物: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 宝物集
- Hobutsushu (Collected Treasures)
- Hobutsu shu (A Collection of Treasures)
- 軍記物
- War Chronicles
- Military epic
- War tales
- Gunki-mono (Military Tales)
- 保元物語
- Hogen monogatari (the Tale of the Hogen (Rebellion))
- Hogen Monogatari (The Tale of Hogen)
- 平治物語
- Heiji monogatari (the Tale of the Heiji (War))
- Heiji Monogatari (The Tale of Heiji)
- 東山御物
- Higashiyama gyomotsu
- 動物由来
- Pigments of Animal Origin
- animal-derived
- 植物由来
- Pigments of Plant Origin
- 主な人物
- Major figures
- Main Figures
- Important members of the family
- Main descendants
- The Central Figures
- 主な登場人物
- The main characters
- 宇治拾遺物語
- Ujijui monogatari (Collected Tales Gleaned from Uji)
- Uji Shui Monogatari (A Collection of Tales from Uji)
- Uji Shui Monogatari (a collection of the Tales from Uji)
- Uji Shūi Monogatari
- 平治物語絵巻
- The Heiji monogatari emaki (Illustrated Handscroll of Tales of the Heiji (War))
- 年料別貢雑物
- Nenryo bekko zomotsu
- 公田官物率法
- Koden kanmotsu ritsuho
- 合戦絵/物語絵
- Paintings of battles and monogatari (tales)
- 鉱物由来の顔料
- Pigments of Mineral Origin
- 節足動物媒介疾患
- arthropod-borne disease
- 盗失物を占う方法
- The method to divine lost or missing articles
- APG植物分類体系
- APG system
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system
- 物理的・経済的被害
- Physical or economical damage
- 鎌倉時代の人物一覧
- A list of famous people in the Kamakura period
- 歴史上の人物の幼名
- List of childhood names of famous historical figures
- 『平家物語・劔巻』
- The 'Heike monogatari, tsurugi-kan' (Tale of the Heike (Taira), tsurugi (sword) volume)
- 唐物の展示場として
- As the exhibition hall of karamono
- (4)物頭・大目付
- (4) Monogashira (Miliary Commanders), Ometsuke (chief inspector of the Edo shogunate)
- 『吾妻鏡』:編纂物。
- The 'Azuma Kagami,' (Mirror of the East), a multi-author compilation.
- ⇒今上帝 (源氏物語)
- See Kinjo no Mikado (Genji Monogatari)
- 渡辺綱と茨木童子の物語は
- Monogatari (tales) that describe the fights between WATANABE no Tsuna and Ibaraki Doji include:
- 承久の乱を記した軍記物。
- A war chronicle that records the events of the Jokyu Rebellion.
- 小烏丸(天国 (人物))
- Kogarasumaru (Amakuni [human figure])
- 京都国立博物館 山水屏風
- Senzui Byobu in the Kyoto National Museum
- 作者は上田秋成という人物。
- Its author was a person called Akinari UEDA.
- 田中伊織:新見と同一人物。
- Iori TANAKA: Same person as Niimi
- 東京国立博物館 普賢菩薩像
- Fugen bosatsu zo (statue of Fugen bosatsu [Samantabhadra Bodhisattva]) in the Tokyo National Museum
- 東京国立博物館 普賢菩薩像
- Image of Fugen Bosatsu, Tokyo National Museum
- 書写した人物の署名はない。
- It was not signed by its writer.
- 日用品や農具、織物や紙など。
- Products included everyday items, farming tools, textiles, and paper.
- ねずミほどなる物なく候つる。
- ねずミほどなる物なく候つる。
- 鳥獣人物戯画甲乙巻(院政期)
- Choju-Jinbutsu-giga kootsu no maki (the scrolls of frolicking animals and humans; volumes one and two) (in the Insei period)
- 東京国立博物館 虚空蔵菩薩像
- Image of Kokuzo Bosatsu (Akasagarbha Bodhisattva), Tokyo National Museum
- 天然の鉱物から製造する顔料。
- Pigments of mineral origin are produced from natural minerals.
- 目録並公事物等注文者別紙有之。
- Items to be sold and taxes collected from the land are listed in the attached document.
- 価長 適正物価の調査を行う伴部
- Kacho: clerks who did research on the appropriate pricing
- 南北朝時代 (日本)の人物一覧
- A list of prominent figures of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts
- 姫路市・兵庫県立歴史博物館蔵本
- Himeji City: A work owned by the Hyogo Prefectural Museum of History
- 廿四畳敷之御物置の御なんと有。
- A twenty-four-mat Japanese room was a closet used as a storeroom.
- 調・庸・調副物は京に納入された。
- Cho, Yo and Cho-no-sowaritsumono were delivered to the capital.
- 職人(鍛冶、鋳物師、紺屋、番匠)
- Craftsmen (blacksmiths, metal casters, dyers, and carpenters)
- 東京都台東区・東京国立博物館蔵本
- Taito Ward, Tokyo: A work owned by the Tokyo National Museum
- 油煙:植物油の煤、黒色を呈する。
- Smoke black: A pigment made from soot of plant oil, and exhibits black.
- 青黛:アイ (植物)の青色色素。
- Seitai: A blue pigment made from indigos.
- - 正倉院宝物の保存管理を行う。
- - preserves and manages the treasures of Shosoin.
- そのため、架空人物説も出ている。
- Therefore, some theories say that she is a fictional character.
- Due to this uncertainty, there is even a theory says that he was a fictitious character.
- これらの宝物は中世後期に失われた。
- These treasures were lost in the late Middle Ages.
- 上杉憲実が足利学校を再興、書物を寄進
- Norizane UESUGI restored the Ashikaga School and donated books.
- 商品作物:楮/荏胡麻/藍/桑/茶など
- Principal agricultural products: kaji (paper mulberry), egoma, Chinese indigo, mulberry, and (green) tea
- 貞観5年、使いを遣わして方物を献ず。
- In 631, Japan sent an envoy to China to present a gift.
- In 863, an envoy was sent to pay tributes.
- 源氏物語絵巻(平家時代または院政期)
- Genji Monogatari Emaki (Illustrated Handscroll of the Tale of Genji) (in the period of the Taira clan's administration or the Insei period)
- 素襖(すおう)とは日本の着物の一種。
- Suo is a kind of Japanese kimono.
- これらの地税をまとめて官物と称した。
- These property taxes were collectively called Kanmotsu.
- 与多王(よたのおおきみ、伝承的人物)
- Yota no Okimi (a legendary person).
- 財物と同様、複利計算は禁じられていた。
- Like the Suiko dealing with property, calculation by using the compound-interest method was forbidden.
- 風呂に関係した建物であったのだろうか。
- Was it a building related to baths?
- いわゆる四鏡(鏡物)の2番目にあたる。
- It is the second part of so-called Shikyo (the four historical narratives of the late Heian and early Kamakura periods with the word 'mirror' in the title) (Kagamimono - generic name of history book with 'Kagami' in its title).
- 単に官物率法(かんもつりつほう)とも。
- Sometimes called simply Kanmotsu ritsuho.
- 尊経閣文庫蔵本の形態は、巻物で全1巻。
- The form of the transcript possessed by Sonkeikaku-bunko is one volume of makinono (a hand scroll).
- 落武者の物という古刀など遺品が伝わる。
- Some articles which are believed to be the belongings of Ochimusha, such as old swords, have been inherited.
- 実在の人物かどうかについては諸説ある。
- There are various theories whether he was an actual person or not.
- もちろん御物にもいくつかの遺品がある。
- Of course, there are some cross-grained fans in the Imperial treasures.
- その製品は「布」とは別の物とされていた。
- Products made of silk were regarded as a different material from 'cloth.'
- 」とあり、平家物語にも同様の記述がある。
- This episode is also described in a very similar way in the Heike monogatari.
- 天鏡閣とよばれた二階建ての建物であった。
- It was a two story building called Tenkyokaku.
- 伝羽柴秀吉邸跡で五棟の建物跡を検出する。
- In 1989, five building remains were discovered at the residence site attributed to Hideyoshi HASHIBA (later Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI).
- 物語的軍記の代表であり、さきがけである。
- The first and foremost example of a story-telling military record.
- 江戸時代においては、小物成の一種となる。
- During the Edo period, buyaku became a variety of komononari (miscellaneous tax).
- 母は大物主神の女・伊須気余理比売である。
- His mother was Isukeyorihime, a daughter of Omononushi no kami.
- 実在した人物かどうかについては諸説ある。
- There are various theories as to whether or not he actually existed.
- 「明徳記」は、太平記の流れを汲む軍記物語。
- Meitoku ki is a war chronicle that follows the style of Taiheiki (The Record of the Great Peace).
- 農作物に砂が積もることによる不作を起こす。
- Kosa covers farm products with sand, causing bad harvests.
- - 明銭(永楽通宝)、生糸、織物、書物ほか
- Minsen (Eiraku-tsuho, bronze coins produced in the Ming Dynasty), raw silk thread, textiles, book and others
- しかし、明治になって大物主神に定められた。
- However, in the Meiji period, it was determined to be Omono nushi.
- また、泉殿を兼ねていた建物であるともいう。
- It was also the building that was in a set with Izumidono.
- 但し、現存する書物の記述の内容は 正しい。
- Worthy of note, however, is that the information in the existing books is accurate.
- しかし皇子は鵠を得てもまだ物言わなかった。
- However, the prince did not speak a word, even after having the kugui (swan).
- (その後、官物は年貢に、雑役は公事になる)。
- (Later, kanmotsu changed to nengu (land tax) and zatsueki to kuji (public duties).)
- うへさましろききる物めし候ハん由、申候へ共、
- うへさましろききる物めし候ハん由、申候へ共、
- かの物いで、すぎ候まゝ、うしろよりきり申候。
- かの物いで、すぎ候まゝ、うしろよりきり申候。
- 松浦の「四つ物(四大名曲)」の一つとされる。
- This is considered as one of 'Yotsumono' (four famous pieces) of Matsuura.
- 草稿などは彰考館徳川博物館に所蔵されている。
- Drafts are kept in the Tokugawa museum of Koshokan.
- 大中姫は神宝を物部十千根に授けて治めさせた。
- Onakatsuhime granted the sacred treasures to MONONOBE no Tochine and made him take care of them.
- 百済と新羅が使を遣わして調を貢ぎ物を献じた。
- Baekje and Silla sent envoys to bring tributes.
- 常よりも厚く饗応し、位階を授け、物を与える。
- Entertained them more than usual and gave them Ikai (Court rank) and goods.
- 大紋(だいもん)は、日本の着物の一種で男性用。
- Daimon is a type of Japanese kimono for males.
- 現在の質屋のように物品を質草として担保とした。
- Like modern pawnshops, they required borrowers to leave goods as collateral.
- 平治の乱を題材にした文学に『平治物語』がある。
- The 'Heiji monogatari' is a literary work that takes the Heiji Rebellion as its topic.
- そこでは、会所は、常時唐物によって荘厳された。
- The Kaisho there was usually majestic and adorned with Chinese artifacts.
- 其物ハ、一人おくのまより出、おびもいたし不申、
- 其物ハ、一人おくのまより出、おびもいたし不申、
- 『平家物語』のこの場面は「橋合戦」と呼ばれる。
- The 'Heike monogatari' describes this scene as 'the battle of Uji bridge.'
- 伝前田利家邸跡で建物四棟と木樋暗渠を検出する。
- In 1991, four buildings and Mokuhi-ankyo (aqueduct and blind ditch) were discovered at the residence site attributed to Toshiie MAEDA.
- 近世の遺品は御物として伝存する(御服御目録)。
- Articles from the early-modern times still exist today as Imperial treasures (御服御目録).
- (『伊勢物語』では在原業平が関係している点で。)
- (This theory is based on the matter that ARIWARA no Narihira was concerned with the production of 'Ise Monogatari.')
- 当時の貴族社会の歌語りを中心とした歌物語である。
- Yamato Monogatari is an uta-monogatari (poem-tale) based on the poems composed by the members of the aristocratic society.
- 本丸跡から清涼殿と同じ平面を持つ建物を発見する。
- In 1999, a structure with the same ground plan as Seiryo-den of the Imperial Palace was discovered from the site of Honmaru.
- また本来、官物収得権は院宮家のみに認められていた
- The right to acquire kanmotsu was given only to Innomiya families.
- 物合(ものあわせ)は平安時代に隆盛を極めた遊戯。
- Monoawase ('mono' meaning things and 'awase' meaning comparison) was a game that became most popular in the Heian period.
- - 百済と新羅が使を遣わして調を貢ぎ物を献じた。
- - Baekje and Silla sent envoys to bring tributes and gifts.
- 受領(じゅりょう)とは、物やサービスを受けること。
- 'Juryo' (受領) is a term referring to the receipt of goods or services.
- - 硫黄、銅などの鉱物、扇子、刀剣、漆器や屏風ほか
- Minerals such as sulfur and copper, fans, swords, lacquer ware, folding screen and others
- 福原京の建造物群は源義仲によって全て焼き払われた。
- However, the groups of buildings of Fukuhara-kyo were completely burned down by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
- 将軍家によって、唐物の価値がつけられる一面がある。
- There was a view that karamono were priced by the shogunke (family positioned to accede to the shogunate).
- 行幸のときは、大いに活用され、唐物で飾付けられた。
- During the gyoko (Emperor's visit), it was greatly used and decorated with karamono.
- 天主台下から焼失建物とともに多数の遺物を発見する。
- In 1998, a lot of relics were discovered along with burnt down structures from the foot of the mound on which the castle was constructed.
- 夏景山水図(国宝、久遠寺所蔵、東京国立博物館寄託)
- Kakei Sansui-zu (a drawing of summer landscape) (a national treasure, owned by the Kuon-ji Temple, deposition, Tokyo National Museum)
- これにより物部氏と蘇我氏の二極体制ができあがった。
- This resulted in the creation of the bipolar political system consisted of Mononobe clan and Soga clan.
- 「ミケイリ」は「食物に神霊が入る」の意と解される。
- In this way, 'Mikeiri' can be interpreted as '食物に神霊が入る''the spirit entering into the food.'
- 道臣命(みちのおみのみこと)は記紀に登場する人物。
- Michinoomi no mikoto was a figure who appears in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan).
- 穴穂部皇子はこれに対抗するため連物部守屋と結んだ。
- He conspired with Muraji MONONOBE no Moriya in order to oppose the enthronement of Prince Oe.
- - 空が混濁し、黄色い塵が物体表面に少し積もる状態。
- The sky looks dirty and yellow dust accumulates on the surface of materials slightly.
- そして、官物にあたるものが年貢となっていくのである。
- Those that were called kanmotsu later became nengu.
- その中で軍事を担当するウヂに物部氏や大伴氏があった。
- Among these peer groups, the Mononobe and the Otomo clans were uji in charge of military affairs.
- 「江戸名物は伊勢屋、稲荷に犬のふん」と言われていた。
- Such conditions was satirized by a saying, 'The famous features in Edo are Ise-ya, Inari (god of harvests, Uka-no-Mitama) and excrement of dogs.'
- 『伊勢物語』の影響のもとに成立した作品とされている。
- It is believed that this literary work was influenced by 'Ise Monogatari' (literally, 'Tales of Ise,' an uta-monogatari in the mid Heian period).
- 『平家物語』には平氏一門の最後の様子が描かれている。
- The 'Heike monogatari' describes the circumstances of how the Taira clan met their end.
- 船数:800艘(吾妻鏡説)・3000艘(平家物語説)
- Size of fleet: 800 ships according to the Azuma kagami, or 3000 ships according to the Heike monogatari.
- 船数:500艘(吾妻鏡説)・1000艘(平家物語説)
- Size of fleet: 500 ships according to the Azuma kagami, or 1000 according to the Heike monogatari.
- 物品で献上される場合には礼物(れいもつ)と呼ばれる。
- The word 'reimotsu' was used when non-cash gifts were presented.
- 15世紀、日本では「字引」形式の書物が発展してきた。
- In the 15th century, a book in the form of 'Jibiki' developed in Japan.
- 平氏の貴族的一面をあらわす遺物であるとの評価もある。
- Some people consider the sutras as a relic of the Taira clan, to know the aristocratic part of the Taira clan.
- 目代には公文作成などの能力に優れた人物が登用された。
- Those who were capable with preparing official documents, etc. were appointed to the mokudai.
- 旻法師の死を知り、使を遣わして弔問し、贈り物をした。
- Hearing of Minhoshi's death, he sent an envoy to offer condolences and give presents.
- 通信使一行の行列見物は庶民にとって大きな娯楽であった。
- It was a big pastime for the general public to view the procession of Tsushinshi.
- 町奉行同心が捕物で使ったものを小者と呼ぶことがあった。
- When a doshin (police constable) of a town magistrate's office arrested people he sometimes called them komono.
- 高松宮本=江戸時代前期写・完本(国立歴史民俗博物館蔵)
- The Takamatsunomiya book: Copied manually in the first half of the Edo period, a complete book (owned by the National Museum of Japanese History)
- しかし、財物についても利子率がかなりの高水準であった。
- On the other hand, the interest rate in the Suiko dealing with property was also fixed at a considerably high-level.
- すなわち、日夜見るものすべては混乱以外の何物でもない。
- All I could see day and night was nothing but confusion.
- くりのかたより、さげがミいたし、しろききたる物き候て、
- くりのかたより、さげがミいたし、しろききたる物き候て、
- 建物自体は、北山殿が西園寺家のものだった時からあった。
- The building itself existed since Kitayamadono was owned by the Saionji family.
- 『平家物語』によると、密告したのは熊野別当湛増である。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' the one who revealed the plot was the Kumano betto (head priest) Tanzo.
- 地方の文物はかつてないほど都に流入していったのである。
- Cultural products from local regions flowed into the capital more than ever before.
- 日本独自の物語というかたちで歴史をまとめたものである。
- It summarized the history as a Japan's own tale.
- 大阪市の四天王寺や東京国立博物館などに所蔵されている。
- They are possessed by the Shitenno-ji Temple in Osaka, and the Tokyo National Museum.
- 昭和46年に建物が焼失したが、昭和56年に再建された。
- Although the building was destroyed by fire in 1971, it was reconstructed in 1981.
- 皇位を望み、物部守屋と結託したが、蘇我馬子に殺された。
- He conspired with MONONOBE no Moriya to attain the Imperial Throne, but he was killed by SOGA no Umako.
- 堀は運河としても使われ物流にも大きな役割を果たしていた。
- The moat was used as a canal and had an important role in the transport of goods.
- しかしながら、人間や家畜・作物への影響が懸念されている。
- However, their effects on human beings, livestock and plants are a concern
- 物の綴目を先に向けることを忌みきらうのはこのためである。
- For this reason, handing over items to others with a seam facing the recipient is taboo.
- しかし、大和という名の女房の手になる物語とする説もある。
- On the other hand, there is a theory that the title of this literary work was named after the author, a nyobo (a court lady) named Yamato.
- 建築物としてみると、実に様々なバリエーションが存在する。
- Observed as architecture, Hoan-den had various variations.
- 巡礼は多くの旅行者を集めた(『カンタベリー物語』など)。
- Pilgrimages gathered many travelers (as seen in 'Canterbury Tales').
- また、その様式には強く唐風の物があり、奈良とは異なった。
- In contrast to the Nara period, the Heian style was strongly influenced by the Tang dynasty.
- 本丸跡から内裏の清涼殿と同じ平面を持つ建物が発見された。
- In 1999, a structure with the same ground plan as Seiryo-den of the Imperial Palace was discovered from the site of Honmaru.
- 一建築金物、十能・鍬、花器、金箔瓦、壁土等が発見された。
- A metallic building material, a juno (fire pan), a hoe, flower vases, gilded tiles, wall clay, etc. were included in the relics.
- 生臙脂:コチニールカイガラムシの抽出物で、赤色を呈する。
- Cochineal: A pigment made from an extract of cochineal insects, and exhibits red.
- これにより物部氏と蘇我氏の間の確執が始まる。(仏教公伝)
- This was the start of feud between the Mononobe Clan and the Soga clan, according to the book, 'Official Introduction of Buddhism'.
- 楊億(ようおく)は『新唐書』の編纂に参加した人物である。
- Youoku was one of editors of the 'Shintojo'.
- 帝紀旧辞は別々の書物ではなく一体のものであったとする学説
- A theory that says the Teiki and Kyuji were not separate books, but was one book
- その際、檜扇も白銅の飾り金具を使い白糸で綴った物を使う。
- In such situation, they used hiogi with decorative nickel fixtures and white biding strings.
- しかしながら、軽微な物理的被害や健康被害は報告されている。
- However, minor physical damage and minor damage to heath have been reported.
- また、紀元前300年以後の黄砂の記録が残された書物もある。
- Furthermore, a document recording kosa from 300 BC also exists.
- このように今では舞台衣装としてのみ存在している着物である。
- Thus, Daimon is now used only for stage garments.
- 人物や炎の表現に優れ、大胆な画面構成も高く評価されている。
- The depiction of the people and the flames are outstanding and the dynamic construct is highly valued.
- 信貴山縁起絵巻とならび称される日本の絵巻物の最高峰の一つ。
- This scroll is valued as one of the most outstanding Japanese picture scrolls along with Shigisan Engi Emaki.
- 伏見が抜擢した人物としてもっとも著名なのは京極為兼である。
- The most famous person that Fushimi recruited was Tamekane KYOGOKU.
- 京都国立博物館(東寺伝来)十二天像 大治2年(1127年)
- Image of Juniten (Twelve Devas), Kyoto National Museum (succeeded from To-ji Temple) (in 1127)
- 刀剣、槍、鎧、扇、屏風などの工芸品、硫黄、銅などの鉱産物。
- Handicrafts such as swords, spears, armor, fans and folding screens as well as mineral products such as sulfur and copper.
- また、『源氏物語』の光源氏のモデルの1人とも言われている。
- He is also said to have been one of the models of Hikaru Genji in 'The Tale of Genji.'
- 年貢や公事の賦課が免除され、収穫物をすべて領主が収取した。
- Imposition of land tax and kuji (public duties) was exempted, and all crops were collected by the feudal lord.
- 藤黄:オトギリソウ科植物の樹脂からとったもので、赤味の黄。
- To-o (cambogia): A pigment extracted from resin of Guttiferae plants, and exhibits reddish yellow.
- 大夫之 鞆乃音為奈利 物部乃 大臣 楯立良思母 巻1-76
- The original waka (in the 'Manyoshu,' volume 1-76) is written as follows: '大夫之 鞆乃音為奈利 物部乃 大臣 楯立良思母' (Masurao no tomo no oto sunari Mononobe no omaetsugimi tate tatsu rashimo).
- 「節」は符節(割り符)のことで、使臣が印として持つ物の意。
- 'Setsu' means tally what an envoy had as a sign.
- また、黄砂の飛来が単に季節の風物詩とされているところもある。
- Furthermore, in some areas, the coming of kosa is said to be simply a seasonal charming sight.
- 現代でも時代劇で物語の中によく取り取り入れられることが多い。
- Even today, Katakiuchi is often portrayed in the stories of samurai dramas.
- 国衙も官物の免除などの特典を与えて常に内外の開発者を募った。
- Kokuga (provincial government offices), in turn, used incentives such as exemption from kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) to constantly recruit land developers inside and outside of their provinces.
- 信貴山中興の祖とされる命蓮という聖の物語が中心となっている。
- The story of hijiri named Myoren who was believed to be the ancestor involved in the Mt. Shigi restoration, is the main story of this emakimono.
- この他、10編の短編を集めた『堤中納言物語』が伝わっている。
- Apart from that tale, 'Tsutsumi Chunagon Monogatari' (The Riverside Counselor's Tales), a collection of ten short tales, has succeeded.
- 現代に残る東山御物の多くが国宝や重要文化財に指定されている。
- Many of the existing Higashiyama gyomotsu are designated as national treasures or important cultural properties.
- 江戸時代には寺子屋などの教材として様々な往来物が執筆された。
- In the Edo period, all kinds of oraimono were made for text books at terakoya (temple elementary school during the Edo period),
- 国司は調庸・封物を中央の朝廷へ運搬進納する義務を負っていた。
- Kokushi had the obligation of carrying and delivering, to the Imperial Court in the capital, choyo (tributes and labor) and fubutsu (products from fuko [the families supplied to each noble]).
- 当時の1回の勘合船が輸入した品物の総額は莫大な金額になった。
- The total amount of goods imported by the kangosen each time reached a staggering amount.
- また能、狂言の衣装として簡略化された物が見られる程度である。
- Moreover, simplified suo may be used as a costume in Noh plays and kyogen.
- 『占事略决』は、当時の六壬を知る上で極めて重要な書物である。
- 'Senji ryakketsu' is a quite important document in order to learn about Rikujin at that time.
- 物資庫・食料庫は「板倉」という名で伝えられている場所もある。
- In some locations, the depository and food storehouses were called 'Itakura.'
- 「ミケヌ」の「ミケ」は食物の意、「ヌ」は「主」の意とされる。
- In his name 'Mikenu,' 'mike' is said to mean the food, and 'nu' is said to mean '主''Dominus.'
- 物部氏が石上神宮の神宝を管理する由縁はこのことであるという。
- This is said to have been the reason why the sacred treasures of Ishigami-jinja Shrine were under the custody of the Mononobe clan.
- 柏は白木を一つの漢字に直したもので植物のカシワとは関係ない。
- 'Kashiwa' of the term 'kashiwabawami,' written as 柏 in Japanese, represents plain wood (written as 白木 in Japanese) with one Chinese character (because the character 柏 can be divided into two parts: 木 and 白), and this has nothing to do with kashiwa (oak), a type of trees.
- 「古事記」「日本書紀」の常津彦某命と同一人物という説がある。
- There is a theory that regards him and Tokotsuhikoiro no mikoto who appears in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' as the same person.
- この図柄は皇后所用品にも例がある(英照皇太后所用品―御物)。
- This design was also found among belongings to empresses (belongings of Empress Dowager Eisho in Imperial treasures).
- 保則は備中国、備前国の国司として善政をうたわれた人物であった。
- Yasunori had been known for governing Bicchu and Bizen provinces effectively as their kokushi.
- 将軍家には唐物を「美術品」にするように仕向けるところがあった。
- The shogunke had the inclination to make karamono as 'art work.'
- 更に『源氏物語』「須磨」にも光源氏の邸宅の納殿が登場している。
- Further, Osamedono at the residence of Hikaru Genji appeared in 'Suma' of 'The Tale of Genji'
- 手で直接投げたり縄を付けて遠心力で投げたりする手榴弾の様な物。
- It is similar to a grenade, thrown directly by hand or sometimes with a rope using centrifugal force.
- この時点で京の朝廷が直面した課題は、官物・年貢の確保であった。
- At this point, the problem confronting the Imperial Court in the capital was how to secure income from kanmotsu and nengu.
- 書物になっていない天皇の系譜に関する伝承も帝紀と呼ばれるとの説
- A theory that says transmission of the genealogy of the emperor which have not been included in books are also called Teiki
- 財物も稲粟も、非常に高い利子率が設定されているのが特徴的である。
- It is characteristic of the Suiko dealing with property as well as that dealing with rice and millet in that it charges interest at an extremely high rate.
- その中でも実証主義史学と特に唯物史観史学の2つが主潮流をなした。
- In particular, positivism-based history and materialistic view-based history have become dominant.
- 茶の湯を飾るのは、それまでの支配者から買い取られた唐物であった。
- The one that decorated cha no yu was the karamono bought from the ruler until that time.
- この人物が畠山尾州家の家臣である遊佐順盛に比定されることが多い。
- He is often considered to be Nobumori YUSA who was a vassal of the Hatakeyama Bishu family.
- そこに描かれるのは、付喪神と呼ばれる器物の妖怪たちが中心である。
- Specter of a variety of things called Tsukumo-gami are drawn in this picture scroll.
- 大舘尚氏が「九郎」と呼ばれる人物のために書き与えたとされている。
- It is believed that Hisauji ODACHI wrote this book for a person called 'Kuro.'
- それに対して11世紀に導入された賦課基準が公田官物率法であった。
- Under such situation, a new standard called Koden kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate for koden) was introduced in the eleventh century.
- つまり騎馬武者が弓箭でなく打物をメインの武器としても使い始めた。
- In other words, the Calvary started to shift from having swords as main weapons, instead of Kyusen.
- 昭和11年に京大の物理学科を卒業、同21年に住友金属工業に入る。
- He graduated from the Kyoto University Department of Physics in 1936, and started working for Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd., in 1946.
- ビニールハウスや建物の天窓に積もると、遮光障害を起こすことがある。
- When kosa accumulates on vinyl plastic houses or on skylight windows of buildings, damage is sometimes caused because it hinders the penetration of sunlight.
- さらに、物差し、升を統一して行われたため、度量衡の統一がなされた。
- Besides, since the Taiko-kenchi was carried out with standardized measures and bushels, weights and measures were also standardized.
- 『雑兵物語』で詳しく当時の生活や操典、心得などを知ることができる。
- Information about aspects such as the lifestyles, drill manuals and the hints of ashigaru of the time is known from 'Zohyo Monogatari' (Stories of Common Soldiers).
- 吾妻鏡には、頼朝邸内の東西にある小さな建物を問注所と号したとある。
- Azuma Kagami describes that Monchujo were two small buildings located on the east and west sides of the Yoritomo's residence.
- 行幸のおりには会所にも飾られた唐物には将軍家所蔵を示す印がついた。
- During the gyoko occasion, karamono decorated in kaisho received a stamp that indicated that it was the property of shogunke.
- 『鳥獣人物戯画』全4巻は、京都市右京区の高山寺に伝わる絵巻である。
- All four scrolls of 'Choju Jinbutsu Giga' (caricatures of frolicking birds, animals and humans) are emakimono that have been handed down to Kozan-ji Temple in Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City.
- 反対に近い地方では夫役や大量のかさばる品物などが収取され易かった。
- In contrast, the owner of a shoen who lived nearby it tended to want the shoen residents to offer bueki or a huge amount of bulky goods and the like.
- また、延慶本『平家物語』巻8に宣旨原文と思われる箇所が残っている。
- Furthermore, there is a description which seems to be the original decree in the eighth volume of 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike), which is one of engyo-bon.
- 理想主義的な哲人政治を志向したが、書物としての教育論は残していない。
- He intended to conduct idealistic policy based on philosophy, but he left no written theory regarding education.
- - 空が黄褐色になって日光も弱まり,黄色い塵が物体表面に積もる状態。
- The sky looks yellowish brown, the strength of the sunlight is lessened, and yellow dust accumulates on the surface of materials slightly.
- 春の中盤に入り暖かくなってくると植物が増え、夏になると雨も多くなる。
- Entering the middle of spring when the weather becomes warm, the amount of plants on the land increases, and in summer, the amount of rain fall also increases.
- 都市部(平城京や平安京)では、財物の出挙が盛んに行われていたようだ。
- It seems that the Suiko dealing with property was implemented frequently in the urban areas (Heijo-kyo [the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara] and Heian-kyo [ancient capital in current Kyoto]).
- また、財物を出挙した場合と稲粟を出挙した場合で取扱いが異なっていた。
- Furthermore, the Suiko dealing with property and that dealing with rice and millet were transacted in different ways.
- 現存する建物自体は江戸時代のものではない(寺田屋事件の項目を参照)。
- The existing building itself was not created in the Edo period (see the section on the Teradaya Incident).
- また氷川神社の祀官は鍛冶氏族である物部氏の流れを組むとのことである。
- The monks at Hikawa-jinja Shrine are said to be a branch of the Mononobe clan, who were a clan of blacksmiths.
- 日常のケではなく、時には行幸などの行事にも使ったハレの建物であった。
- It was not a usual house but a building of hare that was used sometimes for events such as a visit by the emperor.
- 成親は32歳の若さで権中納言の地位にあった、院近臣の中心人物である。
- Narichika served as Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) at the tender age of thirty-two and was a central figure of In no Kinshin (the Retired Emperor's courtier).
- 検田権は領家にあり領家に任じられた弁済使が官物・雑役の収納を行った。
- Kendenken was held by landholding families and a Benzaishi appointed by the family collected the Kanmotsu and Zoeki.
- 紀角宿禰を百済へ遣わし、初めて国郡の境を分け、郷土の産物を記録した。
- He sent Kinotsuno no Sukune (the third highest of the eight hereditary titles) to Kudara (Paekche) to, for the first time, divide the boundary of the province and district and record the provincial products.
- 主に特定の人物・組織などを対象に天皇の意思を伝えるために用いられた。
- It was mainly used to convey the emperor's intention for a specific person and organization.
- また皇子ではなく、皇女であり、阿陪皇女→元明天皇と同一人物説もある。
- In addition, there is another theory that he was not a prince but a princess, and that he and the Princess Ahe, who later become the Empress Genmei, were the same person.
- 場合によっては、農作物への被害が指摘されている褐色雲をつくる事もある。
- In some cases, the brown clouds, which have been suspected of damaging agricultural products, are generated.
- 漫画や小説、映画などでも、主要人物の行動原理としてしばしば採用される。
- Katakiuchi is also frequently adapted as the behavioral principle of the main character in comic books, novels and movies.
- 均田制に基づく田地の支給に対して、粟(穀物)2石を納める義務を負った。
- In return for the provision of rice fields based on the Equal-field system, people were put under an obligation to present about 360 litters of millet.
- 現在厳島神社が所蔵しており、レプリカが厳島神社宝物館で公開されている。
- They are at present owned by and preserved at Itsukushima-jinja Shrine, and their replicas are publicly exhibited at Takaramono-kan (Treasure Pavilion) of Itsukushima-jinja Shrine.
- 室町時代の会所は、時には行幸などの大きな行事にも使われた建物であった。
- Kaisho of the Muromachi period was a building that was used occasionally for big events such as a visit by the emperor.
- 「伴大納言」とは応天門の変にかかわった9世紀の人物伴善男をさしている。
- The name 'Ban Dainagon' refers to TOMO no Yoshio during the ninth century who was involved in the Otenmon Incident.
- 書名は、それぞれの物語が「今ハ昔」の書き出しではじまることに由来する。
- Its title came from the beginning of each story; each story begins with 'Imaha mukashi' (past from now).
- 黒光りする銅板の上に金銀鍍金の雲龍文の金物を鋲(びょう)で留めている。
- Iron mongery goods of Unryumon coated with gold and silver are tacked down on the copper plate gleaming black.
- 在家役は桑・苧・絹・漆などの畠作物や夫役形式で課されることが多かった。
- In most cases, zaike-yaku was imposed in the form of bueki, or in the form of the tax on crops grown in fields, such as mulberry, Boehmeria nipononivea (a fiber material for clothing), silk, and lacquer.
- 『平家物語』には狼藉停止の命令に対して、このような発言が記されている。
- In 'The Tale of the Heike,' the following statements are found regarding the order to ban violence.
- さらに、「栄花物語」布引滝巻で獅子舞のことを「しし狛犬」といっている。
- Furthermore, in the volume of Nunobiki no taki (Nunobiki falls) in 'Eiga monogatari' (A Tale of Flowering Fortunes), shishimai (lion dance) is referred to as 'Shishi komainu.'
- その結果、調庸・封物京進を狙っていた群盗海賊は沈静化することとなった。
- As a result, the activities of robberies and piracy aiming at the choyo and fubutsu paying to Kyoto gradually became weaker.
- 寄郡は、官物を国衙と領家で分け、雑役は領家が取る特殊な雑役免であった。
- Yosegori was a special case of Zoekimen where Kanmotsu was shared by Kokuga and the landholding families and Zoeki was collected by landholding families.
- 土倉役は土倉が抑えている質物の員数に応じて徴収されたと考えられている。
- It is believed that dosoyaku was charged in accordance with the number of items held by a doso.
- しかしながら、化学物質が分解されて有害なものになることも懸念されている。
- However, there is also concern about chemicals that might decompose into dangerous ones.
- 一族相克の物語は戦国時代 (日本)に多いが、この時代に既に始まっている。
- Stories about conflict within clans are common in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), but it had already started in this period.
- 『平家物語』によれば、この時、阿波重能の水軍300艘が寝返ってしまった。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' it was at this moment that 300 navy ships of Shigenori AWA switched sides, turning against the Taira clan.
- この使者の説明では、蝦夷は穀物を食べず、家を建てず、樹の下に住んでいた。
- This Kento-shi explained that Emishi had eaten no cereal crops and built no houses but lived under the trees.
- 『平家物語』に云ういわゆる「平家にあらずんば人に非ず」の全盛期となった。
- It was the Taira's moment of ascendancy, during which, as recorded in the 'Heike monogatari' (Tale of the Taira Clan), 'Nothing happened for anyone save by the will of the Taira family.'
- また平清盛ゆかりの安芸国の厳島神社も当時の地方の文化水準の高さを物語る。
- The high standard in local regions at that time was recognized through Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in Aki Province that was associated with TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- また「今も公家方にては握飯をどんじきといふ由、京都の人物語せり」という。
- It also says 'Since court nobles still call rice ball Donjiki, the person is from Kyoto.'
- 現在の岡崎公園 (京都市)、京都市動物園周辺がその跡地と考えられている。
- The area around the present Okazaki Park (Kyoto City) and Kyoto Municipal Zoo was considered to be the sight of the temple, i.e., the Shirakawa betsugyo.
- に施行された史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法により、安土城址が史蹟に指定される。
- In 1926, the site of Azuchi-jo Castle was designated as a historical spot by the Law for the Historic Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty and Natural Monuments enforced in 1919.
- 兼季は関東申次を務めた西園寺実兼の子で公宗の大叔父にあたる人物であった。
- Kanesue was the son of Sanekane SAIONJI, who took the duties of Kanto moshitsugi, and was Kinmune's grand-uncle.
- 百鬼夜行絵巻(ひゃっき やぎょう えまき)は、日本の絵巻物の一種である。
- Hyakki yagyo emaki is a type of Japanese picture scrolls.
- このとき、納入させた2割の収穫物を地子または地子稲(じしとう)と呼んだ。
- This 20 percent of the harvest charged was called jishi or jishito.
- 同時に移動時・戦地における物資の入手や管理、分配についても責任を負った。
- At the same time, they were also responsible for obtaining, managing and distributing the goods during transfers and at the battleground.
- だが、そのために国例に定められた賦課を上回る官物が徴収されることになる。
- However, as a result, Kanmotsu more than that decided in the Kokurei was collected.
- 「侍」としての「武士」には、「平家物語」の一ノ谷の戦いで先陣争いを演じた
- The 'bushi' as a 'samurai' fought on the front lines during the Battle of Ichinotani in 'The Tale of Heike.'
- 布施屋自体が仏教的発想の産物であるため、運営には必ず仏教寺院が関わった。
- As a Fuseya itself was a product of Buddhist thought, Buddhist temples were invariably involved in their operations.
- 大夫(ますらを)の鞆の音すなり物部の 大臣(おほまへつきみ)楯立つらしも
- I can hear brave men shooting arrows; I guess Minister Mononobe is preparing the target.
- この慣習に従い、政治実務から棚上げにされた人物の例として兼明親王がいる。
- An example of one person who, following this custom, was put aside from political affairs, was Imperial Prince Kaneakira.
- なお、尾張藩に松永国華という儒学者もいたが、この人物も子孫とされている。
- There was also a Confucianist whose name was Kokka MATSUNAGA in the domain of Owari, and he too was considered a descendant.
- 彼の著作物は現在も多く残されており、日本国学研究の基礎資料となっている。
- Many of his books still exist, and they serve as a basis for the study of Japanese classics.
- そのため、建物の倒壊・埋没、電柱の倒壊や電線の切断による停電なども起こる。
- Therefore, buildings may be destroyed or buried, utility posts may be tumbled down, and electric power outage may occur due to the breaking of electric wires.
- この結果同学会は解散させられ、中心人物と目された学生2名が逮捕起訴された。
- As a result, the Dogaku-kai was forced to dismantle and two students who were considered the leaders were arrested and charged.
- 中国銭は実物自体が粗悪銭のために磨耗や錆びが生じ現存品からの鑑定が難しい。
- It is difficult to appraise Chinese coins based upon existing ones, because, due to their low quality, they had been worn out or rusted.
- また、国司の恣意を廃して、諸国の官物税率を固定化する公田官物率法を定めた。
- The central government also eliminated arbitrariness of kokushi and enforced Koden kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute) to fix the tax rate of kanmotsu in every province.
- 近世の倭館交易では日本側は銀、硫黄、金、その他南方物産を朝鮮側に輸出した。
- In the Modern Period wakan trade, Japan exported silver, sulfur, gold, and other products of the south seas to Korea.
- 僧・尼の尊さを表す物であると同時に、朝廷にとっては収入源の一つでもあった。
- Not only did it indicate the high virtue of the monk or nun, but also an income source for the Imperial Court.
- この事件は、新選組史上池田屋事件に次ぐ規模の大捕り物と言われることがある。
- This incident is sometimes referred to as the second largest arrest after the Ikedaya Incident in the history of Shinsengumi.
- しかし、遣唐使廃止後も対外交流は盛んで中国の文物は多く日本に流入していた。
- But, in reality, even after the demise of its missions to Tang China, Japan had active relations with other countries and many aspects of Chinese learning and culture were introduced.
- 斜面や崖に張り出して造られ、床の一部が長い柱で支えられた建物を懸造と呼ぶ。
- Kake-zukuri (overhang method of construction) is a style of a building that was constructed on a slope or cliff, and part of its floor was supported by a long pole.
- 保元3年(1158年)ころ創建された、現存する九州最古の木造建築物である。
- It was built around 1158, and is the oldest wooden architecture in the Kyushu region that exists today.
- また、義澄方に参戦し自刃した「遊佐河内守」なる人物がいたことが分っている。
- Moreover, it has been known that there was 'Yusa, the Governor of Kawachi Province' who joined Yoshizumi's force and killed himself.
- 納殿(おさめどの)とは、金銀・衣装・調度品など各種の品物を納めて置く場所。
- The term 'Osamedono' means a palace where gold/silver, costumes and/or furnishings were kept.
- 頭巾は黒い絹で出来た袋状のものの前後に合計四本の紐をつけた被り物であった。
- Tokin was bag-shaped headgear made from black silk, and a total of four strings were attached to its front and back.
- 日本語では、物事をあきらめなくてはならない時のことを「年貢の納め時」という。
- In Japanese, there is an expression 'it is time to pay the nengu' when one has to give up something.
- 輸入された織物や書画などは北山文化や東山文化など室町時代の文化にも影響した。
- Imported materials including textiles, calligraphic works and paintings influenced the culture in the Muromachi period such as the Kitayama culture and the Higashiyama culture.
- 財物の場合、60日ごとに8分の1ずつ利子を取ることとされた(年利約75%)。
- In the Suiko dealing with property, one eighth of the loan was charged as interest every 60 days (annual interest at about 75%).
- 後に、貢納する物品の独占販売権を取得し、座に属する商人と同様の活動を行った。
- Kugonin later obtained exclusive sales rights of the products presented and conducted activities similar to those of merchants belonging to Za.
- 『平治物語』は信頼が近衛大将になったとするが、『愚管抄』にその話は見えない。
- According to the 'Heiji monogatari' Nobuyori did become Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), but no trace of this event is recorded in the 'Gukansho.'
- 新立荘園の停止、貨幣流通の促進、物価の公定などの新政策が次々に打ち出された。
- New political measures such as the termination of creating new private estates, promotion of circulation of coinage, public determination of selling prices, etc. were announced.
- 将軍家所蔵の唐物は、それだけで由緒がついた宝物となり、大いにもてはやされた。
- The karamono stored by shogunke became a noble treasure just by itself and was greatly talked about.
- 離宮や御所の宝蔵には国内外の宝物が集められ、王権はさまざまな形で表現された。
- In detached palaces or the hozo (treasure house) of a palace, treasure was collected from in and outside of the country, and the imperial power was represented by various means.
- また、能阿弥は他にも東山御物について撰述した『君台観左右帳記』を著している。
- Noami also wrote 'Kumidaikansochoki' (book of secrets about zashiki-kazari or decorations of a room or study with shoin - one of Japan's most important residential architectural styles, established during the Momoyama era).
- 続いて物語的色彩の強い『富士野往来』や類聚形式の『尺素往来』などが出された。
- Then came 'Fujino Orai' with more narrative tone, and 'Sekiso Orai,' which took a style of assembling similar kinds of items.
- 律令制のもとでは大学寮の博士あるいはこれに近い学識を有する人物が任命された。
- Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), a professor of the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) or an individual with similar education and experience was appointed to the position of Jidoku.
- また、「仁徳紀」には天皇家に従わない飛騨国の怪物両面宿儺を退治したともある。
- According to the 'Nintokugi' (Chronicle of Emperor Nintoku), he exterminated a double faced specter called 'Ryomensukuna,' who did not swear his allegiance to the Imperial family.
- 何とかして年貢納入を回避しようと、庶民が必死に努力していたことを物語っている。
- This shows that common people tried very hard to avoid paying the nengu.
- 日本の街道を練り歩く使節団の姿は、太平の世にあっては物珍しいイベントであった。
- The procession of an envoy parading along a road was a curious sight in the peaceful era.
- 旧城下町の内、重要伝統的建造物群保存地区に選定されているものを以下に例示する。
- Examples of old jokamachi that have been designated as Important Traditional Architecture Preservation Areas are listed below.
- 江戸時代中期以降の人物については武将という呼称が用いられるケースはごく少ない。
- People after the mid-Edo period are rarely called busho.
- 11世紀に入ると、田堵負名は官物・雑役が課税される名田経営を嫌うようになった。
- In the eleventh century, tato fumyo became reluctant to administrate the myoden because it imposed the kanmotsu and the zoyaku as taxes on them.
- 長門本「平家物語」巻8、無住の「雑談集」に見えるから鎌倉時代には流布していた。
- As it appears in volume eight of the Nagato Printing 'Heike Monogatari' and 'Zotanshu' written by Muju, this book was already in circulation in the Kamakura period.
- 百鬼夜行絵巻とは、その名の通り、「百鬼夜行」のさまを描いた絵巻物の総称である。
- As seen from its name, Hyakki yagyo emaki is a collective name of picture scrolls where the appearance of 'Hyakki yagyo' (Night Parade of One Hundred Demons) is drawn.
- 更に、荘園領主の居住地から遠い地方では金銭や軽貨など運搬が簡易な物が望まれた。
- The owner of a shoen who lived far away from it wanted the shoen residents to bring money or other light freight that was easy to transport.
- 889年(寛平元年)、強盗首物部氏永(もののべのうじなが)等が蜂起し発生した。
- In 889, MONONOBE no Nagauji, the head of a group of bandits, and others started the war.
- また、丹波康頼の『医心方』にも引用されるなど後世の医学・博物学に影響を与えた。
- In addition, the dictionary influenced medical science and natural history in later ages; for example, it was quoted in 'Ishinho' (an ancient medical book) written by TANBA no Yasuyori.
- 前九年の役から『平家物語』の時代まで、武士の戦闘は騎馬武者の弓射が中心である。
- The battles of bushi mainly consisted of mounted warrior archers from the Zenkunen War (the Early Nine Years' War) to the period of the 'Tale of Heike.'
- 連(おおむらじ)と大臣(おおおみ)は、物部守屋と蘇我馬子がそのまま引き継いだ。
- The positions of Omuraji (a kabane [hereditary title] that was given to the most powerful administrative ruler in ancient Japan) and O-omi (a highest officer in national politics of the Yamato dynasty) were continuously occupied by MONONOBE no Moriya and SOGA no Umako, respectively.
- したがって、雨と混じって泥状となり、建物や車などにべったりと付着することがある。
- Therefore, when these particles are mixed with rain, they become a muddy substance and are sometimes stuck strongly to buildings and cars.
- この「六間ノ会所」は、ある建物の一部であり、独立してはいなかったと見られている。
- This 'six room kaisho' was part of a building and was not yet separated.
- いずれも『源氏物語』の模倣であるとか、非現実的な題材を扱っているなどと評される。
- They are both criticized as imitating 'Genji Monogatari' or dealing with unrealistic subjects.
- 吉備大臣入唐絵巻(きびのおとど にっとう えまき)は、日本の絵巻物の一つである。
- Kibi no Otodo Nitto Emaki is the name of a Japanese picture scroll.
- 文化 (元号)文政の頃、京都で活躍した盲人音楽家松浦検校作曲の手事物地歌、箏曲。
- This is a Jiuta piece in the Tegotomono style, composed for koto by a blind musician Matsuua Kengyo around the Bunka-Bunsei eras.
- 朝護孫子寺が所蔵(原本は奈良国立博物館に寄託されており、霊宝館では複製を展示)。
- It is possessed by Chogosonshi-ji Temple (but the original is housed at the Nara National Museum and its replica is displayed in the treasure hall of the temple).
- 国司はこれら新たな税目(官物・臨時雑役)の中央への納入を義務づけられたのである。
- Kokushi were obliged to pay these newly introduced tax items (kanmotsu/rinji zoyaku) to the central government.
- またこの刈田行為には、敵側の収穫物を減少させる(奪う)という目的も含まれていた。
- Karita (illegal harvesting) also deprived enemies of crops.
- 律令制が崩壊した平安時代中期以後においては、公田などの公領からの貢納物を指した。
- After the Ritsuryo system deteriorated in the middle of the Heian Period, it was the term to describe the tithes from public fields such as Koden (field administered directly by a ruler).
- 6月、さらに高国は大物崩れで元長に敗れて尼崎市に逃走したが、捕らえられ自害した。
- In July, Takakuni was defeated again by Motonaga at Daimotsu Kuzure (The Battle of Daimotsu) and fled to Amagasaki City but was captured and committed suicide.
- 『今昔物語集』巻19第4話「摂津守満仲出家せる語」の出だしは次のようにはじまる。
- The 'Story of Mitsunaka, who was the Settsu no kami (lord of Settsu Province) that underwent shukke (become a Buddhist monk)' of the Volume 19 Story 4 of 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' began like this.
- 『宇治拾遺物語』(巻15・1)の「鮒の包み焼きに密書を隠した」という逸話がある。
- There is an anecdote which tells, 'A secret letter was concealed in stuffed and baked crucian carp' in 'Uji Shui Monogatari' (Vol.15.1).
- 『古事記伝』では、「五瀬」は「厳稲」の意味とし、穀物や食料の神の意と解している。
- According to 'Kojiki-den' (Commentary on the Kojiki), 'Itsuse' (五瀬) was understood as (厳稲) (literally, majesty of rice), and therefore, he was identified as the god of crops and foods.
- ただし、二階を生活の場とすると大名を見下ろすことになるので、物置として活用された。
- However, they used the upper story as storage space because living there would mean they would be looking down on the Daimyo.
- 実際にはこうした刻面は本物の中国銭であっても全く信用されなかったことを示している。
- This fact indicates that no credibility was given to such facets, even if these facets were those belonging to genuine Chinese coins.
- 馬寮の官職は清和源氏ゆかりのもので次期将軍候補とされた人物が歴任する事も多かった。
- The position at the head of Meryo (the imperial horse caring section) dates back to Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), and was often held by a supposed heir to the Shogunate.
- しかし、「醍醐雑事記」には壇ノ浦で没した人物の一人として教経の名が挙げられている。
- In the 'Daigo zatsuji ki' (The Record of the Finest Miscellaneous Matters of Life), however, Noritsune's name is listed among those who perished at Dannoura.
- 『平治物語』では信頼が近衛大将を希望して、信西が断ったために確執が生まれたとする。
- The 'Heiji Monogatari' (The Tale of Heiji) claims that Nobuyori wished to be appointed Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), and that discord arose between them when Shinzei refused his request.
- 文化面では、欧米から新たな学問・芸術・文物が伝来し、その有様は文明開化と呼ばれた。
- In culture, new science, art and other cultural products were brought to Japan, and this state was called civilization and enlightenment.
- 唐物は会所に飾付けられ、「美術品」のごとく、その物以上の価値があるように扱われた。
- The karamono were decorated in kaisho as an 'art work' and treated as though it valued more than it was worth.
- 『平家物語』には、挙兵を呼びかける(対象として?)諸国の源氏の名が列挙されている。
- The 'Heike monogatari' lists the names of those Minamoto clan members throughout the country that responded to the call to raise troops.
- 当時の貴族は祝宴や法会、祭礼などの席で人びとを驚かせる豪華な造り物を競って飾った。
- Court nobles at that time competed to decorate gorgeous crafts which amazed people at a feast, at a Buddhist mass, and at rites and festivals.
- 今度は細川澄元の子細川晴元と対立し、1531年、天王寺の戦い(大物崩れ)で敗れる。
- Then he opposed to Sumimoto HOSOKAWA's son Harumoto HOSOKAWA and lost the Battle of Tenno-ji, as known as Daimotsu-kuzure (Battle of Daimotsu) in 1531.
- 寺院・神社に納められる雑役は、古くは国家からの実物による支給によって賄われていた。
- Zatsueki, provided to temples/shrines, was originally provided by the nation as an allowance in kind.
- それに他の書物に採録された逸文を組み合わせることでほぼ全容が判明するとされている。
- It is considered that piecing together the manuscript and the itsubun recorded in other books virtually discloses the full details.
- また、地理や歴史、道徳的な要素を盛り込んだものなど、多彩な形式の往来物が著された。
- Also, there were those that included elements of geography, history, and morals, meaning that various forms of oraimono were written.
- 『伴大納言絵詞』や『源氏物語絵巻』と同様に、後白河法皇が関与した、という説もある。
- However, it is also said that Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa was involved in the making of it as well as 'Ban Dainagon Ekotoba' and 'Genji Monogatari Emaki.'
- 元々、国衙機構には多種多様な手工業者が所属し、国衙運営に必要な物資を生産していた。
- Originally,many handicraftsmen were affiliated with the Kokuga organization and produced the supplies required for Kokuga management.
- ただし、平安時代の文献では貴人の正妻を指して「御簾中」と書いた物は存在していない。
- There is no literary work from the Heian period, however, that refers to a legal wife of an aristrocrat as a 'Gorenju.'
- 物部守屋がそのまま連(おおむらじ)を引き継ぎ、蘇我馬子が大臣(おおおみ)になった。
- MONONOBE no Moriya directly took over Omuraji, and SOGA no Umako became Omi.
- この「狭穂姫命狭穂毘古の叛乱」は、『古事記』における最も物語性の高い記述とされる。
- This episode of 'Rebellion of Sahohime no mikoto and Sahohiko no miko' is said to be the story of the highest narrativity in the Kojiki.
- 日本の冠(かんむり)は、公家や武家の成人が宮中へ参内などの際に頭に着用する被り物。
- Japanese Court caps are headgear for Court nobles and adult samurai to wear when they visit the Imperial Palace.
- 大友皇子は穂積百足、穂積五百枝、物部日向を倭京に遣わし、高坂王に軍の編成を命じた。
- Prince Otomo dispatched HOZUMI no Momotari, HOZUMI no Ioe and MONONOBE no Himuka to the city in Yamato to order Takasaka no Okimi to organize an army.
- 『源氏物語絵巻』、『信貴山縁起絵巻』、『鳥獣人物戯画』と並んで四大絵巻物と称される。
- It is counted as one of the four most prominent narrative picture scrolls along with 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' (Illustrated handscrolls of the Tale of Genji), 'Shigisan Engi Emaki' (picture scroll of the burning of Mt. Shigi), and 'Choju Jinbutsu Giga' (scrolls of frolicking animals and humans).
- (なお、『今昔物語集』や『人国記』には伊勢人は親をも騙して財物を奪うと記載される。)
- (Meanwhile, there are descriptions in 'Konjaku Monogatari shu' [a collection of anecdotes] and 'Jinkokki' [a book in which geography, customs humanity of each province are written] that people who came from Ise Province plunder property even if they cheat their parents.)
- 平安時代前期、『伊勢物語』の成立後で、村上天皇の御世、950年ごろと推定されている。
- Accomplishment of this literary work is estimated at around 950 during the reign of the Emperor Murakami, in the early Heian period, following the accomplishment of 'Ise Monogatari.'
- これらの業者が担保として物品を預かるようになり、担保品を保管するために土蔵を建てた。
- Such businessmen then started to take items as collateral and built earthen storehouses in which to store them.
- 延喜儀式(えんぎぎしき)は、平安時代前期延喜年間に編纂されたとされる儀式 (書物)。
- Engi Gishiki was one of Gishiki (Court rule and customs Books) considered to be compiled during the Engi era at the beginning of the Heian period.
- なお、「髄脳」とは「和歌の本質を説いた書物」の意であり、歌論書を示す普通名詞である。
- Incidentally, 'zuino' refers to 'the documents that described the essential part of waka,' and it is a noun to refer to the treatise on waka poetry.
- 調庸・封物の損失や未進が発生した場合は、郡司・富豪が私的に補償する義務を負わされた。
- When choyo and/or fubutsu was lost or could not be delivered, the gunji or the rich and powerful person was obliged to make necessary private compensation.
- 略奪した物資は、補償すべき損失や未進に充てられたり、自らの富として蓄積されたりした。
- The plundered goods were used as substitutes for the lost goods or undelivered goods for which they had to compensate, or were used for accumulating their wealth.
- 胡粉:もとは鉛の化合物を使ったが、現在はハマグリの貝殻を削ったもので、白色を呈する。
- Whitewash: Originally made from lead compounds, but now it is made from shaved clamshell, and exhibits white.
- 戦場付近の村を襲い農作物を根こそぎ奪い、女・子供をさらい売り払うか奴隷にするかした。
- They attacked villages around battle fields, where they took all of the farm crops and kidnapped women and children for money or for use as slaves.
- それも併せて、京の物資・食料は欠乏の一途をたどり朝廷政治の機能不全が生じ始めていた。
- It also made the shortage of materials and foods in the capital go from bad to worse and led to dysfunction in the Imperial Court government.
- しかし『史記」や『文選 (書物)』、『老子道徳経』などそれ以外からの講義も行われた。
- Other materials they lectured on included the 'Shiki' (a Chinese history book), 'Monzen' (Wen-hsen, Ancient Chinese Poems) and 'Roshi Dotokukyo' (Lao-tzu - The Way and its Virtue).
- 夫の死後四十九日に遺品などを東大寺に寄進、その宝物を収めるために正倉院が創設された。
- She donated articles of her deceased husband to Todai-ji Temple 49 days after the death of her husband and Shosoin Treasure House was built to store them.
- 黄砂は、大気汚染物質などと一緒に大気中に長くとどまり、周辺の雲の色を茶色く変色させる。
- Kosa remains in the air for a long time together with air-polluting substances and makes the color of the clouds around it brownish.
- また、水質汚染や廃棄物によって土壌が汚染され、植物が枯れて乾燥化を進めている例もある。
- In some cases, the soil polluted due to contaminated water and waste has killed plants, expanding dry areas.
- 担保物件は貸与側の所有へと移転(質流れ)することとなり、富の集中・蓄積が進んでいった。
- Therefore, the collateral passed to the lenders, with the result that the concentration and accumulation of wealth advanced.
- そういう建築物としての酒屋は現在でも、合掌造りで知られる飛騨において見ることができる。
- Such a building for sakaya still exists in Hida, the place famous for Gassho-zukuri (a house built of wooden beams combined to form a steep thatched roof that resembles two hands together).
- 『平家物語』によれば和田義盛は馬に乗り渚から沖に向けて遠矢を二町三町も射かけたという。
- In the 'Heike monogatari,' Yoshimori WADA mounted his horse and rode out from the beach into the open sea, firing arrows long-range at a distance of more than 200 or even 300 meters.
- 『雨月物語』に含まれる小説「白峰」は、保元の乱に敗れた崇徳上皇の亡霊を題材にした怪談。
- Shiramine,' a story in 'Ugetsu Monogatari' (Tales of Moonlight and Rain), is a supernatural tale about the ghost of the retired Emperor Sutoku, who was defeated in the Hogen Disturbance.
- 室町時代、色々な機能をもっていた寝殿造り建築は独立した建物で構成するようになってきた。
- The architecture of shinden zukuri, which had many functions, began to take on the form of an independent building.
- 弘仁儀式(こうにんぎしき)とは、平安時代初期弘仁年間に作られたとされた儀式 (書物)。
- Konin Gishiki was one of Gishiki (Court rules and customs Books) considered to be compiled during the Konin era at the beginning of the Heian period.
- しかし、長い期間のうちに何人もの人物によって加筆がなされたために、諸本の差異が大きい。
- However, the difference among shohon (transcription and published books) is large because improvement were made by many people over a long period of time.
- 『源氏物語絵巻』、『鳥獣人物戯画』、『伴大納言絵詞』と並ぶ四大絵巻物の1つと称される。
- It is referred to as one of four great picture scrolls, along with 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' (Illustrated Handscroll of the Tale of Genji), 'Choju Jinbutsu Giga' (Caricatures of Frolicking Birds, Animals and Humans), and 'Ban Dainagon Ekotoba' (The Story of the Courtier Ban Dainagon).
- 1000石級の大身が組頭(番頭、物頭ともいう)を務めるが、士大将も兼任することがある。
- Higher-ranking samurai of 1000-koku class served as kumigashira (captain of a group) (also called bangashira or monogashira), but they could also be dually assigned as samurai daisho.
- 『古事記』において最も物語性の高いとされる、垂仁天皇条の「狭穂毘古の叛乱」のヒロイン。
- She was the heroine of the tale 'Rebellion of Sahohiko no mikoto,' which is said to be the most romantic story in all the episodes compiled in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters).
- 山科流横目扇の仕様は『篋底秘記』にくわしく、山科流の典型的な遺品は御物として伝存する。
- The Yamashina school's specification of fans with cross-grained slates is described in detail in 'Kyotei hiki' and typical articles of Yamashina school still exist today as gyobutsu (Imperial treasures).
- 物部目大連は天皇を諌めて、身ごもりやすい人は褌が体に触れただけで身ごもりますと述べた。
- Mononobe no Me Omuraji advised the Emperor Yuryaku that there were some women who would become pregnant more easily; then those women could become pregnant through just contact with a fundoshi (a traditional under wear for male).
- 砂漠化や乾燥化の多くは、旱魃などによる軽度の水不足によって植物が枯死することから始まる。
- Desertification and advancing the dry state of land mostly starts when plants are blighted due to a slight shortage of water, for example, caused by dry weather.
- 「徳政と号し、酒屋、土倉、寺院等を破却せしめ、雑物等恣に之を取り、借銭等悉く之を破る。」
- They attacked liquor stores, pawnbrokers and temples, and so on, took out pawned goods, and torn due bills, calling for debt cancellation.'
- 降水量によって、土壌の乾燥状態、積雪や植物の有無といった地面の状態が変化するためである。
- This is because, due to the amount of rainfall, the states of the soil, such as the dryness level of the land and the existence or nonexistence of snow or plants, change.
- 徳川家康 - 堺で近習数名と見物中(帰国途路の河内飯盛山(四条畷市)付近で凶報に接する)
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA: While sightseeing together with a few attendants was informed of the death of Nobunaga near Kawachi Iimoriyama (Shijonawate City, on his way back).
- 庫裏の方より、下げ髪の、白い着物を着た女一人を我らは捕らえましたが侍は一人もおりません。
- We captured one woman in kimono (traditional Japanese clothing) with hair hanging down her back in the kuri (monk's living quarters or the kitchen at a temple), but not a single samurai.
- 彼らは陸奥・出羽の国衙から食糧と布を与えられる代わりに、服従を誓い、特産物を貢いでいた。
- They received food and cloth from Kokuga in the Mutsu and Dewa provinces, and they swore obedience to Kokuga and contributed their local specialties to them.
- そのため、女房として活躍した人物であっても、女房名以外の実名がわかっている例はすくない。
- Therefore, their real names were hardly known no matter how popular they were.
- 山崎の戦いの後、明智秀満率いる明智軍の退却後、天主とその周辺建物(主に本丸)を焼失した。
- After the Battle of Yamazaki, following the withdrawal of Akechi's army led by Hidemitsu AKECHI from Azuchi-jo Castle, castle tower and surrounding structures (mainly Honmaru) were burnt down.
- 本草和名(ほんぞうわみょう)とは深根輔仁撰による日本現存最古の薬物辞典(本草書)である。
- Honzowamyo is the oldest Japanese dictionary of medicines still in existence, and was compiled by Sukehito FUKANE.
- つまり、新しい書物は、古い書群から本文を抜き出してきて、編み直したものであるわけである。
- Which is to say, writing a new book meant re-editing selected passages from a set of old books.
- 今上天皇(きんじょうてんのう)は、その時点において天皇として在位している人物を指す呼称。
- Kinjo Tenno (the present emperor) is the name indicating the person who is on the throne at the time.
- また鎌倉市の景観重要建築物「村上邸」の茶室は、鎌倉にあった寛一邸から移築したものである。
- The tearoom of 'Murakami-tei,' which is designated as an important building of the Kamakura City landscape, was transferred from Kanichi's house in Kamakura.
- 畜舎・家畜の保護措置、農産物・飼料の覆い、電子・精密機械に侵入する微粒子の遮蔽措置を指導。
- It is guided how to protect livestock barns and livestock, how to cover farm products and fodder, and how to prevent fine particles from intruding in electronic or precision machines.
- 大学寮という公的機関を巡る氏族対立の副産物のような存在で、貴族政治の台頭を背景としていた。
- It seems they emerged from conflicts among clans about Daigakuryo, a public institution in the background of the rise of aristocracy.
- 国内の荘園・公領の領主・田地面積・作物等を記録した租税台帳である大田文の作成にも携わった。
- Zaichokanjin were also involved in preparing Ota bumi (cadastre), in which details regarding the shoens, landlords of public domains, dimensions of rice fields, crops, and so on were recorded.
- 『大和物語』の実作者は古くは、在原滋春・花山天皇が擬せられたが、現在に至るまで未詳である。
- ARIWARA no Shigeharu and the Emperor Kazan were purported to be the authors of 'Yamato Monogatari' previously, but the truth has not been found out yet.
- また、戦死者の格式に応じて供物が用意され、大将の首にはコンブや酒などが供えられるなどした。
- Also, offerings were arranged for formalities of individuals who died on the battlefield; for commanders, offerings of kelp and sake were prepared.
- 女房名は、本人の父または兄弟、夫など、帰属する家を代表する人物の官職名を用いることが多い。
- Nyobona is usually created from the title or rank of the household head, such as her father, brother, or husband.
- 茶の湯が流行し、唐物の名物茶道具が珍重された一方で、それへの反抗としてのわび茶も発達した。
- The tea ceremony became popular, and accordingly fine utensils imported from Tang were prized; on the other hand, Wabi-cha (わび茶) also developed as a resistance to such a tendency.
- 戊辰戦争においては、焼き討ちや物資の現地接収、捕虜の私刑、味方への制裁も多く発生している。
- The act of setting fire, requisition of goods on site, the use of lynch law against prisoners of war, and the punishment meted out against fellow soldiers were prevalent.
- つまりウマ上の弓道や合戦の作法を継承する家に生まれ、それを継いだ人物が武士であると言える。
- That is, the person who was born into a family which succeeded horseback archery and the manners of fighting, can be called a bushi.
- 同朋衆の能力は、会所においては、飾りつけの分野で発揮された(唐物の展示場として、で詳述)。
- The power of Doboshu was carried out in the field of decoration in karamono concerning Kaisho (as the place of exhibition of Karamono (Chinese items) and will be explained in detail).
- 唐物には金銭的な価値も生まれ、売買取引されることまであり、つまり将軍家への富につながった。
- Monetary value was born for karamono, and was even traded with money that led to the wealth of shogunke.
- また、後白河法皇は平清盛とともに三十三間堂をつくり、その宝蔵には古今東西の宝物をおさめた。
- Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa had Sanjusangen-do Hall built with TAIRA no Kiyomori, and he stored treasures from the east and the west in the hozo there.
- 自序によれば、禁中における事物の名目(名称)の故実読みを後世に伝えるために撰述したという。
- According to the author's preface, the book was written to leave the traditional readings of myomoku (also referred to as meimoku; the appellations) of things and affairs in the Imperial Court to later generations.
- これによってその田畠及び作物は神人以外は手に触れてはならない神聖不可侵な場所・物となった。
- And this process made the paddy, the field, and the products the holy and sacred thing, so nobody - except for the jinin - could enter there or touch the products.
- このため、領主は浮浪に種子や生活物資を与えて定住化させて安定した耕作者を確保しようとした。
- In order to ensure the stable number of cultivators, the shoen owners encouraged vagabonds to stay within shoen by providing them with seeds and everyday commodities.
- 『鎌倉持氏記』(かまくらもちうじき)は、室町時代の永享の乱・結城合戦を描いた軍記物である。
- Kamakura Mochiuji ki is a military diary depicting the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle during the Muromachi period.
- 9世紀中葉ごろから、郡司・富豪層が運搬する進納物資を略奪する群盗海賊の横行が目立ち始めた。
- Starting around the middle of the ninth century, robbers and pirates who plundered goods conveyed by the gunji or rich and powerful persons became rampant.
- 院宮分国制は国家公認の制度であり、院宮分国からの上進官物は院宮家の収入とすることができた。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system was an official system of the nation, and Innomiya families were allowed to acquire, as their revenues, the kanmotsu dedicated by the ingu bunkoku provinces.
- 名前から見て、蘇我倉山田石川麻呂もしくはその子孫が創作した架空の人物であるとする説もある。
- Also there is a theory that judging from the name, this figure was an imaginary person created by SOGANOKURA-YAMADA no Ishikawamaro or some of his descendents.
- 歴史上で企図した人物を確認出来るとされるが、それらにその意図があったかは不明な部分が多い。
- It is said that historical people who plotted it can be checked but it is unknown whether they had such intentions.
- 絵も山科流のような極端な固定は近世以後だが、古くから祝い物が用いられたから、松や鶴は古い。
- Pictures on the fan were strictly fixed as in Yamashina school after the early-modern times, but the motif of pine and cranes had been used for centuries because these were considered as bringers of good luck.
- 神道側の解釈として金毘羅大権現は大物主とも牛頭天王(スサノオ)とも、また崇徳天皇ともされた。
- The understanding in Shinto is that Konpira Daigongen is Omono nushi (a Japanese ancient god), Susanoo or Emperor Sutoku.
- 日本軍はアメリカ軍の物量と通商破壊戦に圧倒され、原子爆弾を投下されて第二次世界大戦に敗れた。
- Japanese troops were overwhelmed by the strength of US's material superiority and trade-disrupting strategy, and with atomic bombs dropped, Japan was defeated in Word War II.
- 唐物にまつわるこのようなシステムをつくったのが義満であり、義教の時代に整備され、活用された。
- Yoshimitsu was the one who created the system concerning karamono, which was organized and utilized during the period of Yoshinori.
- その本堂(三十三間堂)に千一体の千手観音像を安置するとともに宝蔵には古今東西の宝物を納めた。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori placed 1,001statues of Senju Kannon in its main hall (Sanjusangen-do Hall), and stored his treasures from the east and west in its hozo.
- 軍記物のさきがけをなすものとして文学史上の意義も大きく、いずれも日本風の漢文で書かれている。
- As a precedence of military epic, they have great meaning in literal history, all of which were written in Japanese style kanbun (Sino-Japanese).
- これと双璧をなす傑作が、京都国立博物館所蔵で11世紀後半の『釈迦金棺出現図』(国宝)である。
- 'Shaka Kinkan Shutsugenzu' (Shakyamuni Rising from the Gold Coffin) (a national treasure) created in the latter half of the 11th century and possessed by the Kyoto National Museum is another masterpiece that is equal to 'Butsu Nehan-zu.'
- 「類聚名物考」には、「盛屯食は木型などで打抜いたもの、荒屯食は型なしに盛つたものか」とある。
- According to 'Ruijumeibutsuko' (an encyclopedia compiled by Matsuake YAMAOKA during the middle of the Edo period), 'Moritonjiki is made out of a wooden form, and Aratonjiki is served unshaped.'
- 中国の元 (王朝)の制度に取引貨物の価格に1割、粗悪品はその2/3を官に納める制度があった。
- In the Yuan (Dynasty) in China, there was a system in which a tenth of the value of transactional cargo, or two thirds of the value in case of inferior goods, was paid to the authorities.
- この場合、国の上進官物は院宮家に納入され、受領の俸料・得分は知行国主へ納入されることとなる。
- In this case, the kanmotsu dedicated to the nation was delivered to the Innomiya family concerned and the salary and tax gained by the zuryo was paid to the chigyo-kokushu.
- しかし、その後の状況は、義仲に優越しようとする頼朝外交があえなく失敗したことを物語っている。
- However, the subsequent conditions indicated that Yoritomo's diplomacy aimed at superiority over Yoshinaka failed in vain.
- しかし、水野はその後は安閑が8年間在位し、535年に欽明が即位、宣化は架空の人物と見なした。
- However, Mizuno considered that Emperor Kinmei succeeded to the throne in 535 after Ankan reigned f or eight years and that Emperor Senka is a fictional figure.
- 別の記述では「大俣王」とも書かれることから、敏達天皇の孫「大俣王」と同一人物と見る説もある。
- Since he was called 'Omata no miko' in other text, it is said that he was the same person as 'Omata no miko,' a grandchild of Emperor Bidatsu.
- ただし、そうしたケースは非常にまれで、物納された年貢を荘官や地頭が換金することの方が多かった。
- However, such cases were very rare, and in most cases, shokan (the administrative officer of shoen) or jito (the manager of shoen) exchanged the rice brought in as the nengu for money.
- 名主・荘官は名田に係る官物・年貢を徴収して、国衙・荘園領主(領家)へ納入する義務を負っていた。
- Myoshu/shokan were obliged to collect kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes)/nengu imposed on myoden and deliver them to kokuga/lord of shoen (ryoke).
- (しかし前者は物語作者の主観でしかなく、後者は諸国人への皮肉と誹謗が多く見られる書物である。)
- (However, the above-mentioned description in the former work was only based on the subjectivity of the author, while the latter work was a book filled with sarcasm and slander regarding people living in various areas.)
- 庶民の間では短編の読み物集である御伽草子が読まれ、狂言や小唄、幸若舞などの庶民芸能が流行する。
- Among the common people, otogizoshi (fairy-tales), collections of short tales, were available to be read, while Kyogen, kouta (ballads) and kowakamai (a type of dance) were all popular forms of entertainment for commoners.
- そんな会所に唐物は飾られていたわけだが、飾付けに使われた唐物自体はどう見られていたのだろうか。
- The karamono were decorated in such kaisho, but what about karamono themselves that were used as decoration?
- 『童子教』・『実語教』などが教科書として用いられたが、次第に往来物が教科書の中心となっていく。
- Books like 'Dojikyo' and 'Jitsugokyo' were originally used for textbooks, but eventually most textbooks were replaced with Oraimono.
- 更に『神木動座之記』(内閣文庫所蔵)という書物によれば、寛弘3年(1006年)が最初だという。
- And 'Shinboku doza no ki' (the book on moving the sacred tree, owned by the Cabinet Library) says the first one was in 1006.
- が、知行国制が公的認知されるに伴って、知行国主が官物収得権を獲得する例も見られるようになった。
- However, as the chigyo-koku system became recognized officially, some of the chigyo-kokushu were bestowed the right to acquire kanmotsu.
- 東アジアにおける所謂「古典」というものの扱いは、新しい書物を為す場合の引用源として使用される。
- So-called 'classics' in East Asia were used as sources of citations for new books.
- 雑役免は、国衙と給主(寺社・貴族)が官物・雑役を分け合う体制で、半不輸(はんふゆ)とも言った。
- Zoekimen was a system where the Kokuga and Kyunushi (temple/shrine, aristocrat) divided Kanmotsu and Zoeki and is also called Hanfuyu.
- 『今昔物語集』は12世紀初頭の成立といわれるが、呼ばれ方は「兵(つわもの)」「豪の者」である。
- The 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have been written in the early twelfth century, but it was called 'Tsuwamono' (written as 兵) or 'rich person.'
- 『扶桑略記』『水鏡』『宇治拾遺物語』ではこの際彼女が父である大海人皇子に情報を流したとされる。
- According to 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Brief History of Japan), 'Mizu Kagami (The Water Mirror)' and 'Uji Shui Monogatari' (a collection of the Tales from Uji), she is considered to have released information at that time to Prince Oama (Oama no Miko), her father.
- 建振熊命(たけふるくまのみこと)、難波根子建振熊(なにわねこたけふるくま)は、古墳時代の人物。
- Takefurukuma no mikoto (武振熊命) was a figure in the Kofun period (tumulus period), whose name was also written as 建振熊命(Takefurukuma no mikoto) and who was also called Naniwanekotakefurukuma (難波根子建振熊).
- 臣下は天皇の好物の酒を献上し、宴を賜ったという(「是日天長大酺群臣献翫好酒食宴畢賜禄有差」)。
- Vassals presented the Emperor's favorite alcohol and joined the party ('是日天長大酺群臣献翫好酒食宴畢賜禄有差').
- 官物の不輸は太政官・民部省の許可が必要なため、国免荘は基本的に雑役の免除を認めた雑役免田だった。
- Tax exemption for kanmotsu needed the approval from Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and Minbusho and so kokumen sho was basically zatsueki menden which approved the exemption of odd-job tasks.
- 中国・韓国・日本などの工業地帯を通過した黄砂は硫黄酸化物や窒素酸化物を吸着すると考えられている。
- It is considered that sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide adhere to the kosa passing over industrial zones in China, Korea or Japan.
- 宇多天皇や周辺の人物が話題になることが多く、宇多天皇の身辺に侍っていた女房が関わっているらしい。
- It seems that a nyobo serving near the Emperor Uda was concerned with the production of this literary work, because it includes a lot of subjects on the Emperor Uda and his surrounding people.
- 歌物語の性格上登場人物は実名・官名・女房名で登場し具体的にある固定の人物を指していることが多い。
- From its property as an uta-monogatari, the characters in the story were often written by using their real name, official position or title or nyobo-na (name as a court lady), referring to certain existing people specifically.
- 初期の会所とよばれた空間は建物の一部だったが、室町時代に独立して、特定の建物に会所の名がついた。
- Spaces called Kaisho in the beginning were part of the architecture, became independent during the Muromachi period and specific buildings became known as Kaisho.
- また、人物の容姿描写、年中行事、儀式、服飾、物忌に関する記述などはすぐれた歴史資料となっている。
- Depiction of people's image, and statements on annual events, rituals, clothes, and monoimi (confinement to one's house on unlucky days) were used as a great references to know history.
- これに対し角林文雄などの説では物語の構成・展開に信憑性を認め、発見は本当に偶然だったとしている。
- In contrast, the theory of Fumio KAKUBAYASHI, for instance, recognizes believability of the framework and development of the story, and has it that the discovery was really by chance.
- 施政にあたる人物で、最初に教育に関心を示したといわれるのは、聖徳太子(574年-622年)である。
- Among those who had administrative rights, the first person who was considered to be interested in education was Prince Shotoku (574- 622).
- 領主への貢納のうち、国衙領でいう官物にあたるもの(田地からの収穫米)が年貢と呼ばれるようになった。
- Among taxes paid to the feudal lord, what corresponded to the kanmotsu (rice harvested from the landlords' cultivation fields) in Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government offices) came to be called 'nengu'.
- この時点で俘囚3人が陣営に来て、雄物川以北を朝廷の直接支配が及ばない「己地」となすことを要求した。
- At that point three Ifu visited the base of the imperial forces and demanded that the regions to the north of the Omono-gawa River be out of the direct influence from the Imperial Court and be called 'kochi (己地).'
- より茶の湯に適した建物である茶湯座敷が発展し、連歌を張行する文芸の場としては、数寄座敷が生まれた。
- As a result, Chanoyu zashiki that suited cha no yu developed, and suki zashiki was born as the cultural place to carry out renga (linked poems).
- 義澄方の将としては、主将である細川澄元の他、細川政賢、松田頼亮など、幕府の直臣といえる人物が多い。
- As busho on Yoshizumi's side, there were many great vassals of the bakufu, such as captain Sumimoto HOSOKAWA, Masataka HOSOKAWA and Yorisuke MATSUDA.
- 関東から京への旅、『源氏物語』とのめぐり会い、結婚から晩年に至るまでを記した生涯の回想日記である。
- It is a diary flashing back her entire life that contained the journey from the Kanto region to Kyoto, the encounter with 'Genji Monogatari,' and the period from her marriage to her afterlife.
- 前述したように、安土城天主及びその周辺の本丸等の建造物は、山崎の戦いの後まもなくして焼失している。
- As mentioned above, the castle tower of Azuchi-jo Castle and surrounding structures including Honmaru were burnt down soon after the Battle of Yamazaki.
- 官物(かんもつ)とは、律令制において租庸調以下、租税として朝廷及び令制国に納入された貢納物のこと。
- Kanmotsu are the tithes that were collected by the imperial court and Ryoseikoku (province) as tax such as Soyocho under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 検田権は国衙の側にあり、官物徴収のため国検田使の入部も多く、給主の権利は国衙に対して不安定だった。
- Kendenken (right to survey land) belonged to Kokuga and Kokukendenshi (inspector) would often enter the fields to collect Kanmotsu and the rights of the Kyunushi to the Kokuga were often unstable.
- 奥書には、宮内庁書陵部蔵本が書写された年と同じに書写されたとあり、やはり書写した人物の署名はない。
- According to its okugaki, it was transcribed in the same year with the transcript possessed by the Imperial Household Archives, and it was also not signed by its writer.
- 宮内庁の定義では、一定規模の建造物と敷地を有するものを離宮とし、小規模のものを御用邸と称している。
- According to the definition by Imperial Household Agency, villas with a certain size of building and site are regarded as Rikyu (detached palaces), whereas small-scale villas are called Goyotei.
- ちなみに、籠神社に伝わる国宝海部氏系図に、天火明命を祖とする海部氏の19代目に同名の人物が見える。
- Kono-jinja Shrine keeps the Kaifu clan genealogical table designated as a National Treasure, and in this table a person who had the same name as Takefurukuma no mikoto is registered as the 19th generation of the Kaifu clan, the clan that proclaimed its lineage with Ame no Hoakari (one of the gods in Japanese mythology).
- 日本では江戸時代頃から、書物に「泥雨」「紅雪」「黄雪」などの黄砂に関する記述が見られるようになった。
- In Japan, descriptions of kosa started appearing around the Edo period, with the terms of 'dei-u' (mud rain), 'beni-yuki' (red snow), or 'Ki-yuki' (yellow snow).
- これは、寺田および神田が、寺院や神社の所有物ではなく、神仏に帰属するものと認識されていたことによる。
- This was because it was recognized that jiden fields or shinden fields were not owned by temples or shrines but belonged to Buddha or gods.
- 11世紀中期には官物の税率が公田官物率法により「段別三斗」に固定化され土地税としての性質が強まった。
- The Koden kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of Kanmotsu) fixed the tax rate of the Kanmotsu at 'Danbetsu santo' (54 lit. of rice per 10a) in the mid 11th century, by which Kanmotsu increasingly assumed the characteristics of land tax.
- 『後撰和歌集』や凡河内躬恒の『躬恒集』などの和歌が『大和物語』出てくることから、何らかの関係がある。
- Furthermore, it is supposed that 'Yamato Monogatari' may have some relations with 'Gosen Wakashu' (selected collection of Japanese poetry) and 'Mitsune's Poetry Book' compiled by OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, because some poems in these books appear in 'Yamato Monogatari.'
- これは、神田および寺田が、神社や寺院の所有物ではなく、神仏に帰属するものと認識されていたことによる。
- This exemption was made based on the belief that Shinden and Jinden were not the property of Shrines and Temples, but of deities.
- また、巡礼者を惹きつけるために他の教会から聖遺物を盗んできたり、偽造するということもあったとされる。
- It is also said that relics were sometimes stolen from other churches or faked in order to gather pilgrims.
- (女は)「上様は白い着物をお召しになっています」と申しましたが、それが信長様だとは存じませんでした。
- The woman said to us, 'Uesama (honorific title for emperors or shoguns) wears white kimono,' but we did not know she was referring to Nobunaga ODA.
- しかし、実証主義には歴史哲学を軽視するという弱点が、唯物史観には教条的になりがちという弱点があった。
- However, positivism-based history has a weak point that it treats philosophy of history lightly, and materialistic view-based history has also a weak point in that it has the tendency of becoming dogmatic.
- 『平家物語』には、頼政方の五智院但馬や浄妙明秀、一来法師といった強力の僧兵たちの奮戦が描かれている。
- The 'Heike monogatari' depicts the fierce fighting of three mighty warrior-monks on Yorimasa's side, GOCHIIN no Tajima, Akihide JOMYO, and Priest Ichirai.
- 寛治6年(1092年)には『栄花物語』の続編(巻31-40)が執筆され、筆者は出羽弁とみられている。
- In 1092, sequels to 'Eiga Monogatari' (volumes 31 to 40) were written, the author is deemed as Idewanoben.
- 漆器には、東京国立博物館所蔵で国宝の『片輪車蒔絵螺鈿手箱』(かたわぐるままきえらでんてばこ)がある。
- The lacquer ware includes 'katawaguruma makie raden tebako' (Toiletry case with cart wheels in stream), a national treasure, possessed by Tokyo National Museum.
- 「台記」春日詣の条には、「屯食十五具、裹飯五百具」と書き分けられているから、別の物であったかという。
- According to the passage, pilgrimage to Kasuga-jinja Shrine of 'Taiki' (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Yorinaga), they were distinguished as '15 Tonjiki and 500 Tsutsumiii;' they might be different food.
- 牓示は自然物(岩や立木など)がその役目を果たすこともあったが、通常は木や石で作られた柱が用いられた。
- Under normal circumstances, poles made of wood or stone were put up as boji though natural objects (rocks or trees) sometimes played the role of boji.
- 信貴山縁起(しぎさんえんぎ)は、平安時代末期の絵巻物で、2006年現在、日本の国宝に指定されている。
- Shigisan Engi (Legends of Mt. Shigi) is a set of picture scrolls made in the late Heian period, and was designated as a national treasure in 2006.
- これを官物加徴(かんもつかちょう)と呼び、それによって徴収された米を加徴米(かちょうまい)と呼んだ。
- This was called Kanmotsu kacho and the rice collected by this system was called Kacho-mai.
- このため、転じて子供の買い物など簡単な雑用と引換に貰う小銭のことを「(お)駄賃」と呼ぶようになった。
- This resulted in small money that was given in exchange for a simple chore, such as a child going shopping, being called '(o)dachin.'
- 一方、危機感を持った廃仏派の筆頭である物部守屋は、欽明天皇の息子の一人である穴穂部皇子と通じていた。
- On the other hand, MONONOBE no Moriya, who felt a sense of danger as the leader of an anti-Buddhist faction, had close contact with Prince Anahobe, one of the sons of Emperor Kinmei.
- 深山がつらなり 広き川があまた流れ 数えきれぬ貢(みつ)ぎ物(もの) 尽きせぬ宝を 産みなすこの国を
- They have ruled this country which has various deep mountains and many large rivers, and has been given countless tributes and eternally produce valuable products.
- そこで天皇は太占で夢に現れたのが何者であるか占わせると、言語(物言わぬ)は出雲大神の祟りとわかった。
- Then, the Emperor ordered to practice a scapulimancy to find the identity of the person he had dreamed about, and it was revealed that the Prince's illocution (impaired speech) was the curse of Izumo no Okami (Great God of Izumo).
- 御物本『更級日記』に藤原定家が付した奥書には『浜松中納言物語』『夜半の寝覚』も彼女の作と書かれている。
- According to the okugaki that FUJIWARA no Teika attached on the Gyobutsubon (Emperor's book stock) of 'Sarashina Nikki,' 'Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari' (The Tale of Hamamatsu Chunagon) and 'Yowanonezame' (Awaken at the midnight) were written by her as well.
- 朝鮮王朝はそうした買い手の付かない物については王朝が買い取ることで興利倭船の早期出港を図ることになる。
- The Korea kingdom facilitated Koriwasen to leave the port early by purchasing the goods for which Koriwa could not find anyone to deal with.
- 定田(じょうでん)とは、荘園・公領に対する検注によって官物・所当・年貢・公事の賦課対象と認定された田。
- Joden (定田) refers to rice fields which were designated, as a result of a kenchu (land survey) on territories belonging to shoen (manors) and koryo (public lands), as taxable lands in regard to the payment of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), shoto (tax on rice fields), nengu (annual tribute, land tax), and kuji (public duties).
- 8月3日、事態を重く見た源頼朝は、蜂起した平氏勢力の中の最有力人物である平信兼の捜索を源義経に命じる。
- On September 16, taking the matter seriously, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo ordered MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune to find TAIRA no Nobukane, who was the dominant figure of the Taira clan.
- 『類聚名物考』には、官司に「寄り合う人」を寄人と呼んだのが語源であると言われているが真偽は不明である。
- 'Ruiju meibutsu ko' (an encyclopedia compiled by Matsuake YAMAOKA during the middle of the Edo period) suggests that the origin of the word came from calling people who 'came to gather' at governmental offices yoriudo, but the actual origin is unknown.
- 鉱物を磨り潰して粉末にした天然岩絵具、色ガラス粉末の合成岩絵具、胡粉等を染料で着色した泥絵具等がある。
- Several kinds of pigments are used in Japanese painting, including natural mineral pigments made from powdered minerals, synthetic mineral pigments made from colored glass powder, and mud pigments made from colored whitewash or other materials.
- だが、群臣が離反していく不利な現況を悲嘆して、物部大前宿禰(もののべのおおまえのすくね)の家に潜んだ。
- However, disappointed by an adverse situation in which the retainers turned against him one after another, Karu no Miko finally hid in the residence of MONONOBE no Omae no Sukune.
- 平家の末裔である戦国武士だった住友家の先祖は、国取り物語の戦国時代 (日本)を有為転変の歴史を生きる。
- The ancestors of the Sumitomo Family, who were Sengoku samurai and descendants of Heike, lived during the tumultuous period of Japanese history known as the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States), when warriors fought each other in order to expand their lands.
- そのため、通信使の宿泊先には多くの日本の文人墨客が集まり、大いに交流がなされるという副産物をもたらした。
- Therefore, many Japanese writers and artists visited the places where Tsushinshi stayed, also generating the byproduct that cultural exchanges among peoples of the two nations were made actively.
- 寺子屋では往来物と称される教科書が使用されていて、『実語教』、『童子教』、『女大学』などがよく使われた。
- There, textbooks called oraimono (primary textbooks in the style of the exchange of letters) were used; moreover, 'Jitsugokyo,''Doshikyo' and 'Onnadaigaku' were commonly used.
- 荘園公領制の展開に伴って荘園領主への貢納のうち、国衙領でいう官物にあたるものが年貢と呼ばれるようになる。
- Following the development of the shoen koryo sei (system of public lands and private estates), a part of the tribute paid to the lord of shoen (manor in medieval Japan), which was equivalent to the Kanmotsu for kokuga-ryo (territories governed by provincial government office), was called Nengu (land tax).
- 冒頭の詞書は失われているが、内容は宇治拾遺物語 巻第十の「伴大納言、応天門を焼く事」で補うことができる。
- Although the introductory words are lost, the content can be supplemented by referring to Uji Shui Monogatari (a collection of the Tales from Uji) story volume 10, 'Burning of the Oten-mon Gate by Dainagon (chief councilor of state) BAN.'
- 田堵負名は、名経営を国衙から委任される代わりに、官物・雑役などの租税・課役を国衙へ進納する義務を負った。
- Tato fumyo was under the obligation to distribute taxes and assignments, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) to the kokuga in exchange for holding a commission from the kokuga to administrate each myo.
- 消防隊が駆けつけた時には、既に舎利殿から猛列な炎が噴出して手のつけようがなく、46坪の建築物が全焼した。
- When the firefighters arrived on the scene of the fire, Shariden was already bursting into flames and was beyond help, resulting in complete destruction of 182 square yards of architectural structure by fire.
- なお『平治物語』では、内裏を出る際に警護の武士が怪しんで中を覗くが、17歳の天皇を女房と見誤ったとする。
- And according to the 'Heiji monogatari,' as they left the palace grounds some of the guardsmen found them suspicious and searched the carriage, but mistook the seventeen-year-old Emperor for a lady in waiting.
- それに合わせて、建物の一部にあった会所は、室町時代にはいると、やはり独立した建物がその中心になってくる。
- The kaisho, which was a part of the building, became the center of that independent structure upon entering the Muromachi period.
- 「小物成・運上は幕藩制初期からの租税で、冥加は株仲間結成をはじめとして後世に新たに賦課されたものである」
- 'While Komononari (miscellaneous tax) and Unjo existed since the early stage of shogunate system, Myoga was newly imposed later when kabunakama (merchant guild) was established.
- まず、雑役免系荘園として国司から認められ、官物は国衙に納めるが、公事・雑役は荘園領主に納めたものである。
- The first type was land certified by kokushi (Provincial Governor) as Zoyakumen kei shoen (shoen originated from Zoyakumen) and whose lords paid kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as tax) to kokuga (provincial government offices) while securing kuji (public duties)/zatsueki (odd job tasks) for themselves.
- 国衙に納める官物・雑役のうち、雑役を免除されて官物だけを納める田地を雑役免田(ぞうえきめんでん)と言う。
- Rice fields exempt from Zoeki (odd-job tasks) but not Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) collected by the kokuga (provincial government offices) were called Zoeki Menden
- 職人給田には、梶取給、夫領給、船給、鍛冶給、番匠給、絵所給、檜物給、土器作給、道々工等例給などがあった。
- Shokunin kyuden included Kajitori (rower) kyu, Furyokyu, Fune (ship) kyu, Kaji (blacksmith) kyu, Bansho (builder) kyu, Edokoro (art office) kyu, Himono (craft of bending Hinoki bark) kyu, Dokisaku (pottery) kyu and Dodoukutorei (road building) kyu.
- 公田官物率法(こうでんかんもつりつほう)とは、平安時代中期に公田に対する官物賦課率を定めた規定(率法)。
- Koden kanmotsu ritsuho was the law (ritsuho) fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu (tribute) of Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) in the middle of the Heian period.
- 1996年(平成8年)に鎌倉市が土地と建物を取得し、通称旧華頂宮邸として庭園部分が一般に公開されている。
- In 1996 Kamakura City acquired the land and building and the garden is open to the general public with the common name of the former Kachonomiya residence.
- - 宮地にするために墓を壊されたり家を遷されたりした人に物を与え、荒田井比羅夫に宮の堺の標を建てさせた。
- - He gave things to people who had had their family tombs destroyed or had been made to relocate to make room for the new palace, and had ARATAI no Hirabu put up a sign marking the boundary of the palace.
- 本来皇位につくべきでない人物が武力や政治的圧力で君主の地位を譲ることを強要するという意味合いが含まれる。
- It implies that people who are not supposed to be in the Imperial Throne position force the Imperial family members to give up the position by military force or political pressure.
- また、正倉院文書の中に出挙の貸借証文が多数のこされており、奈良時代当時の財物出挙の貴重な史料となっている。
- Moreover, a lot of loan bonds have been left in Shoso-in Monjo (Shoso-in Temple archives), which are the valuable historical materials of the Suiko dealing with property in the Nara period.
- また、国衙も、安定した官物収入を確保するために、田堵負名と特定の名田の半永続的な関係を認めるようになった。
- Therefore, kokuga, who also needed to stabilize their income by the kanmotsu, came to approve the semi permanent relationship between tato fumyo and specific myoden.
- いわゆるガラの悪い人物の多い混成部隊ではもちろんの事、藩兵が同盟領内や自国内で行った記録すら残されている。
- There were even records of these acts, not only by mixed forces comprising a large number of so-called outlaws, but also by regular soldiers within their own and allied domains.
- 蝦夷は平時には交易を行い、コンブ・ウマ・毛皮・羽根などの特産物を日本にもたらし、代わりに米・布・鉄を得た。
- In times of peace, trade was carried out between the Emishi and Japan; Emishi offered their specialties such as seaweed, horses, fur pelts and feathers, and in return they obtain rice, cloth and iron.
- 弓矢を用いた狩猟、貝塚に見られる漁労、植物の採集などで生活を営み、打製石器、磨製石器、骨角器などを用いた。
- People in this period lived by hunting with bows and arrows, and fishing, as known from shell mounds or collecting fruit, and they used chipped stone tools, polished stoneware and bone tools.
- 会所の典型には方丈の影響が見えたが、会所泉殿は、方丈よりは、名の通り泉殿から強い影響をうけた建物であった。
- The formation of kaisho must have been influenced by hojo, but Kaisho Izumidono seemed to be a building that was greatly influenced by Izumidono as according to the name when compared with hojo.
- 陰陽寮は毎年5月1日までに来年の暦を作成するのに必要な物資の量について中務省を経由して関連官司に通知した。
- Onmyoryo informed, by every May first and via Nakatsukasasho, the related officials of quantity of materials necessary for making the calendar of the next year.
- なお、東山御物の称が普及したのは、創元社『茶道全集』(1936年発行)によるところが大きいとする説がある。
- According to a theory, the name 'Higashiyama gyomotsu' became familiar largely due to 'Sado Zenshu' (complete collection of Japanese tea ceremony) published by Sogensha (in 1936).
- 江戸時代に入ると、『庭訓往来』のような既成の往来物に加えて新たな往来物が目的に応じて著されるようになった。
- In the Edo period, on top of the then existing oraimono such as 'Teikin Orai,' new oraimono were introduced with different purposes.
- 子虫は長屋王に恩遇されていた人物の一人で、囲碁のときに話が王のことに及んだため憤激して殺したとなっている。
- It is said that Komushi was one of the persons treated very well by Prince Nagaya and when Nagatomi no miyako no azumabito spoke ill of Prince Nagaya in a game of Igo (board game of capturing territory), Komushi got angry and killed him.
- またその際、恒居倭の免税特権を悪用した朝鮮人の納税回避の危険性が指摘されるが、後にその危惧は現実の物となる。
- At that time, it was pointed out there was a risk that some Koreans might cheat on their tax payment by taking advantage of the tax exemption privilege given to kokyowa, and that expectation came true afterward.
- 律令に基づいて各地に軍団 (古代日本)が設置されると、物部・大伴両氏に代わって軍団が軍事を担うこととなった。
- When cohorts (in ancient Japan) were formed under the ritsuryo codes, these cohorts took charge of military affairs instead of the Mononobe and the Otomo clans.
- ギリシャ建築風や鉄筋コンクリート造り、レンガ造りの洋風建築から旧来の神社風建築など、意匠を凝らした物が多い。
- Many of them were elaborately designed, ranging from the Hellenized architecture, the ferro-concrete buildings and the Western-style architecture built of brick to the conventional Shinto shrine-style architecture and others.
- 元来は、京へ上って労役が課せられるとされていたが(歳役)、その代納物として布・綿・米・塩などを京へ納入した。
- Originally, they were obliged to engage in labor services in the capital (called Saieki), however, they were exempted from labor service if they paid tax by substitutes including cloth, cotton, rice, and salt.
- 繊維製品の納入が基本であり(正調)代わりに地方特産品34品目または貨幣による納入も認められていた(調雑物)。
- Paying tax by textile products was basic (called Seicho), while paying tax by 34 kinds of local indigenous products or money was also admitted instead (called Chozatsubutsu [miscellaneous things that were paid as tributes]).
- 現在の建物の東隣に建っている石碑「薩藩九烈士遺蹟志」の碑文(拓本)本文後ろから5行目に「寺田屋遺址」とある。
- The monument 'Satsu Han Kyuresshi Isekishi' (memorial site for nine bushi of the Satsuma domain) built to the west of the current building carries the inscription 'the site of the Teradaya' in the fifth line from the end of the inscription (rubbed copy).
- 明治末期には、ドイツ歴史学派の影響による発展段階史観が唱えられ、またマルクス主義による唯物史観が紹介された。
- Towards the end of the Meiji period, evolution phase-based views of history was advocated affected by the German historical school, and materialistic views of history based on Marxism was introduced to Japan as well.
- 『源氏物語絵巻』は、12世紀前半ころの藤原隆能の筆と伝えられる平安時代の代表的絵巻で、20図が現存している。
- 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' (Illustrated scrolls of the Tale of Genji) is an emakimono that represents the Heian period, and it was said to be painted by FUJIWARA no Takayoshi around the first half of the 12th century; 20 frames of the emakimono still exist.
- 奈良国立博物館所蔵の『辟邪絵』(へきじゃえ)は、罪人ではなく鬼が責め苦にあう絵巻物で12世紀後半の作である。
- 'Hekija-e' (Exorcist Scroll) possessed by Nara National Museum is the emakimono created in the latter half of the 12th century, and oni was suffering instead of a sinner in the emakimono.
- 少女時代から、名のみ聞く『源氏物語』に限りない憧れを抱いて成人した菅原孝標女の日記『更級日記』が有名である。
- 'Sarashina Nikki' is a famous example of daily literature; it is the diary of the daughter of SUGAWARA no Takasue who grew up full of aspiration for 'Genji Monogatari' which she just heard of by name.
- 屯食(とんじき)は、平安時代、宮中、貴族の邸宅ど饗宴で庭上に並べて下級職員、時に身分ある人に賜った物である。
- Tonjiki refers to food given to lower officials or sometimes respectable persons at a banquet in the garden of the Imperial Court and nobles' residence during the Heian period.
- 本来こうした荘園の取り分である雑役が国衙が官物とともに一括徴収していたが、負所では荘園領主に直接納入された。
- Zatsueki gained from such Shoen was originally collected by Kokuga together with Kanmotsu, but in the case of Ossho, it was directly delivered to the lords of Shoen.
- 公事銭(くじせん)とは、中世日本において、公事の代銭納として現物(労力を含める)の代わりに納付する銭のこと。
- Kujisen was money paid in place of taxes in kind (including labor) as daisenno (paying dues in cash instead of in kind; commutation) for kuji (public duties) during Medieval Japan.
- 中世において朝廷の権威が物理的な強制力を持つものではなかったために牓示の権威が絶対性を持つものではなかった。
- As the authority of the Imperial Court was not backed by coercive power during medieval times, the authority of boji was not absolute.
- その後室町時代前期にかけて『貴嶺問答』・『雑筆往来』、そして中世往来物の代表作とされる『庭訓往来』が現れた。
- Then, by the early Muromachi period, 'Kirei Mondo,' 'Zohitsu Orai' (also called 'Zappitsu Orai') and 'Teikin Orai' (a collection of letters used for family education), which is considered to be the most important work of oraimono from the medieval time, were all written.
- 知行権を獲得した有力貴族・有力寺社らを知行国主といい、知行国主は、知行国の国司推薦権や官物収得権を保有した。
- A dominant noble, shrine or temple that acquired chigyo-ken was called chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor), and chigyo-kokushu had the right to make a recommendation of kokushi (provincial governors) of the province and the right to get kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes).
- それぞれの行動に併せて別々の鳴物を鳴らした(鳴物の回数で区別するのは聞き間違いの恐れがあるので行われない)。
- Depending on the action to be taken a different instrument was sounded (the number of soundings was not used to distinguish the action because of the possibility of mishearing).
- 纓は羅を燕尾の形に垂らす飾り物に代わっていたため、簪というピンを巾子の根元から差し込んで髻を貫いて固定した。
- As ei was replaced by a decoration of swallow-tailed ra, a kanzashi (ornamental hairpin) was inserted into the bottom of koji so that it went through a topknot to fix it.
- 建物の窓を閉める、建物に入る前に衣服に付着した黄砂をはらう、黄砂の発生後は掃除を行うといった対策が挙げられる。
- Measures are taken to close windows, to remove kosa stuck to clothes and to do cleaning after kosa ceases falling are considered.
- 室町時代に成立した軍記物語『太平記』によれば、義貞が海神に祈願すると潮が引き、新田勢は鎌倉に進入したとされる。
- The war chronicle 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) written in the Muromachi period said the forces of Nitta successfully entered Kamakura because the tide went out, in answer to Yoshisada's prayer to the sea-god.
- 歌舞伎や浄瑠璃の一ジャンルとして「仇討狂言」という物が存在するほど、敵討を主題とした作品は広く支持されてきた。
- Works on the subject of Katakiuchi have been widely supported, so much so that there is a genre called 'Adauchi kyogen' (comic drama on Adauchi) in Kabuki and Joruri.
- 後醍醐天皇は京都を脱出して吉野へ逃れて朝廷を開き、光明天皇に渡した神器は偽物であると主張し、南北朝が成立する。
- The Northern and Southern Courts were established when Emperor Godaigo escaped Kyoto and fled to Yoshino, established a court and claimed that the sacred treasures that he gave to Emperor Komyo were fake.
- 貞成親王の『看聞日記』(永享三年二月七日、1431年)には、「凡会所奥端両会所以下荘厳置物宝物等、目を驚かす。
- According to the 'Kanmon Nikki' of the Imperial Prince Sadafusa (written on February 7, 1431 (old calendar)), 'the normal kaisho such as the Oku gokaisho and Hashi gokaisho both had Shogon (decorations related to Buddhism) and jewelries, which was surprising to the eyes.
- 義満の北山殿にあった会所、天鏡閣は二階建てであり、これには禅宗文化の影響が見え、唐物との親和性はよかったろう。
- The Tenkyokaku, which was a Kaisho at Kitayamadono of Yoshimitsu, was two stories high and the Zen culture could be observed together with its affinity with karamono was well.
- 『平家物語』では、挙兵の動機は、頼政の嫡男・仲綱と平宗盛(清盛の三男)の馬をめぐる軋轢ということになっている。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' the motive for the uprising was that Yorimasa's son and heir Nakatsuna had become embroiled in discord with TAIRA no Munemori (Kiyomori's third son) over a horse.
- 原文は『吾妻鏡』や『平家物語』に納められているが、令旨としての形式に不備があり、史料によって文言に異同がある。
- The text of his proclamation is recorded in the 'Azuma kagami' (Mirror of the East) and the 'Heike monogatari,' but as a princely command it has formal and structural defects, and the exact wording varies with the source.
- 貞観儀式(じょうがんぎしき)は、平安時代前期の貞観 (日本)年間に編纂されたとされる儀式 (書物)(儀式書)。
- Jogan gishiki is a book of ceremonies that is believed to have been compiled during the Jogan era (Japan) during the early Heian period (book) (book of ceremony).
- 鎌倉時代には毎月2通分の往復書簡で季節感や行事を織り込んだ『十二月往来』が著され、後世の往来物の手本となった。
- 'Junigetsu Orai' (Twelve Months Correspondence), which took the form of two letters per month describing the turning of the seasons as well as seasonal events, was composed in the Kamakura period and became a good example for oraimono that followed.
- 鎌倉時代初期ごろになると、所領に対する自らの知行権を主張するため、その所領の作物を強制的に刈り取る者も現れた。
- The early Kamakura period saw the appearance of the illegal reaping of crops to establish a claim to the ownership of the land.
- 転じて本来なら役職上、現地に下向して執務しなければならない人物の代理として派遣された代官などの役人の事を指す。
- It turned into a government official position, such as a local governor, sent in behalf of an officer who was supposed to leave the capital and work at the place.
- これに基づく価格を估価(こか、沽価)と呼び、租税の物納や日本国外との貿易の価格や交換の基準としても用いられた。
- The prices based on the law were called koka, which were used as standards for calculating taxes paid in kind, prices in trading and conversion rates for goods.
- 駄賃馬稼(だちんうまかせぎ)とは、近代以前の日本においてウマの背中に貨物や人を乗せて輸送に従事する職業のこと。
- Dachin-uma kasegi refers to an occupation in Japan before modern times that engaged in the transportation of freight and people by carrying them on horseback.
- この交流は朝貢貿易の形態を取ったため、渤海からの貢物に対して、日本側では数倍の回賜でもって応える義務が生じた。
- Due to the exchanges being in the form of a tribute trade, Japan was obligated to send return gifts of several times more value after receiving tributes from Bokkai.
- 不破内親王との間に氷上志計志麻呂・氷上川継の二人の子を儲けた(ただし、一部には両者を同一人物とする説もある)。
- He had two children, HIKAMI no Shikeshimaro and HIKAMI Kawatsugu with Imperial Princess Fuwa (However, some say the two children were the same person).
- 基親王が生後1年持たずして夭折していることから、聖武天皇の有望な男児を唯一もうけた人物といっても過言ではない。
- Since Prince Motoi died within a year after his birth, Hirotoji was the only person to give birth to a hopeful son of Emperor Shomu.
- 日本の冠の直接の祖先は、養老律令の衣服令(いぶくりょう)に見える朝服の被り物「頭巾(ときん)」であるとされる。
- It is said that the direct origin of Japanese Court caps was a headgear called 'tokin' (hood), which was a part of chofuku (clothes worn by the nobility when attending Court), and this headgear is seen in the Ibuku Ryo (Garment Code) of the Yoro Ritsuryo Code.
- 官荘には永小作権を有する漢人世襲の荘頭が置かれ、官荘内より租税を集めて生産物(後世にはその代銀)を宮廷に納めた。
- The head of shoen who was descendant of the Han race and had the right of tenant farming was put in the manors and he collected the tax from the manor and paid products (in later times, money) to the imperial court.
- 国司請負の流れの中で、10世紀後半ごろから国司は田堵(有力農民層のこと)へ官物や雑役などの租税を賦課していった。
- In the line of kokushi ukeoi, kokushi imposed taxation such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), zatsueki (odd-job tasks) and so on to tato (cultivators, powerful farmers) since last half of the 10th century.
- 一方、黄砂の影響を受けている韓国や日本なども、木材や農産物の輸入などを通して間接的に関わっているとの見方がある。
- On the other hand, there also exists a view of considering that Korea and Japan, which have been affected by kosa, are responsible indirectly as well, for example, through importation of woods and agricultural products.
- 第146段までの前半は(物語成立の)近年に詠まれた歌を核として、皇族貴族たちがその由来を語る歌語りとなっている。
- The first half through the 146th chapter consists of poems composed around the period when the literary work was accomplished, as well as commentaries made by the Imperial family and nobles on the origin of those poems.
- 租(そ)は、税(ぜい)と並んで、国家維持に必要な財政を調達するために、政府が徴収する財物・サービスのことである。
- So as well as Zei are the goods and services that the government collect to ensure public finance for the nation.
- 眺望、景観を守ることを目的としたものとして、かなり厳しい規制を建築物の新築・増改築に課すことに大きな特徴がある。
- The ordinances have distinct features in terms of considerably strict regulations on the construction of new buildings and the extension and reconstruction of old buildings in order to protect surrounding scenery and vistaed views.
- 眺望景観として合計8種を定め、それを保全することを目的として、該当する地域の建築物などに対して規制がかけられる。
- A total of eight types of surrounding scenery and vistaed views were selected, and the buildings in the restricted zones are subject to regulations in order to preserve them.
- 公賢の死後もその続きにあたる部分を書いた人物がいたと考えられているが、それを今日の形にしたのは甘露寺親長である。
- Some unknown people are considered to have taken over to write the continuation after Kinkata's death, but it was Chikanaga KANROJI who made Kodaireki as it is today.
- 『平家物語』では、不遇の身を嘆く和歌を詠み、それを知った清盛が、「頼政を忘れていた」と推挙したことになっている。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' it was because he recited a waka (a 31-syllable classical Japanese poem) lamenting his obscure status that, when Kiyomori learned of it, made him realize 'I forgot about Yorimas' and therefore, he recommended him for promotion.
- 毛越寺に関しては、基衡が本尊の薬師如来像の制作を莫大な功物をもって京在住の仏師運慶に依頼したことが知られている。
- Regarding Motsu-ji Temple, it is known that Motohira went to Unkei, a sculptor in Kyoto, with a lot of presents, requesting the creation of the statue of Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha) of honzon (principal image of Buddha).
- 院政期は、六国史のような官撰の歴史書が編まれなくなった一方、上述のように歴史物語がさかんに著された時代であった。
- During the Insei period, history books officially selected, for example Rikkokushi, were not made while historical tales, mentioned earlier, were actively written.
- 遺言により、管領細川頼之が新将軍足利義満を支える体制となった(このできごとをもって『太平記』の物語は終焉する)。
- According to his will, kanrei Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA took on a role to support new shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (the story of 'Taiheiki' ended with this event).
- ただし、その成立の経緯上、雑役は荘園領主である寺社に納められたものの、官物は依然として国衙に納めるものとされた。
- Provided, however, that because of the process of their establishment, kanmotsu (tributes goods paid as tax) was paid to kokuga as before though zatsueki was paid to temples/shrines, the lord of shoen.
- 清少納言の「清」は清原氏の出自であることを示し、紫式部の「紫」は彼女の著作源氏物語の紫の上にちなむ(他説あり)。
- Sei (清) in Sei Shonagon indicated she was from the Kiyohara (清原) clan, and Murasaki (紫) in Murasaki Shikibu came from Murasaki no ue (紫の上), a character of her novel 'Tale of Genji,' according to one view.
- 乱妨取り(らんぼうどり)とは、戦国時代_(日本)から安土・桃山時代にかけて戦いの後で兵士が人や物を掠奪した行為。
- Ranbodori was an warrior's act of looting things and robbing people after war from the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) through the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
- また、現在の教科書の多くにも、武烈天皇の暴虐性についての記述は無く、武烈天皇自身に関しての記事も欠いた物が多い。
- Even today in many text books there is no description of the cruel character, many do not even mention Emperor Buretsu at all.
- 大夫(ますらを)の鞆(とも)の音すなり物部(もののふ)の 大臣(おほまへつきみ)楯立つらしも 万葉集 巻1-76
- I can hear the sound of brave men's Tomo (archers' wrist protector wore on the left hand), and I wonder if Minister of Mononobe might take up the shield; Manyoshu, Vol.1-76
- 『日本書紀』によると皇子はある日、鵠(くぐい、今のハクチョウ)が渡るさまを見て「是何物ぞ」と初めて言葉を発した。
- According to the Nihonshoki, one day when the Imperial Prince saw a kugui (present swan) flying in the sky, he spoke, for the first time, the words 'what is it?'
- 更に各地で米以外の特産物も盛んに生産されるようになり、山城国・大和国の茶や紀伊国の蜜柑などが知られるようになった。
- Also, in various places, production of indigenous products other than rice began and tea from the Yamashiro and Yamato Province and mandarin oranges of the Kii Province were well-known.
- 北秋田市の胡桃舘遺跡から1967年発掘されていた木簡に「月料給出物名張」とされるものがあると2005年発表された。
- In 2005 it was announced that one of the wooden tablets unearthed from the Kurumidate site in 1967 is inscribed with the words 'Getsuryo-kyushutsubutsu-meicho' (月料給出物名張), which basically means a monthly supply ledger.
- 伴大納言絵詞(ばんだいなごんえことば、とものだいなごんえことば)とは、応天門の変を題材にした平安時代末期の絵巻物。
- Ban Dainagon Ekotoba or Tomo no Dainagon Ekotoba is a narrative picture scroll depicting the Otenmon Incident at the end of the Heian period.
- 四天王寺の地の元来の地名は「荒墓邑」(アラバキ?)であり、場所は縄文系説が言われる物部氏の地に立てたと伝えられる。
- The original place name of Shitennoji was presumably 'Arabaki' and it is said to have been the land of the Mononobe clan who were considered as the branch of Jomon culture.
- ここには、多くの絵巻物の制作や今様の蒐集など芸能の中心に立ち続けた後白河法皇の膨大なコレクションも納められていた。
- It stored numerous collections of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, who stood in the center of entertainment such as production of various emakimono (illustrated scroll) and collection of imayo (a popular style of song during the Heian period).
- その上で、その四隅の境界線に牓示(記となる杭などを打つあるいは付近の自然物に印を付ける)を行って四至を明確にした。
- Thereafter, they clarified Shishi by putting on Boji (notices) (planting stakes or putting marks on nearby natural things) on the four corners of shoen.
- 『平家物語』はこの発言を法住寺合戦の直前とするが、実際には狼藉が問題となっていた9月のことではないかと推測される。
- 'The Tale of the Heike' states that this statement was made right before the Battle of Hoju-ji Temple, but it is presumed that the statement was made in September or October when violence became an issue.
- 土地などの対象物件を一定期間に限って売却して代価を受け取り、契約期間満了後には自動的に売主に権利が戻る契約である。
- Under a nenki-uri contract, the thing being sold, be it land or something else, was sold to the buyer for a certain fixed interval in exchange for an agreed-upon price the seller would receive, and upon expiration of the length of time stipulated in the contract, the object would automatically revert to the control of the seller.
- 参加者を左右二組に分けて課題の品物などを持ち寄らせ、審判を立てて何回戦かを競い、左右チーム総合の勝敗を決めるもの。
- It was played by splitting participants into teams of right and left, having them bring items of a subject to be compared against each other between the teams in several rounds, and having a judge determine which team won the game at the end.
- 秋田蘭画を広く世に紹介した人物として、直武と同郷の日本画家で明治末年頃から昭和初期にかけて活躍した平福百穂がいる。
- The person to bring Akita Ranga to a wide audience was Hyakusui HIRAFUKU, who was a Japanese-style painter from the same prefecture as Naotake and had great success from the end of the Meiji period to the early Showa period.
- 形のうえでは私信であるが、身分の高い人物は直接自分では書かず、近臣に書かせるのが通例であるため、通常家司が書いた。
- Although they were written in the style of a private letter, they were customarily written by a Keishi since it was common for those with high rank to have their close aides write on their behalf.
- 尚、諱の表記については宝皇女(たからのひめみこ)という表記が一般化しているが、これは後世の尊称による物と思われる。
- As for the pronunciation of her imina, Takara no Himemiko is popular – this is thought to be a title of respect that came about from later generations.
- 明治時代に入ってからは文化事業にも関わり、十五代目吉左衛門住友友純(ともいと)は大阪府立中之島図書館の建物を寄贈。
- During the Meiji era the Sumitomo family was engaged in cultural enterprises, and the fifteenth-generation kichizaemon Tomoito SUMITOMO donated the building that would become the Osaka Prefectural Nakanoshima Library.
- 奉安殿(ほうあんでん)とは、戦前戦中にかけて各地の学校で、天皇皇后の写真(御真影)と教育勅語を納めていた建物のこと。
- Hoan-den was the premises where portraits of the emperor and empress (called 'goshin-ei portrait') and the Imperial Rescript on Education were housed before and during the war.
- 朝鮮側は朝鮮人参、トラ皮などの朝鮮産品も輸出したが、江戸時代前期の最大の輸出品は生糸、絹織物などの中国産品であった。
- Korea exported to Japan not only Korean products including Asian ginseng and tiger leather, but also Chinese products including raw silk thread and silk textile, which were its biggest exports in the early Edo period.
- 明治2年2月18日、山国隊は大勢の見物人・出迎えのなか、鼓笛を奏して京都から山国への凱旋を果たし山国神社を参拝した。
- On March 30, 1869, the Yamagunitai was met by a tremendous crowd of onlookers as they marched, playing flutes and drums, from Kyoto to Yamaguni in a triumphant return, paying homage at Yamaguni-jinja Shrine.
- 『平治物語』は源頼政が味方につかなかったとするが、もともと頼政も美福門院の家人であり義朝に従属する立場ではなかった。
- The 'Heiji monogatari' claims Yoshitomo had been unable to get and keep MINAMOTO no Yorimasa as an ally, but in fact Yorimasa was a retainer of Bifukumonin and had been from the start, meaning he had never truly been a follower of Yoshitomo.
- 覚猷(鳥羽僧正)筆と伝えられ、人々の様子をユーモラスかつ活き活きとした姿で描いた鳥獣人物戯画もこの時代の作品である。
- Choju-Jinbutsu-giga (scrolls of frolicking animals and humans) was drawn during this period which is said to have been drawn by Kakuya (Toba Sojo (high-ranking Buddhist priest)) and shows vivid and humorous pictures of people.
- 日本の美術作品で民衆の暮らしぶりが描かれるのは、院政期に始まったこれら絵巻物が最初であり、その意味でも画期的である。
- These emakimono originated in the Insei period, and the emakimono is the first Japanese arts in which the life of people was described, therefore, it is revolutionary from this point of view.
- これ以降、朝廷は治天・天皇を決定する際は必ず幕府の意向を確認するようになり、幕府と朝廷の立場が逆転したことを物語る。
- The Imperial Court subsequently came to ask the opinion of the bakufu when deciding who would be Chiten or Emperor, which meant that the tables had been turned between the bakufu and Imperial Court.
- 王朝国家体制への移行により、富豪層による調庸・封物の京進は廃され、国司(受領)による租税進納が行われるようになった。
- With the dynastic nation system starting, the system of rich and powerful persons' paying choyo and fubutsu to Kyoto was abolished, and kokushi (zuryo) came to convey tax to the central government.
- 現在では地上から失われた多くの佚書を、この医心方から復元することができることから、文献学上非常に重要な書物とされる。
- The book is regarded as philologically very important in that it can allow us to reconstruct many books that have been lost from the earth.
- ただし、官物の免除は太政官・民部省の許可が必要だったため、国司の認めることができた不輸は原則として雑役の免除だった。
- However, the exemption of Kanmotsu required the consent of Daijokan (Grand Council of State), Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), the exemption that Kokushi could give were in principle only for Zoeki.
- 民衆を意味する百姓は、『論語』・『易』など戦国時代_(中国)に現在の形に編集されたと推定される書物から、頻見される。
- The term 'hyakusho' that indicates common people is often found in books that are considered to be edited in the Zhanguo Dynasty (China) into the current form, such as 'Rongo Analects' and 'Eki' (I ching).
- 物資の確保を狙う朝廷側(後白河上皇)と、義仲に優越する必要に迫られていた頼朝側との間で、9月ごろから交渉が開始した。
- A negotiation began around September between the Imperial Court (the retired Emperor Goshirakawa) aiming at maintaining the supply of goods and Yoritomo under the necessity of predominating over Yoshinaka.
- 皇子についての記述は少ないが、日本書紀には物部守屋に擁立されようとした穴穂部皇子と深く親しかったので殺されたとある。
- Although not many reports about Prince were kept, 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) said that he was killed because he was very close with Prince Anahobe when MONONOBE no Moriya tried to ascend to the throne.
- ために戦乱後成立した日本の徳川幕府は先進文物を受け入れるために、対馬島主をとおして交渉を許可するように朝鮮に懇請した。
- Therefore, the Tokugawa shogunate, which was established after the war, needed to import advanced things and requested Korea to conduct negotiations with Japan through the head of the Tsushima island.
- 『平家物語』によれば、合戦前の軍議で軍監の梶原景時は合戦の先陣になることを望むが、義経は自らが先陣に立つとはねつけた。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' leaders at the war council held before the battle wished to have commander Kagetoki KAJIWARA lead the vanguard in the battle, but Yoshitsune spurned their advice and appointed himself leader of the vanguard.
- ここには、唐物を唐渡りの珍奇な品物ではなく、文化的、美的価値のある「美術品」として見る視点が生まれていた、ともいえる。
- Here, it could be said that karamono viewed not only the unique goods from kara but 'artwork' that had cultural and artistic values.
- すなわち、紫式部の式部(父藤原為時が式部大丞であった)や清少納言の少納言(兄弟に少納言となった人物がいたといわれる)。
- For example, Shikibu in Murasaki Shikibu was from her father FUJIWARA no Tametoki's title Shikibu taijo (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Ceremonial), and Shonagon in Sei Shonagon was from shonagon (lesser counselor) (it is said that her brother became shonagon).
- 反戦歌の合唱は天皇が建物の中にいる最中ずっと続けられ、さらに学生が増えたため時計台前の群集は車の進路を塞ぐ形になった。
- As students continued to sing the antiwar song while the Emperor was in the building and the number of students increased further, a large group of people gathered in front of the clock tower and eventually blocked the Emperor's car.
- 当時の日本で貨幣経済の中心をなした宋・元・明などの銅銭(永楽銭など)、絹、羅、紗などの織物、生糸、薬材、書画、工芸品。
- Copper coins (such as Eiraku-sen) of Sung, Yuan and Ming which were the basis of money economy in Japan, textile such as silk, lightweight fabric and gauze, raw silk thread, medicine, calligraphic works/ paintings and handicrafts.
- 平安後期における国衙と荘園の対立を物語ると同時に、熊野三山と伊勢神宮との祭神が異なることが公式に確認された文書である。
- It was the document which described the confrontation between kokuga (provincial government office) and shoen (manor) during the Heian period and officially confirmed the fact that enshrined deity of Kumano sanzan (three major shrines of Kumano) and that of Ise-jingu Shrine were different.
- 荘園においても、荘園領主らは必要物資を得るために荘園内に手工業者・職人を確保し、職能に応じて彼らへ給田を与えていった。
- As for Shoen, shoen landholders kept handicraftsmen within their shoen to obtain necessary supplies and gave Kyuden according to their ability.
- また、作者不詳の『続浦島伝』のように史実よりも創作性を重視した作品も現われるようになり、後の物語文学にも影響を与えた。
- Also, more creativity-conscious books than historical facts, such as 'Zoku Urashima Den' (Sequel of the folklore, Taro Urashima [Rip van Winkle]) of unknown authorship, appeared, which influenced the subsequent narrative literature.
- 武井宏之の漫画『シャーマンキング』 には、『超・占事略決』という占事略决から派生したと考えられる名前の書物が登場した。
- In the 'Shaman King 'series, a manga (cartoon) written by Hiroyuki TAKEI, a book titled 'Cho-Senji ryakketsu,' which seems to derive from 'Senji ryakketsu,' appeared.
- 『今昔物語集』は、12世紀初頭ぐらいの成立とされているが、その中で、「武士」を語るときは「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれる。
- 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have written in the early twelfth Century, but 'bushi' was referred as 'tsuwamono.'
- 故、物部荒甲(もののべのあらかひ)の大連(おほむらじ)、大伴の金村(かなむら)の連二人を遣わして、石井を殺したまひき。
- So he sent MONONOBE no Arakai Omuraji and OTOMO no Kanamura Muraji to kill Iwai.
- 一部の出版物及び印刷物において、敬称を用いない三人称として「平成天皇」が用いられる事があるが、これには賛否両論がある。
- In some publications and printed matters, 'Heisei Tenno' (the Emperor Heisei) is used as the third person without using the title of honor and there are arguments for and against this.
- 更に堆積物の分析結果から、最も古い時代では白亜紀後期にあたる約7,000万年前から、黄砂が発生していたと考えられている。
- An analysis of sediments showed that kosa originated as early as in the latter half of the Cretaceous period, or from approx. 70 million years ago.
- 11世紀に成立した『新猿楽記』という世相を映し出した書物には、以下の内容の記載があり、田堵の実情をよく知ることができる。
- We can learn the reality of Tato from the following descriptions included in the 'Shinsarugakuki,' a book written in the eleventh century reflecting the social conditions at the time.
- 影武者(かげむしゃ)とは、日本の戦国時代 (日本)の武将などが用いた、自分と同じ服装をさせて身代わりとさせた人物のこと。
- 'Kagemusha' (the body double) is a person, during the Sengoku period (the period of warring states), employed by a busho (a Japanese military commander) as his straw man dressed in the identical clothes as his.
- 翌1354年、4月には主導的人物であった北畠親房が死去、10月に後村上天皇は賀名生から河内金剛寺 (河内長野市)へ移る。
- The next year in April 1354, Chikahusa KITABATAKE, who was a core person, died and Emperor Gomurakami transferred from Ano to Kongo-ji Temple in Kawachi Province (Kawachinagano City) in October.
- 建築物を建築等(増改築を含む)する際には、こうした具体的な基準に適合しているかどうか、市長の認定を受けなければならない。
- When constructing (also extending and reconstructing) a building, one is required to have a plan examined to see whether it conforms to these regulations and approved by the mayor.
- 紙本墨書の『芦手絵和漢朗詠集抄』全2巻(京都国立博物館所蔵)は、芦手絵を描いた料紙に『和漢朗詠集』を書写したものである。
- All two scrolls of 'Ashide-e Wakan Roeishu Sho' of shihon bokusho (ink on paper) (possessed by Kyoto National Museum) were copied from 'Wakan Roei Shu', (Collection of Sung Japanese and Chinese poems) on ryoshi (paper for writing) on which Ashide-e was painted.
- なだらかな曲線と優美な色彩、精緻な截金文様で知られる東京国立博物館所蔵の『孔雀明王像』(国宝)は12世紀中葉の作である。
- 'Image of Kujaku Myoo' (peacock king of those who hold knowledge) (a national treasure) possessed by Tokyo National Museum was created in the middle of the 12th century, and it was known for its gentle curves, graceful colors, refined cut-gold foil pattern.
- 平安時代後期、藤原明衡が公家の文書作成のための参考とするために日本最古の往来物とされる『雲州消息』を執筆することとなる。
- During the late Heian period, FUJIWARA no Akihira authored 'Unshushosoku,' which is believed to be the oldest Oraimono (a textbook for primary education) in Japan, for court nobles to refer to when they prepared documents.
- 安土桃山時代に入ると、義政を「茶道の祖」として崇敬する風潮が茶人の間で生まれ、東山御物の茶器が重んじられるようになった。
- In the early Azuchi-Momoyama period, a trend to revere Yoshimasa as the 'founder of tea ceremony' started among the masters of tea ceremony, and the chaki of Higashiyama gyomotsu came to be valued.
- 奥書によると、浅羽民部少輔なる人物が宝徳3年(1451年)8月に鎌倉公方足利持氏の最後の日記として書き留めたものである。
- According to the okugaki (postscript), a person called Asaba Minbu shoyu (Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs) scribed the book as the last diary of Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) Mochiuji ASHIKAGA in September 1451.
- また、農民や町人も苗字なしでは家の区別がつかなかったため、地形地物の名などを苗字として私称することが公然と行われていた。
- Because it would have been difficult distinguish between houses if farmers and townspeople had no family name, the unofficial practice of using landmarks etc. as family names was common.
- 数少ない史料から総合すると、布施屋の施設は3軒から5軒の建物から構成され、救護・宿泊施設と物資庫・食料庫に分かれていた。
- Judging from an integration of scarce historical materials, Fuseya facilities consisted of three to five structures and categorized as relief stations, lodging facilities, depositories and food storehouses.
- 敏達天皇は廃仏派よりであり、廃仏派の物部守屋と中臣氏が勢いづき、それに崇仏派の蘇我馬子が対立すると言う構図になっていた。
- As Emperor Bidatsu was close to anti-Buddhist faction, MONONOBE no Moriya and Nakatomi clan, who belonged to anti-Buddhist faction got the boost from the Emperor, and SOGA no Umako, who belonged to pro-Buddhist faction, was opposed to the Emperor.
- 物部氏の没落によって欽明天皇以来の崇仏廃仏論争に決着が付き、法興寺(飛鳥寺)や四天王寺などの、造寺事業を積極的に行った。
- The fall of the Mononobe clan settled the controversy which had started in Emperor Kinmei's time over whether to worship or to abandon Buddhism, and Emperor Sushun actively undertook the construction of temples, including Hoko-ji Temple (Asuka-dera Temple) and Shitenno-ji Temple.
- しかし、伝来した火縄銃は、マッチロック式で容易に点火出来る銃であり、従来の物とは比べ物にならないほどの速射が可能であった。
- However, the matchlock guns brought to Japan at that time could be ignited easily, and allowed firing quickly at a speed incomparable with previous guns in Japan.
- 夕方になり金閣寺の裏にある左大文字山の山中で薬物のカルモチンを飲み切腹してうずくまっていた林を発見し放火の容疑で逮捕した。
- In the evening of the same day, police found Hayashi crouching in the Hidaridaimonji Mountain lying at the back of Kinkaku-ji Temple after having taken the poison Calmotin, and committed seppuku, and arrested him.
- また西方では、中世中期からミラノのキリストの聖骸布、聖杯(聖杯伝説や騎士道物語を生み出す元になった)などの伝承が生まれた。
- In the west, from the mid-Middle Ages, legends such as the Holy Shroud of Milan and the Holy Grail (which became the basis of the Holy Grail Legend and romances) were born.
- 彼の追号「後三条」は、彼が外祖父三条の後継者であることを意味しており、生前自ら定めたものだという説もある(『栄花物語』)。
- This title after death 'Gosanjo' is said to have been chosen by himself while he was alive to mean that he was the heir of his maternal grandfather, Sanjo ('A Tale of Flowering Fortunes').
- また、多くの物語絵(冊子または絵巻物)が制作されたことが推測されているが、11世紀末以前に制作された作品は現存していない。
- It is estimated that many narrative paintings were created (either in books or scrolls), but no such paintings from before the end of the 11th century remain.
- 冥加の祈願あるいは冥加を受けたことに対する謝礼として寺院や神社に奉納された金銭や物資のことも「冥加」と称するようになった。
- Money and goods that were offered to temples/shrines as gratuity for a Myoga prayer or receiving Myoga also came to be known as 'Myoga.'
- 兄の平城天皇とも良好な関係を保っており、大同2年5月には、神泉苑に行幸した兄について献物を行い、終日宴会にも参加している。
- As he maintained a good relationship with his elder brother Emperor Heijo, he followed his elder brother on the occasion of an Imperial visit to Shinsen-en Temple in June 807, made an offering and participated in a party throughout the day.
- 昭和45年(1970年)、同荘園跡から平安時代初期の掘立柱建物跡が検出され、同47年(1972年)に国の史跡に指定された。
- In 1970, hottate bashira (earthfast post) remains of a building dating from the first part of the Heian period were discovered at the site of Yokoe Manor and the area was nationally designated a historic site in 1972.
- 「その外適々不慮の前途を遂ぐる所の庄上の運上物、多少を論ぜず、貴賤を嫌わず、皆以て奪ひ取り了んぬ」(『玉葉』9月3日条)。
- People from every social standing were robbed of whatever amount of Unjomono (goods and money that are delivered to the capital) that had luckily reached Kyoto ('Gyokuyo,' entry of September 28).
- 唐の『新修本草』を範に取り、その他漢籍医学・薬学書に書かれた薬物に倭名を当てはめ、日本での産出の有無及び産地を記している。
- The dictionary is modeled after 'Xinxiu Bencao' compiled in Tang-dynasty China, and includes names of medicines, which were found in other Chinese medical books and translated into Japanese, and information about whether the medicines (medical plants) were produced in Japan and where they were produced.
- 調庸・封物を富豪層が京進することにより、院宮王臣家(皇族・有力貴族)は富豪層と結びつき、自らの収入たる封物の確保を図った。
- Because persons in the rich and powerful class paid carried choyo (national tax) and fubutsu (collected goods as tax) to Kyoto, Ingu oshinke (imperial families and powerful nobles) became related to these rich and powerful persons to secure the fubutsu that constituted their income.
- 秋田蘭画流行の背景には、徳川吉宗の蘭学奨励、当時の南蘋(なんびん)派の流行、および博物趣味の広まりがあると指摘されている。
- It has been pointed out that the popularity of Akita Ranga spread from Yoshimune TOKUGAWA's Dutch study promotions, the popularity of the Nanbin School and hobbyists of natural history of the time.
- 頼朝に対して、東国における荘園・公領からの官物・年貢納入を保証させると同時に、頼朝による東国支配権を公認したものとされる。
- It is believed that the decree officially recognized the dominion of Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo as well as made him guarantee the payment of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and nengu (land tax) from shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and koryo (an Imperial demesne) in the Togoku.
- 紀元前92年に崇神天皇に頼まれて、災害がつづく理由を占うと、三輪山の大物主神が神懸かりして、我を祀れば国は治まるといった。
- In 92 B.C., when she was asked by Emperor Sujin to read why disasters continued, Omononushi no kami of Mt. Miwa possessed her and spoken that if he were worshipped, the country would be at peace.
- また、鎮西と同じく古生物学者で理学博士の岩崎泰頴(弥太郎の曾孫で熊本大学名誉教授)は由利子の兄であり、寿枝子の甥にあたる。
- Yuriko's elder brother and a nephew of Sueko, Yasuhide IWASAKI (the great-grandchild of Yataro and a professor emeritus at Kumamoto University) was, like CHINZEI, a paleontologist and a doctor of science.
- 発生地に近い地域では、降り積もる砂を建物内に入りにくくしたり、屋根などに砂が積もって重くならないような工夫などがされている。
- In areas near places where kosa occurs, the measure to prevent falling sand from entering buildings and that to prevent too heavy sand from accumulating on roofs or similar structural places are taken.
- 9世紀~10世紀ごろ、律令制の解体にともなって、律令上の租税体系である租庸調制も次第に崩壊し、官物・雑役へと変質していった。
- Around the 9th or 10th century, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and the Soyocho tax system collapsed and as a result, the taxes due changed into kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zatsueki (odd-job tasks).
- そして、国司苛政上訴が功を奏し、太政官の政策に影響を与え、国内の税率を固定化する「公田官物率法」が1040年代に制定された。
- Kokushi kasei joso was effective in having an effect on Daijokan's policies, resulting in the enactment of 'Koden kanmotsu rippo' (fixing a limit of 3 to of rice per tan of land) in 1040 for fixing the tax rates in Japan.
- クビーラはガンジス川を司る女神ガンガーのヴァーハナ(乗り物)でもあることから、日本では海上交通の守り神として信仰されてきた。
- Kubi-ra is the Va-hana (riding object) of the goddess Ganger who controls the Ganges River and has been worshiped in Japan as the protective god of sea transportation.
- 前年の1180年が極端に降水量が少ない年であり、干魃により農産物の収穫量が激減、翌年には京都を含め西日本一帯が飢饉に陥った。
- The rainfall in 1180 was well below normal, and crop yields decreased significantly due to drought, and the entire western Japan including Kyoto was plagued by famine the following year.
- 義満の「道有」、「天山」、義教の「雑華室」であり、これらの印がついた宝物は義政のコレクションである「東山御物」へと発展した。
- There were 'Doyu' and 'Tenzan' of Yoshimitsu, 'Zakkeshitsu' of Yoshinori, and these treasures developed into 'Higashiyama gomotsu' (Imperial treasures owned by the Ashikaga family) of the collection of Yoshimasa.
- 鳥羽僧正覚猷の筆と伝えられてきたが、作風の相違から複数の人物により12世紀中葉から13世紀前葉にかけて作成されたとみられる。
- It has been reported to be painted by Toba Sojo Kakuyu, but it is believed to be created during the period from the middle of the 12th century to the early 13th century by several persons because of a difference in style.
- 「類聚雑要抄」には、盛菓子、交菓子の称呼があることから、盛屯食は一種を、荒屯食は種々の物をまぜて、盛ったものであろうという。
- According to 'Ruijuzoyosho' (a book explaining the furnishings in ceremonies and events in detail with sketches), Moritonjiki might be served with one ingredient while Aratonjiki might be served with various ingredients because of the presence of Morigashi and Mazegashi.
- 唐船の派遣主体のごとく、1976年に韓国の新安で発見された沈没船から引き揚げられた遺物の中に、大量の積荷木簡が含まれていた。
- A large amount of tsumini mokkan were included in the relics pulled up from a sunken ship, which was discovered in Shinan, South Korea in 1976, as if it reveals who sponsored the dispatch of the Tosen.
- 棟梁という言葉は今日では「大工の親方」という意味で用いられることが多いが、元は建物の屋根の主要部分である棟と梁を指していた。
- Although the term 'toryo' (棟梁) generally refers to 'master of craftsmen' at present, it originally referred to to (棟) (ridge) and ryo (梁) (a beam), the essential parts of a building's ceiling.
- 契約期間中に対象物件から見込まれる収益が売却代金及び利息の合計と見合う形での代価によって取引が行われていたと考えられている。
- It is believed that people would enter such contracts only after setting a sale price that included the anticipated earnings during the term of the contract from the thing being sold, as well as the corresponding interest from those earnings.
- 代わって田租と地子米からなる地税的な官物と人頭税的な名残を残した雑役(及びその一種である臨時雑役)に収斂していくことになる。
- Instead, a property tax-like Kanmotsu consisting of Denso and Jishimai (rice paid as rent), and per capita tax, Zatsueki (and a variation, temporary Zatsueki) were collected.
- 蘇我石川宿禰(そがの いしかわの すくね)は、蘇我石川(そがの いしかわ)とも呼ばれる日本神話の人物で、蘇我氏の祖とされる。
- Soga no ishikawa no sukune, was a Japanese mythological figure, also called Soga no ishikawa, and he was said to be the ancestor of the Soga clan
- そのため、江戸時代を通じて庶民にとっては数十年に一度やってくる異国情緒を持った一種の見世物として沿道の民衆にも親しまれていた。
- Therefore, the procession was accepted favorably by the general public along the road throughout the Edo period, as a kind of exotic show that came once every tens of years.
- 延喜年間に里倉負名体制は負名体制に移行し、公的租税としての正税及び公出挙に代わり官物として一括して土地に賦課する方式となった。
- After the Riso-fumyo system was switched to the Fumyo system (local tax manager system), the tax was comprehensively imposed on lands as Kanmotsu (tribute paid as taxes), instead of Shozei and Ku-Suiko, both of which were regarded as the official land taxes.
- 『平家物語』によれば、時忠は「平家一門でない者は人ではない(この一門にあらざれば人非人たるべし)」と放言したと伝えられている。
- According to the 'Tale of Heike,' Tokitada was quoted to have said 'Anyone who is not a member of the Heike is a nobody.'
- これに対して今回の相論の原因を作った近衛信輔は一夜にして700年続いた摂関家の伝統を潰した人物として公家社会から孤立を深めた。
- On the other hand, Nobusuke KONOE, who had caused the dispute, was increasingly isolated from the society of court nobles, being labeled as a person who ended the 700-year-old tradition of the sekkanke overnight.
- 新将軍足利義勝は要求を受け入れ、差し押さえられてから20年未満の質物の返還など、山城一国平均での徳政令を発布(嘉吉の徳政令)。
- The new shogun Yoshikatsu ASHIKAGA accepted the demand and issued Tokuseirei throughout the Yamashiro Province which ordered the return of things that had been pawned no more than 20 years prior (Order for the Acts of Virtuous Government in Kakitsu era).
- なお、クンビーラは同じくヒンドゥー教の神で毘沙門天の前身であるクベーラと名前が似るためよく混同されるが両者は全くの別物である。
- Kunbi-ra is often confused with another Hindu god Kubi-ra, who was the predecessor of Bishamonten (Vaisravana) because their names are similar, but they are completely different from each other.
- 当時の武家社会の実情に即してかつ簡明ながらも生活に必要な実用的知識を網羅的に収録したこの本は江戸時代まで往来物の定番とされた。
- As 'Teikin Orai' covers and plainly explains the practical knowledge necessary for life in samurai society of the time, this text book served as a standard oraimono until the Edo period.
- ただし、平安時代末期に各地で武士団が勃興すると、知行国国主や受領もこれに対抗する形で武力に優れた人物を派遣する場合も出てきた。
- However, when armed groups rose in various places in the end of the Heian period, chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor) and zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) began to send those who were excellent in military affairs to confront them.
- そもそも、建築物や軍船のほとんどが木製だったため、衝突力を主な攻撃力とする大砲よりも燃焼力、爆発力を利用した攻撃が有効だった。
- Attacks using explosive force and burning power were more effective than cannons that used colliding force since most of the buildings and warships during this time were made of wood.
- 伝承者として、歌舞を業として畿内を巡遊する芸能集団の存在が窺われ、物語素材も史実とはかけ離れた芸能的世界の所産であろうという。
- As the memory keeper, there may possibly have been some entertainment groups which traveled around the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals Nara and Kyoto) with dancing and singing being their profession, suggesting a possibility that the material of the story may be product of the entertainment world which is far from the historical fact.
- 2年(401年)、蘇我満智(まち)・物部伊莒弗(いこふつ)・平群木菟(つく)・葛城円(つぶらのおおおみ)らを国政に参画させた。
- In 401, Emperor Richu ordered Soga no machi, MONONOBE no Ikofutsu, HEGURI no Tsuku and KATSURAGI no Tsubura no o-omi to participate in governmental affairs.
- 図柄は女帝(後桜町天皇など)は桐鳳凰で(旧儀御服記)、皇后も使用例がある(東福門院所用品―霊鑑寺蔵・英照皇太后所用品―御物)。
- A design for female emperors (such as Emperor Gosakuramachi) was paulownia and phoenix (旧儀御服記), which was also used for some empresses (belongings of Tofukumonin in the collection of the Reikan-ji Temple and belongings of Empress Dowager Eisho in Imperial treasures).
- 『平家物語』や『愚管抄』など同時代の文献は、平氏滅亡後に平氏政権に抑圧されてきた貴族社会や寺社層の視点で描かれてきたものが多い。
- Documents written at the same time period such as 'The Tale of the Heike' and 'Gukansho' (Miscellany of Ignorant Views) are often written after the decline of the Taira clan and from the viewpoint of the aristocracy and temple classes that were suppressed under the Taira clan administration.
- 平氏軍は500艘(『吾妻鏡』)で、松浦党100余艘、山鹿兵籐次秀遠300余艘、平氏一門100余艘(『平家物語』)の編成であった。
- The Taira clan had 500 ships (according to the 'Azuma kagami'), which were divided into 100 under Akira MATSUURA, 300 under Hyotoji Hideto YAMAGA, and 100 under the command of Taira clan members (according to the 'Heike monogatari').
- 平安時代初期の右大臣藤原園人は、貧民救済を主要政策として精力的に取り組んだが、貧民層の増大が課題となっていたことを物語っている。
- FUJIWARA no Sonohito, Udaijin (Mnister of the Right) in the early part of the Heian period, made positive efforts to rescue the poor, which showed that there was a problematic increase in the number of poor people.
- その大部分は平安時代末期書写の東寺本(宮内庁書陵部に8巻、京都国立博物館に3巻、大谷大学に1巻架蔵されている)に収録されている。
- Most of them are collected in a handwritten copy created in the late Heian period, the Toji-bon (To-ji Temple book); eight volumes of the book are held in the Imperial Household Archives, three volumes in Kyoto National Museum, and one volume in Otani University.
- 絵画では、物語や説話を題材に、詞書(ことばがき)を織り交ぜながら場面を展開していく絵巻物という独自の手法があみだされて隆盛した。
- A new method of painting, emakimono that develops a story with Kotobagaki (captions) based on a story or setsuwa (anecdotes) was created and prospered.
- 但し、百鬼夜行絵巻に描かれるのは、真珠庵本に見られるような付喪神だけではなく、他の本では、動物の変化した妖怪なども描かれている。
- While Tsukumo-gami is drawn in Shinjuan-bon, specter of animals is also drawn in other picture scrolls.
- これとは別に教育組織として技術官僚の中で学識・技術の優秀な人物から選ばれた医博士・針博士・按摩博士・呪禁博士が各1置かれていた。
- Moreover, Tenyakuryo had an educational organization that was headed by an 'I-hakase' (Master of Medicine), a 'Hari-hakase' (Master of Acupuncture), an 'Anma-hakase' (Master of Massage), and a 'Jugon-hakase' (Master of Necromancy), who were selected as excellent in their knowledge and medical techniques from all technocrats.
- 農業生物資源研究所はスギ花粉の抗原を含んだ「スギ花粉症緩和米」の開発を進めているが、厚労省は食品とは認められないなどとしている。
- The National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences has developed a rice cultivar for the treatment of Japanese cedar pollinosis which contains the Japanese cedar pollen antigen but the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare does not recognize this as a food product.
- 平安時代においては、節会や節供などの恒例・臨時の宮中行事の際に、椀(埦)に高く盛った姫飯を中心に酒肴や菓子などの副食物を添えた。
- During the Heian period, scheduled and temporary court events such as Sechie and Sechiku (seasonal festivals) had Himeii (cooked rice) piled high in a bowl as the centerpiece with side dishes such as dishes for drinking and snacks.
- そして、常重から相馬郷・立花郷の両郷を官物に代わりに親通に進呈するという内容の新券(証文)を責め取って、自らの私領としてしまう。
- Chikamichi compelled Tsuneshige and acquired a deed stating that in place of kanmotsu, the Soma-go and Tachibana-go villages were offered to Chikamichi, thereby making the villages his private land.
- ところで、王朝国家体制が成立して以来、11世紀中期にかけて、中心的な税目である官物の収納については受領が大きな権限を有していた。
- By the way, in the period from the time when the dynastic nation system was established to the middle 11th century, zuryo had a significant right to collect kanmotsu, a main tax.
- この時期の王朝国家の変質を示す指標としては、公田官物率法の制定、別名の積極的な設定、所領相論審判権の太政官への集中化などがある。
- What demonstrates the change of Dynastic polity occurred at that time are the establishment of Koden kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute), active establishment of bechimyo and the centralization of shoryo soron shinpanken (jurisdiction of the disputes concerning the ownership of land) to Dajokan (Grand Council of State).
- 庭訓往来(ていきんおうらい)とは、往来物(往復の手紙)の形式をとる、寺子屋で習字や読本として使用された初級の教科書の一つである。
- Written in an oraimono (exchange of letters) style, Teikin Orai was an elementary textbook used as a copybook and reader at Terakoya (temple elementary schools during the Edo period).
- 高坂王(たかさかのおおきみ、たかさかおう、生年不詳 - 天武天皇12年 (683年) 6月6日)は、日本の飛鳥時代の人物である。
- Takasaka no Okimi (year of birth unknown - June 6, 683) lived in the Asuka period in Japan.
- 供御人(くごにん)とは、日本中世において、朝廷に属し天皇・皇族などに山海の特産物などの食料や各種手工芸品などを貢納した集団である。
- Kugonin was a group, during the medieval period in Japan, that belonged to the Imperial court who presented food such as special products from the mountains and the sea, and various handicraft products to the Emperor and the Imperial Family.
- 宮廷の後宮には貴族出身の女房らが多数出仕していたが、これらの女房は高い教養を持ち、仮名を駆使して多くの物語・日記文学を生み出した。
- A number of court ladies from noble families worked for kokyu (empress's residence) of the Imperial court, and they were well educated and created many stories and a diary literature through the use of Kana.
- 出土した木簡などの遺物は奈良時代の生活を知る貴重な遺産となったが、地元や研究者の反対にも関わらず遺構の多くは建設により破壊された。
- The relics, such as excavated mokkan, are precious legacy for understanding life in Nara period, but most of the ancient structural remnants were destroyed by construction works regardless of the oppositions of the local residents and researchers.
- 10歳の皇太子は、物部麁鹿火(あらかい)の娘・影媛(かげひめ)との婚約を試みるが、影媛は既に真鳥大臣の子・鮪(しび)と通じていた。
- The ten year old Crown Prince tried to get engaged to Kagehime, the daughter of MONONOBE no Arakahi, but Kagehime already had an affair with Shibi, the son of the minister Matori.
- 住友友純の妻満寿の妹楢光の嫁いだ先が、三井十一家の一つ「三井永坂町家」の八代目当主、元三井物産社長三井高泰(守之助)に嫁いでいる。
- In the Naramitsu Family, the younger sister of Masu was the wife of Motoito SUMITOMO, married Takayasu MITSUI (Morinosuke), who was the president of the former Mitsui & Co., Ltd., and the eighth-generation family head of the 'Mitsui-Nagasakacho Family,' which was one of the Eleven Families of Mitsui.
- 米が取れない地域の一部では商品作物等の売却代金をもって他所から米を購入して納税用の年貢に充てるという買納制が例外的に認められていた。
- For the areas where rice cannot be produced, the baino-sei system, in which rice to be paid as nengu was purchased with money earned by selling other kinds of crops, was employed as an exception.
- 唯物史観の影響を受け、武士は古代支配階級である貴族や宗教勢力を排除し、中世をもたらした変革者として石母田正らによって位置づけられた。
- Influenced by the materialist concept of history, Tadashi ISHIMODA and others positioned the bushi as the reformer who pushed out the ancient governing class such as the aristocrats and religious power of influence and brought on the medieval times.
- 天竺(インド)・震丹(中国)・本朝(日本)の3国にわたる古今の仏教説話や世俗説話1000あまりを集大成したのが『今昔物語集』である。
- More than 1,000 Buddhism anecdotes now and past or common tales in three countries; India, China and Japan, were compiled into 'Konjaku Monogatari shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past).
- ただし、平安時代中期以後、多くの書物に引用され、遅くても鎌倉時代までに主要な逸文を集めた写本が作成された(国立歴史民俗博物館所蔵)。
- However, after the mid Heian period, it was quoted in many books and a manuscript collection of the major itsubun (a composition that previously existed, but doesn't exist now) was put together before the Kamakura period at the latest (the manuscript is owned by the National Museum of Japanese History).
- 古くから、億計・弘計2王の発見物語は典型的な貴種流離譚であって劇的な要素が強く、そのままには史実として信じ難いことが指摘されてきた。
- From long ago it has been pointed out that the story of discovery of the noble two brothers, the elder Oke no miko and the younger Oke no miko, is a typical Kishuryuri-tan (a type of folktales in which a young deity or nobleman gets over trials to be a god or a blessed) with a strong dramatic element and the story per se is hard to believe as the historical fact.
- 侍従(じじゅう)とは、広義では(しばしば高貴な立場の)ある人物に付き従い、身の回りの世話などをする行為、または従う者そのものを指す。
- The term 'chamberlain' refers to a person who serves another person (generally a noble person) to take care of his or her personal affairs, and its Japanese equivalent term 'jiju' also represents a chamberlain's service itself in a broad sense.
- 朝鮮王朝は農本主義を国是としており、本来なら国内で産出することの無い必要最小限の物資の入手を除けば外国との交易を必要としていなかった。
- The Korean Dynasty maintained the government policy that the agriculture should be the base of the country's economy, and they basically had no need to trade with foreign countries except for some materials which were not produced within the country.
- 刀鍛冶らの職人も、それまでの銘物としての一品生産を中心とする生産方法から、ある程度の使い捨てを念頭に置いた大量生産を行うようになった。
- Craftsmen such as swordsmith also switched from a manufacturing method centering on article-by-article production with swords inscribed with the name of the swordsmith to quantity production with an eye on disposal to a certain extent.
- 諸藩においては、大名家直属の足軽は足軽組に編入され、平時は各所の番人や各種の雑用それに「物書き足軽」と呼ばれる下級事務員に用いられた。
- The ashigaru under the direct control of daimyo within the various domains were organized into units and during peacetime were used as low-level clerks known as 'monokaki-ashigaru' who served as watchmen and carried out miscellaneous duties.
- 当時の社会通念からして、天皇や将軍の代替わりには土地・物品が元の所有者へ返るべきとする思想が広く浸透しており、これを徳政と呼んでいた。
- Under the social conventions of the time, there was the prevalent idea that land or an article should be returned to the original owner concurrent with a change in the reign of the Emperor or the rule of the shogun; this idea was called tokusei (benevolent rule).
- 一益は「安土名物」と言われた茶道の「珠光小茄子」を所望していたとも言われ、「茶の湯の冥加が尽きてしまう」と嘆いていたとも言われている。
- According to legend, Kazumasu wished for a tea cup used in tea ceremony, which was known as 'Jukokonasu' (literally, 'a tiny shining eggplant' in Japanese), one of the best-known works of art produced in Azuchi, and was concerned about the loss of the tea cup, which he considered as a treasure in the tradition of tea ceremony.
- 東山御物(ひがしやまぎょもつ/ひがしやまごもつ)とは、室町幕府8代征夷大将軍足利義政によって収集された絵画・茶器・花器・文具などの称。
- Higashiyama gyomotsu (Higashiyama gomotsu) refers to the paintings, chaki (tea utensils), kaki (flower vase), stationery and other items collected by Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the eighth seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 代銭納(だいせんのう)とは、中世日本の荘園・国衙領・武家領などにおいて、公事や年貢、地子などの納入を現物に代わって貨幣で納入する制度。
- The term Daisenno means the system of paying kuji (public service), nengu (tribute), and/or jishi (land tax) in cash, instead of in kind, that was introduced in medieval Japan at the shoen (manor), kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office), and/or bukeryo (territories of samurai family).
- 元は租庸調として各国より特産品が実物の形で貢納されて中央で消費されていたが、その不足分を補うために行われた制度であると考えられている。
- Originally, specialty goods from each province were sent as Soyocho tithes to the central government and consumed there but it is considered that this system was established to make up a shortfall.
- 占事略决 (せんじりゃっけつ、せんじりゃくけつ) は、平安時代の陰陽師・安倍晴明が撰したとされる、現存最古の陰陽道に関する書物である。
- 'Senji ryakketsu' (or 'Senji ryakuketsu') is the oldest existent book of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; an occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) which is believed to have been compiled by Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) ABE no Seimei in the Heian period.
- 一方連(おおむらじ)の物部氏は、穴穂部皇子(あなほべのみこ)を即位させようとはかるが、穴穂部皇子は蘇我馬子によって逆に殺されてしまう。
- The Mononobe clan of Omuraji (the most powerful of Muraji [one of the highest family names]) attempted to enthrone Prince Anahobe no Miko who, in reverse, was killed by SOGA no Umako.
- こうした表記法は、第二次世界大戦後、一部の出版物で昭和天皇を「今上天皇」と表現せず、既に「昭和天皇」と表記していた事が始まりとされる。
- It is said that such notation came from the fact that Emperor Showa was already expressed as 'Showa Tenno' (the Emperor Showa) instead of 'Kinjo Tenno' (the present Emperor) in some publications after World War II.
- 上記のうち、主として田租や正税出挙に由来するものを官物(かんもつ)といい、主として調・庸・雑徭に由来するものを雑役(ぞうやく)といった。
- Among the taxes mentioned above, those that corresponded to tax paid by rice and the shozei-suiko were called kanmotsu (the tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), and those that corresponded to tax paid by textiles, tributes, labor were called zoyaku (the miscellaneous duties).
- 戦国時代は、室町時代後期から引き続き、戦乱の影響もあって人や物の流動が活発化したことから、貨幣の持つ相対的な価値が向上することになった。
- Continuing from the latter half of the Muromachi Period and partly because of influences of disturbances of war, as the flow of persons and cargo was activated in the Sengoku Period, the relative value of currency increased.
- こうした流れの中で国司行政も、所定の租税(官物・雑役など)の納入のみが求められ、その他は現地赴任の筆頭国司の裁量に任されるようになった。
- In response to this shift of the system, the administration of Kokushi (provincial governors) was required only to pay certain taxes (such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zatsueki (odd-job tasks)) with other tasks left to the discretion of the appointed head of the provincial governors.
- 結果は院近臣勢力の露骨な拡大であり、兼実は「任人の体、殆ど物狂と謂ふべし。悲しむべし悲しむべし」(『玉葉』8月16日条)と憤慨している。
- The result was an outright expansion of the poser of In-no-kinshin (vassal attending on a retired emperor), which made Kanezane indignant enough to say, 'The state of appointments is practically insane. It is deplorable. Deplorable' ('Gyokuyo,' entry of September 11).
- 個々の記述は割注を含めた「本文」と多くの文献の引用などによって出典を示した多数の頭書・傍書・裏書などからなる「勘物」から構成されている。
- Each description consists of the 'text' including notes inserted between the lines, and 'kanmotsu' comprised of many Tosho (superscription), bosho (傍書) (additions or supplements written by the side of the main texts), and book-end notes showing the sources of quotations from many books.
- また、宇多天皇の譲位の事情や当時の宮中の人物評(藤原時平・菅原道真・平季長・紀長谷雄ら)も行っており、当時の政治史の研究にも欠かせない。
- It is also indispensable for the study of political history of those times because the details of the abdication of Emperor Uda and the assessment of the people in the Imperial Court (FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane, TAIRA no Suenaga, KI no Haseo and others) are included.
- 作者は不明ながら、人物の表情や躍動感を軽妙な筆致で描いた絵巻の一大傑作であり、『鳥獣人物戯画』とともに、日本の漫画文化のルーツとされる。
- Although the authorship is unclear, this is a masterpiece of emaki, depicting people's faces and dynamic movements in a light and easy style, and along with 'Choju Jinbutsu Giga,' it is considered to be an origin of Japanese manga culture.
- しかし、保延2年(1136年)7月15日、下総守藤原親通は、相馬郡の公田からの官物が国庫に納入されなかったという理由で常重を逮捕・監禁。
- However, on August 21, 1136, Shimosa no kami, FUJIWARA no Chikamichi arrested Tsuneshige and confined him, for the reason that kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) from koden (field administered directly by a ruler) of the Soma county was not paid to the national treasury.
- 近景に濃彩の花鳥や静物を描き、遠景には水辺などの風景、あるいは何も描かずに淡い色彩で距離感を示している場合が多く、縦長構図の作品が多い。
- The works were often in oblong composition, in many cases with flowers, birds and still objects painted in the foreground in deep colors, and landscapes, such as waterfronts, painted in the background, or nothing but light colors to denote a feeling of distance.
- 運営費や食料・物資の調達法は、自ら墾田を持つもの、官吏の扶持を割くもの、出挙としてイネを貸し付け利子で運営するものなどさまざまであった。
- There were diverse methods of raising funds for the operation, securing food and other supplies for a Fuseya, such as owning newly cultivated land, setting aside stipends called fuchi that were attached to official services, and loaning out rice plants at interest in the form of suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries).
- 『日本現報善悪霊異記』では身分の低い僧を牙笏で打ち据えるような傲慢な人物として描かれており、そのために仏罰が下って滅ぼされたとしている。
- He was depicted as an arrogant person who hit low-ranking monks with a tusk scepter in 'Nihon genho zenaku ryoiki' (set of three books of Buddhist stories, written in the late 8th and early 9th century, usually referred to as the Nihon Ryouiki), and it is said that he was perished by Butsubachi (Buddha's punishment).
- 1996年(平成8年)10月31日、近接していた学生集会所(サークル棟)向かいの建物からの失火が原因とされる火災で旧食堂の西側を焼失した。
- On October 31, 1996, the west side of the former dining room was burnt down due to an accidental fire occurring in the building situated on the opposite of the student meeting place (building for club activities).
- 領地は、領主の居館を中心として、その近接地や資産建物、さらに自由農民や農奴の保有地の間を縫うように存在する小片の土地群から構成されていた。
- The land, centering on the lord's residence, consisted of the neighboring lands, asset properties and furthermore the group of patches of land which existed threading through the lands owned by free farmers or serfs.
- また、郷土の武将が拠った城が、主に敵対する大勢力によって陥落したという史実から派生する落城哀史のような物語の舞台として語られることもある。
- Also, they are told as a stage of a story like rakujo aishi (stories about fall of castles) derived from historical facts that the castle that was used as a base by a busho (military commander) of the homeland fell by attack by strong opponent.
- 勘合符の実物は残されていないが、禅僧の天与清啓が明への渡航を記録した「戊子入明記」に「本字壱号」(本字壹號)の勘合符の例図が描かれている。
- The real Kangofu no longer exists, however, 'Boshi Nyuminki' (The Account of the Visit to Ming in 1468), the Zen priest Tenyo Seikei's travel report to Ming, includes an illustration of 'Honji Ichigo' (Honji No. 1).
- まず会所の建物そのものの性格からいえば、平安時代、寝殿造りの建築にあった来客と主人が対面するところ、客亭(出居)が、その起源にあげられる。
- From the characteristic of the kaisho building itself, the origin is said to be the Kakutei (lodging) (Idei (guest room or the bedroom of the owner)), where the guest and master of the house met within the shinden zukuri (architecture representative of a residence of a nobleman in the Heian period).
- 当初は有力な公民に対する賦課として行われる形式を採っていたが、11世紀中期の官物率法の成立を機に次第に土地に対する賦課へと変質していった。
- Originally it was a tax on prominent citizens, but with the establishment of Kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute) in the middle of the 11h century, it transformed into a tax against land.
- この時代までの往来物は公家や僧侶などの知識人によって書かれる事が多く、こうした江戸時代以前の作品をまとめて「古往来(こおうらい)」と呼ぶ。
- Oraimono by this period of history were mainly written by the educated classes, such as nobles and Buddhist priests, and therefore the oraimono before the Edo period are collectively called 'Koorai' (literally, old oraimono).
- これは、古代遺跡の木簡等の遺物出土例から推して、京進文書ではなく、地方の役所にとどめ置く公文書に特徴的な、「実用的」な記載様式とみられる。
- Guessing from unearthed relics from ancient remains such as mokkan and so on, it is considered that this Shibocho adopted a 'practical' description style which was characteristic of official documents retained in regional offices, not of documents sent to Kyoto.
- 義倉(ぎそう)とは、災害や飢饉に備えて米などの穀物を一般より徴収し、または富者から寄付を得て、これを貯蓄するために国内の要地に設けた倉庫。
- Giso was a warehouse which was constructed in important domestic places to store rice and other grain in case of natural disasters and famine, and the grain in stock was collected from ordinary people or acquired using the cash contributions by the rich.
- 万一に備える一方で穀物の腐敗の防止と義倉の維持のために古い穀物を安価で売却(出糶)し、また一般に低利で貸し付ける(借放)事も行われていた。
- While holding grain for emergencies, to help maintain the giso warehouses and prevent spoilage, old crops were sold (deseri, 出糶, to be on sale) at a fair price or loaned (shakuho, 借放) at a low interest rate to the public.
- 「武者」という言葉なら平安時代中期の『往来物』の、有名な「松影是雖武者子孫(松影はまことに武者の子孫なりと雖も)」という下りにも出てくる。
- The word 'busha' appeared in the famous phrase, '松影是雖武者子孫' (Matsukage was the true descendant of busha), in 'Oraimono' (a textbook for common people) during the mid-Heian period.
- このような出生の神秘性は、本来応神天皇が前王朝との血統上のつながりを持たず、新王朝の開祖であるとされたことを物語っているとするものもある。
- Some people argue that this mysteriousness of his birth suggests that Emperor Ojin fundamentally had no blood line connection to the previous dynasty and was regarded as the founder of a new dynasty.
- ロシア帝国のエカチェリーナ2世は、もとは皇帝ピョートル3世の妻であり、その後クーデタにより自ら帝位についたものであるから、同一人物である。
- Catherine II of Russia was initially the wife of Peter III who reigned as empress herself due to a coup so she is the same person.
- 2年後再度訪れた使者は残余の買い取りを迫るが、朝鮮王朝は綿布の交換レートを引き上げた上での三分の一の買い取りを提示し、交渉は物別れに終わる。
- Two years later, the envoy visited Korea again and pressed the Korean Dynasty for the purchase of the remaining copper, but the Dynasty proposed they would purchase one third of the remaining copper after raising the exchange rate of cotton cloth against copper, and eventually, the negotiation ended in failure.
- 中世の倭館交易では日本側は銅、硫黄、金を輸出したが、南方物産である赤色染料のスオウ、コショウなどのスパイス類も琉球経由などで朝鮮に転売した。
- In the Medieval Period wakan trade, Japan exported copper, sulfur, and gold, and also resold the products of the south seas like sappanwood, a red dye, and spices like pepper to Korea via the Ryukyu Islands.
- むろん碩学の定信も承知の事であり、これについては「承久の乱や正平一統という非常事態が生んだ産物で太平の世に挙げる先例ではない」と述べている。
- Of course, the great scholar Sadanobu knew of them, and said 'these cases were caused by emergencies, such as the Jokyu Rebellion or Shohei-Itto, and were not a precedent for the piping time of peace.'
- 『年中行事絵巻』は後白河法皇が『伴大納言絵巻』とともに常磐光長に描かせたと伝わる絵巻物で、藤原基房らも製作にたずさわった行事絵の典型である。
- 'Nenchu-gyoji Emaki' (illustrated scroll of annual events) was said to be the emakimono that Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa had Mitsunaga TOKIWA paint together with 'Ban Dainagon Emaki' (illustrated scroll of the story of a courtier Ban Dainagon); it is a typical Gyoji Emaki (illustrated scroll of events), and FUJIWARA no Motofusa was involved in creating it.
- しかし、現存するのは毛利博物館所蔵の呂后本紀第九・東北大学附属図書館所蔵の孝文本紀第十・大東急記念文庫所蔵の孝景本紀第十一の3巻のみである。
- However, the existing volumes are only three: the ninth volume of Ryoko hongi of Mori Museum, the tenth volume of Kobun hongi of Tohoku University Library and the eleventh volume of Kokei hongi of Daitokyu memorial library.
- 『富士野往来』に始まる歴史物語を織り込んだものは「武家往来」とも呼ばれ、十返舎一九が伝記型の往来物を確立し、更に史詩型の往来物へと発展した。
- Oraimono with historical episodes which started with 'Fujino Orai' are called 'buke orai' (literally, samurai orai) and later developed into the historical poetry style oraimono, after Ikku JUPPENSHA established the biography style oraimono.
- 特に寺子屋の教師の中に自前の往来物を著す者が多かった事からその総数を把握する事が不可能に近いが、現存するものは約7,000種と言われている。
- It is almost impossible to have a grasp of the total number of oraimono as, in particular, many terakoya teachers tried to write their own oraimono, but existing ones are said to number about 7,000 kinds.
- 国司苛政上訴がこの時期までに消滅したのは、公田官物率法が国司の課税権限を抑制し、郡司・田堵負名層との利害関係が解消されたからだとされている。
- It is contemplated that the reason why kokushi kasei joso disappeared around that time was because koden kanmotsu rippo restricted kokushi's right to collect tax and conflicts of interest between kokushi and gunji/tato fumyo were resolved.
- また、村落や町(ちょう)が、自らの共同体的な機能を維持するために住民に賦課する人足役(掃除・普請・番・荷物持ち)も「夫役」と呼ぶ場合がある。
- Additionally, villages and towns sometimes used the word 'buyaku' in reference to ninsokuyaku (cleanup, construction, guard and porter) that they imposed on residents in order to maintain their own communal functions.
- 令集解では垂仁天皇の子とされるが、雄略天皇の時代にも同名の皇族がおり、同一人物か、名が数代継がれていたのか、天皇の名前が間違いなのか、不明。
- It is described in Ryonoshuge (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) that he was the child of Emperor Suinin, but since there was a member of the Imperial family who had the same name that lived during the period of Emperor Yuraku, whether if they were the same person, or the name had been succeeded for a number of generations, or if the name of the Emperor was a mistake, is unknown.
- 自己の名をもって他人のために物品の販売又は買い入れ以外の行為をすることを業とする者を準問屋といい、問屋の規定が準用される(b商法第558条)。
- Ones that conduct activities other than distribution or purchases of goods for others as a business, are called Juntoiya, and the provision of Toiya is applied mutatis mutandis (Article 558 of the commercial code).
- 平安時代の人々を描いたものとして優れており、特に検非違使の活動を伝えるものであり、史料としての価値も高い(但し、人物は院政期のものとされる)。
- The pictures provide an outstanding depiction of the people of the Heian period and is also an invaluable material on the activities of kebiishi (although the people drawn are thought to be from the time of the period of cloistered governments).
- 今日各地方の特産物と呼ばれるものは室町時代が起源であるものも多く、京都の西陣では明から輸入した生糸を利用して高級織物である西陣織がつくられた。
- Many of the products considered specialties of specific prefectures today have their origins in the Muromachi period, including Nishijin silks, luxury items that were made in the Nishijin district of Kyoto from raw silk imported from Ming China.
- 『平家物語』によれば知盛は通常は安徳天皇や平氏本営が置かれる大型の唐船に兵を潜ませて鎌倉方の兵船を引き寄せたところを包囲する作戦を立てていた。
- According to the 'Heike monogatari,' Tomomori hid soldiers on the large Chinese ship that was normally the Taira flagship, and where Emperor Antoku usually was, as part of a stratagem to lure the Kamakura warships in and surround them.
- 9日、尾張に流されていた師高が、清盛の家人の襲撃を受けて惨殺、成親は一旦は助命されて備前国に配流されるが、食物を与えられず殺害されてしまった。
- On July 13, Morotaka, who has been exiled to Owari, was attacked by followers of Kiyomori and brutally killed, and although Narichika was saved and exiled to Bizen Province, he was starved to death.
- 『葉隠』(武士)や『町人嚢』、『盲安杖』(僧侶)などはそれぞれの立場からの家職・家業を全うさせる事が社会的義務であることを説いた書物であった。
- Documents such as 'Hagakure (The Book of The Samurai' (bushi), 'Choninbukuro' 'Moanjo'(monk) encouraged people that staying and succeeding in their Kashoku/Kagyo was a societal responsibility.
- なお、15巻本が高明による原撰本と考えられているが現存せず、本文を整理して代わりに勘物などを充実させた10巻本が流布本として広く知られていた。
- It is considered that the book in 15 volumes was the original version by Takaakira, but it does not exist, and the book in 10 volumes was widely known as the rufu-bon (widely circulated edition), which had been sorted out and added kanmotsu (annotation of a book) instead.
- 往来物(おうらいもの)とは、平安時代後期より、明治時代初頭にかけて主に書簡などの手紙類の形式をとって作成された初等教育用の教科書の総称である。
- Oraimono is a collective term for primary education text books that were compiled from the late Heian period to the early Meiji period, mainly in the form of letters.
- 大伴金村と物部尾輿を連(おおむらじ)とし、蘇我稲目を大臣 (古代日本)(おおおみ)としたが、直後の540年(欽明天皇元年)大伴金村は失脚する。
- Although Emperor Kinmei assigned OTOMO no Kanamura and MONONOBE no Okoshi as Omuraji, and SOGA no Iname as Oomi, OTOMO no Kanamura lost his status of Omuraji in 540 and it was right after he was assigned that position.
- なお、『続日本紀』によると、翌10年(738年)の7月10日、王のことを誣告した人物の一人である中臣宮処東人が大伴子虫により斬殺されてしまう。
- According to 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), Nagatomi no miyako no azumabito who was one of the persons who accused Prince Nagaya falsely was killed with a sword by OTOMO no Komushi on July 10, 738.
- さらに国衙と給主(寺社・貴族)は官物・雑役を分け合う体制(半不輸)だったため、国衙に検田権があり給主の立場は不安定だった(当然、不入権もない)。
- Furthermore, kokugas and landlords (temples, shrines, and aristocrats) shared kanmotsu and zatsueki as a system (half tax exemption) and kokuga had the right of cadastral surveys and so the status of the landlords was unstable (naturally, they did not have funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property)).
- こういった調査により、黄砂の粒子は、粘土粒子同士が凝集したり、やや大きい鉱物の粒子に粘土粒子が付着したりしてできたのではないかと推定されている。
- Based on these investigations, it is supposed that particles of kosa are cohered clay particles or comparatively large mineral particles to which clay particles are stuck.
- 一方神社では社家が荘園を分割支配して安定した収入確保を図ろうとするが、次第に自己の家領として私物化して場合によっては第三者に譲渡する例も現れた。
- On the other hand, in the shrines, shake (hereditary priest at a shrine) divided and ruled the shoen to secure stable income, but gradually privatized the shoen as its own karei (hereditary land), even sold the shoen to the others in some cases.
- つまり、百姓身分の者が一揆を結成して政権に異議申し立てをする物理的実力たる惣村を武装解除し、一揆の結成そのものを抑止しようとしたというのである。
- In other words, with katanagari policy, the government sought to directly deter the peasants from forming ikki by disarming the soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) which would otherwise have the physical power to have peasants form an ikki league and revolt against the government.
- そのため、知行国からの上進官物は国家へ納付しなければならず、知行国主が獲得しえたのは(本来、受領の収入となるべき)受領の俸料・得分のみであった。
- Therefore, the kanmotsu dedicated by the chigyo-koku provinces had to be delivered to the nation, with only the salary and tax gained by the zuryo (which originally should be zuryo's won income) allowed to be acquired by chigyo-kokushu.
- 雑役免田は定免田化されると給主の権利が強まり、官物の不輸や国使入部を拒否する不入権を獲得することで、給主の一円支配を認めた荘園に転化していった。
- The Jyomenden of Zoeki Menden strengthened the rights of the Kyunushi and led to the Funyuken (right to refusal of entry of Kokushi), or exemption of tax, changing into the overall control of the Kyunushu of Shoen.
- 更に当時の政情不安から信仰に救いを求めた人々からの金銭などの寄進が相次いだこと、同様の理由で防備が頑丈な寺院の倉庫に財物を預ける人々も多かった。
- In addition, due to political instability, a flurry of donations came in from people turning to religion and entrusting their properties to secure, well-built temple warehouses.
- 東京都芝 (東京都港区)高輪の宮家本邸が空襲に遭わなかったため、土地の一部を売却して竹田編機という編物機械会社を設立し、事業に着手するが、失敗。
- As his Miyake Hontei (main residence) in Shiba Takanawa, Tokyo (Minato Ward, Tokyo) was not destroyed in air raids, he sold a part of the land, established a sawing machine company called Takeda Amiki, and started business, but failed.
- 母屋などの主要な建物は明治初期の東京移住命令にともない、東京の九条邸に移築され、さらに近年九条家より東京国立博物館に寄贈され九条館と命名された。
- The major buildings (such as the main building) were transferred to Kujo-tei in Tokyo in accordance with the order issued during the early Meiji era, and were recently donated by the Kujo Family to the Tokyo National Museum, which was named Kujo-kan.
- 備前国を手中にした宇喜多直家は時代を読む目があった人物のようで、羽柴秀吉が播磨姫路城に入ると降伏、自分の嫡子宇喜多秀家を秀吉に人質にするなどした。
- Naoie UKITA, who acquired the Bizen Province, seemed to have the capability to understand the characteristics of the age and he surrendered when Hideyoshi HASHIBA entered Himeji-jo Castle in Harima and made his heir, Hideie UKITA, a hostage for Hideyoshi.
- 風雲急を告げるこの激動の時代に、長州藩・薩摩藩などの反幕府側も、北国諸藩・箱館政権など旧幕府側も、酒屋に頼った情報入手、物資輸送の例は数知れない。
- In this turbulent and critical era, the Choshu domain and Satsuma domain, belonging to the anti-bakufu group, and domains in the northern region and the Hakodate government, belonging to the old bakufu group, relied on sakaya for obtaining information and transporting cargoes on innumerably many occasions.
- 正月6日上皇が八条堀河の藤原顕長邸に御幸して桟敷で八条大路を見物していたところ、堀河にあった材木を外から打ちつけ視界を遮るという嫌がらせを行った。
- On February 21, Goshirakawa went on an imperial visit to FUJIWARA no Akinaga's residence in the Horikawa area of Hachijo (Eighth Avenue), but as he was sightseeing from a box set up alongside the Hachijo thoroughfare, he suffered harassment in the form of some trees that were sent crashing down from outside the box to obstruct his view.
- このため9世紀から10世紀にかけて、従来は祓いで済んでいたケガレ除去の方法が、陰陽道の影響もあり物忌み中心に変わってきていることが確認されている。
- Accordingly, the way of muck removal had been changed; it is confirmed that from the ninth century to the tenth century, purificatory asceticism was mainly applied, under the influence of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), instead of former purification.
- 契約が満了すれば、契約書なども不要となって廃棄されるため遺存している物が少ないが、契約期間は10年もしくは20年が多く、30年・50年の例もある。
- Since the actual documents of such contrasts became useless after their expiration, most of them were destroyed and consequently the surviving examples are very few, but it seems 10- or 20-year contracts were the most common, with a few examples of 30- or even 50-year contracts.
- 「○○大将」「○○奉行」「組頭」「番頭」「物頭」(○○には士、侍、足軽、鉄砲、槍、弓等が入る)…備の指揮官やその指揮下にある各部隊の指揮官を指す。
- Such and such daisho' (general), 'such and such bugyo,' 'kumigashira' (captain), 'ban gashira' (head of a group) 'mono gashira' (military commander) ('such and such' is replaced by samurai, samurai, ashigaru, teppo, yari, yumi, and so on) refer to commanders of the sonae or the captains of various troops under the commanders.
- 彼らは生業や農作物の多様性に '百姓' の '百' の字義を投影し、しばしばこうした多様性を持った農業を行う者こそが '百姓' であると定義する。
- They project the meaning of the Chinese character '百' (hundred) of the term 'hyakusho' onto the diversity of vocations and crops, and often defines people who engage in agriculture with such diversity are the 'hyakusho.'
- 後に公田そのものが官務を世襲した小槻氏の事実上の所領と化して、そこから地子稲及び地子交易で得られた物資が太政官の経費として捻出されるようになった。
- Later on, Koden became territories of the Ozuki clan who took over the official position, and rice taxes from these territories, as well as commodities obtained through Jishi Koeki were spent as expenses for the Daijokan.
- 崇仏派の蘇我馬子が寺を建て、仏を祭るとちょうど疫病が発生したため、585年に物部守屋が天皇に働きかけ、仏教禁止令を出させ、仏像と仏殿を燃やさせた。
- As a plague broke out when pro-Buddhist SOGA no Umako built a temple to enshrine Buddha statue, MONONOBE no Moriya tried to convince the Emperor to impose prohibition of Buddhism and orderd to burn the Buddha statue and the Buddhist sanctum.
- 洋服を率先着用した理由としてもう一つ「上半身と下半身の分かれていない着物は女子の行動を制限して不自由である」という皇后自身の言葉も伝えられている。
- As another reason for taking the lead in wearing western clothes, the empress herself was quoted as saying'Kimono that is not separated into upper and lower parts limits a girl's movements and is inconvenient.'
- 山科流以外では様々な花の折枝(水戸斉昭夫人有栖川宮吉子女王所用品―徳川博物館蔵)や松に鶴(毛利家伝来品・有栖川織仁親王女貞操院所用品)などがある。
- The designs of schools other than Yamashina include flowers in branches (belongings of Mrs. Nariaki MITO, Arisugawanomiya Princess Yoshiko in the collection of the Tokugawa Museum) and pines and cranes (article handed down in the Mori family; belongings of Teisoin, a daughter of Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito).
- 嘉休の姉婿にあたる銅師で、涅槃宗の信徒であり、空禅(政友)の檀家であった蘇我理右衛門は、空禅が還俗して「富士屋」を開く際、物心両面で政友を助けた。
- Riemon Soga, who was the husband of Kakyu's elder sister and a dealer in copper who believed in the Nehan-shu sect and was a Buddhist parishioner of Ku-zen (Masatomo), gave Masatomo material and mental support when Masatomo returned to the secular life and opened 'Fujiya.'
- また、領主は、より広い範囲の生産物を供給しうるべく、幾らか離れた場所にある他の荘園を保有するだけでなく、隣接する荘園の財産を賃貸借することもあった。
- And the lords not only owned the other shoens which existed in a slightly distant place but also leased the assets in the neighboring shoens in order to supply products for a wider range.
- 聖徳太子が物部守屋との仏教受容をめぐる戦いを制し建てた、日本初の大寺である大阪市の四天王寺について、アラハバキ及び縄文系との関わりが指摘されている。
- It has been suggested that Shitenno-ji Temple in Osaka City, which was the first large temple built in Japan by Prince Shotoku when he battled and defeated MONONOBE no Moriya over accepting Buddhism, has a relationship with Arahabaki and Jomon culture.
- 大正期に入ると、マルクス唯物史観が重んじる歴史法則性を強く否定視する歴史理論(カントやディルタイ)が紹介され、歴史哲学への関心を高める契機となった。
- Entering the Taisho period, the historical theory (by Kant and Dilthey) strongly denying the concept of considering that history progresses according to a law, a concept strongly supported in Marxism-based materialistic views of history, was introduced, strengthening interests in the philosophy of history.
- 10世紀から11世紀にかけて、各地に「堪武芸之輩」・「武勇之人」と呼ばれる人々が現れて武門の源流となり、それを統率する人物を「武門之棟梁」と称した。
- In the tenth to the eleventh century, people called 'tanbugei no hai'/'buyu no hito' (a person excelled in military art) became the origin of samurai families and a person who led such families was called 'Bumon no toryo.'
- 特に町並みが保存されたものは非常に歴史的・文化的価値が高いもので、世界遺産や重要伝統的建造物群保存地区に指定されていたり、観光地となっていたりする。
- Especially the history towns which conserved the rows of houses and buildings were of great value in the historical and cultural sense so, they were designated as World Heritage sites or Important traditional building Preservation Area, or they were considered tourist destinations.
- 梶原正昭は永享の乱・結城合戦関係軍記を大きく「永享の乱を中心とした実録的なもの」と「結城合戦を中心とした潤色の多い物語的なもの」の2系統に分類した。
- Masaaki KAJIWARA classified the military records related to the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle into two types, 'those that recorded facts centering on the Eikyo Rebellion' and 'those that were story-like and embellished centering on the Yuki Battle.'
- 估価法(こかほう・沽価法)とは、古代から中世にかけての日本において、朝廷・国衙・鎌倉幕府において、市場における公定価格及び物品の換算率を定めた法律。
- Kokaho (price regulation law) is a law that stipulated the official prices and the conversion rates for goods at the market from ancient times to medieval periods under the Court, kokuga (provincial government offices) and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 通信使について当時の日本人らは「朝鮮が日本に朝貢をしなければ将軍は再び朝鮮半島を侵攻するため、通信使は貢物を持って日本へ来る」などという噂をしていた。
- Concerning Tsushinshi, Japanese at that time rumored that 'Tsushinshi brings tributes to Japan, because otherwise, the shogun would invade the Korean peninsular again.'
- などから、この元慶の乱は事実上蝦夷側の要求が通り、雄物川以北は蝦夷側の支配する地区となり、朝廷が手を出せなくなってしまったのではないかとする人もいる。
- For these reasons, some even assume that in the Gangyo War the request of the Emishi side was practically granted, and that the Emishi took over the reins of the region to the north of the Omono-gawa River, which even the Imperial Court could no longer touch.
- 菱沼一憲(国立歴史民俗博物館科研協力員)は著書『源義経の合戦と戦略 その伝説と実像』(角川選書、2005年)で、この合戦について以下の説を述べている。
- In 2005, as part of the Kadokawa anthology, Kazunori HISHINUMA (a researcher at Japan's National Museum of Japanese History) published a book entitled 'MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's Battles and Strategies: the Legends and the Real Account;' in it, he advances the following theory.
- 年料別貢雑物(ねんりょうべっこうぞうもつ)とは、律令制において紙・筆・ウマ皮革・薬草などの雑物を現物の形で毎年規定量を令制国より中央に貢納させた制度。
- Nenryo bekko zomotsu was the system where a designated amount of Zomotsu such as paper, brushes, horse skin and herbal plants were directly tithed to the central government by Ritsuryo provinces.
- 隅田八幡神社は859年の設立であるが、人物画像鏡の出土場所、出土年代はあきらかにされておらず、「癸未」については443年説と503年説など争いがある。
- Sumidahachiman-jinja Shrine was established in 859 but the findspot and the date of excavation of the mirror remain unclear, and there is a controversy over the interpretation of 'year of Yin Water Sheep' between 443 and 503.
- 国体の本義とは、昭和13年(1938年)、「日本とはどのような国か」を明らかにしようとするために、当時の文部省が学者たちを結集して編纂した書物である。
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- つまり「祠堂祭」は、住友家当主と住友直系企業グループの社長や会長、相談役らの最高経営責任者が、年に1度「物故者慰霊祭」のために、一堂に会する日である。
- That is, 'Shido-sai' is a day on which the family head of the Sumitomo Family and the highest-ranking executive officers such as presidents, chairpersons and sodanyaku of direct affiliates of the Sumitomo Group gather once a year for the 'memorial service for the deceased.'
- 別名とは、田堵負名を含む在地領主層に対して、名田よりも遥かに広域で、未墾地や山野を含む領域の支配を認める代わりに、一定の官物納入を義務づけるものである。
- The bechimyo was the system in which the central government put local lords including tato fumyo under a obligation to pay a certain amount of kanmotsu instead of admitting their domination over the area that was far more vast than myoden and included uncultivated lands, fields and mountains.
- 物証に欠くため学説としては定着しているとは言いがたいが、「もっとも利益をえた者を疑え」という推理のセオリーにより、フィクション等で採用される事が多い説。
- We cannot say that this view has well accepted as a theory because it lacks concrete evidence, but this view has often been adopted in fictions, etc. in accordance with the theory for reasoning 'Doubt the person who obtained the largest advantage.'
- 荘官、郡司、郷司、保司は荘園公領間の武力抗争に耐えうる人物が期待されるようになり、古来の郡司一族が失脚して武士がその任に当てられることが多くなっていく。
- Shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji were expected to be someone who could tolerate the armed conflicts between shoen and koryo, and there were increasing numbers of cases where the gunji families from the ancient times were overthrown and replaced by samurai to be appointed to the positions.
- 「国の兵共」が、「譜第図」や「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載されるということ自体が、彼らが国衙支配下の開発領主達の中で特種な存在であったことを物語っている。
- The fact that 'soldiers of the province' was recorded in registers such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (a list of warriors) said that they had a special existence among the kaihatsu-ryoshu under the Kokuga rule.
- 739年頃、天武天皇の孫で新田部親王の子である塩焼王に嫁ぎ、氷上志計志麻呂・氷上川継の二人の息子を産む(ただし、一部には両者を同一人物とする説もある)。
- Around 739. she married Emperor Tenmu's grandson and Imperial Prince Niitabe's son Prince Shioyaki, and gave birth to two sons HIKANI no Shikeshimaro and HIKAMI no Kawatsugu (however, there is a theory that both are the same person).
- しかし『懐風藻』に「鎌足が娘の一人を大友皇子の妃とした」という記述があることから見て、鎌足の娘で大友皇子妃となった人物がいたことは間違いがないとされる。
- But there is no doubt that there was a person who was a daughter of Kamatari and became the wife of the Prince Otomo, since 'Kaifuso' (Fond Recollections of Poetry) describes as 'Kamatari made one of his daughters a wife of the Emperor Kobun' (the Prince Oto).
- このことは滝川総長自らがかつての主張を覆し教授会の人事権を否定したものとされ、戦後の滝川に反動的な人物とのイメージを付け加えることになったという者もいる。
- This led to an impression of Takigawa as a reactionary person in the post-war years because he was viewed as reversing his previous opinion of the board of professors having the right of deciding on personnel matters.
- 内蔵寮の職掌は大蔵省より宮廷運営のために送付された金銀絹などをはじめとする天皇家の財産管理・宝物の保管・官人への下賜・調達など天皇家関係の出納事務である。
- The official duties of the Kuraryo are accounting duties related to the Emperor's family such as managing the Emperor's family fortune which included gold, silver and silk sent by the Ministry of Finance for running the court, the keeping of treasures, grants to courtiers, and procurement.
- 南朝は、北朝が保持していた三種の神器(南朝は贋物であると主張)を渡し、政権を返上することなどを条件に和睦に応じ、10月には尊氏は南朝に降伏して綸旨を得る。
- The Southern Court agreed to peace under conditions such as the return of the Three Sacred Treasures that the Northern Court held (the Southern Court claimed that they had fakes in their possession) and the administration, and in October, Takauji surrendered to the Southern Court and received the Imperial order.
- 現在の寺田屋の建物には事件当時の「弾痕」「刀傷」と称するものや「お龍が入っていた風呂」なるものがあり、当時そのままの建物であるかのような説明がされている。
- The Teradaya explains that 'the bathroom Ryo used' as well as 'bullet marks' and 'sword marks' from the incident still remain in the current building of the Teradaya, as if the current building remained as it was at the time of the incident.
- 中山忠親は平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期の公卿で内大臣を務めた人物で、書名の「山槐」とは忠親の家号「中山」と、大臣家の唐名(槐門)を合わせたものに由来する。
- Tadachika NAKAYAMA was a court noble who lived from the late Heian period to the early Kamakura period and served as Naidaijin (Minister of the Palace); the name given to his diary (which is written as '山塊' in kanji) is derived from a combination of the last kanji of Tadachika's yago (family name), which is written as '中山' in kanji, and the first kanji of the Chinese name given to the office of minister ('塊門', which is pronounced 'Kaimon').
- 12世紀に入る頃から、荘園領主である寺社は経営安定化のために雑役免系荘園の一円支配を目指し、寺田・神田などの封戸と同様に官物徴収権も獲得するようになった。
- From the beginning of the twelfth century, some of temples/shrines, the lord of shoen, began to seek ichienshihai (complete rule of the land) of Zoyakumen kei shoen and eventually obtained the right to collect kanmotsu as with the case of fuko (lands allotted to temples/shrines) called jiden (land allotted to temples) or shinden (land allotted to shrines).
- こうした篤農家には歴史的百姓層が自らさまざまな生業を兼ね、またモノカルチャー化を避けて多様な農作物を栽培したことの復権にアイデンティティーをおく者もいる。
- Some of these practical farmers find their identity in revival of the fact that people of the historical hyakusho class engaged in various vocations and grew various crops to avoid monoculture.
- 2002年4月に黄砂の発生・飛来地域で行われたエアロゾルの成分分析では、カルシウム鉱物に占める石膏の割合が、東の地域にいくほど増加したという調査結果がある。
- A component analysis of aerosol conducted in April, 2002 at a kosa-producing place and a kosa-falling place showed that the ratio of gypsum included in calcium minerals was larger in more eastern places.
- 律令制が本格的に施行された8世紀のうちから、官吏、特に国司交替の手続きに関する法令(詔勅・太政官符)を集成した私撰の「交替式」と呼ばれる書物が存在していた。
- As early as the eight century when the Ritsuryo system was enforced on a large scale, a privately compiled book called 'Kotaishiki' existed, in which the laws and regulations concerning the procedures for replacing government officers, in particular, kokushi (provincial governors) (Shochoku - imperial edicts) and Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) were collected.
- 会所では、付書院とか違い棚とか押板とか、唐物の飾りの場としての性質、後世の書院造につながる設備が注目されるが、そういったものがあるのは、附属の小部屋である。
- People focused on the characteristic of Kaisho having the Tsukeshoin (a type of window), Chigaidana (a set of staggered shelves), oshiita, the place to decorate with karamono and equipment that would lead to the later Shoinzukuri (architecture of a study room), but it is the adjoining small room that has those items.
- 全編、詞書のない白描画であり、うち甲巻と乙巻は、かえる、うさぎ、さる、きつねなどの動物を擬人化して描き、軽妙な筆致で末法の世相を風刺した異色の絵巻物である。
- All scrolls are the hakubyoga (white monochrome drawing) without Kotobagaki, and in its volumes one and two, animals such as frogs, rabbits, monkeys, and foxes are personified and described; these are the unique emakimono that squibbed the social situations of Mappo with a light touch.
- そして、1297年(永仁5)、大彗星が現れると世相に不安が拡がり、当時の徳政観念に従って、貞時は、財物を元の持ち主へ無償で帰属させる永仁の徳政令を発布した。
- When a large comet appeared in 1297, anxiety spread across society, and, according to the Tokusei concept of the time, Sadatoki issued the Einin no Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order) by which properties had to be returned to the original owner without compensation.
- 11世紀40年代ごろから太政官によって制定され始めた公田官物率法は、一国内の税率を固定化する内容を持っており国司に付与された租税収取権に大きな制限を加えた。
- Koden kanmotsu rippo, which was established by Dajokan around 1140, restricted kokushi's right to collect tax since it included the provision which fixed the tax rate in a province.
- しかし、鮒の包み焼きが近江の名物であったことや、話の最後に登場する高階氏が高市皇子の後裔であることから、スパイ説は後世の人間による創作の可能性が極めて高い。
- However, there is a strong possibility that the above espionage theory was made up in later ages in view of the facts that the stuffed and baked crucian carp was a local specialty of Omi Province and that the Takashina clan which appeared at the end of the anecdote was a descendant of Prince Takechi (Takechi no Miko).
- ただ、人体への影響、動植物や農作物への影響、工場などへの影響が発生したり、発生の可能性が指摘されたりしていることが、近隣諸国のメディアによって報道されている。
- However, media in the neighboring nations have reported that kosa has affected human bodies, animals, plants, farm products and factories in the county or that it has been pointed out that such situations may occur.
- 大河内の教え子でのちに幸枝と結婚する人物として尾崎秀実をモデルにした野毛隆吉(藤田進が演じている)が登場するが、もちろん実在の尾崎はこの事件とは無関係である。
- Takakichi NOGE (played by Susumu FUJITA), who was Okochi's student and later marries Sachie was based on Hotsumi OZAKI, but of course the real Ozaki is unrelated to this incident.
- 前後して前関白藤原忠通(1164年死去)、太政大臣藤原伊通(1165年死去)、摂政藤原基実(1166年死去)など、政治の中心人物たちが相次いでこの世を去った。
- Around that time, several of the major political players died, such as former Imperial Regent FUJIWARA no Tadamichi (1164), Grand Minister of State FUJIWARA no Koremichi (1165) and Regent FUJIWARA no Motozane (1166).
- さて、会所に関する論文が書かれるとき、必ずといっていいほどとりあげられるのが、南北朝時代 (日本)を描いた軍記物語である『太平記』の巻三十七の以下のくだりだ。
- The following quote from thirty-seven volumes of 'Taiheiki,' which was a war chronicle describing the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), is almost always referred to within papers written about Kaisho.
- このため、大名から民衆に至るまで上位の権力者から権利を授かれば、お礼として金品など実際の利益となる物を献上することが当然の礼儀・道理と考えられていたのである。
- As a result, everyone from Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) to commoners thought it a natural courtesy and righteous judgment to present something beneficial such as money or goods in return when he/she was given a right by the higher authority.
- 歌合の句と良基の題材の解説及び判詞は、中世・近世を通じて有職故実書としても重んじられて書写・流布されたため、現在知られている物だけで80の伝本が存在している。
- These waka poems, and the subject matter selected by Yoshimoto as well as his hanshi were regarded as the important yusoku-kojitsusho (a book of courtly traditions and etiquette) during the medieval and pre-modern times and many manuscripts, at least 80 of them are known at present, were created and circulated.
- 年貢は、官物、ひいては田租に由来しており、荘園租税体系の中心に位置する税目であり、現地の下級荘園領主(開発領主や荘官など)が上級領主へ納入すべき税目であった。
- The nengu came from kanmotsu, eventually denso (rice field tax), and became central items of taxation in the land tax system for shoens and the item of taxation that were paid to high grade lords of the manor by local low grade lords of the manor (kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) or shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor))).
- 農奴(serf又はvilleinという)の保有地は、領主へ納入する労役や生産物・現金といった貢納(保有地に付随する慣習とされていた)を支えるための土地であった。
- The land owned by serfs (also called villein) were the lands which supported tributes to the lords, such as labor services, products, and cash money (the custom was supposed to accompany the owned lands).
- 現在においても作品の美術的価値が評価される武家の人物には、『鷹図』(土岐の鷹)の土岐頼芸や、『武田信虎像』・『大井夫人像』で両親の肖像を残した武田信廉らがいる。
- Persons from samurai families, the artistic value of whose works are highly accepted even today include Yoriyoshi TOKI of Takazu (painting of a hawk) (Toki no taka (literally, hawk of Toki)) and Nobukado TAKEDA who left portraits of his parents with 'portrait of Nobutora TAKEDA' and 'portrait of Oi Fujin (literally, lady Oi).'
- 興利倭船の担い手は平常は漁を行なっているような庶民であり、使送船のように胡椒・丹木・銅のような高価な物資を取り扱うことは出来ず、塩や魚をもって米穀に替えていた。
- Also the operators of Koriwasen were citizens who usually lived on fishing; therefore, since the operators could not trade in such expensive commodities as pepper, tanboku, and copper, they exchanged salt and fish with rice.
- 左方のチームカラーは暖色系統(当時は紫から橙色まで)で、大きな催しなどではアシスタントの女童たちの衣装や品物を包む料紙なども赤紫から紅の色合いで意匠を統一する。
- The left team was dressed in warm colors, ranging from purple to orange at the time, and in big events, the designs of costumes of assistant menowarawa (girls) and of writing paper for wrapping items were also unified in colors ranging from reddish purple to red.
- 私領も国家租税である官物の賦課対象であったが、領主は、私領から私的な得分を収取することについて国衙の承認を受けており、地子の語はこの私的得分を指すようになった。
- Although private lands were also objects for imposition of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), the national land tax, feudal lords obtained the recognition of kokuga to the right to collect profit personally and the term of jishi referred to this personal profit.
- この頃、個別人身支配から土地課税への転換に伴って、従来からあった租庸調・正税・雑徭・交易物などの税目が消え、新たに官物・臨時雑役などといった税目が出現していた。
- In the wake of the transition from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, former taxes, such as Soyocho, shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse), zoyo (irregular corvee) and trading goods, were abolished and new items of taxation, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and rinji zoyaku (general term for odd-job tasks), were introduced.
- ある土地からの収穫物またはその土地自体に対して、百姓・名主・荘官・地頭・領家・本家などといった多様な権利が重層的に存在していたのである(これを職の体系という)。
- Farmers, myoshu (owner of rice fields), shokan (an officer governing shoen or manor), jito (manager and lord of manor), ryoke (a lord of a manor) and head family had their ownership to harvests generated from a certain piece of land or to a certain piece of land itself and these various ownerships were multilayered (this is called 'shiki no taikei (定訳不明, framework of tasks or authorities in specific functions of administration.)'
- なお、親王任国においては、太守の俸禄は太守の収入に、その他の料物については無品親王(官職に就けない内親王含む)に与えられたと考えられているが、詳細は不明である。
- Although it is believed that Taishu of Shinno-ningoku received their salary but gave other revenues to Muhon-Shinno (Imperial prince without court rank) (inclusive of Imperial Princesses without official position), the details are not clear.
- 帝紀(ていき)とは、681年(天武天皇10年)より天智天皇2子の川島皇子・忍壁皇子らが勅命により編纂した書物で、天皇家の系譜の伝承を記したものと考えられている。
- The Teiki were books compiled by Emperor Tenchi's two children, Imperial Prince Kawashima and Prince Osakabe under the Imperial order since 681, and are thought to be records of the transmission of the genealogy of the Imperial Family.
- 商法で、自己の名をもって他人のために物品の販売又は買い入れをすることを業とする者と定義されており(b商法第551条)、問屋の行う売買は他人の計算においてなされる。
- The commercial code defines it as one who conducts distribution or purchases for others, under one's name, as a business, (Article 551 of the commercial code) and the buying and selling that is conducted by Toiya is determined by others.
- 砂や砂に付着した物質によって、土壌や海洋へミネラルが供給され、植物や植物プランクトンの生育を促進する作用もあり、黄砂に土壌を肥やす効果があることも指摘されている。
- Through sand and the substances stuck to sand, minerals are supplied to soil and sea and consequently the growth of plants and phytoplankton is advanced, and therefore, it is pointed out that kosa provides effects which enrich the quality of soil.
- 寛平・延喜年間(9世紀末期-10世紀初期)になると、板東において、中央へ進納する官物を強奪するといった「群盗蜂起」が頻発した(しゅう馬の党・寛平・延喜東国の乱)。
- In the Kanbyo-Engi period (from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century), there were frequent 'outbreaks of banditry' (Shuba-no-to and Kanbyo-Engi-Togoku-no-ran (disturbances by banditry in Togoku during the period between Kanbyo and Engi)) in which Bando were robbed of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) to be offered to the central government.
- 広く一般的に知られる中間は上記どおりだが、藩に正式に採用されてる家(世襲で藩に仕え、苗字帯刀が許されてるもの)や幕末に特殊な事例に用いて採用されたりした物を指す。
- Widely and generally known chugen were as mentioned above, but this special type of chugen refers to those from families who served domains by heredity and had the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword during the Edo period, or those who were formally employed by domains or recruited for special occasions at the end of Edo period.
- 特徴としては、平仮名・片仮名の発明で中古日本語の表記が容易になったことによる、和歌・日記・物語文学の隆盛、官衣束帯の登場(官服の国風化)、寝殿造の登場などがある。
- It is characterized by the following: the prosperity of waka, diaries, chronicles, which occurred because description of ancient and medieval Japanese became easier following the invention of hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries); the appearance of Kan-i-sokutai (official uniform in aristocratic culture), and the appearance of Shinden-zukuri style (architecture representative [characteristic] of a nobleman's residence in the Heian period).
- その一方で、坂上明兼の『法曹至要抄』、坂上明基(明兼の孫)の『裁判至要抄』、中原章澄の『明法条々勘録』、中原章任の『金玉掌中抄』などの優れた明法家の書物も現れた。
- But on the other hand, some great Myoho experts wrote books such as 'Hoso Shiyosho' by SAKANOUE no Akikane, 'Saiban Shiyosho' by SAKANOUE no Akimoto (a grandchild of Akikane), 'Myoho Jojokanroku' by NAKAHARA no Norisumi, 'Kingyoku Shochusho' by NAKAHARA no Norito etc.
- 一方、田畠の少ない山地河海周辺や都市部では、住屋や宅地に対する地子(賃借料)を名目とした在家地子(ざいけじし)が賦課されて鮎・薪・炭などの非農業生産物が課された。
- Meanwhile, in areas that were scarce in paddies and fields - such as mountainous districts, riverside areas, coastal areas, and merchant districts - 'jishi' (a kind of rent, called 'zaike-jishi') was imposed on a house and its premises, and people were also obliged to provide non-agricultural products, such as sweetfish, firewood, and charcoal.
- だが、応仁・文明の乱により散逸した物や諸大名に下賜されたり、幕府財政難のために土倉に売却されるなどして、地方に移ったものやそのまま行方不明になった物も少なくない。
- However, quite a few works were moved to various provinces or gone missing, because they were scattered and ultimately lost during the Onin-Bunmei Wars, given away to territorial lords, or sold to doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) due to the economic difficulties of the bakufu.
- 近世以前に行われた合戦において、主君が武士が戦功を挙げた家人や武士に対して表彰し、所領もしくは官途状、感状、物品の授与、格式の免許、官職への任官の推薦を行うこと。
- In the battles fought before the early modern times, the master honored his kenin (retainers) or samurai warriors who rendered outstanding military service and granted them territories, written appointments, testimonials, goods, rank and office confirmations, or commendation to governmental posts.
- 元々、地子は生産物地代の性格を持ち、その土地の生産物が地子として納入されていたが、中世後期ごろから貨幣経済が進展していくと、貨幣による地子の納入が増加していった。
- Originally, jishi had the characteristics of a tax payment in the form of products and the local products were brought in as jishi but jishi payment in money increased as the money economy gradually advanced from the late mid-period.
- さらに11世紀から12世紀にかけて荘園または荘園公領制が成立すると、それまで国家租税とされていた官物の収取権が、荘園領主へ移譲されていき、官物は年貢へと変質した。
- Furthermore, when the shoen or the shoen koryo-sei (the system of public lands and private estates) was established from the 11th century to the 12th century, the right to collect kanmotsu which had been considered as national land tax was transferred to lords of manors and the kanmotsu changed its nature to nengu (land tax).
- 国司は封戸物・正税物の調達に苦しみ、やむを得ず国内の土地に便補所(べんぽしょ、便宜上それに当てる場所)を設定して、そこから上がる官物で肩代わりさせるようになった。
- The Kokushi (officers of local government) struggled to collect Fukomotsu and Shozeimotsu and had to set Benbojo (places that were designated for convenience) within their province and used the crops collected in these fields to pay the taxes.
- 発生地ではない日韓も、黄砂に付着する大気汚染物質の発生源である自国企業関連の工場や、砂漠化につながる木材・農産品・畜産品の輸入などを通しても関わっており責任がある。
- Japan and South Korea, where no kosa is produced, are concerned with kosa as well because the factories of companies in these nations generate air pollutants that stick to kosa and because they import wood, agricultural products and livestock products that may cause desertification, and therefore, they are also responsible.
- 特に下克上が一般化する以前においてこの認識が強く、戦国時代 (日本)の豊臣秀吉のように、百姓その他武士身分以外出身の人物は当然、武士として認められるはずがなかった。
- Especially before gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) became common, such a point of view dominated and thus, like Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), a person originating from farmers or from a status not of samurai status could not admitted as bushi by definition.
- 後を追うようなかたちで直武は藩の「源内手、産物他所取次役」ないし「銅山方産物取立役(吟味役)」に抜擢され、12月1日に角館より江戸へ出立して源内のところに寄寓した。
- Soon afterwards, Naotake was promoted to 'product agent under Gennai' and 'collector (selector) of copper mine products,' and he departed from Kakunodate for Edo on January 12, 1774 and lodged with Gennai.
- もちろん、『今昔物語集』巻第25第5 「平維茂、藤原諸任を罰ちたる語」に、「騎馬の兵70人、徒歩の兵30人」とあるように、歩兵もいるが、歩兵の戦闘描写は見られない。
- Of course, there was reference to foot soldiers in 'seventy cavalry and thirty foot soldiers' within the 'Story about Punishing TAIRA no Koremochi and FUJIWARA no Morotoo' in Section five of Volume twenty-five of 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu,' but there were no battle scenes depicted of foot soldiers.
- 『日本書紀』によれば、継体天皇21年(527年)に起きた磐井の乱に際して、筑紫君磐井の征討を命じられた物部麁鹿火に、継体天皇が刀を授けたことが、節刀の初めとされる。
- According to 'Nihonshoki,' Setto had begun when the Emperor Keitai granted the sword to MONONOBE no Arakahi who was assigned to conquer Tsukushinokimiiwai in the Iwai War occurred in 527.
- 日本における黄砂濃度の最高値は、黄砂以外も含む浮遊粒子状物質(SPM)の参考値ではあるが、2002年に0.79mg/m3(790µg/m3)という値が観測されている。
- The maximum kosa density ever observed in Japan was 0.79 mg per cubic meter (790µg per cubic meter) in 2002, although the value is to be used only as a reference, because it actually is a density value of suspended particulate matter (SPM) including kosa.
- 江戸時代の国学発生以降、平安時代以前の語彙・語音を知る資料として、また社会・風俗・制度などを知る史料として国文学・日本語学・日本史の世界で重要視されている書物である。
- Since the time when the study of Japanese classical literatures started in the Edo period, it has been highly evaluated as a document where information about vocabulary and about pronunciations of words is available, and in addition, it has also been highly evaluated in the fields of Japanese literatures, of Japanese language study and of Japanese history, as a document in which information about states of society, customs and social systems is available.
- この人物は尚氏の子弟か近親者と推定されている(なお、宮内庁書陵部所蔵松岡本は宛先を息子の大舘晴光とするが、晴光が九郎の名乗りを用いた記録は無く、別人の可能性が高い)。
- It is presumed that this person was either Hisauji's son or relative (Matsuoka-bon (one of manuscripts) possessed by Imperial Household Archives assumed the addressee was his son Harumitsu Odachi, but there are no records proving that Harumitsu called himself Kuro and therefore, he might be an another person).
- 8世紀初頭に成立した律令制のもとでは、公田のうち口分田を班給した後に余った乗田を国衙が百姓らに貸し付けて、収穫物の2割を納入させる賃租の規定があった(「田令公田条)。
- Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) established at the beginning of the 8th century, there was a provision of chinso (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) that, after hankyu (allotment) of kubunden (the field given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system), kokuga (provincial government offices) lent peasants joden (rest of the field after kubunden was given) from the remaining koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) and charged 20 percent of their harvest as jishi (according to 'Denryo-koden-jo).
- そのため西洋画の技法研究も、蘭学者である平賀源内が外国人からの直接の指導を受けることなく、書物の挿画の模写などを通して独学で行っており、余技の域を出ないものであった。
- The techniques of Western paintings were studied by Gennai HIRAGA, a scholar of Dutch studies, by copying the illustrations in books, and since he painted in his own way without any direct guidance from Westerners, his study of the art was no better than painting as a hobby.
- 同年末、北朝は『建武式目』を発布して武家政権の成立を宣言するが、後醍醐は京都を脱出して吉野に逃れ、北朝方に渡した神器は贋物であると宣言し、吉野朝廷を成立させて対抗する。
- Towards the end of that year (old calendar), the Northern Court issued the 'Kenmu Code' and declared the establishment of a samurai government but Godaigo escaped Kyoto to hide in Yoshino and claimed that the Sacred Treasures he gave to the Northern Court were fake and rebelled by establishing the Southern Court.
- 京都の公家であった左近衛少将・猪熊教利は、「天下無双」とたたえられるほどの美男子で、源氏物語の光源氏や平安時代に浮き名を流した在原業平にもたとえられていた公家であった。
- Sakone no shosho (officer of the Imperial guard department) Noritoshi INOKUMA, a court noble in Kyoto, was renowned for his allegedly 'unparalleled' handsomeness, likened to Hikaru Genji, hero of the Tale of Genji, or ARIWARA no Narihira whose love affairs were well known in the Heian period.
- 小さな砂粒が大きな石になる例には、細石やストロマトライトなどが知られており、またチャート(SiO2)や石灰質岩により他の岩石破砕物を固結する例もよく見られることである。
- Examples of small grains of sand becoming a large stone, consisting of pebbles and stromatolite are well-known and it is often seen that homstone (SiO2) and calcareous rock consolidates broken pieces of other rocks.
- 天皇の来学に先立ち、京大吉田(本部)キャンパスでは、2,000人にのぼる学生・教職員などが正門近くの本部(時計台)前広場(画像参照)に見物(あるいは歓迎)に押しかけた。
- At Kyoto University Yoshida (headquarter) campus, two thousand students/school personnel gathered, before the arrival of the Emperor, at an open space in front of the university headquarter building (clock tower) (refer to the picture) in order to see (or welcome) the Emperor.
- 義政期には唐物の管理や鑑定を行っていた同朋衆能阿弥にが「御物御画目録」(280幅、東京国立博物館所蔵)を編纂し、材質・形態別の分類を行い、画家や画題、賛者などを記した。
- During the period of reign of Yoshimasa, Noami, the doboshu (the shogun's attendants in charge of entertainment), who was responsible for the maintenance and appraisal of Karamono, compiled 'Gomotsu One Mokuroku' (an inventory of selected Chinese paintings in the Ashikaga collection) (280 sets, owned by Tokyo National Museum), sorting the works by materials and styles, and recording the names of the painters, the subjects of the paintings and sanja (person who appreciates the work and writes appraisal in it).
- 『八十翁疇昔物語』によれば、番町方の長坂血鑓九郎、須田久右衛門の屋敷と、牛込方の小栗半右衛門、間宮七郎兵衛、都築又右衛門などの屋敷とのあいだは、道幅100余間もあった。
- According to the story titled 'Hachijuo Mukashi Monogatari,' the road between the residences of Chiyarikuro NAGASAKA and Kyuemon SUDA in Bancho (the name of a place in the west of Chiyoda ward, Tokyo) and the residences of Hanemon OGURI, Shichirobe MAMIYA, and Mataemon TSUZUKI in Ushigome (residential area in the east of Shinjuku, Toyko) was more than 100 ken (181 m) in distance.
- 初期の官物徴収は特に基準がなかったためにそれぞれの国例に従って官物率法が決定されて賦課されたが、国司による恣意的な賦課(官物加徴)やこれに対する農民側の抵抗も強かった。
- The initial Kanmotsu collection did not have any standards and Kanmotsu ritsuho was customarily decided and taxed in each province, but arbitrary taxation (Kanbutsu kacho) by Kokushi (officiers of the local government) occurred and resistance by farmers against this was strong.
- なお、隅田八幡宮(和歌山県橋本市)蔵の隅田八幡宮人物画像鏡(443年説と503年説)に見える「孚弟王(男弟王?)」は継体天皇を指すとする説がある(詳細は異説にて後述)。
- One theory says that '孚弟王 (Oto no kimi ?)' inscribed on Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror in Sudahachiman-jinja Shrine (Hashimoto City, Wakayama Prefecture) (there are two theories about its year of creatoin: 443 and 503) indicates Emperor Keitai (details of this theory will be mentioned later in 'Heresy').
- 若井敏明の説では億計王・弘計王の兄弟を発見したのは「忍海部」の人物であることから、実は兄弟は早くから飯豊王の保護下に匿われており、発見は半ば出来レースだったと推測する。
- According to a theory by Toshiaki WAKAI, because the discoverer of the two brothers, elder and younger Oke no mikos, was a person who belonged to 'Oshinbe' (a group of court servants who worked for Iitoyo no miko's direct servants), it is presumed that the brothers had from earlier been hidden under protection of Iitoyo no miko and the discovery of them was a half expected outcome.
- また、同じく韓国で2003年、黄砂の飛来する前後に行われた疫学調査では、尿の成分測定で多環芳香族炭化水素(PAH)に属する発ガン性物質が平均で25%増加したと発表された。
- Also in South Korea, it is reported in 2003 that analyses of urine samples in epidemiological investigations conducted before and after kosa arrived showed that carcinogens belonging to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) increased by 25 percent on average when kosa arrived.
- 4世紀後半からヤマト王権は、武器・農具の原料である鉄資源を求めて朝鮮半島への進出を開始したが、これを契機として朝鮮半島や中国の技術・文物が倭国へ多く流入することとなった。
- Starting in the latter half of the fourth century, the Yamato sovereignty began to advance into the Korean peninsula, seeking iron that was needed for making weapons and farm tools, causing many technologies and cultural products in the Korean peninsular and China to be introduced to Wa.
- 多量の唐物で飾り付けられているところ、のちに同朋衆にもなっていく遁世者がふたりおかれたところは、最盛期、室町時代のそれをおもわせ、会所の発展の経過を示す好例となっている。
- The fact that many karamono were decorated and the presence of two monks, who would eventually become the Doboshu (monks who performed art, tea, and various duties for shogun or daimyo) were viewed as fine examples indicating the progress of Kaisho development and the most flourishing period of Muromachi period,
- 新安沈船から引き揚げられた遺物には白磁、青磁の天目茶碗などおよそ1万8000点におよぶ陶磁器や、約25トン・800万枚もの銅貨、そして346点もの積荷木簡が含まれていた。
- Relics (of the past) pulled up from the wrecked ship included 18,000 ceramic ware items including white and celadon porcelains and tenmoku tea bowls, 8 million copper coins weighing 25 tons, and 346 pieces of tsumini mokkan (narrow, long, and thin pieces of wood strung together that were used to write names of trading items on).
- 庶民の寺子屋においては、『庭訓往来』をはじめとする往来物や『童子教』・『実語教』や『貞永式目』、儒学関連では『三字経』・『大和小学』・『孝経』・『小学』などが採用された。
- Private elementary schools for the common people adopted for their textbooks like Oraimono, which included 'Teikin Orai,' as well as 'Dojikyo,' 'Jitsugokyo,' 'Joeishikimoku,' and other books related Confucianism such as 'Sanjikyo,' 'Yamato Shogaku,' 'Kokyo,' 'Shogaku,' etc.
- 後者は当初は『文選 (書物)』と『爾雅』を採用していたが、『延喜式』では『爾雅』に代わって「三史」(『史記』・『漢書』・『後漢書』)が採用されていずれも大経とされている。
- And the latter adopted 'Monzen' and 'Jiga' at first, but in the 'Engishiki,' 'Sanshi' (three history books) ('Shiki,' 'Kanjo,' and 'Gokanjo') were adopted in place of 'Jiga' and all were categorized as large scriptures.
- 儀式(ぎしき)とは、本来は律令制の朝廷における公務・宮中行事に際しての礼儀作法のことであるが、後にはこうした作法を規定した編纂物・書物のことを「儀式」と呼ぶようになった。
- Gishiki originally meant court rule and customs in official duties and ceremonial functions at the imperial court under the ritsuryo system, and later, compilations and books for prescribing court rule and customs came to be called 'Gishiki.'
- 後白河は義仲の傲慢な態度に憤っていたと思われるが、平氏追討のためには義仲の武力に頼らざるを得ないのが現状であり、義仲に平家没官領140余箇所を与えている(『平家物語』)。
- It is considered that Goshirakawa was irate about Yoshinaka's arrogance, but since he had no choice but to rely on Yoshinaka's force to search and kill the Taira clan, he gave Yoshinaka some 140 Heike Mokkanryo (land rights confiscated by Kamakura bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] from the Taira family) ('The Tale of the Heike).
- 例えば、鎮守府将軍を歴任した平良文(たいらのよしふみ)という人物は、相模の村岡に所領=名田を経営しており、兄弟で5番目だったことから村岡五郎(むらおかのごろう)と自称した。
- For instance, a man named TAIRA no Yoshifumi, who had a career as a chinjufu-shogun (general of the northern pacification command), called himself MURAOKA no Goro because he had his territory, or his myoden, in Muraoka, Sagami Province and he was the fifth eldest brother (Goro literally means a fifth boy).
- 彼らは、貢納物の原料採取・作業・交易をする場を求めて移動・遍歴することを必要としていたため、関銭・津料などの交通税を免除され、自由に諸国を往来できる権利を得ることとなった。
- Because Kugonin were wanderers seeking places to collect raw materials for their products, to work on their products, and trade them, they were exempted from traffic taxes such as sekisen (tolls) and tsuryo and, therefore, they had the right to freely travel around the various provinces.
- 南北朝正閏論(なんぼくちょうせいじゅんろん)とは日本の南北朝時代 (日本)において南北のどちらが正統とするかの論争(閏はうるうと同じで「正統ではないが偽物ではない」の意)。
- The Nanbokucho-Seijun-ron is a debate on which of the Imperial Courts, Southern or Northern, was the legitimate dynasty during the Nanbokucho period in Japan ('jun' is the same as 'uruu' and means 'not legitimate but also not fake').
- しかし、源頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開いて「天下兵馬之権」を掌握して武家政権を確立すると、清和源氏-河内源氏の血を引く人物が「武家の棟梁=幕府の長・征夷大将軍」という図式が確立した。
- However, after MINAMOTO no Yoritomo seized 'Tenka heiba no ken' (the power of commanding a national military force) and established military government called Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the scheme under which persons who originated from Seiwa-Genji/Kawachi-Genji became 'Buke no toryo=the head of bakufu/Seii taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians)' became established.
- 当時の学問水準より比定の誤りなどが見られるが、平安初期以前の薬物の和名をことごとく記載しておりかつ来歴も明らかで、本拠地である中国にも無いいわゆる逸文が大量に含まれている。
- Although there are some errors in the identification of the medicines by analogy due to the low level of the study at that time, every single Japanese name of the medicines used before the early Heian period is recorded, and the origins and histories of them are revealed, and plenty of so-called itsubun (lost writings), which previously existed but do not exist now even in its home country, China, are included in the dictionary.
- 堀河天皇・鳥羽天皇・崇徳天皇の3天皇(つまり白河・鳥羽院政)時代の朝廷における行事・叙位・修法などの諸儀式について詳細に記述してあり、後世有職故実の書物として重んじられた。
- Various ceremonies such as events, investitures, and incantations that happened during the eras of the three emperors, Emperor Horikawa, Emperor Toba and Emperor Sutoku (in other words, the cloistered government period of Shirakawa and Toba) are described in detail and the document is treasured by researchers as a well-written knowledgeable account.
- 北山殿の会所は、奥向きの庭、異質な建物の舎利殿のとなりにあったともいわれているし、訪問した客から見れば、多種多彩なものが一度にはいってくる、豪奢な景色になっていたことだろう。
- The kaisho of Kitayamadono was said to have a garden at the back and Shariden (a hall that stores the bones of Buddha) with a unique architecture that must have been a colorful and luxurious scenery with various objects for the visiting guest.
- MIHO MUSEUM(滋賀県甲賀市)蔵の『沙門地獄草紙』の「解身地獄」は動物を殺し、食した僧が墜ちる地獄で、僧が切り刻まれ、鬼に食われるという、延々と続く地獄を表している。
- The 'Geshin Jigoku' (Hell of Dissections) of 'Shamon Jigoku zoshi' (Stories of Hell for Buddhist Priests) possessed by MIHO MUSEUM (Koga City, Shiga Prefecture) describes endless hell; a monk who had killed and had eaten an animal went to the hell where the monk was killed and chopped and eaten by oni (ogre).
- 往来物は当初は文書作成のための文例集でしかなかったが、次第にその文面の中に社会常識や知識を盛り込んだものへと変化を遂げていき、南北朝時代 (日本)には『庭訓往来』が著された。
- Originally, Oraimono was a collection of model sentences for letter-writing, but later it developed to include social knowledge and common sense, and by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Teikin Orai' was created.
- 従って現時点で明らかであるのは、平安時代の後期には延喜年間に編纂あるいは記録に由来を持つ『延喜儀式』という儀式(書物)が存在して、先例として重んじられていたということである。
- The only thing apparent at present was the Gishiki (Book) called 'Engi Gishiki' during the late Heian period which might have been compiled or the contents of which might have originated during the Engi era and were highly regarded as authority.
- 本来は地税である田租を指して官物と呼んだと考えられているが、律令制以後には租庸調をはじめとする貢納物や出挙・正税などのその運用・集積物を含めて「官物」と呼ばれるようになった。
- Originally Kanmotsu is thought to have been the term for Denso (rice field tax), a property tax, but after the Ritsuryo system was established, 'Kanmotsu' became the term to describe tithes such as Soyocho and suiko (government loans), shozei (the rice tax stored in a provincial office's warehouse) and its use and accumulated products.
- 曙山の作品として、「松に唐鳥図」(重要文化財、個人蔵)、「燕子花にハサミ図」(神戸市立博物館所蔵)、「竹に文鳥図」(秋田市立千秋美術館所蔵)、「湖山風景図」などの絵画がある。
- Shozan's paintings include 'Matsu ni Karadori Zu' (A Painting of Foreign-bred Bird on Pine) (an important cultural property in a private collection), 'Kakitsubata ni Hasami Zu' (A Painting of Rabbit-ear Iris and Scissors) (at Kobe City Museum), 'Take ni Buncho Zu' (A Painting of a Paddy Bird on a Bamboo) (at Akita Senshu Museum of Art), and 'Kozan Fukei Zu' (A View of a Mountain and a Lake).
- 『古事記』によると、唖の誉津別命が出雲国に赴くさい、そのお供をするべき人物として占いに当たったので、曙立王がうけいをすると、一度死んだサギが蘇り、また一度枯れた樹木が蘇った。
- According to the Kojiki, when Homutsuwake no mikoto, who had speech impairment, left for Izumo Province for his new appointment, a divination recommended that he should take Aketatsu no o as an attendant, and when Aketatsu no o practiced ukei (pledge), a dead egret resuscitated and a dead tree recovered.
- 『東武皇帝の実像ー戊辰の歴史に埋もれたもう一人の天皇』山陰久志(『別冊歴史読本 皇位継承の危機 皇室典範改正に向けて皇統の本義に迫る!』新人物往来社、2005年5月25日号)
- 'The truths of the Emperor Tobu - Another Emperor buried under the history of Boshin', Hisashi YAMAKAGE ('Separate volume history book, Crisis of succession to the Imperial Throne, Approach the basic principle of the imperial line toward Revision of Imperial House Act', Shinjinbutsu Oraisha, issued on May 25, 2005)
- 朝鮮王朝にとって交易品の輸送は特に負担となっていた様であり、朝鮮王朝実録にその様子は「沿路各官、人吏竝出、夜以繼晝、輸運之物、絡繹於道、至於妻子、徧受其苦、重載之牛、多斃路中。
- For the Korean Dynasty, the transportation of products was especially a heavy burden, and the 'Korean Dynasty's Fact Record' described that situation and said as follows:
- 仁平3年(1153年)忠盛が没したとき、藤原頼長は「数国の吏を経、富巨万を累ね、奴僕国に満ち、武威人にすぐ」(『宇槐記抄』)と評したが、これは平氏の実力の大きさを物語っている。
- When Tadamori died in 1153, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga said of him 'he governed several provinces, gained riches, obtained followers and was full of military prowess' ('Ukaikisho'), and this indicates the greatness of the Taira clan.
- 負所(おっしょ)とは、中世の荘園において、本来は国衙に納めるべき雑役(場合によっては官物の一部を含む)を免除を受け、その分を自己に収めることが出来る荘園領主及びその土地を指す。
- The term 'Ossho' means the lords of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) were exempted from and allowed to collect Zatsueki (a kind tax under the Ritsuryo system) (sometimes inclusive of the portion of Kanmotsu (tribute goods -supposed to be paid to Kokuga (provincial government offices) as well as the land of such Shoen.
- 大きく分けて原本に近いと考えられる本(内閣文庫・平安博物館所蔵本など)と洞院実守書写と伝えられるものの、一部に脱落と錯簡が見られる系統(尊経閣文庫所蔵本など)のものが存在する。
- Existing books are basically divided into two groups, namely those considered to be close to the original (a book owned by the Cabinet Library, a book owned by the Heian Museum of Ancient History, etc.) and those with some omissions and out of order pages which are believed to be the manuscript of Sanemori TOIN (a book owned by Sonkeikaku Bunko Library).
- 『荀子』や『春秋穀梁伝』のように「士商工農」とするものもあるが、中国では伝統的に土地に基づかず利の集中をはかる「商・工」よりも土地に根ざし穀物を生み出す「農」が重視されてきた。
- 'Xun Zi' (or Hsun Tzu) and 'Shunju Kokuryo-den' (Annotation of Guliang on Spring and Autumn Annals) described 'shi-sho-ko-no'; though in China, much more importance has traditionally been attached to 'no' who settled in the land and produced crops, as opposed to the 'sho' and 'ko' who did not till the land and aimed at reaping profits.
- 自国人平常晴今常澄父也、手譲平常重并嫡男常胤、依官物負累、譲国司藤原親通朝臣、彼朝臣譲二男親盛朝臣、而依匝瑳北条之由緒、以当御厨公験、所譲給義宗也、然者父常晴長譲渡他人畢所也。
- 自国人平常晴今常澄父也,手譲平常重并嫡男常胤,依官物負累,譲国司藤原親通朝臣,彼朝臣譲二男親盛朝臣,而依匝瑳北条之由緒,以当御厨公験,所譲給義宗也,然者父常晴長譲渡他人畢所也.
- が、神宝を納める庫の高い階(高橋)に、女だてらに上るのはいやだと拒否され、仕方なく物部十千根 大連に任せたといわれている(この祭祀とは、神宝の出し入れもしていた可能性がある)。
- However, she refused his offer saying that she would not like to climb up to a higher floor (elevated bridge) because she was just a woman; then he had no idea other than appointing MONONOBE no Tochine, who was in the position of Omuraji (one of the important official ranks of Yamato Imperial Court, representing the local ruling lords called Muraji) (the religious service referred to here might have included the task of getting in and out the sacred treasures).
- 『日本書紀』には、物部麁鹿火の娘の影媛(かげひめ)をめぐって、平群臣鮪(へぐりのおみしび)と歌垣で争ったことが記され、それに敗れた太子は大伴金村に命じて鮪を討ち取らせたという。
- In 'Nihonshoki' the Crown Prince competed against HEGURI no Omi Shibi at a poetry reading party over Kagehime, daughter of MONONOBE no Arakahi and when he was defeated he ordered Kanamaru to kill Shibi.
- さらに、火縄銃など火器類の流入は、従来、非常時には徴発によってかなりの部分を賄いえていた軍需物資に、火薬など大量消費型の品々を加えることになり、ロジスティクスの重要性が高まった。
- In addition, inflow of firearms such as the matchlock caused an increase of mass-consumption type items such as gun powder to munitions materials, a certain part of which could be procured by commandeering in an emergency, increasing the importance of logistics.
- さらに下人・所従と呼ばれる隷属民を使役して、国司・領主から承認された給田・免田や自らの屋敷周辺に設定した私的な田地を耕作させる者もおり、その場合、収穫物は全て名主の収入となった。
- Some of them even used unfree peasants called genin or shoju to cultivate tax-exempt land granted by the territorial governors and manorial lords or private farmland around their houses, in which case all taxes collected became their own earnings.
- その一方で炭供御人、氷室供御人など様々な手工芸品を扱ったため、貢納物を超える生産物は諸国往来権を持つ彼ら自身により流通経路に載せられ、商人としての活動も行っていたと見られている。
- On the other hand, Kugonin handled various handicraft products such as sumi (charcoal) Kugonin and himuro (warehouse for ice) Kugonin and, therefore, it seems that they also acted as merchants because of the fact that their products, in excess of those presented to the Imperial court, were sold in their distribution networks by themselves utilizing their right to travel to various provinces.
- 寿枝子の姉・小枝子は三菱財閥の創業者・岩崎弥太郎の孫に嫁ぎ、その娘・由利子(寿枝子の姪にあたる)は古生物学関連人物一覧で博士 (理学)の鎮西清高(京都大学名誉教授)に嫁いでいる。
- Sueko's elder sister, Saeko, married a grandchild of Yataro IWASAKI, the founder of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, and her daughter Yuriko (niece of Sueko) married Kiyotaka CHINZEI (professor emeritus at Kyoto University), who was included on a list of important figures as a doctor (science) of paleontology.
- 庶民の間では、芸事や趣味の道が次第に洗練されたものになり始め、『風姿花伝』のように芸の道を人間の道と重ね合わせて修行のありようを考えるという視点も、この武家階級の時代の産物である。
- Among ordinary people, their accomplishments and hobbies began to be refined, and the following perspective was also a product of the era of the bushi class arms: they had the insight into practice by superposing their accomplishments on their lives as expressed in 'Fushikaden.'
- 頼光が陰陽師(安倍晴明だとする話もある)に相談したところ、「必ず鬼が腕を取り返しにやって来るから、七日の間家に閉じこもり物忌みをし、その間は誰も家の中に入れないように」と言われた。
- Yorimitsu then consults with an onmyoji (a Heian-period sorcerer; in some accounts, the onmyoji he speaks to is none other than the famous ABE no Seimei), who informs Tsuna that 'The oni will definitely come here seeking to recover his arm, so shut yourself away in your house for seven days of ritual confinement, and do not allow anyone else to enter the house during this time.'
- 義政の祖父にあたる足利義満や父の足利義教ら歴代将軍は唐物志向が強く、日明貿易により宋 (王朝)・元 (王朝)などの中国絵画(唐物)を収集し、「天山」「道有」などの鑑蔵院が押された。
- As the successive shoguns including Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (Yoshimasa's grandfather) and Yoshinori ASHIKAGA (Yoshimasa's father) had a strong taste for Karamono (things imported from China), they collected Chinese paintings (Karamono) of Sung (dynasty), Yuan (dynasty), etc., through trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty, and the paintings were affixed with the seal of Kanzo in (a collector's seal, which was impressed on Sung and Yuan period paintings) such as 'Tenzan' and 'Doyu'
- 律令制の租税である租が変質したと考えられる官物・年貢に対して、雑徭など人身別賦課を引く雑公事・夫役・臨時雑役などを指して称した(庸・調の後身に関しては官物説と雑役説の両方がある)。
- Whereas Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and Nengu (land tax) are considered as the transformation of the tax, So (rice tax) of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), Zoyaku indicated Zokuji (all miscellaneous dues in the form of non-rice products and labor), Buyaku (labor service), Rinji Zoyaku (extraordinary irregular levies) that are considered as a continuance of a per-capita tax, Zoyo (irregular corvee) (regarding what the taxes of Yo [labor or alternative goods] and Cho [textile goods or alternative money] transformed into, there are two theories: one theory asserts Kanmotsu and another Zoyaku).
- また、ヨンストン著『動物図譜』などの洋書を模写することによって、従来の東洋画では定型化されていた獅子やヘビ、ウマなどの動物表現についても、陰影をつけて立体感をあらわす方法を学んだ。
- Also, by copying Western books including Jonston's 'Dobutsu Zufu' (Zoological Encyclopedia), he learned techniques of drawing animals such as lions, snakes and horses, which had been a stereotype of Oriental paintings, in three dimensions by using shadow effects.
- こうした結果、三浦の乱後の1511~1581年までの間、日本国王使は二十二回通交することになるがその中で本物の日本国王使は二回に過ぎず、残りの二十回は宗氏の仕立て上げた偽使であった。
- As a result of this, royal envoys visited Korea 22 times between 1511 and 1581 after the Sanpo War, but only 2 visits were by real royal envoys and the other 20 visits were by gishi which were prepared by the So clan.
- 中でも往復書簡を集めた形式の書籍である往来物は特に頻用され、様々な書簡を作成する事の多かった江戸時代の民衆にとっては実生活に即した教科書であり、「往来物」は教科書の代名詞ともなった。
- Oraimono, collection of correspondences were frequently used as textbooks because the public during the Edo period often prepared various letters for practical life and eventually 'Oraimono' became a pronoun for textbook.
- 倭館に居住することを許された日本人は、対馬藩から派遣された館主以下、代官(貿易担当官)、横目、書記官、通詞などの役職者やその使用人だけでなく、小間物屋、仕立屋、酒屋などの商人もいた。
- Other than the manager of the wakan dispatched by the Tsushima clan, among Japanese who were allowed to reside in the wakan were officers such as local governors (governors in charge of trading), Yokome (job title in samurai family, the job involves watching over officers), the secretary, translators; their respective employees; and also merchants like haberdashery shop owners, tailors, and liquor shop owners.
- 応永5年(1398年)来日した朝鮮使節から義弘が莫大な進物を受け取っていたことを斯波義将らが「義弘は朝鮮から賄賂を受け取っている」と義満に讒言し、それが義弘に聞こえて激怒させている。
- When a Korean envoy arrived in Japan in 1398 and presented Yoshihiro with a vast number of gifts, Yoshimasa SHIBA slandered him to Yoshimitsu, saying 'Now Yoshihiro is accepting bribes from Korea,' and when Yoshihiro heard of this slander he was furious.
- 大宝律令には都の東西両市における估価をはじめ、貿易や口分田などの公田からの納税(地子)を代物で納める(あるいは、地子を中央へ送るために地子交易を行う)ときの估価などが規定されている。
- Taiho Code defined the koka in the cities on both east and west of the capital, and the koka for in-kind payment of taxes on trade or taxes on fields administered directly by a ruler (jishi), such as kubunden (the farm land given to each farm in the Ritsuryo system) (or when conducting jishi trade in order to send jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system to the central govenment)).
- また、黒色火薬の火力を推進力として利用した原始的なロケットのような兵器を指して言う場合もあり、その中には標的に着弾した時に焼き払ったり爆発するように燃焼物や火薬を仕込むものもあった。
- Horokuhiya also indicate other similar weapons, such as primitive rockets that used black gunpowder for propulsion and were sometimes loaded with burning materials and gun powder to burn down targets or explode on impact.
- そして、『今昔物語集』巻19第4話「摂津守満仲出家せる語」で源満仲は出家した我が子に「我が心に違う者有れば、虫などを殺すように殺しつ、少し宜しと思う罪には手足を切る」と嘆かれている。
- Furthermore, MINAMOTO no Mitsutaka was grieved by his own child that went through shukke (to become a Buddhist monk) 'if there is someone who defies your will, you kill him as though he was an insect, and cut off his arms and legs for a minor crime' in the 'Story of Mitsunaka, who was the Settsu no kami (governor of Settsu Province) and underwent shukke (become Buddhist Priest)' in Volume 19 Story 4 of 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past).
- これは、貴族・寺社への国家的給付(封戸物・正税物)の代替というやむを得ない場合もあるが、ほとんどが任期終了間際に国司が貴族・寺社から礼物をとり、国司免判を濫発したことによるものだった。
- This was mostly because kokushis got the gift items from aristocrats, temples, and shrines just before their service ended and in return over issued the remission of tax, though there were the unavoidable cases of the substitution of national benefits (fuko (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples), shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse)) for aristocrats, temples, and shrines.
- 地中海沿岸からヨーロッパ各地に諸聖人の遺骨(聖遺物または不朽体)またはキリストの磔刑、ノアの箱舟の跡などの遺物を祭ったとされる教会、聖堂などが多数あり、そのような地への巡礼が行われた。
- Pilgrims traveled to numerous churches and cathedrals throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe that venerate the remains of saints (sacred relics or immortal body) or relics of the crucifixion of Christ or remains of Noah's Ark.
- 本城惣右衛門覚書(ほんじよそうえもんおぼえがき)は、本能寺の変で明智光秀に従軍していた光秀配下の武士 本城惣右衛門が、江戸時代に入って晩年、親族と思われる三人の人物に宛てた記録である。
- The Honjo Soemon Oboegaki is a record sent by Soemon HONJO, a samurai serving Mitsuhide AKECHI during the Honnoji Incident, to three people who are thought to be his relatives, during his late years in the Edo period.
- なお、後年の編纂物である『吾妻鏡』などには一連の北陸出兵が「義仲討伐の為」と記されているが、当時の記録には、『玉葉』寿永2年(1183年)5月16日条まで義仲の名前は記載されていない。
- The books compiled in later years, including 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), state that the serial dispatch of troops to Hokuriku was 'in order to seek out and kill Yoshinaka' but Yoshinaka's name was not recorded in the records made at the time, until the June 14, 1183 entry in 'Gyokuyo' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane).
- 延享2年(1745年)にも「町人が絹・紬・木綿・麻以外の物を着てはならず、熨斗目などの衣装を着ているものがいれば、同心は捕えてその場で衣装を没収すべきである」と言う指示が出されている。
- In 1745, an ordinance was issued stating that 'if doshin (police constable) find townspeople wearing clothes like noshime (a kind of kimono for samurai), they should arrest them and confiscate the clothes on the spot, as townspeople are not allowed materials other than silk, tsumugi, cotton, and hemp.'
- だが、皇朝十二銭の廃絶などで貨幣流通が衰退する一方で代納品による租税の物納やそれに伴う交易による中央への上供品の購入が一般化すると、交換の価値基準としての估価が求められるようになった。
- However, with the elimination of Kocho-Junisen (twelve coins casted in Japan), circulation of currency fell, and on the other hand, with the wide-spread use of in-kind tax payments and purchasing goods from the trade related to the in-kind tax payments to deliver to the central government, koka was called for as the standards for prices.
- しかし、延暦17年(798年)の太政官符によれば、令制国が地元特産物を朝廷に納めるために買い上げを行う(交易雑物)時には、和市の価(今日で言う市場価格)で購入するように命じられている。
- But the Daijokanpu issued in 798 (official docments issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) ordered ryoseikoku (province) to buy at Washi price (present-day market price) when purchasing local specialties (trading miscellaneous things) to deliver to the Court.
- 秋田蘭画の多くは、絹本着色で掛幅という東洋画の伝統的な形態をとりながらも、画題のうえでは洋風の風景画や静物画を、技法のうえでは陰影法や大気遠近法など西洋絵画の手法を多く採り入れている。
- Many Akita Ranga paintings used traditional Eastern styles of painting by using silk fabric colors and Kakehaba (Japanese pigments) while adopting Western painting techniques, which included Western-style themes, such as landscapes and still-lifes, and used such techniques as shadowing and aerial perspective.
- 高市皇子(たけちのみこ・たけちのおうじ、654年(白雉5年)? - 696年8月13日(持統天皇10年7月10日 (旧暦)))は、日本の飛鳥時代の人物で、天武天皇の皇子(長男)である。
- Prince Takechi (Takechi no Miko or Takechi no Oji) (c.654 - August 13, 696) lived during the Asuka period of Japan and a son (the oldest son) of Emperor Tenmu.
- これに対し、家臣を城下に集めて専任の常備軍(この常備軍は西洋軍事史で規定されるそれとは全くの別物である事に注意)とすれば、上記の要求を満たせる上、兵の錬度、武具の質も上げることができた。
- In contrast, if the feudal lords gathered their vassals around their castles and set them as a full-time regular army, they were able to meet the needs mentioned above and to improve soldiers' skillfulness and the quality of arms (notice: in this case the regular army mentioned here is totally different from the one stipulated in the history of military in the Western countries).
- 『平家物語』に描かれた平氏随一の剛将として知られ屋島の戦い、壇ノ浦の戦いで義経を苦しめた教経の最後だが、『吾妻鏡』によれば教経はこれ以前の一ノ谷の戦いで討ち死にしているという記述がある。
- The above is the account given in the 'Heike monogatari' of the final moments of Noritsune, known as the greatest of the strong leaders of the Taira clan and a thorn in Yoshitsune's side at both the battle of Okushima and at Dannoura, yet in the 'Azuma kagami,' Noritsune is recorded as having been killed during the battle of Ichinotani.
- 平成10年(1998年)度に行われた秋田城(秋田県秋田市)第72次調査で見つかった漆紙文書は、国立歴史民俗博物館の平川南教授の赤外線カメラを用いた解読によって死亡帳であることが判明した。
- The lacquer-infiltrating paper document found in the 72nd research of Akita-jo Castle (Akita City, Akita Prefecture) in 1998 turned out to be Shibocho through decipherment using an infrared camera by Professor Minami HIRAKAWA of the National Museum of Japanese History.
- 」(輸送品は道に連なり、倭人上京道路沿線住民は官吏・人民の区別なく、夜昼を問わず交易品の運搬に駆り出され、妻子に至るもその苦役を受け、荷物の重さに耐えかね牛は道に斃れる)と描写されている。
- Products to be exported are piled up on the streets, and all residents who live along the streets which Japanese people use for the travel to the capital city, both government officials and ordinary people, have to help the transportation of the products day and night; and furthermore, even women and children also have to do that duty, and cows which sink under a heavy burden just fall down on the street.'
- 結果、容堂は幕末の四賢侯の一人に挙げられていながらも、討幕運動が盛んになり続けても逆に幕府を擁護したため幕末及び明治初期の政局に混乱をきたす事となり、彼の評価は芳しい物ではなくなっていく。
- As a result, although Yodo's name is listed among the Bakumatsu-no-shikenko (幕末の四賢候), he continued to defend Bakufu even when the Tobaku movement became active; this brought about confusion in political conditions at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period, and his reputation declined.
- 大和絵と呼ばれる日本的な絵画が発達し、仏教絵画、月次絵や四季絵と呼ばれた景物を描いた障屏画(山水屏風など)や壁画(平等院鳳凰堂扉絵など)が描かれたが仏教絵画を除いて少数しか現存していない。
- The Japanese style of painting called Yamato-e was developed and this produced Buddhist painting, painting of natural features on walls and folding screens called 'Tsukinami-no-e' and 'Shiki-e' (such as Senzui Byobu [folding screen with landscape picture]) and painting on walls (such as tobira-e [the frontispiece] of the Hoo-do Hall of Byodo-in Temple) but except Buddhist paintings, few paintings remain.
- 日本の正史であった六国史は、原則として漢文による編年体の体裁を取っているが、『日本書紀』以外の5史においては高官あるいは高僧の死亡記事の際に当該人物の伝記を挿入する事が行われた(国史体)。
- A Japanese authentic history, Rikkokushi (6 histories of the nation), basically maintains the appearance of Hennentai (a chronological writing style) in classical Chinese, but in the 5 histories other than 'Nihonshoki,' the biographies of high officials or high-rank priests were added in the descriptions of their deaths (Kokushitai).
- 後醍醐天皇は京都を脱出して吉野へ逃れ、「北朝に渡した神器は贋物であり光明天皇の皇位は正統ではない」と主張して吉野に南朝(吉野朝廷)を開き、北陸や九州など各地へ自らの皇子を奉じさせて派遣する。
- Emperor Godaigo, on the other hand, escaped from Kyoto, fleeing to Yoshino and insisting that 'The Imperial Regalia I handed over to the Northern Court are fake; Emperor Komyo's throne is not the true Imperial throne' before establishing his own Court at Yoshino (the Southern Court), sending his own sons in obedience to his wishes to various areas, including Hokuriku and Kyushu.
- 奥書によると、応永29年(1422年)に兼良が自分の子弟の教育のために書いたものとあり、また別に室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義量の求めに応じて、19才の兼良が何の書物も見ずに書いて進ったともある。
- According to the colophon, it was written by Kaneyoshi for his disciples in 1422, and also, it was written by nineteen-year-old Kaneyoshi at the request from Seii taishogun (Commander in chief) of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshikazu ASHIKAGA, without referring to any book.
- 恒例諸公事・同臨時・私儀・諸公事言説・禁中所々名・人体・院中・雑物・衣服・喪服・車具・文書の12の篇目に分類して約600語を採録し、その読み方を片仮名で傍書するとともに簡単な解説を付している。
- It contains about 600 words classified into twelve items of: annual public duties, extraordinary public duties, private duties, remarks on public duties, names of the places in the Imperial Palace, human body, titles of retired emperor, cloistered emperor, and nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), sundries, clothes, mourning dress, ancient carriage parts, and documents, with reading of each appellation written beside it in katakana letters, and simple annotations.
- これは神物・仏物であった所領を現在の所有者から没収して強制的に寺社に返還させる一方、僧侶・神官の相続が私物化の原因にあるとして僧侶・神官が職の体系を弟子や子弟に無条件に継承させることを禁じた。
- Those Jisha Kogyo forfeited the shoryo, which should have been the god's belongings or Buddha's belongings, from the current holder and forcefully returned the shoryo to the temples or the shrines; besides, based on the reasoning such that the privatization was caused by the inheritance of the positions of the Buddhist monks and shrine priests, the Jisha Kogyo prohibited the monks and priests to inherit the position to disciples and children at their own discretion.
- さらに、他家の同名の女房や、歌人や物語作者として後代にまで名を残した女房については時代の異なる同名の人物とまぎらわしくなることを避けるために、本来の女房名の上に主人の家の名を冠することもある。
- Moreover, in order to avoid being confused with a person of the same name but of a different generation, the master's family name might be prefixed to the original nyobona of a nyobo who shared a name with another family's nyobo or who had made their name as a poet or a novelist.
- その昔、馬子が離れた町の問屋などの依頼によって輸送をする荷物を依頼主のもとまで取りに行く際に、途中において他者の荷物の輸送を引き受けて駄賃を受けることによって小銭を稼ぐことがしばしば行われた。
- In the past, when a mago (packhorse driver) went to pick up packages to transport at the request of a warehouse merchant in a distant town, they would often accept another package from someone else to transport on the way, gaining dachin and earning small money.
- そのため、地域一円を荘園化して山や川などの自然物をもって境界とした荘園や分散した土地を合わせて1つの荘園として扱う場合など様々な形態が存在し、中には数路にわたって多数の荘園を有する者も存在した。
- For this reason there were various types of shoens, for example, they made shoen throughout the regions, drew lines between the shoens with natural objects such as mountains, rivers, and so on, and regarded the dispersed lands as one shoen and so on and some of them possessed many shoens across the roads.
- 名詞をまず漢語で類聚し、意味により分類して項目立て、万葉仮名で日本語に対応する名詞の読み(和名・倭名)をつけた上で、漢籍(字書・韻書・博物書)を出典として多数引用しながら説明を加える体裁をとる。
- It was made in the following style: First, nouns were collected in Chinese, were grouped based on their meanings, an item name was given to each group of nouns, a Japanese pronunciation (called 'wamyo,' literally a Japanese name) of each of these nouns was given using Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu [Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves]), and to each noun, explanations were given by citing its Chinese document sources (dictionaries, Chinese dictionaries arranged by the final sound of each word, and encyclopedia).
- 重ね書きの手法も用いて『源氏物語絵巻』の詞書を書いた12世紀前半の藤原伊房(世尊寺伊房)、上述の『芦手絵和漢朗詠集抄』を書写した12世紀後半の藤原伊行(世尊寺伊行)はともに世尊寺家の出身である。
- FUJIWARA no Korefusa (Korefusa SESONJI) in the first half of the 12th century who wrote kotobagaki of 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' using the overwriting method and FUJIWARA no Koreyuki (Koreyuki SESONJI) in the latter half of the 12th century who copied 'Ashide-e Wakan Roeishu Sho' which was described earlier were from the Sesonji family.
- だが、加徴を巡って国司と現地の農民との対立が激化するようになり、11世紀中期には一定の基準(官物率法)に従って官物・雑物が徴収されるようになり、それ以外の臨時の賦課を臨時雑物と呼ぶようになった。
- However, conflicts between Kokushi and the local farmers over Kacho became serious, and in the middle of the eleventh century, Kanmotsu and Zatsumotsu were collected following a certain standard (Kanmotsu rippo) and other temporary taxation was called Rinjizatsumotsu.
- 『平家物語』で、武蔵の国の住人(開発領主)河原太郎・次郎の兄弟に「大名は自ら手を下さなくても、家来の手柄を名誉とすることができるが、われらのようなものは自分で手を下さなくてはどうしようもない。」
- According to 'The Tale of Heike,' Taro KAWARA and Jiro brothers, who were the junin (kaihatsu-ryoshu) of Musashi Province, and were told, 'a daimyo could gain the honor of deeds made by servants even if a daimyo does not directly become involved, but someone like us must get involved ourselves firsthand.'
- その何十年かの間に、畿内の領主の一般像が、武装せぬ存在から、武士と武具を常備し、屋敷の守りも固める鎌倉時代の御家人・地頭にも似た、あるいはその御家人の姿に変貌していったことを如実に物語っている。
- It truly depicted a common image of lords of the Kinai region transforming from the unarmed existence to the those armed with samurai and military tools within a span of several decades, and became a servant that was similar to gokenin and jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the manors into which the countryside was divided) that protected residences during Kamakura period.
- 死の前日に、女帝は敏達天皇の嫡孫・田村皇子を枕元に呼び、謹しんで物事を明察するように諭し、さらに聖徳太子の子山背大兄王にも、他人の意見を納れるように誡めただけで、後継者の指名は避けたようである。
- A day before her death, the Empress summoned Prince Tamura, the legitimate grandchild of Emperor Bidatsu, to her bedside and admonished him to see things through respectfully and also rebuked Prince YAMASHIRO no Oe to listen to opinions of other people, apparently avoiding appointment of her successor.
- しかし、雅成親王の子息である権僧正源空(法然とは別人)、澄覚法親王は「六条宮」を名乗っていないことから、六条宮家は雅成親王単独の号であったと考えられ、現在の概念の宮家とは別の物とする意見が強い。
- However, looking at the fact that the sons of Imperial Prince Masanari, such as Gon no Sojo (highest ranking priest, next to sojo) Genku (different person from Honen) and monk-Imperial Prince Chokaku, did not announce their name as 'Rokujo no Miya,' it is more strongly believed that Rokujo no Miyake was a name only for Imperial Prince Masanari, and is different from the present notion of Miyake (house of an imperial prince).
- これは、バックグラウンド黄砂が、地上から排出される大気汚染物質に含まれているSO42-(硫酸イオン)とほとんど混ざっていないことを意味し、普通の黄砂とは異なる経路を通ってきていることを示している。
- This indicates that background kosa is slightly mixed with SO42- (sulfide ion) included in air pollutants exhausted on the ground level and that this type of kosa is generated through paths different from those through which ordinary kosa is generated.
- 古代においては、天皇・朝廷に海水産物を中心とした御食料(穀類以外の副食物)を贄(にえ)として貢ぐ慣習があり、律令制のもとにおいても租庸調などの税とは別に、贄の納付が定められていたと考えられている。
- In ancient times, there was a custom where Oshokuryo (side dishes excluding grain) including mainly fishery products were presented to the Emperor and the Imperial Family as sacrifices, and it is considered that, under the Ritsuryo system, this was stipulated in addition to Soyocho (a tax system).
- 諸国の受領の大幅な交替も行われ、平氏の知行国はクーデター前の17ヶ国から32ヶ国になり、「日本秋津島は僅かに66ヶ国、平家知行の国三十余ヶ国、既に半国に及べり」(『平家物語』)という状態となった。
- There was a wide shift in the zuryo of each province, and chigyokoku of Taira clan increased to thirty-two from seventeen provinces prior to the coup d'état; 'Japan Akitsu-shima (literally, 'Land of Dragonflies') has only sixty-six provinces, and Heike (Taira family) chigyokoku became thirty-something provinces, already half the size of a country' ('The Tale of the Heike').
- しかし、当時銭貨を鋳造していなかった日本では貨幣経済の発達に伴い、大量の銅銭を必要とし、また「唐物」と呼ばれる陶磁器を初めとした中国の文物の需要も依然旺盛で、貿易船の必要性が減ずることはなかった。
- However the necessity for the trading vessels never faded because the development of money economy required a large quantity of copper coins in Japan, where coins were not cast in those days, and because the demands for Chinese products of culture including ceramic ware, pottery, and chinaware called 'karamono' (things imported from China) were still intense.
- 院宮分国制とは、年限を限って、院宮家(太上天皇・女院・皇后・中宮・東宮など)に特定国の国守(または受領)を推薦する権利を与えるとともに、当該国から上進される官物を院宮家が収納するという制度である。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system is the system in which Innomiya families (the families of Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor), nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), Empress, chugu (the second consort of an emperor) and Togu (the Crown Prince)) were given the right to make a recommendation of kokushu (or zuryo (the head of the provincial governors)) of a specific province and were also allowed to get the kanmotsu dedicated by the province.
- 文武天皇の第一皇子として生まれたが7歳で父は死没、母の宮子も心的障害に陥りその後は長く皇子に会う事はなかった(物心がついた天皇が病気が平癒した宮子と対面したのは天皇が37歳のときのことであった)。
- He was born as the first Prince of the Emperor Monmu, but his father died when he was seven years old and his mother Miyako developed mental illness and thereafter she did not see the Prince for a long time (the Emperor was thirty-seven years old when the Emperor met Miyako who had recovered from mental illness after the Emperor began to understand things).
- だが、江戸時代中期以後商品作物の生産が広まってくると都市周辺部の農村など本来は米の生産が可能な地域においてもなし崩しに買納制が行われていき、江戸幕府さえもが事実上の黙認政策を採らざるを得なくなった。
- However, as the production of commercial crops became widely spread during the mid-Edo period, baino-sei was carried out even in suburban villages where rice can be produced, to which the Edo bakufu virtually took an acquiescence policy.
- 会所(かいしょ)とは、文字通り解釈すれば、なんらかの会、催し物、寄合・会合が行われるところであるが、日本の中世期に発展して、ある特定の区画、さらには独立した建物が「会所」と名づけられることもあった。
- Kaisho, interpreted literally, was some sort of place where a meeting, exhibition, Yoriai (debate), or association was held, but developed in the medieval era in Japan where certain divisions, or even independent buildings were named 'kaisho.'
- 『日本書紀』天智10年(671年)11月の条に、「大友皇子は左大臣蘇我赤兄臣・右大臣中臣金連・蘇我果安臣・巨勢人臣・紀大人臣ら五人の高官と共に宮殿の西殿の織物仏の前で「天皇の詔」を守ることを誓った。
- According to the entry in the 'Nihonshoki' in the Eleventh Month of the Tenth Year of Emperor Tenchi, 'Prince Otomo promised to obey the 'Imperial Edict' in front of '織物仏' placed in the west edifice in the palace with five other high officials: SOGA no Akaeomi who was the Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left), NAKATOMI no Kanenomuraji who was the Udaijin (the Minister of Right), SOGA no Hatayasu, KOSE no Hitoomi, and KI no Ushinoomi.'
- また、両皇子発見譚が仮に史実ではなかったとしても「史実でない物語が付加された」ということにすぎず、天皇系譜そのものを否定したことにはならないとし、億計・弘計の両天皇の存在を主張する意見も少なくない。
- In addition, there are more than a few opinions that, even if the story of discovery of the two princes were not a historical fact, it is only that 'a story which is not a historical fact was appended' and it does not deny the Imperial lineage itself, thus advocating the actual existence of the two emperors who had been called Oke no miko.
- 同32年に皇后の日葉酢媛命(ひばすひめのみこと)が薨去した際、天皇は野見宿禰の進言に従って人・馬などの土物(はにもの)を墓に立てて代替とすることを命じ、以後これが慣例になったという(埴輪の起源譚)。
- When his empress Hibasuhime no mikoto passed away in 3 A.D., by the advise of Nomi no Sukune, the Emperor ordered Haniwa (a clay figure artifact) of people, horses, and so on to be placed in the grave as the substitute for junshi, and since then, it this became the usual practice (the origin of Haniwa).
- 古事記では迦具漏比売とされるが、彼女は実兄日本武尊の曾孫に当たり、生物学的に不可能である(現に、日本書紀では応神天皇の后となっているし、古事記でも彼の名前の重複が認められる)ことから誤記と思われる。
- In Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters), he was considered as Kagurohime, but since Kagurohime was a great-granddaughter of his real older brother, YAMATO Takeru no Mikoto, this was biologically impossible (it is actually described in Nihonshoki [the oldest chronicles of Japan] that she became the empress to Emperor Ojin, and his name is repeated in Kojiki, too).
- 聖武天皇朝になると、神亀6年(729年)長屋王の変により政権を掌握し、藤原四兄弟藤原四子政権でも中心人物として政権を主導したが、天平9年(737年)の天然痘蔓延により他の兄弟とともに病没してしまう。
- During the era of Emperor Shomu, Fusasaki gained political power after the Nagayao no Hen (Conspiracy of Nagayao) in 729 and controlled the political power as a pivotal figure, particularly among the political power by the four Fujiwara brothers, but he died in 737 together with other brothers due to the spread of smallpox.
- 特に江戸時代には、敵討の中でも曾我兄弟の仇討ち(1193年、『曽我物語』)、鍵屋の辻の決闘(1634年)、元禄赤穂事件(1702年、『忠臣蔵』)は「三大仇討ち」と呼ばれ、多くの作品で人々に親しまれた。
- Particularly in the Edo period, of the cases of Katakiuchi, the Adauchi cases by the Soga brothers were known as the 'Three Major Adauchi Cases' and became known to people in many works ('Story of the Soga Family' in 1193; the duel at Kagiya no Tsuji in 1634; and the Genroku Ako Incident, or 'Chushingura,' in 1702).
- 使いを遣わして貢物を献じた目的として、中国大陸の文明・文化を摂取すると共に、南朝の威光を借りることによって、当時の日本列島中西部の他の諸勢力、朝鮮半島諸国との政治外交を進めるものがあったと考えられる。
- The purpose of dispatching envoys and presenting tribute seems to have been to develop a political diplomacy with the other powers in the mid-western part of Japanese archipelago and Korean peninsula with the help of the prestige of the Southern Dynasty, as well as absorbing the civilization and caulture of the Chinese continent.
- さらに、1997年(平成9年)には、指定地域の北方で民間の宅地開発に伴い発掘調査が実施され、寺域北辺を画する回廊跡と掘立柱建物3棟が検出され、続いて実施された確認調査では塔の北側に建物基壇が検出された。
- In 1997, since a private housing development was planned in an area north to this site, another excavation was conducted, when remains of cloisters on the northern border of the temple and of three buildings supported by hottate bashira (earthfast posts) were found, and research that followed recognized that a stylobate of a building to the north of the tower still remained.
- なお、残っている建物こそ少なくても、多くの旧城下町では道の区割りなどに城下町時代の痕跡を残しており、上記のように敵の侵攻を妨ぐように道が区画されていた場合、現在では自動車交通に支障を来していることが多い。
- Although there are few remaining buildings, many previous jokamachi still retain the mark of their jokamachi period in their road division and the like, and since the roads were made to prevent enemy invasion, in many cases, they are limiting automobile transportation.
- 商人や職人に自由に利潤追求を許せば、その経済力によって支配階級が脅かされ、農民が重労働である農業を嫌って商工に転身する事により穀物の生産が減少して飢饉が発生し、ひいては社会秩序が崩壊すると考えたのである。
- The thought was that if merchants and artisans were allowed to freely pursuit profits, their wealth would threaten the ruling class and farmers would give up the hard labor of agriculture start new careers as sho or ko, decreasing agricultural output, leading to famine, and resulting in the collapse of the social order.
- 正徳_(日本)3年(1713年)には先の「女中衣類直段之定」の制限(朝廷500目・幕府及び大名400目・それ以下300目)の再確認と贅沢な品物の生産と新商品・技術の開発の厳禁が生産・染色業者に命じられる。
- In 1713, the regulations in the above-mentioned 'Jochu Irui Nedan no Jo' (500 kan of silver for the Imperial Court, 400 kan of silver for the bakufu and daimyo [Japanese feudal lord] and 300 kan of silver for those of lower rank) were reaffirmed, while textile manufacturers and dyers were banned from the production of luxurious items and development of new products and technology.
- また前代に成立した作品を書写したものとしては、既述の『源氏物語絵巻』などの絵巻の詞書や、『平家納経』などの経典のほか、『古今和歌集』には元永本(国宝)があり、元永3年(1120年)の奥書を有し、完本である。
- The kotobagaki of emaki including 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' that was mentioned earlier, Buddhist scriptures including 'Heike-nokyo,' the Genei-bon manuscript (a national treasure) with okugaki (postscript) in 1120 as a complete edition of 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) are the copied versions of the masterpieces established in the former period.
- また、子供達の関心を呼ぶために他地域の地理や風物・物産などを織り込んだ往来物も作られ、『日本国尽』・『都名所往来』・『浪花往来』・『中仙道往来』、そして明治維新期には『世界風俗往来』まで作成されるに至った。
- Furthermore, oraimono featuring geography, scenery, and produce of other regions were written to interest children, which include 'Nihonkunizukushi,' 'Miyakomeisho Orai' (Correspondence on Sights in Miyako (present-day Kyoto)), 'Naniwa Orai' (Letters On Sights of Naniwa (present-day Osaka)) and 'Nakasendo Orai,' and in the period of the Meiji Restoration, 'Sekaifuzoku Orai' was composed.
- 久頼の後に当主であったとみられる六角亀寿(どの人物に比定されるかは諸説ある)は応仁の乱では西軍に属し、その次代の六角高頼の代には、1487年(長享元年)には9代将軍足利義尚、10代足利義稙から討伐を受ける。
- Kameju ROKKAKU, who is considered to be the family head after Hisayori (there are several theories over the identity of Kameju), belonged to the western army at the turmoil of the Onin War, and in the next generation that of Takayori ROKKAKU, the ninth-generation shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA and the tenth-generation shogun Yoshitane ASHIKAGA sent a punitive expedition to Takayori in 1487.
- だが、その行幸のとき、三船御会の詩歌の会が催されたり、義満の北山殿の会所も義教室町殿の会所も、その飾りつけは唐物がほとんどだが、決して和物といえるものが飾られていないことから、二項対立だけでは語りつくせない。
- However, the poetry contest performed during the Mifunegokai was carried out during gyoko and although most decorations at Kitayamadono of Yoshimitsu or Muromachidono of Yoshinori were of karamono, they were not decorations that were Japanese that cannot be compared as dichotomic.
- 基本的には大学寮の明経道・紀伝道で採用されている書物が教科書として用いられたが、『群書治要』や『老子道徳経』・『荘子 (書物)』・『白氏文集』・『貞観政要』・『世説新語』などそれ以外の講義も広く行われていた。
- The textbooks used were same as those used at Myogyodo and Kidendo of the Daigaku-ryo, but additional lectures were also given on 'Gunsyochiyo,' 'Roshi Dotokukyo,' 'Soshi,' 'Hakushimonju,' 'Joganseiyo,' 'Sesetsushingo,' etc.
- 1-35番までの70句は四季の年中行事を、36-43番左までの17句は内裏殿舎にちなんだ「恋」の句、43番右-50番までの13句は宣命・行幸・牛車など宮中に関する事物を扱った「雑」の句という構成になっている。
- Seventy waka poems from Number one to Number thirty-five were those of seasonal events, seventeen waka poems from Number thirty-six to the left of Number forty-three were those of 'love' that related to the palace building, and thirteen waka poems from the right of Number fourty-three to Number fifty were those of 'zatsu,' which used various things related to the Imperial Court such as senmyo (Imperial edict), gyoko (Imperial visit) and gissha (ox-drawn carriage) as subject matter.
- 名田においては、官物・公事のいずれかのみを負担すればよい田地を指していたが、この場合荘園領主に納める公事を免除されて、国衙に納める官物のみを納める一色田の方が多い(荘園領主が勝手に官物を免除に出来ないため)。
- For myoden, it meant rice fields that only had to pay Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) or Kuji (public duties), but in this case, Kuji that was to be paid to the shoen (manor) owner was exempt and Isshikiden that had to pay Kanmotsu to the Kokuga were the majority (because Shoen owners did not have the authority to make exemptions for Kanmotsu).
- 業倫は、八代荘設立の経緯と「熊野権現垂迹縁起」の記述とを根拠として、忠重らの狼藉を、院庁下文を無視し、伊勢と同体である熊野権現を侵犯したことから律令の盗大祀御神物に相当するとして、絞刑とするべきだと勘申した。
- Based on the details concerning the establishment of Yatsushiro no sho and the description of 'Kumano Gongen Suijaku Engi,' Gyorin reported that the conducts of Tadashige etc came under the clause of Todaishi goshinbutsu of Ritsuryo code because they neglected innocho kudashibumi and offended Kumano Gongen Deity which was identical with Ise, and that they should be sentenced to death by hanging.
- 多紀元簡により発見された古写本の現時点の所在は不明であるが、多紀が寛政8年(1796年)に校訂を行って刊行し、6年後に民間にも出された版本が存在する他、古写本を影写した森立之の蔵本が台湾の故宮博物院に現存する。
- The present whereabouts of the old manuscript discovered by Genkan TAKI is unknown, but there still remains the version revised and issued by Taki in 1796, which was also published for the general public six years later, and the National Palace Museum in Taiwan has another version traced from the old manuscript and once possessed by Tatsuyuki MORI.
- ただし、10世紀においてはまだ官物の徴収基準がそれぞれの令制国の国例に定められて稲穀(官稲(かんとう))や米(官米(かんまい))、絹、布などの形で徴収されていたが、実際にはそれぞれの国司によって定められていた。
- However, in the tenth century, the collection standards for Kanmotsu were still decided by the Kokurei (provincial law) in each Ritsuryo province and it was collected in the form of rice grain (kanto [rice grain owned by the government]) and rice (kanmai [rice owned by the government]), silk, and cloth, but in actuality was decided by each Kokushi (officer in local government).
- 租・調 (律令制)・庸および雑徭、出挙、交易などからなる律令租税体系は10世紀から11世紀中期にかけて、米納を中心とする官物(かんもつ)と、夫役・雑物からなる雑役(ぞうえき)といった2つの体系に移行していった。
- Around the tenth to mid-eleventh century, the Ritsuryo Taxation System of So (rice tax), Cho (tributes [Ritsuryo system]), Yo (labor) and zoyo (irregular corvee), suiko (government loans), kyoyaku (trading tributes) changed into Kanmotsu, which was basically paid in rice, and Zoeki, consisting of Buyaku (labor service) and Zatsumotsu (tributes).
- 『古事記』と『日本書紀』を編集した人物は、当代の天皇の正統性を確保しようとするために、これらの天皇とその年代を、当時最先端の科学(讖緯説)に基いて算出したと考えられるが、現在の科学からは疑問視される部分も多い。
- Editors of the'Kojiki' and the 'Nihonshoki' tried to date the ages of these emperors using the most advanced technology at the time so as to justify the orthodoxy of their emperor, but many modern scholars doubt their dating.
- 住友の姓は、戦国の末、もともと先祖に順美平内友定という人物がおり、桓武天皇の曾孫・高望王の二十二代目にその子・小太郎(忠重)が父の姓と名をとって「住友」の姓を称して室町将軍に仕えて、備中守に任じられたのに始まる。
- The surname of Sumitomo originates from Kotaro (Tadashige), the twenty-second-generation descendant of Takamochi-oh, a great grandson of Emperor Kanmu, who took the surname 'Sumitomo' after the surname and given name of his father, Masami Hirauchi Tomosada, who lived at the end of the Sengoku period; and Kotaro served Shogun Muromachi and was appointed as the Bichumori guard.
- 荘園は所有者が直接経営に携わる場合もあったが、所有者に雇われた管理者が直接耕作者である佃戸及び奴隷を監督して生産物や金銭などの形式で租税や小作料を徴収して管理し、時には相場を利用して運用を図り差額を儲ける者もいた。
- Sometimes the owners were directly involved with the management of shoens, but the managers who were hired by the owners supervised denko (tenant farmers) or slaves, collected the land tax or farm rent in the form of products or money from them and at times gained the amount of difference by investment using the market price.
- 一般的には小者と大差がないイメージだが、江戸期、旗本に使えている家臣(大名であれば藩士)を指す場合や城代家老の家臣などに、若党の呼称を用いることがあり、その場合は、武士身分の人物を指すわけだから、注意すべきである。
- Generally, it is little different from komono, but in the Edo period the word was sometimes used to refer to vassals who served hatamoto (direct vassals of the shogun) or vassals of the castle keeper of the Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), and in these cases the name refers to people of samurai status.
- 『平家物語』では、頼政が夜半に不遇の以仁王の邸を訪れ、謀反を持ちかけたことになっているが、当時頼政は77歳という高齢であり、皇位への道を断たれて不満を持っていた以仁王の方から頼政に挙兵を持ちかけたという見方もある。
- The 'Heike monogatari' describes Yorimasa visiting the down-on-his-luck prince Mochihito at his mansion in the dead of night and proposing that they overthrow the government, but at this point Yorimasa was 77 years old, which has prompted some to suspect it was the other way around--that it was prince Mochihito, distressed at the disruption of imperial succession, who approached Yorimasa about raising an army.
- 源光信(美濃源氏)、多田行綱(多田源氏)、山本義経(近江源氏)、武田信義、一条忠頼、安田義定(甲斐源氏)、伊豆国の源頼朝、陸奥国の源義経などの名があるが、当時の重要人物の欠落や錯誤が多く、後世の創作と考えられている。
- The list includes such names as MINAMOTO no Mitsunobu (of the Mino Genji), Yukitsuna TADA (of the Tada Genji), Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO (of the Omi Genji), Nobuyoshi TAKEDA, Tadayori ICHIJO, Yoshisada YASUDA (of the Kai Genji), as well as MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Izu province and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune in Mutsu province, but many of the most important and powerful people of the day are missing from the list and there are many errors, prompting some to consider the list a literary fiction added later.
- 租税としての「所当」も本来は適切に賦課された官物・雑役・地子などの租税のことを指していたが、12世紀初頭頃より、単に「所当」をもって(公事や臨時雑役などの臨時の賦課に対する)正規の賦課を意味する言葉となったのである。
- Shoto,' which meant tax, originally indicated taxes properly levied such as kanmotsu (produce tax), zoyaku (miscellaneous labor services), and jishi (land tax); but from the beginning of the 12th century, 'shoto' solely meant a regular levy (in contrast to such extraordinary levies as kuji and extraordinary odd-jobs).
- 1945年(昭和20年)の終戦の際には、宮内省は、1官房2職8寮2局のほか、内大臣府、掌典職、御歌所、帝室博物館、帝室林野局、学習院など13の外局と京都事務所を持ち、職員6,200人余を擁する大きな組織となっていた。
- In 1945, at the end of the war, the Imperial Household Ministry had became a big organization with 13 extra-ministerial bureaus such as Naidaijin-fu (Minister of Interior's Office), ceremonial staff, Outadokoro (Imperial Poetry Bureau), Imperial Household Museum, Imperial Forestry Bureau, and The Gakushuin School Corporation, and Imperial Household Agency Kyoto Office as well as one Secretariat, two offices, eight bureaus, and two departments, and had more than 6.200 employees.
- 室町時代は、3代征夷大将軍足利義満の時代の全盛を除いて戦乱と無秩序の時代であったが、鎌倉時代以前には見られない、出自不明の農民・商人層の社会進出を可能とし、日本史上、初めて人間の顔が見える人物を登場させた時代でもある。
- Aside from the golden age of prosperity reached under the third seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Muromachi period was fraught with wars and disorder, but on the other hand, not since before the Kamakura period had there been such opportunity for common people of obscure origins, farmers and tradesmen, to advance socially, and among all the eras of Japanese history, the Muromachi period was the first to produce notable people whose faces and lives appear in clear focus to later eyes.
- 農村向けのものとしては農事暦の要素を織り込んだ『田舎往来』・『農業往来』・『百姓往来』などが、都市の商人向けのものとしては『商売往来』・『問屋往来』・『呉服往来』・『万祥廻船往来』などが代表的な往来物としてあげられる。
- For farming villages, elements of the farming calendar were included in 'Inaka Orai' (A Letter on Farming Village) (also called 'Densha Orai'), 'Nogyo Orai' and 'Hyakusho Orai' (A Guide to Farming), etc. while 'A Guide to Commerce,' 'Toiya Orai' (also called 'Tonya Orai'), 'Gofuku Orai' and 'Banshokaisen Orai' and so on were the typical oraimono for merchants living in cities.
- 南朝側は、北朝の意向により天台座主や寺社の要職に就いた者などを更迭して南朝方の人物を据えることや、建武の新政において公家や寺社に与えるため没収された地頭職を足利政権が旧主に返還した事の取り消しなどを求め、北朝方と対立する。
- The Southern Court confronted the Northern Court by proposing to fire the people selected by the Northern Court to become Tendaizasu (chief of Tendaishu) and important positions in temples and shrines and replace them with Southern Court related people, and wanted the cancellation of the return by the Ashikaga administration of jito (land steward) positions that were taken away during the Kenmu Restoration to give to kuge and temples and shrines.
- そのため、今日では平安時代中期以後の人が「『貞観儀式』・『延喜儀式』があったのだから、格式と同様に儀式も三代揃っていたであろう」という考えから、両儀式を参考にして『弘仁儀式』と呼ばれる架空の書物を想定したと考えられている。
- Therefore, these days, it has been accepted that people after the mid Heian period might have thought up an imaginary book called the 'Konin Gishiki' after the two Gishiki 'Jogan Gishiki' and 'Engi Gishiki' based on the idea that the ' Gishiki should have been compiled for the three generations as the Kyakushiki had been, because 'Jogan Gishiki' and 'Engi Gishiki' had already been compiled.'
- 『平家物語』で「三日平氏の乱」とされているが、本来3日間で鎮圧され「三日平氏の乱」と称されたのは、この20年後の元久元年(1204年)三日平氏の乱 (鎌倉時代)の事件であり、この1184年の平氏反乱は大規模なものであった。
- It was referred to as the 'Three-day War by the Taira Clan' in 'Heike Monogatari' (The tale of the Heike), but it was the incident of Three-day War by the Taira Clan (Kamakura period) in 1204, 20 years later, which was really suppressed in three days and was originally called 'Three-day War by the Taira Clan,' while this rebellion by the Taira clan in 1184 was a major one.
- また、契約期間中に買主に違約があった場合には売主は本銭返と同じように直ちに買戻しが認められた(本銭弁償文言)をはじめ、売主の課役負担や抵当物件の処理、入質の設定、罪科文言などの多くの条件が契約を記した証文中に記されていた。
- Furthermore, most contracts had many provisos written into them that stipulated the wording of what constituted a crime or breach to ensure that if the buyer broke the agreement made with the buyer during the contract period, it would be recognized that the seller would immediately buy back whatever was sold, just as with a honsengaeshi (a land sale that had the seller buy the land back in such a situation; nenki-uri were also worded in such a way as to have sellers buy back whatever had been sold), and moreover, that the seller's obligations for labor (and the distribution of other assignments) as well as the collateral offered for the sale would be disposed of, and that those possessions which could be sold would be pawned.
- また『平家物語』によれば、成親が立ち上がって瓶子(へいじ)が倒れ、後白河が「あれはいかに」と問うと成親が「平氏(瓶子)たはれ候ぬ」と答え、俊寛がそれをどうするか尋ねると西光が「頸をとるにしかず」と瓶子の首を折り割ったという。
- According to the 'Heike Monogatari' (The Historic Romance of Taira Family), a sake bottle (called 'heiji', the same pronunciation as 'the Taira clan' in Japanese) fell over when Narichika stood up and when Goshirakawa asked, 'what was that?' Narichika answered, 'the sake bottle (heiji) fell over,' and when Shunkan asked what to do with it, Saiko said 'we must take its neck (kill)' and broke the neck of the bottle.
- その際、宿の屏風絵に感心した源内がその絵の作者だという直武を呼び、「供物餅を上から描いてみなさい」と直武に描かせてみせたところ、二重丸を描いた直武に「それではお盆なのか餅なのか分からない」と言い、即座に陰影法を教えたという。
- Impressed by a screen painting in the home, Gennai summoned the artist named Naotake and said to him, 'Try to paint the rice cake offering as if looking at it from above,' and when Naotake painted only a double circle, Gennai exclaimed, 'I cannot tell if that is the tray or the rice cake,' and immediately taught him a method of painting with shadows.
- これは、昭和15年、日本紀元2600年の祝典が行われた年であったが、また住友では、別子銅山の開抗250年にあたる年で、歴代の住友家当主や旧住友本社幹部物故者の霊を祭るため、長谷部鋭吉の設計によって典雅な持仏堂として建立された。
- The year 1940 was the one in which the celebration of the 2,600th anniversary of the founding of the Japanese nation was held, but this year was also the 250th anniversary of the opening of the Besshidozan copper mine; and to enshrine the souls of the deceased successive Sumitomo family heads and the deceased executive officers of the old Sumitomo Honsha this shrine was designed by Eikichi HASEBE and built as a refined space where the tablets of the above-mentioned deceased people are enshrined.
- 以後も長承3年(1134年)に仏教説話を集めて説法の手控えとした『打聞集』、12世紀前半の『古本説話集』、治承3年(1179年)に平康頼によって著された『宝物集』などの説話集が成立し、説話文学の大きな流れは次代に継承されていく。
- Thereafter, collections of anecdotes; 'Uchigiki shu' (Collection of Buddhist Tales) in which Buddhism anecdotes were collected for drafts of preaching in 1134, 'Kohon Setsuwa shu' (Collection of Old Tales) in the first half of the 12th century, 'Hobutsu shu' (A Collection of Treasures) written by TAIRA no Yasuyori in 1179, were completed; a big stream of literature of preaching stories were succeeded by subsequent generations.
- 今後の課題としては、地表の水分量や植生の状態、作物の種類や分布、家畜の分布、地下水の取水状況などの継続した調査や、観測機器の整備、観測データの常時共有化、黄砂の定義や分類の統一、黄砂の予測技術の改良、対策の評価などが挙げられている。
- The following are considered as future problems to be tackled: Continuing surveying the water amount and state of flora on the earth surface, the kinds and distribution of crops, the distribution of livestock, and the continuous survey of the state in which underground water is taken up, deploying advanced observation instruments, enabling observed data to be shared anytime, unifying the definitions and classifications of kosa, improving kosa-forecasting technologies, and evaluating the measures taken.
- その後、用明天皇が2年ほど皇位に在ったが、用明2年4月乙巳朔癸丑(旧暦4月9日 (旧暦)『古事記』では4月15日 (旧暦))(587年)に病没後、穴穂部皇子を推す物部守屋と泊瀬部皇子を支持する蘇我馬子が戦い、蘇我氏の勝利に終わった。
- Thereafter, Emperor Yomei held the Imperial Throne for about 2 years but, after he died of illness on May 21, 587, MONONOBE no Moriya, who endorsed Prince Anahobe, fought with SOGA no Umako, who supported Prince Hatsusebe, ending in the victory of the Soga clan.
- 棟と梁は建物の最も高い部分にあり、かつ重要な部分であるため、転じて国家などの組織の重要な人物を指し、また「頭領」・「統領」という表記も用いられた(『日本書紀』景行天皇51年(121年)条において武内宿禰を「棟梁之臣」と表現している)。
- Because to and ryo are situated at the top of building and were its essential parts, the term 'toryo' became the one that referred to an important person of organization like a nation and was also written in Chinese characters as '頭領' or '統領' (according to the description of 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) for the fifty-first year of the Emperor Keiko (121), TAKENOUCHI no Sukune was described as '棟梁之臣' (Mune no machigimi) (a prime minister).
- この状態は、平将門の乱(930-931年)から100年後の平忠常の乱(1028-1031年)においても変わらず、それが故に平忠常の乱は近隣数ヶ国が「亡国」となり、朝廷はその復興の為に4年間も官物を免除しなければならなかったほどである。
- This situation did not differ during TAIRA no Masakado's War (930-931) or in the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune (1028-1031) a hundred years later because several neighboring provinces became 'ruined provinces' after the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune and the imperial court had to exempt kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) for four years in order to recover.
- 絵巻の内容は、大江匡房の『江談抄』に記される物語と一致しており、遣唐使の吉備真備が在唐中に幽閉され、鬼(幽霊)となった安倍仲麻呂に導かれて、皇帝による『文選 (書物)』や囲碁による無理難題を解いて、遂に帰国を達成する、というものである。
- The contents of the picture scroll match the story marked down in 'Godansho,' written by OE no Masafusa, and the story is about KIBI no Makibi, a Japanese envoy sent to Tang Dynasty China, who succeeds in returning to Japan after being imprisoned during his visit to Tang by solving arduous tasks: 'Monzen' (Wen-hsuan, ancient Chinese poems) Igo (board game of capturing territory) and more set by the Emperor of Tang, with the guidance of his companion ABE no Nakamaro who passed away and became a ghost.
- また後で登場する千葉氏も名馬の保有で有名であり、『平家物語』の中で平山季重が自分の馬は千葉氏から手に入れたものだと自慢したり、鎌倉時代初期に源頼朝周辺に何度も献馬したりするなど、良質な「牧」を管理しているというイメージがあったようである。
- The Chiba clan, which is mentioned later, was also famous for owning meiba and Sueshige HIRAYAMA boasted in the 'Tale of Heike' that his horse was bought from the Chiba clan and donated a horse to associates of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the early Kamakura period, and gave the impression of managing good quality 'maki.'
- しかも三井高泰の長男高篤(元三井物産取締役)は、三井総領家である北家十代の三井八郎右衛門(高棟)の妹礼子を妻にしているので、住友家と三井家の閨閥のつながりは、単に一族と一族との結合ではなく、本家と総領家が直接に結びついた本格的なものである。
- Moreover, since Takayasu MITSUI's eldest son Takaatsu (the torishimariyaku of Mitsui & Co., Ltd.) married Reiko, who was younger sister of Hachiroemon MITSUI, the tenth-generation Hokke, being the Mitsui Soryo-ke family and heir, the Keibatsu, Keibatsu blood connection between the Sumitomo and Mitsui families is not only a simple bond between one family and another family but is also a genuine connection directly connecting the Honke and Soryo-ke families and heirs.
- 唐物とは文字通り唐渡りの品であり、バサラ文化においては、現代でいうとグッチやカルティエのごときブランド物のように、珍奇なものということで大いにもてはやされ、吉田兼好などの知識人からは煙たがれていたわけだが、これを義満は好み、権威づけていった。
- Karamono was the item from Kara (China or Korea) as according to the word, and it was greatly popular as unique goods by the Basara culture such as Gucci and Cartier of modern times and was a nuisance for intellectuals such as Kenko YOSHIDA, but Yoshimitsu favored it and became an authority in that field.
- その由来については淡路国に流された淡路廃帝大炊親王(淳仁天皇)のために同国の官物・庸調が廃帝の生活に充てられ、平城京に籠った平城上皇のために大和国の田租・地子イネが生活に充てられたもの、更にその後導入された親王任国を制度の嚆矢とする説もある。
- The theoris on the origin of the ingubunkokusei system describes: One that it started when kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and choyo (taxes in tribute and labor under the ritsuryo system) collected within Awaji Province were used to feed Imperial Prince Oi who had been deported to the province and called Awaji Haitei (deposed Emperor of Awaji); another theory argues that the system began when denso (a rice field tax) and rice collected within Yamato Province was used to feed Retired Emperor Heizei who had confined himself in Heijo-Kyo; a third theory states that the system was established along with shinno nintoku (provinces whose governing posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes) system that was introduced later on.
- この期間、国内税率を一律固定化する公田官物率法が導入されたり、小規模な名田に並行して広く領域的な別名が公認されるようになったり、大規模事業の財源として一国単位で一律に課税する一国平均役が成立するなど、社会構造に変革を及ぼすような政策がとられた。
- During this period, some policies, which affected the social structure, were developed: the Koden kanmotsu rippo, which fixed the domestic tax rate, was introduced; bechimyo (large territories including mountains and forests) was authorized alongside small-sized Myoden; Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on every private estate in one province) in order to get financial resources for large-scale projects.
- こうしたとき「唐物目利」として活躍したのが、同朋衆の能阿弥、芸阿弥、相阿弥で、彼らによって書かれた『室町殿行幸御餝記』や『小河御所并東山殿御餝図』から、行幸のときや普段、御所がどう飾りつけられたか、が分かるが、会所を飾ったのは主に唐物であった。
- Doboshu, Noami, Geiami, and Soami were active as the 'judges of Karamono' and wrote 'Muromachidono Gyokookazariki' and 'Ogawagosho hyohigashiyamadonookazariki' and described how gosho was decorated during gyoko or usually, but kaisho was mostly decorated with karamono.
- 滝川事件は法学部のみの処分で決着し、理学部とはほとんど関係のない事件であるので、この人物設定は歴史的な意味では正確さを欠くものともいえるが、「思想信条を理由に大学教員が弾圧された戦前の事件」としては象徴的な意味を今なお持っていることを示している。
- The punishment related to the Takigawa Incident was concluded within the Faculty of Law and has almost nothing to do with the Faculty of Science, and although this character setting is inaccurate historically, it shows that the 'incident was the oppression of thinking and ideology of pre-war university staff' has a figurative meaning to this day.
- 藤田はこの説を裏付ける証拠として、本能寺の変の直前に光秀が上杉景勝に協力を求めて送った使者が、「御当方(上杉のこと)無二御馳走(協力)申し上げるべき」(「覚上公御書集」より)と、明らかに上杉より身分の高い人物への協力を促していることを示している。
- Fujita advocated that Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA existed in the background of Mitsuhide pointing out that, as evidences to substantiate his view, Mitsuhide's envoy who was sent to Kagekatsu UESUGI immediately before Honnoji Incident asking for cooperation stated 'The Uesugi should cooperate' ('Kakujokogoshoshu') requesting cooperation to a person who was in higher position than Uesugi's.
- 一説によると、『古事記』(=古代を記す書物)を記した8世紀の日本人は、第23代顕宗天皇までが真の「古代」であり、第33代推古天皇から自分たちにつながる「近代」がはじまると考えており、その中間の時期を叙述するためにこのような書き方をしたとしている。
- One theory is that the eighth century Japanese writers who penned 'Kojiki' (= a book about the ancient period) believed that the true 'ancient times' ended with the twenty-third Emperor Kenzo and the 'early modern times' more closely related to themselves started with the thirty-third Empress Suiko, so the period in between was written in such a method to express this transition.
- 主に屋外の物品に砂ぼこりが付着して汚したり、周囲の見通し(視程)や日照を悪化させたり、交通に障害を与えたり、人間や家畜などが砂ぼこりを吸い込んで健康に悪影響を与えたりするなど、多数の被害が発生し、経済的損失は毎年7000億円を超えると推定されている。
- Kosa causes lots of damage described as in the following and the economical loss due to it is estimated to exceed 700 billion yen yearly: Dust from kosa adheres to things placed outdoors, making them dirty, degrades outdoor visibility, makes the sunlight reaching the ground weaker, obstructs traffic, and adversely affects the health of human beings and animals from inhaling the dust.
- 江戸時代になると、諸藩の藩主は、強大な統治権を得るために、家臣の知行を、土地を直接給付して独自に徴税を行わせる地方知行制から、藩が一括して徴税した米を中心とした農産物を家臣に給付して、その一部を商人を通じて換金させる蔵米知行に転換することを目指した。
- In the Edo period, the lord of each domain tried to change the fief system of their vassal from a local enforcement system in which the land was provided directly for the vassal and the vassal collected tax individually into kuramaichigyo in which the lord of the domain collected rice and farm products collectively and provided them for their vassal who, in turn, changed them into money through a dealer, in order to extend their ruling power.
- しかし実質的な内容が簒奪であっても表向きは「自主的に血縁関係が無い有徳の人物に君主の地位を譲る」禅譲と称されることがあり、これは前王朝から王位・帝位を獲得した方法について、肯定的ないし賞賛する立場からの表現であり、批判的な立場からは「簒奪」とされる。
- However, even when it was practically an usurpation, sometimes, it is officially referred as a peaceful transfer of power by 'giving the position of the monarch voluntarily to someone with virtue who are not related by blood ties' which is an expression from a favorable standpoint or in praise of the method to acquire the crown from the former dynasty and it is referred as 'usurpation' from a critical standpoint.
- 久安2年(1146年)4月に、常胤はまず下総国衙から官物未進とされた分について「上品八丈絹参拾疋、下品七拾疋、縫衣拾弐領、砂金参拾弐両、藍摺布上品参拾段、中品五拾段、上馬弐疋、鞍置駄参拾疋」を納め、「其時国司以常胤可令知行郡務」と相馬郡司職を回復した。
- In May 1146, Tsunetane first paid the unpaid kanmotsu according to Shimosa no kokuga (local government of Shimosa), which was '30 hiki (one hiki is approx. 10.6m in length and approx. 34 cm in width) of high-quality silk cloths, 70 hiki of low-quality silk cloths, 12 ryo (an old unit of a weight) of clothes, 32 ryo of sakin (gold dust), 30 dan (an old unit of area) of high-quality printed textile dyed with various shades of indigo blue, 50 dan of high-quality medium-quality printed textile dyed with various shades of indigo blue, two horses, and 30 saddled horses,' and recovered '其時国司以常胤可令知行郡務' and the position of Soma gunji.
- 後南朝は次第に勢力を失い、応仁の乱において小倉宮の末裔(『大乗院寺社雑事記』には小倉宮の子孫との記述あり)と称し、岡崎前門主という人物の息子が山名宗全により洛中の西陣に迎えられた(これを「西陣の南帝」と呼ぶ)との記録を最後に、歴史上にあらわれなくなった。
- The Gonancho forces gradually lost their power, and during the Onin War were labeled in historical records as descendants of Oguranomiya (in the 'Daijoin temple and shrine records of miscellaneous matters' they are listed as offspring of Oguranomiya), while the son of Zenmonshu (Gatekeeper) OKAZAKI being welcomed in the capital's western district (this son was called 'The Southern Emperor of the western district') by Sozen YAMANA is the last historical mention of them; after this point, they no longer appear in historical records.
- 1414年には将軍足利義持が琉球王の献上物に対する返礼の書状を贈っており、1441年には足利義教が琉球を薩摩国の島津氏の属国とする事を認めており、さらに幕府には琉球奉行が設置されて貿易の統制を行おうとしており、室町時代には琉球が「日本」として認識されていた。
- In 1414, the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA responded to the tributary gifts sent to him from the Ryukyu Kingdom with an official letter, while in 1441, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA declared the Ryukyu islands to be a vassal state of the Shimazu clan, lords of Satsuma Province; furthermore, the bakufu created the office of Ryukyu Hoko (shogunal magistrate of the Ryukyus) in an attempt to exert control over Ryukyu trade, meaning that it was during the Muromachi period that the Ryukyus began to be seen as part of Japan.
- もっとも有名なものには、エレナが発見したとされる十字架の遺物、アルメニア王アブガルス3世に贈られ、エデッサからコンスタンティノポリスにもたらされたマンドリオン(手で描かれたのではない聖像)、コンスタンティノポリスの聖母マリアの衣、洗礼者ヨハネの首などがある。
- The most famous relics include relics of the cross discovered by Elena, the Mandylion (an icon not painted by human hand) brought to Constantinople from Edessa that was presented to the King of Armenia, Abgarus III, Virgin Mary's clothes in Constantinople, and John the Baptist's head.
- 実際、『三河物語』によると、同行しながらかなりの金品を持っていて家康従者に強奪されるのではと恐れて距離を置いていた穴山信君一行は、山城国綴喜郡の現在の木津川河畔(現在の京都府京田辺市の山城大橋近く)の渡しで、落ち武者狩りの土民に追いつかれ襲撃されて死んでいる。
- In fact, according to 'Mikawa Monogatari,' the group of Nobukimi ANAYAMA, who accompanied Ieyasu but kept a certain distance because he had a considerable amount of money and goods and was afraid of being robbed of them by Ieyasu's valets was caught up and killed by natives who were looking for fleeing defeated warriors at the ferry on the bank of the present Kizu River (in the vicinity of the present Yamashiro-Ohashi in Kyotanabe City, Kyoto Province) in Tsuzuki County, Yamashiro Province.
- 『平治物語』では重盛と義平が待賢門で一騎打ちを繰り広げ、御所の右近の橘・左近の桜の間を7度も義平が重盛を追い回した、頼盛が退却中に敵に追いつかれそうになり重代の名刀「抜丸」で辛くも撃退した、というエピソードが出てくるがこれらは話を盛り上げるための創作と思われる。
- The 'Heiji monogatari' describes a scene in which Shigemori and Yoshihira fought in single combat at the Taikenmon gate, Yoshihira driving Shigemori back seven times in an area of the palace between the tachibana on the right and the cherry tree on the left, and meanwhile, Yorimori was staging a fighting withdrawal, but when he came under danger of being overrun by his foes he furiously struck all around him with 'Nukimaru,' his famous and ancient sword; needless to say, this episode is considered to be a literary embellishment to create a stirring climactic scene.
- この争乱が以仁王の「平氏追討」の令旨に始まること、平氏政権から頼朝政権(鎌倉幕府)に交代したこと、民間レベルでは『平家物語』や『源平盛衰記』などの影響から清盛・宗盛ら平氏一門と頼朝・義経・義仲ら源氏一門の争いと受け取られてきたことなどが、この呼称を生んだといえる。
- This term started because the war was considered as a fight between Kiyomori and Munemori of the Taira family and Yoritomo, Yoshitsune, Yoshinaka of the Minamoto clan due to the fact that the war started with Prince Mochihito's call for 'destroying the Taira clan,' the transition from the Taira clan government to Yoritomo government (Kamkura bakufu), and the effect of stories such as 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tales of the Heike) and 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Fall of the Genji and the Heike) had on the people.
- 2004年(平成16年)9月から東京文化財研究所が、蛍光X線分析法や高精細デジタル画像解析などの最新技術で化学的分析を行っており、顔料には純度の高い品質のよい物(おそらくは輸入品)が使用されている事や、人物や炎については下書きがなく一気に描かれたことなどが判明した。
- The National Research Institute for Cultural Properties has been using the most modern techniques such as X-ray florescent analysis and high resolution digital image analysis to conduct scientific analyses of the scroll since September 2004 and has found that a very pure and high quality paint (most possibly imported from abroad) was used and that there are no outline sketches for the people and flames which means that they were drawn in one go.
- 12世紀に入ると既存の官物率法に代わって、国衙領の公田のみならず、荘園の年貢に対しても一国平均役・御家人役などの形で公租が賦課されるようになり、これらの賦課による貢納物に対しても官物という言葉が用いられるようになり、南北朝時代 (日本)の頃までこの呼称が用いられた。
- In the twelfth century, in place of the previous Kanmotsu rippo, public taxes called Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen manors and provincial lands) and Gokeninnyaku (odd-jobs for vassals) were collected from not only Kokuga owned public fields but also Shoen, and the tithes from these taxes were also called Kanmotsu and this term was used until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 足利政権では有力守護の佐々木道誉、3代将軍の足利義満のもとで管領を務めた細川頼之などが南朝の楠木正儀と独自に交渉を行っていたが、長慶天皇は北朝に対して強硬的な人物であったと考えられており、和睦交渉は一時途絶し、翌1369年(正平23年/応安2年)に正儀は北朝へ投降する。
- The prominent provincial constable, Doyo SASAKI, and Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA who was the regent of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (third shogun), and other members of the Ashikaga government held independent negotiations with Masanori KUSUNOKI of the Southern Court, but Emperor Chokei took a strong stance towards the Northern Court, leading to a break down in the peace negotiations, and in 1369, Masanori surrendered to the Northern Court.
- また実際に、長州藩では官軍に立場が転じると旧幕府側の人間を敵意をこめて「朝敵」と呼称した山県有朋や世良修蔵のような人物が見られ、鹿児島で起きた西南戦争において旧幕府側出身の抜刀隊員達は、賊軍の汚名を晴らすべく「戊辰の仇、戊辰の仇」と叫んで斬り込んでいったとする談話もある。
- Additionally, Aritomo YAMAGATA and Shuzo SERA called members of the former Shogunate 'choteki' with respect, when their domain switched to the Imperial forces; in the Seinan War in Kagoshima the batto-tai of the former Shogunate forces cut in with a sword, shouting 'Avenge for Boshin, avenge for Boshin.'
- また近江は、「アラ」は鉄の古語であるということと、山砂鉄による製鉄や、その他の鉱物採取を実態としていた修験道はアラハバキ信仰を取り入れ、「ハバキ」は山伏が神聖視する「脛巾」に通じ、アラハバキはやがて「お参りすると足が良くなる」という「足神」様に変容していったと述べている。
- Additionally, Omi explains that 'Ara' is an ancient word for iron and Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts), which was actually involved in iron production using mountain iron sand and collecting other minerals, incorporated Arahabaki beliefs, and 'Habaki' is related to the 'Habaki' (shin guard) which Yamabushi (a mountain priest) considers holy and therefore Arahabaki eventually transformed into a 'god of feet,' considering 'your legs get better if you worship at the shrine.'
- 「つわもの」の語源は明らかではないが、竹内理三は、大槻文彦が『大言海』の中で「鍔物(つみはもの)の略にて、兵器、特に鍔(つば)あれば云うとぞ」と書かれていることを紹介しながら、9世紀頃までは武器を指した言葉であることは間違いがなく、10世紀頃から「武者」と同義になるとする。
- The origin of the word 'tsuwamono' is uncertain, but Rizo TAKEUCHI referred to it as 'the abbreviation of tsuwamono (guard) or a weapon mentioned especially when there is a tsuba (sword guard)' in 'Daigenkai' (literally, great sea of words, a Japanese dictionary) by Fumihiko OTSUKI, and applied to weapons until the ninth century without a doubt and became a synonym for 'busha' from the tenth century.
- 日本では、天文博士あるいは天文密奏宣旨を受けた天文学・占星術に通じた人物が、異常な天文現象を見つけた際には、占いの結果と過去に発生した同様の事例から勘案してその意味を解釈したものを観測記録とともに奏書に認めて密封して、速やかに陰陽頭を通じて天皇に対して上奏されることとなっていた。
- In Japan, it was decided that upon observing an unusual astronomical phenomenon, tenmon hakase (a master of astronomy) or a person who was well versed in astrology and astronomy and had received an imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso should draw up a document stating what it symbolized by taking into account the divination and similar cases in the past, and observations; seal it; and directly submit it to the emperor through Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) at once.
- 編纂者を直接示す記録は無いが、臨時格を追加したときに編纂に関与した人物として左大臣藤原時平が総裁を務め、藤原定国(大納言・右近衛大将)・三善清行(文章博士)・大蔵春行(民部大輔)・藤原善経(明法博士)が挙げられており、「延喜格」本文の編纂もほぼ同じ人員構成であったと考えられている。
- Although there is no record directly identifying the compilers, the names of persons cited as having participated in the compilation of the extraordinary volumes include FUJIWARA no Tokihira, Sadaijin (minister of the left), serving as the editor-in-chief, FUJIWARA no Sadakuni (Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and Ukone no Taisho or the Chief of Ukonefu, (Guard Department)), Kiyotsura MIYOSHI, Monjo-hakase (teacher of Chinese poetry and history under the Ritsuryo system), Haruyuki OKURA (Minbutaifu, executive officer of the Ministry of Popular Affairs) and FUJIWARA no Yoshitsune, (Myoho-hakase, teacher of the law under the Ritsuryo system), and the staff which compiled the main volumes of Engikyaku are assumed to have consisted mainly of the same persons.
- 教科書としては、『庭訓往来』『商売往来』『百姓往来』など往来物のほか、文字を学ぶ『千字文』、人名が列挙された『名頭』『苗字尽』、地名・地理を学ぶ『国尽』『町村尽』、『四書五経』『六諭衍義』などの儒学書、『国史略』『十八史略』などの歴史書、『唐詩選』『百人一首』『徒然草』などの古典が用いられた。
- Text books included Oraimono such as 'Teikin Orai' (collection of letters used for family education), 'Shobai Orai' (a Guide to Commerce), 'Hakusho Orai' (a Guide to Farming), 'Senjimon' (a poem consisting of one thousand Chinese characters) for learning characters, 'Nagashira,' 'Myojizukushi' for learning names of people, 'Kunizukushi,' 'Chosonzukushi,' for learning place names and geography, 'Shishogokyo,' 'Rikuyuengi' for Confucianism, and history books such as 'Kokushiryaku,' 'Juhasshiryaku' and classics such as 'Toshisen,' 'Hyakuninisshu' and 'Tsurezuregusa.'
- 平安時代の源氏物語に見られるような、貴族階級による願掛けを中心とした神社参詣がその初期形態ではないかとされ、その後仏教の末法思想の流行により、後白河法皇の熊野三山詣でなど浄土信仰を背景とした極楽往生を願う巡礼へと変化し、中世に入ると、戦乱や貧困の中で一般階級による巡礼も行なわれるようになった。
- As depicted in the Tale of Genji set in the Heian period, the initial form was thought to be the shrine visits that the nobility made, which further transformed into Junrei to wish for a peaceful death through Jodo Shinko (belief of a pure land after death) such as the Kumano Sanzan (three shrines in Kumano) visits of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa due to the spread of pessimism in a decadent age, and in the middle ages, Junrei were done by the ordinary public during the age of war and poverty.
- 岡山県にて広く語り継がれている吉備津神社 (岡山市)の縁起物語によると、地域を荒らし鬼ノ城(きのじょう)に住む「鬼」である温羅(うら)を犬飼健(いぬかいたける)・楽々森彦(ささもりひこ)・留玉臣(とめたまおみ)という三人の家来と共に倒し、その祟りを鎮めるために温羅を神社の釜の下に封じたとされている。
- According to a historical story of Kibitsu-jinja Shrine in Okayama City, which has been passed down throughout Okayama Prefecture, Kibitsuhiko no Mikoto and his three retainers, Inukai Takeru, Sasa Morihiko, and Tome Tamaomi defeated Ura, an 'oni' (ogre) who lived in Kino-jo Castle and was terrorizing the area, and to break his curse, they are said to have sealed Ura under the iron pot of the shrine.
- 11世紀以降、非農業民は有力寺社などに生産物を貢納することを理由に、これらに隷属する神人となっていたが、後三条天皇親政下において、内廷経済を充実させるべく山野河海に設定されていた御厨を直轄化するという政策がとられると、蔵人所とその下部組織である御厨所の所管となった御厨の住民が供御人と呼ばれるようになった。
- Since the 11th Century, the non-agricultural people became jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) because they presented their products to the major temples and shrines, however, the residents of Kurodo dokoro and mikuriya (manors of Imperial Family and powerful shrines) which was controlled by mikuriya (the place to cook for Emperor) which was under Kurodo dokoro were called Kugonin when a policy of directly controlling mikuriya which had been set in mountains, fields, rivers, and sea to enrich the economy of the court was taken under the administration of Emperor Gosanjo.
- この立場にたった場合、なぜ、このような物語が旧辞に取り入れられたのかははっきりしないが、越前国(あるいは近江国)出身であった継体天皇の先例として播磨国出身の顕宗・仁賢2天皇を設定することにより、万世一系的な王統譜に断層をもたらしかねない地方出身の王位継承資格者の特異性を払拭する意図があったとも言われている。
- From this standpoint, it is not clear why such a story was adopted by Kyuji (a record of old stories which served as a foundation of 'Kojiki,' etc.) but it is said that there was an intention that, by setting two Emperors Kenzo and Ninken, who were from Harima Province, as a historical precedent for Emperor Keitai who was from Echizen Province (or Omi Province), peculiarity of a candidate from a local area as a successor to the Imperial throne may be cast aside, which might bring a gap in the unbroken royal genealogy.
- 武内宿禰(たけうちのすくね・たけのうちの-・たけしうちの-、景行天皇14年(84年)? - 仁徳天皇55年(367年)4月 (旧暦)?)は、『古事記』『日本書紀』で大和朝廷初期(景行天皇・成務天皇・仲哀天皇・応神天皇・仁徳天皇の5代の天皇の時期)に棟梁之臣・大臣として仕え、国政を補佐したとされる伝説的人物。
- TAKEUCHI no Sukune (his name can also be pronounced TAKENOUCHI no -, TAKESHIUCHI no -, 84? - April 367? (old lunar calendar)) was a legendary person recorded in the 'Kojiki' (Records of Ancient Matters) and the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), who is said to have served as the Munemachi no Kimi or Oomi (Grand Minister) and advised the government during the early Yamato Dynasty (a period covering the reigns of Emperor Keiko, Emperor Seimu, Emperor Chuai, Emperor Ojin, and Emperor Nintoku).
- そのために遅くても11世紀中期には公田を賃租・請作した場合の地子に基づいて、1段=3斗(段別三斗)を「見米」と称して租に替わる基本的な賦課とし、それに庸・調・出挙・雑搖などに替わる地税賦課を「准米」と呼ばれる代物納(一部は絹・布・油などの手工業品を含む)の形で上乗せすることという基本が確立されることになった。
- Therefore, in the middle of the eleventh century at the latest, a basic foundation was established based on Jishi (land rent) of Koden that was leased and determined 'Genmai' of 3 to per dan (Dan betsu san to) as the basic tax instead of So, and on top of that, a property tax instead of Yo, Cho, Suiko, or Zoyo called 'Junmai' that was collected in kind (some included manufactured items such as silk, cloth, oil).
- また、諸家がそれぞれ持っているとされる『帝紀』や内容の異なるものが存在するとされる『帝王本紀』のような一定の条件を満たす複数の書物ないしは文書の総称であると考えられる「普通名詞」と、『帝王の日嗣』といった特定の時点で編纂された特定の書物を示すと見られる「固有名詞」とは明確に区別するべきであるとする見解もある。
- Further, there are opinions that the 'common noun' which is thought to be the generic term for several books or documents that satisfy fixed conditions, such as the 'Teiki,' which every family was thought to have, and the 'Teio Honki' (Chronicle of Emperors) which existing contents were supposed to be different, and the 'proper noun' which is thought to describe specific books that are complied at a specific point of time called 'Teiki no Hitsugi' should be clearly distinguished.
- (彼女にとって)長男田村皇子の有力生年から、彼女自身には伝わる事績は多いとはいえないが、崇仏や王位継承などを巡って対立した蘇我・物部両氏の二頭体制から、厩戸皇子が活躍したとされている推古朝、彼亡き後深まった蘇我氏の専横、大化の改新、対外戦争等と数多くの事件を見ながら当時としてはかなりの長寿を全うしたと思われる。
- She does not have numerous exploits to her credit but judging from the most convincing theory about the year of the birth of her son, the Prince Tamura, she seems to have lived a long life in those days going through various incidents, such as the diarchy system of the Soga clan and the Mononobe clan, which conflicted each other on the Buddha worship and the succession to the throne, the reign of the Empress Suiko, during which the Prince Umayado seemingly wielded great power, the despotism of the Soga clan which enforced after the demise of the Prince, the Taika Reforms, and the wars against other countries.
- 22代清寧天皇のシラカタケヒロクニオシワカヤマトネコ(白髪武広国押稚日本根子、『日本書紀』に因る)のように明らかな和風諡号も見られるが、これはむしろ清寧天皇が後に皇統の列に加えられた架空の天皇である可能性を物語っている(ただし、清寧天皇の和風諡号は実名を基にした物であるため、実在した可能性が高い、とする説もある)。
- An obviously Japanese-style posthumous name can be seen as in Shiraka no takehirokunioshiwakayamatoneko no Sumeramikoto of the twenty-second Emperor Seinei (according to 'Nihonshoki') but this rather suggests a possibility that Emperor Seinei is a fictional Emperor who was later included in the imperial line (however, there is a theory which proposes that there is a high possibility that Emperor Seinei actually existed because his Japanese-style posthumous name is based on a real name).
- 平安時代後期より公家などの文筆に携わる人々が往復書簡(往来)の形式を採った文例集(消息集)に由来している(同じ様な形式のものは、中国伝来とされる『杜家立成』が東大寺正倉院に収められているが、当時の中国の書式を元により整理された形式となっており、往来物が中国のものの影響を受けながらも日本独自に発展していったことが分かる)。
- They derived from boilerplates (shosoku-shu) which were a collection of correspondence from the late Heian period written by those who were engaged in literary work, such as nobles (A similar item called 'Tokarissei,' reportedly from China, is preserved in Todai-ji Temple Shoso-in Treasure Repository, but even this had been arranged from the Chinese original, showing that oraimono developed independently with an influence from China).
- 『続日本後紀』嘉祥元年7月丙戌(29日)条(848年8月31日)に平安京内で落雷があり破損した建物の中に弘文院が含まれていること、仁和元年(885年)に菅原道真が弘文院を訪問した時に詠んだとされる漢詩(「秋夜宿弘文院」)が『菅家文章』に残されていることから、少なくても弘文院設置から80年間は存在していたものと考えられている。
- Since the entry for August 31, 848 in 'Shoku Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued) contains the description that lightning struck in Heiankyo and damaged some buildings, which included the Kobunin, and since a Chinese poem ('秋夜宿弘文院') supposedly composed by SUGAWARA no Michizane when he visited the Kobunin in 885 was contained in 'Kanke bunso' (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) in 885, it was estimated that the Kobunin had existed at least for 80 years after it was founded.
- 隅田八幡神社旧蔵の国宝「隅田八幡神社人物画像鏡」の銘文に『癸未年八月日十大王年男弟王在意柴沙加宮時斯麻念長寿遣開中費直穢人今州利二人等取白上同二百旱作此竟』「癸未の年八月十日、男弟王が意柴沙加の宮にいます時、斯麻が長寿を念じて河内直、穢人今州利の二人らを遣わして白上銅二百旱を取ってこの鏡を作る」(判読・解釈には諸説あり)とある。
- The inscription on 'Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror', a national treasure, once possessed by Sudahachiman-jinja Shrine says '癸未年八月日十大王年男弟王在意柴沙加宮時斯麻念長寿遣開中費直穢人今州利二人等取白上同二百旱作此竟' 'On August 10, year of Yin Water Sheep, when Otonokimi lived in Oshisaka no Miya Palace, Shima sent KAWACHI no Atai and AYAHITO Imasuri to make a mirror with 200 kan of high-quality copper to pray for his health.' (There are various theories as to the decipher and interpretation).
- 近年ではかわぐちかいじの漫画作品『ジパング (かわぐちかいじ)』に「滝川事件に連座して京大理学部を免職になり、日本軍の原子爆弾計画に関与する科学者」という設定の倉田万作(モデルは『世界文化』同人として検挙されたことがあり、戦時期には理化学研究所を中心とする日本の原子爆弾開発に関わっていた物理学者・武谷三男であると思われる)が登場する。
- In recent years, the manga work of Kaiji KAWAGUCHI 'Jipang' set Mansaku KURATA (the model is thought to be the physicist Mitsuo TAKETANI, who was involved in developing a nuclear bomb in Japan during the war period at Rikagaku Kenkyujo who had also been arrested as a member of 'Sekai Bunka') as a 'scientist who was working on the nuclear bomb plan of the Japanese army and was fired from the Faculty of Science at Kyoto University in relation with the Takigawa Incident.'
- こうした自検断権の裏づけとなる軍事警察力の保証としての武器の保有も、建前上は刀狩以降放棄した形式をとり、百姓身分の者は身分表象としての帯刀を放棄することでそれを示していたが、実際は個々の村には膨大な数の刀槍、鉄砲が神仏への献納物、あるいは害獣駆除の名目で備蓄されており、明治維新以降も国家権力はあからさまにこれに手をつけられない状態であった。
- After the Sword Hunt, keeping arms that supported the right to judge criminal cases as a safeguard military police power had the form of waiving the right and people in a farming rank showed their waiver by not wearing a sword, their rank symbol, but actually an individual community had big stockpiles of swords, spears, and guns under the pretext of dedicating things to Shinto and Buddhist deities or the extermination of harmful animals and the governmental powers could not openly touch them even after the Meiji Restoration.
- 黄砂の粒子が森林や海洋の上にあるときは太陽放射を遮蔽する日傘効果(冷却)、黄砂の粒子が雪や氷河の上にあるときは太陽光線を吸収して大気を暖める効果(加熱)、黄砂の粒子が雲核となって地球上の雲の分布を左右する効果(冷却・加熱)、黄砂に含まれる成分が植物やプランクトンに作用することで炭素循環に作用する効果などがあり、結果的にどう作用するかは現在はっきりと分かっていない。
- Today, the following are known as effects caused by kosa, but it is not known clearly how kosa works completely: When being placed over forests or sea, kosa grains provide the so-called umbrella effect to prevent the penetration of the sunlight (cooling effect); When being placed on snow areas or glaciers, they provide the effect of warming the air through absorbing sunlight (heating); Being able to become nuclei of generating clouds, they provide the effect of controlling the distribution of clouds above the earth; Because substances included in kosa affect the growth of plants and planktons, kosa also provides the effect of affecting the carbon cycle.
- 1339年(延元4年/暦応2年)に後醍醐天皇が死去すると親房が南朝の指導的人物となるが、親房が1354年(正平9年/文和3年)に死去すると南朝はまた衰微し、幕府内での抗争で失脚した細川清氏が楠木正儀らと南朝に帰順して一時は京都を占拠するものの1367年(正平22年/貞治6年)に敗れ、以降は大規模な南朝の攻勢もなくなり、足利義詮時代には大内弘世や山名時氏なども帰服する。
- When Emperor Godaigo passed away in 1339, Chikafusa became the de facto leader of the Southern Court, but when Chikafusa himself died in 1354, the Southern Court again fell into decline; having lost the internal power struggle within the Ashikaga shogunate, Kiyouji HOSOKAWA switched allegiance to Masanori KUSUNOKI and the Southern Court and together managed to briefly occupy Kyoto, but in 1367 they were defeated, and thereafter the Southern Court lost its large-scale military might, and even suffered the loss of Hiroyo OUCHI and Tokiuji YAMANA, who submitted to the shogunate during the rule of Shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA.
- そこで道家は嫡孫にあたる教実の子・九条忠家に対して処分状(遺言状みたいなもの)を渡し、当時の公家にとってもっとも重要な遺産であった日記などの文書類は一条家の相伝とするが、東福寺などの一族寺院の管理権を司る家長者は、まず最初は3男である一条実経が継ぎ、その次には長男の子九条忠家が継承して、以後は2人の子孫のうちでもっとも官職の高い人物(一門上首)が継ぐように指示を出した。
- Michiie gave Tadaie KUJO, Norizane's son and Michiie's grandchild, to be the legitimate heir, a shobunjo (a kind of will) to give instructions that documents such as diaries (which were the most important heritage for a court noble at the time) should be inherited by the Ichijo Family, but that the head of a family who controls the family temples such as Tofuku-ji Temple should first be inherited by Sanetsune ICHIJO, the third son of Michiie, then by Tadaie KUJO, a child of the eldest son of Michiie, and later by either descendant of the Kujo Family or the Ichijo Family who took the highest-ranking official position (head of a clan).
- その傍証として、ワケ号を負う履中・反正とは根本的に異質な名であることや、この2天皇から病気を理由に愚か者として軽蔑されていて、即位が円滑に行われなかったという所伝、当時の有力豪族たる蘇我・葛城氏の系譜に、武内宿禰の子として若子宿禰という人物の存在が伝えられ、時代が重なること、さらには、倭王済(允恭)と倭王珍(反正に比定される)の血縁関係を記さない『宋書』の問題などが挙げられる。
- Collateral evidences for that include: a fact that his name is fundamentally different from those of Richu and Hanzei which bear the title of wake (which means 'coming into being'); a legend that he was despised by these two Emperors as a fool because of his illness and his accession to the throne did not proceed smoothly; a story told in genealogies of Soga and Katsuragi clans which were the influential Gozoku of the time that there was reportedly a person known as WAKUGO no Sukune who was a son of TAKENOUCHI no Sukune at a period which overlaps that of Ingyo; and a problem in the 'So-jo' (the Book of Song) that it does not describe any blood relationship between King Sai of Wa (Ingyo) and King Chin of Wa (identified with Hanzei).
- 爰ニ佐渡判官入道々誉都ヲ落ケル時、我宿所ヘハ定テサモトアル大将ヲ入替、尋常ニ取シタヽメテ、六間ノ会所ニハ大文ノ畳ヲ敷双ベ、本尊・脇絵・花瓶・香炉・鑵子・盆ニ至マデ、一様ニ皆置調ヘテ、書院ニハ羲之ガ草書ノ偈・韓愈ガ文集、眠蔵ニハ、沈ノ枕ニ鈍子ノ宿直物ヲ取副テ置ク、十二間ノ遠待ニハ、鳥・兎・雉・白鳥、三竿ニ懸双ベ、三石入許ナル大筒ニ酒ヲ湛ヘ、遁世者二人留置テ、誰ニテモ此宿所ヘ来ラン人ニ一献ヲ進メヨト、巨細ヲ申置ニケリ
- When Sado hankan (Doyo SASAKI) was defeated, he invited the general to his palace as something of norm, within a kaisho as big as six rooms, a tatami with the enormous family crest was lined up together, and even honzon (the principle image such as Mandala), wakie (scroll), flower vase, incense burner, tea pot, and tray were lined together, and the study room had sanskrit written by Ogishi (Chinese calligrapher), literature written by Kanyu (Confucianism scholar in Korea), sleeping quarter with a pillow smelling of Winter daphne, took the sleeping gear and placed it on donsu (Chinese blanket), and the twelve rooms of the samurai serving far from the lord had hanging birds, rabbits, pheasant, and swan piled up high, and big cylinder that could contain as much as three seki (541 liters) contained sake (Japanese rice wine) and stopped two Buddhist followes, and said, 'try to serve a shot of wine to anyone who visits this lodging.'
- 1420年の回礼使である宋希景は乞食が食物ではなく銭を欲しがるような貨幣経済の発達に対して驚きの声を上げた(その時の李氏朝鮮では、都市部で楮貨という紙幣が流通していた程度で、貨幣経済と呼ぶに足るものが成立しておらず、布・米を媒体とした物々交換が主であったため)といった記録が残っており、また、朝鮮で後に飢饉を救ったサツマイモ(宝暦度 1764年(宝暦14年))や揚水式水車など、日本から相応の文物を持ち帰っていたようである。
- A document records that Kiei SO (宋希景), a kaireishi (an officer sent to Japan responding to an envoy sent by Japan) sent to Japan in 1420, gave an exclamation of surprise about the highly progressed monetary economy that even a beggar wanted money instead of food (this was because, in Korea at that time, paper money called Choka was circulated only in urban areas, with no system that could be called a monetary economy established yet, and the economy was centered on barter trade based on the media of rice and cloth), and in addition, it is likely that the envoy from Korea brought back products of culture necessary for them, such as sweet potato that rescued Korean people from a famine in Korea in later years (1764) and water-pumping wheels.
- だが、実際に『延喜儀式』が朝廷の儀礼など用いられた事が確認できる記録が無く、逸文の初出も延喜年間より100年以上も経た『北山抄』であり、その後は院政期の書物に限られる事から、延喜年間に編纂されたものの『貞観儀式』(『儀式』)の部分的手直しに過ぎないとする説や、完成したが施行されなかったとする説、未完成に終わったとする説、更には延喜期の編纂ではなく11世紀までに成立した延喜期の儀礼に関する記録が儀式と看做された説などが諸説に分かれている。
- Yet, from the fact that there were no records to prove that 'Engi Gishiki' was practically used in formalities at the imperial court, that its surviving fragment first appeared in 'Hokuzansho' which was written more than one hundred years after the Engi era, and that it only appeared in documents during the period under the rule of Cloistered Emperors, some said that Engi Gishiki was compiled in the Engi era, but just as a partial improvement of 'Jogan Gishiki' ('Gishiki'), some said that it was completed, but did not come into use, some said that it was not completed, and some said that it was not compiled during the Engi era, but records on the formalities in the Engi era established until the eleventh century were considered to be Gishiki.
- また、上奏する資格も平安時代中期以後には天文博士を世襲した阿倍氏と局務の中原氏の両家のみに限定されるようになっていく(なお、中原氏の天文密奏は醍醐天皇の時代の中原以忠(後に天禄2年(972年)に宗家の中原有象とともに中原のカバネを与えられて同氏の祖となる)に遡り、同氏本来の外記の職務とは別に同氏が家学としていた明経道の出典である漢籍には天文現象の解釈に関する記述が含まれていることが多く、天文道に通じた人物を輩出することが多かった事によるとされている)。
- After the mid Heian period, such direct access to the emperor was only allowed to the Abe clan whose hereditary occupation was tenmon hakase and the Nakahara clan which was kyokumu (the chief secretary of the Daijokan, or Grand Council of State); incidentally, the Nakahara clan had assumed the role of tenmon misso from Mochitada NAKAHARA in the tenure of Emperor Daigo (afterwards in 972, he was granted the family name of NAKAHARA along with Uzo NAKAHARA [中原有象] of the head family and originated the clan), allegedly because, besides the clan's hereditary occupation of Geki [Secretary of the Grand Council of State], it inherited the family learning of Myogo-do [the study of Confucian classics] and used many Chinese classics as source books, many of which contained elucidation of astronomical phenomena so that the clan produced many persons well versed in tenmondo.
- 東西それぞれに与力20騎と同心50人が付いていたが、享保年間から元文年間にかけて訴訟の受付と市中警備を担当する番方、闕所された財物の処分を入札監督などを担当する闕所方、制札や各種証明書の発給や宗門改・鉄砲改・浪人改を行う証文方、建築の届出・確認や道路管理などの都市計画を行う新家方、奉行所内外の監察業務を行う目付(後に新家方を統合して目付方とも)、奉行所内の会計・公的な入札業務及び天領の年貢収納を行う勘定方、一般の刑事・行政を扱う公事方、鴨川の管理を行う川方といった担当部門に分離されてそこに与力・同心が配置されるようになる。
- During the Kyoho and Genbun era, 20 yoriki (a police sergeant) and 50 doshin (a police constable), who used to serve for each of the East and West Magistrates, came to be dispatched to separate divisions such as Ban-kata responsible for lawsuit registration and city guard, Kessho-gata responsible for bidding and managing confisticated properties, Shomon-gata responsible for issuing paper bills and various certificates as well as checking the religion, gun-owning and ronin status, Niinomi-gata responsible for urban development including construction registration and checking as well as road management, Metsuke responsible for auditing the Magistrate both internally and externally (later merged with Niinomi-gata to be collectively called Metsuke-gata), Kanjo-gata responsible for the Magistrate's accounting, official bidding and collecting land taxes from the shogunate demesne, Kuji-kata responsible for general criminal investigation and administration, and Kawa-gata responsible for management of the Kamo-gawa River.