理由: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• ～する理由
• why

• 選定の理由
• Standards of selection

• 理由コード
• reason code

• 赤色の理由
• Why Daruma dolls are red.

• 最澄激昂の理由
• The reason for Saicho's aggressive attacks

• 減封の主な理由
• Main Reasons for Diminishing Territory

• 改易の主な理由
• Major reasons for applying kaieki

• 日本侵略の理由
• Reasons for the Invasion of Japan

• 両軍の開戦理由
• Casus Belli of Each Side

• 右前にする理由
• The reason for Migimae

• 理由としては主に
• The main reasons are:

• 拒絶理由等の特例
• Provisions for reasons for refusal, etc.

• 廃止された理由等
• The reason of abolishment and others

• 発生の原因・理由
• Causes and reasons for why the furisode came to be

• いくつかの理由から
• for whatever reason

• 取消しの理由の制限
• Restriction on Grounds for Revocation

• 審決の結論及び理由
• the conclusion of and reasons for the trial decision; and

• 神道の血穢による理由
• The reason for the uncleanliness of blood in Shinto

• 武田軍が大敗した理由
• Reasons behind the Takeda army's Crushing Defeat

• 審判請求の趣旨及び理由
• the gist of and reason for the hearing request.

• Xが理由に挙げられる。
• X is taken as the reason.

• 雛祭りが祝日でない理由
• Reasons why Hina-matsuri is not a holiday

• 仏教の戒律に由来する理由
• The reason originated in Buddhist commandments

• 「数え年」を使用した理由
• Reasons for using the traditional Japanese age system

• 合戦に刀が使用された理由
• Reason Why Swords Were Used in Battles

• これは、次の理由による。
• This is because of the following reasons.
• This is because of the following reasons:

• 不合格の判定の理由の通知
• Notification of Reason for Determination of Failure

• 判者が述べる判定の理由。
• Hanji means reasons for judgment stated by a hanja.

• この理由によって選ばれた。
• This is the reason why the day April 10 was chosen as 'The day of Ekiben.'

• 京丹波町も同じような理由。
• The naming of Kyotanba-cho was also made with the similar reason.

• 各派によって日程が異なる理由
• The reason the dates of the service differ according to each school

• 主な理由の一つは、Xによる。
• One of the major reasons is X.

• これらの理由がよく言われる。
• These are oft-repeated reasons for the unlikely number of 30,000.

• それは次のような理由による。
• Their opinion is based on the following reasons:

• 裁定についての不服の理由の制限
• Restriction on grounds for objection to award

• Xが理由のひとつに数えられる。
• X can be one of the reasons.

• 何故そうなったのか理由がある。
• Each grudge has a specific reason.

• 理由が私にはまったく分からない。
• I don't totally understand the reason.

• 原告らの主張には全く理由が無い。
• The plaintiff's case is totally unreasonable.

• 彼がXなどを理由に挙げています。
• He cites reasons such as X.

• まず、提案理由の説明を致します。
• First, I will explain the reasons for my proposal.

• などが再遷都の理由とされている。
• These occurrences are said to be the cause of the transfer of the capital.

• 取消しの理由の制限に関する経過措置
• Transitional Measures Concerning Restriction on Grounds for Revocation

• 同法制定の理由は以下の4点である。
• There were four reasons for the establishment of the law.

• それは、次が理由として挙げられる。
• The reasons for this phenomenon include the following:

• 日本における露天商の衰退と存在理由
• The decline of rotensho in Japan and reasons for their existence

• 推察されている理由を以下に上げる。
• Expected reasons are as follows.

• 縁起物であるとする理由は諸説有る。
• There are various opinions surrounding the rationale for surume to be considered a good-luck item.

• 製法上の理由から食物繊維は少ない。
• Due to the production process, tofu is low in fiber.

• この遷都の理由はよく判っていない。
• The reason why the capital was moved has been uncertain.

• その理由の一つが「助六」という名。
• One of the reasons is the name 'Sukeroku.'

• 京都に都が移された理由は諸説ある。
• There are various theories regarding the reasons for the relocation of the capital city to Kyoto.

• Xにはちゃんとそれなりの理由が有る。
• There are indeed appropriate reasons for X.

• 順次提案理由のご説明を申し上げます。
• I will explain the reasons for the proposal one by one.

• 軍事的理由（関ヶ原の戦い、大坂の役）
• Military reasons (the Battle of Sekigahara and the Siege of Osaka)

• その理由について見解が分かれている。
• Opinions are divided on the reason.

• その他に、女人禁制の由来と思われる理由
• Other factors contributing to the origin of nyonin kinsei

• その理由としては以下の点が挙げられる。
• The reasons are as follows:

• 理由は近親者が乱に関係したためらしい。
• The reason for his resignation was reported that it was because his close relatives were involved in the war.

• 裁決には、理由を付さなければならない。
• A determination shall be reasoned.

• しかし、財政的な理由で勝頼に反抗した。
• However, he resisted Katsuyori for financial reasons.

• 駆け落ちの理由を浄瑠璃がよろしく語る。
• Joruri, a kind of chanted narration, explains why they ran away.

• その理由は弥陀の本願に順ずるからである。
• That is because it leads to the true wish of Mida.

• 彼が山田議員に提案理由の説明を求めます。
• He asks Councilor Yamada to explain the reason of the motion.

• その理由としては、次の2点が挙げられる。
• There are two reasons for the above.

• 理由は回転することを防ぐためとも言われる。
• This is presumably because takoyaki will not rotate if you pierce it with two toothpicks.

• 既に通知された拒絶理由と同一である旨の通知
• Notice to the effect that the reasons for refusal stated therein are the same as those stated in the previous notice

• 朝鮮側が受け入れたのは、以下の理由による。
• The reason why Korea accepted the treaty was as follows.

• 前項の異議には、理由を附さなければならない。
• An objection set forth in the preceding paragraph shall be accompanied by the reasons therefor.

• その提案理由を、尾崎行雄は次のように答えた。
• Yukio OZAKI explained the reason why they submitted a non-confidence motion as follows:

• 葬儀に清め塩を用いないのもその理由からである。
• For the same reason, salt for purification is not used in funerals.

• 弁護士法人は、次に掲げる理由によつて解散する。
• A Legal Professional Corporation shall be dissolved for any of the following reasons:

• このうち山本は捜索を理由に同大を免職となった。
• Because of this searching YAMAMOTO was dismissed from the University.

• 以下に示す理由から大院君の乱と言うものもある。
• For the reasons mentioned below, some people also call it the Daewongun's Rebellion.

• こうしたことを理由として黒足袋を嫌う人も多い。
• Because of such backgrounds, there are many who dislike wearing black tabi.

• 特許業務法人は、次に掲げる理由によって解散する。
• A patent professional corporation shall be dissolved for the following reasons:

• 成親は重盛室の兄という理由で、特別に助命された。
• Narichika, owing to the fact that he was the brother of Shigemori's wife, was specially granted clemency.

• （彼らの祖母が物部守屋妹であるという理由による）
• (It was because their grandmother was a sister of MONONOBE no Moriya.)

• また、お椀の柄を傷つけないためという理由もある。
• Another reason is that patterns of the bowl should be protected from being scratched.

• 以上の理由で、東京でもさかんに聴ける様になった。
• For these reasons Kamigata rakugo is now widely available in Tokyo.

• 『本来であれば』と断りを入れたのには理由がある。
• The phrase 'in theory' was inserted above for a reason.

• 上記1、2の理由が複合的に作用して設置される場合。
• The case of establishment through a combination of the reasons mentioned above

• その他裁決を経ないことにつき正当な理由があるとき。
• where there are other justifiable grounds not to obtain an administrative disposition on appeal.

• 一方圧縮する店の理由として単に効率性の問題がある。
• On the other hand, the reason why pressing is preferred lies in the problem concerning efficiency for the shops.

• そして小判をもっていない理由は(次の通りである)。
• The reason a maneki-neko sold at Gotoku-ji Temple doesn't hold a koban is as follows:

• その根拠としてよく上げられる理由を以下に列挙する。
• The reasons commonly mentioned to support this are described below.

• 暮らしにくくなったからだと彼が私に理由を説明する。
• He told me that it was because life is getting harder these days.

• 陸軍省は資金運用を理由として公金貸し付けを行った。
• The Ministry of Army lent the public money to him on grounds of fund management.

• それがわざわざ「酒米」として区別される理由でもある。
• It is one of the reasons that 'sakamai' is distinguished from other types.

• 弁護士法人の社員は、次に掲げる理由によつて脱退する。
• A member of a Legal Professional Corporation shall resign from the Legal Professional Corporation for the following reasons:

• これを理由に、部落の中世起源説を支持する人々もいる。
• Based on the report, some people support the opinion that the Buraku originated from the Medieval Period.

• 一揆の発生は幕府よりの改易、取り潰しの理由となった。
• The bakufu would demote or expel an official if an uprising broke out.

• 井伊は不時登城を理由に、彼らを隠居謹慎などに処した。
• Ii removed them from their positions as heads of their families and suspended them from office because of their appearance in the castle on an undesignated date.

• ヲワケ一族の伝統とこの鉄剣を作った理由を記している。
• A tradition of Owake family and the reason of making this iron sword are stated.

• これらの理由で、現代の農法には向かないと考えられた。
• Due to these reasons, original Kameno-o was considered as wrong fit in modern agriculture.

• また、このことが事相の流派が多く分かれた理由でもある。
• Those factors split the division of the sect into various schools of Buddhist training.

• この時は、道元自身が仮寓の身であることを理由に断られる。
• On this occasion, Dogen declined it because he was staying at a temporary residence.

• 一方、これらの理由を否定する根拠としては以下が挙げられる
• On the other hand, there are some foundations to deny these reasons as below.

• 銅鐸を埋納したことの理由については以下のように諸説ある。
• There are various theories about the reasons for the burial as below.

• また事業が赤字であったことを理由に、非常な安値を付けた。
• Furthermore, he extremely underpriced the facilities and equipments he tried to sell, on the pretext of loss-making operations of the business.

• 日本側が突然条約締結を持ち出したのは、以下の理由による。
• The reason why Japan suddenly brought up the conclusion of the treaty was as follows.

• この理由として、対上杉に戦力を割かれたことがあげられる。
• For they had to divide their forces to deal with the Uesugi clan.

• このような理由から、人形浄瑠璃のそれとは区分されている。
• For those reasons, Takemoto is differentiated from ningyo-joruri's Gidayu.

• 保温性がよく、持ったときに熱くないという理由からである。
• Good heat retention and the fact that it is not hot to the touch are the reason.

• 672年の壬申の乱では外国への備えを理由に中立を保った。
• He took a neutral stance as giving the priority to the maintenance of the defense system in Dazai-fu when Jinshin War broke out in 672.

• その理由はいくつもあり、一通りではないが、以下に列挙する。
• There are several reasons for this and they will be mentioned below.

• 唐破風が共同浴場に存在し得た理由はそこにあると推測される。
• This is assumed to be the reason that karahafu existed at the communal bathhouse.

• このうち、当時切実だった理由は、第四の配給の問題であった。
• At the time, the problem with the distribution was the most serious problem.

• 更に、差別的ニュアンスがある場合も差し替えの理由となった。
• In addition, a card that had overtones of discrimination was replaced.

• その理由は、信長様をねらうとは夢にも知らなかったからです。
• This is because we never dreamed Akechi would target Nobunaga ODA.

• 体重制を取らなくても勝負が成立する理由の一つもここにある。
• This is one of the reasons why sumo tournaments can have fair matches without weight categories.

• このように整備が遅れているのは、主として下記の理由による。
• The statistics of tourism are not fully-established for the following reasons.

• 正当な理由がなく、前条第二項の規定による命令に従わないとき。
• The certified dispute resolution business operator has failed to comply with the order under Paragraph 2 of the preceding Article without justifiable reason.

• 濃霧や日照不足などの理由で乾燥機の使用頻度が多い地域もある。
• However, some regions are forced to use such a drying machine frequently due to a dense fog, the lack of sunshine and so on.

• 弓道は安全上の理由から原則として専用道場で行うのが好ましい。
• As a general rule, for the sake of safety Kyudo should be performed in a dedicated dojo.

• 三曲合奏に地歌曲が多い理由については、次のように考えられる。
• The reasons that so many tunes of Jiuta are found in sankyoku gasso are explained as follows:

• 査定は、文書をもつて行い、かつ、理由を付さなければならない。
• The examiner's decision shall be in writing and specify the reasons therefor.

• 平盧の返還の履行が遅れたことを理由にこれを攻撃して滅ぼした。
• The surrender of the territories from Pinglu was delayed, and he used this as an excuse, and he attacked and destroyed Pinglu.

• 将軍の呼称変更と、年紀表記変更の理由は次のように説明される。
• The reason why the term for shogun should be changed and the reason why Japanese-style year names should be used are explained as follows:

• しかし西園寺は日露戦争後の財政難などを理由にこれを拒否した。
• SAIONJI, however, refused to agree to this on the grounds that the nation was in serious financial straits because of the Japanese-Russo War that just ended.

• 他に大敗の理由としては武田軍の陣形が崩れたことも挙げられる。
• Another reason behind the Takeda army's crushing defeats was that the battle formation of Takeda army collapsed.

• この様な紋様が現れる理由は、未だに完全には解明されていない。
• The reason why these spots appear on them has not been completely explained yet.

• このとき筑紫大宰だった栗隈王は、外国への備えを理由に断った。
• Kurikuma no Okimi, then Tsukushi no Omikotomochi no Tsukasa (the head of Dazai-fu [local government office in Kyushu region]), declined the prince's demand as he needed to prepare for the foreign troops.

• 対象弁護士等を懲戒しない旨の決定をしたとき　その旨及びその理由
• If a ruling not to discipline the Accused Attorney, etc. has been issued,a statement to such effect and reasons therefor
• If a ruling not to discipline the Accused Attorney, etc. has been issued,a statement to such effect and the reasons therefor

• 前条第三項の申請書及び同条第四項の申請の理由を記載した添付書類
• a written application as prescribed in paragraph (3) of the preceding Article and an attachment stating the reason for the application under paragraph (4) of the same Article:

• 正当な理由がないのに許可又は認可を受けた事項を実施しないとき。
• If the Railway Business Operator does not perform the matters to which the license or approval was granted without a justifiable ground

• 戦後の高度成長期に入ると、衛生上の理由から屋台店が無くなった。
• During the high-growth period after the war, the street stalls selling sushi disappeared due to hygienic reasons.

• 寛文13年（1673年）禁裏に隣接という理由で現在地に移転する。
• In 1673, because of its proximity to the Imperial Palace, it was moved again, to its modern-day location.

• 貫線を赤色にする理由については、さまざまな説があり、定説はない。
• As for the reason why kansen is colored red, there are many theses but no established thesis.

• 豊臣政権時代より領内の騒擾を理由とした大名改易のケースが現れた。
• From the time of the Toyotomi government, cases of daimyo kaieki (punishment of a feudal lordship by seizing its territory) for a riot within the daimyo's territory began to be seen.

• 解任の理由は、15日に羽柴秀吉から応援の要請が届いたためである。
• The cause of this dismissal was a request for reinforcements from Hideyoshi HASHIBA that arrived on May 15.

• 理由は、迷信に囚われないで、現実と向き合って生きるという教義の為。
• The reason for the above is the doctrine by which monto are encouraged not to be shackled by superstitions and to live while facing up to reality.

• 前項の決定は、文書をもつて行い、かつ、理由を付さなければならない。
• The ruling under the preceding paragraph shall be made in writing and state the grounds thereof.

• 前項の決定は、文書をもつて行い、かつ、理由を附さなければならない。
• The ruling under the preceding paragraph shall be made in writing and state the grounds therefor.

• 公正取引委員会が、正当な理由がなくて、当該証拠を採用しなかつた場合
• Where the Fair Trade Commission failed to adopt the evidences without justifiable ground; or

• 異議の申出を却下し、又は棄却する決定をしたとき　その旨及びその理由
• If a ruling dismissing or rejecting an objection has been issued,a statement to such effect and the reasons therefor

• 前条の決定は、文書をもつて行い、且つ、理由を附さなければならない。
• The decision prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be made in document form and the reason for the decision shall be accompanied.

• 火災などを理由とした倉役免除などは原則的には認められていなかった。
• As a rule, the bakufu would not allow tax exemption even when disasters such as a fire occurred.

• しかし、理由は不明だが朝倉義景が前線に出なかったため士気に欠けた。
• However, Yoshikage ASAKURA did not move into the front due to unexplained reason, which wore down the morale.

• 振袖の袖丈が江戸時代に長くなった原因・理由については、諸説がある。
• There are several different theories about what may have caused the length of furisode sleeves to be longer during the Edo period.

• 春画は画題が猥褻であるとの理由から嫌われ、輸出には供されなかった。
• Shunga was in disfavor due to its vulgarness and it was not exported.

• 以上の理由により○○流△派などとして同一流派に多くの派がうまれた。
• For the foregoing reasons, many styles were formed in one and the same school and name...-ryu (school)...-ha (style).

• また浄土真宗も同じ考え方があり、この理由から肉食妻帯が許されていた。
• Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) has the same concept, so it allowed meat-eating and matrimony (Buddhism).

• 仏教徒からの反発や衛生面の理由から明治8年には禁止令を廃止している。
• However, in 1875, the government abolished this ordinance because of the backlash from the Buddhists and for hygienic reasons.

• 不透明である理由は、細かい空隙を含んでいて光を反射しないからである。
• The cause of its opaqueness is that it has minute voids that prevent the reflection of light.

• 第一項の決定は、文書をもつて行い、かつ、理由を付さなければならない。
• The ruling under this paragraph (1) shall be in writing and state the grounds therefor.

• 正当な理由がないのに第十九条第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだとき。
• Rejects a request made pursuant to the provision of each item of Article 19, paragraph (2) without justifiable reason.

• 正当な理由がないのに第十九条第六項各号の規定による請求を拒んだとき。
• When it has, without justifiable reason, refused a request under the provisions of the items of Article 19 paragraph (6).
• When, without justifiable reason, they refuse a request under the provisions of the items of Article 19 paragraph (6).

• なぜ廃城になったか『信長戦国近江』によると2つの理由を紹介している。
• 'Nobunaga Sengoku Omi' introduces two reasons for the disposing.

• 同時に律令法が中国古代法典を母法として継承したことにも理由があった。
• Additionally, another reason is that ritsuryo law succeeded the Chinese ancient code that was considered to be its mother law.

• これに対して吉良は抜刀はしていないので理由の如何を問わず無罪となる。
• Kira, on the other hand, did not draw his sword, and therefore was found not guilty.

• 富子が新しい屋敷に同道せず上杉家へ戻った理由は諸説あり定かではない。
• Although there are various theories as to why Tomiko did not move into the new residence and went back to the Uesugi, the truth is unknown.

• 元号が数多く存在するため、以下の理由から実用的でないとの指摘もある。
• As many gengo exist, critics point out that the Japanese calendar is unpractical for the following reasons:

• これは、和算が「グラフ」の概念を欠いていたことが一つの理由であろう。
• This was partly due to the fact that wasan did not have the concept of a 'graph.'

• しかしながら、日蓮宗サイドでは、下記の理由を根拠にこれを否定している。
• However, the Nichiren sect rebuffs the assertion of the Nichiren Shoshu sect on the following grounds:

• 立川流はこれを理由として邪教視され、江戸時代にはついに途絶えたという。
• For this reason, Tachikawa School was said to be regarded as a heresy and was finally exterminated in the Edo period.

• 凡夫の往生は仏願に乗托するから許されるというのが、浄土教の理由である。
• The reason for it in the Jodo sect is that since common people believe in the oath of Buddha they are allowed to make Ojo.

• これは、鬼子母神が釈尊に説教され改心し、角を外した、という理由による。
• This is because Kishimojin changed her mind by Buddha's teaching and took off her horn.

• また御土居の内部から石仏が出土することがあるが、その理由は不明である。
• Stone Buddhist images are sometimes excavated from inside the mound, and the reason why they were buried there is unknown.

• 食用に大島桜が用いられる理由は他の桜に比べてクマリンが多いことによる。
• The leaves of oshima-zakura are used to produce sakuraba because they contain more coumarin than those of other cherry trees.

• この理由により、海外の巻き寿司は米が外側で海苔が内側にあることが多い。
• For this reason, overseas the 'maki zushi (sushi roll)' has the rice part outside and the nori part inside.

• 正当な理由がないのに第二十四条第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだとき。
• when it has refused requests as prescribed in each item of Article 24, paragraph (2) without justifiable grounds;

• 正当な理由がないのに第七十五条第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだとき。
• Where the Registered Safety Management Examination Body has refused the request made under the items of paragraph 2 of Article 75 without justifiable grounds.

• 正当な理由がないのに第三十七条第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだとき。
• When the Domestic Registered Conformity Assessment Bodies has refused a request made pursuant to the provisions of any item of Article 37, paragraph (2) without justifiable grounds;

• 綱紀審査の申出を却下し、又は棄却する決定をしたとき　その旨及びその理由
• If a ruling dismissing or rejecting an application for a discipline review has been issued,a statement to such effect and the reasons therefor

• 朝鮮の朝廷では日本軍の反転理由が分からず日本軍の罠ではないかと疑った。
• The Korean court couldn't understand the reason for this reversal, and assumed that the Japanese army was setting a trap.

• また、短期間での帰還理由についても、自主的撤退とする説が出されている。
• There is also a theory that they voluntarily withdrew after a short period.

• この数字が支持される理由に、設楽原の地形の峡さが挙げられることが多い。
• One of the reasons for the acceptance of the figures is the geographical narrowness of Shitaragahara.

• 4代不及斎には二男あり、理由は不明ながら次男の宗悦が半床庵を継嗣した。
• The fourth generation head of the family, Fukyusai (不及斎) had two sons, and for unknown reasons the second son became the successor to the Hanshoan.

• これは「篠笛」が庶民階級の間で愛好されてきたことが大きな理由であろう。
• This is probably the major reason why the shinobue was favored among the common people.

• 皇女が夫である天皇を離れ葛城皇子と共に飛鳥に遷った理由は明らかでない。
• It is unknown why Hashihito no Himemiko left her husband, the Emperor Kotoku, and followed Katsuragi no Miko to Asuka.

• また、自然に切れた場合も、前記の理由により縁起が悪い訳では無いとされる。
• For the same reason, it is believed that the natural cutting of string doesn't necessarily mean bad luck.

• こうした理由から、真言は亡国、亡家、亡人の法で男子が成長しない、という。
• From this, Nichiren concluded that Shingon Buddhism was a threat to the existence of the nation, families and individuals, since it prevented the growth of healthy young boys.

• 終局判決に事実及び理由を記載するには、前項の判決を引用することができる。
• The court may cite a judgment set forth in the preceding paragraph when stating the facts and reasons in a final judgment.

• その理由として、出雲大社の背後にある八雲山が神体であったとする説がある。
• According to a theory, the reason is because Mount Yakumo behind Izumo-oyashiro Shrine was a shintai (an object of worship that was believed to contain the spirit of a deity).

• 現在も町の小さなお店に、老婦人が一人で焼く店舗が残るのはこの理由もある。
• That is why even now in a small shop in town there remain the shops which old ladies run alone.

• が、欽明天皇代と同様の理由により物部守屋は猛反対した（第二次崇仏論争）。
• However, by the same reason as the one in the age of the Emperor Kinmei, MONONOBE no Moriya was strongly against it (the second dispute on the worship of Buddhism).

• 正当な理由なく、第四十九条の十九の規定に違反して登録証を返納しなかつた者
• A person who has failed to return the registration certificate without a justifiable grounds in violation of the provision of Article 49-19;

• 正当な理由がないのに第十七条の九第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだとき。
• When the Registered Certifying Body refuses requests pursuant to the provisions of the items in paragraph (2) of Article 17-9 without justifiable causes

• 中国から博多へ向かっていた交易船が何らかの理由で沈没したものと思われる。
• A trading ship bound for Hakata from China is believed to have sunk for some reason.

• これは、使者が途中で死亡したことや渡航の危険を理由として説明されている。
• It is explained that the failures were due to the death of the envoys or the necessary voyages were dangerous.

• 常識的に考えれば、強大なロシアが日本との戦争を恐れる理由は何も無かった。
• They believed that a country as powerful and large as Russia had nothing to fear in a war against Japan.

• 武田軍の諜報を案じて、軍議では敢えて採用しなかったのが理由であるという。
• He did not adopt the operation at the war council as he was afraid of an intelligence activity by the Takeda force.

• そのため礼装、正装としての着用は出来ない（江戸小紋を除く、理由は後述）。
• For that reason, it may not be worn as formal or full dress (the reason for excluding Edo-komon is mentioned later).

• 理由は、逆さにすると「この料理は不味かった」という無言の感想になるため。
• The reason being that, if you put the lid back to the bowl turning it upside down, this gesture implicitly indicates your feeling 'that the soup has tasted bad.'

• 両条約の間で条約上の呼称が「皇帝」号から「天皇」号へ移行した理由は不明。
• The reason why the title on the treaty was shifted from 'Kotei' to 'Tenno' between these treaties is unknown.

• 32歳で住持になるが師独峰が示寂すると病気を理由に致仕を願い出て許される。
• He was assigned the Juji (chief priest) position when he was 32 years old, but with the excuse of illness he asked to refrain from the top position when his master Doppo passed away.

• 裁判所は、請求が理由があると認めるときは、裁決を取り消さなければならない。
• The court shall revoke the determination if it believes that the claim is reasonable.

• 画材が高価であること、専門の教員の確保が難しいことも理由のひとつであろう。
• This is because the painting tools are expensive and it is difficult to employ specialized teachers.

• 理由は、源為義はもっぱら京都におり河内国の領地にいた形跡がないことにある。
• The reason is that MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi was entirely in Kyoto and left no evidence of his presence in the manor of Kawachi Province.

• しかし既に農民軍は撤収しており天津条約上でも日本軍の派兵理由は無くなった。
• However the armed peasants had withdrawn, and the reason of the dispatch of Japanese troops based on Treaty of Tianjin had disappeared.

• 上記の理由により作成された鐚銭には、主に貫銭に混ぜるための工作が行われた。
• For the bitasen coins that were made based upon the reasons described above, some tricks were used to make these coins mainly for the purpose of being mixed with kansen coins.

• 元禄元年（1688年）5月29日：旗本大類久高が法令違反を理由に処罰される
• On May 29th, 1688, Hisataka DAIRUI, a direct retainer of the Shogunate, was punished for a violation of the ordinance.

• さらには右のような理由から東京における演能のワキを独占するかたちになった。
• Moreover, such reasons led to the Hosho school monopolizing Waki of En-noh, in Tokyo.

• 女人禁制の理由については、上記のようなさまざまな由来や学説が唱えられている。
• As the reasons for Nyonin Kinsei, there exist various origins and theories as mentioned above.

• 邪教に傾き布教したことを理由として、善鸞は父の親鸞から絶縁・追放されている。
• His father broke off relations with Zenran and expelled him for his inclination to - and his propagation of - the heresy.

• 認証紛争解決手続の結果（認証紛争解決手続の終了の理由及びその年月日を含む。）
• The results of the certified dispute resolution procedure (including reasons for the termination of the certified dispute resolution procedure and the date of termination);

• 海難審判所から受審人として再度の召喚を受け、正当の理由がないのに出頭しない者
• A person who fails to appear at a tribunal without justifiable grounds in spite of repeated summons as an Examinee by the Japan Marine Accident Tribunal;

• 帰郷の理由は、親族の世話や生家である三善家の土地の管理などであったとされる。
• The reason she returned home was to take care of her relatives and the lands of the Miyoshi family to which she was born.

• 遷宮を行う理由としては、建物が老朽化し、建替えが必要であるということである。
• The Sengu is conducted because the buildings need reconstructing as they get old.

• 「四」だけに試みがある理由は頼政がよそながら菖蒲を見たことがあるからである。
• The reason why trial incense is included in 'No. 4' is because Yorimasa glanced covertly at Ayame.

• 理由は明らかでないが、貨幣流通に早くから注目していたためであるとも言われる。
• The reason why he used it as his symbol was not known, however, it is said that with foresight he paid attention to the monetary economy.

• 正当な理由なく、第五十六条の六の二十の規定に違反して登録証を返納しなかつた者
• A person who has failed to return the registration certificate without a justifiable grounds in violation of the provision of Article 56-6-20;

• 相楽が選ばれた理由として左大臣・橘諸兄の本拠地であったことが指摘されている。
• It is said that the reason why Soraku was chosen as a place for the capital was that it was the stronghold of TACHIBANA no Moroe, who was Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left).

• 用捨が許される理由としては、居城の火災、飢饉、藩主の病気、代替りなどがある。
• Yosha applied when the castle of a daimyo was destroyed by fire, famine occurred, the lord of domain was sick, or a new lord took over the domain and so on.

• 従来通りの野戦と騎馬隊突撃の戦術を用いたのが大敗の一番の理由とする説もある。
• Some have argued that the primary reason for Takeda's crushing defeat was the employment of traditional tactics for field battle and cavalry charge.

• ここに、成仏に逢仏、見仏を必要とする理由がある、というのが浄土門の立場である。
• It is the standpoint of Jodo-mon (Gateway of the Pure Land) that this is the reason one needs to meet and see Buddha to attain Buddhahood.

• 戦時中の1943年から1945年まで灯火管制などの理由から送り火が中止された。
• Between 1943 and 1945 during the World War II, the okuribi was suspended due to various regulations including the blackout order.

• 第八十三条第二項の裁定は、文書をもつて行い、かつ、理由を附さなければならない。
• The award under Article 83(2) shall be rendered in writing and state the grounds therefor.

• その理由は「諸侯会議を以て第一着の事業と考え」たためと福岡自身が回顧している。
• Fukuoka himself looked back that it was because he thought 'establishment of lords conference is the first work to be done.'

• ドイツは、1897年に宣教師殺害を理由に膠州湾租借地を占領、翌年には租借した。
• Germany occupied the Jiaozhou Bay in 1897 for the killing of its missionary and obtained the sovereignty of the land in the following year.

• 上記のような理由から、通常半能は脇能か五番目物の祝言物においてしか行われない。
• From the reason above, normally 'Han-Noh' is only performed as 'Waki noh' (Noh plays in which central character is God) or 'Shugen-mono' (celebratory piece of Noh play) for 'Gobanme-mono' (fifth-category plays).

• 近年は、交通の便が悪くなることや、臭うという理由で住民から嫌われることがある。
• In the last few years, many local residents have come to dislike street stalls due to the traffic problems they cause, as well as the strong odors created from the food.

• 現在東京で老舗とされる店の多くが薄味であるのはこのような理由によるものである。
• This is the reason why most long-established restaurants which serve Oden in Tokyo make lightly seasoned Oden.

• 上方落語ならではの自由な気風を損ねるというのが、真打制度非導入の理由であった。
• The reason for not introducing the shinuchi system was it would reduce the typical free atmosphere in the Kamigata rakugo.

• 使者に渡された符（命令書）を受けた栗隈王は、国外への備えを理由に出兵を断った。
• Kurikuma no Okimi declined the dispatch of troops as to maintain the defense system against foreign countries when he received Fu (mandate) from the emissary.

• 天皇が天災以外の理由で外国にお見舞いの言葉を贈ったのは前例のないことであった。
• It was unprecedented that the emperor sent his sympathies to foreign countries for other reasons besides natural disaster.

• 寺院や僧侶に読経をたのむときに、｢廻向料｣などと表書きするのは、この理由による。
• This is why the envelope says 'eko ryo (fee for a memorial service)' when hiring a temple or a priest for sutra chanting.

• 紀伊国で、とある僧から己の不信心を理由に念仏札の受け取りを拒否され、大いに悩む。
• In Ki Province, one priest refused to take the invocation charm for the reason of his own impiety and Ippen agonized a lot about it.

• ただしこの理由は江戸を中心とした武家政権が確立された地区の習慣だとする説もある。
• There is an argument, however, that the foregoing reason only applied to the areas in and around Edo where the Military Government was established.

• 第一条第一項第一号の支払等許可申請書及び同条第二項の申請の理由を記載した添付書類
• a written application for permission for payment, etc. as prescribed in Article 1, paragraph (1), item (i) and an attachment stating the reason for the application as prescribed in paragraph (2) of the same Article:

• 平人が無礼などを理由に非人を7人殺すと、平人1名を殺したのと同等の罪に問われた。
• For a Heijin, the crime of killing one Heijin was equal to killing seven Hinins because of impertinence.

• 会津戦争での新政府軍による暴行・略奪などが各藩の「恨み」の理由として挙げられる。
• Violent assaults and pillage by the new government's forces in Aizu War are the reason for revenge of each domain.

• なお、上記のような理由により、「偽書か否か」と「正典か否か」は当然別問題である。
• In addition, from the above reasons, 'whether it is a gisho or not' or 'whether it is a sacred book or not' are different problems.

• ただし、食物アレルギー、食のタブーなど特別な理由がある場合にはその限りではない。
• However, some cases are exempted from this custom's rule, such as allergy, taboo, and other reasons against eating some foods.

• - 幕府は、そのときどきの米相場や食糧事情、政争などの理由で酒造統制を行なった。
• The bakufu put controls on brewing sake in place from time to time for reasons such as: the rice market, food supply situation and political turmoil etc.

• 上方落語協会ではもっとナイーブな理由（殆ど口喧嘩）で大物が脱退したことすらある。
• In the Kamigata Rakugo Association, even a big-shot rakugoka resigned because of more sensitive reasons (almost a quarrel).

• これらのうち、並立説については史料的根拠に乏しい事等を理由に反対する意見もある。
• Among these theories, there are opinions to take objection to the theory of juxtaposition of plural Emperors for the reason that there are not many historical materials which can prove this theory.

• 遷都については、「続日本紀」には、水陸の交通の便が理由であるとの記述が見えるが、
• The 'Shoku Nihongi' (historical books written in the Heian period) describes the reason for the transfer of the capital as easy access to water and land transportation; however,

• 旧市街地についてはこの理由により、内水排除を目的に雨水汚水の合流式となっている。
• For this reason, a sewage system combining rainwater and sewers was adopted to act as drainage behind levees in the old urban area.

• 潜伏する理由として、金儲けを企む者に知られて教えが退廃することを防ぐためとされる。
• The believers say they conceal themselves for fear that the teachings will deteriorate when money chasers come to know and utilize these teachings.

• また、天守台はあるが何らかの理由によってその上に天守の造られていない城も見られた。
• Also, there were some castles with Tenshudai on which Tenshu were not constructed for some reason.

• これは学生が土曜日に学校が半日で終わったあと、店でよく食べたことが理由と思われる。
• This seems to be because the students often ate it at the shops after school was over in half a day on Saturdays.

• 1939年（昭和14年）、警視庁保安課は不敬を理由に「大原御幸」を上演禁止とした。
• In 1939, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Office of Security banned the public performance of the Noh drama 'Goko OHARA' as being disrespectful.

• やがて、生母が一向一揆と敵対する畠山氏出身であるという理由で末寺の住職に移された。
• Then Jitsugo was transferred to the chief priest of a branch temple for the reason that his biological mother was from the Hatakeyama clan who fought against an uprising of Ikko sect followers.

• これも、酒の「酔い」よりも「味」を優先させたい人が、温かい温度帯を好む理由である。
• This is also a reason why the person who places a priority on 'flavor' rather than on 'drunkenness' prefers a warm temperature zone.

• 第一条第一項第三号の役務取引許可申請書及び同条第二項の申請の理由を記載した添付書類
• a written application for permission for the service transactions prescribed in Article 1, paragraph (1), item (iii) and an attachment stating the reason for the application as prescribed in paragraph (2) of the same Article:

• ただ、それ以外のどの説も部分的に正しいといえるため、強いて1つに定める理由もない。
• There is no reason to choose only this theory, of course, as different theories are otherwise reliable.

• 家康がこの地を選んだ理由として、瀬田の唐橋に近い場所であったからであると言われる。
• It is said that Ieyasu chose this place for its proximity to Seta no Karahashi Bridge.

• 1900年、伊藤の増税案に対して、貴族院は政友会の党利党略を理由にこれを否決した。
• In 1900, Kizokuin voted against Ito's tax increase proposal using the partisan interests of Seiyukai Party as the reason.

• これが神戸の関帝廟が例外的に神戸南京町から離れた山手の住宅地に存在する理由である。
• This is the reason why the unusual step was taken of moving Kantei byo Shrine in Kobe from Kobe Nankin–machi (Kobe's Chinatown) to the residential area in Yamate.

• また軍事機密保持なども理由に、武士階級全体の人口がそもそも統計として残っていない。
• Furthermore, the population of the samurai was never recorded since it was strategically sensitive information.

• 根拠のない迷信であること、無用な混乱を避けるなどの理由により採用しないものである。
• It is because they are groundless superstitions and to avoid needless confusion.

• これは、柔らかく豆腐状の食品を「-豆腐」と呼ぶ為で、杏仁豆腐などと同じ理由である。
• This is because soft tofu-like foods often include 'tofu' (or 'dofu') in their names, just as almond jelly is called annin dofu.

• 公務執行妨害罪を理由とした事件を中心に逮捕者が出るほどの騒ぎに発展した市町村もある。
• In some municipalities, such rampage developed to the extent of arresting rampaging youths for obstructing officers from performing their duty.

• 以下の理由により、新暦（グレゴリオ暦）と旧暦（太陰太陽暦）では必ず1か月程度ずれる。
• Due to the reasons described below, there is definitely an approximate one-month difference between the New Style (the Gregorian calendar) and the Old Style (Taiin-taiyo-reki.)

• 第十一条以降は、異義を1つ1つ採り上げ、それについて逐一異義である理由を述べている。
• After the 11th article, the writer explained each content of the different thoughts and the reason he judged that they were different and wrong.

• 審判においては、当事者又は参加人が申し立てない理由についても、審理することができる。
• Any grounds not pleaded by a party or intervenor may be examined in a trial.

• 追討使の中原成道は消極的で、関東へ向かう途上、母親の病を理由に美濃国で滞陣している。
• The tsuitoshi, NAKAHARA no Narimichi was inactive and his army stayed in Mino Province on the way to Kanto because his mother was sick.

• 朝鮮は今後も西欧列強に対し開国する意志がないので無用だというのが、その理由であった。
• The reason for that was that Korea did not intend to open the country to the powerful countries of Western Europe in the future, so that provision would not be necessary.

• この口実には、御師が農民に伊勢参拝の勧誘活動を行っていた事も理由になっていたようだ。
• This justification was used, partly because onshi conducted activities to invite peasants to join in on a pilgrimage to Ise.

• が、1983年、昇進試験をめぐり落語協会主流派と談志一門が対立した事が理由とされる。
• But in 1983 it is said that this results from an incident where the mainstream of the Rakugo Kyokai Association and the Danshi family came into conflict over promotion examinations.

• 路地に共同トイレがあり、風呂は無い（火事の危険性が高く、防災上の理由で禁止されていた。
• A lavatory to be shared was found in a nearby alley, but no bath was provided (the provision of a bath was prohibited due to the possibility that a fire might erupt and cause a disaster).

• 同様の理由により、自衛隊の戦闘糧食（レーション）にもこれを含むメニューが見受けられる。
• The menu including konpeito is found in the ration used by the Japan Self-Defense Forces for the similar reason.

• 書紀が壬申年（552年）を伝来の年とした理由については、古くから様々な説が唱えられた。
• For the reason why Shoki described 552 as the year of introduction, various theories have been discussed since ancient times.

• 綱紀審査会は、議決をしたときは、速やかに、理由を付した議決書を作成しなければならない。
• When adopting a resolution, the Board of Discipline Review shall promptly prepare a resolution statement giving the reasons therefor.

• 綱紀委員会は、議決をしたときは、速やかに、理由を付した議決書を作成しなければならない。
• When adopting a resolution, a Disciplinary Committee shall promptly prepare a resolution statement giving the reasons therefor.

• 懲戒委員会は、議決をしたときは、速やかに、理由を付した議決書を作成しなければならない。
• When adopting a resolution, the Disciplinary Actions Committee shall promptly prepare a resolution statement giving the reasons therefor.

• 第一条第一項第四号の仲介貿易取引許可申請書及び同条第二項の申請の理由を記載した添付書類
• a written application for permission for the brokerage transactions prescribed in Article 1, paragraph (1), item (iv) and an attachment stating the reason for the application as prescribed in paragraph (2) of the same Article:

• 第一条第一項第二号の特定資本取引許可申請書及び同条第二項の申請の理由を記載した添付書類
• a written application for permission for the specified capital transactions prescribed in Article 1, paragraph (1), item (ii) and an attachment stating the reason for the application as prescribed in paragraph (2) of the same Article:

• なおこの制度は、君主の権威を肯定するものであるとして、元号廃止論の理由にもなっている。
• This system, however, is used as an excuse for the abolitionism of an era name because it can be regarded as what advocates the monarch's authority.

• これは、当時の元が日本に使者を送った理由や情勢を考えると、至極妥当だとする考えである。
• It seems to be very reasonable, taking into consideration the reason for Yuan's sending envoys to Japan then and its circumstances.

• 同じ理由で、筆の穂先を固めるためのノリ成分を、水に長時間さらして落とすのは適当でない。
• For the same reason, it is improper to remove the glue used to firm the brush tip by placing it in the water for a long time.

• この理由は、前述した様に縁起物であるため、割り切れる数字（偶数）を避けてのことである。
• The reason is that it is a lucky object as stated above, for which Japanese people avoid using even numbers, because even numbers are divisible.

• 寛仁3年（1019年）8月13日 (旧暦)に病気を理由に大僧正を辞任、9月3日に没する。
• On September 20, 1019 he retired from Daisojo because of ill and passed away on October 9.

• しかしながら、1884年のそれは明治時代初頭であったため、上の理由から低調だったという。
• However, it is said that the one in 1884 was dull because the timing was during the early Meiji period.

• 本山の真宗本廟も、同様の理由により、本願寺の東西分派以降、「東本願寺」と通称されている。
• Shin-shu Honbyo, the head temple, is commonly called 'Higashi-Hongwan-ji Temple' after the split of the east and west for the same reason.

• 理由は、大の甘党の上に、ドイツ留学中に細菌を顕微鏡で見て以来潔癖症になってしまったため。
• This is because he not only loved sweets but also because he became obsessed with cleanliness after observing germs under a microscope while studying in Germany.

• 第四十七条第一項の規定により資料の提出を命じられた者が正当な理由なく命令に従わないとき。
• where the person who was ordered to submit material pursuant to the provisions of Article 47 paragraph (1) fails to comply with the order without justifiable grounds; or

• 第一項の規定による決定は、文書をもつてし、その理由をつけて本人に交付しなければならない。
• The decision pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) shall be made in writing, and the document with a reason shall be delivered to him/her.

• 前二項の場合においては、鉱業権者は、正当な理由がなければ、その承諾を拒むことができない。
• In the case specified in paragraphs (1) and (2) above, a holder of mining right may not refuse acceptance of such demand and request without justifiable grounds.

• また、大津を遷都先に選んだ理由については、対外関係上の危機感が強く働いていたと思われる。
• It is also believed that the reason why Otsu was chosen as a new capital was greatly influenced by a sense of crisis on foreign affairs.

• 櫛羅は藩領の中でも特に栄えていたところで要害の地でもあったことが理由だったとされている。
• It is believed that the move was prompted by Kujira being the most prosperous and key area in the domain.

• 一方、本協約および日韓併合条約が無効であるとする議論の多くは、次のことを理由にしている。
• On the other hand, many of the arguments which insist this treaty and the treaty of the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty are invalid mention following reasons.

• 廃れた理由は、速報性においては新聞に劣ることのほか、「民衆の錦絵離れ」が指摘されている。
• In addition to the inferiority of nishiki-e-shinbun in quick reporting, 'the trend of leaving nishiki-e prints by the general public' is pointed out as the reason for the decline of nishiki-e-shinbun.

• なお様々な理由で参加できない者は炊き出しなどの費用として金銭を支払うなどとする所もある。
• In some communities, those who cannot participate in fushin may be expected to pay for food or something to distribute among the participants.

• またからくりの存在が日本でロボットの研究や応用が盛んな理由の一つであるとする意見もある。
• And others say the research and development of robots is active in Japan partly because of the tradition of karakuri.

• 同様の理由で日本の便器が輸出されることもなく、需要地での海外生産が主なものとなっている。
• For the same reason, Japanese toilet basins are not exported and overseas production at the point of demand is dominant.

• これは原料となる小麦、水（軟水）、食塩（海水塩）の産地が近かったことが一つの理由である。
• One of the reasons is that the production areas of the ingredients including wheat, water (soft water), and salt (seawater salt) were in the close locally.

• 真言宗小野流の法を継いだが、足に障害があり病弱であることを理由に醍醐寺寺主就任を辞退する。
• Although he succeeded to the teachings of the Ono School of the Shingon Sect, he declined to assume the position of the manager of Daigo-ji Temple due to his leg disorder and physical weakness.

• そのため綱吉は公辨法親王から助命があり、それを理由に赦免できればと期待していたようである。
• Under such circumstances, it seems that Tsunayoshi expected Cloistered Imperial Prince Koben to appeal for mercy and wanted to use such appeal as the reason for pardoning them.

• 裁判所の裁判において裁決の取消しの理由とした判断は、その事件について海難審判所を拘束する。
• The reasons given for the revocation of a determination in the judicial decision of a court shall bind the Japan Marine Accident Tribunal.

• 秀吉自身が御土居建設の目的を説明した文献は現存しないが、以下のような理由が推測されている。
• Although there are no documents that refer to the purposes of its construction explained by Hideyoshi's own words, the following theories are presented:

• しかし多様な文化的理由から、火葬の普及は必ずしも諸手を挙げての賛同を得ているわけではない。
• However, for various cultural reasons, the spread of cremation is not wholeheartedly supported.

• そもそも角が入った理由は、三十三間堂での通し矢で強弓を数多く引けるように改良されたため）。
• Originally, the tsuno was inserted to make improvements for drawing many strong bows in Toshiya at Sanjusangendo Temple.

• これは伝授をする阿闍梨（師）が中院流以外の流派の伝授を受けていたりなどの理由が挙げられる。
• Such difference may occur because, for instance, each Ajari had learned in different schools other than Chuin school.

• 正当な理由がないのに次条において準用する第七十五条第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだとき。
• Where the Registered Investigation Body has refused the request made under the items of paragraph 2 of Article 75 as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the next Article, without justifiable grounds.

• 正当な理由がないのに第六十二条第一項又は第六十三条第一項の集取を拒み、妨げ、又は忌避した者
• a person who, without justifiable grounds, has refused, obstructed or evaded the collection set forth under Article 62 paragraph (1) or Article 63 paragraph (1); or

• 日本政府が、国民に伝えた宣戦の理由（清国ニ対スル宣戦ノ詔勅）の要旨は次のようなものである。
• The Japanese government explained to the people the outline of the cause for the war (Imperial Rescript of war declaration against Qing) as follows;

• 戊辰戦争では戦争の様々な事柄や理由において、その原因を遺恨と結びつけて説明される事がある。
• In the Boshin War, the causes of various incidents and reasons are often explained by relating them to revenge.

• その一方、以上の理由で信長の政策に革新性が認められなかったとの意味ではないと思われている。
• On the other hand, it is not thought that the innovation of Nobunaga's policy went unrecognized due to the above reasons.

• などの理由から、ジパングと日本を結びつけたのは16世紀の宣教師の誤解であるとする説もある。
• For these reasons, one theory holds that it was a misunderstanding of missionaries who reached Japan during the 16th century who connected Zipangu with Japan.

• しかし、結び目がだらしなく、ほどけやすいなどといった理由から、よそ行きの際には敬遠される。
• However, it is avoided for street clothes as its knot looks untidy and easy to get loose.

• 等の理由から、1994年（平成6年）より地域おこしの地域資源としてうどんが活用されている。
• Based on this background, Udon noodles have been utilized as a regional resource for revitalizing the region since 1994.

• その理由は、カラオケとして録音されている曲（カラオケ・ソース）の多くが演歌だったからである。
• It was because most of the songs recorded as karaoke (karaoke source) were enka (Japanese ballad).

• 圧縮する店では「パリッと仕上がり、野菜の旨みも凝縮して美味しくなる」という理由をあげている。
• The shops that grill it by pressing, state the reason being that 'it is cooked up crisply and becomes delicious because the tastes of vegetables are condensed.'

• 事相の伝授には面授（口伝）を重んじたためであり、このことが事相の流派が分派した理由でもある。
• Valuing Menju (person-to-person teaching based on oral communication) in the teaching of practical training is one of the reasons to split into various schools.

• 卵かけご飯が朝食時に摂られることが多い理由は、第一に短時間で食べ終わることができる点である。
• The first reason why tamago kake gohan is generally taken for breakfast is that it can be eaten in a short time.

• 再審は、請求人が審決が確定した後再審の理由を知つた日から三十日以内に請求しなければならない。
• A request for a retrial shall be filed within 30 days from the date on which the demandant became aware of the grounds for the retrial after the trial decision became final and binding.

• 前条第一項の規定により登録品種の名称の提出を命じられた者が正当な理由なく命令に従わないとき。
• when the person who was ordered to submit another denomination of the registered variety pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of this Article fails to comply with the order without justifiable grounds.

• 正当な理由がないのに次条において準用する第十七条の九第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだとき。
• When the Registered Overseas Certifying Body refuses requests pursuant to the provisions of the items in paragraph (2) of Article 17-9, as applied mutatis mutandis in the following Article, without justifiable causes;

• こうした理由から攻城戦や水上戦で防御施設や船を焼き払うことができるために重要な戦力となった。
• Therefore, there was significant military potential in such weapons as it could burn down defense facilities and ships in siege warfare and naval battles.

• また、天皇権力が強くなる理由のひとつとして、壬申の乱の存在を考慮すべきとの考え方も存在する。
• In addition, there is a point of view that the presence of the Jinshin War should be considered as one of the reasons for strengthening of Emperor's power.

• 日本でキリスト教の信仰を理由に最高権力者の指令による処刑が行われたのはこれが初めてであった。
• This was the first execution issued by the order of the person in the highest authority in Japan because they believed in Christianity.

• 板目は木目の美しさを楽しむ点で装飾的であり、檜より黒味のつよい杉が好まれた理由もここにある。
• A cross-grained wood was decorative because of its fine grain, and that was why cedar with darker grain was preferred to Cyprus.

• この理由には諸説あり、外宮の祭神がもともと男神的性格を帯びたものではなかったとする議論もある。
• There are various theories regarding an explanation for this rule, but it has been speculated that the main god in the outer shrine may originally not have had masculine properties.

• 正当な理由がないのに第四十四条第四項の規定による命令に違反して主任技術者免状を返納しなかつた者
• A person who has, in violation of an order issued under Article 44, paragraph 4, failed to return a chief engineer's license without justifiable grounds.

• この場合には後継者がいても改易され、捕らえられた場合には「不忠」を理由に処刑される事もあった。
• When this occurred, kaieki was applied even though there was a successor, and when those who had run away were captured, they were sometimes executed because they were 'not loyal.'

• こうした災害を理由とした改元（長享・延徳・明応）が相次いでいるのもそれを裏付けていると言える。
• The successive changes of the imperial era name (Chokyo, Entoku, and Meio) attributed to these disasters endorse this observation.

• だが最も重要な理由として、幕府が大名の力を削ぎ統制を強めることに大いに意を用いていた事にある。
• But the most important purpose for the prohibition was in the bakufu's motivation to weaken the influence of daimyo in order to control them more easily.

• 例えば、鹿鳴館の建設理由や経緯などは、当時の日本人の欧米文化への複雑な感情を端的に示している。
• For example, the reasoning and process behind the construction of the Rokumeikan (Deer-cry Hall) shows the complicated emotions of the Japanese in relation to European and American civilization.

• 一方、松平忠輝は総大将を務める天王寺合戦で遅参したことが理由の一つとなり、翌年に改易となった。
• On the other hand, Tadateru MATSUDAIRA was given kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) the next year partly because he arrived late for the Battle of Tenniji in which he was a supreme commander.

• これは天皇が神道上の現人神であり、祀られている神と同格であるとする教義に基づく理由からである。
• This is due to the tenets in which the emperor is believed to be a living God of the Shinto religion and be ranking as high as the Gods worshiped at the shrine.

• 一般的に即位時期に合わせて行われるが、国内の政情不安などを理由に数年後に実施されることもある。
• A coronation usually takes place at the time of an enthronement, but there are exceptional cases such as the ceremony is postponed until several years later due to the reason of the domestic political instability.

• 第二次世界大戦中は、防空上の理由や紙不足などもあって全面的に自粛されたが、終戦後すぐに復活した。
• During World War Ⅱ, the custom was completely restrained for the reasons of air defense and shortage of paper, but it made an early comeback in the wake of the war.

• 取消訴訟においては、自己の法律上の利益に関係のない違法を理由として取消しを求めることができない。
• In an action for the revocation of an administrative disposition, the plaintiff may not seek revocation on the grounds of breach of law which is irrelevant to his/her legal interest.

• その理由として「イギリスの影響」、「戦前の日本の影響」、「戦後の日本の影響」の三つが考えられる。
• There are three possible reasons: 'the influence of Britain,' 'the influence of pre-war Japan,' and 'the influence of post-war Japan.'

• 終戦後、今度は封建的で民主主義に合わないとの理由で連合国軍最高司令官総司令部による規制が始まる。
• And then, after the war, the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers began to regulate Kabuki for the reason that it was feudalistic and not suitable for democracy.

• 審判請求が理由がないときは、公正取引委員会は、審判手続を経た後、審決で、当該審判請求を棄却する。
• The Fair Trade Commission shall, if the hearing request is groundless, dismiss the said hearing request by a decision after the hearing procedures have been completed.

• 正当な理由なく、第四十一条第三項の規定による命令に違反して原子炉主任技術者免状を返納しなかつた者
• a person who has failed to return, without justifiable grounds, his/her license for chief technician of reactors in violation of an order pursuant to the provision of Article 41 (3),

• 正当な理由がないのに前条第二項において準用する第二十四条第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだとき。
• when it has refused, without providing justifiable grounds, requests as described in each item of Article 24, paragraph (2) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (2) of the preceding Article;

• 正当な理由がないのに前条第二項において準用する第三十七条第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだとき。
• When the Foreign Registered Conformity Assessment Bodies has refused a request made pursuant to any of the items of Article 37, paragraph (2), as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (2) of the preceding Article, without justifiable grounds;

• これは勝家が北陸に領地を持ち、冬には雪で行動が制限されることを理由としたみせかけの和平であった。
• In fact, this was a false truce offer plotted by Katsuie, who feared being locked up in his territory in Hokuriku by heavy snows once winter came.

• 文禄4年（1595年）に豊臣秀吉は豊臣秀次を謀反を企てたとの理由で切腹させ秀次の部下も粛正した。
• In 1595, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI accused Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI of raising a rebellion and made Hidetsugu commit suicide by disembowelment and punished Hidetsugu's vassals.

• 貴族社会の官職に依存していること、院政と連携して政策推進を行っていたこと、などがその理由である。
• The reason for this was because they relied upon the positions within the aristocracy, and governmental policies were in collaboration with the cloistered government.

• 『吾妻鏡』によると出家の直接の理由は所領を巡る訴訟に敗れた際、梶原景時の言動に怒ったためである。
• According to 'Azuma Kagami,' the direct reason as to why Naozane would become a priest was because of Naozane's angry reaction toward the speech and conduct of Kagetoki KAJIWARA at the time of Naozane losing a lawsuit concerning a matter of territory.

• しかし休演の理由がたとえ一日で解消されても、本役は三日間舞台に出ることはできない（権利の停止）。
• Although the reason of cancellation is dissolved in one day, the initial actor cannot perform for three days (Suspension of the right).

• 失脚の理由は、「同僚鳥居幸次郎の妻に艶書を遣わした」とも「弟の半六の女性問題」ともいわれている。
• It is said that the reason of his downfall was 'because he sent a love letter to the wife of his colleague Kojiro TORII' or 'because of his younger brother Hanroku's problems with women.'

• 病気、事故、酒気帯び運転による逮捕、他社映画撮影など、興行中における休演の理由はさまざまである。
• There are various reasons for performance cancellation such as illness, accident, arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol, filming for other company and so on.

• そのひとつの理由として、野口王墓が文武陵であるという治定に、なお異説があったことが考えられている。
• As one of the reasons for the above restoration being a temporary one, it is considered that, yet again, there was a dissenting opinion concerning the determination of Noguchino Ono-haka being the Monmu Mausoleum.

• 黒い猫は、昔の日本では『夜でも目が見える』等の理由から、「福猫」として魔除けや幸運の象徴とされた。
• In ancient Japan, a black cat symbolized an amulet or good fortune as 'fukuneko' (a good-luck cat) because it could see also in the night.

• これは製造時に中の構造をより細密に調整できるとの理由からだが、結果として持ち運びにも便利になった。
• The original intent of this development was to enable more fine tuning of the bore during the fabrication stage; however, it also has resulted in making the instrument more portable, making it more convenient to carry around.

• 審査官は、特許出願について拒絶の理由を発見しないときは、特許をすべき旨の査定をしなければならない。
• Where no reasons for refusal are found for a patent application, the examiner shall render a decision to the effect that a patent is to be granted.

• 荒田（こうでん）とは、古代・中世において、何らかの理由をもって耕作が放棄されて荒廃した田地を指す。
• Koden (run-down field) is the term indicating fields that had been cultivated but have been abandoned for some reason during the ancient times and middle ages.

• これは、内容の重複や日本への伝来事情などとの関係があると考えられているが、詳細な理由は不明である。
• While the details are unknown, it is assumed that this was related to redundancy in the contents, the circumstances of their introduction to Japan, or other factors.

• 経宗・惟方の失脚の理由としては、信西殺害の共犯者としての責任を追及されたことによるものと見られる。
• The reason for Tsunemune and Korekata's downfall is thought to be the fruits of the investigation into their guilt for colluding in the death of Shinzei.

• だが、、に廃藩置県が行われると、日本からは領主が一掃される形となり、反対論の大きな理由が失われた。
• However, Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was done in 1871 and landlords in Japan were cleared away and a big reason of objection disappeared.

• 日本では宗教上の理由などから、「肉食」が忌避されたり、公式には禁止される時期が歴史上で度々あった。
• In Japan, meat-eating was a taboo or was officially prohibited in many eras throughout the history, for example, for a religious reason.

• 10月にはついに柱谷幸一監督が成績不振を理由に解任され、美濃部直彦ヘッドコーチが新監督に就任した。
• In October, manager Koichi HASHIRATANI was eventually dismissed because of the slump of the team, and Head Coach Naohiko MINOBE assumed the post of the new manager.

• 8年2月（419年3月）、衣通郎姫が皇后の嫉妬を理由に茅渟宮（ちぬのみや、大阪府泉佐野市）へ移る。
• In March, 419, Sotooshi no iratsume who feared the jealous Empress moved to Chinu no miya Palace (in present-day Izumisano City, Osaka Prefecture).

• 秘仏（ひぶつ）とは、信仰上の理由により非公開とされ、厨子などの扉が閉じられたまま祀られる仏像を指す。
• Hibutsu are Buddhist images that are normally withheld from public view for religious reasons; they are enshrined in zushi (miniature shrines in temples) with the doors closed.

• 型が出現した理由として梅若は、身体動作に名前を付けることで学習が効率的になるということを挙げている。
• As for the reason why this form appeared, UMEWAKA quoted the fact that study achieves efficiency by attaching names to the bodily movements.

• 第五十一条及び第六十七条の三第二項の規定は、拒絶査定不服審判の請求を理由があるとする場合に準用する。
• Articles 51 and 67-3(2) shall apply mutatis mutandis where a request for a trial against an examiner's decision of refusal is found to have reasonable grounds.

• 前項の願書には、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、延長の理由を記載した資料を添付しなければならない。
• The written application under the preceding paragraph shall be accompanied by materials specifying the reason(s) for the extension, as provided by Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 正当な理由なく、第二十二条の三第三項の規定による命令に違反して核燃料取扱主任者免状を返納しなかつた者
• a person who has failed to return, without justifiable grounds, his/her license for chief technician of nuclear fuel in violation of an order pursuant to the provision of Article 22-3 (3),

• 熱供給事業者は、正当な理由がなければ、何人に対しても、その供給区域における熱供給を拒んではならない。
• A heat supply operator shall not refuse to supply heat to any person in its service area without justifiable grounds.

• 引っ越しや公用・商用の旅、参詣や湯治などの遊行、女性の場合には婚姻や奉公など様々な理由での旅がある。
• There were various reasons for travels, such as house moving, official or commercial trip, visiting temples and shrines, a hot-spring cure, and in cases of women, marriage and live-in domestic service.

• なお、当事者の一方が湯起請の呼び出しに3回応じない場合には、「召文違背」を理由とした敗訴が確定した。
• If one of the parties concerned did not respond to the call for yugisho three times, it would become definite that the party lost the suit due to 'disobedience to summons.'

• これにより冊封体制の維持を理由に国交交渉を忌避する朝鮮を、交渉のテーブルに着くように促したのである。
• As a result of that, Japan urged Korea to enter into negotiations, while Korea had been avoiding the diplomatic negotiations in order to maintain the tributary system.

• 1864年には、禁門の変を理由に長州征伐の兵を挙げた幕府が、その時の軍服を西洋式にすることを決めた。
• In 1864, the shogunate government, which raised an army for the Choshu Conquest due to Kinmon Incident, decided that military uniforms would be made in a western style.

• 現在は、タバコの喫煙用としての煙管使用者の絶対数は少ないが、下記の理由などでその文化は存続している。
• The absolute number of kiseru users for smoking is small now, but its culture has been continued for the following reasons:

• 物によってはクジ引きが出来、当りが出ればおまけが貰えるのも子供に人気があった理由の一つとなっている。
• Some of them contain a chance to win a small gift, and this is one of the reasons they are popular among kids.

• そこで覚えたての小曲をすぐに弾くことが出来るという理由で、端唄がもてはやされるようになったのである。
• Therefore, hauta became popular as they were easy to learn and play for their shortness.

• 啐斎の機嫌を損ね、一時表千家出入りを禁じられ、その後は裏千家のみの御用を務める（詳しい理由は不明）。
• Having offended Sottakusai, he was barred from Omotesenke at one point and subsequently worked exclusively for Urasenke (the house of Urasen) (details surrounding this circumstance remain unknown.)

• 卵の管理が難しい等の理由で、日本での商業用の養殖はいまだ成功していない（2009年1月19日現在）。
• There is no successful commercial cultivation of octopus in Japan due to the difficulties involved in managing the eggs (as of January 19, 2009).

• 〔また、光円寺（京都市下京区）で入滅され、何等かの理由により善法院に御遺体を移されたとする説もある。〕
• (Some also say that he passed on at Koen-ji Temple (Kyoto City Shimogyo Ward) and his body was moved to Zenpo-in for some reason.)

• 法第九条第三項の規定による認証審査参与員の意見の提出は、理由を記載した意見書を提出して行うものとする。
• Submission of the opinions of the certification examiners under Article 9, paragraph 3 of the Act shall be carried out by submitting a written opinion giving reasons.

• また、満年齢では50代であるのに数え年では60代という理由で配給量を減らされるなどの問題も起きていた。
• There was another type of problem where someone who was in his fifties based on the Western-style age system was considered in his sixties according to the traditional Japanese system and the amount of he received through distribution was reduced because of his age.

• 昔の広島のお好み焼き店はどこも規模が小さく、窮屈で狭い（理由は「広島風お好み焼きのソース」の項参照）。
• Every okonomiyaki shop in Hiroshima in past times was small-scale, cramped and narrow (see the reason in the section 'Hiroshimafu-okonomiyaki sauce').

• 上記理由に合わせ、古来の弓は木から削り出した単一素材であり、根元が下に、梢側が上に来るように弓を持つ。
• The ancient bows were created from one single material carved out from wood for reasons mentioned above, and were held with the root side at the bottom and top of the wood as above.

• インターネットでパッケージの写真が広く告知できるようになったことが、盛り上がりの理由として考えられる。
• The reason for the enthusiasm is considered to be the Internet which allows extensive picture advertising of the packages.

• 男女交合の境地、すなわちオルガスムスが即身成仏の境地であるとされるに至ったのにはいくつかの理由がある。
• A state of male and female copulation, that is, orgasm, came to be considered as the state of sokushinjobutsu for several reasons.

• 天台教学の確立を目指し繁忙だったという理由で自らの弟子をして、空海から借経を幾度となく繰り返していた。
• Because Saicho, who aimed to establish Tendai doctrine, was very busy, he frequently made his disciples borrow Buddhist scriptures from Kukai.

• 第四十五条第二項の規定に違反して、正当な理由がないのに、書類の閲覧又は謄本若しくは抄本の交付を拒んだ者
• a person who, in violation of the provision of Article 45 (2), refuses to allow inspection of the documents or refuses to deliver a full or extract copy of the documents without a justifiable ground; or

• 特定電気事業者は、正当な理由がなければ、その供給地点における需要に応ずる電気の供給を拒んではならない。
• A Specified Electricity Utility shall not refuse to supply electricity to meet demand at its service point without justifiable grounds.

• この理由としては、中国の歴史上慢性的とも言えた銅の不足の他に、日本の銅には銀が少なからず含有していた。
• The reason for this discrepancy was that China had been chronically suffering from copper shortage since the beginning of its history, as well as the copper imported from Japan contained silver in no small measure.

• 中大兄皇子は何らかの理由により皇位にはつかず、母である皇極天皇を、再度即位（重祚）させた（斉明天皇）。
• For reasons unclear Prince Naka no Oe did not become emperor himself, but made his mother Empress Kogyoku take the throne again, as Empress Saimei.

• 武田軍が大敗した理由としては、通説では武田の騎馬隊は柵の前に攻撃力を発揮できなかったことがあげられる。
• A standard explanation for the crushing defeat of Takeda's cavalry is that the stockade prevented it from exercising its ability to attack.

• 寛永寺は他宗の問題である事を理由に宗派に任せる（事実上の容認）姿勢を見せたのに対して、増上寺は激怒した。
• Kanei-ji Temple practically approved the proposal, saying that since it was another sect's matter, they entrusted it to the other sect, while Zojo-ji Temple was infuriated.

• また戦場での体勢で即座に敵を射る為に、矢を番えた弓を体の左斜め前方で構える事が有利であるのも理由である。
• Moreover, since this way allows the archer to shoot the enemy immediately by employing this body pose on the battlefield, it is advantageous for the archer anchored in the frontal facing posture, to set up the bow.

• 第三十一条第六項の規定に違反して、正当な理由がないのに財務諸表又は組合契約書の閲覧又は謄写を拒んだとき。
• If they refuse to permit the inspection or copying of the Financial Statements or Written Partnership Agreement without justifiable reason in violation of paragraph 6 of Article 31;

• 国司苛政上訴は明らかに越訴の形態をとっており、このような越訴が承認されるようになった理由は明らかでない。
• It is not unknown why Kokushi kasei joso, apparently a form of direct appeals, began to be accepted.

• そして、同年10月の義満を招いての宇治市の紅葉を直前になって病を理由に中止してしまい、義満の不興を買う。
• He had invited Yoshimitsu to a fall foliage viewing in the city of Uji in November of the same year, but he fell into disgrace with Yoshimitsu when he canceled it at the last minute, using illness as an excuse.

• 水軍力を恐れた徳川家光はこの家督争いを理由に九鬼氏の石高5万6千石を分割、内陸の三田と綾部に移封させた。
• Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, who had a fear of Kuki's Suigun navy power, divided the Kuki family's total yield of 56,000 koku and relocated their territories to Sanda and Ayabe, both of which were inland areas, for the reason of the succession dispute.

• 貴族勢力の後退により、経済的な理由などから小袖と袴の上に単衣と袿一枚を羽織った状態が正装となっていった。
• With the decline of aristocratic power, due to economic and other reasons, hitoe and a single uchiki over a kosode and hakama became formal dress.

• またカロリーが極めて低く食物繊維が豊富という理由もあって、ダイエット食品（健康食品）としても人気がある。
• In addition, konnyaku is extremely low in calorie and rich in dietary fiber, so that konnyaku is popular as a diet food (a health food).

• 同様の理由で六曜「友引」には葬儀を控えるが、これには大抵の火葬場が休業であるという止むを得ない事情もある。
• For the same reason, on 'Tomobiki' of Rokuyo, funeral rites are avoided, which is due to the unavoidable circumstances that most crematories are closed.

• また、カラオケというビジネスモデルが成功した理由のひとつとして、このときリースを導入したことが挙げられる。
• One of the reasons why the business model of karaoke was successful may be an introduction of a lease system.

• 琉球の沖縄本島で空手が発展した理由として、従来言及されてきたのが、二度にわたって実施された禁武政策である。
• Traditionally, the kinmu seisaku (a ban on weapons), which was implemented twice, has been cited as the reason that karate prospered in Okinawa's main island during the Ryukyu Kingdom era.

• 第五十一条及び第五十二条の規定は、前条の規定による審査において審判の請求を理由があるとする場合に準用する。
• Articles 51 and 52 shall apply mutatis mutandis where a request for a trial is found to have reasonable grounds in the examination under the preceding Article.

• 審査官は、意匠登録出願について拒絶の理由を発見しないときは、意匠登録をすべき旨の査定をしなければならない。
• Where no reasons for refusal are found for an application for design registration, the examiner shall render a decision to the effect that a design registration is to be granted.

• 会員は、訪問販売協会から前項の規定による求めがあつたときは、正当な理由がないのに、これを拒んではならない。
• A member may not refuse a demand made by a Door-to-Door Sales Association pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph without a justifiable ground.

• 会員は、通信販売協会から前項の規定による求めがあつたときは、正当な理由がないのに、これを拒んではならない。
• A member may not refuse a demand made by a Mail Order Sales Association pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph without a justifiable ground.

• 第六十四条の二第二項又は第六十四条の四第二項の規定により原弁護士会に事案を送付したとき　その旨及びその理由
• If a matter has been remanded to the original bar association pursuant to the provisions of Article 64-2, paragraph (2) or Article 64-4, paragraph (2),a statement to such effect and reasons therefor

• 秀行はまだ若年であるから、宿老らを統率できたとしても限度があるにもかかわらず「統率」を理由に減封している。
• Given that Hideyuki was young, he would have had his limitation even if he had managed to unite the chief vassals, but his estate was reduced due to his 'poor leadership.'

• 禁門の変に於いて長州藩兵が御所へ向けて発砲した事等を理由に幕府は長州藩を朝敵として、第一次長州征伐を行う。
• Using the fact that the Choshu loyalists dared to fire their guns in the direction of the Imperial palace during the Hamaguri rebellion as a pretext, the Tokugawa shogunate labeled Choshu domain an official enemy of the Court, and as such launched the First Punitive Expedition against them.

• 戸主が、婚姻や養子縁組などの理由により他の家に入るために、元の家を消滅させることをいう（旧民法762条）。
• It means abolishment of one's own family for being a family member of another family due to marriage or adoption (the Old Civil Codes, Article 762).

• その理由は分からないが、白村江での敗戦などの外戦の失敗で外交に国土防衛にいとまがなかったことが思慮される。
• Although the reason of such a ruling style is unknown, it can be understood that he had been caught up in handling foreign affairs and homeland security because of the defeats in foreign wars including that of the Battle of Hakusukinoe.

• 桓武天皇が、平城京から長岡京へ遷都を決めた理由の一つに、平城京の地理的条件と用水インフラへ不便さにあった。
• Two main reasons Emperor Kanmu decided to transfer the capital from Heijo-kyo to Nagaoka-kyo were the geographical location of Heijo-kyo and its inconvenient water infrastructure.

• 643年10月、蝦夷は病気を理由に朝廷の許しも得ずに紫冠を入鹿に授け大臣となし、次男を物部の大臣となした。
• In October, 643, due to his sickness, Emishi handed over his rank Shikan to Iruka which allowed him to be a minister and let his second son to be Mononobe minister without the permission from the Imperial Court.

• 普段は厚化粧しない場合が多いが、祭り等で巫女舞を奉納する場合は上記の稚児と同じ理由で厚化粧する場合がある。
• Miko (shrine maidens) usually do not wear atsugesho, but when they dedicate mikomai (a female Shinto dance where young girls each carry a small baton with a bell) during festivals, they sometimes wear atsugesho for the same reason as chigo.

• その理由は「素手で食べると直前に食べたネタの脂等が指に残り、その後の寿司の味を壊してしまうから」とされる。
• This may be because 'when eating sushi by hand, fats of neta eaten right before remain on fingers, and ruin the taste of sushi eaten thereafter.'

• この風習ができた理由として、そもそも歌舞伎興行で最初の数日は実際には公開尾舞台稽古だったことがあげられる。
• The reason of this custom is that practically the first few days were for open rehearsals in the kabuki performances.

• これには一つとして、特定の流派の味を造るメカニズムが少しずつ科学的に解明されてきたから、という理由がある。
• One of the reasons for this movement is that a mechanism which determines the taste of a certain school's sake has been scientifically revealed by little and little.

• 「誠」という字が旗が揺れたときに、近藤の実家「試衛館」の「試」に見えるからという理由も隠されているらしい。
• Apparently, there is a secret meaning because when the flag flutters, the kanji character 'Makoto' (誠) looks like the character 'Shi' (試) used in 'Shiei-kan' (試衛館) of KONDO's parents' home.

• 1941年（昭和16年）、時局緊迫を理由に政府当局が教祖、宗祖や教義を同じくする諸宗教、諸宗派に統合を迫る。
• In 1941 the government ordered in the name of the state of emergency that the religions and sects having the same founder of religion or the same founder of sect or the same dharma should be consolidated.

• 第一項及び第四項の規定は、当該審決が前にされた確定審決と抵触することを理由とする再審の請求には、適用しない。
• Paragraphs (1) and (4) shall not apply to a request for a retrial filed on the ground that the trial decision is in conflict with a final and binding trial decision previously rendered.

• その際、集落によっては銅鐸を壊す等の行為もあったと思われ、一部の破壊銅鐸の出土はこのような理由によるとする。
• In that case, it is thought that dotaku were broken in some villages, which can be the reason for excavations of broken dotaku.

• また、このどぶろく特区には課題があると考える人もおり、以下の理由から特区として未成熟であるという意見もある。
• Also, some people think that such special zones of Doburoku have problems and some say that the special zones of Doburoku are immature for the following reasons:

• 登場人物が多く、長い演目であり、情の中におかし味を持たせなくてはならないという理由から、難しい一題とされる。
• It is considered as a difficult topic because many characters appear in the story, while the story is long, and humor has to be added to a moral story.

• その理由は、『無量寿経仏説無量寿経』に阿弥陀如来の願（四十八願）は諸仏に認められていると説かれている事に依る。
• The reason for the above is because 'Bussetsu Muryoju-kyo Sutra' preaches that Amida Nyorai's vows (Forty eight vows) are admitted by various Buddha.

• 乙類100%では匂いが強いなどの理由で飲みにくいと敬遠されることがあるため、これらを和らげるために用いられる。
• This is for those who avoid 100% group Otsu shochu because of the strong smell.

• 実際、例えば12月に子供が生まれ、翌年2月に「2歳だ」という理由でキャラメルが配給されることなどはよくあった。
• For example, when a child was born in December and in February next year the child receives candy through the distribution system because the child was regarded as two years old.

• 宗教的（仏教など）な考えに基づく理由…胎児が母親の胎内にいる期間（十月十日〈とつきとおか〉）も年齢に加算する。
• It is based on religious thinking (such as Buddhism): The nine months that the unborn baby stays in her mother's womb is counted in age.

• 藤原種継暗殺と早良親王排除の事情に触れた部分では、政治的理由で消された『続日本紀』の削除文を記して貴重である。
• The section pertaining to the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu and the exile of Imperial Prince Sawara contains valuable text which was deleted from 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for political reasons.

• 満幸の分国出雲国において後円融天皇の御料である仙洞領横田庄を押領して、御教書にも従わなかったとの理由であった。
• The reasons were that he seized sento ryo Yokota no sho, which was Emperor Goenyu's Imperial property within Mitsuyuki's territory of Izumo Province, and that he did not follow the migyosho (document of shogunate order).

• 徳川綱吉の治世については、前期は善政を行ったが、その後期は「生類憐みの令」などが主な理由となって、評価は低い。
• As for Tsunayoshi's reign itself, he governed well at first but towards the end his public estimation was low because of this law.

• ただし、支援の申し出がなかったわけではなく、受け入れ体制が整わなかったのが支援を受けなかった理由であるという。
• However, this does not mean there were no offers of assistance, but there was no mechanism for accepting support.

• 禅宗で「祖師西来意」（そしせいらいい：達磨大師が西から来た理由）と言えば、「仏法の根本の意味」ということである。
• Soshi Seiraii (The reason why Darma came from the west) according to Zen is in essence the 'fundamental meaning of Buddhism'.

• 「生酒が古くなった」、「保存方法が正しくなかった」などの理由から、酵素の働きから生じる、むれたような猛烈な悪臭。
• Powerful stuffy malodor generated by action of enzyme due to 'namazake aging' or 'storing method was not proper.'

• しかし藩主においては、隠居して後も実権を握っていた例は少なく、また隠居したのも病気を理由にという例が少なくない。
• However, in case of the lords of domains, a few of them retained the real power after inkyo, and there are many cases where the reason of the inkyo was illness

• 原子力事業者等は、前項の申告をしたことを理由として、その従業者に対して解雇その他不利益な取扱いをしてはならない。
• The licensee of nuclear energy activity, etc. shall not dismiss an employee, or give an employee other disadvantageous treatment by reason of such employee's having made an allegation set forth in the preceding paragraph.

• 釈迦は、その理由を「現象しているもの（諸行）は、縁起によって現象したりしなかったりしているから」と説明している。
• Buddha explained it as 'phenomena that exist or do not exist due to omens.'

• 尊は病気を理由に再三辞退して空位が続いたが、允恭天皇元年12月（413年1月）、忍坂大中姫の強い要請を受け即位。
• He repeatedly refused to accept the emperorship on the ground of being ill, so that the throne remained vacant, but in January, 413, upon strong request from Oshisaka no onakatsu hime no mikoto, he finally acceded to the throne.

• 当初は11月に即位の礼を行う予定であったが、大政奉還など時勢が急速に変化していく中で国事多難を理由に見送られた。
• Although the Sokui no rei was originally going to be held in November, it was postponed because of the troubled national situation in the transitions of time, such as Restoration of the Imperial rule.

• 「サラスヴァティー」の漢訳は「辯才天」であるが、既述の理由により日本ではのちに「辨財天」とも書かれるようになった。
• The kanji representation of the name 'Saraswati' is 'Benzaiten' (辯才天) but, for the reasons stated above, the 'zai' (才) character is also written using the character meaning money (辨財天).

• 全国民が少量ずつ毎日食べれば廃棄物にならないとも言われるが、現状では上記の理由などから多くが廃棄物となってしまう。
• It is said that if whole nation eats small amount of okara everyday, it will not become waste product, but most okara become waste product for the above reason now.

• 同じ理由により、「斬る」ために刀を砥ぐ際は、包丁のように、スライドさせる方向に砥ぎをかける（剣の扱いに似ている）。
• With the same reason, when sharpening a sword to 'cut and kill,' it is sharpened in the direction to slide like a kitchen knife (similar in the way to handle double-edged sword).

• なお、廃藩置県直前に福岡藩の黒田長知が偽札事件を理由に藩知事を更迭されて代わりに有栖川宮熾仁親王が任命されている。
• Note that, immediately before Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) occurred, Nagatomo KURODA of the Fukuoka Domain was forced to resign as the governor of the domain due to the fake bill incident and Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito was appointed to take over the position.

• それらの地域に居住した理由は、河原が無税だったからという説と、皮革加工には大量の水が必要だからだという説とがある。
• There are two reasons that are considered for their living in such areas: one is because they were not taxed as long as they lived on the riverbed, and another is because the leather processing required a lot of water.

• その功、古を振るにも比類少なければ、酬賞無くてやは有るべき」という理由で仁安元年（1166年）に内大臣へ昇進した。
• This effort is unmatchable and should be rewarded' was the reason why he was promoted to Nai-daijin (Minister of the Interior) in 1166.

• 辻斬りをする理由としては刀の切れ味を実証するためや、単なる憂さ晴らし、金品目的、自分の武芸の腕を試す為などがある。
• Samurai committed tsujigiri to, for example, demonstrate the sharpness of their sword, vent their stress, get money or valuable objects, or to practice their skill with the martial arts.

• また、天皇や公家を招待した理由については、朝廷を威圧するためという説と、天皇側から閲覧を希望したという説とがある。
• Furthermore, there are two theories regarding Nobunaga ODA's reasons for inviting the Emperor and court nobles: that it was to overpower the Imperial Court, and that it was the Emperor who had requested to see the parade.

• ハッピーマンデー制度導入前は、1日のみの休みでは交通事情等の理由から故郷での成人式への出席が困難な成人も多かった。
• Before the Happy Monday System was introduced many people had difficulty participating in the one-day ceremony in their hometown due to the traffic.

• 日付をずらす理由は、すべての僧侶･門徒は御正忌報恩講期間中に上山する（本山に参拝する）のが、慣わしとされる為である。
• The reason why they change the dates for the service is that it is a custom for every priest and believer to visit the head temple during Goshoki Hoon-ko.

• 海難審判所から証人、鑑定人、通訳人又は翻訳人として召喚を受け、正当の理由がないのに出頭せず、又はその義務を尽さない者
• A person who fails to appear at a tribunal or perform duties with no justifiable grounds after he/she has been summoned as a witness, appraiser, interpreter or translator by the Japan Marine Accident Tribunal;

• 福岡藩は献上品の品質保持を理由に織屋株制度を敷いて12戸に限定したため、江戸時代を通して品質を維持することができた。
• Since the Fukuoka clan established the weaver stock system which was limited to 12 families for quality preservation of Kenjo articles (articles for presentation), the quality was kept throughout the Edo period.

• 懲戒の手続に付された弁護士が死亡したこと又は弁護士でなくなつたことにより懲戒の手続が終了したとき　その旨及びその理由
• If disciplinary proceedings are terminated because the attorney subject to the disciplinary proceedings dies or is no longer an attorney,a statement to such effect and the reasons therefor
• If disciplinary proceedings are terminated because the attorney subject to the disciplinary proceedings has died or is no longer an attorney,a statement to such effect and the reasons therefor

• 弁護士会は、前項の請求をした場合には、その弁護士に、速やかに、その旨及びその理由を書面により通知しなければならない。
• If a bar association requests rescission as set forth in the preceding paragraph, it shall promptly give written notice to the attorney of that fact and the reasons therefore.

• 前項の実地調査を依頼しようとする者は、経済産業省令で定める手続に従い、申請書に理由書を添えて提出しなければならない。
• Those who intend to request the on-the-spot investigation prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall submit applications with written statement of reasons pursuant to the procedures prescribed by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 関西風の鰻屋が存在した理由は参勤交代で江戸までお供した職人や料理人がそのまま江戸に定住しそこで商いを始めたとされる。
• The reason why the Kansai-style eel restaurants existed was that the artisans and cooks, who came to Edo because of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords during the Edo period were required to spend every other year residing in Edo), settled in Edo, and began their trade.

• 宗祖日蓮滅後、廟所の六弟子による輪番制が敷かれたが、戦乱や疫病、遠方の布教活動を理由に日興以外の五弟子が輪番制を放棄。
• After the founder of the Sect, Nichiren died, in the Mausoleum, a rotation system was organized by six disciples, however five disciples other than Nikko refused to do this routine due to the unsecured situation in wars or plagues, propagation in distant areas, and so on.

• 行基の活動と国家からの弾圧に関しては、奈良時代において具体的な僧尼令違反を理由に処分されたのは行基のみと言われている。
• Regarding Gyoki's activities and being suppressed by the government, it is said that Gyoki was the only person that was punished explicitly for violating Soni ryo in the Nara period.

• 宇治で戦死した頼政の遺骸がここに埋められた理由として、丹波矢田郷が彼の領地の中で最も宇治に近かったからと言われているが
• It is said that the body of Yorimasa who died in a battle at Uji was not buried here, because the Tanba Yada-go Village was of all his territories the nearest to Uji.

• これらの事から、刀が重視された理由について、手柄を得るための首切りに便利だったからとする説にはやや無理があるといえる。
• From the above, it is rather difficult to accept the theory that swords were convenient to cut off the head f as a reason that swords were valued.

• 拒絶理由通知を受けた後第四十八条の七の規定による通知を受けた場合において、同条の規定により指定された期間内にするとき。
• where, following the receipt of the notice of reasons for refusal, the applicant has received a notice under Article 48-7 and the said amendment is made within the designated time limit under the said Article;

• 一揆（いっき）とは、日本において何らかの理由により心を共にした共同体が心と行動を一つにして目的を達成しようとすること。
• The term 'ikki' refers to an attempt made by a community in Japan to achieve an objective when members of the community that share the same sentiment work closely together for a certain reason.

• 5世紀頃の中国では、大乗仏教の偽経『梵綱経』の第3に食肉戒より、動物の命を絶つことを理由に、肉食を完全に禁止している。
• In 5th century China, the eating of meat was completely prohibited, because it involved taking lives of animals, based on the commandment to abstain from meat-eating in apocryphal scripture of Mahayana Buddhism.

• 参勤交代制度は、8代将軍・徳川吉宗のときに財政窮乏を理由に部分的緩和が行われた時期を除き、江戸時代を通じて堅持された。
• The sankin-kotai system was firmly maintained throughout the Edo period except during the era of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the eighth Shogun, when the regulations were partially relaxed because of financial difficulty.

• ただし多くの場合形稽古が中心であり、試合稽古は技が乱れる、理合の習得が出来ない等の理由によりあまり行われていなかった。
• However, these implements were used mainly in the performance of kata (a fixed sequence of moves) training, and were seldom employed in training matches on the grounds that skills could be eroded and that learning riai (the skill of being able to seize a chance to strike) was impossible.

• しかし、調理時間の短縮やソースがからみやすい等の理由で、粉をまぶして揚げたものについても油淋鶏として紹介される事が多い。
• However, the variation of this dish that is fried after being coated with flour is also often referred to as yurinchi, due to the fact that the original method is time-consuming and the sauce tends to become stuck to the chicken while cooking.

• この収蔵庫には焼け焦げた壁画と柱などの部材が従前の配置のままに置かれているが、保存上の理由から一般には公開されていない。
• In this repository the burned murals, pillars, and other materials have been arranged in their former manner, but they are not open to the public for reasons of the preservations.

• 熱供給事業者の熱供給に関し苦情のある者は、経済産業大臣に対し、理由を記載した文書を提出して苦情の申出をすることができる。
• Any person who has complaints about the heat supply from a heat supply operator may file such complaints to the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, with a written explanation of the reasons attached thereto.

• 経済産業大臣は、前各項の規定による許可の取消しをしたときは、理由を記載した文書をその電気事業者に送付しなければならない。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall, when having rescinded the license pursuant to any of the preceding paragraphs, provide a written explanation of the reasons for rescission to the Electricity Utility.

• 第五項の裁定についての異議申立てにおいては、補償金の額についての不服をその裁定についての不服の理由とすることができない。
• In the filing of an objection to the ruling of paragraph 5, the dissatisfaction with the amount of compensation shall not be asserted as the cause for dissatisfaction with the ruling.

• 参議である板垣退助は閣議において居留民保護を理由に派兵を主張し、西郷隆盛は派兵に反対し、自身が大使として赴くと主張した。
• Sangi (the Councilor) Taisuke ITAGAKI insisted that Japan dispatch the military for protecting Japanese residents in Korea, whereas Takamori SAIGO opposed to send the military and insisted that he himself go to Korea as an ambassador.

• 主君が不在であったり病気等の理由で江戸城に登城できない場合、陪臣が登城し用件を老中・若年寄など幕閣に伝える場合もあった。
• When a lord was absent or could not come to the Edo-jo Castle by reasons of sickness or others, baishin sometimes came to castle and transmitted a message to the cabinet officials of the Shogunate such as roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate) and wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu).

• 青山播磨守の家臣・喜多玄蕃の屋敷に奉公していたお菊が、食事の中に針が混じっていたことを理由に折檻され井戸へ投げ込まれた。
• Okiku who worked in a residence of Genban KITA, a vassal of Aoyama Harima no Kami (the governor of Harima Province), was beaten and thrown into a well on the ground that a needle had been mixed in a meal.

• 執行停止は、公共の福祉に重大な影響を及ぼすおそれがあるとき、又は本案について理由がないとみえるときは、することができない。
• Stay of execution shall not be allowed when it is likely to seriously affect public welfare or when the action on the merits seems groundless.

• 当初は村上源氏でも嫡流とされた久我家・中院家から源氏長者が出され、稀に人がいないとの理由でその庶流から出される例があった。
• Initially, the Genji choja post was filled by people from the Koga family and the Nakanoin family, as these were Murakami-Genji's main branches, though there were cases in which these posts were taken by members of branches of the Koba or Nakanoin families.

• しかし、理由は不明であるが、この谷森の説は採用されず、ある時期まで引き続き仮のまま野口王墓は文武陵とされていたようである。
• For unknown reasons, however, Tanimori's theory was never accepted and it seems that Noguchino Ono-haka remained to be tentatively identified as the Monmu Mausoleum until certain time.

• 文部大臣の認可も得たが、次第に連合国軍最高司令官総司令部からの調査が活発となり、以下の理由で解散を命じる空気が漂い始める。
• They were approved by the Minister of Education, but the surveys by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers gradually became vigorous, and for the following reasons there emerged an atmosphere in which dissolution was ordered.

• 経済産業大臣は、前項の規定により登録を拒否したときは、遅滞なく、その理由を示して、その旨を申請者に通知しなければならない。
• In the event of rejection of registration pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry must give notice to such applicant to that effect showing the reason for such rejection without delay.

• 経済産業大臣は、前三項の規定による許可の取消しをしたときは、理由を記載した文書をその熱供給事業者に送付しなければならない。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall, when having rescinded the license or permission pursuant to any of the preceding three paragraphs, provide a written explanation of the reasons for the rescission to the heat supply operator.

• 鉄道が民営であることの軍事的に不利な理由は、私鉄の場合、株式会社であるから、経営状態を詳しく株主に報告しなければならない。
• The disadvantaged point of railway management by private sector was that in the case of the private railways, being the joint-stock companies, they must report their managing status in detail to the shareholders.

• この事件が事実がどうかはともかく、平氏一門の専横と源氏への日頃の軽侮に対する長年の不満が爆発は、理由として挙げられている。
• Regardless of whether this particular incident in fact occurred, the despotism of the Taira clan coupled with long years of simmering resentment among the Minamoto clan for the contempt they were forced to endure eventually led to an eruption of anger, which became the motive to raise troops in revolt.

• その後、薺浦一港での入港受入れは難しいとの理由から釜山浦も再び開かれるが、1544年に蛇梁倭変が起こり再び国交は断絶する。
• After that, Pusanpo was also opened again because the capacity of the port of Seiho was not large enough to deal with all transactions; however, an incident called Saryang Incident (the raid carried out by Japanese pirates on Saryang Islands) occurred in 1544, and this brought a diplomatic break between these parties again.

• 文永の役の理由については南宋への牽制であり、少なくともクビライは最初から日本侵略を望んでいたわけではないと考えられている。
• The reason for Bunei no Eki is considered to have been to warn against the Southern Sung Dynasty, and at least, in the beginning, Kublai did not desire to invade Japan.

• 普請においてその町に住むものはその土地の鳶職を使うのが不文律でありそれをたがえる時はそれなりの理由と挨拶が欠かせなかった。
• In construction industry, it was an unwritten law that people hire their own local tobishoku if they live in the same town, or if not, they had to have a decent excuse or offer some apologies.

• 中華料理由来の月餅や饅頭は、小麦粉から作った「餅」が発達・改良されてきたものであり、麺類もその派生であるともいわれている。
• Yuĕ-bing (moon cake) and mán-tou (dumpling) originated from Chinese cooking are established by developing and improving 'mochi' made from wheat flour, and it is sometimes said that noodles branched off from this.

• 旧暦の場合、梅雨が間近であるため、早く片付けないと人形や絹製の細工物に虫喰いやカビが生えるから、というのが理由だとされる。
• The origin of the superstition is believed to have come from the facts: unless putting them away soon, dolls and silk handicrafts were eaten by bugs or damaged by mold, for Hina-matsuri was held right before the spring rainy season according to the old calendar.

• 紀元前92年に崇神天皇に頼まれて、災害がつづく理由を占うと、三輪山の大物主神が神懸かりして、我を祀れば国は治まるといった。
• In 92 B.C., when she was asked by Emperor Sujin to read why disasters continued, Omononushi no kami of Mt. Miwa possessed her and spoken that if he were worshipped, the country would be at peace.

• 穀物以外の木の実や草根を主として食べたというが、五穀・十穀とされる穀物に諸説あるなどの理由から、やり方に決まった方法はない。
• It is said that practitioners ate mainly nuts and herbal roots instead of grain, but specific procedures have not been established because there are many beliefs as to what gokoku or jukkoku actually represent.

• 幕府は西本願寺の勤皇姿勢に警戒を強め、長州藩士を匿ったことを理由に、会津藩に命じて新撰組屯所を壬生から本願寺門内に移させた。
• The Edo bakufu tightened security at the stance of the imperialist Nishi Hongan-ji Temple, it ordered the Aizu clan to move the Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate) headquarters from Mibu to the inside of the Hongan-ji Temple as they had given shelter to the feudal retainers of the Choshu clan.

• 12月31日に飾るのは、「誠意に欠ける」「葬儀の飾り方を連想する」などの理由により、「一夜飾り」「一夜餅」として忌避される。
• Displaying kagami-mochi on December 31st is avoided for reasons such as 'lack of sincerity' and 'suggesting the manner of display at a funeral,' and is called 'one-night ornament' or 'one-night rice cake.'

• 当該特許無効審判において第百三十四条の二第一項の訂正の請求があり、その訂正の請求により請求の理由を補正する必要が生じたこと。
• a request for correction under Article 134-2(1) has been filed in the said trial for patent invalidation and such request for correction has given rise to a need for amendment of the grounds for the request; and

• 審判請求が理由があるときは、公正取引委員会は、審判手続を経た後、審決で、原処分の全部又は一部を取り消し、又はこれを変更する。
• The Fair Trade Commission shall, if the hearing request has sufficient grounds, rescind or modify the entirety or a part of the original order by a decision after the hearing procedures have been completed.

• 何人も、第二項第四号の規定によりされた封印又は取り付けられた装置を、正当な理由がないのに、取り外し、又はき損してはならない。
• No person shall remove or damage any seal or device affixed or installed pursuant to the provision of item (iv) of paragraph (2) without justifiable grounds.

• 国土交通大臣は、鉄道事業者から申請があつた場合において、正当な理由があると認めるときは、第一項の期限を延長することができる。
• The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may extend the due date of paragraph 1 when he/she finds that there is a justifiable grounds in the cases an application was made by the Railway Business Operator.

• 武田氏の甲州法度之次第には、「喧嘩はどの様な理由があろうと処罰するが、喧嘩を仕掛けられても、我慢した者は処罰しない」とある。
• Koshu Hatto no Shidai (the Laws of the Province of Kai) of the Takeda clan laid down that 'both parties to a quarrel leading to violence were to be executed regardless of their reasons; however, those who were involved in quarrels, but who kept their patience were not to be punished.'

• このような各地銀座が江戸時代まで続いた理由は、銀の海外流出などにより慶長丁銀が地方まで充分に行き渡らなかったことに起因する。
• The presence of ginza in various parts of the country until the Edo Period was caused by the shortage of Keicho chogin coins in areas outside Edo, due silver being exported out of the country.

• しかし日本は国交が無いことなどを理由に補償を拒み、戦後40年以上経った1987年に、漸く一律200万円の弔慰金が支払われた。
• However, the Japanese government refused to pay compensation on the basis that there were no diplomatic relations between Japan and Taiwan, and finally paid uniform choikin (condolence money) of two million yen per person in 1987, more than forty years after the end of the war.

• これは創始者の湯木貞一が茶道に造詣が深かったことに理由があり、貞一は後に自らの茶道具コレクションを基に湯木美術館を設立した。
• This was because the founder Teiichi YUKI had a profound knowledge of tea ceremony, and Teiichi established the Yuki Museum of Art later based on his collection of tea utensils.

• しかし、農民の移動に規制があった江戸時代に旅をするにはそれなりの理由が必要で、その口実として伊勢参拝が使われるようになった。
• A good reason was required, however, to make a journey in the Edo period when the movement of peasants was restricted, and the pilgrimage to Ise came to be used as justification for their journeys.

• 取消訴訟は、処分又は裁決の日から一年を経過したときは、提起することができない。ただし、正当な理由があるときは、この限りでない。
• No action for the revocation of an administrative disposition may be filed when a period of one year has elapsed from the date of the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal; provided, however, that this shall not apply if there are justifiable grounds for failing to meet such time limit.

• もともとポピュラーな家庭料理だったが、家庭でローストビーフを焼く習慣が失われたり、米飯を炊くのが面倒などの理由で衰退している。
• Although it was originally a popular home-cooked meal, it has been diminishing in popularity for reasons such as the declining custom of making roast beef at home and the trouble of cooking rice.

• 理由は、醸造過程で硬水を使用すると、ミネラルにより酵母の働きが活発になり、アルコール発酵すなわち糖の分解が速く進むからである。
• The reason is that, if hard water is used in the brewing process, yeast becomes vivid because of the existence of minerals and therefore alcoholic fermentation, namely the decomposition of sugar, is expedited.

• 審査官は、特許権の存続期間の延長登録の出願について拒絶の理由を発見しないときは、延長登録をすべき旨の査定をしなければならない。
• Where no reasons for refusal are found for the application for the registration of extension of the duration of a patent right, the examiner shall render an examiner's decision to the effect that the extension is to be registered.

• 法務大臣は、承認を取り消したときは、その旨及びその理由を当該取消処分を受けた者及び日本弁護士連合会に書面で通知するものとする。
• The Minister of Justice shall notify in writing the person who's Approval has been rescinded and Japan Federation of Bar Associations, to that effect and the reason thereof.

• 弁理士又は弁理士であった者は、正当な理由がなく、その業務上取り扱ったことについて知り得た秘密を漏らし、又は盗用してはならない。
• A patent attorney or a person who was previously a patent attorney shall not divulge or misappropriate any secret which he/she came to know in connection with matters that he/she dealt with in the course of his/her business without any justifiable grounds.

• 騒動も治まったかに見えた27日、後白河は突然、明雲を「大衆を制止せず、肩入れした」という理由で、高倉天皇護持僧の役から外した。
• On January 22nd, when the disturbance seemed settled, Goshirakawa suddenly removed Myoun from his post, gojiso (priest who guards the emperor) of Emperor Takakura for 'Not having controlled the daishu, but having backed them up.'

• 大名における実例はないものの、一般の武士における改易の理由として多いものに当主・隠居の欠落（出奔・無断脱藩）によるものがある。
• Although we have no examples of Daimyo being subjected to kaieki, one of the most common reasons for the kaieki of ordinary samurai was the running away (flight or escape from one's domain) of the current or former heads of households.

• 軍事的理由以外にも、日露戦争後は、主要産業を独占化しつつあった財閥が、物流の大動脈である鉄道の意義を高く評価するようになった。
• Besides military reasons, Zaibatsu that were monopolizing the key industries after Russo-Japanese War came to think highly of the significance of railways.

• ここで、日本と清どちらが反乱を鎮圧するかの争いになったが、朝鮮は清の冊封国だからという理由で、清朝軍はそのまま反乱を鎮圧した。
• Here occurred a conflict between Japan and the Qing over which country was to subdue the revolt, but the Qing troops went ahead and did so on the basis that Korea was a Qing's vassal state.

• また、暴風雨によって多くの船がもろくも沈んだ理由として、船を服属させた高麗人や越人（ベトナム人）に作らせたことにあるとされる。
• It is also said that the fact that their ships had been made by people of subjected countries, such as Goryeo and Vietnam, was one of the reasons why many ships were so easily destroyed by the storm.

• 理由として、正史とは一つの王朝が滅びた後、次代の王朝に仕える人々が著すため、最後の君主などは実際以上に悪く書かれる傾向にある。
• This is because seishi are often written by people in service to the dynasty of the time, and after earlier dynasties have come to an end, so there is a tendency to exaggerate the evils of the rulers of the preceding dynasty beyond what is attested in historical records.

• 古田博司は、昭和の陸軍が現実感を失った組織になってしまった理由について、儒教化とりわけ朱子学化したからだとの所説を述べている。
• Hiroshi FURUTA expressed his opinion that the reason why the army in the Showa period became an organization that lost its sense of reality was the commitment to Confucianism, especially the commitment to Neo-Confucianism.

• 北海道・東北をはじめ寒冷で気候の悪い地域の多い時期を避け、全国的に温暖な時期の5月にしたというのが大きな理由のひとつとされる。
• The major reason for this decision was because the weather in May was mild across the country, avoiding periods of cold, bad climate in many regions such as in Hokkaido and the Tohoku region.

• 近年では、上記の方法で出汁を取ることが長時間かかる作業であるという理由から、科学的に旨味成分だけを取り出したものが広まっている。
• Because the above-mentioned method of soup-stock extraction took too much time, the good-tasting ingredients in the raw materials have been extracted scientifically and resulted in popular products.

• 原弁護士会に対し、速やかに懲戒の手続を進め、対象弁護士等を懲戒し、又は懲戒しない旨の決定をするよう命じたとき　その旨及びその理由
• If the original bar association has been ordered to promptly proceed with disciplinary procedures, and either discipline the Accused Attorney, etc. or issue a ruling that it will not discipline the Accused Attorney, etc.,a statement to such effect and reasons therefor

• 法務大臣は、承認をしないこととしたときは、その旨及びその理由を承認の申請をした者及び日本弁護士連合会に書面で通知するものとする。
• In the case where the Minister of Justice has made a decision not to approve, he shall notify in writing the person concerned who has applied for Approval and the Japan Federation of Bar Associations of such decision and the reason thereof.

• 日本弁護士連合会は、前項の審査請求に理由があると認めるときは、弁護士会に対し登録又は登録換えの請求の進達を命じなければならない。
• If the Japan Federation of Bar Associations finds grounds for the request for examination set forth in the preceding paragraph, it shall order the bar association to transmit the request for registration or transfer of registration.

• 登録認定機関は、認定を行うことを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を除き、遅滞なく、認定のための審査を行わなければならない。
• When a Registered Certifying Body has been requested to undertake a Certification, it shall conduct an examination for the Certification without delay unless it has a justifiable reason.

• 義政は29歳になって、富子や側室との間に後継男子がないことを理由に、将軍職を実弟の浄土寺門跡義尋に譲って隠居することを思い立つ。
• At the age of 29, Yoshimasa thought of retiring, transferring the position of Shogun to his real younger brother Yoshihiro, Monzeki (chief priest of a temple qualified to accept a member of the imperial family or of the nobility) of Jodoji Temple, by reason of the absence of an inheriting son, born to either Tomiko or the concubine.

• だが、西園寺が総裁である立憲政友会が会期末であることを理由に全く同一の修正案を可決したために、同一の法案が成立したとみなされた。
• However, since Rikken Seiyukai Party (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) whose president was Saionji passed the amended bill with completely same contents because it was the end of the Diet session, the same bill was recognized to be passed.

• ただし、居合道などの武道によっては、正座の状態から膝を立てる際に遅延が生じるといった理由で、親指は重ねないように指導をしている。
• Some martial arts, such as iaido, prescribe not overlapping the toes because it will delay the movement of raising a knee from sitting in seiza style.

• これらの思いが、江戸時代まで続き昇華した結果として、捕鯨によるクジラの資源としての徹底利用や、鯨塚が日本各地にある理由でもある。
• Such ways of thinking had been retained through the Edo period and sublimated into an idea, which resulted in the practice of utilizing every inch of captured whales as a resource and a number of mounds for whales erected in various locations throughout Japan.

• しかも、基房は生母の父が太政大臣であるからという理由で長男の藤原隆忠（後の左大臣）ではなく、わずか8歳の松殿師家を後継者にした。
• As his successor, Motofusa appointed not his eldest son, Fujiwara no Takatada (later to become the Minister of the Left), but Moroie MATSUDONO who was only eight years old on the basis that Moroie's maternal grandfather was the Grand Minister of State.

• その理由を教外別伝・不立文字で経典に依らないからとしているが、おそらく野狐禅に陥るという一面を取り上げて批判したものと考えられる。
• Nichiren said that the reason for the criticism was due to the Zen sect not being based on Buddhist scriptures and having the principles of kyouge-betsuden and furyu-monji (both meaning that the principles are inside one's heart, not on scriptures), but it is believed that his criticism was on the aspect of a person possibly falling into yakozen.

• その理由は当時、家の前で神使とされているシカが死んでいる所を役人に見つかると罪となり、重罪または3文 (通貨単位)の罰金となった。
• It was based on the background that, back in those days, if a deer, which was regarded as a divine messenger, was found dead in front of someone's house by officials, it constituted an offense whereby they would face a serious charge or be punished by a fine of three mon (an old currency unit in Japan).

• 登録検査機関は、生物検査を実施することを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を除き、遅滞なく、生物検査を実施しなければならない。
• A Registered Inspection Body must, when requested to implement Testing of Organisms, implement said Testing of Organisms without delay, except when there are justifiable reasons for not doing so.

• 1959年に裏千家十五代鵬雲斎の弟嘉治が慣例を理由に改姓を申し出、認められたことを皮切りに、左海祥二郎、伊住政和らが改姓している。
• In 1959, Yoshiharu - a younger brother of Hounsai, the 15th head of Urasenke - proposed changing his family name as a custom and was given permission, which was followed by others including Shojiro SAKAI and Masakazu IZUMI following suit.

• 以上の理由から、鎌倉幕府の統治機構としての性格、あるいは成立時期というのもあくまで後世の、特に近代歴史学上のとらえ方の問題である。
• For these reasons, the character of the Kamakura Bakufu as a system of government or the time of its founding are both issues relating to the perceptions of subsequent generations, particularly within the field of modern history.

• この急激な行軍速度を成功させた理由については諸説あるが、あらかじめ沿道に松明を点け、さらに食事の補給個所も用意もさせていたという。
• While there have been several theories as to how Hideyoshi succeeded in achieving this incredible marching speed, it is generally said that he arranged in advance to have taimatsu torches lit along roads the army would travel, and even ordered some areas to supply their food on their way.

• 一時は老朽化を理由に停止していたが、現在焼け残った旧食堂は吉田寮の各種催・ライブ・演劇などのイベント会場としての貸し出されている。
• The former dining room was once closed because it became too old, but currently it is now used as a place for various events of the Yoshida dormitory as well as concerts or theatrical performances.

• 本件に関する幕府の裁定は浅野の殿中抜刀に対する処罰だけで、これは相手の生死や傷害の程度・抜刀の理由に関係なく、無条件に死罪となる。
• The bakufu's decision on the punishment for this incident had to do only with drawing a hidden sword inside the palace, and it unconditionally deserved the death penalty regardless of the victim's survival or death, degree of injury, and drawing his sword.

• 実際には、流通に足りる金貨が常備できない、高額になりがちな金貨は持ち運びが不便などの理由により、金貨を流通させられない場合が多い。
• In practice, it often happens that gold coins are not suitable for circulation of currency due to the shortage of the reserved coin and its inconvenience of portability due to its value.

• なお、鯨肉が利用されなくなったにもかかわらず捕鯨が継続された理由は、鯨油やクジラヒゲなどに工業原料としての価値があったためである。
• The reason why whales were hunt even after their meat became less and less used as food was that whale oil and whalebone were useful as industrial materials.

• 翌1178年に船が鬼界ヶ島にやって来るが成経と康頼のみが赦されており、俊寛は謀議の張本者という理由から赦されず島に一人とり残された。
• Although a ship arrived at the Kikaiga-shima Island in the following year, 1178, only Naritsune and Yasuyori had been granted a pardon, with Shunkan left alone on the island for the reason that he was the main plotter of the meeting.

• ただし、犬山城や松本城のように、建造物が売却、取壊しの対象になったが、それぞれの理由により現存し、国宝、史跡になっているものもある。
• However, some castles, such as Inuyama-jo Castle and Matsumoto-jo Castle, after their buildings were specified to be sold and/or demolished, have been preserved for various reasons and designated as National Treasures and historic sites.

• また、屋台発祥の店では、屋台営業時の名残で皿をわざわざ洗うための水を節約するため、鉄板で食べさせて、洗い物を無くすという理由もある。
• And as another reason, the shops that were originally food stalls make the customers eat it on the iron plate so it was not necessary for the shops to wash dishes because traditionally the shops had cut down the water used for washing the dishes.

• 食べる理由については、中国の故事に由来する説のほか、そうめんの麺を糸に見立て、織姫のように裁縫が上手くなることを願うという説もある。
• Some say the reason for eating somen is derived from an ancient Chinese historical fact while others assert that people likened somen to threads and by eating it, they wished to be like Orihime who excelled in sewing skills.

• 公正取引委員会又は審判官は、被審人又はその代理人が、正当な理由がなく、審判の期日に出頭しないときにおいても、審判を行うことができる。
• The Fair Trade Commission or the hearing examiners may conduct the hearings even if the respondent or his or her agent fails to appear on the date of the said hearings without any justifiable ground.

• 何人も、第十五項から前項までの規定によりされた封印又は取り付けられた装置を、正当な理由がないのに、取り外し、又はき損してはならない。
• No person shall remove or damage any seal or device affixed or installed pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs (15) to the preceding paragraph without justifiable grounds.

• 指定完成検査機関は、完成検査を行うべきことを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を除き、遅滞なく、完成検査を行わなければならない。
• A Designated Completion Conformity Inspection Body shall promptly conduct the completion inspection as requested except where there is a justifiable grounds not to do so.

• 日本弁護士連合会は、前項の処分をした場合には、異議の申出をした者に、速やかに、その旨及びその理由を書面により通知しなければならない。
• If the Japan Federation of Bar Associations makes the disposition set forth in the preceding paragraph, it shall promptly give written notice to the person who has filed the objection of that fact and the reasons therefore.

• その後もクビライ（世祖）は3度目の日本遠征計画を立てていたが、海軍力の弱体化や国内の反乱などの理由により実行に移すことはできなかった
• Later Kublai (Khan) (Seiso [one of the temple names for monarchs who built the basis of the Imperial Family])planed the third invasion of Japan, but did not put it into practice because of the weakening of his navy force and domestic revolts.

• 生類憐みの令が出された理由について従来、徳川綱吉が跡継ぎがないことを憂い、母桂昌院が寵愛していた隆光僧正の勧めで出したとされてきた。
• As for why the law was promulgated, it is said to have been issued by Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA on the recommendation of Ryuko, high Buddhist official favoured by Tsunayoshi's mother Keisho-in, dues to worries he had no successor.

• 生類憐みの令が出された理由については、他に長寿祈祷のためという説もあるが、これも隆光僧正の勧めとされているため、事実とは考えにくい。
• There is another theory that it was issued for the prayer of longevity, but this theory also states the law was issued on Ryuko's recommendation therefore is hard to believe.

• また、傍流の紀州家から将軍家を継いだ吉宗が、代々自分の家に仕えてきて信頼のおける者を間諜に用いようとしたことも理由としてあげられる。
• He also wanted his reliable retainers as his secret agents, who had worked for his family for generations, because he was a shogun from the Kishu family, a branch family of the shogun family.

• 津田が切りつけた理由は、本人の供述によれば、以前からロシアの北方諸島などに関しての強硬な姿勢を快く思っていなかったことであるという。
• The reason why TSUDA attacked Nicholas, according to his statements, was that he had been opposed to hard-line attitudes of Russia such as their policy of the northern territories.

• このような理由にもより、沖縄県では今でも中国風に「サンシン」と呼んだり、日本風に「シャミセン」と呼んだり、二つの呼称が併存している。
• For these backgrounds, it is still called by two different names in Okinawa Prefecture: 'sanshin' in Chinese, and 'shamisen' in Japanese.

• 前項の規定は、申請に基づいてした処分又は審査請求を認容した裁決が判決により手続に違法があることを理由として取り消された場合に準用する。
• The provision of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis where an original administrative disposition made based on an application or an administrative disposition on appeal upholding a request for administrative review is revoked by a judgment by reason of an illegal procedural defect.

• 家庭で、割り下を作る（関東風）、砂糖をかける（関西風）などの手間を面倒臭がって、あるいは、時間が掛かるという理由から省いた結果である。
• This is due to skipping the preparation of warishita stock (in Kanto-style) or the layer of sugar (in Kansai-style) because it would be too troublesome or time-consuming.

• 近年では、その大きさやつきまとうイメージの泥臭さなどが消費減退の理由だと唱える人々がおり、小型化する傾向もある（参照：日本酒の現在）。
• In recent years, some say that the size and associated image of unrefinedness are causes of decrease in consumption and there is a tendency to switch to smaller bottles. (Refer to 'Nihonshu no Genzai' - Current situation of sake)

• 公正取引委員会又は審判官は、審査官又は被審人若しくはその代理人から申出のあつた証拠を採用しないときは、その理由を示さなければならない。
• If the Fair Trade Commission or hearing examiner does not adopt the evidences offered by the investigator, or the respondent or his or her agent, the Fair Trade Commission or hearing examiner shall state the reasons for not having adopted such evidences.

• 昌幸は岩櫃城が要害であることを説明して岩櫃城行きを勧めたが、信茂が、岩櫃城までは遠路に加えて雪が深いことを理由に岩殿城行きを力説した。
• Although Masayuki recommended going to Iwabitsu-jo Castle, which was an impregnable fortress, Nobushige insisted on going to Iwadonoyama-jo Castle on the grounds that Iwabitsu-jo Castle was too far and that the snow was too deep.

• 3月16日には武田信豊が家臣の下曽根覚雲斎（信恒）に背かれて殺され、小山田信茂も「主君を裏切った」と言う理由で甲斐善光寺で処刑された。
• On March 16, 1582, Nobutoyo TAKEDA was killed by his disloyal vassal, Kakuunsai (Nobutsune) SHIMOSONE, and Nobushige OYAMADA was also executed at Kai-Zenko-ji Temple on the grounds of having betrayed his master.

• アメリカ合衆国は石炭補給基地の確保や、日本沿岸で漂流した自国民やその財産の保護、日本との自由貿易などの理由で日本との通商を試みていた。
• The United States of America reached out Japan for the purpose of establishing free trade, securing a coal supply-base, and protecting American castaways and their property, and freely trading with Japan.

• 戦後の高度成長期になると、衛生上の理由から既に屋台店は廃止され、廉価な店もあるにはあるものの、寿司屋は高級な料理屋の部類に落ち着いた。
• In the high-growth period after the war, street stalls were already abolished on hygienic grounds, and although there were shops serving sushi at a moderate price, the idea that sushi restaurants were classified as high-class restaurants took root.

• かつては露天での販売も盛んであったが、衛生上の理由から屋台での寿司等生魚を使用した食品の販売は昭和初期までにその多くが規制されている。
• Although sushi used to be actively sold outdoors, many street stalls selling food using fresh food such as sushi and so on were controlled on hygienic grounds by the beginning of Showa period.

• 行者は修行の中に「五穀十穀」があるが、そばは該当せず、また火を使わなくても食する事ができる点を理由に、そばの実や粉を常備食としていた。
• As part of training, ascetic monks observed abstention from the five main cereals or all grains but since this requirement did not apply to buckwheat and since buckwheat berries and buckwheat flour could be eaten uncooked, these items were regularly food for those trainee monks.

• また、家制度とともに「家風」の考え方は一般家庭にも浸透し、夫やその両親に反抗する「家風に合わない」嫁の放逐は離婚の正当な理由とされた。
• The idea of kafu also penetrated through general families together with the notion of family system, and expulsion of a son's wife who expressed disobedience to her husband or in-laws was justified as a reason for divorce.

• 理由は書紀に明記されないが、敵味方不明の地を行く際に、少年だった大津皇子の存在を隠し、従う者の誰かが山部王らの名を騙った可能性がある。
• No reason is mentioned in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), but it is possible that the Prince Otsu's followers hid the Prince Otsu's identify because he was a minor, and a follower falsely called himself as Yamabe no Okimi since they could not identify friend or foe.
• No reason mentioned in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), but it is possible that the Prince Otsu's followers hid the Prince Otsu's identity, and someone pretended to be Yamabe no Okimi, since entering the areas they could not identify friend or foe.

• しかし、同じく登録有形文化財となっていた阿倍野区の美章園温泉は燃料費の高騰や耐震補強工事の困難さなどを理由に、2008年2月に廃業した。
• However, Bishoen Onsen in Abeno Ward--also registered as a tangible cultural property--was closed in February 2008 due to the steeply rising fuel cost and the difficulty of anti-seismic reinforcement work.

• 経済産業大臣は、卸電気事業者が正当な理由なく振替供給を拒んだときは、その卸電気事業者に対し、振替供給を行うべきことを命ずることができる。
• Where a Wholesale Electricity Utility has refused to provide a Cross-Area Wheeling Service without justifiable grounds, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may order the Wholesale Electricity Utility to provide a Cross-Area Wheeling Service.

• 特定計量証明認定機関は、認定を行うことを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を除き、遅滞なく、認定のための審査を行わなければならない。
• A specified measurement certification accreditation organization shall perform an examination for an accreditation without delay upon a request for the accreditation unless there are justifiable grounds for refusing to do so.

• 第九十三条の規定による決定についての審査請求においては、決定のうち対価についての不服をその決定についての不服の理由とすることができない。
• As for the application for examination of decisions pursuant to Article 93, any objection against values among such decision may not be the reason for the objection against the decision.

• しかし、保延2年（1136年）7月15日、下総守藤原親通は、相馬郡の公田からの官物が国庫に納入されなかったという理由で常重を逮捕・監禁。
• However, on August 21, 1136, Shimosa no kami, FUJIWARA no Chikamichi arrested Tsuneshige and confined him, for the reason that kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) from koden (field administered directly by a ruler) of the Soma county was not paid to the national treasury.

• それに対し高経は道誉が二十分の一税を滞納していたとの理由で摂津多田荘を没収するなど、道誉らと高経の対立は抜き差しならぬものとなっていた。
• Takatsune, on his part, forfeited Doyo's Tada no sho estate in Settsu Province on the ground of the arrears in one-twentieth tax and as a result, Doyo, etc. and Takatsune were locked in serious confrontation.

• しかしその翌年、大津は城としてふさわしくないという理由から、家康の命令で天下普請のもと、膳所城が築かれ、一西は膳所藩に移ることとなった。
• However in the following year, Zeze-jo Castle was constructed by order of Ieyasu under Tenkabushin (construction order by the Tokugawa shogunate) by reason that Otsu-jo Castle was not suitable as a castle, and Kazuaki moved to the Zeze Domain.

• ロシアとドイツはイギリスにも共同行動を提案したが、世論を理由に干渉を拒否し、アメリカもまた、日本に好意的だったが局外中立を崩さなかった。
• Although Russia and Germany asked for a coordinated intervention from the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom refused it based on opposing public opinions, whereas the United States of America did not break neutrality toward Japan although the U.S. was favorable to Japan.

• 通常葬儀は滅多に行われない上、親族が亡くなることを考えるのは縁起が悪いなどの理由もあって一般人はどうしていいのかよくわからないものである。
• Besides being rarely conducted, a funeral is not discussed as it is suggestive of bad luck of the family member's death, and so ordinary persons are at a loss as to what to do when the time comes for a funeral.

• 側面に掛ける理由は、浄土真宗の仏壇は浄土をあらわしたものであり、故人も諸仏として、その中心にいる阿弥陀如来へ向いていると考えるからである。
• The reason why homyo-jiku are hanged on the inner sides of altar is explained as, in the Jodo Shinshu school, any altar is considered to represent jodo (a pure land) where all the deceased, being treated as Buddha, face toward Amida Nyorai (Amidabha) in the center.

• これが現在の射的場（スマートボールなども含め）の原形であり、昭和30年代頃まで俗に「矢場の女」といわれる遊女が射的場に存在した理由である。
• This was the original form of current shooting galleries (including games such as 'smart ball'), which until the 1950s coexisted with prostitutes, who were known in slang as 'women of the yaba.'

• 製法が京都から江戸に伝わると、「銀よりも金のほうが景気が良い」との理由から、材料が小麦粉に、また名前が「きんつば」に変わったとされている。
• It is said that, when the gintsuba recipe introduced from Kyoto to Edo, wheat flour was substituted for rice flour for the batter and the name was changed to kintsuba (golden sword guards) as gold is more valuable than silver.

• 正当な理由がないのに、第五十三条の二第六項において準用する会社法第九百五十一条第二項各号又は第九百五十五条第二項各号に掲げる請求を拒んだ者
• A person who has refused the requests listed in each item of Article 951 (2) or each item of Article 955 (2) of the Companies Act, as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 53-2 (6), without justifiable grounds.

• 熱供給事業に従事する者が正当な理由がないのに熱供給施設の維持又は運行の業務を取り扱わず、熱供給に障害を生ぜしめたときも、前項と同様とする。
• The same punishment shall be imposed if a person engaged in a heat supply business has not performed, without justifiable grounds, the services to maintain or operate heat supply facilities, thereby causing interference with heat supply.

• さらに後者の11か条の覚書が発見されて以降、五か条の追放令との相違点がある理由や二つの文書の意味づけに関してさまざまな議論が行われている。
• Moreover, it has been discussed in many ways concerning the reason for the differences from the Expelling edict of Five Articles and the meaning of two documents ever since the latter Memorandum of Eleven Articles was discovered.

• 禁門の変を理由に幕府は、第一次長州征伐を決行、同時期に、英米仏蘭4ヶ国艦隊の反撃に遭い、上陸され砲台を占拠された（四国艦隊下関砲撃事件）。
• On the pretext of the Kinmon Incident, the shogunate government carried out the First Choshu Expeditions, but at the same the combined fleet of Great Britain, United States, France and the Netherlands made a counterattack and got to land to occupy the gun battery (the Shimonoseki Bombardment).

• 他にも、織田政権が崩壊した理由には、極端な能力主義を採ったために、信長死後の羽柴秀吉による織田家の簒奪を許したことが主要因との意見もある。
• Another theory suggests that the Oda government collapsed because Nobunaga adopted a system of radical meritocracy, which allowed Hideyoshi HASHIBA to usurp the position of the Oda clan after Nobunaga's death.

• たとえば当時の『琉球新報』（4月11日）では「我を生蕃アイヌ視したるものなり」という理由から、激しい抗議キャンペーンが展開されたのである。
• For instance, 'Ryukyu Shinpo' dated April 11, launched a fierce campaign against it, claiming it was like 'seeing us equal to the Seiban tribe (Taiwan's indigenous people who were incorporated into the Han people) or the Ainu tribe.'

• 外国版では、国内版の一部シーンが日本の歴史を知らない外国人には理解しにくいとの理由でカットされた（上杉謙信が、信玄の訃報を聞く場面など）。
• Some scenes from the domestic version were cut for the international version, because they were difficult for foreigners unfamiliar with Japanese history to understand (like the scene where Kenshin UESUGI hears the news of Shingen's death).

• 釈迦が王位に就いて姫と歓楽に耽り、国中の財産を集めた贅沢三昧の生活を自ら捨てて出家して六年間の苦行をしたのも、このような理由であるとされる。
• This is regarded as the same reason why enthroned Shakyamuni abdicated the luxury life to pursue pleasure with a princess, by the fortune of the whole country, and became a priest and practiced asceticism for six years.

• 正当な理由がないのに、第三十条の二十八第六項において準用する会社法第九百五十一条第二項各号又は第九百五十五条第二項各号に掲げる請求を拒んだ者
• A person who, without justifiable grounds, rejects claims made pursuant to the provisions of any item of Article 951, paragraph (2) and Article 955, paragraph (2) of the Companies Act as applied mutatis mutandis to Article 30-28, paragraph (6).

• 精進料理（日本・中国）、もしくは欧米では健康または宗教上の理由で肉類を食べない菜食主義者向けの、肉を模した代用食品の原料として麩が使われる。
• Fu are also used in the Buddhist cuisine (in both Japan and China) and as ingredients for meat-substitute products for vegetarians in North America and Europe who do not eat meat for health or religious reasons.

• 「熟成が進みすぎた（過熟）」、「熟成しないうちに劣化した」、「保存方法が正しくなかった」などの理由で、酒が酸化してしまったときに生じる異香。
• Unfavorable smell which is generated when sake becomes oxidized due to reasons such as 'Maturing progressed too much (over maturing),' 'degraded before maturity' and 'improper storing method.'

• 特許庁長官は、その特許発明の実施が適当にされていないことについて正当な理由があるときは、通常実施権を設定すべき旨の裁定をすることができない。
• Where there is a reasonable ground for failing to properly work the patented invention, the Commissioner of the Patent Office shall not render an award to the effect that a non-exclusive license is to be granted.

• 弁護士会又は日本弁護士連合会は、対象弁護士等を懲戒するときは、対象弁護士等に懲戒の処分の内容及びその理由を書面により通知しなければならない。
• If disciplinary actions are imposed against an Accused Attorney, etc., the bar association or the Japan Federation of Bar Associations shall provide the Accused Attorney, etc. with written notice of the details of the disciplinary actions and the reasons for the imposition thereof.

• 日本弁護士連合会は、外国法事務弁護士を懲戒するときは、当該外国法事務弁護士に懲戒の処分の内容及びその理由を書面により通知しなければならない。
• In case the Japan Federation of Bar Associations intends to discipline a registered foreign lawyer, it shall notify him/her in writing the details of the disciplinary action sought and the reason.

• 経済産業大臣は、一般電気事業者が正当な理由なく託送供給を拒んだときは、その一般電気事業者に対し、託送供給を行うべきことを命ずることができる。
• Where a General Electricity Utility has refused to provide a Wheeling Service without justifiable grounds, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may order the General Electric Industry to provide a Wheeling Service.

• なお、摂津市と土佐市はそれぞれ町政施行時の名称が三島町と高岡町であり、既存の市名との重複回避が市制施行時に旧国名を採用した理由となっている。
• Besides, as for Settsu City and Tosa City, their names under the town organization in the past were Mishima Town and Takaoka Town, when they adopted municipal system, they took old provincial names in order to avoid overlapping with the existing municipal names.

• のちに「北海道開拓の父」とも呼ばれた島の計画は壮大であったが、厳冬の中で予算を急激に消費したこと等が理由で長官と対立し、志半ばで解任された。
• The reclamation project designed by SHIMA, who was later called 'The father of Hokkaido Reclamation', was so grand, but he was blamed and confronted by the chief for spending too much budget in a short period of time during severe winter and got fired without seeing the completion of the project.

• 海水の変化の理由として、有力な説は船底塗料等の中に含まれる環境ホルモンによる海洋汚染、流入する河川の治水による有機物の減少があげられている。
• According to the widely-accepted opinions over the change in seawater, it results from the marine pollution caused by endocrine disrupters contained in ship bottom paint or the reduced organic matter due to the flood control measures installed for inflowing rivers.

• 古代中国の前漢時代には、妃の実家の問題を理由に、外戚（呂氏）一族討伐における多大な功績にもかかわらず立太子・即位できなかった皇子も存在する。
• In the Former Han dynasty of ancient China, there was a prince who could not receive investiture of the crown prince or ascend the throne due to the troubles at his wife's parents' home, despite his distinguished service in defeating maternal relatives (Lu shi).

• 同5年（484年）に清寧が崩御した後、皇太子の億計は身分を明かした大功を理由として弟の弘計に皇位（王位）を譲ろうとするが、弘計はこれを拒否。
• After Seinei passed away in 484, Crown Prince Oke tried to pass the Imperial Throne to his younger brother Oke for his great achievement of revealing their social status, but younger Oke refused it.

• しかし、運営上の理由などからこれ以外の試合時間を採用することも認められており、公式大会の決勝戦では2007年より試合時間が10分へ変更された。
• However, the adoption of the match time other than these is also permitted for administrative reasons, etc., and in 2007 the time was changed to ten minutes for the deciding match of an official competition.

• 裁判所は、第百七十八条第一項の訴えの提起があつた場合において、当該請求を理由があると認めるときは、当該審決又は決定を取り消さなければならない。
• Where the court finds for the plaintiff in an action instituted under Article 178(1), it shall rescind the trial decision or ruling.

• 都道府県知事又は特定市町村の長は、前項の規定による処分をするときは、その特定商品の所有者又は占有者に対して、その理由を告知しなければならない。
• The prefectural governor or the head of a specified municipality shall, when he/she intends to make a disposition pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, notify the owner or possessor of the specified commodities of the reasons thereof.

• 経済産業大臣は、電気事業者から申請があつた場合において、正当な理由があると認めるときは、第一項の規定により指定した期間を延長することができる。
• Where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has received an application from an Electricity Utility, he/she may, when finding justifiable grounds, extend the period designated under paragraph 1.

• これは、徳川統治下の太平の世においては、城郭というものがすでに軍事施設としての役目を終えて、その存在理由が、権勢の象徴物へと変じたためである。
• This is because in peace time under the reign of the Tokugawa government castles finished their original purpose as military facility and its reason for existence changed to the symbol of the power.

• 元和 (日本)元年（1615年）直継は病弱で大坂の役に参陣出来なかったことを理由に、直勝と名を改め上野国安中藩に3万石を分知され移封となった。
• In 1615, Naotsugu changed his name to Naokatsu and was transferred to the Annaka Domain in Kozuke Province with subdivided properties bearing 30,000 koku because he could not participate in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka) due to sickliness.

• カトリック教会における小斎のような信仰上の理由から肉食が禁じられているときに、禁忌に触れない「魚」として鯨肉を食べることも多かったようである。
• It appears that, when eating meat was prohibited for a religious reason, for example, in holy abstinence in the Catholic Church, whale meat was often eaten as fishes that was not considered as taboo.

• 前項の規定により却下しようとするときは、手続をした者に対し、その理由を通知し、相当の期間を指定して、弁明書を提出する機会を与えなければならない。
• Where the chief trial examiner intends to dismiss a procedure under the preceding paragraph, he/she shall notify the person who undertook the procedures of the reasons therefor, and give the said person an opportunity to submit a statement of explanation, designating an adequate time limit.

• 更に当時の政情不安から信仰に救いを求めた人々からの金銭などの寄進が相次いだこと、同様の理由で防備が頑丈な寺院の倉庫に財物を預ける人々も多かった。
• In addition, due to political instability, a flurry of donations came in from people turning to religion and entrusting their properties to secure, well-built temple warehouses.

• その理由については、糖が溶け出す前に浸透圧差によって酒を吸った梅から、糖が溶けた後に浸透圧が高まった酒にその成分を放出するためと説明されている。
• The reason for this is explained as follows: Some components of ume are released, having absorbed alcohol due to the osmotic pressure difference before the sugar begins to dissolve into alcohol where osmotic pressure increases after its dissolution.

• 父を殺された雄略天皇の皇女を皇后とした理由として、仁賢天皇自身が傍系の出身であるため、直系の皇女を皇后に迎え入れ正当性を強めたと考えられている。
• The Emperor Ninken chose her as his wife despite the fact that her father Emperor Yuryaku had murdered his father, supposedly in an attempt to enhance legitimacy of his emperorship by marrying an imperial princess who directly descended from the legitimate emperor, where he himself was a collateral descent.

• 彼は提案の理由を、「ローマクラブの研究報告『成長の限界―ローマ・クラブ人類の危機レポート』を読み、その内容に深い衝撃を受けたためだ。」と語った。
• He stated that the reason for his proposal lay in the fact that 'I was deeply impressed by 'The Limits to Growth; A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind', a research report by Club of Rome.'

• 空海が帰国した理由は、当時の大唐帝国はすでに末期状態にあり、安史の乱が起こるなど国情が不安定で、留学生たちの待遇も不十分であったことが考えられる。
• The reason Kukai came back to Japan so soon was considered as follows; the Great Tang Empire was in a terminal state, and as the outbreak of the Anshi War suggested the unstable political circumstances, oversea students were not well-treated.

• そして、集会参加の有資格者が集会に出席することは法会への出席と並ぶ僧侶としての義務として考えられており、正当な理由の無い欠席は処罰の対象とされた。
• It was considered that it was a duty for the Buddhist priests who had been entitled to join shue to attend shue as well as attend hoe (Buddhist mass) and absence without due cause was punished.

• 取消訴訟は、処分又は裁決があつたことを知つた日から六箇月を経過したときは、提起することができない。ただし、正当な理由があるときは、この限りでない。
• No action for the revocation of an administrative disposition may be filed when a period of six months has elapsed from the day on which the person who seeks revocation became aware of the fact that the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal was made; provided, however, that this shall not apply if there are justifiable grounds for failing to meet such time limit.

• 前述の理由で、グレゴリオ暦と天保暦との日付の差は平均してほぼ1か月である（ただし、実際には日付の差は年によって増減し、その変動幅も約1か月ある）。
• Because of the above-mentioned reasons, there is an approximately one-month difference between a date according to the Gregorian calendar and the equivalent date according to the Tenpo calendar (actually, the difference between the dates varies from year to year and this degree of variation is also approximately one month).

• 裁判所は、十分な理由があると認めるときは、第八十九条第一項第二号又は第九十条に規定する刑の言渡しと同時に、事業者団体の解散を宣告することができる。
• The court may, when it finds that sufficient grounds exist, sentence a trade association to dissolution, simultaneously with the rendition of penalties as provided for in item 2 of paragraph 1 of Article 89 or Article 90.

• 指定検定機関は、前条第二項に規定する場合において、不合格の判定をしたときは、その試験を行うことを求めた者に対し、その理由を通知しなければならない。
• In the case of paragraph 2 of the preceding Article, a designated verification body shall, when it has made a determination of fail, notify the person who has requested the implementation of the test of the reason therefor.

• さらに島津歳久が秀吉によって一揆の黒幕とみなされ、島津義久の追討を受けて死亡したほか、一揆に家臣が参加したという理由で肥後の阿蘇惟光が斬首された。
• In addition, Toshihisa SHIMAZU was accused of being the mastermind behind the uprising by Hideyoshi and was hunted and killed by Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, and Koremitsu ASO was also decapitated as a punishment for his vassals joining the uprising.

• ほとんど全ての守護請において、旱魃や洪水などを名目的な理由として年貢未進が毎年のように行われ、請所である荘園・公領は実質的な守護領となっていった。
• Under almost every Shugouke, there were non-payments of nengu every year on the pretext of droughts or floods, and shoen and koryo managed under ukedokoro virtually turned into Shugoryo (guardian's territory).

• しかしながら、主として軍事的な理由においてソウル特別市まで上る事を朝鮮側から拒否され、釜山広域市に貿易目的で設立された倭館で返礼の儀式が行われた。
• However, the Korean side did not permit the envoy to come up to Seoul Special City mainly for military reasons, and a ceremony for the return call was held at Wakan (consular office) in Pusan Metropolitan City.

• 日本の芸能や武術などにおいて、ひとつの分野について他との技術、手法、心構え、表現の目的、表現にあたっての解釈などの差異を理由として形成された集団。
• 'Ryugi' represents groups of people in Japanese performing arts and martial arts, each formed based on differences from other groups in techniques, approaches, purposes of expression, interpretation of arts to be expressed and so forth in one field of the arts.

• 天皇が皇后の右に立つ理由は、少なくとも即位の礼においては西洋に倣ったわけではなく、真中・向って右に並ぶのであって、左・右に並んでいるわけではない。
• The reason why the emperor stands to the right of the empress is, at least at the enthronement ceremony, not because they are following the western style, but just because the emperor stands in the center while the empress is on his right from the viewer's perspective, meaning that they do not stand to the right or the left of each other.

• 香盤制度・真打制度は完全な実力主義でもないので、“急激に売れた人”“若い時から売れっ子になった人”に対する処遇が難しいというのも理由の一つである。
• The koban system and shinuchi system are not perfectly based on ability, so another reason is that it is difficult to handle 'one who has become suddenly popular' or 'one who has been popular since his young days.'

• 手白香皇女が継体天皇の皇后となった理由として、母である春日大娘皇女と同じく傍系天皇の正当性を立てるための政略的な要因が大きかったと考えられている。
• It is regarded that the reason for Princess Tashiraka becoming an empress to Emperor Keitai was largely due to political reasons that were to bring legitimacy to an Emperor of collateral lineage such was as her mother, Kasuga no Oiratsume no Himemiko.

• 「旧城主は祖先以来数百年間伝来の縁故により、これを払い渡し旧形を保存し、後世に伝えるなら歴史上の沿革を示す一端となり好都合である」ことを理由とした。
• The reason was that 'if castles are sold to former castellans, who have connections to the castles that had been inherited from their ancestors over the past several hundred years, and the castellans are to preserve the shapes of the castles and hand them down to later generations, the castles would show part of the course of our history, which is favorable.'

• この地域に古墳・遺跡が密集する理由として考察されているのは、これらの地域が古代白河地方の重要な地域であり、有力豪族が多数存在した証であると思われる。
• For why so many tumuli and remains are concentrated in this area, the following reason is considered: This area was an important one in the Shirakawa area in ancient times and these tumuli and remains constitute the evidence that many powerful gozoku families (local influential families) existed there.

• それを、あえて膨大な国費を投じて式年遷宮を行う途を選んだのは、当事者である神宮自身にも明確な記録はないようであるが、次の4つの理由が考えられている。
• Although there are no definite records at the shrine relating to why they dared to spend a huge amount of the nation's power to conduct Shikinen Sengu, the following four reasons are given:

• このような不条理な演出が可能となっている理由として梅若は、能が一般に「ワキの夢の中でシテが夢を見ている」という難解な構造を持っていることを指摘した。
• To explain such an irrational scene, UMEWAKA points out that Noh has in general an incomprehensible structure such as 'Nohwaki dreaming of protagonist (Shite) who is also dreaming in it.'

• 公正取引委員会は、第十一条第一項又は第二項の認可の申請があつた場合において、当該申請を理由がないと認めるときは、審決でこれを却下しなければならない。
• The Fair Trade Commission shall, where an application for approval set forth in paragraph 1 or 2 of Article 11 has been filed, dismiss it by a decision if the Fair Trade Commission finds the said application to be groundless.

• 前条第一項の裁定についての異議申立てにおいては、当事者が支払い、又は受領すべき金額についての不服をその裁定についての不服の理由とすることができない。
• An objection to an award issued under paragraph 1 of the preceding Article shall not be made by reason of dissatisfaction with the amount payable or receivable by the party

• 鉄道事業者は、前項の規定により立ち入り、又は使用しようとするときは、やむを得ない理由がある場合を除き、土地の占有者にその旨を通知しなければならない。
• When the Railway Business Operator intends to enter the land of other person or use it pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, he/she shall notify the occupant of the estate to that effect unless it has a compelling reason for not doing so.

• これらの理由から活用が期待されているが、2008年3月現在、日本酒では白山（白山菊酒、石川県白山市、2005年12月指定）のみがその指定を受けている。
• Although it is expected to be utilized widely because of such reasons, only Hakusan (Hakusan Kikusake, Hakusan City, Ishikawa Prefecture, designated in December 2005) has obtained the designation as sake as of March 2008.

• ただし、国王や皇帝が時の権力者によって廃されたり、その君主の身体的理由で政務を執れないということから、政治の実権を別の人物に譲っているという例はある。
• However, there are examples where kings and emperors were dethroned by the persons in authority at the time, and the monarchy could not administer the affairs of state due to physical limitations and handed over the throne to the another person.

• 国土交通大臣は、前項の規定による勧告をした場合において、当該勧告を受けた者が正当な理由なくその勧告に従わなかつたときは、その旨を公表することができる。
• In the case the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism made the recommendation pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, if the Railway Business Operator who received the recommendation did not follow the recommendation without a justifiable ground, he/she make public to that effect.

• （一応の離脱理由は、泉湧寺塔中戒光寺の長老　湛然の仲介によって孝明天皇の御陵守護の任を拝命した事と、それに伴い薩摩、長州の動向を探るという事であった。
• (The reason given for the secession was that Kashitaro ITO was appointed as guard of Misasagi (Imperial mausoleum) of the Emperor Komei through the intermediation of Tannen, who was the elder of Kaiko-ji Temple that was tatchu (sub-temples in the site of main temple) of Sennyu-ji Temple, and, for the mission, had to keep an eye on the movements of Satsuma and Choshu.

• 江戸時代を通じて戦争がなかったことと、大半の藩主家が領主の交代を経験しており、（石高は別として）土地自体への執着が薄かったことが理由として挙げられる。
• Reasons for this were that there were no wars during the Edo period and that most clan families experienced the transfer of landownership, and other than Kokudaka (a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period), there was little attachment to the land itself.

• 吉宗が御庭番を新設した理由としては、家康以来幕府に仕えてきた伊賀者、甲賀者が忍者としての機能を失い、間諜として使い物にならなくなったことがあげられる。
• Yoshimune created the position of oniwaban because people from Iga and Koga who had worked for the bakufu since Ieyasu era, no longer functioned as ninja and secret agents.

• 寛永3年（1626年）、水戸市の豪商である佐藤新助が銭貨の不足を理由に銅銭の鋳造を幕府および水戸藩に願い出て、許可されたのが寛永通寳の始まりであった。
• Kanei Tsuho was born when Shinsuke SATO, a wealthy merchant in Mito City, asked the bakufu and the Mito Domain for permission to mint copper coins due to a short supply of coins in 1626, and was granted such permission.

• そういった理由などから、現在では上部からカットテープのラインに沿ってフィルムを回して左右に分けて開けるセパレート型と呼ばれるタイプが主流となっている。
• This is why the present mainstream is a separate type to cut a film from the top along the cutoff line and separate into right and left to open.

• この理由は、建造物に関しては、都市化や開発の進展、生活・居住形態の変化などにより、取り壊される可能性があり、緊急に保護措置をとる必要があるためであった。
• The reason for this was that there was a need for urgent measures to protect properties that were in danger of being dismantled due to urbanization, land development, and changes in people's lifestyles and ways of living.

• その理由としては当時、李氏朝鮮は北方から後金の圧迫に忙殺されていたため、日本側の制度変更にあえて異論を挟まなかった、あるいは挟む余裕がなかったとされる。
• It is said that the reason was as follows: At that time, Yi Dynasty Korea was busy for combating pressure from the north by Kokin, and therefore, did not dispute or could not afford to dispute the system change on the Japan side.

• しかしながら大孤の礼拝の所作は、仏教に対する敬虔さを表現しており、伎楽が喜劇的な要素をもちながら、寺院楽として用いられた理由がここにあるという説もある。
• However, the act of Taiko performing the Buddhist service expresses the devout behavior and spirit of people approaching toward Buddhism, which could be the reason that gigaku was performed at Buddhist temples even with the comical aspects of the performance.

• この傾向は実は江戸時代から存在していたが（当主が幼少、病弱その他の理由などで、経営に関わらなかったケースが多く、実権はいわゆる「大番頭」が握っていた）。
• This tendency has in fact existed since the Edo period (there were many cases where family heads were not engaged in management because they were in infancy or in poor health, or for other reasons, and consequently the so-called 'ohbanto' would control the business).

• 達磨大師が西から旅をして来た理由は、国外の仏教の衰えを憂えて、悟るために重要なものが坐禅の実践であり、経典の学習ではないことを宣教するためであるとされる。
• The reason why Daruma Daishi traveled from the west is said that he or she worried about the decline of Buddhism abroad and hoped to teach that what was important for enlightenment was the practice of mediation and was not studying sutras.

• しかし、戦国時代の気風が抜けきれず、様々な問題を引き起こしたため、江戸幕府は慶安元年（1648年）に「風紀を乱す」という理由で勧進相撲禁止令を出している。
• However, violence continued in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), causing various problems, and Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) issued an order banning kanjin sumo in 1648 on the basis of 'disorderly conduct.'

• 「早く飲むべきである」と言いつつも、酒蔵側が出荷前に熟成の期間をおく理由は、貯蔵・熟成の期間をおいて最高の酒質になったときを見計らって出荷するからである。
• The reason why sake breweries provide a period for maturing before shipment while advising to 'drink ' as soon as possible,' is that they ship sake when the sake quality reaches the optimum taste after a certain time period for storage required for maturing.

• 一翁は宗旦没後の寛文6年（1666年）に讃岐国高松藩の松平頼重の元へ茶堂として出仕しているが、翌年には老齢を理由に退き5代文叔宗守にその地位を譲っている。
• In 1666, Ichio served Yorishige MATSUDAIRA of the Takamatsu clan in the Sanuki Province as Sado (a person who oversees the matters relating to the way of tea) but transferred the position to the fifth Soke Soshu BUNSHUKU on the grounds of his advancing age.

• 裁決は、口頭弁論に基づいてこれをしなければならない。ただし、受審人が正当の理由なく審判期日に出頭しないときは、その陳述を聴かないで裁決をすることができる。
• The determination shall be rendered based on oral arguments; provided, however, that the determination may be made without hearing his/her statements, if the Examinee fails to appear on the date for inquiry without justifiable grounds,

• 国が公共の利益のために特に必要があるとしてその理由を明らかにして求める場合には、無償で当該特許権等を利用する権利を国に許諾することを受託者等が約すること。
• In the case that the national government finds it particularly necessary for the public interest and makes a request, making clear the reasons therefor, the Trustee, etc. promise to grant to the national government the right to use said Patent Rights, etc. without charge.

• この理由は、飯に生卵を加えることで、炊いた米特有の弱い粘り気が減り、米粒一つ一つが分離して流動化し、流し込むように掻き込んで食べることができるためである。
• This is because the low viscosity unique to steamed rice even decreases by adding a raw egg to rice to separate each grain of the rice, and therefore you can eat it fast like drinking.

• 強攻ではなく持久戦を選択した理由として、兵力の損耗を防ぐこともさることながら、犠牲が増えることによって苦戦の印象が広まるのを回避するためだったと思われる。
• It seems that the reasons why he chose a long drawn-out battle instead of hard-line tactics were not only to prevent damage of the military force but also to avoid the image of hard fighting being spread.

• なお、正徳の次に来日した享保度の通信使の際には徳川吉宗は名分論には深入りせず、再び大君に復し、待遇も祖法遵守を理由に全面的に天和 (日本)度に戻している。
• When Tsushinshi came to Japan in the Kyoho era (1716 - 1736) after the one in the Shotoku era, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA restored the use of Tycoon, without getting involved in the positioning-of-shogun problem, and also totally restored the treatment of the envoy for the reason that the original rules should be followed.

• 明治維新後に対馬府中藩を介して朝鮮に対して新政府発足の通告と国交を望む交渉を行うが、日本の外交文書が江戸時代の形式と異なることを理由に朝鮮側に拒否された。
• After the Meiji Restoration, the Meiji government noticed Korea to establish a new government and negotiated to have diplomatic relations, but Korea rejected them because the format of diplomatic papers was different from the one of Edo period.

• その結果、直弼の側近だった老中安藤信正および久世広周を罷免するとともに、直弼の失政を理由に京都守護の家職を井伊家から剥奪し、松平容保を京都守護職に宛てた。
• The Shogunate dismissed Nobumasa ANDO and Hirochika KUZE, Senior Councillors of the Shogunate who were also aides of Naosuke, and banned the Ii Family from entering the profession of Kyoto-shugo (Military Governor of Kyoto) on account of Naosuke's misgovernment, while Katamori MATSUDAIRA was promoted to Kyoto-shugo (Military Governor of Kyoto).

• 浄土真宗側ではこの裁定を下した江戸幕府が滅亡した事、そして何よりも既に約束の「3万日」が到来している事を理由に改めて「浄土真宗」の呼称を認めるように迫った。
• The Jodo Shinshu sect pressured the Meiji government to approve their use of the name 'Jodo Shinshu,' since the Edo bakufu which had prohibited them from using the name had fallen and the promised '30,000 days' had passed.

• 経済産業大臣は、前項の規定による勧告をした場合において、当該勧告を受けた者が、正当な理由がなく、その勧告に従わなかつたときは、その旨を公表することができる。
• In the event any recommendation is made pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, if any individual or juridical person receiving such recommendation fails to comply therewith without justifiable grounds, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may publicize such fact.

• 指定情報処理機関は、文部科学大臣から情報処理業務を行うべきことを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を除き、遅滞なく、情報処理業務を行わなければならない。
• When any designated information processing organization is requested by the Minister of MEXT to conduct information processing work, it shall, without delay, conduct the information processing work, with the exception of cases where there are justifiable grounds.

• 弁護士会は、前二項の規定により請求の進達を拒絶する場合には、登録又は登録換えを請求した者に、速やかに、その旨及びその理由を書面により通知しなければならない。
• If a bar association refuses to transmit a request pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, it shall promptly give written notice to the person who has requested registration or requested for transfer of registration of that fact and the reasons therefore.

• 鎌倉幕府の成立時期については諸説あり、その理由としては、鎌倉幕府がその武家政権としての体制を整えるまでにはいくつかの段階を経ていることがあげられる（後述）。
• There are several theories regarding the period when the Kamakura Bakufu was established and the reason for this is that the Kamakura Bakufu underwent several stages before establishing the system of a samurai government (as mentioned below).

• 第二次西園寺公望内閣のとき、緊縮財政による国家財政再建や行政整理を理由に、西園寺公望首相が、陸軍による「二個師団増設」の要求を拒否した（二個師団増設問題）。
• During the second Kinmochi SAIONJI Cabinet, because of the national financial reconstruction and the administration by reduced budget, Prime Minister Kinomochi SAIONJI refused the Army's 'two division expansion' demand (two divisions' expansion issue).

• 頼朝は、1180年（治承4年）に鎌倉に侍所を置き御家人を統制し、さらに1185年には、義経の追捕を理由に、各国へ守護・地頭を設置し、全国の支配権を確立した。
• In 1180, Yoritomo controlled the gokenin by creating the Board of Retainers in Kamakura, and in 1185, for the reason of search and capture of Yoshitsune, he brought the entire country under his jurisdiction by positioning Shugo (provincial constable) and Jito (estate stewards) in every province.

• 川中島の戦いは、戦を行う理由として、武田氏、長尾氏両氏が内乱を起こしかねない臣下に対して求心力を高めるためのパフォーマンスのようなものだったとする説がある。
• One view states that the Takeda clan and the Nagao clan fought the Battle of Kawanakajima to strengthen centripetal force in their respective clans, against the retainers that might have rebelled internally in their respective clans otherwise.

• 歌かるたが正月の風俗となったのは格別の理由があるわけではなく、もともとさまざまな折子供や若者が集まって遊ぶ際に百人一首がよく用いられたことによるものである。
• The Hyakunin Isshu Karuta had been often played when children and young people gathered at some events and gradually became an essential game for New Years.

• 様々な理由で富士詣が出来ない人々のために神社などにおいて富士塚と呼ばれる縮小版の富士山に見立てた小山が作られ、頂上には実際と同じく鳥居や祠などが設けられた。
• For the sake of those who could not visit Mt. Fuji for various reasons, a mound of dirt called Fujizuka, a miniature of Mt. Fuji, was made in shrines, and so on, and torii and hokora (a small shrine) were built on top of the Fujizuka Mound, just as on the actual mountain.

• 理由は、「術」という名は技術の上達のみに終始し、「礼儀」は無用と考えることになるのでよくなく、「武」は技術でないという観念を明確にするため、であったという。
• The reason was said to be that the term 'jutsu' was not suitable because it focused on only progress of the arts and was likely to result in the idea that 'courtesy' was unnecessary, and that 'do' had to be used to clarify the concept that 'bu' was not an art.

• 『拳法概説』（昭和4年）に紹介されている喜屋武朝徳の説明によれば、裸で稽古する理由は「皮膚を強靱に鍛へると共に力の配合を明確に意識せん」がためであるとされる。
• Chotoku KYAN explained in 'Kenpo Gaisetsu' (an outline of kenpo, 1929) that karate practitioners would exercise in shirtless conditions because 'they try to strengthen their skin and concentrate their mind on the balance of strength.'

• 審決は、第一項の規定による通知を発した日から二十日以内にしなければならない。ただし、事件が複雑であるとき、その他やむを得ない理由があるときは、この限りでない。
• The trial decision shall be rendered within 20 days from the date on which the notice under paragraph (1) has been issued; provided, however, that this shall not apply where the case is complex or there are unavoidable reasons therefor.

• 技術士又は技術士補は、正当の理由がなく、その業務に関して知り得た秘密を漏らし、又は盗用してはならない。技術士又は技術士補でなくなつた後においても、同様とする。
• Any professional engineer or associate professional engineer shall not divulge or misappropriate without justifiable grounds the confidential information that came to his/her knowledge with their business. The same shall also apply after he/she has been relieved of professional engineer or associate professional engineer status.

• 農林水産大臣は、前項の規定により許可又は認可をしないときは、あらかじめ、当該申請者にその理由を文書をもつて通知し、公開による意見の聴取を行わなければならない。
• When the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Minister does not authorization or approve pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, he/she shall notify said applicant of the reason in writing and hear his/her opinions publicly in advance.

• 第四十六条第一項又は第二項の規定による検査を拒み、妨げ、若しくは忌避し、又は同項の規定による質問に対して、正当な理由なく陳述をせず、若しくは虚偽の陳述をした者
• A person who has refused, obstructed, or avoided an inspection under Article 46, paragraph (1) or paragraph (2), who has, without justifiable grounds, failed to make statements in response to questions asked under the same paragraph, or who has made false statements; and

• 系譜に理由の記載は無いが、この2年後に本家である宇都宮氏も改易された事実とあわせて考えると、豊臣政権内の政争に巻き込まれたものと考えられているが定かではない。
• There is no description of the reason in the family tree, but two years later the UTSUNOMIYA clan, a head family, was also ordered 'kaieki', which suggests they were involved in political strife in the TOYOTOMI administration, but this isn't clear.

• また朝鮮軍は戦線膠着のため撤退し、その後の交渉で合意・実現に至ったのも倭寇の取り締まりであり、この遠征を理由に対馬を朝鮮の属国と見做すことは非常に論拠が薄い。
• Moreover, the Korean army withdrew after their invasion ended in a stalemate, and the focus of the agreement reached in subsequent negotiations and its execution was once again the suppression of the Wako, making this expedition an extremely weak justification for asserting that Tsushima had been a vassal state of Korea.

• 明治3年（1870年）3月14日、東北の平定が未だに行き届かないこと、諸国の凶作、国費の欠乏など諸々の理由で京都への還幸を延期することが京都市民に発表された｡
• On March 14, 1870, it was announced to the citizens of Kyoto that the emperor's return to Kyoto would be delayed citing the suppression of Tohoku which had not been taken over yet, bad harvest, and the lack of national funds.

• 賠償金は1912年に清朝が滅亡した後も、清朝を引き継いだ国家とみなされた中華民国にそのまま負わされ、中央政権が軟弱な基盤しか持ちえなかった理由の一つとなった。
• Even after the Qing dynasty perished, the reparations were succeeded by the Republic of China because it was considered to be a nation that succeeded the Qing dynasty, and that was one of reasons that the central government had weak foundations.

• 魏 (三国)の官人、如淳は「人面に入れ墨する（委する）」習俗をもって倭の由来と論じたが、臣瓚や顔師古らから、倭と委の音が異なることなどを理由に否定されている。
• 如淳, a government official of Wei dynasty (Three States Period), considered the custom of 'getting a tattoo on their faces (entrusting)' to be the origin of Wa, but Shinsan and Gan Shiko (Yan Shigu) denied the possibility because of such reasons such as the phonetic difference between 倭 and 委.

• 試合を大きく左右するタイミングでの議論は互いに譲りにくい、ルールに統一性が欠ける上にお互いが競技かるたのルールを熟知していない、などの理由で揉めることが多い。
• It often causes troubles, as it is hard to yield to the opponent in a discussion at the timing that may influences the game greatly, and as usually both players do not understand the rule of Kyogi Karuta that already lacks a standard.

• 執行停止の決定が確定した後に、その理由が消滅し、その他事情が変更したときは、裁判所は、相手方の申立てにより、決定をもつて、執行停止の決定を取り消すことができる。
• If, after an order of stay of execution has become final and binding, the reasons for stay of execution have ceased to exist or the circumstances have otherwise changed, the court may, upon the petition of the party subject to stay of execution, by an order, revoke the order of stay of execution.

• 圧縮しない焼き方の理由として圧縮した場合、空気や水分を押し出し、かえって熱の伝わり方が悪くなり、味や食感を損なうので、極力避けることが望ましいためとされている。
• The reason why they grill it without pressing is that if it is pressed, the air or water will exude, heat conduction worsens, the taste or textures spoiled and so, it is desirable not to press it when possible.

• また、ペストなどの伝染病蔓延や宗教的理由による社会背景などにより、入浴が身体を害するものとみなされ、入浴という習慣が敬遠されていった（詳しくは入浴の項を参照）。
• In addition, bathing was considered to be harmful for a body due to the spread of infectious diseases, such as the plague, as well as social background including religious reasons and the practice of bathing was shied away from by people (concerning the details, refer to the item of bathing).

• 中華人民共和国（中国共産党）は儒教を道徳思想としているが、前述の通り「儒教は革命に対する反動である」との理由から儒家の活動を弾圧の対象にし、大幅に制限していた。
• The People's Republic of China (Communist Party of China) treats Ju-kyo as a thought of ethics, but as mentioned above, Ju-kyo activities are the subject of suppression, and are largely limited due to the idea that 'Ju-kyo is the counter reaction to revolution.'

• その出願者が、正当な理由がないのに、第十五条第一項の規定による命令に従わず、同条第二項の規定による現地調査を拒み、又は前条第一項の規定による命令に従わないとき。
• the applicant, without justifiable grounds, fails to comply with the order prescribed in Article 15 paragraph (1), refuses the on-site inspection as prescribed in paragraph (2) of the said Article or fails to comply with the order prescribed in paragraph (1) of Article 16.

• 協会は、保安検査等又は指定設備の認定を行うべきことを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を除き、遅滞なく、保安検査等又は指定設備の認定を行わなければならない。
• The Institute shall promptly conduct safety inspection, etc., or accreditation of Specified Equipment as requested except in a case where there is a justifiable grounds not to do so.

• 一般電気事業者は、正当な理由がなければ、その供給区域における一般の需要（事業開始地点における需要及び特定規模需要を除く。）に応ずる電気の供給を拒んではならない。
• A General Electricity Utility shall not refuse to supply electricity to meet general demand in its service area (excluding, however, demand at the Point of Business Commencement and Specified-Scale Demand) without justifiable grounds.

• その理由は、『記紀』の成立過程に関する史料批判が進み、ヤマト王権内部における文字使用状況から推測すると、継体天皇以前の伝承に信用を置くことはできないためである。
• The reason for this is that, upon examining historical materials on the process of creating the Kiki, it was found that the methods for keeping records (particularly the use of letters under Yamato sovereignty) used before Emperor Keitai are not reliable.

• しかし一方でこの内容は日本などに留学して近代ナショナリズムを取り入れつつある若者に取って大きな屈辱感を伴わせ、反清・革命運動に取り組む大きな理由の一つとなった。
• On the other hand, the contents gave a sense of great disgrace to young people studying in Japan and elsewhere and trying to take in modern-time nationalism, which became one of reasons that triggered anti-Qing/revolution movements.

• 当時、新選組では病人が多い等の理由で人手が少なく、実際に捜索に当たったのは、近藤隊10人・土方隊24人の総数わずか34名だった（異説有り、出動隊士一覧を参照）。
• At the time, the Shinsen-gumi was short-handed because many members were sick, so only 34 members took part in the search - 10 in the KONDO squad and 24 in the HIJIKATA squad (There are different views on the number. cf. List of Soldiers Involved).

• しかし、この善知識に頼るということは、弥陀ではなくて善知識というこの世の救済者に頼ることであり、これこそが浄土真宗本願寺教団が異端として激しく排除する理由である。
• This means that the believers of kakushi nenbutsu depend on zen chishiki (an earthly savior), not on Amitabha Tathagata, which is the very reason that the organization of the Hongan-ji school of Jodo Shinshu severely excludes kakushi nenbutsu as a heresy.

• 法令に出訴期間の定めがある当事者訴訟は、その法令に別段の定めがある場合を除き、正当な理由があるときは、その期間を経過した後であつても、これを提起することができる。
• A public law-related action that is subject to the statute of limitations prescribed in laws and regulations may be filed even after the expiration of the statute of limitations if there are justifiable grounds for failing to meet the statute of limitations, unless otherwise provided for in the laws and regulations.

• 特許庁長官は、前項第一号から第四号までに掲げる書類について、同項本文の請求を認めるときは、当該書類を提出した者に対し、その旨及びその理由を通知しなければならない。
• Where the Commissioner of the Patent Office approves of the request under the main clause of the preceding paragraph with regard to the documents as provided in items (i) to (iv) of the said paragraph, the Commissioner of the Patent Office shall notify the person who submitted the said documents thereof and reasons therefor.

• 経済産業大臣は、地方公共団体以外の熱供給事業者から申請があつた場合において、正当な理由があると認めるときは、第一項の規定により指定した期間を延長することができる。
• Where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has received an application from a heat supply operator other than a local public entity, he/she may, when finding justifiable grounds, extend the period designated under paragraph (1).

• この雲揚が同年9月20日首都漢城に近い要塞地帯であった江華島に接近し、発砲されたとの理由で3日間にわたり戦闘し22日には永宗島の砲台を攻撃、占領する事件が起きた。
• On September 20 of the same year, an incident occurred: this Unyo approached Ganghwa Island, which was the stronghold base near the capital Hanseong, and fought for three days insisting that she had been fiired, then on 22nd, she attacked the gun batteries and seized Yeongjong Island.

• しかし、鎌倉幕府との結びつきが強かったことを理由に新政府に冷遇され、第14代石川貞光の時、陸奥守北畠顕家は古来から石川氏が治めていた領地を結城家や和地氏に与える。
• Nevertheless, the Ishikawa clan was treated coldly by the new government for the reason that it was tied closely with the Kamakura bakufu, and in the time of Sadamitsu ISHIKAWA, the fourteenth head of the family, the Governor of Mutsu Province, Akiie KITABATAKE, distributed the fief traditionally succeeded and controlled by Ishikawa clan to the Yuki family and the Wachi clan.

• しかし高麗の宋君斐・金賛が案内する蒙古の使節ら（正使・黒的、副使・殷弘）は巨済島まで来て、航海の困難を理由に引き返し、クビライに対して日本への通使の不要を説いた。
• However, the Mongol envoys (chief envoy Kokuteki and vice-envoy Inko), guided by So Kunhi and Kinsan from Goryeo, returned due to the difficulty of the voyage after reaching Geoje Island, and explained to Kublai that it was unnecessary to send envoys to Japan.

• 大乗仏教運動が起こった背景にはさまざまな理由が考えられるが、声聞の修行をしていた部派仏教（小乗仏教）の僧侶が誰も成仏できなかったことから起こった運動とも考えられる。
• Although there could be various reasons behind the development of the Mahayana Buddhism movement, it can be thought to be a movement that emerged due to the fact that any Hinayana priest who performed the ascetic practices of Shomon could not become Buddha.

• 高野山真言宗では住職には任期がなく、終身制を採っていたが、高齢などの理由で住職を辞した場合、辞した住職は、厳密にいうと身分上、その住職が務めていた寺院の徒弟となる。
• Koyasan Shingon sect did not have the term of the chief priest, and it had a lifetime system, but when the chief priest leave his service due to old age or other reasons, he would be an apprentice in the temple where he used to serve.

• 壁画を従来どおり金堂内で保存する方法と、取り外して別途保存する方法とが検討されたが、壁画の取り外しについては寺側が信仰上の理由から反対し、結論はなかなか出なかった。
• It was discussed whether to store the murals in the Kondo as before or to remove and replace them in different place, however, the latter was opposed by the Horyu-ji Temple side for religious reason and so the decision could not be easily reached.

• 非吟醸系であっても、本醸造酒や純米酒では、酒蔵のある風土の自然条件、水の特徴、杜氏が目的とするコンセプトなどさまざまな理由から、長期間貯蔵して熟成させるものがある。
• Even for non-ginjoshu, certain honjozoshu and junmaishu are stored for a long period for the purpose of maturing due to various reasons, such as natural conditions of the place where the brewery is located, features of the local water, and the concept which the toji aimed at.

• 登録施設利用促進機関は、文部科学大臣から利用促進業務を行うべきことを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を除き、遅滞なく、その利用促進業務を行わなければならない。
• The Registered Institution for Facilities Use Promotion shall perform the Usage Promotion Services without delay whenever required to do so by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, unless there is any justifiable grounds.

• 理由は「主君であった信長は右大臣を極官として光秀に殺害されており、右大臣は縁起が悪いので出来るならば右大臣は避けて左大臣への昇進をお願いしたい」というものであった。
• That is to say, Hideyoshi hoped to be promoted to Sadaijin instead of Udaijin, if possible, because his master, Nobunaga, was killed by Mitsuhide with the title of Udaijin as his highest rank and thus serving as Udaijin would be a bad omen.

• 七星の一つミザールにある「アルコル」を8番目の星と見なすことにより齟齬をなくしているが、これによって「八犬士のうち一人が子供として登場する理由」も説明できるとする。
• He avoids variance by regarding 'Alcor' accompanying one of the seven stars Mizar as the eighth star, and insists that this explains the fact that 'one of the eight Dog Warriors made his appearance as a child.'

• 注文と配達にはバックオーダーや調理場の混雑具合、道路の渋滞（特に夕刻の渋滞は夕食時間帯と重なり出前業界の大敵である）などの理由により、出前には遅延が付きものである。
• Delay in accepting order and delivery is inherent in Demae service because of back-order, busy kitchen and traffic jam (especially evening traffic jam which occurs in the dinner time, is a great risk to Demae business).

• 1930年3月場所に観客の視界の妨げになること、力士の怪我の原因になることを理由に土俵上にすわっていた勝負検査役を土俵下におろし5人とし、方屋柱に塩桶をくくりつけた。
• In March, 1930, positions of ringside sumo judges, who were sitting on the dohyo until that time, were moved to places below the dohyo because their presence on the dohyo might not only block sight lines of the audience but also become a cause for injury of sumo wrestlers, and the number of judges was increased to five and the Shiooke (salt pails) were tied to the hoya posts.

• 第八条の規定に違反して書類を備えて置かず、その書類に記載すべき事項を記載せず、若しくは不実の記載をし、又は正当な理由がないのにその書類の閲覧若しくは謄写を拒んだとき。
• If they fail to maintain the required documents, fail to record the required information in these documents or record false information or refuse to allow inspection or copying of these documents without reasonable justification, in violation of the provisions of Article 8.

• 経済産業大臣又は都道府県知事若しくは特定市町村の長は、第一項の規定による処分をするときは、その特定計量器の所有者又は占有者に対して、その理由を告知しなければならない。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, the prefectural governor or the head of a specified municipality shall, when he/she intends to make a disposition pursuant to the provision of paragraph 1, notify the owner or possessor of the specified measuring instrument of the reasons thereof.

• 前項の規定により選任を行った者は、同項の規定により選任した者（以下「国内管理人」という。）を変更したときは、その理由を付してその旨を主務大臣に届け出なければならない。
• A person who has made an appointment under the provisions of the preceding paragraph must, when changing the person appointed under the provisions of the said paragraph (hereinafter referred to as 'Domestic Administrator'), notify the competent minister to that effect with the reason.

• そこで、琉球漁民が台湾の地元民に殺害されたことを理由に、、台湾出兵を行い（その結果、木戸孝允は下野した）、更に翌江華島事件を引き起こし朝鮮に日朝修好条規を締結させた。
• On the grounds of an incident in which some Ryukyu fishermen were murdered by the local residents of Taiwan, Okubo subsequently carried out the Taiwan expedition (which resulted in the resignation of Takayoshi KIDO) and, further, set off the Ganghwa Island incident to make the Korean government sign the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity.

• 修験道は仏教（主に密教）に、日本の古来の神道や大陸由来の道教などが習合して成立したものであるため、なぜ女性の入山を禁止しているのか？　その理由を明確に知ることは難しい。
• Because Shugen-do was established through the syncretization of Buddhism (mainly Mikkyo, or Esoteric Buddhism) with the ancient Japanese Shinto faith, Taoism from China and others, it is difficult to clearly discern why it prohibits women's entry to sacred mountains.

• 前項の異議の理由においては、内閣総理大臣は、処分の効力を存続し、処分を執行し、又は手続を続行しなければ、公共の福祉に重大な影響を及ぼすおそれのある事情を示すものとする。
• As the reasons for an objection set forth in the preceding paragraph, the Prime Minister shall explain the circumstances where public welfare is likely to be seriously affected unless the effect of the original administrative disposition is maintained, the original administrative disposition is executed or any subsequent procedure is continued.

• 1602年から加藤嘉明が築城を開始した際、国内最大級の登り石垣を築いたが、明治維新前後に北側の部分は何らかの理由で取り壊されており、南側のみ完全な状態で保存されている。
• When Yoshiaki KATO started the castle construction in 1602, he built the country's largest nobori-ishigaki but the northern part was demolished around the Meiji Restoration for some reasons, and only the southern part has been preserved intact.

• 空海が断った理由は明らかではないが、一般的にはこの『理趣経』の十七清浄句が、男女の性交そのものが成仏への道であるなど間違った解釈がなされるのを懼れたためといわれている。
• Although the reason why Kukai declined remains unknown, it is generally believed that Kukai feared the misinterpretation that Seventeen Pure Phrases in 'Rishu-kyo' taught sexual intercourse led to jobutsu (to become a Buddha).

• しかし、風紀を乱すとの理由から前者は1629年に禁止され、後者も売色の目的を兼ねる歌舞伎集団が横行したことなどから1652年に禁止され、現代に連なる野郎歌舞伎となった。
• But the former was banned in 1629 for the reason that it corrupted public morals, and the latter was also banned in 1652 because the Kabuki groups which also engaged in the business of male prostitutes were rampant, so Kabuki became the style of 'Yaro-kabuki' (men's Kabuki) that has continued until today.

• 職務上特定核燃料物質の防護に関する秘密を知ることのできた国の行政機関又は地方公共団体の職員及びこれらの職員であつた者は、正当な理由がなく、その秘密を漏らしてはならない。
• Any employee of a national government administrative organ or a local government, or any such former employee who was able to learn a secret related to the physical protection of specific nuclear fuel material in the course of duties shall not, without justifiable grounds, divulge this secret.

• 高経放逐の表向きの理由は、興福寺の衆徒が、高経の被官である朝倉高景による興福寺領越前河口荘への押妨を高経が取り締まらず、放置していたため、朝廷へ嗷訴したためと思われる。
• The official reason for Takatsune's expulsion is considered to be the appeal made by the monks of Kofuku-ji Temple to the Imperial Court saying Takatsune didn't take proper action against his retainer Takakage ASAKURA who invaded Kawaguchi no sho in Echizen Province, the territory of Kofuku-ji Temple.

• ただし、古河鉱業側は、銅の被害のみを認め、カドミウムについては認めなかった（農民側も、調停申請にはあえてカドミウム問題は提示せずに早期解決を目指したという理由もある）。
• However, Furukawa Mining acknowledged their fault only on the damages by copper but not by cadmium (the peasants did not complicate the issue by mentioning cadmium in order to reach a faster resolution.)

• しかし江戸時代には武家諸法度発布による天守などの無許可造営の禁止、必要ないとのことでの中止、災害による亡失、藩の財政難という経済的な理由等により次第に建築されなくなった。
• However, the building of tenshu gradually became less common for the following reasons: the building of tenshu without permission was prohibited following the enactment of Buke shohatto (Laws for the Military Houses); the building of tenshu became unnecessary; some tenshu were destroyed in natural disasters; and the construction of tenshu put too much of a burden on a domain's finances.

• また、ホテルやレストランも建てられているが、中に入浴用の温泉は存在しない（ヨーロッパ、特に西欧や東欧は日本ほど湿潤でないことも入浴文化が発展しなかった大きな理由である）。
• Although hotels and restaurants also exist, they don't have the facilities for hot spring bathing inside the building (the fact that the climate in Europe, especially in west and east Europe, is not so humid as Japan is a big reason why the culture of bathing has not developed).

• 海区漁業調整委員会は、前項の申請をしようとするときは、あらかじめ、当該漁業権者に制限又は条件を付ける理由を文書をもつて通知し、公開による意見の聴取を行わなければならない。
• When the Sea-area Fisheries Adjustment Commission concerned is going to file the application of the preceding paragraph, the commission shall notify said fishery right holder of the reason for adding restrictions or conditions in writing, and hear his/her opinions publicly in advance.

• 弁護士は、正当の理由がなければ、法令により官公署の委嘱した事項及び会則の定めるところにより所属弁護士会又は日本弁護士連合会の指定した事項を行うことを辞することができない。
• An attorney shall not refuse, without due reason, to undertake matters entrusted by the government or public agencies in accordance with laws and regulations, or to undertake matters designated by the bar association to which he/she belongs or by the Japan Federation of Bar Associations in accordance with the provisions of their articles of association.

• 1633年（寛永10年） 志摩国鳥羽藩の九鬼氏の家督争いを理由に、幕府は九鬼氏の5万6千石を分割し、九鬼久隆を3万6千石で三田藩に、九鬼隆季を2万石で丹波国綾部藩に移封。
• In 1633, the bakufu divided Kuki clan's territory of 56,000 koku into two for the reason of succession dispute, in which Hisataka KUKI's territory was changed to Sanda Domain with 36,000 koku and Takasue KUKI's territory was transferred to Ayabe Domain in Tanba Province with 20,000 koku.

• ドイツの参加理由は、露仏の接近を妨害すること、ロシアの注意を東に向けて欧州における脅威を減らすこと、ドイツ自身の極東への野心、また皇帝が主張した黄禍論などに基づいている。
• The reasons why Germany joined the intervention was 1. to impede closer ties between Russia and France, 2. to divert Russia's attention from Europe to the Far East to lessen its threat to Europe, 3. to fulfill its own ambition in the Far East, and 4. to combat the 'yellow peril' claimed by the Emperor himself.

• 例えば、漫画においていつもより速いペースで作業を行う人間に対し別の人間がその理由を質問したところ、答えが「ページの都合」だった……という場合にこれを「楽屋オチ」と称する。
• For example, in manga, one of the characters is doing something quicker than usual and, when asked by some other character the reason why, he or she answers that it is to save the page; this is also called 'gakuya ochi.'

• このため、風俗紊乱を理由に豊後節の禁止が布告され、豊後掾が江戸を去らねばならなくなった（ただし、この豊後節禁止は河東節をはじめとする江戸浄瑠璃側の嫌がらせという説もある）。
• Given the circumstances, Bungo-bushi was banned on the grounds that it might cause the corruption of public morals and Bungo no jo was forced to leave Edo (however, some people assert that this ban of Bungo-bushi was a form of harassment by the Edo Joruri society, including Kato-bushi).

• 正当な理由がないのに、その登録を受けた日から一年を経過してもなおその登録に係る認定に関する業務を開始せず、又は一年以上継続してその登録に係る認定に関する業務を停止したとき。
• When the Registered Overseas Certifying Body, without justifiable causes, does not commence its Certification operations pertaining to said Accreditation after the passage of one year from the date of Accreditation or suspends such Certification operations continuously for more than one year; or

• 日本国内でも柳スギの花粉による花粉症患者が確認されたり、スギ花粉症を患っている患者が柳スギの花粉によってアレルギーを起こす例がみられることなどの理由から、証明をされている。
• Evidence cited for this is the fact that patients suffering from Cryptomeria fortunei hay fever have also been observed in Japan and observations of Japanese cedar pollinosis patients in whom an allergic reaction is elicited by Cryptomeria fortunei pollen.

• 元木泰雄京都大学大学院教授は、多田行綱の戦功が『吾妻鏡』にない理由は、平氏滅亡後の文治元年（1185年）に行綱が頼朝の怒りを受けて所領を没収されたためであろうと述べている。
• Yasuo MOTOKI, a professor in the Graduate School of Kyoto University, proposed that the reason why war merito of Yukitsuna TADA is not in 'Azuma Kagami' is his territories were seized because Yoritomo became angry with him after the fall of the Heike (Taira clan) family (in 1185).

• 念仏狂言が無言劇化した理由については、本来、大衆が念仏をする前で行なわれたものであったために、台詞を発しても念仏の声にかき消されて伝わらないので無言になったとする説もある。
• According to one interpretation, the reason that Nenbutsu Kyogen was made into a silent form of dramatic art was because it had originally been performed before a large gathering of people who were to chant the Nenbutsu, so that even if the plays did include dialog it might become drowned out by the chanting.
• The theory is that Nenbutsu Kyogen became silent as it was originally performed in front of crowds as they recited the nenbutsu, which would have drowned out any dialogue.

• 他に例を求めると、2008年に日本で行われた第34回主要国首脳会議の会場が北海道の洞爺湖畔となったのも、周囲から隔絶されていたことで警備がしやすかったのが最大の理由である。
• For another example, the biggest reason that the Lake Toya area in Hokkaido has been selected as the venue for the 34th summit held in Japan in 2008 was also easier to guard since the area is isolated from the surroundings.

• 電気事業に従事する者が正当な理由がないのに電気事業の用に供する電気工作物の維持又は運行の業務を取り扱わず、発電、変電、送電又は配電に障害を生ぜしめたときも、前項と同様とする。
• The same punishment shall be imposed where a person engaged in an Electricity Business has not performed, without justifiable grounds, the services to maintain or operate Electric Facilities to be used for an Electricity Business, thereby causing interference with the generation, transformation, transmission or distribution of electricity.

• 一般電気事業者若しくは特定電気事業者の電気の供給又は登録調査機関の調査業務に関し苦情のある者は、経済産業大臣に対し、理由を記載した文書を提出して苦情の申出をすることができる。
• Any person who has complaints about the electricity supply from a General Electricity Utility or a Specified Electricity Utility or the Investigation Services by a Registered Investigation Body may file such complaints to the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, with a written explanation of the reasons attached thereto.

• 外国法事務弁護士又は外国法事務弁護士であつた者が、正当な理由がないのに、その業務に関して知ることができた人の秘密を漏らしたときは、六月以下の懲役又は十万円以下の罰金に処する。
• In cases where a person who is or was a registered foreign lawyer divulges, without justifiable grounds, another person's secrecy which has come to his/her knowledge in the course of his/her practice, he/she shall be punished by imprisonment with work for not more than six months or a fine not more than 100,000 yen.

• 鉄道線路は、道路法（昭和二十七年法律第百八十号）による道路に敷設してはならない。ただし、やむを得ない理由がある場合において、国土交通大臣の許可を受けたときは、この限りでない。
• Railway tracks shall not be laid on roads prescribed by the Road Act (Act No. 180 of 1952), provided, however, that this shall not apply if the permission of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is obtained in the cases there is a compelling reason.

• その後、軍国主義が激しさを増すと、天皇家を多く題材とした能には厳しい目が注がれるようになり、1939年（昭和14年）、警視庁保安課は不敬を理由に「大原御幸」を上演禁止とした。
• With militarism gaining momentum, Noh came under scrutiny since many of its stories featured the Imperial family and the Safety Division of the Metropolitan Police Department banned in 1939 the performance of 'Ohara Goko' on the grounds of irreverence for the Emperor.

• 戦いの後、宇喜多秀家など13人は、立地上突出している蔚山・順天・梁山の三城を援軍の困難さを理由として放棄する案を豊臣秀吉に上申しているが、秀吉はこれを却下し上申者を叱責した。
• After this battle, thirteen commanders including Hideie UKITA submitted a proposal to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI on their plan to give up three castles, Ulsan, Suncheon, and Yangsan, located in projecting positions, because of the difficulty in sending a rescue force, but Hideyoshi rejected this proposal and scolded those who made the proposal.

• ただし、極端な場合には持ち合わせの財産が債権額に達しないことを理由として一般的には差し押さえの対象にはならないと考えられていたウシやウマ、妻子などを差し押さえる場合もあった。
• In extreme cases, however, cows, horses, wives and children, not considered to be subject to seizure in general, were occasionally attached for the alleged reason that the property on hand of a debtor was short of the amount of credit.

• しかし、現地での実際においては、地頭は風水害など様々な理由をつけ、年貢を押領することも多く、領主との紛争は訴訟だけでは解決できず、訴訟の結果も実効性を持たないことも多かった。
• At local shoen, however, jito often embezzled nengu on the pretext of natural disasters etc. and many of these disputes couldn't be resolved through litigations alone or the results of litigations were virtually ineffective.

• むしろ、実際の禁止理由は日清戦争・日露戦争で酒税の大増税を繰り返した際にその負担に耐え切れないとする醸造業者に増税を許容してもらうための一種の保護策であったと考えられている。
• Rather, it is believed that this prohibition was actually a kind of protection measures for brewers who insisted that they were overburdened by the repeated large hikes in liquor tax during the Sino-Japanese War/the Russo-Japanese War in order to make them accept the tax increases.

• ただし、いわゆる源氏長者とは別に、意図的に政治的な理由からこのような概念が生まれたととらえることはできるものの、実際、源氏の嫡流という地位や名分があったかどうかは不明である。
• However, aside from the so-called chief of the Minamoto clan, while one can treat this concept as something that was created intentionally out of political reasons, it is not clear if the status of or justification for the concept of the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan actually existed.

• 釜山倭館に来航した対馬藩家老は1867年、明治新政府の成立を興宣大院君政権に通告したが、朝鮮側は日本の新しい主権者が「皇上」と名乗っていることを理由に国書の受け取りを拒否した。
• In 1867, a Karo (chief retainer) of the Tsushima clan who visited Busan Wakan notified the Heungseon Daewongun administration that the new Meiji government had been established, but the Korean government rejected receipt of the Japanese sovereign's message, saying Japan's new sovereign identified himself as 'Emperor.'

• 756年5月の聖武天皇崩御の際、天皇の遺詔により子の道祖王が皇太子に立てられるが、翌757年品行不良を理由に皇太子を解かれ、同年7月橘奈良麻呂の乱に加担したとして拷問され獄死。
• Although his son, the Prince Funado became the Crown Prince by the Emperor Shomu's will when the Emperor died, he was demoted from the Crown Prince due to his bad behavior in 757, then he was tortured and died in prison on the accusation of the involvement in the revolt of TACHIBANA no Naramaro in July of the same year.

• 弘仁3年6月最澄の病気により比叡山総別当に任じられるが、山内の紛争（泰範は自身の不都合により衆僧に迷惑をかけた」という理由で最澄に休暇を願い出ている）により近江国髙島に隠遁した。
• In July and August 812, as a result of Saicho having fallen ill, he was appointed the head priest of all of Mt. Hiei, but internal strife among the clergy of the mountain (Taihan irritated the clergy with his personal inconveniences, so he asked Saicho for a leave of absence, and permission to depart from the mountain) caused him to seclude himself from the world on Takashima island in Omi Province.

• 人々が奉公や結婚その他の理由で他の土地に移る場合には、移動するものの年齢・性別・所属・宗旨などを記載して村役人の送一札とともに移転先にある新たな檀家寺に送付して移転の手続とした。
• When a person moved to a different place due to service, marriage or other reasons, the person's age, sex, the temple he or she belonged to and religious Doctrine were entered in the Terauke shomon and sent to the new danka temple along with the Okuri issatsu (expository writing) made by village officers as a procedure for relocation.

• 経済産業大臣、日本電気計器検定所又は指定校正機関は、特定標準器による校正等を行うことを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を除き、特定標準器による校正等を行わなければならない。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation or a designated calibration organization shall, when requested to perform calibration, etc. of measuring instruments, perform calibration, etc. using specified standard instrument unless there are justifiable grounds for refusing to do so.

• 調査が規制されていることに関して、英語圏のメディアにおいては、宮内庁が陵墓指定古墳の調査を認めない理由は天皇家が朝鮮半島出身である証拠を公けにしたくないからであるとする説がある。
• Mass media in English-speaking countries say that the Imperial Household Agency refuses investigations of kofun designated as Imperial mausoleums because the Imperial Family are trying to hide evidence showing that they are originally from the Korean Peninsula.

• 鎌倉幕府が六波羅に六波羅探題を設置したのも、平家滅亡後に、京都における北条氏の邸宅が置かれていたこともあるが、検断権を巡る検非違使との直接的な衝突を避けたことも理由に挙げられる。
• This was because the Kamakura bakufu established the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency) in Rokuhara and because the Kyoto residence of the Hojo clan was established after the defeat of the Taira clan, but the avoidance of direct conflict with kebiishi over the right to judge criminal cases is also given as a reason.

• 逆に尼寺（女性出家者の施設）は（女性出家者を性暴力などの被害から守る理由で）もともと僧寺（男性出家者の施設）に付属する施設と規定されており、そのため男性を厳格には排除しづらかった。
• On the contrary, nunneries (facilities for priestesses) were originally specified as facilities attached to temples with a resident priest (facilities for priests) (for the purpose of protecting the priestess from sexual violence) so that it was difficult to remove men on a strict basis.

• そのため、上述した事実から「この酒米の種類では大吟醸はできない」といった議論がなされることがあるが、上記のような理由から、それは必ずしもその酒米の良し悪しを序列化するものではない。
• Therefore, given the above facts it is sometimes said that 'Daiginjo can't be produced from this variety of sakamai,' but given the above-described reasons their quality isn't graded as sakamai.

• 本願章では、第十八願において、法蔵菩薩は一切の余行を選捨して、念仏一行を選取されたといい、その理由は称名念仏こそが、最も勝れ、また最も修めやすい勝易具足の行法だからであると説いた。
• Hongansho states that Dharmakara Bodhisattva selected nenbutsu (Buddhist invocation) as the only practice and abandoned the rest in the Eighteenth Original Vow, because invocation of the Buddha's Name is the best, the easiest to achieve, and complete practice.

• これについて銕之丞は、観阿弥・世阿弥・金春禅竹らによって猿楽が集大成された室町期は戦乱の時代であり、死が人々にとって極めて身近なものであったことを、こうした構造の理由に挙げている。
• Tetsunojo has attributed the reason for this structure to the fact that Sarugaku (literally 'monkey music,' a form of Japanese theatre performing art resembling a circus, that was popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries) was compiled by Kan-ami, Zeami, Zenchiku KOMPARU, et al during the Muromachi period, a chaotic war period during which death was extremely close by.

• 国立天文台では2001年から、「新暦7月7日はたいてい梅雨のさなかでなかなか星も見られない」という理由で、旧暦7月7日を「伝統的七夕」と呼び、その日の新暦での日付を広く報じている。
• From 2001, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan started to call July 7 of the old calendar as 'traditional tanabata' and announced the date of the new calendar day that coincides with it on the grounds that stars are often invisible since July 7 of the new calendar falls in the midst of the rainy season.

• 農林水産大臣は、前項の規定により品種登録出願について拒絶しようとするときは、その出願者に対し、拒絶の理由を通知し、相当の期間を指定して、意見書を提出する機会を与えなければならない。
• When the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries intends to reject an application for variety registration pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1) of this Article, he/she shall notify the applicant of the reason for the rejection and give him/her an opportunity to submit a written opinion of his/her arguments, designating a reasonable period of time.

• そして皮肉なことに越後の青苧が江戸時代元禄年間に没落した最大の理由は上杉氏の移封とともに青苧栽培技術が伝来された会津藩・米沢藩両藩産の青苧との競争に敗北した影響が大きかったという。
• And ironically, the aoso in Echigo Province is said to have gotten the finishing stroke during the Genroku era (A.D. 1688 - 1704) of the Edo period in the loss of the competition over aoso with the Aizu domain and the Yonezawa domain, into which the cultivation techniques of aoso were introduced when the Uesugi clan had its territory changed.

• こうした井伊の強権的手法には反撥が相次ぎ、徳川斉昭・徳川慶勝（尾張藩主）・松平慶永らは抗議のため登城するが、無断で登城したことを理由に逆に井伊によって謹慎処分を受けることとなった。
• The decisive actions of Ii, provoked a stream of criticism, including action taken by Nariaki TOKUGAWA (the lord of the Mito clan) and Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the lord of the Owari clan), who went to Edo-jo Castle to protest, but they were in fact punished by II for not gaining permission to enter the castle beforehand.

• 第二十三条、第二十四条、第三十三条第一項及び第三十五条の規定は当事者訴訟について、第二十三条の二の規定は当事者訴訟における処分又は裁決の理由を明らかにする資料の提出について準用する。
• The provisions of Article 23, Article 24, Article 33, paragraph (1), and Article 35 shall apply mutatis mutandis to public law-related actions, and the provision of Article 23-2 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the submission of materials that clarify the grounds for the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal in a public law-related action.

• 行宮（あんぐう（かりみや））とは、皇帝もしくは天皇の、行幸時あるいは、政変などの理由で御所を失陥しているなどといった場合、一時的な宮殿として建設あるいは使用された施設の事を言われる。
• Angu (also called karimiya) refers to facilities built or used as a temporary palace in situations such as when an emperor pays a visit somewhere, or the imperial palace falls because of a political change and so on.

• しかしながら江戸時代には贅沢を禁止したお触れが度々発令されており（武家や町人を対象にした「女中衣類直段之定」は寛文3年発令）、贅沢品の取締りから逃れるためという理由もあったといえる。
• However, in view of the fact instructions prohibiting extravagance were often issued during the Edo period ('Jochu irui jikidan no sadame,' which targeted samurai and chonin or town people, was issued during the third year of the Kanbun era), it may be said that these types of products were produced in order to evade the crackdown on luxury goods.

• また、福岡県久留米市でも、8世紀以前の曲水の宴の跡とされるものが発掘されており、筑紫の君磐井が「天皇の命に従わず、礼無きことが多かった」と非難された理由の一つであるという見解もある。
• In Kurume City, Fukuoka Prefecture, the remains of what seems to be a location where Kyokusui no en was held before the eighth century was excavated, and there is a view that this is one of the reasons why Iwai, King of Tsukushi was blamed for 'his rudeness and disobedience to the Emperor.'

• 前項の規定により却下しようとするときは、手続をした者に対し、その理由を通知し、相当の期間を指定して、弁明を記載した書面（以下「弁明書」という。）を提出する機会を与えなければならない。
• Where the Commissioner of the Patent Office intends to dismiss a procedure under the preceding paragraph, he/she shall notify the person who undertook the procedure of the reasons therefor and give the said person an opportunity to submit a document stating an explanation (hereinafter referred to as a 'statement of explanation'), designating an adequate time limit.

• 第九項の場合において、同項の期間内に異議の申出がないとき又は異議の申出に理由がないときは、都道府県知事は、第八項の申請に係る者に対し、第一項の指示に従うべきことを命ずることができる。
• In the case of paragraph (9), if the objection is not offered within the period of the same paragraph or if there is no reason in the offer of the objection, the Governor concerned may issue an order to follow the instruction of paragraph (1) to the person pertaining to the application of paragraph (8).

• が、前項で記されている長岡京での騒動が原因のひとつとして、再び遷都された理由により、新京では悪いことが起こらず「平安」（訓読みは「たいら」）であって欲しいという意味が込められている。
• However, since the turmoil of the Nagaoka-Kyo, previously mentioned, was one of reasons for relocation, they wished the name to have 'Heian' (Kun-yomi 'Taira') (peace and tranquility) to avoid the new capital having any bad luck.

• クビライは予め「風濤の険阻を以って辞となすなかれ」と日本側への国書の手交を厳命していたが、その「風濤の険阻」を理由に使者の両名は渡海もせず引き返してきたことに憤慨してこれを却下した。
• Kublai had ordered them strictly to deliver the imperial letter to Japan and 'not to give up for a reason attributable to bad weather,' and thus, when both envoys returned without crossing the sea due to the reason of 'bad weather,' he got upset and did not accept it.

• ただし皇太子の負傷に関しては、皇帝も皇太子も日本の迅速な処置や謝罪に対して寛容な態度を示しており、日本がこの問題を無事解決できた理由の一つにロシアの友好的な姿勢があることは疑いない。
• As for the injury of Nicholas, the Russian Emperor had a forgiving attitude following Japan's prompt actions and apology, and there is no doubt that this warm attitude of Russia helped Japan solve this difficult problem.

• さらには国道9号、京都縦貫自動車道園部I.C.、国道372号、国道477号といった主要幹線道路から近く、他のダムと比較して道路整備が進んでいることも近隣都市部から人気のある理由である。
• This dam is also popular with people in neighboring cities, because its access roads are maintained in a better condition than other dams, and it is close to major arterial roads such as Sonobe Interchange of National Route 9, Kyoto Longitudinal Expressway, National Route 372, and National Route 477.

• 第二十四条第一項の規定に違反して財務諸表等を備えて置かず、財務諸表等に記載すべき事項を記載せず、若しくは虚偽の記載をし、又は正当な理由がないのに同条第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだ者
• a person who fails to keep financial statements, etc. in violation of the provisions of Article 24, paragraph (1), who fails to state the necessary matters in the financial statements, etc., or who makes a false statement, or refuses a request as described in each item of Article 24, paragraph (2) without just cause.

• 第三十七条第一項の規定に違反して財務諸表等を備えて置かず、財務諸表等に記載すべき事項を記載せず、若しくは虚偽の記載をし、又は正当な理由がないのに同条第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだ者
• A person who has failed to retain Financial Statements, etc., who has failed to state the necessary matters in the Financial Statements, etc., has made false statements or who has, without justifiable grounds, refused a request made under the items of paragraph (2) of the same Article, in violation of Article 37, paragraph (1).

• 後に浪士の助命を願わなかった理由を問われた公辨法親王は「本懐を遂げた浪士を生き永らえさせて世俗の塵に汚すよりも、切腹させることによって尽忠の志を後世に残すべきである」と答えたといわれる。
• When asked the reason why he didn't appeal for mercy, Cloistered Imperial Prince Koben said 'Since they achieved their aim, it is better for them to bequeath the lesson of their honor by committing seppuku rather than to live on polluted by the dirt of vulgarity.'

• 請求人が法律の規定に従つて代理されなかつたことを理由として再審を請求するときは、第一項に規定する期間は、請求人又はその法定代理人が送達により審決があつたことを知つた日の翌日から起算する。
• Where a request for a retrial is filed on the ground that the demandant was not represented in accordance with the applicable legal provisions, the time limit as provided in paragraph (1) shall be counted from the day following the date on which, by being served a copy of the trial decision, the demandant or his statutory representative became aware that the trial decision had been rendered.

• 経済産業大臣は、製錬事業者が正当な理由がないのに、経済産業省令で定める期間内にその事業を開始せず、又は引き続き一年以上その事業を休止したときは、第三条第一項の指定を取り消すことができる。
• When a licensee of refining activity fails to commence his/her activity within the period provided for in the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (hereinafter referred to as 'Ordinance of METI'), or suspends his/her activity for more than one year continuously, without justifiable grounds, the Minister of METI may rescind the designation set forth in Article 3 (1).

• 第十七条の九第一項の規定に違反して財務諸表等を備えて置かず、財務諸表等に記載すべき事項を記載せず、若しくは虚偽の記載をし、又は正当な理由がないのに同条第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだ者
• A person who fails to prepare Financial Statements, etc., fails to record necessary items or makes mendacious records in Financial Statements, etc. contravening the provisions of paragraph (1) of Article 17-9 or a person who refuses the request prescribed in paragraph (2) of the same Article without a justifiable cause.

• 天正13年（1585年）には甲斐へ着陣して昌幸に沼田領の北条氏への引き渡しを求めるが、昌幸は徳川氏から与えられた領地ではないことを理由にして拒否し、さらに敵対関係にあった上杉氏と通じた。
• In 1585, Ieyasu arrived at an encampment in Kai and requested that Masayuki hand over Numata territory to the Hojo clan, but Masasuke rejected the request on the grounds that the territory was not given by the Tokugawa clan, and communicated with the Uesugi clan who was in a hostile relationship with him.

• そうした理由から、配役では比較的軽い役どころが多く恵まれなかったが、それでも『矢の根』の曾我時致、『壷阪霊験記』の澤市、『娘道成寺』の押戻、『傾城反魂香』（吃又）の又平などは優れていた。
• He was therefore cast in many relatively small roles, but despite this he gave excellent performances as Tokimune SOGA in 'Ya no Ne,' Sawaichi in 'Tsubosaka Reigenki,' Oshi Modoshi in 'Musume Dojoji' and Matahei in 'Keisei Hangonko' ('Domo Mata').

• 明治時代以降、国民食として短期間に全国に広まった最大の理由は、帝国陸海軍の隊内食・戦闘食の副食として採用されたため、兵役終了後の元兵士達により、その味が全国の家庭に持ち帰られ、浸透した。
• The most reason why fukujinzuke had become popular nationwide rapidly from the Meiji period as a national food, is that fukujinzuke was introduced by the Imperial Army and Navy as a subsidiary food for rations in barracks and combat, and the retired soldiers brought the taste of fukujinzuke back to their homes, then spread.

• その理由として、幕末以降、西欧に流出して評価が高まった日本の絵画が従来の西洋の絵画と区別して「日本画」と呼称されるようになった事に対応して、西洋の刀剣に対して日本刀という呼び方が定着した。
• This is because paintings from Japan increased their reputation being exported to Western countries after the end of Edo period, started to be called 'Japanese paintings' to distinguish them from the traditional Western paintings, and likewise, the term Japanese sword in contrast to Western swords became established.

• 特許無効審判を請求する場合における前項第三号に掲げる請求の理由は、特許を無効にする根拠となる事実を具体的に特定し、かつ、立証を要する事実ごとに証拠との関係を記載したものでなければならない。
• When a request for a trial for patent invalidation is filed, the facts on which the invalidation of the patent is based shall be specified in concrete terms, and the relationship of each fact that is required to be proved with the relevant evidence shall be stated in the grounds for the request as provided in item (iii) of the preceding paragraph.

• 前二項の規定による告発に係る事件について公訴を提起しない処分をしたときは、検事総長は、遅滞なく、法務大臣を経由して、その旨及びその理由を、文書をもつて内閣総理大臣に報告しなければならない。
• The Prosecutor General shall, where he or she has made measures not to prosecute a case which is the subject of an accusation under the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, report in writing on the said fact and the reasons therefor to the Prime Minister through the Minister of Justice without delay.

• 主務大臣は、原子炉設置者が正当な理由がないのに、主務省令で定める期間内に原子炉の運転を開始せず、又は引き続き一年以上その運転を休止したときは、第二十三条第一項の許可を取り消すことができる。
• When a licensee of reactor operation fails to commence operation of his/her reactors within the period provided for in the Ordinance of the competent ministry, or suspends operation for more than one year continuously, without a justifiable reason, the competent minister may rescind the permission set forth in Article 23 (1).

• 経済産業大臣は、加工事業者が正当な理由がないのに、経済産業省令で定める期間内にその事業を開始せず、又は引き続き一年以上その事業を休止したときは、第十三条第一項の許可を取り消すことができる。
• When a licensee of fabricating or enrichment activity fails to commence his/her activity within the period provided for in the Ordinance of METI, or suspends his/her activity for more than one year continuously, without a justifiable grounds, the Minister of METI may rescind the permission set forth in Article 13 (1).

• 内閣総理大臣は、第一項又は第二項の規定による指示を受けた者が、正当な理由がなくてその指示に係る措置をとらなかつたときは、その者に対し、その指示に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• When a Manufacturer, etc. who was instructed as provided for by the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) does not take the measures pertaining to such instruction without justifiable causes, the Prime Minister may order such Manufacturer, etc. to take the measures pertaining to such instruction.

• しかし西園寺は日露戦争を要因とした財政難や国際関係の問題などを理由に拒否した為、上原は軍部大臣現役武官制を利用して西園寺内閣を内閣総辞職へ追い込み、陸軍主導の内閣を成立させようと画策した。
• However, SAIONJI's refusal on grounds of fiscal problems stemming from the Russo-Japanese War and of issues of international relations led to UEHARA driving the Saionji administration to mass resignation by taking advantage of the law requiring that the military-related ministers to be named from among active-duty military officers in order to form an army-led administration.

• かつては合同酒精（現・オエノンホールディングス）が「局方ハチブドウ酒」として製造していたものの、薬価改定等の理由によって1982年(昭和57年)に製造中止となり長らく空白状態が続いていた。
• Godo Shusei Co., Ltd. (present Oenon Holdings, Inc.) used to produce wine as 'Kyokuho Hachi Budoshu,' but production was discontinued in 1982 due to drug price revision and so on and there has been a long blank period.

• 処分の取消しの訴えとその処分についての審査請求を棄却した裁決の取消しの訴えとを提起することができる場合には、裁決の取消しの訴えにおいては、処分の違法を理由として取消しを求めることができない。
• Where both an action for the revocation of the original administrative disposition and an action for the revocation of an administrative disposition on appeal that has dismissed a request for an administrative review of the original administrative disposition may be filed, it shall not be allowed to seek the revocation of the original administrative disposition on the grounds of illegality thereof in an action for the revocation of an administrative disposition on appeal.

• 「日本徴兵保険会社では最近のビル飢饉時代に建物に比較して広大な敷地を遊ばしておくのは土一升、金一升の場所から惜しいところでもあり、不経済であるとの理由で建物の取毀しを決定したともいはれる。」
• It is said that Japan Conscription Insurance Company decided to destroy the building because it was a waste and bad economy to let a lot, which was large relative to the building, sit idle in the period, in which there is a dearth of buildings and a sho (a unit of volume that is equivalent to approximately 1.8 liters) of soil is worth a sho of gold.'

• イギリスでは、日本のように防音施設が整った個室型のカラオケボックスがまだあまり広まっておらず、カラオケが設置されているパブで音痴の人や酔っぱらいの歌声が“騒音”被害を招いているとの理由から。
• The reason for the result is that the singing voice of a tone deaf singer or a drunk in pubs with karaoke causes noise pollution, for karaoke boxes with soundproof compartments as often seen in Japan are not common in the Britain.

• 特許法第四十七条第二項（審査官の資格）、第四十八条（審査官の除斥）、第五十条（拒絶理由の通知）、第五十二条（査定の方式）及び第五十四条（訴訟との関係）の規定は、意匠登録出願の審査に準用する。
• Articles 47(2) (qualifications of examiners), 48 (exclusion of examiners), 50 (notice of reasons for refusal), 52 (formal requirements for decision) and 54 (in relation to litigation) of the Patent Act shall apply mutatis mutandis to examination of applications of design registration.

• その一方で頼朝は、源義広 (志田三郎先生)が上洛したこと、義仲が平氏追討をせず国政を混乱させていることを理由に、義仲に勧賞を与えたことを「太だ謂はれなし」と抗議した（『玉葉』10月9日条）。
• On the other hand, Yoritomo protested Yoshinaka's having been given praise and encouragement as 'totally irrational,' giving reasons that MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (SHIDA Saburo Senjo) had gone to the capital and that Yoshinaka had disrupted the national administration, instead of searching for and killing the Taira clan ('Gyokuyo,' entry of November 2).

• 更に秀吉は実子の不在を理由に新天皇の弟八条宮智仁親王を猶子とし、将来的には正式な豊臣氏の養子として関白を譲る意向である事を天正16年（1588年）の聚楽第行幸の際に後陽成天皇に奏上している。
• Hideyoshi further adopted the new Emperor's younger brother, Imperial Prince Toshihito HACHIJONOMIYA, since he had no biological child, and he reported to the Emperor during the Imperial visit to Jurakudai (Hideyoshi's palace and office in Kyoto) in 1588 that he would officially adopt the prince as a son of the Toyotomi clan and hand over the position of Kanpaku to him in the future.

• 同裁判は最高裁判所にまで持ち込まれ、1989年12月14日に「製造理由の如何を問わず、自家生産の禁止は、税収確保の見地より行政の裁量内にある」として、酒税法の合憲判断と前田の有罪判決が出た。
• The case went to the Supreme Court, and on December 14, 1989, it was decided that 'whatever the production reason may be, the prohibition of in-house production is under administrative discretion in order to secure tax revenue,' and Maeda was convicted as the constitutionality of the Liquor Tax Act was confirmed.

• 大きな物が生まれた理由として、引くという形式から巨大なものが運行可能であるということ、依り代としてより目立つ背の高いものが用いられた名残、氏子同士の風流としての競い合いの結果などがあげられる。
• The appearance of such huge Dashi could be attributed to more effective pulling methods making it possible to move such enormous objects, to the preference of yorishiro for taller, more attractive Dashi, and contest among shrine parishioners to produce elegant Dashi.

• 武士・公家の家督や棟梁、氏長者といったものを相続していた当主が亡くなり、謀反防止のためなどの理由で出家していた子弟・縁者などが相続して家名存続させる目的のものもあるなど、背景はさまざまである。
• There are a variety of reasons why someone may have chosen to return to secular life; for example, if a son or relative of a family head became a monk in order to prevent a rebellion against the head of the family or for some other reason, he might have decided to return to secular life in the event of the death of the family head in order to continue the family name if the family head had succeeded to the position of samurai, court noble, master builder, or clan chieftain.

• 審判長は、前項の規定により当事者又は参加人が申し立てない理由について審理したときは、その審理の結果を当事者及び参加人に通知し、相当の期間を指定して、意見を申し立てる機会を与えなければならない。
• Where any grounds not pleaded by a party or intervenor has been examined under the preceding paragraph, the chief trial examiner shall notify the parties and the intervenor(s) of the result thereof and give such persons an opportunity to present opinions, designating an adequate time limit.

• 経済産業大臣は、再処理事業者が正当な理由がないのに、経済産業省令で定める期間内にその事業を開始せず、又は引き続き一年以上その事業を休止したときは、第四十四条第一項の指定を取り消すことができる。
• When a licensee of reprocessing activity fails to commence his/her activity within the period provided for in the Ordinance of METI, or suspends his/her activity for more than one year continuously, without a justifiable grounds, the Minister of METI may rescind the designation set forth in Article 44 (1).

• 弁理士若しくは特許業務法人の使用人その他の従業者又はこれらの者であった者は、正当な理由がなく、第四条から第六条の二までの業務を補助したことについて知り得た秘密を漏らし、又は盗用してはならない。
• An employee or other worker of a patent attorney or a patent professional corporation, or a person who previously was in such a position shall not divulge or misappropriate any secret which he/she came to know in providing assistance for the business set forth in Articles 4 to 6-2 without any justifiable grounds.

• 死刑執行人は被差別民として扱われていた国が多く、就業や婚姻において強い差別を受けていたため、特定の一族以外が死刑執行人の職に就くことを妨げられていたことが世襲が常態化した理由だと言われている。
• In many countries an executioner was victimized by society and strongly discriminated against in terms of jobs or marriage; therefore the role of executioner was usually limited to a specific social group or clan, and it is said that this is a reason for normalizing heredity.

• 敷地の一部が朱雀大路跡地にかかっているため、奈良市が約24億円を投じて移転用地を確保したものの、2000年1月に同社から業績の悪化を理由に移転断念の申し入れがあり、翌2月に移転断念が決まった。
• Since part of its premises is on the Suzaku-oji Street Site, Nara City spent about 2.4 billion yen to secure a relocation site, but in January, 2000, Sekisui Chemical suggested abandoning the relocation plan due to a decrease in its profit, whose decision was finalized in February, 2001.

• この問題はすなわち討ち入り後、泉岳寺にある長矩の墓に行くまでに突然姿を消した足軽寺坂吉右衛門が、逃亡者であるのか、それとも何らかの理由で同志達の許可を得たうえで離れた者であるのかの問題である。
• Effectively, the issue is whether the foot soldier Kichiemon TERASAKA who suddenly disappeared after a raid on the way to visit Naganori's grave in Sengaku-ji Temple, was a deserter or left his fellow soldiers with their permission for some reason.

• 法務大臣は、前項の勧告を受けた認証紛争解決事業者が、正当な理由がなく、その勧告に係る措置をとらなかったときは、当該認証紛争解決事業者に対し、その勧告に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• If the certified dispute resolution business operator to which a recommendation was issued in accordance with the preceding paragraph fails to take such measures as required in the recommendation without justifiable reason, the Minister of Justice may order the certified dispute resolution business operator to take such measures as required in the recommendation.

• 関東をはじめ関西以外ではこの風習は希であり、女紋という文化のないところでは婚姻に際し、習慣の違いからしばしば難色を示される場合もあるという（嫁いだのであるから当家の家紋を用いるべきという理由）。
• In regions like Kanto, except for Kansai, this custom is seldom seen so, that in places that do not practice the custom of Onnnamon, some families show disapproval of marriage because of custom differences (they insist that a bride should use her husband's family's Kamon).

• 経済産業大臣は、廃棄事業者が正当な理由がないのに、経済産業省令で定める期間内にその事業を開始せず、又は引き続き一年以上その事業を休止したときは、第五十一条の二第一項の許可を取り消すことができる。
• When a licensee of radioactive waste disposal or storage fails to commence his/her activity within the period provided for in the Ordinance of METI, or suspends his/her activity for more than one year continuously, without a justifiable grounds, the Minister of METI may rescind the permission set forth in Article 51-2 (1).

• 特許庁長官は、前項第一号から第五号までに掲げる書類、ひな形又は見本について、同項本文の請求を認めるときは、当該書類、ひな形又は見本を提出した者に対し、その旨及びその理由を通知しなければならない。
• Where the Commissioner of the Patent Office approves of the request under the main clause of the preceding paragraph with regard to the documents, model or specimen as provided in items (i) to (v) of the said paragraph, the Commissioner of the Patent Office shall notify the person who submitted the said documents, model or specimen thereof and reasons therefor.

• 日本弁護士連合会は、前項の規定により登録又は登録換えを拒絶する場合には、登録又は登録換えを請求した者及びこれを進達した弁護士会に、速やかに、その旨及びその理由を書面により通知しなければならない。
• If the Japan Federation of Bar Associations refuses registration or transfer of registration pursuant to the preceding paragraph, it shall promptly give written notice to the person who has requested the registration or transfer of registration and to the bar association which transmitted the request, of that fact and the reasons therefor.

• それほど多いものではないという理由は、当時必要とされた武力は、京の治安維持、要人の護衛、受領として赴任する際に引き連れ、在庁官人を押さえる程度のものであり、大規模な争乱などほとんど無かったこと。
• The reason why it might not be as big was because military power required at that time was for sustaining the peace of Kyoto, guard a person upon request, followed as a retainer when one left a post due to zuryo, and arrest the Zaichokanjin (the local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods), but there was hardly any turmoil.

• 但し現在では、利休の高弟であることを理由に宗二の茶を利休のそれと安易に同一視してきたことへの疑念が持ち上がっており、利休関係の同時代資料との比較を基にした両者の質的差異の究明も課題となっている。
• At present, however, it is questioned whether it is appropriate to simply equate the Way of Tea practiced by Soji with that of Rikyu only because he was a highly regarded disciple of Rikyu, and qualitative difference of the two by comparing the book with its contemporary materials on Rikyu has emerged as a new subject to be explored.

• これは、修法の会得をしようとせず、経典を写して文字の表面上だけで密教を理解しようとする最澄に対して諌めたもので、空海は密教では経典だけではなく修行法や面授口伝を尊ぶことを理由に借経を断ったという。
• This was a admonition to Saicho, who tried to understand Esoteric Buddhism superficially by making a handwritten copy of Sutra, not mastering the method in esoteric Buddhism; Kukai declined to lend the scriptures insisting that Esoteric Buddhism laid importance not only on scriptures but on ascetic practices and Face to Face Transmission.

• 第百七条第一項の規定により適用される土地収用法の規定による土地の使用又は収用に関する裁決についての裁定の申請においては、損失の補償についての不服をその裁決についての不服の理由とすることができない。
• As for the application for ruling on determinations concerning the use or expropriation of land pursuant to the provision of the Compulsory Purchase of Land Act that is applied in accordance with the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 107, any objection against compensation for loss shall not be the reason for the objection against the determination.

• また、特殊な例としては鹿児島県の川内市が宮城県の仙台市と同音の「せんだい」であったことから合併に際して旧国名を冠し薩摩川内市となった事例がある（周辺自治体が編入合併のイメージを嫌ったことも理由）。
• As a special example, there is a case in which Sendai City in Kagoshima Prefecture became Satsumasendai City by attaching the old provincial name of Satsuma to Sendai which was homophony of Sendai City in Miyagi Prefecture although the Chinese characters that make up the word is different from that of Sendai in Miyagi Prefecture; this city name was created at the time of merger (the nearby local governments disliked the image of incorporated merger and this was one reason why Sendai City became Satsumasendai City).

• 王政復古（おうせいふっこ, restoration）は、かつて君主によって統治されていた国家において、一度はクーデターや内戦などによって廃止された君主制が、何等かの理由によって復活することである。
• 'Oseifukko' refers to a country once ruled by a monarch before the monarchy was abolished by coups or civil wars, but then restored its monarchy for some reason.

• 付加価値を付けることで販売単価を上げて売上高を増やす営業政策上の理由と伺えるが、反面、定番の白い越中褌を買い求める常連客の足が遠のき、「クラシックパンツ」が一過性のブームに終わりそうな懸念がある。
• It can be gathered that this is the reason on the business policy to raise the selling unit price to increase the net sales by creating added value, but on the other hand, it is feared that the regular customers who would purchase the standard white Ecchu fundoshi begin to keep away from the shops, and that 'Classic Pants' is likely to end in a quickly passing craze

• 美貌を売り物にする女形役者がこうした役をつとめると、ふてぶてしい極悪人であることを観客に納得させることが容易ではなく、舞台演出が困難になってしまうことが配慮されていることもそのひとつの理由である。
• One of the reasons that those roles are not acted by onnagata actors, who are famous for their beauty, is that it is difficult to convince audience that they are villains, which will make it difficult to produce a drama.

• 1864年には、禁門の変を理由に長州征伐の兵を挙げた幕府が、その時の軍服を西洋式にすることを決め、小伝馬町の商人である守田治兵衛が2000人分の軍服の製作を引き受け、試行錯誤しながらも作り上げた。
• In 1864 when the Edo bakufu raised the army of the punitive expedition of Choshu Domain on the pretext of the skirmish at the Kinmon Gate, the bakufu decided to make a Western style military uniform for the army, and a merchant Jihei MORITA in Kodenmacho in Edo undertook the order and managed to tailor 2,000 military uniforms by trial and error.

• その理由として、戦国期においては鎧武者による射撃に適さないことや鉄砲狭間からの射掛けにおいて邪魔であるという用兵上の事情、泰平期においては流儀による形態・射法の継承による硬直化等が指摘されている。
• As for the reason, it is pointed out that it was not appropriate for armored warriors to shoot during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), that it was cumbersome to shoot from gun crenels in tactics, and during peaceful periods the form and style of shooting was inherited through tradition and were rigidified.

• 江戸時代、当時の摂家最大の実力者とされていた近衛基熙が本来は摂関家全てに即位灌頂の礼式が伝わっている事、先代当主の二条光平の早世で礼式が絶えたことを理由に二条家の独占を継続すべきではないと唱えた。
• During the Edo period, Motohiro KONOE, who was at the time considered to be the most powerful among the sekke families, argued that the Nijo Family should not continue the dominant position in the accession to the throne out of the following two reasons: one being that the code of etiquette for accession should originally come down to all the sekke families, and the other being that the previous family head, Mitsuhira NIJO, had died young, and therefore the code of etiquette had terminated.

• 保存される経緯に、城主がそのまま所有者となったため保存されることになった犬山城天守や、民間（個人）では解体工事かかる費用が払えないという理由で残ったといわれる姫路城の建造物群のような事例は稀である。
• Inuyama-jo Castle keep came to be conserved because the castellan continued to be the owner of the castle, and the buildings in Himeji-jo Castle were said to be left unharmed because the private sector (individual) was not able to pay expenses for demolition work; these were rare examples.

• 第三十六条の二第二項の外国語書面出願の出願人が、誤訳の訂正を目的として、前項の規定により明細書、特許請求の範囲又は図面について補正をするときは、その理由を記載した誤訳訂正書を提出しなければならない。
• Where an applicant of a foreign language written application as provided in Article 36-2(2) amends the description, scope of claims or drawings under the preceding paragraph for the purpose of correcting an incorrect translation, the applicant shall submit the statement of correction of the incorrect translation, stating the grounds thereof.

• もともと近年クウェート政界ではサリーム系王族よりもジャービル系王族の方が優位に立ちつつあったが、サアドの即位にあたって、ジャービル系王族を中心に、執務不可能を理由にサアドに退位を求める声があがった。
• In recent years, in the Kuwait political field, Jabir line royal family members had superiority over Salim line members, and upon Saad's ascension, there was a voice mainly from the Jabir line royal family members for Saad to abdicate because of his not being able to execute his duties.

• 1933年4月、内務省 (日本)は滝川の著書『刑法講義』『刑法読本』に対し、その中の内乱罪、姦通罪に関する見解（後者については妻にだけ適用されることを批判した）などを理由として発売禁止処分を下した。
• The Ministry of Internal Affairs (Japan) ruled in April 1933 that Takigawa's books 'Keiho Kogi' and 'Keiho Dokuhon' were not allowed to be for sale because of his stance on insurrection crimes and adultery (which he criticized because it was only applicable to the wife).

• 1864年（元治元年）には藩主父子の赦免などを求めて京へ軍事的に進行する禁門の変が起こると、朝廷は長州藩が京都御所へ向かって発砲を行ったことを理由に長州を朝敵とし、幕府に対して長州征討の勅命を下す。
• When the Kinmon no Hen (Conspiracy of Kinmon) occurred in 1864, in which the Choshu clan advanced its army toward Kyoto in order to ask for the Imperial Court's pardon for its lord and his son, the Imperial Court branded the Choshu clan as the Emperor's enemy for the reason that its soldiers fired at Kyoto Imperial Palace, and gave an imperial order to the bakufu to conquer the Choshu clan.

• これは単に伝統にこだわっているだけではなく、特に西洋人の間では「日本の寿司職人は、素手で握っても食中毒を起こさない衛生的で清潔な職人」という西洋人独特のイメージを大事にしたいという理由もあるという。
• This does not only stick to a tradition, but there is a reason that western people want to protect their own image that 'Japanese sushi chefs are as hygienic and clean not causing food poisoning even when making sushi by hand.'

• ニューヨークでもホットドッグ売りなどの露天商はいまだに健在であり、その社会的役割を果たしているが、日本においては上記の理由や、高度成長を遂げた後の意識の変化などから、手軽に始められないのが現状である。
• In New York, rotensho such as hot dog sellers continue to trade, serving their social role, but in Japan, because of the reasons above and the change in attitudes with the end of the high-growth period, they cannot be easily recreated.

• しかし、文部省は慎重な審議の結果、民主的に組織されて健全に活動している全国的な団体が既に設立され、日本体育協会にも加盟している事などの理由で、昭和30年（1955年）8月武徳会設立認可申請を却下した。
• However, after careful discussions the Ministry of Education rejected the request for the establishment of Butoku Kai in August 1955, given the existence of a national organization democratically organized and operating soundly, and which was also a member of the Japan Amateur Sports Association.

• 第八十三条第二項の規定による裁定についての行政不服審査法（昭和三十七年法律第百六十号）による異議申立てにおいては、その裁定で定める対価についての不服をその裁定についての不服の理由とすることができない。
• No objection under the Administrative Appeal Act (Act No. 160 of 1962) to the award rendered under Article 83(2) may be raised on the ground that the consideration prescribed in the award is unsatisfactory.

• 当事者は、裁判所に対し、当該事件に関係のある新しい証拠の申出をすることができる。ただし、公正取引委員会が認定した事実に関する証拠の申出は、次の各号の一に該当することを理由とするものであることを要する。
• A party may plead to the court to offer new evidences relevant to the case; provided, however, that any such offer of new evidences relating to the facts found by the Fair Trade Commission must have any of the following items as its reason for being offered:

• 第十八条の規定は、拒絶査定不服審判の請求を理由があるとする場合に準用する。ただし、第五十二条において準用する特許法第百六十条第一項の規定によりさらに審査に付すべき旨の審決をするときは、この限りでない。
• Article 18 shall apply mutatis mutandis where a request for a trial against an examiner's decision of refusal is found to have reasonable grounds; provided, however, that this shall not apply where a trial decision is made to order a further examination to be carried out under Article 161(1) of the Patent Act as applied mutatis mutandis under Article 52.

• 農林水産大臣は、広域漁業調整委員会の議決が法令に違反し、又は著しく不当であると認めるときは、理由を示してこれを再議に付することができる。ただし、議決があつた日から一月を経過したときは、この限りでない。
• In the case when the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Minister finds that a resolution of a Wide Sea-area Fisheries Adjustment Commission violates an act or ordinance or is remarkably undue, he/she may submit the resolution for reconsideration, showing a reason; provided that this shall not apply if one month has elapsed after the date of the resolution.

• 弁護士となる資格を有する者に対し外国においてこの法律による取扱いと実質的に同等な取扱いが行われなくなり、そのことを理由に承認を取り消すことが条約その他の国際約束の誠実な履行を妨げることとならないこと。
• In cases where a person who has the qualification to be an attorney at law has become no longer eligible to receive substantially equivalent treatment as accorded by this Act in a foreign state, and to rescind of the approval on this ground does not violate the sincere implementation of treaties or other international agreements.

• その上で、「これを肖像権と称するかどうかは別として、少なくとも、警察官が、正当な理由もないのに、個人の容ぼう等を撮影することは、「憲法13条の趣旨に反し、許されないものと言わなければならない」とした。
• Moreover it stated 'Apart from whether or not such right can be referred to as right of portrait, it must be said at least that if a police officer, without a good reason, has photographed the appearance, etc. of a citizen, such an act should be regarded as being in violation of the purport of Article 13 of the Constitution and therefore it is unallowable.'

• ナマナレが現代に多く残った理由として、発酵時間が短く、早く食べられることがあげられようが、日比野光敏著『すしの貌』では「米を捨ててしまうのがもったいない」という感覚もあったのではないかと指摘している。
• A reason why namanare remains today in many places may be that short-time fermented makes it eatable earlier, but, in 'Face of Sushi' written by Terutoshi HIBINO, he pointed that this might be because people felt that 'it would be a waste to discard the rice.'

• その特徴は、人数さえ集まれば、これといった道具やややこしいルールがなくとも遊べる簡単さにあり、子供の遊び道具が豊富ではなかった時代にチャンバラがしきりと行われたのはここに理由があるといっていいだろう。
• To play chanbara, only some children were necessary without any special tools and complicated rules, therefore they often played chanbara at that time when there were not so many playthings.

• 親鸞の存命時は、一般に偶像を本尊としていたのに、名号本尊を用いた理由については、親鸞は教化のため移住を繰り返し、寺を持たずに、常に小さい草庵に住んでいた為、木像を持つことが不可能だったという考えがある。
• There is an opinion that the reason Shinran used Myogo Honzon, even though it was popular to worship icons as Honzon at that time, was that Shinran moved very often for propagation without holding temples and living in small thatched huts; thus it was impossible for him to have a wooden statue.

• 裁判所は、日本国憲法第八十二条第二項の規定により対審を公開しないで行うには、公衆を退廷させる前に、その旨を理由とともに言い渡さなければならない。判決を言い渡すときは、再び公衆を入廷させなければならない。
• In order to conduct a trial in camera in accordance with the provisions of Article 82, paragraph 2 of the Constitution of Japan, a court shall make a statement to that effect giving the reason therefore, before ordering spectators to leave the court. In delivering a judgment, a court shall cause the public to be admitted to the court again.

• 日本弁護士連合会は、第一項第一号から第四号まで又は前項の規定により登録を取り消したときは、その旨及びその理由を当該外国法事務弁護士及び従前の所属弁護士会並びに法務大臣に書面により通知しなければならない。
• In cases where the Japan Federation of Bar Associations has rescinded the registration pursuant to the provisions of items (i) to (iv) of paragraph (1) or of the preceding paragraph, it shall notify in writing the registered foreign lawyer concerned, the bar association to which he/she belonged until then and the Minister of Justice, to that effect, stating the reasons of the rescission.

• 後者は、醤油を入れた小皿を用意しておき、寿司に適当に醤油をつけて食べる（醤油は種の側につけるとよく言われるが、これは米飯の側を醤油につけると飯が崩れてしまう事があり、見た目に汚いからという理由である）。
• The latter is eaten by placing it in a small saucer having soy sauce prepared beforehand (it is often said that the surface of topping should be dipped in soy sauce, and this is because if the rice side is dipped in soy sauce, the rice may lose shape, and such rice looks messy).

• また酒造の制限は税制上の理由であり、所得税などは申告税制になっていることから家庭内酒造についても申告納税さえすれば自由に認めるべきであり、脱税酒についてのみ取締りをするべきであるという根強い意見もある。
• There is also a persistent view that people should be allowed to make liquors freely at home as long as they fill out an income-tax return and only liquor tax evasion should be controlled, since sake brewing is only restricted for tax reasons and income tax payment is made by declaration.

• 経済産業大臣は、使用済燃料貯蔵事業者が正当な理由がないのに、経済産業省令で定める期間内にその事業を開始せず、又は引き続き一年以上その事業を休止したときは、第四十三条の四第一項の許可を取り消すことができる。
• When a licensee of spent fuel interim storage activity fails to commence his/her activity within the period provided for in the Ordinance of METI, or suspends his/her activity for more than one year continuously, without a justifiable grounds, the Minister of METI may rescind the permission set forth in Article 43-4 (1).

• 理由は頼茂が将軍に就こうと図ったためとされているが、幕府の問題のために後鳥羽上皇が朝廷の兵力を動かすのは不自然であり、頼茂が後鳥羽上皇による鎌倉調伏の加持祈祷を行っていた動きを知ったためと考えられている。
• The reason given was that Yorishige had been plotting to usurp the position of Shogun himself, but given the poor relations with the shogunate, for the retired Emperor Gotoba to send the court's military forces into action for such a reason would have been unnatural, and so it is thought that Gotoba struck because Yorishige had learned Gotoba had been carrying out incantations and prayers to curse Kamakura.

• 新日本プロレスでは1980年代末からの一時期、若手レスラーが「ちゃんこ番が大変です」との理由から、副社長だった坂口征二が調理人を道場の管理人兼任で雇っていた（現在は賄い人と若手レスラーの共同作業という）。
• During a certain period from the late 1980's, in the New Japan Pro-wrestling, Seiji SAKAGUCHI who was the vice president employed a cook serving concurrently as a janitor of the dojo because young wrestlers said 'chankoban is a hard job' (but the cook and young wrestlers cook it together now).

• その一方で妃の存在は、外戚としての政治参加を期待する藤原氏のような貴族にとっては障害となる制度であり、実際に藤原基経の娘藤原穏子の醍醐天皇への入内が為子内親王が妃であることを理由に阻まれたと言われている。
• On the other hand, the presence of Hi was an obstacle to nobles like Fujiwara clan who were expecting to participate in politics as a maternal relative, and actually a daughter of FUJIWARA no Mototsune, FUJIWARA no Onshi was blocked to enter into the court because the Imperial Princess Ishi was Hi.

• しかし、菅原道真の死後、相次ぐ天変地異や、道真を左遷に追い込んだ藤原時平の子孫たちの相次ぐ急死、更には930年の清涼殿落雷事件による醍醐天皇崩御等という凶事を理由に、間もなく彼の子孫は朝廷に呼び戻された。
• However, when Sugawara no Michizane's death was followed by a series of tragic accidents and natural disasters, with a number of descendants of Fujiwara no Tokihira who had slandered Michinaga dying suddenly in succession and the Emperor Daigo being killed in the Seiryo-Den lightening strike of 930, Michinaga's descendents were quickly called back to Court.

• 次に釈尊は弥勒菩薩に対して、煩悩のある世界（穢土）に生きる衆生の苦しみの理由を、三毒・五悪（殺生〈せつしよう〉・偸盗〈ちゆうとう〉・邪淫〈じやいん〉・妄語〈もうご〉・飲酒〈おんじゆ〉）によると示し、誡める。
• Next, Shakyamuni shows Maitreyathe the reasons for the pains of creatures who live in the world of earthly desires (Edo, this impure world) and preaches against them: three banes, five evils, such as killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying and drinking.

• だが、一定の年齢に達すれば上の階層に上がる事ができる制度などもあり、穢れなどを理由に武士、百姓、町人などと隔絶した一種の身分外身分と言える扱いを受けた江戸時代の被差別民の身分ほど固定されたものではなかった。
• However there was a system in place which allowed them to rise to a higher status once they reached a certain age; therefore, their status was not as tightly fixed as those who were discriminated in the Edo period who were treated as a kind of outcast segregated from samurai, farmers, and townsmen for their filth.

• だが、慶長8年（1603年）、徳川家康は征夷大将軍となり江戸幕府を開設、続いて風説通りに家康は源氏長者・右大臣・秀頼には内大臣昇進があったものの、幼少であるという理由で関白は引き続き兼孝が務める事となった。
• In 1603, however, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA became Seii Taishogun and established the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and then, as it had been rumored, he was promoted to Genji Choja (the head of the Minamoto clan) and Udaijin while Hideyori was promoted only to Naidaijin and Kanetaka continued to serve as Kanpaku for the reason of Hideyori's being too young.

• 大阪市北部には、大塩平八郎の乱で焼かれたか、アジア太平洋戦争における米軍の空襲によって焼かれたか、修理費を捻出できなかったか、などの理由によって山車の存在しない地区があり、演奏しか重要視できうるものがない。
• In northern Osaka City, there are areas that can put emphasis only on the music performance because they are missing dashi for various reasons, such as they were burnt during the Rebellion of Heihachiro Oshima, they were burnt due to the U.S. air raid during the Asia Pacific War, or no repair budget was secured.

• 同年4月以後内裏の修理を理由として天皇が当時恒貞親王が居住していた冷然院内に滞在しており、天皇の警護を名目として院内に滞在していた天皇側の兵が、いつでも皇太子を囲むことが出来る状況下にあったことも挙げられる。
• Furthermore, the emperor's stay from May, 842 within a lot of Reizei-in Palace, where the Imperial Prince Tsunesada was living at that time, by reason of the Imperial Palace's repair also supports the theory, because troops serving the emperor that had been staying in the residence on the pretext of the emperor's guard were ready to besiege the crown prince.

• 第四条第一項の承認を受けた者（次項において「承認取得者」という。）は、同条第二項第一号に掲げる事項中に変更を生じたときは、主務省令で定めるところにより、その理由を付してその旨を主務大臣に届け出なければならない。
• A person who has obtained the approval in Article 4 paragraph (1) (referred to as 'Approval Recipient' in the following paragraph) must, when a change has occurred in the matters listed in paragraph (2) item (i) of the same Article, notify the competent minister to that effect with the reason in writing, as stipulated in the ordinance of the competent ministries.

• さらに寛永16年（1639年）、駿河国井之宮に銭座が設けられたが、寛永17年（1640年）、前年に銭貨の相場が下落したことを受け、また軽薄な品が少なくないという理由から一旦、全銭座における鋳造停止が命じられた。
• In addition another zeniza was established in Inomiya, Suruga Province in 1639, but mintage was temporarily prohibited in all the zeniza in 1640 because of a drop in the value of a copper coin in the previous year, and because many coins were too light.

• 絶版となった理由は、その著書の内容に憤激した徳川氏一族や旧徳川氏の幕臣が、民友社に圧力をかけたためという説や、徳富蘇峰が貴族院議員就任を目指しており、貴族院に多数存在する徳川家関係者に遠慮したためとも言われる。
• It is said that the book went out of print because the TOKUGAWA family and followers of Shogun were so outraged at the contents of the book that they threatened the publisher, Minyu Company, and its manager, Soho TOKUTOMI, who ultimately succumbed to the pressure because he wanted to become a member of Kizokuin (the House of Peers).

• 中国で左前にすることが嫌われたのは「蛮族の風習であるため」とされたが、この蛮族というのは中国東北部や辺境の地に住む遊牧民たちのことで、彼らは狩猟を主な生活として行なう上で弓を射やすいという理由で左前に着ていた。
• It is considered that the Chinese in those days hated to wear Hidarimae because 'it was a savage tribe's custom'--Here, 'the savage tribe' were nomads that lived in the Northeast part and the frontier of China and mainly hunted for their living, and Hidarimae was convenient for them to shoot with a bow and arrow.

• 日本弁護士連合会は、登録請求を受けた場合において、登録をしたときはその旨を、登録を拒絶したときはその旨及びその理由を当該登録請求をした者及びこれを進達した弁護士会並びに法務大臣に書面により通知しなければならない。
• In cases where the Japan Federation of Bar Associations has received a request for registration, it shall notify in writing the person who requested for the registration, the bar association which has transmitted it and the Minister of Justice to the effect that his/her registration has been made, or that it has been refused stating the reason for refusal.

• このような時期に草仮名が用いられた理由について筆跡研究家の渡部清は、「原本が草仮名であったため同じような書体で書写したか、あるいは少し改まった態度でやや古い書体を用いて書写したということであろうか」と記している。
• Handwriting researcher Kiyoshi WATABE wrote that the reason sogana was used at such a time is 'it may have been used for the original and just been copied, or copied from a little older calligraphic style with more formal attitude.'

• 理由として、食品衛生法で定められた高温・高圧での殺菌を行う（ただし、特性上完全な殺滅は困難。詳細は缶コーヒーの成分の節参照）ため、スチール缶が強度的な面から多用される状況、と全国清涼飲料工業会は見解を示している。
• As the Japan Soft Drink Association explains, sterilization should be conducted under the high temperature and humidity conditions required by the Food Sanitation Act (perfect sterilization is difficult, however; for details, refer to the section on ingredients for canned coffee) so, due to their strength, steel cans are used in large quantities.

• 本門戒壇の大御本尊については鎌倉時代の工具の痕跡があるが、日蓮が生きていた時代の日蓮宗の財力では製作不能といった状況証拠や花押が日蓮の物と違う、禅師授与漫荼羅との酷似等の理由で、後世の偽作ではないかといわれている。
• Honmon Kaidan no Daigohonzon has evidences of tools in the Kamakura period, however, it was possibly made in later years since the Nichiren Sect while Nichiren was alive wasn't able to afford the cost, the flower stamp was different from Nichiren's, and it was very similar to Zenshi juyo mandala (Mandala given by Zenshi), and so on.

• 第十九条第一項の規定に違反して財務諸表等を備えて置かず、財務諸表等に記載すべき事項を記載せず、若しくは虚偽の記載をし、又は正当な理由がないのに同条第二項各号の規定による請求を拒んだ者は、二十万円以下の過料に処する。
• Any person who has failed to maintain the Financial Statements, etc., has failed to enter the matters to be entered or has made false entries in the Financial Statements, etc. in violation of the provision of Article 19, paragraph (1), or has refused a request made under each item of paragraph (2) of the same Article without justifiable reason shall be punished by a non-penal fine of not more than two hundred thousand yen.

• このような弱小ぶりは、保護された中国人の扱いにおいて「対馬での朝鮮軍の弱小ぶりを詳細に見たことから中国に返還できない」というや、朴実が敗戦の罪により投獄され、李従茂が国民への影響を理由に免罪となった事からも窺える。
• The weakness of the Korean army was further attested to in an entry discussing Chinese captives that they had rescued from Tsushima which said 'Having seen in detail the weakness of our army in Tsushima, we cannot allow our captives to return to China,' as well as by the fact that Sil PAK was held responsible for the defeat and imprisoned; it may be surmised that only the influence of the Korean people enabled Jong Mu YI to escape responsibility.

• 堀説では、信長は天下統一まで任官できないとして右大臣兼右近衛大将を辞官しており統一前に任官する理由が立たないことを指摘し、信長には任官の意思はなく、律令体制に留まらず中華皇帝を指向していたと推察できるともしている。
• Hori pointed out that Nobunaga had resigned as Minister of the Right and Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards because he would not take any official post until his unification of the whole country, and Hori also said Nobunaga probably did not want any official post, and instead he had the aim of becoming an emperor outside the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

• 日本では牛肉料理に脂身の繊細にのった霜降りが好まれるが、ハンバーグの場合には脂身が少ないほうが肉の風味が濃く味わえるため適しており、加えて赤身肉は日本では安価な傾向が強いことも家庭料理に向いている理由となっている。
• In Japan, well marbled beef is preferable for meat dishes, but in the case of hamburgers, lean meat with low fat is more suitable to taste the meat flavor itself and is also cheaper, thus being appropriate for home made cooking.

• 裁判所は、第一項ただし書に規定する証拠の申出に理由があり、当該証拠を取り調べる必要があると認めるときは、公正取引委員会に対し、当該事件を差し戻し、当該証拠を取り調べた上適当な措置をとるべきことを命じなければならない。
• Where the court finds there is a good reason for the offer of new evidences prescribed in the proviso of paragraph 1 and it is necessary to examine such evidences, it shall refer the case back to the Fair Trade Commission and order it to take appropriate measures after examining such evidences.

• 殿中刃傷があった直後、播磨国竜野藩主脇坂安照が隣藩の藩主である浅野長矩の無念を思いやって抱きかかえられて運ばれる吉良上野介とわざとぶつかり、吉良の血で大紋の家紋を汚すと、それを理由にして「無礼者」と吉良を殴りつける。
• Soon after the attack happened inside the palace, the lord of Tatsuno Domain in Harima Province, Yasuteru WAKISAKA, felt the resentment of the lord of his neighbor domain Naganori ASANO and intentionally bumped into Kira Kozuke no Suke who was being carried in order to dirty his crest with Kira's blood so that he was able to punch Kira saying 'what an insolent fellow.'

• 上記の理由から『ターヘル・アナトミア』が正式な書名とは言い難く、本来なら『クルムス解剖書』のように呼ぶのが妥当であるが、杉田玄白が『蘭学事始』の中で何度も『ターヘル・アナトミア』と表記しているので、一般に広まっている。
• For the above reasons, it is difficult to say that 'Taheru Anatomia' is the formal title of the book, and for all intents and purposes it is appropriate to call it such as 'Kulmus' Anatomy'; however, in 'Rangaku Kotohajime,' the author Genpaku SUGITA refers to the book on numerous occasions as 'Taheru Anatomia,' leading to a spread of this term of reference.

• 農林水産大臣は、登録品種等につき利用がされることが公共の利益のため特に必要である場合を除き、当該登録品種等につき利用が適当にされていないことについて正当な理由がある場合は、通常利用権を設定すべき旨の裁定をしてはならない。
• Unless he/she finds the exploitation of a registered variety, etc. especially necessary for the reason of public interest, the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries shall not render an arbitration decision ordering a non-exclusive exploitation right to be granted where there is any justifiable ground why the registered variety etc. has not been exploited adequately.

• 審査請求人のほか、第百七十一条の意見の聴取に参加して意見を述べようとする者は、利害関係のある理由及び主張の要旨を記載した文書をもつて、経済産業大臣に、利害関係人として参加する旨を申し出て、その許可を受けなければならない。
• In addition to the applicant for examination, those who intend to participate in the hearing prescribed in Article 171 and state their opinions shall file applications for participation as interested parties with the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry accompanied with the documents that state the reason for interests and the gist of their arguments, and receive permission from the minister for participation.

• 本案の裁決には、海難の事実及び受審人に係る職務上の故意又は過失の内容を明らかにし、かつ、証拠によつてこれらの事実を認めた理由を示さなければならない。ただし、海難の事実がなかつたと認めるときは、その旨を明らかにすれば足りる。
• The determination on the merits shall clarify the facts of a marine accident and the details of intentional or negligent act of the Examinee in the course of performing his/her duties, and also indicate the reason for the finding of such facts by evidences; provided, however, that when it is found that no such accident occurred, it would be sufficient to declare to that effect.

• この法律において「石油精製業」とは、特定設備を用いて指定石油製品の製造（指定石油製品以外の物品の製造工程における技術的理由による指定石油製品の副生を除く。）を行う事業をいい、「石油精製業者」とは、石油精製業を行う者をいう。
• The term 'Oil Refinery' as used in this Act means an business that manufactures Designated Oil Products using Specified Facilities (excluding by-products of Designated Oil Products technically produced in the manufacturing process of non-Designated Oil Products), and 'Oil Refiner' means any individual or juridical person operating a Oil Refinery.

• 弁護士となる資格を有する者に対し第一項第一号の外国においてこの法律による取扱いと実質的に同等な取扱いが行われていない場合においては、そのことを理由に承認をしないことが条約その他の国際約束の誠実な履行を妨げることとなること。
• in the event that a person who has the qualification to become an attorney at law does not receive in the foreign state mentioned in item (i) of paragraph (1) substantially equivalent treatment as accorded by this Act, in cases where the non-approval on this ground violates the sincere implementation of treaties or other international agreements.

• 朝貢を行った理由・背景は明確にはなっていないが、おそらく朝鮮半島南部諸国（任那・伽耶）に於ける利権争いへの参入を有利に進めるためであろうと考えられており、実際に中国史書には倭へ朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める内容を記している。
• Although the reasons for and the background to these tributes by Wakoku remain unclear, it is thought they may have been to provide an advantage in the competition over interests and rights in the kingdoms of the southern Korean Peninsula (the Gaya Confederacy) and in fact, Chinese sources mention Wakoku's hegemony over the southern Korean Peninsula.

• これらの運動は短期的であったこともあり、台湾社会に根付くことはなかったが、台湾が香港やシンガポールなど、日本の支配を受けたが皇民化運動が徹底されなかった他の華人社会に比べて日本的であるという理由の一つの説明にはなるだろう。
• These movements were short term and failed to take root in Taiwan, but this would be one of the reasons that the Taiwanese society was more Japanized than other Chinese societies such as Hong Kong or Singapore controlled by Japan, but not subject to the thorough kominka movement.

• - 上記の床屋が兼任する場合もあるが、水が無い、または貴重であるというなどの理由から、産毛を2本の糸を紙縒る（こよる）ことによって、毛を巻き込み引き抜く方法や、アルコールなどを燃やして産毛を焼くといった方法で行う商売がある。
• This is sometimes performed at the same time by the barbers described above, but because of the lack of water or as water is precious, there are businesses where the soft hair is removed by twisting two strings to twist and pull off the hair, or alcohol is used to burn the soft hair.

• 裁判所は、公正取引委員会の審決（第六十七条及び第七十条の十二第一項の規定によるものに限る。）を取り消すべき場合において、さらに審判をさせる必要があると認めるときは、その理由を示して事件を公正取引委員会に差し戻すことができる。
• The court may, where it finds it necessary for further hearings to be conducted in the case a decision of the Fair Trade Commission (limited to decisions pursuant to the provisions of Article 67 and paragraph 1 of Article 70-12) shall be rescinded, refer the case back to the Fair Trade Commission giving the reasons for the referral.

• 鎌倉時代前期までは、公家の子弟が分家することによって新たな「家」が生み出されることが行われてきたが、後期に入ると経済的理由などから分割が困難となり、既存の家領の継承を巡って嫡子と庶子の争いなど各種の訴訟が生じるようになった。
• Although until the first stage of the Kamakura period new 'families' were produced as their young people established branch families, in the latter stage making new branch families became difficult due to economic factors and so forth; various suits arose, including ones between a legitimate child and a child born out of wedlock in regard to the succession of existing estates.

• 政府は8月13日に1000万円の国費を米価対策資金として支出する事を発表し、各都道府県に向けて米の安売りを実施させたが、騒動の結果、米価が下落したとの印象があるとの理由から8月28日にはこの指令を撤回し、安売りを打ち切った。
• On August 13, the government announced that they would spend the national treasury of 10 million yen as money for rice price and ordered each local government to sell rice at a cheap price, but took the order back and stopped the discount on August 28 since they judged that the rice price seemed to drop as a result of riots.

• だが、欧米列強との交渉が始まると、日本に民法典が無いことが列強による治外法権を正当化させる理由の一つに挙げられて、幕末から明治初期の日本において、不平等条約条約改正という政治的課題の一つとして民法典の整備が急務とされていた。
• However, when negotiations were started beween Japan and the allied western powers, the fact that Japan lacked Minpoten became one reason to justify exterritoriality of the western powers, so that in Japan from the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period, the preparation of Minpoten was an urgent matter as one of political tasks to revise unequal treaties.

• この事件は、格太郎の父忠告が忠敬の兄であり共に庶子でありながら病弱を理由として家督相続されず病没、そして金銭に困窮し、また弟賢次郎が華族待遇を受けられず軍夫として台湾に出兵し戦死したことによる度重なる恨みの末の犯行であった。
• This scandal occurred because of a long-standing grudge that Kakutaro held against Tadayuki, who was a younger brother of Kakutaro's father (Tadatsugu), as a result of Tadatsugu not being allowed to take over as head of the family due to his poor health, despite Tadatsugu and Tadayuki having both been born out of wedlock, and later dying of illness; this led to Kakutaro suffering economic hardships and his younger brother Kenjiro, who was not granted a peerage, going to war in Taiwan as a private soldier where he later died.

• 特許無効審判は、何人も請求することができる。ただし、特許が前項第二号に該当すること（その特許が第三十八条の規定に違反してされたときに限る。）又は同項第六号に該当することを理由とするものは、利害関係人に限り請求することができる。
• Any person may file a request for a trial for patent invalidation; provided, however, that where a request for a trial for patent invalidation is filed on the ground that the patent falls under item (ii) of the preceding paragraph (limited to cases where the patent is obtained in violation of Article 38) or item (vi) of the preceding paragraph, only an interested person may file a request for a trial for patent invalidation.

• 審判長は、訂正審判の請求が第百二十六条第一項ただし書各号に掲げる事項を目的とせず、又は同条第三項から第五項までの規定に適合しないときは、請求人にその理由を通知し、相当の期間を指定して、意見書を提出する機会を与えなければならない。
• Where a request for a trial for correction does not correspond to one of the purposes provided in the proviso to Article 126(1) or does not comply with paragraphs (3) to (5) of Article 126, the chief trial examiner shall notify the demandant of the reasons therefore and give the demandant an opportunity to submit an written opinion, designating an adequate time limit.

• 国又は原子力事業者等から特定核燃料物質の防護に関する業務を委託された者及びその従業者並びにこれらの者であつた者は、正当な理由がなく、その委託された業務に関して知ることのできた特定核燃料物質の防護に関する秘密を漏らしてはならない。
• Any person who has been entrusted with work related to the protection of specified nuclear fuel material from the State or an atomic energy activity operator, etc., any employee of such a person, any person who had been previously entrusted with such work and any previous employee of such a person shall not, without justifiable grounds, divulge any secret that he/she has learned with respect to physical protection of specific nuclear fuel material related to the work with which he/she has been entrusted.

• 弁護士となる資格を有する者に対し引き続き外国においてこの法律による取扱いと実質的に同等な取扱いが行われていない場合においては、そのことを理由に承認を取り消すことが条約その他の国際約束の誠実な履行を妨げることとならなくなつたこと。
• In cases where a person who has the qualification to be an attorney at law has not been granted substantially equivalent treatment as accorded by this Act in a foreign state, and to rescind of the approval on this ground becomes no longer violation of the sincere implementation of treaties or other international agreements.

• 姦夫を妻敵討として殺害した本夫が姦夫の親族から殺人罪で告発された裁判で、本夫が姦通を理由に先に妻を殺害してしまえばその原因を作った姦夫は妻敵になるのであるから、本夫が妻敵討を行っても殺人罪とはならず無罪となるという判例を下した。
• The bakufu set a legal precedent that if the real husband killed his wife first for the reason of adultery, the adulterer who had brought about the cause would be considered as megataki (adulterer), and for this reason, even if the husband practiced megataki uchi (revenge oneself on the adulterer), it would not constitute a crime of murder, and thus, the husband was innocent.

• それにもかかわらず、この条約を結んだことを理由に、野党の立憲政友会総裁の犬養毅と鳩山一郎が衆議院で、「軍令部の反対意見を無視した条約調印は統帥権の干犯である」と政府を攻撃、続いて枢密院議長倉富勇三郎もこれに同調する動きを見せた。
• Despite of the fact, the government concluded the treaty, so that Tsuyoshi INUKAI, the President of the Opposition Rikken seiyukai, and Ichiro HATOYAMA attacked the government at the House of Representatives appealing 'The conclusion of the treaty ignoring the opposite opinion given by the Army means the interference and violate of supreme command', and following that the Chairman of the Privy Council Yuzaburo KURATOMI showed his attitude to sympathize with that.

• 理由は不明だが、大正時代、製錬方法が浮遊選鉱法に変更されたことにより渡良瀬川を流れる鉱石くずの粒が細かくなり、浮遊したまま川を流れるようになったため、上流部の渡良瀬川右岸に多く流れ込んで堆積するようになったと考える研究者がいる。
• The reason is unknown, however, some researchers consider that since the method of extraction was changed to froth flotation (flotation) in the Taisho period, copper waste became smaller enough to float on the river, and that a lot of those wastes accumulated in the right side of the upper stream of Watarase-gawa River.

• また、鉄砲が広まった後も天候に関係なく無音で射て、速射性に優れ安価である事、鉄砲と異なり弭槍（弓の先端に槍の穂を付け、緊急時に槍とするもの）で近距離でもある程度は対抗できるといった理由があるため、数を減らしながらも用いられ続けた。
• Furthermore, even after the spread of guns, bows and arrows remained in use even with a decrease in number, because arrows could be shot soundlessly regardless of the weather, and they could be shot quickly, and they were inexpensive, and furthermore, unlike the guns, hazuyari (the blade of a spear was attached to the tip of the bow, turning it into a spear in acute situations) could be used, to a certain degree, to fight even in short-range battles.

• 更には当時の幕府は法律に関する出版を厳しく禁じる方針を採っていたにも関らず、高札に掲示された法令に関しては「万民に周知の事」と言う理由で簡単に出版が許されたばかりでなく、高札の文章は寺子屋の書き取りの教科書としても推奨されていた。
• Even though bakufu had maintained the policy of prohibiting the publication regarding any general laws, a permission of publishing the act and laws noted on Kosatsu was not only allowed to publish easily in order to thoroughly 'notify those act and laws to all the people', but also the sentences noted on Kosatsu were recommended as textbooks for Terakoya (temple elementary school during the Edo period) to practice dictation skills.

• 原子力事業者等（原子力事業者等から運搬を委託された者及び受託貯蔵者を含む。次項において同じ。）及びその従業者並びにこれらの者であつた者は、正当な理由がなく、業務上知ることのできた特定核燃料物質の防護に関する秘密を漏らしてはならない。
• Any atomic energy activity operator, etc. (including persons entrusted with shipment from an atomic energy activity operator, etc. and commissioned storage contractors; hereinafter the same shall apply in the following paragraph), any employee of an atomic energy activity operator, etc. and any person who was previously an atomic energy activity operator, etc. or an employee of one shall not, without justifiable grounds, divulge any secret that he/she has learned with respect to physical protection of specific nuclear fuel material.

• 海区漁業調整委員会は、都道府県知事に対し、第一項の規定により漁業の免許をすべきでない旨の意見を述べようとするときは、あらかじめ、当該申請者に同項各号の一に該当する理由を文書をもつて通知し、公開による意見の聴取を行わなければならない。
• When the Sea-area Fisheries Adjustment Commission concerned is going to express an opinion to the Governor concerned to the effect that the license of any fishery should not be granted pursuant to the provision of paragraph (1), the commission shall notify said applicant of the reason corresponding to any one of the respective items of the same paragraph in writing and shall hear his/her opinion publicly.

• これは中国における西欧側の非道を知ったこともあるが、朱子学以外を認めない衛正斥邪という思想政策を積極的に推し進めたことから分かるように、大院君は中華思想的発想の持ち主であり、その点から西欧諸国を夷狄視していたことも理由の一つである。
• Daewongun knew the atrocities of West Europeans in China, and he actively promoted the wijŏng ch'ŏksa policy (defense of Confucian orthodoxy and rejection of Christian heterodoxy), which was not to admit ideas other than the doctrines of Zhu Xi, and also he believed in Sinocentrism, and because of this he presumed the Western Europe countries to be barbarous.

• 長保2年（1000年）に内覧左大臣の藤原道長が病気のために4月27日・5月9日・18日に上表をして回復までの間との留保付で一旦辞任の勅許が下されているが、7月16日に道長の回復を理由に先の勅許が取り消されている（『権記』）例がある。
• Also, when FUJIWARA no Michinaga was the Nairan sadaijin (minister of the left who has a right to read and deal with documents before reporting to the Emperor from Daijokan, the Great Council of State), he handed his Johyo on April 27, May 9 and 18 due to his illness, it was temporarily accepted until his recovery, and on July 16, when Michinaga recovered, it was cancelled ('Gonki' [FUJIWARA no Yukinari's Diary]).

• 後の南都仏教の三論宗系の研究においては、この年が釈迦入滅後1501年目にあたり、末法元年となることや、『大集経』による500年ごとの区切りにおける像法第二時（多造塔寺堅固）元年にあたることなどが重視されたため、などの理由が考えられた。
• In research of the Sanron sect line in later Nanto Buddhism, there appeared the reasons that that year was the 1501st year after the death of Shakyamuni and the first year of Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma), and that it corresponded to the first year of the second segment (Tazo toji kengo [the age of building temples and stupas]) of Zobo (Age of the Semblance Dharma) based on the separation of 500-year periods in 'Mahsamnipata sutra.'

• 1592年に顕如が死去した後、長男である教如は本願寺住職の座を継ごうとしたが、それに対して豊臣秀吉がかつて父に義絶されたこと、信長と徹底抗戦した経緯などを理由に教如は後継者にふさわしくないと反対し、教如の異母弟の准如を後継者に指名した。
• After Kennyo died in 1592, his first son Kyonyo tried to succeed the chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple, but Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI opposed the succession by Kyonyo with the reasons that he was once disowned by his father, he resisted exhaustively against Nobunaga in the past, and so on, and appointed Junnyo, his half-brother, as the successor.

• 第五十条の二第三項、第五十二条第三項又は第五十五条第四項の登録を受けた者（以下「登録安全管理審査機関」という。）は、安全管理審査を行うべきことを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を除き、遅滞なく、安全管理審査を行わなければならない。
• A person registered under Article 50-2, paragraph 3, Article 52, paragraph 3 or Article 55, paragraph 4 (hereinafter referred to as a 'Registered Safety Management Examination Body') shall, without delay, conduct a Safety Management Examination when requested except where there are justifiable grounds not to do so.

• ヨーロッパにおけるベネディクト派修道院のワインやシャンパン、トラピスト派修道院のビールなどが分かりやすい例であるように、上記とほぼ同じ理由から、宗教勢力が醸造業の最先端を牽引していく時代というものは、さまざまな文明で見出されるのである。
• As seen in the visible examples of wine and champagne made by monasteries of Benedictine Order as well as of beer made by Trappist Monasteries in Europe, many civilizations have a period in which religious power leads the brewing industry for reasons similar to those stated above.

• 酒造りに関しても、たとえば秋田藩や会津藩のように、領内の産業育成であるとか、財政の建て直しであるとか、幕府も納得する理由のもとに醸造業の改善や拡大を企画するときには、たとえ全国的には酒造制限期であっても特例として許可されることがあった。
• Also regarding sake brewing, it was sometimes permitted as an exception even in the restriction period nationwide if it was for the purpose of industrial development in the domain, reconstruction of the economy or for planning to improve or expand the brewing industry based on the reasons accepted by the bakufu as in the Akita Domain and the Aizu Domain.

• その後、その子・今川義元は、天文_(日本)22年（1552年）の分国法「今川仮名目録追加」において現在の今川領国の秩序維持を行っているのは足利将軍家ではなく今川氏そのものであることを理由に、幕府権力による守護使不入地を全面否定したのである。
• Thereafter, his son Yoshimoto IMAGAWA completely denied the shugoshi funyuchi specified by the bakufu authority in his bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) 'Imagawa Kana Mokuroku Tsuika' (expanding on house rules left by Ujichika), published in 1552, on the ground that those who maintain order in the present Imagawa territory are not the Ashikaga shogun family, but the Imagawa clan itself.

• 文字や言葉で教えることを避けて坐禅を勧める理由として、世尊拈華、迦葉微笑における以心伝心の故事を深く信奉しているという以外にも、自分の内奥が仏であることを忘れて経典や他人の中に仏を捜しまわることがかえって仏道成就の妨げになるからであると説く。
• The reason to recommend mediation with avoiding to teach by characters and words is that not only it believes strongly the historical events of telepathy in Seson nenge, Kasho bisho (when Buddha held up a the flower on his deathbed, only Mahakassapa smiled among his disciples by knowing what he meant), but also it preaches that it prevents the accomplishment of Buddhism to seek Buddha in sutras and others with forgetting the fact that Buddha exists in the inner bottom of oneself.

• もう一つの理由として、概念の固定化や分別を、わがままな解釈に基づく「とらわれ」「妄想」であるとして避けるためであり、坐禅修行によってとらわれを離れた自由な境地に達してのちに、そこから改めて分別することをとらわれなき分別として奨励するからである。
• The other reason is that it avoids to fix the idea or discernment as a 'biased view' or 'obsession' based on the selfish interpretation, and that it encourages to discern after reaching the free mental state escaped from the biased view through mediation as a non biased discernment.

• 前項の規定に違反してされた命令を受けて、使用者である外国法事務弁護士が権限外法律事務を行うことに関与した弁護士又は外国法事務弁護士は、これが雇用関係に基づく業務上の命令に従つたものであることを理由として、懲戒その他の責任を免れることができない。
• In cases where an attorney at law or registered foreign lawyer given an order in violation of the provisions set forth in the preceding paragraph participates in the practice of legal services beyond the scope of competence of the registered foreign lawyer who is his/her employer, he/she shall not be exempt from disciplinary action or other liability on the grounds that he/she has followed the order based on employment relations.

• ところで、現在京都市内には、多くの木造建築物や仏像などの文化財が数多く現存しているが、その理由として、これらの文化財は昭和初期までほとんどが住宅地の外にあり、幾たびかの市街地からの延焼をまぬがれてきたから存在するとの研究結果が認知されつつある。
• Many cultural properties including a large number of wooden buildings and Buddhist images exist in modern-day Kyoto City, and there is continuing recognition of research findings which claim that these cultural properties have survived because the majority of them were located outside of the residential area until the early Showa period and therefore escaped the fires that repeatedly spread from the urban center.

• 江戸時代には歌舞伎狂言の公演は公許制度の下にあり、多くの時代において日の出から日没までにすべてを公演するという幕府によって定められた規則の下で公演された（理由は、日没後に大衆が集まることで不穏な政治行動に発展することを幕府が恐れたためとされる）。
• During the Edo period, the performances of Kabuki Kyogen were under control of the authorities, so they obeyed the rules set down by the Tokugawa shogunate that all of the performances should be finished within the daytime; the shogunate was afraid that a gathering of a mob after sunset could develop into disorderly political activities, they say.

• 薩摩藩の島津久光が不満を述べた以外は目立った反撥はなかった（すでに中央軍制が整い、個別の藩が対抗しにくくなっていたこと、藩財政が危機的状況に陥り、知藩事の手に負えなくなったこと、旧藩主が華族として身分・財産が保証されること、などが理由とされる）。
• There was no remarkable objection except that Hisamitsu SHIMAZU in Satsuma Domain complained about the system (the reasons why there were so few objections are that it was difficult for each domain to oppose the already organized central military system; governors were not able to deal with the serious financial problems in their domains; and former governors of feudal domains were assured their position and properties as nobles).

• 珍しい例では徳川家康の家臣団であった水野勝成は、大将格であったにもかかわらず一番槍をあげ軍令違反として処罰されている（表面的な理由は、大将格が序盤で戦死すると総崩れになる可能性を危惧したものだが、統率者としての自己顕示欲の強さを戒める面もある）。
• In a rare example, one of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's vassals named Katsunari MIZUNO was punished for taking the position of Ichiban-yari in spite of his status as general (this was ostensibly due to the concern that if the general had died at an early stage of the battle, his army would have suffered a debacle, but he was also punished as a warning against being too self-assertive as a leader).

• 滝川事件は法学部のみの処分で決着し、理学部とはほとんど関係のない事件であるので、この人物設定は歴史的な意味では正確さを欠くものともいえるが、「思想信条を理由に大学教員が弾圧された戦前の事件」としては象徴的な意味を今なお持っていることを示している。
• The punishment related to the Takigawa Incident was concluded within the Faculty of Law and has almost nothing to do with the Faculty of Science, and although this character setting is inaccurate historically, it shows that the 'incident was the oppression of thinking and ideology of pre-war university staff' has a figurative meaning to this day.

• モンゴルから国号を改めた元 (王朝)は、1274年（文永11）10月に九州北部を襲撃したが、数日で撤退した（今日では、文永の役における元軍の撤退理由が暴風雨、いわゆる神風が吹いたためとする説は信憑性が低いとされ、威力偵察が主目的であったとされる）。
• The Yuan Dynasty which developed from the Mongol empire, attacked northern Kyushu in October 1274, but retreated after a few days (today, there is little credibility to the account that the reason for the retreat of the Yuan army during the Bunei War was a severe storm, the kamikaze (divine wind), and it is considered that the main reason for the attack was a reconnaissance of military strength).

• 蘇我蝦夷が山背大兄王を避けた理由については、山背大兄王がまだ若く未熟であった、あるいは山背大兄王の人望を嫌ったという説と、推古天皇に続いて蘇我氏系の皇族である山背大兄王を擁立することで反蘇我氏勢力との対立が深まる事を避けたかったためという説がある。
• There are a couple of theories as to why SOGA no Emishi blocked Prince Yamashiro no oe in his bid for the Imperial Throne; one is that Prince Yamashiro no oe was still young and immature and hated Prince Yashiro no oe's popularity and the other one was that he had to avoid further confrontation with anti- Soga clan forces by allowing the ascent of Prince Yamashiro no oe since the imperial family and the subsequent emperor Suiko were supported by the Soga clan.

• 日本弁護士連合会の懲戒委員会は、異議の申出を不適法として却下し、又は理由がないとして棄却することを相当と認めるときは、その旨の議決をする。この場合において、日本弁護士連合会は、当該議決に基づき、異議の申出を却下し、又は棄却する決定をしなければならない。
• If the Disciplinary Actions Committee of the Japan Federation of Bar Associations finds that it is appropriate to dismiss the objection as not being legitimate, or to reject the objection as being groundless, it shall adopt a resolution to that effect. In such a case, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations shall, based on said resolution, issue a ruling dismissing or rejecting the objection.

• 日本弁護士連合会の綱紀委員会は、異議の申出を不適法として却下し、又は理由がないとして棄却することを相当と認めるときは、その旨の議決をする。この場合において、日本弁護士連合会は、当該議決に基づき、異議の申出を却下し、又は棄却する決定をしなければならない。
• If the Disciplinary Enforcement Committee of the Japan Federation of Bar Associations finds that it is appropriate to dismiss the objection as not being legitimate, or rejects the objection as being groundless, the Disciplinary Enforcement Committee of the Japan Federation of Bar Associations shall adopt a resolution to that effect. In such a case, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations shall, based on such resolution, issue a ruling dismissing or rejecting the objection.

• しかし、その届出額は当時の歳入の倍に相当する7413万円（両）にも達して（しかもこの金額には後述の理由で天保年間（1830年～1843年）以前に発生した債務の大半が含まれていないものと考えられている）おり債務を引き受けた新政府にも財政的な余裕はなかった。
• The amount, however, reached 74.13 million yen (ryo), twice the government revenue at the time, and the new government couldn't afford to repay (in addition, the sum of debts which were made before the Tenpo era (1830 - 1843) was not included in this amount because of the reason mentioned below).

• 農業へのし尿の利用は、日本を占領した連合国軍のアメリカ軍兵士により持ち込まれたサラダ等野菜の生食の習慣のため、回虫など寄生虫感染防止という衛生上の理由が生じた事や化学肥料など他の肥料の普及などから利用価値が低下し高度経済成長期には取引は行われなくなった。
• The application of human waste to agriculture lost its utility value and disappeared during the high economic growth period, because of the raw diet custom of salad and so on brought by American soldiers of the Allied Forces who occupied Japan, the prevention of parasitic infection such as roundworms and so on for hygienic reasons, and popularization of the other fertilizers such as chemical fertilizers.

• 前二項に規定するもののほか、第一項第一号、第三号及び第四号に掲げる場合（同項第一号に掲げる場合にあつては、拒絶理由通知と併せて第五十条の二の規定による通知を受けた場合に限る。）において特許請求の範囲についてする補正は、次に掲げる事項を目的とするものに限る。
• In addition to the requirements provided in the preceding two paragraphs, in the cases of items (i), (iii) and (iv) of paragraph (1) (in the case of item (i) of the said paragraph, limited to the case where the applicant has received a notice under Article 50-2 along with the notice of reasons for refusal), the amendment of the scope of claims shall be limited to those for the following purposes:

• 農林水産大臣は、前二項に規定する場合のほか、登録認定機関が、正当な理由がないのに、その登録を受けた日から一年を経過してもなおその登録に係る認定に関する業務を開始せず、又は一年以上継続してその認定に関する業務を停止したときは、その登録を取り消すことができる。
• In addition to the cases prescribed in the preceding two paragraphs, when the Registered Certifying Body, without justifiable causes, does not commence its Certification operations pertaining to said Accreditation after the passage of one year from the date of Accreditation or suspends such Certification operations continuously for more than one year, the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries may cancel the relevant Accreditation.

• しかし最澄は弟子をして空海に借経を繰り返し、「理趣釈経（理趣経の解説本）」を借りようとしたところ、ついに空海から拒絶され、また最澄の一番弟子である泰範など諸弟子たちが空海の元へ行って比叡山へ帰らなかったことなど、さまざまな理由から最澄と空海の交流が断たれた。
• After learning sutra again and again from Kukai as a disciple, Saicho tried to use 'Rishishakukyo' (explanation of Rishu-kyo (Principle of Wisdom Sutra)) but was finally rejected by Kukai, and also, Saicho's best disciple Taihan and other disciples went over to Kukai and did not return back to Mt. Hiei, and for those and other reasons, exchange between Saicho and Kukai disappeared.

• 前号に掲げる場合のほか、事件に関して船舶又は船舶の国籍を証する文書その他の船舶の航行のために必要な文書（以下「船舶国籍証書等」という。）の押収が行われた場合であつて船長その他の乗組員が同号に規定する罪を犯したことを疑うに足りる相当な理由があると認められるとき。
• when, in addition to the case listed in the preceding item, a vessel, any document verifying the nationality of a vessel, or any other document necessary for navigation of a vessel (hereinafter referred to as 'certificate of nationality of vessel, etc.') has been seized in connection with an incident, and it is deemed that there is a reasonable ground to believe that the captain of the vessel and/or any other crew members have committed any such crime as provided for in said item.

• 忍秘伝や万川集海といった忍術書には忍刀の記載がなく「折れにくいよう重ね厚く幅広い脇差及び錐刀を用いる」という内容が剣術の項にあること（江戸時代以降は武士階級以外の庶民は役所に届出がありさえすれば旅の護身用や仇討ち認可などの理由により脇差までの携行が許された）。
• In ninja art books, such as Ninhiden or Shukai BANSEN, there is no description of shinobigatana, but a description that 'use thick and wide wakizashi and uchigatana and put them not to break (after the Edo period, common people other than samurai were allowed to carry wakizashi for self defense or revenge if they made registrations at public offices).

• 第九条第一項の登録を受けた者（外国にある事業所において適合性 検査を行うことにつき、その登録を受けた者に限る。以下「外国登録検査機関」という。）は、適合性検査を行うことを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場 合を除き、遅滞なく、適合性検査を行わなければならない。
• When any bodies that has obtained the registration set forth in Article 9, paragraph (1) (limited to one that has obtained registration in terms of conducting a Conformity Assessment at a place of business overseas; hereinafter referred to as a 'Foreign Registered Conformity Assessment Bodies') is requested to conduct a Conformity Assessment, it shall conduct said Conformity Assessment without delay except when there are justifiable grounds for not doing so.

• 第九条第一項の登録を受けた者（国内にある事業所において適合性検査 を行うことにつき、その登録を受けた者に限る。以下「国内登録検査機関」という。）は、適合性検査を行うことを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を 除き、遅滞なく、適合性検査を行わなければならない。
• When any bodies that has obtained the registration set forth in Article 9, paragraph (1) (limited to one that has obtained registration in terms of conducting a Conformity Assessment at a place of business located in Japan; hereinafter referred to as a 'Domestic Registered Conformity Assessment Bodies') is requested to conduct a Conformity Assessment, it shall conduct the Conformity Assessment without delay except when there are justifiable grounds for not doing so.

• 第十二条第一項の登録を受けた者（国内にある事業所において適合性検査 を行うことにつき、その登録を受けた者に限る。以下「国内登録検査機関」という。）は、適合性検査を行うことを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を 除き、遅滞なく、適合性検査を行わなければならない。
• When requested to conduct a conformity inspection, a person registered pursuant to Article 12, paragraph (1) (limited to a person that has been registered for conducting a conformity inspection in a place of business in Japan; hereinafter referred to as a 'domestically registered conformity inspection body') shall without delay conduct the conformity inspection unless he/she has justifiable grounds.

• 第十二条第一項の登録を受けた者（外国にある事業所において適合性検査 を行うことにつき、その登録を受けた者に限る。以下「外国登録検査機関」という。）は、適合性検査を行うことを求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を 除き、遅滞なく、適合性検査を行わなければならない。
• When requested to conduct a conformity inspection, a person registered pursuant to Article 12, paragraph (1) (limited to the person who was registered for conducting conformity inspection in a place of business overseas; hereinafter referred to as 'overseas registered conformity inspection body') shall without delay conduct the conformity inspection unless the person has justifiable grounds.

• その後も、一部の人々は攘夷運動を進めようとした（草莽）が、明治2年（1869年）に入ると、明治政府は公議所・上局から上げられた「公議輿論」が攘夷は不可能であるという意見であったことを理由に「開国和親」を国是として以後は攘夷を議題としないことを決定（5月28日）した。
• Even after that, some ordinary citizens tried to continue the Joi movement; however, because the kogi-yoron (public deliberation) issued by the Kogisho (the lower house) and the Jokyoku (a law-making body) expressed the judgment that joi (the expelling of the barbarians) was not possible, the Meiji government adopted a national policy of 'opening the country up and establishing friendly relations with other countries' (kaikoku washin) in 1869 and decided not to employ joi as part of their agenda anymore (May 28).

• ヘラで練る方式の機械で作った餅は、杵搗き餅と比べて細かい気泡が多く含まれ、雑煮に入れた場合に柔らかくなりすぎる、伸ばした時の表面の肌目の細かさなどといった食味の違いがあるが、一般には杵と臼で搗く餅を比較する機会が少ない理由から同等の食味を持つものとして扱われている。
• Compared to pestle-pounded mochi, mochi which is made by a spatula-kneading-type machine: containing fine foam; and differs in taste in that this mochi becomes too soft when put in zoni (soup which contains vegetables, some kind of meat, and mochi and is served on the New Year's Day), its texture is rough when stretched, etc., however, these two types of mochi are handled to have the almost same taste because there generally are few opportunities to compare pestle-pounded mochi with this machine-kneaded-type of mochi.

• 仏教宗派における罰の概念は様々であるため、そのすべてを網羅して説明するのは難しいが、あえてその理由を挙げると、釈迦仏をはじめとする仏如来は「一切衆生は皆我が子なり」と言われるように、そのような大いなる慈悲心を持つ仏が罰を与えることはない、というのが一般的な解釈である。
• Since there are various ideas of punishment in the Buddhist sects, it is difficult to explain the reason considering all ideas, but if we try to think of the reason, it is a general interpretation that the Buddha who has such a great capacity for mercy as Buddha and Nyorai including Shakyamuni buddha are said to proclaim that 'all living things are my children,' so those who are plenteous in mercy will not give punishment.

• 前条第一項の規定により提出した請求書の補正は、その要旨を変 更するものであつてはならない。ただし、当該補正が、特許無効審判以外の審判を請求する場合における同項第三号に掲げる請求の理由についてされるとき、又 は次項の規定による審判長の許可があつたときは、この限りでない。
• An amendment of the written request filed under paragraph (1) of the preceding Article shall not change the gist thereof; provided, however, that this shall not apply where the said amendment is made with respect to the grounds for the request as provided in paragraph (1) item (iii) of the preceding Article in the course of filing a request for a trial other than a trial for patent invalidation, or in the event that approval is granted by the chief trial examiner under the following paragraph.

• また、朝廷が皇族を臣籍降下させ源氏とした背景としては、上級貴族として皇室の藩塀とすることという理由もあったが、実際には3代目以降も上級貴族であり続けた例はほとんどなく、大半は受領階級として地方へ赴任しそこで土着して武士化するか、中央で中下級貴族として細々と生き延びた。
• Although one of the aims of the Imperial court's demotion of their family members to their subjects by giving them the surname of Minamoto was to allow them to be the subsidiary of the Imperial Family as upper class nobles, in fact only a few of them kept their status for more than three generations, while many others took regional posts as middle classes and later became samurai, or earned a sparse living as middle and lower classes in the center.

• 農林水産大臣は、前項の 規定による申出を受けた場合において、その申出に係る種類の農林物資について日本農林規格を制定すべきものと認めるときは、同項の原案を審議会に付議する ものとし、その制定の必要がないと認めるときは、理由を付してその旨を当該申出人に通知しなければならない。
• In the case where the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries receives such a proposal pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, and finds that a Japanese Agricultural Standard should be enacted concerning the agricultural and forestry product set forth in such proposal, he/she shall submit the original bill prescribed in said paragraph to the Council for deliberation, but if he/she determines that enactment of the proposed Japanese Agricultural Standard is not necessary, then he/she shall notify the proposing party of such determination, together with the reason therefore.

• 農林水産大臣は、第一項 又は第二項の規定による指示をした場合において、その指示を受けた者が、正当な理由がなくてその指示に係る措置をとらなかつたときは、内閣総理大臣に対 し、前項の規定により、その者に対してその指示に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることを要請することができる。
• When a Manufacturer, etc. who was instructed as provided for by the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) does not take the measures pertaining to such instruction without justifiable causes, the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries may request the Prime Minister to order such Manufacturer, etc. to take the measures pertaining to such instruction pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

• ここで信長が怒り狂った饗応の不手際とは、「太閤記」にあるような「魚が腐っていた」といった ような表の理由ではなく、実は、信長が饗応の機会を捉えて家康を暗殺するよう光秀に指示したがこれを光秀が拒んだのが真因だと解釈する等、信長に家康暗殺の意図があったことを推定する説が多い。
• In this regard, many views infer that Nobunaga had an intention to assassinate Ieyasu, for example, assuming that the reason why Nobunaga got angry was not mismanagement of entertaining such as 'rotten fish' in 'Taikoki,' but the real cause was that when Nobunaga ordered Mitsuhide to kill Ieyasu taking opportunity of entertainment but Mitsuhide refused this order.

• また、かつてのさっぱりとした日本食と異なり、食生活の欧米化が進んでバターやオリーブオイルなどを多用する油っこい料理を日常的に食するようになっていた日本人にとって、それらと食卓で合わせる日本酒として、またある意味で白ワインの代替品として、淡麗辛口が好まれたという理由もある。
• In addition, there was another reason, Japanese had already been used to having oily dishes using much butter and olive oil which were different from plain Japanese dishes as a result of the Westernization of diet, and that they favored tanrei dry sake to drink on the table with those dishes as an alternative to wine in a certain sense.

• 関西風と比べて遥かに大量の野菜が入り、また分厚くて火が通りづらい広島風の場合、家庭の低い火力では野菜の水分が飛ばずにべちゃっとした仕上がりになってしまうこと、ひっくり返すのにも多少の技術が必要なこと、生地・そば・卵などを同時に焼ける広い鉄板が必要なことなどがその理由である。
• This is because Hiroshimafu-okonomiyaki puts far more amount of vegetables than that of Kansaifu-okonomiyaki, is less likely to be cooked because of thickness and thus the low heat in the household can not extract water from the vegetables and so the finished one is watery, a bit of skill is necessary for turning it over, and the iron plate, which is wide enough to be able to grill the dough, soba, egg, etc., at the same time, is necessary.

• これについて、先例の存在や天皇の自由意思を尊重するべきであることを理由として生前の退位を容認すべきとの意見もあるが、退位後の天皇の処遇（財政的、政治的位置付けの問題。特に後者は院政の問題）や皇位継承の複雑化及び後継者の不足による皇統断絶の可能性などの点から反対の意見が強い。
• There are views that say abdication before death should be allowed, based on respect for the Emperor's free will and the existence of former examples, but there are strong opposing views because of the issues of how the Emperor should be treated after his abdication (financial matters and issues on his position in the political administration. The latter, in particular, is a problem of political administration by the retired emperor), complications in the succession to the Imperial Throne, and the possibility of the extinction of the Imperial Line due to the lack of a successor.

• 意匠登録無効審判は、何人も請求することができる。ただし、意匠登録が前項第一号に該当すること（その意匠登録が第十五条第一項において準用する特許法第三十八条の規定に違反してされたときに限る。）又は前項第三号に該当することを理由とするものは、利害関係人に限り請求することができる。
• Any person may file a request for a trial for invalidation of design registration; provided, however, that where a request for a trial for invalidation of design registration is filed on the ground that the design registration falls under item (i) of the preceding paragraph (limited to cases where the design registration is obtained in violation of Article 38 of the Patent Act as applied mutatis mutandis under Article 15(1) of this Act) or item (iii) of the preceding paragraph, only an interested person may file a request for a trial for invalidation of design registration.

• 都道府県知事は、 第一項の経済産業省令で定める事項を遵守しないため第二項の規定による勧告を受けた販売事業者が、正当な理由がなくてその勧告に係る措置をとらなかった場 合において、特に必要があると認めるときは、その者に対し、その勧告に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• When a sales business operator who has received a recommendation pursuant to the provision of paragraph 2 due to his/her non-compliance with the matters specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry set forth in paragraph 1 fails to take necessary measures pertaining to such recommendation without justifiable grounds, the prefectural governor may, when he/she finds it specifically necessary, order the sales business operator to take such necessary measures pertaining to the recommendation.

• 1890年（明治23年）11月、第一回帝国議会が開かれ、産業界から商法の施行が早すぎ対応がとれないとの理由で「商法実施延期請願書」が出されると、帝国議会は1891年（明治24年）1月1日施行予定の商法を民法と同じ1893年（明治26年）1月1日施行に延期することを決定した。
• In November, 1980, the first Imperial Diet was opened, and when 'Shoho Jisshi Enki Seigansho (petition for postponing the effectuation of the Commercial Code)' was submitted because they could not correspond to its too early effectuation, the Imperial Diet decided to postpone the enforcement of the Commercial Code in January 1, 1991 to January 1, 1893, the same day of the effectuation of the Civil Code.

• その後、届出額の半数以上が天保年間以前の債務に由来するまたは幕府債務として無効を宣言されて総額で3486万円（うち、新公債1282万円、旧公債1122万円、少額債務などを理由に現金支払等で処理されたものが1082万円）が新政府の名によって返済されることになった（藩債処分）。
• Thereafter, more than half of the above amount was declared void as the debts made before the Tempo era or the debts of bakufu, and the total amount of 34.86 million yen (shin-kosai: 12.82 million yen, kyu-kosai : 11.22 million yen, small amount debts that were repaid in cash: 10.82 million yen) were repaid by the new government (hansai-shobun (the policy on the disposition of the debts of feudal domains)).

• 主務大臣は、第一 項に規定する勧告を受けた者が、正当な理由がなくてその勧告に係る措置をとらなかつた場合において、一般消費者の生命又は身体に対する危害の発生の防止を 図るため必要があると認めるときは、当該特定製造事業者等に対し、その勧告に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• In cases where a person who received a recommendation in accordance with paragraph (1) fails to take measures pertaining to said recommendation without justifiable grounds, if the competent minister finds it necessary for preventing the occurrence of danger to the lives or bodies of general consumers, the competent minister may order said specified manufacturer, etc. to take measures pertaining to said recommendation.

• 経済産業大臣は、電気事業者の新エネルギー等電気の利用をする量が基準利 用量に達していない場合において、その達していないことについて正当な理由がないと認めるときは、その電気事業者に対し、期限を定めて、第五条の規定に 従って新エネルギー等電気の利用をすべきことを勧告することができる。
• If the amount of Electricity from New Energy, etc. used by an operator of electric utility does not reach the Standard Amount of Use and when there are no justifiable grounds therefor, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may recommend that said the operator of electric utility use the Electricity from New Energy, etc. pursuant to the provisions of Article 5 and specify a time limit therefor.

• 租鉱権を設定しようとするときは、租鉱権者となろうとする者及び採掘 権者は、経済産業省令で定める手続に従い、左に掲げる事項を記載した申請書に区域図、租鉱権の設定を必要とする理由を記載した書面及びその設定に関する契 約書を添えて、経済産業局長に提出し、その認可を受けなければならない。
• Those who intend to become holders of mining lease right and holders of digging right shall, when they intend to create their mining lease rights, submit the applications, with references made to the following matters, to the Director of Regional Bureau of Economy, Trade and Industry with the map of the area under application and the document of reasons to need the creation of mining lease right and the contract of creation pursuant to the procedures prescribed by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and receive approval from the Director of Regional Bureau of Economy, Trade and Industry.

• 外記局や弁官局などが持っていた律令制における公文書管理組織が解体していった10世紀に儀式や公事の作法・判断の典拠として日記に記された先例故実の校勘に求めるようになり、そうした日記を多く所持していた家系がそれを理由として先例故実の家柄として公家社会において重要視されるようになった。
• The apparatus to manage official documents under the Ritsuryo system, namely the Gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office) and the Benkankyoku (Controller's Office), was dismantled in the 10th century, which led people to begin seeking to modify the precedents for etiquette and legal judgments of public ceremonies and events according to what was found in the written record as recorded in diaries; this meant that for the noble families of aristocratic society, who tended to own many such diaries and could now use them to defend their own pedigree according to past precedent, great importance came to be attached to diaries.

• 家紋としてよく見られる五三桐やそれにまるで囲ったものは、太閤記や伝承などで農民出身とされている豊臣秀吉が用いたことから「家紋のないほどの一般庶民がなんらかの事情で家紋を必要とする場合（紋付袴の着用等）に用いる家紋」としても使用され、上流階級とは逆の理由で庶民の間で一般的に流布した。
• The popular Kamon, Gosan no kiri and circled Gosan no kiri, was 'the Kamon used when a common person with no Kamon required one (e.g., wearing hakama (a divided skirt) with Kamon)),' an example of this is Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who was regarded to have peasant roots in Taiko-ki and according to tradition, and this spread generally by reverse reasoning to that of the higher class.

• 警察庁長官は、適格消費者団体について、第十三条第五項第三号、第四 号又は第六号ハに該当する事由があると疑うに足りる相当な理由があるため、内閣総理大臣が当該適格消費者団体に対して適当な措置をとることが必要であると 認める場合には、内閣総理大臣に対し、その旨の意見を述べることができる。
• The Director-General of the National Police Agency may state his/her opinion to the Prime Minister, with respect to a qualified consumer organization, if the Director-General finds that there is a reasonable ground to suspect that the qualified consumer organization has any of the reasons provided in items (iii), (iv) or (vi) (c) of para. (5) of Article 13 and finds it necessary for the Prime Minister to take proper measures against said qualified consumer organization.

• 「三職推任問題」は、本能寺の変の直前の出来事であり、その性質上、信長が即答可能な問題ではないこと、京への立ち寄りの理由の1つは、それへの返答にあったと考えられることは、上記根拠への疑問を投げかける（信長が返答することを阻止するためにこの日程で本能寺を襲ったと解する事は可能ではある）。
• The facts that 'sanshokusuininmondai' occurred immediately before Honnoji Incident and from its nature, it was not a matter for which Nobunaga could answer instantly and it seems that the purpose of making stopover at Kyoto was to give his answer raise a doubt with respect to the above-described grounds (It is possible to interpret that Mitsuhide attacked the Honno-ji Temple in order to prevent Nobunaga from giving an answer).

• 都道府県知事又は 特定市町村の長は、第十二条第一項若しくは第二項又は第十三条第一項若しくは第二項の規定を遵守していないため第一項の規定による勧告を受けた者が、正当 な理由がなくてその勧告に係る措置をとらなかったときは、その者に対し、その勧告に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• When a person who has received a recommendation pursuant to the provision of paragraph 1 due to his/her non-compliance with paragraph 1 or 2 of Article 12 or paragraph 1 or 2 of Article 13 fails to take necessary measures pertaining to such recommendation without justifiable grounds, the prefectural governor or the head of the specified municipality may order such person to take necessary measures pertaining to the recommendation.

• そもそも江戸城が徳川氏の城に選ばれた理由の一因には、江戸の地が当初は北の玄武は麹町台地、東の青龍は神田川 (東京都)、南の朱雀は日比谷入江、西の白虎は東海道、江戸の拡大後は、玄武に本郷 (文京区)台地、青龍に大川（隅田川）、朱雀に江戸湾、白虎に甲州街道と四神相応に則っている点とされる。
• One reason why the Tokugawa clan chose the Edo Castle as its primary residence was that the geographical location of Edo was ideally aligned with shijin-soo philosopy that sought geographic analogs of the four Daoist gods Genbu (God of Water), Suzaku (Red Phoenix), Seiryu (Blue Dragon) and Byakko (White Tiger) respectively manifest in the geographic forms of hills in the north, a basin to the south, a river in the east, and a broad avenue to the west; Such geographic analogs of geomantic ideals were manifest in the Kojimachi plateau to the north, the Hibiya Inlet to the south, the Kanda-gawa River in the east, and the Tokai-do road to the west; the geographic analogs of geomantic ideals were respectively reconfigured to the Hongo highlands (Bunkyo Ward), Edo bay, O-kawa River (Sumida-gawa River), and the Koshu-kaido Road in response to the growth of Edo.

• 秘密保持命令の申立てをした者又は秘密保持命令を受けた者は、訴訟 記録の存する裁判所（訴訟記録の存する裁判所がない場合にあつては、秘密保持命令を発した裁判所）に対し、前条第一項に規定する要件を欠くこと又はこれを 欠くに至つたことを理由として、秘密保持命令の取消しの申立てをすることができる。
• A person(s) who has filed a motion requesting a protective order or to whom a protective order is issued may file a motion with the court where the record of a case(s) is maintained (or, in the case of no such court maintaining the record of a case(s), the court issuing the protective order), requesting the rescission of the protective order on the ground that the requirements as provided in Article 105-4(1) are not met or are no longer met.

• 秘密保持命令の申立てをした者又は秘密保持命令を受けた者は、訴訟記 録の存する裁判所（訴訟記録の存する裁判所がない場合にあっては、秘密保持命令を発した裁判所）に対し、前条第一項に規定する要件を欠くこと又はこれを欠 くに至ったことを理由として、秘密保持命令の取消しの申立てをすることができる。
• A person(s) who has filed a motion requesting a protective order or to whom a protective order is issued may file a motion with the court where the record of a case s is maintained (or, in the case of no such court maintaining the record of a case(s), the court issuing the protective order), requesting the rescission of the protective order on the ground that the requirements as provided in the previous Article paragraph (1) are not met or are no longer met.

• 明治六年政変で征韓論派を一掃して主導権を握った大久保利通ではあったが、この時の明治天皇の勅裁はロシアとの国境を巡る紛争を理由とした「延期」（「中止」ではない）とされたため、ロシアとの国境が確定（1875年5月7日に樺太・千島交換条約締結）した際には征韓論派の要求が再燃する可能性が高かった。
• Although Toshimichi OKUBO gained the initiative, rooting out pro-Seikanron members during Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (Coups of 1873), Emperor Meiji's pronouncement of that time was that Japan postponed (not abandoned) dispatching troops to Korea due to a border dispute with Russia, which left a strong possibility for reigniting demand from pro-Seikanron once the border with Russia was determined (The Treaty of Saint Petersburg was signed on May 7, 1875.)

• 正確な数値を出すのが難しい理由は、いまや簡単な精米機が家庭でも所有され、玄米のままで食べる人、三分搗き（づき / つき）、五分搗き、七分搗きで食べる人など精米歩合は無限に細かくすることができ、なおかつ、どこから先を「白米」と考えて食べているかは結局、消費者本人の感覚によっているからである。
• The reason why it is difficult to find the accurate numbers is that the rice-polishing ratio can be infinitely subdivided under the current circumstance where simple rice-milling machines are installed in some homes and some people eat brown rice without polishing and others eat rice after thirty percent threshing, half threshing or seventy percent threshing, and that after all the boundary of 'polished rice' depends on the sense of the consumer.

• 信濃国の大名がこぞって東軍に与するなか、あえて昌幸と信繁が西軍に与した理由は諸説あるが、昌幸の五女が石田三成の妻の実家である宇田氏に嫁いでおり、しかも昌幸二男信繁も三成と親交があり西軍に与した大谷吉継の娘を妻にしているという姻戚関係が、昌幸・信繁父子の選択に重要な影響を及ぼしたと言われている。
• There are several theories why Masayuki and Nobushige dared to side with the Western Camp while the daimyo in Shinano Province all sided with the Eastern Camp, and it is said that the matrimonial relation Masayuki and his son Nobushige had (Masayuki's fifth daughter married into the Uda clan, which is the family home of the wife of Mitsunari ISHIDA, Masayuki's second son Nobushige, being associated with Mitsunari, married with a daughter of Yoshitsugu OTANI who sided with the Western Camp) had a significant influence on their choices.

• ゆったりとしていてゴムがないため、かぶれを回避できるなどの理由からアトピー性皮膚炎を患う患者や、ブリーフのように体に密着せず通気性があることが高温多湿な日本の風土にも合っていて身体に良く、精巣の温度を適度に保ち精子数を増加させる効能もあるらしいとの評判から不妊に悩む男性に利用されているようだ。
• For example, Ecchu fundoshi seem to be utilized by the patients who suffer from atopic dermatitis because a rash can be averted thanks to their looseness and lack of elastic, and by the men who suffer from sterility based on the rumor that because they don't adhere to the body and they breathe well, they are suitable to the natural features of Japan with high temperature and high humidity and good for the body, and that they have the effectiveness to keep the temperature of the testis moderately and increase the number of sperms.

• 第五十条（第百五十九条第二項（第百七十四条第一項において準用する場合を含む。） 及び第百六十三条第二項において準用する場合を含む。以下この項において同じ。）の規定による通知（以下この条において「拒絶理由通知」という。）を最初 に受けた場合において、第五十条の規定により指定された期間内にするとき。
• where the applicant has received the first notice (hereinafter referred to in this Article as the 'notice of reasons for refusal') under Article 50 (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 159(2) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 174(1))and Article 163(2), hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) and the said amendment is made within the designated time limit under Article 50;]

• このような計画が策定された理由については、人口増加に伴い食糧不足が生じた、辺境での国防費に係る財政需要が生じた（この説では計画の施行地域は陸奥国などの辺境地域に限定する考えもある）、当時実権を握っていた長屋王（長屋親王）による権勢誇示的な計画だった、等が考えられているが、どれも決定的な説ではない。
• Reasons this project was approved are considered as follows but none of them is definite: As population increased, shortage of food supply occurred; financial demand for national defense in remote regions occurred (in this theory some say enforced areas of the project were limited to remote regions such as Mutsu Province); it was a project to show off the power of Prince Nagaya (Nagaya no Okimi); and so on.

• 切腹が習俗として定着した理由には、新渡戸稲造が『武士道』（Bushido The Soul of Japan、1900年刊）の中で指摘した、「腹部には、人間の霊魂と愛情が宿っているという古代の解剖学的信仰」から、勇壮に腹を切ることが武士道を貫く自死方法として適切とされたとの説が、広く唱えられている。
• A widely repeated theory for the reason why seppuku became an established custom is that it is based on the 'ancient anatomical belief that a person's soul and love resides within the abdomen' as stated by Inazo NITOBE in 'Bushido: The Soul of Japan' (1900), which claims that the heroic act of disembowelment was a fitting method of suicide for the code of bushido.

• 一般的には、論理の明解さから新説を支持する意見が多いとされるが、美術史の立場からは、三像の画風が平安後期-鎌倉初期のものであり、様式から見て南北朝期のものとは言い難く、三像の成立を南北朝期まで下らせる積極的理由のないことが繰り返し強調されるなど、両者間の断絶は大きく、論争の終結はまだ見込まれていない。
• The new theory has been strongly supported generally for its clear logic; however, in terms of art history, they are taking a drawing style which is seen in the late Heian period to the early Kamakura period, that could not be a drawing in the period of Northern and Southern Courts, and it is repeatedly claimed that there is no positive evidence to consider that these three portraits were done in the period of Northern and Southern Courts; there has been a significant gap between these theories and the controversy has not yet been concluded.

• 特許庁長官は、第八十三条第二項の規定により通常実施権を設定すべき旨 の裁定をした後に、裁定の理由の消滅その他の事由により当該裁定を維持することが適当でなくなつたとき、又は通常実施権の設定を受けた者が適当にその特許 発明の実施をしないときは、利害関係人の請求により又は職権で、裁定を取り消すことができる。
• After rendering an award to the effect that a non-exclusive license is to be granted under Article 83(2), where the enforcement of the award becomes inappropriate due to specific reason(s) including the case where the grounds for the award have ceased to exist, or where the person to whom the non-exclusive license was granted fails to properly work the patented invention, the Commissioner of the Patent Office may, upon request of an interested person or ex officio, rescind the award.

• 一般電気事 業者及び卸電気事業者は、一般電気事業者にその一般電気事業の用に供するための電気の供給を約しているときは、正当な理由がなければ、電気の供給を拒んで はならない。一般電気事業者がその供給区域内に供給地点を有する特定電気事業者と第二十四条の二第一項の補完供給契約を締結しているときも、同様とする。
• A General Electricity Utility or Wholesale Electricity Utility that has agreed to supply electricity to another General Electricity Utility for its General Electricity Business shall not refuse to supply electricity without justifiable grounds. The same shall apply where a General Electricity Utility has concluded a Supplementary Supply Agreement set forth in Article 24-2, paragraph 1 with a Specified Electricity Utility that has a service point within the General Electricity Utility's service area.

• 日本の達成が難しいと囁かれ始めた 2007年頃になって、京都議定書自体が欧米諸国による政治的な圧力であるという陰謀論（そもそも根拠が示されていない、既に支持を失った議論を蒸し返しているなどの理由により懐疑論にもなり得ていないもの）が、一部評論筋や個人の論評などで、にわかに唱えられはじめるようになった。
• Around 2007 when it was whispered that it seemed unlikely for Japan to achieve the goal, some critics or individuals began to claim a conspiracy theory that Kyoto Protocol itself was a political pressure from Western countries (it is a groundless theory and is far from even being skepticism because it is based on the issue which was once discussed and consequently lost its supporters).

• 近年では吉村茂樹が、当時の災害異変が突出していないこと、後三条の病気（糖尿病と推定されている）が重篤化したのが退位後であることを理由として、摂関家を外戚に持たない実仁親王に皇位を継承させることによる王権の拡大を意図し、摂関政治への回帰を阻止したものであって院政の意図はなかったと主張し、通説化している。
• In recent years, Shigeki YOSHIMURA has been asserted on the grounds that there was no sharp rise in disasters/accidents at that time, and Gosanjo's illness (assumed to be diabetes) became significantly worse only after his abdication, and that this was intended for the expansion of sovereignty by having Imperial Prince Sanehito, who did not have Sekkan-ke as cognates, succeed to the throne, thereby preventing the return to Sekkan seiji; however, there was no intention to start insei, and consequently such a view has become accepted.

• 特許権又は専用実施権の侵害に係る訴訟において、特許権者又は専用 実施権者が侵害の行為を組成したものとして主張する物又は方法の具体的態様を否認するときは、相手方は、自己の行為の具体的態様を明らかにしなければなら ない。ただし、相手方において明らかにすることができない相当の理由があるときは、この限りでない。
• In litigation concerning the infringement of a patent right or an exclusive license, in order to deny the specific conditions of an article or process that a patentee or an exclusive licensee claims as one that composed an act of infringement, the adverse party shall clarify the specific conditions of his/her act; provided, however, that this shall not apply where there exist reasonable grounds preventing the adverse party from so doing.

• 11世紀以降、非農業民は有力寺社などに生産物を貢納することを理由に、これらに隷属する神人となっていたが、後三条天皇親政下において、内廷経済を充実させるべく山野河海に設定されていた御厨を直轄化するという政策がとられると、蔵人所とその下部組織である御厨所の所管となった御厨の住民が供御人と呼ばれるようになった。
• Since the 11th Century, the non-agricultural people became jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) because they presented their products to the major temples and shrines, however, the residents of Kurodo dokoro and mikuriya (manors of Imperial Family and powerful shrines) which was controlled by mikuriya (the place to cook for Emperor) which was under Kurodo dokoro were called Kugonin when a policy of directly controlling mikuriya which had been set in mountains, fields, rivers, and sea to enrich the economy of the court was taken under the administration of Emperor Gosanjo.

• 処分の取消しの訴え及び裁決の取消しの訴え（以下「取消訴訟」という。）は、当該処分又は裁決の取消しを求めるにつき法律上の利益を有する者（処分又は裁決の効果が期間の経過その他の理由によりなくなつた後においてもなお処分又は裁決の取消しによつて回復すべき法律上の利益を有する者を含む。）に限り、提起することができる。
• An action for the revocation of an original administrative disposition and an action for the revocation of an administrative disposition on appeal (hereinafter referred to as 'actions for the revocation of administrative dispositions') may be filed only by a person who has legal interest to seek the revocation of the original administrative disposition or of the administrative disposition on appeal (including a person who has legal interest to be recovered by revoking the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal even after it has lost its effect due to the expiration of a certain period or for other reasons).

• 審判長は、特許無効審 判を請求する場合における前条第一項第三号に掲げる請求の理由の補正がその要旨を変更するものである場合において、当該補正が審理を不当に遅延させるおそ れがないことが明らかなものであり、かつ、次の各号のいずれかに該当する事由があると認めるときは、決定をもつて、当該補正を許可することができる。
• In the course of filing a request for a trial for patent invalidation, where an amendment of the grounds for the request as provided in paragraph (1), item (iii) of the preceding Article changes the gist thereof, the chief trial examiner may make a ruling approving such amendment if the chief trial examiner recognizes that there is no possibility of unreasonable delay of the proceedings by such amendment and any of the following facts exists:

• 特定製造事業者等は、その製造又は輸入に係る特定保守製品につ いて、その点検期間及びその始期の到来前における主務省令で定める期間において、点検の実施を求められたときは、正当な理由がある場合を除き、第三十二条 の二第一項第二号の型式ごとに主務省令で定める基準に従い、当該特定保守製品の点検を行わなければならない。
• When a specified manufacturer, etc. is requested to conduct an inspection with respect to the specified maintenance products that he/she manufactured or imported, during the inspection period and a period provided for by the Ordinance of the competent ministry that is prior to the arrival of the start time of the inspection period, except in cases where there are justifiable grounds, the specified manufacturer, etc. shall conduct an inspection of said specified maintenance products in accordance with the requirements prescribed by the Ordinance of the competent ministry for each type set forth in Article 32-2, paragraph (1), item (ii).

• 弁護士会又は日本弁護士連合会は、対象弁護士等を懲戒したときは、速やかに、弁護士会にあつては懲戒請求者、懲戒の手続に付された弁護士法人の他の所属弁護士会及び日本弁護士連合会に、日本弁護士連合会にあつては懲戒請求者及び対象弁護士等の所属弁護士会に、懲戒の処分の内容及びその理由を書面により通知しなければならない。
• If disciplinary actions are imposed against an Accused Attorney, etc., the bar association or the Japan Federation of Bar Associations shall promptly send a written notice describing the contents of the disciplinary actions and the reasons for the imposition thereof to, in cases where the bar association imposes the actions, the Discipline Requesting Party, the other bar associations to which the accused Legal Professional Corporation belongs and the Japan Federation of Bar Associations, or, in cases where the Japan Federation of Bar Associations imposes the actions, the Discipline Requesting Party and the bar association to which the Accused Attorney, etc. belongs.

• また同様に南朝正統論を支持した頼山陽は後小松天皇（北朝 (日本)）は後亀山天皇（南朝）から禅譲を受けたことによって正統な天皇になったので、後小松天皇以後の天皇の正統性の問題を理由として、北朝の皇位継承を正当化とすべきではないと主張した（但し史実では神器帰還の儀式が行われたのみで禅譲の儀式は行われていない）。
• In the same way, Sanyo RAI, who supported the Nancho legitimacy theory, claimed that since Emperor Gokomatsu (Northern Court (Japan)) became the legitimate Emperor because Emperor Gokameyama (Southern Court) abdicated in favor of a more virtuous successor, the Imperial succession of the Northern Dynasty should not be legitimatized because there is a problem with the legitimacy of emperors after Emperor Gokomatsu (however, the historical fact is that no ceremony for abdication by an emperor in favor of a more virtuous successor was carried out, only a ceremony to return the sacred treasures).

• （これも、「手を離さない→刀を押さえているから離すと絶対不利」「前足を軸に振り向いてついていく→刀を持っていると前体重だから軸は前足、刀相手に中途半端な距離をとると絶対不利」「崩れたら受身→刀相手に体勢を立て直そうともたつくよりは、受身で大きく間合いを取るほうがいい」というような理由がある、といわれている。）
• (These also are believed to have the following reasons behind them: 'do not let go of the grip -> it is absolutely disadvantageous to let go, since he/she is holding down a sword,' 'turn around on the front foot and follow, i.e., the front foot is the stem, because the center of gravity is toward the front when holding a sword and it's absolutely disadvantageous to be at a halfway distance with an opponent bearing a sword,' 'ukemi when losing balance, i.e., it's better to gain a big distance using ukemi than to struggle to recover one's position when the opponent has a sword.')

• 現在では主要な理由は九州におけるキリスト教の拡大が当時の浄土真宗的な政治・軍事面への変貌を危惧した事と、6月18日 (旧暦)の覚書ではキリシタンも「八宗九宗」（第九条）と規定して体制下の宗教と見なしていたが、19日の追放令ではこれを覆すかのように「邪法を授け」るものとしてキリスト教を厳しく規定しなおしている。
• Nowadays the main reasons could be that the expansion of Christianity in Kyushu was feared to transfigure political and military aspects like Jodo Shinshu (True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) of that time, and Christians were also regulated as 'eight schools and nine schools' (Article Nine) and Christianity was regarded as a religion under the regime in the Memorandum on June 18, but was strictly regulated again as though it would 'spread evil belief' like reversing this in the Expelling edict on June 19.

• この理由について、昭和天皇の侍従長を務めた入江相政は、自らの著書で『お上（昭和天皇）は大東亜戦争終了後、「国民が戦災の為に住む家も無く、暮らしもままならぬ時に、新しい宮殿を造ることは出来ぬ」と、国民の生活向上を最優先とすべしという考えから、戦災で消失した宮殿などの再建に待ったをかけていた』旨のことを記している。
• As for the reason, Sukemasa IRIE, who served Emperor Showa as Grand Chamberlain, described in his book that 'Okami (Emperor Showa), after the Greater East Asia War, put a stop to reconstruction of Kyuden and so on burned-out in the war with the view of giving top priority to improvement of people's living standards, saying 'A new Kyuden should not be constructed when people have no houses to live in and are in poverty.''

• 裁判所は、特許権又は専用実施権の侵害に係る訴訟においては、当事者の 申立てにより、当事者に対し、当該侵害行為について立証するため、又は当該侵害の行為による損害の計算をするため必要な書類の提出を命ずることができる。 ただし、その書類の所持者においてその提出を拒むことについて正当な理由があるときは、この限りでない。
• In litigation concerning the infringement of a patent right or exclusive license, the court may, upon a motion of a party, order the other party to produce documents that are required to prove the said act of infringement or to calculate the damage arising from the said act of infringement; provided, however, that this shall not apply where there are reasonable grounds for the person possessing the documents to refuse production of the said documents.

• これに対して南インドでは伝統的な村落共同体の影響が強いために、農民の従来通りの土地所有を前提としてより緩やかなライーヤトワーリー制が導入されたものの、5-6割の地租の前に未納を理由とした官の没収もしくは納税のための借金のかたに領主・地主層からなる金融業者の差押を経て北インドと同様の土地支配体制が広がっていった。
• In contrast to this, the influence of the village community was strong in the south of India and though the more loose Raiyatowari system was introduced there on the premise of traditional farmers' landownership, the lands were confiscated by government officials because of non-payment of 50 to 60 percent of land tax, or the lands were seized by money brokers who consisted of the lords and landowners because of tax payments for debts and through these, the land government system spread as in the north of India.

• 被告である国若しくは公共団体に所属する行政庁又は被告である行政庁に対し、処分又は裁決の内容、処分又は裁決の根拠となる法令の条項、処分又は裁決の原因となる事実その他処分又は裁決の理由を明らかにする資料（次項に規定する審査請求に係る事件の記録を除く。）であつて当該行政庁が保有するものの全部又は一部の提出を求めること。
• request any administrative agency affiliated with the State or the public entity that stands as a defendant, or the administrative agency that stands as a defendant, to submit the whole or part of the materials that clarify the content of the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal, the provisions of the laws and regulations which give a basis for the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal, the facts constituting the cause of the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal and other grounds for the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal (excluding the records of a case of request for an administrative review prescribed in the following paragraph), which are held by the administrative agency; and

• 法務大臣は、認証紛争解決事業者について、次条第二項各号のいずれかに該当する事由があると疑うに足りる相当な理由がある場合において、その認証紛争解決手続の業務の適正な運営を確保するために必要があると認めるときは、当該認証紛争解決事業者に対し、期限を定めて、当該業務に関し必要な措置をとるべき旨の勧告をすることができる。
• Where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that a certified dispute resolution business operator falls under any of the items of Paragraph 2 of the next Article, the Minister of Justice may issue a recommendation that the certified dispute resolution business operator should take necessary measures for the services of certified dispute resolution within a designated period, if the Minister considers such recommendation necessary for ensuring appropriate operation of the services.

• 経済産業大臣が必要があると認めてその職員に外国登録検査機関の事務所又は事業所に おいて第四十六条第二項に規定する事項についての検査をさせ、又は関係者に質問をさせようとした場合において、その検査が拒まれ、妨げられ、若しくは忌避 され、又はその質問に対して、正当な理由なく陳述がされず、若しくは虚偽の陳述がされたとき。
• When the Foreign Registered Conformity Assessment Bodies has refused, obstructed, or avoided inspection, or has, without any justifiable grounds, failed to make a statement in response to questions or has made a false statement, in the case where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry intended to have his/her officer inspect the matters prescribed in Article 46, paragraph (2) or to have him/her ask questions of the relevant persons at the office or place of business of the Foreign Registered Conformity Assessment Bodies; or

• 裁判所は、育成者権又は専用利用権の侵害に係る訴訟においては、当事 者の申立てにより、当事者に対し、当該侵害の行為について立証するため、又は当該侵害の行為による損害の計算をするため必要な書類の提出を命ずることがで きる。ただし、その書類の所持者においてその提出を拒むことについて正当な理由があるときは、この限りでない。
• In litigation pertaining to the infringement of a breeder's right or an exclusive exploitation right, the court may, upon the motion of a party, order the other party to submit documents necessary for proving the said act of infringement or for calculating of the damages caused by the said act of infringement. However, this shall not apply where the person possessing the documents has justifiable grounds for refusing the submission of the said documents.

• 第七十五条第一項（第九十二条の五において準用する場合を含 む。）の規定に違反して財務諸表等を備えて置かず、財務諸表等に記載すべき事項を記載せず、若しくは虚偽の記載をし、又は正当な理由がないのに第七十五条 第二項各号（第九十二条の五において準用する場合を含む。）の規定による請求を拒んだ者は、二十万円以下の過料に処する。
• A person who has, in violation of Article 75, paragraph 1 (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 92-5), failed to keep Financial Statements, etc., failed to state the necessary matters in the Financial Statements, etc. or made false statements, or refused the request made under the items of paragraph 2 of Article 75 (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 92-5) without justifiable grounds, shall be punished by a civil fine of not more than 200,000 yen.

• 育成者権又は専用利用権の侵害に係る訴訟において、育成者権者又は専 用利用権者が侵害の行為を組成したものとして主張する種苗、収穫物又は加工品の具体的態様を否認するときは、相手方は、自己の行為の具体的態様を明らかに しなければならない。ただし、相手方において明らかにすることができない相当の理由があるときは、この限りでない。
• In litigation pertaining to the infringement of a breeder's right or an exclusive exploitation right, in order to deny the specific conditions of the propagating material, the harvested material or the processed products which the holder of a breeder's right or of an exclusive exploitation right claims as the component of the act of infringement, the opponent shall clarify the specific conditions of his/her act. However, this shall not apply where the opponent has reasonable grounds for being unable to do so.

• 特定製造事業者等は、名簿記載者に対して、正当な理由がある場 合を除き、当該名簿記載者に係る特定保守製品の点検期間の始期の到来前における主務省令で定める期間内に、書面をもつて、当該特定保守製品について、点検 を行うことが必要である旨その他主務省令で定める事項（第四項において「点検通知事項」という。）の通知を発しなければならない。
• During the period provided for by the Ordinance of the competent ministry that is prior to the arrival of the starting time of the inspection period of the specified maintenance products pertaining to a person on the list, a specified manufacturer, etc. shall, except in cases where there are justifiable grounds, issue a notice in writing to said person on the list to the effect that an inspection shall be made for said specified maintenance products and on other matters provided for by the Ordinance of the competent ministry (hereinafter referred to as 'inspection notice matters' in paragraph (4)).

• 管理者が正当な理由がな いのに第一項の許可を拒んだとき、又は管理者の定めた使用料の額が適正でないときは、主務大臣（同項に規定する道路、橋、溝、河川、堤防その他公共の用に 供せられる土地の管理を所掌する大臣をいう。第五項において同じ。）は、電気事業者又は卸供給事業者の申請により、使用を許可し、又は使用料の額を定める ことができる。
• Where the administrator has refused to grant permission under paragraph 1 without justifiable grounds or the amount of the user's fee determined by the administrator is inappropriate, the Competent Minister (which means the minister in charge of administration of the road, bridge, ditch, river, embankment or other public land prescribed in the said paragraph; hereinafter the same shall apply in paragraph 5) may, upon application by the Electricity Utility or Wholesale Supplier, grant permission or determine the amount of the user's fee.

• 銀行持株会 社は、内閣府令で定めるところにより、その中間事業年度経過後三月以内に中間連結貸借対照表等を、その事業年度経過後三月以内に連結貸借対照表等を公告し なければならない。ただし、やむを得ない理由により当該三月以内にこれらの書類の公告をすることができない場合には、内閣総理大臣の承認を受けて、当該公 告を延期することができる。
• A Bank Holding Company shall give public notice of its Interim Consolidated Balance Sheet, etc. within three months after the end of the relevant interim Business Year, and of Consolidated Balance Sheet, etc. within three months after the end of the relevant Business Year, pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance; provided, however, that in the case where it is not possible to give public notice of these documents within the three months period due to a compelling reason, public notice thereof may be postponed by obtaining the Prime Minister's approval.

• 特定製造事業者等は、第三十二条の九第一項から第三項までの規 定により公表した利用目的の達成に必要な範囲を超えて、その製造又は輸入に係る特定保守製品に係る所有者情報を取り扱つてはならない。ただし、本人の同意 がある場合、第三十九条第一項の規定による命令を受けた場合その他正当な理由がある場合として主務省令で定める場合は、この限りでない。
• A specified manufacturer, etc. shall not handle the owner information pertaining to the specified maintenance products that he/she manufactured or imported, in excess of the scope necessary for achieving the purpose of use made public pursuant to the provisions of Article 32-9, paragraph (1) to paragraph (3); provided, however, that this shall not apply in cases where the consent of the owner was obtained, where an order was given in accordance with the provisions of Article 39, paragraph (1) and in any other cases provided for by the Ordinance of the competent ministry as cases where there are justifiable grounds.

• 差止めの訴えの提起があつた場合において、その差止めの訴えに係る処分又は裁決がされることにより生ずる償うことのできない損害を避けるため緊急の必要があり、かつ、本案について理由があるとみえるときは、裁判所は、申立てにより、決定をもつて、仮に行政庁がその処分又は裁決をしてはならない旨を命ずること（以下この条において「仮の差止め」という。）ができる。
• Where an action for an injunctive order is filed, if there is an urgent necessity in order to avoid any damage that cannot be compensated, which would be caused due to an original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal pertaining to the action for injunctive order being made, and the action on the merits seems well-grounded, the court may, upon petition, make an order to the effect that an administrative agency should not make the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal on a provisional basis (hereinafter referred to as a 'provisional injunctive order' in this Article).

• 義務付けの訴えの提起があつた場合において、その義務付けの訴えに係る処分又は裁決がされないことにより生ずる償うことのできない損害を避けるため緊急の必要があり、かつ、本案について理由があるとみえるときは、裁判所は、申立てにより、決定をもつて、仮に行政庁がその処分又は裁決をすべき旨を命ずること（以下この条において「仮の義務付け」という。）ができる。
• Where a mandamus action is filed, if there is an urgent necessity in order to avoid any damage that cannot be compensated, which would be caused due to an original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal pertaining to the mandamus action not being made, and the action on the merits seems well-grounded, the court may, upon petition, make an order to the effect that an administrative agency should make the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal on a provisional basis (hereinafter referred to as a 'provisional order of mandamus' in this Article).

• 国土交通大臣は、鉄道 事業者間において、その一方が乗継円滑化措置に関する協議を求めたにもかかわらず他の一方が当該協議に応じず、又は当該協議が調わなかつた場合で、当該一 方の鉄道事業者から申立てがあつたときは、前項に規定する正当な理由がある場合に該当すると認める場合を除き、他の一方の鉄道事業者に対し、その協議の開 始又は再開を命ずることができる。
• In the case a Railway Business Operator requests other Railway Business Operator to have negotiation concerning the Measures for Smoothing Transit, but the latter refuses or the negotiation does not result an agreement, and if there is an application from the former Railway Business Operator, the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may order the latter to participate or resume the negotiation unless he/she finds that it falls under the cases where there is any of the justifiable grounds prescribed in the preceding paragraph.

• これに対して霊元上皇は他家にも伝わっているにも関わらず二条家の独占になっているのは相応の理由があるからであるとして、たとえ二条家当主が現職の摂関・大臣でなくても「即位灌頂」のみは二条家当主が行う事、もし当主が幼くして二条家を継いだ場合には儀式の秘法を知るもう一人の存在である当代の天皇が責任をもって当主に伝授する事を裁定して公式に二条家の独占となった。
• In reply to the argument, the retired Emperor Reigen reasoned that there should have been a substantial reason why the position had been dominated by the Nijo Family despite the fact that the accession to the throne had come down to the other families, and judged that even if the head of the Nijo Family was not the incumbent regent, chief adviser to the Emperor or minister, only the 'Sokui kanjo' should be administered by the head of the Nijo Family, and that in the case where the family head inherited the Nijo Family while still young, the Emperor (who was the other that knew mysticism of the ceremony) should give instructions to the family head, all of which resulted in the official domination of the position by the Nijo Family.

• 下官人は一種の「株」の形で身分を売買することが行われ（表面上は買主が売主の養子縁組に入る場合が多い）、また必要な人員確保を理由とした官司による取立も行われたため、京都や周辺の商人や農民が社会的身分の上昇や生活の糧（仕事）の獲得などを目的に地下官人の身分を得る例もあった（催官人は官司からの地下人補任の申請があれば、ほとんどの場合そのまま受理していた）。
• The rank of Shimokanjin was traded in the form of 'stock' ostensibly through adoption of 'the buyer' by 'the seller' in most cases, and sometimes 'collected' by the government office on the pretext of staff acquisition, which led some cases of merchants and farmers in Kyoto and its surroundings acquiring the rank of Jige official for the purpose of raising their social status or earning their living, i.e., securing their jobs (In most cases, Saikanjin accepted the application for appointment of Jigenin by the government office without question).

• 一般電気事 業者は、供給約款又は選択約款により電気の供給を受ける者の利益を阻害するおそれがあるときその他正当な理由がなければ、その供給区域における特定規模需 要（その一般電気事業者以外の者から電気の供給を受け、又はその一般電気事業者と交渉により合意した料金その他の供給条件により電気の供給を受けているも のを除く。）に応ずる電気の供給を拒んではならない。
• A General Electricity Utility shall not refuse to supply electricity to meet Specified-Scale Demand in its service area (excluding, however, demand from users who receive electricity supply from a person other than the General Electricity Utility or those who receive electricity supply under the rates and other supply conditions negotiated and agreed with the General Electricity Utility) unless there is a risk of harm to the interests of recipients of electricity supply under general supply provisions or Optional Supply Provisions or there are other justifiable grounds.

• 鉄道事業者が他の鉄道 事業者に対し旅客の乗継ぎに係る前項の措置であつて鉄道施設の建設又は改良によるもの（以下「乗継円滑化措置」という。）に関する協議を求めたときは、当 該他の鉄道事業者は、当該乗継円滑化措置により鉄道施設の有する機能に著しい支障を及ぼすおそれがあるときその他の国土交通省令で定める正当な理由がある 場合を除き、これに応じなければならない。
• When a Railway Business Operator requested other Railway Business Operator to have a conference concerning the measures in the preceding paragraph pertaining to connection of passengers, and related to the construction or improvement of the Railways Facilities (hereafter referred to as 'Measures for Smoothing Connection', the said other Railways Business Operator shall comply with the request unless there is a risk that the Measures for Smoothing Transit may extremely hinder the functions of the Railway Facilities, or for other justifiable grounds prescribed by the provision of an ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 都道府県知事は、第一項に規定する勧告を受けた漁業協同組合等が、前項の規定によりその勧告に従わなかった旨を公表された後において、なお、正当な理由がなくてその勧告に係る措置をとらなかった場合において、漁業調整その他公益のために必要があると認めるときは、漁業法第三十四条第一項又は第四項の規定による養殖漁場の改善のための措置その他の適切な措置を講ずるものとする。
• In the case where the Fisheries Cooperative Association advised pursuant to paragraph (1) does not take any measures pertaining to the advice without any justifiable reason even after the publication of an official announcement pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the Governor concerned shall take any measure to improve the aquaculture area, or any other appropriate measure pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or (4) of Article 34 of the Fishery Act he/she deems necessary for fishing industry regulation or any other public interest.

• 銀行は、内閣府令で定め るところにより、その中間事業年度経過後三月以内に中間貸借対照表等及び中間連結貸借対照表等を、その事業年度経過後三月以内に貸借対照表等及び連結貸借 対照表等を公告しなければならない。ただし、やむを得ない理由により当該三月以内にこれらの書類の公告をすることができない場合には、内閣総理大臣の承認 を受けて、当該公告を延期することができる。
• A Bank shall give public notice of its Interim Balance Sheet, etc. and Interim Consolidated Balance Sheet, etc. within three months after the end of the relevant interim Business Year and of Balance Sheet, etc. and Consolidated Balance Sheet, etc. within three months after the end of the relevant Business Year, pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance; provided, however, that in the case where it is not possible to give public notice of these documents within the three months period due to an compelling reason, public notice thereof may be postponed by obtaining the Prime Minister's approval.

• 認証紛争解決事業者が破産及び合併以外の理由により解散（法人でない団体で代表者又は管理人の定めのあるものにあっては、解散に相当する行為。以下同じ。）をした場合には、その清算人（法人でない団体で代表者又は管理人の定めのあるものにあっては、その代表者又は管理人であった者。次項において同じ。）は、当該解散の日から一月以内に、その旨を法務大臣に届け出なければならない。
• Where certified dispute resolution business operators are dissolved due to causes other than bankruptcy or merger (or any acts equivalent to a merger in the case of a certified dispute resolution business operator that is an unincorporated entity for which a representative or administrator is appointed; the same shall apply hereinafter), the liquidator (or the representative or manager appointed for the certified dispute resolution business operator that is an unincorporated entity; the same shall apply hereinafter in the next paragraph) shall notify the Minister of Justice of the dissolution within a month from the date of the dissolution.

• この変更の理由としては江戸時代も安定期に向かい、将軍の国内的地位が幕初の覇者的性格から実質的に君主的性格に移行した現実を踏まえ、「国王」を称することにより徳川将軍が実質的意味において君主的性格を帯びるようになったことを鮮明にせんとしたとも、あるいは、「大君」は朝鮮国内においては王子のことを指すので、これではむしろ対等ではないので国王に戻すのだとも説明されている。
• The reason why the term for the title of shogun was changed was explained as follows: The change was made because the state of the nation in the Edo period had become stabilized, then the domestic positioning of shogun became like sovereign rather than a winner of wars, and therefore, it was intended to use the term of 'King of Japan' to clearly show that the Tokuwaga shogun became effectively a sovereign, or because the term of 'Tycoon' was used in Korea for indicating a prince, and therefore, use of 'King of Japan' was restored to remedy the unequal state of using the term.

• 徳川吉宗は享保八年（1723年）九月から享保九年（1724年）四月の間の9263人の急激な人口減少、享保十年（1725年）四月から六月の間の1万0394人の急激な人口増加に気付き、季節的な人口変動の理由を調べさせた結果、冬の火災の多さから特に子女は近隣実家等へ疎開する、春以降火災からの復興再建や土蔵の建築が増えて労働転入者も増える、などといった実態が判明している。
• In gathering demographic information, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA noticed a sharp population decline of 9,263 persons between September 1723 to April 1724 and a population surge of 10,394 persons between April and June 1725; After ordering an investigation into the seasonal fluctuations in population, it was discovered that frequent fires in winter prompted women and children to take shelter in neighboring towns and parental residences, and reconstruction work and the construction of dozo (earthen storehouse) from spring brought in an influx of workers.

• 酒税法が制定された1940年以来、単式蒸留焼酎（乙種）は酒税の保全や過当競争防止等の理由にてムギ・米・サツマイモ・ソバの主要4品種については新規製造免許を認めない方針によって、製造の新規参入ができない状態が長らく続いていたが、聖域なき構造改革の一環として国税庁が2005年に規制緩和の見解を示し、一部地域・条件付きながら2006年以降に新規免許が認められる事となった。
• Since the Liquor Tax Law was established in 1940, to maintain the liquor tax and prevent a price war of single distilled shochu (group Otshu), for four major varieties of barley, rice, sweet potato, buckwheat admitting new manufacturing licenses were refused and production couldn't commence for a long time, but in 2005 as a part of structural reform without sanctuaries, the National Tax Agency presented its views on the relaxation of regulations and admitted new licenses from 2006 though it was limited in areas and with conditions.

• 前項に規定するものの ほか、第一項各号に掲げる場合において特許請求の範囲について補正をするときは、その補正前に受けた拒絶理由通知において特許をすることができないものか 否かについての判断が示された発明と、その補正後の特許請求の範囲に記載される事項により特定される発明とが、第三十七条の発明の単一性の要件を満たす一 群の発明に該当するものとなるようにしなければならない。
• In addition to the case provided in the preceding paragraph, where any amendment of the scope of claims is made in the cases listed in the items of paragraph (1), the invention for which determination on its patentability is stated in the notice of reasons for refusal received prior to making the amendment and the invention constituted by the matters described in the amended scope of claims shall be of a group of inventions recognized as fulfilling the requirements of unity of invention set forth in Article 37.

• 4月下旬に始まった帝国議会において、ロンドン海軍軍縮会議締結に対し、軍令部が要求していた、補助艦の対米比7割に満たないとして条約締結拒否を言ったにもかかわらず、この条約を結んだことを理由に、野党の立憲政友会総裁の犬養毅と鳩山一郎が衆議院で、「軍令部の反対意見を無視した条約調印は統帥権の干犯である」と政府を攻撃、続いて枢密院議長倉富勇三郎もこれに同調する動きを見せた。
• Despite the Army demanded to reject the conclusion of the treaty of London Naval Conference on Disarmament, at the Imperial Diet opened in the latter half of April, because the proportion of the auxiliary ships unreached to 70 percent comparing to that of the United States, the government concluded the treaty, so that Tsuyoshi INUKAI, the President of the Opposition Rikken seiyukai, and Ichiro HATOYAMA attacked the government at the House of Representatives appealing 'The conclusion of the treaty ignoring the opposite opinion given by the Army means the interference and violate of supreme command,' and following that the Chairman of the Privy Council Yuzaburo KURATOMI showed his attitude to sympathize with that.

• 審判長は、特許無効審判の審決（審判の請求に理由がないとする ものに限る。）に対する第百八十一条第一項の規定による取消しの判決が確定し、同条第五項の規定により審理を開始するときは、その判決の確定の日から一週 間以内に被請求人から申立てがあつた場合に限り、被請求人に対し、願書に添付した明細書、特許請求の範囲又は図面の訂正を請求するための相当の期間を指定 することができる。
• Where a judgment rescinding a trial decision in a trial for patent invalidation (limited to a trial decision concluding that the request for a trial is groundless) under Article 181(1) has become final and binding, and following which proceedings are initiated under paragraph (5) of the said Article, the chief trial examiner may designate to the demandee an adequate time limit for filing a request for correction of the description, scope of claim(s) or drawing(s) attached to the application, only if such motion is made by the demandee within one week from the date such judgment became final and binding.

• 特許権の存続期間が延長された場合（第六十七条の二第五項の規定 により延長されたものとみなされた場合を含む。）の当該特許権の効力は、その延長登録の理由となつた第六十七条第二項の政令で定める処分の対象となつた物 （その処分においてその物の使用される特定の用途が定められている場合にあつては、当該用途に使用されるその物）についての当該特許発明の実施以外の行為 には、及ばない。
• Where the duration of a patent right is extended (including the case where the duration is deemed to have been extended under Article 67-2(5)), such patent right shall not be effective against any act other than the working of the patented invention for the product which was the subject of the disposition designated by Cabinet Order under Article 67(2) which constituted the reason for the registration of extension (where the specific usage of the product is prescribed by the disposition, the product used for that usage).

• 裁判所は、前項の 場合において、第一項ただし書に規定する正当な理由があるかどうかについて前項後段の書類を開示してその意見を聴くことが必要であると認めるときは、当事 者等（当事者（法人である場合にあつては、その代表者）又は当事者の代理人（訴訟代理人及び補佐人を除く。）、使用人その他の従業者をいう。以下同 じ。）、訴訟代理人又は補佐人に対し、当該書類を開示することができる。
• In the case of the preceding paragraph, where the court finds it necessary to hear opinions by disclosing the documents as provided in the latter sentence of the preceding paragraph to make a decision concerning the existence of reasonable grounds as provided in the proviso to paragraph (1), the court may disclose the documents to the parties, etc. (the parties (or, in the case of juridical persons, their representatives), their representatives (excluding attorneys and assistant), employees and other workers, the same shall apply hereinafter), attorneys or assistant.

• 裁判所は、前項の 場合において、第一項ただし書に規定する正当な理由があるかどうかについて前項後段の書類を開示してその意見を聴くことが必要であると認めるときは、当事 者等（当事者（法人である場合にあっては、その代表者）又は当事者の代理人（訴訟代理人及び補佐人を除く。）、使用人その他の従業者をいう。以下同 じ。）、訴訟代理人又は補佐人に対し、当該書類を開示することができる。
• In the case referred to in the preceding paragraph, when the court finds it necessary to hear opinions concerning the existence of justifiable grounds as provided in the proviso of paragraph (1) by disclosing the documents as provided in the second sentence of the preceding paragraph, the court may disclose the documents to the parties, etc. (the parties (or, in the case of juridical persons, their representatives), their agents (excluding counsels and assistant in court), or their employees or any other workers; the same shall apply hereinafter), counsels or assistant in court.

• 日本弁護士連合会の懲戒委員会は、原弁護士会が相当の期間内に懲戒の手続を終えないことについての異議の申出につき、第一項の異議の審査によりその異議の申出に理由があると認めるときは、その旨の議決をする。この場合において、日本弁護士連合会は、当該議決に基づき、原弁護士会に対し、速やかに懲戒の手続を進め、対象弁護士等を懲戒し、又は懲戒しない旨の決定をするよう命じなければならない。
• If an objection is filed that the original bar association has not concluded disciplinary procedures within a reasonable period, and the Disciplinary Actions Committee of the Japan Federation of Bar Associations finds that there are grounds for the objection based on an examination of the objection pursuant to paragraph (1) hereof, it shall adopt a resolution to that effect. In such a case, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations shall, based on such resolution, order the original bar association to promptly proceed with disciplinary procedures, and either discipline the Accused Attorney, etc. or issue a ruling that it will not discipline the Accused Attorney, etc.

• 日本弁護士連合会の綱紀委員会は、原弁護士会が相当の期間内に懲戒の手続を終えないことについての異議の申出につき、第一項の異議の審査によりその異議の申出に理由があると認めるときは、その旨の議決をする。この場合において、日本弁護士連合会は、当該議決に基づき、原弁護士会に対し、速やかに懲戒の手続を進め、対象弁護士等を懲戒し、又は懲戒しない旨の決定をするよう命じなければならない。
• If an objection is filed that the original bar association failed to conclude disciplinary procedures within a reasonable period, and the Disciplinary Enforcement Committee of the Japan Federation of Bar Associations allows the objection based on an examination of the objection as set forth in paragraph (1), it shall adopt a resolution to that effect. In such a case, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations shall, based on such resolution, order the original bar association to promptly proceed with disciplinary procedures, and either discipline the Accused Attorney, etc. or issue a ruling that the Accused Attorney, etc. will not be disciplined.

• 前項の規定により 積み立てた渇水準備引当金は、特別の理由がある場合において、経済産業大臣の許可を受けたときを除き、毎事業年度において、河川の流量の減少により水力発 電所において発生した電気の量が経済産業省令で定める量を下つたため、電気事業の収益が減少し、又は電気事業の費用が増加した場合において、その収益の減 少又は費用の増加に充当するのでなければ、取りくずしてはならない。
• Except when permitted by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry for special reasons, the drought reserves accumulated under the preceding paragraph shall not be disposed of for purposes other than appropriating them to cover a decrease in income from the Electricity Business or an increase in expenditure for the Electricity Business that has occurred each business year because the quantity of electricity generated at the hydraulic power plant has been less than the quantity specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry as a result of a decrease in river discharge.

• 警察庁長官は、認証紛争解決事業者について、第七条第八号から第十二号までに該当する事由（同条第九号及び第十号に該当する事由にあっては、同条第八号に係るものに限る。）又は第十五条の規定に違反する事実があると疑うに足りる相当な理由があるため、法務大臣が当該認証紛争解決事業者に対して適当な措置をとることが必要であると認める場合には、法務大臣に対し、その旨の意見を述べることができる。
• The Director-General of the National Police Agency may offer his opinions to the Minister of Justice when he considers it necessary to take appropriate measures against a certified dispute resolution business operator on the grounds that there is reason to suspect that the certified dispute resolution business operator falls under any of Items 8 to 12 of Article 7 (limited to Item 8 where the applicant falls under Item 9 or 10) or is in violation of Article 15.

• 日本弁護士連合会の懲戒委員会は、原弁護士会がした懲戒の処分が不当に軽いとする異議の申出につき、第一項の異議の審査によりその異議の申出に理由があると認めるときは、懲戒の処分の内容を明示して、懲戒の処分を変更することを相当とする旨の議決をする。この場合において、日本弁護士連合会は、当該議決に基づき、原弁護士会がした懲戒の処分を取り消し、自ら対象弁護士等を懲戒しなければならない。
• If an objection is filed that the disciplinary actions imposed by the original bar association were unjustly lenient, and the Disciplinary Actions Committee of the Japan Federation of Bar Associations finds that there are grounds for the objection based on an examination of the objection pursuant to paragraph (1) hereof, it shall set forth the details of such disciplinary actions and adopt a resolution ordering that the disciplinary actions be changed. In such a case, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations shall, based on such resolution, overturn the disciplinary actions imposed by the original bar association, and itself impose disciplinary actions against the Accused Attorney, etc.

• 会社法（平成十七 年法律第八十六号）その他の法律により詐欺又は強迫を理由として取消しをすることができないものとされている株式若しくは出資の引受け又は基金の拠出が消 費者契約としてされた場合には、当該株式若しくは出資の引受け又は基金の拠出に係る意思表示については、第四条第一項から第三項まで（第五条第一項におい て準用する場合を含む。）の規定によりその取消しをすることができない。
• In the case where a consumer enters into a contract as a consumer contract to subscribe for shares or offer capital contribution, or to contribute funds that shall not be rescinded on the grounds of fraud or duress under the Corporate Code (Act No. 86, 2005) and other acts, a consumer cannot rescind his/her manifestation of intention of such subscription, offering or contribution pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs (1) - (3) of Article 4 (including the case where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to para. (1) of Article 5).

• 主務大臣は、主務省令で定めるところにより、前条の規定による届出をし た者に対し、その者が行う輸入に係る生物（第三項及び第五項において「検査対象生物」という。）につき、主務大臣又は主務大臣の登録を受けた者（以下「登 録検査機関」という。）から、同条の指定の理由となった遺伝子組換え生物等であるかどうかについての検査（以下「生物検査」という。）を受けるべきことを 命ずることができる。
• tent minister may order a person who has made notification under the provisions of the preceding Article to undergo testing of organisms pertaining to import by that person (referred to in paragraph (3) and paragraph (5) as 'Organisms Subject to Testing'), by the competent minister or a person registered by the competent minister (hereinafter referred to as 'Registered Inspection Body'), to identify whether they are the living modified organisms that were subject to the designation in the same Article (hereinafter referred to as 'Testing of Organisms'), as stipulated in the ordinance of the competent ministries.

• 銀行、銀行主要株主（第五十二条の九第一項の認可のうち設立に係るも のを受けた者を含む。）又は銀行持株会社（第五十二条の十七第一項の認可を受けた者を含む。）がこの法律の規定による認可を受けた日から六月以内に当該認 可を受けた事項を実行しなかつたときは、当該認可は、効力を失う。ただし、やむを得ない理由がある場合において、あらかじめ内閣総理大臣の承認を受けたと きは、この限りでない。
• When a Bank, a Major Shareholder of Bank (including a person who has obtained the authorization for establishment under Article 52-9(1)) or Bank Holding Company (including a person who has obtained the authorization under Article 52-17(1)) does not implement something for which it or he/she has obtained authorization under the provisions of this Act within six months from the day when it or he/she has obtained the authorization, the authorization shall lose its effect; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the case where there is an unavoidable reason and the approval of the Prime Minister has been obtained in advance.

• このとき、後三条天皇は院政を開始する意図を持っていたとする見解が慈円により主張されて（『愚管抄』）以来、北畠親房（『神皇正統記』）、新井白石（『読史余論』）、黒板勝美、三浦周行などにより主張されていたが、和田英松が、災害異変、後三条の病気、実仁親王 (平安時代)の立東宮の3点が譲位の理由であり院政開始は企図されていなかったと主張し、平泉澄が病気のみに限定するなど異論が出された。
• Because Jien asserted that Emperor Gosanjo at that time was intent upon initiating insei ('Gukansho'), Chikafusa KITABATAKE ('Jinno-Shoto-ki'), Hakuseki ARAI ('Tokushiyoron'), Katsumi KUROITA, Hiroyuki MIURA, etc., also supported such an assumption; however, there were different views, such as that of Hidematsu WADA, who asserted that the initiation of insei was not intended due to three reasons--disasters/accidents, Gosanjo's illness and Imperial Prince Sanehito's assumption of the position as the Crown Prince--which reasons were limited only to illness by Kiyoshi HIRAIZUMI.

• その傍証として、ワケ号を負う履中・反正とは根本的に異質な名であることや、この2天皇から病気を理由に愚か者として軽蔑されていて、即位が円滑に行われなかったという所伝、当時の有力豪族たる蘇我・葛城氏の系譜に、武内宿禰の子として若子宿禰という人物の存在が伝えられ、時代が重なること、さらには、倭王済（允恭）と倭王珍（反正に比定される）の血縁関係を記さない『宋書』の問題などが挙げられる。
• Collateral evidences for that include: a fact that his name is fundamentally different from those of Richu and Hanzei which bear the title of wake (which means 'coming into being'); a legend that he was despised by these two Emperors as a fool because of his illness and his accession to the throne did not proceed smoothly; a story told in genealogies of Soga and Katsuragi clans which were the influential Gozoku of the time that there was reportedly a person known as WAKUGO no Sukune who was a son of TAKENOUCHI no Sukune at a period which overlaps that of Ingyo; and a problem in the 'So-jo' (the Book of Song) that it does not describe any blood relationship between King Sai of Wa (Ingyo) and King Chin of Wa (identified with Hanzei).

• 当該漁業権者又はその 代理人は、第五項の規定による通知があつた時から意見の聴取が終結する時までの間、海区漁業調整委員会に対し、当該事案についてした調査の結果に係る調書 その他の当該申請の原因となる事実を証する資料の閲覧を求めることができる。この場合において、海区漁業調整委員会は、第三者の利益を害するおそれがある ときその他正当な理由があるときでなければ、その閲覧を拒むことができない。
• During the period from the time when the notice pursuant to the provision of paragraph (5) is made to the time when the hearing of the opinions is completed, said fishery right holder or his/her agent may request the Sea-area Fisheries Adjustment Commission concerned, to allow him/her to inspect the written statement pertaining to the results of the investigation made on said issue and other data proofing the fact causing said application. In this case, the Sea-area Fisheries Adjustment Commission concerned may not reject the inspection unless there is any possibility of impairing the interest of a third party or without any other justifiable grounds.

• 主務大臣は、第一項に規定する勧告を受けた指定表示事業者が、前項の規定によりその勧告に従わなかった旨を公表された後において、なお、正当な理由がなくてその勧告に係る措置をとらなかった場合において、当該指定表示製品に係る再生資源の利用の促進を著しく害すると認めるときは、審議会等で政令で定めるものの意見を聴いて、当該指定表示事業者に対し、その勧告に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• In the case where the Specified Labeling Business Operator that has received a recommendation prescribed in paragraph 1 does not take any measures pertaining to the recommendation without justifiable grounds even after the competent minister has publicized, pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, that the Specified Labeling Business Operator has not followed the recommendation, the competent minister may, when he/she finds the promotion of utilization of Recyclable Resources pertaining to the Specified Labeled Product to be significantly affected, order the Specified Labeling Business Operator to take measures pertaining to the recommendation, after hearing opinions of Councils, etc. specified by Cabinet Order.

• 主務大臣は、第一項に規定する勧告を受けた指定副産物事業者が、前項の規定によりその勧告に従わなかった旨を公表された後において、なお、正当な理由がなくてその勧告に係る措置をとらなかった場合において、当該指定副産物に係る再生資源の利用の促進を著しく害すると認めるときは、審議会等で政令で定めるものの意見を聴いて、当該指定副産物事業者に対し、その勧告に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• In the case where the Specified By-product Business Operator that has received a recommendation prescribed in paragraph 1 does not take any measures pertaining to the recommendation without justifiable grounds even after the competent minister has publicized, pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, that the Specified By-product Business Operator has not followed the recommendation, the competent minister may, when he/she finds the promotion of utilization of Recyclable Resources pertaining to the Specified By-product to be significantly affected, order the Specified By-product Business Operator to take measures pertaining to the recommendation, after hearing opinions of Councils, etc. specified by Cabinet Order.

• 認証紛争解決手続によっては紛争の当事者間に和解が成立する見込みがないことを理由に手続実施者が当該認証紛争解決手続を終了した場合において、当該認証紛争解決手続の実施の依頼をした当該紛争の当事者がその旨の通知を受けた日から一月以内に当該認証紛争解決手続の目的となった請求について訴えを提起したときは、時効の中断に関しては、当該認証紛争解決手続における請求の時に、訴えの提起があったものとみなす。
• Where the dispute resolution provider has terminated the certified dispute resolution procedure on the grounds that it is impossible to arrange settlement between the parties to a dispute through certified dispute resolution, if the party to the dispute that made the request for certified dispute resolution brings a suit, within one month from the date of being notified of the termination, for the demand disputed in the certified dispute resolution procedure, prescription shall be nullified as if the suit had been brought on the date on which the demand was made through the certified dispute resolution procedure.

• 主務大臣は、第一項に規定する勧告を受けた特定再利用事業者が、前項の規定によりその勧告に従わなかった旨を公表された後において、なお、正当な理由がなくてその勧告に係る措置をとらなかった場合において、当該特定再利用業種に係る再生資源又は再生部品の利用を著しく害すると認めるときは、審議会等で政令で定めるものの意見を聴いて、当該特定再利用事業者に対し、その勧告に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• In the case where the Designated Resources-Reutilizing Business Operator that has received a recommendation prescribed in paragraph 1 does not take any measures pertaining to the recommendation without justifiable grounds even after the competent minister has publicized, pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, that the Designated Resources-Reutilizing Business Operator has not followed the recommendation, the competent minister may, when he/she finds that the utilization of Recyclable Resources or Reusable Parts pertaining to the Designated Resources-Reutilizing Industry to be significantly affected, order the Designated Resources-Reutilizing Business Operator to take measures pertaining to the recommendation, after hearing opinions of Councils, etc. specified by Cabinet Order.

• 江戸時代を通じて、基本的に酒はその造り方、流通、販売に至るまで商人がプロデュースするものであったが、上記のような理由から藩という地方自治体が酒造りを立案し、伊丹酒や灘五郷や奈良流など当時の酒造先進地域より酒師（さかし - 杜氏とほぼ同義）や麹師（こうじし）といった技術者を少なからぬ藩費で招聘し、土地の大商人に醸造設備などを整備させて始めた地酒のことを、後世から便宜上藩造酒（はんぞうしゅ）と呼ぶ。
• While sake was basically produced by the merchants throughout the Edo period in all fields of brewing methods, distribution and sales, local governments or domains, due to the above reasons, started to brew Jizake (local sake) called, in later ages for convenience, Hanzoshu (sake brewed by the domains) by preparing brewing plans, inviting at no small expenses of the domain's technical experts such as Sakashi (sake brewer) (almost the same meaning as Toji [sake brewer]) and Kojishi (a person in charge of the koji-manufacturing) from the advanced regions in sake brewing like Itami sake, Nada gogo (five districts in Nada), Nara style sake and so on and making local wealthy merchants maintain brewing facilities.

• 第十七条の二第一項第一号又は第三号に掲げる場合（同項第一号に掲げ る場合にあつては、拒絶の理由の通知と併せて第五十条の二の規定による通知をした場合に限る。）において、願書に添付した明細書、特許請求の範囲又は図面 についてした補正が第十七条の二第三項から第六項までの規定に違反しているものと特許をすべき旨の査定の謄本の送達前に認められたときは、審査官は、決定 をもつてその補正を却下しなければならない。
• In the case of Article 17-2(1)(i) or 17-2(1)(iii) (in the case of Article 17-2(1)(i), limited to the case where the examiner has given a notice under Article 50-2 along with the notice of reasons for refusal), where, prior to the service of the certified copy of the examiner's decision notifying to the effect that a patent is to be granted, an amendment made to the description, scope of claims or drawings attached to the application is found not to comply with paragraphs (3) to (6) of Article 17-2, the examiner shall dismiss the amendment by a ruling.

• 主務大臣は、第一項に規定する勧告を受けた指定再資源化事業者が、前項の規定によりその勧告に従わなかった旨を公表された後において、なお、正当な理由がなくてその勧告に係る措置をとらなかった場合において、当該使用済指定再資源化製品の自主回収及び再資源化を著しく害すると認めるときは、審議会等で政令で定めるものの意見を聴いて、当該指定再資源化事業者に対し、その勧告に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• In the case where the Specified Resources-Recycling Business Operator that has received a recommendation prescribed in paragraph 1 does not take any measures pertaining to the recommendation without justifiable grounds even after the competent minister has publicized, pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, that the Specified Resources-Recycling Business Operator has not followed the recommendation, the competent minister may, when he/she finds the Voluntary Collection and Recycling of the Used Specified Resources-Recycled Product to be significantly affected, order the Specified Resources-Recycling Business Operator to take measures pertaining to the recommendation, after hearing opinions of Councils, etc. specified by Cabinet Order.

• 会社法第八百七十一条本 文（理由の付記）、第八百七十二条（第一号に係る部分に限る。）（即時抗告）、第八百七十五条（非訟事件手続法の規定の適用除外）及び第八百七十六条（最 高裁判所規則）の規定は前項前段の規定による命令について、同法第八百七十四条（第二号に係る部分に限る。）（不服申立ての制限）、第八百七十五条及び第 八百七十六条の規定は同項後段の規定による特別検査人の選任について、それぞれ準用する。
• The provisions of the main clause of Article 871 (Reason of Decision), Article 872 (limited to the parts pertaining to item (i)) (Immediate Appeal), Article 875 (Exclusion from Application of the Act on Non-Contentious Cases Procedures Act) and Article 876 (Supreme Court Rules) of the Companies Act shall apply mutatis mutandis to orders given under the first sentence of the preceding paragraph, and Article 874 (limited to the parts pertaining to item (ii)) (Restriction on Appeal), Article 875 and Article 876 of the Companies Act shall apply mutatis mutandis to appointment of special inspector under the second sentence of the preceding paragraph.

• 主務大臣は、第一項に規定する勧告を受けた指定省資源化事業者が、前項の規定によりその勧告に従わなかった旨を公表された後において、なお、正当な理由がなくてその勧告に係る措置をとらなかった場合において、当該指定省資源化製品に係る使用済物品等の発生の抑制を著しく害すると認めるときは、審議会等で政令で定めるものの意見を聴いて、当該指定省資源化事業者に対し、その勧告に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• In the case where the Specified Resources-Saving Business Operator that has received a recommendation prescribed in paragraph 1 does not take any measures pertaining to the recommendation without justifiable grounds even after the competent minister has publicized, pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, that the Specified Resources-Saving Business Operator has not followed the recommendation, the competent minister may, when he/she finds the reduction of generation of Used Products, etc. pertaining to the Specified Resources-Saved Product to be significantly affected, order the Specified Resources-Saving Business Operator to take measures pertaining to the recommendation, after hearing opinions of Councils, etc. specified by Cabinet Order.

• 処分又は裁決につき審査請求をすることができる場合又は行政庁が誤つて審査請求をすることができる旨を教示した場合において、審査請求があつたときは、処分又は裁決に係る取消訴訟は、その審査請求をした者については、前二項の規定にかかわらず、これに対する裁決があつたことを知つた日から六箇月を経過したとき又は当該裁決の日から一年を経過したときは、提起することができない。ただし、正当な理由があるときは、この限りでない。
• If a request for administrative review is made with regard to an original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal in cases where a request for administrative review may be made or where an administrative agency has mistakenly informed that a request for administrative review may be made, the person who has made the request, notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, may not file an action for the revocation of an administrative disposition when a period of six months has elapsed from the day on which the person became aware of the fact that an administrative disposition on appeal was made in response to his/her request for an administrative review or when a period of one year has elapsed from the date of the administrative disposition on appeal; provided, however, that this shall not apply if there are justifiable grounds for failing to meet such time limit.

• 主務大臣は、第一項に規定する勧告を受けた指定再利用促進事業者が、前項の規定によりその勧告に従わなかった旨を公表された後において、なお、正当な理由がなくてその勧告に係る措置をとらなかった場合において、当該指定再利用促進製品に係る再生資源又は再生部品の利用の促進を著しく害すると認めるときは、審議会等で政令で定めるものの意見を聴いて、当該指定再利用促進事業者に対し、その勧告に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• In the case where the Specified Reuse-Promotion Business Operator that has received a recommendation prescribed in paragraph 1 does not take any measures pertaining to the recommendation without justifiable grounds even after the competent minister has publicized, pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, that the Specified Reuse-Promotion Business Operator has not followed the recommendation, the competent minister may, when he/she finds the promotion of utilization of Recyclable Resources or Reusable Parts pertaining to the Specified Reuse-Promoted Product to be significantly affected, order the Specified Reuse-Promotion Business Operator to take measures pertaining to the recommendation, after hearing opinions of Councils, etc. specified by Cabinet Order.

• 前項第三号に規定 する趣旨は、命令の取消し又は変更を求める範囲を明らかにするように記載するものとし、同号に規定する理由においては、排除措置命令又は納付命令（第五 項、第五十八条、第五十九条第一項、第六十六条第三項及び第四項並びに第七十条の八において「原処分」という。）に対する主張（排除措置命令にあつてはそ の原因となる事実に対する主張、納付命令にあつては課徴金の計算の基礎に対する主張）が明らかにされていなければならない。
• The gist as prescribed in item (iii) of the preceding paragraph shall clearly state the scope of the request for rescission or modification of the order, and the claim (in the case of a cease and desist order, the claim against the facts that led to the order; in the case of a payment order, the claim against the basis of calculation of the surcharge) against the cease and desist order or payment order (referred to as 'original order' in paragraph 5, Article 58, paragraph 1 of Article 59, paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 66, and Article 70-8) shall be clarified in the reason prescribed in the same item.

• 出願公表後に品種 登録出願が放棄され、取り下げられ、若しくは却下されたとき、品種登録出願が拒絶されたとき、第四十九条第一項第一号若しくは第四号の規定により品種登録 が取り消されたとき、品種登録についての行政不服審査法（昭和三十七年法律第百六十号）に基づく異議申立てが理由があるとしてこれを取り消す決定が確定し たとき、又は品種登録を取り消し、若しくは無効を確認する判決が確定したときは、第一項の規定による請求権は、初めから生じなかったものとみなす。
• Where the application for variety registration has been abandoned, withdrawn or dismissed after the publication of application where the application for variety registration has been rejected where the variety registration has been canceled pursuant to the provisions of either item 1 or 4 of Article 49 paragraph (1), where a decision to cancel the variety registration has become final and binding, which upholds the ground for an objection to the variety registration pursuant to the Administrative Appeal Act (Act No. 160 of 1962), or where a judgment to cancel or to confirm nullity of the variety registration has become final and binding, the right to claim compensation under paragraph (1) of this Article shall be deemed never to have established.

• 第一項の規定による優 先権の主張をした者は、最初の出願若しくはパリ条約第四条Ｃ（４）の規定により最初の出願とみなされた出願又は同条Ａ（２）の規定により最初の出願と認め られた出願の番号を記載した書面を前項に規定する書類とともに特許庁長官に提出しなければならない。ただし、同項に規定する書類の提出前にその番号を知る ことができないときは、当該書面に代えてその理由を記載した書面を提出し、かつ、その番号を知つたときは、遅滞なく、その番号を記載した書面を提出しなけ ればならない。
• A person who has made a declaration of priority under paragraph (1) shall, in addition to the documents as provided in the preceding paragraph, submit to the Commissioner of the Patent Office a document specifying the filing number of the application which was first filed, deemed to have been first filed under Article 4.C(4) of the Paris Convention, or recognized to have been first filed under A(2) of the said Article; provided, however, that where such filing number is not available to the person prior to the submission of the documents as provided in the said paragraph, in lieu of the said document, a document specifying the reason thereof shall be submitted and the document specifying such filing number shall be submitted without delay when such number becomes available to the said person.

• 主務大臣は、第一項に規定する勧告を受けた特定省資源事業者が、前項の規定によりその勧告に従わなかった旨を公表された後において、なお、正当な理由がなくてその勧告に係る措置をとらなかった場合において、当該特定省資源業種に係る副産物の発生抑制等を著しく害すると認めるときは、審議会等（国家行政組織法（昭和二十三年法律第百二十号）第八条に規定する機関をいう。以下同じ。）で政令で定めるものの意見を聴いて、当該特定省資源事業者に対し、その勧告に係る措置をとるべきことを命ずることができる。
• In the case where the Designated Resources-Saving Business Operator that has received a recommendation prescribed in paragraph 1 does not take any measures pertaining to the recommendation without justifiable grounds even after the competent minister has publicized, pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph, that the Designated Resources-Saving Business Operator has not followed the recommendation, the competent minister may, when he/she finds that Reduction of Generation of By-products, etc. pertaining to the Designated Resources-Saving Industry to be significantly affected, order the Designated Resources-Saving Business Operator to take measures pertaining to the recommendation, after hearing opinions of Councils, etc. (which means organs prescribed in Article 8 of the National Administrative Organization Act (Act No. 120 of 1948)) specified by Cabinet Order.

• 法務大臣は、認証紛争解決事業者について、第二十三条第一項各号又は第二項各号のいずれかに該当する事由があると疑うに足りる相当な理由がある場合には、その認証紛争解決手続の業務の適正な運営を確保するために必要な限度において、法務省令で定めるところにより、認証紛争解決事業者に対し、当該業務の実施の状況に関し必要な報告を求め、又はその職員に、当該認証紛争解決事業者の事務所に立ち入り、当該業務の実施の状況若しくは帳簿、書類その他の物件を検査させ、若しくは関係者に質問させることができる。
• Where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that a certified dispute resolution business operator falls under any of the items of Article 23, Paragraph 1 or 2, the Minister of Justice may, to the extent necessary to ensure appropriate operation of the services of certified dispute resolution and as provided for by a Ministry of Justice Ordinance, request the certified dispute resolution business operator to report necessary information on the state of operation of the services, or direct ministry officials to visit the office of the certified dispute resolution business operator, inspect the state of operation of the services or books, documents and other articles, or ask questions of the persons concerned.

• 義務付けの訴えが第一項から第三項までに規定する要件に該当する場合において、同項各号に定める訴えに係る請求に理由があると認められ、かつ、その義務付けの訴えに係る処分又は裁決につき、行政庁がその処分若しくは裁決をすべきであることがその処分若しくは裁決の根拠となる法令の規定から明らかであると認められ又は行政庁がその処分若しくは裁決をしないことがその裁量権の範囲を超え若しくはその濫用となると認められるときは、裁判所は、その義務付けの訴えに係る処分又は裁決をすべき旨を命ずる判決をする。
• Where a mandamus action satisfies the requirements prescribed in paragraph (1) to paragraph (3), if it is found that the claim pertaining to the action specified in each item of paragraph (3) is well-grounded, and it is also found that the provisions of the laws and regulations which give a basis for an original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal pertaining to a mandamus action clearly show that the administrative agency should make the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal, or it is found that the administrative agency's inaction to make the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal goes beyond the bounds of the agency's discretionary power or constitutes an abuse of such power, the court shall make a judgment to order that the administrative agency should make the original administrative disposition or administrative disposition on appeal pertaining to the mandamus action.

• 銀行は、その特定関係者（当該銀行の子会社、当該銀行の銀行主要株 主、当該銀行を子会社とする銀行持株会社、当該銀行持株会社の子会社（当該銀行を除く。）、当該銀行を所属銀行とする銀行代理業者その他の当該銀行と政令 で定める特殊の関係のある者をいう。以下この条及び次条において同じ。）又はその特定関係者の顧客との間で、次に掲げる取引又は行為をしてはならない。た だし、当該取引又は行為をすることにつき内閣府令で定めるやむを得ない理由がある場合において、内閣総理大臣の承認を受けたときは、この限りでない。
• A Bank shall not carry out the following transactions or acts with a specified related person (meaning a Subsidiary Company of that Bank, a Major Shareholder of Bank for that Bank, a Bank Holding Company which has that Bank as its Subsidiary Company, a Subsidiary Company of that Bank Holding Company (excluding that Bank), a Bank Agent for which that Bank serves as an Principal Bank, or any other person having a special relationship specified by a Cabinet Order with that Bank; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article and the following Article) or a customer of such specified related person; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the cases where the approval of the Prime Minister has been obtained, in the case where there is a compelling reason specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance for carrying out that transaction or act:

• 特定保守製品を、売買その他の取引により、又は特定保守製品以外 の物に関する取引に付随して取得しようとする者（特定保守製品を再度譲渡することを目的として取得しようとする者及び主務省令で定める者を除く。第三十二 条の八第三項において「取得者」という。）に対し、当該取引の相手方たる事業者（以下「特定保守製品取引事業者」という。）は、当該特定保守製品の引渡し に際し、次の事項について説明しなければならない。ただし、当該特定保守製品の点検期間が経過している場合その他正当な理由がある場合は、この限りでな い。
• Explanation of the following matters shall be given to any person who intends to acquire the specified maintenance products through sales or other transaction or linked to the transaction of articles other than the specified maintenance products (except for those who intend to acquire the specified maintenance products for the purpose of re-transferring the specified maintenance products and those who are provided for by the Ordinance of the competent ministry; hereinafter referred to as an 'acquirer' in Article 32-8, paragraph (3)) by a business operator who transacts with said person (hereinafter referred to as a 'business operator transacting specified maintenance products'), upon the delivery of said specified maintenance products; provided, however, that this shall not apply in the case where the inspection period of said specified maintenance products has expired and any other case where there are justifiable grounds:

• 被審人又はそ の代理人は、審判に際して、公正取引委員会が当該事件についてした原処分又は第八条の四第一項の規定により命じようとする措置が不当である理由を述べ、か つ、これを立証する資料を提出し、公正取引委員会に対し、必要な参考人を審尋し、鑑定人に鑑定を命じ、帳簿書類その他の物件の所持者に対し当該物件の提出 を命じ、必要な場所に立ち入つて業務及び財産の状況、帳簿書類その他の物件を検査し、若しくは調査を嘱託することを求め、又は公正取引委員会が出頭を命じ た参考人若しくは鑑定人を審尋し、若しくは調査を嘱託された者に質問することができる。
• A respondent or his or her agent may, at the hearings, state the reason why the original order made or the measures to be ordered pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 8-4 by the Fair Trade Commission in regard to a case concerned are not just; may submit material proving it; may request the Fair Trade Commission to interrogate necessary witnesses, order expert witnesses to submit expert opinions, order holders of books and documents, and other materials to submit them, or enter the necessary sites and inspect the conditions of the business and property, books and documents, and other materials, or commission research and surveys; or may interrogate witnesses or expert witnesses whom the Fair Trade Commission ordered to appear; or may question those commissioned to perform research and surveys.

• 民事調停法（昭和二十六年法律第二百二十二号）第二十四条の二第一項の事件又は家事審判法（昭和二十二年法律第百五十二号）第十八条第一項の事件（同法第二十三条の事件を除く。）について訴えを提起した当事者が当該訴えの提起前に当該事件について認証紛争解決手続の実施の依頼をし、かつ、当該依頼に基づいて実施された認証紛争解決手続によっては当事者間に和解が成立する見込みがないことを理由に当該認証紛争解決手続が終了した場合においては、民事調停法第二十四条の二又は家事審判法第十八条の規定は、適用しない。この場合において、受訴裁判所は、適当であると認めるときは、職権で、事件を調停に付することができる。
• Where a party to a dispute has brought a suit in respect of a case prescribed in Article 24-2, Paragraph 1 of the Civil Conciliation Act (Act No. 222 of 1951) or a case prescribed in Article 18, Paragraph 1, of the Domestic Relations Trial Act (Act No. 152 of 1947) (except for a case prescribed in Article 23 of the said Act), if the party, prior to bringing the suit, made a request for certified dispute resolution for the dispute and the certified dispute resolution procedure was terminated on the grounds that it was impossible to arrange settlement between the parties to the dispute through certified dispute resolution, the provisions of Article 24-2 of the Civil Conciliation Act or Article 18 of the Domestic Relations Trial Act shall not apply. In such case, the court in charge of the case may refer the case to conciliation ex officio if the court considers it appropriate to do so.

• その理由として、江戸時代に入って徳川綱吉によって諸国鉄砲改めによる百姓の狩猟及び銃の原則所持禁止、銃器の移動制限がなされたことや、鎖国の影響による技術進歩の停滞という通説、フリントロック式は火縄式に比べ強力なバネが装着されており、撃鉄作動時の衝撃が大きく、引金を引いてから一瞬遅れて装薬に着火する機構のため銃身がぶれ、火縄銃に比べ命中率が悪く「一発必中」を好む日本人から嫌われたらしいことのほかに、日本では良質の火打石が産出せず大量生産ができなかったこと、またおそらくはすべての武術と同じく鉄炮術も一種の競技的な要素を含んで流派形式で継承されたため、その結果必然的に器具類の改変は避けられた、という要素も大きかった。
• The reasons for this follow; in the Edo period Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA prohibited hunting and the possession of a gun by farmers in principle; that the transfer of a gun was limited; that, commonly believed, the technological advance of guns stagnated from the influence of the exclusion of foreigners (national isolation); that a flintlock gun (flintlock system) had a stronger spring than a hinawaju and when the gunlock operating the impact was big and after trigger was pulled, the ignition mechanism for the explosive charge momentarily wavered and the accuracy of fire was bad and thus Japanese who liked to 'ippatsu hicchu' (hit with one shot), disliked the flintlock gun; that good quality flints could not be found in Japan and could not be mass-produced; and that, as a big factor, the art of gun was inherited probably in the form of a school-style gun for competitions like all the martial arts and as a result, the improvement of the weapon was necessarily avoided.

• 経済産業大臣は、石油ガス輸入業者の石油ガス保有量（石油ガス輸入業者が前条第一項の経済産業省令で定めるところにより保有する石油ガスの数量をいう。以下この条において同じ。）が基準備蓄量に達していない場合において、その達していないことについて正当な理由がないと認めるときは、その石油ガス輸入業者に対し、期限を定めて、同項の規定に従つて石油ガスを保有すべきことを勧告することができる。ただし、その石油ガス輸入業者が前条第二項において準用する第八条第二項の規定による確認を受けている場合において、その者及びその者とともにその確認を受けている他の石油ガス輸入業者の石油ガス保有量を合計した数量がこれらの者の基準備蓄量を合計した数量以上であるときは、この限りでない。
• In the event the volume of Oil Gas held by the Oil Gas Importer (means the volume of Oil Gas held by the Oil Gas Importer in compliance with the provisions of the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry as provided in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article. Hereinafter the same in this Article) is less than the standard stockpiles and if the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry determines that there is no good reason for such shortage, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may recommend such Oil Gas Importer to have and maintain Oil Gas in accordance with the provisions of the said paragraph within a set period of time, except in the case where such Oil Gas Importer obtains the approval as set forth in paragraph (2) of Article 8 applied mutatis mutandis in paragraph (2) of the preceding Article, and the total volume of Oil Gas held by such Oil Gas Importer and other Oil Gas Importers who also obtain such approval together with such Oil Gas Importer is equal to or more than the total volume of their standard stockpiles.

• 適格消費者団体は、事業者、受託者等又は事業者の代理人若しくは受託者 等の代理人（以下「事業者等」と総称する）が、消費者契約の締結について勧誘をするに際し、不特定かつ多数の消費者に対して第四条第一項から第三項までに 規定する行為（同条第二項に規定する行為にあっては、同項ただし書の場合に該当するものを除く。次項において同じ。）を現に行い又は行うおそれがあるとき は、その事業者等に対し、当該行為の停止若しくは予防又は当該行為に供した物の廃棄若しくは除去その他の当該行為の停止若しくは予防に必要な措置をとるこ とを請求することができる。ただし、民法及び商法以外の他の法律の規定によれば当該行為を理由として当該消費者契約を取り消すことができないときは、この 限りでない。
• In the case where a business operator, an entrusted person etc. or an agent of a business operator or an agent of an entrusted person, etc. (hereinafter referred to as 'Business Operator, etc.') conducts or is likely to conduct such acts prescribed in the provisions of paragraphs (1) - (3) of Article 4 (excluding the cases prescribed in the para. (2) of the same article which fall under the proviso of para. (2) of the same article. The same shall apply to the following paragraph) to many unspecified consumers, in soliciting execution of a consumer contract, qualified consumer organizations may demand against said business operators, etc., to stop or to prevent such acts, the disposal of or the removal of materials used for such acts or other necessary measures to stop or to prevent such acts; provided, however, that this shall not apply to cases where the consumer contract may not be rescinded on the grounds of such acts pursuant to the provisions of any laws or regulations other than the Civil Code and the Commercial Code.

• 内閣総理大臣は、現に係属する差止請求に係る訴訟につき既に他の適格 消費者団体を当事者とする第十二条第五項第二号本文の確定判決等が存する場合において、消費者団体につき当該確定判決等に係る訴訟等の手続に関し第三十四 条第一項第四号に掲げる事由があると疑うに足りる相当な理由がある場合（同条第二項の規定により同号に掲げる事由があるものとみなすことができる場合を含 む。）であって、同条第一項の規定による第十三条第一項の認定の取消し又は第三十四条第三項の規定による認定（次項において「認定の取消し等」という。） をするかどうかの判断をするため相当の期間を要すると認めるときは、内閣府令で定めるところにより、当該差止請求に係る訴訟が係属する裁判所（以下この条 において「受訴裁判所」という。）に対し、その旨及びその判断に要すると認められる期間を通知するものとする。
• In the case where a final and binding judgment, etc., to which another qualified consumer organization is a party, has been already issued pursuant to the main clause of item (ii) of para. (5) of Article 12, with respect to a pending lawsuit for demand of an injunction, and there is a reasonable ground to suspect that said another qualified consumer organization have any of the reasons provided for in item (iv) of the para. (1) of Article 34, with respect to court proceedings, etc. pertaining to said final and binding judgment, etc. (including the case where they may be deemed to have any of the reasons provided for in item (iv) of the para. (1) of Article 34 pursuant to the provision of para. (2) of Article 34), and it is found that considerable period of time may be required to determine the rescission of certification provided in the para. (1) of Article 13 pursuant to the provision of para. (1) of Article 34 or the certification pursuant to the provision of para. (3) of Article 34 (hereinafter referred to as 'Rescission of Certification, etc.' in the following article), the Prime Minister shall notify the court where the lawsuit for an injunction is pending (hereinafter referred to as 'Court in Charge of the Case' in this article) of the same and the period of time expected to be required to determine, pursuant to a Cabinet Office Ordinance.

• 銀行の同一人（当該同一人と政令で定める特殊の関係のある者を含む。以 下この条において同じ。）に対する信用の供与等（信用の供与、又は出資として政令で定めるものをいう。以下この条において同じ。）の額は、政令で定める区 分ごとに、当該銀行の自己資本の額に政令で定める率を乗じて得た額（以下この条において「信用供与等限度額」という。）を超えてはならない。ただし、信用 の供与等を受けている者が合併をし、共同新設分割（二以上の株式会社又は合同会社が共同してする新設分割をいう。第十六条の三第四項第四号及び第五十二条 の二十二第一項において同じ。）若しくは吸収分割をし、又は事業を譲り受けたことにより銀行の同一人に対する信用の供与等の額が信用供与等限度額を超える こととなる場合その他政令で定めるやむを得ない理由がある場合において、内閣総理大臣の承認を受けたときは、この限りでない。
• The total amount of granting of credit, etc. (hereinafter in this Article referring to those specified by a Cabinet Order) by a Bank to one person (including other persons who has a special relationship specified by a Cabinet Order with that person; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) shall not exceed the amount obtained by multiplying the amount of the Bank's equity capital by the ratio specified by a Cabinet Order for each category provided therein (the amount thus calculated shall be referred to as the 'Limit of Granting of Credit, etc.' in this Article); provided, however, that this shall not apply to the cases where the Prime Minister has given the approval in the cases where the total amount of granting of credit, etc. by a Bank to one person exceeds the Limit of Granting of Credit, etc. as a result of a Merger, of Joint Incorporation-Type Split (meaning an Incorporation-Type Split that two or more stock companies or limited liability companies effect jointly; the same shall apply in Articles 16-3(4)(iv) and 52-22(1)) or absorption-type split or of transfer of another person's business by a person who takes granting of credit, etc.

• その理由として、御誓文と同時に出された宸翰に出てくる「旧来の陋習」の語がそもそも鎖国攘夷の意味に限定されていないこと、また木戸孝允自身が「打破すべき封建性」「打破すべき閉鎖性」の意味で「旧習」「旧来の陋習」「陋習」という言葉を広く使用していること、また、大久保利通でさえ木戸の「旧来の陋習」と同じ意味のことを「因循の腐臭」とより痛烈に批判していること、つまり、薩長いずれも密留学をさせ倒幕に立ち上がった開明的雄藩であったにもかかわらず長州の木戸より薩摩の大久保のほうが藩主父子・出身藩の内部事情などのためにより批判的にならざるを得ない危険な封建性・閉鎖性をより自覚していたということ（寺田屋事件～西南戦争）、更に、岩倉具視も他の文書で「天地の公道」という全く同じ言葉を万国公法とはおよそ次元の異なる「天然自然の条理というような意味」で用いていることなどが挙げられている。
• As the reason, they explained that the word 'evil customs of the past' in shinkan (Imperial letter) issued at the same time as Charter Oath was not restricted to national isolation as well as expulsion of foreigners, and Takayoshi KIDO himself used the words 'old customs', 'evil customs of the past' and 'conventions' widely as meaning of 'feudalism to be conquered' or 'closed nature to be conquered', and even Toshimichi OKUBO severely criticized the same thing as 'evil customs of the past' mentioned by Kido for 'corrupt smell of old customes', in other word, though both Satsuma and Choshu provided overseas education secretly and were liberal domains led the movement of overthrowing the Shogunate, Okubo from Satsuma recognized more about dangerous feudalism as well as closed nature than Kido from Choshu, Okubo had to criticize more extreme because of internal affair regarding father and son of the lords of his domain and internal circumstances of his domain (The Teradaya Incident - Seinan War), moreover Tomomi IWAKURA also used just the same words 'the laws of Nature' as 'reason of nature' in other document, which meant totally different from international public law.

• 経済産業大臣は、石油精製業者等の石油保有量（石油精製業者等が第六条第一項の経済産業省令で定めるところにより保有する石油の数量をいう。ただし、その石油精製業者等が同条第二項の規定により指定石油製品に代えて原油を保有する場合には、当該原油の数量を同項の経済産業省令で定める方式で指定石油製品の数量に換算した後の石油の数量をいう。以下この条において同じ。）が基準備蓄量に達していない場合において、その達していないことについて正当な理由がないと認めるときは、その石油精製業者等に対し、期限を定めて、第六条第一項の規定に従つて石油を保有すべきことを勧告することができる。ただし、その石油精製業者等が前条第二項の規定による確認を受けている場合において、その石油精製業者等及びその石油精製業者等とともにその確認を受けている他の石油精製業者等の石油保有量を合計した数量がこれらの者の基準備蓄量を合計した数量以上であるときは、この限りでない。
• In the event the volume of oil held by the Oil Refiner (means the volume of oil held by the Oil Refiner, in compliance with the provisions of the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry as provided in paragraph (1) of Article 6; provided, however, that, in the event such Oil Refiner, holds crude oil in lieu of the Designated Oil Products pursuant the provisions of paragraph (2) of the said Article, such volume of oil means the volume of oil after the conversion of the volume of such crude oil into the volume of the Designated Oil Products in such a method as provided in the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry set forth in the said paragraph. Hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) is less than the standard stockpiles and if the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry determines that there is no justifiable reason for such shortage, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may recommend that such Oil Refiner, have oil complying with the provisions of paragraph (1) of Article 6 within a set period of time; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the case where such Oil Refiner, obtains confirmation as set forth in paragraph (2) of the preceding Article, and the total volume of Oil held by such Oil Refiner, and other Oil Refiners, who also obtain such confirmation together with such Oil Refiner, is equal to or more than the total volume of their standard stockpiles.

• 銀行持株会社又はその子会社等（当該銀行持株会社の子会社 （内閣府令で定める会社を除く。）その他の当該銀行持株会社と内閣府令で定める特殊の関係のある者をいう。以下この条において同じ。）の同一人（当該同一 人と政令で定める特殊の関係のある者を含む。以下この条において同じ。）に対する信用の供与等（信用の供与又は出資として政令で定めるものをいう。以下こ の条において同じ。）の額は、政令で定める区分ごとに、合算して、当該銀行持株会社及びその子会社等の自己資本の純合計額に政令で定める率を乗じて得た額 （以下この条において「銀行持株会社に係る信用供与等限度額」という。）を超えてはならない。ただし、信用の供与等を受けている者が合併をし、共同新設分 割若しくは吸収分割をし、又は営業を譲り受けたことにより銀行持株会社又はその子会社等の同一人に対する信用の供与等の額が合算して銀行持株会社に係る信 用供与等限度額を超えることとなる場合その他政令で定めるやむを得ない理由がある場合において、内閣総理大臣の承認を受けたときは、この限りでない。
• The total amount of granting of credit, etc. (meaning granted credit, or contributed funds specified by a Cabinet Order as a contribution; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) by a Bank Holding Company or its Subsidiary Companies, etc. (meaning Subsidiary Companies of the Bank Holding Company (excluding those specified by a Cabinet Office Ordinance) and other persons who have a special relationship with the Bank Holding Company specified by a Cabinet Order; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) to one person (including other persons who have a special relationship with said person specified by a Cabinet Order; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) shall not exceed the amount calculated by multiplying the total net amount of the equity capital of the Bank Holding Company and its Subsidiary Companies by the ratio specified by a Cabinet Order for each category provided therein (hereinafter the amount thus calculated shall be referred to as the 'Limit of Granting of Credit, etc. by Bank Holding Company' in this Article); provided, however, that this shall not apply to the cases where the total amount of granting of credit, etc. by a Bank Holding Company and its Subsidiary Companies to one person exceeds the Limit of Granting of Credit, etc. by Bank Holding Company as a result of a Merger, Joint Incorporation-Type Split or absorption-type split involving said person, or of transfer of another person's business to said person, or by other unavoidable reasons specified by a Cabinet Order, and the Prime Minister has given approval for such excess amount of granting of credit, etc. by Bank Holding Company.

• 新銀行法第十三条第二項 （新長期信用銀行法第十七条等において準用する場合を含む。以下この項において同じ。）の規定は、この法律の施行の際現に新銀行法第十三条第一項に規定す る同一人に対する信用の供与等の額が合算して合算信用供与等限度額（同条第二項に規定する合算信用供与等限度額をいう。以下この項において同じ。）を超え ている銀行等及び当該銀行等の子会社等（同条第二項に規定する子会社等をいう。以下この項において同じ。）又は当該銀行等の子会社等の当該同一人に対する 信用の供与等については、当該銀行等が施行日から起算して三月を経過する日までにその旨を金融再生委員会に届け出たときは、施行日から起算して一年を経過 する日までの間は、適用しない。この場合において、当該銀行等及び当該銀行等の子会社等又は当該銀行等の子会社等が合算して当該同一人に対して同日後も引 き続き合算信用供与等限度額を超えて当該信用の供与等をしないこととすれば当該同一人の事業の継続に著しい支障を生ずるおそれがある場合その他のやむを得 ない理由がある場合において当該銀行等が同日までに金融再生委員会の承認を受けたときは、当該銀行等は、同日の翌日において新銀行法第十三条第二項後段に おいて準用する同条第一項ただし書の規定による承認を受けたものとみなす。
• The provision of Article 13(2) of the New Banking Act (including the Cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 17 of the New Long-Term Credit Bank Act, etc.; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) shall not apply, until the day on which one year has elapsed from the Effective Date, to granting of credit, etc. by a Bank, etc. and its Subsidiary Companies, etc. (meaning Subsidiary Companies, etc. as defined by Article 13(2) of the New Banking Act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) or by its Subsidiary Companies, etc., to one person as defined by Article 13(1) of the New Banking Act of which the total amount exceeds the Consolidated Limit of Granting of Credit, etc. (meaning consolidated Limit of Granting of Credit, etc. as defined by Article 13(2) of the New Banking Act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) at the time when this Act comes into effect, if the Bank, etc. notifies thereof to the Financial Reconstruction Commission by the day on which three months have elapsed from the Effective Date. In this case, where it is likely that if the Bank, etc. and the Subsidiary Companies, etc., or the Subsidiary Companies, etc., do not continue granting of credit, etc. of which the total amount exceeds the Consolidated Limit of Granting of Credit, etc. to the one person even after the day on which one year has elapsed from the Effective Date, it would significantly hinder the continuation of the business of the one person, or where there is other unavoidable reason, and when the Bank, etc. obtains an approval from the Financial Reconstruction Commission before that day, the Bank, etc. shall be deemed to obtain the approval referred to in the proviso to Article 13(1) of the New Banking Act as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the second sentence of Article 13(2) of that Act on the day after that day.

• 新銀行法第五十二条の六 第一項（新長期信用銀行法第十七条において準用する場合を含む。以下この項において同じ。）の規定は、この法律の施行の際現に新銀行法第五十二条の六第一 項に規定する同一人に対する信用の供与等（同項に規定する信用の供与等をいう。以下この項において同じ。）の額が合算して銀行持株会社に係る信用供与等限 度額（同条第一項に規定する銀行持株会社に係る信用供与等限度額をいう。以下この項において同じ。）を超えている新銀行法第二条第十一項に規定する銀行持 株会社（以下この項において「銀行持株会社」という。）若しくはその子会社等（新銀行法第五十二条の六第一項に規定する子会社等をいう。以下この項におい て同じ。）又は新長期信用銀行法第十六条の四第一項に規定する長期信用銀行持株会社（以下この項において「長期信用銀行持株会社」という。）若しくはその 子会社等の当該同一人に対する信用の供与等については、当該銀行持株会社又は当該長期信用銀行持株会社（以下この項及び附則第百五条において「銀行持株会 社等」という。）が施行日から起算して三月を経過する日までにその旨を金融再生委員会に届け出たときは、施行日から起算して一年を経過する日までの間は、 適用しない。この場合において、当該銀行持株会社若しくはその子会社等又は当該長期信用銀行持株会社若しくはその子会社等が合算して当該同一人に対して同 日後も引き続き銀行持株会社に係る信用供与等限度額を超えて当該信用の供与等をしないこととすれば当該同一人の事業の継続に著しい支障を生ずるおそれがあ る場合その他のやむを得ない理由がある場合において当該銀行持株会社等が同日までに内閣総理大臣の承認を受けたときは、当該銀行持株会社等は、同日の翌日 において新銀行法第五十二条の六第一項ただし書の規定による承認を受けたものとみなす。
• The provision of Article 52-6(1) of the New Banking Act (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 17 of the New Long-Term Credit Bank Act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) shall not apply, until the day on which one year has elapsed from the Effective Date, to granting of credit, etc. (meaning granting of credit, etc. as defined by Article 52-6(1) of the New Banking Act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) by a Bank Holding Company as defined by Article 2(11) of the New Banking Act (hereinafter referred to as a 'Bank Holding Company' in this paragraph) and/or its Subsidiary Companies, etc. (meaning Subsidiary Companies, etc. as defined by 52-6(1) of the New Banking Act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph), or by a Long-Term Credit Bank Holding Company as defined by Article 16-4(1) of the New Long-Term Credit Bank Act (hereinafter referred to as a 'Long-Term Credit Bank Holding Company' in this paragraph) and/or its Subsidiary Companies, etc., to one person as defined by Article 52-6(1) of the New Banking Act of which the total amount exceeds the Limit of Granting of Credit, etc. by Bank Holding Company (meaning Limit of Granting of Credit, etc. by Bank Holding Company as defined by Article 52-6(1) of the New Banking Act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) at the time when this Act comes into effect, if the Bank Holding Company or the Long-Term Credit Bank Holding Company (hereinafter collectively referred to as a 'Bank Holding Company, etc.' in this paragraph and Article 105 of these Supplementary Provisions) notifies thereof to the Financial Reconstruction Commission by the day on which three months have elapsed from the Effective Date. In this case, where it is likely that if the Bank Holding Company and/or its Subsidiary Companies, etc., or Long-Term Credit Bank Holding Company and/or its Subsidiary Companies, etc., do not continue granting of credit, etc. of which the total amount exceeds the Limit of Granting of Credit, etc. by Bank Holding Company to the one person even after the day on which one year has elapsed from the Effective Date, it would significantly hinder the continuation of the business of the one person, or where there is other compelling reason, and when the Bank Holding Company, etc. obtains an approval from the Prime Minister before that day, the Bank Holding Company, etc. shall be deemed to have obtained the approval referred to in the proviso to Article 52-6(1) of the New Banking Act on the day after that day.

• 第十条の規定による改正後の銀行法（以下「新銀行法」という。）第十三 条第一項（第十一条の規定による改正後の長期信用銀行法（以下「新長期信用銀行法」という。）第十七条、第十三条の規定による改正後の信用金庫法（以下 「新信用金庫法」という。）第八十九条、第十四条の規定による改正後の労働金庫法（以下「新労働金庫法」という。）第九十四条、及び第十六条の規定による 改正後の協同組合による金融事業に関する法律（以下「新協金法」という。）第六条において準用する場合（以下この条から附則第百五条までにおいて「新長期 信用銀行法第十七条等において準用する場合」という。）を含む。以下この項及び次項において同じ。）の規定は、この法律の施行の際現に新銀行法第十三条第 一項に規定する同一人に対する信用の供与等（同項に規定する信用の供与等をいう。以下この項及び次項において同じ。）の額が信用供与等限度額（同条第一項 に規定する信用供与等限度額をいう。以下この項において同じ。）を超えている銀行（新銀行法第二条第一項に規定する銀行をいう。以下同じ。）、長期信用銀 行（新長期信用銀行法第二条に規定する長期信用銀行をいう。以下同じ。）、信用金庫若しくは信用金庫連合会、労働金庫若しくは労働金庫連合会又は信用協同 組合若しくは信用協同組合連合会（新協金法第二条第一項に規定する信用協同組合連合会をいう。以下同じ。）（以下この条から附則第百五条までにおいて「銀 行等」という。）の当該同一人に対する信用の供与等については、当該銀行等が施行日から起算して三月を経過する日までにその旨を金融再生委員会（労働金庫 又は労働金庫連合会にあっては金融再生委員会及び労働大臣とし、信用協同組合又は信用協同組合連合会にあっては新協金法第七条第一項に規定する行政庁とす る。以下この項及び次項において同じ。）に届け出たときは、施行日から起算して一年を経過する日までの間は、適用しない。この場合において、当該銀行等 が、当該同一人に対して同日後も引き続き信用供与等限度額を超えて当該信用の供与等をしないこととすれば当該同一人の事業の継続に著しい支障を生ずるおそ れがある場合その他のやむを得ない理由がある場合において同日までに金融再生委員会の承認を受けたときは、当該銀行等は、同日の翌日において新銀行法第十 三条第一項ただし書の規定による承認を受けたものとみなす。
• The provision of Article 13(1) of the Banking Act after the revision by the provision of Article 10 (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Banking Act') (including the Cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 17 of the Long-Term Credit Bank Act after the revision by the provision of Article 11 (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Long-Term Credit Bank Act'), Article 89 of the Shinkin Bank Act after the revision by the provision of Article 13 (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Shinkin Bank Act'), Article 94 of the Labor Bank Act after the revision by the provision of Article 14 (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Labor Bank Act') and Article 6 of the Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative after the revision by the provision of Article 16 (hereinafter referred to as the 'New Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative') (hereinafter referred to as the 'Cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 17 of the New Long-Term Credit Bank Act, etc.' in this Article to Article 105 inclusive of these Supplementary Provisions); hereinafter the same shall apply in this and the following paragraph) shall not apply, until the day on which one year has elapsed from the Effective Date, to granting of credit, etc. (meaning granting of credit, etc. as defined by Article 13(1) of the New Banking Act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this and the following paragraph) by a Bank (meaning a Bank as defined by Article 2(1) of the New Banking Act; hereinafter the same shall apply), Long-Term Credit Bank (meaning a Long-Term Credit Bank as defined by Article 2 of the New Long-Term Credit Bank Act; hereinafter the same shall apply), Shinkin Bank or federation of Shinkin Banks, labor bank or federation of labor banks, or credit cooperatives or Federation of Credit Cooperatives (meaning Federation of Credit Cooperatives as defined by Article 2(1) of the New Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative; hereinafter the same shall apply) (hereinafter collectively referred to as the 'Bank, etc.' in this Article to Article 105 inclusive of these Supplementary Provisions) to one person as defined by Article 13(1) of the New Banking Act of which the amount exceeds the Limit of Granting of Credit, etc. (meaning Limit of Granting of Credit, etc. as defined by Article 13(1) of the New Banking Act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) at the time when this Act comes into effect, if the Bank, etc. notifies thereof to the Financial Reconstruction Commission (the Financial Reconstruction Commission or the Minister of Labor in the case of labor bank or federation of labor banks, or the administrative agency referred to in Article 7(1) of the New Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative in the case of credit cooperatives or Federation of Credit Cooperatives; hereinafter the same shall apply in this and the following paragraph) until the day on which three months have elapsed from the Effective Date. In this case, where it is likely that if the Bank, etc. does not continue granting of credit, etc. in excess of the Limit of Granting of Credit, etc. to the one person even after the day on which one year has elapsed from the Effective Date, it would significantly hinder the continuation of the business of the one person, or where there is other unavoidable reason, and when the Bank, etc. obtains an approval from the Financial Reconstruction Commission before that day, the Bank, etc. shall be deemed to obtain the approval referred to in the proviso to Article 13(1) of the New Banking Act on the day after that day.