界: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- K-T境界
- K-T boundary (between the Cretaceous Period and the Tertiary Period)
- 境界の設定
- Establishment of borders
- 世界の棚田
- Tanada throughout the world
- 無償の限界
- The limitations of volunteering
- 世界文化遺産
- World heritage
- The World Cultural Heritage
- 世界の普及状況
- Penetration throughout the world
- 中国、東洋世界
- China and the Eastern world
- 正倉院 世界遺産
- Shosoin Repository: A World Heritage site
- 世界各地のカレー
- Curry around the world
- 法界寺阿弥陀如来像
- Statue of Amida Nyorai in Hokai-ji Temple
- 京都議定書後の世界
- The world after Kyoto Protocol.
- 春日大社 世界遺産
- Kasuga-taisha Shrine: A World Heritage site
- 平城宮跡 世界遺産
- Heijo Palace Site: A World Heritage site
- 世界遺産登録と再興
- World Heritage Registration and restoration
- 各界における信奉者
- Adherents of Yomei-gaku in various circles
- 世界各地の「正月」
- Shogatsu' in various areas in the world
- 第二次世界大戦以前
- Before World War Ⅱ
- 「職能」起源論の限界
- The limitation of the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function.'
- 法界寺 - 阿弥陀堂
- Hokai-ji Temple: Amida-do Hall
- 世界史上から見た院政
- Insei seen from the perspective of world history
- 世界遺産を守る取組み
- Efforts to protect world heritage
- 法界寺本堂(薬師堂)
- Hondo of Hokai-ji Temple (Yakushido)
- 第一次世界大戦終戦。
- World War I ended.
- 世界における普及状況
- Penetration throughout the world
- 現在は花柳界の言葉。
- Currently, this term is used only in karyukai (world of the geisha).
- 欧米、キリスト教世界
- Europe, the US, and the Christian world
- インド、南アジア世界
- India and the south Asian World
- 第二次世界大戦終結後
- After the end of the World War II
- ユネスコ世界寺子屋運動
- UNESCO World Terakoya Movement
- 「世界の官邸」と同義。
- Same as 'World's official residence.'
- 春日山原生林 世界遺産
- Mt. Kasuga Primeval Forest: A World Heritage site
- 世界の「sushi」へ
- To the world's 'sushi'
- 関東風と関西風の境界線
- Boundary between areas using Kanto type soup broth and those using Kansai type
- 中近東、イスラム教世界
- Middle and Near East and Islamic world
- 世界鬼学会総会(12月)
- General assembly of the International Oni Association in December
- 憲法改正有限界説との矛盾
- Contradiction with the theory of limitation of constitutional amendment
- 日英同盟と第一次世界大戦
- The Anglo-Japanese Alliance and World War I
- 見頃と袖の境界線の最上部
- The highest point of the boundary between Migoro and Sode
- 現在は世界有数の観光都市。
- Kyoto is currently one of the best sightseeing cities in the world.
- 明治から第二次世界大戦まで
- From the Meiji Era to WWI
- 全米:金、世界選手権:銅。
- U.S. Figure Skating Championships: Gold; the World Championships: Bronze.
- 明治~第二次世界戦終了まで
- From the Meiji period to the Second World War
- 第二次世界大戦後~現在まで
- From the Second World War to the present
- 薬師寺 世界遺産、南都七大寺
- Yakushi-ji Temple: A World Heritage site, one of the seven great temples of Nara
- 元興寺 世界遺産、南都七大寺
- Gango-ji Temple: A World Heritage site, one of the seven great temples of Nara
- 興福寺 世界遺産、南都七大寺
- Kofuku-ji Temple: A World Heritage site, one of the seven great temples of Nara
- 東大寺 世界遺産、南都七大寺
- Todai-ji Temple: A World Heritage site, one of the seven great temples of Nara
- 狂言の世界から生まれた言葉。
- It is a word born from the world of Kyogen.
- 世界の料理に取り込まれる刺身
- Dishes Around the World Incorporating Sashimi
- 唐招提寺 世界遺産、南都七大寺
- Toshodai-ji Temple: A World Heritage site, one of the seven great temples of Nara
- (→世界の都市圏人口の順位)。
- (Refer to the ranking of the population of urban areas in the world).
- 明治時代から第二次世界大戦まで
- From the Meiji period to World War II
- 明治時代から第二次世界大戦以前
- From the Meiji period to a period before the World War Ⅱ
- - 視界が多少混濁している状態。
- Visibility is slightly hindered.
- インディペンデント映画界の異才。
- A genius in the Independent film industry.
- (例)濃霧で視界が悪い時に進む。
- (e.g.) Advance while the field of vision is bad due to dense fog.
- これが、古代史学界の主流である。
- This is the mainstream in the academic world of ancient history.
- 選挙制度の面でも、限界がめだつ。
- Limitations also stand out from the perspective of the election system.
- 神護寺両界曼荼羅(通称高雄曼荼羅)
- Mandala of the Two Realms (commonly called Takao Mandala), Jingo-ji Temple
- 第二次世界大戦後憲法研究会で活動。
- He conducted Kenpo Kenkyu Kai (Constitution Research Group) after the World War Ⅱ.
- 現在の大津市と京都市の境界である。
- It is the present-day border between Otsu City and Kyoto City.
- 民法典が存在しなかった東アジア世界
- East Asia Where No Civil Code Existed
- 世界中で魔術の記号として用いられる。
- It has been used as an occult mark throughout the world.
- スペイン内戦~第二次世界大戦終了まで
- From the Spanish Civil War to the end of the Second World War
- この動きは斯界に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- This movement made a major impact on the world of Nohgaku.
- 京都の花柳界では「ぽっちり」と呼ぶ。
- It is called 'bottchiri' in 'karyu kai' (world of the geisha) in Kyoto.
- また看板落語家の相次ぐ他界もあった。
- Household names died one after another.
- 転じて境界そのものを指すようになった。
- Later, it became the term that referred to a boundary itself.
- ※保津峡駅は亀岡市との境界に位置する。
- * Hozukyo Station is located on the border between Nishikyo Ward and Kameoka City.
- 昭和後期の歌舞伎界を支えた立役の名優。
- He was one of the excellent actors acting as man, who supported the kabuki society in the late Showa period.
- 上方舞の世界でも好んで伴奏に舞われる。
- Kamigata uta has also been in favor with the world of Kamigata mai as the dance accompaniment.
- しかし、世界恐慌の影響で経営が悪化した。
- However, the business deteriorated due to the Great Depression.
- ※鞍馬口駅は京都市上京区との境界にある。
- * Kuramaguchi Station is on the border with Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City.
- 古都奈良の文化財が世界遺産に登録される。
- The historic monuments of ancient Nara were registered as a World Heritage.
- 一 智識ヲ世界ニ求メ大ニ皇基ヲ振起スヘシ
- 5. 智識ヲ世界ニ求メ大ニ皇基ヲ振起スヘシ(Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.)
- 一、智識ヲ世界ニ求メ大ニ皇基ヲ振起スヘシ
- 1. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.
- そのため当時の能楽界において問題化した。
- Therefore, it became an issue among Nohgaku theater community at that time.
- 帯 (放送業界用語)もこのひとつである。
- Obi (term used in broadcasting) is also one of those kinds of example.
- 世界のタコ消費量の約六割を日本が占める。
- Japan accounts for about 60 percent of the world's octopus consumption.
- 2005年7月、世界遺産条例が施行された。
- In July 2005, the World Heritage ordinance of Wakayama Prefecture was enforced.
- オリンピック:銀、世界陸上:金、全米:金。
- The Olympics: Silver; the World Championships in Athletics: Gold.
- 関西歌舞伎界に与えた影響はきわめて大きい。
- The influence on Kansai kabuki was significant.
- 第二次世界大戦後における南北朝時代を巡る議論
- Debate on the Nanbokucho Period after World War II
- 第二次世界大戦中、第442連隊戦闘団に所属。
- He was a member of the 442nd Regiment during World War II.
- 全米:金、オリンピック:金、世界選手権:金。
- U.S. Short Track Speed Skating Championships: Gold; the Olympics: Gold; the World Championships: Gold.
- U.S. Figure Skating Championships: Gold; Olympics: Gold; World Figure Skating Championships: Gold.
- 人間娑婆世界の地獄は朝鮮の京城に出現したり。
- The hell of the Saha World (a Buddhist term for the land on Earth) appeared in Gyeong-seong, Korea.
- 国内統一を果たした秀吉は、世界に目を転じた。
- Having finished unification inside the country, Hideyoshi turned his eyes overseas.
- 蕎麦粉の「産地」(日本国内・世界)による分類
- Classification by buckwheat flour producing area (Japan and overseas)
- 漢字書道界における巨星は日下部鳴鶴であった。
- A great man in the Chinese character calligraphic world was Meikaku KUSAKABE.
- だが、道隆は他界して伊周の内覧も停止された。
- However Michitaka died and Korechika's position of Nairan was cancelled.
- 京都南インターチェンジ(伏見区との区界にある)
- Kyoto Minami Interchange (on the border with Fushimi Ward)
- 第二次世界大戦前は建武の中興と表現されていた。
- The days before the Second World War were referred to by some in Japan as a revival of the Kenmu era.
- (例)夕立ちで視界が悪くなるときを狙って逃げる
- (e.g.) Escape as soon as the field of vision becomes bad by the sudden evening shower.
- 世界各国の国政選挙における女性参政権の獲得年次
- International timeline of passage of women's suffrage vis-a-vis national elections
- 丹後弁と舞鶴弁の境界は宮津市奈具の辺りである。
- Border line between Tango dialect and Maizuru dialect exists around Nagu, Miyazu City.
- 以降は、江戸時代を通じて狂言界に重きをなした。
- From then, the Sagi school played a leading role in the Kyogen circles throughout the Edo period.
- 支給が済んだ後は、境界(四至)を明確にすること。
- After kubunden was supplied, its boundaries (Shishi (the northern, southern, eastern, and western boundaries of a tract of land)) should be clarified.
- 宗教的宇宙観に基づく諸民族の世界連邦を提唱した。
- He advocated the world confederation of various ethnic groups based on the religious view of the universe.
- 九州年号の真実性は現在学界では認められていない。
- The authenticity of Kyushu nengo is not accepted in today's academic society.
- 貨幣収集界では小判金の名称が広く用いられている。
- The name 'kobankin' is widely-accepted among coin collecting world.
- 2008年 高松宮記念世界文化賞:演劇・映像部門
- 2008: Praemium Imperiale: Stage Play and Video Image Category
- 東寺両界曼荼羅(通称真言院曼荼羅または西院曼荼羅)
- Mandala of the Two Realms (commonly called Shingonin Mandala or Saiin Mandala), To-ji Temple
- 境界確定の目的は主に地方交付税交付金の増額である。
- The main purpose in establishing the borders was that each municipality could receive more of the state subsidies destined for municipalities.
- 1998年12月 平城京跡が世界遺産に登録される。
- December, 1998: The former Heijo-kyo Capital site was registered as a world heritage site.
- 立花と阪東の描いた世界への夢は、夢のまま終わった。
- The dream of Tachibana and Bando to make inroads into the world market ended up as a mere dream.
- 牓示は境界を明確にして境相論を防止する意味があった。
- Boji was put up in order to clarify a boundary so that a boundary dispute could be prevented.
- 醍醐寺(古都京都の文化財の一部として世界遺産に登録)
- Daigo-ji Temple (placed on the World Heritage List as part of the cultural assets of ancient capital of Kyoto)
- 明治から第二次世界大戦まで(1878年~1945年)
- From the Meiji period to World War II (from 1878 to 1945)
- 鞍馬口駅は京都市北区 (京都市)との境界に位置する。
- Kuramaguchi Station was placed in the boundary between this ward and Kita Ward (Kyoto City).
- やがて、世界各地で、新石器時代に盛行するようになる。
- In the Neolithic era, it was found widely around the world.
- この状況は第二次世界大戦の終了まで事実上維持された。
- This situation was virtually maintained till the end of World War II.
- 中露旅順大連市租界条約 1898年3月27日 在北京
- Treaty of Lushun-Dalian Concession between China and Russia, March 27, 1898, in Beijing
- 第二次世界大戦後には、皇位問題への禁忌意識は消えた。
- The taboo on issues of the Imperial Throne was eliminated after the World War II.
- 中独膠州湾租借地租界条約 1898年3月6日 在北京
- Treaty of Leased Territory and Concession of Jiaozhou between China and Germany, March 6, 1898, in Beijing
- (由利案第三条)智識を世界に求め広く皇基を振起すへし
- (The 3rd article of Yuri draft) 智識を世界に求め広く皇基を振起すへし (Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.)
- (福岡案第四条)智識を世界に求め大に皇基を振起すべし
- (The 4th article of Fukuoka draft) 智識を世界に求め大に皇基を振起すべし (Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.)
- 他に日本海側でも関東風・関西風つゆ境界線が実在する。
- Furthermore, a boundary between Kanto-type soup broth and Kansai-type soup broth also exists in the Japan Sea area.
- これは、ハイドンの協奏曲としては世界初の録音である。
- This was the first recording of the Haydn concerto in the world.
- 後ろ盾を失った広平親王は政界では蚊帳の外に置かれた。
- Imperial Prince Hirohira lost his support and was left out of the political world.
- 丹波町付近が由良川水系と淀川水系の分水界となっている。
- The area around Tanba-cho is the watershed of the Yura-gawa River system and the Yodo-gawa River system.
- 黄河は陝西省と山西省の境界付近を南から北に流れている。
- The Yellow River flows from south to north near the border between Shan Xi Province and Shanxi Province.
- 2006年よりビルメリンダ・ゲイツ財団世界衛生部門長。
- In 2000, he became President of the world health division of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
- このエピソードは海軍軍人の手本として全世界に伝わった。
- This episode was spread all over the world as an example for military man.
- (現代表記)智識を世界に求め、大いに皇基を振起すべし。
- (modern written Japanese) 智識を世界に求め、大いに皇基を振起すべし。(Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.)
- その簡明高雅な書法は力強く、和様書道界に清風を注いだ。
- The calligraphic style was simple, elegant, and powerful, bringing a breath of fresh air to the calligraphic world using the Japanese style.
- 戦後の日本の書道界の大きな出来事は以下のとおりである。
- Major events in the calligraphic world in Japan after the war were as follows:
- かな書道界における小野鵞堂もまた多くの門人を育成した。
- Gado ONO in the kana character calligraphic world also brought up many disciples.
- 四条派(しじょうは)は、日本画界でも大きな派閥である。
- The Shijo school is a large group among those of the Japanese painting world.
- 算額奉納の習慣は世界に例を見ず、日本独自の文化である。
- The dedication of sangaku is a practice unknown to other countries, and is unique to Japanese culture.
- 世界に、このように素晴らしい都市が他にあるとは思えない。
- It cannot be considered that there would be any other city so splendid as Osaka in this world.
- 日本では、史学界で階級闘争史観が支配的だった時代がある。
- In scientific field of Japanese historical research, a view based on the history of class struggle was once predominant.
- この結果、麹の専門業界は没落して酒屋業へ組み入れられた。
- As a result, this lead to the downfall of the koji malt industry which was subsequently incorporated into the sakaya (liquor store) industry.
- 江戸では主に伝馬町界隈に出店する事が多かったようである。
- In Edo, many of them opened stores in the vicinity of Tenma-cho.
- 現行の町名、町界は近世のそれがおおむね引き継がれている。
- Current town names and borders in the area have remained more or less unchanged since pre-modern times.
- The town names and the borders in Higashiyama Ward of the present-day are mostly passed on from those during the early-modern era.
- また、村全体の世界遺産登録に向けた計画が具体化している。
- In addition, the plan to register the village on the World Heritage list is taking shape.
- また大台ヶ原は世界的に見ても多雨地帯として知られている。
- In addition, Odaigahara is known as a rainy region from a global standpoint.
- 満州里境界条約 1911年12月20日 ロシア 在満州里
- Manzhouli Border Treaty, December 20, 1911, Russia, in Manzhouli
- 「天下」の本来の意味では、その支配地域に境界はなかった。
- The term 'Tenka' originally meant that the controlled territory was borderless.
- 女娘は父母と共に迎え、歓待の合間に人界と仙都の別を説く。
- The woman welcomed him along with her parents, and during the entertainment she told him the difference between the human world and an immortal land.
- 2007年8月 2007年世界陸上の開会式で口上を披露。
- In August 2007, he gave a kabuki-style speech at the opening ceremony of the IAAF World Championship of Athletics.
- 同作は、日本の映画批評界の注目の的となり、絶賛を受けた。
- The film attracted the attention of Japanese film critics and received rave reviews.
- 戦後第二次世界大戦後1945年10月に京都にて創業した。
- After World War II, this company was established in Kyoto in October 1945.
- 同社は25本の作品を残し、勝見はしばらく映画界を離れた。
- Katsumi left the filming world for a time after his company produced twenty-five films.
- 昭和に入っていくつかの新作落語が東西の落語界で作られた。
- During the Showa period new rakugo routines were created in both Kamigata and Edo rakugo.
- カップうどんについてもつゆの境界線や地域分けが存在する。
- Soup broth included in Cup Udon also has a boundary, classifiable by regions.
- さらにその後半年足らずで母威子も後を追うように他界した。
- Her mother, FUJIWARA no Ishi, also died less than six months later as if following him.
- この状況は第2次世界大戦後のインド独立まで続くことになる。
- This situation continued until the independence of India after the World War II.
- そのため、1960年代後半頃からその限界が指摘され始めた。
- Therefore, their limitations have begun to be pointed out since the latter half of 1960s.
- しかし、野中広務は中央政界を引退し、その影響力は低下した。
- However, Hiromu NONAKA has retired from the national political arena, lessening his influence.
- 世界>アジア>日本>京都府>京都市>北区 (京都市)>衣笠
- World>Asia>Japan>Kyoto Prefecture>Kyoto City>Kita Ward (Kyoto City)>Kinugasa
- その他、領事が領事裁判権を持つ租界などは、内地に含まれた。
- Further, settlements where the consul held the consular jurisdiction were included in the inland.
- 第二次世界大戦下の1943年の改正では自治権が縮小された。
- The revision of 1943 during the Second World War reduced the autonomy.
- 因みに、2005年現在、確認出来る世界最古の印刷物である。
- As of 2005, it is said to be the oldest verifiable printed material in the world.
- 広州湾租界条約 1899年11月16日 フランス、在広州湾
- Treaty of Guangzhouwan Concession, November 16, 1899, France, in Guangzhou Bay
- 両界曼荼羅(東寺、伝・真言院曼荼羅)(「西院曼荼羅」とも)
- Ryokai Mandala (Mandalas of the two Realms): enshrined in To-ji Temple, and is called Den Shingon-in Mandala (the Mandalas attributed to Priest Kukai), or Saiin Mandala (the Mandalas stored in Sai-in (Miei-do Hall))
- 緒は、能楽の世界では調緒(しらべお)または「調べ」という。
- In Nogaku (the art of Noh) field, a strap is referred to as Shirabeo or as 'shirabe.'
- 一方、かな書道界においては小野鵞堂が多くの門人を育成した。
- On the other hand, in the world of the kana character calligraphy, Gado ONO brought up many followers.
- 世界中の熱帯から温帯にかけて18種(内3亜種)が生息する。
- There are eighteen species (three are subspecies) that live throughout the world from tropical to temperate zones.
- その名は日本国内にとどまらず、世界的にもよく知られている。
- Ninja is well known not only in Japan, but also in the world
- 日本の定番調味料であり、日本の味として世界に広がっている。
- It is a staple seasoning of Japan, which is known to the whole world as a Japanese taste.
- 天長10(833)年に武蔵国多摩郡と入間郡の境界付近に開設。
- This Fuseya was established on the border of Tama-gun and Iruma-gun in Musashi Province in 833.
- 1950年代の時代劇最盛期はこの界隈は大変な賑わいを見せた。
- During the golden age of costume dramas in the 1950's, Uzumasa and its vicinity were fairly prosperous.
- これは世界山岳気象観測史上1位とされる積雪の世界記録である。
- It is the world record of snow accumulation in the world mountains meteorological observation history.
- ただし、武術の世界では依然として「長刀」の使用例が多かった。
- However, '長刀 ' was commonly used in martial arts.
- 第一次世界大戦終了時までの間、日本の外交政策の基盤となった。
- It had been the basis of Japan's diplomatic policy until the end of World War I.
- かな書道界でも「難波津会」の啓蒙運動が清新な息吹を注入した。
- Enlightening activities by 'Naniwazu-kai' brought fresh air to the kana calligraphic world.
- 木々の様子を逐一報道することは世界から見ても珍しい例である。
- It is rare worldwide to report the situation of a tree point by point.
- 大正六年に堀小多満が小唄界で最初の流派である「堀派」を設立。
- In 1917, Kotama HORI founded Hori school, the first one in the kouta world.
- その芸人、または業界の周辺事情を知っていないと笑えないオチ。
- This is a punch line made with the affairs of the comedian or of the entertainment business.
- 魔や禍に見舞われないように、地蔵や道祖神を設けて結界とした。
- Therefore, in order to prevent evils and misfortunes from occurring, jizo (guardian deity of children) statues and Doso-jin (traveler's guardian deity) were enshrined to mark the boundaries of the sacred realms.
- 第二次世界大戦以後は皇后や皇太子夫妻に対しても行われている。
- This ceremony has been performed for the Empress, the Crown Prince, and the Crown Princess after World War II.
- 大正期から続いた不景気に世界恐慌が直撃し、社会不安が増大した。
- The recession having continued from the Taisho period was hit by the world depression directly, significantly destabilizing society.
- 第二次世界大戦後の下水道の整備などにより、水流はほぼ消滅した。
- The water flow has almost completely stopped corresponding to the improvement of the sewage system after WW II.
- 「吉祥院石原」を冠称する町は、以下のような町名町界変更を経た。
- The towns prefixed by 'Kisshoin Ishihara' have undergone the following changes to the town names and boundaries.
- 国内総生産は円安などを考慮すればロサンゼルスを抜き世界第3位。
- The GDP is the world's 3rd largest, exceeding Los Angeles in consideration of the depreciation of the yen.
- 第二次世界大戦中に造られた複雑な防空壕があることでも知られる。
- It is famous for a complex air-raid shelter constructed during the World War II.
- この状況は、第二次世界大戦に敗北した事によって終わりを告げる。
- This situation ended when Japan was defeated in World War II.
- その様に世界的に見れば極めて高い水準であると言うことができる。
- In this manner, one can say that the literacy rate in Edo was significantly high vis-à-vis the rest of the world.
- 法隆寺の西院伽藍は現存する世界最古の木造建築として著名である。
- Saiin Garan (Western Precinct) of Horyu-ji Temple is famous as the oldest wooden construction of all existing in the world.
- 江戸時代初期、各藩は隣接する藩との間で境界争いが盛んとなった。
- In the beginning of the Edo period, each domain frequently engaged in border conflicts with neighboring domains.
- 業界からの密告により、収賄の疑いで永田は逮捕、拘禁されている。
- Nagata was arrested and detained on suspicion of corruption, prompted by tips from industry insiders.
- 他国経済が疲弊する中、アメリカは世界一の金保有量を誇っていた。
- While other countries were suffering from battered economies, the United States of America held the world largest amount of gold.
- コーヒー入り炭酸飲料は世界各国で周期的に発売される傾向がある。
- Coffee-containing carbonated drinks tend to be put on the market periodically around the world.
- 禅竹は翁を「猿能の能の世界を司る存在」と捉えていたようである。
- He seems to have perceived Okina as 'the existence that presides over the world of Noh of Saru Noh' (Sarugaku, which is a collective term for Noh and Kyogen that was used between the middle of the Kamakura Period and the beginning of the Meiji Period, and Nohgaku).
- 一方、日本の漫画は多くの言語で翻訳され世界的に人気がでている。
- On the other hand, Japanese comics are translated into many languages and gained worldwide popularity.
- 律令政治の元では、神祇官が王都の境界を守る「道饗祭」を掌った。
- Under the government according to the Ritsuryo codes, Jingikan (department of workship) managed 'Dokyo-sai Festival' held to protect the borders of the capital.
- 梨園(りえん)とは、歌舞伎の世界もしくは歌舞伎そのものを指す。
- Rien refers to the theatrical world of Kabuki and/or Kabuki itself.
- 色平哲郎(1989年卒・医) 卒業後は地域医療の世界に飛び込む。
- Tetsuro IROHIRA (class of 1989, medicine): He entered the world of community medicine after graduation.
- 世界各国の大半の城郭都市は、城壁に囲まれた中に城と街が存在する。
- Most walled cities in the world have a castle and town area surrounded by castle walls.
- 第二次世界大戦後の民法改正による家制度廃止まで戸籍に記載された。
- It was indicated in the family registries until the Civil Code was amended and the family system was abolished after World War II.
- 院政期に入ると、人びとは虚構の世界よりも事実への関心に目覚めた。
- In the Insei period, people became more aware of reality rather than the fictional world.
- しかしながら、その境界線は明確に定義づけられているわけではない。
- However, the boundary between sakaya and tsukuri-zakaya is not defined clearly.
- 第二次世界大戦後になると外地の語が法令で用いられるようになった。
- After the World War II, the term Gaichi were used in the laws.
- また、財政に関心の深い財界からも軍閥の横暴に批判の声が高まった。
- In addition, Japanese business community, which was deeply concerned about the national finance, began to criticize the despotism of the military clique
- 上海市に共同租界やフランス租界が設置され、半植民地となっていく。
- Shanghai became semi colonial as several international concessions were established including one for France.
- 19世紀なかばから東アジア世界に西欧列強による脅威が迫ってきた。
- East Asia had been facing threats from Western powers since the middle of the 19th century.
- 木戸当初案の「宇内(うだい)」は「天下」「世界」の別表現である。
- Udai' (the whole world) of the first draft of Kido was another expression of 'tenka' 'sekai' (world).
- 上海英仏米租界租地章程 1854年7月5日 英国、フランス、米国
- Regulations on British, French and American Concessions in Shanghai, July 5, 1854, United Kingdom, France, and United States of America
- また新大陸発見で世界的なインフレーション(価格革命)が発生した。
- Moreover, inflation (price revolution) on a global scale broke out following the discovery of the New World.
- 第二次世界大戦後には、ジャズやクラシック音楽にも取り入れられた。
- After the World War II, it has been used in the Jazz or classic music.
- 世界中の学生による映画作品を上映するコンペティション部門が中心。
- The festival centers on a competition in which movies created by students from all over the world are screened.
- 従って、花柳界では、第一礼装の黒紋付に、帯留の使用は厳禁である。
- Accordingly, in 'karyu kai' (world of the geisha), using obidome on kuromontsuki (black kimono marked with the family crests), the most formal attire was strictly prohibited.
- (日本からも世界選手権と環太平洋選手権大会に選手を派遣している)
- (The players are sent to the world championship and the Pan-Pacific Championship from Japan.)
- 常夜は黄泉の国や地獄とされ、禍や厄災を齎す夜だけの世界とされた。
- Tokoyo (eternal night) is the underworld or hell, and it is considered to be a world of night only that gives rise to evil and misfortune.
- また、関西本線や北陸本線などにも関東風・関西風境界線が実在する。
- Furthermore, there is also a boundary between Kanto-type soup broth and Kansai-type soup broth on the Kansai Line, Hokuriku Line, Kise line, and so on.
- このためには水が必要となるが、もともと水不足であるため限界がある。
- However, water becomes necessary to take measures necessary for the prevention, but there exist limitations in taking such measures because lots of water is unavailable.
- 喜界町早町、源氏警戒のため築いた城跡がある、平家森と呼ばれている。
- Somachi, Kikai-cho; the ruins of the castle that was constructed for defense against the Minamoto clan's attack are here and they are now called Heike-mori Forest.
- 区内の町名は、おおむね近世以来の町界・町名を現代に引き継いでいる。
- Town names in Kamigyo Ward have succeeded most of the borders and names of the towns since the early-modern times.
- 世界的に金銀の比価は1:15であったのに、日本では1:5であった。
- At the time, the international exchange rate of gold to silver was 1:15, but it was 1:5 in Japan.
- 政治的意義を失った真人姓の氏族は、次第に政界から姿を消していった。
- Mahito clans who lost political value gradually disappeared from the political world.
- 第二次世界大戦後はタバコ・塩・樟脳を扱う日本専売公社が設立された。
- After the World War II, Japan Monopoly Corporation was founded to deal with tobacco, salt, and camphor.
- 法界寺阿弥陀堂(ほうかいじあみだどう)〔京都市伏見区日野西大道町〕
- Amidado (temple hall having an enshrined image of Amitabha) of Hokai-ji Temple [Hino Nishi Omichi-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City]
- 日本は日英同盟に基づき連合国の一員として第一次世界大戦に参戦した。
- Japan, based on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, joined in World War I as a member of the Allies.
- 古番峠は、八代を距ると、約五里、球摩八代両郡の交界に位置していた。
- The Koban-toge Pass was located at the boundary between Kuma County and Yatsushiro County, approx 19 km from Yatsushiro.
- この刑は世界的に実施例があるが、中国におけるものが最も有名である。
- The evidence shows that this type of penalty existed throughout the globe, while the examples in China are the most well-known.
- 畜産物を生産・消費する歴史の長い世界中の地域で見られる食品である。
- This type of food can be found in regions all over the world that have long histories of producing and consuming livestock products.
- 神道においての世界観は、現世(うつしよ)と常世(とこよ)からなる。
- The world view in Shintoism consists of utsushiyo (actual world) and tokoyo (eternal world).
- 李白と杜甫の間柄にも似ているが、両者は並んで昭和の落語界を支えた。
- It is similar to the relationship between Li Po and Du Fu, and these two supported the rakugo world in the Showa period together.
- 名田の性格をめぐって、日本史学界では大きく2つの見解が対立していた。
- There have been two major different opinions about the characteristics of myoden in the Japanese historical science world.
- なお、小さな世界・共同体を称して村ともいう(例:国会村、テント村)。
- A village also describes a specified small world or community (for example, a parliament village, or a tent village).
- また、古都奈良の文化財の一部として日本の世界遺産にも指定されている。
- In addition, Kasugayama Primeval Forest, as a part of ancient Nara, is designated as a world heritage in Japan.
- これによって朝鮮は、帝国主義が渦巻く世界へ開国していくことになった。
- As a result, Korea was opened to the world of imperialism.
- 日清戦争・日露戦争や第一次世界大戦で世界の列強と渡り合い、勝利した。
- Japan won the Japanese-Sino War, Japanese-Russo War and the First World War, fighting against powerful countries around the world.
- そして日下部鳴鶴と西川春洞を中心に今日の漢字書道界の基礎が造られた。
- Then the base of the Chinese character calligraphy of today was established by Meikaku KUSAKABE and Shundo NISHIKAWA.
- 1994年2月 この年より、神仏両界大柴燈護摩供と呼ばれるようになる
- In February, 1994, the event came to be called Shinbutsu Ryokai (two realms of Shinto and Buddhism) Daisaitogomaku.
- 第二次世界大戦後は、ラジオ寄席、TV放映などを通して人気を維持した。
- After the World War II, it maintained its popularity through radio rakugo theater and TV programs.
- その意味では、鷺流の歌舞伎界に与えた影響は決して小さなものではない。
- In that sense, the Sagi school exerted not a little influence on the Kabuki circles.
- 新興コンツェルン以外で、昭和初期~第二次世界大戦中に発展した中堅財閥。
- There were some medium-size zaibatsu, other than the emerging zaibatsu, that grew from the early Showa era through the middle of World War II.
- 軍隊での兵站輸送の手段としては第二次世界大戦まで世界各国で残っていた。
- Horses remained as a means of logistic transportation for armies in various nations across the world until World War II.
- 深山(みやま)は大阪府豊能郡能勢町と京都府南丹市との境界に位置する山。
- Mt. Miyama is a mountain which is located in the boundary between Nose-cho, Toyono-gun, Osaka Prefecture and Nantan City, Kyoto Prefecture.
- その後、一部地区で土地区画整理事業実施等に伴う町名町界の変更があった。
- In certain parts of the ward, town names and boundaries were subsequently altered due to land readjustment projects.
- 1994年 古都京都の文化財、国際連合教育科学文化機関世界遺産に登録。
- 1994: Cultural assets of Kyoto, which is a city having a long history, were registered as world heritage by UNESCO.
- 山城国との境界に位置し、長岡京・平安京の遷都により都の近郊地帯となる。
- Located near the boundary with Yamashiro Province, it became a suburban area of the capitals after the Japanese capital was moved to Nagaoka-kyo and then to Heian-kyo.
- 1969年(昭和44年)4月1日、角柄・柳の2大字を榛原町に境界変更。
- On April 1, 1969, a boundary was changed, and as a result, two Oaza of Tsunogawara and Yanagi belonged to Haibara-cho.
- 墾田の増加に伴い、土地の所有者や境界を画定する作業が爆発的に増加した。
- As new rice fields increase, work to decide land owners and borders exploded.
- 天下(てんか、てんが、てんげ、あめのした)とは、全世界を意味する概念。
- Tenka (天下, also pronounced tenga, tenge, or amenoshita) is a notion which means the whole world.
- 時政と牧の方はその後、二度と政界に復帰することなく、その生命を終えた。
- Tokimasa and Maki no kata never returned to the political arena since then, and died.
- 古典芸能界の鉄道愛好家として、長唄の杵屋栄二と並び称される存在だった。
- His presence as a railroad fanatic in the classical entertainment society was equal to that of Eiji KINEYA among the nagauta society.
- 世界各地の伝統芸能(特に東アジア、東南アジア)でも厚化粧の傾向がある。
- In traditional performing arts all over the world (especially in East Asia and Southeast Asia) there is a tendency to wear atsugesho as well.
- ここから多くの俊才がプロの門をくぐって、現在の上方落語界を支えている。
- Many talented students became professional storytellers, providing the backbone of today's Kamigata rakugo industry.
- 具体的に落語の世界に入る者は、昭和40年代に比べると少なくなっている。
- Fewer people in fact become rakugo storytellers than those during the 1960s and 1970s.
- 出版社などビジネスの世界では漫画絵のことをしばしば「ポンチ絵」と呼ぶ。
- In the business world like publishing companies, cartoon is often called 'ponchi-e.'
- 常世は理想郷や天国とされ、富や知恵や不老長寿を齎す夜のない世界である。
- Tokoyo (eternal world) is the utopia or paradise, and it is the world that gives rise to wealth, knowledge and ageless and eternal life, and it is a world without night.
- その後も歌舞伎役者に家芸を伝えたとして能楽界への復帰は許されなかった。
- However, blamed for passing down the school's specialty to Kabuki actors, they were not allowed to return to the Nohgaku circles even after the failure.
- 手勢の薄いはずの上方講談界もまた、東京と同じく分裂した形となっている。
- Despite its small size, the kamigata kodan society has also been split like its Tokyo counterpart.
- このことは、東アジア世界において他に類を見ない非常に独特なものである。
- This is a very peculiar situation, with no similarities seen in Eastern Asia.
- 極楽世界の荘厳もかくの如きか」と、その飾りつけとともに褒めちぎっている。
- It was as if it was the Shogon of the world of paradise,' and praised it and the decoration to the sky.
- 1954年7月、笠間・安田の2大字を宇陀郡榛原町_(奈良県)に境界変更。
- In July, 1954, a boundary was changed and as a result, two 'Oaza' of Kasama and Yasuda belonged to Haibara-cho, Uda County (Nara Prefecture).
- この後製薬業界に転身してグラクソ・スミスクライン研究開発部門会長に就任。
- He transferred to the pharmaceutical industry and became Chairman of Research and Development of Glaxo Smithkline.
- 製紙、印刷業界では、一定面積あたりの紙の重さを坪量(つぼりょう)という。
- For the paper manufacturing or printing industry, the certain weight of a paper per particular area is specified by the unit called tsubo-ryo.
- 再び政党内閣が登場するのは、1945年に第二次世界大戦後のことになった。
- It was not until after the Second World War, which ended in 1945, when the next party government appeared in Japan.
- したがって世界各地の地域的な差異を歴史的な発展程度に置き換えて理解する。
- Therefore, regional differences in different area across the world are understood as difference of their stage of historical development.
- 1996年、勲一等瑞宝章を授与(芸能界初の勲一等生存者叙勲)されている。
- In 1996, he received Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (it was the first time for a living person to receive the Grand Cordon in the entertainment industry).
- 現存が確認されているものは世界でわずか4点(または3点、後述)しかない。
- There are only four (or three; see below for further details) tea bowls identified as existing Yohen Tenmoku tea bowls in the world.
- 六朝書道の主唱者であり、最も多くの門人を擁した明治書道界の啓蒙者である。
- Being a main advocate of six-dynasty calligraphy and provided with the largest number of followers, he was a person who enlightened the calligraphic world in Japan during the Meiji period.
- 落語界きっての理論家でもあり、「緊張の緩和」によって笑いが起こるとした。
- He was the best known as a theorist in the rakugo world, and he argued that 'relaxation of tension' would cause laughter.
- この説に賛意を示す学者もいるが、広く学界の承認するまでには至っていない。
- Although some scholars agree with this theory, it is yet to be widely accepted in the academic circles.
- この古典的な学説は広く受け容れられ、戦後も学界の主流を占めることとなった。
- This classical theory was widely accepted and also after the war became mainstream in the academics.
- 幕末の政治世界で影響力を持った薩摩藩と長州藩は討幕の思想では共通していた。
- The Satsuma and Choshu Domains, both of which had clout within Japanese political circles in the last days of the Edo period, had the anti-shogunate idea in common.
- 区内東部の単独町名は、おおむね近世以来の町界・町名を現代に引き継いでいる。
- Independent town names in the east part of the Ward have succeeded most of the borders and names of the towns since the early-modern times.
- 区内の東半部の町名は、おおむね近世以来の町界・町名を現代に引き継いでいる。
- The town names in the eastern half of Nakagyo Ward have succeeded most of the borders and names of the towns since the early-modern times.
- 世界遺産に登録されたものが熊野古道の全てではないことに留意する必要がある。
- It must be noted that not all the Kumonoko Roads are registered as a world heritage site.
- しかし、水がほとんど流れない為に汚物が溜まり、衛生状態は限界に達していた。
- However, waste piled up causing the water to almost stop flowing, and it became very unsanitary.
- 世界で最初に女性の参政権を認めたのは、アメリカ合衆国ワイオミング州である。
- In world history, the first political entity to enfranchise women was the U.S. state of Wyoming.
- 世界の万物の生成と変化は陰と陽の二種類に分類されると言う陰陽思想を説いた。
- Inyoka taught the yin yang concept, in which the generation and change of everything in the world were categorized into two types, yin and yang.
- ジャワやアイヌ、台湾の生蕃は世界でも最低の卑しい人種であって禽獣に等しい。
- The Javanese, the Ainu tribe and the Seiban tribe are all lowly races and no better than beasts.
- 売春婦は俗に世界最古の職業と言われるが、日本の遊女も古くから存在していた。
- Prostitute is commonly called the oldest profession in the world, and Japanese yujo also existed since old times.
- 水稲農耕とともに大陸からもたらされた新しい集落の境界施設と考えられている。
- The use of moat is thought to have been introduced to Japan from the Chinese continent along with wet-rice cultivation, forming a new style of village boundary.
- 宗教界にも影響を与え、日蓮は『立正安国論』を幕府に上程して国難を主張する。
- It also influenced people of religion, and Nichiren submitted 'Rissho Ankoku Ron' (Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching) to bakufu, insisting that it was a national crisis.
- 生涯を通じて歌舞伎、それも女形に専念し、戦後の歌舞伎界に最高峰と呼ばれた。
- He was committed to kabuki, especially female roles throughout his life and was called the greatest actor among the kabuki actors in the postwar period.
- 1954年(昭和29年)4月『小袖曽我薊色縫』の寺塚求女役で演劇界賞受賞。
- He received Engekikai (world of the theater) award in April 1954 for the female role as Motome TERAZUKA in 'Kosode Soga Azami no Ironui' (The Love of Izayoi and Seishin).
- 見頃と袖の境界線の最上部は、典型的な体型では二の腕の中間あたりに位置する。
- For a wearer with a typical physique, the highest point of the boundary between Migoro and Sode comes around the middle of the upper arm.
- また、鷺畔翁をはじめ能楽界を追放された鷺流狂言師たちは歌舞伎界に接近した。
- Meanwhile, Kyogen performers of the Sagi school expelled from Nohgaku circles, including Bano SAGI, made an approach to the Kabuki circles.
- かつて政治をやっていたのは、何といっても立川談志(落語界唯一の国会議員)。
- The most famous one who used to be in politics is Danshi TATEKAWA (The only Diet member in the rakugo world).
- タコは手近なタンパク質の供給源として、世界各地の沿岸地方で食用されている。
- As a commonly available source of protein, octopus has been consumed as food in coastal areas worldwide.
- 世界的に見ても同じ楽器で種目によりこれほど弓に大きな差があるものは珍しい。
- It is unusual in the world that, for the same instruments, such a big difference exists for the bows depending upon the music genre where they are used.
- このことは第二次世界大戦後の京大法学部の再建に大きな影を落としたといわれる。
- This is said to have cast a dark shadow upon the rebuilding of the Faculty of Law in Kyoto University after World War II.
- 地球温暖化による降水量減少が原因で、先進国を中心とした世界全体に責任がある。
- It has been caused by a decrease in rainfall due to global warming, and the responsibility resides in advanced nations.
- 冷媒用途が主になっており、産業界の計画的な取り組みに任されている状況である。
- This material is mainly used as a cooling medium, and its reduction is up to plans and activities of the industry.
- 第二次世界大戦で馬による兵站輸送を行わなかったのはアメリカ軍ぐらいしかない。
- During the war, only US forces did not conduct coummuncations using horses as a form of transportation.
- 八幡市(やわたし)は、京都府の南部、大阪府との境界線沿いに位置する市である。
- Yawata City is a city located in the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture and borders on Osaka Prefecture.
- 信西打倒に関わった者は、後白河院政派・二条親政派を問わず政界から一掃された。
- All those who had participated in Shinzei's overthrow and demise, regardless of whether they belonged to the Goshirakawa Insei faction or the Nijo direct rule faction, had now been annihilated.
- 殷の時代には世界としての「天下」はいまだ成立していなかったと考えられている。
- It is thought that 'Tenka' was not established as the world in the Yin dynasty era.
- 一般には、他の和食と同様に、寿司職人も男性優位な世界であると考えられている。
- It is generally believed that a sushi world is male-dominated as well as the rest of the washoku (Japanese food) world.
- 1986年(昭和61年)、戦後の上方落語を牽引してきた6代目松鶴が他界する。
- In 1986 Shokaku VI who led post-War Kamigata rakugo, died.
- それを解決する工夫を成功させた酒蔵が、業界のなかではつとに評価を高めている。
- Breweries which have been making effort to take successful measures against that problem are being more appreciated in this industry.
- そのほか、住居に砂が侵入したり、視界不良による事故などで死者が出ることもある。
- In addition, the sand intrudes into dwellings, and the low visibility due to the sand sometimes even causes persons to be killed by ensuing traffic accidents.
- 法界寺阿弥陀堂:永承5年(1050年)頃、日野資業が自分の別荘を寺にしたもの。
- Amida Hall of Hokai-ji Temple: Originally a second house owned by Sukenari HINO, transformed into a temple by him around 1050.
- 平安中期頃、中央政界からあぶれた武士身分の下級貴族が多数、地方へ下向してきた。
- In around the mid-Heian period, a number of lower-ranking noblemen with samurai status, who were left out of the central political world, went down to the provinces.
- 当地区では、土地区画整理事業実施に伴い、ほぼ全域で町名町界の変更が実施された。
- Town names and borders in the area were almost entirely changed as land readjustment projects were implemented.
- 大字池尻・南山・戎外・木之本・下八釣・膳夫・出合及び出垣内を橿原市に境界変更。
- A boundary was changed, and as a result, Oaza Ikejiri, Minamiyama, Kaige, Kinomoto, Shimo Yatsuri, Kashiwade, Deai and Degaito belonged to Kashiwara City.
- 丁稚(でっち)とは、江戸時代から第二次世界大戦終結まで行われた商店主育成制度。
- Decchi is a system of training future shopkeepers which was common from the Edo period to the end of the Second World War.
- 第二次世界大戦の敗戦にともなう被占領以降は表立って唱えられることはなくなった。
- The theory has no longer been advocated openly since Japan lost the Second World War and was occupied by the Allied Forces accordingly.
- 1914年- 7月13日、日本はドイツ帝国へ宣戦を布告、第一次世界大戦に参戦。
- 1914: Japan declared war against the German Empire on July 13 to participate in World War I.
- さらに歴史をさかのぼると、世界中の横笛の元祖は古代インドであると言われている。
- Further back in history, it is said that transverse flutes around the world originated in the ancient India.
- 第二次世界大戦後の1946年(昭和21年)6月にマキノ真三と宮城千賀子が設立。
- Makino Geinosha was established by Shinzo MAKINO and Chikako MIYAGI in June 1946, following the end of World War II.
- 資本力をもった酒屋が業界の垣根をこえて麹造りにも進出し、北野麹座は強く反発した。
- The Kitano koji za reacted strongly to the penetration of the koji malt production industry by Sakaya with financial power.
- そのため、国文学界においては平安時代(794年-1192年)を指して用いられる。
- Chuko is therefore regarded as a word used to refer to the Heian period (794 - 1192) in Japanese literature.
- その後、以下のような町名町界変更を経て、差引の町数は変わらず10町となっている。
- The following denominational and demarcational changes have since taken place, resulting in the unchanged total of 10.
- さらに豊臣秀次は都於郡城を攻略し小林市と野尻町の境界にある岩牟礼城まで侵攻した。
- Furthermore, Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI conquered Tonokori-jo Castle and advanced to Iwamure-jo Castle on the border between Kobayashi City and Nojiri-cho.
- 条約港となった横浜、神戸、長崎などでは外国人居留地(実質的な租界)も設置された。
- Foreign settlements were established in treaty ports in Yokohama, Kobe and Nagasaki.
- 幕府天文方では世界地図の翻訳事業がなされ、1810年『新訂万国全図』を刊行した。
- Bakufu Tenmonkata (officers in charge of astronomy) started translating maps of the world, and published 'Shintei Bankokuzenzu' (A revised World Map) in 1810.
- 引き伸ばし工作も限界となり、2回目督促と同日、ようやく横浜港鎖港交渉を開始する。
- This was the end of the bakufu's effort to postpone the expulsion of foreigners, and the bakufu began the negotiation to exclude foreign ships from the Yokohama port on October 26.
- コンドルは工部大学校で日本人建築家の育成に努め、「日本建築界の父」ともいわれる。
- Conder put his efforts into training Japanese architects at the Imperial College of Engineering and was therefore referred to as 'Father of Japanese architectural studies.'
- また、頃から世界に先駆けて大坂(大阪)の堂島において先物取引がおこなわれていた。
- From around 1620, futures transactions were conducted at Dojima, Osaka ahead of other countries.
- また、日本は第三次日英同盟に基づき、連合国の一員として第一次世界大戦に参戦した。
- Japan, based on the third Anglo-Japanese Alliance, participated in the World War I as a member of the Allies.
- だが、イギリス単独ではイギリスの中国における利権の維持にあたるには限界があった。
- However, there was a limit to what Britain alone could do to maintain their rights and interests in China.
- 濃霧などのため視界不良のとき、船や灯台などが位置を知らせるために鳴らす音響信号。
- A sound signal which ships and lighthouses emit when visibility is low due to dense fog in order to make their location known.
- 能楽界に生きる人々の日常、創風会所属の若手能楽師たちの心の動きなどを描いている。
- This manga depicts the daily lives of people living in Nohgaku (the art of Noh) circles and the changes of heart they have as young Nohgakushi belonging to the Sohu Association.
- そのため近年は世界的に高い注目度を誇っており、様々な国で翻訳され出版されている。
- Thus, Japanese comics draw great deal of global attention recently and they are translated and published in various countries.
- 北斎漫画は第二次世界大戦後も版行されるロングセラーとなり、幅広い層に愛読された。
- Hokusai Manga became a long-selling book which was published after World War II and had been read by a wide range of people.
- 近年、その「日本料理としての寿司」は世界各国で「日本料理」として認識されている。
- In recent years, 'sushi as nihon-ryori' has been recognized throughout the world.
- その後、以下のような町名町界の変更を経て、「高野」を冠称する町は8町となっている。
- The following denominational and demarcational changes were subsequently made to the towns with the prefix of 'Takano,' which currently amounts to eight.
- 明治38年5月に、当地にこもり(「沓島ごもり」と言われている)、世界の平和を祈願。
- In May 1905, she secluded herself in the island (called 'Kutsujima gomori' (seclude in Kutsujima Island), and prayed for world peace.
- 古道右手には「七色領」の境界石柱があり、ここにも七色の人が営む茶屋があったという。
- There is a stone pillar for indicating the boundary of 'Nanairo-ryo' (the territory of Nanairo) at the right of the old road, and it is said there was also a teahouse run by residents of Nanairo.
- 新渡戸の著作の影響もあり、Bushidoは、世界でそのまま通じる言葉となっている。
- Because of the Nitobe's book, Bushido is a common word in the world.
- 戦争で大きな打撃を受けた建築界は、戦後復興、高度経済成長の中で活躍の場を見出した。
- Having taken a severe blow during the Second World War, the Japanese architectural movement found opportunities for development during the postwar restoration and periods of high economic growth.
- 合議体制、官民一体での国家形成、旧習の打破、世界列国と伍する実力の涵養などである。
- In this oath, the government stipulated the use of a collegiate body system, the creation of a state in cooperation with bureaucracy and the private sector, the breaking of old habits, and the fostering of power to equal with foreign powerful countries.
- これらは中期ごろまでに大体解決し、このとき決定した境界は現在にも引き継がれている。
- Most of these disputes were settled before the middle of Edo period, and the borders determined at that time are used to this day.
- しかし、第一次世界大戦により各国政府とも金本位制を中断し、管理通貨制度に移行する。
- But, each nation had discontinued gold standard system due to the aftermath of World WarⅠand shifted to managed currency system.
- 西川春洞がこれに拮抗し、今日の漢字書道界の基礎はほとんどこの2人を中心に造られた。
- Shundo NISHIKAWA competed with him, and almost all basics of today's Chinese character calligraphy were created centered on these two persons.
- なお後に元能は元雅の遺児・十郎大夫を助けて越智観世に参加し、芸界に復帰したらしい。
- It seems, however, that Motoyoshi joined Ochi KANZE, helping Motomasa's bereaved child Juro dayu, and returned to the world of the art.
- この結果、呉服業界はさらに不振になり、反物など織物生産を担う業界の倒産が相次いだ。
- Consequently, the Gofuku industry became further depressed so the textile businesses that had produced textiles for kimono, went down one after another.
- この結果、次第に他家の学生を圧迫して、藤原氏による官界支配を強化する原動力となった。
- As a result, these students oppressed the students of other families and became the motive power to strengthen Fujiwara clan's reign over the bureaucracy.
- さらに、語によって表記を区別するという意識は和歌・連歌の世界を除いてさほどなかった。
- In addition, there was little idea that same pronounced words could be differentiated by letter variations, except in the field of waka (a traditional Japanese poem of 31 syllables and renga (linked verse).
- 喜界町志戸桶(喜界島)、奄美諸島に到着した平家が最初に築いたと言われる七城跡がある。
- Shitooke, Kikai-cho (Kikai-jima island); here are the ruins of Shichi-jo castle, which is believed to be the first castle constructed by the Taira family after their arrival in Amami-Oshima Island.
- その意味では摂関時代の「ミウチ」の世界が、まだ一部には残っていたという見方も出来る。
- In other words, the world of 'relatives' of the period of regents partially remained.
- 平治の乱以降、平氏は新たな秩序を中央政界においても武士社会においても構築していった。
- Following the Heiji War, the Taira clan established a new order both in the national political arena and the samurai warrior society.
- しかし第二次世界大戦、道路網の発達とともに他のスキー場へと客足が遠のき、閉鎖された。
- However, as the road systems developed after the World War II, customers became attracted to other ski grounds, and the Yakunogahara Ski Ground closed down.
- その後、以下のような町名町界の変更を経て、「下鴨」を冠称する町は46町となっている。
- The following denominational and demarcational changes were subsequently made to the towns with the prefix of 'Shimogamo,' which currently amounts to 46.
- その後、以下のような町名町界の変更があり、「東九条」を冠称する町は38となっている。
- Subsequently the number of towns prefixed by 'Higashikujo' have increased to 38 as the following changes have been made to their names and borders.
- その後、以下のような町名町界の変更を経て、「田中」を冠称する町は30町となっている。
- The following denominational and demarcational changes were subsequently made to the towns with the prefix of 'Tanaka,' which currently amounts to 30.
- その後、以下のような町名町界の変更があり、「北野」を冠称する町名は計5となっている。
- The following changes were subsequently made to the town names and boundaries, resulting in a total of five towns prefixed by 'Kitano.'
- その後、以下のような町名町界変更が実施され、「上鳥羽」を冠称する町は51町となった。
- As shown below, some changes were subsequently made to town names and boundaries, resulting in 51 towns prefixed by 'Kamitoba.'
- 株持ち酒屋たちは連帯し、談合し、陰で価格協定をむすんで無株者の業界締め出しを企んだ。
- Kabumochi breweries contrived to keep mukabumono out of the industry, by aligning and consulting with each other and secretly concluding a price agreement.
- また、機関紙『労働世界』を発行するなどし、1899年には会員が5700人にも達した。
- In addition, it published the labor movement's journal 'Rodo sekai' (Labor world), and the number of its members reached 5700 in 1899.
- またフィリピンの中央山岳地帯 (ルソン島) にある棚田は、世界最大とも言われている。
- Furthermore, Tanada located in the central mountainous region of the Philippines (the Luzon Island) are said to be the largest in the world.
- 世界各国で、米作を行っている山間地域には、ほぼ棚田のような耕作地を見ることができる。
- Cultivated fields very similar to Tanada can be seen in almost all the rice-cropping mountains around the world.
- なお、各国の憲法の中には、「憲法改正の限界」を憲法に明記していているものも存在する。
- The 'theory of limitation of constitutional amendment' was clearly stated in some constitutions of other countries.
- 1940年(昭和15年)には父五代目歌右衛門が没し、若き福助は歌舞伎界の孤児となる。
- His father, Utaemon V died in 1940, Fukusuke was left alone in the kabuki world so young.
- それまで劇界第一の実力者の御曹司として遇されてきた福助には後見者すらなかったという。
- Fukusuke, who had been treated as a son of the distinguished family of the most influential person in the theater world, did not even have a guardian.
- 第二次世界大戦中には女性の着物着用が禁止されたためもんぺとして仕立て直し着用された。
- During the World War II, as women were not allowed to wear Kimono, Kimono was remade into monpe (women's work pants) to be worn.
- 小林多喜二『独房』では、政治犯としての入所体験において、外界との違いを褌に見つける。
- In his novel 'Dokubo' (Solitary Cell), Takiji KOBAYASHI noted some differences in the fundoshi loincloth between the inside and outside of a prison based on his experience of imprisonment for a political crime.
- この時代の政治的混乱をすり抜けて、書道界ではその後の書を大きく変える書家が登場した。
- Calligraphers, who were to significantly change calligraphic works later, appeared in the world of calligraphy, weaving through their ways through the political chaos in the period.
- 大阪府大阪市浪速区の通天閣界隈では串カツやコロッケと並んで、ミンチカツも人気がある。
- In the neighborhood of Tsutenkaku in Naniwa Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, it is just as popular as croquette and kushi katsu (cutlets on skewers).
- 政界から引退して福原の山荘へ移り、日宋貿易および瀬戸内海交易に積極的に取り組み始めた。
- He retired from the political scene and moved to his mountain retreat in Fukuhara to start actively participating in Japan-Song trade and Seto Inland Sea trade.
- 視界は開け、展望も良いが足場は急峻な馬の背状になった箇所も多く、鎖場もあり危険も伴う。
- It has a broad visual field and a great view, but also has many steep horseback-like paths as well as spots with a chain handrail which are dangerous to go.
- この他、以下のような町名町界の変更を経て、「北白川」を冠称する町は43町となっている。
- The following denominational and demarcational changes were subsequently made to the towns with the prefix of 'Kitashirakawa,' which currently amounts to 43.
- その後、以下のような町名町界の変更があり、「平野」を冠称する町名は計10となっている。
- The following changes were subsequently made to the town names and boundaries, resulting in a total of 10 towns prefixed by 'Hirano.'
- その後、以下のような町名町界の変更があり、「大将軍」を冠称する町名は計7となっている。
- The following changes were subsequently made to the town names and boundaries, resulting in a total of seven towns prefixed by 'Taishogun.'
- アルミニウム製錬用黒鉛電極の世界シェアは約45%で、主力製品の全てはここで生産される。
- In the field of carbon electrodes for aluminum smelting, SEC Carbon enjoys approximately 45% of the world-market share, with all main products being produced in its site in Osadano Industrial park.
- 工業用においての金属シールのシェアは首位で、シール業界全体で見ても4番目の規模を持つ。
- Holding the highest share of metal seals in the industry, it is ranked fourth overall in the seal industry.
- 洞部落の歴史に初めて光が当てられたのは第二次世界大戦後、1960年代後半のことである。
- It was after the World War II, in the late 1960's, that the history of Hora Buraku first came to attention.
- とくに、帰国した吉備真備や玄ボウは、のちに聖武天皇に重用され、政治の世界でも活躍した。
- In particular, when KIBI no Makibi and Genbo returned from Tang they were given important posts by the Emperor Shomu and were also active in the political world in Japan.
- 祭礼の形は世界各地で多様な形を示すが、原初の祭は一つの信仰に基づいていたと考えられる。
- Rites and festivals are held in various forms across the world, but, a primitive matsuri is considered to have been based on one belief.
- 歌の世界ではしばしば、伝説と異なり、橋姫は愛らしい女性としてロマンチックな歌に現れた。
- In poetry, in contrast to the legends, she often appears in romantic poems as an adorable lady.
- この急速な変化は、当時政界首班となっていた藤原良房の意図に基づくものとする見解もある。
- There is a view that such rapid change was caused by FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa who was the political leader at the time.
- 平安前期には百姓階層の分化が一層進み、前代から引き続いた律令国家体制に限界が生じていた。
- In the first half of the Heian period, farmers became more hierarchical and the national system based on the Ritsuryo system that had continued from the previous period had reached its limit.
- 2006年現在では国立大学法人や財界団体もふくめ、55団体が加盟する組織体となっている。
- As of 2006, 55 organizations including national university corporations and business associations are members.
- 牓示(ぼうじ)とは、所領などの土地の四至あるいは境界のうち重要な地点に立てた掲示のこと。
- The term 'Boji' means a notice put up at shishi (northern, southern, eastern and western boundary) of a territory or the important positions of a boundary.
- また、世界的には財政が窮乏した際の増収策の一貫として官位などが売りに出される例もあった。
- In other parts of the world, government posts were sold in order to increase revenue when governments faced a financial predicament.
- なお、近年の日本史学界においては戦国時代_(日本)の始期をこの事件に求める有力説がある。
- In recent years, in the field of Japanese history there is an influential theory that regards this incident as the beginning of the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- また、世界遺産登録後、観光客の殺到によって一部の遺産では荒廃が進んでいるとの指摘もある。
- Some people pointed out that some heritages have been further devastated due to rush of tourists since it was registered as world heritage.
- 第二次世界大戦前においては、外地の語は慣用語であったため、用例により範囲が異なっていた。
- Before the World War II, Gaichi was used as an idiom and the scope of the term varied depending on the cases.
- 第二次世界大戦後の1945年10月10日幣原内閣で婦人参政権に関する閣議決定がなされた。
- On October 10, 1945, after World War II ended, the Shidehara Cabinet decided to grant women's suffrage.
- このことからかえって人気に拍車をかけることとなり、第二次世界大戦後の爆発的流行に至った。
- For this reason, it became even more popular and led to a runaway trend after the World War II.
- その詳細な定義は国や研究者によって異なり、未だに世界各国で盛んな研究の対象となっている。
- Its detailed definition varies depending on the country/scholar and is an active research target in many countries of the world even now.
- 明治から第二次世界大戦までの間、天皇に関する行事は11月10日に実施される事が多かった。
- Through the Meiji period to World War II, Imperial rites and festivals were often held on November 10.
- 1950年代、日本の高度成長が始まるにつれて、世界各地に日本食レストランが出来始めたが、
- With the rapid economic growth in Japan, Japanese restaurants were opened worldwide one after another in the 1950s.
- 同じように、杜氏の世界も同じ「酒を造る」という行為に対する姿勢によってじつに多様である。
- Similarly, there are various types of attitudes toward sake brewing among toji people.
- 日本は日英同盟に基づき第一次世界大戦に参戦して勝利し、列強の一つに数えられるようになった。
- Japan entered the First World War based on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and won the war, becoming counted as one of the great world powers.
- 新たな荘園が認可されると、在庁官人は荘園側とともに境界確認を行い、境界を示す傍示を打った。
- When shoen (a manor) was newly approved, zaichokanjin set the demarcation line with the shoen party and placed tags indicating the borders.
- 地方の御家人が守護への補任により勢力を拡大させたり、中央政界に進出するきっかけをも作った。
- Assuring local gokenin as the position of shugo (provincial constable) led them become more powerful and extend their influence to the national politics.
- シンボル緑地から向かって正面の防波堤(4連、幅450m)に設けられている世界最大級の噴水。
- One of the world's largest fountains provided on the breakwater (quadruple, 450-meter wide) in front of Symbol green space
- 特に弥生時代や古墳時代を通じて、玄界灘沿岸は、アジア大陸との窓口という交通の要衝であった。
- The coasts of Genkai-nada Sea were an important point of traffic that served as a contact point to the Asian Continent, especially through the Yayoi Period and Kofun period (tumulus period).
- 神に民族・国の根拠を依拠する思想は、その国・民族が危機に面するほど過激になるのも世界共通。
- It is also the same all over the world that the idea that the ethnic groups and nations originate in God becomes radical as a nation and its people are in crisis.
- そのため好む好まざるとに関わらず近代の資本主義が席巻する世界に巻き込まれていくことになる。
- Because of this Korea would be dragged into the world of sweeping modern capitalism whether it liked it or not.
- 江戸時代から幕末・明治期にかけて大いに流行し、演歌師や法界屋、更には瞽女等にも演奏された。
- It became popular from the Edo period to the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate and Meiji period such that it was played by enka-shi (street performer of pop songs), hokai-ya (performer singing Hokai-bushi - Japanese traditional songs) in Kadotsuke (performance in front of the gate of houses) and goze (blind female who sings or plays shamisen (three-stringed Japanese banjo) as well.
- 内容の大部分が名物記であるため『南方録』のように茶道界に大きな影響を与えることはなかった。
- Because the book mainly focuses on records of meibutsu (distinguished objects), it never had as great an impact on the tea ceremony world as 'Nanpo roku' (Nanpo record) did.
- 木の葉丼(このはどん・このはどんぶり)とは、大阪および京都界隈で一般に供される丼物である。
- Konoha-don, also referred to as Konoha-donburi, is a kind of donburimono (rice dish) which is commonly served in Osaka and Kyoto area.
- そのなかでも代表的な江戸前寿司は、すでに“sushi”で通じるほど世界中に認知されている。
- Edomae-zushi (hand-rolled sushi), representative sushi among them, is already recognized all over the world to such an extent that the term 'sushi' is used as it is.
- このため、現在はほとんど廃れて、芸者、舞妓、等の花柳界や、婚礼衣装ぐらいにしか使われない。
- Therefore, it is seldom used at present other than by the people of karyukai (world of the geisha), such as geisha and maiko (apprentice geisha), or for bridal dress.
- この事件は試験制度による改革も決して業界全体を満足させるものではない事を証明したとされる。
- It is said that this incident proved that reform by the examination system has never satisfied the whole industry.
- 世界恐慌の後、五・一五事件、二・二六事件を踏まえ、軍部が擡頭し天皇の存在を大きく利用する。
- After the Great Depression, based on the May 15th and February 20th Incidents, the military gained power and greatly utilized the existence of the Emperor.
- 日本軍はアメリカ軍の物量と通商破壊戦に圧倒され、原子爆弾を投下されて第二次世界大戦に敗れた。
- Japanese troops were overwhelmed by the strength of US's material superiority and trade-disrupting strategy, and with atomic bombs dropped, Japan was defeated in Word War II.
- 足軽以下は「軽輩」などと呼ばれ、士分とは見なされないため、両者の間には大きな境界線があった。
- Ashigaru and below were called 'Keihai' (a person of low rank) and were not considered Shibun, so there was a large difference between the two.
- 寺社の境内の境界や一円支配が確立した荘園の排他的権利の及ぶ範囲を示す境界線として立てられた。
- It was put up in order to show a boundary of the precincts of temples/shrines or that of the land where shoen (manor), which accomplished ichienshihai (complete rule over the land), could exert its exclusive right.
- 丹波地方の中央部、丹波高地を控え、旧丹波町の南部が淀川水系と由良川水系の分水界となっている。
- Tanba Highland is located at the center of Tanba region, while the southern part of former Tanba-cho divides the Yodo-gawa and Yura-gawa River systems.
- 敦明は皇太子にはなったものの、やはり父同様に道長からの圧迫と政界での孤立に悩むことになった。
- Atsuaki became Crown Prince, but as with his father he suffered from pressure from Michinaga and isolation within the political field.
- この観点から、世界的には工業地帯に形成された人口密集地帯を1つの「都市」とする例が見られる。
- From this perspective, a densely-populated zone formed in an industrial area being specified as a 'city'is something that is seen world-over.
- 全区画が外国人所有の治外法権の土地であり、日本人の立入が厳しく制限された事実上の租界である。
- All of the blocks were owned by foreigners and thus subject to the laws of extraterroriality, meaning the settlement was a true concession that Japanese nationals were severely restricted in entering.
- 産業革命によって、欧米の国々は日本沿岸を含み世界中の海で、「近代捕鯨」を盛んに行なっていた。
- European countries and the United States were actively engaged in 'whaling with new techniques' in waters all over the world, including the seas off the coast of Japan--it was the Industrial Revolution that made these new techniques possible.
- 論争を経て喜田は倭姫王即位説にまで論を進め、学界では倭姫王の即位または称制説が優勢になった。
- Kida argued the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory and the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement or Shosei theory became a dominant theory in the academic world.
- 当時の江戸と大坂を結ぶ東海道が、18世紀には世界で一番人通りの激しい道だったといわれている。
- It is said that during the 18th century, the Tokai-do Road connecting Edo and Osaka was the busiest in the world.
- 「よく鍛えた鋼の刀であるから、天上では神の御意にかない、下界では災いを避けることができる。」
- Because this is a well forged steel blade, you can agree with god's will in the heaven, and avoid disasters in the earth.'
- 映画業界でも新興キネマ、大都映画、日活の製作部門が合併して「大日本映画製作株式会社」となる。
- The motion picture industry was no exception, with film production at Shinko Cinema, Daito Eiga and Nikkatsu being merged into 'Dainippon Eiga Seisaku Kaisha.'
- そして清の楊守敬が漢魏 (三国)六朝の碑帖を携えて来日し、日本の書道界に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- Then Yang Shoujing in Qing came to Japan bringing inscriptions and copybooks from the six dynasties in the Han and Wei (three dynasties) era, giving a great shock to the Japanese calligraphic world.
- 米朝や初代森乃福郎らがこの流れに乗って知名度を上げたが、これは上方落語界にもプラスに働いた。
- Beicho and Fukuro MORINO I rode on this flow and became famous, positively contributing to the Kamigata rakugo industry.
- 日本生まれの洋食は中国・韓国にも持ち込まれ、今では世界中で食べられるように広まってきている。
- Yo-shoku generated in Japan has been brought to China and Korea, and nowadays, are available throughout the world.
- なぜなら、それは麹屋という、麹造りを生業とする別の業界の店へ外部発注に出していたからである。
- This was because they outsourced it to koji-ya (koji supplier), whose primary business was the production of koji, and they were in another industry.
- 世界の湖の中でも、バイカル湖やタンガニーカ湖に次いで3番目に古い古代湖であると目されている。
- Lake Biwa is regarded as the third-oldest ancient lake in the world after Lake Baikal and Lake Tanganyika.
- この付近の上空500m - 2kmより下の大気は大気境界層といい、空気の流れが複雑な層である。
- In these areas, the atmosphere under 500 m to 2 km above the ground is called the atmospheric boundary layer, and the air flow there is complicated.
- 第二次世界大戦後君が代の位置づけには議論があったが、法定により日本国国歌として公式に確定した。
- There was debate regarding the relevance of Kimigayo after the World War II but it was officially designated Japan's national anthem by law.
- 一説によれば、当時の日本の銃の保有量はオスマン帝国と並んで世界最大規模だったと推定されている。
- According to a theory, it is estimated that the number of guns in Japan at that time was largest in the world together with Ottoman Empire.
- 日本三景はいずれも世界遺産登録に動いたが、現時点では厳島神社(登録)以外は登録に至っていない。
- Each of Nihon Sankei tries to have itself registered to World Heritage, but, so far, they have not been registered except Itsukushima-jinja Shrine (registered).
- 世界のマスコミの予想に反する結果に、列強諸国を驚愕させ、ロシアの脅威に怯える国々を熱狂させた。
- The unexpected results caught the world's media by surprise, astonished the great powers, and enthralled countries that feared the threat of Russia.
- 実用後装ライフル銃としては世界初のものだが、薬莢は紙製で発射ガスの漏れがひどく威力は弱かった。
- This was the first practically used breech-loading rifle in the world, but it was not powerful because the cartridge used with this rifle was made from paper that allowed a significant amount of gas to escape when the rifle was fired.
- 浴衣の多様化によって、かつては一目瞭然であった浴衣以外の着物との境界は極めて曖昧になっている。
- The diversification of yukata has made the boundary between yukata and other clothing less distinct.
- この後松竹を離れ、劇作家菊田一夫の招きで一門こぞって東宝に移籍、歌舞伎界に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- He later left Shochiku for Toho under the invitation of the playwright Kazuo KIKUTA in a move that had a major impact on the kabuki community.
- 第二次世界大戦前までは家庭で行なわれることが多かったが、のちに専門業者に依頼することがふえた。
- This job used to be done in most individual households, but since the end of World War II growing numbers of professionals have been hired to do it.
- 京の花街や大阪の花街の花柳界、上方舞の世界の地方(じかた)を務める人々によって伝承されている。
- Kamigata uta has been handed down by people in the world of geisha of Kamigata, and by jikata (people in charge of music) in the world of Kamigata mai.
- 古神道には、常世(とこよ)と現世(うつしよ)という世界観があり、常世は神域や神の国をあらわす。
- The Ancient Shinto had a vision of world, Tokoyo (written as 常世 in Chinese characters, which means heaven) and Utsushiyo (the actual world), and Tokoyo referred to a sacred area or the kingdom of God.
- 丑の刻参りも古くは神域の結界を破り、妖怪を呼び出し使役し、恨む相手に禍をもたらす呪術であった。
- Ushino koku mairi (paying a visit to a shrine at two o'clock in the morning to put a curse on someone) was an ancient magical ritual to break through the boundary that marks the sacred realm, to call upon a yokai and to use it in order to bring about misfortune upon someone against whom one has a grudge.
- 幕府側であった鷺・大蔵二流が相次いで没落するのを尻目に、和泉流ひとりが東京の狂言界を席巻した。
- As a result, the Izumi school monopolized the Kyogen performance in Tokyo, despite successive downfall of the two schools, the Sagi school and the Okura school, which had taken sides with the bakufu.
- 明治36年(1903年)にドイツで行われた「世界国歌コンクール」で、『君が代』は一等を受賞した。
- In the 'World National Anthem Contest' held in Germany in 1903, 'Kimigayo' was awarded the first prize.
- 四至(しいし/しし)とは、古代・中世における所領・土地の東西南北の境界を指して呼んだ呼称である。
- The term 'Shishi' (also pronounced Shiishi) referred to the northern, southern, eastern, and western boundaries of a tract of territory/land in ancient and medieval times.
- 火縄銃は、世界的に見ても異常な速度で瞬く間に日本全土に普及し、戦国時代の戦闘の形態を一新させた。
- Use of matchlock guns spread at a high speed that was unusual compared even with world standards, and they became used throughout Japan in quite a short time, completely changing fighting styles during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 2004年(平成16年)7月、小辺路は世界遺産「紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道」の一部として登録された。
- In July, 2004, Kohechi was inscribed as a part of a World Heritage site 'holy places and pilgrimage routes in the Kii Mountains.'
- 遺産本体部分やその緩衝地帯、さらには(世界遺産には含まれないが)その周辺地域での損壊が絶えない。
- There are constant damages on the body of heritage, a buffer area, and even the area in the vicinity of the heritage (not included in the world heritage).
- 丹下健三、槇文彦、安藤忠雄など世界的な評価を得る建築家も増え、日本の現代建築のレベルは上昇した。
- Japan began to foster many internationally renowned architects such as Kenzo TANGE, Fumihiko MAKI and Tadao ANDO, and the standard of modern architecture in Japan improved.
- ちなみに、憲法改正無限界説においては、大日本帝国憲法には改正限界を規定する条文は存在していない。
- But, according to the theory of limitation of constitutional amendment, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan did not define any limitations of constitutional amendment.
- けれども今広くこの人間世界を見渡すと、賢い人愚かな人貧乏な人金持ちの人身分の高い人低い人とある。
- However, looking around the world of human beings, we can see the wise and the fool, the rich and the poor, and the noble and the common.
- 日本人が寿司文化を世界に広めたために、今度は寿司ネタが世界市場で高騰すると言う現象が起きている。
- Due to spread of sushi culture worldwide by Japanese people, another phenomenon that prices of ingredients for sushi rise suddenly occurs.
- ハモ科 (Muraenesocidae) の魚は全世界の熱帯・温帯から5属・8種ほどが知られる。
- Five genera and eight species in the tropical and temperate zones of the world are known as fish of the family Muraenasocidae.
- この時代は江戸幕府の文教政策によって書道界にも革新の風が起こり、唐様・和様に大きな変化があった。
- In this period, an innovative air was brought to the calligraphic world as well due to the educational policy of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), drastically changing Chinese and Japanese calligraphic styles.
- この時代の書道界は、机上の研究から、小さいながらも一種のジャーナリスティックな世界をも形成した。
- Leaving desk study, the calligraphic world in this period formed a kind of journalistic world as well, though quite small.
- 地方条例はあっても、政府による表現規制がない(夏目房之介は「世界一ゆるいのではないか」と語る)。
- Although there is a local regulation, there are no government regulations on expression (Fusanosuke NATSUME says 'The restrictions may be loosest in the world').
- 自然界における個体数の減少、稚魚の減少にも直接つながっており、養殖産業自身も打撃を受けつつある。
- This, however, is directly related to a decrease in the amount of young eels as well as a decrease in the number of eels in the wild, and the aqua farming industry itself is starting to feel the impact.
- その後は国事御用掛として幕末の政界で活躍し、明治維新後は、議定・外国事務総督などの要職を占めた。
- After that, he flourished as a Kokuji goyogakari (a general official of the Imperial Household in charge of State affairs) in the political world at the end of the Edo Period, and occupied important positions such as a gijo (official post) and a ministerial governor of foreign affairs after the Meiji restoration.
- また、2人の相次ぐ死が菅原道真を結果的に政界の矢面に立たせることとなり、昌泰の変の遠因となった。
- These two successive deaths eventually made SUGAWARA no Michizane take the brunt of political criticisms and attacks, and that situation formed a remote cause of the Shotai Incident.
- つまり、近代以前の法観念においては礼銭と賄賂の境界線は微妙で曖昧であったことに留意する必要がある。
- In short, it is necessary to bear in mind that the line between the reisen and bribery was subtle and ambiguous in the legal concepts before the modern era.
- 第二次世界大戦後は「五ガロン缶」という名称が広まったが、後に「18リットル缶」が正式名称とされた。
- After World War II, it was widely called as 'go-gallon kan' (can of 5 gallons), and later, it was formally renamed into 'Juhachi-liter kan' (can of 18 liters).
- 慰霊碑は、第二次世界大戦時のドイツ軍によるマルタ包囲作戦で爆撃を受け、上4分の1が欠けてしまった。
- The memorial monument was damaged by the bombing in German army's encircling operation of Malta during World War II, losing a forth of it in the upper part.
- 遺骸は死後、多くの人の手でわけられ、日本で最初の殉教者の遺骸として世界各地に送られて崇敬を受けた。
- After their death, the bodies were divided by many people to send all over the world as the bodies of the first martyrs in Japan and revered.
- 第二次世界大戦後、現家元、小川後楽 (6代目)は、畳に座らず椅子と机を用いる立礼での手前を定めた。
- After the end of World War II, today's head of the school, Koraku OGAWA the sixth defined the temae in Ryurei method by using chairs and tables for not sitting directly on a tatami mat.
- また二つ以上の紋を組み合わせた「比翼紋」というものもあり、これは花柳界などで用いられることが多い。
- There are combination of the crests called 'Hiyokumon' that are often used in the world of geisha.
- 上記のお笑いにおける「楽屋オチ」同様、その作者、または業界の周辺事情を知っていないと笑えないオチ。
- Like the above-mentioned 'gakuya ochi' in owarai, it is not funny unless one knows the affairs of artists or of the business.
- これに対して朝廷も、僧位・僧官の昇進権を媒介に上級僧侶を組織して、宗教界への支配を強化しようとした。
- On the other hand, the Imperial Court tried to organize the upper-ranked Buddhist monks through the promotion to Soi (rank of Buddhist priests) and Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by the Imperial Court) to strengthen their control over the religious world.
- 音羽山(おとわやま)は、滋賀県大津市と京都府京都市山科区の境界に所在する山で、山科区の最高峰である。
- Mt. Otowa exists in the boundary between Otsu City of Shiga prefecture and Yamashina Ward of Kyoto Prefecture, and is the highest mountain in Yamashina Ward.
- その後、以下のような町名町界の変更があり、「桃山町」または「桃山」を冠称する町名は68となっている。
- Afterwards, the names and the borders of some towns were changed as follows and the number of towns prefixing the names 'Momoyama-cho' or 'Momoyama' became 68.
- 町界は大幅に変わっているが、町名については、区画整理事業実施後もおおむね従前の名称が継承されている。
- Traditional town names remained more or less unchanged even after the land readjustments although town borders were largely modified.
- 相前後して、高松院(しゅ子内親王)・六条天皇・九条院(藤原呈子)が亡くなり、政界はにわかに動揺する。
- Around the same time, Takamatsuin (Imperial Princess Shushi), Emperor Rokujo and Kujyoin (FUJIWARA no Shimeko) died and the political scene fell into turmoil.
- なお、これは「サンティアゴ・デ・コンポステーラの巡礼路」(スペイン)と共に珍しい道の世界遺産である。
- It is a rare example of roads which have been registered as a word heritage site, along with ` Way of St. James' (Spain).
- このようにアジアの遊牧民にも一定の秩序原理に基づいた「天下」概念類似の地上世界観が存在したとされる。
- As shown by the above, the nomads in Asia also had a view of the world based on the fixed principle of order, which was similar to the notion of 'Tenka.'
- 当時の日本が日清戦争の勝利によって、世界の強国となったという自負を持ち始めたことが、その原因である。
- This was because Japan started to gain self-pride as one of the world's powerful countries after winning the Sino-Japanese war.
- その年代については議論が存在するが、現在のところ、これは世界規模で見ても最古の土器ということになる。
- Whichever method is right, the initial stage's pottery is the oldest of all ever found in the world.
- この結果、朱子学は念願の王朝権力との一体化を果たし、思想界に重大な影響を与えることになったのである。
- Consequently, Shushigaku became integrated with Imperial Court power and acquired strong influence on ideological circles.
- 「かんかんのう(看々踊り)」や、「法界節(ほうかいぶし)」や「演歌」も、清楽から発展したものである。
- Kankan no' (Kankan dance), 'Hokaibushi' and 'Enka' (Japanese ballad) all derived from Shingaku.
- ヘルベルト・フォン・カラヤンの指揮とイヴォンヌ・ロリオの独奏で演奏されるなど世界的に評価されている。
- The piece, which was played by the conductor Herbert von KARAJAN with piano solo played by Yvonne LORIOD, has received a high evaluation internationally.
- 呉服業界が、販売促進の目的で、種々の場面で必要とされる和服の条件というような約束事を作って宣伝した。
- For the purpose of sales promotion, the Gofuku industry drew up requirements for wearing Wafuku on various occasions and advertised them.
- アメリカ合衆国では世界大戦中等牛肉のステーキは贅沢なのでハンバーグに変えるという運動もあったという。
- During World War II, in the United States of America, there used to be a campaign to eat hamburger steak instead of luxurious beef steak.
- 国内からは皇族、三権の長をはじめとした幹部公務員、都道府県知事等の地方代表者、各界の代表者等である。
- Japanese attendants at the ceremony were the Imperial family, executive government officials such as the heads of the three powers, local representatives such as prefectural governors, and representatives from every sector or industry of the society.
- 宇治市(うじし)は、京都府の南部に位置し、世界遺産ともなっている平等院や宇治茶などで知られる市である。
- Located in the south of Kyoto Prefecture, Uji City is known for Uji tea and the Byodo-in Temple, which is registered on the World Heritage list.
- このように歌舞伎と異なる芸の世界に出て貪欲にその雰囲気を吸収したことも名優を作り上げる原動力となった。
- He went out into the entertainment world different from Kabuki and eagerly absorbed the different culture around him, which made him the acting master.
- 2003年には三重県の水産総合研究センター養殖研究所が養殖業完全養殖に世界で初めて成功したと発表した。
- In 2003, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency in Mie Prefecture announced that they succeeded in the complete farm raising of eels for the first time in the world.
- また、世界の学生映画を特集するワールドプログラム、プロの映画監督の学生時代作品の上映なども行っている。
- Additionally, the festival holds the World Program featuring student films from around the globe, screenings of works made by professional film directors when they were students, etc.
- これは、武家の棟梁の地位、ひいては軍事貴族の地位が中央政界の動向に制約されていたことの証左とされている。
- This shows that the position of the leader of samurai families, meaning the position of military aristocrats, was tightly linked with the changes in central politics.
- 濃度が高い場合、視界が悪くなるために航空機の飛行や車の通行、鉄道の運行、人の歩行に障害を及ぼしたりする。
- Deteriorating visibility, high-density kosa sometimes obstructs flights of airplanes, traffic of vehicles, railway operations and the walking of human beings.
- 後者の条件について、世界最大の温室効果ガス排出国であるアメリカ合衆国が国内事情により締結を見送っている。
- As for the latter condition, the United States of America, which emits the largest amount of gfreenhouse gases in the world, suspends the ratification because of its domestic situation at present.
- 第二次世界大戦後も南朝が正統とされているが、歴史の実態に合わせて再び「南北朝時代」の用語が主流になった。
- The Southern Court was still officially considered the legitimate Imperial Court after the Second World War, but in harmony with the historical reality, the term 'Nanbokucho period' once again came into widespread use.
- The Southern Court is still considered to be legitimate after World War II, but the term 'Nanbokucho period' entered the mainstream again based on the actual situation of history.
- 外地(がいち)とは、第二次世界大戦終結前の日本(大日本帝国)において、いわゆる内地以外の統治区域をいう。
- Gaichi means the territories of Japan (the Empire of Japan) other than the so-called inland in the period before the end of the World War II.
- 収集界ではこれまで、表面の「二分」の「分」字の「止め分」を明治二分金、「撥ね分」を万延二分金としてきた。
- In the collecting world, if the upper part of the letter 'bu' (分) of 'nibu' (二分) which was engraved on the surface of the coin did not end with a upward brushstroke ('tomebu'), it was considered to be a Meiji nibukin and if it did end with an upward brushstroke ('hanebu'), it was considered to be a Manen nibukin.
- 1963年、戦前から日本を代表する二枚目であり、戦後の大映映画の大黒柱だった長谷川一夫が映画界から引退。
- In 1963, Kazuo HASEGAWA, Japan's foremost actor of the prewar period known for his outstanding good looks and being the top Daiei star of the postwar period, retired from the motion picture industry.
- その一環として、松前藩は和人地に境界を引き、東西の端に番所を置いて、和人地と蝦夷地の往来を取り締まった。
- As one part of that policy, the Matsumae clan drew a boundary line in the Wajinchi, established guardhouses at both east and west ends, and supervised coming and going of people between Wajinchi and Ezo area.
- 扇ぐためのものではなく、亭主と客の間、あるいは客同士の間の結界茶道における結界として挨拶のときに用いる。
- These sensu are not used as an actual fan, but they are used to represent a boundary between a host and a group of guests, or between guests when they exchange greetings with each other.
- 歌謡界でもそれにあやかるように、お座敷唄あるいはお座敷ソングと呼ばれる歌のレコードがたくさん発売された。
- In the popular song world, many song records under the category of ozashiki songs were released to catch onto the popularity of those restaurants.
- 地方(主に上方に近い地域)の民謡などの中から花柳界の座敷等で好まれたものも上方歌には含まれるようである。
- Kamigata uta seems to include some minyo (traditional Japanese songs), originally enjoyed in local areas (mainly those near Kamigata) and picked up and loved by people, including those in the quarters of geisha.
- そして、昨今の研究によれば、江戸時代は世界で例を見ない資源還元(リサイクル)社会であったといわれている。
- According to the recent studies, during the Edo period, Japan was an unprecedented recycling-oriented society in the world.
- このような世界観は近年まであり、逢魔時(おうまがとき)や丑三つ時(うしみつどき)には常夜との端境である。
- This type of world view has existed until the recent years, and omagatoki (twilight hour) and ushimitsudoki (the dead of night, around 3:00 A.M. to 3:30 A.M.) were considered to mark the border of tokoyo (eternal night).
- 彼はさらに進んで、数値計算の結果を手がかりに (arcsin x)2の冪級数展開を世界で初めて計算した。
- Using the result of the calculation, Takabe further calculated the power series expansion of (arcsin x)2 for the first time in the world.
- その後、2度にわたる憲政擁護運動を経て、大正デモクラシーと言われるように言論界も活況を呈するようになる。
- After that, going through two campaigns to defend constitutionalism, the press became active, and this is also known as Taisho democracy.
- 世界的には、ヨーロッパのイネ科花粉症・北アメリカのブタクサ花粉症と並んで世界三大花粉症の一つとなっている。
- Along with European poaceous pollen hay fever and North American ragweed pollen hay fever, it is one of the three most prevalent forms of pollinosis worldwide.
- 源氏や平氏の棟梁はこうした戦功を勝ち得る中で中央政界における地位と、諸国における武力を確立を図っていった。
- The toryo (leader) of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan thus achieved their standing in the central politics as well as establishing their military power in the countryside through their military achievements.
- その後、昭和31年に町名町界変更が行われて西蔵王町、東島町、東比永城町、東・西柳ノ内町、東御幸田町が成立。
- Later in 1956 town names and borders were changed so that the following towns were established: Nishikujo Nishi Zao-cho, Nishikujo Higashi Shima-machi, Nishikujo Higashi Heijo-cho, Nishikujo Higashi Yanaginouchi-cho, Nishikujo Nishi Yanaginouchi-cho, Nishikujo Higashi Gokoden-cho.
- その後、一部地区で土地区画整理事業実施等に伴う町名町界の変更があり、16町が新たに起立、6町が廃止された。
- After 1980, the names and borders of some towns were changed in accordance with the implementation of land readjustment projects, and sixteen towns were newly created and six towns were abolished.
- 第二次世界大戦が終わった後でも、福知山は京阪神と舞鶴港をつなぐ軍事的中継地点としての役割を受け継いでいる。
- Even after World War II was over, Fukuchiyama still plays a role as a military point connecting Keihanshin and Maizuru Port.
- 2004年には、吉野・大嶺を含む紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道が、国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界遺産に登録された。
- In 2004, sacred sites and pilgrimage routes in the Kii mountain range were registered as a World Heritage site by UNESCO.
- 第二次世界大戦、太平洋戦争の敗戦後の1947年(昭和22年)、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により解体された。
- In 1947 after the defeat in World War II and the Pacific War, it was dissolved by the supreme commander of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers.
- これは、その時期までに、倭国内で「中国世界とは異なる独自の天下」概念が発生していた徴証だと考えられている。
- The above is thought as the evidence that the notion of 'own Tenka which is different from that of China' had already been born by that time.
- 日本で古くに開発され、文化圏は日本に留まるが、日本国外でも茶の湯は行なわれており、世界中で使用されている。
- Chagama was developed in Japan long ago and its cultural region remains in Japan but it is used throughout the world as Chanoyu (the tea ceremony) is also practiced outside Japan.
- 関西の茶人・財界人の引き立てを受けて名声を高め、来阪する内外の要人をもてなすのに欠かせない高級料亭となる。
- The restaurant's fame rose, as chajin (master of tea ceremony) and businessmen in Kansai patronized the restaurant, it established itself as a high-class Japanese style restaurant essential to entertaining very important persons in and outside of Japan who visited Osaka.
- そして、第二次世界大戦に日本が敗北し言論に対するタブーが霧散すると、俄然変死説が論壇をにぎわすようになる。
- After Japan lost World War Ⅱ, when the freedom of speech was returned to society, the theory of the Emperor's unnatural death was suddenly back in the world of criticism.
- 西ヨーロッパ旧帝国内の一定の地域では、古代末期に別荘(villa)システムが確立し、中世世界へと継承された。
- In certain areas of the west European old empire, the villa system was established in the late ancient period and continued into the medieval world.
- 翌昭和5年、北隣の左京区との境界変更があり、旧粟田口村に属していた区域の南部が左京区から東山区に編入された。
- A year after in 1930, there was a change of border between Sakyo Ward which was the north neighbor of Higashiyama Ward, and the southern part of the area of former Kuritaguchi village was integrated into Higashiyama Ward from Sakyo Ward.
- ただ、雨季が訪れる土地は世界中に多くあるが、梅雨はそれほど雨足の強くない雨が長期に亘って続く点に特徴がある。
- There are many countries in the world which have rainy season, but baiu is characterized by the fact that not so heavy rain lasts for a long period of time.
- 奈良県教育委員会による調査奈良県教育委員会 2002→2005bは、世界遺産登録を念頭に行われたものである。
- Nara Prefectural Board of Education 2002=>2005b,' an investigation conducted by Nara Prefectural Board of Education, was carried out to inscribe the Kumano Road as a World Heritage site.
- しかし汚職の横行と世界大恐慌の影響で政治的に行き詰まり、1935年11月3日の国民投票で王政復古が決定した。
- But, since internally rampant corruption and the worldwide Great Depression bogged the country down politically, it decided to revive the monarchy by a national referendum on November 3, 1935.
- 近代的自治法の整備とともに五人組は法制的には消滅したが、第二次世界大戦中の隣組にその性格は受け継がれていた。
- Along with development of the modern self-governing laws, the Gonin-gumi disappeared as a legal system; however, the tonarigumi (neighborhood association [established in Japan in 1940]) system during World War II took over its characteristics.
- このことは、当時既に「倭国は中国世界と異なる独自の天下なのだ」という観念が発生したことを如実に物語っている。
- The above gives evidence that the notion that 'Wakoku is under its own Tenka independent from that of China' had already been established by the time.
- 角界にはまだかろうじて、関取が自分の名前の入った浴衣生地を贔屓筋や他の相撲部屋に贈るという風習が残っている。
- In the world of sumo (Japanese-style wrestling), there remain by a narrow margin such customs as ranking wrestlers present specially ordered cloth for yukata, imprinted with their names, to their patrons and other sumo stables.
- 現在の和服の長着を着たとき、見頃と袖の境界線の最上部は、人体の肩と腕の結合部分から手先に近づいた位置になる。
- When the Modern Nagagi is dressed, the highest point of the boundary between Migoro and Sode is closer to the fingertips than the shoulder joint of the wearer.
- 現在の金閣は国や京都府の支援、地元経済界などからの浄財により、事件の5年後の1955年に再建されたものである。
- The existing Kinkaku-ji Temple was rebuilt in 1955, 5 years following the case, with assistance extended by the nation and Kyoto Prefecture and donations from local businesses
- その一方で国文学界が鎌倉時代以後を本来は同じ意味である「中世」という語で表現する事に対して疑問も出されている。
- On the other hand, Japanese literature also uses the term 'chusei' to refer to the time period after the Kamakura period which has the same meaning as chuko, and the appropriateness of this practice has been questioned.
- 青葉山(あおばさん、あおばやま)は、京都府舞鶴市と福井県大飯郡高浜町の境界に峙える山で、高浜町の最高峰である。
- Mt. Aoba, the highest in Takahama-cho, is located where Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture and Takahama-cho, Oi-gun, Fukui Prefecture, are bordered.
- 第二次世界大戦後、「西陣新地」と名称を変え営業していたが1958年3月15日、売春防止法施行により廃止された。
- After World War Ⅱ, the town was renamed 'Nishijin Shinchi,' and prostitution continued for a while, but came to an end on March 15, 1958, when the Anti-Prostitution Law went into effect.
- しかし、第二次世界大戦後は赤線に移行し、1958年(1958年)の売春防止法施行により遊廓としての幕を閉じた。
- After the World War II, Shichijo-shinchi was designated as the red-light district and closed down in 1958 when Anti-Prostitution Law took effect.
- 日清戦争、日露戦争、第一次世界大戦は、順に1894年、1904年、1914年と、下一桁が4の年に始まっている。
- The Sino-Japanse war, Russo-Japanese War, World War On1 started in 1884, 1904, and 1914, respectively--the years that end in 'four.'
- 福岡はこの条文を「従来の鎖国的陋習を打破して広く世界の長を採り之を集めて大成するの趣旨である」と回顧している。
- Fukuoka looked back this provision as 'the aim is to break down evil customs from the past like national isolation and to take and accomplish advantages from the world.'
- 同期の江戸は、人口100万人前後に達しており、日本最大の消費都市であるばかりでなく、世界最大の都市でもあった。
- At the same time, Edo, whose population reached around one million, was not only the biggest consumer city in Japan, but also the biggest city in the world.
- 第二次世界大戦後、米ドル金為替本位制を中心とした国際通貨基金体制(いわゆるブレトン・ウッズ体制)が創設された。
- After World War II, IMF-led framework (International Monetary Fund led frame work; so-called the Bretton Woods system) was founded and gold and dollar standard system was established.
- 一方、卑弥呼や邪馬台国と同様に非佳字をあてることにより、中華世界から見た夷狄であることを表すとする意見もある。
- But others says 倭 means iteki (barbarians) seen from China because the ominous character is used as in Himiko (first known ruler of Japan) and Yamatai Koku (Yamatai Kingdom).
- 缶コーヒーは限定的な普及状況(世界の普及状況)のため、その飲み方で日本人であるかどうか知られてしまう事がある。
- Due to the limited penetration (Penetration in the world) of canned coffee, Japanese drinking practices sometimes end up identifying a drinking person as a Japanese.
- このような流れの中で模刻は結果的に法帖の価値を損ね、学界の主流を法帖から外してしまった戦犯ということになった。
- Against this background, mokoku was eventually deemed as a war criminal that diminished the value of the hojo to keep it out of the mainstream of the calligraphy world.
- 日本のみならず、フィンセント・ファン・ゴッホやクロード・ドビュッシーなど、世界の芸術家にも大きな影響を与えた。
- It had a profound influence on Japanese artists as well as foreign artists such as Vincent Van Gogh or Claude Debussy.
- 戦後に日本酒業界の復興がほかのアルコール飲料業界に比べて遅れた一因として、このときの人的損失が深く響いていた。
- This big loss of human resources was one of the major reasons that the post-war recovery of the sake industry went on more slowly than other alcoholic beverage industries.
- - 古い時代の遺跡としても有名で世界各地の海浜部でみられ文字通り、貝を中心とした食物残滓が堆積したものである。
- - Being well known as the remains of ancient times, shell mounds literally are piles of food waste consisting chiefly of shells, which are seen in coastal areas throughout the world.
- 軍事貴族は確かに在地有力者との主従関係の構築を進めてきてはいたが、その存立基盤はやはり中央政界にあったのである。
- Although military aristocrats worked on establishment of subordinate-superior relationships with locally powerful individuals, the foundation of their existence was after all in central politics.
- しかし、寺子屋によって実務的な教育が庶民の間に定着しており、明治初期における日本の識字率は世界最高水準にあった。
- However, practical education by Terakoya had been entrenched among the ordinary citizens and the literacy level of the Japanese in the beginning of the Meiji period was among the top in the world.
- これによって体制は国衙が支配する公領と荘園が対等な権利主体として境界設定などで抗争する後期王朝国家へと変化する。
- The system was thereby changed to the late dynastic nation-state in which koryo (an Imperial demesne) dominated by kokuga and shoen as equal actors of right struggled in border settings and the like.
- 尚、この安田氏らの武士発生論をデフォルメしたものが教科書の世界に定着し、小中学校では以下のように教えられてきた。
- Furthermore, the warped theory about the origin of bushi of Yasuda and others written in textbooks in elementary and middle schools taught as follows.
- さらに世界史的には大航海時代を迎えており、ポルトガルやイスパニアなどのヨーロッパ人も東アジアで活動を広めていた。
- Moreover, this period witnessed, in terms of international history, the dawning of the age of exploration, which meant that Europeans, notably the Portuguese and the Spanish, began to be active in East Asia.
- 最近では日本国の国力が世界有数になったため、国策としての海外移民は行われず、集団での移民も見られなくなっている。
- These days, migration to foreign countries is not conducted as national policy and so is a group migration, since Japanese has become one of the world's top countries having great national powers.
- 1998年12月、「古都奈良の文化財」として東大寺などと共に世界文化遺産に登録された(考古遺跡としては日本初)。
- In December, 1998, Heijo-kyu Palace was registered as one of the World Heritage under the name of 'Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara' together with Todai-ji Temple (the first registered ancient remains in Japan).
- しかし当時は、政治を行う場である「表」と、城主とその家族の私的な生活の場である「奥」の境界が存在していなかった。
- At that time, a border between the 'public area' for conducting politics and the 'private area' where the lord of the castle and his family lived didn't exist.
- 日本では、第二次世界大戦以降、公地公民制について、古代律令制の基盤を形成した最重要の制度であると理解されてきた。
- AfterWorld War II, Kochi Komin sei was appreciated as the most important system that had constituted the basis of the ancient Ritsuryo system in Japan.
- 第一次世界大戦における日露の関係強化と第三国の中国支配阻止、極東における両国の特殊権益の擁護を相互に再確認した。
- They reassured each other that they should enforce the relationship between Japan and Russia at the First World War, stop the third party from controlling China, and protect the both countries' special interests in the Far East.
- しかし、農民でなく、定住もしていない芸能人や手工業者に対しては、自己と異なる特別の世界に住む者として認識された。
- However, they recognized the non-peasants, as well as the unsettled entertainers and handicraftsmen, as people who lived in a special world that was different from theirs.
- アジアを中心に世界各国で『ネスカフェ』ブランドの缶コーヒーが販売されるようになる(米国では1996年から販売)。
- Canned coffee under the brand name of 'NESCAFE' came to be sold around the world centering on Asian countries (In the United States, it was put on the market in 1996).
- 現代世界に普及している「拳法」と称するものは、諸説はあるものの一般にはアジア起源のものが多くを占めると思われる。
- It seems that the so-called 'kenpo,' which has spread in today's world, mostly originated in Asia, though there are various theories.
- 半襟をも下着の一部と考えれば、その一部を見せるのが正式の着用法である点で、世界の民族衣装のなかでも例外的である。
- Taking it as a part of underwear, haneri is an exceptional one among various ethnic costumes in the world, because a part of haneri falls into someone's eye when it is formally dressed.
- 日本が第二次世界大戦に参戦すると、情報局による規制や用紙不足により、日本の漫画産業は一時期衰退を余儀なくされた。
- When Japan joined World War II, Japanese comic industry was temporarily forced to decline due to the regulation by intelligence bureau and lack of paper.
- 華厳経「入法界品(にゅうほっかいぼん)」にある、善財童子が53名の善知識を歴訪するという説話から取材されている。
- These images are taken from a narrative about Zenzai Doji in the Chapter 'Nyuhokkai-bon' of Kegon-kyo (Avatamska Sutra), who made a tour to visit fifty three zen-chishiki (a person who offers spiritual friendship and guidance to visitors).
- 魔や禍が簡単に往来できない、若しくは人が神隠しに遭わないよう結界として、注連縄(しめなわ)や祠が設けられている。
- In order to prevent evil and misfortunes from easily traveling back and forth, and in order for people not to be spirited away, shimenawa (sacred rope) or hokora (small shrine) is set up to mark the sacred boundaries.
- 後三条天皇が在位5年足らずで退位の後他界してからは、落飾した馨子内親王は西院で余生を送り「西院皇后」と称された。
- Following the death of Emperor Gosanjo, who had abdicated only five years after his enthronement, Imperial Princess Keishi spent her remaining years in the Sai-in as a priestess called 'Empress Sai-in.'
- その上で、その四隅の境界線に牓示(記となる杭などを打つあるいは付近の自然物に印を付ける)を行って四至を明確にした。
- Thereafter, they clarified Shishi by putting on Boji (notices) (planting stakes or putting marks on nearby natural things) on the four corners of shoen.
- 以後、土地区画整理事業に伴う町界の変更、一部新町名の設置等はあるが、上述の302町は2009年現在も存続している。
- After that, although the borders of some towns were changed and some new towns were created in accordance with the land readjustment project, the above-mentioned 302 towns still exist in 2009.
- その後、昭和19年に町名町界変更が行われて赤金町、高田町、西寺町、西平垣町、堂ノ前町、芦辺町、南琵琶町が成立した。
- Subsequently, town names and borders were changed in 1944, resulting in the establishment of the following towns: Karahashi Akakane-cho, Karahashi Takada-cho, Karahashi Saiji-cho, Karahashi Nishi Hiragaki-cho, Karahashi Donomae-cho, Karahashi Ashibe-cho, Karahashi Minami Biwa-cho.
- その後、土地区画整理事業実施に伴う以下のような町名町界の変更があり、「牛ケ瀬」を冠称する町名は計15となっている。
- Then, the names and borders of some towns were changed in accordance with the implementation of land readjustment projects to be mentioned later, therefore, there are fifteen towns which are prefixed by the name of 'Ushigase' at present.
- その後、土地区画整理事業実施に伴う以下のような町名町界の変更があり、「下津林」を冠称する町名は計17となっている。
- Then, the names and borders of some towns were changed in accordance with the implementation of land readjustment projects to be mentioned later, therefore, there are seventeen towns which are prefixed by the name 'Shimotsubayashi.'
- 2007年1月に、日本政府は、世界遺産登録の前提となる暫定リストに「飛鳥・藤原の宮都とその関連資産群」を登録した。
- In January, 2007, Japanese government put Fujiwara-kyo areas on the tentative lists of nominees for UNESCO World Heritage registration, as 'Asuka-Fujiwara: Archaeological sites of Japan's Ancient Capitals and Related Properties.'
- これにより、大韓帝国は消滅し、朝鮮半島は第二次世界大戦(大東亜戦争、太平洋戦争)の終結まで日本の統治下に置かれた。
- With this, the Korean Empire ceased to exist, and the Korean Peninsula was held under Japanese rule until the end of the Second World War (the Greater East Asian War, the Pacific War).
- その後、細部の境界の移動を除き長らく変更はなかったが、後に、和人地および蝦夷地に新たに北海道 (令制)が置かれた。
- Then, they did not make any changes for long time except some boundaries shifted a little bit, and later Hokkaido (as province) was newly set in Wajinchi and Ezochi.
- いずれにしても日露戦争における日本の勝利が及ぼした世界的影響は計り知れず、歴史的大事件であったことには変わりない。
- There is no doubt that the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War was a major historic event that changed the course of history.
- 他にも紹興窯青磁・長沙窯磁器・荊州窯白磁・新羅高麗産の陶器・イスラム世界の青釉陶器・ペルシアガラスが出土している。
- Besidses, various earthenware, such as celadon baked int Shaoxing kiln, ceramics baked in Changsha kiln, porcelain baked in Jingzhou kiln, earthenware produced in the Silla Kingdom and the Goryeo dynasty, blue glazed earthenware and Persian glass from Islamic countries have been excavated.
- しかし、将軍代替りの際に行われた朝鮮通信使やオランダ商館長らによって世界的な情勢は大体把握していたといわれている。
- However, it is said that the shogunate government roughly kept up with foreign affairs through the Korean Emissary that were dispatched in every shogunate succession, and the curator of Dutch trading house.
- 2008年2月、京都市伏見区桃山町(宇治市六地蔵との境界付近)に建設していた新スタジオ(第1スタジオ)が完成した。
- In February 2008, a new studio (the first studio), which had been under construction in Momoyama Town, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City (near the boundary with Rokujizo, Uji City), was completed.
- ゲーム業界からは任天堂とセガ・エンタープライゼス(現セガ)が協力しており、ソフト、ハードの情報を多く提供している。
- From the game industry, Nintendo and Sega Enterprises, Ltd. (present-day SEGA) have cooperated in the project by offering a large amount of hardware and software information.
- 第二次世界大戦後に旧満洲映画協会(満映)のメンバーを中心にして、京都・太秦の「大映第二撮影所」で劇映画を製作した。
- After World War II, the company began producing movies at the Daiei No. 2 Studio at Uzumasa, Kyoto, by people from the former Manchuria Film Association.
- その結晶として、応永6年(1399年)には足利義満の後援で三日間の勧進猿楽を演じ、名実ともに芸能界の頂点に立った。
- As a result, in 1399 he had the honor of performing kanjin sarugaku for three days under the auspices of Shogun Yoshimistu ASHIKAGA, at which point he reached the pinnacle of the performing arts world.
- 中島飛行機は第二次世界大戦中に急速に発達した財閥で、軍用機の生産から鉱山・貿易・水産などの非飛行機部門にも進出した。
- Nakajima Airplane was a zaibatsu that grew rapidly during World War II and later expanded its business from military aircraft production to non-aircraft businesses such as mining, trade and commercial fishing.
- また、儒教的世界観では、支那の帝国が周辺の野蛮人の国よりも勢力も強く、倫理的にも優れるという中華思想が根本にあった。
- In addition, the Confucianism's view of the world is based on the Sinocentrism that the Chinese empire is stronger than any other nearby barbarian countries and that the Chinese people are ethically superior to the barbarian.
- 会員は日本前装銃射撃連盟の会員でもあるので、火縄銃の実弾射撃にも長けて、マズルローダー世界選手権のメダリストも居る。
- Since the members of this school belong to the Muzzle Loaders' Shooting Association of Japan, they excel in firing matchlock guns with live shots; this school produced the medalist of the International Muzzle Loader Contest.
- このようなことを考えると、書道界における模刻の功績は決して軽くはなく、むしろその存在に負うところが多いことが分かる。
- From that standpoint, mokoku has made enormous contributions to the world of calligraphy and so much so that the calligraphy world owes much to the existence of mokoku.
- ウィリアム・シェイクスピアの全37作品が入り混じる世界を縦横無尽に闊歩し、物語の裏事情や場面の解説などをしてくれる。
- He struts about freely in a world where all 37 works of William Shakespeare exist mixed up, and explains the background events and scenes of the story.
- 近年、日本の大手コンビニエンスストアが海外進出をすると同時に、世界各国で日本のおにぎりが食べられるようになってきた。
- As a result of recent overseas advance by major Japanese convenience stores, Japanese onigiri has been eaten around the world.
- 一般的な自家の家紋ではなく芸事や花柳界では自分の所属する流派や芸妓置屋の家紋を衣裳として染め抜いて用いることもある。
- Instead of using one's own family crest, persons in traditional performing art circles or in the world of the geisha dye and use their school's crest or their geisha house's crest for their costumes.
- 第二次世界大戦後には、特に高度経済成長期に太平洋ベルトから漏れたため、北近畿でも過疎化した地域が見られるようになった。
- Depopulation has been found in some areas of Kitakinki, because it does not belong to the Pacific Belt, a center of rapid economic growth zone.
- 門脇禎二が1971年に提唱した「蘇我氏渡来人説」は学界を席巻しただけでなく、一般の古代史ファンにも広く受け入れられた。
- The theory concerning the migrant origins of the Soga clan' took academic circles by storm when it was first proposed by Teiji KADOWAKI in 1971, and became widely popular among ancient history buffs.
- つまり給される田は面積と境界を記録するだけで、絶対的な位置を特定する条里呼称法も、条里に沿った地割も規定されていない。
- In other words, only area and borders of alloted farmland were recorded, but neither jori naming system to specify its absolute position nor chiwari according to jori were stipulated.
- 結果、学界の主流では「三韓征伐」に関する記述は具体的ではなく神話的誇張が多く神功皇后の実在を実証できないとされている。
- This resulted in the mainstream of academic world's theory that the real existence of Empress Jingu could not be proved, due to the two factors: 'Sankan-Seibatsu' was written without any definite supporting statements; and it was written with many inclusive elements of mythological exaggerations.
- 第二次世界大戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令により労働法規が整備されたことや、義務教育の年限が9年に延長された。
- After the Second World War, labor laws were drafted and the period of compulsory education was extended to nine years under the order from the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers.
- 和歌の世界でも、和銅年間から天平年間にかけて山上憶良、山部赤人、大伴家持、大伴坂上郎女らの歌人があいついであらわれた。
- In the world of Waka, many poets such as YAMANOUE no Okura, YAMABE no Akahito, OTOMO no Yakamochi and OTOMO no Sakanoue no Iratsume appeared one after another from the Wado to Tenpyo era.
- ロサンゼルスで火のついた寿司ブームは、その後日本の経済的進出も相まって、アメリカを中心とする世界各地に急速に広まった。
- Due to synergic effect of subsequent Japanese economic foray, a sushi boom ignited in Los Angeles rapidly spread to various places in the world, mainly in the United States of America.
- また、全長210.5cm重さ23.2kgの世界一大きな大正琴もギネス記録として認定され、2つのギネス記録を持っている。
- The biggest taishogoto in the world, with a total length of 210.5 cm, and weight of 23.2 kg was awarded a Guinness record; eventually, Kinden became a two Guinness records holder..
- アメリカン・コミックス界の巨匠であるスタン・リーが日本の漫画家である武井宏之とタッグを組んだ日米合同プロジェクト作品。
- It is a Japan-US joint project work created by Stan LEE, the grand master of the American comic-book world in collaboration with a Japanese comic writer, Hiroyuki TAKEI.
- 古代の神道いわゆる古神道は、もともとアニミズム・シャーマニズム的要素を持っており、世界宗教以前の民族宗教に分類される。
- The Shinto in ancient times, so-called Ancient Shinto, originally had elements of animism and shamanism, and was categorized into a racial religion before the world religion.
- 日本の歌謡界に大きな影響力のあった歌手の淡谷のり子は演歌嫌いを公言し、「演歌撲滅運動」なるものまで提唱したほどだった。
- Noriko AWAYA, a singer who has made a huge impact on the world of Japanese popular music, professed her dislike of enka music, so much so that she even advocated 'anti-enka campaign.'
- 第二次世界大戦敗戦直後、沢山の流派において継承者が戦死するなどの原因から失伝(伝承が途絶え、失われること)したという。
- It is said that, immediately after the surrender in World War II, several causes such as the deaths in the war of the successors of many schools resulted in their shitsuden (the interruption and loss of the tradition).
- 2004年に「紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道」としてユネスコの世界遺産(文化遺産)として登録されたが、紀伊路は登録されていない。
- In 2004, Kumanokodo Road was registered as a world heritage site (cultural heritage) of UNESCO, as `Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range,' but Kiiji route is not registered.
- 第二次世界大戦が終了した結果、大日本帝国陸軍、大日本帝国海軍が解体され、旧来その対象とされていた軍人が存在しなくなった。
- As a result that the Second World War ended, Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) were demobilized and military men who were originally supposed to carry a sword went out of existence.
- 当日は季節外れの雪で視界は悪く、護衛の供侍たちは雨合羽を羽織り、刀の柄に袋をかけていたので、襲撃側には有利な状況だった。
- It was a day of unseasonable snow and poor visibility, so the samurai attendants were dressed in raincoats and had covers attached to the hilts of their swords, which was advantageous for the attackers.
- 朝鮮人の中には軍人・軍属として第二次世界大戦に参加した者(朝鮮人日本兵含む)や、慰安婦として働いた朝鮮人女性も存在した。
- Among the Koreans, some joined the World War II as military men or army civilian employees (including Korean soldiers of Japan), and some Korean women worked as Ianfu (comfort women).
- 設楽原は原と言っても川に沿って丘陵地が幾つも連なる場所であって、相手陣の深遠まで見渡せるほど視界の良い場所ではなかった。
- Although the 'hara' of Shitaragahara means a plain, Shitaragahara was a hilly place along the river and did not provide a visibility enough to overlook the entire enemy camp.
- しかし、第二次世界大戦でアメリカ合衆国と敵対国になったことにより、日系人コミュニティは強制収容という形で衰退してしまう。
- However, the Japanese-American community broke down in the form of compulsory confinement because Japan became an adversarial country during World War II.
- 両優の没後は、中村雀右衛門 (4代目)、坂田藤十郎 (4代目)とともに歌舞伎界の女形の大御所として多くの舞台に出ている。
- After their deaths he performed in various Kabuki plays together with Jakuemon NANAMURA IV and Tojuro SAKATA IV as a mogul female impersonator.
- 現在では最も一般的なエビの調理方法であり、またエビフライの普及により日本が世界的なエビの輸入国となったことも見逃せない。
- Frying is the most prevailing cooking method of prawns at present, and it should be noted that Japan became the largest importer of prawns in the world due to the spread of the fried prawns.
- 上記のように春の象徴・花の代名詞として和歌によく歌われるほか、俳句の世界でも、古くから春の季語として桜が用いられてきた。
- As mentioned above, it was often written in waka poems as a symbol of spring and pronoun for flower, and also in haiku world it has been used as a season word of spring from long ago.
- 歴史学界では、女性天皇は皇統(皇室の男子血統)の断絶を忌避し、男系での継承を維持したという「女帝中継ぎ論」が通説である。
- Throughout history, there is the generally known theory of 'female Emperor's temporarily succeeding' to avoided the discontinuation of the Imperial lineage (Imperial male line), and to keep the Imperial succession in the male line.
- 日本の境界領域である琉球王国と蝦夷地(和人地である渡島半島を除く北海道、樺太及び千島列島)の支配は大名を通じて行なわれた。
- The Ryukyu Kingdom and the Ezo area (the Hokkaido areas except for the Oshima peninsula occupied by wajin - Japanese: persons whose origin was the main Japanese lands, - Sakhalin and Kurile Islands) were controlled through the Daimyo concerned.
- 第二次世界大戦中日本に亡命していたスバス・チャンドラ・ボースなどのインド独立運動家を指して「インド独立の志士」とも呼んだ。
- Subhas Chandra Bose, a leader in the Indian independence movement who fled to Japan during the World War 2, was also called a ''Shishi' of the Indian independence movement'.
- 鋳銭地は古銭収集界で現存するものを当てはめたものであり、これらの内発掘などで銭籍が確定しているものは長門銭など一部である。
- With respect to places where coins were minted, places known in the world of ancient coin collection were applied, and the place of minting was confirmed through excavation activities only for some coins such as Nagato-sen and so on.
- 憲法学の学説の一つに、憲法の基本原則(国体)を変更する憲法改正は、法的に不可能であるとするものがある(憲法改正有限界説)。
- One theory of studies of the constitution insisted that constitutional amendments which aim to modify the basic principles (national polity) of the constitution was legally impossible (the theory of limitation of constitutional amendment).
- 本書の特性は「わび」を強調して、これを「清浄無垢の仏世界」と規定する仏教(禅宗)中心主義の立場を明確にとっている点である。
- The characteristic of this book is that it emphasizes 'wabi' (an aesthetic ideal that finds surpassing beauty and deep significance in what is humble or commonplace and appears natural or artless), taking the definite stand for Buddhism (Zen sect)-centrism which defines it as 'pure and clean Buddha's world.'
- 襦袢をもし「下着」に分類するならば、見せる着方が正式な着装法とみなされている点で世界の民族の下着の中で例外的な存在である。
- If juban is categorized into 'undershirt,' it is an exceptional example of wearing undershirts in that showing juban is recognized as a formal style.
- 2007年7月には当主野村万作が重要無形文化財個人指定(人間国宝)に認定され、現在狂言界で最も隆盛を極めている一派である。
- In July, 2007, the family head Mansaku NOMURA was designated the holder of Important Intangible Cultural Property (Living National Treasure), making this group the most prosperous in the current world of Kyogen.
- しかし、国司が交代すると認可を取り消される可能性も高く、境界などを巡って他の開発領主などと紛争が起こることもたびたびあった。
- However, it was highly possible that authorization to them were revoked upon the change of kokushi (provincial governors), and also, disputes with other kaihatsu-ryoshu often erupted over such elements as the border.
- 当時、複数の主人に名簿(みょうぶ)を差し出して臣従することも、「兵」の世界だけでなく、貴族社会一般のごく普通のことであった。
- It was a norm to serve under several masters by submitting a register not only in the world of 'tsuwamono' but within the aristocratic society.
- 日本では、関東大都市圏に次ぐ規模を誇っており、三大都市圏あるいは七大都市圏の一つとされる一方、世界6~7位の大都市圏である。
- In Japan, it boasts of a scale second only to the Kanto Metropolitan area, ranked as one of the three major metropolitan areas in the nation and also one of the seven largest, while in the world it is ranked as the 6th to 7th largest urban area.
- この境界が江戸城に現れたのは、元和 (日本)4年(1618年)年、2代将軍・徳川秀忠の時代、「大奥法度」を制定した時である。
- The border was established in Edo-jo castle when the 'O-oku Hatto' (Act governing O-oku) was introduced in 1618 during the second Shogun, Hidetada TOKUGAWA's regime.
- 1940年、政府はこの事業に予算をつけるが、第二次世界大戦のため、あまり大規模な改修は行われなかったらしいという推測もある。
- In 1940, the government approved the budget for the project, however, it is considered that they could not carry out large repairs because it was during World War II.
- 父・五代目歌右衛門は歌舞伎座幹部技芸委員長として当時の劇界を支配する名優であり、御曹司として何不自由ない幼年時代を過ごした。
- His father, Utaemon V was the acting master who dominated the then theater world as the chief of the executive artistry committee of Kabuki-za Theatrical Corporation and spent his childhood in the lap of luxury as a son of a distinguished family.
- 山口県や九州などでは、ふぐ料理のことを濁ることなく「ふく料理」と呼ぶ場合が有る(観光業界関係者など。一般的にはフグと呼ぶ)。
- In Yamaguchi Prefecture and the Kyushu region, fugu dishes are sometimes called 'fuku dishes' changing the sonant 'gu' to 'ku' (this is common in the tourism industry, but generally, it is called fugu.)
- 女流に対して、男流はなんという? との疑問が予想されるが、演奏団体としては、近年世界遺産に登録された「文楽」(通称)がある。
- One could ask how Dan-ryu (gidayu performed by males) is called corresponding to Jo-ryu (gidayu performed by females), and the so-called 'Bunraku' which has recently been registered as a World Heritage will be the answer.
- 日本の集落や家屋にみられる、自然との境界の曖昧さによる畏怖や、里山や鎮守の森のように自然と共にある生活が畏敬や感謝になった。
- As seen in settlements and houses in Japan, fear caused by vague boundaries with nature, and life that coexists with nature, such as outskirts of country and sacred shrine forests, turned into reverence and appreciation.
- 19世紀中ごろまでに、国内の社会矛盾と国外からの圧力(ロシア、イギリス、アメリカ船の接近)により、幕藩体制は限界を迎えていた。
- Due to domestic social contradictions and pressure from the inside and outside of Japan (for example, ships of Russia, of England, and of US came near to Japan), the bakufu-domain system had reached its limit by around the middle of the 19th century.
- 戸籍の族籍記載は1914年(大正3年)に撤廃され、第二次世界大戦後の戸籍法改正で表記しないことに定まったが原本には残っていた。
- The practice of describing one's status in family registers was abolished in 1914, and it was determined not to describe one's status after World War II when the Family Registration Law was amended, but the description of the status remained in original family registers.
- 仏教によれば、人は死ぬと現世の行いにより、天 (仏教)、人間界、阿修羅、畜生、餓鬼、地獄の六道のいずれかを輪廻転生するという。
- According to Buddhism, human beings repeat their lives after death, in Rokudo (six posthumous worlds); heaven (Buddhism), Ningenkai (human world), Ashura, chikusho (Buddhist realm of beasts), or preta, hell.
- そうした中で、百姓らは、水利配分や水路・道路の修築、境界紛争・戦乱や盗賊からの自衛などを契機として地縁的な結合を強めていった。
- Under those circumstances the peasants strengthened their territorial connections through the distribution of water supplies, the construction and repair of channels and roads, and self-defense from border conflicts, wars and robbers.
- 世界各地の農業社会では、その初期の頃から、播種期に種子を貸与し、収穫期に利子を付けて返済させる慣行が生まれたと考えられている。
- In the agrarian society worldwide, it is thought that a system, in which seeds were loaned to peasants in the planting season to make them pay back the loaned seeds and the born interest in the harvesting season, was launched in the early days.
- 「私営田経営者」「私営田領主」という概念は、戦後第一世代の石母田正の『中世的世界の形成』により、学問的に定着された概念である。
- The concept of 'Shieiden Managers' and 'Lord of Shieiden' settled academically from 'The Formation of Medieval Period like World' by the Tadashi ISHIMODA, who was among the first generation born post-World War II.
- 東アジア世界では、仏教の思想の下、いくつかの生類保護政策がとられており、これらの「生類憐みの令」への影響を指摘する学説がある。
- In East Asia, several policies for the protection of living things had been established and there is a discussion which points out their influence on the law prohibiting cruelty to animals.
- 第二次世界大戦後、政教分離によって近代社格制度は廃止されたが、今日でも「旧社格」などの名称で神社の格を表すのに用いられている。
- Although Kindai shakaku seido was abolished after the World War II due to the principle of separation of government and religion, it is still used today under the name of 'Kyu shakaku' (old classification of shrines) to represent the ranking of shrines.
- これは日英同盟の解消や軍縮の要求などにつながり、黄禍論の高まりと共に、後の第二次世界大戦を引き起こす日米対立の第一歩となった。
- This situation led to the termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, demands for arms reduction, along with a rise in anti-immigration sentiments reflected in popular hysteria over the 'Yellow Peril,' which set the stage for a series of confrontations between Japan and the United States that would lead to the Second World War.
- 第二次世界大戦以前の日本には1890年制定の帝室技芸員制度はあったものの、近代的な無形文化財の保護・指定制度は存在しなかった。
- Before World War Ⅱ, although the System of Imperial Arts and Crafts Experts established in 1890 existed, there was no modern system that protected and designated intangible cultural properties.
- この他にも篆書や金文など碑しかなかった時代の書の研究が盛んになったこともあり、完全に清の書道界は碑を学ぶ「碑学」主体となった。
- In addition, due partly to an increase in research on the calligraphy of the period when only seal scripts, bronze inscriptions, and other monuments were available, the calligraphy world of the Qing Dynasty was completely dominated by 'epigraphy.'
- 現在では日本の漫画および日本風の漫画を指す“Manga”や、“Tankōbon”(単行本)といった語は世界各国に広まっている。
- Today, the words such as 'Manga' and 'Tankobon' which refer to Japanese comics and Japanese style comics are widespread all over the world.
- キリスト教の復活祭や、ボロブドゥール遺跡で行われているワイシャックのように、キリスト教・仏教などの世界宗教に基づく祭りもある。
- Like Easter under the Christianity, and Hari Raya Waisak held at the remains of Borobudur, there are festivals based on the world religion such as Christianity, Buddhism and so on.
- ほかに笑わせる方法が思いつかないときの緊急手段として使われることが多いため、お笑いの世界ではクオリティの低いものとされている。
- As this is used in an emergency when comedians cannot think of anything else to provoke laughter, it is considered a low quality punch line among comedians.
- その中でも胴に長い棹を差し込んだ形状をしており、このような楽器は世界各地に見られ、ギターやシタールも同じ仲間と見なされている。
- Among others in the family, shamisen is shaped by inserting the neck into the body; instruments of this kind are seen all over the world, and a guitar and a sitar are deemed to be the same type.
- 第二次世界大戦が終わった1945年以降の女性たちは、空襲がなくなったので、所持していたが着られなかった和服を着るようになった。
- Since the end of World War II in 1945, there were no more air raids and women started to wear Wafuku that they could not wear before.
- 第二次世界大戦後は、日本の歴史の独自性を主張する立場は大きく後退し、歴史に普遍性を見出そうとする社会科学的な立場が主流となった。
- After World War II, the power of insisting on the uniqueness of Japanese history has become weak, and the power of taking the social science-based views of trying to find universality in history has become major.
- この事件は、当時における在庁官人=開発領主の変貌と、国司=目代との対立の激しさ、とくに在地領主層の弱体と限界を如実に示している。
- These affairs provide evidence of changes of zaichokanjin to kaihatsu-ryoshu and fierce conflicts between kokushi and mokudai, especially the local lord class's destabilization and limitations.
- 摂関時代は「ミウチ」の世界であり、それ故に摂関家自体、天皇の「ミウチ」になった者が摂関となるのであり、嫡男などという概念は無い。
- It was the world of 'miuchi' during the period of regents and their families or a person who became the 'miuchi' of the emperor who became a regent and had no notion of a legal son.
- しかし時代が進み第二次世界大戦が終わり日本が高度経済成長を向かえると、上記の養蚕業や藍染めなどの文化はほぼ完全に衰退していった。
- However, as time went by, World War II ended, and Japan entered an age of economic growth, the aforementioned sericulture and other cultures such as indigo dyeing vanished almost completely.
- 元より半神話の世界なので、正確な比定は困難であるが、現在の川上村 (奈良県)、或いは東吉野村などの吉野川沿いの地域が想定される。
- Needless to say, as it is a story of half-mythical world, it is difficult to identify correctly, a region along Yoshino-gawa River such as present Kawakami-mura (Nara Prefecture) or Higashiyoshino-mura is considered.
- この条約が締結される頃の東アジア世界は、近代的国際法を掲げながら、実際には弱肉強食を旨とする西欧列強が浸透してくる時期にあたる。
- When this treaty was concluded, the powerful countries of Western Europe were spreading into East Asia, holding up the modern international law on one hand but practicing the principle of survival of the fittest on the other hand.
- これらを国宝等の指定対象外とするということは文化財保護法に明文規定があるわけではなく、第二次世界大戦以前からの慣例となっている。
- This exclusion from consideration regarding being designated national treasures, etc. is not due to an actual clause in the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, but rather to precedent, which has been in place since before World War II.
- 世界各地の寿司屋には中国人や韓国人など日本人以外の経営・調理によるものが増加し、日本人による寿司店の割合は相対的に減少している。
- Sushi restaurants around the world operated by and serve sushi prepared by non-Japanese people such as Chinese or Korean people have increased, and a percentage of sushi restaurants which are operated by and serve sushi prepared by Japanese people have decreased relatively.
- しかし、特に上方舞の世界や関西の一部の地歌箏曲の世界で使われるこの名称がさすものはそれとは少し異なるジャンルの音楽のようである。
- Kamigata uta has also been used in the world of 'Kamigata mai' (dances born in the pleasure quarters of Kamigata) and in some parts of the world of 'jiuta sokyoku' (songs accompanied with shamisen and koto [the long Japanese zither with 13 strings]), but this Kamigata uta seems to be a little different from the above-mentioned 'Kamigata uta.'
- 2002年4月25日放送『めざましテレビ』内「めざまし調査隊」コーナーでは、関東風・関西風つゆの境界線は関ヶ原近傍となっていた。
- According to an hour 'Mezamashi chosatai' in a TV program 'Mezamashi terebi' broadcast April 25, 2002, the boundary between the Kanto type soup broth and the Kansai type soup broth was reportedly in the vicinity of Sekigahara.
- 以上の記号は、地上実況気象通報式などの形式に変換され、国際的に気象情報を交換する気象通報式として各観測地点から世界中に送信される。
- The above symbols are converted to a format, such as surface synoptic observations, and are transmitted globally from observation points in the meteorological data format for exchanging such data internationally.
- 国際連盟を脱退し、日本はドイツ、イタリアのファシスト政権と日独伊三国同盟結び、第二次世界大戦(太平洋戦争・大東亜戦争)に突入した。
- Withdrawing from the League of Nations, Japan allied itself with the fascist government of Germany and that of Italy (the alliance of Japan, Germany, and Italy) and entered World War II (the Pacific War/the Greater East Asian War).
- 戦後の中世研究史を振り返ると、石母田正の『中世的世界の形成』に始まる第一世代での武士・武士団論は在地領主に主眼を置いたものだった。
- Looking back at the medieval history studies conducted after World War II, we can see that the theories of bushi and bushidan shared by the first post-war generation, which started off with 'Chuseiteki Sekai no Keise' (The Formation of the Medieval World) by Tadashi (also pronounced Sho) ISHIMODA, focused greatly on the lord of the manor.
- 第二次世界大戦が始まると白川沿いの北側は建物疎開で破壊された(その中に磯田多佳が経営していた『大友』(だいとも)が含まれていた)。
- When World War II started, the riverside to the north of the Shira-kawa River was destroyed during building evacuation; among the destroyed buildings was the teahouse called 'Daitomo,' run by Taka ISODA.
- 中でも日清戦争、日露戦争の勝利により世界的に影響力を強めつつあった大日本帝国に注目・接近し、日本政府・日本軍の特別の庇護を受けた。
- They especially paid attention to and approached to Empire of Japan which was increasing the influencial power in the world after the victory of Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, and they came under the patronage of Japanese Government and Japanese Army.
- フランス租界の公園(現黄浦江沿いにある公園)に「犬と中国人入るべからず」という札が掲げられたのは、世界史における有名な逸話である。
- A famous anecdote of world history tells of a sign posted in a park in the French Concession (along the present Huangpu River) which read 'Dogs and Chinese cannot enter.'
- このことが汎ゲルマン主義を唱えるドイツや、同じくバルカンへの侵略を企むオーストリアとの対立を招き、第一次世界大戦の引き金となった。
- This led Russia into a direct confrontation with Germany, which advocated Pan-Germanism and Austria which planned to invade the Balkans the conditions that would set off the First World War was set.
- 前段の「智識を世界に求め」については、前述の横井小楠「国是三論」に「智識を世界万国に取て」とあり、ここから採られたものとみられる。
- Regarding 'knowledge shall be sought throughout the world' in the first part, it seemed to have been adopted from 'knowledge shall be taken from the world' from above mentioned Kokuze Sanron by Shonan YOKOI
- この地域は、1995年にフィリピン・コルディリェーラの棚田群として国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界遺産(文化遺産)に登録されている。
- This region was designated a World Heritage Site (cultural heritage) by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in 1995, as a group of rice terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras.
- しかし総じて明初期の思想界は朱子学的側面が強く、呉与弼や陳献章にせよ、本人としては朱子学の実践を行っているつもりであったのである。
- But in general, ideological circles in the Ming period were largely under the influence of Shushigaku, and even Wu Yubi (Kangzhai) and Chen Xianzhang must have thought they were practicing Shushigaku.
- 世界各地に棒状の武器を使用する戦闘技法が過去に存在または伝来しており、それを日本では日本武術の棒術と類似するため棒術の語をあてる。
- Martial techniques using a stick-shaped weapon existed or were introduced in various places across the world, which are called Bojutsu in Japanese because of the similarity to Bojutsu in Japanese martial arts.
- しかしながら、昭和29年(1954年)の毎日書道展で、「墨象芸術」の名が与えられ、美術評論界などでは「抽象書道」などとも呼ばれた。
- However, in the Mainichi shodo-ten (a calligraphic exhibition named Mainichi (literally, everyday), the name of 'bokusho-geijutsu' (literally, ink-based art) held in 1954 was given to such calligraphy, and in the art-reviewing society, it is also called 'chusho-shodo' (abstract calligraphy).
- ちなみに「かんかんのう」は江戸から明治にかけて流行した曲で、「法界節」は明治の自由民権の壮士たちが月琴を弾きながら唱った曲である。
- Incidentally, 'Kankan no' was a popular tune from the Edo period to the Meiji period, and 'Hokaibushi' was the tune that Freedom and People's Rights Movement's desperadoes and others in the Meiji period sang to accompany their gekkin.
- 実は大寺院という存在が、歴史のある時期、特に平安時代・中世などに、酒造りの中心となることは世界史的に見てもめずらしいことではない。
- In fact, from the perspective of world history, Japan is not unique in that major temples play a primary role in the brewing industry during a certain historical period, especially in the Heian period or medieval times.
- ただし、近年では一般社会と多少の意識がずれた、若しくは或る種の名門的な存在の特別な社会としてあえて歌舞伎界を梨園と呼ぶことがある。
- However in the recent years, rien is sometimes employed to mean the world of Kabuki as something which does not quite reflect the public at large, or a kind of an exclusive society that serves only elites.
- もともとは、「道に迷わないよう」にと作られた道標(みちしるべ)でもあるが、「集落に禍が及ばないよう」にとの思いからの結界でもある。
- Michishirube (signposts) were originally erected to help travelers stay oriented but were also the boundaries to keep evils out of the village.
- 第二次世界大戦後は連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により、封建制度の擁護や復讐の賛美などの要素があるとして一部の演目が上演を禁止された。
- After World War II, several acts of kodan were forbidden by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) for entailing elements of protection of feudalism and the celebration of vengeance.
- 他にも世界中の煉瓦を集めた赤れんが博物館や、舞鶴市の歴史や風俗を展示した舞鶴市政記念館なども整備されており、観光名所ともなっている。
- Other sightseeing spots include the Aka Renga Museum having a collection of bricks from all over the world and the Maizuru Municipal Administrative Museum exhibiting the history and customs of Maizuru City.
- 日本軍が白兵戦を重視し始めたのは、第一次世界大戦の研究を通じて採用された浸透戦術によって、白兵戦闘が多発すると予見されてからである。
- The Japanese Army started placing importance on hand-to-hand fights when it was predicted that hand-to-hand fights would occur frequently when the infiltration strategy, employed through a study on the First World War, was to be used.
- そばの香りや喉越しを楽しむために食べるときに音を立てることが許され、その点ではうどんや中華麺などと並んで世界的にも稀有な食品である。
- To enjoy its scent and smooth sensation when swallowing, it is acceptable to make noise while eating soba and, in terms of that eating manner, it is an extremely unusual food along with the likes of udon and Chinese noodles in the world.
- 彼らは隷書の走り書きにすぎなかった行書と、それを整えただけの楷書を芸術的に完成させ、中国書道界に衝撃と一大変革をもたらしたのである。
- They perfected the artistic aspects of gyosho (cursive style of writing Chinese characters) which had been nothing but scrawled clerical script and kaisho, or just a neat version of gyosho, which brought about the impact and revolution in the world of Chinese calligraphy.
- やがて壽海も自らの舞台の確保に苦しむことになり、これが養子に迎えた市川雷蔵 (8代目)が梨園と決別して映画界入りする一因ともなった。
- Eventually, Jukai himself had difficulty in securing opportunities to perform, which was one of the reasons his adopted son, Raizo ICHIKAWA (VIII) left the kabuki world to enter the world of cinema.
- 明治維新後奈良に移住していた虎年が明治14年(1881年)に41歳で死去すると、跡を継いだ23世・虎一はわずか2年で能楽界を去った。
- After the 1881 death of Toratoshi at the age of 41, who had moved to Nara after the Meiji Restoration, Toraichi, the 23rd inherited the family, but he left the Nohgaku circles after only two years.
- また、世間とは公(上位)と私(下位)が交錯する世界であり、そこに対しても(上位権力をも対象に含むことから)公儀と呼称する場合もあった。
- Seken (the world) was a place where Oyake (higher rank) and Watakushi (lower rank) mixed and in some cases it was also called Kogi (because it included the upper authorities).
- 彼らは明徳の乱や応仁の乱など市街地が舞台となった合戦で活躍し、応仁の乱では細川勝元の指示で大内政弘を攻撃するなど、室町政界に参与した。
- They excelled in the urban battles in the Meitoku no Ran (Meitoku Rebellion) and the Onin no Ran (Onin War): during the Onin no Ran, they attacked Masahiro OUCHI under the order of Katsumoto HOSOKAWA, playing a part in the Muromachi political arena.
- 井上の鉄道国有論に対抗して鉄道民営論を唱えたのは、渋沢栄一や田口卯吉、中上川彦次郎、三井財閥や三菱財閥などの財界の有力者たちであった。
- Against Inoue's theory of nationalization of railway, the powerful businessmen in Mitsui and Mitsubishi-zaibatsu (company syndicate) including Eichi SHIBUSAWA, Ukichi TAGUCHI, and Hikojiro NAKAMIGAWA advocated the theory of railway management by private sectors.
- 市場の貨幣流通量を減らすべくその方法として貨幣純度を元に戻す必要は感じていたが、これを一気に行えば経済界に与える悪影響は計り知れない。
- He understood the need to return the purity of currency in order to reduce currency circulation in the market, but he was also concerned about the immeasurable impact on business activities if the government carried out this at once.
- 例外は正倉院の建物で、「古都奈良の文化財」の世界遺産登録を期に1997年(平成9年)に「正倉院正倉 1棟」として国宝に指定されている。
- There are however exceptions to this general rule, as for example the 'one-roof warehouse of the Shosoin,' one of the buildings in the Shosoin, was designated a national treasure in 1997, at the same time that World Heritage registration was underway for the 'cultural assets of Nara, Japan's ancient capital.'
- 第二次世界大戦直後、厳しい食料統制のさなか、昭和22年(1947年)飲食営業緊急措置令が施行され、寿司店は表立って営業できなくなった。
- Soon after the World War II, under circumstances where food control was strict, the Emergency Restaurant Business Measures Ordinance was enacted in 1947, and it became impossible to openly operate sushi restaurants.
- この出来事は、それまで貧弱な版本を頼りに研究するより他に方法のなかった日本の書道界に大きな影響を与え、特に漢碑や北碑に注目が集まった。
- This event greatly affected the Japanese calligraphic world that had been forced to study based only on poorly printed books, and in particular, attention was focused on inscriptions on monuments during the Han period and those from the Northern Wei period.
- 世界の中で、自国の民族服の着用の仕方を教えるための学校が全国に多数存在し、かつ着付けを教える人に資格を与えるという国は日本だけである。
- Japan is the only country that has a large number of schools to teach people to dress themselves in its own national costume across the country and qualifies dressing instructors.
- 10世紀中葉から後期にかけて、ある官職に伴う権限義務を特定の家系へ請け負わせる官司請負制が中央政界でも地方政治でも著しく進展していった。
- From the middle to the end of the 10th century, the government official contract system developed in the national political arena as well as in regional politics: specific family lines were given contracts to have authority and duties associated with certain government posts.
- こうした背景を受けて以前の学界では、平氏政権が貴族社会の中で形成されたことに着目して、武家政権というよりも貴族政権として認識されていた。
- In the past, the academic field focused on the fact that the Taira clan administration was developed under the aristocracy and it was recognized as an aristocratic government rather than a bushi one.
- 当時日本の近代化のほとんどは当時世界一の大帝国だったイギリスを模範に行っていたため、歌詞もイギリスの国歌を手本に選んだとも言われている。
- It is also said that the words were selected using the British National Anthem as a model because almost all modernization of Japan at that time was carried out after the model of Great Britain, which was the biggest imperial monarchy in the world at that time.
- 一般的に日本で神祇信仰と仏教との間に起こった現象を指すが、広義では、世界各地に仏教が広まった際、土着の信仰との間に起こった現象をも指す。
- Although it generally refers to the syncretism of Japanese faith in Jingi (gods of heaven and earth) and Buddhism, in a broad sense, it may refer to a syncretism of an indigenous belief and Buddhistic that had happened in various parts of the world as Buddhism was spread.
- 上七軒は戦前まではお茶屋50軒、芸妓、舞妓あわせて60名で娼妓も3名いたが第二次世界大戦でお茶屋の大半が転廃業し、1945年ごろに再開。
- There were fifty teahouses, sixty geisha and apprentice geisha, and three shogi (prostitutes) in Kamishichiken before World War II, but the war forced most of the teahouses to close down or change their business; however, some of them reopened their teahouses around 1945.
- 同年7月には内閣転覆を狙った北一輝により取調中に朴の膝に金子が座り抱擁している写真が政界にばらまかれ獄内での待遇が数ヶ月政治問題化した。
- In July, the same year, Ikki KITA who was plotting to overturn the Cabinet distributed among political figures a photo of Bokuretsu holding Kaneko on his knees in the interrogation, and the treatment of the two in the prison became a political issue for several months.
- 工事は第1次世界大戦後の恐慌の影響を受けるなどあったが、1934年に日月潭第一発電所が完成、台湾の工業化の基礎となる電力供給が実現した。
- Though the construction was influenced by the economic depression after World War Ⅰ, the First Power Station in Sun Moon Lake was completed in 1934, enabling the power supply to support the foundation for industrialization in Taiwan.
- 日本の古神道においては、古来より森羅万象に八百万(やおよろず)の神が宿るとするアニミズム的な世界観(八百万の神・汎神論)が定着していた。
- A world view that yaoyorozu no kami (eight million deities) reside in shinrabansho (all things in nature, the whole of creation), a kind of animism, took root in Japan's ancient Shinto.
- 千秋楽(せんしゅうらく)は「千穐楽」、「千龝楽」などとも表記され、複数日にわたって同じ演目を行う興行において、「最終日」を指す業界用語。
- 千秋楽 (senshuraku) is also written as 千穐楽 or 千龝楽, and, being an industrial term, indicates the last day, when plays on the same program are performed repeatedly every day for two or more days.
- 手がけた酒の評判が高まれば、どんどん恵まれた環境への引き抜きがあるが、失敗すれば翌年の契約はされないという厳しい実力主義の世界であった。
- The world of toji was a meritocratic society in which a toji could have many offers of other job opportunities with better environment if his sake gained a good reputation, but his contract for the following year would be canceled if he failed in making good sake.
- しかし、その後も和服ではなく洋服を着る人の割合が増え、呉服業界(呉服業界とは、和服・反物の生産・販売の産業のこと)は不振に追い込まれた。
- Yet, the segment of the population who wore Western clothing instead of Wafuku, increased, and the Gofuku industry that engaged in production and sales of Wafuku and textiles for Wafuku became depressed.
- 平家一門の平資盛が、壇ノ浦の戦いから落ち延びて約3年間喜界島に潜伏し、弟の平有盛、いとこの平行盛と合流し、ともに奄美大島に来訪したという。
- It is said that after being defeated in the Battle of Dan no ura, Taira no Sukemori, a member of the Taira family, concealed himself on Kikai-jima Island for three years and thereafter came to Amami-Oshima Island along with his younger brother Taira no Arimori and his cousin Taira no Yukimori.
- 平安時代も末期とならない限り武士の世界において領地を与える(新恩給与)、あるいは領地の所有権を保証(本領安堵)するなどはありうべくもない。
- There was no donation of estates (shinon-kyuyo - granting of new domains) or a guaranteed ownership of the estate (honryo-ando - acknowledgment for an inherited estate) in the world of bushi until at the end of Heian period.
- そして第二次世界大戦時の日系人の強制収容という悲劇を乗り越え、1960年代以降のアメリカ社会における地位向上の時代を経て現代に至っている。
- And after surviving the tragedy of Japanese American Internment during the World War II, they have seen the improvement of their position in American society since the 1960s.
- 和魂洋才(わこんようさい)とは、日本古来の精神世界を大切にしつつ西洋の技術を受け入れ、両者を調和させ発展させていくという意味の言葉である。
- Wakon yosai (Japanese spirit with Western learning) means adopting Western arts while valuing Japanese traditional spirituality, and harmonizing as well as developing them.
- 北部九州でも玄界灘沿岸の地域では、須玖・岡本遺跡や三雲遺跡などで20枚とか30枚もの大量の鏡を副葬した甕棺があり、王の墓の豪華さが分かる。
- In the coastal area of Genkai-nada Sea among other part of northern part of Kyushu, earthenware jar-coffins which were buried together with as many as twenty to thirty mirrors can be found in remains such as Sugu-Okamoto and Mikumo remains, which tells us how luxurious kings' graves were.
- 秦によって、周の支配していた地域が政治的に一元化されて統合されると、現実の政治世界に対応する明確な地理概念として「天下」概念は顕在化した。
- When the regions which had been ruled by Zhou were politically unified by the Qin dynasty, the notion of 'Tenka' became a clear geographical notion which corresponded to the reality in politics.
- すなわち一般に「世界」は「世界観」がなくても客観的に存在しているものと認識されるが、「天下」は一定の秩序原理によって観念的に成立している。
- In other words, while the existence of 'sekai' (the world) is recognized objectively even without 'a view of the world,' 'Tenka' exists ideologically based on the fixed principle of order.
- 今のところ、弥生時代でもっとも古い環濠集落は、北部九州の玄界灘沿岸部に位置する福岡県粕屋町の江辻遺跡で弥生時代早期のものが見つかっている。
- The oldest moat settlement from the Yayoi period known until now is the one from Initial Yayoi period discovered at Etsuji site of Kasuya-machi, Fukuoka Prefecture, located nearby the coast of Genkainada in northern Kyushu.
- 複数の国が存在していて、それらの国が金本位制を採用している場合、流通している通貨が異なっても事実上「金」が世界共通の通貨であることになる。
- When there are several countries, which implement gold standard system, 'gold' is practically the universal currency even though their currencies in circulation are different.
- 昨今では、世界的な日本食ブームのおかげもあり、日本人以外のいわゆる「通」を自称する人々の間でも、「素手で握る寿司が一番」という風潮がある。
- Nowadays, thanks to worldwide popularity of Japanese food, there is also a tendency to consider that 'sushi made by hand is the best' among non-Japanese people calling themselves so-called 'connoisseurs.'
- この流行により、掛軸は「掛けて拝する」仏教仏画の世界から、花鳥風月の水墨画など独立した芸術品をさらによく見せる補完品として発達していった。
- This trend developed kakejiku from the field of Buddhist portraitures that 'hung and worshiped,' to a complementary product of the independent work of art, such as suibokuga (ink-painting) of kacho-fugetsu (beauties of nature, the traditional themes of natural beauty in Japanese aesthetics); these works of art can be seen even better by being mounted in kakejiku.
- その他に世界各国で、「穀物の粉」を水を加えて練って蒸しあげたものも、餅といい、日本では練り餅ともいうが、餅といえば搗き餅をさす場合が多い。
- In addition, a kind of food which is produced by adding water to 'grain powder,, kneading, and steaming the kneaded mixture, is also called mochi in various countries in the world and, in Japan, is also called neri-mochi (kneaded mochi), however, mochi often refers to tsuki-mochi in Japan.
- 上記のような時代区分論は、発展段階史観の影響を少なからず受けており、歴史の重層性・連続性にあまり目を向けていないという限界が指摘されている。
- The theories concerning the classification of historical periods, described above, are significantly affected by the evolution phase concept of history, and it is pointed out that they have a limitation in not taking into account that history is layered and is continuous.
- 戦時には基本的に個々の兵士が兵糧を携帯するのが慣わしであったが、実際には大量の兵糧携帯が行軍の邪魔になることから数日分の持参が限界であった。
- Although it was a standard custom for each soldier to carry their own provisions, they were limited to carrying enough for only a few days since it was not practical to hinder the march by having them carry large loads.
- 同時期に中国各地の開港場に設置された租界と基本的には同じであり、日本では1920年代頃まで中国における租界も一般的に「居留地」と呼んでいた。
- The foreign settlements in Japan were basically identical to the concessions ('sokai' in Japanese) founded in the treaty ports of China around the same period; as a result, the concessions in China were also generally referred to in Japan as 'foreign settlements' until the 1920s.
- このため天智天皇は国防施設を玄界灘や瀬戸内海の沿岸に築くとともに百済難民を東国へ移住させ、都を奈良盆地の飛鳥から琵琶湖南端の近江宮へ移した。
- Because of this, Emperor Tenchi made them build national defenses along the coast of the sea of Genkai, Seto Inland Sea and let refugees of Baekje immigrate to Togoku and moved the palace from Asuka in the Nara Basin to Omi no miya which is located on the southern edge of Lake Biwa.
- 漢代になると、この「中国=天下」概念が現実の冊封関係に影響されて変容し、周辺諸民族をも含めた現代的意味での世界として「天下」概念が成立した。
- During the Han dynasty era, this notion of 'China = Tenka' changed under the influence of actual sakuho relations, and the contemporary notion of 'Tenka,' which means the world including other surrounding ethnic groups, was established.
- 文化・民族・国の根拠を神に依ろうとする発想は世界共通のもので、王の権威は神から授かったのだという考えに依拠する王権神授説などその流れは多様。
- The idea that the cultures, ethnic groups and nations originate in God is universal and developed differently, such as a theory of the divine right of kings in which the authority of kings is thought to be granted by God.
- この8人が中心となって昭和3年(1928年)7月に結成したのが「戊辰書道会」であり、日本書道作振会からの分離独立によって書道界は二分された。
- Centered on these eight persons, the Boshin Shodo-Kai association was established in July of 1928, separated from the Nihon Shodo Sakushin-Kai association, dividing the calligraphic world in two.
- ただし、旧宗主国の英国人がそう呼んで世界に伝わったことから、インドの観光客向けのレストランではメニューに「カレー」を使用していることが多い。
- As British people whose country was India's former colonial power called those dishes 'curry,' however, many tourist restaurants in India call them curry on their menu.
- これは、文化人類学におけるアニミズム論でもいわれるように、世界中の初期文明において、押並べて自然発生的に生まれた信仰と同じくするものである。
- This philosophy, as discussed in the field of animism in cultural anthropology, is similar to religions that spontaneously emerged during the times of the primary civilization around the world.
- 封建社会を経て近代化してもなお、このような原始宗教ともいわれる世界観を持ち合わせる国は少なく、日本独特に育まれてきた観念からの祭礼でもある。
- Among modernized countries having undergone feudal perods, only a few countries retain such an interpretation of the world which can be called a primitive faith; it is also a festival originated from the concept that has specifically been nurtured in Japan.
- 古神道の世界観では、現実世界としての現世(うつしよ)と神域や神の国や死後の世界としての常世(とこよ)・(幽世「かくりよ」とも)に別れている。
- According to the world view of the Ancient Shinto, the world is divided into two parts; one is Utsushiyo (the actural world), the other is Tokoyo or Kakuryo (the sacred area, the country of gods, and the afterworld).
- 第二次世界大戦後の連合国軍最高司令官総司令部による武道禁止後に復活した現代武道との区別のために、明治以前に成立した諸流派は古武道とよばれる。
- After the lifting of the Budo Ban imposed by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers after World War II gendai budo was revived, and then the schools which were established before the Meiji period came to be called kobudo to distinguish them from gendai budo.
- 北区と右京区の境界を成す衣笠山 (京都府)は、宇多天皇が夏のさなかに雪が見たいと所望して白絹をかけたという故事から「きぬかけ山」とも呼ばれた。
- Mt. Kinugasa (Kyoto Prefecture), which constitutes the border between Kita Ward and Ukyo Ward, was named Kinukake-yama (literally, a mountain covered with a white silk cloth) because, according to a traditional folklore, Emperor Uda wished to see snow even in summer and had the mountain covered with a white silk cloth.
- このように、農業界からの人材流出と米の消費量の増加が続いた事に加え、大戦の影響によって米の輸入量が減少した事も重なり、米価暴騰の原因となった。
- Thus, the sharp rise in rice prices was caused by decreased amount of imported rice due to the influence of the War in addition to the loss of personnel from the farming industry and the increase in consumption of rice.
- 日本の政財界の中にも、朝鮮の近代化は隣国として利益となる面も大きいと考え、積極的な支援を惜しまない人々が現れ、改革の土台が出来上がっていった。
- Some people in the Japanese political and financial worlds found the modernization of Korea more valuable as a neighbor and came to provide positive support, and this formed the foundation of reform.
- しかし、世界恐慌による金融市場の混乱による銀錠の流出を受けて1935年に銀本位制を放棄(銀元廃両改元)(管理通貨制度に基づく法幣導入)をした。
- However, confusion of financial market because of the Great Depression led outflow of silver coins, so the silver standard was abandoned (the abandonment of the old 'tael' and its replacement with the 'yuan'; adoption of legal currency based on controlled currency system) in 1935.
- 以下の説明は、『新版韓国の歴史 - 国定韓国高等学校歴史教科書』(世界の教科書シリーズ 1)明石書店2000年による説明と合致したものである。
- The following explanation matches the one given in 'History of Korea (new edition): Government-designated textbook for Korean high schools' (Textbooks of the World, first series), published by Akashi Shoten in 2000.
- その人口は絶えず拡大を続け、18世紀初頭には人口が百万人を超え、八百八町といわれる世界有数(一説によると当時世界一)の大都市へと発展を遂げた。
- The population continued to increase, and exceeded one million at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and became known as a city of a 'eight-hundred-and-eight-towns' (metaphor for an infinite towns)- one of the world's great metropolises (By some estimates, it was the most populous metropolis in the world.).
- 明治初年の衰微期を経て、1876年の岩倉具視邸天覧能以後、徐々に人気を回復しはじめた能楽界にあって梅若実は紅雪とともに観世流の普及につとめた。
- Passing through the declining period of 1868, after the Noh play (performed) with the Emperor in attendance at the residence of Tomomi IWAKURA in 1876, Minoru UMEWAKA and Kosetsu put efforts to develop the Kanze-ryu while the field of Noh was gradually restoring its popularity.
- 当初は孤立し、生活のために市役所の戸籍係などを務めていたこともあったが、後に努力の甲斐あって東京の狂言界に大きな影響力を発揮するようになった。
- At first, he was isolated and worked as a clerk in the family registration section in a city hall for a living, but later wielded a big influence on the Kyogen world in Tokyo after his hard work.
- AIRは当時のアニメ界としては、他を圧倒するほどの作り込みと巧みな演出が話題を呼び、京都アニメーションの名はアニメファンの間でブランド化した。
- 'Air' was much talked about within the animation industry at the time because of its unsurpassed level of elaboration and sophisticated staging, and the name Kyoto Animation became a brand among animation.
- 書道思想の普及、宣伝の新たな方策として、明治時代末期から大正時代にかけて書道の刊行物が発行され、今日の書道界におけるPR運動の先駆けとなった。
- From the end of the Meiji period to the Taisho period, publications on calligraphy were available as a new promotion tool to make calligraphic philosophy more popular, constituting an early form of the PR movement in the today's calligraphic world
- なお、立命館大学では元任天堂の上村雅之氏や、ゲームニクス理論のサイトウアキヒロ氏を教授に迎えるなど、非常にゲーム業界とは関わり深い大学である。
- In addition, Ritsumeikan University is closely related to game industry since they have welcomed Masayuki UEMURA, former Nintendo engineer, and Akihiro SAITO, known for his GAME-NICS theory, as professors.
- 1979年・1986年・1993年の第5回先進国首脳会議で他の有名料亭をさしおいて日本料理担当に選ばれたことで、世界的に知られる存在となった。
- In the 5th summit in 1979, and other summit conferences held in Japan in 1986 and 1993, Kitcho was assigned to preside over other Japanese cuisine fixed at famous Japanese-style restaurants, and came to be known internationally.
- 7代蓮舟宗順は東京大学法科大学を卒業後しばらく実業界にあったが、戦後になって高円寺で家元を再興し、このときから表千家不白流と称するようになる。
- The seventh master, Renshu Sojun (蓮舟宗順), was engaged in business for a while after graduating from the Tokyo University School of Law; however, after the war he restored the lineage in Koenji and it henceforth became known as the Omotesenke Fuhaku school.
- 出版業界における一般的な通念によれば、帯の体裁や、そこに記載する文章等は、その本の著者・編者ではなく、本を刊行する出版者出版社に決定権がある。
- It is commonly accepted in the publishing industry that the forms of obi and phrases printed on the obi are decided by the publishers, not by the author nor the editor of the book.
- また死者に死に装束を着せる場合通常と反対に左前に着せるが、これは「死後の世界はこの世とは反対になる」という思想があるためであると言われている。
- It is also said that a dead person is dressed Hidarimae, in contrast to the way before death, from an idea of having them understood that 'in the world after death, everything is opposite to this world.'
- 上方講談は「軍談」と「神道講釈」の二つの流れが融合したもので、大正時代に立川文庫の生みの親である玉田玉秀斎などの玉田派が上方講談界を席巻した。
- Kamigata kodan is a mixture of two different styles, 'gundan' (kodan on military epic) and 'Shinto koshaku' (koshaku associated with Shinto), and its industry during the Taisho period was dominated by the TAMADA school such as Gyokushusai TAMADA, the father of Tachikawa or Tatsukawa Bunko series.
- 朝鮮半島は長く中国歴代王朝の属国として存在しており、朝鮮半島が属していた中原王朝では「天子」・「皇帝」とは世界を治める唯一の者の称号であった。
- The Korean Peninsula existed dependent upon successive Chinese Dynasties for a long time, and 'Tenshi' and 'Kotei' was a title for only one person that ruled the world in the Zhongyuan Dynasty, to which Korean Peninsula had belonged.
- 個別人身支配の基礎となっていたのは戸籍・計帳であったが、上記の状況は、もはや戸籍・計帳による人民支配租税収取が限界を迎えていたことを示している。
- Although family registration and keicho were the foundation of people-based governance, the above situation clearly demonstrated the limitation of people-based governance/tax collection that relied on family registration and keicho.
- 彼は提案の理由を、「ローマクラブの研究報告『成長の限界―ローマ・クラブ人類の危機レポート』を読み、その内容に深い衝撃を受けたためだ。」と語った。
- He stated that the reason for his proposal lay in the fact that 'I was deeply impressed by 'The Limits to Growth; A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind', a research report by Club of Rome.'
- 世界遺産への推薦・登録に際して設けられた緩衝地帯は文化財保護法の対象ではないが、その他の法令や県および市町村の条例による保護の下に置かれている。
- The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties is not applied to the buffer zone which was specified before the recommendation and the registration as a World Heritage site, however, the zone is protected by other laws and ordinances of the local authority.
- 昭和10年代、日中戦争から第二次世界大戦へ突入していく中で近衛文麿政権により戦時体制が作られ、様々な業種が国家の統制管理に置かれる状況となった。
- During the second half of the 1930s and the first half of the 1940s, as the Sino-Japanese war was developing into World War II, the wartime regime was established by Fumimaro KONOE's government, and various industrial sectors were put under the control of the government.
- 列国も清朝や中華民国が賠償によって苦しむ姿を見て、国際社会の批判や自国の中国権益減少を恐れ、第一次世界大戦前後から賠償金の緩和をたびたび行った。
- The Powers, seeing the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China suffering from reparations and fearing criticisms from the international community and the reduction of their interests in China, often eased the reparations before and after World War I.
- その後明王朝は秦漢帝国の理念に近い形で「中国」を統合するが、その天下はほぼ明王朝の支配領域と同義であり、世界大の広がりを持ったものではなかった。
- Thereafter, the Ming dynasty unified 'China' in the form akin to the idea of the Qin-Han empire, but its Tenka was the synonym of the territory of the Ming dynasty and did not have the world-wide extent.
- 慶長から寛永期頃までは各地の金鉱山および銀山の産出が世界有数を誇る規模であり、五代将軍徳川綱吉の頃までは江戸城御金蔵の金銀の蓄えも潤沢であった。
- From the Keicho to the Kanei era, the gold and silver mines in Japan boasts the highest outputs in the world, and until the era of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the 5th shogun, ample fund of gold and silver were stored in the gold storehouse in Edo-jo Castle.
- また世界最大の為替決済市場であったロンドン(シティ)が戦局の進展により活動を停止したこと、各国間での為替手形の輸送が途絶したことなども影響した。
- The shift was also affected by London (the City), the world largest exchange settlement market, being forced to suspend its market transactions due to the development of the state of the war and disruption of the transportation of exchange bills between countries.
- 近世以降に派生した宗教の教典(モルモン書、世界基督教統一神霊協会)などを除けば、来歴に虚偽を含んでいようと、殊更に偽書呼ばわりされることはない。
- Except for sacred books for religions born after recent times (the Book of Mormon, the Book of the Unification Church), there is no reason for them to be categorized as gisho regardless of whether or not they included falsehoods.
- 特に東京吉兆の「銀座店」や「ホテル西洋銀座店」、大阪の本吉兆高麗橋店、京都吉兆嵐山店などは、政財界有力者や外国要人の接待で利用されることが多い。
- In particular, the 'Ginza shop' and 'Hotel Seiyo Ginza shop' operated by Tokyo Kitcho, Koraibashi shop operated by Honkitcho in Osaka, and Arashiyama shop operated by Kyoto Kitcho are often used to entertain influential people in politics and business, as well as foreign VIPs.
- 新漫画派集団は楽天や一平、その弟子達を凌駕する人気を獲得し、新漫画派集団の作家達は、後に第二次世界大戦後の漫画界の中核を成す存在となっていった。
- Shin Manga ha Shudan achieved so much popularity as to surpass Rakuten, Ippei and their disciples and the members of Shin Manga ha Shudan became core cartoonists in the comic world post World War II.
- キリスト教・仏教などの世界宗教にも祭礼がみられるが、教義より儀式・慣習によるところが大きい点で祭の要素は本質的に民族宗教に顕著であるともいえる。
- Rites and festivals are also seen in the world religion such as Christianity, Buddhism and so on, but, from the viewpoint of greatly depending on ceremonies and conventions rather than creeds, it is possible to say that the element of matsuri was especially pronounced in the racial religion.
- ギリシア料理やカフカースの料理など、アジアとヨーロッパの境界に位置する国の料理は、隣接する地域の東洋料理(トルコ料理など)との区別が困難である。
- Dishes of those countries located on the borders of Asia and Europe such as Greek dishes and Caucasian dishes are hard to distinguish from Oriental dishes of the neighboring areas - Turkish dishes, for example.
- その後、道隆の後を継いだ弟の藤原道兼も他界して、もう一人の弟・藤原道長と伊周が後継関白を争ったが、一条天皇は道長を内覧として決定を先送りとした。
- After that Michitaka's successor, his younger brother FUJIWARA no Michikane, also died, and there was a struggle between another younger brother, FUJIWARA no Michinaga, and Korechika to become successor for the position of Chancellor, but Emperor Ichijo appointed Michinaga as Nairan and did not make any further official decisions.
- 廃仏毀釈運動は明治以降、第二次世界大戦の敗戦まで一部の過激な神道家とこれに追随した一部民衆が行ったものの、一部地域を除き、民衆には普及しなかった。
- Since the Meiji period, the anti-Buddhism campaign had been promoted by some radical Shintoists and some people who followed such ideology until the end of World War II, but it eventually failed to prevail among ordinary people except for some areas.
- 正月6日上皇が八条堀河の藤原顕長邸に御幸して桟敷で八条大路を見物していたところ、堀河にあった材木を外から打ちつけ視界を遮るという嫌がらせを行った。
- On February 21, Goshirakawa went on an imperial visit to FUJIWARA no Akinaga's residence in the Horikawa area of Hachijo (Eighth Avenue), but as he was sightseeing from a box set up alongside the Hachijo thoroughfare, he suffered harassment in the form of some trees that were sent crashing down from outside the box to obstruct his view.
- 小辺路を含む熊野参詣道はそれまで文化財保護法による指定を受けておらず、世界遺産への推薦に先行して保存管理の計画を示す必要から登録されたものである。
- Until then the pilgrimage route to Kumano including Kohechi had not been registered by the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, and the registration was planned for reporting the plan of the preservation and management of the site to obtain the recommendation as a World Heritage site.
- 脱亜入欧(だつあにゅうおう)とは、「第三世界であるアジアを脱し、ヨーロッパ列強の一員となる」ことを目的とした、日本におけるスローガンや思想である。
- Datsua Nyuo (Leave Asia, enter Europe) is a Japanese slogan or thought that 'Japan should get out of Asia which belongs to the Third World, and catch up with European powers.'
- そこに中国問題の深刻化、昭和金融恐慌、世界恐慌による経済危機、世界的な軍縮の流れに対する軍部の反発など、内外の危機に対して十分に対処しえなかった。
- Besides, the party cabinet administrations at that time failed to effectively deal with a series of crises in and out of Japan such as increasing problems in China, the Showa Financial Crisis, the economic crisis caused by the Great Depression, and Japanese military's protest against the global tendency toward disarmament.
- 天文学者の斎藤国治は、248年9月5日朝(日本時間。世界時では4日)に北部九州で皆既日食が起こったことを求め、これが卑弥呼の死に関係すると唱えた。
- Kuniji SAITO, an astronomer, claimed that a total eclipse of the sun over the northern part of Kyushu on the morning of September 5, 248 (according to Japan Standard Time; the 4th, according to Universal Time) had something to do with the death of Himiko.
- 大阪の住吉大社近くの住吉津から出発し、住吉の細江(現・細江川。細井川駅)から大阪湾に出、難波津を経て瀬戸内海を九州へ向かい、そこから玄界灘に出る。
- The kenzuishi and his staff would depart from Suminoetsu Port near Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine in Osaka, heading to Osaka Bay via Sumiyoshi-no-Hosoe (present-day Hosoe River and Hosoigawa Station), and then leave Naniwa-no-Tsu (Naniwa Port) and go across the Seto Inland Sea to the Genkai-nada Sea in the Kyushu region.
- この中の、巻末の一章に「日本国において自国人の出国、外国人の入国を禁じ、又此国の世界諸国との交通を禁止するにきわめて当然なる理」という題名がある。
- A chapter at the end of the book has a title which means 'quite a convincing theory why the Japanese government prohibits its citizens from going abroad and foreigners from entering the country, as well as why Japan severs diplomatic relations with counties worldwide.'
- 時代が洋装化に向かったことで、子供はパッチ(ステテコ)を使用するようになったが、第二次世界大戦前までは、成人してからは褌に代えるのが一般的だった。
- Before World War II, boys and girls in general used to change their underwear to fundoshi loincloth when they entered adulthood, though children had already begun wearing tight-fitting draws (suteteko pants) along with the tendency toward westernizing style of dress.
- 1932年(昭和7年)のロサンゼルスオリンピック (1932年)競泳で5種目を制したことから「水泳王国」として日本が世界に認知されるようになった。
- Japan was globally recognized as 'suiei-okoku' (a nation of the best swimmers) when Japanese athletes won five swimming events at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics.
- 唐物茶器はこんにちでも窯跡が明らかでないような、したがって当時としても陶磁界の主流でない珍奇なものが日本人独自の視点で捜し求められたといっていい。
- Since which kilns they were fired in is not clear even today, it can be said that it was a unique viewpoint of the Japanese that led them to seek what were even then minor and rare karamono tea bowls.
- しかし第二次世界大戦当時の日本では東南アジア方面のゴム資源が得られにくくなっており、合成樹脂の大量生産は技術的にも経済的にも確立されていなかった。
- During the World War II, however, Japan experienced the difficulty in procuring rubber from Southeast Asia and in mass-producing synthetic resin both technologically and economically.
- 同様に、例えばミュンヘン一揆のように世界史における庶民や民衆運動による反乱、暴動も日本語訳されるときに一揆の語を当てることが慣用化している面がある。
- Conversely, a riot and a revolt caused by commoners and a popular movement in world history, such as the Munchen Putsch, have been commonly translated into Japanese with the use of the word 'ikki.'
- このように、平氏政権は従来の貴族政権と異なり、武力に大きな基盤を有していたことが明らかとなり、学界では日本最初の武家政権とするのが通説となっている。
- This is why the Taira clan administration differs from previous aristocratic governments and it is clear that its main foundation was military power, and the academic field normally considers it as the first bushi government in Japan.
- 特に町並みが保存されたものは非常に歴史的・文化的価値が高いもので、世界遺産や重要伝統的建造物群保存地区に指定されていたり、観光地となっていたりする。
- Especially the history towns which conserved the rows of houses and buildings were of great value in the historical and cultural sense so, they were designated as World Heritage sites or Important traditional building Preservation Area, or they were considered tourist destinations.
- なお、飛鳥 - 奈良時代には、首都機能を経済 ・交通の面で補完する第二首都とも言うべき複都制(陪都)が設けられていた時期があった(首都世界の首都)。
- In addition, in the Asuka and Nara periods, there were eras in which systems of multi-capital (which might be called the second capital) were established in order to complement capital functions in economics and transportation.
- 観客動員No.1となった東映は1960年に第二東映(1年後にニュー東映と改称)を設立し、制作本数を倍増して日本映画界の売上50%のシェアを目指した。
- Toei reached the biggest audiences in the film industry and created Daini Toei (one year later the name was changed to New Toei) in 1960 to double its productivity and gain a 50% share of the Japanese film market.
- その後、律令格式に基づく統治体制が限界を迎え、地方の国司や有力者への大幅な権限委譲による統治体制へと転換したため、格式が編纂されることもなくなった。
- However, Kyakushiki was no longer compiled, for the ruling and administrative system based on the Ritsuryo and Kyakushiki reached their limit as it evolved into the ruling system by provincial officials and influential person of each region through large devolution of authority.
- 通常、焙煎豆から水や溶剤あるいは超臨界抽出装置を用いて抽出したエキスやエッセンスなどがベースとして精製され、必要に応じ合成香料と調合して使用される。
- Usually, a refined product as a base from the extract, essence extracted from roasted beans with water, solvents or supercritical extraction equipment, is mixed with an amount of synthetic flavoring agents as required.
- 神奈備(かむなび)や磐境(いわさか)や神籬(ひもろぎ)などは、その神域との端境であると考えられ、結界としての注連縄が張られ、時には禁足地ともなった。
- Places such as Kannabi (a place such as a mountain or forest where the divine spirit resides), Iwasaka (the area a deity sits) and Himorogi (a temporarily erected altar used as a place of worship) were considered to be borders between the actual world and the sacred area whereby these places were marked with sacred ropes as barriers and, in some cases, became kinsokuchi (a tabooed land).
- その過程で日本の境界領域であった旧琉球王国領域や、樺太を除く蝦夷地(北海道の大部分と千島列島)、小笠原諸島を完全に日本の領域内におき、国境を画定した。
- In the process, the government placed the former Ryukyu Kingdom, the Ezo area except Sakhalin (almost all areas of Hokkaido and Kurile Islands) and Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands) completely into the Japanese territories, fixing the boundaries of Japan.
- 曼荼羅には、保元元年(1156年)に平清盛が自らの血を用いて描いたと伝承される「両界曼荼羅」(金剛峯寺蔵、重要文化財)があり、「血曼荼羅」と称される。
- Among Mandala (Mandala, or a diagram that depicts Buddhist deities according to certain geometric formats and illustrates the Buddhist world view), 'Ryokai Mandala' (Two World Mandala) (possessed by Kongobu-ji Temple, an important cultural property) has been said to be painted by TAIRA no Kiyomori with his own blood, and it is called 'Chi Mandala' (blood Mandala).
- 第二は日本人にヨーロッパのキリスト教世界を見聞・体験させ、帰国後にその栄光、偉大さを少年達自ら語らせることにより、布教に役立てたいということであった。
- Second, have the Japanese see, hear, and experience the Christian world in Europe so that the boys could tell of its glory and greatness after returning to Japan, which would be useful for propagation.
- 天智天皇が近江宮に遷都して以来の歴史を持つ古都であり、世界文化遺産の比叡山延暦寺や園城寺(三井寺)、日吉大社などの神社仏閣をはじめ史跡が多く点在する。
- It is an ancient capital known since Emperor Tenchi transferred the capital to Omi no miya (Omi Palace), and it is dotted with lots of historical sites including shrines and temples such as Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei as the World Cultural Heritage, Onjo-ji Temple (Mii-dera Temple) and Hiyoshi-taisha Shrine.
- タイノ原線の建設は、世界遺産登録へ向けての再調査・整備に先立つ1988年から1997年にかけてのことであったが、小辺路を知る識者からは批判が集まった。
- Tainohara Route was built in 1988 to 1997 before the re-investigations and the maintenances for the inscription of World Heritage site, and the intellects who knew Kohechi bitterly opposed the construction.
- 特に、北米、及び南米へ移民した日系人の中には、第二次世界大戦中に日系人の強制収容をされたり、戦後暫くも激しい民族差別を受ける立場にあった者が多かった。
- Many of the Japanese who immigrated to North and South America were sent to concentration camps during World War II and many suffered severe discrimination for a short while even after the war.
- 定頼の死後、後を継いだ六角義賢は、当時管領代となり、畿内に一大政権を築きつつあった三好長慶と抗争して、中央政界での勢力を拡大しようとしたがこれに失敗。
- After the death of Sadayori, his successor Yosikata ROKKAKU attacked Nagayoshi MIYOSHI who was then Kanrei-dai and started building up a strong political power in Kinai area and tried in vain to expand his strength among the national political arena.
- 社会進化論が当時先進的科学言説として世界を席巻していたさなかにあって、文明/野蛮言説の外から思考・発言することは非常な困難であったと言わねばならない。
- It should have been very difficult to think and make statements from outside of the civilization vs. barbarianism logic when social evolutionism swept the world as the latest scientific theory.
- 不比等の娘藤原宮子を母とする聖武天皇が724年(神亀元年)ころから、不比等の子藤原武智麻呂、藤原房前、藤原宇合、藤原麻呂の藤原四兄弟が政界に進出した。
- From around 724, Emperor Shomu, whose mother was the daughter of Fuhito, FUJIWARA no Miyako, as well as four Fujiwara brothers and sons of Fuhito, FUJIWARA no Muchimaro, FUJIWARA no Fusasaki, FUJIWARA no Umakai and FUJIWARA no Maro appeared in the political world.
- また歴史学の世界では、文書目録は当時の政治経済などの情報伝達のあり方を、図書目録は当時の学術水準や書籍流通の状況を知る上において貴重な史料となりえる。
- In the world of historical science, bunsho mokuroku (lists of documents) are highly valued as tools to study the distribution of political and economical information at any one time, and tosho mokuroku (lists of books) are valued in understanding where books have been distributed.
- 織部の弟子である小堀遠州は作庭の名人として知られるが、席中の花と庭園の花が重複することは興を削ぐとして禁止し、以後の茶道界の大部分で慣習となっている。
- Enshu KOBORI, a disciple of Oribe, known as the master of landscape gardening, forbade overlapping of the flowers in a tea ceremony and those in the garden as it would spoil the interest, consequently it became a custom in most of the later tea ceremony world.
- 安照は小柄で醜貌と恵まれない外見だったと伝えられるが、重厚な芸風によって能界を圧倒し、大量の芸論や型付を書残すなど、当時を代表する太夫の一人であった。
- Yasuteru was said to have an unfavorable appearance--a man of small build with an unattractive face, however, the profound style of his performance overwhelmed the Noh world and he left a lot of treatises and choreographies, and was one of the leading Tayu at that time.
- 我意を通し、摂関家に対し高圧的な態度をとった白河院の死によって、長らく宇治に籠居していた忠実は政界に復帰し、鳥羽院政の下、摂関家の権威回復に着手した。
- Having retired to Uji for an extended period of time, Tadazane returned to the political arena following the death of Shirakawa-in, who was strong-willed and had an oppressive attitude towards the Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), and began to restore the authority of the Sekkan-ke under the supervision of the cloistered government of Toba-in.
- 日本の学界では中国の荘園に対する理解(主に「世界史の基本原則」及び中世ヨーロッパの荘園との対比)について大きく分けると2説に分かれて論争が行われてきた。
- Concerning the understanding on Chinese shoens in Japanese academia (mainly the contrast between 'the basic principle of world history' and European shoens in medieval times), opinions have been divided roughly into two theories and disputed.
- 清盛は院近臣の昇進の限界とされていた大納言となり女婿の基実を補佐していたが、基実が急死して後白河院政が復活すると「勲労久しく積もりて、社稷を安く全せり。
- Kiyomori was Dainagon (Chief councilor of state), which was considered the highest position attainable by a close aide of the cloistered government, and supported his son-in-law Motozane, but when Motozane suddenly passed away, the Goshirakawa cloistered government was revived and 'His past achievements are many and the State is peaceful and settled.
- さらに吉野山・高野山から熊野三山にかけての霊場と参詣道が2004年7月、『紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道』として国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界遺産に登録された。
- Sacred sites and pilgrimage routes spreading from Mt. Yoshino and Mt. Koya to Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano Hongu-taisha Shrine, Kumano Hayatama-taisha Shrine and Kumano Nachi-taisha Shrine) were also registered as a World Heritage site as 'Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range' in July 2004 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
- これは世界遺産登録の前提条件として登録物件が所在国の法律により文化財として保護を受けていることが求められるため、例外的措置として指定されたものであった。
- This is due to the fact that, as a prerequisite for World Heritage registration, each item or site being registered is desired to be already under the protection of the laws of its origin county as a cultural asset, so the exceptional step was taken of designating the warehouse a national treasure.
- 日本の村落においては、村と山の境界にあたる野良(ノラ)、あるいは村と村の境(サカイ)には古くから魔や疫病をはやらせる神などが出入りすると考えられていた。
- In Japanese villages, it has been believed since ancient times that evil spirits and plague-spreading gods come and go across the 'nora', the border between mountains and village, or the 'sakai', the border between villages.
- 日本は開国したため国外との貿易が発展し、絹糸(生糸)と絹製品の輸出額は全輸出額のうち大きな割合をしめ、世界的に日本は絹の生産地とみなされるようになった。
- As Japan opened the country and trade with countries abroad grew, the export of silk yarn and silk products accounted for a major part of the total amount of export; Japan began to be regarded as the world's silk supplier.
- 第二次世界大戦後の1950年代初頭、新たな「国民歌」を作ろうと日本教職員組合と壽屋(現:サントリー)がそれぞれ募集し、別々に「新国民歌」を選定し公表した。
- After World War II, at the beginning of the 1950s, the Japan Teachers Union and Kotobukiya (now Suntory) respectively accepted entries, selected and announced 'Shinkokuminka' (new national anthems), in an attempt to create a new 'kokuminka' (national anthem).
- また富豪層は受領との名田請負契約に基づいて巨富を築くと同時に中央官界とも直接結びついて受領を牽制するなど、受領の統制を超えて権益拡大を図る存在でもあった。
- Millionaires made enormous fortunes through the Myoden contract system and tried to increase their interest beyond the zuryo's control by directly connecting to central official circles.
- 近鉄京都線:(京都・近鉄丹波橋駅方面)- 木津川台駅 - 山田川駅(精華町との境界上に存在) - (高の原駅・大和西大寺駅・近鉄奈良駅・橿原神宮前駅方面)
- Kintetsu Kyoto Line: (the area of Kyoto Station - Kintetsu Tanbabashi Station) - Kizukawadai Station - Yamadagawa Station (located across a boundary with Seika-cho) - (the area of Takanohara Station - Yamato Saidaiji Station - Kintetsu Nara Station - Kashiwarajingu-mae Station)
- 律令法は形式、内容ともに主として唐の律令を模範とした法制であって、この時代の東洋で一種の世界法の役割を果たした唐の律令の日本における分枝とみるべきである。
- Ritsuryo law was a legal system modeled mainly upon the Tang ritsuryo in both style and content, and should be seen as a Japan branch of the Tang ritsuryo, which served as world law in the East, at that time.
- 1994年(平成6年) 「世界の文化遺産及び自然遺産の保護に関する条約」(世界遺産条約)に基づいて、延暦寺が金閣寺、清水寺などと共に世界遺産に登録される。
- 1994: Enryaku-ji Temple was registered as a World Heritage site along with Kinkaku-ji Temple and Kiyomizu-dera Temple under the 'Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage' (World Heritage Convention).
- 第2条は、政治の中枢となる首都の設置、畿内・令制国・郡といった地方行政組織の整備とその境界画定、中央と地方を結ぶ駅伝制の確立などについて定めるものである。
- Article 2 was to stipulate the establishment of the capital as the political center, the organizations of local administrative offices in Kinai (regions surrounding the capital city), Ryoseikoku (provinces) and counties, the border demarcation between the regions, and the establishment of ekiden-sei (the transportation system) to connect the capital with the other regions.
- しかし、日本古代史の学界からは史料批判などの歴史学の基本的な手続きを踏んでいないとして「学説として批判・検証を受ける段階に無い」と見做され黙殺されている。
- However, this theory has been ignored by the academic circles of ancient Japanese history, who claim that, 'This theory is not at the level of being evaluated or examined,' and it has not gone through the basic methodology necessary for historical science such as the cross examination of historical documents.
- 第二次世界大戦までは日本人成人男性の主な下着となっていたが、戦後、洋装化が進んだことや、ブリーフ、トランクス等の新しい下着が出現したことで、急速に廃れた。
- Until World War II, fundoshi loincloths had been the main underwear for adult men, but, since the end of the war, they fell rapidly into disuse because of the emergence of new style underwear such as briefs, trunks and so on along with the westernization of men's wear.
- つゆの関東風と関西風との境界線は諸説存在し、滋賀県の米原市説、滋賀県・岐阜県境の関ヶ原町説、大井の渡しによって分断されていた大井川説、、などの意見がある。
- There are various theories about where the boundary is between areas using Kanto type soup broth and those using Kansai type soup broth, such as a Maibara City, Shiga Prefecture theory, Sekigahara-cho (a town situated on the boundary between Shiga Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture) theory, an Oi-gawa River (people in the Edo period found difficulty in wading across Oi-gawa River) theory, and so on.
- 第二次世界大戦後は平和国家として再出発し、アメリカ合衆国の軍事的な保護の元、急激に海外文化(主にアメリカ文化)を吸収して経済発展を成し遂げた(神武景気等)。
- After World War II, Japan started out as a peaceful country and achieved economic development (Jimmu Boom and others), assimilating foreign cultures rapidly (mainly American culture) under the military protection of the U.S.A.
- 隋唐を承け、北宋を経過した儒学は、南宋中頃以後に徐々に道学と呼ばれる思想集団が頭を擡げ、南宋中頃に朱熹が道学を集大成して、遂に江南思想界を席巻するに及んだ。
- In Confucianism, which had emerged before the Sui and Tang Dynasties and continued through the Northern Song Dynasty, an ideological group called Dogaku gradually rose to the fore after the middle of the Southern Sung period, when it was founded by Zhu Xi, and came to dominate ideological circles in the Jiang Nan area.
- 丑の刻(深夜)に神木に釘を打って結界を破り、常夜(夜だけの神の国)から、禍をもたらす神(魔や妖怪)を呼び出し、神懸りとなって恨む相手を祟ると考えられていた。
- It was considered that by hammering a nail into a sacred tree at ushi no koku (around two to four in the morning, late in the night) the boundary marking the sacred realm would be broken, god (evil or yokai) that brings about misfortune would be summoned from tokoyo (god's world with eternal night), and the ritual performer would gain a supernatural power to hex the person against whom one held a grudge.
- By driving a nail into a sacred tree at Ushi no koku (midnight from 1 am to 3 am,) it was believed that the barrier between worlds would be broken and the evil-wreaking gods (devils and specters) would be summoned from the Tokoyo (eternal night kingdom of God), possessing the summoner and cursing whoever they hated.
- 第二次世界大戦の足音が聞こえ始めた時期で、イギリス製のロールスロイスは1936年で御料車から外され、友好国であったドイツ製のメルセデス・ベンツが採用された。
- Just before the World War II, a British Rolls-Royce was removed in 1936 and Mercedes-Benz which was made in Germany, a friendly nation at the time, was adopted.
- 逆に、既成財閥に較べて金融部門が弱いため、第二次世界大戦中には経済統制と既成財閥系の銀行団によって侵食されて、財閥解体前に実態を失ったコンツェルンも多かった。
- Conversely, many other Konzerns lost their status during World War II, before the dissolution of Zaibatsu, because they had eroded due to their weaker financial sector compared to that of the existing zaibatsu, by economic control and a syndicate of banks that had already been zaibatsu.
- しかし、濃度が高くなった場合は、屋外の風景全体が黄味や赤味を帯びた色に見えるようになって、視界が極端に悪くなるとともに、さまざまな被害が報告されるようになる。
- However, when the density becomes high, outdoor landscape becomes yellowish or reddish, visibility becomes affected seriously, and various kinds of damages are reported.
- それまで世界とは限定的な国交しか持たなかった朝鮮が、開国する契機となった条約であるが、近代国際法に詳しい人材がいなかったため、朝鮮側に不利なものとなっている。
- Korea, which had engaged in only limited diplomatic relations up to this point, was able to open the country due to the treaty, however it was unequal to the Korean side as they did not have specialists in modern international law.
- 大黒柱の看板スター達を相次いで失い、大型の新人スターも輩出できず、映画産業全体の斜陽やテレビ界の発展にも圧され、大映映画の観客数の落ち込みがさらに深刻になる。
- With its top box office earners leaving in rapid succession, no big stars emerging to take their place, and the motion picture industry itself losing its luster in the face of the dynamic growth of the TV industry, the decline in its moviegoing audience was further exacerbated.
- 蝦夷国は1869年に北海道 (令制)の名称で広域地方行政区画とされ、琉球国は1871年に令制国として鹿児島県に編入し、後に沖縄県とした(世界大百科事典参考)。
- Ezo province was defined as wide area local administrative division in the name of Hokkaido (Ryosei), and Ryukyu province was included in Kagoshima Prefecture as a Ryosei province in 1871 (for reference; world unagridged encyclopedia).
- これらが時代を経るにしたがい、道の形状の特徴的な峰や峠や坂や、時には橋や門や村境や町境などの集落の境界や、道の交差する辻なども、その神域との端境と考えられた。
- As the time passed, the following were also considered the border between the real world and the sacred land: ridges, mountain paths and slopes whose shapes of the roads were unique; and in some case, bridges, gates, borders of settlements such as villages and towns, and intersections of roads.
- またこのジャンルの発展に決定的な役割を果たした古賀政男は、少年時代を過ごした朝鮮をはじめロマなど世界各地の民族音楽や西洋音楽からの影響も作品に盛り込んでいる。
- Masao KOGA who played a critical role in the development of this genre produced works reflecting the influence of ethnic music around the world, including music in Korea where he spent his boyhood, Roma music and western music.
- 一方の洋服では、ラグラン袖(Raglan sleeves)のような例外を除けば、服の胴体部分と袖の境界線の最上部は、人体の肩と腕の結合部分のあたりに位置する。
- In the case of Western clothing, except for Raglan sleeves, the highest point of the boundary between Migoro and Sode comes around the shoulder joint of the wearer.
- 日本では第二次世界大戦前に三井財閥・三菱財閥・住友財閥・安田財閥などの財閥があったが、敗戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令により分散させられた(財閥解体)。
- In Japan, there were several zaibatsu prior to World War II, including Mitsui Zaibatsu, Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, Sumitomo Zaibatsu and Yasuda Zaibatsu, but after the war they were dismantled by the order of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) (i.e., the dissolution of Zaibatsu).
- 元々院政は朝廷の法体系の枠外の仕組みであったがために、『禁中並公家諸法度』ではそれを統制できず、江戸幕府による朝廷の統制に限界があることを露呈した格好となった。
- Because insei was outside the legal framework of the Imperial Court from its establishment, it could not be controlled by 'Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto'; thus it became apparent that there was a limit to how far the Edo bakufu could control the Imperial Court.
- かつては帰化人という呼び名が学会の主流であったが、「帰化」には日本中心的なニュアンスがあるとして上田正昭らにより「渡来人」の呼称が提唱され、学界の主流となった。
- The name Kikajin (naturalized citizen) used to be the mainstream of an academic society, but some people including Masaaki UEDA renamed it to 'Toraijin,' which became the mainstream of academy, as they claimed that 'kika' (to naturalize) implies that Japan is central.
- この状況が一時的に崩れるのは戦国時代 (日本)であり、大和民族は日本人として世界各国と貿易するようになり、これまでの価値観とは全く異なるものに触れるようになる。
- In the Sengoku period, the situation changed temporarily as the Yamato race began trading with foreign countries as Japanese, being exposed to something different from their traditional values.
- 当時の日本史学界の大きなテーマは、日本の歴史をいかにヨーロッパ的史観へ当てはめていくか、というものであり、そうした観点から律令制への評価が行われていたのである。
- In those days, the biggest theme of Japanese historians was how to apply Japanese history to the European historical view and therefore they evaluated the Ritsuryo system from that historical point of view.
- 学費1,000ドルでそのコースを修了した韓国系・中国系など大勢の生徒は、アメリカ各地で寿司屋や日本料理店のシェフになるという(後述の項目「世界のスシへ」参照)。
- The New York Times said that many Korean and Chinese students who finished the course with a tuition at 1,000 dollars would be employed as chefs of sushi restaurants and Japanese restaurants across America (refer to the article below, 'The world's sushi').
- 題材は(米朝見解による)狭義の人情噺同様、町人の世界を舞台にするが、親子愛、夫婦の情愛、江戸っ子ないしは浪花っ子の人情、身分違いの悲恋など情に訴えるものを扱う。
- (According to Beicho's opinion,) similarly as narrowly defined Ninjo-banashi, their stage is in the world of townspeople, and features love between parents and children, love among a couple, humanity of a typical person from Edo or Naniwa, tragic love between different classes, and other sentimental things.
- 歌舞伎雑誌『演劇界 (雑誌)』2007年1月号でのインタビューでは、自らの競馬歴は長く、幼少時に父・五代目福助に連れられて根岸競馬場に行ったのが最初だと語った。
- In an interview in the January 2007 issue of Kabuki magazine 'Engeki-kai' he explained that he had been visiting race tracks for a long time and that his first experience was at Negishi racetrack when he was taken there by his father, Fukusuke V, as a child.
- 明治維新後、特に戦後は交通や通信の発展と多くの流派が衰退し同流多派が少なくなった事により、古武道の世界でも宗家制度が広まり、全国的な組織が作られる例も見られる。
- After the Meiji Restoration, especially after World War II, because traffic and communications developed, and a lot of schools declined and doryutaha (multi styles in the same school) decreased, Soke Seido (system of the head family or house) pervades also in the world of kobudo, and we can see cases where a nationwide organization has been established.
- - 鬼門崎、龍宮洞門、通天洞門、三尾ノ松島・三尾大島(玄武岩柱状節理の島)、十字洞門、下荒洞門、鋸岬、旭洞門、釣鐘洞門(世界最大の洞門、国指定天然記念物)、伊笹崎
- Kimon-zaki Cape, Ryugu Domon Rock Cave, Tsuten-domon Rock Cave, Mio no Matsushima Island and Mio oshima Island (famous for basalt columnar joint), Juji Domon Rock Cave, Shitaara Domon Rock Cave, Nokogiri-misaki Cape, Asahi-domon Rock Cave, Tsurigane-domon Rock Cave (the world's largest cave, a state's designated natural monument), Isasa-zaki Cape
- 令制国は、旧来の国造・豪族の支配範囲や山稜・河川に沿って境界画定作業が行われたが、境界はなかなか定まらず、後の天智天皇の頃にようやく令制国が画定することとなった。
- Although attempts were made to demarcate the ryoseikoku provinces by boundaries based on domains conventionally ruled by Kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) and gozoku, mountain ridges or rivers, the demarcation of the provinces could hardly come to a conclusion and it was not until the regime of Emperor Tenchi had began that the demarcation was finalized.
- それでも60年代半ばまでは業界的にはNET系のプロダクションと見られていたと、キャラクター作品担当のプロデューサーだった平山亨は後日雑誌「宇宙船」で回顧している。
- Even so, Toru HIRAYAMA, a producer in charge of character series at that time, later looked back and commented in the magazine 'Uchusen' that by the middle of the 1960s Toei was regarded as an NET-affiliated production company within the industry.
- 和裁の業界では大振袖の「袂」を筒状に仕上げた和服の仕立てを「大名袖」といい、伝統的で雅びな仕立て方として、現在でも新生児の神社へのお宮参りの晴着に多く用いられる。
- In kimono industry, tsutsusode of ofurisode (gorgeous formal kimono for single women) are especially called 'daimyosode' and regarded as a traditional, elegant shape; such kimono is often used as a formal dress for newborn baby at omiyamairi (visit shrine about thirty days after baby was born).
- 以後も猿楽界の第一人者として重きをなす一方、後継者の元雅、甥の元重(音阿弥)、女婿の金春禅竹、そして『談儀』の著者である元能など次世代の能楽師たちの指導に励んだ。
- And later on, while he was taking the important position in the world of sarugaku, he was actively engaged in instructing Noh actors in the next generation including Motomasa (his successor), his nephew Motoshige (Onami), Zenchiku KONPARU (his son-in-law) and Motoyoshi(the writer of 'Sarugaku dangi').
- また、そのほかにも学界において毒殺説を採る研究者は少なからずおり、1980年代初頭までは孝明天皇の死因について、毒殺を中心とした変死説が然るべき勢力を保っていた。
- There are a few a researchers in the academic world who insisted on the theory was true about the Emperor being poisoned, the Emperor's unnatural death was the dominant theory until the early 1980's.
- 平成6年(1994年)、区画整理による町界変更が実施され、大宅神納・沢・石郡・細田・関生・早稲ノ内を大宅神納町・沢町・石郡町・細田町・関生町・早稲ノ内町に改称した。
- In 1994 town borders were changed in accordance with the land readjustment project, and the names of Oyake Kanno, Sawa, Ishigori, Hosoda, Sekisho and Wasenouchi were changed into Oyake Kanno-cho, Sawa-cho, Ishigori-cho, Hosoda-cho, Sekisho-cho and Wasenouchi-cho, respectively.
- 君主位譲位者が後継者の後見として実質的な政務を行うという政治体制は、恒久的な制度としては世界史的にきわめて稀であり、他にはヴェトナムの陳朝にその例を見る程度である。
- The political system where a person who abdicates the throne conducts virtual political affairs is extremely rare as a permanent system in world history, and basically the only similar case is that of the Tran Dynasty of Vietnam.
- 近世の大和民族は、世界的に見ても識字率が高い民族であり、江戸時代に海外から来日した外国人は、大和民族が身分や男女の別なく文字が読める事を驚きと共に本国に伝えている。
- In modern times, the Yamato race has such a high literacy rate on a global basis that a foreigner who came to Japan in the Edo period reported that he was surprised that the Yamato people were able to read regardless of their status or sex.
- 当時の日本では、歴史学界内部に限れば冷静な議論が可能であったが、一歩外に出れば学問の自由は存在せず、政府、政治家、神道家、新聞が、学者の不敬を格好の攻撃材料とした。
- In Japan in those days, calm discussions were possible only within the academic circle of history, but there was no academic freedom outside the circle, and the government, politicians, shintoists and newspapers attacked the impiety of scholars.
- ただし第二次世界大戦以後の造語であり、その定義や内容も曖昧であることなどから歴史用語としての「大正デモクラシー」を不適当であると否定する説も少数ではあるが存在する。
- However, the term was created after World WarⅡ, prompting the argument that the term is inappropriate as a history term due to the ambiguity of its definition and content, though supporters of this argument are in the minority.
- なお近代になって財界人の間で茶の湯が流行するが、こうした茶人達は多くの名物道具の収集を行っており、その様が桃山時代の数寄者に似るところから「近代数寄者」と呼ばれる。
- Furthermore, chanoyu became popular amongst the business leaders in the modern times, but these chajins (masters of the tea ceremony) usually collect many special utensils; being similar to the sukimonos of the Momoyama period, they are called 'the modern sukimonos.'
- 東海道新幹線、JR東海道本線の駅構内のそば・うどん屋やその周辺地域の出汁(つゆ)の関東風・関西風の境界線についての調査は、過去にいくつかのテレビ番組で行われている。
- Some TV programs conducted studies in the past about the boundary between areas that use Kanto type soup broth and those that use Kansai type soup broth at Soba and Udon noodles shops in the station precincts of the Tokaido Shinkansen and JR Tokaido Main Line and surrounding areas.
- そして次の大統領盧武鉉は天皇という称号が世界的かどうか確認していないため「天皇」と「日王」どちらを用いるべきか準備ができていないと従来の方針を転換する姿勢を示した。
- And the next President Moo-Hyun ROH showed an attitude to convert the former policy because they were not prepared to decide to use either 'Tenno' or 'Nichio' for they did not confirm whether the title Tenno was used worldwide.
- 世宗実録で自ら敗戦と明記していることや、『世宗実録』1420年閏1月10日には「時応界都が言うには(曰)」と記録されており、上記の降伏文書にあたるものは見あたらない。
- The True Record of King Sejong's Reign expressly states that the invasion ended in military defeat, and it also contains an entry for the tenth day of the intercalary first month of 1420 that says, 'What Shiokatsu had said was indeed spoken;' yet no mention is made of the content of the above-mentioned document of capitulation.
- 9世紀後期に至って律令制的な人民支配・租税収取に限界が生じたため、10世紀初頭より、地方政治への大幅な統治委任や個別人身支配から土地課税原則への方針転換が進められた。
- As the limitation of people-based governance/tax collection under the Ritsuryo system became clear in the late 9th century, policy changes, such as substantial delegation of authority to local administrative bodies and the switch from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, were implemented in early 10th century.
- 江戸時代の国学発生以降、平安時代以前の語彙・語音を知る資料として、また社会・風俗・制度などを知る史料として国文学・日本語学・日本史の世界で重要視されている書物である。
- Since the time when the study of Japanese classical literatures started in the Edo period, it has been highly evaluated as a document where information about vocabulary and about pronunciations of words is available, and in addition, it has also been highly evaluated in the fields of Japanese literatures, of Japanese language study and of Japanese history, as a document in which information about states of society, customs and social systems is available.
- 今年の漢字(ことしのかんじ)とは、財団法人日本漢字能力検定協会が、毎年12月12日の「漢字の日」に発表している、その年の日本や世界の世相を表した漢字一字のことである。
- Kanji of the Year is a Chinese character representing the social conditions in Japan or World of the year which is announced once a year by the Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation on the 'Kanji's day', December 12.
- その実態は1930年代に存在していた道路や畦道に基づく「机上の復元案」といえるものであるが、大宰府に条坊制による街区の存在を指摘し、学界に注意を喚起した功績は大きい。
- The actual state was 'a desk reconstruction plan' based on streets and causeways that existed in the 1930s, but its achievements to point out existence of city blocks in jobosei and to promote awareness of the academic society are significant.
- また翌年、将軍家茂が上洛すると、幕府権力が京都と江戸で分裂することになり、京都政界を主導する徳川慶喜・松平容保らと、江戸の留守を守る譜代大名・旗本らとの亀裂も生じた。
- In the next year, when Shogun Iemochi went to Kyoto, power of the Edo bakufu split into two - one was in Kyoto and another was in Edo - and a discord began to be seen between political leaders in Kyoto (Yoshinobu, Katamori, and others) and those who were keeping Edo safe, such as 'fudai daimyo,' 'hatamoto,' and others.
- 世界巡遊中の前合衆国大統領ユリシーズ・グラントが明治天皇との会見で西欧列強の介入を防ぐための日清両国の譲歩を助言したこともあり、1880年北京で日清の交渉が行われた。
- In 1880, negotiations were held in Beijing through the arbitration of ex-US President Ulysses Grant, who had a meeting with Emperor Meiji during his world tour and advised that both Japan and Qing compromise to prevent the intervention of western powers.
- これは日本のように、屋外にも莫大な数の自動販売機(清涼飲料用)が設置されている国が世界的に類がなく、また「アイスコーヒー」という文化があまり馴染みがないためでもある。
- That may have been caused by the fact that Japan is a globally unparalleled country where a huge number of vending machines (selling soft drinks) installed outdoors and the fact that in the Western countries the culture of 'Ice coffee' is not familiar.
- また、笑福亭松鶴 (7代目)、桂歌之助 (2代目)、桂喜丸、林家染語楼 (4代目)、桂吉朝といった、将来を嘱望されていた戦後生まれの落語家の相次ぐ他界も痛手であった。
- The successive deaths of the following promising storytellers who were born after the War also came as a blow to Kamigata rakugo: Shokaku SHOFUKUTEI (VII), Utanosuke KATSURA (II), Kimaru KATSURA, Somegoro HAYASHIYA (IV), and Kiccho KATSURA.
- 昭和16年(1941年)には茂山千五郎家の分家の二世茂山忠三郎(良豊)の養子であった茂山久治(後の善竹彌五郎。狂言界初の人間国宝)の次男・吉二郎が大蔵家に婿入りした。
- In 1941, Kichijiro married into the Okura family; he was the second son of Kyuji SHIGEYAMA (later Yagoro ZENCHIKU, the first Living National Treasure in Kyogen circles), an adopted son of Chuzaburo SHIGEYAMA, the second (Yoshitoyo) who came from a branch family of the Sengoro SHIGEYAMA family.
- 先進諸国の中で唯一京都議定書から離脱しているアメリカ合衆国政府は、産業界の自己経済利益のみを追求する考え方に基づき取り組みを拒否しているとの非難を国内外から浴びている。
- The United States of America, the only non-party member of the Kyoto Protocol among the developed countries, is accused domestically and internationally of seeking only economical benefits of the U.S. industries and refusing to commit the duty.
- これは御成敗式目によって一層明確化され、不入地に犯罪者などが逃げ込んだ場合でもその追捕は国司・領家によって行われ、不入地の境界線で守護側に引き渡すと言う原則が成立した。
- This agreement was further clarified by the Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), and then a principle was established that even when a criminal and others ran into such funyuchi (special areas for excluding shugo), the criminal should be searched by kokushi or ryoke, and handed over to the shugo side on a border line of the funyuchi.
- 一方『金銀図録』および『大日本貨幣史』などの古銭書には一分判金/壹分判金(いちぶばんきん)という名称で収録されており、貨幣収集界では「一分判金」の名称が広く用いられる。
- On the other hand, ancient coin books such as 'Kinginzuroku' (Gold & Silver coin catalog) and 'Dainihon Kaheishi' (Great History of Japanese Coins) called it with the name 'ichibu bankin' 一分判金/壹分判金 and this name was widely used in currency collecting world.
- かつてのように半ズボンと長ズボンしかなかった時代には業界用語だったが、ハーフパンツが登場し、微妙な丈の長さを表現するために消費者を対象に売り場でも用いられるようになった。
- Take was once a jargon when there were only short pants and longs, but with the advent of half pants the term came to be used at the stores to describe the subtle difference in the length of pants to the consumers.
- ロドリゴ・デ・ビベロによって1609年ごろに15万人と伝えられた江戸の人口は、18世紀初頭には100万人を超え、世界一ないしはそれに匹敵する規模であったと推定されている。
- The population of Edo, which was reported by Rodrigo de Viveroto be around one-hundred-fifty-thousand in 1609, exceeded the one million mark at the turn of the eighteenth century--prompting many to presume that Edo had become one of the biggest if not the biggest city in the world.
- (社)日本ライフル射撃協会主催の火縄銃競技である、全日本前装銃射撃選手権大会メダリストやマズルローダー(前装銃)国際大会(世界選手権・環太平洋選手権)のメダリストも居る。
- Among them are medalists at the All Japanese Championships of Muzzle Loader's Shooting, which is a matchlock game organized by National Rifle Association of Japan and the medalist of International competition (world championship and Pan-Pacific Championship) of muzzle loader.
- また、ハンバーグや鶏肉などの調理法として醤油を利用した照り焼きがしばしば用いられるが、この方法は日本のみならずアメリカ合衆国をはじめとする世界各国へと広がりを見せている。
- In addition, a cooking method known as teriyaki (grilling with soy sauce and sugar), is often used for hamburger and chicken, which has spread not only in Japan but also in various countries around the world such as the United States of America.
- 失意のどん底に墜ちた牧野はしかし、同年11月、ハリウッドで世界初のトーキー映画『ジャズ・シンガー』(1927年)の全米公開からわずか1年ではやくもトーキーの研究を始める。
- Although Makino was in the depth of despair, he started the study on talkie films as early as in November of the same year, only one year after the world's first talkie film 'Jazz Singer' was produced in Hollywood and released across the U.S.
- 醸造業界へ新規参入した、酒株を持たない者、すなわち無株者(むかぶもの)たちと、昔から酒株を持ち酒造りをしてきた者、すなわち株持ちたちの間で集団的な軋轢(あつれき)が生じた。
- Collective conflict occurred between those who made a new entry to the sake brewing industry without sakekabu, or mukabumono, and those who had brewed sake with sakekabu for long, or kabumochi.
- 缶コーヒーにおける標準使用量は日本コーヒー飲料協会にて業界標準値を100mlあたり砂糖7.5gと定めており、「糖分○○%カット」などといった表示はこれを基準に行われている。
- The standard amount of usage of sweeteners for canned coffee is 7.5 g of sugar per 100 ml as the industry's standard value established by the Japan Coffee Beverage Association and labels like 'Sugar content reduced by so and so percentage' is put in accordance with this rule.
- 当時、茶器や書画骨董を誇示する傾向に堕しかかっていた煎茶道の世界に対し、小川可進は茶葉の性質を知り、その味を引き出すための合理的な手順を追求した煎法を定め、小川流を開いた。
- Kashin OGAWA established the Ogawa school for re-developing the Senchado against the trend of flaunting tea instruments, antique pieces, or painting and calligraphic works for the tea ceremony, while he tried to learn the characteristics of tea leaves and pursue the logical methodology of brewing sencha tea.
- このほかの旅ネタには、冥土の旅に「地獄八景亡者戯」、海底の旅に「小倉船」(「竜宮界竜の都」)、天空の旅に「月宮殿星の都」、異国の旅に「島巡り」(「島巡り大人の屁」)がある。
- Other travel routines include 'Descent into Hell' in which the protagonist tours Hell, 'Voyage from Ogura' ('Dragon King's Palace') which is an undersea travelogue, 'Moon Palace and City of Stars' telling of a celestial trip, and 'Islands Tour' ('Farting Islands Tour') which is about a trip to foreign countries.
- 9世紀中期~10世紀頃になると、従来の律令制(編戸制・班田制など)による統治に限界が見られるようになり、中央政府は租税収入を確保するため、社会の実情に即した国制改革を進めた。
- From the mid 9th century to the 10th century, the conventional administration based on the ritsuryo system (such as henko-sei, the organization of the citizens, and handen-sei, the ritsuryo land-allotment system) faced its organizational limit, and the central government promoted a nation-wide reform of the system to reflect the actual social situations in order to maintain the level of the tax revenue.
- 大坂には各藩の蔵屋敷が集まり、世界初の商品先物取引所たる堂島米会所が置かれ、遠隔地取引での為替手形も用いられるようになり、大坂は「天下の台所」として日本経済の中心地となった。
- In Osaka where warehouses of each domain were concentrated, the Dojima Rice Exchange, the first commodity futures exchange in the world, was established, and bills of exchange for long-distance transactions also came to be used, making Osaka, the 'kitchen of Japan,' the center of the Japanese economy.
- それでもハワイ・オアフ島のワイキキ界隈や、ロサンゼルスのリトル・トーキョー、サンフランシスコのジャパンタウンなどの日本人街では今でも多くの日本語の看板を目にすることができる。
- Nevertheless, many Japanese signs can still be seen in Japanese residential areas such as around Waikiki on the Island of Oahu in Hawaii, in L.A.'s Little Tokyo, and in San Francisco's Japantown.
- しかし、明治以降の日本とスペインは、スペイン内戦~第二次世界大戦にかけての一時期を除き、政治・外交上の懸案も少ない代わりに関係や関心も希薄という状況が続き、現在に至っている。
- Since then, there have been few political or diplomatic concerns between Japan and Spain and the two countries have had little interest in each other (except during the period of the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War) to date.
- また神奈備などの自然環境の変化する端境の場所だけでなく、坂、峠、辻、橋、集落の境など人の手の加わった土地である「道」の状態が変化する場所も、異界(神域)との端境と考えられた。
- In addition, aside from places such as kannabi that mark boundaries where the natural environment changes, places such as hills, mountain passes, crossroads, bridges and boundaries between settlements where the condition of man-made areas such as 'paths' change, were also considered to represent boundaries that marked the unfamiliar world (sacred realm).
- 第二次世界大戦前の法令で所得税法人税内外地関渉法(昭和15年法律55号)など表題に内外地という表現を含む法令があったが、外地の語は単独で用いられず、その範囲は定義されなかった。
- Among the laws enacted before the World War II, several laws included the term Nai-gaichi (the inland and overseas territories) in its title such as Nai-gaichi income and corporate taxes interference law (Act No.55 of 1940), but the term Gaichi was not used by itself and the scope of the term was not defined.
- (しかし、ヨーロッパ美術界でアカデミック絵画の権威や美術と工芸の境界が揺らぎ始めたこの時期、日本の美術品は前衛的な芸術家らにジャポニズムという強力な影響を与えることとなった。)
- At that time, however, the prestige of academic paintings began to shake and the boundary between arts and crafts became obscure in the European art community, so Japanese art works greatly influenced European avant-gardists and gave birth to Japonisme.
- これを受け2008年6月18日、農林水産省はそのようなうなぎが農林物資の規格化及び品質表示の適正化に関する法律に違反しているとして業界団体等に適正な表示を依頼する文書を発出した
- With this, on June 18, 2008, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries released a written statement requesting the industry groups use appropriate labeling, because these activities violated the laws related to the Act of Standardization and Proper Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry Products.
- ところが、その主たる面積を占めていた加賀国の旧大伴家持没官領が、藤原種継暗殺事件関係者の名誉回復に伴い、当時の官界の実力者伴善男の要求で伴氏(旧大伴氏)に返還されることとなった。
- However, after people involved in the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu recovered their impaired reputation, confiscated territory of late Yakamochi OTOMO located in the Kaga Province, which accounted for the large portion of kangakuden, was returned to the Tomo clan (old Otomo clan) at the request of the then powerful figure in the bureaucracy TOMO no Yoshio.
- 足軽には苗字帯刀を許されたものもおり、功績によっては徒士への昇格も許されていたが、中間以下にはそういったことが一切許可されないなど、この両者の間にもはっきりとした境界線があった。
- Some Ashigaru were allowed Myojitaito, and depending upon their achievements, some were allowed to rise to Kachi, but Chugen and below were never allowed such privileges and there was a clear boundary between these two as well.
- 第二次世界大戦後の経済成長において、畿内の一角に当たる旧山城国はいち早く発展したのに対して、北陸地方と山陰地方を結ぶ北部は、日本海側の要衝であるにも拘らず軽視される傾向にあった。
- In the era after WWII when the Japanese economy grew rapidly, the area of former Yamashiro Province, occupying part of the Kinai region, developed quickly, but the northern area, connecting the Hokuriku region and the Sanin region, tended to be ignored, though the area is located in an important position on the Japan Sea side.
- 日本で「首都」という語が一般化したのは第二次世界大戦後のことであり、戦前から戦後しばらくまでは「主都」(プライメイトシティ)を「首都」と記述する事例もおおく明確な区別はなかった。
- It was after World War Ⅱ that the word 'capital' was generalized, and during the period before the war and for some period after the war, there were many cases where it was described as a 'chief city' (primate city) with no clear distinction made between it and normal cities.
- 歩幅を長さの単位にすることは世界各地で行われており、英語圏ではペース(pace, 約76cm)、ドイツではシュリット(Schritt, 71~75cm)という単位が使われていた。
- The unit of length based on a step was used around the world, and pace (about 76cm) was used in English-speaking countries while Shuritt (71-75cm) was used in Germany.
- その後漢学者源為憲が内親王のために『三宝絵』を著して進呈し、また薨去の際には慶滋保胤が四十九日供養の願文を自らしたためて、若くして出家・他界した尊子内親王の慎ましい人柄を偲んだ。
- After that a scholar of the Chinese classics, MINAMOTO no Tamenori wrote 'Sanpo e' and gave it to the Princess, when the Princess died, YOSHISHIGE no Yasunane wrote Ganmon (special document or letter to pray to god) for Shijukunichi (a memorial service held on the forty-ninth day after a person's death) and remembered the Imperial Princess as a modest person who entered into priesthood at a young age and then died.
- これに伴い、戦国大名にとっては、戦国時代から始まるとして世界遺産にも指定された石見銀山に代表されるように、領内にある金山・銀山の運営が、軍資金の調達のために戦略的な重要性を増した。
- As a result, for sengoku daimyo, operation of gold and silver mines in the territory increased their strategic importance as a means to raise war funds as represented by Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine which was designated a World Heritage as commenced in the Sengoku Period.
- しかしながら、仮に日本が「産業界を中心に世界有数の環境対策を施してきた」としても、 人口一人あたりの化石燃料由来温室効果ガスの排出量は高く、温室効果ガス排出量の削減もできていない。
- However, even though Japan has implemented world's leading environmental measures particularly in the industrial field, the per capita emissions amount of greenhouse gases originating from fossil fuel is still high and Japan has not achieved the reduction goal of emissions of greenhouse gases in fact.
- その後、土地区画整理事業実施等に伴う以下のような町名町界の変更があり、「桂」を冠称する町名は33、「桂上野」を冠称する町名は8、、「上桂」を冠称する町名は15、計56となっている。
- Then, the names and borders of some towns were changed in accordance with the implementation of land readjustment projects as follows, and there are fifty-six towns in total including the thirty-three towns which are prefixed by the name of 'Katsura,' eight towns which are prefixed by the name of 'Katsurakamino' and fifteen towns which are prefixed by the name of 'Kamikatsura.
- 「オールド・リベラリスト」と総称される新渡戸や内村鑑三の世界観を継承した弟子たちは戦後のデモクラシーの基盤を構築することとなるが同時に師匠を「裏切る」(山折哲雄の発言)ことになる。
- Disciples who inherited a view of the world of Nitobe and Kanzo UCHIMURA who are collectively called 'old liberalists' built the basis of democracy after the war, while they 'betrayed' their masters (according to Tetsuo YAMAORI).
- 1945年の第二次世界大戦終戦に伴い実効支配を喪失し、1945年9月2日、ポツダム宣言の条項を誠実に履行することを約束した降伏文書調印によって、正式に日本による朝鮮支配は終了した。
- Japan lost the effective control due to the end of the Second World War in 1945, and its rule of Korea officially ended upon signing the Instrument of Surrender in which they promised to follow the provisions in the Potsdam Declaration in good faith on September 2, 1945.
- しかしその後、田宮も1969年スタートのテレビ番組「クイズタイムショック」(NET、現・テレビ朝日系列)の司会で成功を収め長寿番組とし、大映倒産後の1970年代には映画界にも復帰。
- However, Tamiya became the host of a TV program entitled 'Quiz Time Shock' (aired by NET, presently the TV Asahi network) in 1969, successfully making the program a long-running show and only returning to movies in the 1970s after Daiei went under.
- しかし、早々に自社製作を事実上中止した同社とは対照的にTV、アニメを含め徹底した自社製作を貫いてきた歴史が長く、世界最大級の映像コンテンツ企業としてポテンシャルが注目を浴びている。
- However, unlike Toho which practically stopped in-house production, Toei has long engaged in original work including TV programs and animation, and it is seen as having great potential to become one of the largest video-content companies in the world.
- 「サレドモ今広クコノ人間世界ヲ見渡スニ、カシコキ人アリ、オロカナル人アリ、貧シキモアリ、富メルモアリ、貴人モアリ、下人モアリテ、ソノ有様雲ト泥トノ相違アルニ似タルハ何ゾヤ」である。
- 'However, looking around the world of human beings, we can see the wise, the fool, the poor, the rich, the noble, and the common, and find differences between them, they are as different as cloud and mud.'
- 京阪神大都市圏は、人口が1864万3915人(2000年国勢調査)を抱え、三大都市圏あるいは七大都市圏の1つとされる一方、世界で十指に入る大都市圏でもある(世界の都市圏人口の順位)。
- The population of Keihanshin Metropolitan Area is 18,643,915 (2000 census), and is considered one of Three Major Metropolitan Areas and one of Seven Greater Urban Areas as well as one of the top ten metropolitan areas in the world (as ranked by population).
- 第二次世界大戦終了後日本を占領した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、国家のための自己犠牲を奨励していた皇民化教育が軍国主義国家形成に果たした役割が大きかったと考え、教育改革に乗り出した。
- The General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which occupied Japan after the Second World War worked on education reform, thinking that Japanization education, which promoted sacrificing oneself for the nation, played a big role in forming the militarism nation.
- 日本統治の第2期は西来庵事件の1915年から1937年の盧溝橋事件であり、国際情勢の変化、特に第一次世界大戦の結果、西洋諸国の植民地統治の権威が失墜し、民族主義が高揚した時期である。
- The second phase of Japanese rule was from 1915 when the Silaian Incident broke out to 1937 when the Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred, during which time the authority of colonialism by the Western countries fell and nationalism emerged due to the change of the world situation, especially after World War I.
- 江戸時代から戦後にかけては見世物としての女相撲興行が盛んに行われていたし、大衆演劇の世界では男装した女役者が着物をはしょり、ふんどしを見せながらの剣戟を演じて客の喝采を浴びたという。
- From the Edo period to the postwar period, women's sumo exhibitions were actively performed as an entertainment show, and in the society of popular dramas, a female player wearing men's dress performed sword fights kilting her kimono and showing her fundoshi loincloth to gain plaudits from the audience for her performance.
- 護身術を中心とした技術体系を持ち、「自己確立」と「自他共楽」、「強さを競わない」などの理念が幅広い層に受け入れられ、現在、海外31カ所に普及しており、会員は世界中で約14万人である。
- It has a system of techniques centered on the art of self-defense and philosophies such as 'self-definition,' 'mutual comfort,' and 'not competing in strength,' which have been accepted by a wide range of people, and it has spread in 31 overseas bases having 140 thousand members worldwide.
- 楊守敬より啓発を受けた日下部鳴鶴、巌谷一六の六朝書道、また、徐三庚に影響された西川春洞、さらに中林梧竹らの活躍によって、明治末から大正にかけての漢字書道界は華やかな動きを示している。
- From the end of Meiji to the Taisho period, Meikaku KUSAKABE and Ichiroku IWAYA, both enlightened by Yang Shoujing, actively supported calligraphy of the six dynasties, and Gochiku NAKABAYASHI in addition to Shundo NISHIKAWA, who was affected by Xu Sangeng, was also active, making movements in the Chinese calligraphic world in this flamboyant era.
- 昭和15年(1940年)12月、東亜書道新聞社が座談会を催し、書家の参集を求めて書道界の大同団結について意見を交換し、昭和16年(1941年)1月、「書壇革新協議会」の結成に至った。
- In December of 1940, Toa Shodo Shinbunsha (a news paper company concerned with calligraphy) held a round-table discussion to gather many calligraphers and to exchange opinions about uniting persons in the calligraphic society for a common purpose, consequently leading to the establishment of the 'Shodan Kakushin Kyogikai.'
- 自検断権の象徴たるこれらの膨大な刀槍、銃器が完全に廃棄されたのは、第二次世界大戦の敗戦後、警察が軍国主義の排除という名目と占領軍の武力と威光を背景に、没収の実行に成功してからであった。
- It was after losing in the World War II when the police succeeded in confiscating and destroying completely these large amount of swords, spears, and firearms, the symbols of the right of Jikendan, under the guise of elimination of militarism and backed by the force and prestige of the occupation forces.
- また、672年の壬申の乱の時は長徳の弟にあたる大伴馬来田(まぐた)・大伴吹負(ふけい)兄弟が兵を率いて功績を立てており、以後、奈良時代までの政界で大納言・中納言・参議等が輩出している。
- In the Jinshin War of 672, OTOMO no Maguta and OTOMO no Fukei, who were the brothers of Nagatoko, commanded the army with distinction, after which the Otomo clan produced Dainagon (Chief Councilors of State), Chunagon (Vice Councilors of State), and Sangi (Councilors) within the political world until the Nara Period.
- ところが大航海時代以降世界に進出、支配領域を拡大したヨーロッパ、続く帝国主義の波に乗ったアメリカ合衆国によるアフリカ・アジア進出・侵略・植民地化は、東アジア各国にとっても脅威となった。
- However, European countries which started to explore the world after the Age of Geographical Discovery to expand their areas of dominance and the USA which rode on the wave of continuous Imperialism and made a foray into Africa and Asia for incursions and colonization became a threat for East Asian countries.
- 以上のように「(旧)国宝」「(新)国宝」「重要文化財」の関係が錯綜しているため、「第二次世界大戦以前には国宝だったものが、戦後は重要文化財に格下げされた」と誤って理解されることが多い。
- Because the actual relationship, as described above, between the 'old' and 'new' national treasures, and 'Important Cultural Properties' is very convoluted, many have mistakenly assumed simply that 'all the items designated before the Second World War as National Treasures were downgraded to Important Cultural Properties after the war.'
- 以来、塚が結界としての意味を持つようになっていき、猿田彦を騙し、ニニギノミコトの道案内をさせ、後に夫婦となったアメノウズメの神話から「衢神」(ちかたのかみ)という「道の神」がうまれた。
- Mounds subsequently began to have a significance as the barrier; based on the mythology of Amenouzume in which she beguiled Sarutahiko, who later became her husband, into acting as a guide for Ninigi-no-mikoto, the god of the road 'Chikata no kami' appeared.
- 憲法学界にも、「皇室に私なし」とする立場から、「内廷」を戦前の「宮中」のような公的な存在ととらえ、宮中祭祀を「内廷の公的な祭祀」とする考え方が、保守系の学者を中心に根強く存在している。
- In the academic society of constitutional studies, some conservative scholars regard the 'inside of the Imperial Court' as a public organization like the prewar 'Imperial Court' because of the perspective that there is no personal affairs in the Imperial Household, and they also strongly believe that the Court rituals are 'public rituals at the inside of the Imperial Court.'
- 一方、日本以外の国、特に西欧諸国においては、第二次世界大戦以前においても軍部大臣に文官を任用する例も多く、政治の軍事に対する優位を原則とするシビリアン・コントロールの理念が確立している。
- On the other hand, in many countries other than Japan especially in Western Europe, there were examples of civil officers who were appointed to the position of Military Minister even after the World War II, and the Civilian Control philosophy which claims the superiority of military affairs over politics was established.
- バブル崩壊後、外国資本が急速に日本経済界を席捲するなかで、江戸時代以来の酒屋の暖簾(のれん)、すなわち今日でいう資本系列の垣根を越えて、合併による生き残りが模索されている最中といってよい。
- After the bubble busted, foreign capital invaded rapidly into the Japanese economic world, and in this trend, they have now been groping for how to survive through M&A, beyond the goodwill of sakaya retained since the Edo period, or beyond the barrier of the capital-based relationships.
- その一方で長期に渡る鎖国の反動からか文化・風土面においても世界的に類を見ない規模の欧化政策(脱亜入欧)を行い、現代に至るまでの日本人における白人コンプレックスの礎となったと考える者もいる。
- On the other hand, there is also an opinion that the Japanese government introduced a Europeanization policy (leave Asia, enter Europe) into its culture and its natural features on an such an unprecedented scale due to a backlash against its extended seclusionism, that it layed a foundation for the people of Japan to have an inferior complex to the Caucasian that remains even today.
- 特に最上級とされる「曜変天目」は、現在では全世界に龍光院 (京都市北区)・静嘉堂文庫・藤田美術館・MIHO MUSEUMに伝えられている4点(ないしは3点)しか遺されていないとされている。
- Currently, only four (or three) products of 'Yohen Tenmoku,' which are regarded as the finest ones, are being possessed by Ryuko-in Temple (Kita Ward, Kyoto City), Seikado Bunko Art Museum, Fujita Museum of Art and MIHO MUSEUM respectively.
- しかし、昭和3(1928)年の佐藤千夜子や二村定一、昭和6年の藤山一郎の登場により「流行歌」と呼ばれる一大分野が大衆音楽の世界をほぼ独占し、しばらく「演歌」は音楽界から退場することになる。
- Appearance of Chiyako SATO and Teiichi FUTAMURA in 1928 and Ichiro FUJIYAMA in 1931, however, made a big genre called 'hit songs' dominate virtually the entire popular music world and removed 'enka' from the music industry for a while.
- 大学別曹は一族単位で学生の学資・生活を保障してその官界進出を助ける制度であったから、安定した勉学環境を得た大学別曹を持つ氏族出身者とそれ以外の氏族との間で「格差」が生み出されるようになった。
- Daigaku-besso was the system in which a clan as a whole ensured financial aids for schooling and the livelihood of students (their relatives) and assisted them in advancing into bureaucracy, so it resulted in a 'disparity' between people from clans that, having Daigaku-besso, could offer a stable learning environment and people from other clans that could not.
- 『隋書』によれば7世紀初頭の大業3年(607年)に倭国王(原文「俀國王」)が隋皇帝煬帝への親書に自らを「日出處天子」と称したことも、中国世界と異なる天下概念が存続していたことを物語っている。
- According to Suishu (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), the King of Wa called himself 'Hiizurutokoro no tenshi' (literally, the king of the place where the sun rises) in the letter he sent to Emperor Yodai in 607, and this fact also suggests the existence of the different notion of Tenka from the Chinese world.
- だが、反仲麻呂派の貴族の大勢はあくまでも仲麻呂の政界からの排除のために上皇に協力しただけであり、一度は出家して尼になった筈の孝謙上皇の復位やましてや道鏡の政界進出に賛同したわけではなかった。
- However, most of the anti-Nakamaro faction of the court nobles cooperated with the Retired Empress just to remove Nakamaro from the political world; they did not mean that they approve of the Empress Koken, who had once entered into priesthood, return to the throne; much less the advancement of Dokyo to the political world.
- 1965年(昭和40年) - 島根県浜田市のコーヒー店主・三浦義武によって開発された『ミラ・コーヒー』が世界初の缶コーヒーともいわれるが短期間で生産中止となっており、これも詳細は不明である。
- 1965 - 'Mira Coffee' was developed by Yoshitake MIURA, storekeeper of the coffee shop in Hamada City, Shimane Prefecture, which is said to be the first canned coffee in the world, but it went out of production in a short time and so details are unknown.
- 能有は朝廷の儀礼や政務に通じた有能な人物として知られ、貞観4年(862年)に従四位に初叙任されると、以後徐々に中央官界において頭角を顕し、弟の清和天皇、それに続く陽成天皇の治世をよく輔けた。
- Yoshiari was known as a person of ability who was familiar with rites and government practices of the Imperial Court, after he was first given the rank of Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank) in 862, he gradually distinguished himself in the national political arena and supported his younger brother, Emperor Seiwa and the subsequent Emperor Yozei well.
- 寺子屋を世界中に普及させようとしている運動が、国際連合教育科学文化機関が提唱している世界識字教育運動の1つであるユネスコ世界寺子屋運動(World Terakoya Movement)である。
- A movement to establish Terakoya throughout the world as part of improving literacy in the world is the World Terakoya Movement by UNESCO.
- 12世紀の中葉に起こった相模国の大庭御厨の濫妨と、下総国の相馬御厨の事件は、当時における在庁官人=在地領主の変貌と、国司・目代との対立の激しさ、在地領主層の地位の脆弱さと限界を如実に示してる。
- An incident that occurred during the mid-twelfth century involving a disturbance at the Obamikuriya estate of Sagami Province and Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) of Shimousa Province realistically depicted the transfiguration of the Zaichokanjin being the local lord at that time, harsh conflicts between governors and mokudai (deputy provincial governor), and the fragility of the lord of the manor class.
- 当該交差点でクロスしている2本の通りは、第二次世界大戦に設けられた防火帯の跡地を用いてつくられたために幅がとても広く、京都市における東西(洛東~洛西)及び南北(洛南~洛北)の軸を形成している。
- The two streets that cross at the intersection of interest are very wide because they were built using the vacant fire-prevention lot created during World War II and form an east west axis (Rakuto-Rakusai) and south and north (Rakunan-Rakuhoku).
- 昭和20年(1945年)、第二次世界大戦後の連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令に基づき、昭和20年(1945年)11月21日「治安警察法廃止等ノ件(昭和20年勅令第638号)」により廃止となる。
- In 1945, it was repealed by 'the order of the abolition of the Security Police Law (the Imperial Edict of 1945, no. 638)' on November 21 on the order of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) after the World War II.
- 五徳を頭に被って、そこにロウソクを立て、白装束を身に纏うといったいでたちで、丑の刻(深夜)に神木のある場所に出向いて、結界を破るために釘を打ち込み、牛などの姿をした妖怪を呼び出したといわれる。
- It is said that for the ritual, the practitioner wore gotoku with candles attached to it on his/her head, dressed in a white gown, and visited a place where the sacred tree was planted, on the shaft of which he/she drove a nail, in order to break the barrier between this world and the underworld, and conjured cow-like specters.
- 日本の剣術と世界各国の剣術・刀術を比較すると、刃長60cm以上の刀を両手で持ち、互いに盾を用いずに戦うという形式は珍しく、中世にドイツでツーハンデッドソードによる剣術があげられるくらいである。
- This type of swordplay, in which both parties fight, without shields, holding swords of over 60cm in length with both hands, is seldom seen in countries other than Japan, with the exception of the swordplay called Two-handed swords in the medieval age of Germany.
- そのなかで、儒教の影響以前に、日本古来の呪術的発想から、軍事力ないし警察力の行使というケガレ仕事は国家の制度の内に公式のものとして存在を認めないという世界でも類の少ない特異な制度が採用された。
- In such a situation, Japan adopted a unique system in the world, based on Japanese traditional magical philosophy rather than Confucian philosophy, under which impure works such as the use of military and police force were not regarded as official system of the nation.
- そのため、地域一円を荘園化して山や川などの自然物をもって境界とした荘園や分散した土地を合わせて1つの荘園として扱う場合など様々な形態が存在し、中には数路にわたって多数の荘園を有する者も存在した。
- For this reason there were various types of shoens, for example, they made shoen throughout the regions, drew lines between the shoens with natural objects such as mountains, rivers, and so on, and regarded the dispersed lands as one shoen and so on and some of them possessed many shoens across the roads.
- だが、閣内少数派であったとは言え、政友会党員が閣僚の殆どを占めながら終始混乱で終わった第4次伊藤内閣と比較すれば、官界や貴族院にも支持勢力を形成出来た事など、政友会にとっては大きな成果も伴った。
- The Seiyu party in that cabinet achieved great results, compared with the fourth Ito's cabinet, most of which were the members of the Seiyu party and did nothing except giving chaos; in other words, the party in the first Saionji's cabinet established support in the bureaucracy and the House of Peers.
- 日露戦争において終始優勢を保っていた日本は、これ以上の戦争継続が国力の面で限界であったことから、当時英仏列強に肩を並べるまでに成長し国際的権威を高めようとしていた米国に仲介を依頼し交渉を行った。
- Realizing that its national resources had reached the limit and, hence, it could not continue with the war any longer, Japan, which had been keeping the advantageous position all through the Russo-Japanese War, requested the U.S.A., which had at that time comparable power to the great world powers, the U.K. and France, and was eager to enhance its international status, to mediate the negotiation between them.
- 武家の棟梁の地位が源氏から平氏へ移動した背景には、中央政界の中心が摂関家から院政を布く治天の君へシフトしたという事情がある(源氏は摂関家の権威を背景に、平家は院の権威を背景に台頭したことによる)。
- The leader of samurai families changed from the Minamoto clan to Taira clan as the center of politics shifted from the regent family to Chiten no kimi who established the cloister government (the Minamoto clan gained power using the power of the regent family, and the Taira clan gained power using the power of the cloister government).
- これらの町は2009年現在も大部分が存続しているが、1997年(平成9年)と2006年(平成18年)に土地区画整理事業実施に伴う町名町界の整理があり、町数は差引で12町増えて642町となっている。
- While most of these towns still exist in 2009, the names and the borders of some towns were changed in accordance with the land readjustment project in 1997 and 2006 and the number of towns became 642 with 12 towns having been increased.
- 1914年の第一次世界大戦開始の直後に暴落した米価は、周りの物価が少しずつ上昇していく中で、約3年半の間ほぼ変わらない値段で推移していたが、1918年(大正7年)の中ごろから急激に上昇しはじめた。
- A rice price which tumbled down just after the First World War had begun in 1914 was about the same for three and a half years although prices of other things gradually rose, however, from mid-1918, it started sharply rising.
- このままでは朝鮮の近代化はおぼつかないと感じた金玉均・朴泳孝・徐載弼らの開化派(独立党)人士らは福澤諭吉や大隈重信をはじめ一足先に近代化を果たした日本の政財界の代表者達に接触し、交流を深めてゆく。
- Members of the Korean Progressive group (Independent Party) such as Ok-gyun KIM, Yong-hyo PAK and Jae-pil SEO, who thought that modernization might not be attained if Korea stayed as it was, contacted Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Shigenobu OKUMA and some of the key people in the political and business world in Japan that succeeded in modernization earlier and deepened their friendship.
- 高句麗・新羅・百済の古代王朝、そして高麗の時代にも朝鮮を中心とする独自の天下概念がなかったわけではないが、高麗後期に朱子学が流入すると、名分論の立場から朝鮮中心の天下的世界認識に批判が加えられた。
- There was the notion of the Korea-centered Tenka in the period of old dynasties like Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje as well as in the Goryeo period, but the notion was criticized from the standpoint of meibunron (the theory of justification of titles and social standings) when Neo-Confucianism was introduced in the late Goryeo period.
- 現在の学界では、三韓征伐説話は、はるか後の時代になって、新羅の日本への服従を正当化するために(『続日本紀』には、来新羅使の前で神功皇后説話を聞かせて立腹させたという記事もある)創作された説がある。
- Currently, the academic world has the theory that the rationale in the subjugation of Silla was formed in Japan with the tale of Sankan-Seibatsu; in consideration of the fact in which Sankan-Seibatsu was actually written at some distant point in time. (There was an article in the 'Shoku Nihongi' [a continuation of Nihonshoki; an imperially commissioned Japanese history text] about a visiting envoy of Silla, who became outraged upon hearing the official story of the Empress Jingu.)
- 他にもキタ北新地の「永楽館」(後に吉本傘下に入り「北新地花月倶楽部」)はじめ、上本町、堀江 (大阪市)、松屋町、新町 (大阪市)、松島遊廓、大阪天満宮界隈などに十数軒の落語専門定席が存在していた。
- In addition to the 'Eirakukan' theater (which was later affiliated with Yoshimoto and became 'Kitashinchi Kagetsu Club'), located in Kitashinchi in the northern region of Osaka City, at least ten yose theaters specialized in rakugo; they were located in Uehommachi, Horie (in Osaka City), Matsuyamachi, Shinmachi (in Osaka City), the Matsushima Yukaku red-light district and around Osaka Tenman-gu Shrine.
- 他にもキタ北新地の「永楽館」(同じく吉本の買収後「北新地花月倶楽部」)はじめ、上本町、堀江 (大阪市)、松屋町、新町 (大阪市)、松島遊廓、大阪天満宮界隈などに十数軒の落語専門定席が存在していた。
- There were a dozen rakugo theaters, including 'Eirakukan Theater' (which became 'Kitashinchi Kagetsu Club' after purchased by Yoshimoto Kogyo) in Kitashinchi, North Osaka, in Uehon-machi, Horie (Osaka City), Matsuya-machi, Shin-machi (Osaka City), Matsushima Red-Light District and around the Osaka Tenman-gu Shrine.
- その結果、スカラーアスリートプロジェクトという日本で他に類を見ない、産の京セラ、学の学校法人立命館、民の京都サンガF.C.が手を組み世界に通用する優れた人材を育成する計画が実現されることとなった。
- As a result of that, it was decided that they would realize a plan called Scholar-Athlete Project, unlike anything else in Japan, and in which the Kyocera Corporation from industry, the Ritsumeikan Academy from the education world, and Kyoto Sanga F.C. from the civilian world cooperate with one another to train excellent persons who will be accepted in the world.
- もともと近年クウェート政界ではサリーム系王族よりもジャービル系王族の方が優位に立ちつつあったが、サアドの即位にあたって、ジャービル系王族を中心に、執務不可能を理由にサアドに退位を求める声があがった。
- In recent years, in the Kuwait political field, Jabir line royal family members had superiority over Salim line members, and upon Saad's ascension, there was a voice mainly from the Jabir line royal family members for Saad to abdicate because of his not being able to execute his duties.
- また、廃絶期間が長いためにルートが不明になっている箇所や、時代によって異なるルートが使用された区間の調査、さらにそうした箇所・区間の世界遺産への追加登録など、今後のさらなる調査・研究が待たれている。
- In some sections, the old roads are not found yet because people have not used it for a long time or people used another routes in some periods; and for those sections, further investigations, studies and additional application for World Heritage site are required.
- このままでは朝鮮の近代化はおぼつかないと感じた金玉均・朴泳孝・徐載弼らの開化派(独立党)人士らは、福澤諭吉や大隈重信をはじめ一足先に近代化を果たした日本の政財界の代表者達に接触し、交流を深めてゆく。
- Ok-gyun KIM, Yong-hyo PAK, and Jae-pil SEO of the Progressive Party (Independent Party), who had doubts about the modernization of Korea under this situation, reached the political and financial leaders of the early-modernized Japan, including Yukichi FUKUZAWA and Shigenobu OKUMA, and deepened exchanges with them.
- その後1919年にアメリカ合衆国が復帰したのを皮切りに、再び各国が金本位制に復帰したが、1929年の世界恐慌により再び機能しなくなり、1937年6月のフランスを最後にすべての国が金本位制を離脱した。
- Later, the countries returned to gold standard system, starting with the United States of America readopting the system in 1919, but as the system again became dysfunctional due to the outbreak of the Great Depression in 1929, all the countries abandoned gold standard system as France being the last one to abandon in June 1937.
- 「コーヒー」「コーヒー飲料」などの表示の定義はしばらく存在しなかったが、1977年 業界団体は製造規約を制定、のちに公正取引委員会が正式に告示した『参考文献・リンク』に基づき次の3種類に区分された。
- Although the labels like 'Coffee,' 'Coffee beverage,' and so on, had not been defined for some time, the trade organization laid down manufacturing rules in 1977 and classified the products into the three types below according to 'Bibliography and links' officially announced by Japan Fair Trade Commission later.
- 2008年6月および8月には、水産庁と水産総合研究センターによる調査チームが、おなじくマリアナ諸島沖の水深200-350mの範囲で、成熟したニホンウナギおよびオオウナギの捕獲に世界で初めて成功した。
- In June and August of 2008, a group of researchers from the Ministry of Fisheries and the Fisheries Research Agency succeeded for the first time in the world in capturing mature Japanese eels and giant mottled eels in the waters off of the Mariana Islands at the depth range of 200 to 350 m.
- このように、明応の政変は中央だけのクーデター事件ではなく、全国、特に東国で戦乱と下克上の動きを恒常化させる契機となる、重大な分岐点であり、戦国時代の始期とする説が近年の日本史学界では有力となっている。
- Similarly, in recent years there is an influential theory among Japanese historians, that the Meio Incident was not only a coup d'etat in the central government but also a critical turning point, which led to social upheaval and rebellions against the ruling classes, especially in the eastern provinces, and was the initial stage of the Warring States period.
- 近畿式は、近畿一帯を中心として、東は遠江、西は四国東半、北は山陰地域に、三遠式は、東は信濃・遠江、西は濃尾平野を一応の限界とし、例外的に伊勢湾東部・琵琶湖東岸・京都府北部の日本海岸にそれぞれ分布する。
- The Kinki type dotaku have been found mainly in the whole Kinki region, from Totomi Province in the east to the eastern half of Shikoku in the west and to Sanin region in the north, and the Sanen type ones are located mainly in the area from Shinano and Totomi Province in the east and the Nobi Plain in the west, and exceptionally in the eastern coast of Ise Bay, the eastern shore of Lake Biwa, and the coast of the Japan Sea in the northern part of Kyoto Prefecture.
- むしろ古代ローマ帝国は例外的で、古代・中世世界における他の地域の多くの帝国、王国における皇帝や国王、貴族や行政官、騎士などの地位は、厳密な血縁関係を軸とした排他的な継承によって独占的に占有されてきた。
- The Roman Empire was rather exceptional; often in other regions, empires and kingdoms of the ancient and medieval world the status of an emperor, king, aristocrat, administrative official, or knight was strictly passed on through a blood line.
- すなわち、講談における「世話物」(町人の世界を題材とするカテゴリ。武家を扱った「時代物」に対する)を、講談のように説明口調で口演するのではなく、(登場人物になりきって)感情を入れながら喋るものである。
- According to him, Ninjo-banashi is kodan storytelling of Sewamono (a category which features the world of townspeople in contrast with 'Jidaimono' which features samurai family) emotionally (identifying oneself with the characters), not explanatorily as usual kodan storytelling.
- 大和絵の手法によって描かれた絵と詞書とを交互につらね、異時同図法によってあたかも映画を見るようにつぎつぎに展開する画面の連続は、世界の絵画史においても他にほとんど類例をみないきわめて日本的な形態である。
- Illustrations drawn in the method of Yamato-e painting (a traditional Japanese style painting of the late Heian and Kamakura periods dealing with Japanese themes) and Kotobagaki are alternately placed and each frame is advanced as if it was a movie, using the compositional method; a method to show successive events within a unified background, which is a typical Japanese style with hardly no real precedent in international painting history.
- 同母弟として実仁の身代わりとみなされた輔仁は、皇太子にはなれなかったものの、長寿を保った祖母禎子(陽明門院)の庇護の下、白河とその子息堀河天皇の皇位継承上のライバルとして一時は政界に大きな勢力を有した。
- Sukehito was considered a replacement for his half brother Sanehito did not become Crown Prince, but under the protection of his long-lived grandmother Teishi (Komyomonin), at one time he was influential in the political field as a rival candidate for Emperor against Shirakawa and his son Emperor Horikawa.
- 貨幣収集界には天保6年から翌年鋳造分を「長郭」あるいは「中郭」、8年から13年までのものを「細郭」、弘化4年以降のものを「広郭」とする説もあったが、これでは現存数と鋳造数の比率に整合しないとの説もある。
- In the world of collecting coins, a opinion that claimed that coins minted between 1835 and the following year were called 'Chokaku' or 'Chukaku,' those between 1837 and 1842 were 'Saikaku,' and those after 1847 were 'Kokaku,' but the other argued that this categorization did not match the ratio of the number of existing coins and coins minted.
- 大阪において大阪府知事選挙、大阪市長選挙、大阪を選挙区として補欠選挙などがあるとき、世界陸上大阪大会のような大規模なスポーツ競技があるときは、「大阪○の陣」(○には季節が入る)とマスコミなどから呼ばれる。
- When there are elections in Osaka such as an election for Osaka Prefecture Governor, for Osaka City Mayor, or for by-elections in Osaka electoral district, and large-scale athletic meetings such as Osaka World Championships in Athletics, each of them is called by the media 'Osaka O no Jin' (the name of a season is put in O).
- また、子供達の関心を呼ぶために他地域の地理や風物・物産などを織り込んだ往来物も作られ、『日本国尽』・『都名所往来』・『浪花往来』・『中仙道往来』、そして明治維新期には『世界風俗往来』まで作成されるに至った。
- Furthermore, oraimono featuring geography, scenery, and produce of other regions were written to interest children, which include 'Nihonkunizukushi,' 'Miyakomeisho Orai' (Correspondence on Sights in Miyako (present-day Kyoto)), 'Naniwa Orai' (Letters On Sights of Naniwa (present-day Osaka)) and 'Nakasendo Orai,' and in the period of the Meiji Restoration, 'Sekaifuzoku Orai' was composed.
- また、元禄の酒株改めによって幕府は一時的に全国の醸造業界の実態を把握したものの、酒造株高と酒造米高の格差は放置しておけば再びどんどん広がっていくので、これ以後も幕府は時に応じて酒株改めを繰り返すことになる。
- Even after temporarily realizing the actual situation of the sake brewing industry through the Revision of the Sakekabu System in the Genroku Era, the bakufu repeatedly conducted the revision of the sakekabu system in a timely manner because the gap between shuzokabu amount and the amount of rice for brewing sake would again continue to widen unless actions were taken.
- 日本が太平洋戦争(第二次世界大戦)で敗戦し連合国の占領下に置かれた時に日本を統治した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の最高司令官ダグラス・マッカーサーは、寄生地主が日本の軍国主義に加担したとして農地改革を行った。
- Douglas MACARTHUR, the Supreme Commander of the General Headquarters (GHQ) of the Allied Powers, who governed Japan while Japan was under the Allied occupation after Japan had lost the Pacific War (the World War Ⅱ), implemented a land reform because he thought that the parasitic landlords had supported Japanese militarism.
- 例外的に、真珠の取引単位は直径はセンチメートル、ネックレス等の長さはインチとされ、質量はグラム表記したことで混乱を招いた歴史があることから、世界的に「匁(もんめ、momme)」が国際単位として使われている。
- Exceptionally, a unit 'monme' (or momme) is globally used as an international unit for dealing with pearl because of the confusions resulted from inconsistent unit systems: The diameter of a pearl was written in centimeter, the length of necklaces and others was in inch, the mass was in gram.
- 清代の朱子学は、理気論や心性論よりも、朱熹が晩年に力を入れていた礼学が重視され、社会的な秩序構築を具体的に担う「礼」への関心が高まり、壮大な世界観を有する学問よりは、具体的・具象的な学問へと狭まっていった。
- Neo-Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty focused on Reigaku (courtesy science), which Hsi CHU concentrated in his later years, rather than the theory of Li-Ch'i and the theory of Mind, and interest in 'courtesy' increased, which was practically responsible for the establishment of public order, so that Neo-Confucianism was narrowed down from learning having a grand world view to becoming practicable and concrete.
- 現在、戦争時に女性達が裁縫という労働を無理矢理させられて被害を受けたと主張する者がいるが、第二次世界大戦が始まる前から、家庭の女性が自身と家族の衣服を作ったり裁縫で修復することは日常的に広く行なわれていた。
- These days, some people assert that women were forced to do the labor of hand-sewing in wartime, but women had generally made and mended clothing in each household for herself and her families as part of their household chores before WWII.
- 起源は平安京の一条大路(北大路)と思われるが、現在の京都市北区 (京都市)・左京区を通る「北大路通」は第二次世界大戦前の都市計画により完成したものであり、平安京の一条大路(現在の一条通)とは離れた位置にある。
- It is believed to have originated from Ichijo Oji (Kitaoji) of the Heian-kyo (Kyoto during the Heian period), but the current 'Kitaoji-dori Street' that runs through the Kita and Sakyo Wards of Kyoto City was completed from the city planning made before the World War II and is located apart from Ichijo Oji of Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto) (current Ichijo-dori Street).
- 一説によると、徳川家康は、華厳経の「入法界品」の善財童子が文殊菩薩の命により53人の師を経て普賢菩薩の所で悟りを開いたと言う一節から、江戸(穢土)から京(普賢菩薩の住まう所)への宿駅を五十三にしたと言われる。
- According to one theory, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA set the number of stations from Edo (Kanji characters with the same sound, 穢土, meaning unclean land) to Kyo (which means the land where Fugen Bosatsu (普賢菩薩) lives), based on a chapter from Kegon-kyo Sutra, in which Zenzai-doshi (善財童子) of 'Nyuhokkaibon (入法界品),' following the orders of Monju Bosatsu, achieved enlightenment at the place of Fugen Bosatsu, through 53 teachers.
- この間、遷都しなくても衰退の心配がない浪華(大坂)よりも、世界の大都市のひとつであり、帝都にしなければ市民が離散してさびれてしまう江戸のほうに遷都すべきだとする前島密による「江戸遷都論」が大久保に届けられた。
- During this time an argument for transferring the capital to Edo was received from Hisaka MAEJIMA to Okubo who believed that more important than transferring the capital to Naniwa (Osaka), which was not in danger of decline, the capital should be transferred to Edo, one of the largest cities, because if it wasn't made the imperial capital the citizens would break up and Edo would crumble.
- 更に今日、世界的にもてはやされる日本文化のかなり多くの部分 (俳句、園芸、近世邦楽、文楽、歌舞伎、浮世絵、根付、日本料理、和菓子、陶磁器、漆芸、服飾など)がこの時期に生まれ、あるいは発展、確立したものである。
- In addition, a considerable amount of Japanese culture (the Haiku [a Japanese poem in 17 syllables], horticulture, modern Japanese music, Bunraku [Japanese puppet theater], Kabuki [traditional drama performed by male actors], Ukiyoe [Japanese woodblock prints], Netsuke (miniature carving attached to the end of a cord hanging from a pouch), Japanese cuisine, Japanese-style confectionary, ceramic ware, lacquer art, clothing, etc.), which are extolled world wide, started during this period, or developed for establishment.
- この事もあり、漫才やコントなどの他の上方演芸ではよく見られ、テレビ番組の出演者編成でも時にネックとなる『所属芸能事務所間の壁』というものについても、落語界では決して絶無ではないがそれほど高くないとされている。
- For this reason, the problem of 'the rivalries among entertainment companies,' which is common among stand-up or slapstick comedians, or who cause difficulties in assigning personalities to TV programs, is not so conspicuous, if not nonexistent, in the rakugo industry.
- 以前、学界では平氏政権を貴族政権的な性格が強いとする見解が主流であったが、1970年代・1980年代頃からは、平氏政権が地頭や国守護人を設置した事実に着目し、最初期の武家政権とする見解が非常に有力となっている。
- In the past, many theories in the field considered the Taira clan administration as being a strongly aristocratic administration, but from around the 1970s and 1980s, the theory that the Taira clan administration was the first warrior class government which focussed on the fact that the Taira clan administration established Jito (local lord of a manor) and Province officers became dominant.
- さらに、第二次世界大戦においては大東亜共栄圏の行動を打ち出し、当時イギリスやオランダなどの列強が植民地化していた東南アジアに進軍し、欧米の占領軍を追い出して後釜に座る形でほぼ全域を占領、あるいは影響下に置いた。
- In World War II, Japan proposed the action of the Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, marched into Southeast Asia which was the colony of powerful countries such as England and the Netherlands, cast out the Occupation Forces of Europe and America and took their places, occupying or putting under their influence almost the whole area.
- 第一次世界大戦の影響による好景気(大戦景気)は都市部の人口増加、工業労働者の増加をもたらしたほか、養蚕業などによる収入の増加があった農家は、これまでのムギやヒエといった食生活から米を食べる生活に変化していった。
- The booming economy affected by the First World War (War economy) caused not only population growth of urban areas and an increase of industrial laborers but also a change of a diet that farmers whose income was increased by sericultural industry and so on started to eat rice, not barley or barnyard millet that they had used to have.
- キリスト教の(半ば黙認という形での)禁制解除、社寺に於ける女人結界の解除など近代宗教政策を実施する一方で、神祇官が為し得なかった国民教化を実現する為に教導職制度を設け、大教院による国民教化・大教宣布運動を行った。
- While implementing modernistic religious policies including the cancellation of a ban on Christianity (in reality a tacit permission) and the prohibition against woman entering a sacred area at temples and shrines, Kyobusho also established a system called the kyodoshoku (evangelist) system, and propagated national edification and the Imperial Edict (of 1870) for Establishment of Shinto under Daikyoin (Great Teaching Institute) in order to realize the edification and enlightenment of citizens after the failure of the Jingikan department.
- 中世以後、技能・芸能を家業とする特定の家の間で、それぞれの家が持つ技能・芸能の世界とその背景に存在する専門性・普遍性・伝承性・権威性などの価値感を「道」に擬えて、家と道(技能・芸能)の関係が説かれるようになった。
- Since the Medieval Period among the specific families which had skills and performing arts as their family businesses, people preached the relationships between the family and the professional skill or performing art as their 'Michi (way)' by comparing each family's world of the skill or performing art and the values of the back grounds like specialty, universality, tradition, authority and others.
- 日本以外には、移民(日系人)としてブラジルを始めとするラテンアメリカ諸国、アジア、ヨーロッパ、アメリカ合衆国など世界中に分布してはいるが、近隣の民族である漢民族や朝鮮民族と比べると日本国外への移住者は比較的少ない。
- They also live as immigrants of Japanese descent in countries around the world such as Latin America including Brazil, Asia, Europe and the United States; however, Japanese immigrants are relatively few in number compared to neighboring races such as the Han race and Korean race.
- この惣官職は、畿内近国を軍事的に直轄支配することを目的に設置されたもので、平氏政権の武家政権としての性格を如実に表しており、平氏政権が本格的な武家政権へ成長していく可能性をここに見出しうると、学界では考えられている。
- This Sokan position was established to directly control the military aspects of Kinai and its surroundings, clearly indicating the characteristics of the Taira clan administration as a bushi government and the academic field considers that it is possible to see this as a possibility for the bushi government established by the Taira clan administration to grow.
- 一方、京都でも久光の行動と寺田屋事件などの影響により、薩摩藩・会津藩などを中心とする公武合体(幕政改革)派と、長州藩や真木和泉らの志士などを中心とする尊王攘夷派の間で、京都政界の主導権を巡る対立が激しさを増していく。
- On the other hand, due to the influence by Hisamitsu's actions, the Teradaya Incident and so on the confrontation intensified over the initiative of the Kyoto government between a party of Kobu gattai (reformists of the shogunate government) led by Satsuma, Aizu and other domains and a party of Sonno joi advocators led by the Choshu Domain, Izumi MAKI and other samurai.
- その後17世紀前半(江戸初期)にかけて、キリスト教の布教(キリシタン)と貿易(南蛮貿易)を通じて、日本とスペインの間には盛んな人物の往来が見られ、また衣食住を含む当時の日本の文化や世界観にも影響を与えた(南蛮文化)。
- From then till the first half of the 17th century (the early Edo period), people frequently came and went between Japan and Spain through propagation of Christianity (Christian) and trade (with Spain and Portugal), which had an impact on Japanese culture including housing, food and clothing, and its world view.
- 若いときに父を始め、松本幸四郎 (7代目)、七代目市川中車、市村羽左衛門 (15代目)、實川延若 (2代目)ら名優に歌舞伎狂言の型を教えられたが、これは、十三代目仁左衛門のみならず歌舞伎界にとって貴重な財産であった。
- When he was young, he learned the forms of kabuki and kyogen from excellent actors such as Koshiro MATSUMOTO VII, Chusha ICHIKAWA VII, Hazaemon ICHIMURA XV and Enjaku MINOKAWA II in addition to his father; this was an important asset not only for Nizaemon (XIII) but also for kabuki society as a whole.
- ボクシングの渡辺二郎やキックボクシングの猪狩元秀(現、NPO 法人日本拳法協会主席師範)などの世界チャンピオンを輩出し、自衛隊の自衛隊格闘術の原形に、また警察の逮捕術にもその技術がとりいれられたことでも知られている。
- It has produced world champions such as boxer Jiro WATANABE and kickboxer Genshu IGARI (the current chief grand master of a non profit organization called Nippon Kenpo Kyokai) and it is known that the techniques have been adopted as the model for Japan Self Defense Force MMA and arresting art of the police.
- 江戸時代の人海戦術と社会制度による資源還元にまでは、至っていないが、「もったいない」や「里山・鎮守の森」のように、九十九神や妖怪は自然保護を含めたものとして、日本はもとより世界に発信されるべき観念や価値観ともいえる。
- Although the level of recycling of resources does not reach the level of the Edo period, when the bakufu encouraged recycling through human-wave tactics and the social system, Tsukumogami or apparitions are the notion or the sense of values of nature conservation which Japan should send to the world, as with 'mottainai' (wasteful) and 'satoyama/chinju no mori' (outskirts of country/sacred shrine forest).
- 荘園の成立時において、公験を得て正式に承認を受けると、朝廷(太政官弁官局または民部省)から派遣された使者(官使)及び国司から派遣された使者(国使)、荘官3者の立会のもとで荘園と公領などそれ以外の土地との境界を確認した。
- When shoen (manor in medieval Japan) was established and officially authorized by obtaining Kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi (provincial governors) or Gunji (local magistrates) for transfer of the ownership of private property), its boundaries with other lands like koryo (public lands) were confirmed in the presence of an envoy dispatched by Imperial court (either Dajokan Benkan kyoku (Oversight Department: division of the Dajokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) or Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs)) (kanshi), an envoy dispatched by Kokushi (kokushi) and shokan (an officer governing shoen).
- 保元の乱・平治の乱の記事は欠けているが、治承2年(1178年)の安徳天皇誕生、同4年(1180年)の即位、元暦元年(1184年)の後鳥羽天皇の即位と大嘗会の記事は緻密で、忠親が朝儀や政界の情勢に通じていたことが分かる。
- Although it lacks an article on the Hogen War and Heiji War, the articles on the birth of Emperor Antoku in 1178, his enthronement in 1180, and the enthronement and Daijoe (banquet on the occasion of the first ceremonial offering of rice by the newly-enthroned emperor) of Emperor Gotoba in 1184 are precise, which shows that Tadachika was familiar with chogi (ceremony at the Imperial Court) and the political situation.
- また、日系アメリカ人がアメリカ社会の中に築いた日系人、すなわち日本に対する信頼が、第二次世界大戦後の高度経済成長期前後における日本企業のアメリカ市場への進出の際に、日本企業に対する信頼感の醸成に大きく役立つことになる。
- Also, American society's trust in Japanese Americans (and therefore in Japan), which Japanese Americans had succeeded in fostering there, greatly helped Japanese companies gain trust from American society when they entered the American market during the period of rapid economic growth after World War II.
- それに加えて、18世紀後半の産業革命によって欧米諸国は急速に近代化しており、それぞれの政治経済的事情から大航海時代の単なる「冒険」ではなく、自らの産業のために資源と市場を求めて世界各地に植民地獲得のための進出を始めた。
- In addition to the above, western countries modernized rapidly through industrial revolution in the latter half of the 18th century, and for their own political and economic reasons, started debouching into various places around the world to acquire their own colonies for the purpose of seeking resources and markets for their own industries, rather than for the simple purpose of 'adventure' during the Age of Geographical Discovery.
- しかし18世紀後半から、征夷大将軍の権力は天皇から委任されたものであるから、将軍に従わなければならないとする大政委任論が学界で提唱されるようになり、将軍の権威付けとともに天皇の権威性も見直されていくようになっていった。
- However in the latter half of the eighteenth century, a theory called Taisei Inin Ron, that says people must obey the shogun since the power of Seii Taishogun is entrusted by the Emperor, was proposed in the learned society, and the nature of the authorities of both shogun and the Emperor had begun to be reconsidered.
- そのため、双方の中国史上における荘園の位置づけも大きく異なっている上、周藤や宮崎の晩年には冷戦構造の崩壊とともに「世界史の基本原則」という概念のそのものに対する批判が出現したことで、議論自体が中途で停滞することとなった。
- For this reason, the positioning of the shoens in Chinese history from both of the two sides are very different and in later life of Sudo and Miyazaki, with the demise of the Cold War structure, the concept 'the basic principle of world history' itself came to be criticized and thus the dispute itself stood still in the way.
- イギリスに香港島を割譲、九竜・新界租借地、威海衛租借地を与え、ロシアに旅順大連租借地(後に日本が譲渡され関東州租借地)や東清鉄道利権を与え、ドイツに膠州湾租借地を、フランスに広州湾租借地を与えた他、日本に台湾を割譲した。
- Hong Kong Island was ceded to Great Britain, and Kowloon, the New Territories, and Weihaiwei were leased to this nation; the Lushun and Dalian Leased Territory (later ceded to Japan and renamed the Kwantung Leased Territory) was leased to Russia, and interests in the Eastern Chinese Railway were given to this nation; the Gouzhouwan Leased Territory was leased to Germany; the Kwangchowan Leased Territory was leased to France; and Taiwan was ceded to Japan.
- 江戸時代から日本唯一の対外貿易港であった長崎の居留地には、当初、多数の外国人が押しかけて繁栄したが、明治になると長崎居留地はそれほど発達せず、むしろ上海市を中心とする中国租界在住の欧米人の保養地として賑わうようになった。
- Nagasaki was the only port that had been open to international trading since the Edo period, and as such the settlement had flourished due to the large number of foreigners who had taken up unofficial residence there; beginning in the Meiji period, however, it saw comparatively little development, and indeed prospered more as a sort of health resort for foreigners living in Shanghai and other concessions in China rather than as a settlement in its own right.
- ふりかけの起源については、美味滋養を目的として大正時代から昭和初期にかけて数ヶ所で考案されたといわれており、業界団体の全国ふりかけ協会では、熊本県で売り出された「御飯の友」という商品を、ふりかけの元祖として認定している。
- Furikake is said to have been developed to create delicious and nourishing foods in some places from the Taisho period to the early Showa period and an industrial group called Zenkoku Furikake Kyokai (Japan Furikake Association) has recognized a product, 'Gohan no Tomo' (a friend of rice), sold in Kumamoto Prefecture as the first furikake.
- 近親者を殺されてその復讐をする例は、南イタリアを始めとして、世界各地で見られるが、江戸時代の敵討は、喧嘩両成敗を補完する方法として法制化されていたことと、主眼は復讐ではなく武士の意地・面目であるとされていた点に特徴がある。
- Cases of revenge after the killing of a close relative are found in various parts of the world, including southern Italy; however, the characteristic of Katakiuchi in the Edo period is that it was legitimized as a method to supplement Kenka Ryoseibai (in a quarrel both parties are to blame) and that the aim was not the revenge but the pride or honor of a samurai.
- こうした武家の棟梁に対する恩賞は、所領を棟梁から家人へ分け与える一方、棟梁自らはさらなる勢力拡大のために収入の多い国の国司職や、中央政界における地位向上につながる位階の昇叙、御所への昇殿などを獲得するよう積極的に運動した。
- While Buke no toryo distributed territories to their kenin, they actively sought to become kokushi, which would provide them both handsome income, or to obtain a higher rank, which would lead higher grade in the central government, or to access to the Imperial Palace to advance their political status in the Imperial Court.
- この体制は尊皇攘夷・長州藩への対抗を通じて形成され、八月十八日の政変以降、尊皇攘夷派が退潮し、さらに公武合体論に基づく有力諸侯による参預会議が崩壊したのち、王政復古の大号令による倒幕派クーデタまでの京都政界をほぼ支配した。
- At first the group had been formed to counter the group of Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the Choshu clan; after the Sonno Joi group had been purged by the August 18 Coup (the Bunkyu Coup of 1863), the powerful lords including the three of the Ichikaiso Government participated in the Sanyo-kaigi (the Councilor Council in the Court) which had been set up so that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Imperial Court cooperate on dealing with impending matters; although the Sanyo-kaigi was unraveled soon, the three politicians had maintained their power and dominated over the politics in Kyoto until the Overthrow of the Shogunate and the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule (1867).
- それ以外にも素人への謡曲教授などを行い、名誉師範(シテ方観世流)や教授嘱託(シテ方宝生流)など、流儀から一定の資格を得ている人々もいるが、あくまで素人としての称号であって、能楽界においては玄人(能楽師)として認識されない。
- In addition, some people who give lessons on noh songs to amateurs and so on receive certain qualifications from schools, such as the honorary master (shite-kata of Kanze school) or the commissioned instructor (shite-kata of Hosho school), but these qualifications are nothing more than for nonprofessionals and do not allow the holders to be recognized as the professionals (noh actors) in the world of noh.
- 第二次世界大戦後には、ウォルト・ディズニーやフライシャー・スタジオの影響を受けた手塚治虫が映画的な構図と漫画固有の記号性を合わせ持った表現技法を「新宝島」で定着させ、手塚の手法は日本漫画のデファクト・スタンダードとなった。
- After World War II, Osamu TEZUKA who was inspired by Walt Disney and Fleischer Studios, Inc. established the expression technique in 'Shin Takarazima' combining cinematic composition with symbolism specific to the comic, and his technique became the de facto standard of Japanese comics.
- しかし、昭和に入り、近親相姦のタブーが拡がったことや、第二次世界大戦後は、洋装化が進み、核家族化の進展と共に褌が廃れたことで、褌祝の祭事を行う地区は殆どなくなり、その内容も形式的に赤飯等を配るなどの内容となっているようだ。
- However, since the 1920's incest has increasingly been taboo and with WWII Westernization spread and loincloths largely died out as nuclear families gained ground and, as such, holding loincloth ceremonies largely died out in most regions whereby the sentiment is conveyed in form alone by serving rice with red beans it appears.
- これは、太平の庶民文化の隆盛から、口碑伝承のないこの時代の作家に創作された妖怪の類の氾濫と、杉浦日向子などの江戸時代研究家や学者が説明する「江戸時代は世界に類を見ない資源還元(リサイクル)社会であった」という事実と合致する。
- The above coincides with the fact that many apparitions were created by painters in this period, a peaceful time in which the culture of ordinary people was prosperous and folklore did not exist, and that 'the Edo period was a recycling society without parallel in the world' as researchers of the Edo period, such as Hinako SUGIURA, have pointed out.
- 従来の観光地と呼ばれる狭い地域だけが取り組んだ観光振興では目指す目的の達成に限界があるとされ、このことから広域の圏と呼ぶその地域の創意工夫を生かした主体的な取組を総合的かつ一体的に推進するため観光圏と呼ぶものを設定している。
- The conventional development of tourism addressed only by a narrow region called kanko-chi (tourist site) is said to pose limitations to the achievement of objectives, and therefore the areas called Kanko-ken are arranged to promote an individual approach exerting the originality and ingenuity of the area referred to as a 'wide area' in a comprehensive, integrated manner.
- 相馬御厨は在庁官人が在地領主に変貌していく過程で、国司や目代と激しく対立した事、在地領主層が脆弱な地位を守るために寄進を行った事、寄進による保護にも限界があり、鎌倉幕府の成立へとつながって行った事の例示としてよく取り上げられる。
- Soma-mikuriya is often raised as an exemplary case of: bitter struggles with kokushi (provincial governors) and mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) during the transformation of local officials to local lords; donation by the local lord classes to defend their vulnerable positions; and the limits of the protection by donation, which led to the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- また第二次世界大戦前後から阪神地域以外でも、阪急電鉄阪急京都本線や京阪電気鉄道京阪本線を中心とした京阪地域や、近鉄奈良線を中心とした阪奈地域、南海本線や南海高野線を中心とした泉州、南河内地域でも積極的に行われていくようになった。
- Furthermore, housing land development had come to be promoted actively before and after World War II, in the other areas outside the Hanshin area such as the Keihan area along the Hankyu Kyoto Main Line (Hankyu Corporation) and the Keihan Main Line (Keihan Electric Railway Co., Ltd.), the Hanna area along the Kintetsu Nara Line, and Senshu and Minamikawachi areas along the Nankai Main Line and Nankai-Koya Line.
- 第二次世界大戦中における日系人の強制収容など人種差別をもとにしたいくつもの障害があったものの、このことがやがて世代が変わるごとに、ゆっくりとではあっても確実に、日系人がアメリカ社会での地位を向上させていくことにつながっていった。
- This led to the enhancement of the position of Japanese Americans in American society as generations went by, despite various obstacles due to racial discrimination including the Japanese American internment during the World War II.
- 古事記はイザナギとイザナミが、常世(とこよ・黄泉の国)から逃げ帰る時に、鬼神の追っ手を防ぐために、「千引きの岩」(ちびきのいわ)を結界として用いたことと、磐境が結びつき、「結界の神」である「賽の神」(さいのかみ・幸の神)がうまれた。
- The following story is described in Kojiki (the Records of Ancient Matters) : Izanagi and Izanami used 'Chibiki no iwa' (a huge boulder) as kekkai (barrier) to keep off the pursuers dispatched by the demon when returning from Tokoyo (the world of the dead), and the boulder became associated with iwasaka (the area a deity sits), then the god of the barrier 'Sai no kami' appeared.
- 14世紀前後の北九州から朝鮮半島、中国沿岸などでは日本人、中国人や朝鮮民族らの多民族構成とする倭寇(前期倭寇)が活発化し、日朝貿易においては朝貢貿易に加えて民間貿易も許可されていたため、東アジアの海上世界は民族雑居状態が存在していた。
- Around the fourteenth century, Wako (specifically, the early Wako), a multiethnic group of pirates that included Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans, began increasing their activities in the seas from northern Kyushu in Japan to those around the Korean peninsula and along the coast of China; in addition to the formal tributary trade missions, it was now also permissible for trade to be conducted between Japan and Korea by private merchants, adding a more international flavor to the maritime world of East Asia during this period.
- この時期の銀の市場価格の変動は大きくまた下落傾向が顕著であった為、そして、その当時世界経済の主導的地位を占めていたイギリスが既に金本位制に転じていた為、銀本位制諸国は深刻な影響をうけ、19世紀の終りにはほとんどの国が金本位制に転じた。
- Since fluctuation of market value of silver during this period was significant and tended to decline remarkably and the United Kingdom, which led the world economy around that time, already shifted to the gold standard, countries which adopted silver standard were seriously affected, so most of the countries shifted to the gold standard in the end of the nineteenth century.
- 締約当時に開発途上国と見なされた中華人民共和国・インドなどが、その後順調な経済的発展を遂げ、非効率的なエネルギー政策で大量に温室効果ガスを発生させ、世界有数の排出国となっているにも関わらず、何ら義務を負っていないことも問題視されている。
- Countries such as People's Republic of China and India, which were regarded as developing countries at the time of ratification, have economically developed steadily afterward and they have come to produced a massive amount of greenhouse gases to be the world's top-class emitter due to their inefficient energy policies; accordingly, it is problematic that they have not undertaken any obligation in spite of such a situation.
- だが、新将軍・義尚は若くして病死し、引退した父・義政も銀閣をはじめとする慈照寺の造営に余生を費やして、芸術の世界にのみ生きた(とはいえ、義政の芸術保護が後の東山文化発展の基礎となり、後々の日本文化に大きな影響を与えた事は否定できない)。
- But the new Shogun, Yoshihisa, died of illness while still young, and his retired father Yoshimasa devoted his remaining years to construction projects at Jisho-ji Temple, notably the building known as Ginkaku (the Silver Pavilion), focusing his attention entirely on the world of artistic endeavor (and indeed, Yoshimasa's patronage of the arts became the foundation of the flourishing artistic culture of the Higashiyama area, and no one can deny he had a profound influence on later developments in Japanese culture.)
- 琵琶湖の市町境界については、今までどの市町にも組み入れられていなかったが、沿岸の各自治体で行う共同会議において2007年5月8日に境界の設定に合意し、各自治体の議会の同意を得た上で総務省に届け出を行い、9月28日付で官報に確定が公示された。
- The municipal borders of Lake Biwa had never been established, but at a joint conference held by the municipalities on the shore of the lake, their delegates reached an agreement to establish the borders of Lake Biwa on May 8, 2007; a document was submitted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications after the approval of each municipality's assembly, and finally the establishment of borders was officially announced in the official gazette on September 28.
- 学芸自由同盟も翌年には活動停止状態となったが、前記の中井、久野などこの運動に参加した学生のなかから『土曜日 (雑誌)』『学生評論』『世界文化』など反ファシズムを標榜する雑誌メディアが生まれ、自由主義的文化運動は「非常時」下でなおも命脈を保った。
- The Gakugei Jiyu Domei also ceased its activities the next year but students such as the aforementioned Nakai and Kuno who participated in this movement started magazines supporting anti-fascism such as 'Doyobi' (Saturaday), 'Gakusei Hyoron' (Student Editorials), 'Sekai Bunka' (World Culture), and even under 'emergency situation (war period),' the liberal cultural movement continued.
- 関係史料が少ないため、平氏政権における国守護人・地頭の設置とそれに伴う支配の深化がどれほど進んでいたかは、必ずしも明らかとなっていないが、学界では、これら国守護人・地頭は、後の鎌倉幕府における守護・地頭の先駆的な存在だと考えるようになっている。
- It is not clear how large an influence the establishment by the Taira clan administration of Jito and Province officers had, or the amount of control they exerted because there are few related historical documents, but the academic field proposes that the Jito and Province officers were like a prototype for Shugo and Jito in the Kamakura bakufu.
- 第二次世界大戦後に研究が進むと、潜在的に不満を抱いていた中下流の文人貴族層による過大な評価であることが明らかとなり、またその時期の実際の政策も宇多天皇期及びその後の宇多上皇による事実上の院政下で行われたものの延長でしかないことが明らかになった。
- As further research was done after World War II, it became apparent that the eras were overrated by people in the literary nobility in the middle and lower classes who were potentially frustrated at the system of rule at the time, and the actual policies of that time were merely an extension of the ones by the Emperor Uda era and under Insei (rule by the retired emperor) of consecutive reign by Retired Emperor Uda.
- その後も戎松の後身の「千日劇場」や、松竹芸能系の「道頓堀角座」「演芸の浪花座」(道頓堀)「新花月」(新世界 (大阪))、吉本興業系の「なんば花月」「うめだ花月」、東宝系でケーエープロダクションの芸人が多く出演した「トップホットシアター」が開場。
- The following theaters then opened in Osaka: 'Sennichi Gekijo Theater' which developed from 'Ebisu Matsu,' Shochiku Geino's theaters, 'Dotonbori Kadoza,' 'Engei no Naniwaza' (in Dotonbori) and 'Shinkagetsu' (in Shinsekai, Osaka), Yoshimoto Kogyo's 'Nanba Kagetsu,' 'Umeda Kagetsu,' and Toho's 'Top Hot Theater' where many performers of KA Production appeared.
- 第二次世界大戦中は更に政府の統制が強化されたが、終戦後の1946年(昭和21年)の第1次地方制度改革で知事の選挙投票者による分類制が導入されるなどの民主化が行われ、最終的には1947年(昭和22年)の地方自治法の成立により現行の都道府県制に移行した。
- During World War II, the regulation by the government was enforced, however, after the war, the first reform of the local system was implemented in 1946 to promote democratization, and the classification system where a prefectural governor is elected by voters was introduced, which was after all replaced by the current Todofuken sei (system of prefectural government) when the Local Autonomy Law was established in 1947.
- 近年のこのイベントの全国への広まり方はバレンタインデー・ホワイトデー・オレンジデーの菓子贈答と同じく、海苔業界やコンビニ業界など関係業界の主導のもと販売促進を目的とした傾向があり、本来の太巻きではなく「海鮮巻き版」「ロールケーキ版」なども販売されている。
- The spread of this event nationwide in recent years has the tendency of aiming at sales promotion under the leadership of relevant industries such as nori industry and convenience store industry, as in the case of giving sweets on Valentine's Day, White Day, and Orange Day; as such, 'seafood sushi roll version' and 'Swiss roll version,' which are not the traditional thick sushi roll, are also being sold.
- 後に同説はカップ麺業界等により再調査され、2000年に旧通産省・旧環境庁が「内分泌攪乱作用があるとの証拠は見いだせない」「作用を否定する報告が大半」と発表したが、2006年に東京都健康安全研究センターは動物実験により、生物への影響が確認されたと発表した。
- Later the Kappumen industry and others reexamined this theory and the former Ministry of International Trade and Industry and former Environment Agency announced in 2000 that 'there is no evidence that it has endocrine-disrupting effect' and 'most reports denied any effect,' but Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health announced in 2006 that it has confirmed the affect on living things by animal test.
- 第二次世界大戦後はマルクス主義的な歴史認識により、武士を支配階級、農民を被支配階級と定義し、農民生活の悲惨さとそれに由来する階級闘争の存在が強調され、商人は財産(資本)を蓄積したブルジョワ階級であり、近代への幕を開く歴史的存在として捉えられるようになった。
- After World War II, Marxian history began to define samurai as the ruling class and the peasants as the ruled class, emphasizing the misery of the peasants' life and the existence of a class struggle derived from this misery, with merchants as the bourgeoisies who accumulated property (capital) which ushered in the modern age.
- 台湾の日本統治時代(にっぽんとうちじだい)は、日清戦争の敗戦に伴い清朝が台湾を大日本帝国に割譲した1895年(明治28年)4月17日から、第二次世界大戦後の1945年(昭和1945年)10月25日、中華民国統治下に置かれるまでの植民地支配の約50年間を指す。
- The period of Japanese rule of Taiwan refers to approximately fifty years during which time Taiwan was governed by Japan as colony from April 17, 1895 when the Qing dynasty ceded Taiwan to Imperial Japan due to the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War to October 25, 1945 when Taiwan was put under the rule of the Republic of China.
- また、朝鮮通信使の寄航地にも度々指定され、1711年(正徳元年)の第8回通信使では従事官の李邦彦が宿泊した福禅寺から見た鞆の浦の景色を「日東第一形勝」(朝鮮より東の世界で一番風光明媚な場所の意)と賞賛した(この文を額にしたものが福禅寺対潮楼内に掲げられている)。
- Meanwhile, Tomonoura was repeatedly designated as a port of call for Joseon (Korean) diplomatic missions to Japan, and there remains an episode in which a Korean officer (従事官) named Yi Bang-won (李邦彦), a member of the eighth mission of 1711, praised the landscape of Tomonoura viewed from the Fukuzen-ji Temple where they stayed overnight as 'the most beautiful, picturesque scenery in the world east of Joseon' (the words were written down on the board and hung in on the wall inside the Taichoro Reception Hall of the Fukuzen-ji Temple).
- 台湾人の就学率は当初緩慢な増加であったが、義務教育制度が施行されると急速に上昇、1944年の台湾では国民学校が944校設置され、就学児童数は876,000人(女子を含む)、台湾人児童の就学率は71.17%、日本人児童では90%を越える世界でも高い就学率を実現した。
- Though the initial enrollment rate for Taiwanese children was slow to increase, it showed a sharp increase with the implementation of the compulsory education system; In 1944, there were 944 elementary schools in Taiwan with 876,000 children (including girls) enrolled and the enrollment rates of Taiwanese children and the Japanese children in Taiwan were 71.17% and 90% respectively, which figures indicated the high enrollment rate in the world.
- 松本隆海は、『足尾鉱毒惨状画報』(1901年)で、安蘇郡界村字高山(現佐野市高山町、当時の人口約800人)で、5年間で兵役合格者がわずか2名しか出ておらず(適齢者は延べ50名)、しかも、その合格者のうち1名も入隊後10日で病気で除隊となったという逸話を紹介している。
- In 'Ashio Kodoku Sanjo Gaho' (Reports and Pictures of Ashio Mining Pollution) (1901), Ryukai MATSUMOTO revealed the horrifying fact that in five years there had been only two men who had passed the medical for the draft (there were fifty people who met the age for the draft) in Takayama of Sakai Village, Aso County (present Takayama-cho, Sano City, population of approximately 800 at that time), and out of those two that passed, one was subsequently discharged on medical grounds after only ten days.
- 明治の歴史学界では、南北朝時代に関して「太平記」の記述を他の史書や日記などの資料と比較する実証的な研究がされ、これに基づいて1903年(明治36年)及び1909年(同42年)の小学校で使用されている国定教科書改訂においては南北両朝は並立していたものとして書かれていた。
- The academic field of history during the Meiji period conducted evidence-based research comparing the 'Taiheiki' with other documents such as historical books and diaries, and based on this, the 1903 and 1909 revisions of national textbooks for elementary schools depicted both the Southern and the Northern Court as being concurrent.
- またもう一つには、日本酒業界全体が日本酒の歴史消費低迷期に陥っており、後継者もおらず、小さな流派では杜氏集団そのものが絶滅しかかっている、あるいはすでに絶滅してしまったところも多く、酒造関係者内部で流派にこだわっているだけの余裕がなくなった、という苦々しい事情もある。
- Another reason is the bitter situation in which they are no longer able to stick with a distinction between schools inside the brewers' society because the whole sake industry has been suffering from a long-term depression and a lack of successors, and many small schools are losing their toji groups, or already lost their toji groups.
- これは、上記のように歯止めの効かず野放図に増え続けてきた自動車や民生部門等からの化石燃料の浪費に対し、産業界・個人などの枠にとらわれず幅広く、排出量に応じた経済的負担をさせるための枠組みを設けることで、市場原理に基づいて上記部門からの排出抑制に直接働きかけるものである。
- It directly exerts influence on waste of fossil fuels at cars, civilian sectors and so on, which has hugely increased with no restraint, sets up the framework for widely imposing economic burdens, depending on the amount of emissions, on industries, individuals and so on, and consequently, according to the market principle, directly drives the suppression of emissions from the sectors mentioned above.
- また、周辺の工場は地下水をくみ上げ、さらに汚染水地下水浸透禁止の水質汚濁防止法が改正されるまでは、汚染水を意識的に地下に浸透していた工場も多く、琵琶湖周辺の工場地帯の地下水汚染は進んでおり、世界一の閉鎖性水域の琵琶湖の水環境を守るために、早急の対策が必要と言われている。
- Because factories around Lake Biwa pumped the water out of the ground, and many of them dumped effluents deliberately until the Water Pollution Control Law was amended to prevent them from discharging effluents into the ground, the contamination of underground water in the factory area near the lake has worsened, and some people have strongly urged quick action in order to protect the water in what is the world's most enclosed watershed area.
- 江戸時代の日本最大の豪商、鴻池財閥は、家業以外への進出を禁じた家憲によって、金融業から他の事業へ営業分野の拡大は図らなかったが、明治期以降は同家の名声を欲する財界の要請で、鴻池家が様々な企業の発起人となり、大株主として君臨したことから、投資財閥の性格をもっていたとも言える。
- The Konoike zaibatsu, as the wealthiest merchant in Japan during the Edo period, did not expand its business from finance to other fields due to the family rule that prohibited the business expansion to other than the family business; however, it can be said that the Konoike zaibatsu had the characteristics of an investment zaibatsu because the Konoike family ultimately founded various enterprises in response to requests from financial communities that had tried to acquire the family reputation after the Meiji period, and consequently the family had the status of a major shareholder.
- その後新渡戸稲造がアメリカ人に紹介するために書いた『武士道 (新渡戸稲造)』が、日清戦争以降、逆輸入され広く受け入れられ、大日本帝国の軍人が持つべき倫理と接合して、軍人の倫理の骨格をかたちづくり、また一方では、美学として文学や芸能の世界でさまざまなかたちとなってあらわれた。
- Later, Inazo NITOBE wrote 'Bushido (Inazo NITOBE)' to introduce bushido to American people, but after the Sino-Japanese War, it was reimported to Japan and formed the ethical framework for military officers, mixing with the ethics which the military officers of the Empire of Japan should have, and on the other hand it appeared as aesthetic in various forms in the world of literature or entertainment.
- 1890年(明治23年)11月、第一回帝国議会が開かれ、産業界から商法の施行が早すぎ対応がとれないとの理由で「商法実施延期請願書」が出されると、帝国議会は1891年(明治24年)1月1日施行予定の商法を民法と同じ1893年(明治26年)1月1日施行に延期することを決定した。
- In November, 1980, the first Imperial Diet was opened, and when 'Shoho Jisshi Enki Seigansho (petition for postponing the effectuation of the Commercial Code)' was submitted because they could not correspond to its too early effectuation, the Imperial Diet decided to postpone the enforcement of the Commercial Code in January 1, 1991 to January 1, 1893, the same day of the effectuation of the Civil Code.
- 国宝(こくほう、英語:National treasures)とは日本の文化財保護法によって国が指定した有形文化財(重要文化財)のうち、世界文化の見地から価値の高いものでたぐいない国民の宝たるものであるとして国(文部科学省)が指定したものである(文化財保護法第27条第2項)。
- The term 'national treasures' ('kokuho' in Japanese) refers to those buildings, artworks or other items, among the larger group designated tangible cultural assets (important cultural properties) by Japan's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (according to the second item listed under article 27 of the law), that possess great cultural worth from the viewpoint of world culture, as well as those buildings, artworks or other items, considered peerless treasures by Japan's citizens, that are designated as such by the state (specifically, by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology).
- 中国では北斉時代(550-577)の菩薩像2体(山東省・青州博物館蔵)に截金が見られ、一方は二重の亀甲文の中に亀を描いたものと、裳裾に縦長の亀甲文の中に3枚の葉をもった植物文を上下に重ねた文様に、もう一方は裳に緑と赤に白い丸文を描いた文様の区画の境界線に截金が使われている。
- In China, the kirikane technique is found in two statues of Bosatsu (bodhisattva) in Northern Qi period (550 to 577) (owned by Qingzhou Museum in Shandong Province): For one of them, it is used in the motif of a double-line kikkomon (hexagonal pattern) in which a tortoise is drawn, and the motif which two patterns of plant with three leaves are arranged one above the other in a vertically long kikkomon in its mosuso (hem of pants), and for the other, in the boundary line between green pattern with white circle and red pattern with white circle in its mo (long pleated skirts).
- 1613年、幕府は、寺院・僧侶の圧迫および朝廷と宗教界の関係相対化を図って、「勅許紫衣竝に山城大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院の法度」(「勅許紫衣法度」「大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院法度」)を定め、さらにその2年後には禁中並公家諸法度を定めて、朝廷がみだりに紫衣や上人号を授けることを禁じた。
- In 1613, the bakufu aimed to oppress the temples and monks and balance the relationship between the Imperial Court and the religious groups, decreed 'Chokkyo (imperial sanction) Shie tome and Yamashiro Daitoku-ji Temple Myoshin-ji Temple to Shoji Nyuin Hatto' ('Chokkyo Shie Hatto' and 'Daitoku-ji Temple Myoshin-ji Temple to Shoji Nyuin Hatto') and established the Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto (Various Regulations for the Imperial Court and Court Nobles) 2 years later and prohibited the Imperial Court from easily presenting Shie and Shonin names.
- 古代のローマ暦の 1 March を正月とする暦は、ヴェネツィア共和国で1797年まで、ロシアで988年~15世紀の終わりまで用いられていた、ロシアでは15世紀の終わりから1700年の西暦導入まで、9月1日が正月だった(ロシアではそれ以前、神話的世界の創造から年を数えていた)。
- A calendar which had its new year's day on March 1st of the ancient Roman calendar was used until 1797 in the Republic of Venezia and from 988 to the end of the 15th Century in Russia and, in Russia, September 1st was new year's day from the end of the 15th Century to the introduction of the western calendar in 1700 (in Russia, before this introduction, the years had been counted from the mythic creation of the world).
- 以上に見るように、政治世界における武力が占める比重の増加、後白河と清盛の強い連携、後白河と滋子の関係、高倉の即位、清盛の大臣補任、日宋貿易や集積した所領(荘園)に基づく巨大な経済力、西国武士や瀬戸内海の水軍を中心とする軍事力などを背景として、1160年代後期に平氏政権が確立した。
- As shown above, the Taira clan administration was established in the latter half of the 1160s due to increased influence of military force in the political scene, strong collaboration between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori, the relationship between Goshirakawa and Shigeko, Takakura's ascension, Kiyomori's support of the Daijin, substantial financial power based on Japan-Song trade and accumulated properties (shoen), and military power based on the western bushi and the Seto Inland Sea naval force.
- しかし第二次世界大戦になると食糧不足解消のため、桑畑をサツマイモ畑に転作したことや、糸そのものの価格の低下、ナイロンなどの化学繊維の出現や養蚕農家の後継者不足と高齢化などのさまざまな理由によって養蚕業の衰退を招き、これらをきっかけにほとんどの養蚕農家や製糸業者は廃業に追い込まれた。
- However, when the World War II broke out, sericulture declined due to various reasons, including changes in crop (from mulberry to sweet potato) to prevent food shortages, price reduction of yarn itself, the appearance of chemical fibers such as nylon fibers, lack of successors in silk-raising farmers, aging of silk-raising farmers, etc., all factors leading to a decline and the eventual closeout by silk-raising farmers and yarn-making companies.
- 日米修好通商条約は「治外法権」、関税自主権の放棄(協定関税率制)、片務的最恵国待遇など、日本にとって不利な内容を含む不平等条約であり、無防備なままの日本市場が世界市場に対して開かれると、入過により国内産業への影響、金の流出が物価高騰、尊王攘夷運動の激化や一揆、打ちこわし等を招いた。
- The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan was an unequal treaty including unfavourable conditions against Japan such as extraterritoriality, resignation of tariff autonomy (tariff agreement system) and unilateral MFN (most favoured nation) status, therefore when the Japanese market was opened to the world, domestic industries were defenceless against the impact of price increases and the draining of gold reserves which gave rise to the Sonno Joi Movement (a movement advocating reverence to the Emperor and expulsion of foreigners), uprising, and destructive urban riots.
- これは後の鎌倉幕府による本格的な武家政権支配と比較すると、御家人制度のように確立されたものでもなく未熟なものだったといえるが、武士を通じた支配ネットワークを構築したことは従前の貴族政権には見られない画期的なものとされ、ゆえに学界では発現期の武家政権であるとする評価が主流となっている。
- Later, compared to the more established samurai government control by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it was an undeveloped system without an established lower-ranking vassal system, but was nonetheless significant because it built a control network through bushi that was not seen in previous aristocratic governments, and therefore in the academic field it is largely considered as a beginning form of samurai government.
- 幕末は、徳川宗家の当主が征夷大将軍職に就き、幕府の主宰者として君臨する幕藩体制が変質し、崩壊していく過程であり、また、鎖国すなわち海禁政策を抛棄して開港し、外国との通商貿易の開始によって日本が世界的な資本主義市場経済に組み込まれ、社会そのもののあり方が劇的に変化していく過程でもある。
- The bakumatsu can be described as the period in which the feudal system characteristic of the shogunage by the head of the Tokugawa family collapsed, or the period in which the social structure dramatically changed as the country abolished the long-held closed-door policy and started trading with foreign countries, eventually becoming a member of the global capitalist market economy.
- 戦国時代に築城あるいは使用された大部分の城は、戦国時代末期から江戸時代にかけて築城された、現存の姫路城や松本城のように世界遺産や国宝に指定されたり、あるいは大坂城、江戸城、名古屋城のように、都市の歴史の象徴として、広い年齢層の人々があまねく一般知識として認知するまで敷衍されてはいない。
- With the exception of certain castles constructed around the end of the Sengoku Period or in the Edo period, such as Himeji-jo castle and Matsumoto-jo castle (both of which still exist and have been designated as world heritage sites and national treasures), as well as Osaka-jo castle, Edo-jo castle, or Nagoya-jo castle (which are well known symbols of the history of the city by people of a wide range of ages), the majority of the castles that were constructed or used in the Sengoku Period are not well known.
- 「紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道」の世界遺産登録への動きが本格化する2000年(平成12年)前後には、1999年(平成11年)の南紀熊野体験博の開催と呼応するかたちで再調査が行われ、登録に先立つ2001年から2002年にかけての時期には、整備と復元・復旧を目的とする事業が特に積極的に行われた。
- Around 2000, as the campaign for registering 'holy places and pilgrimage routes in the Kii Mountains' as a World Heritage site was broaden; in 1999 re-investigation into the road was conducted with the opening of Japan Expo Nanki Kumano, and in 2001 and 2002, immediately before the registration, the projects for maintenance, restoration and reconstruction were energetically carried.
- しかし一般的にはその前年にあたる1867年(慶応3年)の大政奉還、王政復古以降の改革を指すことが多い(日本の歴史学界における明治維新研究では、前段階である江戸幕府崩壊期(天保の改革あるいは黒船来航以後)も研究対象とされるが、維新体制が整う以前の政治状況については幕末の項で扱うものとする)。
- However, the Meiji Restoration generally includes Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) and Osei-hukko (the restoration of the Imperial rule) which started in 1867 (according to various academic studies of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, it includes the late Edo Shogunate period (after the Tempo reforms or the Perry Expedition) as the first part of the Restoration, but some political situations prior to the Restoration are mentioned in the article of 'Bakumatsu' (the end of the Edo Shogunate)).
- 1999年 この年から2001年にかけて、ウーヴェ・ムント(第10代常任指揮者)と共に、ジャン・シベリウス・ベドルジハ・スメタナ・バルトーク・ベーラ・グスタフ・マーラーの各作品を録音、ドイツのバジェット・レコードレーベル「アルテ・ノヴァ(ARTE NOVA)」を通じて全世界に向けてリリース
- From 1999 through 2001, together with Uwe Mund (the tenth permanent conductor), it recorded works by Jean SIBELIUS, Bedrich SMETANA, Bela BARTOK and Gustav MAHLER and released to the whole world through German budget record label 'ARTE NOVA.'
- 日本で和服という言葉が生まれる明治時代よりもずっと前の16世紀の時点で、日本人が衣服のことを指して呼んだ着物(Kimono)が、現在で言う和服を表す語としてヨーロッパ人に知られるようになり、現在ではヨーロッパに限らず世界の多くの言語で日本で和服と呼んでいる物を Kimono と呼んでいる。
- The Japanese people used the word Kimono to indicate clothing in general during the sixteenth century which was long before the Meiji period when the word Wafuku was coined in Japan--The word Kimono was recognized by the European people as the word to indicate Japanese clothing like the word Wafuku in the modern Japanese sense, and the word Kimono with that sense have prevailed in the world so that what the Japanese people call Wafuku is called Kimono in the world.
- しかしその実は、当時世界最高水準の複式簿記考案(中井源左衛門・日野商人)(小倉栄一郎『江州中井家帳合の法』)や、契約ホテルのはしりとも言える「大当番仲間」制度の創設(日野商人)、現在のチェーン店の考えに近い出店・枝店を積極的に開設するなど、徹底した合理化による流通革命だったと評価されている。
- In reality, however, they are now considered the pioneers who brought revolutionary changes to the distribution business by strictly pursuing the concept of streamlining, as seen in the examples of the invention of the double-entry system in bookkeeping by a merchant from Hino, Genzaemon NAKAI, which was at the highest level in the word at that time (according to Eiichi OGURA 'Goshu Nakai-ke chogo no ho' (bookkeeping method of the Nakai family in Omi Province)); the establishment of the system of 'Otoban nakama' by the merchants from Hino, which can said to be an early concept of the contracted hotel; and the expansion of the business by proactively opening branches, which is a similar concept to today's chain stores.
- 神道国教化政策との絡みや、キリスト教を解禁しても直ちに欧米が条約改正には応じないとする懐疑的な姿勢から来る、政府内の保守派の反対のみばかりでなく、宗教界や一般民衆からも「邪宗門」解禁に反対する声が強く紛糾したものの、明治6年(1873年)2月24日禁制の高札を除去し、その旨を各国に通告した。
- The conservatives in the government opposed it because they thought that allowing Christianity could be an obstacle to establishing Shinto as a state religion, and because they doubted Europe and the United States would accept a revision of the unequal treaty immediately even if they lifted the ban on Christianity, but also because the religious world and people opposed it because they considered Christianity as 'Heresy,', but in any case the government lifted the ban on Christianity and announced it to foreign countries on February 24, 1873.
- →中国・インドなどいわゆる開発途上国の排出量が増加しているのは事実であるが、2007年には世界最大の排出国であるアメリカ合衆国に匹敵すると言われる中国ですら人口一人あたりの排出量は約1/4であることの難しさも内包している(逆にいえば一人あたり排出量の多い国の削減幅が足りないという話にもなる)。
- ->It is a fact that the emission amount of developing countries such as China, India and so on is increasing, but in 2007, even in China, which is said to be comparable to the United States of America, the largest emitter in the world, the per capita emission amount is about 1/4 of the United States; this makes things difficult, in other words, the reduction rate of a country whose per capita emission amount is large is not enough.
- 特に安政の大獄を断行した大老井伊直弼が桜田門外の変で横死して後、公武合体を望む幕府が征夷大将軍徳川家茂の正室として孝明天皇の妹和宮の降嫁を求めた1861年(文久元年)頃から、薩摩藩・長州藩・土佐藩などの雄藩が中央政界への進出をうかがうようになり、尊王攘夷派がぞくぞくと京都に集まるようになった。
- In the Sakuradamongai Incident (1860), extremists murdered Tairo (a councilor of the Council of Five Elders) Naosuke II who had conducted Ansei no Taigoku (the suppression of extremists by the Shogunate), soon after that, in 1861 the Shogunate offered the lawful marriage of Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') the 14th shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA with Kazunomiya (a younger sister of Emperor Komei) to the Imperial Family for the purpose of gaining the Imperial Court's cooperation; especially since then, statesmen of strong clans including the Satsuma clan, the Choshu clan and the Tosa clan aimed for advance to the political center, and the following of Sonno Joi came to Kyoto one after and another.
- また、明治時代末期から第二次世界大戦敗戦まで、当時の政府の公式見解においては、南朝 (日本)を正統な皇統としてこの時代を「南北朝時代 (日本)」と称していたが、その結果、北朝 (日本)が任じた初代尊氏・2代足利義詮・3代足利義満(南北朝合一以前)は正式な将軍とは認められていなかった(皇国史観)。
- Also, according to the official opinion of the government at the time, from the end of the Meiji period until defeat in World War II, Nancho (Japan) was regarded as the legitimate imperial line, and this age was referred to as the 'period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)'; because of such a view, the first shogun Takauji, the second shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were not acknowledged as official shoguns (based on imperial history).
- 個性と実力を兼ね備え、演歌という新ジャンルの土台を築いた、春日八郎・三橋美智也・三波春夫・村田英雄らの男性歌手や、演歌の女王と称された美空ひばり(「歌謡界の女王」とも呼ばれる)等がすでに亡くなっており、その後に続いた北島三郎や五木ひろし、森進一などの大御所歌手も実力を発揮し切れていない状況である。
- Hachiro KASUGA, Michiya MIHASHI, Haruo MINAMI, Hideo MURATA and other male singers who had both individualities and abilities and laid the foundations for new enka genre, and Hibari MISORA who was known as the queen of enka (also known as the 'queen of popular song world') have already passed away, and highly accomplished singers who followed, such as Saburo KITAJIMA, Hiroshi ITSUKI and Shinichi MORI, cannot show their abilities to the full.
- これらの指定物件(いわゆる「旧国宝」)は文化財保護法施行の日である1950年(昭和25年)8月29日付けをもってすべて「重要文化財」に指定されたものと見なされ、その「重要文化財」の中から「世界文化の見地から価値の高いもの」で「たぐいない国民の宝」たるものがあらためて「国宝」に指定されることとなった。
- All of the designated items (the 'old' national treasures) were relabeled 'important cultural properties' on August 29, 1950, the day the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into effect, while within that larger group of important cultural properties, those items considered to possess great cultural worth from the viewpoint of world culture, as well as those items considered peerless treasures by Japan's citizens, were re-designated 'national treasures.'
- もう一つは、交流を禁止してしまったことで、ヨーロッパ(後にアメリカ合衆国も)で発達した産業革命による技術や文化を積極的に受け入れられなくなり、世界の潮流からとりのこされて科学文化が浸透せず(理系軽視)、ひいては太平洋戦争の敗戦の遠因ともなってしまった、とする和辻哲郎にみられるように否定的なものである。
- Another evaluation, typified by Tetsuro WATSUJI, argues that Japan fell behind the global current because of its inability to introduce technology and culture similar to what was being developed during the Industrial Revolution in Europe (later in the United States as well) due to its prohibition on exchanging with other countries; this not only resulted in the failure of Japan to make a scientific culture permeate throughout the nation (science courses were disregarded), but also became an underlying cause of defeat in the Pacific War.
- 基準年を1990年に設定したのはロシアの批准を促すことなどにも配慮されたという国際政治の現場にありがちな話を指摘する向きや、「産業界を中心に世界有数の環境対策を施してきた日本が6%もの高水準を求められている」といった論調により、「この議定書が締結・発効に至る過程で政治的に歪められている」とする意見が散見される。
- An opinion saying 'the Protocol was politically biased in the process of ratification and effectuation' is heard here and there along with the following views: setting 1990 as the reference year was to give time to Russia for ratification, which is quite a political consideration; Japan has implemented world's leading environmental measures particularly in the industry, but is required for a high reduction level of 6%.
- この時期既にブギウギで流行歌歌手としてデビューしていた美空ひばりも音楽性をシフトさせ、キングレコードから望郷歌謡の春日八郎、三橋美智也、ビクターレコードから任侠路線のスター鶴田浩二、テイチクレコードから浪曲出身の三波春夫、戦後の大スター石原裕次郎、コロムビアレコードからは三波と同じく浪曲界より村田英雄がデビュー。
- Around that time, Hibari MISORA, who had already debuted with boogie-woogie as a hit song singer, changed her musical characteristics, nostalgia singer Hachiro KASUGA and Michiya MIHASHI debuted with King Records, Koji TSURUTA presenting himself as a chivalrous star debuted with Victor Records, Haruo MINAMI, the former rokyoku performer, and Yujiro ISHIHARA, the postwar superstar debuted with Teichiku Records, and Hideo MURATA debuted with Columbia Records, moving out of the world of rokyoku as Minami.
- 元請制作作品は『空を見上げる少女の瞳に映る世界』を除き、アドベンチャーゲーム(Key作品)・ライトノベル・コミックなどを原作としているが、それらの作品はいずれも基本は原作に忠実であり、その上でサプライズ的な要素を付加させるといったストーリー展開を貫いている(『涼宮ハルヒの憂鬱』では原作小説の地の文まで再現している)。
- All of Kyoto Animation's own prime productions (except for 'Sora wo Miageru Shojo no Hitomi ni Utsuru Sekai' (The World Reflected in the Eyes of a Girl Looking Up at the Heavens)) are based on adventure games (produced by Key), light novels and comics, and they were basically true to the original storylines with some surprise elements added (in 'The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya' even the text of the original novel was reproduced).
- なお、近代以降については、写真、グラフィックアートなど、現代(第二次世界大戦以降)においては(日本に限った現象ではないが)、パフォーマンス、ハプニング、ビデオアート、ランドアート、コンセプチュアル・アートなど、さまざまな表現形態が「美術」の文脈で語られ、「美術」とそうでないものとの差異は次第にあいまいになってきている。
- Incidentally, various styles of expression have come to be included in 'art' - from the modern age, photographs, graphic arts, and others, and in the present age (after World War Ⅱ), performing arts, happenings, video art, land art, and conceptual art, which are seen in other countries as well - so that the boundary between 'art' and others gradually becomes ambiguous.
- 国家権限の委譲とこれによる中央集権の過大な負担の軽減により、中央政界では政治が安定し、官職が特定の家業を担う家系に世襲される家職化が進み、貴族の最上位では摂関家が確立し、中流貴族に固定した階層は中央においては家業の専門技能によって公務を担う技能官人として行政実務を、地方においては受領となって地方行政を担った(平安貴族)。
- The transmission of governmental power and authority reduced the burden of the government, which enabled political stabilization of the central government, and facilitated the transfer of government posts according to heredity: among the aristocracy, the highest became Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the middle-class carried out administrative affairs based on the specialized skills related with their family businesses in the central government and carried out administration as Zuryo in the local regions (Nobles in the Heian period).
- 1991年 スイスの世界的食品企業enNestle(Nestle)、enThe Coca-Cola Company(The Coca-Cola Company)社と合弁事業し Coca-Cola &Nestle Refreshments を設立(のち enBeverage Partners Worldwide へ改称。)
- In 1991, a Swiss global food company, Nestle and The Coca-Cola Company set up a joint venture, Coca-Cola & Nestle Refreshments (Changed it's name later to Beverage Partners Worldwide.)
- 「第二次世界大戦後になって、「脱亜論」中の、「支那人が卑屈にして恥を知らざれば」(全⑩二百四十頁)とか、「朝鮮国に人を刑するの惨酷(ざんこく)あれば」とかいった記述がことさらに取り上げられることになったが、そうした表現は一般的な差別意識に根ざすものではなく、この甲申政変の過酷な事後処理に対する批判にすぎなかったのである。」
- 'Although, after World War II, some descriptions such as 'The Chinese are shameless people who do not understand humbleness and humility' (page 240, 全⑩) and 'Koreans are extremely atrocious when punishing their own people' were specifically picked out of the 'Datsu-A Ron,' these were not expressions rooted in the sense of discrimination, but just some criticism toward the harsh follow-ups of the Gapsin Coup.'
- それでも生き残った数少ない業者も業界の激しい値下げ競争により、生産拠点を人件費が安い海外へ移さざるを得なくなったことがさらに追い討ちをかけ、その業者の一つであったグンゼも2001年9月に福知山から撤退するなど、特産品であった生糸も現在は養蚕農家を市内大江町に一軒だけ残すのみとなり、上述の藍同様にほぼ完全に福知山から姿を消した。
- Due to severe price-cutting wars, the few surviving companies had to shift their production bases to other countries where personnel expenses were lower, which enhanced decline, and with respect to raw silk which was the specialty of Fukuchiyama, only one silk-raising farmer now remains in Oe-machi in the city; this is due to the fact that Gunze, one such company, withdrew from Fukuchiyama in September 2001, leading to the almost complete extinction of raw silk from Fukuchiyama much like the aforementioned case of indigo.
- 近年ではかわぐちかいじの漫画作品『ジパング (かわぐちかいじ)』に「滝川事件に連座して京大理学部を免職になり、日本軍の原子爆弾計画に関与する科学者」という設定の倉田万作(モデルは『世界文化』同人として検挙されたことがあり、戦時期には理化学研究所を中心とする日本の原子爆弾開発に関わっていた物理学者・武谷三男であると思われる)が登場する。
- In recent years, the manga work of Kaiji KAWAGUCHI 'Jipang' set Mansaku KURATA (the model is thought to be the physicist Mitsuo TAKETANI, who was involved in developing a nuclear bomb in Japan during the war period at Rikagaku Kenkyujo who had also been arrested as a member of 'Sekai Bunka') as a 'scientist who was working on the nuclear bomb plan of the Japanese army and was fired from the Faculty of Science at Kyoto University in relation with the Takigawa Incident.'
- 老中松平定信は、その著書『宇下人言』(うげのひとごと)の中でかなりのページ数を裂いて当時の醸造業界のあり方について触れ、「酒というものは値段が高ければ飲むことも少なく、安ければ飲むことが多い。民のために、物価の安定が望まれる日用品とはしょせん性格の違う商品である。多く入荷すれば多く消費し、少なく入荷すれば少なく消費するものである」と述べている。
- Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA who served as roju (a member of shogun's council of elders) wrote much about the sake-brewing industry of the day in his book 'Ugenohitogoto' (an autobiography of Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA), and he said: 'sake is not drunk much when it costs much. It is drunk much when it does not cost much. After all, it differs in nature from daily necessities for which the prices are expected to be stable for our people. The more that is in stock the more will be drunk, and the less that is in stock the less will be drunk.'
- 中世イスラム世界では、9世紀にイブンホルダーズベが記した「諸道と諸国の書(英名:The Book of Routes and Kingdoms)」や中世に成立した「千夜一夜物語(アラビアンナイト)」などに、中国やインドの東方にある国として「ワークワーク(waqwaq)」という地名が記されており、これは日本のことで「倭国(Wa-qwaq)」のことであると考えられている。
- In the Medieval Muslim world, 'The Book of Routes and Kingdoms' written by Ibn Khurdadhbin during the ninth century and the 'Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights)' described the place name of 'waqwaq,' located to the east of China and India, which is believed to have been 'Wakoku (Wa-qwaq)' designating Japan.
- この契約により、ユニヴァーサル社からは撮影・照明等の機材、現像機材、特殊撮影機材等、当時の金額で20万ドルに相当する供与を受け、また半年交代で3-4名の技術スタッフ派遣を受け、阪妻プロからは毎年男女優1名ずつをユニヴァーサル・シティ (カリフォルニア州)に派遣、見学および必要に応じては出演も可能、太秦撮影所製作の映画をユニヴァーサル社が世界配給も可能、という壮大な計画を立花は発表した。
- Under this agreement, according to Tachibana, Universal was obliged to provide filming and lighting, development and special filming equipment equivalent to two-hundred thousand dollars at the time, as well as dispatch three to four technical staff members, while Bantsuma Puro obtained the right to dispatch an actor and an actress every year to Universal City (California), have them appear in films if necessary and distribute films produced at Uzumasa Studio through Universal.
- 中には会社組織として営業無尽をするものが多く現れるようになったものの、これらの事業者には脆弱な経営、詐欺的経営や利用者に不利な契約をさせる者も多かったが、当時は、これを規制する法令がなかったため、業界団体無尽集会所などを中心に規制する法律の制定が求められるようになり、1915年に旧・無尽業法が制定され、免許制となり、悪質業者は排除されていった(注:現在の「無尽業法」は1931年に改めて制定)。
- Though many Mujin dealers operated as a company organization and they often had fragile or fraudulent management or concluded contracts unfavorable to users, there was no law to regulate them in those days, therefore, enactment of a regulation law was demanded mainly by industrial groups, Mujin meeting places, and others, and thereby the old Mutual Loan Business Act was enacted in 1915 to make it a licensing system (note: the current 'Mutual Loan Business Act' was newly enacted in 1931).
- 大相撲力士のKONISHIKI、プロ野球選手のボブ・ホーナー、グラビアアイドルのリア・ディゾン、演歌歌手のジェロのようにアメリカから来日して日本でブームを巻き起こした人物や、日本市場に参入する外国企業、iPhoneのような海外からの新たな商品なども、安定していた業界を席巻し、また業界の秩序自体にも不可逆の変化をもたらし、時には日本側の強い抵抗を引き起こすことなどから、それぞれの業界の黒船と呼ばれることがある。
- The term 'Kuro-bune (black ship)' is also used for people who come from abroad and create news and/or start a new fad (such as sumo wrestler KONISHIKI, professional baseball player Bob HORNER, centerfold model Leah DIZON, and enka singer JERO), a foreign business that makes a break in the Japanese business market, new products that are brought to Japan from other countries (such as the iPhone), or anything that takes a stable market by storm, bring irreversible changes to a particular market and that at times may receive strong oppositiion from within Japan.
- またイスラーム世界(アラビア語・ペルシア語圏)に伝わった日本の旧称「倭国」に由来するといわれる「ワークワーク(الواقواق al-Wāqwāq)」ないし「ワクワーク(الوقواق al-Waqwāq)」は金山を有する土地として知られているが、「ワクワク」に類する地名はアラビア語・ペルシア語による地理書や地図においてアフリカや東南アジアによく見られる地名でもあり、日本のことを指したものではないとする説もある。
- Moreover, another is that although WaqWaq is said to have been derived from the old name for Japan, 'wakoku (倭国),' with the Japanese pronunciation 'waakuwaaku' (الواقواق al-Wāqwāq), or 'wakuwaaku' (لوقواق al-Waqwāq), which spread in Muslim's world (the Arabian and Persian speaking areas) as the land of gold, an area name of its kind was often found in Africa and Southeast Asia in geography books written in Arabia and Persian languages, so that it didn't indicate Japan.
- また、歴史学界からは相手にされない説であるが、鎌倉時代の『一代要記』、南北朝時代の『本朝皇胤紹運録』に記載の天武の年齢に基づくと、天武は天智より4歳年長であると解釈できることから、一部の研究家により第40代天武天皇の父親は第34代舒明天皇でないとする仮説(佐々克明、小林恵子、大和岩雄ら)が提唱されており、その場合父親が誰であろうと母親が第37代斉明天皇であったことが皇位継承の条件であったことになるとの主張もあるが、これは仮説であり正式なものとはされていない。
- In addition, according to the age of Tenmu stated in 'Ichidaiyoki' (summary chronicle of each reign) in the Kamakura period and 'Honcho Koin Joun roku' (the Emperor's family tree) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Tenmu was four years older than Tenji, for which some scholars including Katsuaki SASA, Keiko KOBAYASHI, and Iwao OWA advocate a tentative theory that the father of the fortieth Emperor Tenmu was not the thirty-fourth Emperor Jomei, and it is also advocated that the prerequisite for succeeding to the throne was that his mother was the thirty-seventh Emperor Saimei no matter who his father was; anyway, this is a tentative non-official theory and not accepted by the historical community.
- 1905年(明治38年)-1925年(大正14年)とする説、1918年(大正7年)-1931年(昭和6年)とする説、1905年(明治38年)-1931年(昭和6年)とする説など、「大正デモクラシー」と呼称されるべき期間もその定義内容に応じて変動するが、いずれも大正天皇の在位期間(1912年(大正元年)-1926年(昭和元年))を中心とし1918年の第一次世界大戦の終了と、富山県で発生した米騒動をデモクラシー運動はじまりの中核として取り上げる点においては共通している。
- Although there are differences also regarding the time period for Taisho Democracy depending on the definition of this period, with some dating it from 1905 to 1925 and others claiming the period to be from 1918 to 1931 or from 1905 to 1931, consensus can be found in the facts that the period centers on the reign of Emperor Taisho (1912-1926), along with the end of World War I in 1918 and the rice riots in Toyama Prefecture marking the rise of movements calling for greater democracy.