濠: 210 Terms and Phrases

• 濠
• moat
• fosse
• trench
• ditch
• Australia
• canal
• Hori

• 外濠
• outer moat (castle)

• 大濠
• Oohori

• 濠晶
• Hori Akira

• 濠溪
• Goukei

• 濠州
• Australia

• 空濠
• dry moat

• 濠洲
• Australia

• 濠日
• Australia-Japan

• 内濠
• inner moat
• moat within the castle walls

• 環濠
• moat

• 濠江区
• Haojiang District

• 伏射濠
• sheltered trench

• 日米濠
• Japan-America-Australia

• 大濠公園
• Oohori Park

• 氾濫原濠
• flood plain swale
• flood plain swell

• 濠太剌利
• Australia

• 白濠主義
• White Australia Policy (pre-1965 Australian immigration policy)

• 環濠集落
• Moat settlement

• 大環濠帯跡
• Remains of areas with big circular moats

• 大濠公園駅
• Oohori Park Station (st)
• Ōhorikōen Station

• 萱生環濠集落
• Kayo Kango Shuraku

• 大環濠の消滅。
• Disappearance of Large Circular Moats.

• 竹之内環濠集落
• Takenouchi Kango Shuraku (circular moat)

• 通称兼松濠洲。
• His common name was Goshu KANEMATSU.

• 周濠をともなう。
• The tumulus is surrounded by a moat.

• 環濠の一部再掘削。
• Re-digging up of a part of circular moats.

• 周濠を持っている。
• It has a shugo (moat around a tumulus).

• 周濠を持っていない。
• It is not surrounded by moat.

• 濠の縁（ふち）で――
• by the moat; --

• 洪水により環濠が埋没。
• The circular moats were buried because of a flood.

• 濠は確認されていない。
• No moat has been found.

• 応神天皇陵古墳外濠外堤
• Oujintennouryoukofungaigougaitei

• 濠外にも住居や穴倉がある。
• Dwellings and pits were also discovered outside the moat.

• 周濠は墳丘西において未確認。
• A surrounding moat is unverified in the west tomb hill.

• 暴風待避濠へ罪のように走った
• ran like sin for the storm cellar

• 出土遺物：主に周濠部より出土。
• Unearthed goods: Excavated mainly from a shugo (a surrounding moat).

• 日本を代表する周濠型前方後円墳
• Popular Moat Surrounding, Keyhole-Shaped Tumulus in Japan

• 竹之内環濠集落（奈良県天理市）
• Takenouchi moat settlement (Tenri City, Nara Prefecture)

• 周濠を持つ古墳は、前方部が狭い。
• The front square part of a tumulus surrounded with a moat is narrow.

• 周濠が墳丘の規模に比べ狭いこと。
• Its surrounding moat is narrow in relation to the scale of its burial mound.

• 稗田環濠集落（奈良県大和郡山市）
• Hieda moat settlement (Yamatokoriyama City, Nara Prefecture)

• 稗田の環濠集落（奈良県大和郡山市）
• Hieda moat settlement (Yamatokoriyama City, Nara Prefecture)

• 戦乱の時代－環濠集落と高地性集落－
• War-torn era - Moat Settlement and Upland Settlements -

• 周りには、三重の周濠を巡らしている。
• This tomb is surrounded by a triple moat.

• Ｕ字形木製品（クビレ部の周濠から出土）
• U-shaped wooden products (excavated from a constricted spot of the shugo)

• 京都市自然100選「伏見濠川の柳並木」
• Kyoto-shi Shizen 100-sen (Kyoto City Best 100 natural scenic areas 'The rows of willow trees along the Horikawa River')
• The Best 100 Natural Landscapes in Kyoto City ''Line of Willows of Go-kawa River, Fushimi''

• 周濠は、地山を少し掘り下げて造っている。
• Surrounding moat was made by digging the ground a little deeper.

• 周濠の形状は左右対称の盾形とされている。
• The surrounding moat of the tumulus was presumably in symmetrical, shield-like shape.

• 高安 (斑鳩町)環濠集落（奈良県斑鳩町）
• Takayasu moat settlement (Ikaruga-cho, Nara Prefecture)

• 南郷 (広陵町)環濠集落（奈良県広陵町）
• Nango moat settlement (Koryo-cho, Nara Prefecture)

• 3か所の居住域周辺に環濠集落が巡らされる。
• Moat-surrounded settlements were built in the neighborhood of the three resident areas

• 前方部が鉢形に開き、濠が認められていない。
• Its rectangular part is open like a pot, and no moat has been found.

• 縄文人のムラは環濠を形成しない傾向にある。
• Jomon man village tended not to have any moat.

• 環濠集落には、防御と拠点という特色がみられる。
• The characteristics of moat settlement was twofold: it was a defensive fort and a foothold.

• これは、築山古墳の2重濠の痕跡と推定されている。
• It is considered that these are the evidences of the double-moat condition of Tuskiyama Tumulus.

• この古い町並の外周には環濠跡を現在に残している。
• There are the ruins of a surrounding moat that still remain in the perimeter of this old townscape.

• このため尾根を分断した南側は周濠が狭くなっている。
• This has caused the southern side of the moat beyond the ridge narrower.

• 土塁の外側には幅15メートルの濠も確認されている。
• It is confirmed that there were also moats which were 15 meters wide outside of the earth mounds.

• また、周濠に掛かる外堤も少し東から検出されている。
• A portion of the outer levee of the surrounding moat has also been detected in the east.

• 今井都市緑化-今井町の西南隅で、一部に環濠が残る。
• Imai urban greening: It refers to the southwestern corner of Imai Town, in part of which the moat is still left.

• 周濠については墳丘の至近距離からは発見されていない。
• No surrounding moats have been discovered near the grave mound.

• これらは中世の環濠集落として現在も各地に点在している。
• Remainders of these medieval moat settlements can still be seen in various places of Japan.

• また、竹之内集落の濠は、現在も集落の西側に残っている。
• Meanwhile, the moat of Takenouchi village has still remained in the west of the village.

• それは、弥生の環濠集落とは性格を異にするものであろう。
• This moat settlement is thought to have had different functions than that of Yayoi period.

• 縄文時代の環濠集落は、現在のところこの遺跡のみである。
• This is the only moat settlement site of the Jomon period discovered to date.

• 環濠の内側から約100棟の竪穴式住居が発見されている。
• About 100 pit dwellings were found inside the moat surrounded area.

• くびれ部幅約12.8m、周濠幅約20m、葺石・埴輪無し。
• The constricted spot is approximately 12.8 meters in width, the shugo (surrounding moat) approximately 20 meters in width; no fukiishi (a layer of stone covering the soil over a burial mound) and no haniwa (clay figure) are found.

• 出土遺物：周濠内跡より古墳時代前期（II期）の遺物出土。
• Unearthed goods: Relics in the early Kofun period (stage II) from the remains of the shugo.

• 1978年の発掘調査では周濠から木製埴輪が出土している。
• During the excavation research in 1978, a wooden haniwa (figure artifact) was excavated from the surrounding moats.

• 段築や周濠が不明瞭で、本来なかった可能性も指摘されている。
• The terraces and a surrounding moat are unclear, which has been pointed out the possibility that it originally didn't have them.

• この古墳の後円部の空濠の外に、宗像神社 (桜井市)がある。
• There is Munakata-jinja Shrine (Sakurai City) located outside the dry moat of the back circular part of this tumulus.

• 那珂遺跡（福岡県）正円に近い二重の環濠、外径150メートル。
• The double moats found at Naka site (Fukuoka Prefecture) are almost perfect circles with an outside diameter of 150 m.

• 近畿では、環濠集落は、弥生前期末に現れ、中期以降に普及した。
• In the Kinki region, moat settlement emerged at the end of the early Yayoi period and spread on and after the middle period.

• 3か所の居住域の周りに大環濠を掘削し、一つの居住域に統合する。
• A big circular moat was dug out around the three resident areas and they were integrated into one resident area.

• 現在でも当時以来の姿を残した環濠集落が、わずかながら存在する。
• There are a limited number of moat settlements which still retain the original features.

• 日本では、古代の環濠集落から近世の石垣と天守の城まで多様である。
• There were various castles, such as ancient moat settlements and modern castle towers with stone walls.

• 現在の宝来山古墳の濠の中、南東に田道間守の墓とされる小島がある。
• Within the moat of the current Horaisan-kofun tumulus, there is a small island in the southeast that is said to be the grave of Tajimamori.

• 外桜田弁慶堀糀町 → 外桜田より弁慶堀（桜田濠）・麹町方面を望む
• Sotosakurada Benkeibori Kojimachi: Looking at Benkeibori (also known as Sakuradago) and Kojimachi from Sotosakurada

• 甕棺（周濠外堤部より東海系壷片で蓋をした中部瀬戸内系土器棺埋納。）
• A burial jar (found from the outer banks of the shugo, which was a Chubu Setouchi type earthen coffin with a cover of the Tokai type lid)

• 規模は、径70～150メートル、卵形、小規模で大環濠に肥大しない。
• The size of the moat settlement remained small, 70 m to 150 m in diameter, and did not grow bigger than that.

• 吉野ヶ里遺跡の遺構からは、大規模な環濠集落の全貌が明らかにされた。
• The full picture of a large scale moat settlement was revealed from the remains at the Yoshinogari site.

• 古くは興福寺の荘園で、中世の環濠集落を母体として発展した町である。
• Being a private estate of the Kofuku-ji Temple in olden times, the town developed from a medieval village surrounded by a moat.

• 近畿では早期の環濠集落はないが、前期前半では神戸市大開遺跡がある。
• In Kinki region, there is a moat settlement from the first half of the Early Yayoi period found at Daikai site in Kobe city, while none is known from the Initial Yayoi period.

• 葺石、くびれ部分両側の造り出し、二重濠の一部分なども確認されている。
• What is more, fuki-ishi (stones covering an old tomb), tsukuridashi (narrow terraces) at the both sides of the central narrow part, and a part of the double moats have also been distinguished.

• 1986年、ほ場整備による発掘調査で墳丘南東部分に周濠が確認される。
• Conducted for the purpose of rice paddy development in 1986, the excavation discovered a surrounding moat in the south-eastern part of the mound.

• 父は佐賀藩の藩校・弘道館 (佐賀藩)の教授であった国学者・枝吉南濠。
• His father was Nango EDAYOSHI, a Japanese literature scholar who taught at Kodokan, a school in the Saga Domain.

• 濠や土塁で囲まれるなど防御的性格を持ち、信者、商工業者などが集住した。
• They were characterized by the defense functions such as the surrounding moats and earthen walls for fortification, within which Buddhist devotees as well as merchants and traders lived together.

• 環濠の内側から2棟、外側からは15棟の円形竪穴住居が見いだされている。
• Two round shaped pit dwelling houses were discovered inside the moat surrounded area, while 15 were discovered outside.

• 規　模：全長約96m・後円部径約64m、後円部高さ9m、周濠幅約21m。
• Size: Approximately 96 meters in full length, the back circular part approximately 64 meters in diameter, 9 meters in height, the shugo (surrounding moat) approximately 21 meters in width.

• 出土遺物：周濠より出土、弥生時代後期最終末期から古墳時代初頭の土器出土。
• Unearthed goods: Excavated from the shugo, unearthed earthen vessels from the end of the latter half of the Yayoi period to the early Kofun period.

• 東側の周濠は後世になって灌漑用に造られたため池の鳥屋池とつながっている。
• The eastern side of the moat was later added to Toriya Pond for irrigation purposes.

• その結果から、一辺およそ90メートルの大きな周濠が存在する可能性がある。
• These findings suggest that a large surrounding moat with 90 meters on a side may exist.

• このC棟によく似た家形埴輪が大阪府八尾市の美園古墳の周濠から出土している。
• House-shaped haniwa similar to this House C was excavated from the surrounding moat of Misono Tumulus in Yao City, Osaka Prefecture.

• 石塚古墳周濠から吉備系の祭祀遺物弧文円板（こもんえんばん）が出土している。
• Some relics, including Kibi style Komonenban (arc patterned disc) produced for ritual usage, were found from the surrounding moat of Ishizuka Tumulus.

• そのため、これ以上の行軍は不可能と判断し雪濠を掘って露営することとなった。
• Therefore, they dug a moat in the snow and camped out, making a decision that it was impossible to march anymore.

• 規　模：全長約96m、後円部径約64m、後円部高さ5m、周濠幅約17～23m
• Size: Approximately 96 meters in full length, the back circular part approximately 64 meters in diameter and 5 meters in height, the shugo (surrounding moat) approximately 17 to 23 meters in width

• この遺跡からは弥生時代の集落が発見されておらず、環濠集落も検出されていない。
• However, any evidence of a village nor a village with a moat constructed around the territory from the Yayoi period has not been found throughout the remains.

• なお、江戸城の内濠はさらに外側にあり、吹上庭園を含めた全体を取り囲んでいる。
• The inner moat of Edo-jo Castle is situated further outside and surrounds the whole area, including Fukiage Garden.

• 川井氏（後の今西氏）と共に周辺に濠と土塁を形成し寺内町の体裁を整えていった。
• Hoju IMAI, together with Mr. Kawai (later known as Mr. Imanishi), worked to complete laying out the jinaicho (temple village) making a moat and earthen walls for fortification.

• 橿原市大軽町と五条野町に跨る見瀬丸山古墳の周濠の西端をかすめて南進している。
• The road goes south, brushing the western end of the moat around the Mise Maruyama Tumulus stretching from Ogaru-cho and Gojono-cho, Kashihara City.

• また、疏水放水路と合流して直接宇治川に流れ出ており、濠川とは合流していない。
• It also joins with the drainage canal to directly flow into the Uji-gawa River without joining with Hori-kawa River.

• 環濠集落（かんごうしゅうらく）とは、周囲に堀をめぐらせた集落（ムラ）のこと。
• A moat settlement is a village surrounded by a moat.

• 規　模：全長約110m、後円部径約60m、後円部の高さ約7m、周濠幅約25m。
• Size: Approximately 110 meters in full length, the back circular part approximately 60 meters in diameter and approximately 7 meters in height, the moat around the mound approximately 25 meters in width.

• このようなことから大環濠内では、各種の機能別に区画されていたと考えられている。
• These things suggest that in the big circular moat areas compartments were made functionally.

• 後円部の東南側の周濠部分では両側に葺き石を積み上げた渡り土手が見つかっている。
• A connecting bank that has a pile of fuki-ishi on both sides has also been found in a part of the surrounding moat that is on the southeast side of the rounded rear.

• 環濠集落は、このような集団同士の争いに備えた防衛集落であったと考えられていた。
• A moat settlement was believed to be a defense against battles between groups.

• 環濠集落は稲作文化と同時に大陸から伝来し、列島東部へ波及したと考えられている。
• The moat settlement is thought to have introduced to Japan from the Chinese continent along with wet-rice cultivation, spreading eastward on the archipelago.

• 南地区東南部側の環濠付近から方形周溝墓、大環濠集落成立以前（弥生時代中期初期）。
• In the neighborhood of the circular moat in the southeast side of the southern zone, a square-shaped circular moat tomb, prior to the formation of large scale circular moat settlements.

• さらに、その周りに塀とみられる柱列や．小規模な濠と考えられる溝をめぐらせている。
• In addition, a line of pillars, considered having constituted a fence, and a ditch, considered having been a small-sized moat, were provided around the area.

• 堀は二重・三重の多重環濠となることもあり、長大な環濠帯を形成しているものもある。
• In some cases there were two or three moats built, forming together a huge moat band zone.

• 京都府京都市伏見区の濠川（宇治川派流）の月桂冠大倉記念館裏の弁天橋から発着する。
• It arrives at and departs from Benten-bashi Bridge behind Gekkeikan Okura Sake Museum located beside Go-kawa River (a branch river of Uji-gawa River) in Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.

• 中期後半から末にかけての洪水後に環濠再掘削が行われ、環濠帯の広さも最大規模となる。
• From the latter half of the middle period to the last period circular moats were dug out again after floods and the circular moat area reached a maximum size.

• 農耕社会の発展とともに地域集団は大型化していき、その中心部には環濠集落が営まれた。
• Corresponding to the advancement of an agriculture-based society, the sizes of the local communities had become larger, being surrounded-by-moat type settlements at their centers

• 中世都市の堺市は三方を深さ3ｍ、幅10ｍ程の濠で囲み、木戸を設けて防御に備えていた。
• The medieval city of Sakai was prepared for defense by being surrounded by a moat 3m deep and 10m wide on three sides and a wooden door.

• 四方を川（南は淀川、三方は濠川）に囲まれており、かつて島であった名残をとどめている。
• It is circled all around in rivers (the Yodo-gawa River in the south, and the Hori-kawa River in the remaining directions), leaving traces of which was once an island.

• 長径70メートル、短径40メートルで、環濠内からは竪穴住居と貯蔵穴が検出されている。
• Surrounded by a moat measuring 70 m (long-side) by 40 m (short-side), several pit dwelling houses and storages were found.

• 堀をめぐらせた場合に環濠と書き、堀をめぐらせた場合に環壕と書いて区別することがある。
• The word for moat settlement in Japanese may be written in different ways to indicate whether it is a moat filled with water (環濠) or it is a dry moat (環壕).

• ロナルド・アデイアは、当時濠洲殖民地の、一知事であった、メイノース伯爵の次男であった。
• The Honourable Ronald Adair was the second son of the Earl of Maynooth, at that time governor of one of the Australian colonies.

• 1998年にかつての港町伏見を偲ぶ屋形船仕様で遊覧船として再び濠川に航路が開設された。
• In 1998, the route from Go-kawa River once again opened for yakata-bune boat (house boat)-style pleasure boats in remembrance of one-time port town Fushimi.

• 環濠集落は朝鮮半島南部でも見られ、北九州では縄文時代晩期（前4世紀）の環濠集落がある。
• Moat settlements of this time can be found in the southern area of Korean Peninsula, as well as in northern Kyushu, which dates to late Jomon period (the fourth century B.C.)

• これらの多重環濠群は居住区の外縁を幅150～200メートルで囲み、環濠帯を形成している。
• The group of these multiple circular moats encloses the outside edge of the resident areas 150 to 200 meters in width, forming a circular moat zone.

• 周濠は左右対称の盾形であるとされているが、当初からのものであるかどうか疑問視されている。
• It is said that the surrounding moat is shield-shaped symmetrically, but it is not clear whether the moat retains the original shape.

• ここからは、濠川（かつての伏見港を通る）もしくは疏水放水路・高瀬川を経て淀川に放水する。
• From here, it goes through the Hori-kawa River (which runs through old Fushimi Harbor), or the Canal Discharge Channel, the Takase-gawa River, and empties into the Yodo-gawa River.

• 賣太神社（めたじんじゃ、売太神社）は奈良県大和郡山市の稗田環濠集落の端にある神社である。
• Meta-jinja Shrine, written as 賣太神社 or 売太神社 in Japanese, is a shrine located at the end of Heida Village, a village surrounded by a moat in Yamatokoriyama City, Nara Prefecture.

• この位置は、かっての濠の堤上に相当し、濠を貯水のため拡張して、島状になったと推測される。
• The grave is located where the embankment of the moat used to be before the moat was expanded to collect water, resulting in the formation of an island.

• あるいは、自治組織においても、矢倉や塀、環濠のような防御施設の構築、牢人の傭兵化を行った。
• Also, autonomous organizations carried out construction of facilities for defense, such as scaffolding, wall, and moat, and made ronin (samurai who left his master and lost his horoku (salary)) into mercenaries.

• しかし、2世紀後半から3世紀初頭には、弥生時代の集落を特徴付ける環濠が各地で消滅していく。
• Between the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century, however, this distinctive Yayoi period style of moat settlement started to disappear from many regions.

• 環濠の断面はV字形と逆台形で、溝の幅2メートル、深さ1.5メートルあったと推定されている。
• The moat had 'V' and 'U' shaped sections, and is believed to have been 2 m wide and 1.5 m deep.

• 1929年、宇治川の堤防が整備され宇治川と濠川に水位差が生じたため三栖閘門が建設されている。
• In 1929, Misu Lock Gate was built because the dikes of the Uji-gawa River were repaired to make a difference in water level between the Uji-gawa River and the Go-kawa River.

• この説においては従来より存在した円形墳丘墓の周濠を掘り残した陸橋部分（通路部分）が造られた。
• According to this theory, a land bridge (or overpass) was created by leaving part of earth unexcavated when building a moat around the existing round barrow.

• 内蒙古自治区赤峰市にある興隆窪遺跡から、約8200～7400年前の環濠集落が見つかっている。
• At the Xinglongwa site located in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, remains of an approximately 7,400 to 8,200 years old moat settlement were discovered.

• 墨染ダムからは伏見インクライン（国道24号の拡幅用地に転用され現存せず）を経て濠川とつながる。
• From Sumizome Dam, it goes via Fushimi Incline (which does not exist today because it was used to widen National Route 24) to join Hori-kawa River.

• 弥生時代を通しての環濠集落を放棄したにもかかわらず、古墳時代の初めに再度環濠集落をも形成する。
• Through the Yayoi period the moat-surrounded settlements were abandoned, they were formed again in the early Kofun period.

• 現在、皇居一帯は東京の中央部にありながら、緑豊かな地区で、濠の周りはジョギング道として人気が高い。
• Although the whole area of Kokyo is located in the center of Tokyo, it is leafy and the sidewalk surrounding the moat enjoys high popularity among joggers.

• 平地や丘陵地域の周辺の土を掘りだして、濠(空濠が多かった)を形成し、その土で小山と岡を盛り上げた。
• A moat (mostly empty) was built by digging a plain or hill and a mound or knoll was built with the removed earth.

• 幅50m以上の周濠が巡らされているが、中世に城砦として利用されていたため、部分的に改変されている。
• It is surrounded by a moat with a width of more than fifty meters; however, it was partly renovated in medieval times to be used as a fortress.

• 中国で誕生した環濠集落は、農耕文化の重要な要素の一つとして、朝鮮半島を経由して日本列島に伝来した。
• Originating in China, moat settlement was transmitted to Japan through the Korean Peninsula as one of the important elements of agricultural culture.

• そのころ、福岡市の板付遺跡と大阪府高槻市の安満遺跡、京都府中郡峰山町扇谷遺跡などに環濠集落が現れる。
• About the same time, moat settlements appeared in such places as Itatsuki site in Fukuoka City, Ama site in Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture, and Ogidani site in Kyotango City, Kyoto Prefecture.

• 奈良盆地でも珍しい、標高100ｍ以上の高地に位置する環濠集落である、竹之内の集落の東北奥に位置する。
• The shrine is in the remotest northeastern part of Takenouchi village, an uncommon moat settlement in the Nara Basin, which is located in the highlands at an altitude of 100m or more.

• 本山に呼応して今井郷民も蹶起し、環濠を深くしたり、土塁を築き直したりして信長軍に対抗したようである。
• It seems, however, that the Imai-go residents rose in response to the head temple countermining Nogunaga's army by making the surrounding moat deeper and building the earthen walls over.

• 規　模：全長約80メートル、後円部径約55メートル、後円部三段築成、周濠幅約10.5～17.5メートル
• Size: It is approximately 80 meters in full length, with the three tiered back circular part approximately 55 meters in diameter, and with a shugo (surrounding moat) approximately 10.5 to 17.5 meters in width.

• 規　模：全長約80m・後円部径約50m、周濠幅約10m（但し全長に関して100mを超える可能性もある）
• Size: Approximately 80 meters in full length, the back circular part approximately 50 meters in diameter, the shugo (surrounding moat) approximately 10 meters in width (however, the full length could be more than 100 meters)

• 現在は回りに水を湛えた周濠を持っているが、これは文久の修復で大幅に改築されたものであり元は田であった。
• At present the tumulus is surrounded by moats full of water, but this is a result of the drastic reconstruction by restoration in the Bunkyu era, and before that it had been surrounded by rice fields.

• 腰曲輪、濠、溪沢全体に指定地が及ぶようにするため、1971年（昭和46年）5月に追加指定がなされている。
• In May 1971, the koshiguruwa (compound bounded by earthen walls), the moat, valleys and dales were additionally designated as a national historic site.

• 王権形成が進み古墳時代に入ると、首長層は共同体の外部に居館を置くようになり、環濠集落は次第に解体される。
• Once Wakoku had advanced its sovereignty by early Kofun (tumulus) period, chiefs began placing their residences outside the village, and moat settlements were gradually dismantled.

• 長江中流域では、今から約8000年前の環濠集落が、湖南省のリーヤン平原にある彭頭山遺跡で発見されている。
• In the midstream of the Yangtze River, remains of an 8,000 years old moat settlement were discovered at the Pengtoushan site, located on the Li Yang flatlands in Hunan Province.

• 内側の環濠は幅8メートル以上、その大環濠を囲むように幅4~5メートルの環濠が4~5重に巡らされる多重環濠。
• There are one inner circular moat more than eight meters in width and four to five outer circular moats four to five meters in width.

• 現在は港湾施設の復元模型があるほか、濠川から三栖閘門の周辺は遊歩道が整備され観光用の十石舟が運航している。
• Today, a miniature model of the old port facility is on display, and a sightseeing boat modeled after Jikkoku-bune (literally ten-koku boat, a type of old Japanese freight boat) operates around the area between the Go-kawa River and Misu Lock Gate along which walking trails are built.

• 集落は、居住する場所と墓とがはっきりと区別するように作られ、居住域の周囲にはしばしば環濠集落が掘削された。
• Settlements had clear divisions between the living area and graves, and the village surrounded by a moat were excavated around the area of living.

• 周濠は、前方部と後円部の一部分の発掘調査から、幅10m前後の周濠と幅数十m前後の外堤の一部が見つかっている。
• With regard to the surrounding moat, some portions of the approximately 10-meter-wide surrounding moat and the 10-to-20-meter-wide outer levee have been found in the excavation research of portions of the square front and rounded rear.

• 当初は居館の周りに屏を作り、濠を掘る程度だったが、10世紀の終わり頃から城と呼べる建築物を作るようになった。
• At first a fence was built or a moat was dug around a residence, and structures called castles were built starting at the end of the tenth century.

• 愛知県の朝日遺跡は、弥生時代中期の集落であり、環濠集落のなかでも最も防御施設の発達した集落として知られている。
• The moat settlement discovered at Asahi site in Aichi Prefecture is an example from the Middle Yayoi period, and is known for having consisted of some of the most advanced defensive facilities.

• ただし周濠内からの出土であることから、古墳本体の築造年代とは関わりのない後世の二次的な出土物である可能性もある。
• However, it is also possible that they are secondary artifacts belonging to later periods that have nothing to do with the construction period of the kofun itself, since they were unearthed from inside the surrounding moat.

• 1993年に東京都板橋区四葉遺跡の弥生末期の方形周濠墓から長さ7.4センチメートルのヒスイの勾玉が出土している。
• In 1993, a 7.4 cm jade magatama was excavated from the later Yayoi Period remains at the Yotsuba Ruins, in Itabashi Ward, Tokyo.

• 扇谷遺跡では、最大幅6メートル、深さ4メートルの環濠か、長径270メートル、短径250メートルでムラを囲っている。
• At Ogidani site, the village was surrounded by a moat measuring 270 m (major axis) by 250 m (minor axis), 6 m wide in its widest section and 4 m deep.

• ムラの内部と外部を区別する環濠を形成する目的として、外敵や獣などから集落を守る防御機能を備えることが考えられている。
• It is believed that the purpose of creating a moat to divide the inner and outer space of a village was to protect itself from being attacked by any external enemy or wild life.

• この遺跡より南に少し離れた地より弥生中期・後期の多量の土器片が発見されており、方形周濠墓や竪穴住居なども出土している。
• However, many pieces of earthenware produced during the mid to the late Yayoi period have been found at the location slightly south to the Makimuku Remains, and other remains, such as tombs surrounded by a square moat and pit-houses, were excavated.

• 石山合戦の際には、石山本願寺について織田信長に反抗、環濠や土塁、見通しを妨げる筋違いの道路等を築いて城塞都市となった。
• The town stood on the side of Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple in Ishiyama War to fight against Nobunaga ODA, and developed into a fortified city with a moat, earthworks, diagonally crossed roads to hinder the view, etc.

• 太田城はフロイスが「一つの市の如きもの」と表現したように、単なる軍事拠点ではなく町の周囲に水路を巡らした環濠集落である。
• As Frois expressed it 'like one town,' Ota-jo Castle was not only a military base but also a town surrounded by a moat.

• 古墳の周囲には空濠がめぐるが、発掘調査の結果、前方部の南側に幅約20メートル深さの溝が確認されており、外濠とみられている。
• The tumulus is surrounded with empty moats in about 20 meters depth, which is seen as the outer moat, was confirmed on the south side of the front square part by the results of the research.

• これらの考古学資料を保管・展示するために天理市により黒塚古墳の周濠だったと考えられる池の東畔の公園内に開設された施設である。
• Tenri City opened the museum in a park located on the eastern bank of a pond which is considered to have been the surrounding moat of Kurozuka Tumulus, in order to keep and display the archaeological materials found.

• なお、桜井市教育委員会が2000年に実施した周辺部の発掘調査によって、周濠内の堆積土から木製の輪鐙（馬具）が発見されている。
• Further, wooden Wa-abumi (round stirrups, which are equestrian gear) were found in the heaped earth within the surrounding moat through the excavation research of the vicinity executed by the Sakurai City Board of Education in 2000.

• 次の弥生中期以降、近畿では環濠集落が普及し、径300から400メートルに及ぶ大規模な環濠を持ち、人々は濠内に集住したらしい。
• After Middle Yayoi period and onwards, moat settlements were spread all over Kinki region, and people lived in large villages that had a surrounding moat of 300 m to 400 m in diameter.

• この商人がある晩おそく紀国坂を急いで登って行くと、ただひとり濠（ほり）の縁（ふち）に踞（かが）んで、ひどく泣いている女を見た。
• One night, at a late hour, he was hurrying up the Kii-no-kuni-zaka, when he perceived a woman crouching by the moat, all alone, and weeping bitterly.

• しかし、陵墓指定範囲の外側の周辺部での発掘調査によって、墳丘の裾の幅10mの周濠の底から布留0式（ふるぜろしき）土器が出土した。
• However, the Furu 0-style earthenware was excavated from the bottom of the 10-meter-wide surrounding moat at the foot of the burial mound in the excavation research, in the vicinity outside the area specified as the imperial mausoleum.

• この坂の一方の側には昔からの深い極わめて広い濠（ほり）があって、それに添って高い緑の堤が高く立ち、その上が庭地になっている、――
• On one side of this slope you see an ancient moat, deep and very wide, with high green banks rising up to some place of gardens;--

• 後期では北部北九州では佐賀県吉野ヶ里遺跡や大阪府の安満遺跡や池上・曽根遺跡、奈良県の唐古・鍵遺跡などの大規模環濠集落が上げられる。
• Yoshinogari site in Saga Prefecture, Ama and Ikegami-Sone sites in Osaka Prefecture, and Karako-Kagi site in Nara Prefecture are examples of places where large scale moat settlements from Late Yayoi period existed.

• 室町時代の後半の戦国時代 (日本)では戦乱が多発し、農村では集落を守るために周囲に堀（環濠）を巡らして襲撃に備えるところが現れた。
• The latter half of the Muromachi period was the Sengoku period (period of warring states) when warfare broke out all over Japan, making some villagers decide to build moats around their settlements in order to protect themselves from assaults.

• 会合衆である納屋衆による合議制の元、自治を行い、都市全体に濠を巡らし、牢人を傭兵として雇うなど、戦国大名による支配も拒絶していた。
• Under the council system by nayashu (wealthy merchants who led autonomous organizations in cities), who were egoshu (members of council), it established autonomy and refused control by sengoku daimyo by surrounding the whole city with a moat and employing ronin as mercenary.

• この環濠集落の直径が約200メートルで、西側が自然河川に繋がっており、北側と東側、南側には、幅約20メートルの濠が巡っているらしい。
• The moat settlement spanned approximately 200 m across, and while the village was directly facing the natural river on the west side, it was apparently surrounded by a moat of about 20 m wide on the north, east and south sides.

• 明確な周濠は無いが古墳の西は約10メートルほどの幅で平らに整地されており、東側の一段低くなった田も墓域を示す空濠の跡と考えられている。
• There is no clear surrounding moats, but the west side of the tumulus is leveled nearly 10 meters wide, and the east side of the sunken rice field is considered to be the remain of a dry moat which shows the area of the tumulus.

• 周濠に掛かる外堤は後円部北方にあり、また、北方の周濠は外側から埋め立てられて細く変形しており、本来の周濠は南北対称であったと思われる。
• The original surrounding moat was presumably symmetrical and located at the north of the rectangular rear-end part, although its north part is currently deformed thinly by filling in the moat from the outer side toward the embankment.

• また、一辺51mの方形基壇の周囲に貼石された空濠をめぐらし、さらに外提（南北約83m、東西81m）をめぐらした壮大な方形墳であるという。
• Furthermore, it is said to have been a huge square tumulus with 51 meters square stylobate surrounded by a dry moat with stuck stones and additionally with an outer bank (approximately 83 meters from north to south and 81 meters from east to west).

• 大阪府八尾市の美園古墳の周濠からA棟によく似た家形埴輪が、群馬県伊勢崎市赤堀町の赤堀茶臼山古墳から多種多様な8棟の家形埴輪が出土している。
• House-shaped haniwa which looks similar to House A was excavated from the surrounding moat of Misono Tumulus in Yao City, Osaka Prefecture, and eight different types of house-shaped haniwa were excavated from Akabori Chausuyama Tumulus in Akabori-machi, Isesaki City, Gunma Prefecture.

• 岩倉は襲撃者の攻撃により、眉の下と左腰に軽い負傷はしたものの、皇居の四ッ谷濠へ転落し、襲撃者達が岩倉の姿を見失ったため、一命を取り留めた。
• Iwakura was slightly injured below eyebrow and left hip by the attack, but survived because he fell off to Yotsuyago (a moat in Yotsuya) of the Imperial Palace, and the assailants lost the sight of him.

• 今のところ、弥生時代でもっとも古い環濠集落は、北部九州の玄界灘沿岸部に位置する福岡県粕屋町の江辻遺跡で弥生時代早期のものが見つかっている。
• The oldest moat settlement from the Yayoi period known until now is the one from Initial Yayoi period discovered at Etsuji site of Kasuya-machi, Fukuoka Prefecture, located nearby the coast of Genkainada in northern Kyushu.

• この環濠は巾三間（約 5.45m）を有し、同環濠を掘り上げた際の建設発生土を盛り上げて土塁を築き、東西南北に九つの門を開けていたようである。
• The surrounding moat is approximately 5.45 meters in width and the earth dug up during excavation of that moat was piled up to build dorui (earthen walls) which seemed to have a total of nine gates that serviced the north, south, east and west ends of the town.

• このような環濠集落を必要としたことは、中世未明から信奉してきた一向宗への弾圧からの自衛のために町造りの形態がそのまま残されてきたわけである。
• The background of Imai-cho being a village surrounded by a mot goes back to the days when that town was constructed for self-defense against attack by external forces cracking down on the Ikkoshu faith which the townspeople had embraced since before dawn of medieval times and that legacy with respect to the physical layout of the town remains intact today.

• 「環濠」と「環壕」のルーツはそれぞれ、長江中流域と内蒙古（興隆窪文化）であると考えられており、日本列島では、弥生時代と中世にかけて各地で作られた。
• Water moat and dry moat are respectively thought to have its origin in the midstream of the Yangtze River and in Inner Mongolia (where the Xinglongwa Culture flourished), and were built in various places on the Japanese archipelago since the Yayoi period until the medieval period.

• 濠川畔の月桂冠発祥地に建つ酒蔵（明治42年築）を改装し、創業350年にあたる昭和62年に開設された、伏見の酒造りと月桂冠をテーマとする博物館である。
• The museum which is themed around sake brewing and Gekkeikan was opened on the company's 350th anniversary in 1987 in a renovated sake brewery (built in 1909) on the bank of Hori-kawa River.

• 部隊は統制が取れない上、雪濠を掘ろうにもそれらの道具を所持していた隊員は全員落伍して行方不明となっており、文字通り吹曝しの露天に露営する状態となる。
• The troop was out of control and, furthermore, they had to camp out literally in the windblown open because the soldiers carrying the tools to dig a moat in the snow had dropped out and disappered.

• このとき今井郷の形態は、外敵と郷民の自治を守るために、郷の周辺に濠を巡らし、土塁を設けた環濠集落で、現在もその濠跡が今井の周辺にその遺構を残している。
• Back then, Imai-go was a village surrounded by a moat and earthen walls for fortification to defend itself against enemies outside as well as to protect autonomy of the village people, and the ruins of that moat still remain in existence around Imai today.

• 埼玉古墳群では長方形をした二重周濠の築造、下野の前方後円墳では基壇と呼ばれる広い平坦面を持った前方後円墳など、地域色が見られる前方後円墳が造られている。
• Keyhole-shaped tumuli were build with regional characteristics, such as Saitama-kofun Tumuli Group with a rectangular double moat and a keyhole-shaped tumulus in Shimotsuke with a wide plane surface called kidan (a platform on which a tomb was placed).

• 集落の外側に大濠をめぐらせて、その土で土塁を築き、その上に柵をめぐらし、その外側に三重の柵をめぐらし、この三重の柵に逆茂木を外側に向けて打ち込んでいる。
• Here the village was encircled by a large moat fortified with an earthen wall equipped with a fence on top, further surrounded by three external bands of fences with abatis directed outwards.

• 断面が深くV字形に掘削された環濠やその周辺に逆茂木（さかもぎ）と称されるような先を尖らせた杭を埋め込んでいる様子から集落の防御的性格があったことが窺える。
• The defensive aspect can be seen by the way moats were dug down, steeply to a point at the bottom making it shaped like a 'V,' being accompanied with abatis called Sakamogi, which are kind of stakes with sharpened tops directed outwards, along its sidelines.

• 集落の周りに濠をめぐらせた環濠集落や、低地から100m以上の比高差を持つような山頂部に集落を構える高地性集落などは、集落間の争いがあったことの証拠とされた。
• Moat settlements that have a moat around the settlement and upland settlements that were located at top of the mountain more than 100m in height are said to be evidence of battles between settlements.

• 唐古・鍵遺跡（からこ・かぎ・いせき）は奈良盆地中央部、標高約48メートル前後の沖積地、奈良県磯城郡田原本町大字唐古及び大字鍵に立地する弥生時代の環濠集落遺跡。
• The Karako Kagi Ruins are the remains of a Yayoi period moat-surrounded settlement located in Oaza-Karako and Oaza-Kagi, Taharamoto-cho, Shiki-gun, Nara Prefecture, which is an alluvial area about 48 meters in height in the central part of Nara basin.

• 弥生時代の日本には、集落に濠をめぐらせた環濠集落や山などの高いところにつくられた要塞集落である高地性集落が数多く存在したが、政治的統一が進むにつれて衰退した。
• In the Yayoi period in Japan, many moat settlements or citadel villages or upland settlements were built in high places, such as mountains, but declined with advances of political unity.

• 一向宗と結んで、時の権力者織田信長と闘うために街の周囲に環濠土塁をうがち、西から今井を守るべく櫓などを備えた城構え（現今西家住宅地）を築き城塞都市化している。
• Banding together with the Ikkoshu sect in the fight against the then powerful Nobunaga ODA, Imai-go was turned into a fortress whereby a moat as well as earthen walls were built around the town and, to guard the westernmost of that town, a castle-like structure (the present Imanishi-ke Jutaku site) equipped with various appropriate features such as turret was constructed.

• 内側の大障害コースに高さ1.5m、幅2.9m（JRAの障害では水濠障害を除く飛越型障害では最も幅広）の大生垣及び、高さ80cm、幅15.9mのバンケットがある。
• On the course for grand steeplechase, there exist a big hedge of 1.5-meter-high and 2.9-meter-wide (except for a water jump, this is the widest one used for JRA's jumping over steeplechase) and a banquette of 80-centimeter-high and 15.9-meter-wide.

• 安土桃山時代に豊臣秀吉が太閤堤をはじめとする淀川の治水事業を行い、宇治川と濠川（ごうかわ、ほりかわ）を結ぶ形で港が設けられ、三十石船が伏見と大阪の間を行き来した。
• In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI led river improvement projects on the Yodo-gawa River including building Taiko-zutsumi Dike and ports which linked the Uji-gawa River and the Go-kawa (Hori-kawa) River, and Sanjukkoku-bune (literally, thirty-koku Ships, which were old Japanese commercial ships) operated between Fushimi and Osaka.

• かつて、京都と伏見を結ぶ運河であった頃は、現在の鴨川合流点のやや上流側で鴨川を東へ横断したのち、一部区間で竹田街道と並行、濠川と合流し伏見港を経て淀川に合流していた。
• When it was a canal that connected Kyoto and Fushimi, it crossed the Kamo-gawa River eastward slightly above today's joint with the Kamo-gawa River, running in parallel with the Takeda-kaido Road in some sections, joining with the Hori-kawa River, and then flowed into the Yodo-gawa River via Fushimi Port.

• しかしながら、弥生時代後期の高地性集落にしばしば環濠が掘削されていること、環濠内に逆茂木（さかもぎ）と呼ばれる防御施設が設置された事例が認められる（愛知県朝日遺跡など）。
• However a moat was often dug in an upland settlement during the end of the Yayoi period and Sakamogi (fence made of thorny or steeple branches to prevent entry of an enemy) were placed at the moat in some cases (Asahi site at Aichi Prefecture).

• 現在、本建物が建っている位置は、旧環濠集落の西端にあって、西の要といったことから外敵を威嚇、あるいは防禦する意味において、城郭を思わせる建築様式を備えさせたものと思われる。
• The present location where this building stands is the westernmost of the former village surrounded by a moat being, in a manner of speaking, the western key strategic point of that village and, hence, it is considered that the house was built in an architectural style which reminds one of a castle intended to intimidate enemies and to defend the community.

• 古墳群の名の盾（楯）列は、周濠の形が盾型をしており、それらが北側に後円部、南側に前方部という位置でそれぞれが平行に、また東西一直線に並んでいる様子を言い表したもののようである。
• It is likely that the name of tatenami was used because the shape of the surrounding moat was like a shield (tate) and each of the northern part (around the round part of the tumulus) and the southern part (around the front part of the tumulus) was aligned in parallel (nami) in a east-west straight line.

• 弥生時代前期末以降に発達する環濠集落は、濃尾平野以西の各地域に水稲農耕が定着した段階であり、その定着によって引き起こされた土地や水争いなどの村落間の戦いに備えて独自に成立したと見られる。
• Individual moat settlements were developed beyond the end of Early Yayoi period in preparation for conflicts between villages over the control of land and water, as wet-rice cultivation became established in various districts on the west side of the Nobi Plain.

• 元亀元年（1570年）　天下統一を目指す織田信長が、一大勢力である浄土真宗門徒の本拠地でありかつ西国への要衝でもあった環濠城塞都市石山からの退去を命じたため、戦いに発展する（石山合戦）。
• In 1570, Nobunaga ODA, whose goal was the integration of Japan, ordered Hongwan-ji Temple to withdraw from the moated castle city Ishiyama, a the headquarters of the Jodo Shinshu sect's lay follower groups and a strategic point against western Japan, which led to a war (the Ishiyama War).

• このことから、環濠自体に防御的な機能を持たせた事例が存在することもまた明らかであり、環濠の性格については地域・時期によって異なる意味づけを持たせるべきではないかといった主張は説得力がある。
• These indicate that some moats were equipped with defending facilities and an opinion insisting that the function of the moat should be considered depending upon the region and period is very persuasive.

• 並行するトンネル同士は規定の間隔が必要になるため、北行きのトンネルはウワナベ古墳の濠の直下もしくは水際に来ることになり、タンクローリーの通行を禁じる制限を有する水面下トンネルになるとされる。
• The tunnel running northward is planned to be underwater tunnels, where limited access is imposed on tankers because the tunnels will be placed beneath the moat itself or the surroundings of Uwanabe Ancient Tomb, in order to provide the required space between two tunnels running parallel with each other.

• 第4次調査において周濠クビレ部埋土中より検出されたヒノキ板材を奈良文化財研究所埋蔵文化財センターにて年輪年代測定の結果、伐採年代は、新しく見積もっても西暦210年頃と推定されることが判明する。
• The Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties Archaeological Center measured the age of Japanese cypress boards excavated from the mud at the constricted spot of the shugo at the fourth research, and as a result, it was made clear that the original tree is presumed to have been cut down about in 210 at the latest.

• この時期には、畿内を中心として北部九州から瀬戸内、あるいは山陰から北陸、東海地域以東にまで高地性集落が見られること、環濠集落が多く見られることなどから、これらを倭国大乱の証拠であるとする考え方はほぼ定説となっている。
• These are many upland settlements and moat settlements are found around Kinai to northern Kyushu, Setouchi, Sanin, Hokuriku, Tokai region, and east in this period, and it is an established theory that these are evidence for the Wakoku War.

• それよりは、環濠を掘削するという大規模な土木作業を共同で行うことによって共同体の結束を高めることが目的であったとか、環濠によって集団を囲い込むことによって集団意識を高めることが目的であったなどといった議論も提出されてきている。
• There are other opinions such as large scale public work, such as digging a moat, was practiced to tighten the union of the community, or to create and increase group consciousness by enclosing the group.

• しかし、今から約4000年前、北海道苫小牧市にある静川（しずかわ）16遺跡から幅1~2メートル、深さが2メートルほどあり、断面形がV字状になった溝が、長軸約56メートル、短軸約40メートルの不正楕円形にめぐる環濠集落が発見されている。
• Ruins of a moat settlement, estimated to be 4,000 years old, was found in Shizukawa 16, Tomakomai City, Hokkaido, whose surrounding oval ditch measured about 56 m (major axis) by 40 m (minor axis) large, 2 m deep with a 'V' shaped cross section and 1 to 2 m wide.

• 石室の造営や石棺の製作と古墳の葺石および居館周濠の貼石などに大量の石材の使用と、大きな石材を積み上げ固い石を加工するといった技術がみられ、墳丘の造成に版築と呼ばれる工法が使用されたり、池溝の開作や築堤など大規模な土木工事が行われるようになっていた。
• Large scale use of building stones, techniques used to place huge stone blocks on top of each other and processing hard stone were applied to construct stone foundations, production of a sarcophagus and fuki-ishi (a stone covering an old tomb) were discovered, and a construction method called hanchiku (hard soil made using wooden frames) to make a hill tomb was discovered, and a large scale civil engineering such as making ponds, ditches, and embankments were carried out at the time.

• 土器や石器と違い、住居跡からの出土はほとんど無く、また銅剣や銅矛など他の銅製品と異なり、墓からの副葬品としての出土例は一度もないため（弥生時代の墓制墳丘墓の周濠部からの出土は一例ある）、個人の持ち物ではなく、村落共同体全体の所有物であったとされている。
• Also, unlike earthwares and stone tools, few dotaku were excavated from dwelling sites and, unlike other copper items such as doken (bronze swords) and dohoko (bronze pikes), no dotaku used as burial goods in tombs were discovered (One example exists of excavation at a groove surrounding the grave mound in the Yayoi period.), which indicates that dotaku were not private belongings but property of village communities.

• 一方、後期後半期の近畿の高地性集落（大阪府和泉市観音寺山遺跡、同高槻市古曾部遺跡などは環濠を巡らす山城）については、その盛行期が、上述の理由から北部九州・畿内ともおおよそ史書に記載された倭国大乱の年代とほぼ一致することから、これらを倭国大乱と関連させる理解が主流を占めているようである。
• On the other hand, upland settlements in the Kinki region in the latter half of the end period (Kannonjiyama site at Izumi City, Osaka Prefecture and Kosobe site at Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture are mountain castle with moat) are considered to hold some relationship to the Wakoku War, as its prospered period in both northern Kyushu and Kinai matches to the period of Wakoku War described in history books, after the correction of the period described earlier.

• 弥生時代の集落には様々な例があるが、一般的に発見されるものとして、居住施設としての竪穴住居、貯蔵施設としての貯蔵穴や掘立柱建物、ゴミ捨て場や土器の焼成など様々な用途に使われたと考えられる土坑（不定形の穴）、集落の周りを巡らせたり集落内部を区画するように掘られた溝（環濠や区画溝など）の遺構がある。
• There are several examples of settlements in the Yayoi period and common examples of ancient structural remnants are; tateanajukyo (a pit dwelling house) as a dwelling, dug-standing pillar building and storage pit for storage facility, doko (a pit) (non-uniform shaped hole/pit) for various purposes such as garbage pit and firing of earthenware, a ditch surrounding settlement and section in the settlement (a moat and a sectional ditch).

• 通常Jリーグの試合ではメインスタンドから向かって左側のサイドスタンドがホーム側、右側はアウェー側となっている（実際1996年度まではこの通りだった）が、このスタジアムの北（左）側サイドスタンドは、2巡目国体の第1回の際に聖火台として使用されたモニュメントや3000m障害競技に使われる水濠があるため充分な観戦スペースがない。
• Usually in the games of the J League, centering on the main stand, the stand of left side is for the home side and the right side is for the visiting side (in fact, as it was until 1996), but in the case of the north (left) side-stand of this stadium, there is a monument used as the platform (structure) bearing the Olympic flame in the first National Sports Festival's second round and the water jump used for the 3000 meters steeplechase race and thus there is not enough space there for watching games.

• しかし、環濠集落の出現は、未だ戦闘の証拠がほとんどない弥生時代早期にさかのぼること（福岡県江辻遺跡、同那珂遺跡群など）、受傷人骨などの事例から戦乱が頻発したと考えられる前期後半～中期前半、特に中期初頭以降の北部九州ではむしろ環濠集落の事例は少ないこと、しばしば環濠を掘削する際に排出された土を利用して環濠の外側に盛り土をした痕跡のある事例が報告されているが、環濠の外側に盛り土をすることによって、外敵を有利にしてしまう（外敵は、盛り土を矢避けにしたり、盛り土の上から攻撃できる）ことなどから、環濠集落と戦乱とを直接的に関連づける、すなわち環濠集落を防衛集落と考える研究者は最近では少なくなってきている。
• However, recently not many researchers consider moat settlements as defensive and directly related with wars, for several reasons such as; the emergence of moat settlement goes back to earlier Yayoi period when there was very little evidence of battles (Etsuji site and Nakai sites in Fukuoka Prefecture), less moat settlements are excavated from northern Kyushu in the latter half of early period to first half of middle period, especially beginning of middle period when frequent wars were thought to have occurred from the evidence of human bones with trauma, and banks were created outside the moat in some cases using soil dug up to make the moat, which gives an advantage to the enemy (Enemy can use the bank as a shield against arrows and also can attack from the top of a bank.)