partly because most of the land is covered with mountains; 'Josaku' (official defense sites) constructed as military defense facilities and 'Yakata', or worriers' residences armed with moats and wooden framed stages, developed into mountain castles during the Middle Ages.

• 今川義元の右腕として手腕を発揮し、今川氏の発展に大きく寄与したことから、「もし雪斎が1560年の桶狭間の戦いまで存命していたならば、義元が織田信長に討たれるようなことは決してなかった」「今川氏の衰退は雪斎の死によって始まった」等と評する文献も少なくない。
• Since he displayed great ability as Yoshimoto IMAGAWA's right-hand man and contributed much to the expansion of the Imagawa clan, much literature recognizes him by such as, 'If Sessai had lived until the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, Yoshimoto would not have been subverted by Nobunaga ODA,' and 'the Imagawa clan started to decline soon after Sessai's death.'

• 『源氏物語』の「絵合（えあわせ）」の巻などを参照すると、日本では平安時代前期～中期にも多くの物語絵が制作されたことが推測されるが、9世紀～11世紀までの絵巻物作品の現存するものは皆無であり、この間、絵巻物の画風がどのような発展過程を経たのかは定かでない。
• According to such descriptions written in a volume captioned 'Eawase' (picture contest) in 'Genji Monogatari,' many scrolls of illustrated tales may be assumed to have been produced during the beginning and middle Heian period in Japan, but since none of such scrolls are now existing that were produced between the 9th and 11th centuries, we are unable to trace clearly how the styles of illustrated scrolls, of that period, had developed.

• その後、気子島地区では海老芋栽培によって高収入をあげていることが旧竜洋町豊岡（旧掛塚町）に伝わり、昭和13～14年にかけて、当時の旧竜洋町農業協同組合長、伊藤弘氏がこれを栽培し、良好な成績を得たのをきっかけに、この地域における海老芋栽培は大きく発展した。
• After that, people in Toyooka (the former Kaketsuka-cho) in the former Ryuyo-cho learned that raising ebi-imo was bringing substantial income to the Kegojima area, and Hiroshi ITO, the head of the farmers' cooperative of the former Ryuyo-cho, grew it from in 1938 to 39 and produced good potatoes, after the start the cultivation of ebi-imo in this area greatly developed.

• これは新しい問題であるどころか、ある意味で、ほとんど最古の時代から、人類を二分してきた問題なのですが、しかし文明化の進んだ種族が現在到達した発展段階では、この問題が新しい条件のもとで出現し、これまでと異った、もっと根本的な取り扱いを必要としているのです。
• It is so far from being new, that, in a certain sense, it has divided mankind, almost from the remotest ages; but in the stage of progress into which the more civilized portions of the species have now entered, it presents itself under new conditions, and requires a different and more fundamental treatment.1

• 国は、地域の水産業の健全な発展を図るとともに、景観が優れ、豊かで住みよい漁村とするため、地域の特性に応じた水産業の基盤の整備と防災、交通、情報通信、衛生、教育、文化等の生活環境の整備その他の福祉の向上とを総合的に推進するよう、必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for the comprehensive promotion of improvement of infrastructure for fishery industry, living environment including disaster prevention, transportation, telecommunication, public health, education and culture in accordance with regional characteristics and welfare, in order to promote the sound development of regional fishery industry and create pleasant and comfortable fishing villages with beautiful landscape.

• のちに同法は廃止されたが、廃止理由は、東京都が首都でなくなったからではなく、あくまで同法の目的（首都の建設）が達成され、整備の対象を「首都」から「首都とその周辺地域」に広げるための発展的なものであり、後継の首都圏整備法とは連続性、一体性を有するものである。
• Although this law was abolished later, it was not because Tokyo ceased to be the capital, but because the objective of the law (construction of capital) was accomplished and it was necessary to expand the area of city improvement from the capital to the capital and its surrounding region; the succeeding law, 'national capital region improvement law,' has a continuity and unity with the abolished law.

• かつて新舞鶴町、のちに東舞鶴市と呼ばれた舞鶴市東部（東舞鶴）は、1901年に日本海側唯一の軍事拠点として開府した舞鶴鎮守府を中心にして軍都として急速に発展した街であり、第二次大戦までは度々皇族が訪れたことから、貴賓室が設置される程の大きな駅舎を有していた。
• The eastern area of Maizuru City (Higashi-Maizuru), which used to be called Shin-Maizuru-cho and later Higashi-Maizuru City, grew rapidly as a military town following the establishment, in 1901, of Maizuru Naval Base, the only military site on the Sea of Japan side and because the imperial family often visited the city up until World War II, the station building used to be very large and have a VIP room.

• 海洋が人類共通の財産であり、かつ、我が国の経済社会が国際的な密接な相互依存関係の中で営まれていることにかんがみ、海洋に関する施策の推進は、海洋に関する国際的な秩序の形成及び発展のために先導的な役割を担うことを旨として、国際的協調の下に行われなければならない。
• In consideration of the fact that the oceans are the common heritage of mankind, and that the economy and society of our State have been conducted in close international interdependent relationship, promotion of measures with regard to the oceans shall be executed under the international partnership, aiming at bearing the leading role for the formation and development of the international order.

• 林業の持続的かつ健全な発展に当たっては、林産物の適切な供給及び利用の確保が重要であることにかんがみ、高度化し、かつ、多様化する国民の需要に即して林産物が供給されるとともに、森林及び林業に関する国民の理解を深めつつ、林産物の利用の促進が図られなければならない。
• In consideration of importance of securing adequate supply and utilization of the forest products, utilization of the forest products shall be promoted by supplying the products that meet the sophisticated and diversified needs of the citizens and obtaining their better understanding of forest and forestry.

• このため輸出用の御用銅は不足し、また慶長小判慶長丁銀から元禄小判元禄丁銀および宝永小判宝永丁銀への吹き替えによる金銀貨の品位低下および経済発展による銭貨不足から銭相場の高騰を招き、元禄年間終盤から宝永年間初頭にかけて、一両＝3,700文前後をつけるに至った。
• Therefore, the copper for export was in short supply, and lowering of karat of gold and silver coin caused by reminting from keichokoban-keichochogin to genrokukoban-genrokuchogin and hoeikoban-hoeichogin as well as short supply of currency as a result of economic development caused appreciation of currency where 1 ryo(unit of currency) fluctuated around 3,700 mon (unit of currency) from the end of genroku era to the beginning of hoei era.

• その思索は禅仏教の「無の境地」を哲学論理化した純粋経験論から、その純粋経験を自覚する事によって自己発展していく自覚論、そして、その自覚など、意識の存在する場としての場の論理論、最終的にその場が宗教的・道徳的に統合される絶対矛盾的自己同一論へと展開していった。
• His thoughts developed from the pure experience theory (which theorized the 'state of nothing') of Zen Buddhism into the self-consciousness theory (one develops himself by recognizing his pure experience), logicalness theory as a field in which consciousness, such as awareness, exists and absolutely paradoxical identity theory (the field is finally integrated religiously and ethically).

• この法律は、事業者に対する投資事業を行うための組合契約であって、無限責任組合員と有限責任組合員との別を約するものに関する制度を確立することにより、事業者への円滑な資金供給を促進し、その健全な成長発展を図り、もって我が国の経済活力の向上に資することを目的とする。
• This Act is for the purpose of promoting the smooth provision of capital to Enterprises and to promote their sound growth and development by establishing a system of limited partnership agreements for conducting investment in Enterprises which agreements provide for separate categories of general partners having unlimited liability and limited partners having limited liability, and thereby contributing to the economic vitality of our country.

• この法律において「高度情報通信ネットワーク社会」とは、インターネットその他の高度情報通信ネットワークを通じて自由かつ安全に多様な情報又は知識を世界的規模で入手し、共有し、又は発信することにより、あらゆる分野における創造的かつ活力ある発展が可能となる社会をいう。
• The term 'advanced information and telecommunications network society' as used in this Act means a society in which creative and vigorous development can be achieved in all fields by obtaining, sharing or transmitting globally a wide variety of information or knowledge in a free and safe manner via the Internet and other advanced information and telecommunications networks.

• 閉ざされたプロジェクトの中で、自分の脳味噌だけを使う開発者は、オープンで発展的な文脈をつくりだして、デザイン空間の探索やコードの貢献、バグつぶしなどの改善をもたらすフィードバックが何百人も（あるいは何千人も）から戻ってくるようにできる開発者に負けてしまうんだ。
• The developer who uses only his or her own brain in a closed project is going to fall behind the developer who knows how to create an open, evolutionary context in which feedback exploring the design space, code contributions, bug-spotting, and other improvements come from from hundreds (perhaps thousands) of people.

• 江戸時代には儒教や仏教などの外来思想に批判的な立場から古典や神道を研究する国学が盛んになると、神国思想もまた広く受け入れられるようになり、それが幕末の黒船来航などの外的圧力の増大とともに攘夷論へと発展し、尊王攘夷運動が展開されてやがて江戸幕府滅亡の原因となった。
• In the Edo period, once the study of ancient Japanese thought, classics, and Shinto became popular under the view point of criticizing beliefs from overseas like Confucianism and Buddhism, the belief of Shinkoku was widely accepted, it developed the principle of excluding foreigners in the face of pressure from Western ships coming to Japan in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the movement of 'Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians' (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of the barbarians or foreigners) was established which caused of the fall of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• どんなオープンソース製品（たとえば FSFの gcc C コンパイラとか）でも、6人くらいがソースを複製してそれを勝手にちがった発展方向に向けて変えてしまい、しかもみんなが「これぞ本家本元」と主張する、といったことは十分可能だし、それを止めるものはなにもない。
• Nothing prevents half a dozen different people from taking any given open-source product (such as, say the Free Software Foundations's gcc C compiler), duplicating the sources, running off with them in different evolutionary directions, but all claiming to be the product.

• この法律は、水産に関する施策について、基本理念及びその実現を図るのに基本となる事項を定め、並びに国及び地方公共団体の責務等を明らかにすることにより、水産に関する施策を総合的かつ計画的に推進し、もって国民生活の安定向上及び国民経済の健全な発展を図ることを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to stabilize and improve the life of the citizens and to develop the national economy through comprehensive and systematic implementation of the policies for fishery by means of establishing basic principles and basic matters for their realization and clarifying the responsibilities of the State and local governments.

• 循環型社会の形成は、これに関する行動がその技術的及び経済的な可能性を踏まえつつ自主的かつ積極的に行われるようになることによって、環境への負荷の少ない健全な経済の発展を図りながら持続的に発展することができる社会の実現が推進されることを旨として、行われなければならない。
• The establishment of a Sound Material-Cycle Society must be undertaken so as to promote the realization of a society that can develop sustainably as it develops a sound economy with a minimized environmental load, through conducting relevant actions voluntarily and proactively, based on technological and economic potential.

• しかし欧米や日本の研究者の中には、欧州の瞬発式メカが日本に伝えられて改良発展したものが、オランダによって日本から買い付けられて東南アジアに輸出され、それらが手本となって日本式の機構が東南アジアに広まったとする説をとる者も少なくなく、宇田川説を否定的にみる意見も多い。
• On the other hand, other researchers in Japan, Europe and America doubt UDAGAWA's theory, pointing out that the instantaneous mechanism of European guns was first introduced to and improved in Japan and then Dutch purchased and exported Japanese guns to Southeast Asia, resulting in the spread of the Japanese-style mechanism in Southeast Asia.

• 日本の陰陽道は、陰陽道と同時に伝わってきた道教の方術に由来する方違え、物忌、反閇などの呪術や、泰山府君祭などの道教的な神に対する祭礼、さらに土地の吉凶に関する風水説や、医術の一種であった呪禁道なども取り入れ、日本の神道と相互に影響を受けあいながら独自の発展を遂げた。
• Japanese Ommyodo developed in a unique way under the reciprocal influence of Shinto while adopting the various arts and skills from Taoism, introduced into Japan together with Ommyodo; they include Katatagae (practice of reaching a destination taking a different direction than going directly from one's house by putting up somewhere the night before), Monoimi (fasting, abstinence, and confinement to one's house on an unlucky day), Henbai (special footsteps in the art of Japanese public entertainment, believed to have magical powers), Taizanfukunnsai (a spirit exchange ritual), Fusuisetu, and Jukondo (an art of medicine).

• この法律は、民間の資金、経営能力及び技術的能力を活用した公共施設等の整備等の促進を図るための措置を講ずること等により、効率的かつ効果的に社会資本を整備するとともに、国民に対する低廉かつ良好なサービスの提供を確保し、もって国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to improve the social infrastructure efficiently and effectively and to ensure the provision of affordable and good service to the citizens by taking measures for promotion of provision etc., of Public Facility etc. through utilization of private finance, management abilities and technical capabilities, thereby contributing healthy development of the national economy.

• 昭和5年（1930年）の縦型精米機の登場によって、一時は飛躍的な発展の可能性がかいまみえた日本酒吟醸酒の技術に関しても、昭和13酒造年度（1938年-1939年）から精米歩合が65%以下に規制されて出鼻をくじかれ、本格的な発展にはなお三十年近い歳月を待つことになった。
• Although the technique of ginjoshu seemed to be able to develop rapidly by the invention of vertical-type rice-milling machines in 1930, it could not be fully developed for almost 30 years, damaged by the regulation of the rice-polishing ratio which was under 65 percent in the Showa 13 brewing year (1938 to 1939).

• その後女性の衣装としてのみ発展し、関所を通る際は未婚女性は振袖を着用しないと通過が出来ない（年齢や身分をごまかしているのではと因縁をつけられたため）など、未婚女性といえば振袖を着用するものという認識が広まった（余談だが関所の近くにはたいてい貸し振袖屋があったという）。
• Thereafter, the furisode began to be developed exclusively as a kind of clothing for women, leading to such steps as the creation of a rule that unmarried women passing barrier checkpoints were not allowed to pass unless they were wearing furisode (because a woman was suspected at the barrier checkpoint that she tried to disguise her age or social status, unless she were wearing furisode), thus expanding recognition that 'as for unmarried women, they wear furisode' (incidentally, it is said that there were furisode rental shops near almost all the checkpoints).

• 江戸時代の音楽は中期以降、三味線がリードしてきたが、幕末にはその技巧が発展の極に達してしまい、またそこに複雑に箏が絡み合う「替手」式合奏が発達、楽曲形式としての「手事もの」も完成し、行き着く所まで来たという感があり、それを超える新たな作曲表現が模索されるようになった。
• By the latter half of the Edo Period, the shamisen had become the most important instrument in Japanese music, but towards the end of the period there was a feeling that, with technique having been fully developed, the rise of the 'kaede' ensemble, which involved intricate interplay with the koto, and the 'tegoto-mono' style of composition being perfected, it had nowhere left to go musically and so a new way to express compositions beyond these was sought.

• 理事会は、必要があると認めるときは、委託金融商品取引所が開設する金融商品市場における有価証券の売買及び市場デリバティブ取引を公正かつ円滑にし、並びに金融商品取引業の健全な発展及び投資者の保護に資するために行うべき措置について、委託金融商品取引所に助言をすることができる。
• The Council may, when it finds necessary, give advice to an Entrusting Financial Instruments Exchange on necessary measures to be taken in order to achieve the fair and smooth sales and purchase of Securities and Market Transactions of Derivatives on the Financial Instruments Exchange Market established by such Entrusting Financial Instruments Exchange, and to contribute to the sound development of Financial Instruments Businesses and protection of investors.

• 経済発展をおこなう以上、多量の二酸化炭素を排出せねばならないと考えられたため開発途上国の自発的参加が見送られ、当初は推進していたアメリカ合衆国も後に受け入れを拒否、ロシア連邦も受け入れの判断を見送っていたため、2004年ごろまでは議定書の発効が行われていない状況であった。
• Voluntary participations of developing countries were shelved because they thought they had to emit a large amount of carbon dioxide as long as they pursued economical development, and the United States of America, which was positive at first, rejected to accept the protocol, further Russian Federation suspended the ratification; accordingly, Kyoto Protocol was not effected until around 2004.

• 開通当初は、国鉄（現JR）関西本線以西の大宮通り沿いは田畑が広がる田園地帯であった（いくつか集落はあった）が、近鉄奈良線に新大宮駅が開業すると、付近は新都心として発展し、市役所が旧市街より移転するとその傾向に拍車がかかり、オフィスや商業施設、百貨店などが林立することとなった。
• When it was opened, there were fields along Omiya-dori Street heading east from the Kansai Main Line, Japanese National Railways (current JR), but once Shin-Omiya Station opened along the Kintetsu Nara Line, the neighborhood developed into a new city, and as the city hall was relocated from the former city, offices, business facilities, and department stores began to develop.

• どの時代にも異る路を旅する人は互いに不寛容で、だれもが、自分たちの路を行くよう他の人たちに無理強いできたらすばらいと考えていましたが、お互いの発展を阻止しようという試みが永続的成功を収めることはまれでしたし、そのうち相手の提供する良きものを我慢して受け入れることもありました。
• and although at every period those who travelled in different paths have been intolerant of one another, and each would have thought it an excellent thing if all the rest could have been compelled to travel his road, their attempts to thwart each other's development have rarely had any permanent success, and each has in time endured to receive the good which the others have offered.

• これに反対したのが、近藤勇、土方歳三、芹沢鴨らであった（鵜殿鳩翁が浪士組隊士の殿内義雄・家里次郎の両名に、京に残留することを希望する者の取りまとめを依頼し、根岸友山、芹沢鴨、近藤勇らが残留し八郎と袂を分かつ、かれらは壬生浪士（壬生浪）となり、後に新選組へと発展してゆく。）
• Isami KONDO, Toshizo HIJIKATA, Kamo SERIZAWA and others objected to this (Kyuo UDONO requested two members of the Roshigumi, Yoshio TONOUCHI and Tsuguo IESATO, to coordinate those who desired to remain in Kyoto; Yuzan NEGISHI, Kamo SERIZAWA and Isami KONDO and others remained in Kyoto to take a path separate from that of Hachiro, and they became Mibu warriors who later developed into Shinsengumi.)

• 行政機関の長又は届出独立行政法人等は、その業務の遂行に支障のない範囲内において、学術研究の発展に資すると認める場合その他の総務省令で定める場合には、総務省令で定めるところにより、一般からの委託に応じ、その行った統計調査に係る調査票情報を利用して、統計の作成等を行うことができる。
• The head of an administrative organ or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 may conduct production of statistics, etc. by utilizing questionnaire information pertaining to statistical surveys conducted by himself/herself in response to the request from the citizens, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, within limits that would not cause any hindrance to the performance of his/her business, when finding that it would contribute to the development of academic researches or in other cases specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

• …抑モ東京ハ帝国ノ首都ニシテ政治経済ノ枢軸トナリ国民文化ノ源泉トナリテ民衆一般ノ瞻仰スル所ナリ一朝不慮ノ災害ニ罹リテ今ヤ其ノ旧形ヲ留メスト雖依然トシテ我国都タル地位ヲ失ハス是ヲ以テ其ノ善後策ハ独リ旧態ヲ回復スルニ止マラス進ンテ将来ノ発展ヲ図リ以テ巷衢ノ面目ヲ新ニセサルヘカラス…
• 'Tokyo is the capital of the empire and the political and economic center, and the source of Japan's culture. Tokyo suffered an enormous disaster this time and can not cling to its old situation, but still holds status as capital of the empire, therefore, it is necessary not only to restore it to what it used to be but also have it undergo a complete new transformation.'

• この法律は、森林及び林業に関する施策について、基本理念及びその実現を図るのに基本となる事項を定め、並びに国及び地方公共団体の責務等を明らかにすることにより、森林及び林業に関する施策を総合的かつ計画的に推進し、もつて国民生活の安定向上及び国民経済の健全な発展を図ることを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to stabilize and improve the life of the citizens and to develop the national economy through comprehensive and systematic implementation of the policies on forest and forestry by means of establishing the basic principles and basic matters for their realization, and by clarifying the responsibilities of the national and local governments.

• 1143年の覚鑁入寂後、同派僧侶の頼瑜を中心とした覚鑁派は再び大伝法院を高野山に戻したが確執は収拾せず、145年後の1288年、同派の実質的指導者であった頼瑜は門弟を連れて根来山に戻ると共に覚鑁の教義を発展させ、それまでの教義と一線を画した「新義」を打ち立て新義真言宗が確立する。
• After the nirvana of Kakuban in 1143, Kakuban school led by one of their priests, Raiyu, re-transferred Daidenpo-in to Mt. Koya, but the argument was not settled and 145 years later in 1288, the acting leader of the Kakuban school, Raiyu, took his followers and returned to Mt. Negoro to further develop Kakuban's teaching and established the Shingi Shingon sect that taught 'Shingi' different to that of conventional teachings.

• また、古代天皇の非実在論に基づいている点は津田左右吉の影響を受けており、九州国家の王であった仁徳天皇が畿内を征服して王朝を開いたという説は邪馬台国九州説の発展に他ならず、戦前の抑圧された古代史研究から開放された自由な発想により様々な説を自由に組み合わせてできた学説であるといえる。
• It is said the theory was combined various theories freely by freewheeling thinking released from the studies of ancient history suppressed before the World War II; such as it was influenced by Sokichi TSUDA on the basis of the theory of nonexistence of ancient emperors, and the theory that Emperor Nintoku, the king of Kyushu nation, conquered provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara to start a dynasty was none other than the development of the theory of the Yamatai-Koku Kingdom in Kyushu.

• 総合法律支援の実施及び体制の整備に当たっては、資力の乏しい者にも民事裁判等手続（裁判所における民事事件、家事事件又は行政事件に関する手続をいう。以下同じ。）の利用をより容易にする民事法律扶助事業が公共性の高いものであることにかんがみ、その適切な整備及び発展が図られなければならない。
• When implementing comprehensive legal support and establishing systems, the maintenance and development of civil legal aid must be appropriate, in consideration of the strong public interest nature of civil legal aid, in order to make it easier for persons of limited means to avail themselves of civil court proceedings, etc. (court proceedings in civil cases, family affairs cases or administration cases; the same shall apply hereinafter).

• 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所（以下「研究所」という。）は、鉱工業の 科学技術に関する研究及び開発等の業務を総合的に行うことにより、産業技術の向上及びその成果の普及を図り、もって経済及び産業の発展並びに鉱物資源及び エネルギーの安定的かつ効率的な供給の確保に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (hereinafter referred to as the 'Institute') shall be to contribute to the development of the economy and industry and to securing a stable and efficient supply of mineral resources and energy, based on improvements in industrial technology and dissemination of the results thereof, by comprehensively conducting research, development, etc. related to science and technology in mining and industry.

• 琵琶湖疏水は、京都・大津間および京都・伏見間の水運路として貨物・旅客ともに大いに利用されたが、1912年（大正元年）に開通した京津電気軌道（後の京阪京津線）など競合陸運の発展により旅客・貨物ともに衰退し、1948年（昭和23年）に旅客輸送は廃止され、蹴上インクラインも運転を停止した。
• Biwako Sosui prospered from transporting a huge amount of freight and a large number of passengers between Kyoto and Otsu, and between Kyoto and Fushimi, but due to the development of competing land transportation such as the Kyotsu Electric Railroad (later, Keihan Kyotsu) which started in 1912, Biwako Sosui's freight and passenger businesses both declined, and it abolished the passenger service and ceased operation of Keage Incline in 1948.

• 例えば1428年（正長元年）派遣の使節に同行した書記官の申叔舟が著した『海東諸国紀』によると、倭寇禁圧要請と併せて倭寇の根拠地の特定、倭寇と守護大名、有力国人、土豪との関係、都市部の発展状況や通貨政策など国力状況の観察、日本での仏教の展開状況をはじめ15項目の調査内容があったという。
• For example, according to 'Kaitoshokokuki' (literally, descriptions of various countries across the sea) written by Sukchu SIN, a secretary of the envoy dispatched in 1428, the survey included 15 items including the following: identifying base-places of wako together with a request of prohibiting wako (Japanese pirates) actions, observing Japan's power, such as relationships among wako, shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), dominant Kokujin (local samurai) and local clans, states of progress in urban areas, and monetary policies, and checking the states of progress of Buddhism in Japan.

• 山岳信仰は、もともとが自然崇拝のアニミズム的信仰から発展してきただけに、江戸末期まで神仏習合の形態を取ってきたが、神仏習合が明治以後の神仏分離令により禁止されて以後、もともと真言密教系の修験道が強かった出羽三山も含め、寺と神社が分けられ、信仰の本体の多くは神社の形態を取って存続した。
• Since Sangaku-shinko faith originally developed from a form of animism faith worshipping nature, it took the form of syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism until the end of Edo period, but since this syncretism was banned under the order for the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism in the Meiji period, temples and shrines, including Dewa-sanzan Mountain, where Shugendo of the Shingon Esoteric Buddhism was strong, were separated, many of the main faith continued in shrines.

• こ の法律は、電子署名に関し、電磁的記録の真正な成立の推定、特定認証業務に関する認定の制度その他必要な事項を定めることにより、電子署名の円滑な利用の 確保による情報の電磁的方式による流通及び情報処理の促進を図り、もって国民生活の向上及び国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to promote the distribution of information by electromagnetic forms and information processing through ensuring the smooth utilization of Electronic Signatures, and thereby to contribute to the improvement of the citizens' quality of life and the sound development of the national economy, by providing the presumption of authentic establishment of electromagnetic records, the accreditation system for designated certification businesses and other necessary matters, with respect to Electronic Signatures.

• 大学寮が設置された当初、一般官人を育てる本科（明経道）と技術官人を育てる算道しか事実上存在していなかったが、神亀年間に律令を教える律学博士（後の明法博士）と歴史を教える文章博士が明経道から分離する形で成立し、やがて天平年間に独立した学科となり、後の明法道・紀伝道へと発展することとなる。
• In the early days of the Daigaku-ryo, the regular course (Myogyodo) for the education of general government officials and Sando, for the education of technical government officials, were virtually the only ones in existence, but somewhere between 724 and 729, Ritsugaku hakase (later Myoho hakase) (professor of law, for the teaching of the Ritsuryo Code) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature. for the teaching of history) were established by separating from Myogyodo, subsequently becoming independent departments between 729 and 748; they would later evolve into Myobodo (study of Code) and Kidendo (study of the histories).

• この法律は、内外の経済的社会的環境に応じたエネルギーの安定的かつ適切 な供給の確保に資するため、新エネルギー利用等についての国民の努力を促すとともに、新エネルギー利用等を円滑に進めるために必要な措置を講ずることと し、もって国民経済の健全な発展と国民生活の安定に寄与することを目的とする。
• In order to contribute to the assurance of stable and suitable supplies of energy according to the domestic and international economic and social environment, the purpose of this Act is to promote national efforts with regard to new energy utilization, etc., as well as to take measures necessary to facilitate the utilization, etc. of new energy, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy and stabilization of lives of the citizenry.

• 祇園甲部歌舞練場、京都府立芸術会館などで、「京舞篠塚流の会」を開催したり、 重要文化財・芦花浅水荘、京都市指定有形文化財・野口邸、同じく杉本邸などで「座敷で見る京舞」を開催するなど、流派の発展に尽力するかたわら、重文・京都島原角屋で『島原三番艘』を披露するなど文化面での活動にも余念がない。
• While school members hold events such as 'The gathering of Kyomai Shinozuka school' at Gion Kobu Kaburenjo Theater and Kyoto Prefectural Art Center, etc., and 'The gathering to appreciate Kyo dance in a tatami room' at Rokasensui-sho Manor (Important Cultural Property) and at Noguchi-tei Estate and Sugimoto-tei Estate (Tangible Cultural Asset Designated by Kyoto City) to develop their own school, they also devoted themselves in playing an active role in the cultural field by presenting classical 'Shimabara san banso' (Shimabara third boat) at Kyoto Shimabara Sumiya (Important Cultural Property).

• 認定団体は、金融商品取引業の健全な発展及び投資者の保護のために、対象事業者による金融商品取引の契約内容、対象事業者による資産運用のあり方その他投資者の保護を図るため必要な事項に関し、この法律の規定の趣旨に沿つた指針（以下「投資者保護指針」という。）を作成し、公表するよう努めなければならない。
• A Certified Organization shall endeavor to prepare and publicize guidelines in line with the purport of the provisions of this Act, with regard to the contents of a contract of Financial Instruments Transactions conducted by the Target Business Operators, the nature of asset investment conducted by the Target Business Operators and other matters necessary for achieving protection of investors (hereinafter referred to as 'Investor Protection Guidelines'), in order to ensure sound development of Financial Instruments Businesses and protection of investors.

• この法律は、食料、農業及び農村に関する施策について、基本理念及びその実現を図るのに基本となる事項を定め、並びに国及び地方公共団体の責務等を明らかにすることにより、食料、農業及び農村に関する施策を総合的かつ計画的に推進し、もって国民生活の安定向上及び国民経済の健全な発展を図ることを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to stabilize and improve the life of the citizens and to develop the national economy through comprehensive and systematic implementation of the policies on food, agriculture and rural areas by means of establishing basic principles and basic matters for their realization and clarifying the responsibilities of the national and local governments.

• いっぽう歴史を振り返って、第二次大戦後の昭和後期～平成の現代からは、余りにも急激に近代文明が発展を遂げ時代が進歩したことで、その反動として、捨てられた過去を懐かしむ気分が「旧き良き時代」としての大正ロマンの雰囲気を求める傾向もあり、当時の文化事象がしばしば取り上げられ再評価されることもある。
• In the latter half of the Showa period after the World War II and the Heisei period, when looking back on the history of the Taisho period, the cultural events at the time were often picked up and reevaluated since people who cherished the lost past looked for the atmosphere of the Taisho Roman as 'good old days' as a retroaction to the overwhelmingly dynamic development of the modern civilization and the progress of time.

• 都市計画区域の整備、開発及び保全の方針は、当該都市の発展の動向、当該都市計画区域における人口及び産業の現状及び将来の見通し等を勘案して、当該都市計画区域を一体の都市として総合的に整備し、開発し、及び保全することを目途として、当該方針に即して都市計画が適切に定められることとなるように定めること。
• A policy for the improvement, development and preservation of city planning areas, aiming to realize the comprehensive improvement, development and preservation of city planning areas as integrated cities with due consideration given to development trends in said cities and the current conditions and future expectations of population and industry, shall be stipulated so that city plans are appropriately established based on this policy;

• 明応3年（1494年）、美濃守護土岐氏の家督争いから発展して争乱が起こると、斎藤妙椿の跡を継いだ斎藤妙純に「織田伊勢守家」が味方すると、斎藤氏には宿怨があったため、美濃小守護代石丸利光の娘を嫡子・寛定の妻に迎えていたため、石丸方に付き、敏広の後を継いだ斎藤方に組した織田寛広と戦う（船田合戦）。
• In 1494 when the 'Oda Isenokami family' sided with Myojun SAITO, the successor to Myochin SAITO, in the succession dispute of the shugo of Mino Toki clan, he sided with the koshugodai (junior deputy shugo) of Mino Toshimitsu ISHIMARU since Toshimitsu's daughter was the wife of his oldest son Hirosada and fought with Hirohiro ODA, who succeeded Toshihiro and sided with Saito side (the Battle of Funada).

• 高度情報通信ネットワーク社会の形成に関する施策の策定に当たっては、すべての国民が情報通信技術を活用することができるようにするための教育及び学習を振興するとともに、高度情報通信ネットワーク社会の発展を担う専門的な知識又は技術を有する創造的な人材を育成するために必要な措置が講じられなければならない。
• Strategies developed to form an advanced information and telecommunications network society shall promote education and learning for enabling every citizen to use information and telecommunications technologies and shall ensure that the necessary action is taken to develop creative human resources with the technical knowledge and skills required to play leading roles in the development of the advanced information and telecommunications network society.

• この法律は、公的統計が国民にとって合理的な意思決定を行うための基盤となる重要な情報であることにかんがみ、公的統計の作成及び提供に関し基本となる事項を定めることにより、公的統計の体系的かつ効率的な整備及びその有用性の確保を図り、もって国民経済の健全な発展及び国民生活の向上に寄与することを目的とする。
• Recognizing that official statistics are critical information for the citizens in their reasonable decision making, the purposes of this Act are to promote systematic and efficient development of official statistics and to ensure the usefulness thereof through specifying basic matters concerning the production and provision of official statistics, and thereby to contribute to the sound development of the national economy and enhancement of the living standards of the citizens.

• 外国貿易及び国民経済の健全な発展を図るため、我が国が締結した条約その他の国際約束を誠実に履行するため、国際平和のための国際的な努力に我が国として寄与するため、又は第十条第一項の閣議決定を実施するため、貨物を輸入しようとする者は、政令で定めるところにより、輸入の承認を受ける義務を課せられることがある。
• For the purpose of achieving the sound development of foreign trade and the national economy, sincerely fulfilling obligations under the treaties and other international agreements Japan has signed, making Japan's contribution to international efforts for achieving international peace, or implementing a cabinet decision set forth in Article 10, paragraph 1, any person who intends to import goods may be obliged to obtain import approval pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order.

• 締約国は、その自由な諸制度を強化することにより、これらの制度の基礎をなす原則の理解を促進することにより、並びに安定及び福祉の条件を助長することによって、平和的かつ友好的な国際関係の一層の発展に貢献する。締約国は、その国際経済政策におけるくい違いを除くことに努め、また、両国の間の経済的協力を促進する。
• The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between them.

• 国は、専ら農業を営む者その他経営意欲のある農業者が創意工夫を生かした農業経営を展開できるようにすることが重要であることにかんがみ、経営管理の合理化その他の経営の発展及びその円滑な継承に資する条件を整備し、家族農業経営の活性化を図るとともに、農業経営の法人化を推進するために必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In view of the importance of enabling full-time farmers and other motivated farmers to develop originality and creativity in their farm management, the State shall take necessary measures for the revitalization of family farming by means of improving conditions for the rational management and smooth business succession, and the promotion of incorporation of farm management.

• 「やまと」の語源は山に囲まれた地域であるからと言う説、この地域を拠点としたヤマト王権が元々「やまと」と言う地域に発祥したためとする説、「やまと」は元は「山門」であり山に神が宿ると見なす自然信仰の拠点であった地名が国名に転じたとする説、三輪山から山東（やまとう）を中心に発展したためとする説など諸説ある。
• There are a variety of views about the origin of the word 'Yamato': the area is a region surrounded by mountains; the Yamato Dynasty located in this region originated in an area called 'Yamato'; 'Yamato' means 'Sanmon' (temple gate) and the name of a place of belief in nature that gods exist in mountains was changed to a country name; or it was developed in the area centered around Mt. Miwa and Yamato.

• 「核融合エネルギーの科学的及び技術的な実現可能性を証明する」というイーター計画における総括的な目的は、科学的及び技術的な問題意識を中心に組み立てられた共通の国際研究計画を通し、また全ての締約者からの最も優れた研究者の参加により発展し及び実行される共通の国際研究計画を通してイーター機構により達成される。
• ITER’s overall programmatic objective to “demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy” will be pursued by the ITER Organization through a common international research program organized around scientific and technological issues, developed and executed with participation of the best research personnel from all Parties.

• この法律は、外国為替、外国貿易その他の対外取引が自由に行われることを基本とし、対外取引に対し必要最小限の管理又は調整を行うことにより、対外取引の正常な発展並びに我が国又は国際社会の平和及び安全の維持を期し、もつて国際収支の均衡及び通貨の安定を図るとともに我が国経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, on the basis of the freedom of foreign exchange, foreign trade and other foreign transactions, to enable proper expansion of foreign transactions and the maintenance of peace and security in Japan and in the international community through the minimum necessary control or coordination of foreign transactions, and thereby to ensure equilibrium of the international balance of trade and stability of currency as well as to contribute to the sound development of the Japanese economy.

• しかし近代に入ると文献学的研究が進み、仏教思想は段階的に発展したもので、そもそも上座部をも含む仏教の経典全体が数世紀という長時間をかけて徐々に成立してきたものであるだけでなく、北伝・南伝の最古の教典には「如是我聞」の記述が見られないことが日本でも「法華経無内容説」を唱えた富永仲基によって指摘されている。
• However, as philological study has developed in modern times, many people have pointed out that, since Buddhist thought developed in stages, entire sutras of Buddhism, including Theravada, were established gradually over periods as long as several centuries to begin with, and that the oldest sutras of Hokuden (Mahayana) Buddhism and Nanden Buddhism (Buddhism that spread from India to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia) do not contain description of 'Nyozegamon' (I heard this); Nakamoto TOMINAGA, who dealt with the 'Hokke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra) has no meaning theory', is one such person.

• 武士の起源については、従来は新興地方領主層が自衛の必要から武装した面を重視する説が主流であったが、近年は清和源氏や桓武平氏のような軍事貴族や下級官人層から構成される戦士身分が起源であり、彼らが平安後期の荘園公領制成立期から荘園領主や国衙と結びついて所領経営者として発展していったとみる説が提唱されている。
• As for the origin of bushi, the theory that the class of emerging local lords were armed because of a need for self-defense was traditionally mainstream, but recently a theory proposed that its origin is the warrior status which consisted of the military aristocrats such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) or lower-ranking government officials and they were linked with the owners of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or kokuga from the formation period of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and developed into the managers of the shoryo (territory).

• 彼は「神が少数の、他の必要な形態に自己発展する能力をもった原初形態を創造したと信じるのは、神の法則の作用で生じた真空を埋め合せるため、神は新な創造の御業が必要だと信じるのと同じく、すばらしい神の概念なのだということを、しだいに理解することを学んだ」ある高名な著述家にして聖職者の言葉を満足げに引用します。
• He quotes with satisfaction the words of a celebrated author and divine who had 'gradually learnt to see that it is just as noble a conception of the Deity to believe He created a few original forms, capable of self-development into other and needful forms, as to believe that He required a fresh act of creation to supply the voids caused by the action of His laws.'

• こ の法律は、大規模小売店舗の立地に関し、その周辺の地域の生活環境の保持のため、大規模小売店舗を設置する者によりその施設の配置及び運営方法について適 正な配慮がなされることを確保することにより、小売業の健全な発達を図り、もって国民経済及び地域社会の健全な発展並びに国民生活の向上に寄与することを 目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to promote the sound development of a retail business by ensuring that proper consideration should be given, with regard to the location of a large-scale retail store, to the layout and operational method of the facilities by a person establishing the large-scale retail store, for the purpose of preserving the living environment of the surrounding area, and thereby to contribute to the sound development of the national economy and local communities and the improvement of the lives of the citizenry.

• 通信販売を業として営む者は、通信販売に係る取引を公正にし、並びに購 入者及び役務の提供を受ける者の利益を保護するとともに、通信販売の事業の健全な発展に資することを目的として、通信販売を業として営む者を会員とし、そ の名称中に通信販売協会という文字を用いる民法第三十四条の規定による法人を設立することができる。
• A person engaged in Mail Order Sales as business may establish a corporation prescribed in Article 34 of the Civil Code that consists of members that engage in Door-to-Door Sales as business and has the words 'Mail Order Sales Association' included in its name, in order to ensure fairness of transactions pertaining to Door-to-Door Sales and to protect the interests of the purchasers or the service recipients, as well as to contribute to the sound development of the business of Mail Order Sales.

• この法律は、一時に多数の者に対してされる特定電子メールの送信等による電子メールの送受信上の支障を防止する必要性が生じていることにかんがみ、特定電子メールの送信の適正化のための措置等を定めることにより、電子メールの利用についての良好な環境の整備を図り、もって高度情報通信社会の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act, in light of the recognized need to prevent hindrances to transmission and reception of Electronic Mails due to simultaneous transmission, etc. of Specified Electronic Mails to many persons, is, by specifying measures, etc. for proper transmission of Specified Electronic Mails, to prepare a preferable environment for the use of Electronic Mails, and thereby to contribute to the sound development of an advanced information and communications society.

• こ の法律は、特定目的会社又は特定目的信託を用いて資産の流動化を行う制度を確立し、これらを用いた資産の流動化が適正に行われることを確保するとともに、 資産の流動化の一環として発行される各種の証券の購入者等の保護を図ることにより、一般投資者による投資を容易にし、もって国民経済の健全な発展に資する ことを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to facilitate investment by general investors, by establishing a system for implementing Asset Securitization through the Specific Purpose Companies and Specific Purpose Trusts and by securing the proper implementation of Asset Securitization by Specific Purpose Companies and Specific Purpose Trusts, as well as by ensuring the protection of the purchasers of various types of securities issued as a part of Asset Securitization, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.

• この法律は、公益通報をしたことを理由とする公益通報者の解雇の無効等並びに公益通報に関し事業者及び行政機関がとるべき措置を定めることにより、公益通報者の保護を図るとともに、国民の生命、身体、財産その他の利益の保護にかかわる法令の規定の遵守を図り、もって国民生活の安定及び社会経済の健全な発展に資することを目的とする。
• The Purpose of this Act is to protect Whistleblowers to provide for nullity, etc. of dismissal of Whistleblower. on the grounds of Whistleblowing and the measures that the business operator and Administrative Organ shall take concerning Whistleblowing, and to promote compliance with the laws and regulations concerning the protection of life, body, property, and other interests of citizen, and thereby to contribute to the stabilization of the general welfare of the life of the citizens and to the sound development of socioeconomy.

• 国は、持続可能な利用の推進が地域社会の健全な発展に不可欠であることにかんがみ、地域の自然的社会的条件に応じて、地域の生態系を損なわないよう配慮された国土の適切な利用又は管理及び自然資源の著しい減少をもたらさないよう配慮された自然資源の適切な利用又は管理が総合的かつ計画的に推進されるよう必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The government shall, taking into consideration that promotion of sustainable use is indispensable for sound development of the local community, take necessary measures to ensure that appropriate use or management of national land with consideration given to prevent regional ecosystems from being damaged and appropriate use or management of natural resources with consideration given to prevent natural resources from significantly decreasing are promoted in a comprehensive and planned manner, according to the national and social conditions of the region.

• この声明書の中で、「これまでの朝鮮の歴史の悲劇は自分達が招いたことであり、我が国の皇帝陛下と日本天皇陛下に懇願し、朝鮮人も日本人と同じ一等国民の待遇を享受して、政府と社会を発展させようではないか」と、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が新たに一つの政治機関を設立し、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が対等合邦して一つの大帝国を作るように求めた。
• In the statement, it says 'Tragedies in Korean history are our own fault, so we would like to plead to our Emperor and the Emperor of Japan to give Koreans the opportunity to enjoy the same treatment as the first class citizens of Japan. We ask the Japanese to develop our government and society' and suggest the Korean Empire and the Empire of Japan establish a new unified political body together and create a new empire by equal merger of both Empires.

• 中央職業能力開発協会（以下「中央協会」という。）は、職業能力の開発及び向上の促進の基本理念の具現に資するため、都道府県職業能力開発協会の健全な発展を図るとともに、国及び都道府県と密接な連携の下に第五条第一項に規定する職業能力の開発（第五十五条第一項において単に「職業能力の開発」という。）の促進を図ることを目的とする。
• The purpose of the Japan Vocational Ability Development Association (hereinafter referred to as the "Central Association") is, in order to contribute to the realization of the basic principle of promoting the development and improvement of human resources, to assist in the sound development of the Prefectural Vocational Ability Development Associations, and to promote the development of human resources as prescribed in Article 5, paragraph (1) (hereinafter simply referred to as "human resources development" in Article 55, paragraph (1)), in close collaboration with the State and prefectures.

• この法律は、容器包装廃棄物の排出の抑制並びにその分別収集及びこれにより得られた分別基準適合物の再商品化を促進するための措置を講ずること等により、一般廃棄物の減量及び再生資源の十分な利用等を通じて、廃棄物の適正な処理及び資源の有効な利用の確保を図り、もって生活環境の保全及び国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, by taking measures to promote reduction of waste containers and packaging discharged and the sorted collection thereof as well as the recycling of waste containers and packaging which are obtained through sorted collection, etc., that conform to the sorting standards, to ensure proper management of waste and effective use of resources through reduction of municipal solid waste and adequate use of recyclable resources, thereby contributing to the preservation of the living environment and the sound development of the national economy.

• こ の法律は、産業集積が地域経済の活性化に果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、企業立地の促進等による地域における産業集積の形成及び活性化のために地方公共団 体が行う主体的かつ計画的な取組を効果的に支援するための措置を講ずることにより、地域経済の自律的発展の基盤の強化を図り、もって国民経済の健全な発展 に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, in consideration of the significance of the role played by industrial clusters in developing local economies, to strengthen the foundation of the self-sustaining growth of local economies by taking necessary measures to effectively assist independent and planned efforts being made by local public entities for the formation and development of regional industrial clusters through promotion of the establishment of new business facilities, etc., and thereby contribute to the sound development of the national economy.

• 太鼓台の様式や外観にその地域の土地柄や文化を反映した伝統的な形態を残す地域もあるが、地域経済の発展や氏子主導の祭りへの変化から祭りにイベントとしての要素が強まった地域が増加、見せる祭りとして大型化した太鼓台や飾り幕・刺繍等による豪華な装飾を施したもの、流行の主流となりつつある形態に変更したものが多く見られるようになった。
• While in some areas traditional festival patterns have still remained in the style and the appearance of the taikodai, reflecting the local custom and culture, in many other areas they have been increasingly adapted to mainstream styles, festivals for show, because the local economic development and the festivals mainly conducted by ujiko result in upsized taikodai and highly decorative hangings with gorgeous embroideries for events emphasizing commercial interests and playful elements, not ritual aspects which festivals include.

• 平安時代後期より公家などの文筆に携わる人々が往復書簡（往来）の形式を採った文例集（消息集）に由来している（同じ様な形式のものは、中国伝来とされる『杜家立成』が東大寺正倉院に収められているが、当時の中国の書式を元により整理された形式となっており、往来物が中国のものの影響を受けながらも日本独自に発展していったことが分かる）。
• They derived from boilerplates (shosoku-shu) which were a collection of correspondence from the late Heian period written by those who were engaged in literary work, such as nobles (A similar item called 'Tokarissei,' reportedly from China, is preserved in Todai-ji Temple Shoso-in Treasure Repository, but even this had been arranged from the Chinese original, showing that oraimono developed independently with an influence from China).

• 11-12世紀の間に、開発領主として発展していったことが豊富な資料で裏付けられる安芸国高田郡の藤原氏、但馬国温泉郷（ゆのごう）の平氏、伊賀国名張郡の丈部（はせつかべ）氏、下総国相馬御厨の千葉氏、その他の例をみても、彼らが当時の「武士の棟梁」と言われた軍事貴族と人格的な主従関係をもっていたと証明することは非常に困難とされる。
• It was hard to prove that the Fujiwara clan of Takata County, Aki Province, Taira clan of Yunogo, Tanba Province, Hasetsukabe clan of Nabari County, Iga Province, and Chiba clan of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch), Shimosa Province that developed as the kaihatsu-ryoshu between eleventh-twelfth century, and other examples proven by many historical manuscripts, had master and servant relationships with the military aristocrats called 'toryo of bushi' at that time.

• この法律は、我が国の産業技術力の強化に関し、国、地方公共団体、大学及び事業者の責務を明らかにするとともに、産業技術力の強化に関する施策の基本となる事項を定め、併せて産業技術力の強化を支援するための措置を講ずることにより、我が国産業の持続的な発展を図り、もって国民生活の安定向上及び国民経済の健全な発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to further sustainable development of Japanese industries, by clarifying the responsibilities of the national government, local governments, universities and business operators in regard to enhancing the our nation's industrial technology capability, stipulating provisions to form the basis of policies concerning enhancing industrial technology capability, and taking measures to support enhancing industrial technology capability, and thereby to contribute to the stabilization and improvement of the general welfare of the life of the citizens and to the sound development of the national economy.

• 農村については、農業者を含めた地域住民の生活の場で農業が営まれていることにより、農業の持続的な発展の基盤たる役割を果たしていることにかんがみ、農業の有する食料その他の農産物の供給の機能及び多面的機能が適切かつ十分に発揮されるよう、農業の生産条件の整備及び生活環境の整備その他の福祉の向上により、その振興が図られなければならない。
• In consideration of the fact that rural areas play an important role as the base for the sustainable agricultural development through agricultural activities taken in the communities including farmers, rural areas shall be developed by improving agricultural production conditions and rural welfare including living environment so that the conventional role as a primary food supplier and the multifunctional role can be fulfilled fully.

• こ の法律は、内外におけるエネルギーをめぐる経済的社会的環境に応じた燃料資源の有効な利用の確保に資するため、工場等、輸送、建築物及び機械器具について のエネルギーの使用の合理化に関する所要の措置その他エネルギーの使用の合理化を総合的に進めるために必要な措置等を講ずることとし、もつて国民経済の健 全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, with the aim to contribute to securing the effective utilization of fuel resources according to the economic and social environment concerning energy in and outside Japan, to take the measures required for the rational use of energy with regard to factories, etc., transportation, buildings, and machinery and equipment as well as other necessary measures, etc. for comprehensively promoting the rational use of energy, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.

• 旧久世郡の中心部付近、宇治市の南西部に位置し、城陽市、久世郡久御山町も徒歩圏で、近鉄京都線と大久保駅付近でX（エックス字）型に接し、バスターミナルから各方面へバス路線が張り巡らせられ、また駅のすぐそばにはレンタカーの店舗も数店あり、一帯は京都府南部地域（人口約60万人）の交通連接点、経済の中心地として今後の整備と発展が期待される。
• Located near the center of the former Kuse-gun in the southwestern part of Uji City, with Joyo City and Kumiyama-cho of Kuse-gun also at walking distance, JR West Nara Line and Kintetsu Kyoto Line tracks come close together and then sharply separate in an X configuration near Okubo Station; a network of routed buses is available at the bus terminal, a number of rental car dealers have established offices nearby and, as the junction of the southern regions of Kyoto Prefecture (population approximately 600,000) and an economic center, further improvements and development of the neighborhood can be anticipated in the days to come.

• 地方公共団体は、当該地方公共団体の区域内における福祉サービスの利用者の支援に関する施策、企業の立地の促進を図るための施策その他当該区域内の住民の福祉の増進、産業経済の発展等に資する施策に関する業務に附帯する業務として無料の職業紹介事業を行う必要があると認めるときは、厚生労働大臣に届け出て、当該無料の職業紹介事業を行うことができる。
• When a local public entity finds it to be necessary to conduct free employment placement businesses as businesses incidental to those concerning a policy for supporting welfare service users or a policy for promoting the establishment of company sites within the area of the local public entity or any other policy contributing to the promotion of resident welfare or the development of industry and the economy within said area, it may carry out said free employment placement businesses after giving notification to the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare.

• 事業者は、我が国産業の発展において知的財産が果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、基本理念にのっとり、活力ある事業活動を通じた生産性の向上、事業基盤の強化等を図ることができるよう、当該事業者若しくは他の事業者が創造した知的財産又は大学等で創造された知的財産の積極的な活用を図るとともに、当該事業者が有する知的財産の適切な管理に努めるものとする。
• In light of the importance of the role that intellectual property plays in the development of Japanese industry, business operators shall, in accordance with the basic principles, endeavor for positive exploitation of the intellectual property that is created by themselves or by other business operators and the intellectual property that is created by universities, etc. as well as for proper management of their own intellectual property in order to increase their productivity and reinforce their business foundation through vigorous business activities.

• また上記の事項から、同じ天台宗といっても、智顗が確立した法華経に依る中国の天台宗とは違い、最澄が開いた日本の天台宗は、智顗の説を受け継ぎ法華経を中心としつつも、禅や戒、念仏、密教の要素も含み、それらの融合を試みた独特なもので、性格がやや異なるもの、また智顗の天台教学を継承しつつそれをさらに発展しようと試みたものであると指摘されている。
• In view of the above-mentioned, it is pointed out that the Japanese Tendai Sect founded by Saicho is, in spite of the same name, a different one from the Chinese Tendai Sect which is based on Hokke-kyo sutra and founded by Chigi, and although it succeeds Chigi's doctrine and is based on Hokke-kyo sutra, it is a unique one that tried to fuse the elements of Zen, Buddhist precepts, nenbutsu and Esoteric Buddhism or the one that tried to develop Chigi's Tendai kyogaku while succeeding it.

• 有価証券の売買その他の取引及びデリバティブ取引等を公正かつ円滑にし、並びに金融商品取引業の健全な発展及び投資者の保護に資することを目的として、次の各号に掲げる業務を行おうとする法人（法人でない団体で代表者又は管理人の定めのあるものを含み、認可協会及び公益協会を除く。次条第三号ロにおいて同じ。）は、内閣総理大臣の認定を受けることができる。
• A juridical person (including an organization without judicial personality for which the representative person or administrator has been designated, and excluding Authorized Association and Public Interest-type Association; hereinafter the same shall apply in item (iii), sub-item (b) of the following Article) which intends to engage in the businesses listed in each of the following items, with the purpose of ensuring fair and smooth sales and purchase or other transactions of Securities and Derivative Transactions, etc. and of contributing to the sound development of Financial Instruments Businesses and protection of investors may obtain a certification from the Prime Minister:

• 訪問販売を業として営む者は、訪問販売に係る取引を公正にし、並びに 購入者及び役務の提供を受ける者の利益を保護するとともに、訪問販売の事業の健全な発展に資することを目的として、訪問販売を業として営む者を会員とし、 その名称中に訪問販売協会という文字を用いる民法（明治二十九年法律第八十九号）第三十四条の規定による法人を設立することができる。
• A person engaged in Door-to-Door Sales as business may establish a corporation prescribed in Article 34 of the Civil Code (Act No. 89 of 1954) that consists of members that engage in Door-to-Door Sales as business and has the words 'Door-to-Door Sales Association' included in its name, in order to ensure fairness of transactions pertaining to Door-to-Door Sales and to protect the interests of the purchasers or the service recipients, as well as to contribute to the sound development of the business of Door-to-Door Sales.

• 1930年代前半に誕生し、一時期は発展の可能性がかいまみられながらも、戦中戦後の窮乏のなかでそれが棚上げのかたちとなっていた吟醸酒も、1970年代には、醪（もろみ）造りの工程における温度管理の技術が飛躍的に発達し、また協会系酵母協会7号や協会系酵母協会9号などの吟醸香を出す新しい酵母が実用化され、ようやく少量ずつ市場へ出荷されるようになった。
• The ginjoshu which appeared in the early 1930s but was interrupted because of the shortage of materials although it could have been more developed, gradually came to be sold in markets in small amounts in the 1970s, since the technique of temperature control in the process of making moromi was rapidly developed and the new yeasts with aroma of ginjo, such as the seventh and the ninth yeasts of the Brewing Society were put into practical use.

• 国は、大学等における付加価値の高い知的財産の創造が我が国の経済社会の持続的な発展の源泉であることにかんがみ、科学技術基本法（平成七年法律第百三十号）第二条に規定する科学技術の振興に関する方針に配慮しつつ、創造力の豊かな研究者の確保及び養成、研究施設等の整備並びに研究開発に係る資金の効果的な使用その他研究開発の推進に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In light of the fact that the creation of high-value added intellectual property at universities, etc. is a source of sustainable development for the Japanese economy and society, national government shall take necessary measures to promote Research and Development, such as securing and developing researchers rich in creativity, improving research facilities, etc., and making effective use of funding pertaining to Research and Development, while considering the policy on the advancement of science and technology stipulated in Article 2 of the Basic Act on Science and Technology (Act No. 130 of 1995).

• 旧久世郡の中心部付近、宇治市の南西部に位置し、城陽市、久世郡久御山町も徒歩圏で、又西日本旅客鉄道奈良線と新田駅 (京都府)付近でX（エックス字）型に接し、バスターミナルから各方面へバス路線が張り巡らせられ、また駅のすぐそばにはレンタカーの店舗も数店あり、一体は山城地区（人口約60万人）の交通結節点、経済の中心地として今後の整備と発展が期待される。
• The station is located in the center of the former Kuse-gun, southwest of Uji City, while Joyo City and Kumiyama-cho Kuse-gun are accessible on foot; the Kintetsu Nara Line runs along with the JR Nara Line of West Japan Railway Company and runs close to the JR Nara Line near Shinden Station in an 'X' configuration; various bus routes are operated from the bus terminal, and there are a few car rental agencies next to the station; this area is expected to develop in the future as a key traffic and economic area in Yamashiro region (population: approximately 600,000).

• カキフライが初めて作られた時期・発祥は諸説あるが、洋食メニュー発展期・文明開化の明治時代（1868年 – 1912年）後期に東京銀座の洋食屋「煉瓦亭」（創業明治28年）でカツレツを考案したと伝えられる木田元次郎が、あらゆる食材を油で揚げて試していた食材の一品がカキ (貝)であったという煉瓦亭の記録文献が、最古の資料として現在は有力と考えられている。
• Although there are various theories as to when and how kaki furai was made for the first time, one of the major views, based on the written record known as the oldest material suggests that in the late Meiji era (1868 to 1912), the time of civilization and enlightenment and the developing period of yoshoku (Western-style meal), Motojiro KIDA, who is believed to have invented cutlet, was experimentally frying all kinds of ingredients, one of which happened to be oyster at 'Rengatei,' a yoshoku restaurant in Ginza, Tokyo, which was founded in 1895.

• 維新期の皇后として社会事業振興の先頭に立ち、華族女学校（現学習院女子部）や、お茶の水の東京女子師範学校（現お茶の水女子大学）の設立、日本赤十字社の発展などに大きく寄与した（赤十字社の正式紋章「赤十字桐竹鳳凰章」は、紋章制定の相談を受けた際、皇后がたまたま被っていた冠が桐と竹の組み合わせで出来ていた事から、「これがよかろう」という事で決められたという）。
• As an empress after the Restoration, Shoken took the lead in social work promotion and greatly contributed to the establishment of Kazoku Jogakko (present day Gakushuin School Corporation Girl's Division) and Tokyo Joshi Shikan Gakko (present day Ochanomizu University), along with the development of the Japanese Red Cross Society and others (it is said that the official crest for the Red Cross Society, the 'Red Cross Kiritake Phoenix,' was decided on from the crown, made by a combination of paulownia wood and bamboo, which Shoken happened to be wearing on the occasion she was consulted for the decision of the crest.

• しかし、近年では、陰陽五行説が、自然界の万物は陰と陽の二気から生ずるとする陰陽と、万物は木・火・土・金・水の五行からなるとする五行思想を組み合わせ、自然界の陰陽と五行の変化を観察して瑞祥・災厄を判断し、人間界の吉凶を占う実用的技術として日本で受容され、神道、道教、仏教などからも様々な影響を受け取って日本特異の発展を遂げた結果誕生したものと考えられている。
• In recent years, however, it is thought that Ommyodo developed as follows; the Ommyo-gogyo-setsu theory, that combined the theory of Ommyo (the Yin and Yang), which considers that the universe has been derived from the Yin and Yang, and the theory of Gogyo-shiso, which considers that the universe consists of the five elements of wood, fire, earth, metal, and water, developed uniquely in Japan into a practical fortune telling technique that could serve human needs based upon the auspicious and inauspicious signs obtained by observing the Yin and Yang in Nature and changes in the five elements, while being affected by Shinto, Taoism, and Buddhism.

• 同じようにそれぞれの従業員にとっての最大限の繁栄は、その人の所属する部門の長からいつも支払われるより高い給料を得るというだけでなく、一般的に言って本質的な能力が適した仕事でより高い評価を得ることができるように、それぞれの従業員の最大限の能率があがる作業の発展という意味や、さらに可能なとき、すべき仕事を従業員に与えられるということも意味の重要性を意味している。
• In the same way maximum prosperity for each employee means not only higher wages than are usually received by men of his class, but, of more importance still, it also means the development of each man to his state of maximum efficiency, so that he may be able to do, generally speaking, the highest grade of work for which his natural abilities fit him, and it further means giving him, when possible, this class of work to do.

• この法律は、土地についての基本理念を定め、並びに国、地方公共団体、事業者及び国民の土地についての基本理念に係る責務を明らかにするとともに、土地に関する施策の基本となる事項を定めることにより、適正な土地利用の確保を図りつつ正常な需給関係と適正な地価の形成を図るための土地対策を総合的に推進し、もって国民生活の安定向上と国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, by way of providing for the basic principles on land, clarifying the responsibilities of the State, local public entities, business operators and citizens with regard to the basic principles on land, and providing for the basic matters on measures concerning land, to comprehensively promote land measures for forming normal supply-and-demand relationships and reasonable land prices while securing proper land use, thereby contributing to improved stability in citizens' lives and the sound development of the national economy.

• この法律は、特定商取引（訪問販売、通信販売及び電話勧誘販売に係る取 引、連鎖販売取引、特定継続的役務提供に係る取引並びに業務提供誘引販売取引をいう。以下同じ。）を公正にし、及び購入者等が受けることのある損害の防止 を図ることにより、購入者等の利益を保護し、あわせて商品等の流通及び役務の提供を適正かつ円滑にし、もつて国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的と する。
• The purpose of this Act is to protect the interests of purchasers, etc. and to achieve appropriate and smooth distribution of goods, etc. and offer of services by ensuring fairness in Specified Commercial Transactions (transactions of Door-to-Door Sales, Mail Order Sales, and Telemarketing Sales, Multilevel Marketing Transactions, transactions of Specified Continuous Service Offers, and Business Opportunity Related Sales Transactions; hereinafter the same) and preventing damages that may be caused to the purchasers, etc., so as to contribute to the sound development of the national economy.

• 港湾管理者は、前項の行為が、港湾の利用若しくは保全に著しく支障を与え、又は第三条の三第九項若しくは第十項の規定により公示された港湾計画の遂行を著しく阻害し、その他港湾の開発発展に著しく支障を与えるものであるときは、許可をしてはならず、また、政令で定める場合を除き、港湾管理者の管理する水域施設について前項第一号の水域の占用又は同項第四号の行為の許可をしてはならない。
• When the acts set forth in the preceding paragraph are of the nature which seriously obstruct the utilization or preservation of the port or seriously impede the implementation of the Port Plan made public pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (9) or (10) of Article 3-3, or otherwise considerably interfere with the development of the port, the Port Management Body shall not give approval to such acts nor shall it give approval to the proprietary use of the water area set forth in item (i) or the act set forth in item (iv) of the preceding paragraph with regard to the waterways and basins under the management of the Port Management Body, except when otherwise provided for in a Cabinet Order.

• 高度情報通信ネットワーク社会の形成に関する施策の策定に当たっては、急速な技術の革新が、今後の高度情報通信ネットワーク社会の発展の基盤であるとともに、我が国産業の国際競争力の強化をもたらす源泉であることにかんがみ、情報通信技術について、国、地方公共団体、大学、事業者等の相互の密接な連携の下に、創造性のある研究開発が推進されるよう必要な措置が講じられなければならない。
• Strategies developed to form an advanced information and telecommunications network society shall ensure that the necessary action is taken to promote creative research and development for information and telecommunications technologies in close mutual coordination among the Government of Japan, local public entities, universities, business operators and other parties, given that rapid technological innovation is the foundation of future expansion of the advanced information and telecommunications network society and a source of reinforcement of Japan's international industrial competitiveness.

• もっと文明が発展し反抗精神も旺盛な国では、公衆は国家が自分たちのために万事をやってくれると期待するのに慣れ、あるいは少なくとも、国家から許可を得るばかりかやり方まで教えてもわないと自分のためになにもしないことに慣れているのですが、当然ながら自分たちに降りかかる災厄すべては国家に責任があると考え、災厄が我慢の限界を越えると、政府に反抗して、いわゆる革命を起すのです。
• In countries of more advanced civilization and of a more insurrectionary spirit, the public, accustomed to expect everything to be done for them by the State, or at least to do nothing for themselves without asking from the State not only leave to do it, but even how it is to be done, naturally hold the State responsible for all evil which befals them, and when the evil exceeds their amount of patience, they rise against the government and make what is called a revolution;

• この法律は、科学技術の発展、国際化の進展その他の国民の食生活を取り巻 く環境の変化に適確に対応することの緊要性にかんがみ、食品の安全性の確保に関し、基本理念を定め、並びに国、地方公共団体及び食品関連事業者の責務並び に消費者の役割を明らかにするとともに、施策の策定に係る基本的な方針を定めることにより、食品の安全性の確保に関する施策を総合的に推進することを目的 とする。
• In consideration of the vital importance of precise responses to the development of science and technology, and to the progress of internationalization and other changes in the environment surrounding Japan's dietary habits, the purpose of this Act is to comprehensively promote policies to ensure food safety by establishing basic principles, by clarifying the responsibilities of the national and local governments, and food-related business operators and the roles of consumers, and establishing a basic direction for policy formulation, in order to ensure food safety.

• こ の法律は、科学技術の発展、国際化の進展その他の国民の食生活を取り巻く環境の変化に適確に対応することの緊要性にかんがみ、食品の安全性の確保に関し、 基本理念を定め、並びに国、地方公共団体及び食品関連事業者の責務並びに消費者の役割を明らかにするとともに、施策の策定に係る基本的な方針を定めること により、食品の安全性の確保に関する施策を総合的に推進することを目的とする。
• In consideration of the vital importance of precise responses to the development of science and technology, and to the progress of internationalization and other changes in the environment surrounding Japan's dietary habits, the purpose of this Act is to comprehensively promote policies to ensure food safety by establishing basic principles, by clarifying the responsibilities of the national and local governments, and food-related business operators and the roles of consumers, and establishing a basic direction for policy formulation, in order to ensure food safety.

• こ の法律は、企業内容等の開示の制度を整備するとともに、金融商品取引業を行う者に関し必要な事項を定め、金融商品取引所の適切な運営を確保すること等によ り、有価証券の発行及び金融商品等の取引等を公正にし、有価証券の流通を円滑にするほか、資本市場の機能の十全な発揮による金融商品等の公正な価格形成等 を図り、もつて国民経済の健全な発展及び投資者の保護に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, inter alia, by developing systems for disclosure of corporate affairs and other related matters, providing for necessary matters relating to persons who engage in Financial Instruments Business and securing appropriate operation of Financial Instruments Exchanges, to ensure fairness in, inter alia, issuance of the Securities and transactions of Financial Instruments, etc. and to facilitate the smooth distribution of Securities, as well as to aim at fair price formation of Financial Instruments, etc. through the full utilization of functions of the capital market, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy and protection of investors.

• この法律は、自動車製造業者等及び関連事業者による使用済自動車の引取り及び引渡し並びに再資源化等を適正かつ円滑に実施するための措置を講ずることにより、使用済自動車に係る廃棄物の減量並びに再生資源及び再生部品の十分な利用等を通じて、使用済自動車に係る廃棄物の適正な処理及び資源の有効な利用の確保等を図り、もって生活環境の保全及び国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to ensure that waste from End-of-Life Vehicles is properly disposed of and that resources are used effectively through reduction of the amount of waste from End-of-Life Vehicles, and Recycling and sufficiently using the recycled parts of such End-of-Life Vehicles. This is to be accomplished by having Vehicle Manufacturers, etc. and Operators of Related Businesses collect and deliver the End-of-Life Vehicles, and by devising means of Recycling, etc. End-of-Life Vehicles in an appropriate and smooth manner, thereby contributing to the preservation of the environment and the development of a sound national economy.

• この法律は、ものづくり基盤技術が国民経済において果たすべき重要な役割にかんがみ、近年における経済の多様かつ構造的な変化に適切に対処するため、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策の基本となる事項を定め、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策を総合的かつ計画的に推進することにより、ものづくり基盤技術の水準の維持及び向上を図り、もって国民経済の健全な発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to ensure the maintenance and improvement of the level of core manufacturing technology by providing for matters that serve as the basis of measures relating to the promotion of core manufacturing technology and by driving forward measures on the promotion of core manufacturing technology in a comprehensive and organized manner, in order to appropriately deal with the diverse and structural changes of the economy in recent years, in view of the important role to be played by core manufacturing technology in the national economy, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.

• その目的や意義は、豊作の「五穀豊穣」を始め、「大漁追福」、「商売繁盛」、「疫病退散」、「無病息災」、「家内安全」、「安寧長寿」、「夫婦円満」、「子孫繁栄」、「祖先崇拝」、「豊楽万民」、「天下泰平」などを招福祈願、厄除祈念として行われるもの、またはそれらの成就に感謝して行われるもの、節句などの年中行事が発展して行われているもの、偉人の霊を慰めるために行われるものなど様々である。
• The purpose and meaning are diversified because some feasts are held for 'the productiveness of grain' for good harvests, and a prayer for good luck charm and prayer for warding off evil such as 'good catch and memorial service,' 'prosperous trade,' 'an attempt to secure protection from a plague,' 'state of perfect health,' 'safety of one's family,' 'peace and longevity,' 'harmonious marriage,' 'fertility and family prosperity,' 'ancestor worship,' 'abundance and joy to all people,' 'universal peace' and so on, some are held in appreciation for accomplishments of such prayers, some are held as a result of development of annual events such as Sekku and so on, or some are held to console spirits of great people.

• 私たちの受けた教育は純粋に科学的であり、他の領域では高尚なものだとはいえ、物理学の領域に因子として持ち込めば必ず障害となり誤りの原因となるのが明らかな影響力からは、十分に距離を置いてきたので、科学的精神は発展法則の探求から逸れたり、継起する地層を古い種との関係全体から新しい種を作り出すための機械工の作業台のようなものとみなすような神人同形説を受け入れたりすることは、ありえません。
• Had our education been purely scientific, or had it been sufficiently detached from influences which, however ennobling in another domain, have always proved hindrances and delusions when introduced as factors into the domain of physics, the scientific mind never could have swerved from the search for a law of growth, or allowed itself to accept the anthropomorphism which regarded each successive stratum as a kind of mechanic's bench for the manufacture of new species out of all relation to the old.

• 水産業については、国民に対して水産物を供給する使命を有するものであることにかんがみ、水産資源を持続的に利用しつつ、高度化し、かつ、多様化する国民の需要に即した漁業生産並びに水産物の加工及び流通が行われるよう、効率的かつ安定的な漁業経営が育成され、漁業、水産加工業及び水産流通業の連携が確保され、並びに漁港、漁場その他の基盤が整備されることにより、その健全な発展が図られなければならない。
• Sound development of fisheries shall, in view of its mission to supply marine products to the citizens, be promoted, while maintaining sustainable utilization of fishery resources, by fostering efficient and stable fishery management for the fishery production, processing of marine products and distribution that meet the sophisticated and diversified demands of the citizens, keeping coordination among fishery, fishery processing industry and fishery products marketing, and developing fishing ports, fishing grounds and other infrastructure.

• 接受者は、自己の負担で、職員の子弟の教育のための国際学校を設立し、接受締約者以外の締約者の教育当局との協議により作成する国際的かつ中核的な教育課程に基づいた大学前の教育を提供し、及び接受締約者以外の締約者に特有な、かつ、支援された追加的な教育課程の科目の実施を促進する。接受締約者以外の締約者は、学校の発展及びそれぞれの教育当局によるこれらの教育課程の認定を支援するために最善の努力を払う。
• The Host shall, at its own expense, establish an international school for the education of the children of Staff and provide pre-university education according to an international core curriculum to be developed in consultation with the educational authorities of the non-Host Parties, and shall facilitate the implementation of additional curricular elements specific to and supported by non-Host Parties. The non-Host Parties shall use their best efforts to assist the development of the school and the accreditation of its curriculum by their respective authorities.

• そのため現在の台湾の教育・民生・軍事・経済の基盤は当時の日本によって建設されたものが基礎となっていると主張する意見（李登輝など）と、近代化の中の日本の役割を過大評価することは植民地統治の正当化と反発する意見、台湾は日本への農作物供給地として農業を中心に発展させられたため工業発展に遅れたと主張する意見、日本商人の搾取によって富が奪われたとする意見（図解台湾史、台湾歴史図説）も提示されている。
• Therefore, there are different opinions about the ruling by Japan as follows; one opinion is that the infrastructure of Taiwan, such as education, people's livelihood, military and economy, was based upon one built by Japan at that time (Teng-hui LEE and others) and other opposing opinions are that overestimating the role of Japan in modernization leads to a justification for colonial rule, Japan imposed an agriculture-centered policy to make Taiwan a supply source of agricultural products to Japan and it resulted in delaying industrial development and the wealth of Taiwan was deprived by Japanese merchants Taiwan (Illustrated History of Taiwan, Illustration of Taiwanese History).

• この法律は、大学、高等専門学校、大学共同利用機関及び国の試験研究機関等における技術に関する研究成果の民間事業者への移転の促進を図るための措置を講ずることにより、新たな事業分野の開拓及び産業の技術の向上並びに大学、高等専門学校、大学共同利用機関及び国の試験研究機関等における研究活動の活性化を図り、もって我が国産業構造の転換の円滑化、国民経済の健全な発展及び学術の進展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to contribute to facilitation of the transformation of our State's industrial structure, to the sound development of the national economy and to advancement of learning, as a result of efforts to develop new business fields, improve industrial technologies and vitalize research activities at universities, national colleges of technology, inter-university research institutes and national research and development institutes, etc. by means of measures to promote transfers of research result related to technologies to private business operators.

• こ の法律は、投資信託又は投資法人を用いて投資者以外の者が投資者の資金を主として有価証券等に対する投資として集合して運用し、その成果を投資者に分配す る制度を確立し、これらを用いた資金の運用が適正に行われることを確保するとともに、この制度に基づいて発行される各種の証券の購入者等の保護を図ること により、投資者による有価証券等に対する投資を容易にし、もつて国民経済の健全な発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, inter alia, by establishing a system whereby persons other than investors collect investors' funds and invest them mainly in securities, etc. by using investment trusts or investment corporations, and distribute the results thereof to the investors, and by ensuring investment trusts' and investment corporations' appropriate investment of funds, as well as taking measures to protect the purchaser, etc. of the securities issued under the system, in order to facilitate investors' investments in securities, etc., thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.

• しかし、人間は良き神によって創られたと信じるのが宗教の一部であるなら、この神があらゆる人間の能力を授けたのは、それを育んで発展させるためであって、根絶やしにし消耗するためではないということ、そして神はその被造物が自分の内に組込まれている理想的な概念へ一歩づつ近づくごとに、また理解し行動し享楽する能力をなにがしか増大させるごとに、お喜びになるということを信じるのは、その信仰とより首尾一貫したことなのです。
• But if it be any part of religion to believe that man was made by a good Being, it is more consistent with that faith to believe, that this Being gave all human faculties that they might be cultivated and unfolded, not rooted out and consumed, and that he takes delight in every nearer approach made by his creatures to the ideal conception embodied in them, every increase in any of their capabilities of comprehension, of action, or of enjoyment.

• 前項に規定する定期的枠組み計画は、イーター機構の事務局長の合意の下、フランスの権限のある当局により確立される。それはイーター機構がそのライフサイクル中に実施する活動が、発展する特性を持つことを考慮する。それは、イーター機構の事務局長の要請による査察又はフランスの権限のある当局により文書化された所見に基づく査察に関係なく、ある期間に実施することができる計画された及び予告されない査察の最小数及び最大数を規定する。
• The periodic framework programmes referred to in paragraph 2 above shall be established by the competent French authorities in agreement with the Director-General of the ITER Organization. They shall reflect the evolving nature of the activities carried out by the ITER Organization in the course of its lifecycle. They shall each provide for the minimum and the maximum number of inspections, planned and unannounced, that may be carried out during the period, irrespective of inspections requested by the Director General of ITER or inspections resulting from findings documented by the competent French authorities.

• 産業技術力の強化は、産業技術力が産業構造の変化、技術の進歩等の内外の経済的環境の変化に適確に対応して我が国産業の持続的な発展を図るための基盤であることにかんがみ、我が国産業の発展を支えてきた技術の改良に係る産業技術の水準の維持及び向上を図りつつ、国、地方公共団体、大学及び事業者の相互の密接な連携の下に、創造性のある研究及び開発を行うとともに、その成果の企業化を行う能力を強化することを基本として行われるものとする。
• In light of the fact that Industrial Technology Capability is the foundation for furthering sustainable development of Japanese industries by accurately responding to changes in the internal and external economic environment, such as changes in industrial structure and technological progress, etc., Industrial Technology Capability shall be enhanced with the basic objectives of enhancing the capability to implement creative research and development under mutually close coordination of the national government, local governments, universities and business operators, and of enhancing the capability to implement the commercialization of results thereof, based on a foundation of striving to maintain and improve the industrial technology standards related to technology improvement that have supported our nation's industrial development.

• 邪馬台国九州説を発展させ、大宰府（太宰府）を首都とする九州王朝が成立したが、663年（天智元年）「白村江の戦い」の敗北をきっかけとしてヤマト王権により滅亡させられたとする古田武彦が唱えた九州王朝説の所論によれば、大化の改新として仮託された事件により後の天智天皇・天武天皇が権力奪取する以前の記紀の神代神話と皇統譜や事跡の記述の多くは九州王朝からの剽窃による創作であり、それまでのヤマト王権は統一王朝ではなかったとする。
• Developing the Yamatai-koku Kingdom in Kyushu, by the Kyushu Dynasty Theory advocated by Takehiko FURUTA that the Kyushu Dynasty was established with the capital Dazaifu but was destroyed by the Yamato Administration triggered by the lost in 'Battle of Hakusukinoe' (Battle of Baekgang) in 663, most of the immemorial myth, the genealogy and the achievements of the Imperial Family in Kojiki and Nihon Shoki before later Emperor Tenchi and Emperor Tenmu seized the political power through the incident called Taika Reforms were fiction by plagiarism from the Kyushu Dynasty and until then, the Yamato Administration was not a unified dynasty.

• 「なみだの操」「夫婦鏡」「女のみち」「女のねがい」「おやじの海」「よこはま・たそがれ」「傷だらけの人生」「くちなしの花」「ふるさと (五木ひろし)」「喝采 (ちあきなおみ)」「せんせい」「心のこり」「与作」「舟唄」「昔の名前で出ています」「北の宿から」「津軽海峡・冬景色」「おもいで酒」「北国の春」「夢追い酒」など多くのヒット曲が生まれ、フォーク、ニューミュージック、アイドル歌謡などと競い合いながら安定した発展を見せていた。
• With many hits, including 'Namida no Misao' (Tearful Fidelity), 'Meoto Kagami' (Couple Mirrors), 'Onna no Michi' (Woman's Way), 'Onna no Negai' (Woman's Wish), 'Oyaji no Umi' (Father's Ocean), 'Yokohama Tasogare' (Yokohama Twilight Time), 'Kizudarake no Jinsei' (Life with Bruises), 'Kuchinashi no Hana' (Flower of Gardenia), 'Furusato (Hiroshi ITSUKI)' (Hometown), 'Kassai (Naomi CHIAKI)' (Applause), 'Sensei' (Teacher), 'Kokoro Nokori' (Regret), 'Yosaku' (Yosaku [a popular Japanese name for woodcutters]), 'Funauta' (Sailor's Song), 'Mukashi no Namae de Deteimasu' (Coming out in the Name of Old Days), 'Kita no Yado kara' (From an Inn in the North Country), 'Tsugaru Kaikyo Fuyu-geshiki' (Winterscape of the Tsugaru Straits), 'Omoide Zake' (Sake of Memories), 'Kitaguni no Haru' (Spring in the North Country), and 'Yume Oi Zake' (Dream-chasing Sake), enka music developed steadily, competing with folk, new music, and idol songs.

• この法律は、雇用対策法（昭和四十一年法律第百三十二号）と相まつて、職業訓練及び職業能力検定の内容の充実強化及びその実施の円滑化のための施策並びに労働者が自ら職業に関する教育訓練又は職業能力検定を受ける機会を確保するための施策等を総合的かつ計画的に講ずることにより、職業に必要な労働者の能力を開発し、及び向上させることを促進し、もつて、職業の安定と労働者の地位の向上を図るとともに、経済及び社会の発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act, together with the Employment Countermeasures Act (Act No. 132 of 1966), is to promote the development and improvement of the abilities workers need for their jobs, by way of comprehensively and systematically taking measures for enriching and smoothly carrying out vocational training and vocational ability tests and measures for ensuring that there are opportunities for workers to receive educational training on the job or vocational ability tests voluntarily, and thereby to ensure security of employment and improvement of the status of workers, as well as to contribute to the development of the economy and society as a whole.

• 会社及び地域会社は、それぞれその事業を営むに当たつては、常に経営が適正かつ効率的に行われるように配意し、国民生活に不可欠な電話の役務のあまねく日本全国における適切、公平かつ安定的な提供の確保に寄与するとともに、今後の社会経済の進展に果たすべき電気通信の役割の重要性にかんがみ、電気通信技術に関する研究の推進及びその成果の普及を通じて我が国の電気通信の創意ある向上発展に寄与し、もつて公共の福祉の増進に資するよう努めなければならない。
• The Company and the Regional Companies shall, in operating their own businesses, give due consideration to the maintenance of its proper and efficient management and shall contribute to the securement of appropriate, fair and stable provision of nationwide telephone services which are indispensable to the lives of people; additionally, the Company and the Regional Companies shall endeavor, in view of the importance of the role which telecommunications will play for the social and economical progress in the future, to contribute to the innovative advancement and development of telecommunications in Japan through the promotion of research and development concerning telecommunications technology and through dissemination of the results thereof, and thereby promote the public welfare.

• 農業については、その有する食料その他の農産物の供給の機能及び多面的機能の重要性にかんがみ、必要な農地、農業用水その他の農業資源及び農業の担い手が確保され、地域の特性に応じてこれらが効率的に組み合わされた望ましい農業構造が確立されるとともに、農業の自然循環機能（農業生産活動が自然界における生物を介在する物質の循環に依存し、かつ、これを促進する機能をいう。以下同じ。）が維持増進されることにより、その持続的な発展が図られなければならない。
• In consideration of importance of its conventional role as a primary food supplier and its multifunctional role, sustainable development of agriculture shall be promoted by securing agricultural facilities including necessary farmlands, water for agricultural use, other agricultural resources and workforce; establishing a desirable agricultural structure with an effective combination of aforementioned elements based on regional characteristics; maintaining and improving natural cyclical function of agriculture. (This term means the function of agriculture in stimulating biological and physical cycle in nature while being strongly influenced by the cycle. This definition shall be referred to hereinafter.)

• 会社及び地域会社は、それぞれその事業を営むに当たつては、常に経営が適 正かつ効率的に行われるように配意し、国民生活に不可欠な電話の役務のあまねく日本全国における適切、公平かつ安定的な提供の確保に寄与するとともに、今 後の社会経済の進展に果たすべき電気通信の役割の重要性にかんがみ、電気通信技術に関する研究の推進及びその成果の普及を通じて我が国の電気通信の創意あ る向上発展に寄与し、もつて公共の福祉の増進に資するよう努めなければならない。
• The Company and the Regional Companies shall, in operating their own businesses, give due consideration to the maintenance of its proper and efficient management and shall contribute to the securement of appropriate, fair and stable provision of nationwide telephone services which are indispensable to the lives of people; additionally, the Company and the Regional Companies shall endeavor, in view of the importance of the role which telecommunications will play for the social and economical progress in the future, to contribute to the innovative advancement and development of telecommunications in Japan through the promotion of research and development concerning telecommunications technology and through dissemination of the results thereof, and thereby promote the public welfare.

• 知的財産の創造、保護及び活用に関する施策の推進は、創造性のある研究及び開発の成果の円滑な企業化を図り、知的財産を基軸とする新たな事業分野の開拓並びに経営の革新及び創業を促進することにより、我が国産業の技術力の強化及び活力の再生、地域における経済の活性化、並びに就業機会の増大をもたらし、もって我が国産業の国際競争力の強化及び内外の経済的環境の変化に的確に対応した我が国産業の持続的な発展に寄与するものとなることを旨として、行われなければならない。
• Measures for the creation, protection and exploitation of intellectual property shall be promoted with the objective of achieving an intensification of the technical capabilities of Japanese industry and the revitalization of the industry, the activation of the local economy, and an increase in job opportunities, thereby contributing to the intensification of the international competitiveness of Japanese industry and a sustainable development of Japanese industry that precisely responds to the changes in the economic environment at home and abroad, through encouraging smooth transfer of the results of creative Research and Development into commercial use and promoting the development of new business fields, management innovation and business startups, all of which are based on intellectual property.

• 国土形成計画は、我が国及び世界における人口、産業その他の社会経済構造の変化に的確に対応し、その特性に応じて自立的に発展する地域社会、国際競争力の強化及び科学技術の振興等による活力ある経済社会、安全が確保された国民生活並びに地球環境の保全にも寄与する豊かな環境の基盤となる国土を実現するよう、我が国の自然的、経済的、社会的及び文化的諸条件を維持向上させる国土の形成に関する施策を、当該施策に係る国内外の連携の確保に配意しつつ、適切に定めるものとする。
• National Spatial Strategies shall appropriately formulate measures for the spatial development to maintain and improve the natural, economic, social and cultural conditions of Japan, while paying attention to securing domestic and international coordination pertaining to the said measures, in order to appropriately respond to the changes in social and economic structures including population and industry in Japan and the world and realize a national land that acts as the foundation of: local communities that independently develop in accordance with their own characteristics; a vital economy and society through the enhancement of international competitiveness, promotion of science and technology, etc.; citizens' lives for which safety is secured; and a rich environment which also contributes to the preservation of the global environment.

• 巻1では、日本に儒教が伝来したと当時考えられていた神功皇后期から、徐福・王仁・聖徳太子・粟田真人・吉備真備・菅原道真・義堂周信ら、古代から室町時代における五山文化興隆期を扱い、巻2では、五山文化から薩摩国の儒教文化を興隆させた桂庵玄樹の登場までを扱い、巻3では薩南学派の発展に尽した島津忠良や南浦文之の活躍や江戸時代初期の儒学を扱い、巻4では薩南学派の総本山とされた正龍寺 (指宿市)の歴史や元禄・享保以後の薩摩藩の儒教史を扱っているが未完である。
• Volume 1 deals with the history of Confucianism in Japan from the ancient times to the prosperity stage of Gozan Bunka (culture of the Five Official Temples between the end of the Kamakura Period and the Muromachi Period) such as the age of Empress Jingu which was thought in the author's day to be the time when Confucianism was introduced to Japan, then Jofuku, Wani (Wang In), Prince Shotoku, AWATA no Mahito, KIBI no Makibi, SUGAWARA no Michizane and Shushin Gido, Volume 2 deals with the period from Gozan Bunka to the appearance of Genju KEIAN who brought prosperity to the culture of Confucianism in Satsuma domain, Volume 3 deals with the activity of Tadayoshi SHIMAZU and Bunshi NANPO who tried to develop Satsunangaku school (school of Neo-Confucianism in Satsuma) and Confucianism in early Edo period, and Volume 4 deals with the history of Shoryu-ji Temple (in current Ibusuki City) which was the center of Satsunangaku school and the history of Confucianism in Satsuma domain after the Genroku and the Kyoho Era, but this volume is unfinished.

• この後、約束通り道満は晴明の弟子となった、と言われているという話や、遣唐使として派遣され唐の伯道上人のもとで修行をしていた晴明の留守中に晴明の妻とねんごろになり不義密通を始めていた道満が、晴明の唐からの帰国後に伯道上人から授かった書を盗み見て身につけた呪術で晴明との命を賭けた対決に勝利して晴明を殺害し、第六感で晴明の死を悟った伯道上人が急遽来日して呪術で晴明を蘇生させ道満を斬首、その後に晴明は書を発展させて「金烏玉兎集」にまとめ上げたといった話が有名である。
• There are two well-known stories concerning subsequent events: one is that Doman then became Seimei's student as had been agreed, while the other is that while Seimei was away visiting China as a member of Kentoshi and training under the guidance of 伯道上人, Doman and Seimei's wife began to have an affair and, upon Seimei's return, using a magic he had mastered by sneaking a look at a book that 伯道上人 had given to Seimei, Doman won a duel to the death with Seimei, which prompted 伯道上人to come to Japan as his instincts alerted him to Seimei's death, whereupon he resuscitated Seimei and decapitated Doman; some time later, Seimei wrote some books that were subsequently compiled into 'Kinugyokutoshu'.

• 経済産業大臣は、前二項に定める場合のほか、特定の種類の若しくは特定の地域を仕向地とする貨物を輸出しようとする者又は特定の取引により貨物を輸出しようとする者に対し、国際収支の均衡の維持のため、外国貿易及び国民経済の健全な発展のため、我が国が締結した条約その他の国際約束を誠実に履行するため、国際平和のための国際的な努力に我が国として寄与するため、又は第十条第一項の閣議決定を実施するために必要な範囲内で、政令で定めるところにより、承認を受ける義務を課することができる。
• In addition to cases prescribed in the preceding two paragraphs, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may impose, pursuant to the provisions of Cabinet Order, on a person who intends to export specific kinds of goods or to export goods to the specified regions or a person who intends to export goods through specified transaction the obligation to obtain approval, to the extent necessary to maintain equilibrium of the international balance of trade, to achieve the sound development of foreign trade and the national economy, to sincerely fulfill obligations under the treaties and other international agreements Japan has signed, to make Japan's contribution to international efforts for achieving international peace, or to implement a cabinet decision set forth in Article 10, paragraph 1.

• この法律は、我が国の排他的経済水域等における海洋生物資源について、そ の保存及び管理のための計画を策定し、並びに漁獲量及び漁獲努力量の管理のための所要の措置を講ずることにより、漁業法（昭和二十四年法律第二百六十七 号）又は水産資源保護法（昭和二十六年法律第三百十三号）による措置等と相まって、排他的経済水域等における海洋生物資源の保存及び管理を図り、あわせて 海洋法に関する国際連合条約の的確な実施を確保し、もって漁業の発展と水産物の供給の安定に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act shall be to preserve and control the living marine resources in Japan's exclusive economic zone, etc. in coordination with the measures, etc. taken under the Fishery Act (Act No. 267 of 1949) and the Marine Resources Protection Act (Act No. 313 of 1951), as well as to ensure the appropriate implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, for thereby contributing to the development of fisheries and the stable supply of aquatic products, by establishing a plan for the preservation and control of living marine resources in Japan's Exclusive Economic Zone, etc. and by taking the required measures to control the fish catch and the fishing effort.

• 農林水産大臣は、第三項 の規定により許可又は起業の認可をしなければならない申請のうち同項第二号に係るものに係る船舶の隻数が前条第一項の規定により公示した船舶の隻数から第 三項第一号の申請に基づく許可又は起業の認可を受けた船舶の隻数を差し引いた隻数を超える場合には、同項の規定にかかわらず、同項第二号の申請に係る試験 研究又は新技術の企業化の内容が漁業生産力の発展に寄与する程度を勘案して許可又は起業の認可の基準を定め、これに従つて許可又は起業の認可をしなければ ならない。
• In the case where the number of boats pertaining to item (ii) of paragraph (3) among the applications that must be granted permissions or approvals of business commencement pursuant to the provision of the same paragraph exceeds the number of boats obtained by subtracting the number of boats permissioned or approved on business commencement based on the applications of item (i), paragraph (3) from the number of boats publicly notified pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) of the preceding Article, the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Minister shall establish a standard for permissions and approvals of business commencement considering the degree to which the contents of the experimental research or of the commercialization of a new technology pertaining to each application of item (ii) of the same paragraph contribute to the development of fishing productivity, and grant permissions or approvals of business commencement according to the standard, notwithstanding the provision of the same paragraph.

• この法律は、雇用対策法（昭和四十一年法律第百三十二号）と相まつて、公共に奉仕する公共職業安定所その他の職業安定機関が関係行政庁又は関係団体の協力を得て職業紹介事業等を行うこと、職業安定機関以外の者の行う職業紹介事業等が労働力の需要供給の適正かつ円滑な調整に果たすべき役割にかんがみその適正な運営を確保すること等により、各人にその有する能力に適合する職業に就く機会を与え、及び産業に必要な労働力を充足し、もつて職業の安定を図るとともに、経済及び社会の発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, together with the Employment Countermeasures Act (Act No. 132 of 1966), to provide every person with an opportunity to obtain a job conformed to his/her ability and meet the labor needs of industry through the provision of employment placement businesses, etc. by Public Employment Security Offices and other employment security bodies serving the public, with the cooperation of related administrative agencies and related organizations, and through ensuring the appropriate operation of employment placement businesses etc. provided by persons other than employment security bodies in consideration of the role to be fulfilled by such persons in the appropriate and smooth adjustment of demand for and supply of a labor force, thereby achieving security of employment and contributing to the development of the economy and society.

• こ の法律は、育児休業及び介護休業に関する制度並びに子の看護休暇に関する制度を設けるとともに、子の養育及び家族の介護を容易にするため勤務時間等に関し 事業主が講ずべき措置を定めるほか、子の養育又は家族の介護を行う労働者等に対する支援措置を講ずること等により、子の養育又は家族の介護を行う労働者等 の雇用の継続及び再就職の促進を図り、もってこれらの者の職業生活と家庭生活との両立に寄与することを通じて、これらの者の福祉の増進を図り、あわせて経 済及び社会の発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purposes of this Act are to promote the welfare of workers, etc. who take care of children or other family members and to contribute to the development of the economy and society. These purposes will be accomplished by helping balance such persons' work life and family life by means of continuing employment and promoting re-employment of said workers, etc. through such steps as establishing a system for Child Care Leave, Family Care Leave, and Sick/Injured Child Care Leave; prescribing measures to be taken by employers concerning working hours, etc. with the view to facilitating the care of children and other family members; and taking measures to support said workers, etc.

• この法律は、我が国における少子高齢化の進展、就業構造の変化等の社会経済情勢の変化に伴い、短時間労働者の果たす役割の重要性が増大していることにかんがみ、短時間労働者について、その適正な労働条件の確保、雇用管理の改善、通常の労働者への転換の推進、職業能力の開発及び向上等に関する措置等を講ずることにより、通常の労働者との均衡のとれた待遇の確保等を図ることを通じて短時間労働者がその有する能力を有効に発揮することができるようにし、もってその福祉の増進を図り、あわせて経済及び社会の発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to enable Part-Time Workers to effectively exercise their abilities through ensuring, etc. of their treatment balanced with that of ordinary workers, and thereby enhance welfare of the Part-Time Workers and contribute to economic and social development, by means of taking such measures as those concerning ensuring of proper working conditions for Part-Time Workers, improvement of employment management for them, promotion of their transformation to ordinary workers, development and improvement, etc. of vocational abilities, in view of the fact that the importance of roles played by Part-Time Workers is increasing with such socioeconomic changes in Japan as the progress of aging population combined with low birthrates and change in employment structures.

• 労働者がその職業生活の全期間を通じてその有する能力を有効に発揮できるようにすることが、職業の安定及び労働者の地位の向上のために不可欠であるとともに、経済及び社会の発展の基礎をなすものであることにかんがみ、この法律の規定による職業能力の開発及び向上の促進は、産業構造の変化、技術の進歩その他の経済的環境の変化による業務の内容の変化に対する労働者の適応性を増大させ、及び転職に当たつての円滑な再就職に資するよう、労働者の職業生活設計に配慮しつつ、その職業生活の全期間を通じて段階的かつ体系的に行われることを基本理念とする。
• In view of the fact that having workers exercise their abilities effectively throughout the entire period of their vocational lives is indispensable for their security of employment and an improvement of their status and will constitute a basis for the development of the economy and society as a whole, the development and improvement of human resources pursuant to the provisions of this Act shall, as a basic principle, be carried out systematically by stages throughout the entire period of workers' vocational lives, while giving due consideration to their vocational life planning, so as to make them more adaptive to changes in their duties caused by changes in industrial structures, advances in technology, and other changes in the economic environment, and to contribute to their smooth reemployment in the case of job transfers.

• この法律は、主要な資源の大部分を輸入に依存している我が国において、近年の国民経済の発展に伴い、資源が大量に使用されていることにより、使用済物品等及び副産物が大量に発生し、その相当部分が廃棄されており、かつ、再生資源及び再生部品の相当部分が利用されずに廃棄されている状況にかんがみ、資源の有効な利用の確保を図るとともに、廃棄物の発生の抑制及び環境の保全に資するため、使用済物品等及び副産物の発生の抑制並びに再生資源及び再生部品の利用の促進に関する所要の措置を講ずることとし、もって国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act, in light of the circumstances in Japan, a country largely dependent on imports for major resources and where, along with the recent development of the national economy, the heavy use of resources generates an enormous amount of Used Products, etc. and By-products, a considerable part of which are disposed of while a considerable part of the Recyclable Resources and Reusable Parts are not utilized but also disposed of, is to ensure the effective utilization of resources and to take necessary measures to reduce the generation of Used Products, etc. and By-Products and promote the utilization of Recyclable Resources and Reusable Parts in order to contribute to waste reduction and environmental preservation, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.

• こ の法律は、エネルギーが国民生活の安定向上並びに国民経済の維持及び発展に欠くことのできないものであるとともに、その利用が地域及び地球の環境に大きな 影響を及ぼすことにかんがみ、エネルギーの需給に関する施策に関し、基本方針を定め、並びに国及び地方公共団体の責務等を明らかにするとともに、エネル ギーの需給に関する施策の基本となる事項を定めることにより、エネルギーの需給に関する施策を長期的、総合的かつ計画的に推進し、もって地域及び地球の環 境の保全に寄与するとともに我が国及び世界の経済社会の持続的な発展に貢献することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, given that energy is essential for improving the stability of citizens' lives and for maintaining and developing the national economy and that its use has a major impact on the local and global environment, to promote measures on energy supply and demand on a long-term, comprehensive and systematic basis by laying down the basic policy and clarifying the responsibilities of the State and local public entities with respect to measures on energy supply and demand and by prescribing matters that form the basis of measures on energy supply and demand, thereby contributing to the preservation of the local and global environment and to the sustainable development of the Japanese and global economy and society.

• 知的財産の創造、保護及び活用に関する施策の推進は、創造力の豊かな人材が育成され、その創造力が十分に発揮され、技術革新の進展にも対応した知的財産の国内及び国外における迅速かつ適正な保護が図られ、並びに経済社会において知的財産が積極的に活用されつつ、その価値が最大限に発揮されるために必要な環境の整備を行うことにより、広く国民が知的財産の恵沢を享受できる社会を実現するとともに、将来にわたり新たな知的財産の創造がなされる基盤を確立し、もって国民経済の健全な発展及び豊かな文化の創造に寄与するものとなることを旨として、行われなければならない。
• Measures for the creation, protection and exploitation of intellectual property shall be promoted with the objective of realizing a society in which the public can enjoy the benefit of intellectual property and establishing a foundation for the creation of new intellectual property in the future, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy and the creation of rich culture, through developing an essential environment to develop human resources that are rich in creativity, effectively exercise such creativity, achieve prompt and appropriate protection of intellectual property in response to the progress in technical innovation at home and abroad, actively exploit intellectual property in the economy and society, and utilize its value to the maximum.

• 独立行政法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構（以下「機構」とい う。）は、非化石エネルギー、可燃性天然ガス及び石炭に関する技術並びにエネルギー使用合理化のための技術並びに鉱工業の技術に関し、民間の能力を活用し て行う研究開発（研究及び開発をいう。以下同じ。）、民間において行われる研究開発の促進、これらの技術の利用の促進等の業務を国際的に協調しつつ総合的 に行うことにより、産業技術の向上及びその企業化の促進を図り、もって内外の経済的社会的環境に応じたエネルギーの安定的かつ効率的な供給の確保並びに経 済及び産業の発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Incorporated Administrative Agency (hereinafter referred to as 'NEDO') is to enhance industrial technology and to promote the commercialization thereof by comprehensively performing functions such as promoting R&D (meaning research and development; the same shall apply hereinafter) carried out using skills from the private sector; promoting R&D done by the private sector with regard to technology for non-fossil energies, combustible natural gas, and coal; promoting the technology required for the rational use of energy and technology in mining and industry; and promoting the utilization of such technology in cooperation with the international community; to thereby contribute to ensuring a stable and efficient energy supply in accordance with the changes in the domestic and foreign economic and social environments and to the development of the economy and industry.

• この法律は、消費者と事業者との間の情報の質及び量並びに交渉力の格差にかんがみ、事業者の一定の行為により消費者が誤認し、又は困惑した場合について契約の申込み又はその承諾の意思表示を取り消すことができることとするとともに、事業者の損害賠償の責任を免除する条項その他の消費者の利益を不当に害することとなる条項の全部又は一部を無効とするほか、消費者の被害の発生又は拡大を防止するため適格消費者団体が事業者等に対し差止請求をすることができることとすることにより、消費者の利益の擁護を図り、もって国民生活の安定向上と国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to protect the interests of consumers, and thereby contribute to the stabilization of and the improvement in the general welfare and life of the citizens and to the sound development of the national economy, in consideration of the discrepancy in quality and quantity of information and the negotiating power between consumers and business operators, by permitting a rescission of manifestation of intentions to offer or accept contracts made by consumers when they misunderstood or are distressed by certain acts of business operators, and nullifying any clauses, in part or in whole, that exempt the business operators from their liability for damages or otherwise that unfairly harm the interests of consumers, in addition to providing a right to qualified consumer organization to demand an injunction against business operators, etc. for the purpose of preventing the occurrence of or the spreading of damage to other consumers.

• この法律は、消費者と事業者との間の情報の質及び量並びに交渉力の格差に かんがみ、事業者の一定の行為により消費者が誤認し、又は困惑した場合について契約の申込み又はその承諾の意思表示を取り消すことができることとするとと もに、事業者の損害賠償の責任を免除する条項その他の消費者の利益を不当に害することとなる条項の全部又は一部を無効とするほか、消費者の被害の発生又は 拡大を防止するため適格消費者団体が事業者等に対し差止請求をすることができることとすることにより、消費者の利益の擁護を図り、もって国民生活の安定向 上と国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to protect the interests of consumers, and thereby contribute to the stabilization of and the improvement in the general welfare and life of the citizens and to the sound development of the national economy, in consideration of the discrepancy in quality and quantity of information and the negotiating power between consumers and business operators, by permitting a rescission of manifestation of intentions to offer or accept contracts made by consumers when they misunderstood or are distressed by certain acts of business operators, and nullifying any clauses, in part or in whole, that exempt the business operators from their liability for damages or otherwise that unfairly harm the interests of consumers, in addition to providing a right to qualified consumer organization to demand an injunction against business operators, etc. for the purpose of preventing the occurrence of or the spreading of damage to other consumers.

• 都道府県知事は、その管轄に属する水面につき、漁業上の総合利用を図 り、漁業生産力を維持発展させるためには漁業権の内容たる漁業の免許をする必要があり、かつ、当該漁業の免許をしても漁業調整その他公益に支障を及ぼさな いと認めるときは、当該漁業の免許について、海区漁業調整委員会の意見をきき、漁業種類、漁場の位置及び区域、漁業時期その他免許の内容たるべき事項、免 許予定日、申請期間並びに定置漁業及び区画漁業についてはその地元地区（自然的及び社会経済的条件により当該漁業の漁場が属すると認められる地区をい う。）、共同漁業についてはその関係地区を定めなければならない。
• The Governor concerned shall establish a licensing system for the fisheries to be covered by fishery rights, in order to comprehensively utilize his/her jurisdictional waters for fisheries and in order to maintain and enhance fishery productivity, and when the Governor finds that even if the licenses of said fisheries are granted, fisheries adjustment and other public interest will not be impaired, he/she shall hear the opinions of the Sea-Area Fisheries Adjustment Commission concerned, and shall decide the types of fisheries, positions and areas of fishing grounds, fishery seasons and other matters to be specified for licenses, scheduled licensing dates, application filing periods, and the local districts for respective fixed gear fisheries and respective demarcated fisheries (the districts to which the fishing grounds of said fisheries are found to belong under natural and socioeconomic conditions) or the districts concerned for respective common fisheries.

• 都市計画区域について定められる都市計画（区域外都市施設に関するものを含む。次項において同じ。）は、国土形成計画、首都圏整備計画、近畿圏整備計画、中部圏開発整備計画、北海道総合開発計画、沖縄振興計画その他の国土計画又は地方計画に関する法律に基づく計画（当該都市について公害防止計画が定められているときは、当該公害防止計画を含む。第三項において同じ。）及び道路、河川、鉄道、港湾、空港等の施設に関する国の計画に適合するとともに、当該都市の特質を考慮して、次に掲げるところに従つて、土地利用、都市施設の整備及び市街地開発事業に関する事項で当該都市の健全な発展と秩序ある整備を図るため必要なものを、一体的かつ総合的に定めなければならない。この場合においては、当該都市における自然的環境の整備又は保全に配慮しなければならない。
• City plans stipulated for city planning areas (including those concerning out-of-area facilities; the same shall apply in the following paragraph) shall conform to the National Spatial Plan, the National Capital Region Development Plan, the Kinki Region Development Plan, the Chubu Region Development Plan, the Hokkaido Comprehensive Development Plan, the Okinawa Promotion Plan and any other plans based on Acts concerning national plans or regional plans (including pollution prevention plans if they have been stipulated for said cities; the same shall apply in paragraph (3)) and national plans for roads, rivers, railways, ports, airports and other facilities; and they must, in consideration of the said city's characteristics, uniformly and comprehensively stipulate matters concerning land use, urban facility construction and urban development projects required for the sound and orderly development of said cities in accordance with the following provisions. In such cases, consideration must be given to the improvement in preservation of the natural environment in said cities.

• こ の法律は、地球の広範な部分を占める海洋が人類をはじめとする生物の生命を維持する上で不可欠な要素であるとともに、海に囲まれた我が国において、海洋法 に関する国際連合条約その他の国際約束に基づき、並びに海洋の持続可能な開発及び利用を実現するための国際的な取組の中で、我が国が国際的協調の下に、海 洋の平和的かつ積極的な開発及び利用と海洋環境の保全との調和を図る新たな海洋立国を実現することが重要であることにかんがみ、海洋に関し、基本理念を定 め、国、地方公共団体、事業者及び国民の責務を明らかにし、並びに海洋に関する基本的な計画の策定その他海洋に関する施策の基本となる事項を定めるととも に、総合海洋政策本部を設置することにより、海洋に関する施策を総合的かつ計画的に推進し、もって我が国の経済社会の健全な発展及び国民生活の安定向上を 図るとともに、海洋と人類の共生に貢献することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, with regard to the oceans, to stipulate the basic principles, to clarify the responsibilities of the State, the local governments, business operators and the citizens as well as to formulate the basic plan with regard to the oceans and other basic matters with regard to the measures on the oceans, by establishing the Headquarters for Ocean Policy in order to promote measures with regard to the oceans comprehensively and systematically, through contributing to the sound development of the economy and society of our State and to improve the stability of the lives of citizenry as well as to contribute to the coexistence of the oceans and mankind, in consideration of the fact that the oceans, occupying broad portion of the globe, is an indispensable factor for maintaining the lives of the living beings including mankind, and the fact that it is important to realize a new oceanic State in harmonization of the peaceful and positive development and use of the oceans with the conservation of the marine environment, under the international cooperation, as our State surrounded by the oceans, based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other international agreements as well as on the international efforts on the realization of the sustainable development and use of the oceans.

• この法律は、ヒト又は動物の胚又は生殖細胞を操作する技術のうちクローン技術ほか一定の技術（以下「クローン技術等」という。）が、その用いられ方のいかんによっては特定の人と同一の遺伝子構造を有する人（以下「人クローン個体」という。）若しくは人と動物のいずれであるかが明らかでない個体（以下「交雑個体」という。）を作り出し、又はこれらに類する個体の人為による生成をもたらすおそれがあり、これにより人の尊厳の保持、人の生命及び身体の安全の確保並びに社会秩序の維持（以下「人の尊厳の保持等」という。）に重大な影響を与える可能性があることにかんがみ、クローン技術等のうちクローン技術又は特定融合・集合技術により作成される胚を人又は動物の胎内に移植することを禁止するとともに、クローン技術等による胚の作成、譲受及び輸入を規制し、その他当該胚の適正な取扱いを確保するための措置を講ずることにより、人クローン個体及び交雑個体の生成の防止並びにこれらに類する個体の人為による生成の規制を図り、もって社会及び国民生活と調和のとれた科学技術の発展を期することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, in light of the risk that certain techniques including the Cloning Techniques (hereinafter referred to as the 'Cloning Techniques, etc.' ) among the techniques for manipulating Embryos or Germ Cells of a human or an Animal could, depending on the way they are applied, create an individual with the same gene structure as a certain individual (hereinafter referred to as a 'Human Clone Individual' ) or an individual which cannot be clearly classified as a human or an Animal (hereinafter referred to as an 'Hybrid Individual' ), or artificially create other similar individuals, and have a serious influence on the preservation of human dignity, safety for human life and body, and maintenance of public order (hereinafter referred to as the 'Preservation of Human Dignity, etc.' ), to prevent creation of Human Clone Individuals and Hybrid Individuals and to regulate artificial creation of individuals similar to them by means of prohibiting transfer of Embryos produced by the Cloning Techniques or Specified Fusion/Aggregation Techniques among Cloning Techniques, etc. into a human or Animal uterus, regulating production, receipt by assignment and import of Embryos created by Cloning Techniques, etc., and taking other measures for securing appropriate handling of such Embryos, thereby ensuring the development of science and technology in harmony with society and citizens lives.

• ものづくり基盤技術は、我が国の基幹的な産業である製造業の発展を支えることにより、生産の拡 大、貿易の振興、新産業の創出、雇用の増大等国民経済のあらゆる領域にわたりその発展に寄与するとともに、国民生活の向上に貢献してきた。また、ものづく り基盤技術に係る業務に従事する労働者は、このようなものづくり基盤技術の担い手として、その水準の維持及び向上のために重要な役割を果たしてきた。我ら は、このようなものづくり基盤技術及びこれに係る業務に従事する労働者の果たす経済的社会的役割が、国の存立基盤を形成する重要な要素として、今後におい ても変わることのないことを確信する。しかるに、近時、就業構造の変化、海外の地域における工業化の進展等による競争条件の変化その他の経済の多様かつ構 造的な変化による影響を受け、国内総生産に占める製造業の割合が低下し、その衰退が懸念されるとともに、ものづくり基盤技術の継承が困難になりつつある。 このような事態に対処して、我が国の国民経済が国の基幹的な産業である製造業の発展を通じて今後とも健全に発展していくためには、ものづくり基盤技術に関 する能力を尊重する社会的気運を醸成しつつ、ものづくり基盤技術の積極的な振興を図ることが不可欠である。ここに、ものづくり基盤技術の振興に関する施策 を総合的かつ計画的に推進するため、この法律を制定する。
• By way of supporting the development of the manufacturing industry, which is Japan's fundamental industry, core manufacturing technology has contributed to the development of all areas of the national economy such as expansion of production, promotion of trade, creation of new industries, and increase in employment, and has contributed to improving the lives of the citizenry. In addition, workers engaged in operations pertaining to core manufacturing technology have played an important role in maintaining and improving the level of the technology in their capacity as supporters of such core manufacturing technology. We believe that the economic and social role of such core manufacturing technology and workers who engage in operations pertaining thereto will continue to be an important element in the foundation of the existence of the State in the future. Recently, however, due to changes in the employment structure, changes in competitive conditions resulting from factors like the progress of industrialization overseas, and other diverse and structural changes in the economy, the share of the manufacturing industry in Japan's gross domestic product has fallen, and concerns about a decline in the industry have grown, and the smooth succession of core manufacturing technology is becoming difficult. In order to deal with such a situation and to maintain the sound development of Japan's national economy through the development of the manufacturing industry, which is a fundamental to the State, that the active promotion of core manufacturing technology is indispensable, while a social tendency to respect abilities related to core manufacturing technology is enhanced. We hereby establish this Act so as to drive forward measures for the promotion of core manufacturing technology in a comprehensive and organized manner.