独立: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 独立
• independence (e.g. Independence Day)
• self-support
• independent
• sovereignty

• 独立の
• independent

• 独立班
• detachment

• 半独立
• semi-independent

• 独立性
• independence
• impartiality
• independency
• independent

• 独立心
• independent spirit
• independence

• 独立祭
• Independence Day celebration

• 独立市
• independent city
• city that is not part of another local government entity

• 独立な
• indepedent

• 独立語
• an independent word

• 独立国
• independent state or nation
• independent nation
• sovereignty

• 独立権
• right of or to independence

• 独立樹
• isolated tree

• 独立格
• absolutive

• 独立型
• stand-alone

• 独立的
• independent
• independently

• 独立した
• independent

• 独立分詞
• absolute participle

• 独立して
• on one's own

• 独立独歩
• self-reliance
• self-help

• 独立戦争
• American Revolutionary War
• War of Independence
• Wars of national liberation
• Wars of independence

• 独立不羈
• acting according to one's own beliefs, being undisturbed by others

• 独立独行
• self-reliance
• acting according to one's own ideas and beliefs

• 独立宣言
• Declaration of Independence
• Declare independence
• The Declaration of Independence of The United States of America
• a declaration of independence
• Declarations of independence

• 独立自尊
• independence and self-respect

• 独立自存
• independence and self-reliance

• 独立住宅
• single or detached house

• 独立変数
• independent variable
• predictor
• regressor

• 不羈独立
• free and independent

• 民族独立
• tribal independence

• 線形独立
• linearly independent (e.g. equations)

• 装置独立
• device-independent

• 学の独立
• freedom of learning

• 独立項目
• noncontiguous item

• 独立行政
• independent administration

• 独立家屋
• single or detached house

• 独立運動
• independence movement
• mutually independent
• Independence movements

• 独立回線
• final trunk

• 独立接点
• independent contact

• 独立座席
• separate seat

• 独立制御
• independent control

• 独立噴射
• sequential injection

• 独立同期
• independent synchronization

• 独立懸架
• independent suspension

• 独立電源
• independent source

• 独立試行
• independent trials

• 一次独立
• linearly independent
• linear independence
• linearly independence

• 独立事象
• independent event

• 独立建物
• individual building

• 独立車輪
• independently rotating wheel

• 独立栄養
• autotrophy
• autotrophic
• autotrophic process

• 独立構文
• absolutive construction

• 関と独立。
• Izeki became independent from Seki.

• 独立不定詞
• absolute infinitive

• 独立独歩で
• independent as a wood sawyer
• independent as a wood-sawyer's clerk

• 独立裁判籍
• independent forum rules

• 独立採算制
• a self-supporting accounting system
• self-sufficiency system
• self-supporting system
• profit center system

• 装置独立性
• device independence

• 独立の法則
• law of independent assortment

• 独立記念日
• Independence Day
• Dokuritsukinenbi

• 独立変数法
• method of independent variables

• 独立標高点
• spot elevation

• 独立栄養性
• autotrophic
• autotrophy

• 独立栄養体
• autotroph

• 光独立栄養
• photoautotrophic

• 光独立栄養体
• photoautotroph

• 司法権の独立
• Independence of judicial powers

• 独立後の庁舎
• Building after the Independence

• 独立的なもの
• entity

• 全くの独立で
• independent as a hog on ice

• 独立放送公社
• Independent Broadcasting Authority

• 奪格独立語句
• ablative absolute

• 全く独立して
• independent as a wood sawyer
• independent as a wood-sawyer's clerk

• 宗教的独立性
• religious independence

• データ独立性
• data independence

• マシン独立型
• machine-independent

• 独立行政法人
• independent administrative corporation (institution, agency)
• incorporated administrative agency
• independent administrative institution
• Incorporated Administrative Agencies
• Independent Administrative Institutions of Japan

• 独立懸架装置
• independent suspension

• サモア独立国
• Independent State of Samoa

• 独立通信線路
• telecommunication line

• 4輪独立操舵
• 4-wheel individual steering

• 二独立側波帯
• two independent sidebands

• 経路独立積分
• path independent integral

• 独立栄養生物
• autotroph

• 独立国民連合
• Rassemblement National des Independents

• 独立栄養細菌
• autotrophic bacteria

• 独立（数学）
• independent

• 光独立栄養的
• photoautotrophic
• photoautotrophically

• 関孝和と独立。
• Tanaka became independent from Takakazu SEKI.

• 韓国の独立保障
• Ensuring independence of Korea

• 光独立栄養生物
• photoautotroph

• 独立していない
• dependent

• 不羈独立の精神
• free and independent spirit

• 独立発電事業者
• independent power producer
• IPP

• 独立コンパイル
• independent compilation
• separate compilation

• 独立国家共同体
• Commonwealth of Independent States
• CIS

• 独立懸架式車輪
• knee-action wheel

• 独立系統運用者
• ISO Independent System Operator

• 独立系発電会社
• IPP Independent Power Producer

• 独立当事者参加
• intervention as independent party
• intervention as an independent party

• 独立フーチング
• independent footing
• individual footing

• 朝鮮の独立の承認
• Acknowledgement of Korea's independence

• 独立のために戦う
• strive for independence

• 全国独立企業連盟
• National Federation of Independent Business

• 独立データ記述項
• 77-level-description-entry

• 独立変量（数学）
• independent variate

• 特定独立行政法人
• specified incorporated administrative agency

• 地方独立行政法人
• local incorporated administrative agency

• 任意独立栄養生物
• facultative autotroph

• 箏曲独立への胎動
• The Insipient Movement Toward Sokyoku's Independence

• アメリカ独立記念日
• American Independence day
• Fourth of July

• 梅若流の独立と復帰
• Independence and Return of Umewaka-ryu

• 三笠宮家より独立。
• The House of Prince Katsura has become independent of the House of Prince Mikasa.

• ～から独立している
• be independent of ~

• 審判官の職権の独立
• Independent authority of judges

• 各洪水独立ダム操作
• reservoir regulation by maximum use of storage during each flood event

• 独立スチューデント
• unpaired Student

• 独立党と事大党の対立
• Independence Party and Serving the Great Party

• 電子記録保証の独立性
• Independence of Electronically Recorded Guaranty

• 独立系ソフトベンダー
• Independent Software Vender

• 化学合成独立栄養生物
• chemoautotroph

• 独立治験受託業者協会
• Association of Independent Clinical Research Contractors
• AICRC

• 独立メンテナンスモード
• independent maintenance mode

• 独立行政法人消防研究所
• National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster
• NRIFD

• コード独立形データ通信
• code-independent data communication

• 信三郎一家と職人の独立
• Independence of the Shinzaburo family and craftsmen

• 後に芸として俄から独立。
• Later, this type of arts separated from niwaka arts and was established as an independent type of art.

• - 三・一独立運動始まる
• Start of the March First Movement

• 独立行政法人都市再生機構
• Urban Renaissance Agency

• 独立系ソフトウェアベンダ
• independent software vendor

• 独立系電気（供給）事業者
• IPP Independent Power Producer

• 独立行政法人福祉医療機構
• Welfare And Medical Service Agency
• WAM

• 米国独立根本主義教会連合
• Independent Fundamental Churches of America

• 独立プロダクションとの提携
• Cooperation with independent movie studios

• 独立して生計を立てはじめる
• start earning one's own living

• 独立行政法人　国際交流基金
• The Japan Foundation

• 契約弁護士等の職務の独立性
• Independence of the Duties of Contract Attorneys at Law, et al.

• 独立行政法人酒類総合研究所
• National Research Institute of Brewing

• 独立行政法人国立国語研究所
• National Institute for Japanese Language
• NIJLA

• 独立ユティリティプログラム
• independent utility program

• 独立系ソフトウェアメーカー
• ISV
• Independent Software Vender

• 独立系ソフトウェア ベンダ
• independent software vendor

• 独立系ハードウェア ベンダ
• independent hardware vendor

• 半独立した楽章とも言える。
• Tegoto can also be considered as being a quasi-independent movement.

• 独立行政法人奈良文化財研究所
• Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties

• 司法権の独立を確立したこと。
• The constitution secured the independence of judicial powers.

• 独立行政法人等が行う統計調査
• Statistical Surveys Conducted by Incorporated Administrative Agencies, etc.

• 独立行政法人等への事案の移送
• Transfer of a Case to an Incorporated Administrative Agency, etc.
• Transfer of a Case to the Incorporated Administrative Agency, etc.

• 独立行政法人情報通信研究機構
• National Institute of Information and Communications Technology

• 独立行政法人家畜改良センター
• National Livestock Breeding Center
• NLBC

• 独立行政法人等個人情報保護法
• Law for the Protection of Personal Information Retained by Independent Administrative Institutions (2003)

• 独立行政法人日本学生支援機構
• Japan Student Services Organization
• JASSO

• 独立行政法人国立環境研究所法
• National Institute for Environmental Studies as an Independent Administrative Institution Law

• 独立ローカル APPC LU
• independent local APPC LU

• 独立モデル法（空中三角測量）
• independent model method

• 年金積立金管理運用独立行政法人
• the Government Pension Investment Fund;

• 独立行政法人通則法の規定の準用
• Application Mutatis Mutandis of the Provisions of the Act on the General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies

• 独立行政法人交通安全環境研究所
• National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory
• NTSEL

• 独立行政法人原子力安全基盤機構
• Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization
• JNES

• のち単立の宗教法人として独立。
• Later became an independent religious corporation.

• 1960年6月30日分離独立。
• Spun off to be independent on June 30, 1960.

• しかし、日活からの独立を望んだ。
• But he desired independence from Nikkatsu.

• 明治16年 - 華厳宗として独立
• 1883-Became independent as a temple of the Kegon sect.

• 独立した「個」が確立していない。
• They do not establish Independent 'self.'

• 同日、独立大隊も加治木を発した。
• On the same day, the separate battalion also started from Kajiki.

• 委員は、独立してその職権を行う。
• The board members shall exercise their authority independently.

• 国連ナミビア独立移行支援グループ
• United Nations Transition Assistance Group

• 独立行政法人宇宙航空研究開発機構
• Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
• JAXA

• 独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構
• National Institute of Technology and Evaluation

• 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所法
• Act on the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

• よって独立は日本篆刻の祖とされる。
• Therefore, Dokuryu is considered to be the founder of the Japanese tenkoku.

• 一曲として独立して演じられるもの。
• Hon Kyogen is Kyogen performed independently.

• 審判官は、独立してその職権を行う。
• A judges shall independently exercise its authority.
• A Judge shall independently exercise its authority.

• 独立行政法人医薬品医療機器総合機構
• Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency

• 独立型補助ブレーキの機械的作動装置
• mechanical operating system with separated auxiliary brake

• 独立送電事業者(米国:SMD関連)
• ITP Independent Transmission Provider

• 独立行政法人日本万国博覧会記念機構
• Commemorative Organization for the Japan World Exposition '70

• 独立大隊（のちに六番・七番連合大隊）
• Separate battalion (later, the combined battalion of the 6th and 7th battalions)

• 独立行政法人国立美術館国立西洋美術館
• National Museum of Western Art
• NMWA

• 明治に入ると祇園甲部から分離独立した。
• In the Meiji period, Gion Higashi was separated from Gion Kobu, and became independent.

• 独立運動の監視体制はむしろ強化された。
• The surveillance system against the independence movement was more strengthened.

• 「自主の国」独立国という解釈であった。
• The interpretation was an 'autonomous country,' or independent country.

• ワークステーション独立セグメント記憶域
• workstation independent segment storage
• WISS

• 近年、札所寺院の宗派からの独立が著しい。
• Recently many fudasho temples became independent.

• 3月1日　独立し「峰山海軍航空隊」開隊。
• March 1: The squadron became independent and formed the Mineyama Naval Air Squadron.

• 独立した作戦行動を採れる基本単位を指す。
• It refers to a basic unit that can execute independent operations.

• 4月、「独立書道会」結成（手島右卿等）。
• April: 'Dokuritsu Shodo-kai' (Independent Calligraphy Society) was established (by Yukei TESHIMA and others).

• 委員会の委員は、独立してその職権を行う。
• Commissioners shall exercise their authority independently.

• 独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構法の特例
• Special Provisions of the Organization for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation Act

• 特定独立行政法人等の労働関係に関する法律
• Act on Labor Relationship of Specified Independent Administrative Agency, etc. (2002)
• Act on Labor Relations of Specified Independent Administrative Institution, etc.;

• 独立行政法人文化財研究所東京文化財研究所
• National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo
• NRICPT

• 「接客空間が独立し、立派に作ってある。」
• 'It is an individual space for service and is arranged very well.'

• 現在は独立行政法人に所管が移されている。
• Currently, an independent administrative institution is responsible for it.

• 2004年　独立行政法人国立美術館へ移管
• 2004: MOMAK's management was transferred to the Independent Administrative Institution National Museum of Art.

• 他の単位は尺と独立に発生したと考えられる。
• It is believed that other units came into existence separately from the shaku.

• 一澤帆布工業（一澤帆布店）から独立した経緯
• Background of the independence from Ichizawa Hanpu Co., Ltd (Ichizawa Hanpu Store)

• これらはそれぞれ独立して商圏を維持している。
• These two urban areas maintain their trade areas independently each other.

• エフエム京都（α-STATION）（独立系）
• FM-KYOTO (α-STATION) (operated independently)

• 長歌の末の反歌が独立してできたとも言われる。
• It is also suspected that the tanka may have come from the hanka, which is the last verse of choka.

• 清代の、辺境の半独立国だった三藩の乱が有名。
• The Three Han that were remote semi-independent states in the Qing Dynasty are well-known.

• 高宗は王宮に戻り、大韓帝国の独立を宣言した。
• Gao Zong came back to the royal palace, and the Korean Empire declared independence.

• 地方公共団体又は独立行政法人等が行う統計調査
• Statistical Surveys Conducted by Local Public Entities or Incorporated Administrative Agencies, etc.

• 会社設立や出店や独立や暖簾分け（のれんわけ）
• Establishing a company, opening a store, becoming independent or opening a franchise

• 後に廃止されたが和泉はその後国として独立した。
• These were later abolished but Izumi Gen later became an independent province.

• また弟の倉橋泰吉を独立させて倉橋家を創設した。
• Yasushige also let his younger brother Yasuyoshi KURAHASHI become independent and found the Kurahashi family.

• これが現在の独立行政法人酒類総合研究所となる。
• This is the forerunner of the present-day National Research Institute of Brewing (NRIB).

• シン英国からのアイルランド完全独立を目指す政党
• Sinn Fein

• 戦後、真言宗から独立して「まこと教団」を設立。
• After World War II, he became independent from the Shingon sect and established 'Makoto religious organization.'

• 独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構　経済産業大臣
• National Institute of Technology and Evaluation:　Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry

• 1967年　独立し「京都国立近代美術館」となる
• 1967: It became independent as 'The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto.'

• また独立した「奉安殿」の建築が進められていった。
• Furthermore, the separated premises of 'Hoan-den' were constructed.

• なお漢詩は歌謡から独立して朗読する文芸となった。
• Chinese poetry ('Kanshi' in Japanese) became the literature for reciting, separately from kayo.

• 列伝から異民族の記述を独立させたもの（『晋書』）
• It is a special edition of other ethnic groups' descriptions separated from retsuden ('Jin shu').

• 審査会の会長及び委員は、独立してその職権を行う。
• The Chairperson and Board members shall independently exercise their authority.
• The chairperson and commissioners of the Board shall exercise their authority independently.

• しかし、のち月明と対立し独立して一派を形成した。
• Later; however, he opposed Getsumei and formed a new school independently.

• そこで修行して独立した料理人が町内に店を開いた。
• Some cooks trained in the restaurant have become independent to open their own restaurants in the town.

• 独立行政法人医薬品医療機器総合機構　厚生労働大臣
• Pharmaceuticals and Medical Device Agency:　Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare

• なお、常陸谷田部藩は支藩ではなく、独立の藩である。
• The Hitachi Yatabe Domain was not a branch domain, but an independent domain.

• 昭和20年3月1日　独立、「奈良海軍航空隊」開隊。
• On March 1, 1945, it became independent as 'Nara Naval Air Corps'.

• ただし当初の一進会の党是は韓国の自主独立であった。
• However, the Iljinhoe's original party platform was to secure the independence and sovereignty of Korea.

• 判事や解部の部局は刑部省からある程度独立していた。
• The departments of Hanji and Tokibe were regarded as different departments from Gyobu-sho to some degree.

• 独立の生計を営むに足りる資産又は技能を有すること。
• The foreign national must have sufficient assets or skills to make an independent living.

• 委員会の委員長及び委員は、独立してその職権を行う。
• The chairperson and members of the Board shall independently exercise their authority.

• 独立同期ディジタルハイアラーキ G703/950
• PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

• 1933年　京都日日新聞社が三都合同新聞社から独立
• 1933: Kyoto Nichinichi Shimbun Co., Ltd. separated from Santo Godo Shimbun Co., Ltd.

• 1993年、保田妙本寺は単立の宗教法人として独立。
• In 1993, Hota Myohon-ji Temple became an independent religious corporation.

• 1946年　衣笠教会、小山教会が西陣教会より独立。
• 1946: The Kinugasa church and the Koyama church became independent of the Nishijin church.

• （独立は1908年。月並会の開催は1911年より）。
• (The foundation was in 1908. The monthly performance started in 1911.)

• 和菓子職人としての修行を積み、のれん分けにより独立。
• He trained to become a skilled artisan of Japanese sweets, and became independent by setting up a branch of the same shop to share the clientele.

• 三巻本第2類本は併せて300余の独立した章段を持つ。
• The second-class Sankanbon contains more than 300 independent chapters in total.

• 久原は、藤田組の支配人にまでのぼりつめたあと、独立。
• After rising to chief manager of Fujita Gumi, Kuhara struck out on his own.

• 独立行政法人国立高等専門学校機構福井工業高等専門学校
• Fukui National College of Technology

• 独立行政法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構の業務
• Business of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization

• その一方で、幕府内の東国独立論は大きく後退していった。
• Meanwhile, the argument about independence of the Togoku region was significantly receded.

• 前述の辻占とは独立に発生したもので、直接の関係はない。
• This came into being independently from the tsujiura previously mentioned, and is not directly related to it.

• 日本政府は、韓国の独立及び領土保全を確実に保証する事。
• The Japanese government shall certainly guarantee independence of Korea and security of its territories.

• 将門の死により、その関東独立国は僅か2ヶ月で瓦解した。
• After Masakado's death, the independent Kanto kingdom, which lasted for only 2 months, collapsed.

• 独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構の行う技術移転促進業務
• Technology Transfer Promotion Business Implemented by the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation

• 被害者の法定代理人は、独立して告訴をすることができる。
• A statutory representative of a victim may file a complaint independently.

• 明治に入り浄土宗（鎮西派）と合同したがその後分離独立。
• In the Meiji period, it was integrated with the Jodo Sect (Chinzei school), but spun off later.

• 親鸞の没後に、浄土宗から独立した宗旨として形成される。
• After Shinran died, it was formed as an independent religion from Jodo Shu.

• 豊臣家の滅亡後、徳川幕府に独立した大名として認められた。
• He was approved as an independent daimyo by the Tokugawa bakufu after the fall of the Toyotomi clan.

• もっとも、本件は当時の司法権の独立の危うさを語っている。
• But this incident also indicated a risk of independent judicial power.

• 後にはその俳名が独立してひとつの名跡となることもあった。
• Thereafter, Haimyo sometimes branched independently into one of the successions of a family name.

• 指南免許を得た者は独立し、新たな師匠となることができた。
• The one given a Shinan-menkyo was able to become independent, and be a new shisho (teacher).

• 武井龍三プロダクション （武井龍三、千恵プロからの独立）
• Takei Ryuzo Productions (Ryuzo TAKEI, became independent from Chie Pro)

• 太政官の影響を受けないよう独立した機関として設置された。
• It was established as an independent agency so as not to be affected by Daijokan (Grand Council of State).

• 英国政府からのアイルランド独立を目指した1916年の反乱
• Easter Rising

• 独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構の行う企業立地等促進業務
• Businesses for Promoting Establishment of New Business Facilities by the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation, JAPAN

• 第2次大戦中、西山派に合同したが、戦後独立し現在に至る。
• During the World War II, it was integrated with the Nishiyama school, but it has been independent from the postwar period to present.

• ただ法華経のみが独立して純粋な妙なる円教を説くとされる。
• Only Hoke-kyo is deemed as the one that advocates purely excellent En-kyo independently.

• この状況は第2次世界大戦後のインド独立まで続くことになる。
• This situation continued until the independence of India after the World War II.

• 中国の「政庁」の意味から「軍事」の概念が日本で独立したもの
• The concept of 'military' derived from the meaning of the Chinese term 'Zheng Ting,' which was localized in Japan.

• 戦後の歌舞伎では四段目の後に独立した演目として設けられる。
• In the case of post-war Kabuki, it is performed as an independent performance after Act Four.

• なお、「延動」を独立した芸能のひとつとして捉える説もある。
• There is a view that 'Endo' is one of the independent public entertainments.

• 西大門刑務所は現在博物館となり周囲は独立公園となっている。
• The Seodaemun Prison became now a museum and its surrounding area became the Independence Park.

• 独立の生計を営むに足りる資産又は技能があることを証する書類
• Document certifying that the foreign national has sufficient assets or skills to earn an independent living.

• 公正取引委員会の委員長及び委員は、独立してその職権を行う。
• The chairman and the commissioners of the Fair Trade Commission shall perform their authority independently.

• しかし、戦後は分派独立が相継ぎ、現在は約50の宗派がある。
• However, after World WarⅡmany sects split and became independent one after another, so that today there are more than 50 schools.

• 一つの独立した様式であるとして「主殿造」と呼ぶことがある。
• It is considered as a distinct architectural style and called the Shuden-zukuri style.

• 中国の「政庁」の意味から「統治者」の概念が日本で独立したもの
• The concept of 'governor,' derived from the meaning of Chinese 'Zheng Ting,' was localized in Japan.

• 東国独立論を強く主張していた平広常が同年12月に暗殺された。
• TAIRA no Hirotsune, who had strongly asserted the independence of the Togoku region, was assassinated in December of the same year.

• （福沢諭吉『西洋事情』1866年よりアメリカ独立宣言の一節）
• (Passage from the Declaration of Independence in 'Seiyo Jijyo' 1866 by Yukichi FUKUZAWA)

• 都市に人口が集積することによって独立した芸能として成立した。
• The movement of the population to urban areas enabled rakugo to become an independent performing art.

• 以上のように、独立するよりも以前に活発な教育活動が行われた。
• As can be seen above, active education was conducted before the independence.

• 政治に対する学問の独立性及び中立性を考えさせるものになった。
• This incident made people think of the academic independence and neutrality for the politics.

• 1896年には明治美術会から独立する形で白馬会を発足させる。
• In 1896, he started an art group, Hakuba-kai, in the form of becoming independent from the Meiji Art Society.

• 合戦後は朝倉氏との関わりを少なくした独立政治を展開している。
• Following the battle he governed with greater independence from the Asakura clan.

• 現在、尖塔部分は天安市郊外の「独立記念館」に展示されている。
• Currently, the steeple part is displayed in the 'Independence Hall of Korea' in the suburbs of Cheonan City.

• 知恩院敷地に多くを囲まれるが、同院とは独立した別の寺である。
• Although the temple is surrounded by the premises of Chion-in Temple, Isshin-in Temple is independent and distinct from Chion-in.

• 独立していることもあるが、拝殿と一体になっていることが多い。
• In some shrines, heiden is built as an independent structure; more commonly, however, heiden shares the building structure with haiden.

• 分裂、独立については他の流派も事情は似たり寄ったりであった。
• Other organizations and circles experienced similar schisms and fragmentations.

• 同時に全国の別院・末寺にも真宗大谷派からの独立を呼びかけた。
• He simultaneously appealed to the quasi head temples and branch temples all over Japan to leave Shinshu sect Otani school.

• 附則第七条の規定　独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構の成立の時
• The provisions of Article 7 of the Supplementary Provisions:　The time of establishment of the Organization for Small & Medium Sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation, JAPAN.

• 代わりに、農地の小規模独立経営を推し進める政策が採られていく。
• Instead of that, a policy to facilitate small-scaled independent management over the agricultural land was adopted.

• ただし胡弓楽は地歌、箏曲とは半ば独立した伝承系統を持っている。
• However, Kokyu-gaku has a handing-down line independent of those for Jiuta songs and So music.

• 詞は後には詩と同様、音楽性から独立して朗読されるようになった。
• Ci, as with shi (poetry), later came to be recited separately from music.

• このとき新約聖書やアメリカ独立宣言を知り、大きく影響を受けた。
• He also studied the New Testament and the Unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America at that time, which influenced him greatly.

• 次第に令の重要性が増して、律から独立し行政法的なものになった。
• The importance of Li gradually increased, and it was isolated from Lu to become an administrative law system.

• 総統引退後の李登輝は台湾の中華民国（中国）からの独立を訴えた。
• Teng-hui LEE appealed for Taiwan's independence from the Republic of China (China) after having retired from presidency.

• この法律において「独立行政法人等」とは、次に掲げる法人をいう。
• The term 'incorporated administrative agencies, etc.' as used in this Act means juridical persons listed as follows:

• 1946年（昭和21年）に本化正宗は分派し、それぞれ独立する。
• In 1946, Honge Seishu Sect was split into two schools and each of them became independent.

• （※養正館は現在合気道から独立した新武道「養正館武道」を標榜。
• (Yoseikan currently advocates a new martial art called 'Yoseikan budo,' which is independent from aikido.

• 全日本弓道連盟からは独立しており、試合規則も独自に定めている。
• It's independent of the All Nippon Kyudo Federation and has its own regulations for matches.

• その後1961年にはイギリスの保護下から離れ独立国となっている。
• Later in 1961, it escaped the protection of the United Kingdom and became an independent country.

• この領国は高い独立性を有し、地域国家と呼びうる実態を持っていた。
• Such territories had high-level independence and their real status was such that they could be called a regional state.

• こうして、東北地方では12世紀には蝦夷としての独立性は失われた。
• In this way, the Emishi lost their independence in the Tohoku region by the twelfth century.

• 「日本映画の父」牧野省三が、日活から独立して起こした会社である。
• It is a company that Shozo MAKINO, the 'Father of Japanese film,' established after he sought independence from Nikkatsu.

• 福澤の代表的な言葉で戒名にも用いられた言葉が「独立自尊」である。
• Dokuritsujison' is Yukichi's famous word, which became part of his posthumous Buddhist name.

• 質量の単位の銭（匁）は、この系統とは独立して発生したものである。
• The sen (monme), a unit of mass, came into existence separately from this system.

• ところが、1964年9月30日には資本面で東急から分離独立する。
• On September 30, 1964, however, Toei separated financially from Tokyu Corporation and became independent.

• 不平士族の中には清国へ逃れ（脱清）、独立運動を展開する者もいた。
• Certain discontented warriors fled to China of the Qing Dynasty (diasporas to Qing), and some of them led independence campaigns there.

• 厚生労働省所管の独立行政法人雇用・能力開発機構が設置・運営する。
• It was built and is operated by the Employment and Human Resources Development Organization of Japan, an independent administrative institution under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

• 天守の縄張り型式には独立式・複合式・連結式・連立式の4つがある。
• The nawabari type of Tenshu is divided into four types, Dokuritsu-shiki (independent), Fukugo-shiki (directly connected), Renketsu-shiki (connected), and Renritsu-shiki (combined) types.

• これらは独立性を持ち、寄宿舎で、同時に研究所的な性格を持っていた。
• They were independent dormitories as well as laboratories.

• 港湾所有領主への隷属を脱し、仲介業者または運送業者として独立した。
• Thus Toimaru managed to break away from the exclusive ties with port-owners and became independent agents and carriers.

• 1991年創業者の貞一が息子や娘婿たちを暖簾分けの形で独立させた。
• In 1991, Teiichi, the founder, started his sons and daughters' husbands in the same business.

• 付け句からあらかじめ用意された七七を省略し、五七五として独立した。
• By omitting the tsukeku, lines of seven and seven syllables that used to be prepared in advance, the rest became an independent poem of five, seven, and five syllable lines.

• 統帥権を独立させ、陸海軍は議会や政府に対し一切責任を負わないこと。
• The supreme command should be independent, and the army and navy had no responsibility for the assembly and the government.

• 直前に本社からの分離独立で大映テレビが発足し多数のスタッフが異動。
• Daiei TV, which broke away from the parent company immediately before the collapse, established itself as an independent company with a large number of former Daiei staff joining the company.

• あくまで田のある土地においてそれぞれ独立して方格線が引かれている。
• Hokaku sen were drawn independently in lands with rice fields.

• しかし実際には、湯長谷藩の領地は延岡藩とは独立に本田とされている。
• In reality, however, the territory of Yunagaya Domain was regarded as a registered rice paddy independent from Nobeoka Domain.

• 訴訟費用の負担の裁判に対しては、独立して控訴をすることができない。
• No appeal to the court of second instance may be filed independently against a judicial decision on the burden of court costs.

• 裁判所の経費は、独立して、国の予算にこれを計上しなければならない。
• Expenses of courts shall be independently appropriated in the national budget.

• 明治に入り祇園甲部から分離独立し、甲部に対し『祇園乙部』と称された。
• Separated from Gion Kobu in the Meiji period, Gion Higashi became an independent hanamachi and was called 'Gion Otsubu' against Kobu ('ko' and 'otsu' in Japanese are equivalent to a and b in English).

• 煎茶道では最も古い流派のため、その後独立した弟子が作った分流も多い。
• Because it is the oldest school in Senchado, there are many branch schools established by its disciples who later became independent.

• ヨーロッパに対抗する独立国家を創出するため、中央集権体制が創られた。
• To create an independent state to oppose the European countries, a centralized administrative framework was formed.

• 大阪府神社庁が地車囃子を独立した音楽として認めた、その瞬間であった。
• This was the moment that the shrine agency of Osaka Prefecture accepted danjiri-bayashi as an independent form of music.

• 以後も幕府より諸侯扱いを受けていたが、本藩では独立を許さず家老扱い。
• Since then, the family had been treated by the bakufu as a lord, but Honpan (the original domain) did not allow the family to become independent and treated it as Karo (chief retainer).

• 毛利氏の統治の特色として挙げられるのは地方領主の独立性の高さである。
• One of the political characteristics of the Mori clan was the highly independent nature of their local lords.

• - アメリカ極東軍司令部、朝鮮における占領行政を宣言（即時独立否認）
• The Headquarters of the U.S. Army Forces Far East proclaimed the occupation administration in Korea (Denial of immediate independence).

• 朝鮮独立を求める運動や日本支配への抵抗運動は厳しく取締りが行われた。
• Movement for Korea's independence and resistance movement against Japan's rule were strictly cracked down.

• 国王は今後殿下ではなく、皇帝陛下として独立国の君主として振る舞う事。
• The king shall conduct himself as his Imperial Majesty, a monarch of the independent country, rather than Imperial Highness.

• 宗旦の死後、今日庵を四男の千宗室が受け継いで独立し、裏千家となった。
• After Sotan died, his fourth son Soshitsu SEN took over Konnici-an and left home to start Ura-senke.

• 1951年（昭和26年）に法華宗から独立し、法華宗真門流と公称する。
• In 1951, breaking away from the Hokke Sect, the former Honmyo Hokke Sect faction became referred to as the Hokke sect Shinmon school.

• 1951年（昭和26年）に法華宗から独立し、法華宗陣門流と公称する。
• In 1951, breaking away from the Hokke Sect, the former Nichijin school faction became referred to as the Hokke sect Jinmon school.

• 独立行政法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構法（第二条未施行　等）
• Act on the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization（Article 2 unenforced, etc.）

• 幕府などの公権力の統制を無視して海上で独立した軍事力と権力をふるった。
• They exercised their independent military force and their own power, ignoring public power including that of the bakufu.

• 短命に終わり、日活に吸収されるが、牧野の独立はその2年後に本格化する。
• It was short-lived and was absorbed by Nikkatsu, but in two years later, Makino began to run his own business seriously.

• また、チャウ自身も日本に渡って奔走し、その人生を民族独立運動に捧げた。
• Chau also went to Japan himself and made every effort to further the independence movement, devoting his life to it.

• 自由独立な権利の主体という概念がそれまでの日本には無かったためである。
• This was because there had not been an idea of being an subject holding a free and independent right in Japan until then.

• しかし、東国独立派は反発し、親京都政策の急先鋒であった義経を糾弾した。
• However, the east independents felt indignant and accused Yoshitsune, who was the radical leader of the pro-Kyoto policy.

• 「日本は朝鮮の独立を保つため朝鮮に改革を勧めて朝鮮もこれを肯諾した。」
• Japan advised Korea to carry out a reform to keep the country independent, and Korea accepted it.'

• なお、統帥権独立の考えが生まれた源流としては、以下のことがあげられる。
• The idea of the independence of the supreme command came originally from the following facts.

• 独立行政法人等が講ずべき個人情報の保護のための措置に関する基本的な事項
• Basic matters concerning the measures for the protection of personal information to be taken by incorporated administrative agencies, etc.

• 1947年（昭和22年）に本門法華宗から独立し、本門佛立宗と公称する。
• 1947: It became independent from Honmon Hokke Sect and officially renamed itself as the Honmon Butsuryu Sect.

• 独立行政法人等の保有する情報の公開に関する法律等の適用に関する経過措置
• Transitional Measures Concerning the Application of the Act on Access to Information Held by Incorporated Administrative Agencies, etc.

• 節度使や観察使などを頂点とし、地方を強力に統治し、半独立の様相を呈した。
• With setsudoshi (jiedushi, military governor) and kansatsushi (guanchashi, governor) at the top, the organization had a powerful reign over the provinces with semi-autonomous characteristics.

• 奉安殿は、校舎内に作られることも、校舎外に独立して作られることもあった。
• Hoan-den were established either within the schoolhouse or outside the schoolhouse separately.

• それは国家主権を回復し、各国に独立国として認められるための行動であった。
• It was to regain state sovereignty and to be recognized as an independent state by other countries.

• 1903年に師匠が没を機会に吉松と改名し花柳流を独立し若柳流を創始する。
• After his master had died in 1903, he changed his name to Yoshimatsu and became independent from the Hanayagi school to found the Wakayagi school.

• 近代までにそれぞれ独立した競技、儀礼的神事として作法や規則が整備された。
• In separate competitions, the rules and etiquette of each of the forms has been maintained through to present times.

• 地方独立行政法人が講ずべき個人情報の保護のための措置に関する基本的な事項
• Basic matters concerning the measures for the protection of personal information to be taken by local incorporated administrative agencies.

• 地方公共団体又は独立行政法人等が行う統計調査 （第二十四条・第二十五条）
• Statistical Surveys Conducted by Local Public Entities or Incorporated Administrative Agencies, etc. (Articles 24 and 25)

• 要法寺とその末寺約50ヶ寺は、1950年、日蓮本宗として日蓮宗から独立。
• Yoho-ji Temple and about fifty branch temples belonging to it became independent from Nichiren Sect as Nichiren Hon Sect in 1950.

• また、スポンサーである寺社の没落と対照的に土倉・酒屋は栄え、独立していく。
• While the temples and shrines that once acted as sponsors declined, doso-sakaya prospered and became independent.

• 日活・横田永之助の桎梏から脱出、完全独立するための大きなステップとなった。
• It became a big step for Makino to escape from the fetters of Nikkatsu's Einosuke YOKOTA and gain complete independence.

• 家臣は朝倉親交派と独立派で分断されたが、最後は長政の決断によって批准した。
• The vassals were divided into pro-Asakura and pro-independence groups, however Nagamasa eventually took the decision to ratify the alliance.

• 時に作者個人の創作たる発句を完全に独立させた近代文芸の俳句と同一視される。
• Hokku, as an individual art of creation, can be identified as haiku, which is a form of modern literature that became completely independent from hokku.

• つまり、母親の影響を廃して男子は独立する、ということを意味するものである。
• In short, it means that a man becomes independent by driving away the influence of his mother.

• 「そもそも、朝鮮は日本と日朝修好条規を締結して開国した独立の一国である。」
• In principle, Korea is an independent country that opened the country and concluded a Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity with Japan.'

• ただし、禅宗寺院で用いられて以降、独立した庭園として造られるようになった。
• However, after it was adopted by Zen temples, dry landscape were created as independent gardens.

• そのほか、天ぷらや酢の物、味噌汁の具など、独立した食材としても用いられる。
• Additionally, they're used as an independent foodstuff for other foods, such as tempura, su-no-mono, miso soup, etc.

• 関西地方ではかつて、水まわりの独立したアパートのことを文化住宅と呼称した。
• In the Kansai region, the apartment equipped with an individual water facilities (sanitation) was called 'bunka-jutaku' (cultural housing).

• 一時梅若家が梅若流として独立したこともあったが、現在は観世流に復帰している。
• The UMEWAKA family once became independent as Umewaka-ryu from Kanze-ryu temporarily, it has returned to Kanze-ryu now.

• 三笠宮（寛仁親王は独立して生計を立てているが、宮家の継承者のため宮号はない）
• Mikasanomiya (Although Imperial Prince Tomohito became independent and is making his living, he has no Kyugo because he is the heir to the Mikasanomiya family).

• 戒名は「大観院独立自尊居士」で、麻布山善福寺 (東京都港区)にその墓がある。
• His posthumous Buddhist name is 'Daikanin dokuritsujison koji' and his grave is in Azabusan Zenpuku-ji Temple in Minato Ward, Tokyo.

• 独立した注釈書だけでなく写本の注記にも年立に関する考察は数多く記されている。
• There is a lot of speculation about the chronologies, not only in separate commentaries but also in annotations in manuscripts.

• 行政の干渉から司法の独立を確立し、三権分立の意識を広めた近代史上重要な事件。
• This incident was so significant in the modern history of Japan because it triggered independence of judiciary from government's interference and raised people's awareness of separation of powers.

• 昭和30年（1955年）、天台宗の寺院であった遣迎院が独立して一派を興した。
• Kengo-in Temple was once one of the temples of the Tendai sect, but it became independent and founded a new school in 1955.

• すなわち独立領主としての吉良氏ではなく、今川義元への隷属を強いられた訳である。
• In other words, this did not mean the Kira clan as an independent feudal lord, but the Kira clan was forced to obey Yoshimoto IMAGAWA.

• 独立行政法人情報通信研究機構 (NICT) けいはんな情報通信融合研究センター
• Keihanna Human Info-Communication Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology

• 司法権は天皇から裁判所に委任された形をとり、これが司法権の独立を意味していた。
• Under the constitution, courts were a judicature delegated by the emperor, and it meant that courts could exercise independent powers.

• 前者の校舎一体型は旧制中学などに多く、後者の独立建築型は小学校に多く見られた。
• The former premises incorporated into the schoolhouse was frequently observed in junior high schools under the old system of education, while the latter premises constructed separately was frequently observed in elementary schools.

• そして、独立プロダクションへの製作費の出資と作品の直接公開の方針を打ち出した。
• This company adopted a policy to invest in independent film studios and distribute their films directly.

• 邦彦王の弟宮多嘉王は、京都に在住し、、結局、独立した宮家を興すことはなかった。
• Prince Kuniyoshi's younger brother, Prince Taka lived in Kyoto and did not establish a new Miyake until the end.

• 皇太子および同妃、その子女は内廷皇族でありながら、天皇とは独立した生活を営む。
• Although inner-court members of the Imperial Family, the Crown Prince, the Consort of the Crown Prince and their children set up a separate household, independent of the Emperor.

• 慶応4年（1868年）、明治政府の計らいによって独立の藩と認められて立藩した。
• In 1868 Tanabe was established as an independent domain by approval of the Meiji Government.

• 日本の皇族男子が宮家を新設し、独立して生計を立てる際に天皇より与えられる称号。
• It is a title given by the Emperor when a son of an Imperial family establishes a Miyake (house of an imperial prince), becomes independent, and starts making his living.

• 六角氏の家臣の多くは国人領主であり、被官化されていたとはいえ独立性が高かった。
• Most of Vassals of Rokkaku clan were such local samurai loads that they were highly independent although they were retained.

• もともとは連歌として詠まれたものだが、発句のみを独立した表現とすることもある。
• Haikai was originally composed as a part of renga, but occasionally it has been considered that only hokku became independent from renga.

• 総督府により、言論の制限や結社の禁止、独立運動などへの取り締まり等が行われた。
• Sotoku-fu conducted the restriction of speech, ban of association, regulation of independent movement.

• というより属国か独立国か、という二項対立的な枠組みそのものが近代の所産である。
• Or it can be said that the framework where the two terms 'client' and 'independent' conflict is an offspring of modern times.

• なお後に三井物産の船舶部が独立して三井船舶となり、現在の商船三井になっている。
• Later, the Shipping Department of Mitsui & Co., Ltd. became independent to create Mitsui Steamship Co., Ltd., which became the current Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd.

• 支庁は樺太庁の独立出先機関とされており、管内において本庁の事務を分掌していた。
• A branch office (shicho) was an independent branch office of Karafuto-Cho, the duties of the central government office were divided within its jurisdiction.

• 東寺の傘下を出入をしたが1900年（明治33）年、独立して真言宗御室派を公称。
• Although it temporarily came under the umbrella of To-ji Temple ('East Temple,' the grand headquarters of the Toji Shingon sect, also founded by Kukai), it broke away from it in 1900 and officially called itself the Omuro School of the Shingon Sect.

• 2000年に「武道正風会」が「養正館合気道」を受け継ぐとして養正館から独立。）
• In 2000, the 'Budo Seifukai Federation' separated from Yoseikan in order to take over 'Yoseikan aikido.')

• 独立行政法人国立文化財機構所有、京都国立博物館保管の国宝は以下のとおりである。
• The following are among the national treasures stored at the Kyoto National Museum and owned by the National Institutes for Cultural Heritage:

• 独立行政法人国立文化財機構所有、奈良国立博物館保管の国宝は以下のとおりである。
• The national treasures possessed by an Independent Administrative Institution, National Institutes for Cultural Heritage, and preserved in Nara National Museum are as follows.

• この「六間ノ会所」は、ある建物の一部であり、独立してはいなかったと見られている。
• This 'six room kaisho' was part of a building and was not yet separated.

• 京都放送（KBS京都）（キー局のネットワークに属さない全国独立UHF放送協議会）
• Kyoto Broadcasting System Company Limited (a member station of Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations that comprise the TV stations not belonging to the networks of any key stations)

• 大抵の場合は一手部隊を単独もしくは複数併せたものを独立部隊として行動させている。
• Therefore, in most cases, one te unit was mobilized, either alone or together with other multiples, which were then considered as an independent unit.

• 彼らはそれぞれ一個の独立した力量で従者を従えたもので、支配の組織をもっていない。
• They were attended by servants with independent control of power and lacked the system to rule over them.

• もとは臨済宗に属していたが、1968年（昭和43年）に独立して単立寺院となった。
• It used to belong to the Rinzai sect, but in 1968 it became an independent, nonsectarian temple.

• 一方盛平の門下及び合気会から独立した団体・会派が複数存在する（→“主な会派”）。
• Meanwhile, there are multiple organizations and factions that had separated from Morihei's disciples or Aikikai ('major factions').

• 2008年5月現在、独立採算店だった一部の店のみが営業を継続している状態である。
• As of May 2008, only a few financially independent stores remain open.

• 2006年、一澤帆布工業（一澤帆布店）から全ての職人と従業員が独立して創設した。
• In 2006, all the craftsmen and employees became independent from Ichizawa Hanpu Co., Ltd (Ichizawa Hanpu Store) and established a new company.

• このころから、箏曲は三弦音楽から独立して新たに独自の発展を遂げていくことになる。
• From this point onwards, sokyoku developed independently from shamisen music.

• 独立行政法人種苗管理センター法（平成十一年法律第百八十四号）第十一条第二項第一号
• Act on the Incorporated administrative agency National Center for Seeds and Seedlings (Act No. 184 of 1999) Article 11 paragraph (2) item (i)

• 独立行政法人家畜改良センター法（平成十一年法律第百八十五号）第十一条第二項第二号
• Act on the Incorporated administrative agency National Livestock Breeding Center (Act No. 185 of 1999) Article 11 paragraph (2) item (ii)

• なお、西大寺は1895年（明治28年）に真言宗から独立し、真言律宗を名乗っている。
• Saidai-ji Temple left Shingon sect and says that it belongs to Shingon Risshu sect.

• 結婚・独立後も週に一度から数度は参内し、父昭和天皇と食事を共にすることも多かった。
• The Crown Prince Akihito visited the Imperial Palace a few times a week even after the marriage to be independent, having a meal with his father, the Emperor Showa frequently.

• 独自の宮号を持たないが、皇室経済法では宮家としての扱いを受け、独立した会計を営む。
• Although the House of Prince Tomohito is not an independent princely house, it is treated as such by the Imperial House Economy Law, thus permitted to have a separate account.

• 全編を通して上演される機会は少なく見ごたえのある場面が独立して上演される事が多い。
• The whole play is not performed very often; instead, some of the most interesting scenes are performed independently.

• また、両国は清国の独立を保全するとともに清国内におけるお互いの勢力圏を認め合った。
• The countries also guaranteed the independence of Qing, while at the same time recognizing each other's authority over different provinces within it.

• ジパングは、カタイ（中国大陸）の東の海上1500マイルに浮かぶ独立した島国である。
• Zipangu was an independent island country, which was located 1,500 miles across the sea to the east of Catai (an alternative name for the Chinese continent).

• 弁護人は、この法律に特別の定のある場合に限り、独立して訴訟行為をすることができる。
• A counsel may undertake a procedural action independently only when especially provided for in this Code.

• 1951年(昭和26年)、高野山真言宗から独立し、翌年、信貴山真言宗が認証された。
• The Shigisan Shingon sect became independent of the Koyasan Shingon Sect in 1951, and the next year it was certified as a religious corporation.

• 明治に入り一時建仁寺に併合された時期もあったが、1910年（明治43年）独立した。
• The temple briefly merged with Kennin-ji Temple during the Meiji period but became independent in 1910.

• この法律は、地方独立行政法人法（平成十五年法律第百十八号）の施行の日から施行する。
• This Act shall come into force as from the effective date of Act on Regional Incorporated Administrative Agency (Act No.180 of 2003)
• This Act shall come into force as from the day of effectuation of the Local Incorporated Administrative Agency Act (Act No. 118 of 2003)

• いずれも守護の支配を受けていた反面、その独立性をある程度、守護から認められてもいた。
• While all of the unions were controlled by shugo on the one hand, they were allowed to be independent to some extent on the other hand.

• 独立した大名家を興した後、両者の家格意識の高揚によって、正嫡、本末関係が論じられた。
• After an independent Daimyo family had been established, social standing became a sensitive issue to both head and branch families, resulting in disputes over a legal child or their head-and-branch relation.

• 朝廷からの独立国建設を目指したが藤原秀郷、平貞盛らにより討伐された（承平天慶の乱）。
• He aimed to create a country independent of the Imperial Court, but his rebellion was put down by FUJIWARA no Hidesato and TAIRA no Sadamori and so on (Johei-Tengyo no Ran (Rebellion of Johei-Tengyo)).

• 小早川氏を廃嫡された隆景の弟・毛利秀包は、秀吉によって独立した大名に取り立てられた。
• Hidekane MORI, who was a younger brother of Takakage and was disinherited from the Kobayakawa clan, was appointed an independent daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) by Hideyoshi.

• 原則的にそれぞれ独立した17つのテーマからなる、初編から十七編の17の分冊であった。
• The book principally consists of seventeen different themes, and originally the seventeen volumes were serially published from the first to the seventeenth.

• 特にアジア諸国では明治維新を模範として改革や独立運動を行おうとする動きが盛んになる。
• The reform and independence movement became active in Asian countries especially after the model of the Meiji Restoration.

• 第2次世界大戦後の1947年（昭和22年）本門法華宗から独立して本門佛立宗となった。
• It became Honmon Butsuryu Sect in 1947, shortly after the end of World War II, when it attained independence from the Honmon Hokke Sect.

• 特定の機能や目的を備えた小空間への分離独立への展開は、「室」という概念をもたらした。
• The development to the separation and independence of a small space with a specific function or purpose created the idea of 'shitsu' (room).

• 向唐破風は、出窓のように独立して葺き下ろしの屋根の上に千鳥破風のようにして造られる。
• A muko kara hafu gable is built like a chidori hafu or oriel window independently on the top of a roof.

• 室町時代、色々な機能をもっていた寝殿造り建築は独立した建物で構成するようになってきた。
• The architecture of shinden zukuri, which had many functions, began to take on the form of an independent building.

• 和泉監と芳野監は716年頃特別行政区画・行政組織としてそれぞれ河内・大和から独立した。
• Izumi Gen and Yoshino Gen were special administrative areas/administrative organization systems that became independent from Kawachi Province and Yamato Province respectively around 716.

• しかし三沢氏の独立性は高く、尼子氏の軍役を拒否して尼子氏との戦いに及んだ場合もあった。
• Nevertheless, the Misawa clan maintained its strong independence, as seen in the rejection to offer military services to the Amago clan, which induced fighting between the two clans.

• 新歌舞伎（しんかぶき）とは、明治以降に、劇場とは独立した作家が書いた歌舞伎作品のこと。
• Shin Kabuki refers to kabuki plays written by authors independent from theaters after the Meiji period.

• 19世紀にはヨーロッパにも独立した折り紙の伝統があり、日本の開国と共に両者が融合した。
• In the 19th century, Europe had its own independent origami tradition, which was fused with Japanese origami when Japan opened up to the world.

• 明治28年（1895年）には市川團十郎 (9代目)が上演してから一幕物として独立した。
• When Danjuro ICHIKAWA (the ninth) played this program in 1895, it became an independent play.

• これは、滅亡時の百済王が独立して、かつ正当に統治していた国家の領土とほぼ一致している。
• This almost corresponded to the territory of the nation which King Baekje had reigned independently and legitimately when Baekje was subverted.

• 1928年（昭和3年）に国画創作協会が解散した際に、洋画部が独立し「国画会」となった。
• In 1928, when Kokuga Sosaku Kyokai was dissolved, the department of western-style painting became independent and formed 'Kokugakai' (Society for National Painting).

• しかし元康は桶狭間の戦いで今川義元が死去した後に独立したが、数年後に不慮の死を遂げた。
• Motoyasu gained independence after the death of Yoshimoto IMAGAWA in the Battle of Okehazama, but died suddenly several years later.

• 国有林野事業を行う国の経営する企業に勤務する職員及び特定独立行政法人の職員に関する特例
• Special Measures Concerning Officials Who Work for a Corporation Operated by the State Performing National Forestry Projects and Officials of Specified Incorporated Administrative Agencies

• 戦後、大真言宗から、1946年（昭和21年）2月に真言宗東寺派と旧称に復して独立した。
• After the war, it gained independence, using the old name of the To-ji School of the Shingon Sect, from the Daishingon sect on February 1946.

• 当然のように一向派（かつての一向の一向宗）は再三に亘る独立運動を起こすも実らなかった。
• Although the Ikko school (the former Ikkoshu sect followers) naturally tried gain independence from the Jishu sect over and over again, they always failed.

• 1946年（昭和21年）、大真言宗より独立し、真言宗醍醐派と公称して現在に至っている。
• In 1946, it became independent from the Great Shingon sect, declaring itself as the Daigo School of the Shingon Sect, and has continued to the present day.

• 奈良文化財研究所（ならぶんかざいけんきゅうしょ）は独立行政法人国立文化財機構の一部門。
• Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties is a department of National Institutes for Cultural Heritage.

• それに歩調を合わせるように、国人層の独立志向（国人一揆など）が顕著に現れるようになった。
• Concurrently with the increased conflicts, the Kokujin's aspirations for independence, as in the kokujin uprising (kokujin-ikki), became more apparent.

• 奴隷は家内奴隷的な性質を有する者と独立した住居を構えて佃戸に近い性質を有する者があった。
• As for slaves, some were characteristically domestic slaves and others had an independent house and were characteristically similar to denkos.

• 2003年3月　独立行政法人雇用・能力開発機構が進めていた「私のしごと館」が完成・開館。
• March, 2003: The construction of the Vocational Museum promoted by Employment and Human Resources Development Organization of Japan was completed and opened.

• しかし1455年には下総国古河城を本拠として独立した勢力を保ち、以後古河公方と呼ばれる。
• In 1455, however, Mochiuji based himself at Koga-jo Castle in Shimousa Province and retained his power independently there ever since he was called Koga-kubo.

• 父・政宗の大坂冬の陣参陣の功によって与えられた宇和島に別家を立て独立、国主大名となった。
• He established a bekke (branch family) independently in Uwajima which was awarded to his father, Masamune, in recognition of his contribution of joining the Osaka Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka), and he became a kokushu-daimyo (a daimyo with his own domain).

• またその過程で、それまでの緩い惣領制から同族諸流の家格・家職争いや独立志向も熾烈化する。
• In its process, a conflict between the same tribes concerning the family business or position heated up and they were more aware of becoming independent as compared with those who had been in the mild eldest son system that had continued until then.

• 在地領主蛎崎氏改め松前氏は安東氏の配下であったが、豊臣秀吉に直接仕え安東氏から独立した。
• The lord in the area, the Matsumae clan, the former Kakizaki clan was originally under the Ando clan, but directly served for Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI., and became independent from the Ando clan.

• 榎本らは「蝦夷共和国」と名乗ったことはなく、また独立主権国家たると宣言したわけでもない。
• ENOMOTO and others did not called it 'Ezo Republic', nor declared it was an independent sovereign state.

• 城将塩冶掃部介は妻子を殺害し自害し、これにより経久は城主に返り咲き、京極氏から独立した。
• The castle commander, Kamonnosuke ENYA, finally suicided himself after killing his wife and children, which brought Tsunehisa back to power as the lord of Gassantoda Castle and let him win the independence from the Kyogoku clan.

• すべて裁判官は、その良心に従ひ独立してその職権を行ひ、この憲法及び法律にのみ拘束される。
• All judges shall be independent in the exercise of their conscience and shall be bound only by this Constitution and the laws.

• インド独立運動家のラース・ビハーリー・ボースがレシピを考案した本格的インドカリーである。
• This curry was genuine Indian curry based on a recipe created by Rash Bihari BOSE, an Indian independent activist.

• 絵画は次第に洞窟や建物の壁面から離れ、独立した板や布（タブロー）に描かれるようになった。
• Paintings began to be gradually drawn on wooden panels and cloth (tableau) existing separately and independently from the walls of caves and buildings.

• これは当主の三沢為幸の手引きによる行動で、独立した動きを取る兄と弟を封じ込める策であった。
• This was a scheme by Tameyuki MISAWA, the head of MISAWA clan, who tried to contain the independent movements by his elder and younger sons.

• 武装解除させられた高野山にもはや権力の介入を拒む術はなく、寺社の中立・独立性は否定された。
• The Koyasan Temple which was disarmed had no way to reject the intervention of authority and the neutrality and independency of temples and shrines was denied.

• 名主は、分割化・遷代化の度合いを強める一方で、国司・荘園領主からの独立志向も強めていった。
• Myoshu farmers, whose rights were divided up and became non-hereditary, nevertheless became more and more independent of territorial governors and manorial lords during this period.

• 一方、独立した東国政権が朝廷へ併合されたのは後退であるとして消極的な評価を与える説もある。
• On the other hand, there is another theory that gives negative evaluation to it regarding it as a regression because it merged the independent Togoku government into the Imperial Court.

• 混乱に乗じた日活の横田が、大手他社によびかけ、マキノを中心とした独立プロ排撃の動きに出た。
• Taking advantage of the chaotic situations, Yokota of Nikkatsu led a move to oust independent film productions such as Makino's, encouraging other major filmmakers to join the move.

• 1920年代（大正末期）の日本映画において活動し成功した、初期の独立プロダクションである。
• It was an independent film production company established in the earliest days of Japanese film industry, and the company was active and successful in the 1920's.

• 諸事の決定については独立後も昭和天皇の決裁を仰ぎ、様々な事柄について報告していたと伝わる。
• Submitting various matters for the Emperor Showa's approval even after his independent, he informed the Emperor of all kinds of affairs.

• この曲のクライマックス部分「玉ノ段」は、写実性にとみ、独立した仕舞としてもよく上演される。
• Tama no dan' (column of Tama), the climax of this play, is filled with realism and is frequently performed as an independent shimai (Noh dance in plain costume).

• （占領期に連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により禁止されるも、独立後現代武道として再開された。）
• (During the Occupation, Budo was forbidden by General Headquarters [GHQ], however, it was resumed as Gendai Budo [modern martial art] after Japan became independent.)

• さらに、アメリカ独立記念日の祝砲や、号令や合図を目的として、湾内で数十発の空砲を発射した。
• They fired several dozen blanks into the Bay, as both a salute to America's Independence Day and as a message.

• 丁度その頃に開設された西大門刑務所は、独立運動家を多く収容し、処刑したことで知られている。
• The Seodaemun Prison, which was established around that time, was known for housing and executing numbers of independent activists.

• 日露戦争の影響を受けて、ロシアの植民地であった地域やアジアで特に独立・革命運動が高まった。
• Former Russian colonies sought independence in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War, and independence and revolutionary movements became active throughout Asia.

• 評の設置により、地方豪族らは半独立的な首長から、評を所管する官吏へと変質することとなった。
• By the establishment of koori, the status of each local gozoku was changed from a semi-independent local chief to a government official who administered koori.

• 届出独立行政法人等は、前項の規定による手数料の額の定めを一般の閲覧に供しなければならない。
• An incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 shall make the fee schedule under the preceding paragraph available for public view.

• 論争の末、最澄の没後に大乗戒壇の勅許が下り、名実ともに天台宗が独立した宗派として確立した。
• As a result of disputes, imperial sanction concerning Daijo kaidan was given after Saicho's death and the Tendai Sect was formally established, both in name and substance, as an independent religious sect.

• またその独立性は、権力者の介入を退けるだけの経済力と軍事力によって裏打ちされたものであった。
• In addition, its independency was supported by the economic and military powers which could reject the intervention of authority.

• 複数の段が続き物の話を構成している場合もあれば、1段ごとに独立した話となっている場合もある。
• At times, multiple chapters constitute a serialized story and at times, a single chapter tells an independent story.

• しかも、この言葉は福澤諭吉の言葉ではなく、アメリカ合衆国のアメリカ独立宣言からの引用である。
• This is not FUKUZAWA's original idea, but a citation from the Constitution of the United States of America.

• この法律は、独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構（以下「機構」という。）の成立の時から施行する。
• This Act shall come into effect as from the time of establishment of the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation (hereinafter referred to as the 'Organization').

• 大口樵翁（1689年～1764年）は閑斎の門下に入って婿となったのだが、破門されて独立した。
• Shoo OGUCHI (1689 - 1764) became a student of Kansai and married into the Onishi family but was expelled and started his own branch.

• 現在は個々の店舗が独立運営しており、厳密にはチェーン店ではない（よって、本店も存在しない）。
• At this time, each store runs their business independently, and therefore are not strictly considered to be chain stores (accordingly, there is no main store).

• 昭和32年、大石寺に一旦は帰属したが、創価学会と宗門の争いを見て、平成になって再び独立した。
• They once came under the jurisdiction of Taiseki-ji Temple in 1957 but became independent again in the Heisei period after seeing the conflict between Soka Gakkai and the sect.

• また、大審院長が裁判に介入したことから、個々の裁判官の独立は守られていないことに注意を要する。
• Giving that the chief justice could step into an argument, it could be said that independence of justices was still not secured in this case.

• 同時に独立したプロダクションたちとともに、中根プロは3本の喜劇映画を撮って、8月には解散した。
• Nakane Productions was closed down in August after shooting three comedy films along with the other independent productions that had started their businesses around the same time.

• 天正10年（1582年）に信長が本能寺の変で死去すると、美濃で独立した大名になろうと画策する。
• After Nobunaga died in the Honnoji Incident in 1582, he planned to become an independent daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) in Mino Province.

• 市制を執行している自治体はそれぞれ独立した選挙区とし、都道府県の郡部でそれぞれ1選挙区とした。
• Local towns that were given city status were defined as individual constituencies, and each county in an individual prefecture was defined as a constituency.

• また、この連歌集の撰出により連歌が和歌から独立し、独自の文化としての地位を占めるようになった。
• Compiling this renga anthology contributed to independence of renga from waka to flourish as an unique field of culture.

• 現地文化に対しては否定的な態度をとり、総督府統治に反対する朝鮮独立運動は厳しく取り締りされた。
• It had a negative attitude toward the local culture, and the independent movement of Korea against the Sotoku-fu's rule was strictly controlled.

• 独立した予算を立て、久春古丹にあった公議所を樺太開拓使庁と改称した他は、実質的変化はなかった。
• The independent budget was made, and the Kogisho (the lower house) located in Kushunkotan was changed to the Sakhalin Development Commissioner, but there were no substantial changes.

• 京都国立博物館（きょうとこくりつはくぶつかん）は、独立行政法人国立文化財機構が運営する博物館。
• The Kyoto National Museum is run by the National Institutes for Cultural Heritage.

• 前号に掲げる規定以外の規定　独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構（以下「機構」という。）の成立の時
• Provisions other than the provisions listed in the preceding item:　The time of establishment of the Organization for Small & Medium Sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation, JAPAN (hereinafter referred to as 'SMRJ').

• 初期の会所とよばれた空間は建物の一部だったが、室町時代に独立して、特定の建物に会所の名がついた。
• Spaces called Kaisho in the beginning were part of the architecture, became independent during the Muromachi period and specific buildings became known as Kaisho.

• 農業生産力の向上や手工業の独立は市場を成立させ、都市や交通の要地とされる場所では市場が発達した。
• Increased agricultural production and the growing independence of artisans caused markets to spring up and expand in places ideally situated for commerce between or within cities.

• 藩祖の興元は細川忠興の弟にあたるが、谷田部藩は熊本藩の支藩ではなく、れっきとした独立の藩である。
• The founder of the clan, Okimoto was a younger brother of Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, but the Yatabe clan was not a branch clan of the Kumamoto clan, it was an independent clan.

• 信兼追討の背景には、独立性の強い京武者の排除、従属させようとする頼朝の方針があったと考えられる。
• It is thought that Yoritomo's policy of excluding or subordinating the independent samurai in the imperial capital was the reason which underlay the hunt for Nobukane.

• 新皇即位など一連の行動を証拠として、「坂東独立王国」を築こうとしていたとする説が主張されている。
• There is a claim that says he tried to establish 'Bando independent kingdom' based on the succession of actions such as the enthronement of the new emperor as evidence.

• 古墳は豪族の墓であり、これが各地で造られことは中央からは独立した地方勢力の存在を示すものである。
• Kofun (tumulus), tombs of local ruling families, were built in many places, showing the presence of local forces independent from the central government.

• 小松家を抑えるためには、知行国を有して半独立的な位置にある叔父たちと密接に連携する必要があった。
• In order to control the Komatsu family, it was necessary to closely cooperate with uncles who were chigyo kokushu and had a semi-independent status.

• 戦後、大真言宗から独立し、1952年（昭和27年）9月30日に真言宗泉涌寺派として宗教法人認証。
• After the war, the Sennyu-ji school became independent from the Daishingon sect, and on September 30, 1952, it became certified as an ecclesiastical corporation Shingon sect Sennyu-ji school.

• 1951年（昭和26年）に妙蓮寺 (京都市)（京都府）が法華宗から独立し、本門法華宗と公称する。
• In 1951, Myoren-ji Temple (Kyoto City) (Kyoto Prefecture) became independent from Hokke Sect and officially called itself Honmon Hokke Sect.

• 2001年4月、東京文化財研究所と統合され、独立行政法人文化財研究所の奈良文化財研究所となった。
• April 2001: The institute was integrated with Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, granted the status of Independent Administrative Institution National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, thus became Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties.

• 初期のアパートは、こうした宿所の各部屋に玄関を設け、独立した住居へと発展させたものと考えられる。
• It is thought that the first 'apart' was developed from such a lodging house room into an independent dwelling with an entry attached to each room.

• 別符による「郷」は、「郡」の下の「郷」ではなく、独立した徴税単位として「郡」と並列するものである。
• The 'go' by beppu was not the 'go' of the 'district' and was at the same level with a 'district' as an independent tax collection unit.

• したがって、同時に独立したプロダクションたちとともに、2作目を製作することなく山口プロも解散した。
• As a result, Yamaguchi Pro was dissolved without producing a second movie along with other production companies that had been established at the same time.

• 最終的に1921年、梅若実・梅若万三郎の兄弟及び分家六世観世華雪が独立して梅若流を創設するに至る。
• Finally in 1921, the brothers Minoru UMEWAKA and Manaburo UMEWAKA and Kasetsu KANZE, the sixth of the branch family, became independent from Kanze-ryu and established Umewaka-ryu.

• 独立行政法人国立印刷局が発行する官報には、天皇・皇后の行幸啓があった場合、下記の項目が掲載される。
• According to the government newsletter published by an Independent administrative institution, the National Printing Bureau, the following items are run when there was Gyokokei of the Emperor and Empress.

• 地車囃子が「地車」から独立した音楽として一般に広く浸透したのは、戦後のことであると考えられている。
• It is thought to be after the Second World War that Danjiri-bayashi spread amongst the general public widely as a form of music independent of 'danjiri.'

• 天正18年（1590年）、徳川家康の関東入りの時、上野国群馬郡三蔵5500石を賜り、宗家より独立。
• In 1590, when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA started to rule the Kanto region, Chikamasa was granted the land Mitsukura (or Mikura) in Gunma district, Kozuke Province, capable of producing 5,500 koku of rice (1 koku weighs about 150kg), and became independent of the head house.

• 連句として独立するのは、俳句が隆盛となって俳諧が俳句や連句を含めた総称的な用語になったことによる。
• The reason renku developed into an independent and distinct style is that haiku had begun to flourish, and so 'haikai' became a general term that encompassed both haiku and renku.

• これによって家元を権威付け、分派独立を防ぐと同時に組織の経済的基盤を確立することができたといえる。
• It should be said that this system serves various purposes whereby to give authority to the iemoto, to keep disciples from breaking away from the iemoto to create their own schools as well as to establish the financial base of the organization.

• 現代において作られる曲でも箏や地歌三味線との合奏が多く、独立したを持ちつつもやはり一体化している。
• Music composed for shamisen today is played in concert with jiuta shamisen and so; overall, the music played on these instruments are unified while each retaining its own style.

• なお、当初、田辺藩や峰山藩は、丹後宮津藩の藩内の分家であり、独立した藩ではないという見かたもある。
• Some historians say Tanabe Domain and Mineyama Domain were not initially independent, but only cadet families within Miyazu Domain.

• ここで頼朝政権内部の状況にも目を向けると、平広常ら有力関東武士層には東国独立論が根強く存在していた。
• At this point, taking a look at the inside of the Yoritomo government, an argument about the independence of the Togoku region deeply rooted among the influential Kanto Samurai, such as TAIRA no Hirotsune.

• 大鼓は小鼓の連調から発達した職掌であるため、その独立は、他の囃子方観世流に比べても遅いものであった。
• As otsuzumi had derived from rencho (a play performed by utai and a single percussion instrument in combination) of kotsuzumi, its independence was later than other hayashi kata (musician in Noh) groups.

• 当初は独立的立場を取っていたが、富士川の合戦を期に源頼朝に協力して戦功をあげ駿河国守護を任ぜられる。
• Although he adopted an independent position initially, he later achieved distinguished war service during the Battle of the Fuji River in cooperation with Minamoto no Yoritomo and was appointed as shugo of Suruga Province.

• その由来は定かではないが、「江戸時代後期の「五色巻」の赤巻だけが独立して残ったもの」という説もある。
• Although it remains uncertain where that came from, there is a hypothesis that 'among the 'Goshokumaki' (five colored kamaboko) in the late Edo era, only the akamaki (red roll) kamaboko remains.'

• ただし例外として天皇には、緊急勅令や独立命令を発する権限など、実質的な立法に関する権限が留保された。
• But for special cases, the emperor reserved practical legislative powers such as issuance of emergency edicts and independent orders.

• またアメリカ独立宣言の全文を翻訳して『西洋事情』（初編 巻之二）中に「」として掲載して日本に伝えた。
• He translated the whole text of the Declaration of Independence and introduced it to Japan by printing it as 'The exhortation of independence of the 13 states in the US in July 4, 1716' in 'Seiyo jijo' (first edition, Vol. II..)

• 大日本帝国 『清国ニ対スル宣戦ノ詔勅』では朝鮮の独立と改革の推進、東洋全局の平和などが唱われている。
• The imperial prescript of Empire of Japan advocates the cause to promote independence and reform of Korea and peace of the entire East.

• このとき、伊藤真乗主管の立川不動尊教会・真澄寺は、宗派ならびに本末関係を離脱し、真言宗より独立した。
• At that time, Tachikawa Fudoson Kyokai Shincho-ji Temple, having Shinjo ITO as the shukan (representative), left the religious sect and the Honmatsu group and became independent from the Shingon sect.

• 独立行政法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構は、新エネルギー利用等を促進するため、次の業務を行う。
• The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization shall carry out the following business activity in order to promote New Energy Utilization, etc.

• その後、律宗系諸派はいずれも真言宗からの独立を求め、西大寺でも佐伯弘澄（64世長老）が運動を行った。
• After that, schools of the Risshu sect requested independence from the Shingon sect, for example Kocho SAEKI (Hirosumi SAEKI) (the 64th choro (patriarch)) of Saidai-ji Temple carried on a campaign.

• ただし、明治以前真言律宗であった寺院の中には独立に従わずに真言宗寺院としての道を歩んだものもあった。
• However, some temples which had been Shingon Risshu sect temples before the Meiji period remained as Shingon sect temples without following the independent movement.

• そのため、本来の法令である律令から独立した法体系が形成されていき、これを本所法（ほんじょほう）という。
• As a result, a legal system independent from the Ritsuryo codes, the primary law, was developed to form a new legal system called honjo law.

• それとは別に、互いに独立して家を構える武士同士の場合は、上下関係はあっても、「同盟」に近いものがある。
• On the other hand, bushi that became independent to support the family had a hierarchical relationship, but were similar to being an 'ally.'

• 同年6月、牧野省三は東亜キネマから独立し、「マキノ・プロダクション」を設立、「御室撮影所」を設立する。
• In June of the year, Makino became independent from Toa Kinema, established 'Makino Production' and established 'Omuro Studio.'

• したがって、同時に独立したプロダクションたちとともに、2作目を製作することなく「山本プロ」も解散した。
• As a result, 'Yamamoto Pro' was dissolved without producing a second film along with other production companies which had been established at the same time.

• 李朝 (ベトナム)期（11世紀）に北宋から事実上の独立を果たし、独自の律令格式を制定するようになった。
• Ly Dynasty of Vietnam (11th century) achieved independence from Northern Song, and it established its own Luli Geshi.

• 1895年に日本が清に勝利すると下関条約が締結され、日本は清に朝鮮が自主独立国であることを認めさせた。
• When Japan beat China in 1895, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded in which Japan had Korea recognize the independence and autonomy of Korea.

• この事件判決で司法の独立を達成したことにより、まだ曖昧だった大日本帝国憲法の三権分立の意識が広まった。
• Tsuda's trial case became the first example of the independence of the judiciary, and it raised people's awareness of separation of powers stated in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan which used to be ambiguous in meaning.

• また、この日露戦争当時、一進会会員は、当時の伝統であった長髪、髷をやめ、自主独立運動の象徴としている。
• Also, during the Russo-Japanese War, the members of Isshinkai quit their long hair and beard which was a tradition of the times, as a symbol of the independent movement.

• 内閣総理大臣は、独立行政法人国民生活センターに、前二項の情報の公表に関する業務を行わせることができる。
• The Prime Minister may have the Incorporated Administrative Agency, National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan conduct services regarding the publication of information prescribed in the preceding paragraphs (1) and (2).

• 前近代の寺社は世俗権力と対抗する独立した権威として存在しており、治教権が広範にわたって認められていた。
• Temples and shrines before modern times existed as independent authorities which could rival secular powers, and their chikyo-ken was widely accepted.

• 三方の山々は古生層に属してゆるやかな起伏をもち、また盆地縁辺にはいくつかの独立した小山も点在していた。
• The mountains of three directions belonging to the Paleozoic strata have gentle ups and downs, and around the border in the basin, some independent small hills are seen here and there.

• その後、西本願寺の脇門跡であったが、1876年（明治9年）第27世本寂の際に独立し、真宗興正派となる。
• After that it became waki-monzeki (subordinating temple to legitimate the temple) of Nishi Hongan-ji Temple, but it became independent when Honjaku the 27th was in power and became the Kosho School of Jodo Shinshu in 1876.

• 補佐人は、この法律に定めるもののほか、国土交通省令の定める行為に限り、独立してこれをすることができる。
• In addition to what is provided for in this Act, a Counselor may independently perform its duties to the extent those provided for in this Act and in the Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• それに合わせて、建物の一部にあった会所は、室町時代にはいると、やはり独立した建物がその中心になってくる。
• The kaisho, which was a part of the building, became the center of that independent structure upon entering the Muromachi period.

• この一件によって、日本が立憲国家・法治国家として法治主義と司法権の独立を確立させたことを世に知らしめた。
• Due to this incident, Japan was known as a constitutional/law-abiding country which realized that Law and judicial power were independent.

• トーキー設備をもつマキノトーキー撮影所は、「甲陽映画」から独立した今井理輔の「今井映画製作所」となった。
• Makino Talkie Studio with facilities to produce talkie films became 'Imai Eiga Seisakusho' of Risuke IMAI, who had become independent from 'Koyo Eiga.'

• その際に、越中と上野（真田氏の大名としての独立）の領有を放棄、換わりに佐渡・出羽の切り取りを許可される。
• At that time, he surrendered the fief of Ecchu and Kozuke (the surrendering of Kozuke resulted in the Sanada clan becoming independent to act as a feudal lord), and he was permitted to occupy Sado and Dewa instead.

• ただし、足利義量・足利義尚死後の将軍空位期については、足利義持・足利義政の「後記」として独立させている。
• However, the period in which the position of the shogun was vacant following the deaths of Yoshikazu ASHIKAGA and Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA is treated independently as a postscript to the section pertaining to Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA.

• 庫裏は大規模寺院では独立した建物であるが、一般寺院では寺の事務を扱う寺務所と兼用となっていることが多い。
• Kuri is an independent building in large temples, but in many branch temples it is often set in the same building of the temple office.

• 八代の弟子であり、既に結婚独立していたが、九代の急死のため、急遽師匠の命により呼び戻されて後継者となる。
• He had been a disciple of the eighth Seigen and already married and set up business on his own, but due to the sudden death of the ninth Seigen, he was called back hastily by his master, and became a successor.

• 2007年8月3日に若狭湾国定公園から丹後半島海岸地区を独立させ、他の2地区を追加指定する形で新設された。
• On August 3, 2007, this park was newly established by separating the seashore area of the Tango peninsula from the Wakasa Bay Quasi-National Park and by additionally designating the other two areas described above.

• 独立行政法人情報通信研究機構　「けいはんな情報通信オープンラボ」「知識創成コミュニケーション研究センター」
• National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Keihanna Info-Communication Open Laboratory and Knowledge Creating Communication Research Center

• これは権力に対する独立・中立性の放棄であり、寺社側が拒否したのも「無縁」の思想からすれば当然のことである。
• This was equal to the abandonment of independency and neutrality against authority, so that it is natural that the temples and shrines rejected these requests with the idea of 'Muen.'

• 流派によってはすでに、一つの独立した流派としてはたちゆかないため、近隣の流派との合併を図ったところもある。
• Some schools found that they could not maintain themselves as one independent school any longer, and so they attempted to merge with some neighboring schools.

• いわゆる「曾我物」のひとつ『若緑勢曾我』（わかみどり いきおい そが）の一幕を一部を独立させたものである。
• Originally it was a part of an act in 'Wakamidori Ikioi Soga' (Verdant Green and the Energetic Soga), one of so-called Sogamono (programs based on The Tale of the Soga), that later became an independent program.

• 従来の二十巻の勅撰集において独立した巻を持った哀傷・離別の項目が無く、それぞれ雑歌・羇旅に吸収されている。
• The categories of elegy and parting, which formed independent volumes in the conventional 20 volume imperial anthologies, were omitted, so they were included instead in the categories of miscellaneous poems and journey.

• 一方日本は第一条に「朝鮮国は自主の邦」と挿入し、朝鮮を清朝の影響から切り離し独立国として認知しようとした。
• On the other hand, Japan put a sentence as the article one and it says 'Korea is an independent state' and tried to separate Korea form influence of the Qing dynasty and recognize as an independent country.

• 今川軍が放棄した岡崎城に入ると、祖父・松平清康の代で確立した三河国の支配権回復を志し、今川氏から独立する。
• After entering Okazaki-jo Castle abandoned by the Imagawa troops, he became independent of the Imagawa clan, intending to restore the right of controlling Mikawa Province that Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA, his grandfather, had once established.

• 岑信は将軍・徳川家宣の寵愛を受け、後に「浜町家」として独立し、「奥絵師家」の1つに数えられるようになった。
• Minenobu won the favor of the Shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA, and he later gained independence as 'Hamacho family,' which was ranked as one of the inner court painter families.

• この法律は、独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所の名称、目的、業務の範囲等に関する事項を定めることを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to prescribe such matters as the name, purpose, and scope of operations of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.

• この乱の過程で鎌倉幕府は朝廷から東国の支配権、軍事警察権を獲得し、朝廷から独立した地方政権へと成長していた。
• During the war, the Kamakura bakufu obtained the right to rule Togoku as well as military and police authorities, becoming a local government independent of the Imperial Court.

• したがって、同時に独立したプロダクションたちとともに、2作目を製作することなく「歌舞伎映画プロ」も解散した。
• As a result, 'Kabuki Eiga Pro' was dissolved without producing a second film along with other production companies that had been established at the same time.

• また、日下部鳴鶴門下の比田井天来は鳴鶴の古典研究をさらに発展させて、書の近代化と芸術的独立のために努力した。
• In addition, Tenrai HIDAI, a follower of Meikaku KUSAKABE, further progressed the study of classic calligraphy, and made an effort to modernize calligraphy and to make calligraphy independent of other art.

• 大坂の脇両替は十人両替とは独立して仲間組織を結成し、三郷銭屋仲間（北組・南組・天満組）と南仲間両替があった。
• Independently of the Junin Ryogae, wakiryogae exchangers in Osaka formed two nakama-soshiki unions, the Sango Zeniya Nakama (Union of Copper Exchangers in Sango, i.e., Group Kita, Group Minami and Group Tenman) and the Minami Nakama Ryogae (Union of Exchangers in Minami).

• また、日本の標準年輪曲線は一つの研究グループによって作成されているために、独立した検証が不十分なためである。
• Sufficient independent verifications also can't be done because assessment of the average annual growth rings in trees is made by just one research group in Japan.

• また、この時代は古墳の形態も地域によって特色があり、出雲や吉備等にも独立した勢力が存在したことを示している。
• Features in the style of Kofun during this period vary from region to region, showing the presence of other independent forces in Izumo or Kibi.

• 粛親王と川島浪速は後に協力して満州独立運動に荷担していくが、二人の運命は義和団の乱以降交叉し始めたといえる。
• Prince Su and Naniwa KAWASHIMA later cooperated with each other while assisting with the independent movement of Manchuria, but their fates crossed from the Boxer Rebellion.

• 現代では本文とは独立した形で年立等と共に便覧やハンドブックのような形で提供される源氏物語系図も多く存在する。
• Today, there are many genealogies of The Tale of Genji which are independently produced in the form of a manual or a handbook together with chronological table and others.

• この際、清の冊封の象徴であった「迎恩門」や「恥辱碑」といわれる大清皇帝功徳碑を倒し「独立門」を記念に建てた。
• At this time 'Yeongeunmun' and the Samjeondo Monument that is dubbed as 'disgrace gate' were destroyed and 'Independence Gate' was errected to celebrate its independence.

• 日本側では、この提案では朝鮮が事実上ロシアの支配下となり、日本の独立も危機的な状況になりかねないと判断した。
• Japan judged that the Russian proposal would effectively place Korea under the control of the Russians, and would inevitably pose a threat to the Japanese sovereignty.

• イギリスから独立を果たし、南北戦争を経て安定したアメリカ合衆国では、1876年にボストン美術館が設立された。
• The Boston Museum of Fine Arts was established in 1876, at a time when United States had gained independence from England and was becoming more stable after the Civil War.

• 都道府県又は独立行政法人種苗管理センターが生産し、かつ、農林水産大臣の定める基準に従つて自ら検査する指定種苗
• Designated Seeds and Seedlings that are produced by the prefecture or the National Center for Seeds and Seedlings, Incorporated Administrative Agency, and are inspected by these bodies in accordance with the standards provided for by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries;

• アパート(apart)とは、建物の内部を複数に区切り、それぞれを独立した住居として居住者に賃貸する集合住宅。
• Apart' is a collective housing building, whose inner space is divided into multiple pieces and each one of them is destined as an independent house for rent.

• 対馬藩の家老であった柳川調興は主家（宗義成）から独立して旗本への昇格を狙っており、藩主である宗義成と対立した。
• Shigeoki YANAGAWA, the chief retainer of the Tsushima Domain, who aimed to become independent from his master's house (Yoshinari SO) to be promoted to a hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu), opposed to Yoshinari SO, the lord of the Tsushima Domain.

• 1897年以降、ロシアの侵略政策が露骨になると独立協会は反露闘争を展開、国王の高宗に王宮に戻ることを要請した。
• After 1897, as Russia's aggressive policy was getting obvious, the Independence Club carried out an anti-Russia fight and demanded King Gao Zong to come back to the royal palace.

• 被告人又は被疑者の法定代理人、保佐人、配偶者、直系の親族及び兄弟姉妹は、独立して弁護人を選任することができる。
• The legal representative, curator, spouse, lineal relative, brother or sister of the accused or suspect may independently appoint counsel.

• 大真言宗から1946年（昭和21年）高野山真言宗として独立、1952年（昭和27年）2月18日に宗教法人認証。
• It became independent as Koyasan Shingon sect from the Dai Shingon sect in 1946, and was granted religious corporation status on February 18, 1952.

• 黄檗宗を名乗り、臨済宗から独立を果たしたのは、維新後の1876年のことであり、明治以後に禅宗中の一宗となった。
• It was in 1876 after the Meiji Restoration when it identified itself as the Obaku sect and achieved independence from the Rinzai sect, and it became one of the Zen sects after the Meiji period.

• また、三段審査や四段審査に関しては、高等学校剣道専門部や大学連盟で、一般の審査会と独立して行われることがある。
• However, the examinations for Sandan and Yodan are sometimes held by Kendo Clubs in high schools and university federations, independently of general examinations.

• カラオケ装置は独立して存在するものではなく、通信で接続された一つのシステムの中に組み込まれた端末装置となった。
• The karaoke machine is not an independent machine anymore, but a terminal device incorporated in an online communication system.

• 戦国時代 (日本)に入って伊達氏内部に天文の乱が起こると、最上義守は伊達氏から独立して戦国大名の道を歩み始める。
• When Tenbun no ran (Tenbun Rebellion) occurred in the Date clan in the Sengoku period (Japan), Yoshimori MOGAMI became independent of the Date clan and began to become daimyo (Japanese territorial lord).

• このように独立した官司といえどほとんど典薬寮の一部局のようになっており､寛平8年（896年）典薬寮に併合された。
• Thus, even though Naiyakushi was an independent government official, it functioned almost like a department of Tenyakuryo and it was merged with Tenyakuryo in 896.

• しかし、3年後に名元庵が没すると、名元庵の弟不式庵閑雪も10代家元を名乗り、江戸千家宗家蓮華庵を称して独立した。
• However, three years later, upon the death of Myogen-an, Myogen-an's younger brother, Fushiki-an (不式庵) Kansetsu, also took the title of tenth master and independently started the Edosenke Soke Renge-an.

• さらに流儀によっては神舞のなかでも特に位のはやい「高砂」「弓八幡」の二曲を真之神舞として独立して扱うこともある。
• Furthermore, depending on the Noh school, the two programs of 'Takasago' and 'Yumi Yawata' (The Bow at the Hachiman Shrine), which are played at an especially fast tempo among the kami mai dances, are handled independently as genuine kami mai.

• 浄土宗に属していたこともあったが、1886年に独立し、華厳宗の大本山となり、観光収入などで寺院経営を行っている。
• Although Todai-ji Temple had belonged to the Jodo sect, it became independent in 1886 as the head temple of the Kegon sect and has been maintained through tourism revenues and so on.

• 記事は朝鮮と清朝の関係を国際法の知識から論ずるものが多く、「独立」・「自主」・「均勢」がキータームとなっていた。
• Most of the articles were discussions about the relationship between Korea and the Qing dynasty, and there were some key terms such as 'independence,' 'autonomy' and 'proportionality.'

• さらに、田中由真は『算法明解』（1679）で関とは別の回答を関とは独立に発明した点竄術（傍書法）を用いて与えた。
• Furthermore, in his 1679 'Sanpo meikai' (Clarifying Calculation Methods), Yoshizane TANAKA arrived at different roots than Seki by using a form of Tensan jutsu (Bosho-ho) which he had invented himself.

• その後、明に服属する時期もあったが、黎朝が再度、中国王朝から独立した15世紀には、律令格式が積極的に編纂された。
• After the Trần Dynasty, there were times when Vietnam was ruled by Chinese dynasties, but the Lê Dynasty achieved independence from China in the 15th century and actively compiled and edited its own Luli Geshi.

• この政権は単に箱館政権とも称されるが、主権的な独立や地方割拠を目論んだわけではないので、この呼称は適切ではない。
• This political power is also just called Hakodate Government, but this naming is not appropriate because it did never aim at a sovereign independence nor defending local authority.

• 昭和25年（1950年）に、法相宗からの独立を果たす（宗教法人として認可されたのは、昭和27年（1952年））。
• It separated from the Hosso sect in 1950 and was granted status as religious corporation in 1952.

• 同時に三百数十ヶ寺に及ぶ真宗大谷派からの独立寺院を率いて「浄土真宗東本願寺派」を結成し、東京本願寺を本山とした。
• At the same time, he formed 'Jodo Shinshu sect Higashi Hongan-ji school,' containing more than 300 temples separated from Shinshu sect Otani school, choosing Tokyo Hongan-ji Temple as the head temple.

• 多くが人形浄瑠璃や歌舞伎といった舞台芸能と結びついて発展してきた近世邦楽の中で、舞台芸能とは比較的独立している。
• Among the many pieces of modern traditional Japanese music that developed in association with stage entertainment, such as ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) and kabuki, jiuta is relatively independent from stage entertainment.

• 富士門流においては、日蓮正宗がそのまま独立を保ったが、本門宗は、顕本法華宗、日蓮宗とともに「三派合同」を行った。
• As for Fujimon School, Nichiren Sho Sect kept its independence, but Honmon Sect, along with Kenpon Hokke Sect and Nichiren Sect, carried out 'Sanpa Godo' (3 joined sects).

• 浅井氏を六角氏から独立させると、久政は家臣たちから強制的に隠居させられ、家督は長政が継承することとなったのである。
• When the Azai clan achieved the independence from the Rokkaku clan, the Azai's retainers forced Hisamasa to be retired, and Nagamasa came to succeed the rein of the family.

• 東宮において太政大臣に相当するが皇太子の家政を担当する春宮坊や東宮学士とは独立の関係にあり指揮権限はないに等しい。
• Togu-no-fu was the Grand Minister at Togu's palace and was independent of Togubo (Crown Prince's quarters) members, who were in charge of the domestic economy of the palace, or Togu gakushi (Crown Prince's classics teacher); therefore, he did not have any delegation authority.

• 明治頃から本家とは疎遠になり、昭和34年（1959年）15代宗通が独立を申し入れて小堀遠州流を称するようになった。
• In the Meiji period, the family became alienated from the main school, and in 1959 Sotsu KOBORI, the fifth tea master, requested independence; as a result, his way of tea ceremony became called the Kobori Enshu school.

• 本作は各巻でそれぞれ半ば独立した事件を描いているが、時代や物語の背景は同じである為、同一の登場人物が多々登場する。
• In this series, each book depicts incidents that are independent of each other most of the time, but because the era and the background of the story is the same, the same characters reappear many times.

• 一方で米川流の祖米川常伯のように蜂谷家とは独立に建部隆勝の流れを汲むものもいて、これらを建部流と称することがある。
• On the other hand, some schools were independent of the Hachiya family, such as Johaku YONEKAWA, a founder of the Yonekawa school, following the style of Ryusho TATEBE, and those are sometimes known as the Takebe school.

• 本願寺は長島・越前・石山の3拠点で信長に敵対していたが、この弱点は互いに半ば独立して軍政を敷いていることであった。
• Hongan-ji Temple faced off against Nobunaga on three bases, Nagashima, Echizen and Ishiyama, but this system had a weak point in that the military was established at each base almost individually.

• そのため、石山合戦以降は宗教の非武装化がより一層加速され、宗教団体が独立性を失い政権の統制下に置かれる事となった。
• After the Ishiyama War, therefore, demilitarization of religious powers accelerated, and the religious groups lost their independence and were put under the control of the administration.

• 選択本願（四十八願第十八願）に立脚して称名一行の専修を主張し、浄土宗の独立を宣言した、浄土宗の立教開宗の書である。
• The treatise is on the Rikkyo Kaishu (establishment of a new sect) of the Jodo sect and advocates an exclusive practice of chanting the name of the Buddha based on senchaku hongan (Selection of the Original Vow, the eighteenth vow in the forty-eight vows) and declares the independence of the sect.

• さらに、地歌から独立した作曲が多くなってゆくと、箏独特の奏法を駆使した旋律による曲が作曲されるようになっていった。
• Then, as more music pieces composed independent of jiuta appeared, music came to be written that has melodies making full use of the unique technique of koto playing method.

• しかし日本では第二次世界大戦後、中国では文化大革命後、朝鮮民主主義人民共和国では独立後にほとんど使われなくなった。
• However, kazoedoshi ceased to be used after the World War II in Japan, after the Cultural Revolution in China, and after independence in the North Korea.

• しかし、長い年月の中で徐々に独立的傾向が高まっていき、遂に血脈相承を否定して大石寺との本末関係を解消するに至った。
• However, over the years it gradually became independent and dissolved the affiliation with Taiseki-ji Temple by denying Kechimyaku Sojo.

• また、9本の千恵プロ作品に出演した武井は同年2月に独立、双ヶ丘撮影所に武井龍三プロダクションを設立した（同年解散）。
• Takei, who appeared in nine films produced by Chie Puro, became independent in February and established Takei Ryuzo Productions at Narabigaoka Studio (liquidated the same year).

• 三笠宮の長男である寛仁親王も独立の生計を営んでいるが、三笠宮家の継承が予定されているため、独自の宮号は持っていない。
• Although the eldest son of Mikasanomiya, Imperial Prince Tomohito, enjoys his own independent life, he does not have his own Miya since he was expected to succeed the Mikasanomiya family.

• また浄瑠璃版の『双面水照月』（ふたおもて みずに てるつき）の一部が独立して、『双面』『葱売』」として知られている。
• The part of the joruri version of the play 'Futaomote mizuni terutsuki' were separated from the original play and known as 'Futaomote' and 'Shinobuuri.'

• この根拠については、伊藤博文著の『憲法義解』によると、行政権もまた司法権からの独立を要することに基づくとされている。
• This idea was based on Hirobumi ITO's 'Kenpogige' (Commentaries on the constitution) which insisted that administrative powers should be independent from judicial powers.

• それによれば朝鮮は「両截体制」に置かれているが、それでも国際法に照らした場合、独立国に位置づけることができるとする。
• According to the part, Korea was under 'Ryosetsu system' but it can be recognized as an independent country based on international law.

• 挙兵当時の頼朝は自らの所領や子飼いの武士団もなく、独立心の強い東国武士達が自らの権益を守るために担いだ存在であった。
• The warriors of eastern Japan, who neither had their own territories nor their own troops, but were very individualistic, supported Yoritomo in order to protect their vested interests.

• 氏姓に取って代わることになる苗字（名字）は、このように字の一部分として発生し、さらに字から分離独立したものとされる。
• A surname that replaced the clan name and hereditary title occurred in this way as a part of Azana and it seems that later it was separated from Azana and became independent.

• ただし当時の司法は憲法上はともかく、実際には司法行政や行政裁判の扱いなど完全に政府から独立していたわけではなかった。
• According to the constitution, Japanese courts were already independent, but in fact, they were still under the control of the government in respect of judicial administration and trial procedures.

• 行政機関の長又は届出独立行政法人等は、次に掲げる場合には、その行った統計調査に係る調査票情報を利用することができる。
• The head of an administrative organ or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 may utilize questionnaire information pertaining to statistical surveys they have conducted in the following cases:

• 契約弁護士等は、支援センターが第三十条第一項又は第二項の業務として取り扱わせた事務について、独立してその職務を行う。
• A contract attorney at law et al. shall independently fulfill his or her duties for those affairs which the JLSC has the contract attorney at law et al. handle as affairs under paragraph (1) or (2) of Article 30.

• 明治17年（1884年）以降、昭和26年（1951年）に宗教法人法の施行によって独立するまで曹洞宗の教会として活動。
• It had been a temple of the Soto sect since 1884, but ultimately it gained independence through the implementation of the Religious Corporation Act in 1951.

• とりわけ承応2年（1653年）、長崎に渡来した独立 (禅僧)は学識深く、書を巧みとし、本国にいたときから著名であった。
• Particularly, Dokuryu, who came to Nagasaki in 1653, was a learned person and skillful calligrapher who had already achieved fame in his home country.

• 華道遠州は平成5年(1993年)に遠州(旧正風遠州流)の宗家である父芦田一馬より息子の一寿が独立して興した流派である。
• Kado Enshu school is a school which Ichiju ASHIDA established in 1993 when he became independent from his father Kazuma ASHIDA, the head of Enshu (former Seifu Enshu school).

• 役名が現在のものに固定するのは明治28年に九代目團十郎によって『暫』が独立した一幕物として上演されて以後のことである。
• The names became fixed when Danjuro (the ninth) performed 'Shibaraku' as an independent play in 1895.

• 国際法における主権とは、対外的に独立し、対内的には至高の権力を有し、それ以外からの干渉を排することができることを指す。
• Sovereignty in international law means that the nation is independent externally, has the supreme power internally and can reject any interference from something other than them.

• 源氏物語の巻名や巻序の説明（『源氏物語目録』などと呼ばれることもあり、これだけで独立した書き物になっている場合もある。
• Explanations of titles for the chapters and prefaces to them (it is also called 'Genji monogatari mokuroku' (Catalogue of The Tale of Genji), which sometimes came out in the form of an independent book.

• 行政機関の長又は届出独立行政法人等は、その行った統計調査に係る調査票情報を加工して、匿名データを作成することができる。
• The head of an administrative organ or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 may produce anonymized data by processing questionnaire information pertaining to statistical surveys they have conducted.

• こうして、明治37年（1904年）には大蔵省の管轄下に国立醸造試験所（現在の独立行政法人酒類総合研究所）が設立された。
• In this way, the National Research Institute of Brewing (present National Research Institute of Brewing [NRIB]) was founded in 1904 under the control of Ministry of the Treasury.

• 1900年（明治34年）大石寺とその末寺が離脱し、日蓮宗富士派として独立、1912年（明治45年)には日蓮正宗と改称。
• The Taiseki-ji Temple and its branch temples separated from the school and became independent as the Fuji School of the Nichiren Sect in 1900, and it was changed into Nichiren Sho Sect in 1912.

• その武家権力としての独立性を保つ機構を作るために近衛大将より格下の征夷大将軍に任ぜられ、その権力機構として幕府を開いた。
• To maintain the independence of the samurai authority, he was appointed seii taishogun, which was ranked below Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards) and established a bakufu as an administrative structure.

• さらに一族であり家臣でもあった別所氏に独立されたり、尼子氏の侵攻を受けるなどして悪条件が重なってさらに衰退が促進された。
• Moreover, the Akamatsu clan had to live under the unfavorable conditions, such as the independence of the Bessho clan, which had been a member of the clan and a longtime retainer, and the invasion by the Amago clan, and its decline had been accelerated.

• これら鈴木氏の諸家は、今川氏、松平氏、織田氏などの周辺勢力に囲まれて離反帰服を繰り返しながら半独立の勢力を保ちつづけた。
• These branch families of the Suzuki clan, maintained their semi-independent powers as repeating their stances, obedience or disobedience, surrounded by the potentials such as the Imagawa clan, the Matsudaira clan and the Oda clan.

• 殊に真田氏にとっては、武田の旧臣から信濃の独立勢力として認められることが最重要であり、最後まで意地を張り通すことになる。
• Especially for the Sanada clan, it was most important to be recognized as an independent power in Shinano by old retainers of Takeda, so they continued being stubborn till the last.

• 大阪に「日本活動常設館館主連盟映画配給本社」を設立、独立プロダクションへの製作費の出資と作品の直接公開の方針を打ち出す。
• Nihon Katsudo Josetsukan Kanshu Renmei Eiga Haikyu Honsha' (Distribution Company Headquarters for Movie Theater Owners in Japan) (also known as 'Kanshu Renmei' [the Theater Owner's Association]) was established in Osaka and announced policies on contributions to production costs and direct distribution of films to independent productions.

• 外伝登場時は主人公は内弟子になる直前であったが、単行本第2巻収録「風天」で内弟子修行期間を終え、玄人の能楽師として独立。
• When Norito appeared in the side story for the first time, he was on the verge of becoming a private pupil, but in 'Futen,' published in an the second volume of an independent book, he had gone through the period of practicing to be a private pupil and had become independent as a kuroto (an expert) of Nohgakushi.

• 1991年、創業者の貞一の息子や料理人である娘婿たちを暖簾分けの形で独立させて、吉兆グループとしてグループ会社制に移行。
• In 1991, the founder Teiichi gave his son and his daughters' husbands, who were cooks of Kitcho, the shops respectively, allowing them to form independent shops under the Kitcho name, and established the group businesses as Kitcho Group.

• 「日本による遼東半島所有は、清国の首都北京市を脅かすだけでなく、李氏朝鮮の独立を有名無実にし、極東の平和の妨げとなる。」
• Aquisition of the Liaodong Peninsula by Japan not only threatens Beijing City, a capital of Qing, but also undermines the independence of the Joseon Dynasty and hinders the efforts of establishing peace in the Far East.'

• 初め越中国遠成寺に入り、18歳で京都妙本寺日霽（にっせい）に師事して修学したが、のち月明と対立し独立して一派を形成した。
• Initially, he entered Ensei-ji Temple in Etchu Province, taking the monk Nissei of Myohon-ji Temple in Kyoto to be his mentor and learning from him, but he later fell into conflict with Getsumyo, prompting him to break out on his own and found his own school.

• しかし1958年（昭和33年）には早くも空手の試合化を否定する廣西元信たちが戦前からの松濤会を復活させ、独立していった。
• In 1958, Motonobu HIRONISHI and others, who were opposed to karate tournaments, reconstructed the Shotokai school, which had existed prior to WWII, and parted company with the JAS.

• これらの寺院に年分度者（ねんぶんどしゃ）（国家公認の僧侶の養成）を許可され、それぞれの寺院が独立した傾向を持っていった。
• These temples were permitted to be state-sanctioned schools of monks (Nenbundosha) (年分度者), and therefore tended to be independent.

• 観音寺城の東の端に一郭独立したような形で、府施氏の居館淡路丸の曲輪跡があり、丁度観音寺城の鬼門の方向に当たるとされている。
• The remains of Awajimaru (Kuruwa), in which the residence of the Fuse clan used to be, are located independently at the east edge of the Kannonji-jo Castle site, and the direction is regarded as Kimon (the northeastern [unlucky] direction).

• 尊王攘夷論は、天皇を中心とした政治体制を築き、対外的に独立を保とうという政治思想となり、幕末の政治状況を大きく揺るがせた。
• The Sonno-joi became a political thought to establish a system with the Emperor at its center and to keep independence from foreign powers and destabilized the political situation at the end of the Edo period on a grand scale.

• 勅旨牧は、奈良時代後期に牧の管理を請け負ってきた兵部省から分離独立する形で、新たに設定されるようになったと考えられている。
• It is considered that Chokushimaki was newly established to separate it from the Hyobusho (ministry of military) that had undertaken the management of Maki in the later part of the Nara period.

• 東遊運動はフランス植民地からの脱却を目指し、チャウは独立運動の若いリーダーを育てようと同志を募って大衆からも資金を集めた。
• The aim of the movement was to obtain freedom from French colonial rule, and Chau rallied like-minded people to foster young leaders of the independence movement and also raised funds from the public.

• それに対し、畠山方は国人衆の旗頭や独立した国人領主が各自で参加する編成であったために、全体の指揮系統が一元化されていない。
• Compared to Miyoshi's, Hatakeyama's chain of command was not unified, as various leaders of local clans and samurai lords joined the force independently.

• それまで絵入本の単なる挿絵でしかなかった浮世絵を、鑑賞に堪え得うる独立した絵画作品にまで高めるという重要な役割を果たした。
• He played an important role in developing ukiyo-e paintings, which till then had been just illustrations in picture books, into independent works of art appreciated for their aesthetics.

• 寛徳2年（1045年）に一子・橘仲俊をもうけたが、俊通は康平元年（1058年）に亡くなり、子も独立して彼女は孤独になった。
• In 1045 she gave birth to a son, TACHIBANA no Nakatoshi, but Toshimichi died in 1058 and her son became independent of her, so she lived alone.

• 宗派として独立したのは戦後であるが教義の変更はなかったので、聖徳太子による信貴山寺創建をもって、教義の始まりと考えられる。
• The sect became independent after World War II, but its creed remained unchanged, and it is considered that the creed dates back to the foundation of Shigisan-ji Temple by Prince Shotoku.

• また、アメリカの植物学者にはソメイヨシノはオオシマザクラとエドヒガンの雑種ではなく独立した種であるとの説を唱える者もいる。
• Also, among American botanists there are some who advocate the theory that Someiyoshino is an independent type instead of a hybrid between the Oshima cherry and Edohigan.

• この法律は、独立行政法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構の名称、目的、業務の範囲等に関する事項を定めることを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to provide the matters concerning the name, purpose, and the scope of functions, etc. of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Incorporated Administrative Agency.

• 通常は皇族男子が婚姻し独立する際に天皇から賜るが、三笠宮家の次男である宜仁親王は独身のまま宮家を創設し、桂宮の称号を賜った。
• Normally it is given by the Emperor when a son of an Imperial family gets married and becomes independent, but Imperial Prince Yoshihito, the second son of the Mikasanomiya family established a Miyake unmarried and was given the title of Katsuranomiya.

• 歌舞伎では四段目の一部『寺子屋』（てらこや）が独立して上演されることが特に多く、上演回数で群を抜く代表的な演目となっている。
• The part of fourth act, 'Terakoya' (temple elementary school during the Edo period) is often played in the Kabuki, and it is one of the representative act that lead in number of performances.

• 畿内地方に多くの巨大古墳を造ったのは、朝鮮半島で活発に軍事活動を行っていた「倭」からはある程度独立した勢力だったと見られる。
• The independent forces of `Wa' that actively performed military activities in the Korean Peninsula built a number of giant kofun in Kinai region.

• その次男宗守・三男宗左・四男宗室がそれぞれ独立して流派が分かれ、武者小路千家官休庵・表千家不審庵・裏千家今日庵となっている。
• Sotan's second son Soshu, third son Sosa and fourth son Soshitsu each established new branch schools, which became today's Mushakojisenke Kankyuan, Omotesenke Fushin'an and Urasenke Konnichian, respectively.

• 無格社といえども氏子を有した神社も多々あり、独立神社としては何ら他の神社と変わることはなく、幣帛供進の有無の違いだけである。
• Even among Mukakusha, there were many shrines which had Ujiko, and as independent shrines, they were not different from other shrines, but the only difference was whether they received heihaku or not.

• 「立川不動尊教会」は真言宗を離脱し、大般涅槃経を所依とする、いずれの束縛も受けない独立の教団として「まこと教団」を発足した。
• Tachikawa Fudoson Kyokai' seceded from the Shingon sect and established 'Makoto religious organization,' a nonaligned and independent organization whose authority is the Nirvana Sutra.

• 1963年（昭和38年）に、東寺と真言宗東寺派が分裂したが、後に東寺を中心に活動しようとする寺院が東寺真言宗として独立した。
• In 1963 the To-ji Temple and the To-ji school of the Shingon sect were split, and later the temples which supported the To-ji Temple became independent as the To-ji Shingon sect.

• 明治時代に入り、箏曲の地歌からの独立は進み、寺島花野の「新高砂」など、「明治新曲」と呼ばれる、箏のみの曲が多く作られていく。
• In the Meiji period, sokyoku became increasingly independent from jiuta, and many pieces of so-called 'New Meiji music' were composed solely for the koto, one of these being 'Shin Takasago' (literally, 'new version of Takasago') by Hanano TERASHIMA.

• 別間も本建物と平行して傾斜していたので、本建物と接続する桁・母屋などの横架材を切り離し、別間だけ独立して傾斜を復旧していた。
• Because the betsuma was also tilting in parallel with the main building, crossbeams and joists connecting the two buildings were severed to correct tilting of the betsuma by itself.

• なお、明治初期には、唐招提寺を例外として他の律宗寺院は全て真言宗に所轄されたが、1900年（明治33年）律宗として独立した。
• Besides, in the early Meiji period all Risshu temples except Toshodai-ji Temple belonged to the Shingon sect, but they became independent as the Risshu sect in 1900.

• 奈良国立博物館（ならこくりつはくぶつかん）は、奈良県奈良市登大路町にある、独立行政法人国立文化財機構が運営する博物館である。
• Nara National Museum is a museum in Noborioji-cho, Nara City, Nara Prefecture operated by an Independent Administrative Institution, National Institutes for Cultural Heritage.

• ただし、あくまで紀州徳川家の家臣であり、徳川将軍家と関係では陪臣となり、江戸幕府のもとでは独立の藩として認められていなかった。
• Note, however, that the clan was no more than a vassal of the Kishu Tokugawa family and an indirect vassal, or Baishin, of the Tokugawa shogun family and the domain was not approved as an independent domain by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 武井龍三は「千恵プロ」から独立、双ヶ丘撮影所に「武井龍三プロダクション」を設立し、3本の映画を製作したが、失敗に終り解散した。
• Ryuzo TAKEI became independent from 'Chie Pro' and established 'Takei Ryuzo Productions' in Narabigaoka Studio to make three films, but then went under and disbanded.

• 独立した歌謡ではなく、物語の効果を高めるために用いられていることが多いが、宮廷人が歌った儀式の歌謡や、創作もあるとされている。
• They are not independent ballads but used to enhance an effect of narrative, and some of them are said to have been creative songs or ceremonial songs made by court people.

• 彼らの中には、中国残留日本人となったり、またインドネシア独立戦争等に参加した者などがいるが、そのほとんどは現在高齢化している。
• Some of them became Japanese left behind in China, while others joined the Indonesian war of independence, though most of them are aging now.

• また、小手頭の先端部は、親指を入れる部分が他の部分から独立して分かれている（なぎなた用ではさらに人差し指部分も分かれている）。
• The portion to put in a thumb is independently separated from other parts at the top of the kotegashira (For a naginata kote, the index finger portion is also separated).

• この法律において「公的統計」とは、行政機関、地方公共団体又は独立行政法人等（以下「行政機関等」という。）が作成する統計をいう。
• The term 'official statistics' as used in this Act means statistics produced by administrative organs, local public entities, or incorporated administrative agencies, etc. (hereinafter referred to as 'administrative organs, etc.').

• 後世、少年や武家の袴として白や浅葱の大口袴を独立して使うようになったため、正式な肌袴としての大口袴を特に赤大口と呼ぶこともある。
• The authentic okuchi bakama was sometimes called 'akaokuchi,' to differentiate it from white or pale blue okuchi bakama which was later worn by boys or samurai as outer wear.

• 1963年、演歌専門のレコード会社・日本クラウンの独立とさまざまな音楽の流入により「流行歌」が消滅し、多数の音楽分野が成立した。
• The independence of Nippon Crown Co., Ltd. as a record company that specializes in enka music in 1963 and arrival of various genre of music helped establish many music genres, leading the 'hit songs' to disappear.

• もとは長谷川千四・文耕堂作「三浦大助紅梅革勺」（みうらのおおすけこうばいたづな）の内の梶原平三試名剣星合寺の場を独立させたもの。
• It was originally the scene of Kajiwara Heizo Shimeiken Hoshiai-ji in 'Miura Osuke Kobai Tazuna' written by Senshi HASEGAWA and Bunkodo (Joruri dramtists in the mid Edo period) and the scene has become a separate program.

• 兵村は形式においては一般の村と並ぶものではないが、集団で入って一つの規律に服したので、実際には村の中の独立した村として機能した。
• Heison in their form were different from villages in general, and functioned as an independent village in a village because people entered it as a group and followed one discipline.

• 1904年に日露戦争が勃発すると、その戦費捻出のために日本の国庫が枯渇、台湾は計画を前倒して財政独立を実現する必要性に迫られた。
• The Russo-Japan war, which broke out in 1904, required war expenditure and caused the national treasury to dry up, so Taiwan was forced to realize financial independence by accelerating the implementation of the plan.

• 「脱亜論」の約3週間前の明治18年(1885年)2月23日と2月26日に掲載された論説に、「朝鮮独立党の処刑（前・後）」がある。
• There was an editorial called 'Chosen Dokuritsu-to no Shokei (I & II)' (Executions of the members of the Korean Independent Party), published on the 23rd and the 26th of February, 1885, about three weeks before the 'Datsu-A Ron.'

• また奥右筆のために独立した御用部屋が設置され、老中・若年寄などから上げられた政策上の問題を将軍の指示によって調査・報告を行った。
• There was an separated office placed for Oku-yuhitsu and they researched and released reports about policy issues sent by Roju (senior councilor) or Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor) under the supervision of Shogun.

• この建議書の中で、李容九は会員100万人の声明と称して、「日本は日清戦争で莫大な費用と多数の人命を費やし韓国を独立させてくれた。
• In this proposal, 李容九 (이용구) claimed as the statement of one million members as follows : Japan has dedicated an enormous expense and people's lives in Sino-Japanese War in order to bring independence to Korea.

• 公認会計士は、常に品位を保持し、その知識及び技能の修得に努め、独立した立場において公正かつ誠実にその業務を行わなければならない。
• A certified public accountant shall always maintain his/her dignity, endeavor to acquire knowledge and skills, and provide services with fairness and integrity from an independent standpoint.

• 1945年、終戦によって統合の強要はなくなったが、富士門流の七本山とその旧末寺は、単一の宗派として独立を回復することはなかった。
• In 1945, by the end of the war, the demand for unity disappeared, but 7 honzan temples and their former branch temples of Fujimon School did not regain their independence as a unified sect,

• かつては京都府京丹後市にある丹後半島北部を西端としていたが、由良川以西の区域は独立し丹後天橋立大江山国定公園の一部となっている。
• It had once covered the northern part of Tango Peninsula in Kyotango City, Kyoto Prefecture, but now the area of the Yura-gawa River and to the west is part of Tango-Amanohashidate-Oeyama Quasi-National Park.

• これらの部隊は小屋懸け組（戦地における宿営地を建築する部隊）の様に独立した隊として編成されたものもあり、多種多様な職種が存在した。
• Like the living quarters construction unit (division that constructed camp at the battleground), there were squads organized as independent troops, and there existed various job types.

• このように地車と認めづらい地区が存在するのだが、これらの地区にあたる（北）長柄・南長柄等では地車囃子を独立した音楽ととらえている。
• Thus, there are areas which can hardly be called to be in possession of danjiri, but places such as (north) Nagara and Minami Nagara in these areas view danjiri bayashi as an independent music.

• そもそもは歌う際に臨時に笏を割ったもの、または2つの笏を用いて、それが後に様式化し、独立した1つの楽器として成立したと考えられる。
• Originally, two pieces of divided shaku or two shaku were provisionally used in singing, and it is thought that later they were conventionalized and established as new instruments.

• 松尾芭蕉の登場により冒頭の発句の独立性が高まり、発句のみを鑑賞する事も多く行われるようになり、明治時代に成立した俳句の源流となる。
• It became common to appreciate the hokku only, which came to be the origin of haiku established during the Meiji period.

• 教如が独立する形で東本願寺（真宗大谷派）を設立、後にこれに対して准如が西本願寺（浄土真宗本願寺派）を設立し、東西本願寺に分裂した。
• Then Kyonyo became independent of the temple and established Higashi (eastern)-Hongan-ji Temple (the Otani group of the Shinshu sect), and for this, Junnyo established Nishi (western)-Hongan-ji Temple (the Hongan-ji group of the Jodo Shinshu sect), separating Hongan-ji Temple into Higashi-Hongan-ji Temple and Nishi-Hongan-ji Temple.

• 第4代台湾総督の児玉源太郎は、民政長官の後藤新平と共に『財政20年計画』を策定、20年以内に補助金を減額し台湾の財政独立を図った。
• The fourth Governor-General of Taiwan, Gentaro KODAMA, made the twenty year financial plan with the Chief of Home Affairs Shinpei GOTO, aiming at decreasing the grant and making Taiwan financially independent within twenty years.

• 当時、欧米列強の支配下にあり、後に独立した国々の指導者達の回顧録に下記のような、植民地時代における感慨の記録が数多く見受けられる。
• Many of the memoirs written by the leaders of countries formerly colonized by western countries refer to the Russo-Japanese War with great excitement.

• 尺は親指と人差指を広げた時の幅であり、元々の寸は尺とは独立に発生したものと考えられるが、周代に尺の10分の1とされるようになった。
• Shaku originated from the breadth between the thumb and forefinger when they are opened, and sun seems to have been invented independently from shaku, but anyway, sun began to be set at the length of a tenth shaku during the age of Zhou Dynasty China.

• さらにこれらのグループには、片桐家を宗家として仰ぐもの、慈光院を宗元として緩やかに糾合したもの、引き続き独立しているものとがある。
• Some groups respect the Katagiri family as grand master, some groups regard Jiko-in Temple as the origin of the school, and others continue independently.

• 信長の死が諸国へ伝わると、事実上空白地帯となったこの旧武田領を巡って、徳川氏・北条・上杉、および独立を狙った真田が対立を深めていく。
• As the news of Nobunaga's death spread from province to province, serious conflicts arose between different clans, including the Tokugawa, Hojo and Uesugi clans and the Sanada clan, which was striving to gain independence, over the former territory of the Takeda clan, which was left without a ruler.

• なお2008年段階で、国や都道府県及び独立行政法人などの研究機関により、少花粉スギは121品種、無花粉スギは1品種が開発されている。
• National, prefectural and incorporated administrative agency research institutions had developed 121low-pollen Japanese cedar cultivars and 1 pollen-free Japanese cedar cultivar as of 2008.

• 地方独立行政法人法（平成十五年法律第百十八号）第六十八条第一項に規定する公立大学法人の設置する高等専門学校　当該公立大学法人の理事長
• The college of technology (koto senmon gakko) founded by an incorporated municipal university prescribed in Article 68, paragraph (1) of the Local Independent Administrative Agencies Act (Act No.108 of 2003):　the president of the incorporated municipal university.

• 礼法だけが独立したように取り扱われることがあるが、その歴史的背景から、弓と馬と礼の三つが揃ってはじめて小笠原流とするのが適切である。
• Occasionally, only manners are taught but, taking into account the historical background, the Ogasawara-ryu can only be considered complete with the three arts of 'archery, horsemanship and courtesy'.

• 2007年（平成19年）12月24日 - 「独立行政法人整理合理化計画」の策定（閣議決定）（「私のしごと館」組織体制の抜本的見直し）
• December 24, 2007: 'Plans for Streamlining Independent Administrative Institutions' formulated (Cabinet decision); organization of Vocational Museum to be overhauled

• 特に畿内では国人の独立志向が非常に高く、山城や丹波などで、守護（細川氏）が数十年をかけても国人層の被官化を達成できない事例も見られた。
• Especially, kokujin in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) had quite a strong inclination for independence, which was exemplified by the case that the shugo (the Hosokawa clan) failed to achieve the 'Hikanization' of kokujin in Yamashiro Province, Tamba Province and other provinces despite having spent several decades.

• 特に、独立命令による法規の制定（9条）、条約の締結（13条）の権限を議会の制約を受けずに行使できるのは他の立憲君主国に類例がなかった。
• The emperor could exercise the right to issue ordinances by his own order (Article 9), the right to conclude treaties (Article 13) without any interferenceof the government, and these rights were especially unique to Japan.

• 1931年（昭和6年）5月、トーキー映画の製作を目指してふたたび独立、奈良の生駒山山麓に撮影所を建設し、「月形プロダクション」とした。
• In May of 1931, Tsukigata became independent once again with the aim of producing talkie films and established 'Tsukigata Productions' by constructing a studio at the foot of Mt. Ikoma in Nara.

• そのため、伊行自身による改訂のほかに別人が独立した注釈書にするために編纂するに当たって大幅な内容の取捨選択が行われたと考える説もある。
• For this reason, there is a theory that in addition to the revisions by Koreyuki himself, someone else made significant decisions on what to include when compiling the Genji Shaku into an independent commentary.

• 彼が、娘を食い殺す理由としては、臣下の礼を取った古代日本が独立したことに対する返答がこなかったため見せしめとして殺したと記されている。
• It states that the reason why he bit the girl to death was that ancient Japan, that paid homage to Korea, did not give him an answer to the question about Japanese independence, so the girl was killed as a warning to others.

• 一ノ谷の戦いも、範頼・義経に一元的に統率された形で行われた訳ではなく、独立した各地源氏一門や京武者たちとの混成軍という色彩が強かった。
• The Battle of Ichinotani was not fought in a unified form under the leadership of Noriyori and Yoshitsune, but with a so called patch-work army composed of various independent local Genji families and Kyoto warriors.

• 恭順謹慎・江戸無血開城などにより、無血革命に近い状態で政権移譲できた事から近代日本の独立性が守られ、維新への功績は大きいと評価された。
• Because of his compliance with the disciplinary confinement and the Bloodless Transfer of Edo-jo Castle, the administrative power was transferred as a result of almost a bloodless revolution; he contributed greatly to the Restoration and ensuring of independency of modern Japan.

• 独立後の韓国の歴史学者・学会は、日本による統治を正当化する日本側の歴史研究を「植民地史観」と呼び、これを強く批判することから出発した。
• Calling the Japanese historical research justifying the Japanese rule 'colonial historical view,' South Korean historians/academic societies started their research from the strong criticism of that after Korea's independence.

• 前項の規定は、法第四十七条（独立当事者参加）第一項及び第五十二条（共同訴訟参加）第一項の規定による参加の申出書の送達について準用する。
• The provision of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis to service of a written application for intervention under the provisions of paragraph (1) of Article 47 (Intervention as Independent Party) and paragraph (1) of Article 52 (Intervention as Co-Party) of the Code.

• 1963年（昭和38年）に、東寺を中心とした宗派の形態に復帰することを目的に、真言宗東寺派から、東寺真言宗が分派独立することとなった。
• In 1963 the To-ji Temple Shingon sect separated from the To-ji School of the Shingon Sect and gained independency for the purpose of returning to the framework centered around the To-ji Temple.

• 「杉千代」の開店当時のチーフが独立して始めた店なので、ラーメンは「杉千代」とよく似ているが、現在の「杉千代」より美味しいとの声も多い。
• Ramen which is similar to that of 'Sugichiyo,' as the chief placed in charge of the opening of 'Sugichiyo' opened Tengu independently, and some people say it is even better tasting than the current 'Sugichiyo.'

• 江戸時代になると、それまでの仏教の僧侶らが学ぶたしなみとしての儒教から独立させ、一つの学問として形成する動きがあらわれた（儒仏分離）。
• During the Edo period, a movement occurred which moved Ju-kyo away from its previous role as accomplishments for Buddhist monks to learn, and establish it as a single learning (the separation of Confucianism from Buddhism).

• なお、道見は最後まで曹洞宗の僧籍を保持していたため、「法王教」を独立した教団ではなく曹洞宗内の一運動であったとする見方が一般的である。
• Additionally, because Doken retained his title as a monk of the Soto sect until he died, 'Hoo-kyo' is generally considered to be a movement within the Soto sect as opposed to an independent sect.

• 1955年6月1日には若狭湾国定公園の一部として国定公園に指定されていたが、2007年8月3日に丹後天橋立大江山国定公園として独立した。
• Although it was designated a part of the Wakasa Bay Quasi-National Park on June 1, 1955, it indepedently became Tango-Amanohashidate-Oeyama Quasi-National Park on August 3, 2007.

• また地元独立系放送局のKBS京都がJリーグ全クラブで唯一ホーム全試合を地上派で中継または生中継しており、その充実度は他の追随を許さない。
• And a local independent broadcasting station, Kyoto Broadcasting System Company Limited, has been broadcasting prerecorded or live on terrestrial television all the home games of Kyoto Sanga which is the sole club that enjoys such services in all the J. League clubs, and that fulfillment is far ahead of all others.

• 永禄5年（1562年）、西三河の松平元康（翌年、徳川家康に改名）は織田信長と清洲同盟を結び、今川氏の傘下から独立する姿勢を明らかにした。
• In 1562, Motoyasu MATSUDAIRA (name changed to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA the following year) of Nishi (West) Mikawa formed Kiyosu Alliance with Nobunaga ODA, and he made his position clear to become independent from being a subsidiary of the Imagawa clan.

• 武断政治は、植民地同化政策に反対する独立運動弾圧のために政治活動を一切禁止し、徹底した軍政のもと植民地統治の基礎を作ることを目的とした。
• Budan seiji banned all the political activities to oppress the independent movement against the integration policy of the colony, and aimed at laying the foundation for colonial administration under the strict military government.

• 日本の戦況優勢を見て、東学党の系列から一進会が1904年に設立され、大衆層での親日的独立運動から、日本の支援を受けた合邦運動へ発展した。
• Recognizing that Japan had the upperhand in the war, the Iljinhoe was established from the Donghak Party in 1904, developing from a grass-roots pro-Japanese independence movement into an pro-annexation movement that received support from Japan.

• 丁稚となる者にとっても商売の経験と将来的な独立への布石、また食い詰めた貧家からの丁稚であれば少なくとも飯が食えるというメリットはあった。
• It was also beneficial for those becoming decchi because they could get the experience of the business and the opportunity to set up business of their own in the future, and for those who become decchi from a poor family, the status had an advantage of being able to eat at least.

• 第三十九条第一項第三号に定める情報の取扱いに従事する届出独立行政法人等の役員若しくは職員又はこれらの職にあった者　当該情報を取り扱う業務
• A person who is or was an executive officer or an employee of an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 engaged in the handling of information specified in Article 39, paragraph (1), item (iii):　the business to handle the information;

• 鞍馬弘教（くらまこうきょう）とは、神智学の影響を受けた鞍馬寺貫主信楽香雲が昭和22年（1947年）10月に天台宗より独立して立てた宗派。
• Kurama kokyo is a religious school that was established in October 1947 by Shigaraki Koun, the chief priest of Kurama-dera Temple who was affected by Theosophy, separating from Tendai-shu sect.

• 三代将軍足利義満の北山殿北御所（今の鹿苑寺）には会所がひとつあり、これが独立会所のはじまり、将軍邸の会所のはじまりであると考えられている。
• The Kitayamadono kitagosho (it is currently, Rokuonji Temple) of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA had one kaisho, and this was believed to be the beginning of independent kaisho and kaisho in the residence of a shogun.

• また、戦国時代も後期に至ると、有力な大名はそれまでの半独立的な地位と状況によっては命令を拒むことができた被官層を完全に従属させ家臣とした。
• In the late Sengoku period, powerful Sengoku daimyo brought their vassals into complete subordination, whereas before they had been independent to a certain degree and were able to refuse orders depending on the circumstances.

• 牧野が1919年（大正8年）に設立した「教育映画」の製作会社「ミカド商会」は、牧野の独立に脅威を感じた横田永之助によって日活に吸収された。
• Mikado Shokai,' established by Makino as a filmmaker for producing educational films in 1919, were absorbed into Nikkatsu (Japan Moving Picture Co., Ltd), by Einosuke YOKOTA, the president of Nikkatsu, who saw MAKINO's independent activities as a threat to his business.

• 徳川家康が桶狭間合戦後に今川氏から独立し、三河国奪還戦争のさなか、蒲郡市にある鵜殿長持の西之郡城（上ノ郷城）を忍で取る、と記載されている。
• It is described that IeyasuTOKUGAWA became independent from the Imagawa clan after the Battle of Okehazama and took over Nishinokori-jo Castle (Also known as Kaminogo-jo Castle) of Nagamochi UDONO in Gamagori City using ninja during the war for regaining Mikawa Province.

• この流行により、掛軸は「掛けて拝する」仏教仏画の世界から、花鳥風月の水墨画など独立した芸術品をさらによく見せる補完品として発達していった。
• This trend developed kakejiku from the field of Buddhist portraitures that 'hung and worshiped,' to a complementary product of the independent work of art, such as suibokuga (ink-painting) of kacho-fugetsu (beauties of nature, the traditional themes of natural beauty in Japanese aesthetics); these works of art can be seen even better by being mounted in kakejiku.

• やがて幕末には箏が地歌から再独立して行くが、この際にも手事物形式はそのまま箏曲に受け継がれ、明治以降にも手事を持つ箏曲が多数作られている。
• Eventually in the end of the Edo period, koto became independent from jiuta once again, but the form of tegotomono was directly inherited by sokyoku; thus many sokyoku, including tegoto, were created since the Meiji period.

• しかし同じ足利一門でも、斯波氏や畠山氏の家格が高く本家からの独立性が強かったのとは異なり、この時代の細川氏はさほど有力な御家人ではなかった。
• Although the clan was of the Ashikaga clan, the Hosokawa clan in this period was not a powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and the Muromachi through the Edo periods), unlike the Shiba clan and the Hatakeyama clan whose kakaku (family status) were high and were highly independent from the head family.

• この8人が中心となって昭和3年（1928年）7月に結成したのが「戊辰書道会」であり、日本書道作振会からの分離独立によって書道界は二分された。
• Centered on these eight persons, the Boshin Shodo-Kai association was established in July of 1928, separated from the Nihon Shodo Sakushin-Kai association, dividing the calligraphic world in two.

• 中国皇帝から政権の正統性を付与してもらう目的で、過去にもたびたび使節が派遣されていたが、初めて日本の独立性を強調する目的で使節が派遣された。
• For the purpose of having orthodoxy granted by an emperor of China, there had often been envoys sent in the past but, for the first time, they were sent as an envoy in order to emphasize independence of Japan.

• 1832年のコンスタンティノープル条約でオスマン帝国から正式に独立したギリシア王国では、オソン1世治下の1834年に「記念物法」を施行した。
• In the Kingdom of Greece which became officially independent from the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Constantinople in 1832, the 'Monuments Law' was enacted under the reign of Otto von Wittelsbach in 1834.

• 独立後はは本土決戦に備えた陸戦訓練や、美保海軍航空隊大和海軍航空隊と海軍乙航空隊近畿海軍航空隊が展開する柳本飛行場の整備活動に追われていた。
• After it became independent, it was busy with training for land fighting as a preparation for the homeland fighting and maintenance of Yanagimoto Airport where Yamato Naval Air Corps of Miho Naval Air Corps and Kinki Naval Air Corps of Naval Otsu Air Corps were deployed.

• 筑前国秋月藩は幕府から独立した藩として公認されてはいたが、福岡藩の分家として立藩した支藩である関係で、軍事・財政面で相互援助が行われていた。
• Akizuki Domain of Chikuzen Province was officially approved as independent from the shogunate, but it was established as a branch domain of the Fukuoka Domain, so those two domains supported each other in military and financial affairs.

• 同時代にはジャイナ教のマハヴィーラも悟りを得た存在としており、やはり階級制であるカーストに反対してこれを認めず、バラモン教から独立している。
• At the same time, Mahavira of Jainism was thought to have attained enlightenment and became independent of Brahmanism he was opposed to the caste system, a hierarchy, and shunned it.

• 1947年（昭和22年)、日什門流の約380ヶ寺のうち、妙満寺（京都府）をはじめとする約200ヶ寺が日蓮宗から再独立、顕本法華宗と公称する。
• In 1947, out of about 380 temples belonging to the Nichijumon School, about 200 temples including Myoman-ji Temple (Kyoto Prefecture) became independent from the Nichiren Sect again and officially named themselves Kenpon Hokke Sect.

• 南北朝期から室町期にかけ、惣領制が崩壊し有力庶子家・一族が本宗家から独立していった時代であり、松田氏においてもいずれが本宗家かは定かではない。
• From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period, the Soryo system collapsed, and influential non-heir families and clans got independent from the head family, so it is uncertain which family was the head family of the Matsuda clan.

• 今日、歴史学上では初の武家政権及び武家政治の創始は平氏政権にあるとされるが、朝廷から独立した本格的な武家政権が鎌倉幕府であることは間違いない。
• Today, historians consider Taira clan government to have founded samurai government and politics but there is no doubt that the first full-fledged samurai government independent from the Imperial Court was the Kamakura Bakufu.

• 配下に京都守護職の松平容保、京都所司代の松平定敬らを従え、江戸の幕閣達から独立した動きをみせ、 在京幕府勢力の指導的役割を果たす存在となった。
• He gained vassals such as Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto), and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy), and he worked independently from the cabinet officials of the Shogunate in Edo and took the leadership role in the bakufu forces stationed in Kyoto.

• 同時に独立したプロダクションたちが解散を余儀なくされていくなかで、千恵プロのみが年内に6本の映画を製作、あらたな自前の撮影所用地の物色をした。
• While other film studios that had been established around the same time were being forced to liquidate, Chie Puro was the only company to produce six films that year and began looking for land for their own studio.

• 下関条約の結果、清の朝鮮に対する宗主権は否定され、ここに東アジアの国際秩序であった冊封体制は終焉を迎えた（李氏朝鮮は大韓帝国として独立した）。
• As a result of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, China's sovereignty over Korea was renounced whereby the traditional tributary system which was the international order in East Asia came to an end (and the Yi Dynasty Korea attained independence as the Korean Empire).

• 一方、江華島条約の第1条には「朝鮮は自主独立の国であり、日本と平等な権利を有する」とあり、朝鮮は従来もっていた華夷秩序との葛藤が起こっていく。
• On the other hand, the first article of the Treaty of Ganghwa stated 'Korea is an independent country having rights equal to Japan,' which caused a conflict with the Chinese hegemony over Korea.

• それといささか矛盾するが、元勲・藩閥が政治・軍事両面を掌握していたことから、後世に統帥権独立をめぐって起きたような問題が顕在化しなかったこと。
• Contradicting to the fact above in some points, as the statesmen who contributed in Meiji Restoration and domain cliques had control over the both politics and military, the problems that occurred later due to the independence of the supreme command did not come to the surface.

• 上記の者は2009年12月に独立行政法人国際交流基金および財団法人日本国際教育支援協会が実施した日本語能力試験1級に合格したことを証明します。
• This is to certify that the person named above has passed Level 1 of the Japanese-Language Proficiency Test given in December 2009, jointly administered by the Japan Foundation and the Japan Educational Exchanges and Services

• 総務大臣は、行政機関の長、地方公共団体の長その他の執行機関又は届出独立行政法人等に対し、この法律の施行の状況について報告を求めることができる。
• The Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications may request the heads of administrative organs, heads of local public entities or other executive committees, or incorporated administrative agencies, etc. under Article 25 to report on the situation of the enforcement of this Act.

• しかし、ごく稀に例外として分派独立を許される者（江戸期における喜多流の分派）や、各流派の宗家の了承を得て移籍を果たす者（観世栄夫）も見られる。
• However, there were a very few exceptions that a person was allowed to branch out on his own (the Kita school established as a branch school in the Edo period) or transferred to another school with permission of the head families of the schools (Hideo KANZE).

• 1987年、農林水産省 （現所管独立行政法人）北海道農業試験場にてマツマエ/上116の交配から生まれたF1と北海258号を交配した後代である。
• It's a later generation of a variety born through the cross-fertilization of Hokkai No. 258 and F1, which was born in 1987 through the cross-fertilization of Matsumae/Jo 116 by the Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station under the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (currently an independent administrative institution).

• 現体制の「大栄」は基本的に独立採算であり、厳密な意味においてのチェーン店ではない（札辻店が本店を名乗るが、これも厳密な意味においてではない）。
• Existing 'Daiei' stores today are on a stand-alone basis and are no longer a franchise (although the Fudanotsuji store identifies itself as the main store, this is not strictly the case).

• その中でも丹国は、のちのヤマト王権に並ぶ独立性を持っていたとする説（丹後王国論）があるように、大陸との交易により力を備えていたと考えられている。
• In particular Ninokuni is thought to have secured power through trade with the Chinese continent; one theory (Tango Kingdom theory) says that the kingdom was as independent as Yamato Dynasty, which was established later.

• しかし平山武者所季重も熊谷次郎直実も主人を持たない独立した武者であり、平山季重は武者所を名乗るように朝廷や公卿に仕える「侍」であり武官であった。
• However, HIRAYAMA no Mushadokoro Sueshige (Sueshige HIRAYAMA of Mushadokoro - place where Samurai guards of the Imperial Palace are staffed) and Kumatanijiro Naozane KUMAGAI, were masterless independent busha, but Sueshige HIRAYAMA was a 'samurai' and military officer that served the imperial court and kugyo as he called himself as mushadokoro.

• 当初は練習機を備えて機上練習も可能だったが、昭和19年1月に初歩練習隊として第二美保海軍航空隊（だい2みほかいぐんこうくうたい）として独立した。
• In the beginning, it had trainer airplanes for onboard training, but in January 1944, it became an independent elementary training corps called 'the second Miho Naval Air Corps'.

• 1919年の三・一独立運動後、内地における大正デモクラシーの影響もあって「武断政治」は融和的な「文化政治」（朝鮮総督府文化政治参照）に転換する。
• After the March First Movement in 1919, owing to the Taisho Democracy in the mainland, 'Budan seiji' was shifted to conciliatory 'Bunka seiji (cultural government)' (See Bunka seiji in Chosen Sotoku-fu).

• 7世紀後半以降、百済の滅亡など緊迫する東アジアの国際情勢の中で、倭国は中央集権化を進めることで、政権を安定させ、国家としての独立を保とうとした。
• In and after the latter half of the seventh century, under the tense international circumstances in East Asia such as the fall of Baekje and so on, Wakoku (Japan) intended to stabilize the government and keep the independence as a nation by promoting the centralization.

• 1901年（明治34年）、真言宗古義派の四派聨合に際しては東寺とともに参画したが、1907年（明治40年）には、独立して真言宗山階派を公称した。
• In 1901 it joined the union of four of the Kogi schools of the Shingon sect with the To-ji Temple, but it gained independence in 1907 and identified itself as the Yamashina school of the Shingon sect.

• 切り出された石を素材に造立された石仏（独立石仏）は移動することが可能であるが、磨崖仏は自然の岩壁などに造立されているため移動することができない。
• While a stone Buddhist image (an independent stone Buddhist image) which was made of a cut stone can be moved, Magaibutsu can not be moved because it was carved on natural rock face and so on.

• 密教がインドで起こり、中国を経て、空海（弘法大師）に伝えられ、日本で独立した宗派として真言宗を開くまでに、八祖を経て伝えられたとする伝承がある。
• A legend holds that there were eight forefathers during the time in which Mikkyo occurred in India; this was conveyed to Kukai (Kobo Daishi) through China, and subsequently Kukai established the Shingon sect.

• 最上氏もやがて伊達氏の傘下に組み込まれ傀儡化されたが、次第に独立を果たし、最上義光の時に出羽に領国を広げ、庄内地方をめぐり上杉氏と激しく抗争した。
• The Mogami clan before long came under the umbrella of the Date clan, becoming a Kairai (Puppet); however, it gradually recovered its independence, and expanded its territory to Dewa province under Yoshiaki MOGAMI, which caused a fierce conflict with the Uesugi clan over the Shonai region.

• その後、豊臣氏はあくまで徳川氏に従わず、独立を維持しようとしたため、慶長19年（1614年）からの大坂の陣において、家康により滅ぼされたのである。
• Afterward, as the Toyotomi clan would not obey the Tokugawa clan and attempted to be independent, they were defeated by Ieyasu in Osaka no Jin (The Siege of Osaka), which started in 1614.

• 武家政権や朝廷のように権力中枢があったわけではなく、各寺社が独立して行動し、また一寺社内でもさまざまな集団がせめぎ合っていたため、「勢力」と呼ぶ。
• It is called 'seiryoku' because there was no center of power as with the military government and Imperial Court, but each religious institution acted independently and even in one institution there were many counteracting groups.

• 直木三十五、衣笠貞之助、伊藤大輔 (映画監督)、そして阪東妻三郎や勝見庸太郎など外部の独立プロダクションの若手とも提携し、数々の傑作を生み出した。
• It produced a lot of great films by joining hands with Sanjugo NOKI, Teinosuke KINUGASA and Daisuke ITO (film director) as well as young actors of independent movie studios such as Tsumasaburo BANDO and Yotaro KATSUMI.

• またマキノ・プロダクションは、同時期に独立した阪東妻三郎が立花良介のスポンサードにより設立した「阪東妻三郎プロダクション」（阪妻プロ）と提携した。
• Makino Production joined hands with 'Bando Tsumasaburo Production' (Bantsuma Pro), which was established by Tsumasaburo BANDO, who became independent around the same time, under the patronage of Ryosuke TACHIBANA.

• 皇太子に親王が存在する場合、長男は父である皇太子の即位に伴って皇太子となるが、次男以下の親王は父の即位と同時に直宮家を創設し独立するわけではない。
• In cases where the Crown Prince has his own imperial princes, his eldest son becomes the Crown Prince when his father is enthroned, but imperial princes other than the eldest son do not necessarily establish an independent Miyake at the time of their father's enthronement.

• しかしながら、桶狭間の戦いにおいて今川義元が討たれた後、今川氏の混乱に乗じて独立し、織田信長の盟友（事実上は客将）として版図を広げていく事となる。
• However, after Yoshimoto IMAGAWA was killed in the Battle of Okehazama, he became independent, taking the opportunity of the confusion in the Imagawa clan, and expanded his territory as a sworn friend of Nobunaga ODA (in fact a guest general).

• なお琉球は、その実質的な支配者である薩摩藩が廃藩置県によって県となったことを受け、翌1872年、独立王国から日本国に帰属する琉球藩へと改められた。
• In 1872, a year after the Satsuma Domain, the practical ruler of Ryukyu, became Ken by the Haihan-chiken, Ryukyu was changed from an independent kingdom to the Ryukyu Domain which belonged to Japan.

• 本来、寺院の僧侶は三面僧房で共同生活を送ることが原則とされていたが、僧侶の中には修行に専念するために独自の僧房を設置して独立空間を構える者もいた。
• Originally, it was generally the case that temple monks lived communally in sanmen sobo (monks' dormitories constructed to the north, east and west of the lecture hall) but there were individuals who built their own sobo (living quarters) in order to fully immerse themselves in ascetic practice.

• しかし、これらの反平氏勢力は平氏追討を建前として掲げてはいたが、本音では自らの権利の確保、そして中央政府からの一定範囲での独立を真の目的としていた。
• However, while the anti-Taira clan forces attacked the Taira clan, the real reason was to keep their own rights and privileges and to obtain a certain degree of independence from the central government.

• ただし、6巻本・7巻本も存在し、前者は第4巻を2巻構成に分けたもの、後者は6巻本より更に裏書（後述）部分を抜書きして独立した第7巻としたものである。
• There are also a six-volume edition and a seven-volume edition: the fourth volume was split in two for the former; the latter has the separate seventh volume which has excerpts of the uragaki (additional parts) in addition to the former one.

• 1926年（大正15年）1月、3年前のマキノ映画製作所ボイコットと同様の独立プロダクション排斥運動をメジャー4社が行なうが、マキノはこれを打破した。
• In January 1926, four major movie companies boycotted independent movie studios in the same manner as they did against Makino Eiga Seisaku-jo three years before, but Makino endured such pressure.

• 当初、日本が朝鮮の独立を尊重するならば日本が中国を占領してもよいと考えたが、セルゲイ・ヴィッテの登場により極東に艦隊を派遣するなど干渉に乗り出した。
• Originally, Russia took the view that if Japan respected the independence of Korea, Russia would not contend the occupation of China by Japan, but Sergei Yul'jevich Witte changed the policy and Russia began interfering with Japan's affairs by deploying fleets in the Far East.

• 将門は関東を制圧して新皇と自称し関東に独立勢力圏を打ち立てようとするが、平貞盛、藤原秀郷ら追討軍の攻撃を受けて、新皇僭称後わずか2ヶ月で滅ぼされた。
• Masakado then conquered Kanto and tried to establish an independent state, calling himself Shinno (New Emperor), but, only two months later, he was attacked and killed by an army headed by TAIRA no Sadamori and FUJIWARA no Hidesato.

• これに先立ち、一進会は1905年11月5日に「外交権を日本政府に委任し日本の指導保護を受け、朝鮮の独立、安定を維持せよ」という宣言書を発表している。
• On November 5, 1905 before that, Isshinkai had announced their declaration that they transferred their diplomatic right to Japanese Government to go under the Japanese instruction and protection, for the purpose of maintaining Korea's independence and stability.

• 第二次世界大戦終戦により「統合を強要する圧力」が消滅したりするのに伴い、旧顕本法華宗、旧本門宗に属する本山、末寺には日蓮宗より独立するものもあった。
• After the end of World War II, 'the pressure which had forced the integration' disappeared, and some head temples and branch temples which belonged to the former Kenpon-hokke sect and the former the Honmon sect left the Nichiren sect to become independent temples.

• 現在海上自衛隊の公式サイトで、各艦船による料理レシピが公開されているが、「和食、洋食、中華、カレー」と、カレーが独立したジャンルとして扱われている。
• Currently, the official website of the Maritime Self-Defense Force contains food recipes by each naval vessel, in which foods are grouped into 'Japanese, Western, Chinese, and Curry,' which show that curry is treated as an independent genre.

• 高弟が独立して新たに宗家を名乗り、一流を立てることが多く行われたためであり、全国的な組織を有する流派もある一方で、きわめて小規模の流派も少なくない。
• As many high-ranked disciples became independent, declared themselves to be headmasters and established a school, some have a nation-wide organization and others are very small-scale schools.

• また明治以降、累・与右衛門の物語は「薫樹累物語（めいぼくかさねものがたり）」などの外題で、独立の狂言として歌舞伎・人形浄瑠璃で上演されるようになった。
• The story of Kasane and Yoemon became a separate Kabuki play titled 'Meiboku Kasane Monogatari' (The Story of Kasane) after the Meiji period, and has been performed in Kabuki and Ningyo Joruri.

• 協定では朝鮮の独立を保証すること、朝鮮の財政改革を促進すること、近代的警察及び軍隊を組織すること、電信線を維持することについて、共通の意思を明示した。
• It was the neutral agreement that both Japan and Russian would guarantee the independence of Korean, promote fiscal reform in Korea, assemble a modern police and army, and maintain telegraph lines.

• こうして教団内部で対立状況が継続する中、徳川家康による寺地の寄進がなされ、慶長7年（1602年）、教如と彼を支持する勢力は独立して東本願寺を建立した。
• As conflict continued within the sect, in 1602, after Ieyasu TOKUGAWA donated land for a temple, Kyonyo and his supporters broke away and built East Hongan-ji Temple.

• 宋秉畯は、日露戦争のさなか、日韓議定書が締結された約半年後の1904年8月8日に独立協会系の尹始炳らと共に、一進会を設立する（当初、名称は「維新会」。
• Song Byung-joon founded Isshinkai along with 尹始炳 and others related to the independence club on August 8, 1904, about half a year after the conclusion of Japan-Korea Protocol in the middle of Russo-Japanese War (the initial name was 'Ishinkai').

• やがて芸術音楽として確立されるに従い、地歌、箏曲、胡弓楽は独自の楽曲を持つようになり、合奏されることのない、それぞれ独立した別個の音楽として成立した。
• As they were being established as art music, jiuta, so-kyoku and kokyu-gaku each came to retain their own musical composition; each of them became established as a different genre of music.

• 農村部では、居住空間である母屋とは別に、独立して便所が建てられる（母屋には便所はないので、一度外へ出ないと便所に行けない）形態が戦後まで行われていた。
• In rural areas, the configuration where the lavatory was built independently from the main housing which was a living space continued until the postwar era (as the main housing did not have a lavatory inside, they could not go to the lavatory without going out).

• しかし、腐造や酸敗のリスクが大きかったことから明治42年（1909年）に国立醸造試験所（現在の独立行政法人酒類総合研究所）によって山廃酛が開発された。
• However, as the risk of putrefaction or acidification is large, the National Research Institute of Brewing (presently the National Research Institute of Brewing - NRIB) developed Yamahaimoto in 1909.

• 経済産業大臣は、必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、第一項の規定による立入検査を行わせることができる
• When the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry finds it necessary, he/she may have the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') conduct on-site inspections pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1.

• いっぽう、それと同時期である同年10月に、1925年に独立した牧野が設立したマキノ・プロダクション、正確にはその新社「新マキノ映画株式会社」が解散した。
• At around the same time in October of the same year, Makino Productions, or more precisely 'Shin Makino Eiga Kabushiki Kaisha,' which was established by Makino in 1925 was liquidated.

• これにともない政治学の研究は従来所属していた「文学会」から分離し1887年2月「国家学会」として独立、ついで翌3月には機関誌『国家学会雑誌』を創刊した。
• In accordance with that, the study of political science was separated from 'Bungakukai' which it had belonged to, and became independent as 'Kokkagakkai' in February 1887 and first published 'Kokkagakkai-zasshi' as an organ in March of the same year.

• 附帯控訴は、控訴の取下げがあったとき、又は不適法として控訴の却下があったときは、その効力を失う。ただし、控訴の要件を備えるものは、独立した控訴とみなす。
• An incidental appeal shall cease to be effective when an appeal to the court of second instance is withdrawn or an appeal to the court of second instance is dismissed as unlawful without prejudice; provided, however, that an incidental appeal that meets the requirements for an appeal to the court of second instance shall be deemed to be an independent appeal to the court of second instance.

• 第二十二条第一項の規定により事案が移送された場合において、独立行政法人等個人情報保護法第二十一条第三項に規定する開示決定に基づき開示を受けた保有個人情報
• Retained Personal Information that was disclosed based on the disclosure decision prescribed in Article 21, paragraph 3 of the IAA Personal Information Protection Act in the case where the case has been transferred pursuant to Article 22, paragraph 1

• 東寺の支配から高野山の独立を図り、東寺長者が金剛峯寺の座主を兼職する慣例を廃止し、金剛峯寺座主に任ぜられたが、金剛峯寺方（本寺方）の反発を受け失敗した。
• He tried to achieve the independence of Koyasan from To-ji Temple's control, whereby he abolished the custom whereby Toji-Choja became the head priest of Kongobu-ji Temple at the same time and was ordained to be Kongobu-ji Temple's head priest; however, his effort failed due to the objection of the Kongobu-ji side (Hon-ji side).

• 1951年（昭和26年）に光長寺（静岡県）、鷲山寺（千葉県）、本能寺（京都府）、本興寺 (尼崎市)（兵庫県）が法華宗から独立し、法華宗本門流と公称する。
• 1951: Kocho-ji Temple (Shizuoka Prefecture), Jusen-ji Temple (Chiba Prefecture), Honno-ji Temple (Kyoto Prefecture) and Honko-ji Temple (Amagasaki City, Hyogo Prefecture) became independent from the Hokke Sect and formed the Honmon School of Hokke Sect.

• 日清戦争で勝利した日本は、清国との間に下関条約を結んで李氏朝鮮が自主独立国であることを認めさせることで、朝鮮における清国の影響力を排除することに成功した。
• Japan, which won the Sino-Japanese War, succeeded in eliminating Qing's clout in Korea by concluding the Treaty of Shimonoseki that compelled Qing to acknowledge Yi Dynasty Korea as an independent country.

• こうした背景のもと、日露戦争中に日本軍通訳をつとめた宋秉畯が日本の影響下に政治改革のための組織を計画したが、この計画は元独立協会系の人々に受け入れられた。
• Due to this background, Song Byung-joon who had served as an interpreter for Japanese Army in Russo-Japanese War designed an organization for the political reform against the Japanese influence, and this plan was accepted by people who had followed the independence club before.

• 国立大学法人法附則第九条第一項又は独立行政法人国立高等専門学校機構法（平成十五年法律第百十三号）附則第八条第一項の規定により国立大学法人等が承継した特許権
• Patent rights succeeded by Incorporated National University, etc. pursuant to the provisions of the Incorporated National University Act, paragraph 1 of Article 9 of Supplementary Provisions, or the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 8 of Supplementary Provisions of the Institute of National Colleges of Technology Incorporated Administrative Agency Act (Act No. 103 of 2003)

• 敬光の長男三室戸為光は、1938年（昭和13年）に東京高等音楽学院の大塚分教場を東邦音楽学校として（のちの東邦音楽大学・東邦音楽短期大学）を独立・創設した。
• In 1938, Tamemitsu MIMURODO, the first son of Yukimitsu, made the Otsuka branch school of the Tokyo-Koto-Ongakugakuin independent to found Toho-Ongakugakko (later, the Toho College of Music, and Toho Junior College of Music).

• 東遊運動（とうゆううんどう、トンズーうんどう、ベトナム語：Phong trào Đông Du／風潮東遊）は、19世紀末からベトナムで発生した民族独立運動。
• The Dong Du Movement (Toyu Undo or Donzu Undo in Japanese: Phong trào Đông Du in Vietnamese) was an independence movement that started in Vietnam at the end of the 19th century.

• 府中三人衆は柴田勝家の与力とはいえ、半ば独立した織田軍の遊撃軍的存在で、石山本願寺攻めや播磨国平定、荒木村重征伐などに援軍として駆り出されることが多かった。
• Although Fuchu sannin shu were the yoriki of Katsuie SHIBATA, they were a half independent flying column of Oda and often dispatched as reinforcement for the siege of Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, the stabilization of the Harima Province and the conquest of Murashige ARAKI.

• 支援センター及び契約弁護士等は、その法律事務の取扱いを受ける者に対し、前項に規定する契約弁護士等の職務の独立性について、分かりやすく説明しなければならない。
• The JLSC and a contract attorney at law et al. shall explain the independence of the duties of contract attorneys provided by the preceding Article in an easily comprehensible way to those persons for whom the JLSC and the contract attorney at law et al. handle their legal affairs.

• 未成年者及び成年被後見人は、法定代理人によらなければ、手続をすることができない。ただし、未成年者が独立して法律行為をすることができるときは、この限りでない。
• Minors or adult wards may not undertake procedures except through their statutory representatives; provided, however, that this shall not apply where a minor is capable of independently performing a juristic act.

• 延暦寺の支配下に置かれて浄土真宗の活動を禁じられていた本願寺では蓮如が救済活動の傍ら延暦寺からの独立を図ってその怒りを招き、いわゆる寛正の法難の原因となった。
• At the Hongan-ji Temple that was put under control of the Enryaku-ji Temple and was prohibited to conduct any Jodo Shin Sect-related activities, Rennyo tried to regain the temple's independence from the Enryaku-ji Temple while engaging himself in rescue efforts, but was met with anger, which triggered the so-called religious persecution in the Kansei Era.

• 即ち、地方武士の多くは自己保存のために利害を共有できる権威・権力者と複数の主従関係を持つことで、独立と自己保存、そして勢力拡大の機会を獲得していったのである。
• In other words, many local samurai managed to secure independence, survival and opportunities to expand their territory by establishing multiple relationships with powerful and influential individuals who shared mutual interests.

• 持為は、冷泉家の当主にはならなかったが、その実力を足利氏から認められ、独立した一家をもうけることが許され、兄の冷泉家とは別に同じ冷泉家を名乗ることも許された。
• Although Mochitame was not by right the head of the family, his ability was recognized by the Ashikaga clan and he was permitted to set up an independent family, separate from the Reizei family headed by his elder brother, but under the same Reizei name.

• 明治に入り、五番町は四番町とともに独立の遊廓として認められ女紅場を設置したが有名無実となり、やがて東部と西部に分けられ、東部は芸妓、西部は娼妓とそれぞれ栄えた。
• During the Meiji period, Goban-cho was permitted as an independent prostitution district along with Yonban-cho, and 'Nyokoba' (Women's School); however, Nyokoba became a nominal institution, and Goban-cho was divided into two areas; an eastern area with geisha and the western area with prostitutes.

• 「日本が朝鮮の治安の責任を負い、独立国とさせた朝鮮の地位と天津条約とを否定し、日本の権利・利益を損傷し、そして東洋の平和を保障させない清国の計画は明白である。」
• China has a clear plot to deny Japan's responsibility for public safety, the independency of Korea, and the Treaty of Tianjin, hamper the rights and interests of Japan, and prevent peace in the East.'

• 江華島事件後の朝鮮では、急進的欧米化を進めようとする親日的な開化派（独立党）と、漸進的改革を進めようとする親清的な守旧派（事大党）との対立が激しくなっていった。
• In Korea after the Ganghwa Island incident, confrontation escalated between the Enlightenment Party (Independence Party), the pro-Japanese group seeking radial westernization, and the Conservative Party (Serving the Great' Party), the pro-Qing group seeking gradual reforms.

• 第一に朝鮮の統治政策に関して「将来、朝鮮で日本への抵抗・独立勢力になり得る芽を先に除去すべき時期である」と考えて抵抗勢力や反乱についての対策に腐心していたこと。
• Firstly, in line with their policy on the rule of Korea, they were trying hard to take measures against the resistance forces and rebellions, believing that 'it was time to defuse potential resistance or independence forces beforehand.'

• 未成年者及び成年被後見人は、法定代理人によらなければ、訴訟行為をすることができない。ただし、未成年者が独立して法律行為をすることができる場合は、この限りでない。
• A minor and an adult ward may not perform any procedural acts unless by a statutory agent; provided, however, that this shall not apply where a minor may perform juridical acts independently.

• 一方、改革派は、光暢が進めていた東本願寺の独立を阻止し、宗派の憲法である「真宗大谷派宗憲」の改定を進め、1981年（昭和56年）6月11日に新宗憲を公布・施行。
• However, obstructing the separation plan for Higashi Hongan-ji Temple encouraged by Kosho OTANI, the reformist group expedited the revision of the 'Constitution of Shinshu sect Otani school' and promulgated a new constitution which came into force on June 11, 1981.

• 1879年（明治12年）、東寺の傘下に入り、定額寺・大本山として、醍醐寺・三宝院がともに列したが、1905年（明治38年）には独立して、真言宗醍醐派を公称した。
• The temple came under the umbrella of To-ji Temple in 1879, and Daigo-ji Temple and Sanbo-in had their names on the lists of Jogaku-ji (a limited number of private temples protected by officials) and main head temples, but they became independent and publicly declared the Daigo School of the Shingon Sect in 1905.

• また、調査局は国立国会図書館の国民向けサービスのための資料収集・整理とは独立して資料の収集・整理も行っており、最新の情報を収集して立法業務の補佐に役立てている。
• Also, separately from the collection and classifications of materials by the NDL for services for the general public, the Research Bureau gathers and classifies materials so that the latest information can be used to assist the legislative activities.

• 経済産業大臣は、第一項の検査に関する事務の一部を、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、独立行政法人原子力安全基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に行わせるものとする。
• The Minister of METI shall make the Incorporated Administrative Agency Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (hereinafter referred to as 'JNES') conduct part of the affairs pertaining to the inspection set forth in paragraph (1), pursuant to the provision of the Ordinance of METI.

• 経済産業大臣は、前項の規定による承認をしようとするときは、あらかじめ、経済産業省の独立行政法人評価委員会の意見を聴くとともに、財務大臣に協議しなければならない。
• When intending to grant approval pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall hear the opinions of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry's Evaluation Committee for Incorporated Administrative Agencies and consult with the Minister of Finance in advance.
• When the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry intends to grant approval pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, he/she shall hear the opinion of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry's Independent Administrative Institution Evaluation Committee, and consult with the Minister of Finance.

• 室町時代、これらの国人衆は畠山氏の被官化したもの（隅田・安宅・小山氏など）、幕府直属の奉公衆として畠山氏から独立していたもの（湯河・玉置・山本氏）に分かれていた。
• In the Muromachi period, these Kokujin-shu were separated into those who were hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of the Hatakeyama clan (such as Sumida, Ataka and Koyama clans) and the others who were independent from the Hatakeyama clan as hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) under the direct control of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (such as Yukawa, Tamaki and Yamamoto clans).

• しかし、日本の近世期においては、主として町方において商人組合や地域の公的な集会所・事務所・取引所として用いられた独立した建物が「会所」と名づけられることもあった。
• However, in Japanese early-modern times the term 'kaisho' was sometimes used for an independent structure like a merchants association, or a public local gathering hall, office and exchange market, mostly in the urban areas.

• その後、宗教団体法の廃止（昭和20年12月 1945）により、それまで統合されていた「合同真言宗」（または 大真言宗)は解体され（昭和21年3月1日付）各派独立。
• Subsequently, due to the abolishment of the Shukyo Dantaiho (Religious Organization Law) (December 1945), the combined religious group of the Shingon sect (or the Daishingo sect) was dissolved (dated March 1, 1946) and each sect established an individual religious sect.

• 1989年、農林水産省（現所管独立行政法人）北海道農業試験場にて八反錦2号／上育404号の交配から生まれたF1ときらら397を交配し空育158号として育種された。
• In 1989, it was born through the cross-fertilization of F1, which was born through the cross-fertilization of Hattan nishiki No. 2/Joiku No. 404 and Kirara No. 397, by the Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station under the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (currently an independent administrative institution), and it was developed under the name Kuiku No. 158.

• 1937年（昭和12年）に六代目尾上菊五郎が、五変化舞踊のひとつだった藤娘を独立させ、長唄の間に「藤音頭」（岡鬼太郎作）を挿入し、舞台演出を一新して上演したもの。
• It was established by Kikugoro ONOUE the sixth in 1937 who separated Fuji Musume the gohengebuyo, and inserted 'fujiondo' (marching songs of the wisteria, by Onitaro OKA) between parts of the nagauta, transforming the stage effects.

• 研究所の理事の解任に関する通則法第二十三条第一項の規定の適用については、同項中「前条」とあるのは、「前条及び独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所法第十条第一項」とする。
• With regard to the application of the provisions of Article 23, paragraph (1) of the Act on General Rules concerning the dismissal of vice-presidents of the Institute, the term 'the preceding Article' in said paragraph shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the preceding Article and Article 10, paragraph (1) of the Act on the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.'

• これ以外で武士の身分を得るには、正統な武士身分の者の郎党となってその家伝来の武芸の伝授を受け、さらに新たに独立の家を起こすに当たって家芸の継承権を得るしかなかった。
• To obtain the samurai status except for this, he had to become a roto of a man with authentic samurai status, receive the instruction of traditional military art in the family and get the right to succeed the iegei, so as to establish a newly independent family.

• 以上のような事情のため、芸系は梅若派に属するが、梅若流独立騒動の際には宗家派に立って最後まで観世流にとどまった（一説には梅若家との感情の齟齬があったともいわれる）。
• Although their performance style belonged to the Umewaka school due to the above mentioned circumstances, they supported the Soke school and remained in the Kanze school to the last when Umewaka school separated (According to one theory, there was an emotional disagreement with Umewaka family).

• 1911年の辛亥革命によって清朝は倒壊し、それまで支配下におかれていたモンゴルは同年12月1日に独立宣言をし、ロシアなどの列強諸国と直接交渉をせねばならなくなった。
• After the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 the Qing dynasty collapsed and Mongolia, which had been under control of the Qing dynasty declared independence in December 1 of the same year and had to negotiate directly with powerful countries such as Russia.

• 旧幕府側の武士を中心として明治政府から独立した政権を模索し蝦夷共和国の樹立を宣言するが箱館戦争で、翌明治2年（1869年）5月新政府軍に降伏し、戊辰戦争が終結した。
• Enomoto wanted to form a new state independent from the newly formed Meiji government and based around samurai from the previous bakufu regime, and declared that the Republic of Ezo was established, but lost the Battle of Hakodate, surrendering to the government in May 1869 and ending the Boshin War.

• 「有色人種の小国が白人の大国に勝ったという前例のない事実が、アジアやアフリカの植民地になっていた地域の独立の気概に弾みをつけたり人種差別下にあった人々を勇気付けた」
• The unprecedented victory of a small country of yellow people over a large country of white people has galvanized the spirit of people seeking independence across the colonies throughout Asia and Africa.'

• 後述するような、むしろ特異とも言える独立独歩の精神からか、現在の十津川村も平成の大合併に際しても、最初から近隣のどの自治体とも合併する気などなかったと言われている。
• It might be due to the strong, or even peculiar sense of their self-reliance, which will be described later, that the present Totsukawa-mura is said to have had no intention of being merged with other municipalities from the beginning even upon the great merger of the Heisei period.

• 第二次世界大戦のさなか、日本政府の宗教政策により、真言宗の古義・新義両派を合同して大真言宗になったが、戦後に独立し、1946年（昭和21年）、真言宗御室派となった。
• During World War II, the Japanese government's policy on religion forced Kogi (old) and Singi (new) Shingon sects to be integrated into Dai Shingon (literally, 'Large Shingon'), but in 1946, after the war it became independent and began referring to itself as the Omuro School of the Shingon Sect.

• 浄土真宗東本願寺派（じょうどしんしゅうひがしほんがんじは）は、真宗大谷派（末寺数約10000）から独立した三百数十ヶ寺の末寺・崇敬寺院からなる浄土真宗の一派である。
• Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) Higashi Hongan-ji school is a school of the Jodo Shinshu consisting of more than 300 branch temples and respected temples which separated from the Shinshu sect Otani school containing around 10,000 branch temples.

• 経済産業大臣は、前二項の規定により金額を定めようとするときは、あらかじめ、経済産業省の独立行政法人評価委員会の意見を聴くとともに、財務大臣に協議しなければならない。
• When attempting to determine the amount pursuant to the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall hear the opinions of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry's Evaluation Committee for Incorporated Administrative Agencies and consult with the Minister of Finance in advance.

• 清盛は、後白河との関係を放棄する一方で高倉天皇との関係を強化し、高倉もまた後白河院政からの独立を志向し、翌治承2年（1178年）、両者は連携して新制17条を発布した。
• Kiyomori dropped his relationship with Goshirakawa, and strengthened his ties with Emperor Takakura, and Takakura was interested in becoming independent of the Goshirakawa cloistered government, leading to a joint issuance of the 17 New Rules in 1178.

• 蘇我氏の血を引かない敏達王統の最有力者であって、忍坂部（刑部氏）・丸子部などの独立した財政基盤を有し、王都を離れて水派宮（みまたのみや、奈良県河合町か）を営んでいた。
• He was the most powerful person among the Bindatsu imperial line which was not the descendant of the Soga clan, and owned independent financial foundations, including Osakabe (the Otsusakabe clan) and Marukobe, and ran Mimata no miya (Kawai-cho, Nara Prefecture) away from the imperial capital.

• その後、７月、第2次桂内閣が韓国併合を閣議決定、10月26日、伊藤はロシア帝国との会談を行うため渡満し、ハルピンに到着した際、大韓帝国の独立運動家安重根に暗殺された。
• Later, in July, the second administration of the Katsura Cabinet approved the annexation of Korea and when Ito arrived in Harbin on October 26 during his visit to Manchuria for a talk with the Russian Empire, he was assassinated by Ahn Jung-geun who was an activist for the independence of the Korean Empire.

• 彼らは、輸入学問であった近代農学とは独立して、近世以前の在来農学の蓄積に基づき、単なる個人の経験の寄せ集めという段階を越えた実証主義的な態度からの技術改良を志向した。
• Being independent of the modern agriculture studies imported from abroad, they intended to make improvements on techniques from the viewpoint of positivism, based on the accumulation of the conventional agriculture studies before modern times, which was beyond the phase of the mere collection of personal experiences.

• 源氏釈は、もともとは独立した注釈書ではなく藤原伊行が所有する源氏物語の写本に頭注、傍注、付箋などの形で書き付けていった注釈を改めて一冊にまとめたものと考えられている。
• It is considered that the Genji shaku was originally not an independent commentary, but rather that FUJIWARA no Koreyuki added headnotes, glosses and tags to a manuscript of the Tale of Genji that he possessed, and later put them together in one manuscript.

• 関東の独立を掲げた武将で、代表的な怨霊でもある平将門を祭る神田明神は、大手門前（現在の首塚周辺）から、江戸城の鬼門にあたる駿河台へと移され、江戸惣鎮守として奉られた。
• Kanda Myojin-Shine which enshrined TAIRA no Masakado, a renown samurai who sought the independence of the Kanto region and who said to have later turned into a vengeful ghost, was relocated from Ote-mon Gate (The area surrounding the present day Kubi-zuka [Mound of Heads]) to Surugadai to the northeast of Edo Castle which was known as a kimon (Literally translated as the 'demons gate,' which signified an inauspicious direction in Onmyodo [yin-yang philosophy]), and enshrined their as a Shinto deity and protector of Edo.

• 行政機関の長又は届出独立行政法人等は、次の各号に掲げる者が当該各号に定める行為を行う場合には、その行った統計調査に係る調査票情報を、これらの者に提供することができる。
• When persons listed in the following items take the acts specified in the respective items, the head of an administrative organ or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 may provide such persons with questionnaire information pertaining to statistical surveys they have conducted:

• 勧進相撲は、江戸相撲、京都相撲、大坂相撲の各々が独立した力士集団をもつのではなく、各国の力士集団が勧進元との契約によって招かれて相撲興行に参加するという形式をとった。
• In Kanjin sumo, each of the Edo zumo, Kyoto zumo and Osaka zumo didn't have its own group of wrestlers; instead, groups of wrestlers were invited from regions to participate in spectacular sumo matches by contract with the organizer of the kanjin.

• 現在、座った状態で、鞘から刀剣を抜き放ち、さらに納刀に至るまでをも含めた技術を、一つの独立した武道と成している国は、全世界でも日本のみで、実は非常に稀有なものである。
• Currently, a sequence of techniques from drawing a sword to sheathing it while in a seated position is considered as an independent martial art only in Japan, but in fact it is very rare.

• 未成年者（独立して法律行為をすることができる者を除く。）又は成年被後見人がした手続は、法定代理人（本人が手続をする能力を取得したときは、本人）が追認することができる。
• Any procedures undertaken by a minor (excluding one who has a legal capacity to juristic act independently) or an adult ward may be ratified by the person's statutory representative (or by the said adult ward, if the person later acquires a legal capacity to undertake the procedures).

• 宣長は、日本は古来から独立を保った国という考えを強く持っており、「魏志倭人伝」の卑弥呼が魏へ朝貢し、倭王に封じられたという記述は、宣長の受け入れられるものではなかった。
• Norinaga strongly believed that Japan had been an independent country since ancient times, and therefore to him, the article in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei that described Himiko's tribute to Wei as a fiefdom and appointed her as Queen of Wa was not acceptable.

• 公共施設等の整備等を行う独立行政法人、特殊法人その他の公共法人（市街地再開発事業、土地区画整理事業その他の市街地開発事業を施行する組合を含む。以下「公共法人」という。）
• An independent administrative agency, a corporation having a special status, and another public corporation (including an association formed to carry out an urban redevelopment project, a land readjustment project, and another urban development project; hereinafter referred to as 'Public Corporation') in charge of the provision etc. of Public Facility etc.

• ただし、唐のような高度に体系化された官司間の統属関係は形成されず、一応は各省の下にあるものの独立した権限を有した品官や律令制の枠外に新たに設置された令外官などが存在した。
• Unlike in Tang Dynasty, however, highly systemized control systems among officials were not formed, and there existed honkan, who had independent authorities in spite of being under each ministry, and Ryoge no kan, which was newly established outside the framework of the ritsuryo system.

• 1921年（大正10年）6月、牧野省三が再度日活から独立、等持院撮影所を建設し、牧野教育映画製作所を設立、さらには1923年（大正12年）の同社のマキノ映画製作所を設立。
• In June 1921, Shozo MAKINO again broke away from Nikkatsu Corporation and went independent, establishing both the Tojiin Studio and the Makino Kyoiku Eiga Seisakujo film studio and then combining those two studios into the Makino Eiga Seisakujo film studio, which he founded in 1923.

• しかしながら、近年になって真宗大谷派が「教如は家康にそそのかされて東本願寺を設立したのではなく、元々独立志向があった」とする見解を史学研究の結果として正式に表明している。
• However, recently, the Otani group of the Shinshu sect has officially expressed, as a result of historical study, the viewpoint that Kyonyo did not establish Higashi-Hongan-ji Temple by being enticed by Ieyasu but had originally the intention of independence.

• これにより李氏朝鮮がロシアの保護国と見なされる危険性もあったと考え、日本は朝鮮への影響力を維持するため1897年に大韓帝国と国号を改めて独立の事実を明確にさせようとした。
• Believing this posed the risk that the Yi Dynasty Korea might be regarded as a Russian protected state, Japan tried to clarify the fact of its independence by changing its name to the Korean Empire in order to maintain Japan's clout on Korea in 1897.

• 我が国と外国との文化交流に資する目的で国、地方公共団体又は独立行政法人の資金援助を受けて設立された本邦の公私の機関が主催する演劇等の興行に係る活動に従事しようとするとき。
• The applicant intends to engage in activities related to entertaining through performances organized by a public or private organization in Japan which has been established with funds from the national government, a local government, or an incorporated administrative agency, for the purpose of cultural exchange between Japan and foreign countries.

• 朝鮮半島独立後は、英語で天皇を意味する「Emperor」の訳語を踏襲せず「日本国王」（日王）という称号を用いてこれに倣い「皇室」を「王室」、「皇太子」を「王世子」と呼んだ。
• After the independence of Korean Peninsula, the translation 'Emperor' meaning Emperor in English was not inherited, but the title 'Nihon Kokuo' (Nichio) was used, and following that, 'Koshitsu' (Imperial family) was called 'Oshitsu' (King's family), and 'Kotaishi' (Crown Prince) was called 'Oseishi' (heir of King).

• 国防の本義は国防の目的として自主独立の保障、国利国権の擁護、国家の発展、国民の福祉増進という原則的な記述にとどまり、国家戦略の部分については従来のような具体的な記述はない。
• The primordial doctrine was described only the guarantee of independence, the protection of national interests and sovereign right, the national development, and the promotion of people's welfare as the national goal in principle, and there was no specific definition for the national strategy as before.

• 行政機関、地方公共団体又は届出独立行政法人等から前三号の情報の取扱いに関する業務の委託を受けた者その他の当該委託に係る業務に従事する者又は従事していた者　当該委託に係る業務
• A person who has accepted an entrustment of business concerning the handling of information specified in the preceding three items from an administrative organ, a local public entity, or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 or a person who is or was engaged in other business pertaining to the entrustment:　the business pertaining to the entrustment;

• 各地の勢力が独立した状況において、既に戦火で荒廃した京都の支配に実質的な意味はなかったが、将軍の御所はいまだ京都にあり、将軍を保護することは自らの力を示す最高の機会だった。
• In the situation that the powers of each place were independent, there was no substantial meaning to rule Kyoto which was already devastated by the fires of war, but the Palace of shogun was still in Kyoto, so that the guard of shogun was the best opportunity to show their powers.

• 国立国会図書館は日本の立法府である国会に属する独立した国の機関で、衆議院および参議院の議長及び両議院に置かれる常任委員会である議院運営委員会の監督のもと自立して運営される。
• The NDL, an organ of the State, belongs to the Diet, a legislative body of Japan, and is operated independently under the supervision of the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the House of Councilors, as well as the Committees on Rules and Administration, which comprise the standing committees of both houses.

• 当時の島津氏は上方の情勢に疎かったがために西軍に付かざるを得ない状況となり、この反省から、以後薩摩藩は独立王国の様相を呈し始め、各地に密偵を配置し、情報収集力の増強に努めた。
• The Shimazu clan at that time lacked sufficient knowledge regarding the situation in the Kyoto-Osaka district, so it had no choice but to join the Western Army; it was their regret over this decision that resulted in the Satsuma clan starting to show signs of becoming an independent realm, placing spies in various regions and trying to strengthen its ability to collect information.

• つまり一定程度の領域及びそこに住む人民に国家の基礎をおいた統治組織が存在し、しかも領域内では、その統治権が排他的に確立され、他国から干渉を排し独立していること（内政不干渉）。
• This means that there is a governing system, which has a foundations of the state in the certain area and on the people living the area, and its sovereignty is exclusively established in the area and it must be independent from the interference by other countries (noninterference in internal affairs).

• 当時の清国が列強の侵略下にあり、朝鮮がその清の冊封国であるという現状を踏まえて、まず三国が完全に独立を果たす、次いで三国の同盟を目指すという形で将来の東アジア像を描いていた。
• At the time, Qing was being invaded by such powerful countries, and he had a vision of the future of East Asia that included, first, the three countries complete independence, then, in consideration of the current situation of Korea with regard to the Sakuho-koku (countries to confer peerage with a Saku paper), and then aimed for the tripartite alliance of Japan, Qing and Korea.

• 第一項の規定により事案が移送された場合において、移送を受けた独立行政法人等が開示の実施をするときは、移送をした行政機関の長は、当該開示の実施に必要な協力をしなければならない。
• When a case has been transferred pursuant to the provision of paragraph 1 and the Incorporated Administrative Agency, etc. which has received the transfer implements disclosure, the head of the Administrative Organ who has transferred the case shall cooperate as necessary in the implementation of disclosure.

• 被害者の法定代理人が被疑者であるとき、被疑者の配偶者であるとき、又は被疑者の四親等内の血族若しくは三親等内の姻族であるときは、被害者の親族は、独立して告訴をすることができる。
• Where the statutory representative of a victim is the suspect, the spouse of the suspect, a relative by blood within the fourth degree of kinship or a relative by affinity within the third degree of kinship of the suspect, then a relative of the victim may file a complaint independently.

• 「聖道門」を廃し、浄土宗の独立を宣言し、そのよりどころを三経一論（「浄土三部経」と『無量寿経優婆提舎願生偈』）と定め、それが、曇鸞・道綽・善導などの師資相承によることを示す。
• It abolishes the 'Shodo-mon,' declares the independence of the Jodo Sect, designates three sutras and a thesis ('Jodo Sanbu-kyo' [The Three Pure Land Sutras] and 'Muryoju-kyo ubataisha ganshoge') as their basis, and demonstrates that these concepts were instructed generation-to-generation from master to disciple by Donran, Tao-cho, Shandao and other masters.

• これについでインド独立運動で重要な役割を果たしたラーマ・ムールティの弟・ジャヤ・ムールティが、1954年（昭和29年）に東京・阿佐ヶ谷に「アジャンタ_インド料理店」を開いた。
• The opening of the restaurant was followed by 'INDIAN RESTAURANT AJANTA,' which was opened in 1954 in Asagaya, Tokyo, by ジャヤ・ムールティ, younger brother of ラーマ・ムールティ, who played an important role in the Indian independence movement.

• それに対して算道の扱う分野は儒教とは直接的な関連性はなく、計算や測量などの技術系官人の育成を行うことを目的としていたことから、唯一本科から独立した存在であったのが算道であった。
• In contrast, the fields covered by Sando had no direct relevance to Confucianism and aimed at educating technical government officials in calculation, survey, and other similar subjects; in this way, Sando was the only existence independent from the regular course.

• ということは、少なくも、「脱亜」という言葉が、福沢において「自由」「人権」「文明」「国権」「独立の気象」といった言葉と並ぶような、福沢のキーワードでなかったことを物語っている。
• It means at least that the word 'Datsu-A' was not a keyword in his mind unlike 'freedom,' 'human right,' 'civilization,' 'national power' and 'phenomenon of independence.'

• 大院君は農民軍鎮圧のための派兵をしないよう大鳥公使に要請したが、日本は部隊(歩兵独立第十九大隊)を11月初めに派兵し、11月下旬からの公州攻防戦で勝利して農民軍を南方へ退けた。
• Although Daewongun requested Minister Otori not to send troops to suppress the peasant army, Japan dispatched a military unit (the 19th independent infantry battalion) in early November and the won Gongju battle started late November, ousting the peasant army to the south.

• 情報公開条例の規定で行政機関情報公開法第七条の規定に相当するものにより地方公共団体の機関又は地方独立行政法人が著作物でまだ公表されていないものを公衆に提供し、又は提示するとき。
• where a work which has not yet been made public is offered or made available to the public by an organ of a local public entity or a local independent administrative agency pursuant to provisions of the Information Disclosure Ordinance that are the equivalent of those of Article 7 of the Administrative Organs Information Disclosure Act.

• 第一に操り人形から離れ、浄瑠璃の音楽性が独立したこと、第二に程度の差はあるが「語り」の性格が「歌」の要素によってよわめられ、やわらかさ、艶麗さの方向に発達していったことである。
• First, they abandoned the use of puppets and became independent as music; and secondly, they developed, more or less, into forms that are softer and more erotic, as the nature of 'narration' was weakened by the element of 'song.'

• 佐藤進一は頼朝と義経の対立について、鎌倉政権内部には関東の有力御家人を中心とする「東国独立派」と、頼朝側近と京下り官僚ら「親京都派」が並立していたことが原因であると主張している。
• About the conflict between Yoritomo and Yoshitsune, Shinichi SATO argues that the conflict was caused by the existence of two opposing powers inside the Kamakura Administration; one was the 'eastern nation independentist' formed by powerful lower-ranking vassals (gokenin) in the Kanto region, and the other was the 'Kyoto sympathizers' formed by close vassals of Yoritomo and the officials who were relegated from Kyoto.

• また江戸時代の藩は，半独立国的存在であったことを考えれば，現代においてパスポートを取得して海外旅行に行くようなもので，事実上届出さえすれば自由に旅行は可能であったとの見方もある。
• However, according to a different theory, people were actually able to travel without restraint as long as they made notification, which is like traveling abroad after getting a passport in modern times, considering the fact that domains in the Edo period were like semi-independent states..

• 行政機関の長、地方公共団体の長その他の執行機関又は届出独立行政法人等は、次に掲げる目的のため、総務大臣から事業所母集団データベースに記録されている情報の提供を受けることができる。
• The head of an administrative organ, the head of a local public entity or any other executive committees, or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 may receive information recorded in the establishment frame database from the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications for the following purposes:

• 十三宗以外の宗、十三宗もしくは他の宗から分離・独立した宗、五十六派もしくはそれ以外の派、比較的近年に成立した仏教系の新宗教もしくは新興宗教については、それぞれの項を参照されたし。
• For sects other than the thirteen sects, those which split and became independent from the thirteen sects or other sects, the fifty-six schools or other schools, and relatively recent new religions derived from Buddhism, refer to the respective articles.

• 第24世法主・大谷光暢（闡如）は改革派の動きに反対し、1978年（昭和53年）、本願寺の法統を守る為として、真宗大谷派との包括関係を解き、京都の東本願寺の独立を進めることを宣言。
• Opposing the reformist group, the 24th Hossu Kocho OTANI (also called Sennyo) broke off the existing comprehensive relationship with Shinshu sect Otani school in 1978 with the aim of protecting the traditions of Buddhism, and declared that he would move to realize the independence of Higashi Hongan-ji Temple in Kyoto Prefecture.

• 機構の理事の解任に関する通則法第二十三条第一項の規定の適用については、同項中「前条」とあるのは、「前条及び独立行政法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構法第十二条第一項」とする。
• For the purpose of the provisions of Article 23, paragraph (1) of the Act on General Rules to the dismissal of executive directors of NEDO, the term 'the preceding Article' in said paragraph shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the preceding Article and Article 12, paragraph (1) of the Act on the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization.'

• しかしその一方で戦国期に復興した天皇の権威は、鎌倉幕府を模範とした独立型の幕府としたはずなのに、世の中の安定と共に大日本史の編纂を契機にして江戸幕府の朝廷からの委任論が大きくなる。
• On the other hand, authorities of the Emperor, which were restored in the Sengoku period, once turned into an independent-type bakufu which was modeled on the Kamakura bakufu; however, along with the stability of lives and editing of the Great Japanese History, the delegation from the Imperial Court of the Edo bakufu became larger.

• 1924年（大正13年）7月、牧野は東亜キネマとの合併を呑むが、その後の1925年6月、マキノ・プロダクション（1925年 設立 - 1932年7月 解散）を設立、完全に独立する。
• In July of 1924, Makino accepted merger with Toa Kinema, but in June of the following year 1925, he set up a film business completely on his own by establishing Makino Production (established in 1925 - dissolved in July 1932).

• 地方公共団体は、その設立に係る地方独立行政法人について、その性格及び業務内容に応じ、その保有する個人情報の適正な取扱いが確保されるよう必要な措置を講ずることに努めなければならない。
• A local government shall endeavor to take necessary measures for local incorporated administrative agencies established by it in order to ensure the proper handling of the personal information they hold in accordance with the nature and affairs of them..

• 経済産業大臣は、必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、第一項から第三項までの規定による立入検査、質問又は収去を行わせることができる。
• Where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry finds it necessary, he/she may have the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') conduct the on-site inspection, questioning, or taking of samples under the provisions of paragraphs (1) to (3).

• 真ん中の三代目時蔵はどうした訳か母の実家に愛着があり、自ら母方の姓・小川を名乗ったばかりか、父方の「播磨屋」から独立して新たに一家を起したいと考えていたが、生前それは実現しなかった。
• The middle child Tokizo (III) for some reason favored his mother's side of the family and identified himself as OGAWA, and wished to create a new family independent of his father's 'Harimaya', however this was not to be realized during his lifetime.

• 近代国際法の立場から見て、当時の朝鮮をどのように位置づけるかは種々の意見があったが、日本はこの一文を入れることで、解釈の一元化を試み朝鮮を近代国際法に於ける独立国に措定しようとした。
• There were several opinions about the situation of Korea at that time from the point of modern international law, but by inserting that sentence, Japan tried to unify the interpretation of Korea as an independent country under modern international law.

• 1950年（昭和25年）足立日城貫首代に要法寺（京都府）と末寺50ヶ寺は日蓮宗から独立し（末寺の一部は日蓮宗に残存し興統法縁会島根尊門会の一員となる）、日蓮本宗と公称して現在に至る。
• In 1950 when Nichijo ADACHI was the chief abbot, Yoho-ji temple and 50 of its branch temples became independent from Nichiren Sect (some of the branch temples remained in Nichiren Sect and became members of Shimane Sonmonkai (島根尊門会) of Koto Hoenkai (興統法縁会) and since then, they have been officially calling themselves Nichiren Hon Sect up to the present time.

• このような状況の中で、1911年（宣統3年 干支 辛亥）に清の四川省で発生した鉄道国有化の反対運動をきっかけとして、先述の中国革命同盟会が独立を宣言して中華民国を建国した（辛亥革命）。
• It was under such conditions that an uprising broke out in 1911 ('Xinhai Year' in the sexagenary cycle of the Chinese calendar) in Szechwan Province, opposing railway nationalization by the imperial government, and led to the declaration of independence and establishment of the Republic of China by the aforementioned Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Xinhai Revolution).

• 公開協定では日露間及び両国と清国の間に結ばれた条約を尊重することと、清国の独立、門戸開放、機会均等の実現を掲げる一方で、秘密協定では日本の南満州、ロシアの北満州での利益範囲を協定した。
• While they stated in its public agreement that they would respect treaties between Japan and the Russian Empire as well as those between the both countries and Qing, together with the realization of the independence of Qing, open-door policy, equal opportunity, and the like, they agreed upon respective range of Japanese interests in the south Manchuria and Russian interests in the north Manchuria in its confidential agreement.

• 幕末の箏独立期の曲として、先輩光崎検校の作品『秋風の曲』は異国的、ロマンティックであり、同じく『五段砧』はモダン、複雑であるのに対し、吉沢の『千鳥の曲』は古雅、シンプルであるといえる。
• As the music in the period for separating koto in the end of Edo period, while 'Akikaze no kyoku' by his senior, Mitsuzaki Kengyo, is exotic and romantic and 'Godanginuda' by the same is modern and complicated, Yoshizawa's 'Chidori no Kyoku' may be traditional and simple.

• その一方で1874年に大蔵省から分離した内務省 (日本)、1881年に内務省から分離した農商務省 (日本)に移管され、1885年に駅逓局そのものが新設の逓信省として独立することになった。
• On the other hand, Ekitei-Kyoku itself became independent as a newly established Teishin-Sho in 1885, after it had been moved to Naimu-Sho (prewar Ministry of Home Affairs), which had separated from Okura-Sho in 1874, and then to No-Shomu-Sho (Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce), which had separated from Naimu-Sho in 1881.

• その後、朝露密約がされるが、そのような経緯の中で井上角五郎等から具に事情を聞いた福澤諭吉らは、ここに至り事大主義、小中華思想で、平等や義や独立の精神に反する朝鮮王朝政府に見切りをつけた。
• Later on, when a secret agreement was signed between Korea and Russia and Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others who heard about it from Kakugoro INOUE, they gave up on the government of the Korean Dynasties that were against equality, righteousness and independence with their Sadaejuui policy and petit Sinocentrism.

• 三・一独立運動に衝撃を受けた日本政府は、武力だけで朝鮮支配は不可能と判断し、また大正デモクラシー期における政党内閣の登場や、武断政治批判の日本国内世論にも配慮し、武断政治を一部変更した。
• The Japanese government, shocked by the March First Movement, found that it was impossible to rule Korea only by force of arms, and changed its Budan seiji partly, also in consideration of the emergence of the party cabinet in the Taisho Democracy period and Japanese domestic public criticism of Budan seiji.

• 機構は、前項の業務のほか、独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構法（平成十四年法律第百四十七号）第十五条第一項の業務の遂行に支障のない範囲内で、委託を受けて、次に掲げる業務を行うことができる。
• In addition to the businesses set forth in the preceding paragraph, the Organization may conduct the following businesses, as entrusted, within the scope of not causing any hindrance to the performance of the businesses set forth in Article 15, paragraph (1) of the Act on the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation, JAPAN (Act No. 147 of 2002):

• 第二次世界大戦のさなか、日本政府の宗教政策により、真言宗の古義・新義両派を合同して大真言宗に組み込まれたが、戦後に独立し、1952年（昭和27年）、真言宗山階派となり、現在に至っている。
• During World War II, the Kogi, Shingi both schools of the Shingon sect were integrated into the Daishingon sect by according to the religious policy of the Japanese government, but it gained independence as the present Yamashina school of the Shingon sect in 1952.

• なお、全日本学生弓道連盟（全学連）は全日本弓道連盟の傘下には属さない独立の組織であり、全学連および傘下の各地区連盟による各種試合は以下とは異なる点もある（詳細は全日本学生弓道連盟参照）。
• Meanwhile, the Kyudo Federation of Students Association (Zengakuren) is an independent organization that is not affiliated with the All Nippon Kyudo Federation, and the matches arranged by Zengakuren and their affiliated local federations may be different from the below (refer to the Kyudo Federation of Students Association for details).

• 経済産業大臣は、前項の場合において必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所（以下「研究所」という。）又は機構に、当該適合性検査の業務の全部又は一部を行わせることができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, when he/she deems necessary in the case set forth in the preceding paragraph, have the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (hereinafter referred to as 'AIST') or NITE conduct the whole or part of the Conformity Assessment operations.

• 王に対しては「王太后（英語Queen Dowager）」という言葉が相当するが、独立国の元首をすべて皇帝と称してきたかつての儀典上の慣例から日本語としては熟しておらず、皇太后が準用される。
• For an O (king), there applies a word 'Otaigo (in English, Queen Dowager)' but from an old custom of protocol to refer to all heads of the state as Emperors, this word has not ripened as a Japanese and Kotaigo is applied.

• 8世蓮如は北陸地方や畿内において国人・農民を信者として取り込み、本願寺を独立した教団としての地位を確立させたものの、同時にそれは周辺の守護大名・荘園領主や既存の宗派・寺院との摩擦を生んだ。
• Although Rennyo, the 8th chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple, won local lords and peasants in Hokuriku Region and Kinai Region (the provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) over to his sect as believers and established the position of Hongan-ji Temple as an independent religious community, it caused discord between him and the neighboring shugo daimyo (provincial military governors) and lords of manors and also between him and the existing sects and temples.

• 鎖国政策に関しては宣教師を工作員とした欧州各国の内政干渉と植民地化を予防し、日本の独立主権を保持することが本来の目的であるという、政策面から国の将来を考えて行ったとする肯定的な評価もある。
• Iemitsu's national isolation policy has been highly valued for maintaining Japanese independence and sovereignty by preventing interference in Japanese domestic affairs and colonization by European countries by missionaries acting covertly.

• その、心柱が独立していて他の構造体と接していないという構造の耐震性に関しては、忠実に再現された模型を使った耐震強度実験も行われているが、それでも、そのメカニズムは未だ明らかになっていない。
• The true mechanism of Gojunoto is not revealed yet regarding its earthquake resistance structure in which a central pillar stands independently without contacting other parts of the building, despite experiments on the quake-resistance strength of accurately simulated models are conducted.

• 朝鮮独立運動の活動家・李奉昌（イ・ボンチャン）が1932年1月8日、桜田門外において陸軍始観兵式を終えて帰途についていた昭和天皇の馬車に向かって手榴弾を投げつけ、近衛兵一人を負傷させた事件。
• Lee Bong-chang, an activist for Korean independence, hurled a grenade at the horse-drawn carriage of the Emperor Showa when the Emperor was on his way home after the military review of the Japanese Army taken place outside the Sakuradamon Gate, and in the Incident one imperial guard was injured.

• 特定試験研究機関又は試験研究独立行政法人を所管する大臣は、この法律の施行に必要な限度において、認定事業者又は前条第一項の認定を受けた者に対し、その業務の状況について報告を求めることができる。
• The Minister who has jurisdiction over Specified Research and Development Institutes or Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agencies may request the Certified Business Operator or any other party who received the accreditation set forth in paragraph 1 of the preceding article, to report on the operation status, to the extent necessary to implement this Act,.

• これ以外にも独自に護身術としての合気道の可能性を研究する合気道家や独立会派も複数有り、総合格闘技や空手の中に合気道と共通の技や捌きが見られることから、護身術としての有用性を見出す意見もある。
• There are various other aikido practitioners and independent factions that study the possibilities of aikido as an art of self-defense, and since there are techniques and movements in mixed martial arts and karate that are common to those of aikido, some consider it useful as an art of self-defense.

• 武力攻撃　武力攻撃事態等における我が国の平和と独立並びに国及び国民の安全の確保に関する法律（平成十五年法律第七十九号。次号において「事態対処法」という。）第二条第一号に規定する武力攻撃をいう。
• "Armed attack"　means armed attack as prescribed in item (i) of Article 2 of the Act on Ensuring the Peace and Independence of Japan and the Security of the State and the People in Armed Attack Situations, etc. (Act No. 79 of 2003, referred to as "Act on Response to Armed Attack Situations, etc." in the following item);

• 農林水産大臣は、毎年度、溯河魚類のうちさけ及びますの個体群の維持のために独立行政法人水産総合研究センター（以下「センター」という。）が実施すべき人工ふ化放流に関する計画を定めなければならない。
• For each fiscal year, the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries shall establish a plan concerning the artificial hatching and stocking to be executed by the Fisheries Research Agency (hereinafter referred to as 'Agency') for the maintenance of the population of salmon and trout among anadromous fish.

• 6番目のコメントは、1961年6月に発行された、政治学者の岡義武による「国民的独立と国家理性」および中国文学者の竹内好による「日本とアジア」（『近代日本思想史講座』、筑摩書房）の中に発見された。
• The sixth comment was found in 'Kokuminteki Dokuritsu to Kokka Risei' (National Independence and Reason of State) by a political scientist Yoshitake OKA and 'Nihon to Asia' (Japan and Asia) ('Kindai Nihon Shiso-shi Koza' [Modern Japanese History of Ideas], published by Chikuma Shobo) by a scholar of Chinese literature Yoshimi TAKEUCHI in June, 1961.

• 職員は、離職後二年間は、営利企業の地位で、その離職前五年間に在職していた人事院規則で定める国の機関、特定独立行政法人又は日本郵政公社と密接な関係にあるものに就くことを承諾し又は就いてはならない。
• Officials shall not, for a period of two years after separation from the service, accept or assume a position with a profit-making enterprise with a close connection to any agency of the State defined by rules of the National Personnel Authority, any specified independent administrative institution or the Japan Post, with which such persons were formerly employed within five years prior to separation from the service.

• 1951年9月に日本国との平和条約（サンフランシスコ講和条約）が成立し、正式に日本が独立国に復帰した際以来、日本放送協会のラジオ放送で連日放送終了後にオーケストラによる『君が代』の演奏が始まった。
• Since the Peace Treaty with Japan (Peace Treaty signed in San Francisco) was concluded in September 1951 and Japan came back officially as an independent country, 'Kimigayo' was performed by an orchestra every day at the end of radio broadcasting by Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK).

• 同年4月、山崎は、阪東妻三郎プロダクションの経営者・立花良介、神戸市の菊水キネマ商会の大島菊松らとともに、全国150館の独立系映画館主に呼びかけ、「日本活動常設館館主連盟映画配給本社」を設立した。
• In April of the same year, Yamazaki, together with Ryosuke TACHIBANA, the chief officer of Bando Tsumasaburo Productions, and Kikumatsu OSHIMA of Kikusui Kinema Shokai in Kobe, contacted the owners of 150 movie theaters across the nation and established 'Nihon Katsudo Josetsukan Kanshu Renmei Eiga Haikyu Honsha' (Distribution Company Headquarters for Movie Theater Owners in Japan) (also known as 'Kanshu Renmei' [the Theater Owner's Association]).

• その後、宮内省の事務を他の政府機関に移管もしくは分離独立して機構の縮小を図り、1947年（昭和22年）5月3日の日本国憲法施行とともに、宮内省から宮内府となり、内閣総理大臣の所轄する機関となった。
• After that, the agency slimed down its organization by transferring its office routine work of the Imperial Household Agency to other government agencies or separating some work from the agency, and changed from the Imperial Household Ministry to Kunaifu (Imperial Household Agency) along with the enforcement of the Constitution of Japan on May 3, 1947, and became one of agencies under the prime minister.

• このままでは朝鮮の近代化はおぼつかないと感じた金玉均・朴泳孝・徐載弼らの開化派（独立党）人士らは福澤諭吉や大隈重信をはじめ一足先に近代化を果たした日本の政財界の代表者達に接触し、交流を深めてゆく。
• Members of the Korean Progressive group (Independent Party) such as Ok-gyun KIM, Yong-hyo PAK and Jae-pil SEO, who thought that modernization might not be attained if Korea stayed as it was, contacted Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Shigenobu OKUMA and some of the key people in the political and business world in Japan that succeeded in modernization earlier and deepened their friendship.

• 会所（かいしょ）とは、文字通り解釈すれば、なんらかの会、催し物、寄合・会合が行われるところであるが、日本の中世期に発展して、ある特定の区画、さらには独立した建物が「会所」と名づけられることもあった。
• Kaisho, interpreted literally, was some sort of place where a meeting, exhibition, Yoriai (debate), or association was held, but developed in the medieval era in Japan where certain divisions, or even independent buildings were named 'kaisho.'

• それでも政盛の孫の高梨政頼の頃まで独立性を保ってきたが、村上氏を撃破した甲斐国の武田信玄の侵攻を受け、弘治 (日本)年間（1555 - 1558）に本拠地中野郷から信越国境に近い飯山郷まで後退した。
• Until the time of Masayori TAKANASHI, a grandson of Masamori, the Takanashi clan remained independent, but Shingen TAKEDA, of Kai Province, who had destroyed the Murakami clan, invaded the land of the Takanashi clan and they retreated to the Iiyama area close to the boundary of Shinano and Echigo from Nakano, the base, between 1555 and 1558.

• 当初は民部省に貢進された後で各官司に配分されたが、10世紀に入ると民部省を関与させずに特定の官司に対して特定の国が舂米を直接貢進する形式に替わり、各官司の財政が独立採算制に変わっていく一因となった。
• Originally, it was tithed to the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) and then distributed to the various Kanji (government official), but in the tenth century, the Minbusho did not intervene, but each province directly tithed shomai to a given Kanji and this became one of the factors that led to each Kanji becoming responsible for their individual finances.

• このままでは朝鮮の近代化はおぼつかないと感じた金玉均・朴泳孝・徐載弼らの開化派（独立党）人士らは、福澤諭吉や大隈重信をはじめ一足先に近代化を果たした日本の政財界の代表者達に接触し、交流を深めてゆく。
• Ok-gyun KIM, Yong-hyo PAK, and Jae-pil SEO of the Progressive Party (Independent Party), who had doubts about the modernization of Korea under this situation, reached the political and financial leaders of the early-modernized Japan, including Yukichi FUKUZAWA and Shigenobu OKUMA, and deepened exchanges with them.

• 裁判所は、独立した攻撃又は防御の方法その他中間の争いについて、裁判をするのに熟したときは、中間判決をすることができる。請求の原因及び数額について争いがある場合におけるその原因についても、同様とする。
• The court, when the suit is ripe for making a judicial decision with regard to an independent allegation or evidence or any other interlocutory dispute, may make an interlocutory judgment. The same shall apply with regard to the statement of claim where the statement of claim and the number or amount concerned are in dispute.

• 横田商会、1912年（大正元年）の同社の合併による日活の設立、1919年（大正8年）の牧野の日活からの独立によるミカド商会の設立、そして牧野の日活への復帰、と牧野省三の行動に、市太郎は完全に同行する。
• Ichitaro's allegiance to Shozo MAKINO never swayed throughout Makino's career, working with Makino when the latter was employed by Yokota Shokai, and staying with Makino after Yokota Shokai was merged in 1912 to form Nikkatsu Corporation; Ichitaro followed Makino when he established the Mikado Shokai film studio to win his independence from Nikkatsu Corporation in 1919, and followed him back when he subsequently returned to Nikkatsu Corporation.

• 朝鮮総督府警察は普通警察に移行した後も、日本内地の警察には無い機関銃、野砲等の重装備を保有しており、日本の支配が及ばない中国領から越境してくる独立派武装勢力との戦闘を行うなど警察軍的性格を有していた。
• The Chosen Sotoku-fu Police possessed heavy arms including machine guns and field guns, which the police in the mainland in Japan didn't, even after they were shifted to the regular police, and they had a character as a police army, which fought against pro-independent armed groups crossing the border of the Chinese territory which was out of Japan's control.

• 第一項ただし書第一号又は第二号に掲げる事項を目的とする訂正は、訂正後における特許請求の範囲に記載されている事項により特定される発明が特許出願の際独立して特許を受けることができるものでなければならない。
• In the case of correction for any of the purposes as provided in item (i) or (ii) of the proviso to paragraph (1), an invention constituted by the matters described in the corrected scope of claims must be one which could have been patented independently at the time of filing of the patent application.

• 本能寺の変後、賤ヶ岳の戦いで豊臣秀吉が織田信長の後継者としての地位を確立すると、隆景は進んで毛利家を羽柴秀吉の天下統一事業に参加させ、には四国征伐の功賞として伊予国一国を与えられて独立した大名となった。
• After the Honnoji Incident, when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI established his status as the successor of Nobunaga ODA at the Battle of Shizugatake, Takakage willingly got the Mori family in on Hideyoshi HASHIBA's task of unification of the whole country; in 1585, he was given a whole Iyo Province after the Conquest of Shikoku and became an independent daimyo (Japanese feudal lord).

• このようにして別府・辺見・河野・小倉壮九郎（東郷平八郎の兄）らが区長になり、私学校党が県政を牛耳るようになると、政府は以前にもまして、鹿児島県は私学校党の支配下に半ば独立状態にあると見なすようになった。
• In this way, Beppu, Henmi, Kono and Sokuro OGURA (the older brother of Heihachiro TOGO) became ward mayors and the Shigakko party controlled politics in the prefecture, thus the government considered the prefecture of Kagoshima to be controlled by the Shigakko party, and it became mostly independent.

• 光暢の長男で真宗大谷派の法嗣（新門）であった大谷光紹（興如）は、これに呼応し、自身が住職を務めていた真宗大谷派東京別院東京本願寺（浅草門跡）の独立を進め、1981年（昭和56年）6月15日に認証された。
• In concert with this appeal, Kocho's eldest son Kosho (also called Konyo) OTANI, the Hoshi (successor of principle, also called Shinmon) of Shinshu sect Otani school, promoted the separation of Tokyo Hongan-ji Temple (also called Asakusa Monzeki Temple), a branch temple of Shinshu sect Otani school in Tokyo, at which he had once worked as a chief priest, with the result that the separation was certified on June 15, 1981.

• 繁華街としては茶屋、旅籠などが置かれたのが始まりですでに芸妓、娼妓が居住するようになり何度も取り締られていたが川端二条にあった『二条新地』（にじょうしんち）の出稼ぎ地として認められ、明治初期に独立をした。
• Ponto-cho as an entertainment district started from the establishment of Chaya (Teahouse) and inns, and was already controlled repeatedly because geisha and shogi (prostitutes) came to reside here, but Ponto-cho was recognized as a place for migrant workers working at 'Nijo Shinchi' in Kawabata Nijo, and became independent during the early Meiji period.

• 塩谷氏は、重興塩谷氏の時代に入り、永禄7年（1564年）10月7日に、義孝が弟の塩谷孝信に殺害され川崎城を奪われて以降内紛が続き、天正18年（1590年）には、家臣の岡本正親に独立されるなど衰退していく。
• As for the SHIONOYA clan, during the period of the Juko SHIONOYA clan Yoshitaka was killed by his younger brother Takanobu SHIONOYA on November 20, 1564 and Kawasaki-jo Castle was overtaken, after which internal troubles continued, and in 1590 the retainer Masachika OKAMOTO became independent, etc., and the clan declined.

• 本部は、その所掌事務を遂行するため必要があると認めるときは、関係行政機関、地方公共団体及び独立行政法人の長並びに特殊法人の代表者に対して、資料の提出、意見の表明、説明その他必要な協力を求めることができる。
• The Headquarters may, if it considers it necessary for implementing affairs under the jurisdiction, demand submission of materials, statements of opinions, explanations and other required cooperation from the heads of the relevant administrative organ, local governments and incorporated administrative agency and the representatives of public corporations.

• それは、庶家も主家同様、領土と居城、家臣を養い、主家から一定の独立を保った者も少なくなく、主君と家臣という強固な主従関係というよりは、事実上、宗家を盟主とする同盟関係という性格が強いものであったことによる。
• This was because many shoke, similarly to the employer's household, maintained their territories, their castles as residences, and their vassals and kept their independence from their employer's household to some extent, and this relationship was not a strong one between master and vassals, but, in fact, tended to be more of an alliance with the head of the family as the alliance leader.

• この後、朝廷から禁裏御守衛総督・摂海防禦指揮に任ぜられた慶喜は、京都守護職松平容保（会津藩主）・京都所司代松平定敬（桑名藩主）兄弟らとともに、江戸の幕閣から半ば独立した動きをみせることとなる（一会桑政権）。
• After the collapse, Yoshinobu, who was appointed as Kinri goshuei sotoku (director-general to guard Imperial Palace) and director of protection of the sea around Osaka, along with the brothers Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan), Kyoto shugoshiki, and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Kuwana clan), Kyoto shoshidai (representative of shoshi), became semi-independent from the cabinet officials of the shogunate (Ichikaiso Government).

• 「むしろ、西洋列強の野望渦巻く苛烈な国際情勢下で、ひとり先に文明開化した日本が独立をまっとうせんがためには致し方なく中国、朝鮮と袂（たもと）を分かたなければいけない......それが脱亜という選択肢である」
• Under the fierce international circumstance when Western powers had high ambitions, it was necessary for Japan to reluctantly keep away from China and Korea to keep independence as a country... the choice was to leave Asia.'

• 法律により直接に設立された法人、特別の法律により特別の設立行為をもって設立された法人（独立行政法人を除く。）又は特別の法律により設立され、かつ、その設立に関し行政庁の認可を要する法人のうち、政令で定めるもの
• Juridical persons specified by a Cabinet Order among those directly incorporated by Acts, those incorporated through a special act for establishment under a special Act (excluding incorporated administrative agencies), or those incorporated under special Acts and where approval from administrative agencies is required for their incorporation.

• しかしその後、第55世日布・第56世日応と、数度にわたり政府への抗議活動と他の七本山に対する破折活動が続けられた結果、ようやく1900年、本門宗からの分離独立が認可されて日蓮宗富士派と公称するようになった。
• However, after that, Nippu the fifty fifth and Nichio the fifty sixty continued to protest several times against the situation and for other seven honzan temples to stop the activity to the government, and finally they got approval for the group to be independent Honmon Sect and it was officially called Fuji School of the Nichiren Sect in 1900.

• その後、大内義隆が陶晴賢に討たれる（大寧寺の変）と、大友氏が一挙に勢力を伸ばし、また一時大内についていた龍造寺氏が独立したことで大内は北九州での勢力をほとんど失い、これによって北九州の覇権は大友氏が獲得した。
• When Yoshitaka OUCHI was killed by Harukata SUE (Dainei-ji no hen (Dainei-ji Temple Incident)), the Otomo clan gained in influence suddenly; conversely, when the Ryuzoji clan, which had once supported the Ouchi clan, became independent, the Ouchi clan lost most of the influence in northern Kyushu -- Accordingly, the Otomo clan assumed the hegemony of northern Kyushu.

• 1925年（大正14年）の牧野の独立以来、牧野に代わって東亜キネマ等持院撮影所長をつとめた小笹正人が、同社の親会社であり小笹の出身会社である八千代生命の撤退を期に、1929年（昭和4年）3月に同社を退社した。
• Masato Ozasa, who had served as the head of Toa Kinema Tojiin Studio after Makino left the company in 1925, resigned in March 1929 when Yachiyo Insurance, the parent company from which he had been dispatched, withdrew from the film business.

• その後、本福寺が用意した蓮如・実如が退避していた御坊は「大坂一乱」で対立法主に立てられて追放された実賢が復帰を許された際に与えられて一門寺院の一つとして独立して称徳寺と改称した（後年に慈敬寺と再び改名する）。
• Later, the gobo prepared by Honpuku-ji Temple as an evacuation of Rennyo and Jitsunyo was given to Jitsugen, who had been banished for being selected as the opposing hoshu during 'Osaka ichiran,' when he was allowed to return, and it became independent as one of the family temples and renamed Shotoku-ji Temple (later renamed Jikei-ji Temple).

• 委員は、審議委員六人のほか、日本銀行の総裁及び副総裁二人をもってこれに充てる。この場合において、日本銀行の総裁及び副総裁は、第二十二条第一項及び第二項の規定にかかわらず、それぞれ独立して委員の職務を執行する。
• Board members shall consist of six Members of the Policy Board, the Bank of Japan's Governor and two Deputy Governors. In this case, the Governor and the Deputy Governors shall perform their duties as Board members independently of each other, irrespective of the provisions of Article 22, paragraphs 1 and 2.

• 機構は、前項の業務を行おうとする場合において、当該工場用地が独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構法附則第五条第二項の規定による委託に係るものであるときは、あらかじめ、その委託をしている者の同意を得なければならない。
• Where the Organization intends to conduct businesses set forth in the preceding paragraph, and when said factory sites pertain to the entrustment under Article 5, paragraph (2) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Organization for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation Act, the Organization shall obtain the consent of the entruster in advance.

• 更に幕末以降、箏曲が地歌から再独立する際にも、『千鳥の曲』をはじめとして、『常世の曲』、『新高砂』、『楓の花』、『御国の誉』、『明治松竹梅』、『時鳥の曲』、『秋の言の葉』など、この形式の箏曲がさかんに作られた。
• Furthermore after the end of the Edo period, when so (or koto) songs became independent from jiuta again, this form of so (or koto) works was actively composed, such as 'Chidori no kyoku' (a song for plover), 'Tokoyo no kyoku' (a song for eternity), 'Shin Takasago song' (literally, 'new version of 'Takasago'), 'Kaede no hana' (a maple flower), 'Mikuni no homare' (the glory of the country), 'Meiji shochikubai,' 'Hototogisu no kyoku' (a song for a little cuckoo), 'Aki no koto no ha' (Words for autumn) and so on.

• 現在、直営店は、南インター店、亀岡店の2店のみで、本店、城陽寺田店は直営ブランドの独立採算店、それ以外はFC店である（その他、「第一旭」とは別に、「たかばし」というブランドも有しており、直営で別展開している）。
• At this moment, only the South-Interchange store and Kameoka store are directly-managed stores, the main store and Joyo-terada store are financially independent stores of a directly-managed brand, while others are franchise stores (besides 'Daiichi-Asahi,' another brand called 'Takabashi' is also owned, and directly managed separately).

• 2007年8月3日 由良川以西の地域が、新たな地域を加えた上で新設の丹後天橋立大江山国定公園として独立のため指定区域から削除、同時に由良川以東では海岸後背地など指定区域を拡張、冠島・沓島を特別保護地域に格上げ。
• August 3, 2007: The area of the Yura-gawa River and to the west was removed to join the newly established Tango-Amanohashidate-Oeyama Quasi-National Park along with some additional areas, however the park was extended to cover further areas to the east to Yura-gawa River, and in some areas expanded inland, with Kanmuri-jima Island and Kutsu-jima Island being upgraded to special protection areas.

• 一般に「単独で設立された宗教法人」の意味と理解されているが、一説に寺院の僧堂内にある各僧侶1人1人のスペースを「単」といい、そこから1寺院を単になぞらえ、宗派という集団から独立した状態を指すようになったともいう。
• In general, the term Tanritsu is understood as 'a religious corporation that is set up independently,' however, one theory holds that they linked one temple to 'Tan,' the space that every priest has in a meditation hall at a temple, to create the term Tanritsu to express a condition in which one is independent from a religious school.

• 江華島事件以来、当時の朝鮮は、朝鮮は清朝の冊封国（または冊封国）としての朝鮮のままであるべきであるという「守旧派」（事大党ともいう）と、現状を憂い朝鮮の近代化を目指す「開化派」（独立党ともいう）とに分かれていた。
• In Korea at the time, the government had been divided between two factions even since the Ganghwa Island incident: the 'Conservative Party' (also known as the Sadaedang, or 'Serve the Great' Party) which advocated that Korea should remain a vassal state of Qing China and 'the Gaehwadang' (Progressive Party, also called the Independence Party) that was anxious about the current situation and hoped to modernize Korea.

• また、頼朝以来の先例・武家社会の道理を盾にして律令法・公家法と異なる規定、時にはこれと反する規定を積極的・かつ自立的に制定している点を評価して、御成敗式目を幕府法の独立を宣言したものとする解釈が通説となっている。
• Also, it is a generally accepted view that Goseibai-shikimoku is a declaration of independence of bakufu law as it is recognized that Goseibai-shikimoku, backed by the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society, actively and independently established provisions which were different from or sometimes went against the ritsuryo law or the kugeho.

• 前項の規定は、同項の規定により手数料を納付すべき者が国又は独立行政法人のうち業務の内容その他の事情を勘案して政令で定めるもの（第七十八条第五項及び第百七条第二項において「国等」という。）であるときは、適用しない。
• The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply to cases where the person who would [otherwise] be required to pay the application fee pursuant to the provisions of said paragraph is the State or an independent administrative agency designated by Cabinet Order by taking into consideration the nature of its business or other circumstances (in Article 78, paragraph (5) and Article 107, paragraph (2), collectively referred to as "the State, etc.").

• しかし2007年（平成19年）12月の閣議決定（独立行政法人整理合理化計画）において、運営を包括的に民間委託し、第三者委員会による外部評価結果を踏まえて１年以内に存廃を含めその在り方について検討を行うこととされた。
• However, the cabinet decision of December 2007 regarding plans to streamline independent administrative institutions stated that the running of the facility should be entrusted to the private sector, and based on an evaluation by an independent committee, proposals around how it should be operated and whether it was necessary should be made within a year.

• 帰国後、最澄は桓武天皇に対し従来の六宗に加え、新たに法華宗を独立した宗派として公認されるよう奏請、天皇没後には年分度者の新しい割当を申請し、南都六宗と並んで天台宗の2名（遮那業・止観業各1名）を加えることを要請した。
• After coming back to Japan, Saicho petitioned the Emperor Kanmu to publicly approve Hokke sect as a newly independent school in addition to the traditional six sects, and after the Emperor died, he petitioned for a new assignment of nenbundo-sha and asked to add two priests in Tendai sect (one in Shana-gyo and one in Shikango (Meditation Course), respectively) as well as Nanto rokushu.

• 日本を強国にするため積極的に西洋の文物を取り入れようとする動き（脱亜思想）と、独立のために伝統を強調しようとする動き（国粋主義）の両者が存在し、時には極端な西洋崇拝になったり、逆に外国を排斥するようになったりもした。
• A movement to actively accept products of western culture for strengthening Japan (thought of leaving Asia) and a movement to strengthen traditions for independence (nationalism) coexisted, and Japan sometimes leaned toward an extreme worship of the West or toward exclusion of foreign countries.

• 1928年（昭和3年）4月、マキノ・プロダクションの四国ブロック配給会社・三共社の山崎徳次郎は、阪東妻三郎プロダクションの経営者・立花良介、神戸市の菊水キネマの大島菊松らとともに、全国150館の独立系映画館主を集めた。
• In April of 1928, Tokujiro YAMAZAKI of the company called Sankyo (the distribution company of Makino Productions which conducted its business in the Shikoku region), gathered the owners of 150 independent theaters around Japan with Ryosuke Tachibana (the owner of Bando Tsumasaburo Productions), Kikumatsu OSHIMA (Kikusui Kinema Firm in Kobe City) and others.

• ところが、江戸時代に入ると、江戸幕府は本末制度の徹底化のために一向の流派を独立した宗派とは認めず同じ踊り念仏という事で、清浄光寺を総本山とする一遍を祖とする時宗の管轄下に置かれて「一向宗」の呼称を用いる事を禁じられた。
• However, during the Edo period, the Edo bakufu attempted to introduce the strict head-branch system into all the Buddhist temples; for that reason, the bakufu denied Ikkoshu's independence as a sect, integrated it with the Jishu sect, founded by Ippen, with Shojoko-ji Temple as its head temple (because the Ikkoshu also practiced Odorinenbutsu as the Jishu sect did), and thereafter prohibited the people from using the name 'Ikkoshu.'

• ただし、柴田勝家や羽柴秀吉、明智光秀など、その方面軍司令官たちが擁する兵力は、上杉や毛利など、一大名の兵力をはるかに凌ぐ大兵力であり、つまり総司令官が謀反を起こして織田政権から独立しようと企てれば、簡単にできたのである。
• However, the military capability of such commanders as Katsuie SHIBATA, Hideyoshi HASHIBA and Mitsuhide AKECHI was much larger than that of an ordinary daimyo, and therefore, if a commander in chief plotted a rebellion, it was easy to carry out.

• これを紙芝居やキセルの修理屋などのほかの商売の客寄せとして行うこともあれば、職人芸を見世物として独立させ、切り絵のようにその場で客の要望によって作っていくことにより、動物や花などを目の前で仕上げ、楽しませる商売となった。
• They sometimes did it for snaring customers of the other merchants such as Kamishibai (picture-story show) or repairers of kiseru and so on, or did it independently as a show of craftsmanship, where they made candies on the spot following the customer's request like the art of paper-cutting and shaped the forms of animals or flowers and so on in front of them and became an entertaining business.

• 日本による、韓国施政忠告権や臨検収用権など、日本側に有利な条項もあるが、反面、日本政府は、李王家、韓国の独立及び領域 (国家)を確実に保障し、片務的防衛義務を負うなどとしており、一方的に日本に有利なものとはなっていない。
• There were some Articles which were advantageous to Japan, such as the right of the admonishment of the Korean administration and also the rights of visitation and expropriation; however, by contrast, it was not always a one-sided treaty because there were some Articles which didn't benefit Japan; the treaty said the Japanese government shall certainly guarantee the independence and territories of the Korean Imperial family Ri, the sovereign of Korea; nevertheless, the government had the one-sided obligation to defence of the Korean territories.

• これによってフランスは日本との関係を相互的最恵国待遇に引き上げることを同意する代わりに日本はフランスのインドシナ半島支配を容認して、ベトナム人留学生による日本を拠点とした独立運動（ドンズー運動）を取り締まることを約束した。
• According to the treaty, France agreed to give Japan exclusive favors, and in return Japan would recognize France's authority over Indochina and committed to cracking down on the independence movement (also called the Donzu movement) by Vietnamese students within Japan.

• 江戸幕府を全ての武士の頂点とし、最高の統治機関としながらも、各大名がそれぞれの領地においてある程度独立した統治機構（藩）を形成していることと、米などを現物で納めさせて年貢とする石高制をその基礎においていることが特徴である。
• It was characterized with the Edo bakufu as the supreme governing institution at the top of warriors, and yet with each feudal lord which maintained somewhat independent governing structure in its own territory (domain), as well as with the tax system based on annual yield of rice, Kokudaka-sei, whereby tax is paid by rice and other actual goods.

• 行政機関の長又は届出独立行政法人等は、学術研究の発展に資すると認める場合その他の総務省令で定める場合には、総務省令で定めるところにより、一般からの求めに応じ、前条第一項の規定により作成した匿名データを提供することができる。
• The head of an administrative organ or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 may provide anonymized data produced pursuant to the provision of Article 35, paragraph (1) upon a request from the citizens, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, when finding that it would contribute to the development of academic researches or in other cases specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

• 情報公開条例の規定により地方公共団体の機関又は地方独立行政法人が著作物でまだ公表されていないもの（行政機関情報公開法第五条第一号ハに規定する情報に相当する情報が記録されているものに限る。）を公衆に提供し、又は提示するとき。
• where a work which has not yet been made public (and in which information equivalent to that provided for in Article 5, item (i) (c) of the Administrative Organs Information Disclosure Act has been recorded) is offered or made available to the public by an organ of a local public entity or a local independent administrative agency pursuant to the provisions of the Information Disclosure Ordinance;

• 対外硬（たいがいこう）とは、国際社会における日本国家の現状を対外的に危機的状況と考え、国際協調を否定して、国家の自主・独立を重んじて軍事力をも視野においた強硬的な外交でのみによってこの危機を打開できるとする思想・主張のこと。
• Taigaiko was the idea or concept that considered the situation of Japan in the international community as the critical externally, and only the forceful diplomacy including the military force which denies the international cooperation, and values national independence can defuse a crisis.

• なお、旧幕府時代、名目上は独立国でありながら実質上薩摩藩の支配下にあった琉球王国に関しては、廃藩置県の際に「琉球藩」が設置されて日本国家内に取り込まれることとなり、1879年（明治12年）に沖縄県として正式に県に編入された。
• In addition, the Ryukyu Kingdom, which was nominally an independent country but actually was under the control of Satsuma Clan in the Shogunate period, belonged to Japan when Ryukyu domain was established at the time of Haihan-chiken, and then Ryukyu was formally incorporated into Japan as Okinawa prefecture in 1879.

• 第四章の規定は、国有林野事業を行う国の経営する企業に勤務する職員の給与等に関する特例法の適用を受ける職員及び特定独立行政法人の職員（管理又は監督の地位にある者のうち人事院規則で定める官職にあるものを除く。）には、適用しない。
• The provisions of Chapter IV shall not apply to officials to whom the Act on Special Measures Concerning Remuneration, etc. of Officials Who Work for a Corporation Operated by the State Performing National Forestry Projects is applied, and to officials of specified incorporated administrative agencies (excluding the officials holding managerial or supervisory positions provided for by rules of the National Personnel Authority).

• 上横手雅敬は、一時的に東国を失った朝廷（公家政権）が本宣旨によって東国を回復したのであり、独立した権力を構築しつつあった東国政権は朝廷に併合され、その権力を大きく後退させたとし、本宣旨は朝廷による東国政権併合条約だったとみる。
• Masataka UWAYOKOTE regards this decree as the Togoku government merger treaty by the Imperial Court (the Kuge Government) because the Imperial Court, which had lost Togoku for a while, restored Togoku by this decree, and the Togoku government, which had been building an independent right, was annexed to the Imperial Court and its authority remarkably receded.

• 当時ドイツ帝国の科学的植民地主義に傾倒していた後藤は生物学の観点から植民地の同化は困難であり、英国政府の植民地政策を採用し、日本内地の外に存在する植民地として内地法を適用せず、独立した特殊な方式により統治するというものである。
• Goto, who was inclined towards scientific imperialism of Germany, claimed that it was difficult to assimilate the natives of colonies from a biological viewpoint and that Japan should follow the British colonial policies; the colony outside Japan should not be subject to Japanese law and should be governed under a special approach independent from Japan.

• いずれの大隊も10箇小隊、各小隊約200名で、計約2,000名からなっていたが、加治木外4郷から募兵し、後に六番・七番大隊と呼ばれた独立大隊（連合大隊）は2大隊合計約1,600名で、他の大隊に比べ人員も少なく装備も劣っていた。
• Each battalion consisted of 10 platoons, each of which consisted of about 200 soldiers, thus, each battalion consisted of about 2000 soldiers in all; exceptionally, the separate battalion (combined battalion), which had soldiers recruited from Kajiki and four other villages, consisted of about 1600 in all, which was less and armed poorer than each of the other battalions and was divided into the 6th and 7th battalions later.

• 初期の伽藍は、仏陀を供養する建物を中心に構成されていたが、仏舎利信仰が盛んになるにつれて、仏舎利をまつる仏塔と仏を安置する仏殿が独立分離して、仏塔を中心とする伽藍から、しだいに仏殿を中心とする伽藍へと変化したと考えられている。
• It is believed that a garan in its early days was structured around the building dedicated to Buddha, but as the worship of Buddha's sariras began to thrive, a stupa dedicated to Buddha's sariras and a Buddha hall housing a Buddha image were separated; therefore, it is believed that the garan centered around a stupa was gradually changed to a garan centered around a Buddha hall.

• 1874年（明治7年）、明治政府教部省が禅宗を臨済、曹洞の二宗と定めたため、強引に「臨済宗黄檗派」（りんざいしゅうおうばくは）に改称させられたが、1876年（明治9年）、黄檗宗として正式に禅宗の一宗として独立することとなった。
• Because the Meiji government's Ministry of Religion restricted Zen to the two sects of Rinzai and Soto in 1874, it was forced to change its name to 'Rinzai sect Obaku-ha'; however, in 1876 it formally gained independence as the Obaku sect, one of the Zen sects.

• その上で、「不幸なるは近隣に国あり」として、支那（清）と朝鮮（李氏朝鮮）を挙げ、両者が近代化を拒否して儒教など旧態依然とした体制にのみ汲々とする点を指摘し「今の文明東漸の風潮に際し、迚も其独立を維持するの道ある可らず」と論じる。
• As in 'it is unfortunate for us (Japan) that there are neighboring countries,' that were Shina/China (Qing) and Chosen (Joseon Dynasty Korea), he pointed out that both countries had been rejecting modernization and concentrating on an old business-as-usual system based on Confucianism, etc. to 'remain nationally independent under this violent wind of civilization eastward.'

• 著名な平氏出身者としては例えば東国に独立政権を樹立しようとして失敗した下総国・常陸国の平将門、時代が下って貴族政権で台頭した平清盛の先祖も東国出身の土着平氏であり、これを倒した源頼朝を支えた坂東平氏も同じ土着系平氏の末裔であった。
• Famous members of the Taira clan included the following: TAIRA no Masakado of Shimousa Province and Hitachi Province, who tried but failed to establish an independent government in Togoku; TAIRA no Kiyomori, who led the aristocratic government; and the Bando-Heishi, supporters of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who had toppled Kiyomori; ironically, both Kiyomori and the Bando-Heishi could trace their ancestry back to the lineage of the Taira clan that was native to the Togoku.

• まず5本の縦線を書き、右から、同じ香りであったと思うものを横線でつないでいく（たとえば、右図の2段目右から3番目の「澪標」は、1,2,4番目に聞いた香が同じ香りで、3番目、5番目に聞いた香はそれぞれ独立した香りであるという意味）。
• First, draw five vertical lines, then draw a horizontal line so as to connect all vertical lines applicable to the incense judged to be the same (for example, 'Miotsukushi (name of the 14th roll of the Tale of Genji)' in the third column from the right on the second line on the right chart shows that the incense listened to first, second, and fourth time are the same, and the incense listened to third and fifth are independent, respectively).

• 自由民権運動の流れを汲みこの動きを評価する人々は、1905年に国民倶楽部を結成して「内に立憲主義、外に帝国主義」という標語を掲げて、普通選挙を行って正しい国民の声を政治に反映させることが国家の自主・独立の確立に必要であると主張した。
• The people who valued the movement following the Freedom and People's Rights Movement united the National Club in 1905 and set a slogan which said 'Constitutionalism internally, and imperialism externally', then advocated that it was necessary for the national independence to reflect the right people's voice in politics with a popular election.

• そうした雰囲気もあって、日本統治時代に様々な近代化が行われたことを認めつつも、近代化の萌芽は李氏朝鮮の時代に既に存在しており、日本による統治はそれらの萌芽を破壊することで、結果的には近代化を阻害したとする近代化萌芽論が独立後に現れた。
• Under those circumstances, the modernization germination theory, arguing modernization had already germinated in the Yi Dynasty Korea period, and the Japanese rule destroyed the germination, resulting in the impeded modernization, appeared after Korea's independence in spite of recognizing that the various modernization during the Japanese rule.

• 経済産業大臣は、前項の規定による申請があつた場合において、必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、当該申請が次条第一項各号に適合しているかどうかについて、必要な調査を行わせることができる。
• Where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has received an application set forth in the preceding paragraph, he/she may, when deeming it necessary, cause the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as the 'NITE') to conduct the necessary investigation regarding whether or not the application conforms to the items of paragraph 1 of the next Article.

• 江戸初期、鴨川 (淀川水系)の周辺を開発しそこに茶屋、旅籠などが置かれたのが始まりですでに芸妓、娼妓が居住するようになり何度も取り締れていたが川端二条にあった『二条新地』（にじょうしんち）の出稼ぎ地として認められ、明治初期に独立をした。
• Ponto-cho started with the development of the areas along the Kamo-gawa River, building tea houses and hatago (inn with meals); geisha and shogi had settled in and been cracked down repeatedly, but the area was recognized as a work place for those in 'Nijo-shinchi' (Nijo new development area) in Kawabatanijo and was separated from Nijo-shinchi in the early Meiji period.

• 冒頭に天慶2年（939年）作の大江朝綱作の『倭注切韻』序文を冒頭に掲げ（ただし、その意図については不詳）、次に漢詩作成上に注意を必要とする10項目を記し、その後「筆大体」「詩本体」「雑体詩」「詩雑例」というそれぞれ独立した4項目が続く。
• The book starts with the preface of '倭注切韻' written by Oe no Asatsuna in 939 (its purpose is not clear), followed by ten matters to be attended in writing kanshi, which is followed by independent four items of '筆大体,' '詩本体,' '雑体詩,' and '詩雑例.'

• 行為能力の制限によって取り消すことができる債務を保証した者は、保証契約の時においてその取消しの原因を知っていたときは、主たる債務の不履行の場合又はその債務の取消しの場合においてこれと同一の目的を有する独立の債務を負担したものと推定する。
• If a guarantor, who has guaranteed an obligation which may be rescinded by reason of the principal obligor's limited capacity to act, was aware, at the time of entering into a contract guarantee, of the cause for its voidability, such guarantor shall be presumed to have assumed an independent obligation of the same subject in the event of nonperformance by the principal obligor or rescission of the obligation.

• 公認会計士は、監査及び会計の専門家として、独立した立場において、財務書類その他の財務に関する情報の信頼性を確保することにより、会社等の公正な事業活動、投資者及び債権者の保護等を図り、もつて国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを使命とする。
• The mission of certified public accountants, as professionals on auditing and accounting, shall be to ensure matters such as the fair business activities of companies, etc. and the protection of investors and creditors by ensuring the reliability of financial documents and any other information concerning finance from an independent standpoint, thereby contributing to the sound development of the national economy.

• 北アイルランドは、1970年代以降、建物の多くにイギリスとの連合維持を求めるユニオニストやイギリスからの独立を求めるナショナリスト双方の主張を交えた政治的な壁画が描かれ、そのいくつかは紛争をあおるとして論議を呼んだり塗り替えられている。
• In Northern Ireland, after the 1970s, politically-minded wall paintings were drawn on many buildings based on the ideology of the Unionist who were wishing their area to remain or become part of the United Kingdom and the ideology of the Nationalist who wanted their area to become independent from the United Kingdom, and some of these wall paintings caused controversy and co lignite a conflict, and were eventually redrawn.

• 田中の就任直後の10月4日に政友会の新政策発表の際に「帷幄上奏の廃止と軍部大臣文官制」の一項が入っていることに気付いて、激怒し、直ちに幹部会を招集してこの部分を留保させて以後党内で統帥権の独立に冒す様な政策は掲げない事を宣言したのである。
• Right after the assumption of TANAKA on October 4, when Seiyukai announced the new policy he noticed a section describing 'the abolition of Iaku-joso and a system of a minister of military by civil officers', he inflamed with it, called the officers' meeting immediately and demanded to reserve that part, then declared not to appeal a party policy that would damage the independence of supreme command inside the party.

• 外国軍隊等　武力攻撃事態において、武力攻撃（武力攻撃事態等における我が国の平和と独立並びに国及び国民の安全の確保に関する法律第二条第一号に規定する武力攻撃をいう。第十六条において同じ。）を行っている外国の軍隊その他これに類する組織をいう。
• "Foreign military forces, etc."　mean armed forces of a foreign state and other similar organizations engaging (which means the armed attacks prescribed in Article 2, item (i) of the Act on Ensuring the Peace and Independence of Japan and the Security of the State and People in Armed Attack Situations, etc.; the same shall apply in Article 16) in armed attack situations;

• 経済産業大臣は、前項の規定による申請があつた場合において、必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、当該申請が第三十一条第一項各号に適合しているかどうかについて、必要な調査を行わせることができる。
• Where the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry has received an application pursuant to the preceding paragraph, when he/she deems necessary, he/she may have the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') conduct the necessary examination to determine whether or not said application conforms to the items of Article 31, paragraph (1).

• 京都国立近代美術館（きょうとこくりつきんだいびじゅつかん 英表記The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto　略称MOMAK）は、京都市左京区岡崎公園内にある、独立行政法人国立美術館が運営する美術館である。
• Located in Okazaki-koen Park, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK), is an art museum operated by the Independent Administrative Institution National Museum of Art.

• 一進会の設立当初、日本は一進会をそれほど評価してはいなかったが、一進会の設立後、宋秉畯は当時の日本の大佐、松石安治に対し書簡を送り、現状の高宗およびその官僚主導では大韓帝国の独立・維持は困難であると説明し、また京義線敷設の協力をも申し出ている。
• Japan initially wasn't putting a high estimation in Isshinkai, but after it was founded, Song Byung-joon sent a letter to Yasuharu MATSUISHI, a Japanese Colonel of the times, to explain that current regime led by Gao Zong and the bureaucracy couldn't bring independence and maintenance to Korean Empire, and he also offered a cooperation for the construction of Keigi Railroad.

• 義持の治世は懐良親王が制圧していた九州を有力大名の大友氏・大内氏・菊池氏が引き継いで統治していたり、関東地方の鎌倉公方は半独立国状態となるなど、不安定要素はいくつも存在したが、政治的には小康状態が続き、室町時代の中では比較的安定した時代であった。
• In the reign of Yoshimochi, there existed a number of unstable factors - the OHTOMO clan, the OHKOUCHI clan and the KIKUCHI clan, as powerful lords, took over and ruled Kyushyu where Prince Kanenaga had conquered, or the Kamakura ministry in Kanto region became a semi-independent state - but politically, a brief period of tranquility lasted and it was relatively stable times during Muromachi era.

• 都道府県が国又は独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構と一体となつて助成する中小企業者の行う他の事業者との連携若しくは事業の共同化又は中小企業の集積の活性化に寄与する事業の用に供する建築物又は第一種特定工作物の建築又は建設の用に供する目的で行う開発行為
• Development activities carried out with the purpose of building or constructing buildings or Category 1 special structures used for projects that will contribute to the coordination or combined operation with other business operators or vitalized accumulation of small and medium enterprises that are conducted by small and medium enterprises supported by prefectures in a joint effort with the State or the Organization for Small and Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation, Japan.

• 15世紀から16世紀にかけて、渡党を統一することで渡島半島南部の領主に成長していった蠣崎氏は豊臣秀吉・徳川家康から蝦夷地の支配権、交易権を公認され、名実共に安東氏から独立し、江戸時代になると蠣崎氏は松前氏と改名して大名に列し渡党は明確に和人とされた。
• From the fifteenth century to the sixteenth century, the Kakizaki clan, who was growing to become the feudal lord of the southern Oshima Peninsula by unifying Watari-to, was recognized as to the right of dominion and trade in the Ezo territory by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and thus became independent from the Ando clan in both name and reality; and the Kakizaki clan changed its name to Matsumae and was elevated to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), by which Watari-to became Japanese in Edo period.

• 第二百六十六条第二号の規定により裁判所の審判に付された事件と他の事件とが併合して審判され、一個の裁判があつた場合には、第二百六十八条第二項の規定により検察官の職務を行う弁護士及び当該他の事件の検察官は、その裁判に対し各々独立して上訴をすることができる。
• When a case which has been committed to trial pursuant to the provisions of item (ii) of Article 266 has been tried jointly with other cases and a decision has been rendered, the attorney who exercises the same function as a public prosecutor pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) of Article 266 and the public prosecutor in charge of the other cases may appeal the decision independently.

• 農林水産大臣は、出願品種の審査をするに当たっては、その職員に現地調査を行わせ、又は独立行政法人種苗管理センター（以下「種苗管理センター」という。）に栽培試験を行わせるものとする。ただし、出願品種の審査上その必要がないと認められる場合は、この限りでない。
• The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries shall, in the course of the examination of the applied variety, cause officers of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries to carry out on-site inspections or the Incorporated administrative agency National Center for Seeds and Seedlings (hereinafter referred to as 'NCSS') to carry out growing tests. However, this shall not apply where it is found unnecessary to do so for the purpose of the examination of the applied variety.

• なお、混同されやすいが、東京都台東区の東本願寺 (東京都台東区)を本山とする浄土真宗東本願寺派（末寺数 三百数十）は、宗派のあり方をめぐる見解の相違により、1981年に真宗大谷派から離脱・独立したもので、現在、両者は別個の宗教法人である（⇒お東騒動）。
• Additionally, although it is often confused, the Jodo Shinshu sect Higashi-Hongwan-ji-ha of which Head Temple is Higashi Hongwan-ji Temple in Taito Ward, Tokyo (the number of branch temples is 300 and several tens) defected and became independent from the Shinshu sect Otani-ha in 1981, because of the difference in the way of the sect, so currently they are different religious corporations (see 'Ohigashi Turmoil (お東騒動)').

• しかしながら日本とペルーの間では当時二国間条約が締結されておらず、政府内には国際紛争をペルーとの間で引き起こすと国際関係上不利であるとの意見もあったが、副島は人道主義と日本の主権独立を主張し、マリア・ルスに乗船している清国人救出のため法手続きを決定した。
• However, no bilateral treaty was signed between Japan and Peru in those days, and some government officials argued that causing a dispute with Peru could result in a disadvantage for Japan in international relations; nonetheless, Soejima resolved to take legal steps to rescue the Qing people in the name of humanitarianism and Japan's sovereignty.

• 特許庁長官は、第一項の認定を受けた者が同項に規定する試験研究独立行政法人技術移転事業を実施するときは、政令で定めるところにより、自己の特許出願について特許法第百九十五条第二項の規定により納付すべき出願審査の請求の手数料を軽減し、又は免除することができる。
• When a person who has received the accreditation of paragraph 1 implements Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agency Technology Transfer Operations prescribed in the same paragraph, the Commissioner of the Japan Patent Office may decrease the such application examination fee which should be paid for that person's patent application that is set forth in the provisions of Article 195, paragraph 2 of the Patent Act, or may release thereof, pursuant to provisions of Cabinet Order.

• 農林水産大臣は、前項の規定による申請があつた場合において、必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人農林水産消費安全技術センター（以下「センター」という。）に、当該申請が第十七条の二第一項各号に適合しているかどうかについて、必要な調査を行わせることができる。
• In the cases where an application has been made pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph and when the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries deems it necessary, he/she may have the Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center (hereinafter referred to as the 'Center') conduct the necessary investigations with regard to whether said application complies with each of the items of paragraph (1) of Article 17-2.

• 特許庁長官は、第一項の認定を受けた者が同項に規定する試験研究独立行政法人技術移転事業を実施するときは、政令で定めるところにより、特許法第百七条第一項の規定による第一年から第三年までの各年分の特許料を軽減し若しくは免除し、又はその納付を猶予することができる。
• When a person who has received the accreditation of paragraph 1 implements Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agency Technology Transfer Operations, the Commissioner of the Japan Patent Office may decrease the patent fee thereof set forth in the provisions of Article 107, paragraph 1 of the Patent Act, release thereof or defer the payment thereof, for each year from the first year to the third year, pursuant to provisions of Cabinet Order.

• だが、逆に国粋主義の流れを汲みこの動きを国内における危機と見た人々は既に1900年に近衛篤麿が結成していた国民同盟会（1902年解散）の流れを汲む諸派に結集して、国家主義の強化と国民への統制強化によって国民が一致団結して自主・独立を追求すべきであると唱えた。
• However, the people who followed the nationalism and took this movement as a crisis, united the group following the People's Alliance (dissolved in 1902) set up by Atsumaro KONOE in 1900, and they advocated that it was necessary for people to pursue independence with united the nation by strengthening of the nationalism and reinforcement of control over the people.

• もっとも当時の有力な集団の1つであった親鸞の教団はその没後に浄土真宗として事実上独立することとなりこの4流には含まれておらず、他にも嵯峨 (京都市)二尊院の湛空や知恩院を再興した源智、一念義を唱えた幸西など4流に加わらずに独自の教団を構成した集団が乱立した。
• These four sects do not include Shinran's sect, one of the strongest sects at that time, which became independent as Jodo Shinshu after he died. Other independent sects were founded left and right by other priests such as Tanku of Nison-in Temple in Saga (Kyoto), Genchi who revived Chion-in Temple and Kosei who introduced Ichinen-gi.

• 足利直義は立場上、武家によって自領である荘園を蚕食された公家や寺社の訴えを扱うことが多く、鎌倉時代のように、公家や寺社の領地である荘園については半済令の受け入れと引き換えに独立性を認め武家の支配下に置かないことで、公家・寺社と武家との対立を避けようとしていた。
• Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA handled many lawsuits raised by the aristocracy, temples and shrines who had their shoen (private estates) taken by the buke (military class), and he tried to avoid conflict between kuge/temples/shrines and buke by preventing control by buke by recognizing the independence of the shoen of kuge, temples and shrines in exchange for accepting the Hanzei rei.

• このため、大同_(日本)3年2月4日_(旧暦)（808年3月4日）に再度明経直講より1名を割いて独立した官として紀伝博士（きでんはかせ、正七位下相当）が設置され、その下に学生として紀伝得業生（きでんとくごうしょう）及び紀伝生（きでんのしょう）が置かれたのである。
• Because of this, on March 4, 808, one person from myogyo chokko was again allotted to establish an independent official, kiden hakase (equivalent of Shoshichiinoge), and two types of students, Kiden Tokugosho (student of history) and Kiden no sho (student of history) were also created.

• 丹後王国論（たんごおうこくろん）は、門脇禎二が古墳時代に丹後地方（今の京都府京丹後市辺り）を中心に、ヤマト王権などと並び独立性をもって存在したとされる勢力『丹後王国』があったと提唱したもの（丹後国は後年に丹波国から分国したものであるため『丹波王国』とも称される）。
• Tango okoku ron is a theory in which Teiji KADOWAKI asserted an existence of 'Tango Kingdom' in and around Tango region (present Tango City, Kyoto Prefecture) during the Kofun period (tumulus period), which is believed to have been independent and rivaled Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) (It is also referred to as 'Tanba Kingdom' because Tango Province was divided from Tanba Province later).

• かつて1925年（大正14年）に東亜キネマから独立した牧野省三が設立したマキノ・プロダクションが、等持院撮影所を東亜に譲り渡したさいに建設した御室撮影所を、同社の解散後、1932年（昭和7年）の正映マキノキネマや宝塚キネマが相次いで稼動させたが、いずれも解散した。
• After the liquidation of Makino Productions, a company established by Shozo MAKINO in 1925 when he became independent from Toa Kinema, operations of the Omuro Studio it had built when handing over Tojiin Studio to Toa were taken over by Shoei Makino Kinema and then Takarazuka Kinema in 1932, but both of these companies went into liquidation as well.

• 申請人が受けようとする研修の実施について我が国の国若しくは地方公共団体の機関又は独立行政法人以外の機関があっせんを行う場合は、営利を目的とするものでなく、かつ、当該機関又はその経営者若しくは常勤の職員が過去三年間に外国人の研修に係る不正行為を行ったことがないこと。
• In cases where an organization other than the Japanese national government, a local government, or an incorporated administrative agency arranges the training in which the applicant intends to participate, said organization must not be a for-profit organization. Furthermore, said organization, its manager, and its full-time employees must not have committed misconduct pertaining to the training of foreign nationals in the past 3 years.

• 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所（以下「研究所」という。）が行う第百六十六条第一 項の教習の課程を修了し、かつ、計量士の区分に応じて経済産業省令で定める実務の経験その他の条件に適合する者であって、計量行政審議会が前号に掲げる者 と同等以上の学識経験を有すると認めた者
• A person who is a graduate of the course provided by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (hereinafter referred to as the 'AIST') set forth in Article 166, paragraph 1, conforms to the practical experience requirements and other requirements specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry according to the classification of certified measurers, and has been certified by the Measurement Administration Council as having the equivalent or higher level of academic knowledge and experience to that of the person listed in the preceding item.

• 地方貨幣の発行は文久年間から幕末に集中しており、海防充実などの幕府事業の各藩への転化、一揆などの騒動対策による藩財政の逼迫、地方における銭貨の払底、藩札の信用低下による金属貨幣の発行、幕府の権力低下による各藩独立体制の進化、および朝廷による鋳銭宣下などが挙げられる。
• Most local currencies were issued between the Bunkyu era and the end of the Edo period, and its reasons were that the bakufu shifted governmental duties such as the naval defense to various domains, various domains faced with financial difficulties due to expenses for measures for riots, there was shortage of coins in provinces, metal currencies were issued due to the weakening of trustworthiness of Hansatsu (paper currency issued in various domains), various domains established an independent political system because the bakufu became less influential, and Imperial proclamation of minting of coin was issued.

• 大広間形式の寝殿造りの、内部空間を間仕切る建具の発明は、マルチパーパスの大きな内部空間から、特定の機能目的を備えた少空間への分離独立へ展開していく、大きな契機であり、寝殿造りの住宅の公と私の明確な分離に基づく、住まい方の変化をもたらした重大な建築様式の革新であった。
• The invention of fittings which separate room of Shinden-zukuri in the style of a large hall was a big momentum of the development from a large space with multipurpose to small spaces with specific purposes and a significant innovation of architecture style which changed the style of living based on the separation between public and private in Shinden-zukuri residence.

• 地車囃子（だんじりばやし）とは、地車曳行の際に演奏される祭囃子のことであるが、何らかの事情で山車（地車）を保有していない大阪市北部を中心とした地域などで、地車とは独立した音楽として舞台や櫓（矢倉）、さらに船渡御の船等において「へたり」で演奏・奉納される祭囃子のことでもある。
• Danjiri-bayashi is festival music which is played to accompany the drawing danjiri (decorative portable shrines; floats used in festivals), and in the region centered on the northern part of Osaka City which does not possess danjiri for some reasons it refers to the 'hetari' style which is festival music played by itself on a stage, turret and also a boat for funatogyo (a ritual to place divine spirits on boat, to cross a river).

• 職員の職務に係る倫理の保持を図るため、法律の規定に基づき内閣に置かれる各機関、内閣の統轄の下に行政事務をつかさどる機関として置かれる各機関及び内閣の所轄の下に置かれる機関並びに会計検査院並びに各特定独立行政法人（以下「行政機関等」という。）に、それぞれ倫理監督官一人を置く。
• In order to maintain ethics pertaining to the duties of officials, each organization established inside the Cabinet pursuant to the provisions of laws, each organization established as an organization that takes charge of administrative affairs under the supervision of the Cabinet, each organization established under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet, the Board of Audit, and each specified incorporated administrative agency (hereinafter referred to as 'administrative organs, etc.') shall have an ethics supervisory officer.

• 独立行政法人国民生活センター及び地方公共団体は、内閣府令で定めるところにより、適格消費者団体の求めに応じ、当該適格消費者団体が差止請求権を適切に行使するために必要な限度において、当該適格消費者団体に対し、消費生活相談に関する情報で内閣府令で定めるものを提供することができる。
• In response to the request of a qualified consumer organization and pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance, Incorporated Administrative Agency National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan and local public entities shall provide the qualified consumer organization with such information related to consumer affairs consultation as provided for by a Cabinet Office Ordinance, to the extent necessary for the qualified consumer organization to properly exercise its right to demand an injunction.

• 明治時代に単一の宗派を形成したこともあったが、その後分裂や日蓮宗との合同などをへて、現在、富士門流の主要本山8ヶ寺のうち、5ヶ寺は日蓮正宗をはじめいくつかの独立した宗派を形成、3ヶ寺は、組織上は日蓮宗に所属しつつ、教義面では、この門流の伝統の勝劣派・日蓮本仏論を維持している。
• They once formed a unified sect in the Meiji period, and after that, going through splits and uniting with the Nichiren Sect, from 8 major honzan temples of Fujimon School, 5 of them formed an independent sect, starting with Nichiren Sho Sect, and 3 of them, belonging to the Nichiren Sect as an organization, kept Nichiren Honbutsu Ron (a creed which regard Nichiren as the principal image) of Shoretsu School, which is a tradition in this monryu (lineage).

• 「新皇」と名乗った史実に反し「日本将軍平親王」としての伝説が中世近世を通じて流布した背景に、板東の分与・独立という危険な思想を意味する前者を排除し、遵法的存在としての名称に換え伝えたもので、軍事権門として朝廷と併存する道を選択した源頼朝を投影したものだとする関幸彦の指摘がある。
• As to the background of the spread of his legend during the middle ages and in the modern era under the title 'Hinomoto Shogun TAIRA no Shinno' as opposed to the title he had assumed himself, 'New Emperor,' Yukihiko SEKI points out that the legend was passed down with the new title as a means of eliminating the possibility of interpreting the name as representing the potentially divisive and dangerous notion of a separate, independent Bando, thereby facilitating respect for the law, and that it reflects the administrative philospphy of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who chose to become the head of a separate military administration that could peacefully coexist with the Imperial Court.

• 行政機関の長又は届出独立行政法人等は、その業務の遂行に支障のない範囲内において、学術研究の発展に資すると認める場合その他の総務省令で定める場合には、総務省令で定めるところにより、一般からの委託に応じ、その行った統計調査に係る調査票情報を利用して、統計の作成等を行うことができる。
• The head of an administrative organ or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 may conduct production of statistics, etc. by utilizing questionnaire information pertaining to statistical surveys conducted by himself/herself in response to the request from the citizens, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, within limits that would not cause any hindrance to the performance of his/her business, when finding that it would contribute to the development of academic researches or in other cases specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.

• 独立行政法人国民生活センター及び地方公共団体は、内閣府令で定めると ころにより、適格消費者団体の求めに応じ、当該適格消費者団体が差止請求権を適切に行使するために必要な限度において、当該適格消費者団体に対し、消費生 活相談に関する情報で内閣府令で定めるものを提供することができる。
• In response to the request of a qualified consumer organization and pursuant to the provisions of a Cabinet Office Ordinance, Incorporated Administrative Agency National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan and local public entities shall provide the qualified consumer organization with such information related to consumer affairs consultation as provided for by a Cabinet Office Ordinance, to the extent necessary for the qualified consumer organization to properly exercise its right to demand an injunction.

• 北京議定書によって、北京や天津に外国の駐兵権を認め、また巨額の賠償金によって外国による財政支配（海関税・常関税・塩税が支払われるまでの担保として押さえられた）を受容せざるを得なくなった清朝、そして中華民国は、もはや独立国としての体裁をなさず、「半植民地」ともいうべき状態に陥った。
• The Boxer Protocol permitted foreign troops to be stationed at Beijing and Tianjin, and the Qing dynasty had to accept foreign control of financial affairs (custom tariff, 常関税, and salt tax were held as a guarantee until payment) due to the massive reparations, and the Republic of China was not set up as an independent nation, instead becoming a 'half-colony'.

• 判決の基本となる裁判について前条第一項に規定する事由がある場合（同項第四号から第七号までに掲げる事由がある場合にあっては、同条第二項に規定する場合に限る。）には、その裁判に対し独立した不服申立ての方法を定めているときにおいても、その事由を判決に対する再審の理由とすることができる。
• Where the grounds prescribed in paragraph (1) of the preceding Article exist with regard to the judicial decision based on which a judgment is made (limited to the case prescribed in paragraph (2) of said Article if any of the grounds set forth in item (iv) to (vii) of said paragraph exist), such grounds may be stated as grounds for retrial against the judgment, even if any method of entering an independent appeal against such judicial decision is specified.

• 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所（以下「研究所」という。）は、鉱工業の 科学技術に関する研究及び開発等の業務を総合的に行うことにより、産業技術の向上及びその成果の普及を図り、もって経済及び産業の発展並びに鉱物資源及び エネルギーの安定的かつ効率的な供給の確保に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (hereinafter referred to as the 'Institute') shall be to contribute to the development of the economy and industry and to securing a stable and efficient supply of mineral resources and energy, based on improvements in industrial technology and dissemination of the results thereof, by comprehensively conducting research, development, etc. related to science and technology in mining and industry.

• 協定は、1908年11月時点における領土の現状を公式に認識し、清の独立及び領土保全、自由貿易及び商業上の機会均等（すなわちジョン・ヘイによって提案されたような「門戸開放政策」）、アメリカによるハワイ王国併合とフィリピンに対する管理権の承認、満州における日本の地位の承認から成っている。
• The agreement officially recognized the territorial status in November 1908 by confirming and admitting the independence and territorial integrity of Qing, free trade and equal commercial opportunities (the 'Open Door Policy' proposed by John Hay), the annexation of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the right to manage the Philippines by the United States, and the position of Japan in Manchuria.

• 大学寮が設置された当初、一般官人を育てる本科（明経道）と技術官人を育てる算道しか事実上存在していなかったが、神亀年間に律令を教える律学博士（後の明法博士）と歴史を教える文章博士が明経道から分離する形で成立し、やがて天平年間に独立した学科となり、後の明法道・紀伝道へと発展することとなる。
• In the early days of the Daigaku-ryo, the regular course (Myogyodo) for the education of general government officials and Sando, for the education of technical government officials, were virtually the only ones in existence, but somewhere between 724 and 729, Ritsugaku hakase (later Myoho hakase) (professor of law, for the teaching of the Ritsuryo Code) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature. for the teaching of history) were established by separating from Myogyodo, subsequently becoming independent departments between 729 and 748; they would later evolve into Myobodo (study of Code) and Kidendo (study of the histories).

• 農林水産大臣は、必要があると認めるときは、農林水産省令で定める区 分により、種苗管理センター又は独立行政法人家畜改良センター（以下「家畜改良センター」という。）に、種苗業者から検査のために必要な数量の指定種苗を 集取させることができる。ただし、時価によってその対価を支払わなければならない。
• The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries may, when he/she finds it necessary, cause the NCSS or the Incorporated administrative agency National Livestock Breeding Center (hereinafter referred to as 'NLBC') in accordance with the classes, specified by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries to collect from seed dealers such quantities of designated seeds as are necessary for inspection. However, compensation equivalent to the market value shall be paid.

• この法律において「特定 放射光施設」とは、独立行政法人理化学研究所（以下「理化学研究所」という。）により設置される、加速された電子又は陽電子から放射される強い指向性と高 い輝度を有する電磁波（以下「放射光」という。）を使用して研究等を行うための施設であって、文部科学省令で定めるものをいう。
• The term 'The Specific Synchrotron Radiation Facilities' as used in this Act shall mean the facilities for conducting the Researches, etc. utilizing highly-directional and high-intensity electromagnetic waves emitted from accelerated electrons or positrons (hereinafter referred to as the 'Synchrotron Radiation'), established by RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) (hereinafter referred to as 'RIKEN'), which shall be specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.

• また、広義の場合には、豪族（大豪族）が中央から下ったか在地かはともかく、その地域で、数郡を支配する大勢力を有したのに対し、一般にその傘下にあるか、あるいは独立した在地の数村を支配する小規模の豪族である、地頭やその系譜をひく国人領主の家臣或いは被官たる者で地侍の主筋になる在地領主をも含む概念。
• In wider sense, while larger gozoku (local ruling families) had a large power to reign some counties in his assigned region whether he stayed in the center or the local, dogo was a retainer or hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of jito, who were usually smaller gozoku and reigned some villages which were under control of or independent from the larger gozoku, or kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) of the jito's linage, and even included zaichi-ryoshu (local lord) which was to be the main stream of jizamurai.

• 第二十七条第二項の規定により総務大臣から事業所母集団データベースに記録されている情報の提供を受けた行政機関の長、地方公共団体の長その他の執行機関又は届出独立行政法人等は、同項各号に掲げる目的以外の目的のために、当該事業所母集団データベースに記録されている情報を自ら利用し、又は提供してはならない。
• The head of an administrative organ, the head of a local public entity or any other executive committees, or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 who have received the information recorded in the establishment frame database from the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications pursuant to the provision of Article 27, paragraph (2) shall not utilize themselves or provide information recorded in the establishment frame database for purposes other than those listed in each item of the same paragraph.

• 第七条の規定による改正後の大学等における技術に関する研究成果の民間事業者への移転の促進に関する法律第十二条第六項及び第八項の規定は、前二項において規定する特許権等又は特許を受ける権利等が国立大学関係認定事業者又は試験研究独立行政法人関係認定事業者とこれらの者以外の者との共有に係る場合に準用する。
• Pursuant to the provisions of Article 7, the provisions of paragraph 6 and paragraph 8 of Article 12 of the revised Act on the Promotion of Technology Transfer from Universities to Private Business Operators shall apply mutatis mutandis to the case in which Patent Right, etc. or the Rights to Receive Patent, etc. provided in the preceding paragraph 2 involve joint ownership between either a National University Related Certified Business Operators or a Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agency related Certified Business Operators and a party other than those.

• 経済産業大 臣は、第一項の検査のうち、原子力を原動力とする発電用の特定事業用電気工作物であつて経済産業省令で定めるものが前項各号のいずれにも適合しているかど うかの検査に関する事務の一部を、経済産業省令で定めるところにより、独立行政法人原子力安全基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に行わせるものとする。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall, pursuant to the provision of an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, cause the Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (hereinafter referred to as the 'JNES') to perform part of the affairs concerning the inspection set forth in paragraph 1 as to whether or not the Specific Electric Facilities for Business Use for electricity generation by means of nuclear power, which are specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, conform to all of the items of the preceding paragraph.

• ここでの「悪友」とは、福澤諭吉らの「平等」や「義」や「独立心」を重んずる思想と違って、福澤らから見れば、閨閥、門閥政治、小中華思想（日本蔑視思想）などの旧弊に固執し血なまぐさい権力闘争を繰り返し、事大主義で外交において信義がなく、外交方針がころころ変わる清国や李氏朝鮮という認識で用いられた言葉である。
• Unlike the thought which put a high value on 'Equality,' 'Righteousness' and 'Independence' by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and others, 'Bad friends' in the 'Datsu-A Ron' was the word used meaning the Qing and Joseon Dynasty Korea where, adhering to their old customs of Keibatsu (network by blood connection), lineage government and petit Sinocentrism (idea of disrespect for Japan), bloody strifes over authority were repeated, being Sadaejuui (Loving and admiring the great and powerful) and faithless in diplomacy and diplomatic policies changed so often.

• 独立行政法人等（その業務の内容その他の事情を勘案して大規模な統計調査を行うことが想定されるものとして政令で定めるものに限る。）は、統計調査を行おうとするときは、あらかじめ、政令で定めるところにより、前条第一項各号に掲げる事項を総務大臣に届け出なければならない。これを変更しようとするときも、同様とする。
• An incorporated administrative agency, etc. (limited to those specified by a Cabinet Order as those that are supposed to conduct large scale statistical surveys, taking into account the contents of the business thereof or other circumstances) shall, when intending to conduct a statistical survey, notify the matters listed in each item of Article 24, paragraph (1) to the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications in advance, pursuant to the provision of a Cabinet Order. The same shall also apply to the case where it intends to change them.

• 行政機関の長、地方公共団体の長その他の執行機関又は届出独立行政法人等は、この法律（地方公共団体の長その他の執行機関にあっては、この法律又は当該地方公共団体の条例）に特別の定めがある場合を除き、その行った統計調査の目的以外の目的のために、当該統計調査に係る調査票情報を自ら利用し、又は提供してはならない。
• The head of an administrative organ, the head of a local public entity or any other executive committees, or an incorporated administrative agency, etc. under Article 25 shall not utilize themselves or provide questionnaire information pertaining to statistical surveys they have conducted for purposes other than the original purpose of the statistical surveys except as otherwise provided by this Act (in the case of the head of a local public entity or any other executive committees, except as otherwise provided by this Act or an Ordinance of the local public entity).

• 前項の場合において、独 立行政法人鉄道建設・運輸施設整備支援機構から鉄道線路を直接借り受け、又は独立行政法人日本高速道路保有・債務返済機構が所有する鉄道線路を直接利用し て、他人の需要に応じ、鉄道による旅客又は貨物の運送を行う事業については、当該事業を第一種鉄道事業とみなして、この法律の規定を適用する。
• In the case of the preceding paragraph, as for the business that conducts transportation of passengers or freight by railway to meet the needs of others by directly borrowing railway tracks from Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency or directly using the railway tracks that is owned by Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency or Japan Expressway Holding and Debt Repayment Agency, the provisions of this Act shall apply to the said business by regarding the business as Type I Railway Business.

• 主務大臣（第六十九条第二項の規定により、経済産業大臣が主務大臣となる場合に限る。）は、前項の規定による申請があつた場合において、必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、当該申請が第二十七条第一項各号に適合しているかどうかについて、必要な調査を行わせることができる。
• In cases where an application has been made pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph and when the competent minister (this shall be limited to when the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry is the competent minister pursuant to the provisions of Paragraph 2 of Article 69) deems it necessary, he/she may have the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') conduct the necessary investigations with regard to whether said application complies with each of the items of Paragraph 1 of Article 27.

• 政府は、この法律の施行後五年を経過した場合において、この法律による改 正後の非化石エネルギーの開発及び導入の促進に関する法律、中小企業信用保険法及び独立行政法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構法の規定の施行の状況 について検討を加え、必要があると認めるときは、その結果に基づいて所要の措置を講ずるものとする。
• When five years have elapsed from the enforcement of this Act, the government shall review the status of enforcement of the provisions of the Act on the Development and Introduction of Non-Fossil Energy, the Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Credit Insurance Act, and the Act on the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization after their revision by this Act, and take measures as required based on the results of such review where it deems necessary

• この法律の施行の日が独立行政法人農林水産消費技術センター法（平成十一年法律第百八十三号）附則第八条の規定の施行の日前である場合には、第三十一条のうち農林物資の規格化及び品質表示の適正化に関する法律第十九条の五の二、第十九条の六第一項第四号及び第二十七条の改正規定中「第二十七条」とあるのは、「第二十六条」とする。
• Where this Act comes into effect before the date when Article 8 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on the Center for Food Quality, Labeling and Consumer Services (Act No. 183 of 1999) comes into effect, the term 'Article 27' in the provisions in Article 31 to revise Article 19-5-2, Article 19-6, paragraph (1), item (iv), and Article 27 of the Act on Standardization and Proper Quality Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry Products shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 26.'
• Where the date of enforcement of this Act comes before the date of enforcement of Article 8 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on the Center for Food Quality, Labeling and Consumer Services (Act No. 183 of 1999), the term 'Article 27' in the provisions in Article 31 to revise Article 19-5-2, Article 19-6, paragraph 1, item 4, and Article 27 of the Act on Standardization and Proper Quality Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry Products shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 26.'
• In the case where the day of enforcement of this Act is prior to the day of enforcement of the provisions of Article 8 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on the Center for Quality Control and Consumer Services (Act No. 183 of 1999), the term 'Article 27' in the provisions of Article 31 revising Article 19-5-2, Article 19-6, paragraph (1), item (iv) and Article 27 of the Act Concerning Standardization and Proper Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry Products shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 26.'
• In cases where the date of the enforcement of this Act is prior to the date of the enforcement of the provision of Article 8 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on the Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center (Act No. 183 of 1999), the term 'Article 27' in the provision of Article 31 for revising Article 19-5-2, Article 19-6, paragraph (1), item (iv) and Article 27 of the Act on Standardization and Proper Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry Products shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 26.'
• In the case of the day of enforcement of this Act is the day before the day of enforcement of the provisions of Article 8 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on the Independent Administrative Institution Center for Food Quality, Labeling and Consumer Services (Act No. 183 of 1999), 'Article 27' in the amended provisions of Article 19-5-2, Article 19-6 paragraph (1) and Article 27 of the Act on Standardization and Proper Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry Products shall be read as 'Article 26'.

• 更に『吾妻鏡』建久2年正月15日条に書かれた職制においても、政所と侍所については行を改めて別当以下を記載しているのに対して、問注所については政所の項目の最後に「問注所執事」と1行で記されていることから、初期の問注所は政所に属する1機関であり、後に政所から分離して独立した機関となったとする説もある（佐々木文昭説）。
• Furthermore, in the entry about the titles of office written on January 15, 1191 in 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), while the betto (the assistant chief officer) and other officers of Mandokoro and Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) were each inserted at the start of a new paragraph, the 'head of Monchu-dokoro' is described in the last line of the paragraph concerning Mandokoro, which may explain, according to Fumiaki SASAKI, that the Monchu-dokoro in the beginning might have been a body belonging to the Mandokoro but later become a separate and independent body.

• ところが大日本帝国憲法に先行して天皇から与えられた「勅諭」であることから、陸軍（および海軍の一部）は軍人勅諭を政府や議会に対する自らの独立性を担保するものと位置づけていた（陸軍の一部には「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」について「政府や政治家が何を言おうと気にする必要はない、ということだ」という解釈すらあったという）。
• On the side of the Army (and a part of the Navy), however, since the imperial rescript was given by Emperor ahead of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there was an idea that the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors secures their independence from the government and the parliament (Some members of the Army even interpreted 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.' as 'Military men need not care about what the government and statesmen say').

• この法律の施行の日が独立行政法人農林水産消費技術センター法（平成十一年法 律第百八十三号）附則第八条の規定の施行の日前である場合には、第三十一条のうち農林物資の規格化及び品質表示の適正化に関する法律第十九条の五の二、第 十九条の六第一項第四号及び第二十七条の改正規定中「第二十七条」とあるのは、「第二十六条」とする。
• In the case of the day of enforcement of this Act is the day before the day of enforcement of the provisions of Article 8 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on the Independent Administrative Institution Center for Food Quality, Labeling and Consumer Services (Act No. 183 of 1999), 'Article 27' in the amended provisions of Article 19-5-2, Article 19-6 paragraph (1) and Article 27 of the Act on Standardization and Proper Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry Products shall be read as 'Article 26'.
• In cases where the date of enforcement of this Act is prior to the date of enforcement of the provisions of Article 8 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on the Center for Quality Control and Consumer Services (Act No. 183 of 1999), the term 'Article 27' in the provisions of Article 31 to revise Article 19-5-2, Article 19-6, paragraph (1), item (iv) and Article 27 of the Act Concerning Standardization and Proper Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry Products shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 26.'
• Where this Act comes into effect before the date when Article 8 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on the Center for Food Quality, Labeling and Consumer Services (Act No. 183 of 1999) comes into effect, the term 'Article 27' in the provisions in Article 31 to revise Article 19-5-2, Article 19-6(1)(iv), and Article 27 of the Act on Standardization and Proper Quality Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry Products shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 26.'
• Where the date of enforcement of this Act comes before the date of enforcement of Article 8 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on the Center for Food Quality, Labeling and Consumer Services (Act No. 183 of 1999), the term 'Article 27' in the provisions in Article 31 to revise Article 19-5-2, Article 19-6, paragraph 1, item 4, and Article 27 of the Act on Standardization and Proper Quality Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry Products shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 26.'
• Where the date of the enforcement of this Act falls before the date of the enforcement of Article 8 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on the Center for Food Quality, Labeling and Consumer Services (Act No. 183 of 1999), the term 'Article 27' in the provisions of Article 31 revising Article 19-5-2, Article 19-6, paragraph (1), item (iv), and Article 27 of the Act on Standardization and Proper Quality Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry Products shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 26.'

• その風光明媚な地形は、1955年に笙の川以西の全湾岸周辺にわたり若狭湾国定公園の大部分、1968年に東岸周辺の一部が越前加賀海岸国定公園の一部に指定されていたが、2007年8月3日に若狭湾国定公園のうち由良川以西が分離独立し、大江山などを加えて新たに丹後天橋立大江山国定公園となり、3つの国定公園を有することになった。
• Due to the beautiful topography, the entire coast from Shono-kawa River and westward was designated in 1955 as a major part of Wakasa Bay Quasi-National Park, and a part of the eastern coast was designated in 1968 as a part of Echizen Kaga Coast Quasi-National Park, and in August 3, 2007, the coast from Yura-gawa River and westward was separated from Wakasa Bay Quasi-national Park, and instead, the coast was combined with Oe-yama Mountain Range and became Tango-Amanohashidate-Oeyama Quasi-National Park, so there are three quasi-national parks here now.

• 主務大臣（第四十四条第一項の規定により経済産業大臣が主務大臣となる場合に限る。以下この条、次条第四項から第六項まで及び第三十九条において同じ。）は、調査の業務を自ら行う場合において必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、当該調査の業務の全部又は一部を行わせることができる。
• The competent minister (limited to the case where the competent minister is the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry pursuant to the provision of Article 44 paragraph (1); hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article, Article 37 paragraph (4) through paragraph (6) and Article 39) may, where evaluation activities are conducted by the minister and if deemed necessary, commission the Incorporated Administrative Agency called the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as "NITE") to conduct in whole or in part such evaluation activities.
• The competent minister (limited to the case where the competent minister is the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry pursuant to the provision of Article 44 paragraph (1); hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article, Article 37 paragraph (4) through paragraph (6) and Article 39) may, where evaluation activities are conducted by the minister and if deemed necessary, commission the Incorporated Administrative Agency called the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') to conduct in whole or in part such evaluation activities.

• 独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構は、特定研究成果の民間事業者への移転を促進するため、承認計画に係る特定大学技術移転事業の実施に必要な資金を調達するために発行する社債（社債、株式等の振替に関する法律（平成十三年法律第七十五号）第六十六条第一号に規定する短期社債を除く。）及び当該資金の借入れに係る債務の保証の業務を行う。
• In order to promote the transfers of Specified Research Results to private business operators, the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation shall engage in the business of guaranteeing bonds to be issued in order to procure the funds necessary for implementing the Specified University Technology Transfer Operations pertaining to Approved Plans (excluding short term corporate bonds provided in Article 66, item 1 of the Act Concerning Transfer of Bonds, Shares, etc. (Act No. 75 of 2001)) and for debts arising from borrowing of said funds.

• ただし、御会始そのものは室町時代に中絶しており、『晴和歌御会作法故実』（著者不明であるが、霊元上皇書写の国立歴史民俗博物館所蔵本がある）という書物によれば、後円融天皇の永和 (日本)年間の和歌御会始を模範として後柏原天皇が明応10年（文亀元年/1501年）正月の月次歌会を独立した儀式として執り行ったことが記されている。
• Although Gokaihajime itself ceased to be held in the Muromachi period, Emperor Gokashiwabara held a monthly poetry reading as an independent ceremony on New Year's Day in 1501 on the model of waka gokaihajime during the Eiwa era of the Emperor Goenyu's reign, according to 'seiwa utagokai saho kojitsu' (Ancient Practices of New Year Imperial Poetry Reading Party Manner.) (Its author is unknown, but a copy of the book hand written by the Retired Emperor Reigen is possessed by National Museum of Japanese History.)

• 法務大臣又は理事長は、それぞれその任命に係る役員が準用通則法（第四十八条において準用する独立行政法人通則法（平成十一年法律第百三号）をいう。以下同じ。）第二十二条の規定により役員となることができない者に該当するに至ったときは、その役員を解任しなければならない。理事長又は理事が裁判官又は検察官となったときも、同様とする。
• The Minister of Justice or the President shall dismiss an officer appointed by either of them when the officer has become ineligible to be an officer pursuant to the provision of Article 22 of the Act on the General Rules as Applied Mutatis Mutandis (the Act on the General Rules of Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act No. 103 of 1999) which applies mutatis mutandis in Article 48; the same shall apply hereinafter). This shall similarly apply when the President or an Executive Director has become a judge or public prosecutor.

• 同作は、「市川小文治歌舞伎映画プロダクション」製作の『野崎村』、「中根龍太郎喜劇プロダクション」（中根プロ）製作の『助太刀商売』、この流れとは別に帝国キネマから独立した森本登良男の作家系インディペンデント・プロダクション「森本登良男プロダクション」の『戦鑑三笠』と4本まとめて、同年7月1日に「菊水館」を中心に公開された。
• The film was released in theaters such as the 'Kikusuikan' on July 1, 1928 as a dual feature with 'Nozaki-mura Village' produced by 'Ichikawa Kobunji Kabuki Eiga Productions,' 'Sukedachi Shobai' (The Business of Backing Up Somebody) produced by 'Nakane Ryutaro Comedy Productions' (Nakane Pro) and 'Battleship Kinugasa' by 'Morimoto Torao Productions,' a writer-led independent production by Torao MORIMOTO, who had separated from Teikoku Kinema Engei Kabushiki Gaisha (Imperial Cinema Entertainment Co., Ltd.) apart from the aforementioned movement.

• しかし大津地裁で扱われるべき事件を正常な手続きなしで大審院に移したり（大逆罪の適用を考慮していた為、皇室罪に関する裁判はすべて大審院における一審において判決が下されることから、適用可否判断を含め地裁ではなく大審院に持ち込まれることになった）、裁判に直接関わっていなかった児島が干渉を重ねたことは裁判官の独立等の問題として残った。
• Basically, Tsuda's trial should have been handled by the Otsu District Court, but it was taken over by Daishin-in without taking a formal procedure (Since Tsuda's case could be treated as a high treason, Daishin-in, which handled all crime cases against the Imperial family, was required to judge whether it should be treated as a high treason and if so, rendered a judgment).

• 1924年（大正13年）に東亜キネマとの合併前のマキノ映画製作所等持院撮影所に入社、同年7月の合併を経て、翌1925年（大正14年）6月の牧野省三の再独立にあたって、新設のマキノ・プロダクション御室撮影所に移った武井龍三は、同年9月、金森万象監督・寿々喜多呂九平オリジナル脚本の『奇傑鬼鹿毛』全3篇の主役に抜擢されてデビューした。
• Ryuzo TAKEI, having joined Makino Eiga Seisaku-jo Tojiin Studio in 1924 before the merger with Toa Kinema and moving to Makino Productions' Omuro Movie Studio, which was newly established after the merger in July 1924 and Shozo MAKINO's separation from the merged company in June 1925, made his debut in September that year when he was selected as the leading character in all three episodes of 'Kiketsu Onikage'(Great Onikage) directed by Bansho KANAMORI and based on the original screenplay written by Rokuhei SUSUKITA.

• この「天下」概念の実例としては、1428年に大越が明から独立した際、この時代を代表する文人であるグエン・チャイが「自趙丁李陳之肇造、我国与漢唐宋元而各帝一方」（趙佗の南越国・丁部領の丁朝・李朝 (ベトナム)・陳朝以来、我が国は中国の漢・唐・宋・元などの王朝と同じく帝を称して天下の一方に君臨してきた）と述べていることがあげられる。
• An example of this notion of 'Tenka' was the remark made by Guen Chai, a man of literature representing this era, in 1428 when Daietsu (Đại Việt) became independent from Ming, saying 'Since the era of Nanetsukoku (the kingdom of Nanyue) founded by Zhao Tuo, the Đinh dynasty founded by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, the Lý Dynasty (Vietnam) and the Trần Dynasty, my country had reigned over part of 'Tenka' as with the Hang, Tang, Sung or Yuan dynasty in China.'

• 日本独立の1952年（昭和27年）から復活運動がおき、1958年（昭和33年）に国会への議案提出があり、1966年（昭和41年）に国民の祝日に関する法律が改正され、さらに佐藤栄作内閣によりs建国記念の日となる日を定める政令（昭和41年政令第376号）として再制定され、1967年（昭和42年）2月11日建国記念の日として実施された。
• A movement to revive the holiday started with the independence of Japan in 1952 – in 1958 a bill was submitted to Parliament, in 1966 the Public Holiday Law was revised, then the cabinet of Eisaku SATO issued a cabinet order (cabinet order no. 376, 1966) to re-establish the day as National Foundation Day (Kenkoku Kinen no Hi), which was enforced on February 11, 1967.

• 区分建物　一棟の建物の構造上区分された部分で独立して住居、店舗、事務所又は倉庫その他建物としての用途に供することができるものであって、建物の区分所有等に関する法律（昭和三十七年法律第六十九号。以下「区分所有法」という。）第二条第三項に規定する専有部分であるもの（区分所有法第四条第二項の規定により共用部分とされたものを含む。）をいう。
• condominium unit:　a structurally divided portion of a building, which can be used independently as a residence, store, office or warehouse or any other building, and which constitutes a proprietary element as prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (3) of the Act on Unit Ownership of Condominiums, etc. (Act No. 69 of 1962; hereinafter referred to as the 'Condominium Unit Ownership Act') (including those portions regarded as common elements pursuant to the provision of Article 4, paragraph (2) of the Condominium Unit Ownership Act)

• 第一条中エネルギー等の使用の合理化及び再生資源の利用に関する事業活動の促進に関 する臨時措置法（以下「特定事業活動促進法」という。）附則第二条の改正規定並びに附則第三条の規定、附則第六条中独立行政法人新エネルギー・産業技術総 合開発機構法（平成十四年法律第百四十五号）附則第三十二条の改正規定並びに附則第八条及び第九条の規定　公布の日
• In Article 1, the provisions for revising Article 2 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on Temporary Measures to Promote Business Activities for the Rational Use of Energy and the Utilization of Recycled Resources (hereinafter referred to as the 'Specific Business Activities Promotion Act') and the provisions of Article 3 of the Supplementary Provisions; and in Article 6 of the Supplementary Provisions, the provisions for revising Article 32 of the Supplementary Provisions of the Act on the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (Act No. 145 of 2002) and the provisions of Article 8 and Article 9 of the Supplementary Provisions:　The date of promulgation; and

• 大石寺第54世日胤は、1873年に教部省へ「大石寺一本寺独立願」を提出し、以降も数度にわたって諌暁を繰り返したが遂に容れられず、結果的に1876年より、富士門流の系列に属する大石寺・下条妙蓮寺・北山本門寺・京都要法寺・小泉久遠寺・保田妙本寺・西山本門寺・伊豆実成寺の八本山は行政上、日蓮宗興門派（後に日蓮本門宗と改称）として分類された。
• Although Nichiren the fifty fourth of Taiseki-ji Temple put application 'to be independent temple of Taiseki-ji Temple' to Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) in 1873 and continued to seek approval, it was not accepted, and in 1876, Hachihonzan (eight head temples) of Taiseki-ji Temple, Shimojo Myoren-ji Temple, Kitayama Honmon-ji Temple, Kyoro Yobo-ji Temple, Koizumi Kuon-ji Temple, Hota Myohon-ji Temple, Nishiyama Honmon-ji Temple and Izu Jitsujo-ji Temple, which were belonged to the Fujimon School, were categorized as Konon Schools of Nichiren Sect (later renamed Nichiren Honmon Sect).

• なお、1930年（昭和5年）に、牧口常三郎、戸田城聖らにより、日蓮正宗の教義と牧口の「価値論」を合体させた教義を奉ずる教育団体として創価教育学会が設立され、初代会長には牧口が就任したが、日蓮正宗では信徒団体として認めなかった（牧口は調書に「創価教育学会は純然たる日蓮正宗ではなく、自分の価値論を実践する一個の独立した団体」と供述している）。
• In 1930, Soka Kyoiku Gakkai (literally, Value-Creation Education Society) was established as an educational group by Tsunesaburo MAKIGUCHI and Josei TODA who declared their policy of a combined doctrine of Nichiren Shoshu Sect and a belief in Makiguchi's 'theory of value,' and Makiguchi assumed the position as the first president; however, Nichiren Shoshu Sect did not accept Soka Kyoiku Gakkai as a group of believers (Makiguchi described in the record, 'Soka Kyoiku Gakkai is not just pure Nichiren Shoshu Sect, but it is an independent group that proceeds my own theory of value.'

• 情報公開条例（行政機関情報公開法第十三条第二項及び第三項に相当する規定を設けているものに限る。第五号において同じ。）の規定により地方公共団体の機関又は地方独立行政法人が著作物でまだ公表されていないもの（行政機関情報公開法第五条第一号ロ又は同条第二号ただし書に規定する情報に相当する情報が記録されているものに限る。）を公衆に提供し、又は提示するとき。
• where a work which has not yet been made public (and in which information equivalent to that provided for in Article 5, item (i) (b) or the proviso to Article 5, item (ii) of the Administrative Organs Information Disclosure Act is recorded) is offered or made available to the public by an organ of a local public entity or a local independent administrative agency pursuant to the provisions of the information Disclosure Ordinance (which have provisions equivalent to Article 13, paragraphs (2) and (3) of the Administrative Organs Information Disclosure Act; the same shall apply in item (v));

• 人事院は、毎年、遅滞なく、国会及び内閣に対し、前年において人事院がした第三項の承認の処分（第一項の規定に係るものを除く。）に関し、各承認の処分ごとに、承認に係る者が離職前五年間に在職していた第二項の人事院規則で定める国の機関、特定独立行政法人又は日本郵政公社における官職、承認に係る営利企業の地位、承認をした理由その他必要な事項を報告しなければならない。
• With reference to the dispositions of approvals set forth in paragraph 3 which were given by the National Personnel Authority during the preceding year (excluding those pertaining to the provision of paragraph 1), the National Personnel Authority shall report annually, without delay, to the Diet and the Cabinet, with respect to each of the dispositions of approvals, the government positions in the state organ provided for by rules of the National Personnel Authority as set forth in paragraph 2, specified independent administrative institution or the Japan Post, which were held by the persons pertaining to the approval during the five years prior to his/her separation, his/her position in the profit-making enterprise pertaining to the approval, the reasons for the approval and other necessary matters.

• 法律の規定に基づき内閣に置かれる機関若しくは内閣の所轄の下に置かれる機関、宮内庁、内閣府設置法（平成十一年法律第八十九号）第四十九条第一項若しくは第二項に規定する機関、国家行政組織法（昭和二十三年法律第百二十号）第三条第二項に規定する機関、会計検査院若しくはこれらに置かれる機関又はこれらの機関の職員であって法律上独立に権限を行使することを認められた職員
• organs within the Cabinet or organs under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet which were established pursuant to Acts, the Imperial Household Agency, organs provided for in Article 49, paragraph 1 or 2 of the Act for Establishment of the Cabinet Office(Act No. 89 of 1999), organs provided for in Article 3, paragraph 2 of the National Government Organization Act (Act No. 120 of 1948), the Board of Audit or organs established by one of these organs, or the personnel of the above mentioned organs who are authorized by Acts to independently exercise such authority; and,

• 施行日前に旧法第八条第一項の規定により届け出られた統計調査のうち、地方公共団体が届け出た統計調査については施行日において新法第二十四条第一項の規定により届け出られた統計調査と、独立行政法人等が届け出た統計調査であって施行日以降新法第二十五条の規定が適用されるべき統計調査に該当するものについては施行日において同条の規定により届け出られた統計調査とみなす。
• Among statistical surveys that have been notified pursuant to the provision of Article 8, paragraph (1) of the Old Act prior to the effective date, those notified by local public entities shall be deemed to be statistical surveys notified pursuant to the provision of Article 24, paragraph (1) of the New Act as of the effective date, and those notified by incorporated administrative agencies, etc. that fall under statistical surveys to which the provision of Article 25 of the New Act shall apply after the effective date shall be deemed to be statistical surveys notified pursuant to the provision of the same Article as of the effective date.

• 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
• There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.

• 第一項ただし書の規定により登録された職員団体の役員として専ら従事する期間は、職員としての在職期間を通じて五年（特定独立行政法人等の労働関係に関する法律（昭和二十三年法律第二百五十七号）第二条第四号の職員として同法第七条第一項ただし書の規定により労働組合の業務に専ら従事したことがある職員については、五年からその専ら従事した期間を控除した期間）を超えることができない。
• The period for which an official engages exclusively in the business of a registered employee organization as its officer pursuant to the proviso of paragraph 1, may not exceed five years throughout the period of his/her service as an official (in the case of an official who has formerly engaged exclusively in the business of a trade union pursuant to the proviso of Article 7, paragraph 1 of the Act on Labor Relationship of Specified Independent Administrative Institutions, etc. (Act No. 257 of 1948) as the employee set forth in item 4 of Article 2 of the same Act, this five-year period shall be reduced by subtracting the period during which he/she has formerly engaged exclusively in such business).

• 機構は、当分の間、独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構法附則第八条の二第一項の規定により整備又は管理を行っている工場若しくは事業場又は工場用地若しくは業務用地について、同意集積区域において地方公共団体若しくは第五条第二項第七号に規定する事業環境の整備の事業を実施する者が同意基本計画に従って行う事業又は特定事業者が行う特定事業の用に供するために管理及び譲渡の業務を行うことができる。
• The Organization may, for the time being, engage in the business of managing and transferring factories or workplaces or factory sites or business sites which it develops or manages as prescribed in Article 8-2, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Organization for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation Act, so as to provide these sites for a business to be conducted in an agreed cluster zone by a local public entity or a person who conducts a business for the development of business environments as prescribed in Article 5, paragraph (2), item (vii) in accordance with the agreed basic plan or for a specified business to be conducted in an agreed cluster zone by a specified business operator.

• 申請人が高等学校において教育を受けようとする場合は、年齢が二十歳以下であり、かつ、教育機関において一年以上の日本語の教育又は日本語による教育を受けていること。ただし、我が国の国若しくは地方公共団体の機関、独立行政法人、学校法人、公益社団法人又は公益財団法人の策定した学生交換計画その他これに準ずる国際交流計画に基づき生徒として受け入れられて教育を受けようとする場合は、この限りでない。
• In cases where the applicant is to study at an high school, he/she must be 20 years of age or younger and must have studied the Japanese language or must have received education in the Japanese language for at least 1 year at an educational institution; provided, however, that this shall not apply to cases where he/she is accepted for study based on a student exchange program or other equivalent international exchange program of the national government or of a local government, incorporated administrative agency, educational foundation, public interest incorporated association, or public interest incorporated foundation.

• 研究所の成立の際現に存する国家公務員法（昭和二十二年法律第百二十号） 第百八条の二第一項に規定する職員団体であって、その構成員の過半数が引継職員であるものは、研究所の成立の際国営企業及び特定独立行政法人の労働関係に 関する法律（昭和二十三年法律第二百五十七号）の適用を受ける労働組合となるものとする。この場合において、当該職員団体が法人であるときは、法人である 労働組合となるものとする。
• Any employee organization prescribed in Article 108-2, paragraph (1) of the National Public Service Act (Act No. 120 of 1947) that actually exists at the time of establishment of the Institute and of which the majority of its members are successional employees shall be deemed a labor union to which the Act on the Labor Relations of State Enterprises and Specified Incorporated Administrative Agencies, etc. (Act No. 257 of 1948) is applicable upon establishment of the Institute. In this case, if said employee organization is a juridical person, it shall be deemed a corporate labor union.

• 機構は、当分の間、独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構法附則第八条の四第一項の規定により造成、整備又は管理を行っている工場若しくは事業場、工場用地若しくは業務用地又は施設について、同意集積区域において地方公共団体若しくは第五条第二項第七号に規定する事業環境の整備の事業を実施する者が同意基本計画に従って行う事業又は特定事業者が行う特定事業の用に供するために管理及び譲渡の業務を行うことができる。
• The Organization may, for the time being, conduct businesses for the management and transfer of factories, workplaces, or factory sites, business sites, or facilities which it prepares, develops or manages as prescribed in Article 8-4, paragraph (1), of the Supplementary Provisions of the Organization for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation Act, so as to provide these sites or facilities for a business to be conducted by a local public entity or a person who conducts a business for the development of business environments as prescribed in Article 5, paragraph (2), item (vii) in accordance with the agreed basic plan or for a specified business to be conducted in an agreed cluster zone by a specified business operator.

• 旧令第一条第一号、第三 号、第八号から第十号まで、第十二号又は第十五号に掲げる新エネルギー利用等に係る利用計画を実施する法第九条第二項の認定事業者に関する法第十条第一号 の債務の保証に係る独立行政法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構の業務、法第十三条に規定する中小企業投資育成株式会社法（昭和三十八年法律第百一 号）の特例及び法第十四条に規定する報告の徴収については、なお従前の例による。
• With regard to the business of the Independent Administrative Agency, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development concerning a guarantee for the debt under Article 10, item (i) of the Act with respect to the certified business operator set forth in Article 9, paragraph (2) of the Act who implements the use plan pertaining to the new energy use, etc. listed in Article 1, item (i), item (iii), item (viii) to item (x), item (xii) or item (xv) of the Former Order, special provisions for the Small and Medium Business Investment and Consultation Companies Act (Act No. 101 of 1963) as prescribed in Article 13 of the Act and the collection of reports prescribed in Article 14 of the Act, the provisions then in force shall remain applicable.

• 近年は、電子図書館事業の拡充に力が注がれる一方、2005年（平成17年）の国立国会図書館法における館長の国務大臣待遇規定の削除、2006年（平成18年）の自由民主党行政改革推進本部の国会事務局改革の一環としての独立行政法人化の提言、2007年（平成19年）の国会関係者以外からは初めてとなる長尾真（元京都大学総長）の館長任命など、国立国会図書館の組織のあり方をめぐる動きが相次いでいる状況である。
• In recent years, while the NDL has focused on the expansion of the electronic library projects, there have been numerous movements related to the organization of the NDL, such as the following: removal of the 'minister of state' status for the chief librarian of the NDL under the National Diet Library Act in 2005; a suggestion on the transformation into an independent administrative institution as part of the National Diet Administrative Reforms by the Administrative Reform Promotion Headquarters of the Liberal Democratic Party in 2006; and the appointment of Makoto NAGAO (a former president of Kyoto University) as the chief librarian of the NDL in 2007, the first appointment of a non-Diet member, etc.

• 経済産業大臣は、第百六 十八条の三第一項又は第百六十八条の六第一項の規定により、研究所又は独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に検査を行わせた場合に おいて、その所在の場所において検査を行わせることが著しく困難であると認められる計量器、特殊容器又は特定物象量が表記された特定商品があったときは、 その所有者又は占有者に対し、期限を定めて、これを提出すべきことを命ずることができる。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry may, when he/she has caused the AIST or the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as the 'NITE') to make an inspection pursuant to the provisions of Article 168-3, paragraph 1 or Article 168-6, paragraph 1 and find any measuring instrument, special container or specified commodities with the indication of the quantity of specified physical phenomena which is deemed considerably difficult to be inspected by them at the place such items are located, order its owner or possessor to submit the same within a fixed period of time.

• 子（あるいは孫）が父母（あるいは祖父母）に対して行うことが違法となる行為を指し、訴訟を起こすこと、呪詛すること、罵詈を浴びせること、父母（祖父母）の許可なく勝手に戸籍や財産を分けて独立すること、父母（祖父母）の喪中（1年間）に婚姻すること、音楽などの娯楽にふけったり喪服を脱ぐこと、父母（祖父母）の死を聞いても悲しまずに平然としていること、父母（祖父母）が死んだと偽ってその妾と通じることが挙げられた。
• It refers to illegal acts done by children (or grandchildren) to their parents (or grandparents) such as follows; filing a suit, cursing, abusing, becoming independent by removing names from the koseki (family register) or inheriting properties without permission, getting married during the time of mourning for parent(s) or grandparent(s) (for one year), indulging in entertainment such as music, taking off mofuku (the livery of grief), staying calm without feeling sad to hear the death of their parent(s) or grandparent(s) and having affairs with concubine of parent(s)' (grandparent(s)') by telling a lie that they were dead.

• つまり、門閥、閨閥政治や中華思想また小中華思想など民族（人種）差別、日本蔑視思想で、「平等」の精神に真っ向から反する思想、親子（姑、嫁）が血みどろの権力闘争を繰り広げ、そのために事大主義に走り独立心がなく外交の一貫性がないこと、と福澤諭吉らから見れば、そう見える朝鮮王朝政府に対し、「天は人の上に人をつくらず...」（『学問のすゝめ』)とする思想を重んじる立場から「脱亜論」に至ったのだ、という解釈がある。
• For Fukuzawa, the government of the Korean Dynasties appeared to be totally against 'Equality' by discrimination by putting too much value on lineage and Keibatsu blood connection, Sinocentrism or petit Sinocentrism and disrespect for Japan as well as families repeating bloody strife over authority, no intention to be independent with their Sadaejuui policy and no consistency in their diplomacy; these things led him to write 'Datsu-A Ron' with his standpoint of 'ten wa hito no ue ni hito o tsukurazu...' (The heavens do not create Man above his station...) ('Gakumon no Susume' [An Encouragement of Learning]).

• 機構は、独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構法附則第五条第一項の政令で定める日までの間、同項第一号から第三号まで及び同条第二項の規定により管理を行っている工場用地、産業業務施設用地又は業務用地について、同意集積区域において地方公共団体若しくは第五条第二項第七号に規定する事業環境の整備の事業を実施する者が同意基本計画に従って行う事業又は特定事業者が行う特定事業の用に供するために管理及び譲渡の業務を行うことができる。
• The Organization may, until the date specified by a Cabinet Order set forth in Article 5, paragraph (1) of the Supplementary Provisions of the Organization for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Regional Innovation Act, conduct businesses for the management and transfer of factory sites, industrial business facility sites or business sites which it manages as prescribed in Article 5, paragraph (1), item (i) to item (iii) and Article 5, paragraph (2) of the same Act, so as to provide these sites for a business to be conducted by a local public entity or a person who conducts a business for the development of business environments as prescribed in Article 5, paragraph (2), item (vii) in accordance with the agreed basic plan or for a specified business to be conducted in an agreed cluster zone by a specified business operator.

• 受入れ機関が実施する研修の中に実務研修（商品を生産し若しくは販売する業務又は対価を得て役務の提供を行う業務に従事することにより技術、技能又は知識を修得する研修をいう。以下同じ。）が含まれている場合は、第六号の二に定める研修を受ける場合を除き、当該機関が次に掲げる要件に適合すること。ただし、受入れ機関が我が国の国若しくは地方公共団体の機関又は独立行政法人である場合その他法務大臣が告示をもって定める場合は、この限りでない。
• In cases where the training program scheduled by the accepting organization includes practical training (training in which the applicant is to obtain technology, skills, or knowledge by engaging in the production or sale of goods or in the provision of services in return for compensation; the same shall apply hereinafter), except in cases where the applicant participates in a training program as prescribed in item (vi)-2, the following requirements shall be fulfilled; provided, however, that this shall not apply to cases where the applicant is invited by the national government or a local government or an incorporated administrative agency, or in other cases as designated in a public notice by the Minister of Justice.

• 「私の流儀にすれば金がなければ使わない、有っても無駄に使わない、多く使うも、少なく使うも、一切世間の人のお世話に相成らぬ、使いたくなければ使わぬ、使いたければ使う、嘗（かつ）て人に相談しようとも思わなければ、人に喙（くちばし）を容れさせようとも思わぬ、貧富苦楽共に独立独歩、ドンなことがあっても、一寸でも困ったなんて泣き言を言わずに何時も悠々としているから、凡俗世界ではその様子を見て、コリャ何でも金持だと測量する人もありましょう。」
• My policy on money is like this. When I do not have it, I cannot use it, and when I have it, I do not waste it. Whether I use a large sum of money or little, I will never borrow it from people. When I do not want to use it, I do not use it, and when I want to use it, I use it. I have never sought someone's advice about whether or not to use it. I do not want to be instructed by anyone about that. When I am rich or poor, or when I am having a hard time or an easy time, I am always independent. Whatever happens, I have never grumbled to someone about it and always kept calm, which might have made people believe that I am rich.'

• これに対して山梨半造陸軍大臣をはじめ、田中義一前陸相及び元老山縣有朋は、軍部大臣に文官を任命することは軍人勅諭及び帝国憲法の統帥権の解釈からして不適当であること、陸軍省官制および海軍省官制には軍部大臣が現役あるいは予備役の大将・中将と明記され（当時は軍部大臣現役武官制ではない）ていること、また、陸海軍大臣の帷幄上奏には統帥に関わる部分も含まれており、これを文官が代理するのは憲法で保障された統帥権の独立に対する違憲行為であるとして反発した。
• Hanzo YAMANASHI, the Minister of Army, Giichi TANAKA, the former Minister of Army, and Aritomo YAMAGATA, the Genro, rebelled to appoint the civil officer to the Minister of Military, because it was not appropriate to the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and the understanding of supreme command in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the government regulations of the Ministry of Army and Navy described that the Minister of Military should be the Major Captain and Lieutenant General in commission or reserve duty (The Military ministers to be officers on active-duty rule was not adopted at that time.), and Iaku-joso (making comments on military affairs to the Emperor with full responsibility of the results) by the Minister of Army and Navy included a part related to the supreme command, the substitution of the duty by the civil officer would be the unconstitutional action against the independence of the supreme command which secured under the Constitution.

• この法律の施行の際現に存する特定独立行政法人等の労働関係に関する法律 （昭和二十三年法律第二百五十七号。次条において「特労法」という。）第四条第二項に規定する労働組合であって、その構成員の過半数が附則第二条の規定に より研究所に引き継がれる者であるものは、この法律の施行の際労働組合法（昭和二十四年法律第百七十四号）の適用を受ける労働組合となるものとする。この 場合において、当該労働組合が法人であるときは、法人である労働組合となるものとする。
• A labor union as prescribed in the provisions of Article 4, paragraph (2) of the Act on Labor Relations of Specified Incorporated Administrative Agencies, etc. (Act No. 257 of 1948; hereinafter referred to as 'Specified Labor Act' in the following Article) that actually exists upon enforcement of this Act, the majority of whose members continue on as employees of the Institute pursuant to the provisions of Article 2 of the supplementary provisions, shall be deemed a labor union that is subject to the Labor Union Act (Act No. 174 of 1949) at the time of enforcement of this Act. In this case, when said labor union is a juridical person, the labor union shall become a corporate labor union.

• この法律において「石油販売業」とは、石油の販売を行う事業（経済産業省令で定めるところにより算定したその事業の規模（揮発油等の品質の確保等に関する法律（昭和五十一年法律第八十八号）第二条第四項の揮発油販売業を行う者については、揮発油販売業以外の石油の販売の事業の規模）が経済産業省令で定める規模以下であるものを除く。以下同じ。）をいい、「石油販売業者」とは、石油販売業を行う者（独立行政法人石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構（以下「機構」という。）を除く。）をいう。
• The term 'Oil Distribution Business' as used in this Act means a business that sells Oil (excluding those whose scale of operation, calculated on the basis of criteria determined by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (with respect to those who engage in the distribution of gasoline as designated in paragraph (4), Article 2 of the Act Concerning the Maintenance of Quality of Gasoline, etc (Act No. 88, 1976), the scale of distribution of oil other than the distribution of gasoline. The same shall apply hereinafter), is one determined in the Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry or less, and 'Oil Distributor' means any business or company engaged in the distribution of oil (excluding the Independent Administrative Institute, Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (hereinafter referred to as the 'Corporation').

• 主務大臣（第五十 四条第一項第三号から第五号までの規定により、経済産業大臣が主務大臣となる場合に限る。第二十九条第二項、第三十一条第三項、第三十二条の二十一第二 項、第三十六条第二項、第四十一条第四項、第四十三条及び第四十九条において同じ。）は、前項の規定による申請があつた場合において、必要があると認める ときは、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構（以下「機構」という。）に、当該申請が第十八条第一項各号に適合しているかどうかについて、必要な調査を行わ せることができる。
• In cases where the application is made in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the competent minister (this shall be limited to cases where the Minister of the Economy, Trade and Industry is the competent minister pursuant to the provisions of Article 54, paragraph (1), item (iii) to item (v); the same shall apply in Article 29, paragraph (2), Article 31, paragraph (3), Article 32-21, paragraph (2), Article 36, paragraph (2), Article 41, paragraph (4), Article 43, and Article 49) may, when he/she finds it necessary, cause the Independent Administrative Agency National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as 'NITE') to conduct a necessary investigation with respect to whether such application is in conformity with each item of Article 18, paragraph (1).

• 国立大学法人法附則第九条第一項又は独立行政法人国立高等専門学校機構法附則第八条第一項の規定により国立大学法人等が承継した特許を受ける権利（平成十九年三月三十一日までにされた特許出願（同年四月一日以後にする特許出願であって、特許法第四十四条第二項（同法第四十六条第五項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定により同年三月三十一日までにしたものとみなされるものを除く。以下この項において同じ。）に係るものに限る。）又は当該国立大学法人等が当該特許を受ける権利に基づいて取得した特許権
• Rights to obtain a patent which a Incorporated National University, etc. has succeeded pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 9 of Supplementary Provisions of the Incorporated National University Act, or pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 8 of Supplementary Provisions, the Institute of National Colleges of Technology Incorporated Administrative Agency Act, (limited to those patent applications filed by March 31, 2007 (excluding those filed on or after April 1 of the same year, but deemed to have been filed by March 31 of the same year pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 44 of the Patent Act (including cases applies mutatis mutandis to the same Act Article 46 paragraph 5); hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article )) or patent rights obtained based on such right of said National University Corporation, etc. that enables to obtain said patent

• まちづくりの推進を図る活動を行うことを目的とする特定非営利活動促進法（平成十年法律第七号）第二条第二項の特定非営利活動法人、一般社団法人若しくは一般財団法人その他の営利を目的としない法人、独立行政法人都市再生機構、地方住宅供給公社若しくはまちづくりの推進に関し経験と知識を有するものとして国土交通省令で定める団体又はこれらに準ずるものとして地方公共団体の条例で定める団体は、前項に規定する土地の区域について、都道府県又は市町村に対し、都市計画の決定又は変更をすることを提案することができる。同項後段の規定は、この場合について準用する。
• Specified non-profit organizations established under paragraph (2), Article 2 of the Act to Promote Specified Non-Profit Activities (Act No. 7 of 1998) with the purpose of promoting community development activities, regular incorporation associations, regular incorporation foundations or any other non-profit corporations, the Urban Renaissance Agency, local housing corporations or any other organizations designated by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism as possessing experience and knowledge concerning community development, or organizations designated as equivalent to these by Prefectural or Municipal Ordinance may propose to the Prefectures or municipalities that city plans for the areas of land provided for in the preceding paragraph be decided or revised. The second sentence of the same paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis to these cases.

• 独立行政法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構（以下「機構」とい う。）は、非化石エネルギー、可燃性天然ガス及び石炭に関する技術並びにエネルギー使用合理化のための技術並びに鉱工業の技術に関し、民間の能力を活用し て行う研究開発（研究及び開発をいう。以下同じ。）、民間において行われる研究開発の促進、これらの技術の利用の促進等の業務を国際的に協調しつつ総合的 に行うことにより、産業技術の向上及びその企業化の促進を図り、もって内外の経済的社会的環境に応じたエネルギーの安定的かつ効率的な供給の確保並びに経 済及び産業の発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Incorporated Administrative Agency (hereinafter referred to as 'NEDO') is to enhance industrial technology and to promote the commercialization thereof by comprehensively performing functions such as promoting R&D (meaning research and development; the same shall apply hereinafter) carried out using skills from the private sector; promoting R&D done by the private sector with regard to technology for non-fossil energies, combustible natural gas, and coal; promoting the technology required for the rational use of energy and technology in mining and industry; and promoting the utilization of such technology in cooperation with the international community; to thereby contribute to ensuring a stable and efficient energy supply in accordance with the changes in the domestic and foreign economic and social environments and to the development of the economy and industry.

• 独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構（以下「機構」という。）は、同意基本計画において定められた集積区域（以下「同意集積区域」という。）において、当該同意集積区域に係る指定集積業種に属する事業（以下「特定事業」という。）を行う事業者（以下「特定事業者」という。）による企業立地及び事業高度化を促進するため、同意集積区域において、工場（特定事業の用に供するものに限る。以下この条において同じ。）、事業場（特定事業の用に供するものに限る。以下この条において同じ。）又は当該工場若しくは当該事業場の利用者の利便に供する施設の整備並びにこれらの賃貸その他の管理及び譲渡を行う。
• In order to promote the establishment of new business facilities and business innovation by a business operator who conducts a business that falls under the category of the designated cluster industries pertaining to a cluster zone provided for in the agreed basic plan (hereinafter referred to as an 'agreed cluster zone') in said agreed cluster zone (hereinafter such business shall be referred to as a 'specified business' and such business operator shall be referred to as a 'specified business operator'), the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation, JAPAN (hereinafter referred to as the 'Organization') shall conduct businesses for the development, leasing and other management and transfer of factories (limited to those used for a specified business; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article), workplaces (limited to those used for a specified business; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article), or facilities to be used for the convenience of the users of said factories or workplaces.

• 受入れ機関が実施する研修の中に実務研修が含まれている場合は、次号に定める研修を受ける場合を除き、申請人が次のいずれかに該当する外国の機関の常勤の職員であり、かつ、当該機関から派遣される者であること。ただし、申請人が本邦の機関が外国に設立することを予定している合弁企業若しくは現地法人の常勤の職員の養成を目的とする研修を受けるため当該本邦の機関に受け入れられる場合で当該合弁企業若しくは現地法人の設立が当該外国の公的機関により承認されているとき又は受入れ機関が我が国の国若しくは地方公共団体の機関若しくは独立行政法人である場合その他法務大臣が告示をもって定める場合は、この限りでない。
• In cases where the training program scheduled by the accepting organization includes practical training, the applicant must be a full-time employee of any of the following organizations overseas, and must be on dispatch from said organization, except in cases where the applicant participates in a training program as prescribed in the following item; provided, however, that this shall not apply in cases where a Japanese organization accepts the applicant for training with the objective of developing him/her as a full-time employee of a joint venture company or foreign subsidiary that said Japanese organization plans to establish overseas, when the establishment of said joint venture company or foreign subsidiary has been approved by the competent authorities in the relevant country; nor shall this apply in cases where the accepting organization is the Japanese national government or a local government or an incorporated administrative agency, or in cases as designated in a public notice by the Minister of Justice.

• 独立行政法人通則法第三条、第八条第一項、第九条、第十一条、第十六条、第十七条、第二十二条、第二十四条から第二十六条まで、第三十一条から第三十四条まで、第三十六条、第三十七条、第三十九条から第四十三条まで、第四十六条から第五十条まで、第五十二条、第五十三条、第六十一条及び第六十三条から第六十六条までの規定は、支援センターについて準用する。この場合において、これらの規定中「主務大臣」とあるのは「法務大臣」と、「主務省令」とあるのは「法務省令」と、「評価委員会」とあり、及び「当該評価委員会」とあるのは「日本司法支援センター評価委員会」と読み替えるほか、次の表の上欄に掲げる同法の規定中同表の中欄に掲げる字句は、それぞれ同表の下欄に掲げる字句に読み替えるものとする。
• Article 3, Article 8, paragraph (1), Article 9, Article 11, Article 16, Article 17, Article 22, Articles 24 to 26 inclusive, Articles 31 to 34 inclusive, Article 36, Article 37, Articles 39 to 43 inclusive, Articles 46 to 50, Article 52, Article 53, Article 61 and Articles 63 to 66 inclusive of the Act on the General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies shall apply mutatis mutandis to the JLSC. In this case, the term 'competent minister' in these provisions shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Minister of Justice', the term 'ordinance of the competent ministry' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice', the terms 'evaluation commission' and 'said evaluation commission' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Evaluation Commission of the Japan Legal Support Center' and the terms listed in the middle column of the following table in the provisions given in the left-hand column of the same table shall be respectively deemed to be replaced with the terms in the right-hand column of the same table.

• 次に掲げる特許権又は特許を受ける権利について特許法第百七条第一項の規定により納付すべき特許料、同法第百九十五条第一項若しくは第二項の規定により納付すべき手数料又は工業所有権に関する手続等の特例に関する法律（平成二年法律第三十号）第四十条第一項の規定により納付すべき手数料に関する特許法第百七条第二項の規定、同法第百九十五条第四項及び第五項の規定（これらの規定を特許協力条約に基づく国際出願等に関する法律（昭和五十三年法律第三十号）第十八条第四項において準用する場合を含む。）又は工業所有権に関する手続等の特例に関する法律第四十条第三項及び第四項の規定の適用については、国立大学法人（国立大学法人法第二条第一項に規定する国立大学法人をいう。）、大学共同利用機関法人又は独立行政法人国立高等専門学校機構（以下この条において「国立大学法人等」という。）は、国とみなす。
• In application of paragraph 2 of Article 107 concerning the patent fees that should be paid pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 107 of the Patent Act, the fees that should be paid pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 or paragraph 2 of Article 195 of the same Act, or fees that should be paid pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 40 of the Act on Special Measures for Procedures, etc. Regarding Industrial Property Rights, (Act No. 30 of 1990), paragraph 4 and paragraph 5 (including cases where these provisions are applied mutatis mutandis to the Act on International Applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (Act No. 30 of 1978), Article 18, paragraph 4), and the provisions of paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 of Article 40 of the Act on Special Measures for Procedures, etc. Regarding Industrial Property Rights, ,incorporated national university (meaning the incorporated national university prescribed in the Incorporated National University Act, Article 2, paragraph 1), Inter-University Research Institute, or Institute of National Colleges of Technology [Incorporated Administrative Agencies] (hereinafter referred to in this Articles as 'Incorporated National University, etc.') shall be deemed as the national government.

• 本省課長補佐級以上の職員は、事業者等から、金銭、物品その他の財産上の利益の供与若しくは供応接待（以下「贈与等」という。）を受けたとき又は事業者等と職員の職務との関係に基づいて提供する人的役務に対する報酬として国家公務員倫理規程で定める報酬の支払を受けたとき（当該贈与等を受けた時又は当該報酬の支払を受けた時において本省課長補佐級以上の職員であった場合に限り、かつ、当該贈与等により受けた利益又は当該支払を受けた報酬の価額が一件につき五千円を超える場合に限る。）は、一月から三月まで、四月から六月まで、七月から九月まで及び十月から十二月までの各区分による期間（以下「四半期」という。）ごとに、次に掲げる事項を記載した贈与等報告書を、当該四半期の翌四半期の初日から十四日以内に、各省各庁の長等（各省各庁の長及び特定独立行政法人の長をいう。以下同じ。）又はその委任を受けた者に提出しなければならない。
• When officials at the rank of assistant director or higher at the headquarters receive a give of money, article, or other property benefits, or an entertainment or a treat (hereinafter referred to as 'gifts, etc.') from business operators, etc., or when they receive the payment of a reward provided for in the National Public Service Ethics Code as the reward for a personal service offered, based on a relationship between the business operators, etc. and the duties of officials (limited to cases where they were officials at the rank of assistant director or higher at the headquarters when they received the gifts, etc. or the payment of the reward, and limited to cases where a profit received through the gifts, etc. or a value of the reward received in payment exceeds 5,000 yen per case), the officials shall submit a report of gifts, etc., describing the following items to the heads of each ministry and agency, etc. (this refers to the heads of each ministry and agency and the heads of the specified incorporated administrative agencies; the same shall apply hereinafter) or to a person who is delegated by them within 14 days from the first day of the quarter following the current quarter, with quarters being divided as January through March, April through June, July through September and October through December (hereinafter referred to as 'quarter').

• 第四章の規定の適用を受ける特定独立行政法人等の労働関係に関する法律（昭和二十三年法律第二百五十七号）第二条第四号の職員に対する同法第三十七条第一項第一号の規定の適用については、同号中「第三条第二項から第四項まで、第三条の二」とあるのは「第三条第二項から第四項まで（職務に係る倫理の保持に関する事務を除く。）」と、「第十七条、第十七条の二」とあるのは「第十七条（職員の職務に係る倫理の保持に関して行われるものを除く。）」と、「第八十四条第二項、第八十四条の二」とあるのは「第八十四条第二項（国家公務員倫理法（平成十一年法律第百二十九号）又はこれに基づく命令（同法第五条第三項の規定に基づく訓令及び同条第四項の規定に基づく規則を含む。）に違反する行為に関して行われるものを除く。）」と、「第百条第四項」とあるのは「第百条第四項（第十七条の二の規定により権限の委任を受けた国家公務員倫理審査会が行う調査に係るものを除く。）」とする。
• In the application of the provision of item 1 of paragraph 1 of Article 37 of the Act on Labor Relationship of Specified Incorporated Administrative Agency, etc. (Act No. 257 of 1948) to the officials set forth in item 4 of Article 2 of the same Act to whom the provisions of Chapter IV of this Act are applied, the term 'from paragraph 2 of Article 3 to paragraph 4 of Article 3-2,' the term 'Article 17, Article 17-2,' the term 'paragraph 2 of Article 84, Article 84-2' and the term 'paragraph 4 of Article 100' in item 1 of paragraph 1 of Article 37 of the same Act shall be deemed to be replaced with 'from paragraph 2 to paragraph 4 of Article 3 (excluding matters concerning the maintenance of ethics pertaining to the duties of officials),' 'Article 17 (excluding matters concerning the maintenance of ethics pertaining to the duties of officials),' 'paragraph 2 of Article 84 (excluding what is conducted concerning acts that violate the National Public Service Ethics Act (Act No. 129 of 1999) or orders pursuant to this Act (including official directives pursuant to the provision of paragraph 3 of Article 5 of the same Act and regulations pursuant to the provision of paragraph 4 of the same Article)),' and 'paragraph 4 of Article 100 (excluding what is pertaining to investigations conducted by the National Public Service Ethics Board, to which the authority is delegated pursuant to the provision of Article 17-2),' respectively.

• 承認事業者が国立大学法人（国立大学法人法第二条第一項に規定する国立大学法人をいう。）、大学共同利用機関法人（同条第三項に規定する大学共同利用機関法人をいう。）又は独立行政法人国立高等専門学校機構から譲渡を受けた特許権若しくは特許を受ける権利（産業技術力強化法（平成十二年法律第四十四号）附則第三条第一項各号に掲げるものに限る。）又は当該特許を受ける権利に基づいて取得した特許権（平成十九年三月三十一日までにされた特許出願（同年四月一日以後にする特許出願であって、特許法第四十四条第二項（同法第四十六条第五項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定により同年三月三十一日までにしたものとみなされるものを除く。）に係るものに限る。）であって承認事業者に属するものについて特許法第百七条第一項の規定により納付すべき特許料、同法第百九十五条第一項若しくは第二項の規定により納付すべき手数料又は工業所有権に関する手続等の特例に関する法律第四十条第一項の規定により納付すべき手数料の納付については、承認事業者を国とみなして特許法第百七条第二項、第百九十五条第四項及び第五項並びに工業所有権に関する手続等の特例に関する法律第四十条第三項及び第四項の規定を適用する。
• Concerning the payment of patent fees to be paid pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 107 of the Patent Act, the fees to be paid pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 or paragraph 2 of Article 195 of the same Act, or the fees to be paid pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 40 of the Act on Special Provisions of Procedures, etc. concerning Industrial Property Rights, with respect to patent rights or the right to receive a patent (limited to those listed in the items of paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Supplementary Provisions of Industrial Technology Enhancement Act (Act No. 44 of 2000)) or to patent rights obtained based on the right to receive said patent (limited to those pertaining to patent application filed on or before March 31, 2007 (excluding those filed on or after April 1 of the same year, but deemed, pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 44 of the Patent Act (including those cases that paragraph 5 of Article 46 of the same Act apply mutatis mutandis thereto), to have been filed on or before March 31 of the same year)), the assignment of which rights having been received by an Accredited TLO from a National University Corporation (referring to a National University Corporation provided in paragraph 1 of Article 2 of the National University Corporation Act), an Inter-University Research Institute Corporation (referring to an Inter-University Research Institute Corporation provided in paragraph 3 of the same Article), or from a Institute of National Colleges of Technology [Incorporated Administrative Agency], and said rights belonging to the Accredited TLO, under these conditions the Accredited TLO shall be deemed to be the State and the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 107, paragraph 4 and paragraph 5 of Article 195 of the Patent Act as well as paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 of Article 40 of the Act on Special Provisions for Procedures, etc. concerning Industrial Property Rights shall be applied.