特に: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 特に
- particularly
- especially
- in particular
- notably
- inter alia
- bitch
- chiefly
- esp.
- peculiarly
- specifically
- 特にない
- nothing in particular
- 特に記録されていない。
- There is no particular description about his achievements.
- There is no particular description about his achievement.
- No specific records exist.
- 前者が特に知られている。
- In particular, the former is well known.
- 特に聖学を指す場合がある。
- It sometimes particularly refers to Seigaku (religious studies).
- これは特に金貨本位制という。
- This is especially called gold specie standard system.
- 幕府の法律、特に犯罪と裁判。
- Bakufu's law, especially for crimes and trials
- 童直衣は特に宣旨を要しない。
- There was no need to receive Senshi to wear Warawa noshi (Noshi for the children).
- 死因については特に問わない。
- It does not matter why they died.
- それは特に女性関係に現れた。
- This was especially apparent with his relationship with women.
- 堺の繁栄は特に顕著であった。
- In particular, prosperity of Sakai was quite significant.
- 特に日中戦争の頃に主唱された。
- It was vigorously advocated especially during the Sino-Japanese War.
- 栄典(特に勲等)に関連する法令
- Law concerning honor (especially medals for merit)
- 特に緑釉陶器を指す場合がある。
- In some cases, nenryo zakki referred specifically to ryokuyu toki (green-glazed ware).
- 翻訳は特に初期に多く掲載された。
- Especially in the first stage, translations were often published.
- この一揆、特に岡山県で激しかった。
- The uprisings were fierce especially in Okayama Prefecture.
- 特に建長寺船・天龍寺船などが有名。
- In particular such vessels named Kenchojibune (a group of traveling vessels that were dispatched to Yuan dynasty in order to make profits to cover the costs of repair and construction on Kencho-ji Temple) and Tenryujibune (trading vessels dispatched to the Yuan dynasty in order to raise funds to build Tenryu-ji Temple in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts) are the most famous.
- 命名には特に規則性は無いようである。
- It seems no special rules are found for naming these sites.
- 特に天王寺苧座の発言力は大きかった。
- Among others, 'Tennoji so-za' (the guild of aoso in Tennoji) had a particularly powerful voice within the aoso community.
- 特に騎射の才を認められて寵愛された。
- He won the Emperor's favor particularly because his talent for Kisha (to shoot an arrow with riding a horse) was appreciated.
- 民部省 - 民政特に租税・財政を掌る。
- Minbusho (Ministry of Civil Affairs): in charge of civil administration, particularly tax and finance.
- 特に平安時代に僧から広まり、流行した。
- That custom started by priests and became popular especially in the Heian period.
- 近年特に変化著しい温泉地の一つである。
- It is one of the hot spring resorts that are dramatically changing in recent years.
- 特に海軍に対し、協力的な姿勢を示した。
- He displayed a cooperative stance, particularly toward the navy.
- 特に伊那の平田学派の存在は有名である。
- The existence of Hirata school in Ina is especially famous.
- 特に良文流の坂東平氏を坂東八平氏という。
- The Bando-Heishi of the Yoshifumi linage are specifically referred to as the Bando Hachi Heishi (the Eight Taira Clans of the East).
- なお、この服喪期間を特に「諒闇」という。
- Moreover, this mourning period is especially called 'ryoan.'
- 市長在任時は、特に教育問題に力を入れた。
- While serving as a mayor, he especially focused on the issue of education.
- 高橋の業績で特に著名なのがフグ毒である。
- One of TAKAHASHI's most famous achievements is his study on puffer fish poison.
- 特に北郷氏は旧領回復の機会であり奮戦した。
- Particularly, since it was a chance for the Hokugo clan to regain its former territory, all involved from his clan worked hard.
- 裏方である大道具を特に称える掛け声もある。
- Sometimes the audience does kakegoe to admire sceneshifters.
- 特に東京都墨田区の本所 (墨田区)が著名。
- Especially, Honjo in Sumida Ward, Tokyo Prefecture are famous for that.
- 特に稲荷山古墳出土の鉄剣銘文は文字数が多い。
- Above all an inscription of iron sword unearthed from Inariyama-kofun Tumulus has a lot of letters on it.
- (特に鳶ヶ巣山砦攻撃の発案は徳川方である)。
- (It was the Tokugawa side that proposed an assault on the fort of Mt. Tobigasu).
- 特に高貴な人物のそれが話題になることが多い。
- In particular, rakuin of high class people often comes to an issue.
- 特に藩主の場合は「蘭癖大名」などと呼ばれる。
- Particularly, when they were feudal lords, they were called 'ranpeki daimyo' (daimyo who were devoted to Dutch or Western culture).
- - 伊達実元など特に有力な家臣が居城とした。
- It was a castle where powerful vassals such as Sanemoto DATE resided.
- 特に紛らわしいのは、小町大路と小町通である。
- Particularly confusing are the Komachi-oji Street and Komachi-dori Street.
- 特に尾高・宮沢論争と佐々木・和辻論争が有名。
- Especially the dispute between Odaka and Miyazawa and the dispute between Sasaki and Watsuji are well known.
- 諸道の学者による勘文を特に諸道勘文ともいう。
- Kanmon written by the scholars of Shodo were specifically called Shodo Kanmon.
- 特に名高い逸話として以下のようなものがある。
- The following are the especially famous anecdotes.
- 特に、島津氏家臣・禰寝氏との関係は深かった。
- Especially, the Hiramatsu family had a close tie with the Nejime clan, vassal of the Shimazu clan.
- 特に指示のない限り『公卿補任』の記載による。
- Unless indicated otherwise, records are based on the descriptions of 'kugyo bunin' (directory of the successive Imperial officials).
- この第1段とも謂うべきところが特に有名である。
- The first section of the Johyobun is especially famous.
- 特に、世襲を原則とした地位の継承について言う。
- In particular, it is succession of the position by heredity.
- また中山家は「勲功により特に」侯爵が授けられた。
- The Nakayama family was ranked as Koshaku (侯爵) 'in particular due to distinguished contributions.'
- 特に、参詣道跡である熊野古道周辺でそれが著しい。
- This is particularly prominent in the area around Kumano-kodo Road which is a site of Pilgrimage Routes.
- 特に香りや味などに味噌の風味が移るのが喜ばれる。
- Especially permeated flavor of miso paste is favored.
- (以下、福岡の回顧は特に断らない限りこれに依る。)
- (Hereinafter Fukuoka's retrospect is based on this unless otherwise stated.)
- 特に相続と財産譲与に19件にわたって記述している。
- Especially inheritance and assignment of property are explained in as many as nineteen cases.
- その中でも特に中心的存在であるのが島田一郎である。
- Among this group, Ichiro SHIMADA was the central figure.
- 特に南部の明倫学区や本能学区での人口増加が著しい。
- The Meirin school and Honno school districts in the south of Nakagyo Ward, in particular, have seen rapid population growth.
- 山科は東海道の街道町であり江戸時代には特に栄えた。
- Yamashina, a post town of the Tokaido, flourished in particular during the Edo period.
- 特に、目的地を持った行幸には地名が付くことがある。
- Especially when Gyoko to a specific place, the name of the place is added.
- 特に麻雀はサウサンプトンに着くまで熱中したという。
- Especially, he was reportedly engrossed in playing Mah-jong until he arrived at Southampton.
- 特に室町幕府財政において主要な財源の1つであった。
- It was the main source of revenue, especially for the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- そうしたなかで特に著名なのが、『太平御覧』である。
- Above all, 'Taihei Gyoran' was particularly famous.
- 特に院政期についての事情などについては詳細である。
- It describes in detail the Insei period (the period of the Retired Emperor's rule), in particular.
- 特に志士時代には、幕府側から常時命を狙われていた。
- When he was engaged in royalist activities he was the constant target of assassination by the shogunate.
- このため家宣も詮房のことは特に信頼していたという。
- It is said that Ienobu relied especially on Akifusa because of this work ethic.
- 以下は、律令制の中の官制、特に官職について説明する。
- System of government in the ritsuryo system, and particularly government posts are explained below.
- 各国公使館所在の区域を特に公使館の使用のみに充てる。
- An area where the legation of each country is located shall be reserved for its use only.
- この傾向は特に10万石前後の譜代大名に多く見られる。
- This tendency was often seen among hereditary vassale daimyo (fudai daimyo) with an annual stipend of around hundred thousand koku in rice.
- これらの記録は特に東北戦争において見ることができる。
- The records of these acts were found from the Tohoku War in particular.
- 特に大根は「淀大根」という地域ブランドとなっている。
- The Japanese radish named 'Yodo Daikon Japanese radish' has been designated as a regional brand.
- 目的地が複数ある場合は特に巡幸(じゅんこう)と言う。
- Visiting more than one place is called Junko.
- 女性の用いるものは特に袙扇(あこめおうぎ)とも呼ぶ。
- Hiogi for female in particular is also called Akome-ogi.
- 特に院号と位号を合わせて院居士・院信士と俗称される。
- Especially, the name combined Ingo and Igo is commonly called Inkoji and Inshinshi.
- 両者を区別するために室町期守護を特に守護大名という。
- To distinguish these two shugo, the shugo in the Muromachi period is specifically called 'shugo-daimyo.'
- 下記は日本、特に中世期の土豪を中心とした説明である。
- The following mainly pertains to dogo in Japan particularly during the middle ages.
- 以下、特に判明している部分のいくつかについて述べる。
- Some of the parts that have already revealed are described as follows.
- これは、領土を実際に奪った罪を特に重くした区分である。
- This classification was designed to treat an act of actually seizing a territory as an especially capital crime.
- 特に各地の農村の指導者層には地租の重圧は負担であった。
- The increased land-tax was a pain especially for leading members in rural villages.
- 特に海軍は旧幕府軍のみが持っていた強力な戦力であった。
- The Navy, in particular, was a strong military force that only the former Shogunate forces possessed.
- 特に秋は紅葉の名所である為、休日には渋滞は必至である。
- Especially at holiday time in autumn, traffic congestion on the road is almost inevitable as the roadside is famous for the beautiful colored autumnal leaves.
- その対象となった荘園・公領を特に「兵粮料所」と呼んだ。
- The target manors and lands under the control of the feudal government were called 'Hyoro-ryosho.'
- 書画に巧みで、特に彼の描いた絵画は神技とまで謳われた。
- He was skillful with the brush and in particular and the painting he had drawn were reputed to hold magical powers.
- 宗旦の門弟の中で、特に活躍した4人を宗旦四天王という。
- The four disciples who showed particular achievements were called the Sotan shitenno.
- しばしば大名が就任した(開幕初期はその傾向が特に強い)。
- Often a daimyo was installed as a ban-gashira (especially, such tendency was often seen during the early years of the Edo bakufu).
- 『明六雑誌』は、特に政府の目の敵にされた訳ではなかった。
- 'Meiroku Zasshi' was not especially seen as an enemy by the government.
- 特に連座が予想される次男の大石吉千代は仏門に入れている。
- Since he was afraid that especially his second son Kichichiyo OISHI might get involved, he made him enter the Buddhist priesthood.
- 特に冬期の早朝の山間部では霧が濃く路面の凍結も見られる。
- The fog is thick and the road surface freezes early morning in winter especially with regards to the mountain regions.
- 特に2回目の敗北はブッシュにとってショックだったらしい。
- Especially, the defeat in the second match seemingly gave President George H. W. Bush a shock.
- 鎌倉幕府の存立は、武士、特に関東武士団を基盤としていた。
- The existence of Kamakura bakufu was based on samurai, especially Kanto Samurai Group.
- 特に『七人の侍』では主役の七人のひとり・七郎次を演じる。
- In particular, he played the role of Shichiroji, one of seven leading roles in 'Seven Samurai.'
- 特に第七子の信光は、権守として座の中心的な地位を担った。
- Nobumitsu, who was the seventh child of Onami, took the central role of the guild as the Gon no kami (provisional governor).
- 和歌と書に優れ、特に書は「大橋様」とまで称されたという。
- She was well versed in waka (a traditional Japanese poem of 31 syllables) and calligraphy, and was even had a respected title of 'Ohashi sama' in the calligraphy world.
- 特に文化から文政年間にかけては、俊英な弟子達が出揃った。
- Especially in the Bunka era (1804-1818) and the Bunsei era (1818-1830), very talented students entered his school.
- 特に『定家』『江口』『西行櫻』などが名演として知られる。
- In particular, 'Sadaie' (FUJIWARA no Sadaie), 'Eguchi' (Mouth of sound, Noh play) and 'Saigyosakura' (a tree planted by the medieval priest and poet Saigyo) and so on were known as excellent performance.
- 特に左團次とは長く、彼の号にちなみお茶屋『杏花』を開業。
- In particular, she remained friends with Sadanji for a long time, and opened the tea house 'Kyoka,' named after his pen name.
- 特に近年の映画やドラマではこれをよく耳にするようになった。
- These words have appeared in recent movies and dramas very often.
- 未曾有の大入りで、特に時蔵の弥右衛門が好評であったという。
- The theater was packed to capacity, and particularly Yaemon performed by Tokizo gained much popularity.
- 特に第三版改訂の際は、実定法についての言及が大半を占めた。
- In particular, on the occasion of revision to the third edition, reference to positive law occupied a larger portion.
- 廃止法令は特に出されず、形式的には明治維新期まで存続した。
- There was no official announcement of abolishing it, and thus it perfunctorily remained until the Meiji Restoration period.
- 特に、渇水になると深いヒビが入り水田は壊滅的打撃を受ける。
- Particularly in a shortage of water, the rice field cracked and suffered from a devastating damage.
- 取り調べで特に拷問や自白の強要が行われたという記録はない。
- There is no record of torture or forced confession during the examination.
- 巨大なケヤキの切り株で造られた露天風呂は特に付着が激しい。
- Especially, an open-air bath made of a huge Japanese zelkova stump is covered with a lot of deposits.
- 母后威子は馨子内親王を特に可愛がり、斎院にも時折行啓した。
- Her mother FUJIWARA no Ishi particularly loved her, and would visit her in the Sai-in occasionally.
- また、手先が非常に器用な女性であり、特に押絵を得意とした。
- She was also clever with her hands, especially good at making a raised cloth pictures.
- 特に近衛忠熙は孝明天皇からの信任が厚く顧問として活躍した。
- Particularly, Tadahiro KONOE, who enjoyed the deep confidence of Emperor Komei, worked as an adviser.
- 山陰道の入り口に当たるため、江戸幕府から特に重要視された。
- Kameyama was greatly valued by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as it served as the gateway to a region of Japan known as the Sanin-do.
- 特に御給(おんきゅう)とも呼び、親王以下の人給と区別した。
- It was also called Onkyu or Gokyu (a kind of payment paid to members of the Imperial family) and was separate from kyuden (provided rice field) given to those with rank lower than the Imperial prince.
- 大形のものとしては、『中尊寺金色堂須弥壇』が特に知られる。
- 'Chuson-ji Konjikido (Golden Hall) Shumidan' is extremely famous as a large-size product.
- 特に畿内では、有力寺社へ田地を寄進する動きが活発となった。
- Especially in the Kinai region, the rice-field donation to dominant temples and shrines became active.
- 特に当時一流の陰陽師である有世の権威は相当なものがあった。
- Ariyo's authority as a first-class Onmyoji at the time was remarkable.
- 江戸 吉原遊郭では一時期これを特に花魁(おいらん)といった。
- This was especially called Oiran in the Yoshiwara yukaku (red-light district) in Edo for a while.
- 戦死者の通説(特に武田軍の1万2000)にも不明な点が多い。
- The standard number of the dead (especially Takeda's 12,000) is also problematic.
- 特に泗川城では島津義弘が明・朝鮮軍を大破した(泗川の戦い)。
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU devastated the Ming-Korean force at Shisen-jo Castle (the Battle of Sacheon).
- この今体派は特に「汪啓淑」の流れを多く継承しているとされる。
- It is considered that the Kintai school, in particular, inherited the trend of 'O Keishuku.'
- 特に竹腰家は、青松葉事件の対象であるふいご党の領袖であった。
- Especially the Takenokoshi family was the leader of the Fuigo party which was the object of Aomatsuba Incident.
- 特に平清盛は宋との貿易に熱心で、以降大量に宋銭が輸入される。
- In particular, TAIRA no Kiyomori was eager to trade with Sung, and a large amount of the Sung currency was imported after that.
- また、御三家の正室は、特に御簾中(ごれんじゅう)と呼ばれた。
- Legal wives of Gosanke were specifically called gorenju (literally, 'behind the screen').
- 特に芸妓部は祇園甲部、先斗町と並ぶ芸所として名を馳せていた。
- The eastern area was especially well-known as an entertainment district, along with Gion Kobu and Ponto-cho.
- 丹波黒豆(特に、旧和知町で生産される「和知黒」は評価が高い)
- Tanba Black Soybean (especially 'Wachikuro' produced in the former Wachi-cho has a high reputation).
- 特に足利義政の東山山荘(現慈照寺、通称銀閣寺)は有名である。
- The Higashiyama mountain villa of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA is especially famous (present Jisho-ji Temple, aka. Ginkaku-ji Temple).
- 歴代菅原氏の人物の中で特に有名なのは是善の子菅原道真である。
- One of the most famous members of the Sugawara clan was Sugawara no Michizane, Koreyoshi's son.
- 主計寮は税収(特に租庸調)を把握・監査することが職掌である。
- The job of Shukeiryo was to figure out and audit the tax revenues (especially those from So-Yo-Cho tax system).
- 特に回数・影響力が高まってくるのは正平一統以後のことである。
- It is after Shohei itto (temporal unification of the Northern and Southern Courts) that the frequency and influence of bukeshisso started to increase.
- 現代でも名田に由来する地名が残存しており、特に西日本に多い。
- Today they still have some place names which are derived from myoden names, particularly in the Western Japan.
- そのため、秀忠が征夷大将軍就任後、特に重用されるようになる。
- As a result Hidehisa was entrusted with an important job by Hidetada after Hidetada assumed Seii Taishogun/Barbarian Subduing Generalissimo.
- 書画を能くし、特に富士山を筆写した「百芙蓉図」は有名である。
- He was good at painting and the transcription of Mt. Fuji, 'Hyaku fuyo zu' (100 Fuyo's drawings), is especially famous.
- 特に飾太刀は柄頭の形態から環頭太刀や円頭太刀などに分類される。
- Specifically, Kazari-tachi is classified in Kanto-tachi (ring-headed sword) and Ento-tachi (round-headed sword) due to the form of tsuka-gashira.
- 特にダイハツ工業、日立製作所、日立マクセルなどの大工場がある。
- Among them are the large factories of Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd., Hitachi, Ltd. and Hitachi Maxell, Ltd.
- 特に4代満家の死後義定に至るまでの系図は信憑性が低いとされる。
- In particular, some say that the family tree after the death of the fourth Mitsuie to Yoshisada lacks credibility.
- 平氏の中でも伊勢平氏、特に平正盛の系統を平家(へいけ)と呼ぶ。
- The Ise-Heishi branch of the Taira clan, and those descended from TAIRA no Masamori in particular, are specifically called the Heike (Taira family).
- 日本では皇族女性、特に内親王が非皇族(臣下)に嫁ぐ場合を指す。
- In Japan, koka refers to the case of marriage between a woman from Imperial family, especially an Imperial Princess, and a man from a non-imperial family (a subject).
- 特に薬草の場合には、年料雑薬(ねんりょうぞうやく)とも称した。
- In the case of herbal plants, it was especially called Nenryo zoyaku.
- 特に立石は久留米藩領内に匿われている大楽とも連絡を取っていた。
- Especially, Tateishi was in contact with Dairaku who was being given shelter in the domain of Kurume.
- 特に実子である稲葉正勝と義理の孫に当たる堀田正盛が著名である。
- Particularly famous is the case of her biological son Masakatsu INABA and the case of Masamori HOTTA, her grandson by marriage.
- 父と同様に学識に秀で、特に漢詩の才をもっては当代随一であった。
- He excelled in his studies like his father and showed outstanding talent, particularly in composing Chinese poems.
- 雄足の職務については、特に第3期を中心に研究が進められてきた。
- In terms of Otari's work, research has been advanced centering on particularly in the third period.
- 特に大日本帝国陸軍では、将兵は全文暗誦できることが当然とされた。
- It was taken for granted that officers and soldiers in Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) in particular recited all the sentences.
- その中でも特に冬緒は長命だったこともあり累進して大納言に至った。
- Particularly, Fuyuo was promoted to be Dainagon (chief councilor of state), partly due to his longevity.
- 特に陵墓管理については陵戸の名簿を管理してその守衛にあたらせた。
- For the management of imperial mausoleums in particular, the bureau kept a name list of Ryoko (imperial tomb guard) and made them guard the mausoleums.
- 特に御亭は御座所に面する庭園にあり、2階建望楼風の建物であった。
- The Gotei was located in the garden, which was facing the Gozasho, and was a two-story Boro (watch tower) style building.
- 特に明治維新の思想的原動力として大きな影響を及ぼしたといわれる。
- It is said Yomeigaku had a great influence on the Meiji Restoration, especially as an ideological driving force.
- 特に多くの掃討戦を行ったのはドイツであって、約半分を占めている。
- Most of the sweep-up operation was performed by Germany, which did about half of it.
- 特に旧安史軍の三将はその傾向が強く、これを河朔三鎮と呼んでいる。
- In particular, the three generals of the former An Shi army had a very strong tendency to be so, and they were called Kasaku Sanchin.
- 特に義朝の長子源義平に娘を娶らせるなど積極的に関係を強めている。
- Particularly, he voluntarily strengthened the relationship by marring his daughter off to MINAMOTO no Yoshihira, the eldest child of Yoshitomo, etc.
- 記載が豊富な崇神天皇の即位前の時期も含めて特に記録されていない。
- No specific records exist even for the period before the enthronement of the Emperor Sujin whose deeds were abundantly recorded.
- 特に院政期ごろからこの風習がおこり、盛んに行われるようになった。
- Especially, the custom started in the insei period (period of the government by the Retired Emperor) and became popular.
- 後にその役目を担った伝奏を特に「武家伝奏」と称するようになった。
- And later, the tenso who assumed the role of relaying the intention came to be called 'buke tenso' (liaison officers between the Imperial court and the military government).
- 特に下級官人や僧兵などの僧侶に対する粛正を目的としたものが多い。
- In many cases, it aimed especially at tightening discipline of lower-ranking government officials and Buddhist monks including armed priests.
- この段階をのちの神仏習合と特に区別して神仏混淆ということもある。
- The phase may be called Shinbutsu-konko to differentiate from later Shinbutsu-shugo.
- 書院造が成立すると、書斎・書庫などの書室を特に学問所と呼称した。
- With the establishment of the Shoin-zukuri style, book repositories such as shosai (a study) and libraries came to be called gakumonjo.
- その中でも実証主義史学と特に唯物史観史学の2つが主潮流をなした。
- In particular, positivism-based history and materialistic view-based history have become dominant.
- 特に荘園では年貢徴収を指して勧農と呼ぶ例も見られるようになった。
- Especially in shoen, nengu (render) collection was sometimes referred to as kanno.
- その縁で14歳で舞妓になり、歌舞に優れて特に胡弓が上手であった。
- O-yuki became a Maiko at the age of 14, exhibiting outstanding skill in Japanese chants and dance, being particularly skilled with the Chinese fiddle.
- ※特に典拠の無い限り、『日本三代実録』『公卿補任』の記載による。
- * Main references are 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan) or 'Kugyobunin' (directory of court nobles); in case of other references, they are indicated respectively.
- ほかに笙・筝の名手として知られ、特に筝は醍醐天皇より学んでいる。
- He was also known as an excellent Sho (Japanese flute and So (a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings) player, and he learned how to play So from Emperor Daigo.
- また、都に残された時忠の家族にも特に圧迫が加えられた様子はない。
- Also, there is no trace of pressure on Tokitada's family left in the capital.
- 入信した大名の領地では、特に顕著にキリスト教が広がることになった。
- Christianity began spreading remarkably fast, especially in those domains whose daimyo had professed their faith.
- 特に近畿地方では平安時代にはほとんどが平地住居へ移行したとされる。
- It is believed that, by the Heian period nearly all homes were built on the ground level, especially in the Kinki region.
- 特にこの貴船は避暑地として有名な為、夏には渋滞が起きることもある。
- Kibune, in particular, is famous as a summer resort and the traffic sometimes gets jammed in summer.
- 特に太政大臣の忠雅が女院別当に補されたのは極めて異例のことだった。
- The appointment of Tadamasa, the Grand Minister, the position of Nyoin betto (steward to the mother of the emperor) in particular was a rare exception.
- 襲名披露興行やその後しばらくの舞台では特にこれが掛かることが多い。
- It is often especially used at performances when announcing that actors have succeeded to a new name and at performances soon after the announcements.
- 皇太子妃時代に腸チフスに罹った以外は特に大病に罹らず健康であった。
- Except for typhoid fever, from which the Empress Teimei had suffered during her crown princess days, she never contracted any serious illnesses and was genuinely healthy.
- 特に基嗣は後醍醐天皇の皇女を妻にしており、強力な対立相手であった。
- Since Mototsugu's wife was a princess of Emperor Godaigo, he was a strong contender.
- 順太郎は幼年期より数学の秀れた才能を有し、特に珠算の名手であった。
- From his childhood Juntaro had a great talent for mathematics and he was especially skilled with the abacus.
- 特に下巻は御定書百箇条(おさだめがきひゃっかじょう)と呼ばれている。
- Vol. 2 is especially called 'Osadamegaki Hyakkajo' (law code).
- 特に武則天はその治世の間は長安にほとんど行かず洛陽の都に住んでいた。
- Especially Empress Wu Zetian resided in Luoyang during the most of her reign.
- また、天皇の御料地を特に禁裏御料あるいは皇室御領と称する場合もある。
- Also, the Emperor's goryochi (an Imperial estate) is sometimes called Kinrigoryo or Koshitsugoryo.
- 特に水無瀬兼成(かねなり)とその孫の兼俊(かねとし)がよく知られる。
- Among others, Kanenari MINASE and his grandson Kanetoshi MINASE were well-known.
- 京都守護職であった会津藩主松平容保への信任は特に厚かったといわれる。
- It was said he especially trusted the military governorship of Kyoto, the lord of the Aizu Domain, Katamori MATSUDAIRA very much.
- 特に周防の大内氏・越前の朝倉氏・若狭武田氏に招かれ神道伝授を行った。
- Above all, the Ouchi clan in Suo and the Wakasa-Takeda clan in Echizen invited him to initiate Shintoism.
- 特に木曽川の下流三川分流計画には10年にわたり心血を注ぎ成功させた。
- He devoted his heart and soul to the split-flow treatment of three downstream sections of the Kiso-gawa River, a project that extended over 10 years.
- 特に最後に関しては、織田との合戦を考慮していなかったという意味になる。
- The last reason in particular implies that the Takeda clan did not consider a war with the Oda clan.
- - 音楽、特に軍楽の指導、陸軍分列行進曲(抜刀隊・扶桑歌)の作曲(仏)
- - Served as an instructor of music, especially military music; composed Army marches (Battotai [the Drawn Sword Company] and Fusoka [Song of the Eastern Land])
- 特にそのうちの出挙本稲(元本部分)の部分のみを限定して指す場合もある。
- Sometimes it refers to only the part of suiko honto (rice equivalent to principal of suiko [government loans made to peasants]) of them.
- 弥生時代には農業、特に水稲農耕の採用によって穀物の備蓄が可能になった。
- During the Yayoi period, adaptation of farming, especially rice-paddy cultivation, enabled the storage of grain.
- 一般には、札使いは銀遣い経済地域である西日本において特に盛んであった。
- Han bills were especially common in the western part of Japan where silver coins were also circulated.
- 高原(たかはら)地域は中部の北に位置し、特に農作物の栽培が盛んである。
- The Takahara area is located in the north of the central part, and crops in particular are widely grown in the area.
- 特にバスにおいては廃線や経営移譲を余儀なくされるほどの経営状況である。
- Buses have been especially hard hit, and have been forced to discontinue service of some routes or transfer business.
- 上流から、奥瀞、上瀞、下瀞と呼ばれ、下瀞は瀞八丁の名で特に著名である。
- From the upstream, it is called Okudoro, Kamidoro, and Shimodoro, and Shimodoro is especially famous in the name of Dorohaccho Gorge.
- そのため、特に「国郡部」を見る際に「元和古活字本」とともに参照される。
- Therefore, this book is used together with 'Genna kokatsuji-bon,' especially when referring to the 'province/county category.'
- 特に平安期から鎌倉期にかけては女子の名を系図等に記すことが少なかった。
- From the Heian period to the Kamakura period, women's names were rarely listed in genealogy, etc.
- 特に栄西が幕府を動かし、大師猟号運動を行ったことは大きな非難を浴びた。
- Especially, Eisai drew stringent criticism for engaging in the Daishi-go Ryo-go movement by steering the bakufu.
- この二つの普通は案内の上では特に区別されず、どちらも「普通」であった。
- These two local trains were called 'local' in the announcement without any distinction.
- このように多芸博学にして風雅を好んだが、特に篆刻にその才能が開花した。
- As described above, while Fuyo was a person varied attainments and fond of taste, especially his talent bloomed in the field of tenkoku (seal-engraving).
- 特に和歌に優れ、『挙白集』や『九州道之記』など多くの歌集を残している。
- He was an outstanding Waka poet, leaving behind many Kashu (collections of poetry), including 'Kyohakushu' and 'Kyushu Minchinoki.'
- この傾向は王陽明も持っていたが、特に王龍溪はこの傾向を強めたといわれる。
- Wang Yangming was also similarly inclined, and it is said that Wang Longxi further strengthened that tendency.
- このことから、長期にわたって狩猟具が、特に大きな変化がなかったといえる。
- These findings revealed that there were no major changes in the overall design of hunting equipment for a long period of time.
- 日本では、特に学校へ弁当を持参できない子どもを指して使われることが多い。
- In Japan, it is often used especially for children who cannot bring a lunch box to school.
- 特に遺跡密度が高いのは北海道と九州で、近畿地方では遺跡数が極端に少ない。
- The density of the remains is especially high in Hokkaido and Kyushu regions, while their number is extremely low in the Kinki region.
- 特に畿内などでは土壙墓とともに中期の方形周溝墓の主体部として採用される。
- Especially in Kinai, mokkanbo and hole-shaped graves were adapted as a core of hokei shukobo (burial mound surrounded by square moat) in middle period.
- 特に10世紀後半以後の固関は儀式的になり、近世の天保年間まで続けられた。
- Especially Kogen after the late tenth century became ceremonial and continued to the early-modern Tenpo era.
- 所謂醍醐源氏で、特に保光王は桃園家の、延光王は枇杷家の祖とされ繁栄した。
- In what it is called the Daigo-Genji clan (Minamoto clan), especially the originator of Momozono family, Prince Yasumitsu, and the originator of the Biwa family, Prince Nobumitsu became very successful.
- 特に元明天皇の即位時には、石上麻呂ら天智朝時代を知るものが存命していた。
- Especially when Empress Genmei took the Throne, there were still some persons alive including ISONOKAMI no Maro who knew the reign of Emperor Tenchi.
- 滋子は神仏に対する信仰が厚く、特に日吉神社と平野神社には頻繁に参詣した。
- Shigeko strongly believed in the gods and Buddha, she often visited especially Hiyoshi-jinja Shrine and Hirano-jinja Shrine.
- 特に内藤氏は丹波の入り口に位置していたために細川氏らの攻撃を直接受けた。
- The position of the Naito clan at the entrance to Tanba meant that they, more often than the other families, suffered direct attacks from the Hosokawa clan.
- この改革は、特に弱体化されることを恐れた上級家臣を中心に反感が強かった。
- This reform provoked high-ranked vassals' antipathy in particular those who were afraid of being weakened.
- 特に、会所が最も発達した室町時代については、節を設けて詳しく解説したい。
- The following is a detailed explanation of the Kaisho during the Muromachi period, which is when they were developed the most.
- 初期荘園は特に畿内に集中しており、全国に満遍なく拡がっていた訳ではない。
- Shoki shoens concentrated especially on the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) and did not spread evenly across Japan.
- 特に舟乗りから信仰され、一般に、大きな港を見下ろす山の上に祀られている。
- She is especially worshiped by sailors and ordinarily enshrined on mountain tops that overlook large harbors.
- 2月から5月にかけてよく観測され、特に春先の4月に多く、夏に最小となる。
- Kosa is frequently observed between February and May, especially in April, with the occurrence diminishing at the lowest level in summer.
- 特に穴山・小山田両氏の領地は国人領主と言えるほどの独自性を維持している。
- The territories of the Anayama and Oyamada clan maintained an identity close to that of kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord).
- 特に『十三人の刺客』では、第11回京都市民映画祭で監督賞を受賞している。
- Of special note is the 'Thirteen Assassins,' which won an award for achievement in cinematic direction at the Kyoto citizens' film festival.
- 青華、色絵、青磁を得意とし、煎茶器(特に急須、湯沸、茶碗)に名品が多い。
- Seika (ceramics with blue patterns on white backgrounds), iroe (painting or colored artwork) and celadons were his specialties, and he left many masterpieces of those in tea sets for green tea (especially kyusu - small teapots, teakettles and tea bowls).
- そのため、彼らが日本に伝えた銃がマラッカ式であることは特に不思議ではない。
- It is therefore not strange that the guns imported into Japan were Malacca-style.
- 弘仁2年(811年)まで特に三十八年戦争とも呼ばれる蝦夷征討の時代となる。
- This marked the beginning of the age of the Thirty-Eight Years' War to subjugate the Ezo people, which lasted until 811.
- 特に菅原氏や大江氏の人間が参議になるための要路としての役割も果たしていた。
- Particularly, for the Sugawara family and the Oe family, this appointment worked as the high road to produce Sangi (councilor) from their families.
- 科挙の最高クラスである進士科の試験科目でも詩作の能力が特に重視されている。
- In the examination of the Shinshi (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test) class, the highest level in Kakyo, testing the ability of making a poem was especially emphasized.
- 特に施設管理業務には人手がかかったため駆使丁や今良など大量の人員を擁した。
- Since the facilities administration business especially required many workers, a large number of workers including kushicho (general workers), konryo (odd-job men) and so on belonged to it.
- 特に西洞院家は江戸時代まで続き、分家により同家も含め5家の堂上家を出した。
- The Nishinotoin family in particular survived into the Edo period, and this head family and four branch families became Tosho-ke (the hereditary lineage of court nobles occupying relatively high ranks).
- 特に前述の享保年間と、幕末の万治元年(1860年)の強訴は大規模であった。
- The direct petition in the Kyoho era mentioned above and one in 1860 at the end of Edo period were large in scale.
- 特に曙山は平賀源内や薩摩藩主島津重豪から絶賛されるほどの画才にめぐまれた。
- Shozan in particular was highly praised by Gennai HIRAGA and the lord of the Satsuma clan Shigehide SHIMAZU for his painting talent.
- 特に日本では本来儒教が徳目として最も重んじていた「孝」以上に重要視された。
- Especially in Japan, it was emphasized more than 'filial piety' which was essentially honored mostly as a virtue in Confucianism.
- 特に窃盗・放火・殺人に対する検断は非常に重く、死刑とされることが多かった。
- Especially, the trials against theft, arson, and murder were harshly punished and many were sentenced to death.
- 江戸時代後期より作陶に携わり、特に茶道具、煎茶器の名品を輩出し続けてきた。
- They have been engaged in the production of ceramic ware since the late Edo period, creating masterpieces of especially tea utensils and tea sets for green tea.
- 徳川吉宗は、忠周の頻繁な歌会参加を聞き及んでも、特に咎めることも無かった。
- Although Yoshimune TOKUGAWA heard that Tadachika frequently joined Utakai, he never blamed Tadachika for this.
- 個々の人物(特に国に仕えた官僚)の一生や周辺の異民族の民俗を書き並べたもの。
- It is a biography of individual figures (most of them were bureaucrats who served the countries) or a record of folks of other ethnic groups living in surrounding areas.
- このような唐からの文化移入には特に太宰府の果たした役割が大きいと考えられる。
- Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region) is considered to have played a major role in this transfer of culture from Tang.
- 特に網野町、峰山町、野田川町では大火となり、合わせて8,287戸が焼失した。
- The large-scale fires spread especially in Amino-cho, Mineyama-cho and Nodagawa-cho, and 8,287 households in total were burned down.
- 榊原鍵吉のように、布告以降も髷をしていた者もいたが、特に罰せられてはいない。
- People like Kenkichi SAKAKIBARA kept his topknot even after the edict was officially announced, but was not punished in any ways.
- 朝鮮または台湾に在住する満30歳以上の男子にして名望ある者より特に勅任した。
- The Emperor appointed the councilors from men of reputation, of 30 years of age or older and who were living in Korea and Taiwan.
- このような科挙制度による官僚化が進んだこの時代の文人を特に官僚文人ともいう。
- Such Bunjin who became a bureaucrat through the Imperial Examination System in this period was especially called bureaucrat Bunjin.
- 特に近年では舞鶴赤レンガ倉庫群などでは映画の撮影なども行われるなどしている。
- In particular, Maizuru Red-brick Warehouses has been recently used in shooting films.
- 特に乱以後初めて本格的な院政を布いた後嵯峨天皇に院政諸制度が整備されている。
- Particularly, during the age of Emperor Gosaga, who conducted the first full-scale insei after the rebellion, various systems of insei were organized.
- 特に最大の地域政権吉備国に対して反乱鎮圧の名目で屈服を迫った(吉備氏の乱)。
- With good reason of rebellion suppression (KIBI Clan disturbance), he urged the Kibi Province, the largest local state, to submit.
- 歴代の天皇の中では明治天皇および特に昭和天皇に寄せる気持ちが強いようである。
- It is said that he respects the Emperor Meiji and especially the Emperor Showa among successive emperors.
- 現代では特に子供の喧嘩の処断などで教師や親がこの理論が持ち出すケースが多い。
- Today, the idea is often quoted by teachers and parents when intervening in children's conflicts.
- 中世から見られるが、特に戦国時代 (日本)から江戸時代前期にかけて頻発した。
- Tsujigiri started in the Middle Ages, but it became quite frequent from the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) to the Edo period.
- が、特に平安時代前期(9世紀)に大宰府管内で導入された公営の田地制度を指す。
- Kueiden especially meant the public land system introduced in Dazaifu in the former Heian period (the 9th century).
- 戦いは膠着し、特に極楽寺坂では大舘宗氏が戦死するほど苦戦する(大舘氏参照)。
- These battles came to a deadlock, and especially on Gokurakuji-zaka Slope, Yoshisada's forces had a hard fight, symbolized by the death of Muneuji ODATE (cf. the article of 'The Odate clan').
- 平安時代には、元日、白馬、踏歌、端午、豊明が五節会として、特に重んじられた。
- Gantan, Hakuba, Toka, Tango, and Toyoakari were particularly emphasized during the Heian period as Gosechi-e.
- 呪術等を用い、色々な芸能を行うことが出来、また特に人形を操っていたとされる。
- They are said to have used magic to conduct various performances, particularly the control of puppets.
- 特に足利義輝は、戦国時代になり希有な存在となった在京守護として信虎を遇した。
- Especially Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA treated Nobutora as a rare person of Zaikyo shugo (constables in Kyoto) in the Sengoku period.
- この条文は、朝鮮が清朝の藩属国であること考慮して特に日本が挿入した一文である。
- This provision was specially inserted by Japan considering the situation of Korea as a client state of the Qing dynasty.
- 定住生活には、植物質食料、特に堅果類が食料の中心になっていたと想像されている。
- The main food source is thought to be of plant foods especially nuts during the sedentary life.
- この問題は、学問の自由(特に歴史学)と国体とのかかわり方について一石を投じた。
- This incident raised a question on the relationship between the academic (especially, historical) freedom and the nation's political system.
- 養老律令は、撰修途中の律令であり、あえて施行する必要は特になかったはずである。
- Yoro Ritsuryo Code was an incomplete code under development, so there should not have been any particular needs to enact it.
- 政府内でも批判の声が起こり、特に払下げの規則を作った前大蔵卿の大隈が反対した。
- Some people criticized the sale of the properties even within the government, and especially OKUMA, the previous Minister of the Treasury who made a rule for sales of the properties, strongly opposed it.
- - 神社の研究を進め,特に伊勢神宮と出雲大社の心御柱に注目する見方を提唱した。
- - Conducted research on shrine architecture, and particularly advocated the style of 'Shin-no-mihashira' (the pillars of the main sanctuary [honden]) of the Grand Shrines of Ise and the Great Shrine at Izumo.
- 特に後者の場合、政府は日露戦争準備の軍備拡張を行っており財政的に無理であった。
- Particularly in 1899, the government was preparing for the Russo-Japanese War and was financially unable to do so.
- 特にインフレが激しかった地域では、タバコの巻紙に軍票が使われたといわれている。
- It is said that some currencies were used to wrap tabacco leaves in areas where inflation was especially severe.
- (特にテレビ朝日系列の土曜日夕方〔ビッグスポーツの時〕は必ず放送されていた)。
- (Especially, it was always broadcast by the affiliates of TV Asahi Corporation on Saturday evening when they televised a big sport.)
- 特に天皇を元首又は象徴とする近代以降の国家体制(近代天皇制)を指すこともある。
- It sometimes specifically indicates the state system after the Meiji period (modern Tennosei) when the emperor acted as the head or symbol of the state.
- 特に重要なのは4条目であり、将軍の許しなく信長が何でもできるということである。
- The fourth Article was significant among others, since it meant that Nobunaga could do anything at his own discretion without permission from the shogun.
- この時期の前方後円墳は、特に規模が巨大化しており強力な王権の存在を示している。
- Large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds in this era became particularly large, indicating that strong sovereignty existed.
- 特に朝鮮に対しては「服属」を強く求めると共に「征明の先導」(征明嚮導)を求めた。
- It was the Joseon Dynasty that Hideyoshi strongly required 'submission' from and 'the guide for conquest of the Ming' (Seimin kyodo).
- 特に長さの単位は時代とともに長くなり、唐代以降は1寸が3cm程度でほぼ一定した。
- Especially, with regard to the unit of length, the length per unit became longer with the times until the length was fixed at about 3 centimeters for 1 sun in and after Tang Dynasty.
- 特に、ソマリア・スーダン・エチオピアなどの後発開発途上国の食糧不足は深刻である。
- The deficiency of food is serious especially in the least developed countries such as Somalia, Sudan, and Ethiopia.
- 特に北京にいた外国公使たちと中国人クリスチャンにとっては切迫した事態を招来した。
- The foreign envoys and Chinese Christians living in Beijing in particular were faced with a very tense state of affairs.
- 更に中国に入ってきた仏教の教団制度との類似も指摘されている(特にその出家制度)。
- Similarities with the Buddhist organization system later established in China (in particular, concerning the system of entering into priesthood) have been identified.
- 徳川家康の功臣のうち,特に武勇に秀でた3人,本多忠勝・榊原康政・井伊直政を指す。
- refers to Tadakatsu HONDA, Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, and Naomasa II, the three meritorious retainers of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who had outstanding military prowess.
- 特に小笠原の本土並の行政組織設置は、1968年(昭和43年)の本土復帰後である。
- Especially in the case of Ogasawara, it was after the return to the mainland in 1968 that the same public administration system as in the mainland was established.
- 特に旧幕府領や旗本支配地、藩領が錯綜する関東地方や近畿地方にこのような例が多い。
- Such cases were found in large numbers in Kanto and Kinki areas where former Shogunate territories, hatamoto-dominated areas and domain territories were scatteringly located.
- これに対して政務に関与できない他家、特に若い公家達の間で不満が高まりつつあった。
- The other families that were not allowed to participate in the affairs of state, particularly young court nobles, were becoming more and more dissatisfied.
- 特に1970年代前半から団体旅行客が増加、それに伴い、大規模な風俗街も作られた。
- Especially, at the beginning of 1970s, with the number of the large parties of tourists visiting Ogoto onsen increased, the red-light area was also built on a broad scale.
- 名物料理として鴨料理や近江牛料理などがあり、特に鴨鍋は雄琴を代表する味覚である。
- As the local specialties there are Duck dishes and Omi beef dishes, and especially kamonabe (鴨鍋) (a hot pot with duck as one of the ingredients) is the one that represents Ogoto.
- そのため吉野熊野国立公園のなかでも特に規制の厳しい特別保護地区に指定されている。
- Therefore, it is designated as a special protection area, which is strictly controlled, within Yoshino-Kumano National Park.
- 小さい橋が多く掛けられており、特に太秦では住宅各戸に1本ずつ橋が掛けられている。
- There are numerous little bridges built over Nishitakase-gawa River and, particularly in Uzumasa, there is a bridge for every house.
- 特に南部(旧山城国)は、京都市や宇治市といった観光都市を抱える為、観光業は強い。
- In particular, the southern area (former Yamashiro Province) has a strong tourist industry, due to its inclusion of sight-seeing cities, such as Kyoto City and Uji City.
- 特に天武は、軍事力により皇位を奪取したことを背景として、絶対的な権力を行使した。
- Especially Emperor Tenmu, who usurped the Imperial throne with the military, exercised absolute powers.
- 特に源雅信の子孫が栄え、公家としては堂上家5家を、武家として佐々木氏を輩出した。
- The descendants of MINAMOTO no Masanobu were prosperous among others, producing five Tosho-ke (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) lineages as court nobles and Sasaki clan as a military family.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)期以降、特に戦国 (日本)期に国衙領の衰退とともに消滅した。
- The practice disappeared with the decline of the Kokugaryo after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), especially during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- 特に前者の受領襲撃は、反国家行為として「凶党」と呼ばれ、軍事制圧の対象となった。
- In particular, the former, the persons who assaulted zuryo, were called 'gangsters' as carrying out an anti-national act, and were targeted for military suppression.
- また居城である松山城 (伊予国)の完成に特に力を注ぎ、二之丸を整備したと伝わる。
- In addition, it is said that he particularly focused on completing the construction of Matsuyama-jo Castle (Iyo Province) where he resided and thus built Ninomaru (outer citadel).
- 特に高梨氏とは以前から縁戚関係を結んでおり、父長尾為景の実母は高梨家出身であった。
- In particular, with the real mother of Tamekage NAGAO, Kagetora's father, being from the Takanashi family, the Nagao family had a relation with the Takanashi family for a long time.
- 定住化の普及した縄文時代全期を通じて出土し、特に早期以降の集落遺跡で多く出土する。
- These stone plates were excavated from the entire Jomon period, when settlement became more common, and a lot of them were found especially in village remains of the earlier period or later.
- なお、正税帳を太政官に提出する使者を特に正税帳使(しょうぜいちょうし)と呼ばれた。
- Also, the envoy who handed over the shozeicho to Daijokan was particularly called Shozeichoshi.
- 特に北方の異民族王朝によるものは官印の制度自体に慣れていないためか粗雑な印が多い。
- Especially, many of those made by the dynasties of northern ethnic groups were rough as they were not used to the kanin system itself.
- 特に地方の村落ではその傾向が強く、外部に対しては排他的な地域が未だに多く存在する。
- Particularly in local villages, the tendency becomes strong, and there are still plenty of areas where an exclusive attitude is developed toward outsiders.
- 特に農村部では夫婦一台ずつに加えて農作業用のトラック一つという家庭も多くみられる。
- Especially in agricultural areas, many households have one truck for agricultural work in addition to cars owned by each spouse.
- 特に、局務と官務を並べて両局と称され、幕末には出納を加えた三催という言葉も現れた。
- Particularly, 'Kyokumu' and 'Kanmu' were collectively called 'both offices;' later, at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, 'Suino' was added and the three offices were collectively called 'Sansai.'
- 特に天皇の皇子が降下することを、「一世の源氏」といい、任官の上で大いに優遇された。
- Especially, the demotion of the sons of the emperors was called 'Issei no Genji' (Minamoto clan of the first generation) and they were given preferential treatment in regard to their position.
- 春日神木の動座が行われた場合、特に入洛中は藤原氏の公卿・官人は謹慎・籠居となった。
- When Shinboku was moved, - especially when it was carried into Kyoto, - court nobles and officials of the Fujiwara clan were suspended from court and they stayed home.
- 特に争乱の多かった関東では、在地の富豪や豪族が公的な軍事力を担うようになっていた。
- In particular, in the Kanto region where fighting occurred frequently, local rich persons or powerful clans had come to bear public military burdens.
- 特に伏見の別邸は能因・源経信・藤原通俊ら同時代の歌人たちの交流の場にもなっていた。
- In particular, Toshitsuna's second residence in Fushimi was a meeting place for contemporary poets, including Noin, MINAMOTO no Tsunenobu, and FUJIWARA no Michitoshi.
- 1573年2月3日には岐阜城で信長の名器の拝見を特に許され歓待されるまでになった。
- On February 3, 1573, he was especially approved to have the honor of seeing rare utensils of Nobunaga at the Gifu-jo Castle, and had come to a point where he was warmly received by Nobunaga.
- 大判の中でもサイズが特に大きく縦17センチメートル以上のものとされ長大判と呼ばれる。
- Larger oban length of more than 17cm in length are called 'naga oban' (long oban).
- 日本の古墳の中でも特に彼を引きつけたのは、巨石を使って構築された横穴式石室であった。
- The most attractive points of Kofun in Japan for Gowland were horizontal stone chambers which are built with massive rocks.
- 特にアジア諸国では明治維新を模範として改革や独立運動を行おうとする動きが盛んになる。
- The reform and independence movement became active in Asian countries especially after the model of the Meiji Restoration.
- 発見場所の分布は北海道・東北地方が多く特に岩手県からの出土が70点以上と極めて多い。
- Many of them were found in Hokkaido and Tohoku Region, and especially in Iwate Prefecture, more than 70 were found.
- 鉄器は耐久性や刃の鋭さから主に利器として、特に工具や農具(収穫具)として用いられた。
- Ironware was mainly used for sharp-edged tools, especially implements and farming equipment (harvesting equipment) because of its durability and sharpness of edge.
- 特に官軍として活躍したわけではない紀州藩が和歌山県の名を残したのとは対照的であった。
- Contrastively the name of Wakayama remained in the Kishu Domain which did not make a strong showing as Imperial army.
- 伊達政宗の功臣のうち,特に功績の大きかった3人,片倉景綱・伊達成実・茂庭綱元を指す。
- refers to Kagetsuna KATAKURA, Shigezane DATE, and Tsunamoto MONIWA, the three men of the meritorious retainers of Masamune DATE who made the greatest achievements.
- その後、特に銀遣い経済地域である西国の諸大名を中心として、多くの藩が藩札を発行した。
- Later, han bills were issued by many domains, mainly territorial lords in Saigoku (the western part of Japan) where silver coins were commonly circulated.
- 特に皇祖神である天照大神の奉られている伊勢神宮への奉告は早期に執り行われる事になる。
- Especially the report to Ise-jinju Shrine should be completed at an early stage, where Kososhin (the Goddess who is the Founder of the Imperial Family), Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess) is enshrined.
- 特に司法制度の整備(司法職務制定・裁判所建設・民法編纂・国法編纂など)に功績を残す。
- He was particularly noted for his success in organizing the judicial system.
- 特に「肩こり」と呼ばれるものは日本人特有の症状であり、外国ではあまり知られていない。
- Among others, the symptom named by Soseki '肩こり' (stiff shoulders) is particularly complained of by the Japanese people and not generally complained of abroad.
- 織田家は勢力を拡大、特にもう一つの悩みであった石山本願寺に対する圧力をいっそう強める。
- The Oda family expanded its power and intensified pressure on Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple that had been yet another source of worry.
- 特に「忠節」の項において「政論に惑わず政治に拘わらず」と軍人の政治への不関与を命じる。
- Particularly in the point of 'loyalty,' military men were ordered not to engage in politics, saying 'Military men are neither perplexed at political opinions nor involved in politics.'
- 単なる文房具であるはずが、特に宋代以降になると鑑賞・蒐集・愛玩・収蔵の対象物となった。
- Although they were mere stationery, especially after the Sung period, they became the subjects of appreciation, collection, love and storing.
- 前漢の高祖 劉邦に仕えた功臣のうち、特に功績の大きかった3人、蕭何・張良・韓信を指す。
- refers to Xiao He, Zhang Liang, and Han Xin, the three who made the greatest achievements of the meritorious retainers who served Gaozu (first emperor) of the Former Han Dynasty, Liu Bang.
- 新羅との関係が特に緊張していた期間(758年-763年)には、ほぼ毎年使者が往来した。
- When there were strong tensions between Shiragi and Bokkai (from 758 to 763), envoys came and went almost every year.
- 史館員も増員し、遠隔地へ派遣して史料収集を行い、特に南朝関係の史料を広く収集している。
- He increased the number of staff and dispatched them to distant places to collect historical materials, especially materials about the Nancho court.
- 特にこれに該当する公家は勅勘などの公家社会では放逐に相当する処分を受けることもあった。
- Of note, there were cases in which court nobles who were applicable to this and received a punishment equivalent to being expelled from the court noble community, such as the emperor's censure.
- 命を特に狙われ続けた幕末には、「新堀松輔」「広戸孝助」など10種以上の変名を使用した。
- At the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate when the government sought to kill him, he used more than 10 pseudonyms, including 'Matsusuke NIIBORI' and 'Kosuke HIROTO.'
- 特に和歌の変遷を示した著書「六運略図」「北辺七体七百首」は国学者本居宣長に賞賛された。
- More especially, his books, 'Rikuun Ryakuzu' and 'Hokuhen Nanatai Nanahyakushu' explaining the history of Waka were praised by Norinaga MOTOORI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature.
- また、特に写経所での米の運用などは、利益をすべて雄足の手元におさめていたわけではない。
- It is not that he always obtained all the profit particularly from the management of rice production of the Sutra copying office.
- 150巻という数字に表れているように、特に古絵巻の模写に心血を注いぎ多くの逸話が残る。
- As is demonstrated by the high number of 150 scrolls, and can be seen in particular in the many extant masterful copies he made of ancient scrolls, Osanobu left a lot of legends behind.
- 私鉄でも、特に国鉄線との連絡運輸が行われる場合には旧国名をつけて区別される場合があった。
- In case of private railways, especially in case of connecting line with JNR, they put station names with prefixes so that they distinguished JNR stations of similar names from their stations.
- そのため、秀長や黒田孝高らも島津軍の後詰(救援)を警戒して根白坂の守備を特に固めていた。
- Therefore, Hidenaga and Yoshikata KURODA heavily guarded Nejirozaka in preparation for an attack from behind by the Shimazu army.
- 半世紀に満たない短い期間であるが、美術史上は特に絵画と建築において特記される時代である。
- Lasting for less than half a century, the Momoyama period is noteworthy in art history, especially in the fields of painting and architecture.
- 何事においても吉、成功しないことはない日とされ、特に婚礼は大安の日に行われることが多い。
- The day is said to be good for everything and there is no failure on the day and weddings in particular are often done on taian days.
- 大和葛城宝山記(やまとかつらぎほうざんき)とは仏教、特に修験道の立場から書かれた神道書。
- Yamato Katsuragi Hozan-ki (大和葛城宝山記) is a Shinto book written from the point of view of Buddhism, especially Shugendo (Japanese ascetic and shamanistic practice in mountainous sites).
- 皇親に賜わるのをとくに王禄と呼び、特に対象を女王 (皇族)とする場合には女王禄と称した。
- Especially, the clothes awarded to koshin (Emperor's family members) were called 'Oroku' (王禄), a part of which given especially to a princess (a title without the imperial proclamation for an entitlement of an Imperial Princess) was called 'Oroku'(女王禄) (same in pronunciation but different in writing).
- 特に守護領国制や郷村制の形成が進んだ南北朝時代_(日本)以後によく見られるようになった。
- It was often seen in and after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the formation of the Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor) and the goson-sei (system of coalitions of villages) advanced.
- 櫛羅は藩領の中でも特に栄えていたところで要害の地でもあったことが理由だったとされている。
- It is believed that the move was prompted by Kujira being the most prosperous and key area in the domain.
- 土工司は木工寮の建築事業に対して土木事業、特に建築資材(石灰・瓦等)の生産を行っていた。
- Dokoshi produced building materials (caustic lime, tile and so on) in particular for building operations of Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry).
- 後醍醐天皇は摂政・関白は置かない方針であったが、この経忠の忠節を喜んで特に内覧に任じた。
- Emperor Godaigo had his policy not to have the regent and the chancellor, he appreciated the Tsunetada's royalty to him and appointed him as Nairan on this occasion.
- 住友財閥における住友家、特に住友友純以降のそれは「君臨すれども統治せず」の立場をとった。
- The Sumitomo Family in Sumitomo Zaibatsu, specifically since Tomoito SUMITOMO, took the position, '(He) reigns but does not govern.'
- 特に、宮家当主の嗣子(通常は当主の長男)のことを「○○若宮(○○のわかみや)」と称する。
- Especially an heir to the family head of a Miyake (house of an imperial prince), usually the eldest son of the head of the family, is called xx no Wakamiya (Wakamiya of xx).
- 特に蘇我氏とは541年(欽明天皇2年)に稲目の娘である蘇我堅塩媛や蘇我小姉君を妃とした。
- With regards to relations with Soga clan, Emperor Kinmei selected Soga no Kitashihime and Soga no Oane no kimi (the daughters of SOGA no Iname) as his wives.
- 特に俘囚が有していた高い戦闘技術は、新たに形成されようとしている軍制に強い影響を与えた。
- In particular, the high-level fighting technique possessed by fushu strongly affected the newly formed military system.
- 特に在地領主が名主化して百姓名の成立が進まなかった東国や九州で在家役が多く課されている。
- Particularly, in Togoku (eastern Japan) and Kyushu where zaichi ryoshu (local proprietors) became similar to Nanushi (village headmen) and Hyakusho-myo (smaller holdings of shoen held by ordinary peasants) were not established, many Zaikeyaku were levied.
- 父からの薫陶により、玄学には特に興味を抱いていた銕胤が、この情報に飛びつかない筈はない。
- It was not surprising that Tetsutane was excited about the information since he had been interested in Gengaku and Shinsendo due to the influence of his father-in-law Atsutane.
- 特に今回の事件は、外敵が警固所に肉薄し、各島人が一千人余りも誘拐され、数百人が殺された。
- As he pointed out in his argument, during the attack, pirates came close to the guard station, abducting more than 1,000 residents of the island and killing several hundred of them.
- 特に義朝次男源朝長が亡くなり、源氏の長老毛利六郎(陸奥六郎義隆)も討ち死にしたと告げた。
- In particular, it was announced that Yoshitomo's second son had died, and the Minamoto clan head Rokuro MORI (Mutsu Rokuro Yoshitaka) had also died in battle.
- 安政4年(1857年)、京都所司代となり、朝廷対策、特に条約締結問題で朝幕間を奔走する。
- In 1857, he assumed the office of Kyoto-shoshidai, working hard as the liaison between the Imperial Court and the bakufu, especially over problems concerning the conclusion of treaties.
- 特に、日本統治時代最大規模の武力蜂起である霧社事件の際は、鎮圧への毒ガス使用が検討された。
- Especially at the time of Wushe Incident, the largest scale armed uprising under the Japanese rule, the use of poison gas was considered to put it down.
- 特に武田軍を見た場合、兵力数が通説の1万5000であったとしてもその損害は異常な率になる。
- The Takeda force in particular had an extraordinary death rate even if we take the standard number of 15,000.
- 特に、江戸中期頃に書かれた「真田三代記」は信繁のみならず真田一族の名を高めるのに貢献した。
- Particularly, 'Sanada Sandaiki (three generations of the Sanada family)' written in the middle Edo period contributed to making not only Shigenobu but also the Sanada family famous.
- 特に江戸から西方へつながる東海道沿いの関所では、女性と鉄砲の通行が厳しい制限を受けていた。
- Restrictions on allowing women and firearms to pass were strict, particularly at the barrier checkpoints along the Tokaido Road from Edo on westwards.
- 特に弥生時代や古墳時代を通じて、玄界灘沿岸は、アジア大陸との窓口という交通の要衝であった。
- The coasts of Genkai-nada Sea were an important point of traffic that served as a contact point to the Asian Continent, especially through the Yayoi Period and Kofun period (tumulus period).
- このため、戦術的には上杉軍優勢で終わったとの見方もある(特に副将信繁の戦死は影を落とした。
- Therefore, there is the opinion that the battle ended in a state advantageous to Uesugi's forces strategically (in particular, the death in the fight of Nobushige, deputy general, cast a dark shadow.
- 当時の文章に多く見られる特徴と同じように、比喩的な表現が多く、特にユーモラスな比喩が多い。
- Like many authors of the time, he used many figurative expressions, particularly humorous metaphors.
- 日露戦争の影響を受けて、ロシアの植民地であった地域やアジアで特に独立・革命運動が高まった。
- Former Russian colonies sought independence in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War, and independence and revolutionary movements became active throughout Asia.
- 特に土地に所有権に関する公験は本公験(ほんくげん)・根本公験(こんぽんくげん)と呼ばれた。
- Particularly, kugen on the ownership of land was called honkugen or konponkugen.
- 特に石屋川や芦屋川は天井川となっており、これを渡るには川の下にトンネルを掘る必要があった。
- In particular, tunnels were required to be dug underneath the riverbeds of the Ishiyagawa and Ashiyagawa rivers in order to cross as these were Tenjogawa (river that runs above the railroad track).
- 特に藤原道長・藤原頼通父子は前後70年にわたって宮廷政治を支配して摂関政治の全盛期を築た。
- Especially, FUJIWARA no Michinaga and his son, FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, controlled the court government for 70 years in tandem and built the regency at the height of its prosperity.
- 特に、絵画は狩野安信と狩野派を学んだ黄檗宗の卓峯道香に手ほどきを受け、多数の作品を残した。
- Particularly, she left a great number of paintings, having learned the basics of painting from Yasunobu KANO and Doko TAKUO (卓峯道香), a priest of the Obaku sect who mastered the painting style of the Kano school.
- 平安時代の武士の必要条件が騎馬と射技であったが、特に馬は馬でさえあれば良かった訳ではない。
- The requirements for the bushi of Heian period were horse back riding and archery, but it did not mean that one had to have just any horse.
- 特に菅原道真の怨霊が天神信仰へと発展するに際し、仏教の論理により天部として位置づけられた。
- Especially, when the vindictive spirit of SUGAWARA no Michizane turned to Tenjin belief, he was regarded as Tenbu (deities who reside in a heavenly realm, one of six realms in which the souls of living beings transmigrate from one to another) according to Buddhistic logic.
- 特に江戸時代後期の挿絵・付録の増加した節用集の影響で、「節用集」という語が一般名詞化した。
- It was especially owing to the setsuyoshu during the late Edo period which contained more abundant illustrations and appendixes that the word 'setsuyoshu' became a common noun.
- 特にサスペンスや推理小説といったフィクションでは犯人の犯行動機として設定されることが多い。
- Especially in works of fiction, such as suspense stories and mysteries, Katakiuchi is often made the setting for the motive of crime.
- 当時の武士、特に国持ち大名と呼ばれる武士達と僧侶は繋がりが深く、多くの武士が出家している。
- Samurai at that time, especially samurai called the Daimyo with territory were deeply connected with monks, and many samurai became priests.
- 特に、かつての総州家の版図である大和国への執着は根強く、国人衆にとって大きな脅威となった。
- He was particularly tenacious of Yamato Province, the Soshu family's past territory, which became a great threat for the local samurai 'Kokujinshu'.
- しかし『禅竹集』では特に『反故裏の書』(三)に関して改変が多く、現在研究には用いられない。
- Speaking of 'Zenchikushu,' however, particularly 'Hogoura no sho' (third volume), is not available for research purposes at present because of lots of corruptions.
- 皇民化教育は特に外地や占領地域においてそれぞれの民族の伝統や文化を無視し、ときには破壊した。
- Japanization education neglected and sometimes destroyed the tradition and culture in foreign parts and occupied areas in particular.
- なお重要文化財のうち特に価値の高いものは国宝に指定されており、国宝も重要文化財の一種である。
- Among important cultural properties, those which have especially important value have been designated as national treasure and, therefore, national treasures are included in important cultural properties.
- 特に石田三成は秀次助命のために奔走し、秀吉に「秀次公は無実であること」(武宗記)を直訴した。
- Mitsunari ISHIDA, in particular, tried everything to save the life of Hidetsugu, and pleaded the 'innocence of the lord Hidetsugu' (according to 'Buso-ki') directly to Hideyoshi.
- 特に江戸には飢饉などにより地方から流入してきた農民も多く、幕府はしばしば帰農令を出している。
- Especially, many peasants flew into Edo from rural areas due to famines, and the shogunate government often promulgated the orders to support peasants to return their own communities financially.
- そして、特に証如の外祖父であり、5人中唯一の畿内在住であった蓮淳にはその後見と養護を託した。
- Especially to Renjun, who was the maternal grandfather of Shonyo and the only priest who lived in the Kinai region, Jitsunyo entrusted Shonyo and asked him to be his guardian.
- 北部九州、特に福岡市周辺地域では弥生時代中期前半までに鍛造技法による鉄器の生産が開始された。
- Ironware manufacturing by forging had started by the first half of the middle of the Yayoi period in northern Kyushu, especially in surrounding area of Fukuoka City.
- 特に台湾平定後は伝統的なポルトガル租借地マカオ以外に広州市も開港し、外国商船の来航も認めた。
- Following the suppression of Taiwan, ports accepting foreign merchant ships were opened in Macau as well as Guangzhou City.
- 特に大寺院の門跡であった公家の子弟が還俗し、新たな華族となった26家は奈良華族と総称される。
- Of these, the 26 former kuge families that had had a family member succeed to the position of head priest at a powerful temple or train at such a temple before returning to the secular life and some other families were given the name 'Nara kazoku.'
- 未だに数ある皇室系図の中で権威があるとされるものの、特に古代の部分については検討を要しよう。
- Although it is still considered to be authoritative among many Imperial Family records, examination is needed particularly for the ancient part.
- 特に巻二から巻四までを充てた「践祚大嘗祭儀」は践祚・大嘗祭儀式の典拠として重要視されている。
- In particular, 'Senso daijosai' stipulated in volume 2 to volume 4 is regarded as important as the authority of the rite of Senso daijosai.
- 大和の島の山古墳、川合大塚山古墳、巣山古墳 等について、特に皇陵選定に漏れた事を嘆いている。
- He moaned the mounds in Yamato, including Shimanoyama-kofun Tumulus, Kawai Otsukayama-kofun Tumulus, and Suyama-kofun Tumulus, for not having been selected as Imperial mausoleums.
- 特に三番目物を中心としてすぐれた境地を見せ、「最後の名人」の名をほしいままにした名人である。
- He was especially good at sanbanme-mono (third-category plays), and was a master who commanded fame of 'the last master.'
- 以下においては、大名家のケースを中心に記述するが、特に注釈しない場合は旗本の場合も同様である。
- Cases with daimyo will be mainly explained below, but the same is true in hatamoto except as otherwise noted.
- その後も律令編纂の作業が続けられ、特に日本の国情へいかに適合させるかが大きな課題とされていた。
- The work of compiling the Ritsuryo codes was also continued after that, and a particularly big issue was how to conform to the conditions of a country of Japan.
- 特に大減封を経験した外様藩は、収入を増やして家臣団を維持するために内高を厳しく打ち出していた。
- Especially for tozama clans that experienced a large diminishing of the territory had been conducting strict land survey to calculate uchi-daka in order to increase their income and maintain the vassals.
- 明治9年(1876年)4月18日と8月21日(特に8月21日)に県の大規模な合併が実施された。
- Large-scale prefecture mergers were implemented on April 18 and August 21 of 1876 (especially August 21),
- 木材、特に貴重材の体積(材積)については、一寸角で長さ1間(地方によっては2間)の体積を指す。
- When sai is used as a unit for weighing lumber (especially valuable lumber), 1 sai is deemed to have the volume of 1 sun square multiplied by 1 ken length or by 2 ken length in some regions of Japan (1 sun is about 3.03 centimeters, and 1 ken is about 1.8182 meters).
- 特に舜季は蝦夷地に渡り蠣崎氏とアイヌとの講和を仲介するなど蝦夷に対する一定の権威を示している。
- Kiyosue especially, demonstrated a certain presence over Ezo, by visiting Ezo region to mediate the peace accord between the Kakizaki clan and the Ainu.
- 特に三条から四条あたりにかけては京都の歓楽街の一つとなっており、週末は夜遅くまで賑わっている。
- In particular, the area between Sanjo and Shijo is one of Kyoto's amusement areas, and alive with people until late at night on weekends.
- また、笛や和歌、書道に秀で、特に笛はキツネが聴きに来るほどの腕前であったとの逸話が残っている。
- He was a talented poet, calligrapher, and was good at playing the recorder, there was an anecdote that the music he played with the recorder was good enough for foxes to come and listen.
- 特に次男・秩父宮の妃であった雍仁親王妃勢津子はお気に入りであったらしく、お互い親交が深かった。
- Especially, the Empress Teimei seemed to favor the Imperial Princess Chichibu Setsuko, who was the wife of her second son, Chichibu no Miya, and had an intimate relationship with her.
- 特に中世に入り新興宗派である禅宗が広まると、伝統宗派の荘園に代わる財源を祠堂銭の利息に求めた。
- Especially during the early medieval period, as Zen became an emerging religious sect, monks turned to interest gained from Shidosen in place of shoen (manors in medieval Japan) which had been the financial resource for traditional religious sects.
- 特に、宇多天皇からの信任厚く、「寛平御遺誡」には糸所に出仕中の洽子への高い評価が記されている。
- She was particularly trusted by the Emperor Uda and the emperor's appreciation for Amaneiko, who then worked at itodokoro (a government office belonged to Nuidono-ryo (Bureau of the Wardrobe and Court ladies)), was recorded in 'Kanpyo no Goyuikai' (Emperor Uda's injunction).
- 特に和歌の方面では六条藤家歌道の中心人物として数々の歌合に出詠、九条兼実家百首では判者を務めた
- Particular in the area of waka, he competed in utaawase (poetry contests) as a core poet of the Rokujo Toke (Rokujo Fujiwara family) and served as a judge for selecting the 100 best poems among Kanezane KUJO's 100 best poems.
- 九条道家から信頼が厚く、特に承久の乱後にはその政治顧問の最上位を占めて平経高らと道家を支える。
- He was deeply trusted by Michiie KUJO, and particularly after the Jokyu War, he was appointed higher ranks supporting Michiie as his political adviser, along with TAIRA no Tsunetaka and others.
- だが、織田・徳川軍の戦死者が名も無き足軽雑兵(特に織田軍はほとんどが領民ではなく傭兵)であった。
- The war victims of the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces comprised nameless foot soldiers (especially those of the Oda force who were not territorial people but mercenaries).
- 1870年(明治3年)5月、特に過激であった古賀のほか大巡察8名が人員削減を名目に免官となった。
- In May, 1870, Koga who was extremely radical and eight other Dai junsatsu were dismissed in the name of the reduction of personnel.
- 特に、幕府の要職には全て譜代大名をもって充てた事は、鎌倉幕府、室町幕府からの大きな転換であった。
- The fact that all the important roles were taken by Fudai daimyo was a particularly major shift from the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.
- また清水一学の方も台所で数合斬り合って討たれたといわれており、特に活躍したとは伝えられていない。
- It is also said that Ichigaku SHIMIZU did not play a central role either, since he was killed in the kitchen after crossing swords several times.
- 特に軌間が大きいほどカーブを大きく取る必要があり、貧乏国で山がちの日本では標準軌は贅沢であった。
- Especially considering the wider gauge required a wider curb and more space, the standard gauge was not affordable nor practical to the mountainous and financially poor Japan.
- 強訴においては特に享保の大飢饉を発端とするものと、1860年に起きたものは大規模なものであった。
- The riots which started from the Kyoho Famine, and broke out in 1860 were especially massive.
- 特に旧石器時代 (日本)後期から室町時代にかけての遺跡が重なっている中臣遺跡は重要な遺跡である。
- Nakatomi ruin is most important because it has several sites from the period during the late Old Stone Age (Japan) through the Muromachi period.
- 特に、豊臣家が全国支配を担った後半を桃山時代といい、この時代を中心に栄えた文化を桃山文化と呼ぶ。
- Particularly, the latter half of this period, when the Toyotomi family tried to control the entire country, is referred to as the Momoyama period, and the culture that flourished in this age is called the Momoyama culture.
- 日本においては、特に天皇に側近奉仕する文官や位を意味するため、この項目ではこれについて解説する。
- In Japan, this term specially refers to a civil officer who serves an emperor or the rank of that person, and this section describes these.
- まず領主による都市、特に城下町・宿場町などでの商工業振興のための町人誘致の目的が指摘されている。
- Firstly, it is pointed out that the feudal lord planned to attract merchants to the town - especially, to the castle town and to the post station town - for the promotion of commerce and industry.
- 特に鎌倉幕府時代に東使を務めた二階堂氏・佐々木氏らが使者に立てられる場合を「武家申詞」と称した。
- Especially, in cases where a member of the Nikaido or Sasaki clans who acted as Toshi (messenger from the Kamakura bakufu to the Imperial court in Kyoto) was dispatched this was called 'buke moshi kotoba' (report informing the Court of the bakufu's intention).
- 特に知康は伊勢大神宮の託宣を受けたと称するなど(『吉記』11月15日条)、主戦派の急先鋒だった。
- Especially, Tomoyasu was the spearhead of the war party, claiming that he had received an oracle from Ise-daijingu Shrine ('Kikki' [a diary of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA], entry of January 6, 1184).
- 特に明応の政変による幕府内部の混乱は幕府有力者達による山城国人衆への切り崩し工作となって現れた。
- The disorder within the bakufu brought by the Coup of Meio prompted the bakufu leaders to wipe out the local samurais of Yamashiro Province.
- この逸話は特に戦前日本において教科書に採りあげられ、女性のあるべき姿として学校教育に用いられた。
- This story was commonly used in textbooks during the pre-World War II period and used in school education to exemplify the ideal woman.
- 特に朝日放送(ABCテレビ)の人気時代劇必殺シリーズでは、2作目の『必殺仕置人』から演出に参加。
- In particular, he participated in the highly popular period drama series broadcast by Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), Hissatsu Shigotonin (Professional killers), from the second season titled 'Hissatsu shiokinin' and on as a director.
- 民衆からの告訴(謂わば密告)の奨励(特にキリシタン札(切支丹札)などには高額の賞金が掲げられた)。
- It was to encourage general public to file a complaint for finding criminals; (as it were, an anonymous tip. High reward was offered for particular complaint, such as to accuse Christian.)
- 特に大きな工場は、1921年に西野にできた日本絹布であり、翌年鐘紡に吸収されその山科工場となった。
- In particular, a big plant of Nihon (Nippon) Kenpu (Japan Silk Cloth) was built in Nishino in 1921 and became Kanebo Yamashina Plant the next year as a result of a merger.
- 男山を取り巻くように住宅地や田園が広がり、特に男山西側の地域は男山団地と呼ばれる人口密集地である。
- Residential areas and rural zones spread as if they surround Mt.Otoko; in particular the western side is an densely populate area called Otokoyama housing complex.
- 鎌倉時代、佐々木氏は、承久の乱で一族の多くが宮方に属した前歴もあって、幕府から特に警戒されていた。
- During the Kamakura period, the shogunate was particularly on the alert for the Sasaki clan, partly because most of the Sasaki clan had a history of belonging to the court's side in the Jokyu-no-ran War.
- 特に東山を隔てた山科盆地に、土塁に囲まれた伽藍と寺内町を構えていた、一向宗の本拠である山科本願寺。
- In particular, Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple was the headquarters of the Ikko sect which had Jinai-cho (the temple town) and the monastery enclosed by earthen walls at the Yamashina basin over the Higashiyama.
- 特に1977年に発表した自伝的随筆『私の浅草』は下町の風情を生き生きと綴りあげた名著と評価が高い。
- In particular, her autobiographical essay 'My Asakusa' published in 1977 was highly praised as a masterpiece that vividly portrays the flavor of downtown Tokyo.
- しかし、その後は特に官位は変わることなく、顕光や時光などの兄に先立って長和3年に58歳で死亡した。
- However, after that, without enjoying any outstanding promotion, he died at the age of 58 in 1014, prior to the assignments of Akimitsu and Tokimitsu.
- 朝の一部の列車は3ドア車で運転され、特に最混雑時間帯の下り列車では2ドア車の充当が避けられている。
- Some of the trains in the morning are operated with three-door cars, and particularly during the peak rush hour an effort is made to avoid the use of two-door cars as outbound trains.
- 当時の博多では多くの豪商が犇めいていたが、特に宗室・神屋宗湛・大賀宗九は「博多の三傑」と呼ばれる。
- In Hakata at that time, there were many wealthy merchants; in particular, Soshitsu, Sotan KAMIYA, and Soku OGA who were collectively called 'the three great men in Hakata.'
- 特に書道においては天才的で、その屈曲に激しく線に強みを加えた書風は、のちに「後京極流」と呼ばれた。
- Particularly, he was talented in calligraphy and his style which possessed an inflectional and dynamic stroke was later called 'Gokyogoku school.'
- 特に陰陽では相反する要素と考える男女の関係性などを含む様々な側面でも利用されたことは想像に難くない。
- Especially in the philosophy of Onmyo, it is not hard to imagine that term was applied to various aspects of things including the relationship between men and women, which are considered to be of opposite elements.
- (特に信長は大事な合戦では必ず雨が降って行軍の足音を消したことから梅雨将軍とも呼ばれるほどだった。)
- (Nobunaga was nicknamed 'Rainy Shogun' as heavy rains always silenced the footsteps of soldiers every time he fought a major battle.)
- 特に、江戸城を中心とする現在で言う東京特別区中心部(東京都千代田区・中央区 (東京都)周辺)を指す。
- It refers to an area centered around Edo Castle that encompasses the center of present day Tokyo Special Ward (Chiyoda and Chuo Wards and their surrounding areas).
- 特に幕末に日本が開国して安政条約が締結されると、生糸や茶の輸出が盛んになり、その分物価が急上昇した。
- Particularly in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, when Japan opened itself to the West and concluded the Ansei Treaties (a series of treaties signed in 1858 [during the Ansei era], with the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Netherlands and France on the others), the export of raw silk and tea became active, and this caused the surge of the prices of commodities.
- 特に1959年(昭和34年)には大規模な引き揚げ作業が試みられたものの機雷を発見しただけに終わった。
- Although the largest-scale operation was conducted in 1959, they only found the mines.
- その中に、「茲に特に爾を封じて日本国王と為す」の一文があり、秀吉は冊封を拒否して慶長の役に突入した。
- In this letter was a sentence which read, 'I hereby appoint you the king of Japan,' but Hideyoshi refused the investiture by the Chinese court and started the Japan's second invasion of Korea.
- 特に赤穂藩主浅野長矩が饗応役を務めた際に起こった刃傷事件(元禄赤穂事件)の時に江戸城に下向していた。
- Incidentally, he had come from Kyoto to Edo-jo Castle and was present during the Ako Incident, which was an act of bloodshed caused by Naganori ASANO, the lord of Ako in Harima Province, who served as an attendant at a reception for the shogun.
- このうち、特に後段の東国行政権の公認をめぐっては、鎌倉幕府成立の画期として積極的に評価する説がある。
- Especially for the latter part that is the delegation of the administrative authority on the Togoku region to Yoritomo, there is a theory that positively values it as a ground-breaking event for the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 守護による国衙支配は、特に東国で顕著であり、15世紀初頭までに守護による国衙掌握がほぼ完了していた。
- Shugo's control over kokuga was so remarkable in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) that shugo had almost finished gaining control over the kokuga by the beginning of the 15th century.
- 特に歴代の朝鮮通信使は日本の揚水式水車に興味を示し、幾度もその構造を絵図面に写して自国に持ち帰った。
- In particular, each of the Chosen Tsushinshi envoys showed interest in water-pumping wheels in Japan and brought back pictures depicting the structure many times.
- 特に11世紀には内裏や大寺社の火災が多く、これらの再建を目的とした臨時課税が困難になる状況を来した。
- Especially in the 11th century, a number of fire disasters occurred in dairi (the Imperial Palace), main temples and shrines, and it was difficult to levy extraordinary taxes for their reconstruction.
- 特に新田開発は後の五代藩主の水野勝岑死去に伴う改易の際の検地では約5万石分の新たな石高を有していた。
- The new rice field development showed an additional Kokudaka of about 50,000 koku in the land survey after the domain was confiscated following the death of Katsumine MIZUNO, the fifth lord of the domain.
- 特に信長がその存在を警戒した武田信玄・上杉謙信の両名には自分から積極的には兵を出さず慎重に対応した。
- Especially against Shingen TAKEDA and Kenshin UESUGI who Nobunaga watched out for, he did not aggressively dispatch troops and he responded carefully.
- 特に、応仁の乱での活躍はめざましく、『朝倉始末記』などによれば、京童から「朝倉の小天狗」と言われた。
- He showed excellent performance on the Onin War, and according to'Asakura Shimatsuki,' he was called 'Kotengu (small tengu) of Asakura' by Kyowarabe (Kyoto's young people).
- また、文武を奨励し、特に儒学を好んで林大学に儒学を学び、自らも講師として藩士などに儒学を講じている。
- He promoted academic education and physical training, and particularly Confucianism, which he himself was interested in, learning from Daigaku HAYASHI, and lectured to hanshi (retainers) on his own.
- 特に大坂の役では、寡兵を持って徳川本陣まで攻め込み、徳川家康を後一歩のところまで追いつめたとされる。
- Particularly, in regard to Osaka no Eki, it is said that he pushed into the headquarters of Tokugawa with outnumbered troops and was just one step away from hunting down Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 花鳥画を得意とし、特に虫類写生図譜『虫豸帖(ちゅうちじょう)』は本草学的にも貴重な資料となっている。
- He was good at Kacho-ga, and the sketching guide to insects 'Chuchijo' was valuable material in herbalism.
- しかし、これは輪番で江戸に随行した者を任命しただけであって、特に選抜して連れてきたというわけではない。
- However, they were appointed just because they accompanied Yoshimune to Edo on their turn of duty but not because they were specially selected.
- 中華人民共和国の雲南省、ベトナム、タイ王国、ネパール、インドネシア、フィリピンの棚田は特に有名である。
- Rice terraces in Yunnan Province of China, Vietnam, the Kingdom of Thailand, Nepal, Indonesia and Philippines are especially well-known.
- 「およそ6尺」という以外は特に定めはなく、「間」を用いる際はそれが何尺何寸であるかを示す必要があった。
- When 'ken' was used, it was inevitable to express the length in the units of shaku and sun, because 'ken' had no special rule but 'it is almost equal to 6 shaku.'
- 『学問のすすめ』への批判は、特に第6編「国法の貴きを論ず」と第7編「国民の職分を論ず」に集中していた。
- Harsh critiques against Gakumon no Susume at the time were focused on the sixth volume 'Kokuho no totoki wo ronzu' (Consideration of the importance of national laws), and the seventh volume 'Kokumin no shokubun wo ronzu' (Consideration of the jobs of people).
- 土壙墓、特に素掘りの土壙墓は、縄文時代に一般的な墓制であり、弥生時代にもしばしば認められる墓制である。
- Hole-shaped grave, especially an excavation without shoring, was a common burial system in the Jomon period and also often seen in the Yayoi period.
- 特に663年の白村江の戦いの後、唐や新羅による侵攻に備え、天智天皇の命で各地に水城や山城が建設された。
- Especially after the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663, the Emperor Tenchi ordered the constructions of Mizushiro (castles on lakes or marshes erected for defensive reasons) and Yamashiro (castles built on the top of mountains or halfway up the mountains for defensive reasons) throughout the country in preparation for invasions by the Tang Dynasty and the Silla (ancient Korean Kingdom).
- 特に三条実美は、内閣総理大臣が置かれるまでの日本の首相にあたる右大臣や太政大臣の職をつとめて活躍した。
- Sanetomi SANJO, in particular, played an active role in the government serving as Minister of the Right and Dajo Daijin that were equivalent of the Prime Minister of Japan in the days before that position became established.
- この名称は江戸時代末期に儒学者斎藤拙堂によって付けられたもので、それまで名称は特に決まっていなかった。
- This name was coined by the Confucian scholar Setsudo SAITO in the final days of the Edo period; until that time, there was no established term for such activities and groups.
- 一方、梅雨期間中の晴れ間は梅雨晴れ(つゆばれ)または梅雨の晴れ間と呼ばれ、特に気温が高く、湿度も高い。
- On the other hand, sunny spells during the period of baiu is called 'tsuyubare' or 'tsuyu no harema,' and during such periods, the air temperature gets high and humidity is also high.
- 正方形の日本の伝統的な紋や模様が入っているものを指す場合が多く、特に和紙で作られたものを千代紙と呼ぶ。
- Chiyogami often refers to square sheets of paper with Japanese traditional crests or patterns, and especially those made of Japanese paper are called 'chiyogami.'
- 特に芝居小屋のような、町人と密接な接触が想定される場に足を踏み入れることは、極力慎むことが求められた。
- It was especially required that warriors should not enter a playhouse, where they were likely to have close contact with townspeople.
- 特に戦国時代においては、自給自足体制の崩壊とともに支配階層の貨幣に対する需要が高まった事から普及する。
- Especially during the Sengoku period, the system of kandaka became more widespread, since the demand for money increased as a result of the collapse of the self-sufficient structure of society.
- あるいは、現代において過去のそれを起源とした町で、特に当時の情緒を色濃く残した町・町並みのことである。
- Alternatively, it meant towns and the rows of houses and buildings in present day Japan that originated under the aforementioned historical factors, and especially those that have conserved the atmosphere of those days.
- 特に臨済宗の恵林寺に対する手厚い保護や、武田八幡宮の社殿造営、甲府への善光寺の移転勧請などが知られる。
- It is especially well known that he generously protected Erin-ji Temple of Rinzai Sect, built a shaden (a shrine building) at Takeda hachiman-gu Shrine, and requested Zenko-ji Temple to move to Kofu.
- 特に町村レベルには上からの法定以前に自治があったので、ここでの承認は自治拡大を意味するものではなかった。
- In particular, because the self-government at the level of towns and villages had already existed before being fixed by the central government, approval in this case did not mean greater autonomy for municipalities.
- ただ、綱吉が丙戌年生まれの為、特に犬が保護された(綱吉自身犬好きで、100匹の狆犬を飼っていたという)。
- However, as the Shogun Tsunayoshi was born in the year of the Dog, one of the twelve animals of the Oriental zodiac, dogs were treated with special care (he himself was especially fond of dogs and it is said that he owned 100 of them).
- 14口の銅鐸のうち、特に4号銅鐸と5号銅鐸は人物、動物などの略画が鋳出されたもので、資料的に貴重である。
- Among 14 dotaku, No. 4 and 5, on which sketches of men and animals were cast, are especially valuable materials.
- 特に天保6年(1835年)に御金改役の後藤光亨の建策により発行された天保通寳は金座主導により鋳造された。
- Especially, Tenpo-tsuho issued following the advice of Mitsunori GOTO who was Gokin Aratame-yaku was casted at the initiative of kin-za.
- このため、家康の勢力が諸大名の中でも特に抜きん出ることとなり、家康は次第に天下の権を掌握するようになる。
- This allowed Ieyasu to gain prominence among other feudal lords, and Ieyasu gradually came to hold the power to control the nation.
- 特に後北条氏は北条氏政の切腹に至り、伊達政宗、南部晴政、最上義光らを帰順させる事に繋がった(奥羽仕置)。
- Especially in the case of the Gohojo clan, it led to seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) of Ujimasa HOJO, and it also caused Masamune DATE, Harumasa NANBU, and Yoshiaki MOGAMI to return to their allegiance to Hideyoshi (Ou shioki or the punishment of Ou).
- 特に明治期には田中義成が軍記物の信憑性を否定し、上記第二次と第四次のみを確実とする「二回説」を提唱した。
- In particular, in the Meiji period, Yoshinari TANAKA denied the credibility of war tales, and proposed the 'two-battles theory' in which he insisted that only the second and the fourth battles were surely fought.
- 御府内の範囲は時代によって異なり、特に寺社門前町の取り扱いについては幕府役人の間でも問い合わせがあった。
- The area governed by the town magistrate's office varied with time, and the handling of temple/shrine towns was a particularly troublesome issue among Bakufu officials.
- 朝鮮寺(ちょうせんでら)とは、おもに在日韓国・朝鮮人ら、特にその婦人層において信仰されている寺院の通称。
- Chosen-dera Temple (Korean Temple) refers to the common name of the temples worshipped by korean people living in Japan, particularly, the women.
- しかし、縄文時代の土壙墓と弥生時代の(特に西日本の)土壙墓とはその形状に差があり、後者の方が全長が長い。
- However there is a difference in the shape of hole-shaped graves in the Jomon and Yayoi periods (especially in western Japan), and hole-shaped graves in the Yayoi period was longer in length.
- 三関(さんげん、さんかん)とは、古代の日本で畿内周辺に設けられた関所の内、特に重視された三つの関の総称。
- Sangen (or Sankan) is a general term for the three important sekisho (a checkpoint) out of which were established in and around Kinai (five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) in ancient Japan.
- 三国志における蜀の皇帝 劉備に仕えた忠臣のうち、特にその功績が大きかった3人、諸葛亮・関羽・張飛を指す。
- refers to Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei, the three men who made the greatest achievements of the loyal subjects who served Liu Bei, Emperor of Shu of Sangokushi (The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms).
- 日露戦争で鉄道の有効性と私鉄割拠による不便さを痛感した軍部(特に陸軍)は、戦争後に鉄道国有化を要望した。
- The military (especially the Army) that learned the effectiveness of railway and the inconvenience caused by the autonomy of private railways during the Russo-Japan war expressed the need for nationalizing the railways.
- 特に京都室町における足利将軍家の邸宅を花の御所といい、将軍家当主も「公方様」ないし「御所様」と称された。
- The residence of the Ashikaga Shogunate family in Muromachi, Kyoto, in particular, was referred to as Hana no Gosho, and the head of the family himself was also called 'Kubo-sama' or 'Gosho-sama.'
- 室町時代から江戸時代にかけては幕府との折衝役を務める者が多く、特に江戸時代には武家伝奏役を多数輩出した。
- From the Muromachi Period to the Edo Period, many family members served as negotiators with bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and, in particular during the Edo Period, many buketenso yaku (Imperial official in charge of communication between the shogunate and the court) appeared.
- 特に本作では、お嬢とお坊とが恋仲に陥るという倒錯した設定となっており、幕末の爛熟した世相を物語っている。
- Especially in this program, the setting is twisted in which Ojo and Obo fall in love, which represents the overmature social conditions of the Edo period.
- 皇族の結婚は、皇族同士か特に勅許を受けた華族との間に限られ、勅許を必要とした(旧皇室典範39,40条)。
- Marriage for members in the Imperial family required an Imperial sanction, and they were only allowed to marry other members of the Imperial family or, with special Imperial sanction, members of the peerage (Articles 39 and 40 of the former Imperial House Act).
- また、永保元年(1081年)秋の熊野詣の記事は特に「為房卿熊野参詣日記」として取り上げられることがある。
- A description about a visit Tamefusa made to the Kumano-jinja Shrine in the fall of 1081 is sometimes featured as 'Tamefusa-kyo Kumano Sankei Nikki' (Kumano Temple Visit Diary of Lord Tamefusa).
- 命蓮が「飛鉢の法」によって鉢をとばして長者の米倉を信貴山まで運び、人びとが驚いた逸話が特に知られている。
- The story that Myoren threw a pot using 'the method of throwing a pot' to carry the rice storage of choja (chief abbot of the temple) to Mt. Shigi, which amazed people, is well known.
- 特に国衙領の内部に成立した荘園との関係を規制するためには、律令法にない新しい法をつくり出す必要があった。
- In particular, in order to control the relationship with the shoen, formed within kokugaryo, a new law, not included in ritsuryo, had to be created.
- 根本経典法華経の解釈は勝劣派であるが、「勝」とする本門の内、日陣は特に法華経如来寿量品第十六を重んじる。
- Nichijin adopted the Shyoretsu school in the interpretation of Konpon kyoten (primal scripture) Hokke-kyo Sutra, and he especially emphasized chapter 16, Nyoraijuryo-hon (Duration of the Life of the Tathagata, chapter 16 of the Lotus Sutra) among Honmon which was regarded as 'Sho' (superior).
- 特に、荘園整理令を初めとする「花山新制」の施行に当たっては、実務面において中心的な役割を担ったとされる。
- Especially, he is said to have played a central role by handling practical matters, in the implementation of 'Kazan shinsei (new laws issued by Emperor Kazan),' including Manor Regulation Acts.
- 京都~米原間の全線で130km/h運転可能であり、特に京都~草津間は内側線も130km/h対応している。
- In the whole lines between Kyoto and Maibara the trains run at 130 km/hour and the trains operating on the inner lines between Kyoto and Kusatsu also run at 130 km/hour.
- 7両編成の運用もあるが、大阪口(特にK特急運転時間帯)での混雑が激しいため8両編成での運転が中心である。
- Although the train is sometimes operated with seven cars, it's mainly operated with eight cars because of the heavy congestion at Osaka-guchi (particularly during the time slot when the K-Ltd. Express is operated).
- 特に後者に感動した忠彦は、その記述が後小松天皇の時代で途絶している事を嘆き、続編の執筆を志すようになる。
- He was especially touched by the latter, and grieving over the fact that the writing had stopped during the era of Emperor Gokomatsu, he began to aspire to writing a sequel.
- 特に伏屋A式竪穴住居と見られている建物跡がはさみ山遺跡(〈梨田地点〉大阪府藤井寺市)から出土した例がある。
- In particular, a site where a group of pit dwelling structures believed to have had fuseya A type (thatched roof completely covering the structure) roofs has been found at Hasamiyama site (Nashida Point, Fujiidera City, Osaka).
- 日本は当時、国内各地で大量に金銀(特に銀)を産出する国であったため、交易においてもその潤沢な金銀を用いた。
- Japan produced a large amount of gold and silver (especially silver) during this time, using these abundant resources for trade.
- 外国人居留地(がいこくじんきょりゅうち)は、政府が外国人の居留及び交易区域として特に定めた一定地域をいう。
- The term 'foreign settlement' ('gaikokujin kyoryuchi' in Japanese) refers to one of the demarcated areas of land created by the government that were specifically set aside as places in which foreigners could reside and trade.
- この四等官と検勾官の名称は、特に中央官庁においては統一されておらず、官庁ごとに異なる名称が採用されていた。
- The above names of Shitokan and jian-gou-guan were not standardized at the central government and various names were used depending on the government bodies.
- 戦国時代 (日本)の端緒となる応仁の乱で市街、特に北側の大半が焼失し、その後もたびたび戦乱に巻き込まれた。
- During the Onin War which was the start of the Sengoku period, the city, in particular the majority of the northern side, was destroyed by fire and would later frequently become embroiled in conflict.
- これは直系継承法にとって特に問題となり、嫡系継承法だとすると大友皇子の資格も不完全とみなされることになる。
- This is especially detrimental for the argument base on the direct line imperial succession code, and for the argument based on the legitimate child succession code, Prince Otomo's authenticity as a heir can be deemed imperfect.
- その伊勢平氏の傍流であったが、いわゆる平氏政権を打ち立てた平清盛とその一族を特に“平家”(へいけ)と呼ぶ。
- Although it was a branch of the Ise-Heishi clan, the term 'Heike' (Taira family) specifically refers to TAIRA no Kiyomori, who established the so-called Heishi government, and members of his family.
- 儒家でない者で文章得業生になることができない文章生については、特に方略宣旨を申請して、「対策」を受験した。
- Those Monjosho who were not Confucian and could not become Monjo tokugosho, made a special petition for Horyaku senshi (an imperial letter) to take the 'taisaku' exam.
- 特に家計的に苦しかった公家や奉行衆などにとっては生活を維持するための有力な収入源でさえあったとされている。
- The reisen is said to have been a major source of income especially for Court nobles and the bugyoshu (group of magistrates) with financial hardships to sustain their lives.
- 特に盛子の所領は高倉が相伝することが決まっていたため、高倉・清盛側と後白河側の対立は悪化の一途をたどった。
- The conflict between Takakura and Kiyomori's side with Goshirakawa's side worsened especially because Moriko's property was to be inherited by Takakura.
- 特に志摩国では水田が極度に不足していることから伊勢国・尾張国の水田を口分田とする例外規定が認められていた。
- In the Shima Province in particular, deals with paddy fields in the Ise and Owari Provinces as the kubunden of the Shima Province were approved, because available paddy fields there were extremely small.
- 特に幕府開設以降、尊氏は自身はシンボル的な地位にとどめ、実際の政務はほとんど直義に委任していたと言われる。
- Particularly after the establishment of the bakufu, it is said that Takauji placed himself in a purely symbolic position while the majority of the actual governance was entrusted to Tadayoshi.
- 幸若舞『敦盛』の以下の一節は、信長の人生観と合致していたのか、特にお気に入りで、よく舞ったといわれている。
- It is said that he loved the following part of Kowaka-mai 'Atsumori' and often danced, which reveals his view of life;
- 特に大上臈は仙洞(上皇御所)および執柄家(摂関家)におかれた女房(豊臣は摂関家の一つと捉えられていた。)。
- In particular, 'dai-joro' refers to court ladies of higher ranks who served in the Sento Palace (the Palace for a Retired Emperor) or for Shippei-ke, or Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents [the Toyotomi clan was considered one of Sekkan-ke at that time.])
- 中平の映画も全て観に行ったと語っており、特に『危いことなら銭になる』は四番館、五番館まで観に行ったという。
- She said she watched all Nakahira's films at the theater and especially watched 'Yabai Koto nara Zeni ni naru' even at the fourth and the fifth run theater.
- 平安時代に「遊女」の語が現れ、特に大阪湾と淀川水系の水運で栄えた江口・神崎 (尼崎市)の遊女が知られている。
- During the Heian period, the word, 'yujo,' came into existence, and especially yujo in Eguchi and Kanzaki region (Amagasaki City), which had flourished for water transport of Osaka Bay and Yodo-gawa Water System, were known.
- 田畑への被害は、特に1890年8月と1896年7月21日、8月17日、9月8日の4度の大洪水で顕著となった。
- Especially heavy damages to the fields were caused by the four major floods which struck on August of 1890, on July 21 and August 17 and September 8 of 1896.
- なお、異学の禁に反対した儒者五名(亀田鵬斎、山本北山、冢田大峯、豊島豊洲、市川鶴鳴)を特に寛政の五鬼という。
- The five Confucians who opposed the Kansei Igaku no Kin (Bosai KAMEDA, Hokuzan YAMAMOTO, Taiho TSUKADA, Hoshu TOSHIMA, and Kakumei ICHIKAWA) were called Goki (five demons) of the Kansei era.
- ただ、陸軍省官制では大臣に「将官」をあてると定め(別表)、海軍省官制では特に定めを置かなかった(別表参照)。
- It was ruled that 'Shokan' will be placed as a minister (appendix) according to the Department of War regulations, however, there was no specification in the Department of the Navy regulations (see appendix).
- さらに、天智の改革においては地方豪族(特に東国)を軽視したために地方豪族の間で不平が高まったと見られている。
- Furthermore, in the reform by Emperor Tenchi, it is thought that complaints were growing between the local ruling families (especially Togoku) because they were disregarded.
- 農地のための破壊は歴史を通じて見られ、中世には城砦のために、近代(特に戦後)には宅地のために破壊されてきた。
- Throughout history, kofun were continuously destroyed for agricultural land; in the Middle Ages, kofun were destroyed to build fortresses, and in modern times, kofun are destroyed for residential land (especially after World War II).
- しかし支配への抵抗も強く、特に720年には7年前に新設された大隅国の国守陽侯麻呂が殺害される事件が起こった。
- However, resistance against such control was also strong and in 720, YAKO no Maro, the Governor of Osumi Province established seven years previously, was killed.
- 特に旧幕府・旗本領や旧中小藩を引き継いだ県では府県庁所在地周辺よりも多くの飛地を遠隔地に持つ所が少なくない。
- Prefectures that inherited the territory of former bakufu, hatamoto or small domains had many enclaves located far from prefectural capitals.
- 幸いにして政元には安富元家や三好之長といった優秀な家臣団が存在していたため、特に政務が乱れることは無かった。
- Fortunately, as Masamoto had competent vassals such as Motoie YASUTOMI and Yukinaga MIYOSHI, the governmental affairs were conducted without any disturbance.
- 佐和山は織田信長の時代から要衝と見なされ、信長は特に信任の厚かった重臣・丹羽長秀を城主としているほどである。
- Sawayama had been regarded as important point since the days of Nobunaga ODA, and Nobunaga appointed Nagahide NIWA, his especially confidential senior vassal, as lord of the castle.
- 特に大名の家は江戸時代に繁栄し、国政の中枢に座り、幕閣の老中・大坂城代・京都所司代・寺社奉行などを歴任した。
- Particularly, the Matsui clan who served as daimyo prospered during the Edo period, and took the central role in the administration of state affairs; they successively assumed various positions such as Roju (member of shogun's council of elders) of the cabinet officials of the Shogunate, Osaka Jodai (the keeper of Osaka-jo Castle), Kyoto Shoshidai (Kyoto deputy), and Jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines).
- 鎌倉の山は標高100メートル程度と比較的手軽に楽しめることもあり、特に休日は多くのハイカーでにぎわっている。
- Many hikers enjoy hiking in the mountains of Kamakura particularly in holidays partly because the mountains in Kamakura, about 100 meters above the sea, can be enjoyed relatively easily.
- 特に、明治維新から戦中までの期間には、国家公認の史観として重視され、大日本帝国憲法第1条にも記載されていた。
- Especially during the times from the Meiji Restoration to wartime, the Japanese government officially emphasized this historical view and stated this in the Article 1 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 荘官・地頭らによる直営田の拡大は、特に地頭の動きが著しかったが、上級領主の荘園管理権を侵害するものであった。
- The expansion of the directly managed rice fields by shokan, jito, et al., especially jito, might violate the upper-class feudal lord's supervisory authority on the manor.
- 特に地方政治においては、国司へ大幅な行政権を委任する代わりに一定以上の租税進納を義務づける政治形態が進んだ。
- In regional politics, the Court delegated much administrative authority to Kokushi and in return, they bore the responsibility to pay taxes above a certain level to the government.
- しかし、近年特に見られる傾向だが(秀忠に仕えていたためもあってか)多数の作品で悪役として描かれることが多い。
- However, lately there is a tendency that Munenori has often been depicted as a bad guy in many stories (partly because he served Hidetada).
- また、上述の経緯から、安田氏の景元とは特に対立関係にあったようで、高広の謀反を謙信に報告したのは景元である。
- Following the complications outlined above, Kagemoto was antagonistic to Kagemoto of the Yasuda clan, in particular, and it iwas he who reported Takahiro's act of treason to Kenshin.
- 中平が自作の中で特に気に入っていたものは、『狂った果実』、『街燈』、『誘惑』、『紅の翼』、『才女気質』など。
- Among his works Nakahira especially loved 'Kurutta Kajitsu,' 'Gaito,' 'Yuwaku,' 'Kurenai no tsubasa' (Crimson Wings), 'Saijo Katagi,' and so on.
- 特に藤原忠通からの信任が厚く、嫡男近衛基実の乳母を信範の正室が務めた(『山槐記』治承3年6月10日条注記)。
- Particularly, Nobunori gained strong confidence from FUJIWARA no Tadamichi, and thus Nobunori's wife served Tadamichi's eldest son, Motozane KONOE, as a wet nurse (according to 'Sankaiki' (Tadachika NAKAYAMA's diary), the section of June 10 in the third year of Jisho era).
- 軍部の一部では特に朱子学に心酔する者が多く、二・二六事件や満州事変にも多少なりとも影響を与えたといわれている。
- There are many keen devotees of Neo-Confucianism in parts of the military, and it is said that they affected the February 26th Incident and the Manchurian Incident to some degree.
- 特に20世紀初頭に中国接近の度を強めていたアメリカは賠償金を中国人留学生への援助や、大学の建設などに充当した。
- In particular in the early twentieth century the United States, which was coming closer to China, diverted the reparations to the support of Chinese students in the U.S. and the establishment of universities.
- 須恵器の起源は朝鮮半島(特に、その南部の伽耶)にあり、初期の須恵器は半島のものと区別をつけにくいほど似ている。
- Sueki originated in Korean Peninsula (especially in Kaya which was in the south of the peninsula), and early Sueki looks so similar to the one created in the peninsula that it is hard to distinguish between the two.
- しかし、律令制の弛緩、換言すれば別の統治体制への移行は、時代を追うたびに進展し、特に班田制の崩壊が著しかった。
- However, over time, the Ritsuryo system was losing its teeth, in other words, it was transforming into another system, the most obvious sign of which was the breakdown of the rice field allotment system.
- 特に一世の世代は過酷な労働をこなしながら、稼いだお金を自分たちのためには使わず、子供たちの教育のために注いだ。
- The issei (first-generation) especially worked hard under harsh labor conditions, though they used the money they earned for the education of their children, not for themselves.
- 特に慶応2年(1866年)の第2次長州征伐中と同4年(明治元年・1868年)の戊辰戦争中にその最高潮に達した。
- The riots and uprisings reached their peaks twice; the first one was when Edo bakufu implemented the second Choshu Expedition in 1866, and the second one was during the Boshin Civil War in 1868.
- 彼は非常に日本との関係が深く、特に川島浪速とは自分の娘(日本名川島芳子)を後に川島の養女にするなど縁があった。
- He had a strong relationship with Japan, especially with Naniwa KAWASHIMA, and Shanqi's daughter was later adopted by Kawashima (her Japanese name was Yoshiko KAWASHIMA).
- - 倒幕・明治維新に尽力した藩士・諸士のうち、特に功績の大きかった3人、木戸孝允・西郷隆盛・大久保利通を指す。
- referst to Takayoshi KIDO, Takamori SAIGO, and Toshimichi OKUBO, the three men who made the greatest achievements of the feudal retainers of domain and shoshi who made contributions to the overthrowing of the Shogunate and the Meiji Restoration.
- 特に858年(天安 (日本)2年)に即位した清和天皇はわずか9歳で、これほど低年齢の天皇はそれまでに例がない。
- Especially Emperor Seiwa, who was enthroned in 858, was only nine years old, and there was no precedent of such young Emperor until then.
- 特に明治以前の即位式において新天皇に灌頂を授ける「即位灌頂」の儀を掌る役目は室町時代以後二条家が独占していた。
- Particularly, after the Muromachi period until Meiji period, the Nijo Family dominated the position that was in charge of 'Sokui kanjo (accession to the throne),' which was to offer kanjo (cabalistic ceremony provided to the Emperor-to-be) to the new Emperor at an enthronement ceremony.
- 江戸後期から幕末にかけて鷹司家の当主が関白を務める機会が多く、特に鷹司政通は30年余りにわたって関白を務めた。
- From the late Edo period to the end of the Edo shogunate period, the family heads of the House of Takatsukasa frequently became senior regents, and in particular Masamichi TAKATSUKASA served as a senior regent for 30 years.From the late Edo period to the end of the Edo shogunate period, the heads of the Takatsukasa Family frequently became senior regents, and in particular Masamichi TAKATSUKASA served as a senior regent for 30 years.
- 明治維新後の華族令では原則伯爵に叙せられた(ただし、右大臣岩倉具視の子孫である岩倉家は特に公爵を授けられた)。
- According to the ordinance on nobles after the Meiji Restoration, the Urin Family was ranked in principle as a count (but the Iwakura Family, the descendant of Minister of the Right Tomomi IWAKURA, was specially offered the title of a prince).
- 特に千葉常胤にとっては、源義朝は「御恩」を感じるような相手ではないことは相馬御厨での経緯を見れば明らかである。
- It is obvious from the history of Soma-mikuriya that especially for Tsunetane CHIBA, MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was not someone he felt 'obligated to.'
- 特に、日蓮は立正安国論の中で盛んにこれを喧伝し、政府による国立戒壇の建立によって国家と人々は救済されると説く。
- Especially, Nichiren energetically spread the thought in 'Rissho Ankoku-ron' and preached that the country and people would be saved by erection of the Kokuritsu kaidan (the establishment of the National High Sanctuary).
- 特に東日本では村落の指導的立場を名主と称する習わしが残り、多くの地域で村役人の筆頭が名主(なぬし)と呼ばれた。
- In many eastern regions, the custom of calling village heads myoshu persisted and the chief village officer was called nanushi in many of these regions.
- 四大財閥に、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部による財閥解体指令を受けた11財閥を加えたものを、特に十五大財閥と呼ぶ。
- The four major zaibatsu, together with the 11 zaibatsu that were ordered dismantled by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) are referred to as the 15 major zaibatsu.
- 中国北西部では、1960年代から40年間は減少傾向で、特に1980年代から1990年代には大きく減少している。
- In the northwestern area of China, the occurrence frequency of kosa has shown a decreasing trend for 40 years from the 1960s, in particular between the 1980s and 1990s.
- 多くの源氏一門は叙位任官を除き、特に無碍に鎌倉殿と同様に源姓を称することを禁じられ、あくまで家人として遇された。
- Many Genji clans, except for the conferment of a court rank and appointment to an office, were forbidden to broadly share a common Minamoto family name in the same way as the Kamakura-dono, and were treated simply as Kenin (retainers).
- ちなみに若木のデザインのモデルは特になく、特定のモデルがないからこそ却ってどの木にも通じる、という考え方である。
- There was no specific model for the sapling design, instead the concept is that, because there is no particular model, it can be related to any tree.
- 特に教育及び翻訳によって近代中国に多大な影響を与えたことで知られ、『万国公法』の訳出はその代表的な事績といえる。
- He is known with his significant influence to modern Chine in the field of education and translation and translation of 'Bankoku Koho' can be said to be his representative achievement.
- 特に一般の商人や民衆には金銀貨の真贋を見分けることは難しく、外国商人の中にも贋貨を入手して損害を受ける者も出た。
- Particularly, it was difficult for general merchants and people to distinguish real gold and silver coins from the fake, and there were foreign merchants who also acquired counterfeit money and suffered damage.
- 特に、沖縄県出身の言論人太田朝敷が、抗議の中心となり、沖縄県全体に非難の声が広がり、県出身者の展覧を止めさせた。
- In particular, Chofu OTA, a media figure from Okinawa, led the protest movement, raising a chorus of complaints throughout Okinawa Prefecture, which put an end to the display of the Okinawa people.
- 特に道路が未舗装であるなど足場が悪い地域では、車輪を使った台車(大八車やリヤカー)ないし自転車では運搬しにくい。
- Especially in areas of bad traffic conditions due to unpaved roads, hand trucks (such as large carts and trailers towed by bicycle) and bicycles are not easy to use for carrying things.
- このため怨恨ではない別の動機を求める説も支持されており、特に光秀以外の黒幕の存在を想定する説が多く行われている。
- Therefore, views that adopt other motive than resentment have also been supported and, especially, views that assume existence of a mastermind is strong.
- 特に貴船側は20°以上の急勾配の上、ヘアピンカーブが連続する区間があり、大型車は1度で曲がりきれないこともある。
- Particularly on the side of Kibune, there is a spot where the hill is as steep as 20 degrees or more with successive sharp hairpin curves, where a large-sized vehicle cannot make a turn at the first try.
- 特に東国では9世紀半ばから後半を通じて俘囚の反乱が相次ぎ、群盗の活動の活発化と相まって、治安悪化が顕著であった。
- In particular, in Togoku throughout the era from the middle of the ninth century to the end of the century, barbarians raised rebellions one after another in addition to bandits whose activities had become more active, deteriorating security markedly.
- だが、実際には華族制度は家職的な要素を含み、特に公爵・侯爵は原則的に貴族院 (日本)に議席を有することが出来た。
- However, in actuality, the Kazoku (peerage) system had elements of Kashoku, and dukes and marquis were in principle eligible for a seat in the Kizokuin.
- そのため、式目、特に御成敗式目は武家政権の基本法と考えられ、式目=武家法とのする考え方が広く受け入れられていた。
- Thus the shikimoku, and the Goseibai-shikimoku in particular, were considered as fundamental laws for samurai government, and a view that the shikimoku was equal to Bukeho was generally accepted.
- 特に天文 (日本)22年(1553年)には将軍義輝を近江国朽木に追放し、三好氏は畿内の実力者として絶頂を極めた。
- Of special note is that in 1553, the Miyoshi clan expelled Shogun Yoshiteru to Kuchiki, Omi Province, and reached the zenith of its power as the virtual ruler of the areas surrounding the capital.
- 修理大仏司が新設されたのは、大仏の痛み具合、なかでも頭部の具合がひどく、特にあたらないといけなかったからである。
- The Agency of Great Buddha Repair was established in order to intensively repair the damaged Great Buddha, of which the head was in particularly terrible shape.
- 西田幾多郎、波多野精一、田辺元、和辻哲郎ら、京都学派の全盛期にそこで哲学を学び、特に田辺から多大な影響を受ける。
- He studied philosophy during the heyday of the Kyoto School with Kitaro NISHIDA, Seiichi HATANO, Hajime TANABE, and Tetsuro WATSUJI, during which time he was greatly influenced particularly by Tanabe.
- 茂義やその家臣は、これらの実験器具を用いて理化学実験を行っており、特に、火薬や雷管の研究を行っていたと言われる。
- Shigeyoshi and his vassals conducted science experiments with these laboratory instruments and it is said that they particularly conducted research for gunpowder and blasting caps.
- 岡山藩致仕後、浪々の中で執筆活動とともに幕府の政策、特に参勤交代や兵農分離を批判し、また岡山藩の批判をも行った。
- After resignation from the post in the Okayama Domain, he became a ronin (a masterless samurai), but he criticized the Tokugawa shogunate policies in his writings, especially on Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) and Heinobunri (a separation of the warrior class in this domain from the soil), and he also criticized the policies of the Okayama Domain.
- 『平家物語』巻十一「弓流」において、源氏方の美尾屋十郎の錣を素手で引きちぎったという「錣引き」が特に有名である。
- Shikoro biki' (amour-pulling); he tore MIONOYA no Juro's amour by his hand, in 'Yumi Nagashi' (The Dropped Bow), the number thirteen of 'Heike Monogatari' (The tale of the Heike), was especially famous.
- 永禄6年(1563年)、六角家中でも特に信望のあった重臣後藤賢豊親子を観音寺城内で誅殺してしまう(観音寺騒動)。
- In 1563, Katatoyo GOTO, a senior vassal who was winning a particularly good reputation within the Rokkaku clan, was killed with his son at Kannon-ji Temple (Kannonji family feud).
- ただし、転封の多い譜代大名や旗本の場合は、特に手続きもなく分家の領地が本田高として扱われるようになるケースがある。
- However, in the cases of fudai daimyo (daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) and hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who were often transferred from one fief to another, the territory of a branch family was sometimes treated as a registered rice paddy with no specific procedure.
- また必要限度の要件さえ整っていれば記載様式も特に設けられなかったことから、地方によって書式の詳細に格差が生まれた。
- Moreover, because the description form was not in particular installed as long as the sufficient requirements were met, there was a difference between provinces in details of the format.
- 大規模な写経もおこなわれており、特に光明皇后発願の一切経の写経事業は、大仏造立や国分寺造営とならぶ大事業であった。
- Large-scale copying of sutras was conducted and, Empress Komyo's order for a complete copy of all Buddhist scriptures was a great undertaking comparable to construction of daibutsu and kokubunji.
- メソアメリカの遺跡で発見される石皿は、特にメタテ(Metate)と呼ばれ、北米の遺跡などでも同じように呼称される。
- The stone plates excavated in the remains of Meso-America are specifically called Metate, and they are called the same in the North America.
- 『万国公法』では個別の事件については特に触れておらず、その名の下に裁かれること自体、実は非常におかしいことである。
- 'Bankoku Koho' does not refer to individual cases and it is very inexplicable that the above cases were tried under the name of 'Bankoku Koho.'
- ドイツは、山東省を国家権益の観点のみならず、孔子の生地である曲阜がありキリスト教布教の観点からも特に重視していた。
- Germany regarded the Shandong Province with great interest not only due to the presence of Qufu City, which was the birthplace of Confucius, but from the perspective of the Christian missionary work.
- 特に竹林は美しく、平安時代の作品『竹取物語』のモデルは長岡京市もしくは京都府八幡市のどちらかであると言われている。
- Bamboo groves are especially beautiful; the setting for 'Taketori Monogatari' (The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter) is said to have modeled either Nagaokakyo City or Yawata City, Kyoto Prefecture.
- 特に誠仁親王に関しては、変に際して二条御所で危うく巻き添えになりかけたことが、朝廷説への反論として言及されている。
- With respect to the Imperial Prince Sanehito, especially, the fact that he could be entangled in an incident in the Nijo Gosho is mentioned as a refutation against the view that the mastermind of the plot was in the Imperial Court.
- 12世紀末に鎌倉幕府が登場すると、特に東国の名主の中には、幕府に帰参して御家人となり、地頭に補任される者も現れた。
- When the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to power toward the end of the 12th century, some myoshu farmers, especially those in eastern regions, gained positions in the shogunate government and became gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) or were appointed as jito (local landlord).
- 特に東国では、有力者層の独自性が強く、在庁官人でありながら国司に逆らったり、武力紛争を起こしたりする者が多かった。
- Especially in the eastern regions, this class of leading men had a distinctive character and even though they were zaichokanjin, they often defied kokushi or caused armed conflicts.
- 特に跋文の「左中将、まだ伊勢守と聞こえし時」の一段には、『枕草子』を最初に世上に広めたのが彼であると書かれている。
- In particular, a passage of the afterword starting with 'when Sachujo was still Ise no kami (Governor of Ise Province),' says that he was the first to make 'Makura no soshi' widely known to the public.
- 特に須佐駅~宇田郷駅間にかかる惣郷川橋梁は日本海に注ぐ惣郷川河口にあるため、鉄道の撮影ポイントとしても有名である。
- Sogo-gawa Bridge, located between Susa Station and Utago Station, is well-known as a great spot for picture-taking because it's located at the mouth of the Sogo-gawa River that flows into the Sea of Japan.
- 大日本帝国陸軍大将の松井石根はこの松井氏の子孫で、先祖、特に宗信の遺業を敬い、たびたび墓碑に訪れ供養をしたという。
- Iwane MATSUI, Empire of Japan full general was a descendant of the Matsui clan and it is said that he often visited the tombstones to pay his respects to the ancestors, particularly Munenobu.
- 事実、秀吉の没後に五大老の中でも特にその勢力が抜きん出ていた徳川家康は、豊臣氏に無断で諸大名と婚姻関係を結んでいる。
- In fact, Ieyasu Tokugawa, who became outstandingly influential after Hideyoshi's death, made marital relationships with several lords without the Toyotomi clan's permission.
- 特に度量衡の統一、電信や鉄道の建設、郵便制度の創設、助郷の廃止、殖産興業の推進、廃藩置県の提言などが実行に移された。
- Especially, proposals such as unification of scales and measures, telegraph and railway-related constructions, establishment of the postal system, elimination of sukego (labor which was imposed to the neighboring village to help the primarily imposed village), promotion of local productions industry, and Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) were actually carried out.
- 居留地が置かれていた都市の港は居留地時代に大きな発展を遂げ、特に神戸は上海・香港を凌ぐ東洋最大の港へと飛躍していた。
- The ports of those cities with settlements developed rapidly during the settlement period; Kobe, in particular, leapt ahead of Shanghai and Hong Kong to become the largest port in the Orient.
- 日本国王(にほんこくおう)とは、中世期から近世期において特に武家政権の長が対外的に使用した日本の統治者の称号である。
- The king of Japan was a title of the ruler of Japan, which was used mainly by the head of the military government internationally during the medieval and early-modern times.
- 日本酒生酛系(きもとけい)のように、自然の酵母の力をそのまま活かして造る伝統的な製法においては特に重要な概念となる。
- Like Japanese liquor kimoto-kei (a natural yeast method), this has become an especially important notion in traditional production methods which utilize the power of natural yeast as it is.
- 神武天皇即位の翌年、東征の論幸行賞として築坂邑(橿原市鳥屋町付近)に宅地を賜わり、特に目をかけられたと記されている。
- It is documented that the next year of Emperor Jinmu's enthronement, he was granted a residential estate in Tsukisakamura (the vicinity of Toriya-machi, Kashihara City), which was an extremely preferential treatment, as an award based on the evaluation of the merit he had achieved during Tosei (the eastern expedition).
- 特に藤原氏の大学別曹である勧学院の学問料は著名であり、藤原氏の学生の中から別途に学問料を受ける給料学生が選抜された。
- Gakumonryo granted by Kangakuin, Daigaku-besso of the FUJIWARA clan, was particularly famous and Kyuryo-gakusei who were granted Gakumonryo were selected from the students of FUJIWARA clan.
- 1970年代からは、戦後歴史学に対する反省と見直しが始まり、1980年代からは特に精力的な取り組みが加速していった。
- In 1979 and later, reviews of history in the era after the war started, and in particular, the vigorous activities concerned have been accelerating.
- 鎌倉時代、地頭は、荘園公領支配への進出を積極的に展開したが、特に下地の支配権(下地進止権という)の獲得に力を注いだ。
- During the Kamakura period, jito made an aggressive attempt to control soen and koryo, and in particular, they focused on acquisition of the right to control shitaji (shitaji-shinshi ken - the right to appropriate land).
- 中でも早口でセリフを言える中原早苗の演技を特に気に入っていたようで、中平作品に11本も出演して最多出演俳優となった。
- He especially seemed to favor the performance of Sanae NAKAHARA who could speak fast, so that she was the actress who appeared most often in Nakahira's films, that is, in the 11 films.
- 承和の変後急死した阿保親王の子息のうち、また当時の官吏としては、比較的順調な昇進ぶりを示し、特に民政に才を発揮した。
- Among the sons of the Imperial Prince Abo who died suddenly after the Jowa Incident, and as a government official at that time, he was promoted rather favorably as he brought his ability for civil administration into full play.
- このため、御金改役を世襲した後藤宗家を小判座(小判師職人)の元締という意味を込めて特に大判座(おおばんざ)とも呼んだ。
- Therefore, the head family of the Goto family who inherited Gokin Aratame-yaku was also especially called Ooban za in the meaning of the manager of koban za (koban-shi workmen).
- もっとも、華族の分家には特旨により特に華族に列せられる例や、家を継がない華族の子には他華族家の養子となる例も見られた。
- However, there were cases where some branch families of kazoku were also ranked as kazoku due to special considerations, and a son of a kazoku family who was not an heir of the family was adopted into some other kazoku family.
- 特に12月の戸次川の戦いにおいて、仙石秀久を軍監とする豊臣方は長宗我部信親、十河存保などの有力武将を失う大敗を喫した。
- Especially in the Battle of Hetsugigawa in December, Toyotomi's side led by Hidehisa SENGOKU, Assistant Deputy General suffered a crushing defeat losing powerful busho (Japanese military commanders) including Nobuchika CHOSOKABE and Masayasu SOGO.
- 特に武力・軍事力を動員して反乱を起こすことを指すことが多いが、少人数で君主・主君を暗殺する行為を謀反ということもある。
- The word usually refers to an armed or militarized rebellion, but 'assassinating one's master by a small group' can be defined as 'muhon' as well.
- メソアメリカの遺跡で発見される磨石(すり棒)は、特にマノ(Mano)と呼ばれ、北米の遺跡などでも同じように呼称される。
- The grinding stones (grinding sticks) found in the remains of Meso-America are especially called Mano, and they are called the same name in the remains in the North America.
- 特に領事裁判権の分野では日本側に最も不利な規定となり、結果的にはそれが他の欧米列強にも自動的に適用されることとなった。
- Especially in the field of consular jurisdiction, it turned out to contain the most unfavorable regulations for Japan and was consequently applied to other western great powers as well
- 大名の勢力(軍事力)を統制して徳川家による全国支配を強化することを目的としており、特に外様大名の多い西国に徹底させた。
- Its purpose was to strengthen the Tokugawa family's domination of the entire country by regulating the power (military force) of the feudal lords; it was focused in particular on the western provinces, where there were a lot of nonhereditary feudal lords.
- 三傑(さんけつ)とは、歴史上のある事柄や、同じ主君に仕えた家臣などのうち、特に功績が大きかった者を3人選んでいうこと。
- Sanketsu means three outstanding people chosen out of those who made the greatest achievements in historical incidents or in their services to their lords.
- 第二次世界大戦後には、特に高度経済成長期に太平洋ベルトから漏れたため、北近畿でも過疎化した地域が見られるようになった。
- Depopulation has been found in some areas of Kitakinki, because it does not belong to the Pacific Belt, a center of rapid economic growth zone.
- 特に現在も門前町としての歴史的風致をとどめている地区は重要伝統的建造物群保存地区に選定されて保存措置が講じられている。
- Districts that remain historic landscapes as monzen-machi are designated Important Traditional Building Preservation Areas so that preservative measures can be taken.
- 特に中心となった長岡藩は郡奉行河井継之助により、兵制改革が進められ、武装も更新されており、、ガトリング砲も有していた。
- The center of the alliance, in particular the Nagaoka Domain, allowed the county magistrate, Tsugunosuke KAWAI, to carry out army reform and to upgrade military equipment, and even possess Gatling guns.
- しかし、特に戦前では、不敬罪・治安維持法などの存在などから、皇室の権威にかかわる問題について論争が自由にできなかった。
- But, especially during the prewar period, the idea of lese majesty and the Peace Preservation Law prevented people from discussing the validity of the unbroken Imperial line.
- 特に中国大陸の影響を受けて緑釉陶器が平安貴族たちの間で愛されており、畿内に設置された官工房では生産が追いつかなかった。
- Influenced in particular by the Chinese continent, ryokuyu toki was so popular among nobles during the Heian period that production in the government craft centers established in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) were unable to keep up with demand.
- 特に寛文10年(1670年)に出版された『頭書増補二行節用集』では、江戸時代の節用集の典型となった「頭書」が登場した。
- Especially in 1670, 'Tosho' (superscription) first appeared in 'Kashiragaki-zoho-setsuyoshu' (Setsuyoshu with published in Edo period) and became the typical style of the setsuyoshu during the Edo period.
- 幕末から明治維新にかけて、文明史など西欧の近代歴史学が一気に流入したが、特に進歩史観・進化史観が日本で急速に広まった。
- During the era from around the end of the Edo period to the Meiji Restoration, modern European history, such as history of civilization, had been brought to Japan rapidly, and in particular, progressive views of history and evolutionary views of history had rapidly become well known.
- ヒジュラ暦で12番目の月を「ハッジの月(巡礼月)」と呼び、この月にマッカのカアバへ巡礼することは、特に奨励されている。
- The 12th month of Hegira is called the 'Haji month' (pilgrimage month) and it is especially recommended to take a pilgrimage to the Kabah in Mecca during this month.
- 特に美濃国で作られた絁(絹織物)である美濃絁と上総国で作られた布(麻織物)である望陀布は、古くから品質は上質とされた。
- Especially, Mino ashiginu (silk textile) made in Mino Province and Modano nuno (hemp fabric) made in Kazusa Province had enjoyed an established reputation for their high quality from old times.
- 一般には宮内卿とされることが多いが、同名の女房歌人と区別するために、特に後鳥羽院と冠することもある(『玉葉集』など)。
- She is generally known as Kunaikyo, but sometimes specifically referred to as Gotobain Kunaikyo to distinguish her from another court-lady poet of the same name ('Gyokuyo shu' and so on).
- 律令は魏晋南北朝時代に発達し、7世紀~8世紀の隋唐期には最盛期を迎え、当時の日本や朝鮮諸国(特に新羅)へも影響を与えた。
- Luli was developed during the Wei-Jin/Southern and Northern Dynasty period, reaching its zenith in Sui Dynasty from the seventh to eighth century, and had an influence on Japan and the kingdoms of Korea (especially Silla) at the time.
- 特に北米では、居留国への忠誠を誓う目的で、あまり日系人が民族性を出さず、居留国に同化するように努力した事も関係している。
- This is possibly related to the fact that Japanese Americans tried harder to assimilate into the countries in which they lived, not asserting their ethnicity, in order to show their allegiance to them.
- また、六位蔵人で式部大丞または式部少丞を兼職した者は、特に昇殿を許されたために殿上の丞(てんじょうのじょう)と言われた。
- Moreover, such a person ranked Rokui no Kurodo (Chamberlain of Sixth Rank) serving as either Shikibu Taijo or Shikibu Shojo concurrently was extraordinarily admitted to the court, and therefore he was called Tenjo no Jo.
- 特に、萬朝報、横浜毎日新聞(現在の毎日新聞とは無関係)、読売新聞などは、鉱毒や、田中正造の直訴事件を連日のように伝えた。
- Particularly Yorozu Choho, Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun (It is unrelated to the present Mainichi Shimbun), Yomiuri Shimbun reported daily on the copper-mining problem and also about Shozo TANAKA's direct appeal to the emperor.
- 特に江戸は政治の中心地、大坂は経済の中心地であるから、江戸、大坂近海に外国船が来襲した際の危機管理の重要性が課題となる。
- As Tokyo was the center of politics and Osaka was the center of economy, it was especially important to consider risk management in case foreign ships appeared in the sea near Edo and Osaka.
- 厚樫山の山頂には、現在展望台があり、国見という地名のとおり、福島盆地…特に伊達郡の梁川、保原方面を一望することができる。
- On the top of Mt. Atsukashi, there is an observation deck, which offers panoramic views of the Fukushima Basin, especially Yanagawa and Hobara areas as the name of Kunimi (look over the country) suggests.
- 特に室町時代後期の大宮長興・大宮時元親子と壬生晨照・壬生晴富親子の時期には朝廷や室町幕府を巻き込んだ激しい対立となった。
- In particular, the feud between Nagaoki OMIYA and his son Tokimoto OMIYA on the one side, and Asateru MIBU and his son Harutomi MIBU on the other was intense enough to necessitate the involvement of the Imperial Court and the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 特に日本放送協会は600ミリ望遠レンズを使用して、甲板に立つ皇太子の姿をアップで撮影することに成功して視聴者を驚かせた。
- Especially, Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) succeeded in taking a close-up picture of the Crown Prince standing on the deck by using a 600-mm telephoto lens, which surprised viewers.
- 特に湯殿がある部分は明治41年(1908年)に増築登記されたもので、当時のものではあり得ない(お龍はその2年前に病没)。
- Since the space of the bathroom was added to the new building and registered in 1908, it can not be the same one as the time of the incident (Ryo had passed away two years before).
- 1221年(承久3年) - 北条氏を中心とする軍勢が承久の乱で後鳥羽天皇方を破る(全国特に西国掌握の完了、朝廷の掌握)。
- 1221 - The forces mainly consisting of the Hojo clan defeated Emperor Go-Shirakawa's faction (the completion of taking control of the whole of country, especially Saigoku (western part of Japan (especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki) and taking control of Imperial Court).
- この租税収取システムが軌道に乗ると、国司は現地へ赴任する必要がなくなり、特に上位官である守の多くは遥任するようになった。
- When the system of tax-management apparently became successful, the kokushi, and especially the higher ranking kami, was no longer required to be present in the appointed province
- 特に紀伊国では広範囲に及ぶ調査を行い、その中には、日本で最初と見られる水産動物誌『水族志』、貝類図鑑『三千介図』がある。
- Especially in Kii Province he made extensive investigation and among its results there are 'Suizoku-shi' which seems to be the first aquatic fauna in Japan and a pictorial book on conchology, 'Sanzen Kai Zu.'
- 特に1853年、浦賀沖に来航したアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いるアメリカ海軍艦隊の事を指す(黒船来航を参照のこと)。
- The term is mostly associated with the fleet of United States Navy ships, led by Matthew PERRY, that arrived off the coast of Uraga in 1853.
- 特に新渡戸はキリスト教徒の多いアメリカの現実、拝金主義や人種差別に衝撃をうけ同時にキリスト者の倫理観の高さに感銘を受けた。
- Especially Nidobe was struck by the realty of America where many Christians lived, such as mammonism and racism and were also impressed by the ethics of the Christians.
- 特に身分差別に苦しんだ朝鮮民衆は緒戦の混乱に乗じて官庁や被差別身分を示す書類を焼き払った例が朝鮮側資料により知られている。
- It is known from materials in Korea that Korean common people who suffered from class discrimination set fire to governmental offices and documents on discriminated classes.
- 特に明の東林党や遺老の学が有名であり、そこでは官僚が責任者として自発的に地方統治を行うための制度として封建制が議論された。
- In particular, the Donglin movement and Iro no gaku in the Min period are famous, where the hoken system was discussed as a system for bureaucrats to voluntarily govern local areas as their responsibility.
- 特に上野では2月22日に多胡郡で起きた一揆は周辺を巻き込んで拡大し、吉井藩・七日市藩・小幡藩は次々と一揆軍に「降伏」した。
- Particularly in Kozuke Province, the uprising that occurred in Tago County on March 15 (表記の変更) involved surrounding areas and increased its force, and Yoshii Domain, Nanukaichi Domain and Obata Domain 'surrendered' to the uprising force one after another.
- 中世以後は一国平均役の一環として徴収される例が見られ、特に源平合戦においては平家・河内源氏双方が兵粮米の賦課を行っている。
- After the medieval period, hyoro was collected as part of Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen [manor] and kokugaryo [provincial land] in a province), and especially during the Genpei War, both Heike; the Taira family and Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) imposed military provisions.
- 特に日本では、最初に刊行された清朝よりも大きく素早い反応を生みだし、幕末明治維新に及ぼした影響は無視できないものがあった。
- In particularly in Japan, there was larger and quicker response compare to Qing dynasty in China, where this book was first published, and the influence which the book gave to Japan during the end of Edo and Meiji Restoration period is not negligible.
- 地方の諸藩でも盛んに作られたが、地方から逃散した人々などが集まる江戸や大阪などの都市部では、特に大規模な収容施設となった。
- Although such shelters were built in various feudal domains, shelters built in urban area such as Edo and Osaka were exceptionally large in scale, because which should accommodate refugees evaded from other provinces.
- 特に泰時の次弟・北条朝時を祖とする名越家は北条氏嫡流(のち得宗と呼ばれる)に対抗心が強く、名越光時らは不満を募らせていた。
- Particularly, the NAGOE family which was the descendent of Tomotoki HOJO, was in strong rivalry with the main branch of the Hojo clan (later called Tokuso), and Mitsutoki NAGOE and others aggravated discontent.
- 西欧中世においては、特にその初期においてノルマン人、イスラーム教徒、マジャール人などの外民族のあいつぐ侵入に苦しめられた。
- In medieval Europe, particularly in its early days, people suffered from repeated invasion by foreigners such as the Normans, Muslims and Magyars.
- 自家用車利用は高速道路・一般道路利用共に市内とその周辺を含めて渋滞が慢性化しており、特に観光シーズンとなると更に悪化する。
- As for the use of private cars, the traffic on local roads and highways in and around the city is always heavy, and the traffic gets even worse during the tourist season.
- 特に、15代将軍足利義昭については、武家御所と称され、またかつての庇護者 織田信長と対立してよりは悪しき御所とも称された。
- Furthermore, the fifteenth Shogun, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, was referred to as Buke Gosho (Samurai Gosho), but was also called Ashiki Gosho (Evil Gosho) after he was opposed to his ex-mentor, Nobunaga ODA.
- 特に三浦義村については弟の胤義が「日本総追捕使に任じられるなら必ず御味方しましょう」と約束しており、大いに期待されていた。
- To Yoshimura MIURA in particular, his younger brother Taneyoshi said 'If you want to be appointed Inspector General of all Japan, all you must do is join us as our ally,' and hopes were high that Yoshimura would be won over.
- 町衆(まちしゅう/ちょうしゅう)とは、室町時代から戦国時代 (日本)にかけての、特に土倉などの京都の裕福な商工業者である。
- Machi-shu (also known as Cho-shu) was a class consisting of wealthy commercial and industrial men, including doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders), in Kyoto from the Muromachi period to the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in Japan.
- 『土芥寇讎記』における人物評価、特に「謳歌評説」などでは忠昌その他大久保忠朝、阿部正武ら同僚を「善人の良将」と評している。
- According to especially in 'Okahyosetsu' in the profile in 'Dokai Koshuki', Tadamasa as well as his colleagues Tadatomo OKUBO and Masatake ABE were described as 'good military commanders.'
- 前者は政治・経済・軍事といった諸方面から国家のあり方を論じたもので、特に皇帝専制政治批判は舌鋒鋭く、清末に至り再評価された。
- The former book describes how the nation should be from various viewpoints including political, economical, and militarily, sharply criticizes the autocracy of the Emperor, and was re-evalued at the end of the Qing period.
- 特に政府が頼りにしていた薩摩藩・土佐藩が自前の贋貨を大量に自己の領民に流通させている可能性があることもその危惧を高めていた。
- Particularly since the Satsuma and Tosa Domains which the government depended on, might have been circulating large amounts of counterfeit money to their people, it further raised its uneasiness.
- 特に京は寛永文化、大坂は元禄文化、江戸は化政文化の中心地として、それぞれの時代や環境に合わせた固有の文化を繁栄させていった。
- In particular, Kyo as the center of Kanei culture, Osaka as the center of Genroku culture, and Edo as the center of Kasei culture, the three cities gave birth to distinctive cultures in reflection of different times and conditions.
- 南及び西ほどこの傾向が強く、特に九州では、十数年に1回程度の割合で、この時期に一年分の降水量がわずか一週間で降ることもある。
- This tendency is stronger in the south and west, and especially in Kyushu, at the rate of once in ten-odd years, the amount of rainfall equal to that for a year rains in a week.
- 旧大名・旧公家を除いた家々の事であり、特に明治維新で活躍した元勲の家とその後の国家への功労によって華族に加えられた家を指す。
- Shinke refers to families which were not daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) or former court nobles but were allowed to join the nobility as a reward for their contribution at the Meiji Restoration (families of the so-called genkun) or for services to the nation thereafter.
- 紀伊の熊野三山はじめ、大和国の大和葛城山・金峰山・大峰山、出羽国の出羽三山などは特にその中心として、修験の活動の場となった。
- Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano-Hongu-Taisha, Kumano-Hayatama-Taisha and Kumano-Nachi-Taisha) in Kii Province, Mt. Yamato Katsuragi, Mt. Kinpu, in Yamato Province, Mt. Omine in Yamato Province, and Dewa Sanzan (Three Mountains of Dewa) in Dewa Province turned into the central place for Shugendo.
- 特に筝や琵琶の名手として知られ、更に神楽・声明・朗詠・今様・催馬楽など当時の音楽のあらゆる分野に精通していたと言われている。
- He was known as an expert in koto (Chinese zither) and biwa (Japanese lute), and well versed in a variety of music at the time from kagura (ancient Shinto music and dancing), shomyo (ancient Indian linguistic and grammar studies), roei (recitation of Japanese or Chinese poem), imayo (Heian poetry style), and saibara (genre of Heian era Japanese court music primarily consisting of gaku-styled folk melodies).
- 特に江戸時代江戸時代初期の騒動では、求めに応じた幕府が審理にもとづいて大名家に介入し、改易や減封、転封などの処置を下している。
- Especially during the early Edo Period, the shogunate accepted such appeals and intervened in such households, implementing measures such as seizure of property, domain and rank, reduction of domain and revenue, transfer of domain, and so on.
- 旧国名を名乗る条件は特にないが、国府や一宮が存在することや、国名と同名の郡であることなどが暗黙のうちに条件とされる傾向がある。
- There are no specific conditions of using old province names for cities, towns and villages, but there are tendencies on tacit conditions that a provincial capital or a provincial shrine is located, or they belong to the same counties with the same names of their provinces.
- 町人資本による印旛沼・手賀沼の干拓事業、さらに長崎貿易を推奨し、特に俵物など輸出商品の開発を通じて金銀の流出を抑えようとした。
- He proceeded land reclamation of Inbanuma Pond and Teganuma Pond by investing merchant capital, and encouraged foreign trade in Nagasaki, but at the same time promoted product development such as roasted sea cucumbers and dried abalones (tawaramono) for the purpose of reducing the export of gold and silver from Japan.
- 特にこうした商人が続出した大阪(大坂から改称)は経済的に大打撃を受けて、日本経済の中心的地位から転落する要因となったのである。
- Osaka was particularly hard hit since many such merchants were in Osaka, and it became the cause for Osaka's fall from being in a position as the center of Japanese economy.
- 特に7月17日以降から北京陥落の数日前までは比較的穏やかな休戦状態が維持継続され、尽きかけた食料・弾薬を調達することもできた。
- There was a mild cease-fire that continued for several days from July 17th to the fall of Beijing, and they were able to supply food and ammunitions that were facing shortages.
- 特に田畑関係に関しては、平安時代中期以降の荘園の発展とともに、それから必然的に生ずる地券関係の諸問題を扱う重要な役割を担った。
- Especially, in managing the fields, Minbu-sho played a key role in dealing with various affairs related to the title to an estate, which was a by-product of the development of Shoen (manor) since the mid Heian period.
- このほか仙台藩白石城や熊本藩八代城など大名の家臣でも特に幕府に対して功績があった者の子孫の居城は例外的に廃城の対象外とされた。
- Additionally, castles such as Shiraishi-jo Castle in the Sendai Domain and Yatsushiro-jo Castle in the Kumamoto Domain owned by the descendants of those who particularly contributed to the bakufu among vassals of feudal lords were exception to disposal of castle.
- またこの時代の文人を特に貴族的文人と呼ぶことができるがその貴族としての意識が凡俗であることを見下す姿勢を産み出したともいえる。
- In addition, especially the Bunjin in this period can be called aristocratic Bunjin and it can be also said that their awareness as nobility created an attitude to disrespect the ordinary and secular.
- 特に大臣家以上の公卿の子弟に対して御室御所と敬称する習慣もあり、御所号は皇室のみならず、公家・武家の高位者にも広く用いられた。
- There was a custom to refer to children of high nobles ranking higher than ministers as Omuro Gosho, and thus the gosho-go was widely given not only to the Imperial Family but also to high-ranking nobles and samurai families.
- 当時の秋田郡周辺の人々は、越後、加賀など祖先を北陸地方に持つ人が特に多く、東国に起源をもつウジも少なくなったかったとみられる。
- Many of the people around then Akita County had ancestors coming from the Hokuriku region, such as Echigo Province, Kaga Province, and so on, and not a few of them had Uji originating from Togoku.
- 特に日本が明治期以降の近代に入り、江戸時代が最も近い前近代の「歴史」となってからは、一揆は「百姓一揆」を指すような印象がある。
- Significantly, after Japan entered the modern era following the Meiji period, and the Edo period became the latest 'history' before the modern era, it is assumed that ikki began to mean 'hyakusho ikki' to a certain extent.
- しかし父石足と特に親しかった藤原武智麻呂の次男、藤原仲麻呂が台頭すると、彼の又従兄弟にあたる年足もその権勢にあずかる事となる。
- However, once FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, the second son of FUJIWARA no Muchimaro, who was a close friend of Toshitari's father Iwatari, became powerful, Toshitari could also enjoy Nakamaro's patronage because Toshitari was a second cousin of Nakamaro.
- 信玄時代からの重鎮たち、特に武田四天王といわれる山県昌景、馬場信春、内藤昌豊らは信長自らの出陣を知って撤退を進言したと言われる。
- Knowing Nobunaga's participation in the battle, Takeda's senior vassals since the time of Shingen, especially Masakage YAMAGATA, Nobuharu BABA, and Masatoyo NAITO who were among the so-called big four of the Takeda clan advised Katsuyori to withdraw from the war.
- 特に古代から近世に至るまで身近な大国であった中国の中華文化の影響は大きく、文学、言語、宗教に至るまで、中華文化由来の文化は多い。
- The nearby nation of China, prominent from ancient to modern times, had a particularly great effect on literature, language and religion, many aspects of which came from Chinese culture.
- その子の源頼義、頼義の子の源義家の時に、前九年の役・後三年の役で坂東武士を傘下におさめ、特に八幡太郎義家の時に武家棟梁となった。
- His son, MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi and yoriyoshi's son MINAMOTO no Yoshiie gained control of Bando samurai in Zen Kunen no Eki and Go Sannen no Eki, and HACHIMANTARO Yoshiie became the head of the samurai families.
- 律令制、特に班田収授法を推し進めようとする朝廷と、九州南部において共同体的な土地利用形態を守ってきた隼人との間で緊張が高まった。
- The tension intensified between the Imperial court who tried to promote the ritsuryo system, especially the law of rice field allotment system and the Hayato who kept communal way of land use in southern Kyushu.
- 特に江戸幕府13代将軍徳川家定の後継を巡って生じた安政年間の件が著名で単に「将軍継嗣問題」と呼んだ場合、この件を指すことも多い。
- The political strife of succession to the 13th shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA of the Edo bakufu in the Ansei era was very famous, and the 'problem of heir of Shogun' usually refers to this strife.
- また、教育を重視する観点から養老令の規定には無い大学寮の諸博士に特に博士職田と称される職分田が支給されていたことが知られている。
- It is known that in view of the importance placed on education, shikibunden called Hakase-shikiden were provided to various professors in Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education), which was not the case under the Yoro code.
- 特に刑罰である科料と同じく「かりょう」と発音するので、過料を「あやまちりょう」、科料を「とがりょう」と呼んで区別することがある。
- Since the pronunciation is the same as another 'Karyo' which means a petty fine, Karyo which means a non-penal fine is often called 'ayamachi-ryo' and the another one 'toga-ryo' to distinguish the two fines.
- 特に出羽北部には荘園が存在せず、公領制一色の世界であったため、どの程度まで奥州藤原氏の支配が及んだかは疑問であるとする説がある。
- Especially in the northern part of Dewa Province, there were no shoen but only koryo (public lands), so some people say it cannot be asserted that the Oshu Fujiwara clan extended its power this far in the region.
- 梅雨の時期、特に長雨の場合は、日照時間が短いため、気温の上下(最高気温と最低気温の差、日較差)が小さく、肌寒く感じることがある。
- During the period of tsuyu, in particular in the case of long rain, as the hours of sunlight is short, the up and down of air temperature (difference between the highest and lowest air temperature in a day) is small and it is sometimes felt chilly.
- また、純粋な恩賞とはいい難いが、鎌倉殿や執権が御家人に対して偏諱を与えるようになり、特に鎌倉殿の偏諱はきわめて重い栄誉とされた。
- Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) and regents began to give the names (in which one character was identical to that of the givers) to gokenin, which cannot be considered pure rewards, although the names given by the shoguns were regarded as the highest honors.
- 他の御殿にあった建物、特に表向きにあった建物、例えば同じ敷地内の常御所にはこれらがあったが、会所には、ほぼなかったといっていい。
- These were present in other buildings that were the residence of the lord and especially the buildings at the front, for an example, Tsune no gosho, within the same compound but not present within the kaisho most of the cases.
- 特筆すべきは検索が容易な平安前期の史書で特に先例を調べるのに便宜を図っており、原文主義をとって余計な文章の改変を一切排している。
- It is worth noting that the book provides convenience for referring the precedents in the texts of the early Heian period in particular which are easy for searching, and unnecessary modifications to the text were all avoided true to the original text.
- 大坂の役にも参加し、特に夏の陣では大和国口の先鋒の将に指名され、道明寺の戦いなどで活躍し、大坂城一番乗りの功を越前勢と分け合う。
- He also joined the Siege of Osaka, and especially in the Summer Siege of Osaka, he was appointed as leader of the spearhead army in the Yamato Province area, and fought actively in the battle of the Domyo-ji Temple and shared the honor of being first to charge the Osaka-jo Castle with the Echizen army.
- 歴代水口藩は、同城を幕府からお借りしている城として大切に管理し、特に居城であるにもかかわらず、本丸部の御殿を使用しなかったらしい。
- Although, it was in essence their own castle, successive Minakuchi Domain custodians treated it as if they were just borrowing it from the bakufu and took great care of it, and didn't seem to use the Goten in the Honmaru (the keep of the castle).
- そのため、長俊自身の作品、また長俊の父である観世小次郎信光、そして同時代に活動した金春禅鳳については、特に信頼度の高い資料である。
- As such, this is a particularly reliable resource for the works of Nagatoshi himself as well as his father, Nobumitsu KANZEKOJIRO, and Zenpo KONPARU, who was also active during this period.
- ただし実際にはそれ以前にも、特に有能な者は加増をしてでも高位に取り立てる事は行われており、それが幕府財政窮乏の一因ともなっていた。
- However, in fact, it had been implemented before that time to have an especially capable person take a high position by adding a yield, which was one of causes depressing financial affairs of the bakufu.
- しかしながら、特に江戸時代中期以降になると明確に文人意識を持ち、文人文化を実現した人々が多数存在したこともまぎれもない事実である。
- However, it is true that especially after the mid-Edo period there were many clearly self-aware Bunjin in Japan and they created Bunjin culture.
- 特に1925年の普通選挙により成立した護憲三派の加藤高明内閣から始まる政党内閣6代の頃には政党内閣は「憲政の常道」として定着した。
- The party cabinet system had taken root as 'the regular procedures of constitutional government' (憲政の常道 Kensei no jodo), which was especially true around the period when six different party cabinets appeared successively starting from the Takaaki KATO's Goken-sanpa Cabinet (護憲三派内閣 three-party coalition government consisting of the Rikken Seiyukai, the Kenseikai, and the Kakushin Club) formed in 1925 following a popular election.
- 特に京都の土倉は延暦寺及びその傘下であった祇園社の支配を受けていたため、両者からの徴税を度々受けた他、朝廷からも臨時徴税を受けた。
- Due to the fact that doso in Kyoto were under the control of Gion-sha Shrine, which was affiliated with Enryaku-ji Temple, they were often taxed by both and also subject to extraordinary taxation by the Imperial court.
- 一つの備しか持つ事のできない大名と複数の備を編成できる大名では、特に後者の大名が直率する本陣備においてその構成に大きな違いがある。
- There was a large difference between a daimyo who could have only one sonae and a daimyo who could organize multiple sonae in terms of sonae organization, particularly in the army headquarters sonae led directly by the latter daimyo.
- 以上の理由から、鎌倉幕府の統治機構としての性格、あるいは成立時期というのもあくまで後世の、特に近代歴史学上のとらえ方の問題である。
- For these reasons, the character of the Kamakura Bakufu as a system of government or the time of its founding are both issues relating to the perceptions of subsequent generations, particularly within the field of modern history.
- また、JR藤森駅~桃山駅間の国道24号線沿いや木幡駅~宇治駅間(黄檗駅付近)の京阪宇治線沿いは特に用地買収確保が難しい区間である。
- Moreover, the acquisition of land along National Route 24 between JR-Fujinomori Station and Momoyama Station, and along the Keihan Uji Line between Kohata Station and Uji Station (near Obaku Station) is particularly difficult.
- 確かに前述のような教育水準やインフラ整備、公務員の質などが(特に後期)低下し、その後の尻拭いに長期の時間を要したことは事実である。
- It was certainly a fact that the above-mentioned educational standards, improvement of infrastructure, and quality of public servants deteriorated (especially in the latter half of the administration) and it took a long time to straighten out the mess.
- しかしキリスト教が広まると、キリスト教の教義や、キリシタン大名の人徳や活躍ぶり(特に高山右近)に感化され、自ら入信する大名が現れた。
- However, as Christianity continued to spread, some daimyo (notably Ukon TAKAYAMA) found themselves impressed with Christianity's doctrines as well as with the virtue and vigor of Christian daimyo, and chose to believe in the religion on their own initiative.
- 派内の交遊が壮んであることは、「五倫」(父子・君臣・夫婦・長幼・朋友)の中でも特に「朋友」という人間関係を重視する姿勢を生み出した。
- The close companionship within the faction led it to emphasize the 'associate' relationship of the 'Five Relationships' (father-child, superior-subordinate, husband-wife, young-old, and associates).
- 特に第一条「広く会議を興し万機公論に決すべし」は、当初は民選議会を意図したものではなかったが、後に民選議会を開設すべき根拠とされた。
- Especially the first article 'Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion' was not intended for popularly-elected parliament at the beginning, but later it was considered as a basis of introduction of popularly-elected parliament.
- 本人の素行や健康に問題がなくとも、後継者たる子、特に男子がないこと、婚姻問題やそれに付随して発生する諸問題も廃太子の原因となりうる。
- Even when a prince himself is decent and healthy, he could still be disinherited if he did not have a heir, especially a son, or due to the troubles arising from his marriage and their consequences.
- 特に7月信濃国で諏訪氏の支援のもと蜂起した北条時行は、各地の反建武政権勢力を吸収し、足利直義を追い出し、鎌倉を占領する勢いを見せた。
- In particular, Tokiyuki HOJO who rose in revolt with the support of the Suwa clan in Shinano Province in July gathered the anti-Kenmu government forces around the country and got enough momentum to remove Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and occupy Kamakura.
- 特に最近では住宅の気密化によって本来の役目が失われつつあるため、重さによって掛軸が傷まないよう合成樹脂製の風鎮なども生産されている。
- In particular, the original function of fuchin is being lost due to recent airtight houses, thus synthetic resin is used for producing a fuchin to prevent damage of kakejiku due to the weight.
- 特に大規模なものは1897年5月の第3回目の予防令で、古河側に、排水の濾過池・沈殿池と堆積場の設置、煙突への脱硫装置の設置を命令した。
- The most important measure was the third prevention order implemented in May, 1897 which mandated Furukawa to make filtration basins and deposit basins and deposit sites, and to install desulphurization equipments on chimneys.
- 特に、独立命令による法規の制定(9条)、条約の締結(13条)の権限を議会の制約を受けずに行使できるのは他の立憲君主国に類例がなかった。
- The emperor could exercise the right to issue ordinances by his own order (Article 9), the right to conclude treaties (Article 13) without any interferenceof the government, and these rights were especially unique to Japan.
- 会津藩でも9月22日に会津若松城が落ちると、領内(特に戦場にならなかった地域を中心)に会津世直し一揆が発生、領内のほぼ全域に拡大した。
- When Aizu Wakamatsu-jo Castle surrendered to the new government on November 6 (表記の変更), an uprising known as Aizu Yonaoshi Ikki broke out (particularly the insurgence was intense in the areas that escaped from having been involved in the Aizu War), and it extended to almost all the territory of the domain.
- 特に文久年間以後には政情が緊迫するようになると、諸藩が万が一に備えて米を備蓄するようになって豊作でも米が流通しないという事態に陥った。
- Especially since the Bunkyu era (1861- 1864), the political situation in Japan grew tense, and the domains began to accumulate a stockpile of rice for emergency, and as a consequence the market became short of rice in spite of its rich harvest.
- 与党となった憲政党のうち、旧進歩党 (日本)系の大隈を首相に、旧自由党 (日本)系の板垣退助を特に内務大臣 (日本)に迎えて組織した。
- Among the Constitutional Party in power, the cabinet was organized with OKUMA from the former Progressive Party (Japan) as the Prime Minister and Taisuke ITAGAKI from the former Liberal Party (Japan) as Minister of Home Affairs.
- 韓国の資本主義は日本の植民地化の中で生まれ、特に戦後の韓国の資本主義や工業化は日本の近代化政策を模したものという研究結果を出している。
- He published the results of his study determining South Korean capitalism was born during Japanese colonization, and particularly the capitalism and industrialization in South Korea after the war was modeled after Japanese modernization policies.
- これらの細かい社格の区別は大して実質的な待遇の差異を伴わず、特に官国幣社においては官幣社と国幣社の区別の意義などははっきりしなかった。
- These detailed distinctions in shrine ranking did not cause much difference in actual treatment, and especially for Kankoku heisha, the significance of distinction between Kanpeisha and Kokuheisha was not clear.
- 何れも将軍・使人として朝鮮半島に派遣された内容であるが、中でも特に留意されるのは、襲津彦の新羅征討を記す神功皇后摂政62年条であろう。
- They are all his records when he was sent to Korean peninsula as shogunate and embassador, and the most notable one is the description in Jingu kogo sessho 62 nenjo that records his expedition to Shirai.
- 現在でも会津藩のあった福島県(特に会津若松周辺)では、山口県(長州藩)・鹿児島県(薩摩藩)の人間へのわだかまりがあるという風説もある。
- There is a rumor even now that people in Fukui Prefecture where the Aizu Domain used to exist, especially around Aizu-wakamatsu still hold a grudge against people in Yamaguchi Prefecture (Choshu Domain) and Kagoshima Prefecture (Satsuma Domain).
- 特に武士間の主従関係においては利害が如実であり、不利な戦況にある武門の棟梁の下から去り、敵対勢力への鞍替えをしたり、背く場合もあった。
- As the relationship between master and vassal among samurai was highly dependent on interests, at times vassals would abandon a Bumon no toryo, if and when they came under an unfavorable situation due to a war and changed loyalty to the opponent.
- 頼信の孫・源義家が称された「武士之長者」(『中右記』)も同様の意味であり、義家の子孫(河内源氏)は特に「天下第一武勇之家」と呼ばれた。
- The term 'Bushi no choja' (leader of samurai families) used for Yorinobu's grandson MINAMOTO no Yoshiie ('Chuyuki' - diary of FUJIWARA no Munetada) had the same meaning and Yoshiie's descendant (Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan)) was specifically called 'Tenka daiichi buyu no ie' (a peerless family of bravery).
- 特に畿内では国人の独立志向が非常に高く、山城や丹波などで、守護(細川氏)が数十年をかけても国人層の被官化を達成できない事例も見られた。
- Especially, kokujin in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) had quite a strong inclination for independence, which was exemplified by the case that the shugo (the Hosokawa clan) failed to achieve the 'Hikanization' of kokujin in Yamashiro Province, Tamba Province and other provinces despite having spent several decades.
- 特に来客に対して不愉快にさせないことは、政治的な味方を1人でも多く得る(逆に考えれば敵対者を生み出さない)上でも必要であるとしている。
- It states that showing hospitality to visitors will lead to gaining allies (in other words, not creating enemies).
- また、年貢増徴政策なども行なっているが、このために加藤氏が水口藩に移封された後も、天領の中では特に税率の高い地域になったといわれている。
- Additionally, the Kato clan evolved nengu (land tax)-increase policy, so that the domain was said to still be a particularly high-tax area after it was transferred to the Minakuchi Domain.
- 特に政治的に安定した時期とされ、期間中に行われた第10回衆議院議員総選挙、第11回衆議院議員総選挙は、いずれも任期満了に伴うものである。
- This era is said to have been politically stable, and both the 10th general election of members of the House of Representatives and the 11th general election of members of the House of Representatives were held at the expiration of terms of office during this period.
- 日本では古代に既に制度化されており、東海道の鈴鹿関、東山道の不破関、北陸道の愛発関が畿内を防御するために特に重視され、これを三関という。
- Even from its most ancient times Japan already possessed the system of barrier checkpoints; among the barriers of ancient Japan, three, namely the Suzuka-no-seki barrier along the Tokaido Road, the Fuwa-no-seki barrier on the Tosando Road, and the Arachi-no-seki barrier along the Hokurikudo Road, were considered especially significant given their intended roles of guarding the entrances to the Kinai region (the central region around the capital), and were thus termed the sangen (the three major barrier stations).
- 特に、季長と対峙する3人の蒙古兵(上の画像)は同じ絵巻の他の蒙古兵と装備や絵のタッチが明らかに異なり、近世に加筆されたと考えられている。
- Especially the three Mongolian soldiers standing face to face with Suenaga (refer to the picture above) are thought to have been added in the early-modern period, because they are apparently different in their equipages, or depicted in different ways from other Mongolian soldiers in the same picture scrolls.
- 特に幕府・関白を介さず、朝廷から直接水戸藩へ勅書が出された件(戊午の密勅参照)は井伊ら幕閣の警戒感を強め、水戸藩への弾圧は苛烈を極めた。
- Among others, an incident in which the imperial court sent an imperial order directly to the Mito clan (Boshin no Micchoku) made Ii and the cabinet officials of the shogunate stay alert, and they clamped down on the Mito clan severely.
- また、浄土真宗では親鸞が「日の吉凶を選ぶことはよくない」と和讃に於いて説いたため、迷信、俗信一般を否定しており、特にタブーとされている。
- And in Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism), Shinran preached in Wasan (Japanese hymns) that 'it is not good to choose the days' fortune,' and thus, in general, superstition or popular belief are denied and especially tabooed.
- 照葉樹林帯の植物性食料と内湾性の漁労がこの文化圏の特徴で、特に貝塚については日本列島全体の貝塚のうちおよそ6割がこの文化圏のものである。
- The plant-derived foods from the laurel forests and fish catching in the inner bay areas were the characteristics of this cultural region; especially, approximately sixty percent of shell mounds excavated in the entire Japanese archipelago were from this cultural region.
- 1861年より横浜居留地内で居留外国人によって西洋式の競馬が行われるようになり、1866年に横濱競馬場が建設された後は特に盛んとなった。
- Western-style horse racing was first conducted by the foreigners living in Yokohama settlement beginning in 1861, and the practice flourished even more after the Yokohama horse-racing track was built in 1866.
- 特に義兵活動が盛んなところでは村の大部分を焼き払う等の方法を用いた強引な弾圧を推し進める(吉田光男_2004134頁)などしていたこと。
- Particularly, they were conducting aggressive oppression, using measures such as burning down large parts of villages in the area where gihei (irregular armies that fought against Japanese invasions into Korea) actions were active (Mitsuo YOSHIDA, 2004134 Page).
- 特に明治時代から昭和初期にかけては、書道用の和紙や障子用の和紙としても原材料のコウゾとあわせて他府県にこの和紙は大量に生産、販売された。
- Especially from the Meiji period to the beginning of the Showa period, a large amount of Washi paper was produced and sold as paper for calligraphy and Shoji (sliding door) to other prefectures, along with paper mulberries used as raw materials.
- 政府が承認した不輸租田及び荘園は官省符荘のみであったから、荘園整理令の際には公験が揃っていない荘園(特に国免荘田)が整理の対象となった。
- Since the Kanshofu sho was the only fuyusoden and shoen with government approval, shoen without kugen submitted (especially, kokumen shoen) was eliminated for consolidation purposes when Manor Regulation Acts were issued.
- 特に、この時に交替した上総国・相模国では有力在庁の上総広常・三浦義明は平氏の目代に圧迫を受け、源頼朝の挙兵に積極的に加わる要因となった。
- Tsunehiro KAZUSA and Yoshiaki MIURA of the powerful government officers of the alternated Kazusa and Sagami Provinces, were pressurized by Mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) of Taira clan, and this became a trigger for them to greatly contribute to the mobilization of the army of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 特に、武士団の主要メンバーである源氏、平氏、藤原氏などを起源とする上級武士や朝廷、院など権門と密接に結びついた武士の起源を説明できない。
- In particular, the high-ranking bushi originating from the members of major bushi groups such as the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan and so on or the bushi who were closely linked with influential families such as the Imperial Court, the cloister government and so on can not be explained.
- 庶家という概念は主に日本の封建時代、特に鎌倉時代から戦国時代 (日本)、江戸時代にかけて武家に見られた血族集団ないし階層のことをいった。
- The concept of Shoke refers to a blood-relative group or a blood-relative layer present amongst warriors in mainly the feudal period in Japan, especially from Kamakura period to the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) and Edo period.
- 特に、共同体秩序を崩壊させるような行為(窃盗、放火、殺人など)に対する罰則は、ほとんどの場合で死刑とされており、大変厳しいものであった。
- The penal regulations were very severe; in particular the crimes that disturbed the order of community (such as theft, arson and homicide) resulted in the death penalty in almost all cases.
- 現存する養老律令の田令には、農地開墾に関する規定がないことから、特に墾田を推奨するため、三世一身法を特別措置法的に定めたものと考えられる。
- It is considered that the Sanze-isshin Law was established as a special measure especially to urge cultivation of rice fields because there were no regulations concerning the cultivation in the Denryo (the law about providing rice fields) of the existing Yoro Ritsuryo code.
- 討伐目標となった長州藩の周囲、特に天領である大森銀山一帯や譜代大名である浜田藩・小倉藩両藩などは軍隊の駐屯に加えて過大な負担を要求された。
- As Choshu Domain was the target of the Expedition, some neighboring domains, among others, the domains near to Omori Ginzan Silver Mine (bakufu-owned land), and Hamada and Kokura Domains, both of which were ruled by 'fudai daimyo' (a Japanese territorial lord in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), were obliged to shoulder heavy burdens by the bakufu, including the provision of places and services for stationing the bakufu troops.
- 朝廷においては、特に毎年一定の時期に各地の国司から提出される大計帳・正税帳・調帳・朝集帳を四度公文(しどのくもん/よどのくもん)と呼んだ。
- In the Imperial Court, dai-keicho (the grand yearly tax registers), shozeicho (balance sheets of tax rice), chocho (list of choyo [tribute and labor]) and choshucho (report of affairs of state) submitted by Kokushi (provincial governors) in various places at fixed times of the year were particularly called shidonokumon.
- 実際に装飾が少ないのは前期段階の土器と中期以降の西日本、特に北部九州の土器で、そのほかの地域・時代の土器にはしばしば多様な装飾が施される。
- In actual fact, only earthenware in the early period and earthenware from during and after the middle period in western Japan, especially in northern Kyushu, is less decorative, but earthenware from other regions and periods often have various decorations.
- しかしながら、単なる商工身分の者全般を町人と呼ぶわけではなく、特にブルジョワ階級である旦那衆のことを指し、家屋敷を所有する者のことを言う。
- It must be noted that the term was not used for all the people classified in artisans and merchants classes but referred to the owners and the masters who made up the bourgeoisie and possessed their own estates.
- 特に元寇による対外的危機は公武権力を寺社保護に向かわせ、天人相関説も相まって院政や幕府における徳政において各種寺社興行の規定が設けられた。
- Especially, the crisis in the foreign relations caused by the Mongolian Expeditions against Japan forced the imperial court authority and the bakufu authority to protect the temples and shrines; besides, supported by tenjin sokan setsu (theory of correlation between Heaven and man), tokusei (debt cancellation edict) issued by the cloistered emperor's government or the bakufu provided various kinds of Jisha Kogyo.
- 寺子屋の就学年齢や卒業時期は、特に定まっていた訳ではなく、およそ5~6歳で就学し、13~14歳から18歳になる頃まで修学する例が多かった。
- The starting age and graduation age at Terakoya was not particularly fixed, and many started at around 5 to 6 and graduated around 13 to 14, up to 18 years of age.
- 特に朱子学が従来の儒学議論の中から、孟子の「性善説」を取り出し、極端に尊崇したことから、「性」「善」の内容をめぐって議論を呼ぶことになった。
- From among the traditional discussions on Confucianism, Shushigaku took Mencius' 'Theory of Innate Goodness' and held it in high esteem, which led to the debate over 'innateness' and 'goodness'.
- これを動用という(なお、現存する正税帳には粟や酒の形態で管理されていた動用も存在している。このため、動用の稲穀を特に「動用穀」とも称する)。
- This is called doyo (there were also doyo of millet and sake according to existing shozei records, and therefore, doyo of rice in husk is especially called 'doyokoku').
- 14代藩主徳川慶勝は就任以来尊皇攘夷の立場をとり、特に黒船来航以来藩政の刷新を進める中で竹腰家を初めとするふいご党と対立することが多かった。
- The fourteenth lord of the Owari Domain Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA took stance of Sonno-joi-ha and especially since the arrival of the Black Ships, he was often opposed to the Fuigo party like the Takenokoshi family during the reform of administration of the domain.
- 今日では国家公務員の職、特に裁判官、検察官、自衛官(即応予備自衛官、予備自衛官を含む)、警察官、海上保安官などに任ぜられる場合に用いられる。
- Nowadays ninkan is used when appointing government officials, especially judges, public prosecutors, Self-Defense force officials (including rapid-reaction reserve officials and reserve officials), police officers and Maritime Safety officials.
- 主税寮は主計寮が調の税収監査を行って中央財政を管轄するのに対し、租税(特に租)や出挙の帳簿との照合などによる監査を通じて地方財政を管轄した。
- While Shukeiryo (Bureau of Statistics) controlled the Central Finance by auditing the tax yields of cho (tributes), Shuzeiryo controlled local finance through auditing by verifying account books of land taxes (especially rice tax) and suiko (government loans made to peasants).
- 特に、「徳川氏」を称する徳川御三家、御三卿の当主は家康の男系男子・子孫に限られ、徳川将軍家の血筋が絶えたときには、後継ぎを出す役割を担った。
- Especially the heads of Tokugawa 'gosanke' and 'gosankyo' (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family, respectively) who referred to themselves as 'TOKUGAWA' were limited to male descendants through a line of males from Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and if the line of the Tokugawa Shogunate family failed, they played a role to provide an heir.
- 特に、秀吉の都市改造は大規模なもので、聚楽第と武家町の建設、内裏の修理と公家町の建設、洛中に散在していた寺をあつめた寺町の建設などを行った。
- Hideyoshi's urban reconstruction was of a particularly large scale and led to the construction of Jurakudai (Hideyoshi's residence and office in Kyoto) and Bukemachi (a samurai residential district), the repair of the Dairi (Imperial Palace), and the construction of Kugemachi (a court noble village) and Teramachi (temple district) in order to assemble the temples which were once scattered throughout central Kyoto.
- 特に寺子屋の教師の中に自前の往来物を著す者が多かった事からその総数を把握する事が不可能に近いが、現存するものは約7,000種と言われている。
- It is almost impossible to have a grasp of the total number of oraimono as, in particular, many terakoya teachers tried to write their own oraimono, but existing ones are said to number about 7,000 kinds.
- 教科には中国史や漢文学を学ぶ紀伝道が成立し、法律を学ぶ明法道・儒学を学ぶ明経道・数学を学ぶ算道と共に教えられた(特に重視されたのは紀伝道)。
- The subjects were Kidendo, which was the study of Chinese history and literature, Myobodo, the study of law, Myogyodo, the study of Confucianism, Sando, the study of mathematics (Kidendo was the most important).
- 特に家宣死後、幼少の徳川家継が将軍職を継ぐにあたり、門閥層や反甲府派の幕閣の抵抗がいよいよ強まり、政治改革が中々進まなかったのが実情である。
- Thus, particularly after the death of Ienobu--succeeded as Shogun by Ietsugu TOKUGAWA, who was still a young child at the time--families of high pedigree and shogunal officials in the anti-Akifusa camp steadily increased their resistance to his policies, thereby preventing Akifusa from making any real progress with his political reforms.
- 昼間の運転間隔は乗り入れる近鉄京都線や京阪京津線に合わせて1時間8本運転されるが、平日昼間は両線ともに(東西線は特に)混雑することは少ない。
- As for operation intervals in the daytime, eight trains an hour are operated in connection with the shared lines (Kintetsu Kyoto Line and Keihan Keishin Line), and on weekday afternoons the trains (particularly those on the Tozai Line) are seldom crowded.
- 他にも祇園祭、宇治川花火大会、天神祭など沿線で大きな催し物がある場合は特に夜間を中心に臨時列車(または定期列車の運転区間延長)が運転される。
- When there is a big event celebrated along the line, such as the Gion Festival, Uji-gawa River Fireworks Display and Tenjin Festival, the service is reinforced by operating special trains (or extending the operational section of regular trains), particularly at night.
- 源平が互角の兵力で衝突したよう(特に範頼の生田の森の戦い)に記述がされている従来の『吾妻鏡』『平家物語』を基にした合戦観が全く崩されてしまう。
- The authors of traditional books on history depicted the Genpei (the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan) as a conflict between coequal military powers (especially in the battle at Ikuta Forest by Noriyori) in 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari'; thus, the depiction of the conflict in 'Gyokuyo' invalidated a point of view on the battle based upon 'Azuma Kagami' and 'Heike Monogatari.'
- 特に、家康がその武勇を恐れていた立花宗茂が関ヶ原の本戦に参加できなかったということは、家康にとっては幸運であり、西軍にとっては不運でもあった。
- The lack of participation by Muneshige TACHIBANA at Sekigahara was especially lucky for Ieyasu and unlucky for the West squad because Ieyasu feared Muneshige's gallantry in action.
- 日本史では、3世紀後半から7世紀前半に築造されたものを特に「古墳」と呼び、それ以外の時代につくられた墳丘を持つ墓は墳丘墓と呼んで区別している。
- In Japanese history, tumuluses constructed between the third and seventh centuries are particularly referred to as 'kofun' and other tumuluses constructed in other periods are referred to as funkyubo (grave mound or tumulus).
- 特に東大寺は東大寺盧舎那仏像など主要建築物の殆どを失い、中心より離れた法華堂と二月堂・転害門・正倉院以外は全て灰燼に帰するなど大打撃を蒙った。
- Especially, Todai-ji Temple was given heavy damage; most of major buildings including the statue of Birushana Buddha were lost, and all but those apart from the center such as Hokke-do Hall, Nigatsudo Temple, Tengaimon (literally, 'the gate of shifting the evil') and Shoso-in Treasure Repository burned to the ground.
- ところが、その内容は当時の幕府の法令に形式に則しておらず、特に第18条に至っては当時存在する筈の無い「東叡山」(寛永寺の山号)が含まれている。
- However, its contents were not in accordance with the legislation and ways of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) at the time, and especially in article 18, 'Toei-zan' (Mt. Toei-zan) (sango [literally, 'mountain name,' which is the title prefixed to the name of a Buddhist temple] of Kanei-ji Temple) which could not have existed, was contained.
- また、特殊な木棺墓として、丸木をくりぬいたものを上下に合わせたような特殊な形状をした木棺墓が特に弥生時代早期~前期前半期に特徴的に認められる。
- Unique mokkanbo with the shape of two hollowed out logs put together at the rims were confirmed specially in the earlier period to the first half of the early Yayoi period.
- このように江戸時代初期から同心となった者は、特に「譜代」と呼ばれ、無役となっても俸禄を受けることができ、子孫にこれを受け継がせることができた。
- Those who became a doshin in the early Edo period were specially called 'fudai' (hereditary vassal), and even if they lost their official titles, they were still entitled to receive salary and could leave this to their descendants.
- 特に宇多院は信濃・武蔵両国を院宮分国制として国司の任免権にも関与していたと言われているために、勅旨牧の経営に何らかの関与したとする見方もある。
- In particular, because Udain (the posthumous name of Emperor Uda) is said to have been involved in the rights for appointment and removal of Kokushi (provincial governor) for Shinano and Musashi Provinces under Ingu bunkoku sei (provincial allotment system), there is another viewpoint that he was also somehow involved in the administration of Chokushimaki.
- 『吾妻鏡』には書かれていない相馬御厨での経緯を見れば、特に千葉常胤にとって、源義朝は「御恩」を感じるような相手ではなかったことは明らかである。
- By looking at the progress of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) not written in 'Azuma Kagami,' Tsunetate CHIBA was especially not the person whom MINAMOTO no Yoritomo felt 'indebted' to.
- 「武門之棟梁」は単一人とは限らなかったが、特に名声が高かったのは桓武平氏の平維時・平維衡・平致頼や清和源氏の源満仲・源頼光・源頼信らであった。
- Though 'Bumon no toryo' was not necessarily a single person, persons who had a particularly good reputation were TAIRA no Koretoki, TAIRA no Korehira and TAIRA no Muneyori of Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu and MINAMOTO no Yorinobu of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 平安時代の人々を描いたものとして優れており、特に検非違使の活動を伝えるものであり、史料としての価値も高い(但し、人物は院政期のものとされる)。
- The pictures provide an outstanding depiction of the people of the Heian period and is also an invaluable material on the activities of kebiishi (although the people drawn are thought to be from the time of the period of cloistered governments).
- また文化史的な時代区分として、主として宮廷を舞台として栄えた平安時代の国風文化を特に強調する場合、これがもっぱら行われた期間を指すこともある。
- When used to define a period of cultural history, it is also used to refer particularly to period of nationalistic culture of the Heian period which prospered mainly within the Imperial Court.
- 特に、瞬間風速25m/s以上で視程が50m以下の0級(特強)沙塵暴は、「黒風」や「黒風暴」(カラブラン, Kara Bran)と呼ばれている。
- In particular, class 0 (especially strong) Shachenbao with an instantaneous wind speed of 25 m/s or more and with a visibility of less than 50 m is called 'black wind' or Kara Bran.
- 特に明徳4年(1393年)には幕府は土倉に対して年間6,000貫文の納付と引き換えに寺社等が持つ一切の支配権を否定して臨時課役の否認を認めた。
- Particularly in 1393 when, in return for an annual payment of 6,000 kanmon paid by doso to the bakufu, all control rights held by temples and shrines were negated and special taxes were repudiated.
- 特に伊勢参りに向かう人々が津市や松阪市を経由していく事から、彼から諸国の情報を手に入れられた事が伊勢商人の発展につながっていると見られている。
- Particularly, it is believed that the information on various areas all around Japan, which was brought by people making a pilgrimage to Ise (Shrine) because they went to Ise Shrine via Tsu City and Matsuzaka City, helped the Ise shonin develop.
- また、関白・豊臣秀次の失脚時、秀次の妻妾の多くが殺害されたものの、輝政の妹・若御前(秀次の正室)は特に助命されるなど、特別丁重に扱われている。
- Besides, when the downfall of the chief adviser to the Emperor Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI, most of Hidetsugu's wives and concubines were killed, but Terumasa's sister Wakagozen (the lawful wife of Hidetsugu) was saved and given special treatment.
- 今後もしばらくこの沿線の特に草津方では人口増が見込まれ、また県と地元市の公費補助による新駅設置や複線化の可能性もあり、さらなる展開もありうる。
- A population increase along the Kusatsu Line is expected for a while, especially in the Kusatsu area, so there is a possibility of installing a new station or double-tracking the line with the aid of public expense by the prefecture and local city.
- 特に、仏教思想・仏教史を近代的学問体系からの批判に耐え得る形で研究するとともに、その成果を自ら整備に関与した公私の諸教育機関において公開した。
- He researched Buddhist concepts and history while coming under fire from the modern academic system, and he disclosed his accomplishments in various public and private educational institutes in which he was involved when they were established.
- にも関わらず、中央部隊の親類衆(特に重鎮、叔父・武田信廉、従兄弟・穴山信君、武田信豊 (甲斐武田氏))の早期退却によって中央部の戦線が崩壊した。
- Nevertheless, the central force was destroyed as Katsuyori's relatives (including the senior vassals like his uncle Nobukado TAKEDA and his cousins Nobukimi ANAYAMA and Nobutoyo Takeda (of the Kai-Takeda clan)) retreated prematurely.
- 特に内蔵寮など自己に属していた官人の多くを失った壬生家の反発は強く、寛永11年(1634年)に出納平田職忠と官務壬生孝亮との間の相論に発展した。
- Especially, the Mibu family reacted sharply because their former subordinate officials, including those of the Palace Storehouse Bureau, were taken over by the Hirata family, which culminated in the dispute between 'suino' Mototada HIRATA and 'kanmu' Takasuke MIBU in 1634.
- 『四谷怪談』の仕掛けは十一代目長谷川勘兵衛が独自に考案した極めて独創性の高い装置であることから、この演目では「長谷川!」が掛かることが特に多い。
- At a famous kabuki 'Yotsuya Kaidan', the kakegoe 'Hasegawa' is especially often heard, because those incredibly creative sets for the play were invented by the eleventh Kanbei HASEGAWA.
- 一方で勝家は四国の長宗我部元親や紀伊国の雑賀衆を取り込み、特に雑賀衆は秀吉の出陣中に和泉国岸和田城などに攻撃を仕掛けるなど、後方を脅かしている。
- Meanwhile, Katsuie won over Motochika CHOSOKABE of Shikoku and Saigashu (Ikko adherents of Saiga) of Kii Province, the latter of which especially threatened the rear regions through actions such as attacking castles including Kishiwada-jo Castle in Izumi Province while Hideyoshi was on another battlefield.
- それまで分散して居住し特に連帯してこなかった百姓らが、新たに集住して村落をつくり、強い自治意識と連帯意識に支えられた惣村を形成するようになった。
- The peasants who had lived individually, started to live in a new village and form a soson community with strong autonomous concerns and sense of common bonds.
- 特に1643年(寛永20)ごろに発生した大飢饉を契機として、大名や旗本らの領主層は、生産収入を確保するため、積極的に新田開発などの勧農を行った。
- Especially around 1643, the mighty famine encouraged the landlord class such as daimyo (leading bushi who governed the local regions) or hatamoto (direct retainer of the shogun) to implement the kanno to develop new rice fields and so on to ensure production revenue.
- 後に彼らの中で治安維持の武功によって勲功を得、特に承平天慶の乱で勲功を認められた者たちが中核になって武士身分が形成されていくことになるのである。
- Later, those who were distinguished because of military contributions to maintain security, especially during the Johei and Tengyo War, would become the bushi class as the core group.
- 江戸時代を通じて公対民の年貢率は一貫して下がる傾向があり(特に幕府直轄地において)逃散はそれほど深刻な問題とはならなくなっていったと考えられる。
- Since public versus private land tax tended to fall consistently throughout the Edo period (especially in government-ruled areas), it is thought that chosan was no longer serious issue.
- どちらかといえば鉄火という性格をあらわす文化は、江戸前寿司としての「鮪の漬け」もそうであるが、関東の特に江戸の下町文化で培われたものともいえる。
- As with 'maguro no zuke' (tuna soaked in soy sauce) in Edo-style sushi, the custom of using the term tekka to describe quick-tempered character can be considered to have developed especially in the shitamachi (traditional working-class neighborhood) culture of Edo in the Kanto region.
- しかし、その後は行政能力などで優れた手腕を発揮し、特に739年には出雲国国司としての善政を聖武天皇に讃えられ、あしぎぬや麻布等を与えられている。
- Subsequently, however, he showed his excellent skill in politics, and in 739, he was granted thick silk fabric and linen by Emperor Shomu in praise of his good government as a kokushi (provincial governor) of Izumo Province.
- しかし、武家、特に大名家の後継者教育にとっては重要視されるべき点について体系的に論じられており、貞親が「“大名教育学”の祖」とされる所以である。
- The book systematically describes important points regarding the education of successors to samurai families, particularly the feudal lord's family, thereby giving Sadachika the title, 'The Forefather of Daimyo Education.'
- 特に承久の変での経緯から鎌倉幕府からは好意的に見られ、関東申次であった道家の下で実際の幕府との交渉を行っていたのは全て定高であったとされている。
- He was favored by the Kamakura bakufu especially because of his stance he had taken during the Jokyu War, and it is believed that actual negotiations with the bakufu was exclusively handled by Sadataka working under the Kanto moshitsugi (court-appointed liaison with the bakufu), Michiie.
- そして西の麻生津口と北の学文路口を特に重視して、麻生津口に南蓮上院弁仙(遊佐信教の子)、学文路口に花王院快応(畠山昭高の子)を大将として配置した。
- It especially emphasized on the west Ouzu guchi and the north Kamuro guchi and allocated Bensen of Nanrenjo-in Temple (a son of Nobunori YUSA) at Ouzu guchi and Kaio of Kao-in Temple (a son of Akitaka HATAKEYAMA) at Kamuro guchi as a commander.
- 正史(特に後述する「断代史」の形式をとる正史)は、その名から「正しい歴史」の略と考えられることがあるが、実際には事実と異なることも記載されている。
- The term 'seishi' (particularly seishi that take the form of danseishi, or dynastic histories, which will be discussed further below) might at first glance be thought to be merely an abbreviation for 'true history' as the two characters used are 'sei' ('correct, true') and 'shi' ('history'), but in fact seishi may include sections where events did not actually occur as described.
- 特に1876年11月から数ヶ月間において、茨城県・三重県・愛知県・岐阜県・堺県(現在は大阪府南部と奈良県に分割)・熊本県で相次いで一揆が発生した。
- Especially during some months from November 1876, revolts occurred in succession in Ibaraki Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Aichi Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Sakai Prefecture (at present divided into the southern part of Osaka Prefecture and Nara Prefecture) and Kumamoto Prefecture.
- 特に、鴨川 (淀川水系)にかかる三条大橋の西詰に立てられた制札が3度に渡って引き抜かれ鴨川に捨てられたことから、新選組に制札の警護が命じられれた。
- Notably, the noticeboard at the west foot of the Sanjo-ohashi bridge over Kamo-gawa river (Yodo-gawa river system) was pulled out and thrown into Kamo-gawa river three times, and Shinsengumi was ordered to guard the noticeboard.
- 特に対馬は倭寇の一大拠点と目されており、対馬守護であった宗氏に対してもこうした協力が要請され、宗氏もそれに応え日朝交易に積極的に参加をしていった。
- Since Tsushima was considered one of the most important bases of the wako pirates, the So clan, who was the governor of Tsushima Province, was requested to cooperate with the Korean Dynasty, so the So clan responded to that request and eventually began to undertake active participation in the trade between Japan and Korea.
- 但し、近年ではより厳密な定義として、上記摂津源氏の中でも特に多田庄を相続した系統のみを指して「多田源氏」と呼ぶ用い方もなされている(以下にて詳述)。
- A recent, precise definition says, 'Tada-Genji' means only the line which inherited Tada Manors among Settsu-Genji branches (for further details, see below).
- 特に一般には1910,1911年(明治42,43年)に社会主義者幸徳秋水らが天皇暗殺計画を企てたとして検挙された事件を指す(幸徳事件ともいわれる)。
- Generally, Taigyaku Jiken especially refers to the so-called Kotoku Incident in which Shusui KOTOKU, a socialist, was prosecuted for trying to kill then-Emperor in 1910 and 1911.
- 特に問題となったのは朝貢貿易の形態を取ったため、渤海からの貢物に対して、日本側では数倍の回賜でもって応える義務が生じ、多大な利益を渤海にもたらした。
- The problem was that it took the style of tribute trade, so Japan was obligated to return severalfold kaishi (return gift) to correspond to a tribute from Bo Hai and produced great profit to Bo Hai.
- 工場法(こうじょうほう)は産業革命期において苛酷な労働を強いられた工場労働者、特に幼年労働者及び女子労働者を保護することを目的として制定された法律。
- The Factory Acts were a series of acts designed to protect factory workers, children and women in particular, who were forced into hard work during the Industrial Revolution.
- 唐律令の「十悪」を元にしているが、「不睦」(家庭不和)「内乱」(一族を乱す犯罪、特に不倫、近親相姦など。現在の内乱と意味は異なる)2つを除いている。
- It is based on 'Juaku' (ten evils) in the Tang Ritsuryo Code, but 'Fuboku' (family trouble) and 'Nairan' (crimes that disturb the family, particularly adultery, incest etc.; the meaning is different from that of today) were excluded.
- 市街地は中北部の中京区と中南部の下京区、特に四条河原町は繁華街として知られる(ちなみに四条以北が中京、以南が下京であるが四条そのものは下京である)。
- Nakagyo Ward in the mid-north and Shimogyo Ward in the mid-south constitute the urban area of Kyoto City, and Shijo-Kawaramachi in particular is known as the downtown (accordingly, the area to the north of Shijo is Nakagyo and the one to the south of Shijo is Shimogyo, but Shijo belongs to Shimogyo).
- 以後断続的ながら明治元年までの日記がほぼ原本のまま残され、特に延宝2年(1674年)以後の200年弱のうち欠失は10余年分と高い残存率を残している。
- After that date to 1868, the first year of the Meiji period, the diary remains almost in the original form, although intermittently lost; especially for a little less than 200 years after 1674, the diary mostly survived with only about ten years lost.
- 誉津別皇子は父天皇に大変鍾愛されたが、長じてひげが胸先に達しても言葉を発することがなく、特に『日本書紀』では赤子のように泣いてばかりであったという。
- Homutsuwake no mikoto was deeply loved by his father, but although he grew up and even had the beard long enough to reach his breast, he did not speak a word, and moreover, according to the Nihonshoki, he kept only crying like a baby.
- 晴明が六壬神課で占っていたという証拠が六壬勘文という形で存在し、『占事略决』が六壬神課の解説書である以上、土御門家における伝承を疑う必要は特にない。
- In view of the existence of Rikujin Kanmon, which proves the fact that Seimei divined fortune with Rikujinshinka, and the fact that 'Senji ryakketsu' is the commentary of Rikujinshinka, there is no need to doubt the existence of the oral tradition in the Tsuchimikado family.
- 特に町並みが保存されたものは非常に歴史的・文化的価値が高いもので、世界遺産や重要伝統的建造物群保存地区に指定されていたり、観光地となっていたりする。
- Especially the history towns which conserved the rows of houses and buildings were of great value in the historical and cultural sense so, they were designated as World Heritage sites or Important traditional building Preservation Area, or they were considered tourist destinations.
- 妍子は道長の娘達の中でも特に美しく、また妍子に仕える女房達の衣装が贅沢すぎることで兄頼通が叱責したとの逸話もあり、やや派手好きな性格であったらしい。
- Kenshi was the most beautiful among the daughters of Michinaga and had the personality of someone who liked gaudy things, since the older brother of Kenshi, Yorimichi lectured her for her servants of Kenshi wearing clothing that was too lavish.
- 刑部(おさかべ)・額田部(ぬかたべ)など、王(宮)名のついた部のことで、伴造に統括される一種の品部であるが、特に王家・王族の所有である点が特徴である。
- Divisions named after names of kings (princes), such as osakabe and nukatabe, which were a kind of shinabe controlled by the tomonomiyatsuko, with a characteristic that they particularly belonged to the royal families.
- 特に長英は投獄後に脱獄し、逃亡の果てに捕り方によって殺害され、三英は逮捕をおそれて自殺、崋山は禁固(蟄居)後に自ら切腹するという悲劇的な最期を遂げる。
- Especially, Choei broke out of prison after he was imprisoned and then was killed after escaping by the capturers, Sanei committed suicide for fear of being arrested, and Kazan met his tragic end by committing suicide by disembowelment after he was sentenced to imprisonment (being confined to his house).
- 特に、北米、及び南米へ移民した日系人の中には、第二次世界大戦中に日系人の強制収容をされたり、戦後暫くも激しい民族差別を受ける立場にあった者が多かった。
- Many of the Japanese who immigrated to North and South America were sent to concentration camps during World War II and many suffered severe discrimination for a short while even after the war.
- 特に後継者争いが生じやすい状況ではその後見人として、皇帝親政において、ある特定の妃を寵愛した場合にその親族が取り立てられ外戚が権勢を振るうことが多い。
- Especially in a state where a succession race was likely to occur and the emperor favors a specific concubine over others, her relatives were often raised as the guardian of successor candidates under the direct Imperial rule allowing them to have a great political influence.
- 一般的に折り紙と同様の呼ばれ方をする場合も多いが、現代では特に洋紙で作られている正方形の模様が入った紙を折り紙、和紙で作られているものを千代紙と呼ぶ。
- Generally, it is often called in the same way as origami but, today, those square sheets of paper made of western paper with patterns are called 'origami' and those made of Japanese paper are called 'chiyogami.'
- また、名主は、畿内周辺では農業経営に携わる有力百姓としての性格が強かったが、その他の地域では豪族的な者もおり、特に関東では武士の郎党的な者も多かった。
- In Kinai (areas around Kyoto and Osaka), myoshu were mostly influential farmers who were themselves engaged in farming, but in other areas, especially in Kanto regions (region including Tokyo), retainers of warrior class were often included among myoshu.
- 下関市域、特に小串駅以南は北九州都市圏(関門都市圏)の都市圏輸送を担っていることもあって、本数や両数が増える傾向にあり、毎時1本程度は運行されている。
- Because Shimonoseki City area, especially Ogushi Station southward, is included in the Kitakyushu Metropolitan Area (Kanmon Metropolitan Area), the number of services and cars per train increases in this area and the frequency of service is about once per hour.
- 堆積場からの鉱石くずの流出は、既に1902年の第二次鉱毒調査委員会で指摘されている(しかし、第二次鉱毒調査委員会は特にそれを問題視することはなかった)。
- The outflow of the mineral waste from the deposit sites had been already pointed out by the second Research Commission of the Mining Pollution of 1902 (although the committee failed to recognize the significance of it)
- 特に食膳具には漆を塗ったり細かな装飾を施すなどした優品が多いが、木器は腐るために良好な状態で出土する例はまれであり、詳しいことは未だよくわかっていない。
- Although there are many excellent pieces of work in dinning utensils, which are lacquered and have fine decorations, it is rare for woodenware to be excavated in good condition as they easily rot, and the details are still not known.
- これらの行為は徒罪の対象であり、特に父母(祖父母)への訴訟は死罪_(律令法)の1つである絞に処せられて、皇族や公卿でも減刑されることが無い重罪とされた。
- Punishment for these behaviors was imprisonment, and especially filing a lawsuit against parent(s) (or grandparent(s)) meant death by hanging, which was one of death penalties (in Ritsuryo law), and was regarded as a serious crime that even a member of the Imperial Family or Kugyo (court nobles) could not obtain reduced sentences.
- 特にイギリスは南アフリカでオランダと戦争状態にあったため(ボーア戦争)多くの兵力を送る余裕がなく、日本に派兵を要請したことも日本の大量派兵の一因である。
- Great Britain was at war against Holland in South Africa (Boer Wars) so they in particular did not have many surplus soldiers, so they requested Japan to dispatch their soldiers instead, which is why they sent a great number of soldiers.
- この家族の処置にあたって特に苦難したといわれるのは若年の同志矢頭右衛門七で、赤穂退去後、矢頭家は大阪に移住していたが、ここで父矢頭長助が病死してしまう。
- The person who had the most difficulty was a young comrade Emoshichi YATO whose family had moved to Osaka after they left Ako, since he experienced his father Chosuke YATO's death due to sickness.
- 熊野古道(特に紀伊路、中辺路)には大阪の基点であった淀川河口の渡辺津(窪津、九品津)から熊野三山までに100近くの熊野権現を祭祀した九十九王子があった。
- In Kumanokodo Road (especially in Kiiji route and in Nakahechi), there was Kujuku Oji, where nearly 100 Kumano Gongen were worshipped, extending from Watanabe-no-tsu (Kubotsu, Kubotsu) at the mouth of Yodogawa-river, the base of Osaka to Kumano Sanzan.
- そのため、当時の人々、特に晴明に占いを依頼できるような堂上家の人達がどのような暮らしをしていたか、どのようなことに関心をもっていたかを知ることができる。
- From such descriptions, we can gather the ways of living of people at the time, especially those of nobilities' family who were the client of Seimei, as well as the subjects they were interested in.
- 江戸時代には『甲陽軍鑑』が流行し、信玄時代の武田家の武将達の中で特に評価の高い24名の武将を指して武田二十四将(武田二十四神将)と言われるようになった。
- In the Edo period, 'Koyo Gunkan' became popular, 24 busho (Japanese military commander), who were the most acclaimed Busho among busho of the Takeda family in the period of Shingen, were called `The Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda.'
- 特に三条天皇の眼病は彼のせいであるとされ、また『宝物集』では延長_(日本)8年(930年)の清涼殿への落雷も菅原道真ではなく彼の仕業であるとされている。
- It is said that the eye disease of Emperor Sanjo was his fault, and the 'Hobutsushu' (A Collection of Treasures) stated that lightning that fell on the Seiryoden (the residential palace of the emperor) in 930 was caused not by SUGAWARA no Michizane but by him.
- その多くは古典文学作品に登場する駿馬の名に由来しており、特に磨墨・池月は平家物語に登場し、宇治川の戦いの先陣争いで知られた源頼朝の愛馬から採られている。
- The majority of the names came from fine horses of Japanese classic literature; for example, the names Surusumi and Ikezuki are in The Tale of the Taira Clan (The Tale of the Heike/Heike Monogatari) and came from MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's favorite horse in the competition to be the first rider in a charge at the Battle of the Uji-gawa River.
- 特に、この競馬場で実施されるGIレースの天皇賞、秋華賞、菊花賞、エリザベス女王杯、マイルチャンピオンシップの開催日には、全国の競馬ファンが多く詰め掛ける。
- It attracts many horse racing fans from all over the country particularly on days when G1 horse races are held--Tenno Sho, Shuka Sho, Kikuka Sho, Queen Elizabeth II Commemorative, and Mile Championship.
- 釜山の倭館は朝鮮側が日本、特に対馬藩の使節や商人を饗応するために設けた施設であったが、明治政府は対馬藩から外交権を取り上げ、朝鮮との交渉に乗り出そうとした。
- The Japanese consular office in Busan was established by Korea to entertain Japanese envoys and merchants especially from the Tsushima domain, but the Meiji government tried to deprive the Tsushima domain of the diplomatic rights and start direct negotiations with Korea.
- 特に2001年(平成13年)は800万枚程度しか製造されなかったため、同年製造の分は未使用であれば古銭商などで(額面に比べれば)比較的高値で取引されている。
- Especially in 2001, only about 8 million coins were minted, so coins manufactured in that year are traded at relatively high prices (compared to their face value) in old coin shops etc.
- なお、交代寄合としての宗家(朽木宣綱の子孫)の領域を指して特に「朽木藩」と呼ぶ例や、稙綱の子孫が治めた土浦藩や福知山藩などを指して「朽木藩」と呼ぶ例もある。
- The word 'Kutsuki Domain' is sometimes used in the following cases: when people refer to the territory which was controlled by the soke (the head family or house), or to the Tosa Domain and Fukuchiyama Domain, which were governed by Tanetsuna's descendents.
- 特に後者はいわゆる火焔式土器と称されるもので、口縁部には鶏冠ないし王冠を思わせる複雑な形状の装飾を付し、器面にも粘土紐の貼り付けで複雑な文様を表わしている。
- Of the two, the latter is what is called 'kaen-shiki doki' (the flame-shaped earthen vessel), and an elaborate decoration like a cockscomb (or a crown) was put on the rim, and clay strings were attached to the vessel's surface for showing an elaborate pattern.
- 養老律令は、大宝律令と大きな相違点はないため、養老律令施行後もそれ以前と変わらない政治運営が行われたと見られ、律令制史上の大きな意義は特にないとされている。
- The actual operation and the management of Yoro Ritsuryo Code after its establishment were conducted in the similar manner to the operation of Taiho Ritsuryo Code, because both Codes did not differ largely from each other, and thus it is considered that Yoro Ritsuryo Code did not give a significant impact on the history of the Ritsuryo codes.
- 特に後者の離脱が近衛文麿が中心であったことから研究会の権威は大いに失墜した(ちなみに後に3次にわたった近衛内閣では閣僚から研究会所属議員は排除されている)。
- Especially since the latter one was led by Fumimaro KONOE, Kenkyukai suffered a great loss of prestige (in the connection, later, members of Kenkyukai were excluded from the three KONOE Cabinets.
- そのような混乱の中、神仏分離で劣勢に立たされていた仏教勢力、特に明治維新に際して倒幕運動を支援した浄土真宗は巧みな政治工作によって教部省を政府に樹立させた。
- In such confusion, the Buddhist group that had been put in the inferior position under the movement of separation of Buddhism and Shintoism, especially the Jodo Shinshu sect that had supported the movement to overthrow the shogunate, promoted ingenious political maneuvers and successfully persuaded the government to establish Kyobusho.
- ただし万が一を考え、鎮撫使には特に剣術に優れた藩士を選んだ(大山綱良・奈良原繁・道島五郎兵衛・鈴木勇右衛門・鈴木昌之助・山口金之進・江夏仲左衛門・森岡善助。
- Just in case something should go wrong, he selected retainers with excellent swordsman skills in particular for the chinbushi (temporary provincial superintendent): Tsunayoshi OYAMA, Shigeru NARAHARA, Gorobe MICHIJIMA, Yuemon SUZUKI, Masanosuke SUZUKI, Kanenoshin YAMAGUCHI, Chuzaemon KOKA, and Zensuke MORIOKA.
- 特に管領 細川政元は征夷大将軍足利義稙を追放し、次期将軍に幼い足利義澄を擁立しこれを傀儡化させ、幕政を牛耳っており、室町幕府は事実上、細川氏の政権となった。
- Especially, Masamoto HOSOKAWA expelled Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), backed up Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA who was still too young to become the next shogun, made Yoshizumi a puppet, and controlled the politics of the bakufu, and the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, became the administration of the Hosokawa clan.
- 律令制が本格的に施行された8世紀のうちから、官吏、特に国司交替の手続きに関する法令(詔勅・太政官符)を集成した私撰の「交替式」と呼ばれる書物が存在していた。
- As early as the eight century when the Ritsuryo system was enforced on a large scale, a privately compiled book called 'Kotaishiki' existed, in which the laws and regulations concerning the procedures for replacing government officers, in particular, kokushi (provincial governors) (Shochoku - imperial edicts) and Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) were collected.
- 支配体制のいまだ確立していない江戸時代初期には特に顕著で、幕府の成立から三代征夷大将軍徳川家光の治下にかけて、嗣子がないために取り潰される大名家が続出した。
- During the early Edo period when the control system had not been established yet, especially the period between the foundation of the bakufu and the regime of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, many daimyo families became extinct due to the lack of an heir.
- 彼が家司として務めていた九条家、特に九条道家が鎌倉幕府に対して親幕府的な態度をとっていたことで承久の乱以降も九条道家の政治顧問として朝廷の中枢に留まった事。
- The Kujo family for which Tamenaga served as Keisi, particularly Michiie KUJO was pro-Kamakura bakufu, thus he stayed at the center of the Imperial Court as Michiie KUJO's political adviser after Jokyu no Ran (Rebellion of Jokyu).
- 特に木戸孝允は征韓論を否定しておきながら、同じ海外である台湾に出兵するのは矛盾であるとして反対の態度を崩さず、4月18日参議の辞表を提出して下野してしまった。
- Among others, Takayoshi KIDO, who continued to oppose, submitted a letter of resignation on April 18 and resigned from his post as a councilor, saying that dispatching troops to Taiwan was inconsistent with rejecting Seikanron because both means sending troops to foreign countries.
- 特に、戦後の歴史学に強い影響を及ぼした唯物史観は、発展史観の度合いをさらに強め、古代アジアの社会はアジア的生産様式の中で総体的奴隷制度が行われたと考えていた。
- In particular, historical materialism, which strongly influenced the Japanese post-war historical school, further advanced the historical view of development to consider that ancient Asian society was generally based on slavery in the Asiatic mode of production.
- だが債務の大半、特に大名貸の大半は天保以前からの債務が繰り延べられて来たものであり有名な薩摩藩の調所広郷による「250年分割」などが尽く無効とされたのである。
- As most of debts, especially the majority of daimyo-gashi, were made before the Tenpo era, all of them became void including the famous debt of '250 years installment' made by Hirosato ZUSHO of Satsuma domain.
- 特に欠史八代の天皇については、古代中国の革命思想(讖緯説)に則って天皇家の歴史を水増したのではないかと指摘する否定説が戦後学会では主流である(実在説もある)。
- Especially with the Emperors of Kesshi-Hachidai (Eight Undocumented Sovereigns), a negative theory stating that the history of the Imperial Family was padded out following the revolutionary idea (Shinisetsu, or theory of predicting future with magic) in Ancient China is the main stream in learned society after the war (there are also theories that support the existence).
- 特に、南北朝時代の南朝方武将楠木正成の忠誠心を朱舜水に示唆された(そもそも日本の正史にとって、北朝と南朝のどちらをとるのかは最大の選択「本朝の大事」だった)。
- SHU Shunsui indicated the idea of loyalty of KUSUNOKI Masashige, a military commander of the Nancho court during the Nanbokucho period (it was 'an important matter of Japan' whether one should side with the Nancho or with the Hokucho as for a historiography in Japan).
- (ただし、後醍醐天皇が元弘の変後に京都に帰還した際にこの人事は無効とされ、その後の北朝も特にこれを取消す措置を取らなかったため名義上は「前右大臣」であった)。
- However, this promotion was nullified by Emperor Godaigo when the emperor returned to Kyoto after the Genko Incident, and even later as the Northern Court did not take measures to restore Kanesue's position, his nominal title was 'former Udaijin.'
- この間、(前記のプラカード学生の突出した行動を唯一の例外として)学生たちは天皇一行の出入りを遠巻きに合唱していただけで、特にこれを妨害する行動はとっていない。
- In the meantime, students (except for those who took radical action while carrying the above-mentioned placards) were singing together while looking across at the Emperor's party and didn't take any actions to hinder them.
- 購入した宣長の著作『直日霊』や『初山踏』『玉勝間』『古事記伝』及び附録として傳の中に紹介されている服部中庸(箕田水月)の『三大考』の宇宙観には特に魅せられた。
- He was especially fascinated with view of the universe described in purchased literary work of Norinaga such as 'Naohi no Mitama' (Core Spirit), 'Uiyamabui' (First Steps Up the Mountain), 'Tamakatsuma' (a collection of essays), and 'Kojiki-den' (Commentary on the Kojiki), and also with Nakatsune HATTORI (Mizuki MITA)'s 'Sandaiko' (On the Three Worlds: Between Myth and Reality), which were included in the record as a supplement.
- またヨーロッパの銃兵隊は伝統的に隊列を組んだまま指揮官の命令で同じ方向に向けて一斉射撃して弾幕を張る戦法が一般的であったため、命中率は特に問題とはされなかった。
- In Europe, musket troops traditionally formed a line and discharged in a volley in the same direction to lay down a barrage at orders of a commander, therefore accuracy rates were of no particular concern.
- 幕府は特に精錬した鉄地金を用いた精鉄四文銭(せいてつよんもんせん)であることを強調したが、評判は悪く、鋳銭に関して損失が出るなどしたため発行は少数にとどまった。
- The bakufu insisted that the four-mon iron coin was a four-mon refined-iron coin which was especially made of refined iron ingots, but only a small quantity was issued because of bad reputation and loss caused by the minting of coin.
- 特に1919年の男爵議員による公正会結成に伴う同議員の大量離脱に伴って院内交渉団体としての資格を失ったのを機に解散して第1次無所属との合同を行うことを決定する。
- The group continued losing members, particularly after the 1919 formation of the Koseikai (Fairness Group) by the Barons in the House of Peers, at which point, having lost the majority of its members, the Doyokai had lost the qualification as a internal negotiation faction of the House of Peers, and it was therefore decided to merge the group with the first Mushozoku (Unaffiliated Group).
- そして、改新時に一気に改革が進んだとは考えにくく、特に改新の主要政策は地方社会への影響が大きいものばかりだったため、諸制度が全国に浸透するには長い年月を要した。
- It is quite unlikely that the political reforms were completed at a stroke at the time of the Great Reformation of the Taika Era and especially, since all of the main policies of the reforms were to have great influence on local societies, it took many years for the new institutions to penetrate nationwide.
- 江戸時代以降、2つの輪を交叉させた文様を特に「輪違」と呼ぶようになったため、それと区別する意味で「唐花の入った輪違」という形状から「花輪違」というようになった。
- Since the Edo period, designs with two intersecting rings were specifically called 'wachigai,' and therefore, 'wachigai pattern with kara-hana (Chinese arabesque pattern)' came to be called 'hanawachigai.'
- 特に治承3年のものは平氏政権の主財源であった宋銭の使用禁止が後白河法皇の意向で提議された事から同年の平清盛による治承三年の政変の原因の一つになったとされている。
- It is considered that the regulation in 1179 among others was one of the causes of the Coup of the Third Year of Jisho staged by TAIRA no Kiyomori because banning the use of Sung money, the main source of the Taira clan government's revenue, was proposed by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa's wishes in the same year.
- 日本側では南北朝の動乱が(特に博多を含む九州においては)収まっておらず、当時九州の有力者であった南朝側の懐良親王が明の使者に応じて「日本国王」に封ぜられている。
- In Japan, where disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts had not been contained (in particular in Kyushu district including Hakata), Imperial Prince Kanenaga (Kaneyoshi) of the Southern Court who received a messenger from Ming was sealed as 'King of Japan.'
- その傾向は関東で特に強く、在地における国衙の目代や荘園の預所(あずかっそ)といった在庁官人を翻弄する権力の排除を志向する動きが鎌倉幕府の成立へとつながっていく。
- The tendency was strong, especially in the eastern regions, and movement aiming at pushing out the power that was a nuisance to zaichokanjin such as mokudai in kokuga or azukaridokoko (management position in trust) in shoen, would lead to the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 特に屏風や額などの平面な作品に截金を施す際、海の中に生息する魚や海草、薄の穂、牡丹・紫陽花・菊・椿の華を写実的に表現したという点において彼の作風が際立っている。
- His style was distinctive in that he realistically depicted fish and seaweed in the sea, ears of Japanese pampas grass, botan (peonies), ajisai (hydrangeas), kiku (chrysanthemums) and tsubaki (camellias) especially when he put kirikane on items with a flat-surface such as byobu and gaku.
- 特に毎年10月26日の天理教大祭時には「団体専用列車天理教輸送列車」と呼ばれる列車が京都駅から奈良線~木津駅~大和路線~奈良駅~桜井線経由で天理駅まで直通する。
- During the Tenrikyo Autumn Grand Service held every October 26, particularly, the through train denoted as a 'train reserved for groups: Tenrikyo transportation train' runs from Kyoto Station to Kizu Station via the Nara Line, to Nara Station via the Yamatoji Line, and to Tenri Station via the Sakurai Line.
- 消費税導入前はスーパーマーケットなどで細々と流通している程度であったが、導入以降は五円硬貨とともに流通量が激増したため、特に平成に入ってから大量に製造されている。
- Before the consumption tax was introduced, the coins were sparsely used in supermarkets etc., however, after the tax was introduced, the supply significantly increased as well as that of five-yen coins, so they began to be minted in high volume especially during the Heisei period.
- 源頼朝が鎌倉に武家政権を打ち立てると、頼朝は清和源氏一族内で、特に功績を認めた者だけに源姓を名乗ることを許可し、他の源氏一族が公式の場で源姓を名乗ることを禁じた。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the military government in Kamakura, Yoritomo allowed those who had been credited for their distinguished services among the Seiwa-Genji the permission to use the Minamoto family name, but he prohibited other Genji clans from using the name at formal occasions.
- 特に日本に面する南方に位置し、道内に複雑な多島海域を有する全羅道と慶尚道の2道にはそれぞれ左右2員の水使が置かれ、道内の水軍万戸もそれぞれ15ときわめて多かった。
- Especially in the two provinces of Jella and Gyeorgsang that have a complicated Archipelago Area, facing Japan and located in the south of the peninsular, two naval commanders were placed both in the right and left, and the number of suigun banko in each province was fifteen, which was rather large.
- 新撰組は、武士になることを宿願としており、目的達成のために武士に匹敵する活躍をしたため、特に現代の若者たちから幕末日本を象徴する存在とみなされ、根強い人気を誇る。
- The ambition of Shinsen-gumi was to become samurai, and with this goal in mind they were just as active as samurai, and modern day young people in particular regard them as a symbol of Japan during the last days of the shogunate, and Shinsen-gumi continues to be popular.
- このうち、建久2年(1191年)の建久新制・寛喜3年(1231年)の寛喜新制・文永10年(1273年)の文永新制は、特に三代制符(さんだいせいふ)と呼ばれている。
- Among others, Kenkyu shinsei (new law issued in the Kenkyu period) in 1191, Kangi shinsei (new law issued in the Kangi period) in 1231 and Bunei shinsei (new law issued in the Bunei period) in 1273 were specially called Sandai seifu (the three major seifu).
- 特に「南都北嶺」と並び称された南都興福寺と比叡山延暦寺は強訴の常連で、傘下の春日・日吉神人は春日の神木・日吉の神輿を奉じて入京し、朝廷に国司の解任・配流を迫った。
- Especially, Nanto Kofuku-ji Temple and Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, which were praised as 'Nanto-Hokurei' (the South capital and the North mountain), were frequenters of the direct petition; Jinin of Kasuga and Hiyoshi, which were under jurisdiction of the temples, entered Kyoto, serving their mikoshi (portable shrine carried in festivals), and urged the Imperial Court to dismiss or exile Kokushi.
- 特に11月13日付で「天皇への無礼と京大の責任」なる論説を掲載した京都新聞を初めとして新聞は学生側を強く非難し、常軌を逸した「不敬罪」であるかのように書き立てた。
- Especially, newspapers strongly condemned students as if they committed 'lese majesty,' including Kyoto Shimbun which posted the article 'Disrespect for the Emperor and Kyoto University's responsibility' on November 13.
- また、院政開始後最初の評定始は特に文殿始(ふどのはじめ)とも呼ばれ、両統迭立によって院政の継続が不安定な時代になると、院政開始を印象付ける行事として重んじられた。
- The first hyojohajime after the start of the new government of a retired emperor was called 'Fudonohajime' (文殿始) in particular, which is of special note because it marked the start of Insei in the era of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) when it was not easy to keep Insei.
- 特に嵯峨天皇は文学を重んじて『凌雲集』・『経国集』・『文華秀麗集』の三勅撰漢詩集が編纂され、漢詩作成のために必要な漢文学教育の基礎を中国正史由来の史学教育に求めた。
- In particular, the Emperor Saga valued literature and compiled three imperial anthologies of Chinese poetry called 'Ryounshu' (A collection from above the clouds), 'Keikokushu' (A collection of managing the country) and 'Bunka shureishu' (second imperial kanshi collection), seeking the basis of the Chinese literature education, which was necessary for Chinese poetry making, in the history education based on Chinese historiography.
- 慶長元年9月1日、大坂城において明使を引見した秀吉は明の国書のなかの、「茲特封爾為日本国王賜之誥命(ここに特に爾を封じて日本国王に誥命賜う)」の部分を見て激怒した。
- On October 22, 1596, Hideyoshi had an interview with an envoy from Ming in Osaka-jo Castle, and he became furious when seeing the line of a diplomatic message dispatched by the sovereign in Ming, which said that 'We hereby especially recognize you and bestow upon you the title of King of Japan.'
- 日本海側の新潟港は、江戸時代に北前船の寄港地として発展し、1868年対外開港したが、外国人の来住が少ないため、特に居留地は設置せず、市街に雑居することが認められた。
- The port of Niigata on the Sea of Japan (northern) side had been developed as an anchoring site for Kitamae-bune (cargo ships that sailed the Japan Sea) in the Edo period and was opened internationally in 1868; however, as few foreigners came and settled there, no particular settlement was established, and foreigners were permitted to live together in Niigata's urban areas.
- 諸軍記は相互に影響しあっておりその関係性は未だ十分には明らかになっていないが、特に『鎌倉持氏記』に直接依拠、あるいは強い影響を受けたとされる軍記は以下の通りである。
- The various military records influenced each other and their relationship is not sufficiently clear yet, but the military records that are known to have been directly influenced or strongly affected by 'Kamakura Mochiuji ki' are the following.
- ただし、地域領主である藩などを指して公儀と呼ぶ習慣も残り、幕府のことを「公儀の公儀」と認めて特に大公儀(おおこうぎ)とも呼ぶようになったのは寛永以後と言われている。
- However, the tradition to call the local landlord, or clan as Kogi remained and to recognize the bakufu as 'the kogi of kogi', it was especially called O-kogi (great official authority) after the Kanei Era.
- 特に下克上が一般化する以前においてこの認識が強く、戦国時代 (日本)の豊臣秀吉のように、百姓その他武士身分以外出身の人物は当然、武士として認められるはずがなかった。
- Especially before gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) became common, such a point of view dominated and thus, like Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), a person originating from farmers or from a status not of samurai status could not admitted as bushi by definition.
- 平安中期ごろ、特に東国の発祥当初の武士層の間で、朝廷との関係において名乗る姓名とは別に、自らの所領(名:みょう)に通称名(字:あざな)を並べる通称が広まっていった。
- In the mid-Heian period, besides a full name used at the Imperial Court, the use of a pseudonym containing a domain name (myo) followed by a nickname (azana) became popular especially among early samurai warriors who were originally from the eastern provinces.
- 正月三が日の初詣輸送には特に力を入れており、元日(厳密に言えば大晦日の夜間以降)から1月3日(年により1月5日)までは通常ダイヤとは全く異なる「正月ダイヤ」を組む。
- During the first three days of the New Year, the line particularly reinforces its capacity for transporting passengers for New Year's visits to shrines, and from New Year's Day (strictly speaking from the late night of New Year's Eve) to January 3 (January 5, depending on the year), the trains are operated under the special 'time schedule for the Year-End and New Year Holidays,' which is different from the ordinary time schedule.
- これが国学者達の反感を買い、特に神武天皇や素戔鳴尊(その正体を新羅の国王であるとした)の問題については本居宣長が『鉗狂人』を著して貞幹の考証が杜撰であると主張した。
- This book provoked antipathy in scholars of Japanese classical literature, and Norinaga MOTOORI wrote a book called 'Kenkyojin' against the issues stated about Emperor Jinmu and Susanoo (he was a deity who appears in Japanese mythology, but Teikan stated in his book that Susanoo had descended from a king of Silla) and insisted that Teikan's study of historical findings was very inaccurate.
- 日本統治時代の台湾での評価は朝鮮に比べて肯定的であり、特に日本時代に育った層は、その時代を懐かしみ、評価する者も多く、そのような声を載せた著書も数多く出版されている。
- The public evaluation of the Japanese rule is more positive in Taiwan than in Korea, and many people, especially those who grew up under Japanese rule, long for the days of the Japanese rule and value it, and there have been many books carrying such voices too.
- また佐賀藩ではこの模型に特に興味を示し、1855年(安政2年)には重臣や藩校の者の手によって、全長約27cmほどのアルコール燃料で動作する模型機関車を完成させている。
- Those from Saga Domain especially showed a strong interest in the model; in 1855, an about-27cm-long model locomotive ran by alcohol fuel was completed by the hands of senior vassals and people at hanko (domain school) of Saga Domain.
- しかし、いずれも効果は薄く、特に上知令は幕府財政の安定と国防の充実との両方を狙う意欲的な政策であったが、社会各層からの猛反対を浴びて頓挫し、忠邦もわずか3年で失脚した。
- However, none of these policies worked well, least of all Land Requisition Orders, which was an ambitious policy aimed at both the financial stabilization and the reinforcement of the national defense, but fierce opposition from every social class threw back them and Tadakuni was overthrown in only three years.
- 特にロシア軍の満洲占領とモラルを欠いた軍事行動は、各国に多大な懸念を与えるとともに、日本に朝鮮における自国の権益が脅かされるのではという危機感を与えるのに十分であった。
- The occupation of Manchuria by the Russian army and their unethical military movements greatly worried each nation and was enough to make Japan feel threatened over its interest in Korea.
- その後、長泰の表立った活躍はあまり見られないが、領内においては支配体制を固め、善政を敷き、特に領内における寺内町は「大和の大坂」と呼ばれ、大いなる賑わいを見せたという。
- Although Nagayasu did not make any major contributions subsequently, he solidified control of the domain, implemented benevolent rule and brought prosperity, with Terauchi-cho nicknamed 'Osaka of Yamato.'
- 読みについても諸説あって、「こんしゅじ」、「こんじゅじ」と読まれたり、また、慣用的に、「きんしゅうじ」とも呼ばれ、この読みについては、東大寺内で特によく親しまれている。
- This temple is generally called 'Konshu-ji' or 'Konju-ji,' and customarily 'Kinshu-ji,' which is particularly familiar at Todai-ji Temple.
- 御三家同士、特に尾張家と紀州家の間には将軍職の継承を巡って競争意識があり、紀州家出身の将軍吉宗と尾張家当主徳川宗春の間には吉宗の毒殺疑惑があり確執があったとされている。
- Gosanke, especially the Owari and Kishu families, were competitive against each other over the succession of shogunate, and it is believed that Yoshimune, who was from the Kishu family, and Muneharu TOKUGAWA, who was the head of the Owari family, were at odds, with the Owari family suspected to have poisoned Yoshimune.
- 定家の日記『明月記』にはしばしば内親王に関する記事が登場し、特に薨去の前後にはその詳細な病状が記されていることから、両者の関係が相当に深いものであったことは事実である。
- It is true that the relationship between the Imperial Princess and Teika was close, since there was a detailed description in Teika's diary, 'Meigetsuki' of the Princess's health just before and after she died.
- 特に教育に関しては儒学を基本にすべしとする元田の最大の理解者でもあり、教育行政のトップに田中不二麿や森有礼のような西洋的な教育論者が任命された事には不快感を抱いていた。
- Especially when it came to education, he duly understood Motoda's philosophy based on Confucianism, he was frustrated when Fujimaro TANAKA and Arinori MORI who were both educational debaters preferred the western way of thinking, were appointed as educational administrators.
- 特に院政を廃止した後醍醐天皇が綸旨を院宣に替わる文書と位置づけた建武 (日本)年間から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて著しい量の綸旨が出され、史料としても重要なものが多い。
- In particular, a significant number of rinji was issued during a period from the Kenmu era when Emperor Godaigo who abolished Insei (rule by the retired Emperor) specified rinji as a document replacing inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and many of them were important as historical data.
- 日本では古墳時代に古墳の副葬品として馬具が見られることからこの頃に乗馬文化が導入され、軍事的利用される馬の育成は日本列島の各地へ広まり、特に東国において分布が拡大する。
- From seeing the harness as burial goods of the old tomb it proved that a cavalry horse culture started at the tumulus period in Japan, and then raising horses for military use spreaded to various places in the Japanese Islands, especially the distribution expanded in the eastern country.
- 西暦600~700年にかけて律令制の導入に成功した藤原氏、特に藤原北家が東国においてもその基盤を確立した(宇都宮氏、小田氏、那須氏、小山氏、結城氏、佐野氏、比企氏等)。
- The Fujiwara clan successfully introduced the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) between the years 600 and 700; specifically, one of the Fujiwara clan lines, the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, established its foundations in Togoku (the Utsunomiya clan, the Oda clan, the Nasu clan, the Koyama clan, the Yuki clan, the Sano clan, the Hiki clan, etc.).
- 初期の官物徴収は特に基準がなかったためにそれぞれの国例に従って官物率法が決定されて賦課されたが、国司による恣意的な賦課(官物加徴)やこれに対する農民側の抵抗も強かった。
- The initial Kanmotsu collection did not have any standards and Kanmotsu ritsuho was customarily decided and taxed in each province, but arbitrary taxation (Kanbutsu kacho) by Kokushi (officiers of the local government) occurred and resistance by farmers against this was strong.
- 寛政年間(1690年代)頃から農村や漁村へも広がりを見せ始め、江戸時代中期(18世紀)以降に益々増加し、特に江戸時代後期の天保年間(1830年代)前後に著しく増加した。
- From the 1690s, it spread to agricultural and fishing villages, and became even more widespread after the middle of the Edo period (eighteenth century), especially around the Tenpo era (1830s) during the late Edo period.
- 秘書として信長そば近くに仕え、内政面だけではなく、外交面でも武田信玄、特に毛利家との友好関係のため小早川隆景、吉川元春らとの折衝にあたるなど、信長に重用され、活躍した。
- As a private secretary he worked closely with Nobunaga not only on administrative matters but also on external issues with Shingen TAKEDA and due to a particularly amicable relationship with the Mouri family, TAKEI was appointed by Nobunaga and actively involved in negotiations between Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and Motoharu KIKKAWA etc.
- この時の兵装束は筒袖上衣に裁着袴(たっつけばかま)、頭に黒塗円錐形の銃陣笠であり、特に銃陣笠は見分に来ていた幕府役人が「異様之冠物」と批判するような斬新なものであった。
- The heishozoku (military costume) at this time was tsutsusode joi (straight-sleeved jacket) with tatsutsuke bakama (man's formal divided skirt), and a black lacquered conical jujingasa (a conical headpiece for armed soldiers) on the head; this jujingasa, particularly, was such a novelty that officers of the feudal government who came for field surveying criticized it as 'iyo no kaburimono' (an eccentric headgear).
- 天皇の住む都を「上」とする事から用いられ、特に江戸幕府は三河国以西の畿内(大和国・山城国・摂津国・河内国・和泉国)三州(近江国・丹波国・播磨国)を、「上方筋」と定義した。
- The city where the emperor lived was called 'kami' and the Edo government defined Kinai, west of the Mikawa Province (the Yamato, Yamashiro, Settsu, Kawachi and Izumi Provinces) and Sanshu (the Omi, Tanba and Harima Provinces) as 'Kamigatasuji.'
- 器種として主要なものに甕・壷・高坏があり、特に壷は縄文時代には一般化しなかった器種で、弥生時代になって米が主要な食糧となったため、貯蔵容器として定着したと理解されている。
- For types of wares, there were mainly jars, pots and a small one-legged tray for one person, especially the pot was not general ware during the Jomon period and it is believed that pots became widespread as storage container, as rice became the main food supply.
- 特に近年、地球温暖化防止の観点からも見直されたことが重なってレンタサイクルが急増しており、宿泊客に対して無料で自転車を貸し出す等のサービスを行うホテル、旅館も増えている。
- As bicycles have attracted attention as a means of curbing global warming (particularly in recent years), the availability of rental bicycles is increasing, and more and more hotels and Japanese-style inns now offer free rental bicycle service for their guests.
- なまのまま、特に水分の多いものを漬ける場合は、ぬかと少量の塩をまぜたのを容器の底に敷いて、その上に多数の小さな穴の開いた中蓋を置いて、水分が下に落ちるようにする法がある。
- When pickling the raw foodstuff that contains much water, cover the bottom of the container with a mixture of rice bran and a dash of salt, and lay a perforated inner lid on it so as to let excess water drip away.
- 特に『KAWADE夢ムック 総特集 鈴木清順』(河出書房出版)のインタビューにおいて、鈴木清順の本であるにも関わらず中平の話で盛り上がってしまっている、というのが面白い。
- It is especially interesting that she eagerly talked about Nakahira in an interview in the book; 'Full review about Seijun Suzuki by KAWADE Yume Mook' (published by Kawade Shobo) although it was a book about Seijun SUZUKI.
- 特に後者は大永7年(1527年)から天正4年(1576年)にかけての50年の長期にわたって記されており、当時の公家や戦国大名たちや上泉信綱などの動向が詳細に記されている。
- The latter was recorded over the course of fifty years (1527 - 1576), and it was reported by court nobles, daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period, and Nobutsuna KAMIIZUMI in detail.
- 特に「聞く銅鐸」の紋様の不鮮明さは埋納時から発掘までの土中での経年劣化ではなく、磨く等の行為によるものとされており(佐原真)、祭りの度に繰り返し掘り出し磨かれたためという。
- Especially, unclearness of the patterns on the 'dotaku to hear,' which is thought to have been created due to a treatment such as polishing, not due to degradation over time in the ground from a burial through to an excavation, possibly shows that they were repeatedly dug out and polished every time a ceremony was held (Makoto SAHARA).
- その他に弾正忠を称した武将としては戦国きっての梟雄・松永久秀や武田氏家臣の三弾正こと高坂昌信(逃げ弾正)、真田幸隆(攻め弾正)、保科正俊(槍弾正) などが特に知られている。
- In addition to Nobunaga, the well-known busho (Japanese military commander) who called themselves danjo no chu are Hidehisa MATSUNAGA who was one of the most fierce warriors in Sengoku period (period of warring states) and the three danjo in the vassals of Takeda clan: Masanobu KOSAKA (the nige [fleeing] danjo), Yukitaka SANADA (the seme [offensive] danjo) and Masatoshi HOSHINA (the yari [spear] danjo).
- その一方で、超長期の政権安定、特に前半の百数十年は成長経済基調のもと、町人層が発展し、学問・文化・芸術・経済等様々な分野の活動が活発化し、現代にまで続く伝統を確立している。
- From one point of view, the ultra long-term stable government, especially for the first hundred and dozens of years, enjoyed economic growth, which brought about development of the merchant class, who played active roles in flourishing fields such as studies, culture, art, and business, and accomplished traditions unswerving even today.
- 特に憲法制定過程における枢密院審議においては、そのすべてに臨御し、また国会開設前後の立憲政治未成熟期に首相が頻繁に辞任・交代した際も、政局の調停者として重要な役割を担った。
- For example, he attended all the Privy Councils, and he also played an important role as an arbitrator of political situations during the regular prime ministers' resignations and change, as the constitutional politic was immature soon after the Diet was established.
- 皇位継承とする説としては他に、特に正妻から生まれた子に伝えるという嫡系皇位継承法説、譲位によって皇位を伝えるという譲位法説、皇太子を立てて継承させるという皇太子制説がある。
- Among the other imperial succession theories, the theory of lineal descendent hereditary imperial succession law theory, in which the throne is exclusively ascended to the son born from the legal wife, that of the throne abdication law, which establishes the succession of the throne by abdication, and the crown prince theory, in which the succession is undertaken by pointing the crown prince, can be found.
- 特に1681年法皇の遺命により儲君に内定していた第一皇子の一宮(後の済深法親王)を強引に出家させ、反対する一宮の外祖父小倉実起を佐渡国に流刑にする「小倉事件」を引き起こす。
- In 1681, Emperor Reigen forced Crown Prince Ichinomiya (later known as the Cloistered Imperial Prince Saishin), who had been named successor to the Imperial Throne in the Cloistered Emperor's will, to become a priest and banished Ichinomiya's maternal grandfather, Saneoki OGURA, to Sado Province because the latter had opposed the Emperor in what would become known as the 'Ogura Incident.'
- 周代から春秋時代には、特に古来の '姫' や '姜' といった族集団名でもある '姓' を持つ卿士大夫層(宋代の科挙試験エリートではなく、古代の族長層)を指す用語であった。
- From the Zhou period to the Chunqiu period, the term indicated the Keishitaifu class (not the Kakyo [Imperial examination] elite in the Song period but the patriarch class in the ancient times) having a 'surname,' which was also a clan name of ancient times such as 'Ji' and 'Jiang.'
- 巡礼は、体力的、経済的に可能な者に、一生に一度は行なうよう義務付けられている行為であるが、巡礼を果たしたムスリム(イスラム教徒)は、「ハーッジー」と呼ばれ、特に尊敬される。
- The pilgrimage is a duty to be fulfilled at least once during a lifetime for all followers who are physically and financially able, and a Muslim who has completed the pilgrimage is greatly respected and called 'al-haji.'
- 特に伊勢氏は政所執事・武家故実宗家であり、日常的な部分より礼儀作法を重んじることは一族郎党に対する棟梁の権威を守り、幕府内部においての地位を保つために重要であることとする。
- The Ise clan, in particular, was mandokoro shitsuji and the family set the example for bukekojitsu (manners and rules for the samurai class); therefore, showing respect and courtesy was important in maintaining authority as a leader and Ise's position in the bakufu government.
- これらの、嗅覚が鋭く行動の機敏な動物の捕獲には、手持ちの槍よりも投げ槍が狩猟具として適していたものと考えられ、特に有舌尖頭器の急増は、こうした事情を物語っていると推定される。
- A javelin was considered more suitable than a spear as a tool for hunting these sharp-nosed and nimble animals, and probably the particularly rapid increase of the hafted point can be explained by these reasons.
- 更に1960年代頃から朝鮮半島で広がった民族主義の影響もあり、特に朝鮮半島の研究者により、記紀に記されているヤマト朝廷の直接的な任那支配は誇張されたものだとの主張がなされた。
- Furthermore, due to the influence of nationalism which spread in the Korean Peninsula from the 1960s, researchers, especially those in the Korean Peninsula, insisted that the records in Kiki (Kojiki [A Record of Ancient Matter] and Nihonshoki), which say that Yamato Dynasty directly controlled the Mimana, were exaggerated.
- 神祇官内に設置された宣教使の神道と儒教を基本とした国民教導が失敗したことを受け、当時最大の宗教勢力であった仏教、特に浄土真宗の要請によって神・儒・仏の合同布教体制が敷かれた。
- After the failure of Shintoism instructed by the Shinto Missionary division set up inside of the department of Jingikan (officers of the institution for dedicating to religious ceremony) and the edification based on the ideas of Confucianism, Buddhism, the largest religious group of the days, and particularly its Jodo Shinshu Sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) requested the government to jointly propagate three religions in Japan, including Shintoism, Confucianism and Buddhism.
- 安倍貞任の子孫を名乗る津軽安東氏・安藤氏、その後裔で戦国大名として活躍した秋田氏、安倍宗任の子孫を名乗る九州松浦党とその後裔である平成時代の総理大臣安倍晋三が特に有名である。
- Particularly famous among them are the Tsugaru Ando (安東 or 安藤) clan who claimed themselves as the descendants of ABE no Sadato, the Akita clan who were descendants of the Tsugaru Ando clan that were active as a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), the Kyushu Matsuura Party who claimed themselves as the descendants of ABE no Muneto, and Shinzo ABE who is a descendant of the Kyushu Matsuura Party and was a Prime Minister in the Heisei era.
- 特に寛平7年(895年)に能有が五畿内諸国別当に任じられると、山城国問民苦使に任じられて、権門による土地兼併が激しい同国の実情を調査して地方行政の改革と農民救済策をまとめた。
- When Yoshiari was appointed to the chief officer of Go-kinai (five provinces close to the capital: Yamashiro Province, Yamato Province, Kawachi Province, Izumi Province, and Settsu Province) in 895, he appointed Suenaga as a monminkushi (a position temporarily established to investigate people's demand and discontent) of Yamashiro Province, and he investigated the circumstances in this province, where lands were frequently annexed by influential and powerful families or clans at that time, to make up plans for a reform of the local government and relief of peasants.
- 特に南北朝時代_(日本)によって財政難に拍車がかかると、朝廷が収入を確保するために各官庁に命じて内裏率分関(だいりりつぶんぜき・内裏率分所(だいりりつぶんしょ))を設置した。
- Especially in the Period of Northern and Southern Courts, as financial difficulties became more serious, the Imperial Court commanded each government office to set up Dairi-ritsubunseki (Imperial pro rata checkpoints, also called Dairi-ritsubunsho) in order to ensure their income.
- 特に以前武家伝奏として皇位継承問題に関与していた中院は天皇本人を前にして後水尾法皇と前将軍家綱が死んでから1年余りでその意向をひっくり返した天皇と綱吉を公然と罵ったのである。
- Especially Nakanoin, who had been involved in the imperial throne succession as a Buke Tenso (liaison officer between the Imperial Court and the Bakufu), abused the Emperor and Tsunayoshi, openly in the presence of the Emperor himself, for reversing the intention of Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo and former Shogun Ietsuna in only a little over one year after the deaths of both.
- 家名の中でも特に知行の名前に由来し領主階級であることを示す名字を公称し(ということは苗字私称とは異なり本姓を有し)、打刀(大刀)と脇差(小刀)の2本の日本刀を腰に帯びること。
- If a person was provided with a myojitaito right, he was permitted to officially use a family name that originated in a territorial name, indicating that the family belonged to the territorial lord class (this means using an original name, not a privately given name), and was also permitted to wear two Japanese swords, a uchigatana (a sword worn inside the 'obi ' belt) (a long sword) and a wakizashi (a short sword).
- 令規定に毎年八月末日までに京に進上するべく義務づけられた計帳とはこの目録を指し、京都ではこれによって毎年の歳入予定を知るとともに、全国の口数、特に課口数を掌握していたのである。
- These mokuroku were keicho that were required by law to be submitted to Kyoto no later than the end of the eighth month every year, and Kyoto planned the revenue for each year and for the number of households (especially households bearing duties) throughout Japan with mokuroku.
- こちらは東洋史学の貝塚茂樹、塚本善隆、藤枝晃、中国文学の吉川幸次郎、フランス文学の桑原武夫、植物学の中尾佐助、生態学から人類学にまたがる成果を挙げた今西錦司らが特に著名である。
- Especially noted people in this side are Shigeki KAIZUKA, Zenryu TSUKAMOTO, and Akira FUJIEDA in East Asian history, Kojiro YOSHIKAWA in Chinese literature, Takeo KUWABARA in French literature, Sasuke NAKAO in botany, and Kinji IMANISHI who achieved the results widening from ecology to anthropology.
- 蔵米知行(くらまいちぎょう)とは、蔵米給与(くらまいきゅうよ)とも呼ばれ、江戸幕府や藩が家臣に対して、俸禄として知行地の代わりに蔵米(幕府の場合は特に廩米とも)を支給すること。
- Kuramaichichigyo, also known as Kuramaikyuyo, was a system in which the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and domains provided kuramai (written as 蔵米 or in the case of the bakufu as 廩米 - rice preserved in a depository) to their vassals as horoku (salary) instead of chigyo-chi (territory).
- ここで言う武門の家とは、承平天慶勲功者子孫(承平天慶の乱で勲功のあった者の子孫)が基本であり、その中でも「源氏」及び「平氏」の諸流と藤原秀郷の子孫の「秀郷流」が特に有名である。
- The military families here basically refer to the descendents of Johei Tengyo kunkosha and among them, several schools of the 'Minamoto clan' or the 'Taira clan' and the 'Hidesato school' who are the descendents of FUJIWARA no Hidesato are particularly famous.
- 朝鮮王朝にとって交易品の輸送は特に負担となっていた様であり、朝鮮王朝実録にその様子は「沿路各官、人吏竝出、夜以繼晝、輸運之物、絡繹於道、至於妻子、徧受其苦、重載之牛、多斃路中。
- For the Korean Dynasty, the transportation of products was especially a heavy burden, and the 'Korean Dynasty's Fact Record' described that situation and said as follows:
- むしろ、実質的な経済政策の多く、特に貨幣政策における高品位主義、また長崎貿易の政策は吉宗もその方針の正しさを認識しており、正徳の治で行なわれた改革の内容はそのまま承継されている。
- On the other hand, since Yoshimune recognized the righteousness in many of the economic policies, especially the principle of high grade currency policy as well as the trading policy in Nagasaki, he took over such reforms from Shotoku no chi.
- このダムは鉱毒対策を目的の中に入れていなかったが、参議院議員近藤英一郎(当時)が商工委員会で質問を行った結果、このダムについては「水質保全に特に留意」することとされた経緯がある。
- This dam had not been for controlling mining pollution, however, after Eiichiro KONDO, a member of the House of Councilors (at that time) enquired at the committee of commerce and industry, it was concluded that 'it is especially important to keep water quality of this dam.'
- 本願寺3拠点の2つが撃破され、特に長島では徹底的な根切を行ったことを知った石山本願寺は、顕如が信長に対して自らの行為を侘び、さらに条目と誓紙を納めることで信長と再度和議を結んだ。
- Receiving the news that two of the three bases of Hongan-ji Temple were smashed and that especially in Nagashima, a thorough negiri was implemented, Kennyo made peace with Nobunaga again by apologizing for his act and also providing a written oath and articles.
- この地ではかつてさまざまな鉱物が産出されており、特に大江山は金属鉱脈が多く河守鉱山では銅鉱・黄銅鉱・硫化鉱・クロム鉄鉱・銀鉱が、また仏性寺鉱山ではモリブデン(水鉛)が採掘された。
- Various kinds of minerals used to be found here, and because Mt. Oe had many metal-bearing veins, copper-bearing ores, copper pyrites, sulfide ores, chrome iron ores and silver-bearing ores were mined in the Komori Mine, while molybdic (yellow lead) was mined in the Busshoji Mine.
- 平安時代以降、平安京の都市生活者向けの商工業が発達し、特に国内流通が活発化した江戸時代には、全国に製品を出荷する工業都市となる一方、数々の技術者を各地の藩の要請に従って派遣した。
- Beginning in the Heian period, commerce and industry for urban dwellers in Heian-kyo developed; particularly in the Edo period when domestic distribution became prevalent, Kyoto City became an industrial city, shipping goods nationwide and providing technicians to local clans upon request.
- これ以前の中国法制では特に律と令の区分はなかったが、このとき初めて、社会規範を規定する律と統治体制を規定する令が明確に区別され、体系的な統一法典としての律令が登場することとなった。
- There were no classifications between Lu and Li in the earlier Chinese legislations, and this was therefore the first establishment of Luli as a system developed on collective codes with clear classification of Lu defining the social standards and norms, and Li prescribing the ruling system.
- 遅くとも縄文中期(BC5,000年)頃にはヒスイ製勾玉がつくられていたことが判明しており、特に新潟県糸魚川の「長者ヶ原遺跡」からはヒスイ製勾玉とともにヒスイの工房が発見されている。
- It is known that the comma-shaped bead was manufactured approximately by the middle of the Jomon period at latest (5,000 B.C.); notably, the comma-shaped bead made of jade as well as the workshop for manufacturing the beads were discovered from 'Chojagahara Site' in Itoi-gawa River, Niigata Prefecture.
- 特に2002年のサッカーFIFAワールドカップ日韓大会でのトルコチームの活躍を機に盛んにテレビ番組や雑誌でも取り上げられるようになるなど、日本の一般の人々の間に徐々に広まっている。
- The story of the Ertuğrul disaster has gradually spread out among the people in Japan; it has been frequently talked about in many TV programs or magazines, especially after the Turkish team achieved remarkable results in the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan.
- 特にイギリスは幕末以来薩摩藩と多額の取引を行っており、その際に支払われた贋金が無効と言う事になれば、イギリスの商人や企業が打撃を受け、日本の貿易は大混乱に陥る事を警戒したのである。
- England in particular had traded large amounts of money with the Satsuma Domain since the end of Edo period, and Parkes was cautious about the possibility that if the counterfeit money paid during this time was to become invalid, English merchants and businesses would suffer losses, and Japanese trade would fall into great confusion.
- また江戸時代には、鎌倉時代から続く商工業が飛躍的に発達し、犬上・愛知・神崎・蒲生・高島の各郡、特に八幡 (近江八幡市)・日野町 (滋賀県)・五個荘町などから近江商人を多く輩出した。
- In the Edo period, trade and manufacture, which started in the Kamakura period, markedly developed and such counties as Inukami, Echi, Kanzaki, Gamo, and Takashima, especially Hachiman (Omihachiman City), Hino-cho (Shiga Prefecture) and Gokasho-cho produced a lot of Omi merchants.
- 特に、地中海での作戦を開始した1917年4月9日から1か月と経たない5月3日、駆逐艦松と榊はドイツUボート潜水艦の攻撃を受けたイギリス輸送船トランシルヴァニア号の救助活動に当たった。
- Above all, in less than a month after the operation began in the Mediterranean on April 9, 1917, the destroyers Matsu and Sakaki engaged in rescue work on May 3 for a British transport ship, the Transylvania, which had been attacked by a German submarine U-boat.
- 日本統治の第2期は西来庵事件の1915年から1937年の盧溝橋事件であり、国際情勢の変化、特に第一次世界大戦の結果、西洋諸国の植民地統治の権威が失墜し、民族主義が高揚した時期である。
- The second phase of Japanese rule was from 1915 when the Silaian Incident broke out to 1937 when the Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred, during which time the authority of colonialism by the Western countries fell and nationalism emerged due to the change of the world situation, especially after World War I.
- 特にローソン三条大橋店は、道路に面している壁面が前面ガラス張りであるため、大変特徴的でわかりやすいことから、初めて三条京阪を訪れる人にも待ち合わせとしてわかりやすい場所となっている。
- The Lawson Sanjo-ohashi Bridge Branch is noted for having a unique glass covered wall facing the road, and is considered to be an easy place to spot and meet even for people visiting Sanjo Keihan for the first time.
- 特に延久の荘園整理令は、今までの整理令に見られなかった緻密さと公正さが見られ、その為に基準外の摂関家領が没収される等(『後二条師通記』に記載有り)、摂関家の経済基盤に大打撃を与えた。
- The Enkyu Decree Restricting the Expansion of Private Estates was much more detailed and much fairer than any previous such decrees; as a result, it was particularly harmful to the weakened finances of the Sekkan-ke (families of the Fujiwara clan whose members were eligible to become regent) as the private estates of the Sekkan-ke were confiscated, for example (details of these events were recorded in the 'Gonijo Moromichiki,' which was the diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi, who later became Chancellor).
- 特に当時の訴訟手続は、訴訟当事者からの開催要求に対して奉行人などの訴訟担当者がその日程の可否を決めるという手続を取っていたため、担当者が拒絶すれば何年も訴訟が中断される恐れがあった。
- In the legal procedures, in particular, at that time, a party to a suit requested a hearing on certain dates and the person in charge of the case such as a magistrate decided on whether to approve the dates; thus, the lawsuit was likely to stop for years if he rejected the request.
- 中でも往復書簡を集めた形式の書籍である往来物は特に頻用され、様々な書簡を作成する事の多かった江戸時代の民衆にとっては実生活に即した教科書であり、「往来物」は教科書の代名詞ともなった。
- Oraimono, collection of correspondences were frequently used as textbooks because the public during the Edo period often prepared various letters for practical life and eventually 'Oraimono' became a pronoun for textbook.
- 特に、玉置らは猛吹雪に見舞われ、峠での40センチメートルの積雪や和歌山県側の積雪で道が不明確であったことなどに阻まれて、充分な調査ができなかったと述べている[玉置 1979: 28]。
- It explains particulars about snow on the route as Tamaki and others encountered heavy snow and could not know even which was the right course since 40 centimeters of snow lay at one of the passes and there also lay the thick snow at the other side of the pass (Wakayama Prefecture), therefore they could not make sufficient investigation (refer to 28 of 'Tamaki 1979').
- 浴場は”海の温泉「竜宮」”ならびに”山の温泉「香具夜」があり、日替わりで男湯と女湯が入れかわるが、特に露天風呂から息をのむほど美しい夕日が望める”海の温泉「竜宮」”は人気を呼んでいる。
- Two baths, known as 'Ryugu' (assuming a hot spring in the sea) and 'Kaguya' (assuming a hot spring in the mountain) are provided, with use switched daily for male or female customers, but 'Ryugu' is particularly popular, because it allows a breathlessly beautiful sunset.
- 一方で第56代清和天皇から派生した清和源氏、特に武家棟梁と呼ばれる畿内の河内国を本拠地とした河内源氏の一族は特権階級(平氏や藤原氏等)の増長を制し、着々と東国にその基盤を広げて行った。
- Meanwhile, the Seiwa-Genji branch of the Minamoto clan (who were descended from Emperor Seiwa, the fifty-sixth emperor) and particularly the Kawachi-Genji branch of the Minamoto clan (which was known as the head of the samurai families based in Kawachi Province, which was located in the Kinai region) prevented the privileged classes (clans such as the Taira and Fujiwara) from assuming power and steadily extended the power base of the Minamoto clan throughout the Togoku.
- これを受けて検非違使庁は特に問題視された5・7・9の3ヶ条について一部修正を加えた上で新たな法文として公任から一条天皇に提出し、これを元に再度公布を行った(『権記』同年5月14日条)。
- In response to this reprimand, Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief) partially revised clauses 5, 7, and 9, which were the most controversial, and presented the revised shinsei as a new law to Emperor Ichijo via Kinto, and issued Chohogannenrei again based on this revision (an article dated May 14, 1000 of 'Gonki').
- 特に、戦国時代初期にあっては、勘合貿易および一種の密貿易である私貿易といった日明間の貿易によって、明から舶来品だけでなく大量の銅銭の導入を図り、貨幣経済の確立をなしとげる段階にあった。
- In particular, the beginning of the Sengoku Period was a stage in which money economy was established, through trade between Japan and Ming such as the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) and private trade, which was a kind of smuggling, by introducing from the Ming, not only import articles but also a large quantity of copper coins.
- 特に薩長は全国の他の諸藩よりも圧倒的に藩政改革が早く、不平等条約による開国という状況や幕末という時代変化にいち早く対応していたため、殉国者含め、倒幕の立役者となる人材を多く輩出していた。
- Especially Satcho, having started domain duty reform far earlier than the other domains, were quick to deal with the uncertainties of the changing times such as the chaotic situation caused by the opening Japan to the world by the Unequal Treaty and the ending of the Edo period, so they threw up many major figures in the overthrow of the Shogunate including martyrs.
- 大和朝廷は大王(おおきみ)を推戴する豪族、特に大和の中央豪族たちによる連合政権というべきものであり、大王位の継承を巡る争いは豪族たちの軍事力によって行われ、豪族たちの向背が帰趨を制した。
- The Yamato Dynasty was actually a coalition government by Gozoku being presided over by an Okimi (great king), especially Gozoku living in Yamato, and since any dispute over succession to the post of Okimi was conducted by the Gozoku's military power, a consequence depended on the stances of more than one Gozoku.
- 1914年(大正3年)4月、第1次山本内閣総辞職、清浦奎吾流産を受け、窮した元老は再び大隈重信を首班指名して大命を降下させ、特に昭和戦後に非常に悪名高くなった第2次大隈内閣を成立させた。
- In April, 1914, due to the mass resignation of the first Yamamoto cabinet and the abortive attempt to form the Keigo KIYOURA government, the Genro (elder statesmen) had no alternative but to nominate Shigenobu OKUMA as the shuhan again and order him to be imperial commander letting down the imperial command and made him establish the second OKUMA Government, which resulted in infamous one especially after the Showa War.
- 一方、日本以外の国、特に西欧諸国においては、第二次世界大戦以前においても軍部大臣に文官を任用する例も多く、政治の軍事に対する優位を原則とするシビリアン・コントロールの理念が確立している。
- On the other hand, in many countries other than Japan especially in Western Europe, there were examples of civil officers who were appointed to the position of Military Minister even after the World War II, and the Civilian Control philosophy which claims the superiority of military affairs over politics was established.
- 特に定頼の子・六角義賢からは大攻勢をかけられる一方で、六角家臣の娘を久政の嫡男・浅井長政に娶らされただけでなく、新九郎の名乗りも「賢政」にさせられるなど、徐々に六角氏に臣従化されていく。
- Especially, while the Azai clan received fierce attacks from Sadayori's son, Yoshikata ROKKAKU, Hisamasa's first legitimate son, Nagamasa AZAI, was not only forced to take the daughter of a Rokkaku's vassal to wife, but he, whose name was Shinkuro, was also obliged to change his nanori (the name one refers to himself as when reaching adulthood, in his case, 'Nagamasa') to 'Katamasa'; the Azai clan was gradually cast down to a position of the Rokkaku clan's retainer.
- 援軍として派遣されていた佐賀藩兵と共同で防衛戦を行うも劣勢で、特に庄内藩には領内深くまで攻め込まれ久保田城の支城までが落とされたが、新政府軍の増援が来着したことで優勢となり反撃を行った。
- The Akita Domain, together with the samurai warriors of the Saga Domain deployed as reinforcements, fought a defensive war, but fell behind; the Shonai Domain in particular advanced deep into the Akita Domain and even captured subsidiary castles of Kubota Castle; the Akita Domain, however, prevailed due to the arrival of reinforcements from the new government's forces, and launched a counterattack.
- 特に貴族の社会では、母系の血筋も家門繁栄や昇進の目安であり、内親王を母に持つ者は、皇女腹(みこばら)といわれ、皇后を母とするという意味である后腹(きさいばら)と並び、尊い生まれとされた。
- Especially in the society of nobles, the genealogy of the maternal line was a criterion of prosperity of the family and promotions; and the ones whose mothers were Naishino were described as Mikobara (children by Himemiko) and regarded as the children of noble birth, along with Kisaibara (children by empress).
- 特にクーデターで国司が交代した上総・相模では、頼朝の下に武士たちが瞬く間に集結して一大勢力を形成しており、清盛は孫の平維盛に追討軍を率いさせたが、富士川の戦いであえなく敗走してしまった。
- Especially in Kazusa and Sagami, where the governor had just been changed after a coup d'etat, many bushi gathered under Yoritomo very quickly and created one big force, which Kiyomori sent under his grandson, TAIRA no Koremori to lead the attack, but they lost at the Battle of Fuji-gawa River.
- 荘官、郡司、郷司、保司らは在地社会での軍事的緊張、特に荘園と公領の対立が高まるにつれて武士が任命されることが多くなり、鎌倉時代に至って鎌倉殿に任命された地頭として安定した地位を獲得した。
- More samurai warriors were assigned to shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji officers as military tensions increased in local societies, especially between manors and the Imperial demesnes, and they eventually gained a stable position during the Kamakura period, when a position called jito (a lord of a manor) was given to the Kamakura-dono (the lord of the Kamakura shogunate).
- 鉱毒反対運動は、谷中村の廃村や、渡良瀬川の大工事による洪水の減少などによりしだいに弱まり、特に1902年以降、足利郡、梁田郡、安蘇郡、下都賀郡、邑楽郡の鉱毒被害地が豊作になると弱体化した。
- The movement against the mining pollution was gradually weakened due to the closure of Yanaka Village and the decrease of floods as the results of the large-scale constructions along Watarase-gawa River, and especially after 1902 when there was a good harvest in the damaged areas including Ashikaga County, Yanada County, Aso County, Shimotsuga County, Oura County, the movement became very weak.
- しかしながら、前代に比べて武器の発達が見られず、特に近接武器が副葬品以外ではほとんど認められないこと、受傷人骨の少なさなどから、具体的な戦闘が頻発していたと主張する研究者はあまり多くない。
- However, not many researchers insist on the occurrence of actual battles as there was little development in weapons compared to the previous generation, especially very few weapons for close combat are found apart from burial goods and few human bones with trauma were excavated.
- 特に日本画に関心が深く、学習院初等科を卒業した時の作文には正倉院、唐招提寺、京都御所において美術を鑑賞し、奈良鳥類研究所において鳥を描く際の心得についての指導を受けた出来事が記されている。
- She is especially interested in Japanese style painting and on the occasion of her graduation from Gakushuin Primary School she wrote an essay to the effect that she had enjoyed looking at art work in the Shosoin Treasure Repository, Toshodai-ji Temple, and the Kyoto Imperial Palace, and in the essay she also wrote about her experience of being instructed on hints about drawing birds at the Nara Institute for Ornithology.
- 武士論研究には「在地領主論」と「職能論」という2つの流れがあることは述べたが、職能、特にその技能(弓馬)に着目すれば、律令制下の軍制から中世武士までの連続性がかなり明らかになってきている。
- While the study of samurai had two schools of theory, the 'local lord' and 'function,' it was apparent from the continuous characteristics seen from the military system under the Ritsuryo system to medieval bushi by examining the function and especially techniques (cavalry and archery).
- 特に戦国時代に入ると、その動きはより顕著となり、庶家の中にも主家に忠実かつ従順な者もいる一方で、主家を圧倒する者や主家の家政を牛耳る者、主家を追放し下剋上を起こす者も登場するようになった。
- When the Sengoku Period started, this movement became more conspicuous, and some shoke were loyal and obedient to the employer's household while some shoke started to overwhelm the employer's household, control the domestic economy of the employer's household, and expel the employer's household and commit Gekokujo (supplanting of a lord by his retainer).
- 利用者からすれば、残額が初乗り運賃未満のカードを所有していたとしてもそのまま乗車することが可能であり、特に発車間際の場合には有利になりえる(もっとも駆け込み乗車は危険なので自重されたし)。
- This is very convenient for the passengers, since they can ride on the train even if they don't have enough credit on the cards, especially when there is no time to buy tickets when the train is already at the platform (rushing onto the train is dangerous, so it is not recommended).
- 特に養女藤原嫄子(後朱雀天皇中宮)が早世した後は、頼通はこの一人娘に皇太子誕生の命運を賭けて永承5年(1050年)12月22日後冷泉天皇に入内させ、さらに翌年2月13日、皇后宮に冊立する。
- When his adopted daughter, FUJIWARA no Genshi (Chugu (Empress) of Emperor Gosuzaku) passed away early, Yorimichi tried his luck on his only daughter and made her go under Judai (marry into the imperial court) to Emperor Goreizei on February 11, 1051 and promoted her to Kisai no miya (Empress) on April 2 of the same year.
- 特に母の皇極天皇が舒明天皇の前に結婚していた高向王との間に生まれた漢王と同一人物(つまり、天武異父兄説)ではないかとする考えが有名であるが、同一史料には矛盾は見られない(詳しくは下記参照)。
- Although according to a well known theory, the Emperor Tenmu and Aya no kimi, who was the son of the Empress Kogyoku and her former husband Takamukuo, was actually the same person (therefore the Emperor Tenmu was the older maternal half-brother of the Emperor Tenchi); there are no contradictions within the historical materials (The details are as follows.)
- 特に東国では武士身分の下級貴族が多数、開発領主として土着化し、所領の争いを武力により解決することも少なくなかったが、次第に武士団を形成して結束を固めていき、鎌倉幕府樹立の土台を築いていった。
- Especially in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan), many lower-ranking nobles from the samurai class were indigenized as kaihatsu-ryoshus and they often solved land disputes by force, but they gradually became closely united by forming groups of samurai and laid down the foundation for the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 特に式部省については、810年(弘仁元年)に任じられ、途中823年(同14年)から830年(天長7年)を除いて、850年(嘉祥3年)に大宰帥に任じられるまでの33年間にわたってその職にあった。
- Appointed as Minister of Shikibu-sho in 810, he kept the post for 33 years until appointed as Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices (local government office in Kyushu region)) in 850, except for the period between 823 and 830.
- 特に、大永2年に今川氏の武将福島正成が1万5千を率いて甲斐に侵攻してきたとき、信虎の兵力は2千に満たなかったが、本陣に奇襲を仕掛けて打ち破り正成の首をあげる大勝利を挙げている(福島乱入事件)。
- Especially when Masashige KUSHIMA, the busho (Japanese military commander) of the Imagawa clan, led a force of 15,000 samurai and invaded in Kai Province in 1522, Nobutora achieved a triumph over the troops by making a surprise attack at the headquarters of army and decapitated Masashige with an army of only less than 2,000 samurai (Fukushima intrusion incident).
- 交渉中特に問題となったのは、公使がソウルに官舎を構えるか否か(公使派出問題)、日本の役人が朝鮮内地を移動できるか否か、開港地における一般日本人の移動範囲、米や雑穀の輸出入といったテーマであった。
- They had long arguments about those topics in particular, such as whether the ministers would establish the official residence (a problem of dispatch of ministers), whether Japanese government officials could move inland in Korea, the range of traveling for general Japanese in the places where ports were opened, and import and export of rice and grain.
- 続いて擬文章生及び蔭位の対象者、宣旨などで特に許された者に対して式部省が直接行う省試にて詩賦を課し、それに合格することにより初めて文章生になった(記録では極稀に文章得業生に抜擢された例もある)。
- Following this, gimonjosho, those who enjoyed On I (the automatic promotion of persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from the Imperial Prince to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents are above upper third rank) and those who were given permission by imperial decree would take Shoshi (an examination held by Shikibusho for determining whether applicants are employable) on poetry, which was held directly by the Shikibu sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) and those who passed this examination became monjosho (a record shows that in exceptional cases, students were promoted to monjo tokugosho).
- なお、10世紀に入ると、官人の犯罪に関する裁判の権能が太政官の陣定に移された関係上、犯罪の罪名や処罰に関する明法勘文が大きな部分を占めて、特に「罪名勘文」(ざいみょうかんもん)とも呼ばれている。
- In the tenth century, when the authority related to trials of government officials' crimes was moved to Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council) of Daijokan, kanmon concerning charges and penalties of crime accounted for the large majority of Myobo kanmon, so they were especially called 'Zaimyo kanmon' (kanmon for charges).
- 特に仲麻呂は淳仁天皇を擁立すると、息子3人(藤原真先・藤原訓儒麻呂・藤原朝狩)を参議とし前代未聞の親子4人を公卿とするなど権力を独占したが、天平宝字8年(764年)藤原仲麻呂の乱により失脚した。
- Nakamaro, in particular, backed Emperor Junnin and made his three sons (FUJIWARA no Masaki, FUJIWARA no Kusumaro and FUJIWARA no Asakari) sangi (councilors of state), whereby four people of Nakamaro and his sons became nobles and seized the dominant power; however, they fell from power as a result of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro's war in 764.
- 特に後者の案は島根県の石見国を広島県に編入させ、会見郡米子町に県庁を設置するものであり、同時期に石見地方から広島県への編入を求める請願がなされたこともあり、議会や内閣に対して盛んに請願が行われた。
- Especially, because the latter idea was to incorporate Iwami Province in Shimane Prefecture into Hiroshima Prefecture and establish the Prefectural Office in Yonago town, Aimi County, and at the same time, a request was made by residents in Iwami district to incorporate the district into Hiroshima Prefecture, a lot of petitions were made to the parliament and cabinet.
- そのうち、天皇のミウチである藤原氏と源氏が議政官(公卿)をほぼ独占し始め、特に藤原北家嫡流は9世紀後半に天皇の政治決定権を受任・代行しうる摂政・関白の地位を獲得し、その地位を世襲することに成功した。
- Then, the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan, the relatives of the Emperor, almost created a monopoly of the Giseikan (a legislative organ), and it is worthy to note that the direct descent of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan achieved the position of Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor) in the late ninth century, which made them receive and deal with the political discretion of the Emperor; and they were also successful in making the position hereditary.
- 川に沿って建てられた民家のうちおよそ250棟は、昔ながらの茅葺き民家で、特に北集落は茅葺き民家が多く残っており、自然景観と、茅葺き民家がうまく調和して、日本の農村の原風景とも言うべき風情を呈している。
- Among the houses along the river, approximately 250 of them have thatched roofs and many of them remain in the northern settlement, in particular; with the natural scenery and thatched houses in perfect harmony, the area retains the unspoiled landscape of farming villages in Japan.
- その一例として、歴代の東宮が伝領する「壷切の剣」を頼通が「藤原氏(特に摂関家)腹の東宮の宝物」との理由で、23年もの間、親王が即位するまで献上しなかった事が、大江匡房の談話集『江談抄』に記されている。
- According to 'Go Dan Sho,' written by Oe no Masafusa, there is an example of the above: Yorimichi did not give away Tsubo kiri no ken (a traditional sword handed down from emperor to crown prince) which passed through successive princes for 23 years until the enthronement of the prince, the reason being that 'the Tsubo kiri no ken was meant for the FUJIWARA clan's (specially the Sekkan-ke (families of the Fujiwara clan whose members were eligible to become regent) treasure.'
- 一般に実務官僚たる地下は堂上よりも出入りが頻繁で、特に医療に関する専門知識や特殊技能が求められた典薬寮では、在野の医師が新たに官位を与えられて新家として地下家になる例が他の官職より多かったようである。
- Generally, with more frequent comings and goings than the Dojo, it seems that it was often ex-doctors from the Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine where medical expertise and special skills were required) who joined jige families as Shinke.
- このように、明応の政変は中央だけのクーデター事件ではなく、全国、特に東国で戦乱と下克上の動きを恒常化させる契機となる、重大な分岐点であり、戦国時代の始期とする説が近年の日本史学界では有力となっている。
- Similarly, in recent years there is an influential theory among Japanese historians, that the Meio Incident was not only a coup d'etat in the central government but also a critical turning point, which led to social upheaval and rebellions against the ruling classes, especially in the eastern provinces, and was the initial stage of the Warring States period.
- 特に江戸時代には、敵討の中でも曾我兄弟の仇討ち(1193年、『曽我物語』)、鍵屋の辻の決闘(1634年)、元禄赤穂事件(1702年、『忠臣蔵』)は「三大仇討ち」と呼ばれ、多くの作品で人々に親しまれた。
- Particularly in the Edo period, of the cases of Katakiuchi, the Adauchi cases by the Soga brothers were known as the 'Three Major Adauchi Cases' and became known to people in many works ('Story of the Soga Family' in 1193; the duel at Kagiya no Tsuji in 1634; and the Genroku Ako Incident, or 'Chushingura,' in 1702).
- また、新羅の入寇・高麗の賊・刀伊の入寇・元寇・応永の外寇・白村江の戦いなど外国との戦争もあったが、これらも領土を取ったり取られたりしなかったので、特に大和民族の影響力を増大・減少させるものではなかった。
- There were battles against foreign countries, such as the Silla invasion, soldiers of Goryeo, the Toi invasion, Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, the foreign invasion in the Oei Era and the Battle of Hakusukinoe; however, those battles also had no effect on the Yamato race's influence because in those battles they neither occupied Yamato territories nor were their territories occupied.
- 特にこのころ、伏見は第1次の院政期から引き続いて幕府から警戒されており、かつての亀山のように倒幕を考えているという噂も立つほどで、正和5年(1316年)には、伏見は幕府に告文を提出して潔白を訴えている。
- Especially around this time, Fushimi was held in suspicion from the bakufu continuing on from his first cloistered government, and there were even rumors that he was thinking of going against the bakufu and he submitted a official document appealing to the bakufu about his innocence in 1316.
- 今日の多く個人主義の日に発達し、ニヒリストさへ輩出する時代に於ては特に緊要重大にして欠くべからず」という論が出され、これを機に南北朝のどちらの皇統が正統であるかを巡り帝国議会での政治論争にまで発展した。
- In these days of individualism, where even nihilists are appearing, this is a matter of great urgency and importance,' which led to a political debate in the Imperial Diet about whether the Southern or the Northern Court was legitimate.
- 武断派の武将たちは、今まで数々の戦場(特に文禄・慶長の役)で、大きな戦功を立てたたものが多かった(これが武断派の名称の由来となった)が、その功績に比して政権の中枢で大きな地位を占めているとはいえなかった。
- Although most military commanders of the Budan-ha were the ones who rendered distinguished services in a number of battle fields (especially in the Bunroku-Keicho War) (their name 'Budan' meaning resorting to military means came from this fact), they could not be said to have had high positions in the center of the administration.
- 特に1942年の翼賛政治会結成には重要な役割を果たし(衆議院の政党とは違い、貴族院の会派は解散を求められなかった)、この功績で東條内閣以後貴族院廃止までの全ての内閣に研究会からの入閣者を出すことになった。
- Kenkyukai played an important role in the formation of Yokusanseijikai in 1942 (unlike political parties in the House of Representative, factions in the House of Peers were not asked to dissolve), and due to the contribution, Kenkyukai sent its members into all the cabinets after TOJO Cabinet till the abolition of the House of Peers.
- 株仲間の奨励策による運上金・冥加金の徴収、町人資本による印旛沼・手賀沼の干拓事業を行ういっぽう、長崎貿易の推奨(特に俵物など輸出商品の増産)など、積極的に改革を推し進め、幕府財政を立て直すことに成功した。
- He aggressively pushed forward his reforms, such as collecting business taxes and forced contribution in exchange for promoting 'kabu nakama,' doing reclamation works of Inba-numa Lake and Tega-numa Lake with merchants' funds, and promoting trade with foreign countries at Nagasaki - particularly through production increase of goods for export, including 'tawara mono' (goods in straw bags), thereby succeeding in reconstruction of bakufu finance.
- 国衙軍制成立の過程で武芸、すなわち軍事を専門とする諸大夫身分の貴族(軍事貴族)や侍身分の官人層が出現し、これらの層の上層身分たる軍事貴族層では、特に東国を中心として、自ら国司として現地赴任する者も現れた。
- In the process of establishing the kokuga forces system, shodaibu (aristocrat lower than Kugyo) (military aristocrat) or samurai officials who specialized in military arts appeared and some of the military aristocrats went to various provinces, especially those of eastern Japan, in order to serve as kokushi.
- しかし、実際には領主の財政状況や所領や個々の土地の条件などによってまちまちであり、かつ分・厘・毛単位まで定められている場合が多かった(特に上方では厘毛単位まで免を定めたために、免を「厘取り」とも称した)。
- Although it actually varied depending on the financial condition of a feudal lord, the feudal estate or each land condition, and the rate was often defined in tenths, hundredths or thousandths, and in the Kyoto-Osaka area, Men was called 'Rin tori' (literally, collecting in units of Rin) because the rate was fixed to Rin.
- 第二は、最高裁は、上記3つの要件を充たさない写真撮影は全て違法であるとまでは述べておらず、それ以外の場合(特に、(1)現行犯的状況がない場合)でも、写真撮影を適法とする余地は残している、という解釈である。
- Second, it was interpreted that the Supreme Court left room that photographing without the three conditions above was not always illegal and even in cases without those conditions (especially without (1) Circumstances in which a crime is being committed or it does not seem long since a crime was committed) photographing could be legal.
- 太政官が下す符を特に太政官符と呼称されるが、太政官以外の機関、すなわち八省や弾正台から下級の官司や令制国に出す命令、更により下位にある官司でも自己よりも下級の官司に対しては符の形式の命令文書が出されていた。
- Fu issued by Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was specially called Daijokanpu, but in organizations other than Daijokan such as Hassho and danjodai a command was given to officials in the lower grade in the form of fu, and even officials in the low grade used fu to give a command to their subordinate officials.
- また編者三善為康が身近な「反故」を集めたと自ら述べているように、編者が生きた平安時代末期の史料が特に多く収録されていることから、平安時代中紀以降末期にかけての律令政治の実態を伝える貴重な文書集となっている。
- As the editor, MIYOSHI no Tameyasu himself stated that he had collected 'hogo' (scraps of paper), the book, including many historical materials especially in the end of Heian period when he lived, makes itself a valuable collection of monjo that reports realities of government according to the Ritsuryo code from the middle to the end of the Heian period.
- 勅旨田設定地の多くが空閑地・荒田であることから特に意義は認められないとする見解、勅旨田は皇室の私的経済を形成するものだったとする見解、積極的に進められた国家的な開発奨励政策だったと評価する見解、などがある。
- There were views that Chokushiden is not meaningful in that most of the established land for Chokushiden was vacant land or moorland; Chokushiden was used to fund the private economy of the Imperial Household and was a national incentive for development that was actively pursued, etc.
- 書道、絵画、茶道に堪能で、特に能書家として高名であり、書を近衛前久に学び、大師流や定家流も学び,独自の松花堂流(滝本流ともいう)という書風を編み出し、近衛信尹、本阿弥光悦とともに「寛永の三筆」と称せられた。
- Shojo was proficient in calligraphy, painting and the tea ceremony, and was particularly famous as a good penman, who learned the calligraphy under Sakihisa KONOE, studied calligraphy of the Daishi-ryu and Teike-ryu schools, established a new school of calligraphy which was called Shokado-ryu school (or Takimoto-ryu school), and was, along with Nobutada KONOE and Koetsu HONAMI, given the honorary title of 'Three Brushes of the Kanei Era'
- 特に彫刻史の方面では平安時代前期を貞観(じょうがん)時代または弘仁時代と呼ぶこともあったが、特定の元号で平安時代前期を代表させることにはあまり意味がないことから、今日ではこれらの呼称はあまり用いられていない。
- Especially from the perspective of sculpture art history, the Heian period's former half was occasionally called the Jogan period (or the Konin period), but it does not make sense to use these specific imperial eras' names (Jogan and Konin) as the symbol of the Heian period's former half, so today these names are not used so often.
- 特に公卿にあって内裏の差配を独占した藤原氏は、藤原道長の家系が摂政・関白の座を独占し続けることで摂関家としての地位を獲得し、嫡流の近衛家を筆頭とする、九条家、二条家、一条家、鷹司家の五摂家を形成するに至った。
- The Fujiwara clan, Court nobles who monopolized the management of the dairi (Imperial Palace), assumed the position of the sekkan-ke (family line of regents and chief advisors to the Emperor) by letting the family lines of FUJIWARA no Michinaga monopolize the positions of Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), thus establishing the gosekke (the five sekkan-ke) of the Konoe family, the Kujo family, the Nijo family, the Ichijo family, and the Takatsukasa family led by the Konoe family, the chakuryu of the clan.
- この期間の政府(一般的には1868年1月3日(慶応3年12月9日 (旧暦))の王政復古以後に成立した政権)を特に明治政府(めいじせいふ)、新政府(しんせいふ)、維新政府(いしんせいふ)などと呼称することが多い。
- The government of this period (generally, the government born after Osei-hukko (the restoration of the Imperial rule in January 3, 1868)) is commonly called the Meiji government, the new government, or the restoration government.
- 特に民間においては、(道具の)黒鍬の産地の1つで近くに木曽川・長良川下流の輪中地帯を抱えていた尾張国知多郡の土工集団の「黒鍬」組は著名であり、各地に出稼ぎをして土木・治水工事・新田開発のための土地整備に参加した。
- The particularly renowned kurokuwa among ordinary citizens was a unit of 'kurokuwa,' a group of civil engineers in Chita County, Owari Province which was one of the production areas of kurokuwa (tool) and which held waju (settlement surrounded by dike) area in the downstream of Kiso-gawa River and Nagara-gawa River in the neighborhood, and such kurokuwa worked away from home to participate in the land development for civil engineering, flood prevention works and cultivation of new rice fields in various places.
- 主君押込(しゅくんおしこめ、単なる「押込」とも)は鎌倉時代から武家社会に見られた慣行で、特に江戸時代の幕藩体制において、行跡が悪いとされる藩主を、家老らの合議による決定により、強制的に監禁(押込)する行為を指す。
- Shukun oshikome (or simply called 'oshikome') is a practice seen in the samurai society beginning in the Kamakura period, and it especially refers to the forcible confinement of the allegedly misbehaving lord based on the decision made by Karo (chief retainers) and others after consultation.
- しかし、次第に蝦夷島が安東氏の統制から離れ始め、特に蝦夷において被官であった蠣崎氏が上国守護職に加えて松前守護職を名乗ったことを追認せざるを得なくなるなど、戦国時代 (日本)前期には実質上北出羽の一豪族となった。
- However, Ezogashima began to leave from the Ando clan's control, and as a result, in the earlier Sengoku Period the clan degraded practically to a mere local ruling lord in the northern Dewa Province, as particularly the clan had to echo the fact that the Kakizaki clan, who had been the hikan in Ezo, proclaimed its position of Matsumae shugo (military governor of Matsumae) as well as Kaminokuni shugo.
- 特に藤原時平を「若いが政理に通じているので顧問にして輔導に従うべき」とし、菅原道真「鴻儒で深く政事を知るもので“新君之功臣”として信任すべき」と説き、醍醐天皇の立太子も譲位も道真だけに相談して決めたと記している。
- Particularly, FUJIWARA no Tokihira was described as 'young, but familiar with political theory, therefore suitable for an advisor whose guidance should be followed,' and SUGAWARA no Michizane as 'a great Confusion scholar with a deep knowledge of politics that should be confided in as the 'meritorious retainer for the new emperor,'' and it is recorded that Emperor Uda consulted only Michizane to decide on the investiture of the Crown Prince and the abdication of throne.
- 特に有名なのが、1069年(治暦5年 延久元年)に後三条天皇が全国の荘園を一斉整理する目的で発令した延久の荘園整理令であるが、実はこれを遡る事150年前の醍醐天皇の時代から天皇の代替わりごとに度々発令されている。
- Most renowned is the Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei (an order given in the Enkyu era to consolidate manors) issued in 1069 by Emperor Gosanjo to consolidate all manors together nationwide, but from the days of Emperor Daigo, 150 years prior to this, it had been issued every time the Emperor changed.
- 鎮西神領興行令は以後、弘安8年(1285年)、永仁6年(1298年)、正和元年(1312年)に相次いで出され、宇佐八幡宮と伊勢神宮を先頭に、全国的に適用され、特に伊勢神宮の神領は東国を中心に次々に広がっていった。
- Chinzei Shinryo Kogyo Kaifukurei was thereafter successively issued in 1285, 1298 and 1312, and applied to Shinto shrines in the whole country, including Usahachiman-gu Shrine and Ise-jinja Shrine above all; the estates of Ise-jinja Shrine expanded especially in eastern provinces.
- 享保期になると8代将軍徳川吉宗は支持基盤強化のために譜代大名、特に老中経験者たちの前官礼遇という形をとり、すでに隠居していた酒井忠挙、稲葉正往と共に長重の3人を、前代の遺老、学識豊かな経験者としてとくに優遇した。
- When the Kyoho period started, the eighth shogun, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA made a system of zenkan-reigu (to welcome retired persons to the field they had experience in) for fudai-daimyo, especially, the persons who had experience as roju in order to enhance the basis of the shogun's political support, and treated especially kindly three people, which included Nagashige together with Tadataka SAKAI and Masayuki INABA who had already retired, as the remaining persons who had experienced the previous generation and who had rich academic knowledge.
- 一上が特に定められていない場合には、摂関を除く最上位の公卿、当時の場合には左大臣源兼明が一上の職務を行う慣例となっていたが、兼通による指名によって賜姓皇族として人望の厚かった兼明の政治的権限が剥奪されてしまった。
- If no ichi no kami was specified, the court noble with the top rank other than the sessho and kanpaku, at that time, MINAMOTO no Kaneakira, sadaijin customarily carried out jobs of the ichi no kami, but because of appointment by Kanemichi, political powers of Kaneakira, who was very popular as a sisei kozoku (a member of the Imperial Family conferred with a family name) was divested.
- しかしながら、これらの地域において旗本札が発行されたという記録はなく、信濃国・三河国以西、九州地方まで、特に近畿地方(近江国・大和国・摂津国・丹波国・但馬国・播磨国)及び中国地方の備中国といった地域に発行例が多い。
- However, while no record exists that Hatamoto-satsu was issued in this region, many records exist concerning money being issued in the following areas; western areas from Shinano Province and Mikawa Province to the Kyushu region, in particular, the Kinki region (Omi Province, Yamato Province, Settsu Province, Tanba Province, Tajima Province, and Harima Province) and Bitchu Province in the Chugoku region.
- 明暦の大火以降、万治2年(1659年)、江戸城三の丸の地で御金蔵の焼損金銀を用い約170万両の小判が鋳造され、茣蓙目(ござめ)の粗いものがこのとき鋳造されたものとされ、これを特に江戸判(えどばん)という場合がある。
- After the Great Fire of Meireki in 1659, about 170,000 ryo of koban was cast using burnout gold and silver of Gokinzo (the treasure house in Edo-jo Castle) in third bailey of Edo-jo Castle, when koban with coarse straw matt tone was cast and it is specifically called Edoban.
- 高地では農民の自由が保たれるようになっていた(特に畜産は労働の集約化が弱まったため、農奴の奉仕を必要としなくなっていった)が、他方、ヨーロッパの幾つかの地域では、最も圧政的な荘園支配と呼ばれるような状況も見られた。
- In highlands the freedom of farmers was preserved (especially in livestock raising, the labor intensity was weakened and so the service of serfs was not needed), but on the other hand, the most oppressive governance of shoens was also seen in several areas in Europe.
- 黄砂(こうさ)とは、特に中華人民共和国を中心とした東アジア内陸部の砂漠または乾燥帯の砂塵が、風を伴う砂嵐(砂じんあらし)などによって空に巻き上げられ、春を中心に東アジアなどの広範囲に飛来し、地上に降り注ぐ気象現象。
- Kosa indicates the following weather phenomenon: Dust in inland deserts or dry zones in eastern Asia centered around People's Republic of China, is flung up into the air, for example, by a sandstorm, and is carried and falls over a wide area of eastern Asia centered around spring.
- しかし条約締結後に実施された日本への数度の視察団派遣、特に二回目に派遣された金弘集は、東京において何如璋・張斯桂・黄遵憲ら駐日清国公使たちと面会し、開国と西欧各国との条約締結、貿易を勧められ、大いにその影響を受けた。
- Hong-jip KIM was sent to Japan as a member of the second inspectorate, which sent to Japan several times after conclusion of the treaty, met ministries of the Qing dynasty in Tokyo, such as Ruzhang HE, Sigui ZHANG and Zunxian (Tsun-hsien) HUGANG, then the ministries recommended to conclude treaties and trade between Western countries and he was deeply affected by that.
- 後一条天皇の時、皇太子敦明親王が皇太子辞退を申し出ると、親王の男子(三条天皇の孫)に特に親王の称号を許して以後厳密な規定がされなくなり、孫以下の皇親でも天皇の養子縁組・猶子となって親王の待遇を受ける事が可能となった。
- When Crown Prince Atsuakira requested to withdraw from the crown princeship during the reign of Emperor Goichijo, the title of imperial prince was specially granted to the crown prince's son (grandson of Emperor Sanjo), lifting the strict measures regarding entitlement and allowing Koshin two generations and beyond to be able to receive the rights granted to imperial princes by becoming the adopted child of an emperor.
- 白壁王と井上内親王の間には他戸親王と酒人内親王が生まれており、特に、他戸王は女系ではあるものの天武天皇系男性皇族の最後の一人であるということから、その父親である白壁王が次期皇位継承者として推挙されたと考えられている。
- Imperial Prince Osabe and Imperial Princess Sakahito were born between Shirakabe no okimi and the Imperial princess Inoe and he was the last male member of the imperial family Emperor Tenmu, though Imperial Prince Osabe himself was the maternal side of the family, so it is believed that his father, Shirakabe no okimi, was recommended as the next heir to the Imperial Throne.
- 一方で、一見するだけでは年代的に思想が展開されているように見えながら、西田は最初期から最晩年まで同じ地点を様々な角度で眺めていた、と解釈する見方もあり、現在では研究者(特に禅関係)の間でかなり広く受け入れられている。
- Although at a glance, his ideas appear to have developed chronologically, there is also the interpretation that NISHIDA viewed the same point from a variety of angles from the outset to his final years, and this viewpoint is now widely accepted among researchers (particularly those associated with Zen).
- 通称である「島 左近(しま さこん)」の名で一般に広く知られ、「治部少(三成)に過ぎたるものが二つあり 島の左近と佐和山の城」と謳われるほどの人物であった(本項目でも、特に断りが無い限りは「(島)左近」と表記する)。
- He was widely known by the common name of 'Sakon SHIMA', and he was respected so much that it was said that 'Jibusho (Mitsunari) had two valuable things: Sakon SHIMA and Sawayama-jo castle' (his name is noted as 'Sakon (SHIMA)' in this section unless otherwise specified).
- 李登輝の時代に監修された台湾の歴史教科書「認識台湾(歴史編)」では、従来地方史として軽視されていた台湾史を本国史として扱い、特に日本の統治時代を重点的に論じたが、この認識台湾は陳水扁の民進党政権時代に公教育から撤廃された。
- The history textbook compiled during Teng-hui LEE's tenure titled '認識台湾 (歴史編)' (Perception of Taiwan [History]) treated the history of Taiwan, which had been neglected as regional history, as national history, and focused on the period of Japanese rule, but the Democratic Progress Party government led by Shui-bian CHEN stopped adopting the textbook in the public education.
- 特に財産関係の目録は所領などの相論が発生した場合には、文書の存在の有無が判断の最大の決め手になったことから、こうした目録や公験、絵図その他の文書をまとめて保管し、かつ文書目録(具書目録・重書目録)を作成して万が一に備えた。
- As the existence of documents was crucial when disputes occurred concerning territory and belongings, lists of assets, official certificates (kugen) and drawings were kept together with a catalogue of documents (ex. a catalogue of documentary evidences for a judical decision or real estate deeds of transfer).
- 戦国時代になり、朝廷や公家が経済的に困窮し、官位が売られるようになると、武家の名門である、管領細川家の代名詞とも言える右京大夫は、地方の戦国大名(特に東北地方の大名)にとって箔付けのために最も人気のある官位であったという。
- In the Sengoku period (period of warring states) when the imperial court and court nobles started selling their official court ranks due to financial difficulties, Ukyo no daibu, pronoun of Shogunal Deputy the Hosokawa clan which was the samurai family of pedigree, was believed to be the nifitiest official court rank for Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in provinces (especially for daimyo in the Tohoku region) who wanted to add dignity.
- 藩主・細川忠利の父である忠興が隠居城とした肥後八代城は薩摩の島津氏に対する押さえの役割を持ち、特に一国一城令の例外とされていたが、正保3年(1646年)には興長が八代城を預かることになり、以後代々松井家が八代城代を務めた。
- After his retirement, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, the father of the lord Tadatoshi HOSOKAWA, resided in the Yatsushiro-jo Castle; since the castle functioned as the barrier that prevented the invasion of the Shimazu clan, it was regarded as an exception of the Ikkoku Ichijo Law (according to it, one province can keep only one castle); in 1646, Okinaga MATSUI was ordered to retain this castle, and from then on, the Matsuki clan served as a keeper of Yatsushiro-jo Castle.
- 特に内親王への一品、とりわけ藤原道長の孫や曾孫に対する叙位が多く見られるようになる(醍醐天皇から後朱雀天皇までの子女のうち一品に叙されたのが男性4名に対して女性9名でうち4名が道長の孫あるいは曾孫にあたる内親王であった)。
- The cases of conferring Ippon to particularly imperial princesses, especially grandchildren or great-grandchildren of FUJIWARA no Michinaga increased (Among the children who were conferred between the Emperor Daigo and the Emperor Gosuzaku, four male per nine female which four within were the imperial princesses of the grandchildren or great-grandchildren of Michinaga.)
- 特に律令制に基づいて統治が行われた奈良時代は、古代からの地方首長の末裔である郡司層の首長権に由来する権威を利用しつつ、国司四等官の主催する国衙機構が、戸籍を編纂して朝廷の統治領域全体に個別の人別支配の網を張り巡らしていた。
- Especially in the Nara period when the nation was governed based on the Ritsuryo system, the system of kokuga (the region the provincial governor of the Ritsuryo system ruled), which was managed by kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor), extended individual dominance by person throughout areas ruled by the Imperial court by preparing census while taking advantage of authorities originated from chieftaincy of the Gunji (local magistrates) who were scion of the regional chiefs.
- シールド工法による工事の場合にはこの問題は発生しないのであるが、京都市は工事の直接経費の節減を優先し、工区のかなりの部分(特に、国の史跡の「旧二条離宮〈二条城〉」の区域に入っていた押小路通)を開削工法で掘削することにした。
- If the shield method is used, this issue doesn't arise; however, Kyoto City gave the reduction of direct expense for construction the first priority and decided to employ an open-cut method for a substantial portion of the construction site (particularly that of Oshikoji-dori Street, which was included in the district of Nijo-jo Castle which was a national historic site).
- これにより、男系の後継者がいない有栖川宮家は皇室典範の定めによって断絶が確定したが、威仁親王の教育を受け、身分を越えて親王を慕っていた大正天皇は有栖川宮家の維新以降の功績を特に慮り、第三皇子の宣仁親王にその祭祀を継承させた。
- After his death, following the Imperial Family Law, it was decided for the Arisugawa no Miya family to be discontinued as there was no male successor in the family, Emperor Taisho who was taught by Imperial Prince Takehito and was fond of him although there was a difference in social standing, the Emperor considered the achievements of the Arisugawa no Miya family especially after the restoration, he let the third Prince, Imperial Prince Nobuhito succeed to the ritual of the family.
- 特に単独の代表者は置かれず、「特務委員」後に「常務委員」と呼ばれる複数の議員による合議制(1916年の研究会規則では9名の常務委員を設置)であったが、次第に山縣有朋の側近である清浦奎吾が同会の指導者として浮上してくる事になる。
- The faction had no specific single representative but adopted council system (nine standing committees were to be appointed according to Kenkyukai regulations in 1916) organized with multiple members called 'Tokumuin' (special committees) or later called 'Jomuin' (standing committees), but later, Keigo KIYOURA, a aide to Aritomo YAMAGATA, gradually became influential as a leader of Kenkyukai.
- 特に明治17年(1884年)4月下旬に森が文部省の顧問である御用掛に任命される事を知ると、「病気」を口実に伊藤(宮内卿兼務)ら政府高官との面会を一切拒絶し、6月25日まで2ヶ月近くも公務を放棄して引籠もって承認を遅らせている。
- Especially there was one occasion when the Emperor knew Mori was appointed as a general affairs official of the Imperial Household, an advisor to the Ministry of Education in the late April, 1884, he refused to see any high officials of the government such as Ito (he also worked as kunai Kyo (the director of the Imperial House hold)) using the excuse of being sick, he did not appear in public and cancelled his government affairs for more than two months until 25 June, since he did not wish to approve Ito's appointment.
- また、新快速の敦賀延長にともない定期運用で4連化された列車の多客時救済列車が2006年秋以降定番化しており、特にマキノ駅を最寄りとする海津大崎の花見客輸送では敦賀行きを分割する編成が本編成に先行して救済臨として運転されている。
- As the special rapid service was extended to Tsuruga Station, trains (comprised of four cars) have been regularly operated as special trains for the increased numbers of passengers since the fall of 2006, and especially for the transportation of passengers who use Makino Station (the nearest stop) to enjoy the blossoms at Kaizu-Osaki, the train bound for Tsuruga Station to be divided is operated as a special train prior to the regular train.
- 特に後者の場合、見晴らしがよい立地に住むことで、海上交通の見張り役となっていたとか、畑作を主とする生活をしていた集団であって水田耕作に有利な低地に住む必要がなかったなどといったさまざまな議論が行われており、未だ決着はついていない。
- The argument has not yet seen a settlement, especially the latter argues that living in a location with a wide view enabled the monitoring of watch marine traffic, or it was a group that mainly lived off dry field farming and they did not need to live on a low-lying ground, which is profitable for rice-paddy cultivation.
- 水系に産する生物、特に魚類については、源伴存の『和州吉野郡群山記』(弘化年間)がイワナ(地方名キリクチ)、アユ、アマゴ(ヤマメ)、ウナギの5種を記載して以来、十津川とその支流に見られる淡水魚について、多くの調査研究が行われてきた。
- As for creatures, especially fish, in the water system, 'Washu Yoshino-gun Gunzanki' written by Tomoari MINAMOTO in the Kowa era (the later Edo period) lists five kinds of fish including Japanese char (locally called kirikuchi), ayu (sweetfish), red spotted masu trout (landlocked masu salmon) and eel; after that, plenty of investigations and studies has been conducted on freshwater fish in Totsu-kawa River and its branches.
- 大正期新興美術運動(たいしょうきしんこうびじゅつうんどう)とは、海外の美術動向(特に未来派とダダ)の強い影響のもと、大正期(1910年代後半から1920年代前半。ただし、主として、1920年代前半)に興った、前衛的な美術運動のこと。
- New art movements in the Taisho period refers to avant-garde art movements under strong influence of overseas art trends (particularly Mirai-ha [Futurism] and Dada) in the Taisho period (from the late 1910s to the early 1920s, but mainly in the early 1920s).
- このことは特に陳献章の弟子湛若水(甘泉)と王守仁とに交流があること、また王守仁と陳献章との学問的関係も絶無とされないことなどが注目され、明初期の江南地方の儒学者と、明中期以後の陽明学者との関係を意味づけるものと考えられる場合もある。
- One important aspect of this is that Zhan Ruoshui (Ganquan), a disciple of Chen Xianzhang, had exchanges with Wang Shouren (Wang Yangming) and, also, that the existence of a scholarly relationship between Wang Shouren and Chen Xianzhang cannot be denied; thus, some believe that all those indicate a relationship between the Confucians in the Jian Nang area in the early Ming period and the scholars of Yomei-gaku after the middle of the Ming period.
- また、戦闘の証拠とされる上記のような事例のうち、武器の切っ先が棺内から出土する例、頭部がない人骨、あるいは人骨に残る受傷例などは、前期後半~中期前半の北部九州地域、特に福岡県小郡市を中心とした地域に多く認められることが特徴的である。
- Among the above described evidence of battles, cases with a tip of a weapon in the coffin, human bones without a head and bone trauma are often found from the latter half of the early period to the first half of middle period in the northern Kyushu region, especially in regions around Ogori City, Fukuoka Prefecture.
- 特に剣豪として江戸で名を馳せていた堀部武庸(馬廻役200石)、高田吉次の子孫であり槍の達人の高田郡兵衛(馬廻役200石)、堀部の剣の同門である奥田孫太夫 (武具奉行馬廻役150石)などが強硬に吉良上野介の首級をあげるべきと主張した。
- Especially Taketsune HORIBE (bodyguard, 200 koku), who was known to be a great swordsman in Edo, Yoshitsugu TAKATA's descendant Gunbe TAKATA, who was known for his spear skills (bodyguard, 200 koku), and Magodayu OKUDA (magistrate for arms and armor as well as a bodyguard, 150 koku), who came from the same sword school as Horibe, strongly suggested killing Kira Kozuke no Suke.
- 高清という実名は高野山の歴史を記した『高野春秋編年輯録』などに記載されているが、『平家物語』が幼名の六代を用い続けているために「平 六代」の名前で呼ばれるのが一般的である(本項目でも、特に断りが無い限りは「(平)六代」と表記する)。
- His real name, Takakiyo, is recorded in 'Koya Shunju hennen shuroku' (Compilation of many spring and falls of Koya) but since 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of Taira family) continued to use the childhood name, Rokudai, it was common to call him as 'Taira Rokudai' (In this clause, he will be referred as '(Taira) Rokudai' unless there is some issues involved).
- 環境税のうち特に炭素税については、二酸化炭素排出に対して直接課税を行う手法により、それまでの外部費用を内部化し、つまり従来は環境汚染に対する外部性ために市場経済の中で環境負荷が考慮されなかった市場の失敗を補正する役割を担うものである。
- As for a carbon tax in particular, among environmental taxes, conventionally external expenses are internalized by the method of direct taxation against the emissions of carbon dioxide, that is, it has a role of correcting the failure of a market, where an environmental burden is not considered so far in a market economy because of the externality against environmental pollutions.
- 特に政党内閣期にはその弊害が強く、政権交代が起きるたびに予め来るべき選挙に備えて反対党の前政権が任命した知事や警察幹部を更迭して、自党を支持する内務省 (日本)官僚を任命する人事が横行し、こうした人事は「党弊」と呼ばれて非難を浴びた。
- Especially there were strong adverse effects at the time of party cabinets, at every regime change, for upcoming election, the party in power replaced prefectural governors and top officials of police who had been appointed by the previous ruling party (the opponent) and appointed bureaucracy who supported own party, and this kind of appointments of personnel was called 'adverse effect of a party' and criticized.
- また治承5年(1181年)に設置した畿内惣官職や諸道鎮撫使は、これもその職能の詳細は不明な点もあるが、数か国にわたる広い領域を軍事的に直轄支配するものと見られており、特に畿内惣官職は征夷大将軍と同様の性格を見出しうるとする見解もある。
- Although some points about the actual details of their work are unclear, Kinai Sokanshiki (a military position with power over the provinces of the Kinai) and Shodo (various roads) chinbushi (one of the posts that were not originally specified in the Ritsuryo system) which were established in 1181, are considered to have directly ruled a wide area with several provinces regarding military aspects and in particular Kinai Shokanshiki is proposed to have had similar properties to the Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 特に関西空港開港と同時に運転を開始したはるか (列車)は、その1年後にはすべての列車が京都まで定期列車で入るようになり、新大阪~京都は北陸方面のエル特急「雷鳥 (列車)」など他の列車と合わせ時間4本程度運転される特急街道になっている。
- Particularly, the airport express 'Haruka,' which began operating with the inauguration of Kansai International Airport, started going through to Kyoto on a regular basis within one year, and the section between Shin-Osaka and Kyoto has become a limited express highway where, together with other trains such as the limited express 'Raicho' bound for the Hokuriku District, about four limited trains run every hour.
- 方言差については、東西に長い日本列島(主に本州・九州・四国と周辺離島)の地理的制約もあって、近代以前は東西に離れた者どうしでは意思疎通に困難を来すほどの差異があったが、音韻や語彙を中心とした相違にとどまり、特に文法面では大きな差はない。
- As for dialects, due to the geographical constraints of the Japanese archipelago, which stretches east to west (consisting mainly of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and nearby islands), there were enough differences that those who lived in the east and the west had difficulty communicating before modern times, though the differences were only in phonemes and vocabulary; there was not much difference grammatically.
- また、土居の内側を洛中・外側を洛外として、洛中内部において更に農村として扱った上野・西ノ京・中堂寺・九条・塩小路などの村々を除いた洛中地域を特に京中(きょうちゅう)として上京・下京のそれぞれの町年寄(後に町代)による一定の自治を認めた。
- Upon designating the area inside of the doi as Rakuchu and the area outside as Rakugai, Hideyoshi went on to specifically designate inner Rakuchu; with the exception of villages such as Ueno, Nishinokyo, Chudoji, Kujo and Shiokoji which were treated as agricultural villages; as Kyochu and allowed a certain degree of self-governance by machi-doshiyori (ward heads) and later by chodai (town officials who assisted government officials).
- ところが、「古文」・「今文」ともに再発見の経緯から「偽書」であるとする疑惑を抱えており、特に唐代に入ると、どちらを『孝経』の正本と考えるかという認識の違いから、「古文」派と「今文」派に分かれて相手の系統を「偽書」とする攻撃を繰り返した。
- However, there were suspicions that the books may be fake due to the circumstances in which they were rediscovered, and during the Tang Dynasty, two distinct schools were formed—the 'Kobun' school and the 'Kinbun' school—as a result of a difference in opinion regarding which was the authentic 'Kokyo' book, with both accused the other of following a 'forged book.'
- 特に、千利休による茶道の大成は、禅の思想に基づく“わび・さび”の考え方と、豊臣秀吉の発案との言い伝えを持ち、美醜について大きく意見の分かれる“金の茶室”という極限的な豪壮さを一つに内包したものと言え、今も日本文化全体に強く影響している。
- In particular, completion of 'sado (tea ceremony)' by SEN no Rikyu, which can be said to include the idea of 'wabi, sabi' based on Zen Buddhism and the ultimately splendid 'golden tea arbor,' which is handed down as the idea of Hideyoshi and for which opinion on beauty is divided, gives strong influence on the whole culture of Japan even today.
- 以降、長きにわたって伊能図(特に大図)は「失われた地図」となり、千葉県佐原市(現在は香取市)の伊能忠敬記念館に保管されていた写しの一部など、全214枚のうち約60枚の写しのほかは、東京国立博物館が所蔵する中図の写しが残るのみとなっていた。
- Ino map (especially large maps) had been long treated as a 'Lost Map' since then, and only copies of the medium-sized maps possessed by Tokyo National Museum remained except the copies of about 60 sheets of the total 214 sheets, including a part of the copies kept by The Ino Tadataka Museum in Sawara City (today's Katori City), Chiba Prefecture.
- 特に宮中において天皇に近侍する蔵人・太政官において行政事務を担当する弁官・平安京の司法・警察・民政の実務を行う検非違使佐は仕事量が多く重要な官職であったこのため、それらの職務を同時にこなすことは実務能力に優れた官僚でなければ不可能だった。
- As Kurodo who valeted the Emperor at court, Benkan in charge of administrative jobs at Dajokan and Kebiishi no suke responsible for judiciary/police/civil affairs in Heiankyo (Kyoto) were particularly important official positions with a heavy workload, it was impossible for an official to assume these three positions concurrently unless he had an excellent business ability.
- 特に、古くからの地域における首長層を再編した郡司層の首長権への精神面での服従構造と、経営の安定性を欠く零細百姓層の経営維持を保証する出挙は、本来古代日本とは異質な社会である唐代中国社会を成立背景とした律令制が、日本で成立する上で重要であった。
- In particular, the structure of mental obedience to the chieftaincy of Gunji (local magistrates), who used to be the chiefs of village community since ancient times, as well as suiko (a kind of official loan system), which was supposed to guarantee the sustainable management of small-hold peasants, were quite important for maintaining the Ritsuryo system in Japan since this system was originally created in the context of Chinese society of the Tang Dynasty, a quite different society from that of Japan.
- 特に戦国時代 (日本)は室町幕府を開いた足利氏の嫡流 足利将軍家に対し、庶流の細川氏が管領として実権を奪ったり、出雲守護で嫡流であった京極氏は庶流の尼子氏に守護の地位を簒奪されるなど、血筋では地位や権力を担保し得ない実力本位の時代でもあった。
- The Sengoku period (period of warring states), in particular, was a time based on merit when bloodline did not guarantee rank or power; the Hosokawa clan, the shoryu, took power as the kanrei (shogunal deputy) from the Ashikaga Shogun family, the chakuryu of the Ashikaga clan who established the Muromachi bakufu; and the Amago clan, the shoryu, usurped the position of Shugo (Provincial Constable) from the Kyogoku clan, Izumo Shugo, and the chakuryu.
- 口分田の他の田には、五位以上の者へ班給された位田、天皇から特別に与えられた賜田、特に功績を残した者に与えられた功田、官職に応じて班給された職田、仏教寺院の維持運営にあてられた寺田、神社の維持運営にあてられた神田、以上の班給の残りの乗田があった。
- Types of field other than kubunden were fields given to those at the Fifth Rank or above, fields given specially by the emperor, fields given to those who did meritorious deeds for the state, fields allotted according to government post, fields given to temples for maintenance and operation costs, fields given to shrines for maintenance and operation costs, and fields left over after allotment of the above.
- 特に十津川支流の神納川のV字谷は、紀伊山地の中でも発達が著しいもので両側の稜線間の距離は10キロメートル、深さは500メートル以上、神納川と十津川本流との合流点である川津から分水嶺までの標高差は1000メートル以上に及ぶが蛇行はさほどではない。
- The v-shaped valley along Jinno-gawa River, a branch of Totsu-kawa River, is particularly well developed among the rivers in the Kii Mountains, the distance between ridge lines on both sides is 10 kilometers, the depth is more than 500 meters, the vertical drop from Kawatsu which is a joint of Jinno-gawa River and the main stream of Totsu-kawa River to the divide is more than 1,000, however it does not have great flections.
- そもそもの発端は、平将門の叔父達の「婿入り先」であって、それによって平将門の叔父達は関東、特に常陸国、上総国、下総国、武蔵国などに地盤を築いたと見られ、その「婿入り先」同士の利害対立が、平将門と叔父、従兄弟同士の抗争に結びついていった形跡がある。
- It originally started with the 'family the groom married into' uncles of the TAIRA no Masakado, and uncles of TAIRA no Masakado built a structure in Kanto region especially in Hitachi, Kazusa, Shimousa, and Musashi Provinces, and there was a trace that the conflict of interest between 'places where the grooms married' led to the struggle between TAIRA no Masakado, his uncle, and cousins.
- この時革命を起こそうと考えた者の武装やヤクザの抗争の影響でより一層武器の取締りが厳しくなり、特に銃器関連を所持するには銃器にもよるが、数ヶ月期間の審査が必要であり、少なくとも暴力行為を前提に銃器を合法的に所持するのは日本では事実上不可能になった。
- Since those who planned revolutions bore arms and gangs (yakuza) started conflicts, the law was reinforced and a several month examination (the period depends on the kind of firearms) was required to possess a firearm-related weapon, making the legal possession of firearms for the purpose of violence virtually impossible in any event in Japan.
- 「士農米穀を蓄へざるが故に、工商是を卑みて金銀を貴ぶなり、もし士農金銀を卑み、米穀を貴てこれを蓄積するときは、工商は士農に役せられて常に米穀を求むること急なり、然るに士人米を卑みて蓄積せず特に金のみを貴ぶが故に富商の鼻息を仰で憂喜をなすに至る。」
- As samurai and farmers do not store rice, artisans and merchants despise rice and respect gold and silver, but if samurai and farmers despise gold and silver and respect and store rice, then artisans and merchants would always hurriedly ask for rice, but the fact is that samurai despise rice and do not store rice, respecting only money, which forces them to fluctuate between hope and despair depending on the temper of rich merchants and artisans.'
- これに対しては幕府内反対派の林家から「国王は天皇を指し、将軍が国王を名乗るべきではなく、無用の改変。平地に波風を立てるもの」、また対馬藩藩儒雨森芳洲から「李氏朝鮮は急激な変革を特に嫌う。再考願いたい」とそれぞれ反論をうけたが結果として実現している。
- The Hayashi family, one of the bakufu members opposing Arai's plan, insisted, 'King means Emperor, therefore, Shogun should not introduce himself as King, this is an useless reform. This only causes a flutter in the dovecotes,' and also Hoshu AMENOMORI, a Confusion scholar in Tsushima domain opposed it saying, 'the Joseon Dynasty doesn't like sudden reformation. Please reconsider,' but as a result, the changes were implemented.
- なお、公式令の規定に従えば、詔書と違って天皇が直接署名などの行為を行うことはないが、実際の運用においては、法的には勅旨で出される事項であった場合でも天皇が重要と認識した場合には、天皇が詔書と同様に日付などを加えた勅旨を特に発給されるケースもあった。
- In addition, according to the regulations in Kushiki-ryo, unlike the Shosho, the emperor does not perform behaviors such as direct signature; however, in actual practice, even in the case of matters which should be issued by imperial order according to the law, if the emperor considered it important, the emperor might in particular issue an imperial order with date and other items added like Shosho (imperial edict, decree).
- だが、実際には当時(版籍奉還以前)の明治政府は諸藩に対して命令を下す権限を持っておらず(従って明治政府の命令である太政官布告ではなく、要請に近い太政官達が出されていた)、特に薩摩・土佐両藩は「戦勝国」の立場を利用してその後も贋貨を鋳造続けたのである。
- However, in reality, the Meiji Government at the time (before the return of lands and people to the emperor) did not have the authority to give orders to various domains (therefore the notice of Daijokan [Grand Council of State], which was more of a request, was issued instead of the edict of Daijokan, which was a command from the Meiji Government), and particularly the Satsuma and Tosa Domains used their position as a 'victor country' and still continued to coin counterfeit money.
- そのほかに徳川姓を許されるのは、家康直系の子孫(親藩)のうちでも特に徳川御三家(尾張徳川家・紀州徳川家・水戸徳川家)、御三卿(田安徳川家・一橋徳川家・清水徳川家)およびこれらの後嗣のみであり、これらの家に養子として入る者も家康の男系の子孫たちであった。
- Besides this, also included as recognized heirs to the Tokugawa name are Ieyasu's offspring who are direct descendents (ie part of the family domain) and in particular, the three privileged branches of Tokugawa family (Owari Tokugawa family, Kishu Tokugawa family and Mito Tokugawa family), the three branches of Tokugawa family (Tayasu Tokugawa family, Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family and Shimizu Tokugawa family) as well as their heirs and, individuals adopted into the family were also considered as part of Ieyasu's male lineage.
- 明治に入ってからキリスト教解禁されたとは言え、まだ市井には「耶蘇」と蔑まれ、「子どもの生き胆を喰う」「良からぬ魔法を使う」などと言われていた時代であったが、精力的に伝道を行い、特に静岡県や山梨県方面でのキリスト教布教に功績があったことは確かな模様である。
- Even though the practice of Christianity was legalized once the Meiji Period began, it was a period when cities despised Christianity as 'yaso' (slang for Christianity) and claimed that Christians 'eat the liver of living children' or 'use bad magic.' Despite this, he devoted himself to missionary works and actually helped to spread Christianity especially in the areas of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures.
- 明治憲法下で天皇の権能は特に規定がなければ国務大臣が補弼することとなっていたが、それは憲法に明記されておらず、また、慣習的に軍令(作戦・用兵に関する統帥事務)については国務大臣ではなく、統帥部(陸軍:参謀総長。海軍:軍令部総長)が輔弼することとなっていた。
- Under the Meiji Constitution, the capacity and power of the Emperor was used to be assisted by the Minister of State if there was no specific regulations, but it was not written in the Constitution, and traditionally as for the military orders (supreme command affairs related to the strategy and tactics) were assisted not by the Minister of State but by the supreme command staff (the Chief of the Army General Staff and the President of the Naval General Staff).
- しかし、発掘される遺跡の増加に伴い当然のことながら青銅器の出土例も増え、「銅鐸文化圏」の地域で銅矛や銅剣が、「銅矛文化圏」内で銅鐸が出土するといったこと(特に有名な例が吉野ヶ里での出土)が多くなり、この仮説は成り立たなくなり次第に論じられる事は少なくなった。
- However, the more cases of excavation of bronze wares there were naturally along with increased excavations of ruins, the more situations where dohoko and doken were found in 'the dotaku cultural area' and where dotaku were discovered in 'the dohoko cultural area' (well-known example: the Yoshinogari Ruins) there were, which proved the hypothesis was not true as it was less and less often discussed.
- 三室戸敬光は昭和初期に貴族院 (日本)議員(会派は研究会)に互選され、特に1935年(昭和10年)に起こったいわゆる天皇機関説問題に際して、男爵菊池武夫 (陸軍軍人)議員とともに美濃部達吉を追求し辞職に追い込み、さらには国体明徴声明を岡田内閣に出させている。
- During the early Showa period, Yukimitsu MIMURODO was elected a member of the House of Peers (belonging to the group 'Kenkyukai') through mutual election; and in a dispute over the 'Emperor as an organ of government Theory' started in 1935, Yukimitsu, together with another member of the House, Baron Takeo KIKUCHI (a Japanese Imperial Army soldier), questioned Tatsukichi MINOBE, the advocate of the theory, and forced him to resign from the House of Peers, and also, made the Okada Cabinet to issue the Kokutai Meicho proclamation.
- ただし、他の2人と異なり、持家に関しては、特に専横の振る舞いは記録されておらず、義政側近中の「ま」がつく人ということで数合わせとして挙げられたとも考えられる(一説に持家が死去したのは宝徳2年(1450年)といい、そうなると義政将軍期としては時期が合わない)。
- However, different from the other two, Mochiie had no record of arbitrary behavior, so his name might have been picked up just because he was an aide to Yoshimasa having the syllable of 'ma' in his name; a theory says Mochiie passed away in 1450, and if it is right, Yoshimasa's reign as the shogun does not match with Yoshimasa's life.
- 特に断りが無い場合には1497年以後メキシコ(当初はスペイン領)を中心とする、スペイン系の中南米諸国で鋳造されて国際決済で長く用いられてきたSpanish dollar (メキシコドル/メキシコ銀)といわれる、量目420グレーンの8レアル銀貨を指す場合が多い。
- In most cases unless otherwise specified, Yogin refers to the so-called Spanish dollar, 8 real silver coin of 420 grains of weight, which was coined in Mexico (then-Spanish colony) and other Central and South American countries of Spanish origins and had long been used in international settlement since 1497.
- 第5条・第6条では決して壮健とは言い難い天皇の体調に配慮しつつも、健康問題を理由としてむやみに大臣との謁見を拒んだり、公務を滞らせる事態を最低限に留めて国務への影響を防ぐこととした(特に森有礼の御用掛任命の際の公務復帰拒否のような事態を防止する点が重要視された)。
- Article 5 and 6 stipulated, with due considerations to Emperor's health which was far from robust, that the Emperor would not immoderately reject audiences with ministers and other duties for health reason which would disrupt the flow of public service, to prevent national services from being affected (This placed importance in avoiding such situation as the Emperor would refuse to return to public service as was seen upon the appointment of Arinori MORI as Goyogakari).
- 一行が到着して薩摩藩の出展に大いに驚き、随行した外国奉行向山一履、支配組頭田辺太一らは厳しく抗議し、特に出展者名から「琉球」の二文字と「丸に十字(島津家の家紋)」の旗章を削ること、および「琉球国陛下松平修理大夫源茂久」の名を「松平修理大夫」のみに改めることを求めた。
- They were very surprised at the exhibition to see the Satsuma clan, and Kazutsugu MUKOYAMA (the Gaikoku bugyo) and Taichi TANABE (the Shihai kumigashira - a kind of department chief) protested especially strongly and requested the removal of both the name 'Ryukyu' from the exhibitor list, and the flag with the mark of 'a cross in a circle (the crest of the Shimazu family),' and they also requested the name 'His Majesty of the Ryukyu Kingdom, Matsudaira Shuri no daibu (Master of the Office of Palace Repairs), MINAMOTO no Mochihisa' be amended to just 'Matsudaira Shuri no daibu.'
- 工場等からの排出量は割り当てられた目標を達成し斬減傾向にあるものの、運輸・業務(事業所等)・民生部門の増加が目立ち、特に自動車の氾濫により自家用乗用車については 2004年現在で +52.6% もの著しい増加を見せており、全国で見ても総排出量の 16% を占めている。
- The emissions amount from factories and so on has achieved the allotted target and is in decline, but the increase of emissions from transportation operations (in business and so on) and civilian sectors has been prominent, and in particular due to a huge increase of cars, the emissions from private cars dramatically increased by +52.6% as of 2004 and accounted for 16% in the total emissions amount nationwide.
- 特にJR西日本の福知山駅はJR西日本が掲げる北近畿ビッグXネットワークの中心部を担い、山陰本線、福知山線、北近畿タンゴ鉄道宮福線の合流点でもあり京都駅、大阪駅、宮津駅、天橋立駅、和田山駅、豊岡駅 (兵庫県)、城崎温泉駅へは特別急行列車で乗り換えなしに行くことができる。
- In particular, Fukuchiyama Station of JR West plays a key role in the North Kinki Big X Network promoted by JR-West, and since it is a junction of Sanin Main Line, Fukuchiyama Line, and Miyafuku Line of Kitakinki Tango Railway; people can travel to Kyoto Station, Osaka Station, Miyazu Station, Amanohashidate Station, Wadayama Station, Toyooka Station (Hyogo Prefecture) and Kinosaki Station by limited express train without transferring.
- 室町幕府は寺社領及び公家領を「寺社本所領」と呼び、特に地頭やその他預所が置かれていない本所の一円支配領を本所一円支配地と呼んだ(なお、「寺社本所領」の初出は観応2年/正平 (日本)6年(1351年)の幕府法令とされている。また、国衙領を寺社本所領に加えた用法もある)。
- The Muromachi bakufu called the jisharyo and the kugeryo collectively as 'jisha honjoryo', and called especially the land, throughout of which was ruled by the bakufu and neither jito (steward) nor azukari dokoro (estate custodian) was placed, as honjo ichien shihaichi (honjo throughout ruled land) (It was considered that the term 'jisha honjoryo' first appeared in the laws and regulations of the bakufu in 1351. The kokugaryo was included in the jisha honjoryo in some cases.)
- 孝明天皇から勅許が得られないまま独断で安政五カ国条約に調印し、一橋派・南紀派の将軍継嗣問題を裁決したうえ、安政の大獄で反対勢力を弾圧していた井伊直弼に対し、藩主の父・徳川斉昭への謹慎処分などで特に反発の大きかった水戸藩では、高橋多一郎や金子孫二郎などの過激浪士が脱藩した。
- Naosuke II was a man who had arbitrarily signed the Five Nations Treaty of Ansei without imperial sanction from the Emperor Komei, and settled a problem of heir of Shogun caused between the Hitotsubashi group (group supporting Yoshinobu from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family) and the Nanki group (group supporting Yoshitomi from the Kisyu-Tokugawa family), and who had also suppressed the opposition to the Ansei no Taigoku (the suppression of extremists by the Shogunate); his opposition was a group of radical roshi (masterless samurai) from the Mito clan, including Taichiro TAKAHASHI and Magojiro KANEKO, who were strongly opposed to the confinement and punishment of Nariaki TOKUGAWA, the father of the lord of domain and thus left the clan.
- 特に当時の欧米を中心とした通貨制度の主流が金本位制であったこと、当時の小判の形状が対外的な運搬・流通などに不便であったことから、代わりに対外決済の分野で最もよく使われていた二分金の贋貨鋳造が盛んに行われ、中には銀貨に金鍍金を施した贋貨とほとんど変わりのないものまで出現した。
- Especially because at the time, the currency system centered around Europe and America was mainly the gold standard system, along with the fact that the shape of the koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) of this period was inconvenient for external transport and circulation, instead, the coining of counterfeit nibukin, which was the most used in the field of external settlement, was done frequently, and even gilded silver coins which were not so different from the forfeit coins appeared.
- 特に国民協会が帝国党に衣替えした際に、一部が分裂してこれに従わずに自由党の後継政党である憲政党や藩閥官僚(伊藤博文系)とともに立憲政友会を結成したことによって、政友会とその反対党という構図へと変化を見せ、「吏党」・「民党」という言葉は完全に意味を成さないものになっていった。
- When the Kokumin Kyokai turned over to Teikokuto (Imperialist party), some members broke off from the group and and formed the Seiyukai (Association of Friends of Constitutional Government) together with the Kenseito (Constitutional Party), which was the incoming party of the Jiyuto, and the Hanbatsu Kanryo (domain government officials, a political party of Hirobumi ITO), and soon the political layout was mostly the Seiyukai against their opponents, that the terms 'Rito' and 'Minto' eventually lost their original meaning..
- しかし由良川は国土交通大臣が国民経済上特に重要な河川などに対して指定する一級水系に指定されているとおり、市内に供給される浄水場の原水や農業用水としては勿論のこと、今では市民の手による鮎や鮭の稚魚の放流といったイベントが開かれるなど、市民の生活には欠くことのできない川である。
- However, the Yura-gawa River is designated as a first class river, a classification designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation and Tourism indicating rivers which are especially important to the national economy; these days, the river is essential to people's lives, as its water is used to supply water to the city via a purification plant for agriculture; moreover, various events, such as the release of young sweetfish and salmon are also held by citizens at the river as well.
- 「つわもの」の語源は明らかではないが、竹内理三は、大槻文彦が『大言海』の中で「鍔物(つみはもの)の略にて、兵器、特に鍔(つば)あれば云うとぞ」と書かれていることを紹介しながら、9世紀頃までは武器を指した言葉であることは間違いがなく、10世紀頃から「武者」と同義になるとする。
- The origin of the word 'tsuwamono' is uncertain, but Rizo TAKEUCHI referred to it as 'the abbreviation of tsuwamono (guard) or a weapon mentioned especially when there is a tsuba (sword guard)' in 'Daigenkai' (literally, great sea of words, a Japanese dictionary) by Fumihiko OTSUKI, and applied to weapons until the ninth century without a doubt and became a synonym for 'busha' from the tenth century.
- 刀狩(かたながり、刀狩り)とは、百姓身分の者の帯刀権を剥奪する兵農分離政策で、特に安土桃山時代の1588年8月29日(天正16年7月8日 (旧暦))に豊臣秀吉が刀狩令(同時に海上賊船禁止令)を出して大規模に推進した政策を指す(ただし、刀狩を最初に行なったのは柴田勝家である。
- Katanagari (written as 刀狩 or 刀狩り) was a policy of heinobunri (separating warriors and peasants) which deprived those in the peasant class of their privilege of wearing swords, which highlighted the policy enacted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI through the katanagari edict (at the same time, pirate ship interdiction) issued on August 29, 1588 in the Azuchi-Momoyama period (The first person who executed katanagari was Katsuie SHIBATA.
- 例示された伊勢貞孝の討伐が象徴的であるが、自前の軍事力を持たない義輝の時代の幕府権力の回復(特に書簡と使者があれば事足りる大名間の調停者としてではなく、軍事力に裏打ちされた畿内の統治者としての権力の回復)は事実上三好長慶の幕府への融和的姿勢により支えられていたものであった。
- As is symbolized by the cited victory over Sadataka ISE, recovery of the Bakufu's power in the age of Yoshiteru, who had no real military force (recovery of power not as a mediator of inter-daimyo (feudal lord) strifes who would need only letters and messengers but as the ruler of the areas surrounding the capital whose position was supported by military force) was virtually supported by the conciliatory posture of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI toward the Bakufu.
- その成立時期は上記「えぞ」の初見と近い13世紀と見られており、また擦文文化とアイヌ文化の生活体系の最も大きな違いは、日本からの移入品(特に鉄製品)の量的増大にあり、アイヌ文化は交易に大きく依存していたことから、アイヌ文化を生んだ契機に日本との交渉の増大があると考えられている。
- It was probably established in the thirteenth century, when the word 'Ezo' can be seen for the first time as mentioned above; however, the greatest difference between the Satsumon culture and the Ainu culture was the increase in imported items (especially ironware), meaning that it should be seen that Ainu had increased negotiations with Japan when the Ainu culture was born, because the Ainu culture was very reliant on trade with Japan.
- 『元史』では「世祖本紀」や「日本伝」などにこの時の損耗については特に述べられていないが、『高麗史』、『高麗史節要』では夜中に大いに風雨があり、艦船が難破するなどして損害があり、十一月二十七日(12月26日)に合浦に帰還した際には、派遣軍の不還者は1万3500余人に登ったという。
- 'Genshi' do not particularly mention the damage suffered then in its 'Seiso Honki' (Records on Kublai) and 'Nihon Den' (Records on Japan), but 'Koraishi' and 'Koraishi Setsuyo' (Digested History of Goryeo) states that there was a storm at midnight, which caused shipwreck and damage, and more than 13.5 thousand people of the expeditionary force did not return to Gappo on December 26.
- 特に加賀国においては教団への保護の約束を信じて蓮如自身が一揆とともに守護富樫氏の内紛に加担(文明_(日本)5年の「多屋衆決議文」)し、その後教団の力を恐れた富樫氏が弾圧を加えたため門徒らが激しく抵抗し、結果的に富樫氏を倒して一国を領有する事態となってしまっていた(加賀一向一揆)。
- Especially in Kaga Province, Rennyo himself participated in the internal conflict of the Togashi clan, a provincial military governor, along with the Ikki army, believing Togashi's protection for his religious community ('Taya-shu ketsugi bun' [Resolution of Taya Group] in 1473), but after that, the Togashi clan who feared the power of the religious community oppressed them which the followers fiercely resisted to the extent that they overthrew the Togashi clan and owned the province (Kaga Ikko-Ikki Revolt).
- その後、1886年(明治19年)2月27日に公布された各省官制(明治19年勅令第2号)では、次官以下の「陸軍省職員」、「海軍省職員」については、「武官ヲ以テ之ニ補ス」として、原則的に武官を任用すると定めたものの(陸軍2条、海軍2条、通則25条)、大臣については特に定めを置かなかった。
- After that, according to each ministry regulation (imperial edict Vol.2, 1886), publically announced in February 27, 1886, with regards to 'officers in the Department of War and the Department of the Navy' lower than the Suke (vice minister) rank, 'military officers are eligible to be appointed this position' and it was determined that military officers would be installed in principal (Army regulations, article 2; Navy regulations, article 2; General regulations, article 25); however, there were no rules about the ministers.
- 特に聖武天皇の発願によって建立されて、以後鎮護国家体制の象徴的存在として歴代天皇の崇敬を受けてきた東大寺と藤原氏の氏寺であった興福寺は、それぞれ皇室と摂関家の権威を背景と大衆と呼ばれる僧侶集団が元来自衛を目的として結成していた僧兵と呼ばれる武装組織の兵力を恃みとしてこれに反抗していた。
- Especially Todai-ji Temple which was constracted at the wish of the Emperor Shomu and since then had been revered by successive emperors as a symbol of polity for nation protection, and Kofuku-ji Temple built for praying Fujiwara clan's glory, rebelled against this, relying on military power of armed organization called armed monks which was originally organized for self-defense by Buddhist monk group called as Daishu, each with authorities of Imperial family and Sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers) in the background.
- 「紀伊山地の霊場と参詣道」の世界遺産登録への動きが本格化する2000年(平成12年)前後には、1999年(平成11年)の南紀熊野体験博の開催と呼応するかたちで再調査が行われ、登録に先立つ2001年から2002年にかけての時期には、整備と復元・復旧を目的とする事業が特に積極的に行われた。
- Around 2000, as the campaign for registering 'holy places and pilgrimage routes in the Kii Mountains' as a World Heritage site was broaden; in 1999 re-investigation into the road was conducted with the opening of Japan Expo Nanki Kumano, and in 2001 and 2002, immediately before the registration, the projects for maintenance, restoration and reconstruction were energetically carried.
- 新田一郎 (法学者)は頼朝以来の先例や武家社会の道理を記した部分、特に律令法・公家法と相違・対立する部分の多くは直接条文としては盛り込まれず、細目や例外事項などの形式によって触れられており、一方で条文本文に記されている幕府関係以外の事項の多くは鎌倉時代初期の公家法に依拠する部分が多いとする。
- According to Ichiro NITTA (legal expert), the part which wrote about the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society and especially most of the part which opposed to Ritsuryo law and kugeho were not included in the articles, but were only mentioned in the forms of details and exceptions, while most of the matters not related to bakufu in the articles were based on the kugeho in the early Kamakura period.
- ただ「宗主国」と「藩属国」との関係は、近代における「宗主国」と「属国」(Subject State) のような関係とは大きく異なり、内政外交全般に中国の支配が及んでいたわけではなく、たとえば中国は、「藩属国」どうし、あるいは「藩属国」と中国王朝に臣従しない諸国との関係について特に関知しない。
- However, relation between 'soshukoku' and 'hanzokukoku' was considerably different from that between 'soshukoku' and 'zokkoku (subject state)' in modern era and control by China did not influence domestic politics and diplomatic affairs in general, and China was not involved in relation between 'hanzokukoku' and other countries that did not serve Chinese dynasty.
- この年に南宋を完全征服した元は、日本との同盟や南宋への牽制の必要もなくなった(後項参照)うえ、クビライは逃げ出した水夫より使者の処刑の報を知り、特に、通常の使者よりも高位(礼部侍郎)であった杜世忠の処刑に腹を立て、日本への再度の侵攻を計画し、1280年には侵攻準備のため征東行省を設置している。
- The conquest of the Southern Sung Dynasty in that year made it unnecessary for the Yuan Dynasty to align itself with Japan or warn against the Southern Sung Dynasty (refer to the relative paragraph described below), and further, Kublai became upset by the information brought by an escaped sailor about the execution of the envoys, particularly of Shizhong DU, who held a higher position (assistant minister of rites) than usual envoys, and consequently he planned to invade Japan again and in 1280 established the Eastern Expedition Field Headquarters to prepare for the invasion.
- 特に安政の大獄を断行した大老井伊直弼が桜田門外の変で横死して後、公武合体を望む幕府が征夷大将軍徳川家茂の正室として孝明天皇の妹和宮の降嫁を求めた1861年(文久元年)頃から、薩摩藩・長州藩・土佐藩などの雄藩が中央政界への進出をうかがうようになり、尊王攘夷派がぞくぞくと京都に集まるようになった。
- In the Sakuradamongai Incident (1860), extremists murdered Tairo (a councilor of the Council of Five Elders) Naosuke II who had conducted Ansei no Taigoku (the suppression of extremists by the Shogunate), soon after that, in 1861 the Shogunate offered the lawful marriage of Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') the 14th shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA with Kazunomiya (a younger sister of Emperor Komei) to the Imperial Family for the purpose of gaining the Imperial Court's cooperation; especially since then, statesmen of strong clans including the Satsuma clan, the Choshu clan and the Tosa clan aimed for advance to the political center, and the following of Sonno Joi came to Kyoto one after and another.
- 全線電化以降、電車特急「北近畿」の運転開始に加え、普通電車は国鉄113系電車2両編成を主体として日中毎時3本(1本が大阪~福知山、2本が大阪~新三田)に増発されたが、2両編成は短過ぎて多くの列車で満員となり遅延が続発、特に22時台以降から最終電車にかけては時に積み残しが出るなど苦情が相次いだ。
- After the electrification, the operation of the Limited Express 'Kitakinki' started and the number of local trains available every hour during the day increased to three, mainly with two cars of the JNR/JR Suburban Train Series 113 (one for operation between Osaka and Fukuchiyama and two for operation between Osaka and Shin-Sanda); however, it wasn't sufficient to have two cars so many of the local trains were packed with too many passengers and experienced successive delays, thereby resulting in many complaints about, for example, bumped passengers, especially for the trains after 22:00 to the last train.
- 季の歌と特に恋歌に秀作が多く、自らを内に閉じこめるような深沈とした憂愁のさまや、夢と現実との狭間にある曖昧な様子や感傷的な追憶を好んで詠むこと、運命に対して弱い自分を守ろうとする凛乎とした強さが歌のうちにあることなどから、その生涯や恋愛についてさまざまな推測が成されるが、いずれも憶測の域を出ていない。
- She composed numerous excellent seasonal poems and a great many love poems that ranged in theme from melancholic poems that seemed to close herself off from the outside world, poems that recalled the unclear or emotional state that exists between reality and dream, and poems that expressed a strong resolution to protect her weak self from fate; various assumptions have been made about her life and relationships based on the content of these poems but little about her is known for certain.
- 建武の新政は表面上は復古的であるが、内実は蒙古的な天皇専制を目指し、武家を排除した公家中心の政権運営を敷き、性急な改革、土地訴訟への対応の不備や恩賞の不公平、大内裏建設計画などその施策の大半が各方面、特に武士勢力の不満を呼び、また有名な二条河原の落書に観られるようにその無能を批判され、権威を全く失墜した。
- The Kenmu Restoration appeared to be a reactionary movement, but was in fact an old and ignorant imperial dictatorship, and most of the measures introduced, such as aristocracy-centered political management that excluded the samurai, sudden reforms, inability to handle lawsuits for land, inequality in rewards, and the unreasonable Daidairi Construction Plan, caused discontent in various sectors, especially in the samurai class. As a consequence, criticism of the government for its incompetency grew, as was evidenced in the famous Nijogawara Graffiti, and the government completely lost power over the public.
- 特にその中でも大功は永久的な私有を認めた文字通りの例外中の例外といって良く、歴史上確認できるのは、藤原鎌足(645年)・恵美押勝(758年)・平清盛(1167年)・源頼朝(1190年)の4人だけ(いずれも100町)であると見られている(しかも、押勝と清盛は本人又は子孫が謀叛を起こしたとして収公されている)。
- In particular, getting Daiko class (granting of permanent inheritence of rice fields) was an exceptional case and only four persons have been recognized as Daiko in history: FUJIWARA no Kamatari (645), EMI no Oshikatsu (758), TAIRA no Kiyomori (1167), and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (1190), each person being granted 991,740 square meters of land (Koden was confiscated from Oshikatsu and Kiyomori for the reason that they or their descendants had rebelled against the government).
- 多客時は臨時ダイヤで運転されることがあり、特に毎年10月22日に行われる鞍馬の火祭においては事実上唯一の交通機関となり、ほぼ全ての車両をフル稼働させるぐらいの運転となるが、それでもピーク時には鞍馬線二軒茶屋駅 (京都府)以北が単線で線路容量に制約がある関係もあって長蛇の列(乗車までに数時間の待ち時間)となる。
- The line is operated for a special schedule when there are many passengers; it is basically the only transportation, particularly during Kurama Fire Festival held every October 22, when nearly all the cars are employed for operation; but still the passengers have to wait several hours before boarding at peak hour because the Kurama Line, with a limited track capacity, is a single track between Nikenchaya Station (Kyoto Prefecture) and stations to the north of Nikenchaya Station.
- このダイヤでは、朝夕に各種列車の増発が行われ、特に夕方(16~17時台)には10分当たり三条発天満橋行臨時特急1本、淀発天満橋行臨時急行1本、淀発淀屋橋行「Gallop」1本が増発され、定期列車と合わせて複線区間(淀~萱島間の下り)で10分間に片道5本(平均2分間隔)という朝ラッシュ時間帯並みの本数となった。
- With this timetable, the operation of each type of train is increased in the morning and in the evening, and particularly in the evening (from 16:00 to 17:00), one special limited express train from Sanjo for Tenmabashi, one special express train from Yodo for Tenmabashi, and one 'Gallop' from Yodo for Yodoyabashi are added for operation every 10 minutes, and with the regular trains, in the quadruple-track section (the outbound track between Yodo and Kayashima) five trains were operated on each track (with an average interval of two minutes) in 10 minutes, which was comparable to the number used during the morning rush.
- アジア系移民で特に母国の公用語に英語が含まれない国出身の家庭では、英語以外の母国語が使われるケースが多いが、その中でも日系人に限り、半数以上の家庭で英語のみが使われ、英語が主流という家庭も含めるとほぼ4分の3までもが家庭内でも英語を会話に用いており、日本語が使われているケースは他非英語系アジア移民の率の半分ほどである。
- Even though Asian immigrant families, especially those whose mother tongues do not include English, often use other languages than English at home, more than half of Japanese immigrant families use only English at home, and if you include the families who use mainly English in this number, this proportion climbs to 3/4 of households, and Japanese families who use Japanese is as low as a half of the rate of non English speaking Asian immigrants using their native tongues at home.
- 特に重要な作品として、安永6年(1777年)4月大坂中の芝居で上演された歌舞伎「伽羅先代萩」(奈河亀輔ほか作)と、翌安永7年(1778年)7月江戸中村座で上演された歌舞伎「伊達競阿国戯場」(桜田治助・笠縫専助合作)、さらに天明5年(1785年)江戸結城座で上演された人形浄瑠璃「伽羅先代萩」(松貫四ほか作)の3作が挙げられる。
- There were three particularly important plays among them: a Kabuki play 'Meiboku Sendai Hagi' (written by Kamesuke NAGAWA and others) performed during April 1777 at Naka no Shibai (the Naka-za Theater) in Osaka, Kabuki play 'Date Kurabe Okuni Kabuki' (Competition of the Date Clan in Okuni Kabuki) (written by a collaboration of Jisuke SAKURADA and Sensuke KASANUI) performed during July 1778 at the Nakamura-za Theater in Edo, and Ningyo Joruri play 'Meiboku Sendai Hagi' (written by Kanshi MATSU and others) performed during 1785 at the Yuki-za Theater in Edo.
- 特に太政官においては五位以上の官人から犯罪者が出た場合にこれを処分する「罪名定」と呼ばれる陣定が行われ、その際に決して律令に精通しているとは言い難い天皇もしくは摂関以下の公卿から当該事件に適用すべき罪名(犯罪の名称とそれに対応する刑罰)に関する諮問が明法博士ら明法家に対して行われ、これに対して明法家は明法勘文の提示を行った。
- Especially in Daijokan, when officials of lower than grade five committed a crime, a Jinnosadame (council) called 'Zaimyosadame' was held where the emperors or Kugyo (ministers) with lower positions than Sekkan (regent) who did not know ritsuryo very well, asked opinions to the doctors of Myoho and Myoho experts for submission of Myobokanmon response papers.
- 鉄一文銭の総鋳造高は明治時代の大蔵省による流通高の調査により、6,332,619,404枚とされ、中でも明和年間以降の鋳造高が特に多く、亀戸では2,262,589貫文(2,262,589,000枚)、伏見1,422,782貫文(1,422,782,000枚)、常陸太田690,500貫文(690,500,000枚)などとなっている。
- The survey on the amount of circulated coins which was conducted by the Ministry of Finance in the Meiji period revealed that 6,332,619,404 one-mon iron coins were minted in total, and the amount of one-mon iron coins minted in and after the Meiwa era was especially high as shown by the following figures: 2,262,589 kanmon (2,262,589,000 coins) in Kameido, 1,422,782 kanmon (1,422,782,000 coins) in Fushimi, 690,500 kanmon (690,500,000 coins) in Hitachiota, and so on.
- 首都否定論の立場からは、『平家物語』などの文学作品に語られる「福原遷都」の実態については、平氏政権が和田(神戸市)方面への遷都を目的として福原に行宮を置いたに過ぎず、それによって平安京が従来の首都機能を失った様子も特に見られないことから、建前はどうあれ、福原は京都の機能を軍事・貿易面で補完する事実上の副都に留まった、とする主張がある。
- From the standpoint of negative capital, on the actual condition of 'Transfer of the capital to Fukuhara' talked in the literary work such as 'the Tale of Heike,' some insist that the Taira clan government set Angu (tentative capital) in Fukuhara only for the purposes of transfering the captial toward Wada (Kobe City), and since Heian-Kyo did not lose any function as a traditional capital, Fukuhara ended up being the sub-capital to complement Kyoto in military and trade functions.
- また、後に講日本紀(『日本書紀』の講義)に文章博士や紀伝学生(文章生)も関わっている(特に元慶講日本紀を受講して後に「日本書紀私記」をまとめたとされる矢田部名実(擬文章生、後に大内記)などは良く知られている)ことや国史編纂に関与した撰国史所の職員に紀伝学生が加わっていることから、『日本書紀』以下の「六国史」に関する講義も行われていたと考えられている。
- Also, the fact that monjo hakase and kiden students (monjosho) played roles in lectures on the chronicles of Japan (lectures on 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan)) (in particular, YATABE no Nazane (gimonjosho (student passed Ryoshi) later, Dainaiki (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs)) who attended the lecture on the chronicles of Japan in the Gangyo era and later compiled 'Nihonshoki Shiki' (The Private Record of Chronicles of Japan) is well known) and that kiden students joined the staff of the Senkokushisho (History Compilation Bureau), which involved compiling the national history, shows that they probably had lectures on 'Rikkokushi' (the Six National Histories), which includes 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and others.
- この会派は陸軍右派として排除された「四将軍派」のうち谷・曾我・鳥尾が揃った(残りの三浦梧楼は三曜会に属した)事に代表されるように国粋主義色の強い右派が多く、藩閥政府――特に伊藤博文に対しては国家の混乱を招いた人物として敵対意識が強く、また山縣有朋系の会派に移行した研究会の方針に不満を抱いて懇話会の結成に参加した者もおり、この両者に対する反発が根強かった。
- In this faction, there were many members with right wing who had strong nationalism including the 'four Shogun group' such as TANI, SOGA and TORIO (but Goro MIURA belonged to the Sanyo-kai) who had been removed as army right wing and they felt hostile toward the Hanbatsu Government, especially Hirobumi ITO as a person who led to national disruption, and also there were some members who were dissatisfied with the Kenkyu-kai policy that was shifted into that of the faction with Aritomo YAMAGATA.
- ところが、国民協会の中で国粋主義者の占める割合が強くなると、次第に政府との関係は悪化し、特に第2次伊藤内閣期に入ると、民党の中核であった自由党_(日本)が政府と接近して共同歩調を取る一方で、逆に国民協会が同内閣が進める条約改正を批判して立憲改進党と共同して硬六派を組織するなど、吏党・民党がそれぞれ「親政府」・「反政府」を意味するものではなくなっていった。
- However, their relationship with the government gradually soured as the Kokumin Kyokai had the highest percentage of nationalists, and especially during the Second Ito Cabinet, the Kokumin Kyokai conversely organized the Koroppa (hard-line six parties) cooperating with the Rikken Kaishinto by accusing the Cabinet of forwarding the revision of a treaty while the Jiyuto (Liberal Party of Japan), the hard core of the Minto party, approached the government and took concerted action, and thus the Rito party and Minto party were no long entirely 'pro-government' or 'anti-government'.
- その理由は、「仲哀天皇がいまだ崩御していないという建前をとったためその代理だから」という意味か、または「特に理由はなく、称制も広義の摂政の中の一種という建前でただ慣習的に称制という言葉が使われなかっただけ」というわけなのか、あるいは「応神天皇は胎中天皇と称されたように胎児の頃からすでに正式な天皇であってその代理」という主旨なのか、いずれにしてもよくわからない。
- The reason for above is unknown, although there are some possibilities of the following, 'since Emperor Chuai's death was not announced officially after he died, and it was temporary measure,' or 'there was no particular reason, the word Shosei was being used as a custom, since it also meant Regent after all,' or 'Shosei meant temporarily government since Emperor Ojin was officially considered as proper Emperor and he was called Emperor Taichu (Taichu means inside mother's womb).'
- また朱子学(旧来の思想に対抗して生れたように考えられた)、特に陽明学(後に説明されるように、これは明朝が正式に認めた学問であった朱子学に対抗して生まれ出たように見えた)は、敗戦後の日本に於ける近代思惟・反権力・人間解放などの概念と容易に結びつき、朱子学及び陽明学の中、比較的それらの概念に近似する部分を抜き取り、そこに思想的価値を与えるという試みが盛んに行われた。
- Shushigaku (considered to have arisen in opposition to traditional thinking), and especially Yomei-gaku (as described later, considered to have arisen in opposition to Shushigaku, which was officially authorized by the Ming Court), were easily linked in a defeated Japan to concepts such as modern thinking, antiauthoritarianism and human emancipation; as a result, most scholars have frequently attempted to extract from Shushigaku and Yomei-gaku the elements that are relatively close to these concepts and attempt to attach an ideological value to them.
- 徳川吉宗は享保八年(1723年)九月から享保九年(1724年)四月の間の9263人の急激な人口減少、享保十年(1725年)四月から六月の間の1万0394人の急激な人口増加に気付き、季節的な人口変動の理由を調べさせた結果、冬の火災の多さから特に子女は近隣実家等へ疎開する、春以降火災からの復興再建や土蔵の建築が増えて労働転入者も増える、などといった実態が判明している。
- In gathering demographic information, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA noticed a sharp population decline of 9,263 persons between September 1723 to April 1724 and a population surge of 10,394 persons between April and June 1725; After ordering an investigation into the seasonal fluctuations in population, it was discovered that frequent fires in winter prompted women and children to take shelter in neighboring towns and parental residences, and reconstruction work and the construction of dozo (earthen storehouse) from spring brought in an influx of workers.
- 将軍在任期間は、それぞれ藤原頼経が18年間(1226年 - 1244年)、藤原頼嗣が8年間(1244年 - 1252年)と比較的長期間ではあったものの、幼いころから成人するまでの期間で政治的な力も全くなく、幕府の実権は、北条氏が完全に掌握していたため将軍とは名ばかりの傀儡将軍だったが、特に藤原頼経は、傀儡であることを嫌ったがため北条氏によって煙たがられた不遇の将軍であった。
- FUJIWARA no Yoritsune assumed the role of shogun for eighteen years (1226-1244) and FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu for eight years (1244-1252), comparatively long periods, but from childhood until attaining manhood without any political power because the Hojo clan fully controlled the bakufu and the shoguns were just puppets, especially FUJIWARA no Yoritsune was an unfortunate shogun since he hated being a puppet and was a threat to the Hojo clan.
- 特に八月十八日の政変の前後からは、商人を装い「枡屋喜右衛門」を名乗っていた元毘沙門堂家臣・古高俊太郎を仲介者として、寺島忠三郎や久坂玄瑞ら京に残った勤王派の長州藩士達が、粟津義風・前川茂行といった有栖川宮の諸大夫や家臣達と複数回にわたり接触し、両者の間で密会の場を設けたり密使を潜伏させあうなどの交際を行っているほか、熾仁親王は粟津や前川に命じ、長州藩家老の益田兼施宛に慰問の書状を出させたりしている。
- Especially before and after the political change on August 18, the samurai of the Choshu Domain, people loyal to the Emperor who remained in Kyoto such as Chuzaburo TERAJIMA and Genzui KUSAKA, had contacted various Taifu of Arisugawanomiya or aides many times, such as Yoshikaze AWAZU and Shigeyuki MAEKAWA through the former Bishamon do aides, Shutaro FURUTAKA (KOTAKA), who pretended to be a business man and named 'Kiemon MASUYA,' they had contact by organizing to have a place for secret meeting, or they both exchanged secret messengers in hiding to each others, Prince Taruhito ordered Awazu and Maekawa to send a letter of consolation to the Chief retainer of a feudal lord of Choshu Domain, Kanenobu MASUDA.
- これは、当時の武士(特に御家人)が巻き込まれ易かったのは、地頭として治める荘園における荘園領主である公家との揉め事であり、こうした揉め事から武士を救うには公家法を中心に動いていた当時の法秩序の概要を平易に説いて理解させ、武家社会との調和を図るために御成敗式目は制定されたもので、武家法の体系化や武家法に基づく新秩序形成を目的としたわけではなく、少なくても公家法の存在を前提とし、かつ形式的な模範・素材であったとしている。
- Samurai (especially shogunal retainers) at that time were easily involved in problems with court nobles who were lords of private estates where they (samurai) worked as jito; Goseibai-shikimoku was established in order to save samurai from such problems by making them understand the summary of legal order of the time centered in the kugeho and by working in harmony with the samurai society, therefore the reason was not to systemize the bukeho or to make a new order of law based on the bukeho; the kugeho was said to be still the base and was regarded as a formal model and material.
- 特に、1887年に条約改正や欧化政策に対する反発から伊藤に対して宮内大臣を辞任を要求する意見が宮中側近側より出た際には、天皇は伊藤の辞任を認めず、引き続き宮内大臣の職と憲法草案作成の職務にあたるように指示し、宮中側近側にあった農商務大臣谷干城が条約改正案反対の上奏を行おうとした際には元田による谷への謁見の勧めにも関わらず、「機務六条」の原則を理由に外務大臣の職務を犯すべきではないとしてこれを受け入れずに、谷の更迭を許した。
- Especially when supporters of his close advisors in the Imperial court demanded Ito to resign from the Imperial Households Minister in 1887 in protest against the revision of the treaty and his Europeanization policy, the Emperor did not accept Ito's resignation and, instead, ordered him to continue to serve as the Imperial Households Minister and to work on the draft constitution, and also when Tateki TANI, the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce on the side of Emperor's close advisors in the Imperial court, attempted to report against the proposal for revision of the treaty to the throne, the Emperor would not see Tani against Motoda's advice, saying he should not violate the duties of the Minister of Foreign Affairs according to the principles of 'Kimu rokujo' and allowed to remove Tani.
- しかし、日本では新たに植林をする場所がほとんどない上、むしろ森林所有者の管理放棄(特に人工林)や、相続税支払いのために売却・宅地転用 を余儀なくされる山林や農地の増加、さらに生産緑地地区農地課税の扱いが異なる自治体を施行したり、保安林維持予算の縮減・林野庁職員の大幅減員を行うなど政府与党の政策はむしろ逆行しているため、このままでは当初見込まれた吸収量を達する可能性が薄いと考えられており、達成できるかどうかは微妙な情勢である。
- However in Japan, there is little land for newly tree planting, and the mountain forests and farmlands increase, in which management has been abandoned by the forest owners (especially artificial forests) and/or disposition or diversion to building lots has been inevitably done in order to complete the inheritance tax payment; furthermore, the policies of the ruling party put a clock back, such as the enforcement of autonomous bodies where the taxations on productive green area farmlands are differently dealt with, the reduction of budget for keeping conservation forests, the large reduction of the staff in Forestry Agency and so on; therefore, it is considered to be difficult to achieve the absorption target initially expected.
- 天皇という呼称は律令制(「儀制令」)に規定があり、祭祀においては「天子」、詔書には「天皇」、華夷においては(国内外にむけては)「皇帝」、臣下がすぐそばから呼びかける時には「陛下」、皇太子など後継者に譲位した場合は「太上天皇(だいじょうてんのう)」、外出時には「乗輿」、行幸時には「車駕」という7つの呼び方が定められているがこれらはあくまで書記(表記)に用いられるもので、どう書いてあっても読みは風俗(当時の習慣)に従って「すめみまのみこと」や「すめらみこと」等と称するとある(特に祭祀における「天子」は「すめみまのみこと」と読んだ)。
- A regulation in the ritsuryo codes ('Gisei-ryo,' or the regulation of ceremonies code) regarding the title to be used for the Tenno states that the Emperor should be called 'Sumemimanomikoto,' 'Sumeramikoto,' or another such title in accordance with the customs of that time; this was despite the fact that there were already seven ways of addressing the Emperor—'Tenshi' at ceremonies, 'Tenno' in Shosho (imperial edicts or decrees), 'Kotei' in relations with China (domestic and diplomatic), 'Heika' when addressed by vassals in close proximity, 'Daijo-Tenno' when retired, 'Joyo' when going out, and 'Shaga' when traveling—because these names are only used in writing ('Tenshi' attending ceremonies in particular were addressed as 'Sumemimanomikoto').
- しかし、環濠集落の出現は、未だ戦闘の証拠がほとんどない弥生時代早期にさかのぼること(福岡県江辻遺跡、同那珂遺跡群など)、受傷人骨などの事例から戦乱が頻発したと考えられる前期後半~中期前半、特に中期初頭以降の北部九州ではむしろ環濠集落の事例は少ないこと、しばしば環濠を掘削する際に排出された土を利用して環濠の外側に盛り土をした痕跡のある事例が報告されているが、環濠の外側に盛り土をすることによって、外敵を有利にしてしまう(外敵は、盛り土を矢避けにしたり、盛り土の上から攻撃できる)ことなどから、環濠集落と戦乱とを直接的に関連づける、すなわち環濠集落を防衛集落と考える研究者は最近では少なくなってきている。
- However, recently not many researchers consider moat settlements as defensive and directly related with wars, for several reasons such as; the emergence of moat settlement goes back to earlier Yayoi period when there was very little evidence of battles (Etsuji site and Nakai sites in Fukuoka Prefecture), less moat settlements are excavated from northern Kyushu in the latter half of early period to first half of middle period, especially beginning of middle period when frequent wars were thought to have occurred from the evidence of human bones with trauma, and banks were created outside the moat in some cases using soil dug up to make the moat, which gives an advantage to the enemy (Enemy can use the bank as a shield against arrows and also can attack from the top of a bank.)