漢: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 漢
- man among men
- man's man
- China (sometimes also used in ref. to Korea or other foreign countries)
- Han (majority Chinese ethnic group)
- Kan
- Hata
- Sino-
- Han Dynasty
- 武漢
- U-han
- Uuhan
- Bukan
- Wuhan
- 漢江
- Kankou
- Han river (Korea)
- 漢竹
- Chinese bamboo
- bamboo imported from China (often used to make flutes)
- 漢直
- direct kanji input (as opposed to kana-kanji conversion)
- 漢籍
- Chinese books
- Chinese classics
- 漢文
- Chinese classical literature
- literature written entirely in kanji
- Texts in Chinese Characters
- Classical Chinese
- 漢人
- ancient Chinese immigrant
- Chinese person
- Korean person
- Chinese person (esp. Han Chinese)
- Anabito
- Anando
- Ayato
- Ayahito
- Ayando
- Ayumi
- Kanjin
- Kanto
- Kando
- Kanro
- 漢書
- Chinese book
- book written in Chinese
- Historical records of the Han Dynasty
- Book of Han
- 漢和
- China and Japan
- Chinese and Japanese (languages)
- Chinese Character-Japanese dictionary
- 漢奸
- Chinese traitor (esp. a collaborator with the Japanese)
- Hanjian
- 漢訳
- a translation into Chinese
- 漢薬
- Chinese medicine
- herbal medicine
- 漢方
- traditional Chinese medicine
- Herbal medicine
- Kampo
- 漢名
- Chinese name (often of plants and animals)
- 漢法
- traditional Chinese medicine
- 漢英
- Kanji to English (dictionary)
- 漢学
- Sinology
- study of China or of the Chinese classics
- Kangaku (Sinology)
- 漢音
- Han reading of Chinese characters
- Kan-on
- 漢検
- kanji test
- test of kanji skills
- 悪漢
- rascal
- villain
- scoundrel
- ruffian
- crook
- beggar
- rogue
- scamp
- 漢語
- Chinese word
- Sino-Japanese word
- Sino-Japanese vocabulary
- 漢才
- mastery of Chinese literature
- Sinology
- 漢字
- Chinese characters
- kanji
- a chinese character
- Writing system based on ancient chinese pictographs
- Kanji (Chinese characters)
- Written Chinese
- Table Hanzi
- 漢詩
- Chinese poetry
- Chinese poems
- Kanshi
- Chinese-style poem
- Kanshi (poetry)
- 兇漢
- villain
- outlaw
- assassin
- 羅漢
- arhat
- Lohan
- achiever of Nirvana
- Rakan
- 蜀漢
- Shu-Han (dynasty of China, 221-263 CE)
- Shu Han
- 和漢
- Japanese-Chinese
- Japan and China
- 凶漢
- villain
- outlaw
- assassin
- 国漢
- Japanese and Chinese literature
- 後漢
- Later Han Dynasty (of China; 25-220 CE)
- Later Han Dynasty (of China; 947-950 CE)
- 酔漢
- drunkard
- drunken fellow
- 西漢
- Western Han (dynasty of China)
- 痴漢
- masher
- molester
- pervert
- sexual molester
- Groping
- 東漢
- Eastern Han (dynasty of China)
- 前漢
- Former Han (dynasty of China)
- Zenkan
- 漢部郷
- Ayabe-go Village (漢部郷)
- 周・漢
- The Zhou and Han periods
- 漢蔵語
- Sino-Tibetan (languages)
- 漢熟検
- kanji proficiency test
- 漢数字
- Chinese characters which express numbers
- chinese numerals
- 漢文学
- Chinese literature
- literature in Chinese
- Chinese classical literature
- 漢文典
- dictionary of kanbun grammar and usage
- 漢方医
- doctor of Chinese (herbal) medicine
- 漢方薬
- Chinese herbal medicine
- Chinese medicine
- Chinese herbology
- Chinese herbal drug
- 漢民族
- Chinese people
- Han race
- Han Chinese
- 漢越音
- Vietnamese reading (of Chinese characters)
- 漢学者
- Sinologist
- scholar of the Chinese classics
- 漢字音
- Japanese pronunciation of a kanji (based on adopted Chinese pronunciations)
- 漢字圏
- countries that currently use Chinese characters in their writing, or have used in their recent past
- 無頼漢
- ruffian
- villain
- scoundrel
- rapscallion
- vagabond
- 門外漢
- outsider
- layman
- amateur
- 木石漢
- unfeeling or callous person
- 羅漢果
- luo han guo (Siraitia grosvenorii)
- herbaceous perennial vine native to China and Thailand
- fruit of the Siraita grosvenorii
- 熱血漢
- hot-blooded man
- hot-blooded-fellow
- 卑劣漢
- mean bastard
- sneak
- heel
- despicable person
- reptile
- 漢一郎
- Kan'ichirou
- Ichiro AYA
- 羅漢柏
- hiba false arborvitae (species of cypress, Thujopsis dolabrata)
- Japanese cedar (Thujopsis dolabrata)
- 羅漢槙
- Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki (variety of yew plum pine)
- 冷血漢
- cold-blooded person
- heartless
- coldhearted person
- 和漢薬
- Japanese and Chinese medicine
- oriental medicine
- 頓珍漢
- absurdity
- contradiction
- incoherence
- irrelevance
- 純漢文
- regular kanbun (following the rules of classical Chinese grammar)
- 珍糞漢
- babble
- gibberish
- gobbledygook
- gobbledegook
- 珍紛漢
- babble
- gibberish
- gobbledygook
- gobbledegook
- 漢詩文集
- Chinese poetry anthologies
- (漢文)
- (in Chinese characters)
- 居延漢簡
- Kyoen Kankan (the wood strip on which ancient Chinese characters are written)
- 漢詩人。
- He was a composer of Chinese poems.
- 漢字表記
- representation in Chinese characters
- 漢方医学
- Chinese medicine
- Kampo
- herbal medicine
- Kampo medicine
- 司馬江漢
- Shiba Koukan
- Kokan SHIBA
- 恐羅漢山
- Osorakanzan
- Mount Osorakan
- 漢訳経典
- Buddhist sutras translated into Chinese
- 漢文訓読
- reading a Chinese text in Japanese
- 漢和辞典
- Chinese-Japanese character dictionary
- 漢和字典
- Chinese-Japanese character dictionary
- 漢英辞典
- Kanji to English dictionary
- 漢英字典
- Kanji to English dictionary
- 学習漢字
- primary school kanji
- list of 1,006 kanji studied in primary school
- 悪漢小説
- picaresque novel
- picaresque novels
- 漢字検定
- test of kanji skills
- kanji test
- 漢字試験
- kanji test
- test of kanji skills
- 漢字制限
- restrictions on the number of kanji recognized for usage (recognised)
- 没風流漢
- prosaic person
- person of an unromantic turn of mind
- philistine
- 没分暁漢
- obstinate person
- blockhead
- 補助漢字
- supplemental kanji (added by JIS X 0212)
- 変体漢文
- Japanized version of classical Chinese (used from Heian period onward)
- 非漢字圏
- countries that do not use Chinese characters in their writing
- non-kanji countries
- 武漢三鎮
- the Three Wuhan Cities
- 表外漢字
- non-jouyou kanji
- kanji outside of the common use kanji list
- 羅漢回し
- game in which people sit in a circle taking turns to imitate the previous person's humorous facial expression or gesture
- 統合漢字
- unified Chinese character
- 和魂漢才
- the Japanese spirit imbued with Chinese learning
- Japanese spirit, Chinese learning
- 当用漢字
- daily-use kanji (superseded in 1981)
- Tōyō kanji
- 十六羅漢
- the sixteen arhats
- Juurokurakan
- The 16 Rakans
- 常用漢字
- kanji for common use (list of 2,136 kanji established in 2010, formerly a list of 1,945 established in 1981)
- Jōyō kanji
- 振り漢字
- kanji printed as ruby, usually to explain kana
- 制限漢字
- restricted Chinese characters
- 教育漢字
- list of 1,006 kanji taught in Japanese primary schools
- 皇漢医学
- traditional Chinese medicine
- 珍糞漢糞
- unintelligible language
- incoherent language
- talking nonsense
- 'all Greek to me'
- double Dutch
- incomprehensible
- babble
- gibberish
- jargon
- gobbledygook
- 珍紛漢紛
- unintelligible language
- incoherent language
- talking nonsense
- 'all Greek to me'
- double Dutch
- incomprehensible
- babble
- gibberish
- jargon
- gobbledygook
- 代用漢字
- substitution kanji
- kanji used in place of a common-use kanji
- 今年の漢字
- Kanji of the Year
- Kanji (Chinese character) of the Year
- 漢王の妹)
- (younger sister of Aya no kimi)
- 漢字の伝来
- Chinese characters were brought to Japan.
- 『後漢書』
- Houhan Shu (The History of the Late Han Dynasty)
- 'Houhan Shu'
- 漢語系の語
- words of Chinese origin
- 五百羅漢駅
- Gohyakurakan Station (st)
- 十八羅漢像
- Statues of the 18 Rakans
- 十六羅漢像
- Statues of the 16 Rakans
- 五百羅漢像
- Statues of the 500 Rakans
- 漢字文化圏
- countries which use Chinese characters
- Sinosphere
- 漢文訓読文
- kanbun converted into literary Japanese
- 漢字制限論
- the question of limiting the use of Chinese characters
- 和漢混淆文
- mixed writing of literary Japanese and Chinese
- Wakan konkobun (mixed writing of Japanese and Chinese)
- 和漢混交文
- mixed writing of literary Japanese and Chinese
- 人名用漢字
- kanji officially for use in names
- Jinmeiyō kanji
- 単漢字変換
- single kanji conversion (in an Input Method)
- 大漢和辞典
- Dai Kanwa Jiten (major Kanji Dictionary, edited by Morohashi Tetsuji)
- Dai Kan-Wa Jiten
- 単漢字辞書
- single kanji dictionary (usu. for use in an Input Method)
- かな漢字変換
- kana-kanji conversion (on a computer, etc.)
- 漢族系三善氏
- The Miyoshi clan of the Han lineage
- 漢委奴国王印
- Kanno Wano Nano Kokuo In (the seal of the King of Japan, Chinese Colony)
- King of Na gold seal
- 漢詩文の隆盛
- Popularity of Chinese prose and poetry
- 和漢三才図会
- Illustrated Sino-Japanese Encyclopedia (1712)
- Wakan Sansai Zue
- 和漢医薬学会
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for Wakan-Yaku
- 和漢薬研究所
- Institute of Natural Medicine
- Institute for Wakan-Yaku
- Institute for Oriental Medicine
- 上房郡有漢町
- Joubougun'ukanchou
- 漢倭奴国王印
- King of Na gold seal (National Treasure of Japan)
- 仮名漢字変換
- kana-kanji conversion (on a computer, etc.)
- 漢字直接入力
- direct kanji input (as opposed to kana-kanji conversion)
- 満漢偶数官制
- Qing-dynasty system assigning equal numbers of Manchurians and Han Chinese to central government agencies
- 大字和漢朗詠集
- Daiji Wakanroei-shu (Collection of Japanese and Chinese Poems)
- 歌人、漢詩人。
- He was a waka poet as well as a composer of Chinese poems.
- 漢字符号化方式
- kanji encoding method
- 漢字習熟度検定
- kanji proficiency test
- 粘葉本和漢朗詠集
- Japanese and Chinese Poems to Sing, the 'deccho' binding-style copy
- 桑原翠邦…漢字書
- Suiho KUWAHARA: calligraphy of Chinese characters
- 儒学者、漢詩人。
- He was a Confucian scholar and a composer of Chinese poems.
- 十六羅漢の第一。
- The first of 16 Rakans
- 漢籍と中国白話小説
- Chinese classic books and Hakuwa Shosetsu (Chinese novel)
- 漢文体、全17条。
- The law is written in classical Chinese and consists of 17 Articles.
- 倭漢抄 下巻 2巻
- 2 scroll Wakan-sho, volume two (also called Wakan Roeishu; Anthology of Japanese and Chinese Verses for Recitation)
- 旧JIS漢字コード
- old JIS kanji character code
- 新JIS漢字コード
- new JIS kanji character code
- 武漢都市鉄道建設事業
- Wuhan Urban Railway Construction Project
- 著名な羅漢図/羅漢像
- Famous pictures and statues of Rakans
- 和漢朗詠集(多賀切)
- Wakan Roeishu (Anthology of Japanese and Chinese Verses for Recitation, fragment of the Taga edition)
- 戦国時代と漢代の湯沐邑
- Tomokuyu in the Warring States period and the age of the Han dynasty
- 黒木氏:東漢氏の末裔。
- The Kuroki clan - the descendant of the Yamatonoaya clan
- 黄鶴楼(湖北省武漢市)
- Yellow Crane Tower (in Wuhan, Hubei Province)
- 陸信忠 「十六羅漢図」
- Shinchu RIKU, 'Juroku Rakanzu' (Sixteen Arhats)
- 「芸」という漢字について
- Question concerning the kanji '芸'
- 編年体、漢文、全50巻。
- It is organized in chronological order, written in Kanbun (classical Chinese) style and contained within 50 volumes.
- 漢文、編年体、全34巻。
- It is organized in chronological order, written in Kanbun (classical Chinese) style and contained within 34 volumes.
- 帰元寺(中国湖北省武漢)
- GuiYuanSi Temple (WuHan City, HuBei Province, China)
- 興膳宏「漢字仏教徒然行脚」
- Hiroshi KOZEN 'Chinese Character Buddhism Idle Pilgrimage'
- 『凌雲集』:勅撰の漢詩文集
- 'Ryounshu': a compilation of Chinese-style poetry by Imperial command
- 『経国集』:勅撰の漢詩文集
- 'Keikokushu': a compilation of Chinese-style poetry by Imperial command
- 「玉」という漢字の音読み。
- This term originated from the pronunciation of the Chinese character of '玉' in the on-yomi style (Chinese reading).
- 羅漢 (歌舞伎)(らかん)
- Rakan (kabuki)
- 内容は漢文で書かれている。
- It was written in the Chinese classics.
- 五百羅漢寺(東京都目黒区)
- Gohyaku Rakan-ji Temple (Meguro Ward, Tokyo)
- 平安時代初期の皇族、漢詩人。
- She was a member of the Imperial family and a poet of the Chinese poems in early Heian period.
- 漢文で専門家向けに書かれた。
- It was written in kanbun (Sino-Japanese) targeting the specialists.
- (漢服はむしろ和服に似る。)
- (The Hanfu resembles Japanese clothing more so than the Quipao.)
- 漢字表記では「藻付く」とも。
- Mozuku is written as '藻付く' meaning 'algae attach' in Chinese characters.
- また和漢の説も引かれている。
- It also referred to some principles of Japanese and Chinese medicines.
- - 秦人・漢人の戸籍を作る。
- Family registers made for Qin and Han Chinese people
- 漢訳は応供(おうぐ)である。
- It is translated into 応供 (Ougu) in Chinese.
- 芦手絵和漢朗詠抄 藤原伊行筆
- Ashide E Wakan Roei Sho (Wakan Roeishu Anthology), by FUJIWARA no Koreyuki
- 仮名漢字変換形日本文入力装置
- kana-to-kanji conversion Japanese input method
- 孝明天皇と漢風諡号が贈られた。
- He received the name of Emperor Komei and the posthumous name in Chinese style.
- 『文華秀麗集』:勅撰の漢詩文集
- 'Bunka Shureishu': a compilation of Chinese-style poetry by Imperial command
- 愛宕念仏寺 - 千二百羅漢の寺
- Otagi Nenbutsu-ji Temple - a temple famous for its 1200 Rakan (arhat, Lohan, achiever of Nirvana)
- 班は前漢の成帝の愛人であった。
- Ban was a lover of Emperor Cheng of the former Han Dynasty.
- (「捏」の漢音「テツ」が語源)
- The term originated in the Han reading 'tetsu' of the Chinese character, 'netsu' (meaning fabrication).
- 五百羅漢(島根県大田市大森町)
- Gohyaku Rakan, wubai luohan. Five hundred arhats (Omori-cho Oda City, Shimane Prefecture)
- ○芦手絵和漢朗詠抄 藤原伊行筆
- ○Poems from Wakan Roeishu (Collection of Japanese and Chinese Verses) on Paper with Design of Reeds
- 日本の書道は漢字の伝来に始まる。
- Calligraphy in Japan started when Chinese characters were brought to Japan.
- 臣(しん)は、漢字の部首の一つ。
- Shin (臣) refers to one of the radicals of Chinese character.
- 略称して羅漢(らかん)ともいう。
- It is also abbreviated as Rakan.
- 和漢朗詠集 巻下残巻 藤原定信筆
- Segment of Wakan Roeishu (Collection of Japanese and Chinese Verses), Volume 2, FUJIWARA no Sadanobu
- 「安徳帝」と漢風諡号がおくられた。
- He was posthumously given the Chinese-style name 'Antoku-Tei.'
- これらの総称が「居延漢簡」である。
- The general name of these mokkans is 'Kyoen Kankan'.
- 東漢駒(やまとのあやのあたいこま)
- YAMATO no Aya no Koma
- 『漢書律歴志』に以下の記述がある。
- There is a description in 'Book of Han, Treatise on rhythm and the calendar' as follows:
- 全二十二巻、漢文体で書かれている。
- The book is made up of 22 volumes and written in classical Chinese.
- 羅漢寺 (中津市)(大分県中津市)
- Rakan-ji Temple (Nakatsu City) (Nakatsu City, Oita Prefecture)
- 蔡山筆「十六羅漢図」(中国・元代)
- 'Jurokurakan-zu' (Sixteen arhats) drawn by Saizan (in Yuan era in China)
- 『大字和漢朗詠集』(伝藤原行成筆)
- 'Daiji Wakanroei-shu' (attributed to FUJIWARA no Yukinari)
- ここでは広義の漢学について解説する。
- This section will explain the kangaku in a broad sense.
- 「なぎ」には、様々な漢字表記がある。
- Many Chinese characters are used to describe 'nagi.'
- 『菅家文章』:菅原道真編纂の漢詩文集
- 'Kanekebunso': a compilation of Chinese-style poetry compiled by SUGAWARA no Michizane
- 『近衛本和漢朗詠集』(伝藤原行成筆)
- 'Konoe Bon Wakan Roei Shu' (attributed to FUJIWARA no Yukinari)
- 漢字片仮名平仮名交じり文で記される。
- It is written in a blend of kanji, katakana, and hiragana.
- 司馬江漢:『三囲景図』--エッチング
- Kokan SHIBA: 'Mimeguri Kei-zu' (Landscape of Mimeguri), in which the technique of etching was used
- 『粘葉本和漢朗詠集』(伝藤原行成筆)
- 'Decchobon Wakan Roei Shu' (attributed to FUJIWARA no Yukinari)
- 五百羅漢 (盛岡市)(岩手県盛岡市)
- Gohyaku Rakan, wubai luohan. Five hundred arhats (Morioka City) (Morioka City, Iwate Prefecture)
- 五百羅漢 (遠野市)(岩手県遠野市)
- Gohyaku Rakan, wubai luohan. Five hundred arhats (Tono City) (Tono City, Iwate Prefecture)
- 称制はもともと中国の漢文の言葉である。
- The word, Shosei originally came from Chinese kanbun. (Sino-Japanese)
- 前漢初期の呂后一族の専横がこれである。
- An example of this is the tyranny by the relatives of Lu-hou in the early Former Han.
- 漢族には「鮑」(バオ)という姓がある。
- The Han race has a family name 'Bao', represented by the kanji (Chinese character) which represents abalone.
- 和漢朗詠集 巻上断簡(鹿)(大字朗詠)
- Fragment of the Anthology of Japanese and Chinese Verses for Recitation, Volume 1, Deer (the Daiji Wakan Roei Shu Poetry Anthology, attributed to FUJIWARA no Kozei, a master of calligrapher)
- はじめ高向王と結婚して、漢皇子を産んだ。
- She first married Takamukuo and gave birth to Aya no Miko.
- 『文鏡秘府論』:空海による漢詩文の評論書
- 'Bunkyo Hifuron': Review on Chinese-style poetry written by Kukai
- また、生薬・漢方製剤の原材料農場ももつ。
- It also has a plantation for the gathering of raw materials for natural medicines and Chinese herbal preparations.
- (石墨は漢代を最後に使われなくなった)。
- (Graphite was not used after Han period.)
- 全国の国名が漢字2文字に統一されている。
- As of present, provincial names all over Japan are unified in 2 characters.
- 一般的に、項目名は漢字であり楷書である。
- In general, each entry was written in kanji in the form of a Chinese character in Kaisho (the standard style of writing Chinese characters).
- 行長は撤退を強いられ、漢城まで後退した。
- Yukinaga was forced to withdraw and retreated to Hansong.
- 漢詩、書をよくし、三筆の一人に数えられる。
- He enjoyed doing calligraphy and making Chinese-style poems, and is considered to be one of the three great calligraphers.
- 倭の奴国王は後漢へ通使し金印を授与された。
- The king of 'Na of Way' sent his mission to the Later Han Dynasty and was given a gold stamp.
- 東漢氏などと並び有力な渡来系氏族でもある。
- Similar to the Yamatonoaya clan, it was a distinguished family of immigrants from the continent.
- 墨は漢代には丸めた形に作られ、墨丸という。
- By the Han Dynasty, sumi was made into a round shape, called bokugan (round inkstick).
- 漢詩が多いが、和歌、俳句を書くこともある。
- Many gasan are Chinese poems but Japanese tanka poetry or haiku (.a Japanese lyric verse form having three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables) are also sometimes written.
- 室町時代は乱世で、書道は和漢ともに頽れた。
- In the turbulent Muromachi period, calligraphy in both the Japanese style and the Chinese style declined.
- 和歌懐紙のほか、漢詩を書いた詩懐紙もある。
- In addition to waka-kaishi (kaishi used for writing 31-syllable Japanese poems), there is another type of kaishi called shi-kaishi (literally, 'poem kaishi'), on which Chinese poems are written.
- 漢代になっても文人の意味はほぼ同義である。
- In the Hang period, the term 'Bunjin' had the same meaning.
- 当時から漢語の和訓を知るために重宝された。
- Since having been compiled, this document was used frequently for knowing Japanese pronunciations for Chinese words
- (下に挙げる和歌は漢字仮名交じり文で記す)
- (The following Japanese poems are written in kanji and kana:)
- 「両」の漢字には「二つ」という意味がある。
- Incidentally, the Chinese character of '両' (reads as ryo) has the second meaning of 'two.'
- 阿羅漢を祀る寺院については、羅漢寺を参照。
- For details on the temples that enshrine Arakan, see Rakan-ji Temple.
- 愛宕念仏寺(京都市右京区) - 千二百羅漢
- Otagi Nenbutsu-ji Temple (Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City)(sen-nihyaku Rakan)
- 漢語「簪」は中国で使用された髪留めを指す。
- A Chinese character '簪' (kanzashi) refers to hair ornaments used in China.
- 尤も言葉としては漢語であり『礼記』に見える。
- However, the word Yushi is one of Chinese origin, and referred in 'Raiki' (book on rites).
- このとき歴代天皇に漢風諡号が一括撰進された。
- At that time, Chinese-style posthumous names for all the Emperors in history were selected.
- 漢字書道界における巨星は日下部鳴鶴であった。
- A great man in the Chinese character calligraphic world was Meikaku KUSAKABE.
- (日本書紀に記載されている)漢文の書き下し文
- Transcription of the kanbun (quoted in the Nihonshoki) into Japanese.
- 模範とする古典を文は秦漢期、詩は唐に求めた。
- Classics that were held up as being models of good literature were poetry from the Tang Dynasty and other writings from the Qin and Han Dynasties.
- 漢代になるとこの辞賦作家が多く登場している。
- In the Hang period, many Jifu novelist like him appeared.
- - 倭国王の帥升が安帝 (漢)に拝謁を願う。
- Suisho of the King of Wa requested an audience with Emperor An (Han).
- 司馬江漢(絵師、1738年 - 1818年)
- Kokan SHIBA (a painter, 1738 to 1818)
- また、漢字の八に「末広がり」の意味をかけて。
- Additionally, the term 'yatsugashira' literally means 'eight heads,' and eight is a lucky number in Japan.
- 一見漢字のようであるがその9割は判読できない。
- They seem to be kanji (Chinese characters), but 90 percent of them cannot be interpreted.
- 以上の歴史叙述はすべて漢文体によるものだった。
- All of the histories mentioned above were written in Chinese.
- 当時の倭国の人名・地名を漢字音で表記している。
- Names of people and place in Wakoku (Japan) at that time were written with pronunciations of Chinese characters.
- 日常の言葉を漢字で表記するための辞書といえる。
- It can be regarded as a dictionary used for expressing household words in the written form of kanji.
- 「金剛頂経」を漢語に翻訳し、灌頂道場を開いた。
- He translated 'Kongocho-kyo' into Chinese, and opened Kanjo Dojo.
- 基本的には漢字一文字と「宮」の組み合わせである。
- Basically it is the combination of one kanji (Chinese character) and the character '宮/Miya' (Imperial prince/princes).
- 居延漢簡は書道の世界にも大きな発見をもたらした。
- Kyoen Kankan led to a great discovery in the world of Shodo (calligraphy) as well.
- なお漢詩は歌謡から独立して朗読する文芸となった。
- Chinese poetry ('Kanshi' in Japanese) became the literature for reciting, separately from kayo.
- 宣命の文書の読み書きには漢文の素養を必要とする。
- To write and read senmyo documents, knowledge about Chinese language is needed.
- 中国が日本を冊封した記録は後漢の時代にまで遡る。
- Records indicate that China put Japan in its tributary system, going back to the age of the Later Han Dynasty.
- さらにその教養をベースとした漢詩の才が問われる。
- In addition, he needs to have a talent for Chinese poetry based on such education.
- 漢字で書く場合は「苦内」「苦無」等と表記される。
- Kunai is written as '苦内' or '苦無' in Chinese characters.
- 一 改元ハ、漢朝年号ノ内、吉例ヲ以テ相定ムベシ。
- 一 改元ハ、漢朝年号ノ内、吉例ヲ以テ相定ムベシ。
- 漢代では『漢書律歴志』に下記のような記述がある。
- 'Book of Han, Treatise on rhythm and the calendar' in Han Dynasty says as follows:
- しかし日本軍は漢城郊外の碧蹄館の戦いに勝利する。
- The Japanese army, however, won the Battle of Byeokjegwan in the suburbs of Hancheng.
- しかし、前漢に原料の大豆はなかったとも言われる。
- However, it is also said that there were no soybeans used as raw materials in the Han.
- 豺狼を残忍なたとえとするのは『後漢書』で登場する。
- The expression of a wolf as a symbol of cruelty is seen in 'Gokanjo' (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty).
- (漢字の「様」をつけて「様」と呼ぶことは少ない)。
- (They are rarely addressed with the kanji form of sama.)
- 一方、夫・大正天皇の影響からか漢詩にも取り組んだ。
- On the other hand, she also engaged in making of Chinese poems, and it seemed that her husband, the Emperor Taisho, might have influenced her.
- それとともに漢風諡号として、桓武天皇がおくられた。
- He was also posthumously given the Hun-style name Emperor Kammu.
- 各メディアでも、「今年の漢字」の呼称が用いられる。
- The mass media also uses the title the 'Kanji of the Year'.
- 固形の墨があらわれたのは中国漢に入ってからである。
- It was in Han Dynasty in China that the solid stick type appeared.
- 純粋に漢音で発音した場合は 'はくせい' となる。
- The term is pronounced as 'hakusei' in the Han reading.
- 『占事略决』は、比較的平易な漢文で記述されている。
- 'Senji ryakketsu' was written in relatively simple kanbun (Sino-Japanese).
- 口頭の日本語を漢字の音・訓を用いて表記されている。
- It described spoken Japanese language using on (the Chinese-derived reading of a Chinese character) and kun (the Japanese reading of a Chinese character).
- また明覚によって漢字や梵字の発音の研究も行われた。
- Also, Myokaku studied on the pronunciations of Kanji and Bonji (Siddham script).
- そんな中勢いに乗った李如松が南下して漢城に迫った。
- Taking encouragement from such circumstances, Li Ru-song advanced south and closed in on Hansong.
- 道光以降になると、常州学派の前漢今文学が隆盛した。
- Since Doko, the Zenkan Kinbungaku (Western Han new text version of literature) of the Joshu school flourished.
- 新の王莽も後漢の光武帝も盛んに讖緯を利用している。
- Omo of Xin and Kobu-tei (Emperor Guangwu) of later Han actively used Shini.
- 故に我が邦の兵の精はこの時に極る」とある(原漢文)。
- Therefore, the gist of military force of our country was at its peak at that time.'(Source is written in classical Chinese)
- 「おだまき」は「小田巻」と漢字で書かれることが多い。
- Odamaki' is often written as '小田巻' in Chinese characters.
- 後漢末、洛陽の若者が蟹の食べすぎで食中毒を起こした。
- At the end of the Later Han Dynasty, a young man from Luoyang city ate too many crabs and suffered from food poisoning.
- テトとは「節」という漢字のベトナム語読みに相当する。
- The word 'teto' corresponds to the reading in Vietnamese of a Chinese character 'jie' (meaning festival).
- 中国漢時代の皇帝文帝 (漢)の作品と伝えられている。
- Etenraku is said to have been composed by Chinese Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty.
- 「努」の脚(漢字の下半分)は「弓」に書くこともある。
- 弓' (yumi) may replace the lower half of the character '努'.
- 漢字は「万十」「万頭」「曼頭」などと書くこともある。
- Manju (饅頭) can be written as '万十', '万頭', or '曼頭' in Chinese characters.
- 『漢書』は「帝紀」と「后紀」の二本立てになっている。
- 'Kanjo'(historical records of the Han Dynasty) consists of 'Teiki' (a genealogy of the imperial family) and '后紀.'
- 漢代には黍一粒の幅を1分と定め、10分を1寸とした。
- During the age of Han Dynasty China, the breadth of a grain of proso millet was set at 1 bu (in pinyin, 'fen'), and 10 bu was equalized with 1 sun.
- 首都漢城占領に先立ち朝鮮国王は首都を捨てて逃亡した。
- Before the capital Hansong was occupied, the King of Korea had given up the capital and run away.
- 前4部は漢訳『阿含経 (あごんきよう)』に相当する。
- The former four sections correspond to 'Agon-kyo Sutra,' as translated into Chinese.
- 羅漢寺 (加西市)(兵庫県加西市) - 北条五百羅漢
- Rakan-ji Temple (Kasai City) (Kasai City, Hyogo Prefecture)(Hojo Gohyoku Rakan)
- 漢語やパーリ語から日本語に訳したものもこれに準じる。
- They have been translated into Japanese from Chinese, and Pali is also included in this.
- 太子の湯沐は、『後漢書』班彪伝に、旧制で10県とある。
- Prince was said to have ten countries as Tomokuyu under the old system in the Hanryu's biography in 'Gokanjo' (historical records of the Later Han Dynasty).
- そのほか、漢方においては強壮剤としても使用されている。
- In addition, chikushi is also used as a stimulant in traditional Chinese medicine.
- 朝鮮半島を経由して漢字や仏教などの中国文化が将来した。
- Chinese culture, such as Chinese characters and Buddhism, was brought to Japan via the Korean peninsula.
- ③「さつお」とは猟夫と漢字で当て、猟師のこととされる。
- 3. 'Satsuo,' which can be expressed in kanji characters as '猟夫,' means ' hunter.'
- 即ち「膾(漢字では「膾」、また「鱠」と書く)」である。
- This is referred to as 'namasu.'
- 実を食べるほか、枝・葉・樹皮などを漢方薬として用いる。
- The fruits are edible and the twigs, leaves, and bark are used as natural medicine.
- 前漢の時、民間歌謡を収集する楽府という役所が作られた。
- During the Former Han Dynasty, a music bureau called Gakufu was set up, where folk kayo were collected.
- 和漢朗詠集断簡(多賀切)伝(藤原基俊)筆(重要美術品)
- Wakanroeishu Dankan (part of the collection of Chinese poems and waka poems) (Tagagiri): It is said that the collection was written by FUJIWARA no Mototoshi with brushes (Art treasures)
- 甘い柑橘類ということから漢字では「蜜柑」と表記される。
- Its is described as '蜜柑' (honey citrus) in Chinese characters as it is sweet.
- まず南宋を攻略し服属せしめた漢人を使って日本を攻略する。
- Conquering the Southern Sung Dynasty first, and then Japan, employing the subjected people of Han.
- 中国と朝鮮から、文字(漢字)と仏教・儒教がもたらされた。
- Japan imported and assimilated some aspects of the Chinese and Korea cultures such as: written Chinese characters ('kanji' in Japanese), Buddhism, and Confucianism.
- 漢字熟語を多数収録して読み仮名をつける形式をとっている。
- It is in the form of a large collection of Kanji compounds each of which is accompanied by phonetic transcription in kana (the Japanese syllabaries).
- その中身は漢字の熟語を並べて読み仮名をつけただけである。
- The contents were simply the list of kanji compounds accompanied by their phonetic transcriptions in kana beside them.
- 漢陽(ソウル特別市)では城内には寺院も建てさせなかった。
- They were not allowed to build even temples inside the castle of Hanyang (Seoul Special City).
- ただし漢字の読みやアクセントが養成所ごとに千差万別である。
- The readings of Kanji characters and pitch accents of the speech vary with the school.
- この米百俵の売却金によって開校したのが「国漢学校」である。
- The school opened with the money gained from a hundred straw rice bags was 'Kokkan gakko School.'
- 修好条規は12款で構成され、条文は漢文と日本語で書かれた。
- The treaty of Peace and Amity consisted of 12 provisions, written in both Chinese and Japanese.
- 「尋」という漢字も「左」「右」「寸」を合成したものである。
- On the other hand, the Chinese characters '尋' is composed of three different Chinese characters: '左' (left), '右' (right) and '寸' (a Japanese old unit of length; 3.03 cm).
- また、清代、漢唐訓詁学に依拠する漢学からは宋学と呼ばれた。
- Further in Qing Dynasty, Shusigaku was called Sogaku (the Sung Study) from Kangaku (Sinology) which was based on Kanto kunkogaku (exegetics).
- この上表文を書いた雄略朝官人の漢文の教養の深さが窺われる。
- It shows the government official of Yuryaku Dynasty who wrote the Johyobun was highly educated on Chinese classics.
- それ以上に教養としての漢文の知識が必要とされたことによる。
- Instead, in Japan, the knowledge of Chinese classical literature was more welcomed as a requirement for cultural refinement.
- 人の名前に使われる漢字の通常の音読み・訓読み以外の読み方。
- Kanji character readings used in Japanese people's names which differ from the standard on-yomi (Sino-Japanese reading) and kun-yomi (native Japanese reading).
- 3月24日に李鴻章が日本人暴漢に狙撃される事件が起こった。
- On March 24, an incident occurred in which Hung Chang LI was shot by a Japanese thug.
- 特に大乗仏教では声聞を阿羅漢と呼び、批判的に仏と区別した。
- Especially in Mahayana Buddhism, Shomon was called Arakan and was distinguished from Buddha critically.
- 現在、魚の漢字を使ったカルタ「魚魚(とと)あわせ」が有名。
- Nowadays, Uocchi Kan is well known for Japanese playing cards, `Totoawase' using Chinese characters of fish.
- のちにこの魚には華僑によって「仁魚」という漢名が付けられた。
- The overseas Chinese later applied a Chinese name '仁魚' to tilapia ('仁' is the Chinese characters used in the name of the Emperor Akihito [明仁], and the Chinese characters '魚' means a fish).
- 柏は白木を一つの漢字に直したもので植物のカシワとは関係ない。
- 'Kashiwa' of the term 'kashiwabawami,' written as 柏 in Japanese, represents plain wood (written as 白木 in Japanese) with one Chinese character (because the character 柏 can be divided into two parts: 木 and 白), and this has nothing to do with kashiwa (oak), a type of trees.
- 中国では『九章算術』と呼ばれる数学書が前漢には登場していた。
- In China, a mathematical treatise titled 'Kyusho Sanjutsu' (Art of Mathematics in Nine Chapters) appeared during the time of the Former Han Dynasty.
- 後漢前半に生きた王充は『論衡』において最初に文人論を述べた。
- WANG Chong who lived in the first half of the Later Han developed a theory on Bunjin in 'Ronko' (Lunheng) for the first time in history.
- さらに数字の表記には漢数字の他、アラビア数字を使用している。
- Arabic numerals as well as Chinese characters are used to write numbers.
- 「なぎ」という発音が先にあり、あとから様々に漢字が当てられた。
- The pronunciation of 'nagi' preceded and later, various Chinese characters were assigned to it.
- 家職を歌道とする三条西家の分家だが、漢詩の家柄として知られた。
- The Oshikoji family was a branch of the Sanjonishi family; although the hereditary business of the Sanjonishi family was the composition and study of waka poetry, the Oshikoji family was famous for their Chinese poetry.
- 「褌」の漢字は「衣」偏に「軍」と書くように、戦闘服に由来する。
- As kanji (a Chinese character used in Japanese writing) for 'fundoshi' consists of a radical '衣' ('koromo' meaning 'vesture') on the left-hand side and '軍' ('gun' meaning 'military') on the right-hand side, a fundoshi loincloth traces back to battle dresses.
- 鮑玉は宝飾だけではなく、漢方薬として用いられていたと見られる。
- Abalone pearls are believed to have been used not only as jewelry but also as a Chinese herbal medicine.
- 前漢の武帝は、辺境地帯を防衛する兵士に農耕を行わせた(軍屯)。
- Emperor Wu of the Former Han (dynasty of China) had soldiers who guarded the outlying areas farm the land (Gunton).
- 「辛亥年七月中記」の「中」は、朝鮮の古い漢文に多い用法である。
- The Chinese character, '中,' contained in '辛亥年七月中記' (in July of the Shingai year, it was inscribed) was often used in the ancient Chinese writings in Korea.
- このように後漢以降に文人の中で画を得意とする者が多数存在した。
- In this way, there were many Bunjin who were good at painting after the Later Han period.
- 江戸時代の儒学者が中国の制度をなぞらえた漢語的呼称に由来する。
- Han derives from the Chinese name of a Chinese system to which Japanese Confucian scholars in the Edo period compared Japanese system.
- その最たるものが前漢末、劉キンの三統暦にある黄鍾秬黍説である。
- A supreme example is the definition based on the Oshiki Kyosho theory described in the Santo-reki calendar (astronomical system), which was proposed by Liu Xin in the end of Former Han Dynasty (China).
- 紀伝道の宗家とされた大江氏に関する唯一の現存漢籍訓点本である。
- It is the one and only existing Kanseki kuntenbon (kuntenbon of texts originated in China) related to the Oe clan, which was Soke (the head family or house) of Kidendo.
- 和漢朗詠集:寛仁2年(1018年)頃に藤原公任が編集した漢詩集。
- Wakan roei shu (Collection of Japanese and Chinese poems to sing) :A collection of Chinese poems edited by FUJIWARA no Kinto around 1018.
- 呉彬 五百羅漢図巻(クリーブランド美術館)、紙本淡彩、明時代後期
- Wu Pin, a picture scroll of the 500 followers of Buddha (Cleveland Museum of Art), light color on paper, the late Ming period
- そのため、漢碑や北碑は日下部鳴鶴らの目に新奇なものとして映った。
- Therefore, those inscriptions in Han and Northern Wei were novel to Meikaku KUSAKABE and others.
- この時代、女性への差別がつよく、女性の漢字学習が禁止されていた。
- In this era, females were strongly differentiated from males, and it was prohibited for females to learn Chinese language.
- There was serious discrimination against women and they were forbidden to learn Kanji in those days.
- その約50年後の2世紀初頭には、倭国王帥升が後漢へ遣使している。
- About 50 years later in the early second century, Suisho, the King of Wakoku, sent an envoy to the Later Han Dynasty.
- 「てんか」は漢音、「てんが」はその連濁、「てんげ」は呉音である。
- 'Tenka' is the Han pronunciation of Chinese characters, 'Tenga' is the pronunciation with rendaku (the euphonic change of unvoiced to voiced sound) and 'Tenge' is the Wu pronunciation.
- 漢詩をもって文人の芸とすることの妥当性について検討の余地がある。
- There is room for examination in the adequacy of classifying Chinese poetry as an art of Bunjin.
- 古代に語彙面で中国語の大きな影響を受け、漢語が大量に入り込んだ。
- Chinese had a great effect on the Japanese language in terms of vocabulary, as many words were taken from Chinese.
- しかし兵糧不足に陥った日本軍は漢城を撤退し、釜山方面に集結した。
- However, the Japanese army withdrew from Hansong due to their provisions running short, and concentrated their troops in Busan and the surrounding areas.
- これにより七経の正義が出そろい漢唐訓詁学の成果はここに極まった。
- Thus the correct interpretation of the shichi-kei was completed, and the accomplishments of the interpretation learning of old words of Han and Tang reached its highest point.
- 「便當」が日本に入り、「便道」、「辨道」などの漢字も当てられた。
- 便當' came into Japan, and Kanji such as '便道', '辨道' were applied to it.
- 漢の州名として雍州は使用されず、陝西省・甘粛省一帯は涼州とされた。
- During the time of han dynasty, the 'Yong Zhou' was not used for the name of province, instead, it was designated as Liang Zhou for the area of Shan Xi Province and Gansu Province.
- 押坂彦人大兄皇子(敏達天皇の皇子)の王子で、母は漢王の妹・大俣王。
- His father was Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko (a son of the Emperor Bidatsu) and his mother was Omata no miko, a sister of Aya no Okimi.
- これにともない漢字は和様が衰頽し、唐様は六朝書によって革新された。
- Corresponding to this situation, the Japanese style of writing Chinese characters declined and the Chinese one was innovated by the six-dynasty style.
- 漢文を訓読する際に訓点を記入することは、奈良時代末期から見られる。
- Kunten (guiding marks for rendering Chinese into Japanese) has been added for reading kundoku since the end of the Nara period.
- 漢方で「花椒」は蜀椒とも呼ばれ健胃、鎮痛、駆虫作用があるとされる。
- In traditional Chinese medicine, 'hoajao' is also called kusho, and it's considered to have stomachic, pain-relief and anthelmintic actions.
- 「神武天皇」は、~に淡海三船により選定され追贈された漢風諡号である。
- 'Emperor Jimmu' is Chinese-style posthumous name, which was selected and conferred as court rank posthumously by OMI no Mifune.
- 『古事記』では「大后」、『日本書紀』では「皇后」の漢字を当てている。
- In 'Kojiki,' the Kanji '大后' and in 'Nihon Shoki,' the Kanji '皇后' are assigned.
- 『玉葉』に記された藤原信西の後白河評は「和漢の間、比類少きの暗主」。
- There is a review about Goshirakawa written by FUJIWARA no Shinzei in 'Gyokuyo' (the Diary of Kanezane KUJO), it is said 'He was the most stupid Emperor among Chinese and Japanese Emperors.'
- また、漢字をくずした表音文字である仮名が生まれたのもこの時期である。
- Also, Kana, which is a phonogram created by disrupting Kanji (Chinese characters), was established in this period.
- 水戸家は儒教を尊ぶ気風が強く、歴代藩主には漢風の諡号が贈られている。
- The Mito family highly respected Confucianism in character; thus successive lords of the Mito family were given posthumous Buddhist titles in Chinese fashion.
- 歌詞は漢詩や唐宋詞と共通するものが多く、日本でもそれを唐音で歌った。
- Many of the lyrics to these songs are from Chinese poetry and Tang and Sung poetry, and were sung in the Tang pronunciation in Japan.
- また和敬会(十六羅漢会)のメンバーとして持ち回り茶会を催すなどした。
- In addition, he took turns hosting chakai (tea party) as a member of Wakeikai (also known as Juroku Rakan Circle [literally, a circle of 16 disciples]).
- 平安時代中期、三跡によって漢字が和様化され、同時期に仮名も誕生した。
- Kanji (Chinese characters) was made into Japanese style by the three great brush traces in the mid Heian period, and at the same time 'kana' was also created.
- そして日下部鳴鶴と西川春洞を中心に今日の漢字書道界の基礎が造られた。
- Then the base of the Chinese character calligraphy of today was established by Meikaku KUSAKABE and Shundo NISHIKAWA.
- 漢方では胸痺(きょうひ、胸のつかえ・痛みなど)に効果があるとされる。
- In traditional Chinese medicine, it is said to have effects for heavy stomach, knot or pain in the chest, etc.
- 元来、「書」とは書籍を示す文字だったが後漢の頃に書芸の意味に転じた。
- The Chinese character 'Sho' (書) originally referred to books, but came to mean calligraphic art around the Later Han period.
- 古くから使われていた和魂漢才(わこんかんさい)をもとに作られた用語。
- Wakon yosai was created based on the expression used through the ages, Wakon kansai (the Japanese spirit imbued with Chinese learning).
- 762年(天平宝字6年)頃、淡海三船は歴代天皇の漢風諡号を撰進した。
- Around 762, OMI no Mifune selected and presented Chinese-style posthumous names for emperors in the past.
- また、原文では祭神・別称を漢文で記載しているが、ここでは書き下した。
- As for the names of the gods and the nicknames, although in the original text they are written in only kanji characters, the article's writer converts those to a mix of hiragana and kanji characters.
- 7月23日 日本軍が漢城(ソウル)に入城し、朝鮮王宮を勢力下に置く。
- July 23: The Japanese army enters Seoul and puts the Korean royal palace under control.
- 漢城では、六番隊の小早川隆景軍も撤退して来て食糧事情が紛糾を極めた。
- Takakage KOBAYAKAWA's troops in the sixth division also withdrew to Hansong, causing a serious shortage of food supplies.
- 翌5月には首都・漢城(漢陽・現在のソウル特別市)を日本軍が占領する。
- In the next month, June, the Japanese army occupied the capital, Hancheng (Hanyang; present Seoul Special City).
- 学道を完成し、これ以上に学ぶ要がないので阿羅漢果を「無学位」という。
- Arakan-ka, the state of full attainment of arhatship in which it isn't necessary to learn any more, is called 'Mugakui (無学位).'
- 『万葉集』では、大伴家持の歌に、天漢(あまのがわ)とも記されている。
- In the 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), there exists a Japanese poem composed by OTOMO no Yakamochi about the Milky Way, and he wrote about the Milky Way in the Chinese characters '天漢,' which reads 'Amanogawa' in Japanese.
- 乃ち東漢直駒(やまとのあやのあたいこま)をして、天皇を弑せまつらしむ。
- He made YAMATO no Aya no Ataikoma kill the Emperor.
- また、和洋に中国も加えた「和漢洋(わかんよう)」という言葉も存在する。
- There is also a term 'wakanyo,' meaning the blend of Japanese, Chinese and Western styles.
- 漢字表記する場合は「瑠璃渓」となるが、ほとんどひらがな表記されている。
- It can be written in kanji characters but is commonly written in hiragana.
- さらに三跡によって漢字が日本の書流和様化され、和様書の完成期を迎える。
- Furthermore, the three great calligraphers Japanized Chinese character-writing styles, and the Japanese calligraphic style became complete then.
- (支配階級である満州族が被支配階級である漢民族に強制した歴史がある。)
- (The Manchurians, as the ruling class, forced the Han race to wear them.)
- 脚(あし;漢字の下半分)は「セキ」で「とげの出た枝」を描いた象形文字。
- Its ashi (lower half of a character) is 'セキ' (se ki) which is a hieroglyph expressing a branch with prickles.
- 東漢の応劭著『風俗通』が牛郎織女伝説を記した最も古い書籍とされている。
- 'Fuzokutsu' (Stories on Manners), written by Osho of Donhan, is believed to be the oldest book that contains the legend of Gyuro-Shukujo.
- 漢の度量衡では嘉量の質量が『漢書律歴志』に「重二鈞」と記載されている。
- There is a description in 'Book of Han, Treatise on rhythm and the calendar' that the mass of Chia-ling standard measure was fixed at '4 kin' (鈞) in the weights and measures system in Han Dynasty.
- 弥生時代の中期、北部九州では、甕棺墓に前漢鏡が副葬されるようになった。
- In the mid-Yayoi period, mirrors of Former Han (dynasty of China) came to be buried together as accessories in an earthenware jar-coffin in northern part of Kyushu.
- 西洋画:平賀源内、司馬江漢、亜欧堂田善、小田野直武、佐竹曙山、佐竹義躬
- Western Painting: Gennai HIRAGA, Kokan SHIBA, Denzen AODO, Naotake ODANO, Shozan SATAKE, and Yoshimi SATAKE
- 稷山に日本軍が進出すると明・朝鮮軍では漢江を防衛線として守りを固める。
- When the Japanese army headed toward Shokusan, the Ming-Korean army drew a defensive line at Han-gang and strengthened its defenses.
- 作文大体(さくもんだいたい)とは、平安時代に書かれた漢詩作成の手引書。
- Sakumondaitai was a manual of kanshi (Chinese poem) written during the Heian period.
- やや後れて阮元を始めとする揚州学派が起こり、乾嘉漢学を発展させている。
- Yangzhou school of Gen Gen was born a little after this, and developed the Ken-Ka Sinology.
- (ちなみに漢字では僧伽(そうぎゃ)と書き、後に現在での僧へと変化した。)
- (In this connection, it is written as 僧伽 [sougya] in Chinese characters, which has later changed into 僧 [sou, meaning a Buddhist priest] at present.)
- 林浄因は漢國神社境内社の「林神社」に祀られ、製菓業者の信仰を集めている。
- Join RIN has been enshrined in the Rin-jinja Shrine on the premises of the Kongo-jinja Shrine and worshiped by confectionary makers.
- また漢語的呼称でも、「藩士」より「惣士」と好んで呼んだ大名家も多かった。
- In addition, many daimyo families preferred to call themselves 'Soshi' rather than 'Hanshi', both were of Chinese origin.
- 今日の国語辞典の他、漢和辞典や百科事典の要素を多分に含んでいるのが特徴。
- It is not only provided with factors of a Japanese language dictionary in the present day, but also provided with those of a Chinese-to-Japanese dictionary and of an encyclopedia, constituting its rare feature.
- これは、中国の歴史書の体裁にならったもので、漢文の編年体で記されている。
- This followed the form of history books of China and was presented in the Chinese way using chronological order.
- 前者は部首別に分類された漢字の読みや意味を出典とともに掲げたものである。
- The former listed readings or meanings of Kanji (Chinese characters) classified by radical index with original sources.
- 後者はイロハ別・意義分野別に分類された語の読みから漢字を引くものである。
- As for the latter, Kanji is looked up by readings of terms classified by i, ro, ha, and by meaning and field.
- 書く詩歌は「長生殿裏春秋富、不老門前日月遅」という漢詩がよく用いられた。
- One of the poems often used was a Chinese poem that read, 'Choseidenri ni shunju tomu, furomonzen nichigetsu ososhi,' celebrating the everlastingness of the emperor and singing about his perpetual youth and longevity.
- 和魂洋才(わこんようさい)は明治時代の語で、和魂漢才をもじったものである。
- Wakon yosai' is a term coined during the Meiji period to mean the same as above, but learning from the West instead.
- また、数少ない国字(和製漢字)であり風が止まっている状態をあらわしている。
- And the Chinese character used for '凪' is one of the few kokuji (Chinese characters invented in Japan) that describe the state that the wind has stopped.
- なお『懐風藻』にはこのときの詩を含め、長屋王の漢詩が計3首収められている。
- 'Kaifusou' contains a total of three Chinese-style poems composed by Prince Nagaya, including the poem created at the banquet.
- また、平仮名は漢字の草書体を元にしたもので(安→あ)主に女性が用い始めた。
- Hiragana was designed from the sosho (cursive) style writing of kanji characters (for example あ from 安) and it was mainly women who started to use Hiragana.
- その漢訳語「智慧」(日常用語の「知恵」とは意味が少し違う)の同義語である。
- It is a word synonymous to its Chinese translation 'chie' (to appoint, determine, and establish; the meaning is a little different form the 'chie' [wisdom, innovation, creativity] used in everyday language).
- その後、林は奈良の漢國神社の近くに住居して塩瀬という店を立て評判になった。
- After that, Rin resided near the Kango-jinja Shrine in Nara and opened a shop called Shiose which gained popularity.
- 例えば漢代の斤は約258グラムであったので、1石は約31キログラムとなる。
- For instance, in the age of the Han Dynasty, 1 koku was equal to about 31 kilograms because 1 kin (斤) was equal to about 258 grams.
- その後、漢文による正史の体裁で8世紀前半に編年体で『日本書紀』が成立した。
- Thereafter, the proliferation of the kanbun (literary Chinese) writing system also introduced the standard format of the official history from China, leading to the creation of the 'Nihon shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) in the first half of the eighth century.
- 三公九卿(さんこうきゅうけい)とは、中国の秦漢時代の行政官職の総称である。
- Sankokyukei refers to a generic name for posts of administrative officials in the Qin and Han Dynasties of China.
- 恒貞親王伝(つねさだしんのうでん)は、平安時代前期に書かれた漢文伝の1つ。
- Tsunesada-Shino-den was one of the biographies in classical Chinese which was written in the early Heian period.
- 本文はすべて漢文で書かれており、唐代に存在した膨大な医学書を引用してある。
- The main text is entirely written in Chinese with citations from a large number of medical books that existed during the Tang Dynasty.
- 質の高い漢文体で書かれ、記事には出典を明らかにし、考証にも気を配っている。
- It is written in splendid kanbun form and has historical authenticity to some extent because the sources of articles are definite.
- 日本軍は全羅道から忠清道にかけての掃討を順調に行い、首都の漢城を脅かした。
- The Japanese army made a clean sweep of the enemy between Jeolla-do and Chungcheong-do and threatened the capital, Hansong.
- 古い例としては中国、漢代の画像石や敦煌市の壁画にそれらしいものが見られる。
- Ancient examples of decorations resembling giboshi can be found in picture-etched stones from the age of the Han dynasty in China and wall pictures in Dunhuang City.
- 特に後漢の名物訓詁の学を特徴とする古文学に基づいており、漢学とも呼ばれる。
- Also known as Sinology, it is particularly based on Kobun learning, characterized by learning of the relationship between things and their names, and of old words.
- 国漢学校は、現在の長岡市立阪之上小学校、新潟県立長岡高等学校の前身となった。
- Kokkan gakko School became the predecessor of present Sakanoue Elementary School, Nagaoka City and Nagaoka High School, Niigata Prefecture.
- 歌と詩の分離は、後漢末、建安 (漢)頃であったと考えられている(建安文学)。
- The separation of poetry from songs is considered to have occurred during the Jianan period at the end of the Later Han Dynasty (Jianan literature).
- 武家諸法度を難解な漢文から仮名交じり文に改め、誰でも理解できるよう工夫した。
- Arai revised Buke shohatto from difficult Chinese classic form to Kana (the Japanese syllabary) based form so that everyone could read and understand.
- 592年、蘇我馬子は東漢駒を遣い崇峻天皇を暗殺すると、女帝推古天皇を立てた。
- In 592, Umako SOGA used Koma TOKAN to assassinate Emperor Sushun and established Suiko as empress.
- 後漢の桓譚は『新論』で、応劭は『風俗通』にてそれぞれ琴の重要性を説いている。
- Kantan in the Later Han described the importance of Kin in 'Shinron' (literally, 'new theory') and so did Osho (a person in Houhan in China) in 'Fuzokutsu' (a book about public morals).
- 当初は漢城(韓国併合後、京城府に改名)(現在のソウル特別市)に本店を置いた。
- Its head office was initially located at Hanseong (Keijo as it was renamed upon the annexation of Korea, and Seoul Special City as it is known today).
- 明・朝鮮軍は平壌を抜き漢城に迫ったが、日本軍は碧蹄館の戦いでこれを撃破する。
- The Ming-Korean army occupied Pyongyang and came close to Hanseong, but the Japanese forces defeated them at the Battle of Hekitenkai (ByeogJe Gwan).
- (当初は漢城戦線を維持したまま日本本土からの新戦力を投入する計画であった)。
- (At the beginning, it was planned to use the new troops from Japan while maintaining the front line at Hancheng.)
- 水軍(すいぐん)は、東アジアの漢字文化圏における伝統的な水上兵力の称である。
- Suigun is the traditional armed forces on the water in the countries in East Asia where Chinese characters are used.
- 「乾」「坤」の2巻からなる書物で全巻漢文・漢詩であり、要所に挿絵が入っている。
- The book consists of two volumes, 'Ken' and 'Kon,' which are written in the form of Chinese classics and Chinese poetry dotted with illustrations.
- 京都の五山を中心に禅僧の間で漢文学や朱子学の研究が行われ、五山文学と呼ばれる。
- Research into both Chinese literature and neo-Confucianism was conducted mainly in the Gozan (the five great Zen temples) of Kyoto, leading to the appellation 'Gozan literary scholarship.'
- 阿智神社:岡山県倉敷市本町1、坂上氏の祖、東漢氏の祖、阿智使主に由来する神社。
- Achi-jinja Shrine - the Shito shrine located in 1 Honmachi, Kurashiki City, Okayama Prefecture, derived from Prince Achi (Achi no Omi), who was the ancestor of Sakanoue and Yamatonoaya clans,
- 前漢代には既にこのような倭国認識の成立していたことが漢書や論衡の記事から判る。
- It is known from the articles from 'kanjo (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)' and the 'Ronko (Lunheng)' that such perception of Wakoku was already present during the Former Han Dynasty.
- 「書跡」は宸翰、和漢名家筆跡、古筆、墨跡、法帖等で日本の書道史上の遺品を指す。
- Calligraphy work' refers to Imperial letters, examples of handwriting by well-known calligraphers of Japan and China, ancient writings, ink calligraphy, calligraphy copybooks, and any other written works (in Japan) of historical significance by deceased calligraphers.
- この萌芽は漢代にまで遡れるが、六朝から唐にかけて発展し、宋代に骨格が築かれた。
- This germination can go back to the Hang period and it was developed from the Six Dynasties period to the Tang period and its framework was established in the Sung period.
- 初層内は扉の釈迦八相、四隅の十六羅漢図などが装飾文様とともに壁面を埋めている。
- The walls in the first-level pagoda are covered in Shaka Hasso (Eight Aspects of Buddha) on its door, Jurokurakan-zu (the painting of sixteen disciples of Buddha who attained Nirvana) around its corner, together with decorative patterns.
- 中国・日本では仏法を護持することを誓った16人の弟子を十六羅漢と呼び尊崇した。
- In China and Japan, 16 disciples who swore to keep Buddhism were respected as the 16 Rakans.
- 三条西実隆、吉田兼右らに古典を、清原宣賢から漢籍を学ぶなど学問の造詣も深かった。
- He had a great knowledge of the subjects he studied, he learned the Japanese classics from Sanetaka SANJONISHI and Kanemigi YOSHIDA, and the Chinese classics from Nobukata KIYOHARA.
- 発表時には、清水寺の奥の院舞台にて、貫主により巨大な半紙に漢字一字が揮毫される。
- At the time of the announcement, the Chinese character is brushed on a large sheet of Japanese writing pater by the chief priest of Kiyomizu-dera Temple upon the Oku no in (inner sanctuary) stage.
- 後漢の最後の皇帝、献帝の子といわれる石秋王の子が阿智王(阿智使主)であるとする。
- Prince Achi (Achi no Omi) is considered to be the child of 石秋王, who was the child of the last emperor of the Later Han Dynasty, Kentei.
- 附子(ぶす)とは、トリカブトの「毒・漢方薬」の総称あるいは植物トリカブトの異名。
- Busu is a generic name for 'poison and Chinese herbal medicine' of torikabuto (aconite) and also a nick name of torikabuto.
- ただし、漢数字通りに10分の1寸が1分、10分の1匁が1分と解釈できなくもない。
- However, when the Chinese numerals are interpreted literally, a 10th of the sun may indicate 1 bu (分) and a 10th of the monme may indicate 1 fun.
- 1902年になると漢人による抗日運動は制圧され、民間が所有する武器は没収された。
- In 1902, the anti-Japanese movements by the Han Chinese were put down and the weapons owned by civilians were confiscated.
- 前述の桓譚に加え、後漢では馬融・蔡邕、魏 (三国)の嵆康、東晋の戴逵などである。
- For example, MA Rong and Saiyo in the Later Han, Keiko in the Wei dynasty (the Three States Period) and TAI Ki in the Eastern Jin, as well as Kantan who was mentioned above were the examples.
- 『周易』では李鼎祚が王弼注の義理易に反対して鄭玄を始めとする漢代象数易を伝えた。
- With regard to 'Zhouyi,' Ri Tei So (li ding zuo) opposed the Giri-eki (ethics and philosophy divination) with annotation by Wang Bi, and preached Shosu-eki (graphic and mathematical divination) by Jo Gen (Zheng Xuan) and others from the Han Dynasty.
- 共に丹波国に由来するが、期間により漢字表記・仮名表記があり、また運行区間も異なる。
- The following two names originated from Tanba Province, but their notations (kanji (chinese characters) or kana (Japanese syllabary characters)) and operational lines differ according to their respective periods.
- 元は渡来人系の一族であるが、実際には百済系の一族と漢族系の一族の2系統が存在する。
- This clan is descended from toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) with two distinct lineages, one from Kudara (Baekje) and the other of Han race from China.
- また漢語に於いても同様で、「携帯する」という語には既に、帯という字が含まれている。
- It is the same in words of Chinese origin such that the word '携帯する' (carrying) contains the letter 帯 (obi).
- 和漢三才図会には「牡丹餅および萩の花は形、色をもってこれを名づく」と記されている。
- 'Wakan Sansai Zue' (Japanese and Chinese All Things Encyclopedia) compiled in the Edo period says 'the names of botamochi and ogi no hana originated from their shapes and colors.'
- 西川春洞がこれに拮抗し、今日の漢字書道界の基礎はほとんどこの2人を中心に造られた。
- Shundo NISHIKAWA competed with him, and almost all basics of today's Chinese character calligraphy were created centered on these two persons.
- ただし、漢文で書かれた『日本外史』でさえ「戦国」という語の出現頻度は意外に少ない。
- In 'Nihon Gaishi' which was written in classical Chinese, however, the frequency of the usage of the word 'sengoku' is unexpectedly small.
- また朝鮮では両班を中心に漢字が重視されており、ハングル(朝鮮語)は軽視されていた。
- And in Korea, kanji (Chinese characters) was valued mainly among yahgban, and Hangeul (Korean letters) was unvalued.
- 現在では、漢字、仮名の他に企業名や単語の略称などにラテン文字が使われる機会も多い。
- In the present day, latin characters are often used as abbreviations for the names of companies or words other than kanji (Chinese characters) and kana (the Japanese syllabary).
- 唯一の例外は1629年(寛永6年)に漢城に送られた僧を中心とした対馬藩使節である。
- The envoy from the Tsushima Domain in 1629, which consisted mainly of priests and was sent up to Hanseong, was the only exception.
- また、建物正面の庭には「漢竹」(かわたけ)、「呉竹」(くれたけ)が植えられている。
- In the garden in front of the front of the building, Kawatake Bamboo and Kuretake Bamboo are planted.
- 2003年度秋期特別展「新収 十六羅漢図」(2003年10月20日〜12月13日)
- Special exhibition in the autumn of fiscal year 2003, 'A newly collected Jurokurakan-zu' (October 20 to December 13, 2003)
- このことから、真宗の教えを漢字8字であらわすと、「信心正因 称名報恩」と言われる。
- Through this, the doctrine of Shinshu is called 'Shinjin Shoin, Shomyo Ho-on' (Faith makes it happen, and praying is for gratitude).
- 中平銘紀年刀は「倭国乱」終結後、後漢王朝から下賜されたものであると考えられている。
- The Zhongping sword with the year inlaid is considered to have been given by the Later Han Dynasty after the 'Wakoku War' came to an end.
- 片仮名は漢字の一部に由来し(例:伊→イ)、漢文を訓読する際の補助文字として使われた。
- Katakana has been designed from a parts of Kanji characters (example: イ from 伊) and was used as a sub character for reading a text written in China in a Japanese manner.
- 漢字表記「明太」は朝鮮半島でミョンテを「明太魚」、「明太」と書いたことからきている。
- The expression of 'mentai' in Chinese characters '明太' in Japan came from the fact that 'myonte' was written as '明太魚' or '明太' in the Korean Peninsula.
- このうち「竃」「罐」は当用漢字外の文字であるため、「釜」と代用表記されることがある。
- Among them '竃' and '罐' have not been designated for daily use in Japan, therefore they are sometimes written as '釜' instead.
- 1世紀初頭の漢や奈良時代の日本では、妖怪とは「怪しい奇妙な現象」を表す言葉であった。
- During early first century Han Dynasty and the Nara period in Japan, yokai was a word that described 'suspicious and bizarre phenomena.'
- 次いで、『後漢書』安帝紀の永初二年(107年)の記事に初めて「倭国王」の語が見える。
- Following this, in the article of the Record of Emperor An in 107 in the 'History of the Later Han Dynasty,' the word 'Wakokuo' (the King of Wa) is first seen.
- 後漢末期から戦乱の時代が長く続き、中国の社会は混乱を極め、ほとんど崩壊に至っていた。
- Following the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a long period of war, bringing Chinese society to the brink of collapse.
- このような思潮の中、漢代から六朝までの間に琴を得意とする著名な文人が多数現れている。
- In this thought of the times, there appeared many famous Bunjin who were good at playing Kin from the Han period to the Six Dynasties period.
- 日本語の表記体系については、漢字が伝わる以前の独自の文字は現在まで見つかっていない。
- As for the orthographic system of Japanese, the original characters used before the arrival of kanji (Chinese characters) have not yet been discovered.
- ただし、いずれも当時の学術の主流であった紀伝道系の漢文学・漢詩に関する書籍であった。
- However, all the textbooks were about Chinese classics and Chinese poetry of Kidendo (History), which was the main discipline at that time.
- 12世紀はじめに片仮名まじりの和漢混淆文体で書かれたもので、源隆国編纂と伝えられる。
- It was written in Japanese-Chinese mixed style with katakana in the early 12th century, and is said to be compiled by MINAMOTO no Takakuni.
- また、釜山から漢城までの輸送路がゲリラ攻撃されると内陸部では兵糧備蓄の不安が起きた。
- In addition, as the transportation route from Busan to Hansong was attacked using guerrilla tactics, inland bases became concerned about their emergency provisions.
- ただ、漢文体で書かれた他の2書と違って漢字仮名交じり文で書かれているのが特徴である。
- Unlike two other books written in kanbun (classical Chinese), however, the characteristics of this book is that it was written utilizing the mixture of kanji (Chinese characters) and kana (Japanese phonetic characters).
- また、東アジアの漢字文化圏においては、地位を譲り受けることを、受禅(じゅぜん)という。
- Succession to the throne in this fashion is called juzen (accession to the throne as a result of the monarch's abdication) in East-Asian countries where Chinese characters are used.
- しかし後漢の興平元年に甘粛省側の4郡を分割して雍州とし、陝西省側をそのまま涼州とした。
- In 194 of the Later Han Dynasty, however, four countries of Gansu Province side were separated and named Yong Zhou, while the Shan Xi Province was continuously called Liang Zhou.
- 後に増やされたらしく、『漢旧儀』には、皇后・太子は各40県を食み、湯沐邑というとある。
- The number of Tomokuyu might have been increased later, and 'Kankyugi' (a book of traditional ceremonies and systems) says that the Empress and the Prince got 40 countries each and called them Tomokuyu.
- 「襦袢」は元々ポルトガル語の「ジバゥンgibão」を音写した語で、漢字は当て字である。
- Juban' was originally the term which is phonetically copied from the Portuguese word, 'gibão,' and Chinese characters, which phonetically equivalents to gibão, are applied to it.
- その後、文人趣味により、裏面に漢詩を書いたり、中国風の彫刻を施したりするのが流行した。
- Later on charyo with Chinese style poem or Chinese style sculpture on the backside came into fashion as a literatures' hobby.
- 居延漢簡の年代は全て漢代で、前漢の武帝 (漢)が居延県を置いてから後漢中頃までに及ぶ。
- The ages of Kyoen Kankan were all in the Han period and it ranges from the period when the Emperor Wu (Han) of the Former Han established Kyoen Prefecture to the middle of the Later Han period.
- 居延漢簡は、漢代における西域統治の実態を明らかにする第一級の史料として高く評価された。
- Kyoen Kankan was highly valued as a primary historical material which revealed the actual state of administration of the western region in the Han period.
- 宣命体は、漢字仮名交じり文の源泉となった文体で、かなの発達史上、大変重要な文書である。
- Senmyotai is a literary style which became the origin of a composition written in kanji and kana (the Japanese syllabary), so it is a very important document for the history of development of kana.
- 『後漢書』「」と倭国王の帥升が永初元年(107年)に生口を献じてきたとする記述がある。
- The 'History of the Later Han Dynasty' states that Suisho, the king of Wakoku, offered slaves to the Chinese Emperor in 107.
- 前漢の高祖 劉邦に仕えた功臣のうち、特に功績の大きかった3人、蕭何・張良・韓信を指す。
- refers to Xiao He, Zhang Liang, and Han Xin, the three who made the greatest achievements of the meritorious retainers who served Gaozu (first emperor) of the Former Han Dynasty, Liu Bang.
- 原文は無署名の社説で、本文はカタカナ漢字表記、長さは400字詰原稿用紙で約6枚である。
- The original was an anonymously written editorial, in Katakana and Kanji (Chinese characters) and in approximately 2400 characters.
- 初め明将陳愚衷が全州を捨てて逃走すると提督麻貴は漢城より遊撃牛伯英を遣わし赴援させた。
- When Ming warrior Chin fled Jeonju at first, Admiral Ma Gui sent for the ranger Gyu from Hanseong for support.
- 北上した日本軍に一時は漢城の放棄も考えた明軍であったが、結局南下しての抗戦を決意した。
- Because of the Japanese army marching north, the Ming army once considered to give up Hanchen, but they finally decided to resist going down south.
- 詩仙は日本の三十六歌仙にならい林羅山の意見をもとめながら漢晋唐宋の各時代から選ばれた。
- These Shisen (poetry immortals) were selected from poets of each of the Han, Jin, Tang, and Song eras in China following the example of the Japanese Thirty-six Poetry Immortals (a group of medieval Japanese poets), and also influenced by the tastes of Razan HAYASHI (a Confucian scholar in the early Edo period).
- しかし、この地の人たちが中国の後漢と通交があったのではなかろうかと考えることができる。
- However, it may be possible to think if the people in this area had communications with the Later Han of China.
- 前漢末、劉キンが古文経を学官に立てようとして、今文経学との学派争いを引き起こしている。
- At the end of former Han, Ryu Kin (Liu Xin) attempted to assign Kobun-kei as a gakkan (teacher), and this led to a dispute with the Kinbun-kei school.
- 賈逵 (漢)(かき)は『左氏伝』を讖緯と結びつけて漢王朝受命を説明する書だと顕彰した。
- Ka Ki (Han) honored the 'Sashi-den' (Zuo Zhuan), connecting it to Shini as a book describing Han's receiving of providence.
- 五代十国時代の前蜀では、貫休(832年 - 912年)の容貌魁偉な十六羅漢図が知られる。
- The formidable-looking Juroku Rakan zu (painting of Sixteen Arhats) by Guanxiu (832 - 912) of Former Shu (Qianshu) in the Godai-Jikkoku (Wudai Shiguo) period is well known.
- 埠頭の埠の字が常用漢字に含まれないため、看板などには「前島ふ頭」と記されている事もある。
- Since 埠 in 埠頭 is not included in the Chinese characters designated for everyday use, the characters 前島ふ頭 instead of 前島埠頭 are sometimes used, for example, on signboards.
- 和漢朗詠集においても、古い写本は「我が君」となっているが、後世の版本は「君が代」が多い。
- Even with respect to Wakanroeishu, it is written as 'wagakimi' in old manuscripts, but, in printed books of the later age, it is written as 'kimigayo' in many books.
- 3. 漢から明代までの中国で、各地に王として封建皇族が軍事と行政の拠点として開いた政庁。
- 3. Government offices which the feudal royal family opened in various areas, as a base of military and public administration within China, from the Han to Ming dynasty.
- 文人趣味では風光明媚な場所で思いのままに茶を喫し、漢詩を読んだり絵を描くのを興趣とした。
- In the literati culture, it was regarded as an artistically elegant by enjoying tea as one likes while reading Chinese-style poems or drawing pictures at places of scenic beauty.
- 明治に入り、この時代の実権者の多くが漢学の素養があったことから唐様の書風に傾いていった。
- Entering the Meiji period, because many of the leaders of Japan in this period studied the Chinese classics, Chinese style calligraphy gradually became dominant.
- その年代は前漢代から魏晋南北朝時代までにわたったが、その数はせいぜい数百本程度であった。
- The ages of mokkans ranged from the Former Han period to the Wei-Jin-Nanbeichao period, but the amount was not more than several hundreds.
- 日本語では漢詩(し)と同音であるため、区別しやすく中国語音からツーと呼ばれることがある。
- Since it has the same sound as the Japanese word 'Kanshi (Shi)'(Chinese poems), it is also pronounced 'Tsu' taken from the Chinese pronunciation to be distinguished from each other.
- このようにして、中国風(漢風)・仏教風の文化の影響が日本列島の地域社会へ浸透していった。
- In this way, the influence of the Chinese and Buddhist style cultures began to permeate down to regional communities throughout the Japanese archipelago.
- 蘇我氏・紀氏・大伴氏・物部氏・秦氏・漢氏・忌部氏・史氏等をはじめ大小幾多のウジがあった。
- There were many uji, large and small, such as the Soga clan, the Ki clan, the Otomo clan, the Mononobe clan, the Hata clan, the Kan clan, the Inbe clan, and the Shi clan.
- 後漢末には八分の筆法を簡略化した「真書」すなわち楷書体が誕生し、さらに行書体が生まれた。
- In the end of Later Han period, there appeared 'shinsho,' that is, kaisho-tai (square [block] style of writing) which was 80 % simplified from 'Hachibu', and furthermore, there appeared gyosho-tai (semi-cursive style of writing).
- 当時支那は漢民族の明朝が滅んで、万里の長城の北の野蛮人の満州族が皇帝の清朝となっていた。
- In China at that time, the Ming Dynasty of the Han race was destroyed and the Manchurian who was a barbarian living in the north of the Great Wall of China became the emperor and established the Qing dynasty.
- 漢字流入以前に神代文字と呼ばれる文字があったとする説もあるが、学術的な根拠は存在しない。
- The theory has it that there were ancient Japanese characters before the influx of kanji (Chinese characters), though there is no evidence for this.
- 装飾趣味の弊害を打破し、尚古主義を唱え、秦漢の正しい篆法に則った篆刻に立ち戻ろうとした。
- It tried to eliminate the negative effect of the decorative trend, advocate primitivism and a return to the tenkoku by following the correct method from the Qin and Han dynasties.
- しかし、大乗仏教では二乗と呼ばれて、阿羅漢と独覚(どっかく)は「仏」になれないとされた。
- However, in Mahayana Buddhism it is referred to as two vehicles, and Arakan and Dokkaku are said to be unable to become 'Buddha.'
- 中国における経典の漢訳事業は2世紀後半から始まり、11世紀末までほぼ間断なく継続された。
- A project for the translation of Buddhist sutras in China was begun in the latter period of the second century and continued virtually without interruption until the end of the eleventh century.
- 南宋になると、漢唐の注疏にこの三疏と『孟子疏』が加えられて『十三経注疏』がまとめられた。
- In the Southern Song Dynasty, these three interpretations and an 'Interpretation of Moshi' (Interpretation of Mencius) were added to the annotation and interpretation learning of Han and Tang, and the 'Annotation and Interpretation Learning of Thirteen Classics' were compiled.
- その詩作は『経国集』などに合計十首が遺されており、日本史上数少ない女性漢詩人の一人である。
- These poems are left in the collection of the poems such as 'Keikoku shu' (Collection for Governing the Country), she is known as one of the rare female poets in Japan.
- 1936に南京に退避したが、日中戦争とともに宝鶏・漢中・成都・峨嵋へと中国奥地に移転した。
- Though Sekko was brought back to Nan-jing in 1936, was moved into deep inside China to Bao-ji, Han-zhong, Cheng-du, and Wo-mei when Sino-Japanese War broke out.
- その全釈文と考証は、労(ろうかん)によって1943年に『居延漢簡考釈』としてまとめられた。
- All of transliterated documents and the study of these documents were published as 'Interpretation of Kyoen Kankan' by LAO Kan in 1943.
- 同団はゴビ砂漠を横断中、望楼の跡を発掘していたのであるが、この際に漢代の木簡が発見された。
- The expedition was excavating the site of Boro (watch tower) while crossing the Gobi Desert and at that time mokkans of the Han period were discovered.
- 漢訳経典の日本語訳も行われ、『國譯大藏經』『国訳一切経』『昭和新修国訳大蔵経』などがある。
- Buddhist sutras in Chinese were also translated into Japanese, such as 'Kokuyaku Tripitaka,' 'Kokuyaku Issai-kyo Sutra (国訳一切経),' and 'Showa Shinshu Kokuyaku Daizo-kyo Sutra.'
- 第58代光孝天皇以来、千年近く絶えてなかった漢風諡号選定を復活させ、「光格天皇」と諡された。
- It was the first restoration of Chinese-style posthumous name selection since the fifty-eighth Emperor Koko, and the first in 1,000 years, whereby he received the posthumous name 'Emperor Kokaku.'
- 長禄・寛正の飢饉に際しては、将軍足利義政に対して、漢詩を以って諌めたとするエピソードもある。
- There was an episode where the Emperor sent a Chinese poem to Shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA to admonish him when the Choroku, Kansho Famine occurred.
- 12の名所があり、錦繍巌、双龍渕、渇蚪澗、座禅石、水晶簾などの漢詩的な名称が付けられている。
- There are twelve famous places and Kinshugan, Soryuen, Kakkyukan (the place where dragons drink water), Zazenseki (Meditation Rock), and Suishoren (Crystal blind) are named after Chinese poem-like names.
- 和尚魚(おしょううお)は、江戸時代の百科辞典『和漢三才図会』にある海の妖怪で、海坊主の一種。
- Oshouo' refers to a kind of 'Umibozu', a 'yokai' (apparitions, spirits, spooks or monsters) living in the ocean recorded in an encyclopedia, 'Wakansansaizue', compiled in the Edo period.
- そして清の楊守敬が漢魏 (三国)六朝の碑帖を携えて来日し、日本の書道界に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- Then Yang Shoujing in Qing came to Japan bringing inscriptions and copybooks from the six dynasties in the Han and Wei (three dynasties) era, giving a great shock to the Japanese calligraphic world.
- 漢字平仮名の印行物に関しては活字による印行で、かつ、大小の順に作られたことが認められている。
- It is identified that matters printed and published in kanji and hiragana, and were made in order of size.
- このように文化が近く中華文明が起源である漢字を使用する両国でも、妖怪のその意味合いが異なる。
- As it can be seen, even though these two countries are culturally close and they both use Chinese characters that have their origin in Chinese civilization, the meaning of yokai differs.
- 作中では折に触れて引用される漢籍は、フィクションである「稗史」の世界に奥行きを持たせている。
- Chinese classic books quoted from time to time in the novel give depth to the world of this 'historical novel.'
- これを吏読というが、原則として漢文の各分節の終わりにその要素を送りがなのように漢字で記した。
- This is called Rito, where in principle at the end of each segment of Chinese classics its elements were described in Chinese characters like okurigana (kana added to a Chinese character to show its pronunciation).
- また、兵士も占領した高麗人や漢民族を徴用した多民族軍であったため、士気が低かったと思われる。
- The army also seems to have had a low morale because it consisted of various ethnic groups, including people of Goryeo and Han who had been conquered.
- しかし乾本時代には、その派生として漢字を草書・振り仮名を平仮名にするものも登場してきている。
- In the era of the Inuibon, however, as a derivative, there appeared new type of setsuyoshu, in which each entry was written in Chinese character in cursive style and the furigana was in the form of hiragana (the cursive form of kana or the Japanese syllabaries).
- 軍記物のさきがけをなすものとして文学史上の意義も大きく、いずれも日本風の漢文で書かれている。
- As a precedence of military epic, they have great meaning in literal history, all of which were written in Japanese style kanbun (Sino-Japanese).
- 周辺諸国も唐と通交し、漢字・儒教・漢訳仏教などの諸文化を共有して東アジア文化圏が形成された。
- Various countries around China had friendly relations with Tang and the East Asian cultural sphere was formed with shared cultural features such as Chinese characters, Confucianism and Buddhism translated into Chinese.
- その秦を滅ぼした前漢では郡県を布く地方と新たに諸侯王を封建する地方とに分ける郡国制を行った。
- The former Han, which overthrew the Qin Dynasty, adopted the Gun Koku system which separated places of newly appointed lords from places using the Gun Ken system.
- この古墳群の氏族ないし埋葬者は特定されておらず、大伴氏、漢氏(あやし)、蘇我氏など諸説ある。
- The clans or buried persons of these tumuli have not been specified; there are several opinions such as the Otomo clan, the Aya clan, the Soga clan, and so on.
- さらに、和魂漢才(わこんかんさい)とは中国の学問を学びながらも日本の精神を失わないことをいう。
- Further, 'wakon kansai' means to learn from China academically without losing the Japanese identity.
- 福原流では楽譜は縦書きで、音程は数字(呂音=低音は漢数字、甲音=中高音はアラビア数字)で表す。
- In the Fukuhara School, a score is vertically indicated, and the music pitch is indicated using numerals (the ryoon (lower tone) is indicated using Chinese numerals, while the kanon (medium-higher tone) is indicated using Arabic numerals).
- 印には「漢委奴国王」と刻してあり、福岡藩の儒学者、亀井南冥は『後漢書』の記事に符合するとした。
- On the seal, the characters of '漢委奴国王' were engraved, and Nanmei KAMEI, a Confucian scholar at the Fukuoka domain said that this seal met descriptions in 'Gokanjo' (historical records of the Later Han Dynasty)
- また、暦学に詳しく、建部とともに吉宗に西洋暦法の導入、漢訳西洋天文学書の輸入の必要性を訴えた。
- He was also well-versed with the study of the calendar, and together with Takebe, he appealed to Shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA the need to import western books on astronomy translated into Chinese.
- 旁(つくり;漢字の右半分)は「羽」と「隹」(ふるとり)から成り、高く抜きんでた雉(キジ)の尾。
- Its tsukuri (right half of a character) is made up with '羽' (hane, feather) and '隹' (tori, bird) and means the outstanding tail of a 雉 (kiji, pheasant).
- しかしながら、各音に対して数種から十数種の漢字をあてたため、1000字近くの万葉仮名があった。
- However, since several to ten plus Chinese characters were used for indicating each sound, close to 1,000 Manyo-gana characters existed
- 日本に関連する王号の初出は、漢の光武帝が奴国の王に賜綬した金印に見える「漢委奴国王印」である。
- The first appearance of the title of king related to Japan is the 'Kanno Wano Nano Kokuo' (the King of Japan, Chinese Colony) seen in the gold seal given by the Emperor Guangwu of Han to the king of Nakoku.
- 後漢末頃から漢詩が隆盛しはじめ、王侯貴族らは詩に巧みな文人を集めて酒宴を開いて楽しんだという。
- Around the end of the Later Han, Chinese poetry became popular and it is said that royalty and nobility often held a feast, gathering Bunjin who were good at making poems and enjoyed it.
- 漢字の音と訓をたくみに組み合わせて日本語を記す万葉仮名が用いられていることも大きな特徴である。
- Its significant feature is the use of Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu) which describes Japanese language by combining on and kun readings of Chinese characters.
- 古墳時代ごろに漢字文化が流入すると、「やまと」の語に対して「倭」の字が当てられるようになった。
- When the kanji (Chinese characters) culture entered Japan in the Kofun period (tumulus period), the word '倭' was assigned to the word 'Yamato.'
- 「さんぱい」「にっぽん」のような漢語だけでなく、「ぴんぴん」「ぱっと」などの擬態語にも使われる。
- It is used not only in words of Chinese origin such as 'sanpai' and 'nippon' but also in mimetic words such as 'pinpin' and 'patto.'
- しかし、後世に当て字したものだろうか、「阿知女」と、「女」の漢字がついており、詳細は不明である。
- However, now that 'Achime' is expressed in kanji characters as '阿知女,' in which the character '女' meaning 'woman' is used, these kanji must have been used as phonetic symbols rather than for the meanings in later years; however, details are still unknown.
- また、文字の美の追求から実用性を重視する変革がなされ漢字かな交じり文が一般化された時代でもある。
- In addition, more importance was placed on practicability rather than calligraphic beauty of characters, leading to the mixed use of Chinese characters and kana characters that became ordinary.
- のちに址(し・あと)が常用漢字外であるため平城宮跡(へいじょうきゅうせき)と書かれるようになる。
- Later, the name of the Site was changed to 'Heijo-kyu seki' (平城宮跡) since the character '址' ('shi' or 'ato') in 'Heijo-kyu shi' (平城宮址) was out of kanji for common use (a list of 1945 kanji established in 1981).
- 伴造には、秦氏(はた)、東漢氏(やまとのあや)、西文氏(かわちのあや)など代表的な渡来人がある。
- Among Tomonomiyatsuko are toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) like Hata clan, Yamatonoaya clan, and Kawachinoaya clan.
- 中国では前漢の武帝 (漢)が匈奴との戦いで逼迫した財政を再建するために鉄や塩などの専売を行った。
- In China, Emperor Wu of the Former Han (Han) monopolized iron and salt in order to rebuilt the financial status of the Empire, which had been strained due to the war against Xiongnu.
- かくて、かなと漢字との調和が日本書道の大きな課題として提示され、これに応じて和様書道が完成された。
- Consequently, how to harmonize kana characters and Chinese characters in writing became a big problem in the calligraphy in Japan, and Japanese style calligraphy was completed to solve the problem.
- 家族に離婚暦を持つ風俗業の母を持ち、家庭も性格も荒んでいるが、人(弱者)をほうっておけない熱血漢。
- He has a divorced mother who works in the sex trade and although emotionally disturbed with the dysfunctional home environment, he is a hot-blooded boy who always stands up for the weak.
- 以後、国内で仮名文字を含む木製活字が製造されるようになり、和漢にわたる広い分野の書物が刊行された。
- After that, wooden types (including Kana characters) started being produced in Japan, and Japanese and Chinese books were published in a wide range of subjects.
- 漢城においては明の経理楊鎬が9月朔日平壌より来り麻貴を促し、出でて日本軍の前進を阻止しようとした。
- At Hanseong, Keiri Yang Hao of Ming, who had arrived from Pyongyang on October 11, prompted Ma Gui to stop the invasion of the Japanese army.
- 漢文の法華経(妙法蓮華経)ならば、漢字の羅列には見えるはずであり、文字として存在する安心感がある。
- Hoke-kyo (Myohorenge-kyo), when written in Chinese characters, can be seen as the enumeration of Chinese characters at least so that its existence as letters gives people peace of mind.
- 平帝 (漢)の時には『春秋左氏伝』『儀礼』『毛詩』『尚書』が、新朝では『周礼』が学官に立てられた。
- In the era of Hei-tei (Emperor Ping) (Han), 'Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan' (Master Zuo's Commentary to the Spring and Autumns), 'Girai' (Yili), 'Mao shi' (Classic Poetry, Book of Odes), and 'Shosho' (Classic of History) were assigned as gakkan, and in the Shin-cho (Xin Dynasty), 'Rites of Zhou.'
- 漢方医学では未成熟なものの果皮を干したものを青皮、熟したものの果皮を干したもの陳皮として利用する。
- In Chinese medicine, dried rind of unripe mikan is called 'seihi' and that of ripen mikan is called 'chinpi' and both of them are used as medicine.
- 別称(唐名)として、後漢書になぞらえて「長秋宮」、あるいは漢代の例をもって「椒房」「椒庭」と称した。
- They were either known by another name (Tang name) as 'Choshukyu' in the analogy form of Gokanjyo (The History of the Later Han Dynasty) or 'Shobo' or 'Shotei' as an example of the Han dynasty age.
- 後漢霊帝 (漢)の後裔と言われ、応神天皇の時代に日本に帰化した阿智王(阿智使主)を祖とすると伝わる。
- The Sakanoue clan is said to have been the descendant of Emperor Ling of the Later Han Dynasty, and the ancestor of the clan is said to have been Prince Achi (Achi no Omi), who was naturalized in Japan in the era of Emperor Ojin.
- 欽明天皇13年(552年)、漢字と同様に朝鮮半島を経て仏教(大乗仏教)が伝来し、仏典の書写が始まる。
- In 552, the era of Emperor Kinmei, Buddhism (Mahayana Buddhism) was brought to Japan via the Korean peninsula as Chinese characters were, and Buddhist scriptures came to be copied.
- 宣命(せんみょう)とは、天皇の命令を漢字だけの日本語体で記した文書であり、漢文体の詔勅に対していう。
- Senmyo is a written document in which emperor's commands are recorded in a Japanese orthography only with Chinese characters, as compared with Shochoku (an imperial edict) written in classical Chinese.
- 大王と王恩、四尺と一釜、十握と三寸などの前後を対応照応させて、漢文の本来の手法を巧みに利用している。
- It uses a traditional technique of Chinese effectively and makes contrasts between okimi and oon, four shaku and one pod, totsuka and three sun (a sun = 3.03 cm).
- その後、前漢が成立する(紀元前221年)と王号は皇帝の臣下へ与えられる称号(諸侯王)として定着した。
- Afterwards, as the Former Han was established (221 B.C.), the title of king settled as a title (vassal king) which was given to the emperor's vassals.
- その漢詩はあまりに有名であるがそれ以上に陶淵明の隠逸的な処世法は後代の文人に大きな影響を与えている。
- His Chinese poetry was overly famous, but more than that, his way of living as a recluses brought a great influence on other Bunjin in later years.
- 714年(和銅7年)これを漢風に改め、四神において南方を守護するとされる朱雀の名を冠したものとした。
- In 714, the gate system was revised into the Chinese style with the south gate being named Suzaku (a Vermilion Bird and a god said to rule over the southern heavens), which was one of the shijin (four gods said to rule over the four directions) that was believed to protect the south.
- しかし漢城では日本軍の接近でパニックに陥っており、人々は逃走をはかりほとんど無人となるほどであった。
- However, in Hanseong people panicked at the approaching Japanese army and fled, so the city was virtually empty.
- こうした状況に危機感をつのらせた清朝は直隷・山東からの漢民族の移民を奨励して人口密度の向上に努めた。
- The Qing Dynasty felt increasingly uneasy with this situation and sought to increase the population density in Manchuria by promoting an immigration of ethnic Han from Zhili and Shandong to Manchuria.
- 中国では秦・漢の時代から清の時代にまで、在位中の皇帝の生母と先代の皇后を並び尊崇して「皇太后」と呼ぶ。
- In China, from the periods of Qin and Han to the period of Qing, the real mother of the Emperor in reign and the former Empress were respectfully referred to as 'Empress Dowager.'
- 吉備氏の母を持つ星川皇子が大蔵を占拠し、権勢を縦にしたため、大伴室屋・東漢直掬らにこれを焼き殺させる。
- Since Hoshikawa no Miko, whose mother was from the Kibi clan, occupied Okura (imperial storehouse) while hiding behind his powerful maternal family, the Emperor Seinei ordered OTOMO no Muroya and YAMATONOAYA no Ataitsuka to burn Hoshikawa no Miko to death.
- しかし、その行動様式は侠客と呼ばれた無頼漢たちに、その美意識は歌舞伎という芸能の中に受け継がれていく。
- However, their form of behavior was inherited by delinquents called 'kyokaku,' while their aesthetic values were inherited by the Kabuki performance.
- 「くく」という読みに「八十一」という漢字が当てられており、すでに九九が日本で知られていたことがわかる。
- For the word 'kuku' (homonymous with '9x9'), the kanji characters of '八十一,' that denotes '81,' were used, indicating that multiplication tables were already known in Japan at that time.
- 前漢には小篆や古隷から「八分」、古隷から「章草」への変容が生じたが、これは文人の美意識の体現といえる。
- However, once a certain calligraphic style was established, a sense of beauty intervened and it became a subject of calligraphic art.
- 1861年 スズキキンゾウ(漢字不明)なる日本人がオレゴン州ポートランド (オレゴン州)に渡航し定住。
- In 1861, a Japanese by the name of Kinzo SUZUKI travelled by boat to Portland, Oregon, and settled down there.
- 図書寮本では、漢字を字形ごとに並べて掲出し、反切(発音)・用例・和訓・和音などを多くは出典つきで記す。
- The Zushoryo manuscript lists Chinese characters by form with hansetsu (pronunciations), usage examples, semantic readings, and Japanese readings of Chinese characters, many of which are provided with bibliographical information.
- 石室や出土品の特徴から、6世紀末から7世紀前半頃の渡来系の有力氏族(東漢氏)の首長の墓とみられている。
- From the characteristics of the stone chamber and the excavated artifacts, the tumulus is estimated to be a tomb of a local leader who was a member of a powerful immigrant clan (the Yamatonoaya clan) between the end of sixth century and the early seventh century.
- また漢唐訓詁学の語義のみを重視する解釈学を批判し、その中身である道徳精神を重視する学問が打ち出された。
- Additionally, they criticized the interpretation learning of old words of Han and Tang, which was an interpretation learning focusing solely on meaning of words, and a learning focusing on the moral spirit implied was put forth.
- 漢人採用の科挙において依拠すべき注釈として『十三経注疏』と並行して朱子学系統の注釈が選ばれたのである。
- In Kakyo, which hired the Han race, a Neo-Confucianism line of commentary was selected along with 'Annotation and Interpretation Learning of Thirteen Classics' as the commentaries to rely on.
- 2005年11月、漢字文化圏にて2000年近く続いている「端午の節句」について、大韓民国が起源を主張。
- In November 2005, the Republic of Korea asserted that the 'tango no sekku' that has continued for nearly 2,000 years in the Chinese language bloc has an origin in their country.
- 漢風諡号、持統天皇は代々の天皇とともに淡海三船により、熟語の「継体持統」から持統と名付けられたとされる。
- The Chinese-style posthumous name, Jito, was given after a phrase 'Keitai jito' (maintenance of the imperial rule) by OMI no Mifune who also gave posthumous names to other emperors.
- 江戸時代の書物『大和本草』『和漢三才図会』『斎諧俗談』などではシイに「黒眚」という漢字表記をあてている。
- In the literature from the Edo period, such as 'Yamato-honzo', 'Wakan Sansai Zue' and 'Saikai Zokudan', Shii is written '黒眚' in Kanji, which means ''black disaster.''
- その時代に中国を支配した唐王朝に湯沐邑はなかったので、日本の「湯沐邑」は漢代の制度からとったと思われる。
- Because the Tang Dynasty, which conquered China at the age, had no Tomokuyu, Japanese 'Tomokuyu' seems to have been introduced from a system in the age of the Han dynasty.
- 前・後の漢代に湯沐邑を与えられたのは、皇太子、皇后、皇太后、廃王、廃王女、公主、王女、皇后の生母である。
- In the age of the Former and Later Han, Tomokuyu was given to a crown prince, the Empress, the Empress Dowager, a retired king, a retired princess, a king, a princess, and the Empress' real mother.
- 東アジアの漢字文化圏の諸国では、日本も朝鮮もベトナムも、それぞれ中国伝来の宮廷音楽を「雅楽」としていた。
- The East Asian countries that use Chinese characters, Japan, Korea and Vietnam, each had 'Gagaku' court music imported from China.
- 後にはこれが、弁慶の嘘を見破りながら、その心情を思い騙された振りをする好漢として演じられるようになった。
- However, in later performances, he is portrayed as a good-hearted man who, despite the fact that he detects Benkei's lie, pretends to be fooled by him because he understands Benkei's sincere heart.
- 12名の生存者は、漢人の移民により救助され台湾府の保護により、福建省の福州経由で、宮古島へ送り返された。
- Twelve survivors were saved by Han (Chinese) immigrants and transported back to Miyako Island by way of Fuzhou in Fujian Province under the protection of the Taiwan Prefectural Administration.
- 秋田蘭画も南蘋派の影響を受けており、その意味からは和漢洋の折衷体から独自の境地を見い出した画派といえる。
- Akita Ranga was also influenced by the Nanbin School, meaning that it was a unique painting style created by mixing Japanese, Chinese and Western styles.
- ただし、儒教では漢魏の注についてさらに注釈を施すといった訓詁学的なものを「疏」と呼ぶようになっていった。
- However, in Ju-kyo, interpretation learning of old words such as creating annotations for annotations from Han and Wei was called 'so.'
- さて、前漢から五経博士たちが使っていた五経の写本は、漢代通行の隷書体に書き写されていて今文経といわれる。
- The manuscripts of the Five Classics used by the Gokyo hakase since former Han was copied in reisho-tai (clerical script), which was in use during the Han period, and was called Kinbun-kei.
- 本記事の記事名は「落ち」だが、漫画の分野においては、漢字ではなくカタカナで「オチ」と表記されることが多い。
- The title of this article is 'Ochi', which is written in kanji (Chinese characters), while in the field of Manga, 'ochi' is usually written not in Kanji but in Katakana.
- 『古事記』(711年)では、日本語の発音を表現するために、漢字の音と訓を交えて読ませる工夫が施されている。
- In the 'Kojiki' (completed in 711), to record the pronunciation of Japanese language using Chinese characters, Chinese characters were read in the original Chinese pronunciations (On) or in the pronunciations of the corresponding Japanese words (Kun).
- また漢詩に対して詩余(しよ)とも言われ、長短不揃いの句で構成されることから長短句(ちょうたんく)ともいう。
- As contrasted with Kanshi (Chinese poems), it is called Shiyo as well; it is also known as Chotanku because it consisted of lines of irregular lengths, short and long.
- 文語体(漢文調):天ノ人ヲ生ズルハ億兆皆(みな)同一轍ニテ、之ニ附与スルニ動カス可カラザルノ通義ヲ以テス。
- Literary style (Kanbun style): Heaven (God) created millions of millions of humans and gave all of them undeprivable rights.
- しかしながら、この文書は漢字を意味のある文字と認識しておらず、現在の「かな」の感覚に近い使い方をしている。
- However, in these documents, each Chinese character is not recognized as a word with a meaning, and the way of using these characters is closer to that of using kana today.
- そのことを明らかにすると、彼らは漢奸として、不幸な目にあうので、当時は報告しませんでした」と回顧している。
- They would have been treated as Hanjian (traitors) and faced misfortune if we revealed it so we did not report it back then.'
- 後漢では張衡 (科学者)・蔡ヨウ・趙岐、魏の楊脩・桓範・嵆康、蜀の諸葛亮、東晋の戴逵・王羲之・顧愷之など。
- CHO Ko (scientist), SAI Yo and CHO Ki in the Later Han Dynasty, YO Shu, KAN Han and Keiko in Wei, ZHUGE Liang in Shoku (Shu), TAI Ki, WANG Xizhi and GU Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin are examples of such Bunjin good at paintings.
- 「三十年来一夢中 捨レ身取レ義夢尚同 双親臥レ病故郷在 取レ義捨レ恩夢共空」(「レ」は漢詩文訓読の返り点)
- I have been following my dream for thirty years, so dedicating myself to honor is exactly what I have been dreaming of, but as my parents are ill and bedridden, it would be vain to neglect my debt of gratitude and grasp at my dream.'
- 芸能では、貴族層は前代以来の歌謡である催馬楽(さいばら)や神楽歌、漢詩や和歌の名句を吟ずる朗詠を楽しんだ。
- As for public entertainment, court nobles enjoyed songs and ballads from former generations; saibara (genre of Heian-period Japanese court music - primarily consisting of gagaku-styled folk melodies), kagura-uta (songs to accompany kagura performances) and roei recitation of famous phrases from Chinese-style poem or waka.
- が、明軍は漢城を捨てずに抗戦の構えを見せた為に、日本軍は冬季の内陸駐屯を避けて朝鮮南岸へ布陣して越冬した。
- However, because the Ming army did not leave Hansong and showed a willingness to fight back, the Japanese army did not stay inland in winter but took up their position on the southern coast of Korea and stayed there over the winter.
- 漢訳の場合は「衆園(しゅおん)」「僧園(そうおん)」などと訳された例があるが、通常「伽藍」とのみ呼ばれる。
- In classical Chinese translation, the word was sometimes translated as '衆園 (shuon)' or '僧園 (soon)' but usually it is called just '伽藍 (garan).'
- 阿羅漢 (あらかん、サンスクリット:arhat)は、仏教において、尊敬や施しを受けるに相応しい聖者のこと。
- Arakan (arhat in Sanskrit) is a saint in Buddhism who is eligible to receive respect and charity.
- その弟子、鄭玄(じょうげん)は三礼注を中心に五経全体に矛盾なく貫通する理論を構築し、漢代経学を集大成した。
- His disciple, Jo Gen (Zheng Xuan) developed a theory centered around Sanreichu and running through the entire Five Classics without contradictions, and compiled the learning of Keisho in the Han Dynasty.
- だが、元田永孚ら宮中の保守的な漢学者の影響によって教育勅語などに儒教の忠孝思想が取り入れられ、奨励された。
- However, influenced by conservative scholars of the Chinese classics in the imperial court such as Nagazane MOTODA, the thought of loyalty to one's master and filial piety of Ju-kyo was adopted in the Imperial Rescript on Education, etc. and was promoted.
- 皇族が誕生すると、当該皇族の父と宮内庁書陵部と漢学者が相談して、命名すべき名前(嫡流の場合称号も)を決める。
- When an imperial member is born, the father of the imperial member, Imperial Household Archives, and scholar of the Chinese classics discuss and determine the name to be given (and the title if the child is a direct descendant).
- 御料車のナンバープレートは直径約10cmの円形で、銀色の下地に漢字で「皇」の一字と数字が金色で描かれている。
- The number plate for the goryosha is round and the diameter is around 10 centimeters, the base color is silver and a Chinese character '皇' and numbers are drawn in gold.
- 親王作の詩歌は『拾遺和歌集』以下数多くの勅撰和歌集や『本朝麗草』『和漢朗詠集』『本朝文粋』などに撰集された。
- Poetry written by Imperial Prince was compiled in 'Shui waka shu' (Collection of Gleanings), many other collections of poets (tanka) compiled by Imperial Order, 'Honcho Reiso,' 'Wakan Roeishu' (Japanese and Chinese Poems to Sing), and 'Honcho Monzui' (The Literary Essence of Our County).
- 戦後、「支那」という呼称を宜しきとしない風潮によって支那学も漢学も一括して「中国学」と呼称されるようになる。
- After the war, chinology and kangaku were collectively referred to as 'chugokugaku' (Chinese studies), as it is regarded inappropriate to use the term of 'china.'
- 『類聚符宣抄』によれば、元は漢の東海王の末裔であった波能志(はのし)の子孫で錦部村首、後に錦宿禰を名乗った。
- According to the 'Ruiju Fusensho' (a collection of official documents dating from the years 737 to 1093), the founder of this lineage of the Miyoshi was a descendant of Hanoshi, who was himself a descendant of Prince of Donghai in Han, named Nishikori no Muraobito (錦部村首) later as Nishiki no Sukune.
- この際、瀟湘八景と同様に前2句+後2句の漢字4文字となるように項目名が設定されることが多い(例:金沢八景)。
- In many cases, as with the Eight Views of Xiaoxiang, the item name is made up of four Kanji (Chinese characters): the first pair and the latter pair (e.g. '金沢八景' Eight Views of Kanazawa).
- 現存する中国最古の書論は、後漢時代に著された中国の書家一覧趙壱の『非草書』である(中国の書道史書論を参照)。
- The oldest existing theory of calligraphy in China is 'Hisosho' written by Choitsu in the Chinese calligrapher list described in the later term of the Western Han period (refer to the Chinese history and theory of calligraphy).
- 藩という語は漢代~清代に使われたが、日本のように固有名詞として「○○藩」のように使われることはほとんどない。
- The term Han was used from the Han dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, but it was rarely used to form a proper noun like ' XX Han' in Japan.
- この表向きの一揆の盟約の禁止下で行われた百姓一揆は、その建前上の性格ゆえに土寇(どこう)とも漢語表記された。
- Hyakusho ikki, which took place under the ostensible prohibition of making a league of ikki, was, due to its official nature, also written as the originally Chinese word 土寇 (doko).
- ウジに付した「西漢人」などの記載により、賀夜の渡来系の人の割合は全体の2割、宇都は3割を占めたことがわかる。
- Descriptions of 'Seikanjin' (people from China) and so on attached to Uji showed that the proportion of Immigrants to ancient Japan to the total was 20 percent in Kaya and 30 percent in Uzu, respectively.
- 嘉量による1両は『漢書律歴志』の記述に基づく実測の結果は14.167グラムであり、これは「小両」に相当する。
- When we weigh 1 ryo with chia-liang standard measure in 'Book of Han, Treatise on rhythm and the calendar,' actual measured value was 14.167 grams which equivalent to 1 'smaller ryo.'
- 後漢時代にはすでに恩給と変わらないものとなっており、それも形骸化して、爵位だけを授ける封爵制として存続した。
- In the Later Han period, it virtually became a pension system, turning into a formality, and continued as a system to grant peerage.
- 原始仏典にはパーリ五部および漢訳の阿含経典群があり、その一部は釈尊の言葉を比較的忠実に伝えていると言われる。
- Primitive sutras include five sutras of Pali and the Agon-kyo Sutra group (as translated into Chinese), and it is said that portions of these sutras adhere relatively closely to Syakamuni's words.
- 漢代の皇族男子は通常諸侯・王や列侯になって、与えられた領地を統治したが、それ以外の皇族には湯沐邑が与えられた。
- The Imperial son in Han usually became lords and king to reign his territory, and other Imperial Family was given Tomokuyu.
- 娯楽性も強いが漢語が散りばめられ、会話文主体で平易な滑稽本や草双紙などと比べ文学性の高いものと認識されている。
- Despite its entertaining tendency, Yomihon texts often included words of Chinese origin, and as such, it is considered literature of higher quality in comparison to Kokkeibon (comical and humorous stories) and Kusazoshi (illustrated books).
- 詩吟の漢詩の内容によって、主に剣舞を伴う演目、主に扇舞を伴う演目、どちらでも舞うことのできる演目に分けられる。
- Programs are categorized into ones that are mainly accompanied by Kenbu, ones that are mainly accompanied by Senbu, and ones that can be accompanied by either of them, based on the content of the poem.
- 「泰時消息文」によれば、公家法は漢文で記されており難解であるので、武士に分かりやすい文体の法律を作ったとある。
- According to 'Yasutoki shosokubun,' they created a law written in understandable style to samurai since the kugeho was written in kanbun (Chinese classics) and difficult to understand.
- 封建制(ほうけんせい)とは、中国など漢字文化圏における政治思想において主張された、周王朝を規範とする政治制度。
- The Hoken system is a political system modeled after the Shu Dynasty in China, which was advocated in the political thought of Kanji using nations, such as China.
- 漢唐時代には細々と伝承されてきたとする孔子の道に対する系譜が作られ、自己をその最後に置く道統論が盛んになった。
- Genealogy was created for the way of Koshi, which was quietly being passed down during the Han and Tang eras, and discussions about how a saint initiated another into Tao within Confucianism, where people would put themselves at the end of the genealogy, became popular.
- しかし漢詩集『懐風藻』や『万葉集』には「父・天智が大友皇子を立太子(正式な皇太子と定めること)していた」とある。
- However, according to a collection of Chinese poetry 'Kaifuso' (Fond Recollections of Poetry), and 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), 'his father, Emperor Tenchi, decided that Prince Otomo ought to be the formal Crown Prince.'
- なお、現代でも近代以前の中国文学を専門として研究する場合には、「漢文学」という呼称が用いられるのが一般的である。
- Furthermore, even nowadays, the term 'kanbungaku' is used in general when Chinese literature before the early modern times is studied.
- 与三郎は実家を勘当され無頼漢となり34箇所の刃傷の痕を売りものにした「切られ与三」として悪名を馳せることとなる。
- Yosaburo was disinherited by his family and became a highbinder, who gained public notoriety as 'Kirare Yosa' (Scarface Yosa) with his 34 sword cuts.
- 『漢書』「食貨志」によると、貨泉は天鳳元年(14年)に鋳造され、新が滅亡するまでの12年のあいだ流通したという。
- According to Shi Hugo Zhan (records on economy) of 'Kanjo' (historical records of the Han Dynasty), Kasen were cast in 14 A.D., and were circulated for twelve years until the Shin dynasty became extinct.
- 奈良時代、天皇の命令を記した宣命という文書では「送りがな」や「てにをは」を漢字の音を借りて小さく書き入れている。
- During the Nara period, in senmyo, documents that recorded orders from an emperor, small-sized Chinese characters with pronunciations corresponding to okurigana and postpositional particles, such as te, ni, wo, and ha, were used for recording these sounds,
- 副葬品としての鏡は、前・中・後期には、いわゆる漢鏡もしくは漢式鏡であったが、終末期古墳では隋・唐鏡になっている。
- Mirrors as burial goods were so-called Han mirrors or Han style mirrors in the early, mid and late period, and they later came to be Zui-Tang mirrors among the tombs of the Final Kofun period.
- これまで全て漢字や万葉仮名で記述されていた日本語をそのまま文章にすることが可能となり、日本文学が発生・発展した。
- This made it possible to write Japanese, which had hitherto been written only in kanji (Chinese characters) or Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu or Collection of Myriad Leaves), as it actually was, leading to the emergence and evolution of Japanese literature.
- 中世には現在の日本語の書き言葉の原型となる和漢混淆文が成立し、日本語は漢語と和語を織り交ぜた自在な表現力を得た。
- In medieval times, a mixture of Japanese and Chinese writing, which became the basis of today's written Japanese language, was established, giving Japanese flexible powers of expression with its mix of kango (words of Chinese origin) and Wago (words of Japanese origin).
- 後漢の尺は 23.04センチメートル であるから、直径 46cm 前後の円鏡を指し、現在 4 枚の出土例がある。
- 1 shaku in the Later Han Dynasty China was set at 23.04 centimeters (2 shaku), so it means the mirror of about 46 centimeter in diameter, and by now 4 circular mirrors of this size have been excavated in China.
- これらの私記は、漢文で書かれた『日本書紀』を本来の伝承形態に戻って解釈することに力を注いでいると考えられている。
- It is considered that these private notes concentrated on the interpretation of the 'Nihonshoki' written in kanbun (Sino-Japanese) from the viewpoint of its original form of lore.
- 官荘には永小作権を有する漢人世襲の荘頭が置かれ、官荘内より租税を集めて生産物(後世にはその代銀)を宮廷に納めた。
- The head of shoen who was descendant of the Han race and had the right of tenant farming was put in the manors and he collected the tax from the manor and paid products (in later times, money) to the imperial court.
- 類聚名義抄(るいじゅみょうぎしょう)は、11世紀末から12世紀頃に日本で成立した、漢字を引くための辞典(字書)。
- Ruiju myogisho is a dictionary (or glossary) of Chinese characters, compiled in Japan between the late 11th century and the early 12th century.
- 1882年7月、旧式軍の兵士と市民が漢城で蜂起して新編成の「別技軍」の日本人教官らを殺害し日本公使館を包囲した。
- In July 1882, the old-fashioned solders and civilians rose up in revolt in Hanseong and killed the Japanese military trainers of the newly formed 'Byeolgigun (a modernized special military force)' and seized the Japanese legation.
- 列侯は初め徹侯と言っていたが、漢武帝 (漢)(劉徹)の諱である徹にふれる為に通侯に改められ、その後列侯に変わった。
- At first 'rekko' (列侯 in kanji) was called 'tekko' (徹侯 in kanji) but tekko contained a kanji of 徹, which appeared in the personal name of the Emperor Wu of Han (Han dynasty) (Che Liu, 劉徹 in kanji), so 'tsuko' (通侯) was used instead and changed into 'rekko' (列侯) later.
- 同じ本貫の場合、名前を付ける場合に行列字などを用いて同じ代同士は同じ漢字を使って人名朝鮮人の名前するケースも多い。
- When the hongan is the same, one is named by the use of Koretsuji (generational character) and so on, and in most cases, the same Chinese character is used to name those who are of the same generation.
- 元来、漢数字としての、小数を表す文字である「分 (数)」(ぶ)は、数値としては10分の1、厘は100分の1を示す。
- Originally, 'bu' (分), one of Chinese numerals showing a decimal fraction, indicates a 10th, while 'rin' indicates a 100th.
- 漢代の長さの標準器であった黄鐘管を満たす水の量の2倍の量に由来するもので、2倍であるので「合」という名称となった。
- The name 'go' comes from the volume which corresponds to the two times larger than the amount of water filling up a oshikikan (yellow bell tube, a kind of flute), the standard of length during the age of the Han Dynasty, then it was named 'go' (combination).
- 江戸時代の後期になると、伝統的な漢方医学に加え、伊良子光顕などオランダ医学の流れを汲む者も登用されるようになった。
- Towards the end of the Edo period, a new type of doctor was added to those practicing traditional Chinese medicine, and its practitioners began to be appointed to the Tenyakuryo: this type comprised doctors, for example Mitsuaki IRAKO, who followed the trends in Western (specifically, Dutch) medicine.
- また、第1回の仏典編集(結集(けつじゅう))に集まった500人の弟子を五百羅漢と称して尊敬することも盛んであった。
- Moreover, 500 disciples who gathered in the first editorial meeting of Buddhist sutra (結集(けつじゅう)were called the 500 Rakans and were eagerly respected.
- 鳩摩羅什(クマーラ・ジーヴァ)が漢字に翻訳した法華経一部八巻二十八品の題目(題名)は、「妙法蓮華経」の五字である。
- Nichiren chant (title) of Hoke-kyo Sutra Part 1, Volume 8, Chapter 28, which Kumaraju translated into Chinese characters, consists of five letters, 'Myohorenge-kyo (妙法蓮華経).'
- しかし、宋の天下が安定した仁宗 (宋)期になると、唐末の古文復興運動が共感され、漢唐時代は否定されるようになった。
- However, when Song stabilized during the Jinso (Renzong) period, the old text revival movement at the end of Tang raised sympathy, and the Han and Tang era began being denied.
- また、1932年発刊の『師範漢文改制版・巻二』(明治書院)と題する師範学校の教科書に『月瀬記勝』の一部が使用された。
- Also, a section from 'Tsukigase Kisho' was used in a teachers' college textbook titled 'Revised Chinese Classics for Teachers. Vol. 2' (Meiji-Shoin Publications), published in 1932.
- 嵯峨天皇から清和天皇にかけての時期は、凌雲集などの漢文詩集が編纂されたり、唐風の書がはやるなど、唐風文化が花開いた。
- From Emperor Saga to Emperor Seiwa, the Tang-way culture was in full bloom; poetry books of Chinese classics, including Ryounshu (Cloud-borne collection), were compiled and Tang-way calligraphy was popular.
- これが、頼山陽の漢詩『川中島』の一節、「鞭声粛々夜河を渡る」(べんせいしゅくしゅく、よるかわをわたる)の場面である。
- This is the scene corresponding to the phrase of 'Bensei-shukushuku yoru kawawo wataru' (crossing a river in the night, making even horse-whipping sound smaller) in 'Kawanakajima,' a Chinese poem composed by Sanyo RAI.
- たとえば、下記のようにある項目では、「洌」という漢字について、まず、「玉(ごく)に云ふ」と、『玉篇』の説を引用する。
- For instance, the entry for '洌' first cites the account in 'Gyokuhen' (Chinese dictionary edited in the sixth century), which is indicated by the phrase '玉云' (according to 'Gyoku') appears as follows:
- 牛伯英は陳愚衷と兵を合わせ公州に駐屯していたが、日本軍が全州を発して大挙北進するのを聞くと蒼黄となり漢城に退却した。
- Gyu combined forces with Chin and stayed in Gongju; upon hearing that the Japanese army had left Jeonju and headed north, they became afraid and retreated to Hanseong.
- こののち、『日本三代実録』まで漢文正史が編まれて「六国史」と総称されるが、『日本書紀』はその嚆矢となったものである。
- After that official histories in classical Chinese up to 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' were edited and collectively called 'Rikkokushi' (Japan's six national histories chronicling the seventh and eighth centuries) of which 'Nihonshoki' was the first.
- 今上は、「いまのうへ」という大和言葉を漢字で書いたもので、漢語由来の「聖上」と同じように、現在の帝を意味する語である。
- Kinjo (今上) is the kanji (Chinese characters) representing 'imanoue' of yamato-kotoba (words of Japanese origin) and is the word meaning the current mikado (emperor) as with seijo (聖上) derived from kango (words of Chinese origin).
- 江戸時代の百科事典『和漢三才図会』にも、ゴイサギが空を飛ぶ姿は火のようであり、特に月夜には明るく見えるとの記述がある。
- There is also a description in an encyclopedia compiled in the Edo period 'Wakan-sansai-zue' that reads that the appearance of a young night heron flying in the air is just like a fire and is especially seen brightly on a moonlight night.
- 「君が代は」の型は『和漢朗詠集』の鎌倉時代初期の一本に記すものなどが最も古いといえる(巻下祝、国歌大観番号775番)。
- We can say that the oldest example of the form of 'Kimigayoha' appears in the version of 'Wakanroeishu (Japanese and Chinese poems to sing)' at the beginning of the Kamakura Period (巻下祝, Kokka Taikan No. 343).
- 明治後期から敗戦までは天皇制などと表現することは不敬な表現であり、国体(=くにがら、くにぶり/漢書成帝紀)とよばれた。
- From the end of the Meiji period until the end of the World War II to describe the system as Tennosei (Emperor System) was to commit blasphemy; the system was called kokutai made up of two kanji (fundamental character of the nation) in the Chinese way of reading and kunigara or kuniburi in the Japanese way of reading; the term was derived from the Records of Emperor Cheng of Han in Kanjo (Historical records of the Han Dynasty).
- 歴代当主の中には漢学の才を認められ、改元の際の新年号の候補およびその出典を記した「年号勘文」の提出者となった者も多い。
- When the era name was changed, many successive heads of the family, who had acquired a reputation for the study of the Chinese classics, became presenters of 'Nengo-kanmon,' an opinion paper in which possible era names and the source of these names were discussed.
- いずれの場合も、漢方薬で消化を助けるとされるサンショウの粉を振りかけて食べる習慣がある(関東で始まった風習とされる)。
- In either case, it is a custom to eat eel kabayaki with powdered sansho, a Chinese medicinal herb that is considered to aid digestion (the custom is considered to have started in Kanto region).
- なお引用にあたってはおもに参考文献にあげた『謡曲大観』を参照しているが、読解の容易から適宜漢字変換、句読点を追加した)
- Although the quotations were referenced from the 'Yokyoku Taikan' (a complete anthology of Noh plays), some characters have been converted into modern Chinese characters and punctuation marks have been added for readability.
- 漢文で書かれている『解体新書』においては「打係縷亜那都米」と表記され、「ターヘル・アナトミイ」とフリガナが付いている。
- In 'Kaitai Shinsho' which was written in kanbun (Chinese classics), the term '打係縷亜那都米' ('Taheru Anatomia' in Chinese characters) has a phonetic subscript printed beside it in order to overcome transliteration/expression challenges.
- 徳は、五常の徳目を統べる意があることから、漢代以降、帝王の色として尊ばれた「紫」を充てた推測できる(『漢書』天文志)。
- As 'toku' (virtue) governs the other five virtues, it is presumed that it was allocated 'purple' since that had been valued as the color of the sovereign (emperor) since the Han dynasty (Tenmonshi of 'Kanjo' (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)).
- この「学問を修める」とは経書経学(儒学的知識)を中心に、史学・漢学など幅広い知識を有する読書人であることを前提とする。
- It was assumed that 'an educated person' had wide knowledge of studies such as History and Sinology, centering on Keisho (most important documents in Confucianism) and Keigaku (study of Keisho in Confucianism).
- 漢代以降の中国伝統社会において詩とは士大夫の理念の表出であり、経世済民の責務を遂行する上で必須の能力と見なされていた。
- In the traditional society in China after the age of the Han dynasty, poetry was an expression of Shidaifu's ideal and was regarded as an essential ability in performing the responsibility of governing a nation and providing relief to people.
- 以後、儒教以外の漢文学を教授した文章博士の地位が向上して、後には文章博士の学科である紀伝道が上位を占めるようになった。
- The status of Monjo Hakase, who taught Chinese classical literature other than Confucianism, subsequently improved, their department, Kidendo (the study of the histories), became highly ranked.
- 引用文献には、中国ではもちろん、中国で佚した漢籍をしばしば遺している日本においてすら今日見ることのできないものも多い。
- Much literature was cited that can no more be seen today not only in China but also in Japan, where some Chinese classic books still exist.
- 意見十二箇条(いけんじゅうにかじょう)とは平安時代中期の漢学者三善清行が、914年醍醐天皇に提出した政治意見書である。
- Iken junikajo (twelve opinions) was the written statement on politics that Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI, a scholar of Chinese classics in the mid Heian period, submitted to Emperor Daigo in 914.
- 大阿羅漢難提多所説(法注記)によると、仏勅を受けて永くこの世に住し衆生を済度する役割をもった16人の阿羅漢といわれる。
- According to 'Daiarakan Nandai Shosetsu (Hojuki),' it means sixteen Arakans who live in this world forever by Buddha's order and serve as redeemers of living things.
- チベットでは、瑜伽師地論は無着菩薩造となっており、究竟一乗宝性論が弥勒菩薩造となっているが、漢訳では堅慧造としている。
- In Tibet it is said that Yugashijiron is made by Muchaku Bosatsu and Kukyoichijohoshoron is made by Miroku Bosatsu, while it is regarded to be made by Kenne Bosatsu (堅慧) in a translation of Chinese.
- この漢字に翻訳された五字・七字の題目を連続的に唱えることで、経典のすべてを読み実践するのと同じ功徳があるとされている。
- The continuous recitation of five or seven letters of Nichiren chant (which are translated into Chinese characters) is regarded as being the same pious act as reading and practicing all sutras.
- なお、漢訳には題名に「経」が付されているが、サンスクリットテキストの題名には「経」に相当する「スートラ」の字句はない。
- Additionally, a Chinese title accompanies the word '経 (sutra),' but in the title of Sanskrit text there is no word 'sutra' that corresponds to '経.'
- 後漢になると、古文経が学官に立てられることはなかったものの、民間において経伝の訓詁解釈学を発展させて力をつけていった。
- In the later Han, Kobun-kei was never assigned as gakkan, but they gained influence by advancing the study on interpretation of the meaning of old characters, words and phrases of the sacred texts among ordinary citizens.
- 紀元前2世紀前漢時代の淮南王(わいなんおう)・劉安(りゅうあん)にちなむ中華人民共和国伝来の食品であるという説がある。
- One theory is that tofu is connected with Prince Liu An of Huainan in the former Han period of the second century B.C., and that it was introduced from mainland China.
- 日本の代表的な展覧会である日本美術展覧会の第五科(書)では、漢字、かな (書道)、篆刻、調和体の4領域が実施されている。
- Four fields of Kanji, Kana (Shodo), Tenkoku (seal engraving), and Chowatai (harmony) are carried out in the Fifth Department (Sho) by the Japan Fine Arts Exhibition, a typical exhibition in Japan.
- このように楷書体や平易な行書体程度の漢字を使って日本語のかなの部分に当てはめて書き記したものを真仮名(まがな)と呼んだ。
- The kaisho-tai (square or block style of writing) style or simple gyosho-tai (semi-cursive style of writing) style Chinese characters used for recording kana portions of Japanese language were called magana.
- 仁川は朝鮮の首都漢城の外港にあたる地であるため交渉は非常に難航したが、朝鮮側が妥協して1881年2月受諾を通告してきた。
- The negotiation ran into trouble extremely as Incheon was the outer harbor of Hanseong, the capital of Korea, but Korea compromised and notified Japan of their acceptance in February 1881.
- 従って、漢字文化圏の国家においては、最高位の君主の称号が皇帝あるいはそれと同等なものである場合、皇后も存在することになる。
- Therefore, in nations that use Chinese characters, if the title for the highest ranking monarch's is emperor or something of equivalence, empress was present.
- 紀貫之が書いた『古今和歌集』の「古今和歌集仮名序」は、漢文の用法を遺しながらも平仮名で書かれた和文として初期のものである。
- Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (Preface of Kokin Wakashu written in kana) of the 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) written by KI no Tsurayuki was an early work written in Hiragana while keeping the usage of a text in Chinese.
- 漢方薬では燻蒸(くんじょう)して真っ黒になった実を烏梅(うばい)といい、健胃、整腸、駆虫、止血、強心作用があるといわれる。
- As a Chinese herbal drug, Japanese plums blackened by smoking are called Ubai and are believed to have effects of calming gastric and intestinal disorders, vermifuge, haemostatis and cardiotonic.
- また、漢代に災異説や陰陽五行説、讖緯説が盛行すると、その影響下において、経書に対する緯書と称する書物が出現することとなる。
- Besides, in the age of Han, when theories of natural calamity, the Way of Yin & Yang and Shini theory prospered, and 'Isho' (book of omens appended to Confucian Chinese classics) came to appear to be opposed to the Chinese classics of Confucianism.
- 漢城(現:ソウル特別市)において、大日本帝国の特命全権公使林権助と大韓帝国(李氏朝鮮)の外部大臣臨時署理李址鎔が調印した。
- Envoy extraordinary and Minister of plenipotentiary of Japan (then Empire of Japan), Gonsuke HAYASHI and Minister of state for foreign affairs of Korea (then the Korean Empire, Joseon Dynasty), Yi Jiyong sealed the treaty in Hanseong (the present Seoul Special City).
- 唐の『新修本草』を範に取り、その他漢籍医学・薬学書に書かれた薬物に倭名を当てはめ、日本での産出の有無及び産地を記している。
- The dictionary is modeled after 'Xinxiu Bencao' compiled in Tang-dynasty China, and includes names of medicines, which were found in other Chinese medical books and translated into Japanese, and information about whether the medicines (medical plants) were produced in Japan and where they were produced.
- 擬漢文体で書かれ、衣食住、職業、領国経営、建築、司法、職分、仏教、武具、教養、療養など、多岐にわたる一般常識を内容とする。
- Written in pseudo-Chinese style, Teikin Orai covered a wide range of topics on general knowledge including lifestyle, vocation, territory management, architecture, law, duty, Buddhism, weapons, education, and medical treatment.
- 最高の悟りを得た仏弟子は阿羅漢(アラカン 如来十号の一)と呼ばれ、仏である釈迦の教法によって解脱した聖者と位置づけられた。
- The disciple who achieved supreme enlightenment was called Arakan, and he was positioned as a saint who was delivered from earthly bondage by the sermons of Shaka as Buddha.
- 中平とは後漢の霊帝の年号で、184~189年を指し、「倭国乱」(『魏志』倭人伝)「倭国大乱」(宋書)が終結した時期である。
- Zhongping is the name of the Emperor Ling's era in the Later Han Dynasty, which corresponds to 184 to 189 AD, and it was the time when 'Wakoku War' (Gishiwajinden [The Record of Japan in the 'History of Wei']) and 'Wakoku War' (Sosho [Sung Shu]) drew to a close.
- 「どとう」が転訛して「ずとう」と称されるようになり、玄昉首塚説との関連で、「頭塔」という漢字が当てられたものと考えられる。
- The sound of 'doto' changed to 'zuto' and with a relation of the theory of Genbo's Kubi-zuka, Chinese character '頭塔' (head tower) is thought to have been applied.
- この日の行事について書かれた最も古い文献は後漢時代の崔寔が書いた『四民月令』であり、書物を虫干しにしたことが記されている。
- The oldest literature which mentioned the events held on this day was 'Simin yueling' (book on agricultural work), a book written by Cui Shi in the Later term of the Western Han period, and according to it, people aired out books on the day.
- 漢風諡号、天武天皇は代々の天皇とともに淡海三船により「天は武王を立てて悪しき王(紂王)を滅ぼした」から名付けられたとされる。
- Tenmu (天武) is his Chinese-style posthumous name, given by OMI no Mifune who also gave Chinese-style posthumous name to other emperors in Japan, meaning 'Heaven (天) sent King Wu (武) of Zhou and defeated the evil king (King Zhou).'
- また、後漢においては幼帝が続いたために宦官に対抗する権力として外戚を利用したり、外戚を牽制するために宦官を利用するなどした。
- In the Later Han, because young emperors continued, the maternal relatives were used as a power to oppose eunuchs, or eunuchs were used to put a brake on the maternal relatives.
- そして東国の調(ちょう)を進めると偽って天皇を儀式に臨席させ、その席で東漢駒(やまとのあやのあたいこま)の手により暗殺した。
- He invited the Emperor to a false ceremony by saying he would present him with products of Togoku (eastern provinces), and it was there that the Emperor was assassinated by YAMATO no Aya no Koma.
- 漢字の出典については、五経などの古典から学者が選出し、天皇にいくつかの案を提出し、天皇が案から選んで与えることになっている。
- For the source of the kanji, scholars make selection from classical books such as Gokyo (the Five Classics texts of Confucianism) and submit several proposals to Emperor from which he chooses one to give it to a recipient.
- 『山ノ上碑』(681年)では、漢字を日本語の語順に並べ、「送りがな」や「助詞」など、かなの部分を取り除いた碑文となっている。
- In the inscription of 'Yama no Ue no Hi' (the monument on the mountain top) (built in 681), the Chinese characters on the monument were arranged in the order of the Japanese sentence, with the kana portions, such as okurigana (kanas added to a Chinese character to show its pronunciation) and postpositional particles, removed.
- そして『奈良漬け』という名前に変わったのは、奈良の漢方医糸屋宗仙が、慶長年間(1596年~1615年)に名付けたからである。
- And the name was changed to 'narazuke' as Sosen ITOYA, a doctor of Chinese medicine, named so during the Keicho era (1596-1615).
- 中国においては、漢の時代より后妃や皇族、富豪らが所有する「荘」もしくは「園」と呼ばれるものが存在し、これが荘園の元となった。
- Since the Han Dynasty in China, there had existed lands called 'sho' or 'en' that the Empress, the imperial families and the rich owned, which were the origin of shoen.
- チベット語訳がサンスクリットの逐語訳に近く、原形に還元しやすいので、原典のない漢訳経典の原型を探るためにも重要視されている。
- Tibetan translation is near to a literal translation of Sanskrit, and it is easy to deduce to original words, so that it is considered important to the research of original forms of Buddhist sutra that have been translated into Chinese, particularly when the originals no longer exist.
- 区分機の読み取りの特性上、住所の番地などは漢数字よりも英数字のほうが読み間違いが少なく区分機の誤区分による遅延が起きにくい。
- Due to the nature of the postal address-reading and sorting machine, numbers in the address are more correctly read in the case of Arabic numerals than Chinese characters, which causes less frequent delays due to misreading.
- 漢語における豆腐の「腐」は腐る意味ではなく、チーズのように凝固した食品(英語のカード (食品) curd にあたる)を指す。
- The character '腐' in Chinese word tofu doesn't mean 'to go bad'; instead, it refers to curdled food such as cheese (corresponding to 'curd' in English).
- 帰化系の人々も段々と付近に居住するようになり、中でも後に有力氏族に成長したの東漢氏が、早くから飛鳥に近い檜隈に居を構えていた。
- Naturalized citizens gradually started to live in the vicinity of Asuka, and the Yamatonoaya clan, which later became a powerful clan, established their residence in Hinokuma close to Asuka from early on.
- 清原家は漢文の注釈などを家業にする文章の家で、現在京都大学に所蔵されている清家文庫はかつてこの清原家が所持していたものである。
- The Kiyohara Family was a family of scribes, the business of which was to write notes to Chinese, and the Seike Library, which is now housed at Kyoto University, was once owned by the Kiyohara Family.
- 「美術家の最後の叫びは『自然に帰れ』の一語にあり、余は思ふ、書道に於て漢魏六朝碑に向って所謂る自然の尋ぬべきもの多々なるを。」
- Artists' last claim is 'Return to nature,' and I think that, in calligraphy, there are so-called 'many natural things to be found ' in inscriptions on monuments in the six Han-Wei dynasties.
- 他方、2月8日に日本政府は韓国の戦時局外中立宣言を無視する形で、日本軍を仁川広域市へ上陸させ、その後漢城へ進駐し、締結された。
- On the other hand, the Japanese government ignored the Korean proclamation of neutrality by extending the Japanese troops to Incheon City; finally the troops got stationed in Hanseong and then the treaty was signed.
- 音道(おんどう)とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、儒教経典をそのまま音読するために必要な漢音(中国語)の発音について習う学科。
- Ondo is one of the subjects of Daigaku-ryo, an educational institution under the system of centralized administration established under the Ritsuryo Legal Codes in Japan, to learn the Han pronunciations of Chinese characters in order to allow the reading aloud of the scriptures of Confucianism with the original pronunciations.
- これを 「常に月将を以て占時に加え、日辰陰陽を視て以て四課を立つ。」 と読み下すことは、漢文の知識があればさほど困難ではない。
- For persons who have a knowledge about kanbun, it may not be so difficult to read it as 'tsuneni gessho wo motte senji ni kuwae, Nisshininyo wo mite motte shika wo tatsu.' (Gessho and the time should always be used for divination and Shika should be derived by seeing Nisshinonmyo).
- それはこれらの三国が古墳時代以来朝鮮半島の国々を経て日本に伝播してきた漢字、儒教、仏教、律令制などの文化を共有したことによる。
- This is partly because the three countries have shared cultures, including kanji (Chinese characters), Confucianism, Buddhism, the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), which had been introduced into Japan through countries on the Korean Peninsula since the Kofun period (tumulus period).
- 6月10日海軍陸戦隊400と大鳥圭介公使が漢城に入り、後続部隊を合わせて4000名の混成旅団が首都周辺に駐留することとなった。
- On June 10, 400 squadrons of Japanese Navy, Land Forces, and the minister to Korea Keisuke OTORI entered Hanseong with a plan that a total of 4,000 solders of mixed brigades with the following troops would be stationed in the capital and the surrounding area.
- 事変後政治的に後退していた日本は竹添進一郎公使を10月30日漢城に帰任させ、済物浦条約の未払い分40万円の返上を申し出させた。
- Japan in political regression after the incident made Shinichiro TAKEZOE return to his post as minister to Korea in Hanseong on October 30 and he proposed to give up an unpaid 400,000 yen required in the Jemulpo Treaty.
- この時代は、足利将軍家が禅宗を保護したことから前代にもまして禅宗が盛んになり、水墨による羅漢図、観音図などがさかんに制作された。
- During this period, as Ashikaga Shogun Family supported Zen sect, it became even more popular than in the previous period, and ink-wash painting Rakan zu (pictures of Buddha's disciple) and Kannon zu (Avalokitesvara painting), etc. were aggressively created.
- 後漢の馬融の『囲棊賦』などで「博」(スゴロク)は投機的で浅薄な賭事であるに対して囲碁は頭脳を使い戦略的・理知的であるとしている。
- In 'Igofu' written by MA Rong in the Later Han, while sugoroku game was described as a speculative and superficial gamble, Igo was described as a strategic and intellectual game.
- これは当初来日する外国商人は中国の開港場から来る者が多く、日本は漢字が通用するので中国人買弁が通訳として同行してきたためである。
- Chinatowns sprang up because at first most foreign merchants came to Japan from the treaty port concessions of China, and as Japanese people could understand written Chinese characters Chinese compradors accompanied the merchants as translators.
- 百姓(ひゃくしょう/ひゃくせい/おおみたから)とは、元は百(たくさん)の姓を持つ者たち、すなわち有姓階層全体を指す漢語であった。
- The term 'hyakusho,' which can also be pronounced 'hyakusei' or 'omitakara,' was originally a word of Chinese origin that indicates all people with a hundred (many) surnames, i.e., all the social class with surnames.
- 李氏朝鮮の都・漢城(現在のソウル)にも通交を求めてくる日本の大名や商人を接待するための施設「東平館」が存在し、倭館と通称された。
- In the Hanseong (present-day Seoul), the capital of Yi Dynasty Korea, there was also a facility named 'Dongpyoung-gwan,' or commonly called wakan, that was used to entertain Japanese Daimyo and merchants asking for commercial intercourse.
- 銅鏡のうちの変形方格規矩神鏡は、紐の周りを方形に区画した中に十二支の漢字が、文字とは解読できないほど文様化したものになっている。
- On henkei hokaku kiku shin kyo mirrors of the millers, the area around the handle of the miller is divided into square portions, and a Chinese character corresponding to each of the 12 signs of the Chinese zodiac was designed there in a pattern that is almost impossible to recognize the character.
- 第2次世界大戦後には、これまでの和書・漢籍・洋書を改めて人文科学・社会科学・自然科学の3分野として各界の権威者を招くようになった。
- After World War II it was decided to replace Japanese books, Chinese classic books and Western books by cultural science, social science, and natural science and to invite the representative authorities of these three fields.
- 永字八法(えいじはっぽう、えいじはちほう)とは、漢字の「永」の字には、書道に必要な技法8種が全て含まれているという事を表した言葉。
- Eiji Happo (the eight basic techniques) is a term to express that the Chinese character '永(ei)' contains all the 八法 (happo or hachiho, eight techniques) that are required in calligraphy.
- 明治13年(1880年)4月、楊守敬は清駐日公使何如璋の招きで漢魏 (三国)六朝の碑帖13000点を携えて来日し、4年間在留した。
- Invited by He Ruzhang, Qing's Minister in Japan, Yang Shoujing came to Japan in April of 1880 with 13,000 inscriptions and copybooks from the six dynasties of the Han and Wei (three dynasties) period, and stayed in Japan for four years.
- 当時の江戸は、『東都歳時記』、『富嶽三十六景』の「東本願寺 (東京都台東区)」など、漢風に「東都」とも呼ばれる大都市となっていた。
- By this time Edo had grown into a large metropolis was referred to in Chinese-style as 'Toto' (literally, Eastern Capital) as described in 'Toto Saijiki' (Customs of the Eastern Capital) and 'Higashi Hongan-ji Temple (Taito Ward, Tokyo)' of 'Fugaku Sanju Rokkei' (Thirty-six views of Mount Fuji).
- むろん伝説時代のことであるので当時に摂政だの称制だのという漢文の用語が使われたわけもなく、古事記では摂政とも称制ともいってはいない。
- Of course this was an early Japanese legend and there was no record of Chinese words being used like Sessho (Regent) or Shosei, in the 'Nihonshoki' it was called neither Sessho nor Shosei.
- 『酔笑庵之記』に南京踊、『好色万金丹』巻4に「漢浦塞の踊」とあるのは、いずれも唐人おどりであるが、ただし歌詞の有無はあきらかでない。
- The terms 'Nankin-odori' seen in 'Suishoan no ki' and 'Kanposai no odori' seen in the volume 4 of 'Koshoku Mankintan' are both indicating tojin-odori, but it is unknown whether they had lyrics.
- それによると、この倭奴国王印は後漢の建武中元2年(57年)光武帝が奴国の使者に賜わったとあり、先の貨泉に次いで古い年代のものとなる。
- According to the description, this Kanno Wano Nano Kokuo In was presented to an emissary of Nakoku by Kobu-tei (Emperor Guangwu) of the Later Han dynasty in 57, being the oldest next to 貨泉.
- (なお引用にあたってはおもに参考文献にあげた『謡曲大観』を参照しているが、漢字変換、句読点のうちかた等は、執筆者独自のものである。)
- (Although, as stated in the references, the quotation comes from 'Yokyoku Taikan' [a complete anthology of Noh plays], the kanji and punctuation used by the author of this webpage may differ from that of the original text.)
- 通常の勅語が漢文調であるのに対し、変体仮名交じりの文語体で、総字数2700字におよぶ長文であるが、軍人は暗誦できることが求められた。
- While ordinary imperial edicts had a Chinese classics flavor, the rescript was written in the Japanese literary style with hentaigana (anomorous Japanese cursive syllabary), and military men were required to recite it despite its long passages consisting of nearly 2,700 letters and characters in total.
- 訳経史の概念として鳩摩羅什までの漢訳経典を「古訳」鳩摩羅什以降、玄奘までを「旧訳(くやく)」玄奘以降を「新訳」と言う(訳経史区分)。
- As an idea on the history of sutra translation, Buddhist sutras translated into Chinese before Kumaraju are called 'ancient translations,' those after Kumaraju and before Genjo are called 'old translations' and those after Genjo are called 'new translations' (as per the classification of sutra translations).
- この出来事は、それまで貧弱な版本を頼りに研究するより他に方法のなかった日本の書道界に大きな影響を与え、特に漢碑や北碑に注目が集まった。
- This event greatly affected the Japanese calligraphic world that had been forced to study based only on poorly printed books, and in particular, attention was focused on inscriptions on monuments during the Han period and those from the Northern Wei period.
- 確かに吉宗は武家諸法度は元通り漢文体の天和令に復し、また朝鮮通信使の接待法、すなわち徳川将軍の表記を元通り「日本国大君」に戻している。
- Certainly, Yoshimune brought back Buke shohatto to Chinese classic form based on Tenwa order (天和令) as well as the way to serve Chosen Tsushinshi, in brief, he brought back the title of Tokugawa Shogun to 'Tycoon of Japan.'
- 史記を継いで前漢王朝一代の歴史書とした班固の『漢書』からは王朝ごとに時代を区切った紀伝体の史書(いわゆる「断代史」)の体裁が流行した。
- With Gu BAN's 'Hanshu' (The Book of Han), a history book about the former Han dynasty that was a successor to the Shiji, histories written in biographical annal format that also demarcated historical eras by dynastic change (what are called 'dynastic histories') grew in popularity.
- 紀元前2世紀-紀元前後ごろの時期には、倭人は定期的に前漢へ朝貢しており、また約100の政治集団(国)を形成していた(『漢書地理志』)。
- In the period from the second century B.C. to around the beginning of the first century, Wajin paid tribute to the Former Han Dynasty on a regular basis and formed about 100 political groups (countries) ('Kanjo Chirishi' (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)).
- また、紀伝道に求められるものも、天皇や公卿からも強い関心を抱かれていた漢詩などの文学の材料としての歴史的知識に移るようになっていった。
- Also, what was required of kidendo changed to the historical knowledge that could be used in Chinese poetry and therefore drew much attention from the emperors and the nobles.
- 洋務派官僚の曾国藩は朱子学を重んじて六経のもとに宋学・漢学を兼取することを主張し、さらに明末清初の王夫之を顕彰して実学の必要を説いた。
- So Kokuhan (Zeng Guofan), a government official from the Western Affairs school, valued Neo-Confucianism and advocated adopting both Sung-period neo-Confucianism and Sinology under Rikkei, as well as preaching the need of practical learning, honoring O Fushi of late Ming and early Qing.
- 後代には音楽に合わせて作られるのではなく、前人の作品の平仄に合わせて作られるようになったため、漢詩と同様、朗読される詩歌の一種となった。
- In later years, Ci was composed not to the music but to the tones of previous works, so it became regarded as a kind of recited verses like Chinese poems.
- 振り仮名があるニュースの絵説きは漢字をあまり知らない層でも容易に読めたため、「新聞」の面白さを一般大衆に知らしめることとなったのである。
- Explanatory captions including furigana for the prints of the news was easily readable for those who did not know Chinese characters well and, therefore, nishiki-e-shinbun let the general public know the interestingness of 'shinbun'.
- 後漢書は遥か後代の編纂であるが、このことから、1世紀末から2世紀初頭にかけて、倭国をある程度代表する政治勢力が生まれたとする見解もある。
- For this reason, although 'History of the Later Han Dynasty' was complied long afterward, one theory states that the political force representing Wakoku on some level emerged during the period from the end of the first to the beginning of the second century.
- 本書は、著者自身の見解を叙述するのではなく、律令格式や国史の記事、和漢の典籍を引用することによって語らしむ引証主義的方法を採用している。
- This document was not described based on the author's own opinions, but was written using the reference-based method in which explanations were made by citing laws of codes and ethics (conduct), descriptions in national histories and Japanese/Chinese dictionaries.
- それ以外にも、財政支出を抑えながら有為な人材を登用する足高制、漢訳洋書禁輸の緩和や甘藷栽培の奨励、目安箱の設置その他の改革をおこなった。
- In addition to the above, he also carried out reforms that included the salary supplements system (tashidaka) for certain key jobs to appoint promising personnel while reining in government spending, deregulating the prohibition of Western books in Chinese version, encouraged the cultivation of sweet potatoes, and established a complaints box as well as other reforms.
- 漢字文化圏以外の国家であっても、一地域・一民族の君主であるにとどまる王の上位に位置し、複数の地域・民族を支配する君主が存在する場合がある。
- Even in nations that do not use Chinese characters, there are cases where a monarch who reigns over several regions or nations is superior to a king who reigns over only one region or one nation.
- 漢学(かんがく)とは、狭義で言えば宋明理学に対する伝統的な経学及び清代の考証学の事を指し、広義では洋学・国学に対する中国伝来の学問の総称。
- In a narrow sense, 'kangaku' refers to traditional keigaku (study of Keisho in Confucianism) and the study of old documents during the period of Qin dynasty as opposed to Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties; in a broad sense, it is a general term for studies of knowledge imported from China, as opposed to Western learning and the study of Japanese classical culture.
- 何承天は、景初暦の冬至が後漢四分暦の観測値に従っていたため、実際の冬至より3日もずれいていることを指摘し、天体観測のやり直しを行っている。
- He Chengtian pointed out that the winter solstice in the Jingchu calendar was three days away from the actual winter solstice because it was based on measurements used in the quartered calendar of the Later Han Dynasty, and conducted astronomical observation again.
- 居延漢簡(きょえんかんかん)は、中国、内モンゴル自治区エチナ旗から甘粛省酒泉の東北部にある居延烽燧遺跡から発見された前漢代・後漢代の木簡。
- Kyoen Kankan is mokkan (a narrow strip of wood on which an official message is written) of the Former Han and the Later Han periods, discovered in the Kyoen Hosui site covering from Ejin Banner of Inner Mongolia, China to the northeastern region of Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, China.
- なお、日本軍は高麗人とモンゴル人、および漢人は捕虜として捕らえず殺害したが、交流のあった南宋人は捕虜として命を助け、大切に庇護したという。
- The Japanese army is said to have killed people of Goryeo, Mongol, and Han, not trying to capture them, but saved people of the Southern Sung Dynasty, with which it had exchanges, and protected them with care.
- 「富本」というのは、唐代の百科事典『芸文類聚』が引く『東漢観記』の「富民之本在於食貨」(民を富ませる本は食貨に在り)という故事に由来する。
- The word 'Fuhon' is derived from a historical event 'food and money are the source to enrich people' of 'Tokankanki' from encyclopedia 'Geimon-ruiju' (a Chinese encyclopedia, literally 'Collection of Literature Arranged by Categories').
- 漢方医学の流入で崩壊の危機に瀕している事態を憂慮した平城天皇は、諸国の国造以下の有力な豪族・旧家や神社に対して伝承する古医方を提出させた。
- Concerned about the possibility of Koiho being taken over by Chinese medicine, Emperor Heizei made a request to shrines, powerful local ruling families and old families in each province to submit their own Koiho that had been passed down through generations.
- 『海東諸国紀』(かいとうしょこくき,)は、李氏朝鮮領議政(宰相)申叔舟(シン・スクチュ)が日本と琉球王国について記述した漢文書籍の歴史書。
- 'Kaito Shokoku-ki' (lit. Record of the Eastern Nations) is a historic book about Japan and the Ryukyu Kingdom written in classical Chinese by Joseon Dynasty minister Suk-ju SHIN.
- 朝鮮政府は日清両軍の撤兵要求を回答、7月23日未明に陸軍第五師団の二個大隊が漢城の電信線を切断して朝鮮王宮を3時間にわたり攻撃・占領する。
- The Korean government responded that it wanted both Japanese and Qing troops to withdraw, and early on July 23, two battalions of the fifth Army Division cut the telegraph wire in Hanseong and occupied the Korean Palace after a three hour attack.
- 鉄刀に着けられていた環頭は鳥文飾りであり、内ぞりしていて、日本の前期古墳に特有の直刀とは違い、中平の年号が示すように中国(後漢)製である。
- The ring pommel attached to the iron sword is with Torimon kazari and inner bend, which is different from the straight swords typical of the early Kofun period in Japan, and so it is made in China (the Later Han) as the era name of Zhongping shows.
- 前漢の『史記』天官書を見るとかつての牽牛は牛宿のことであり、現在の牽牛すなわちアルタイルは河鼓(天の川の太鼓)と呼ばれる星座の一星である。
- According to the Tianguan shu of 'Shiki' (the Chinese Historical records), Kengyu at the time was Gyushuku and current Kengyu, namely Altair, is a star belonging to the constellation called Kako (drum of the Milky Way).
- 緯書は六経に孝経を足した七経に対して七緯が整理され、予言書である讖書や図讖(としん)と合わせて讖緯といい、前漢末から後漢にかけて流行した。
- Isho was prepared as shichi-i, corresponding to the shichi-kei, which added the Book of Filial Piety to Rikkei, and along with its prophecies, shin-sho (prophecy) and Toshin (prediction, prophecy), it was called Shini, and became popular from the end of former Han to later Han.
- 教科には中国史や漢文学を学ぶ紀伝道が成立し、法律を学ぶ明法道・儒学を学ぶ明経道・数学を学ぶ算道と共に教えられた(特に重視されたのは紀伝道)。
- The subjects were Kidendo, which was the study of Chinese history and literature, Myobodo, the study of law, Myogyodo, the study of Confucianism, Sando, the study of mathematics (Kidendo was the most important).
- 古代中国の前漢時代には、妃の実家の問題を理由に、外戚(呂氏)一族討伐における多大な功績にもかかわらず立太子・即位できなかった皇子も存在する。
- In the Former Han dynasty of ancient China, there was a prince who could not receive investiture of the crown prince or ascend the throne due to the troubles at his wife's parents' home, despite his distinguished service in defeating maternal relatives (Lu shi).
- 秦・前漢代においては、官奴婢は戦争捕虜や重罪を犯した氏族が中核を占めており主に官営工場の労働や牧場などでの馬・鳥・犬などの飼育を行っていた。
- In the periods of Qin and former Han dynasty, Kannuhi whose core consisted of prisoners of war and clans committing a serious crime was mainly engaged in the work at a government-owned factory or in breeding horses, birds, dogs and so on at a stock farm.
- 律令制の祖形は、古く秦・前漢期まで遡るともいわれているが、厳密に言えば、律令制は中国の魏晋南北朝時代において出現し、徐々に形成されていった。
- It is said that the Ritsuryo system can be traced back as far as the Qin and Western Han periods; but strictly speaking, it emerged and gradually developed in China during the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- 漢代になると、この「中国=天下」概念が現実の冊封関係に影響されて変容し、周辺諸民族をも含めた現代的意味での世界として「天下」概念が成立した。
- During the Han dynasty era, this notion of 'China = Tenka' changed under the influence of actual sakuho relations, and the contemporary notion of 'Tenka,' which means the world including other surrounding ethnic groups, was established.
- 『孝経』は、焚書坑儒の煽りを受けて一時所在が不明となり、前漢に入って2種類の系統の本が再発見され、その字体から「古文」・「今文」と呼ばれた。
- 'Kokyo' had once disappeared as a result of the 'Burning of books and burying of scholars' in Ancient China; however, two editions were rediscovered during the Former Han period, and were called 'Kobun' and 'Kinbun,' respectively, due to their font style.
- 教科書としては『漢書』・『晋書』の暦律志や採用されている暦の注釈書(『大衍暦議』・『宣明暦経』)、『定天論』・『周髀算経』などが用いられた。
- The textbooks they used included 暦律志, such as 'Kanjo'(historical records of the Han Dynasty) and 'Jin shu' (History of the Jin Dynasty), commentaries for the adopted calendar ('Daienrekigi' (annotation book of the calendar), 'Senmyorekikyo' (annotation book of the calendar)), and other books such as 'Teitenron' (annotation book of the calendar) and 'Shuhisankei' (a mathematics book from ancient China).
- 章帝 (漢)の時に今文経の写本の異同を論じる白虎観会議が開かれたが、この中で古文学は攻撃に晒されながらも、その解釈がいくらか採用されている。
- In the era of Sho-tei (Emperor Zhang) (Han), Byakkokan Meeting was held to debate on differences in the manuscripts of Kinbun-kei, and while the Kobun learning came under attack, some of their interpretations were adopted.
- 元来日本語には「ん」という発音の言葉がなかったことから、漢語の「褌衣」を韓国語化した「Hun-t-os,(フントス)」からくるという説もある。
- Another conception suggests that the word 'fundoshi' originates from 'Hun-t-os' (pronounced as 'funtos') that is a Koreanized word of Chinese 'kon-i' (literally, 'fundoshi wear'), as Japanese language had primitively no word including a pronunciation of 'n.'
- この出版事業においては、当初の目的であった聖職者養成に用いる書物、片仮名による国字本に止まらず、草書体漢字・仮名を用いた国字本まで刊行された。
- In this publishing project, not only books used for the first purpose of training clergymen, but those on the Japanese versions of Jesuit Mission Press in katakana, and also the Japanese version of Jesuit Mission Press in sosho-tai (cursive style writing) kanji and kana were published.
- 中国が起源であるが、日本においては漢字から派生した仮名 (文字)、ベトナムではチュノムなどが発明されると共にそれぞれ独自の書風が作られている。
- Originated in China, and Kana (syllabary) was derived from Kanji (Chinese characters) in Japan and Chu nôm was invented in Vietnam, as well as each unique calligraphic style has been established.
- 540年(欽明天皇元年)八月の条「秦人(はたひと)・漢人(あやひと)等、諸蕃(しょばん)より投化せる者を招集して、国群に安置し、戸籍に編貫す。
- An article from August of 540 describes, 'Those who have been naturalized from Shoban (clans coming from foreign lands), such as Hatahito (Hata people) and the Han (Chinese), were assembled, placed according to kokugun (provinces and districts) and their family registers were edited.
- そのなかで「朕、漢人の言に聞くに、『人の家、国を取るには百姓土地を得んと欲す。もし尽く百姓を殺さば徒に地を得るも何に用いん』」とも述べている。
- He then said, 'I have heard that people of Han say, 'to seize home and country of others, you need to obtain peasants and land. If you kill all the peasants, for what use is the land that is obtained?''
- 漢字が渡来するまでの文字は現在まで見つかっていないため、日本列島に居住していた人間に関すると思われる文書による記述は、山海経に初めて登場する。
- As no written characters before the introduction of kanji (Chinese characters) have been discovered, the first written history is a document about people living in the Japanese archipelago which appeared in Sengaikyo (oldest topography of China).
- そして、嵯峨天皇の弘仁8年4月17日 (旧暦)(817年5月6日)付で4名の「音生」及び白丁からなる6名の「漢語生」設置の格式が出されている。
- During Emperor Saga's reign, an ordinance was issued on May 10, 817 to establish the 'Kangosei' (students of Chinese), which composed of six students including four Onsei and Hakucho.
- 江戸時代中期以前においては、外国の優れた学術は漢籍の形で中国から入ってくるのが一般的であったため、外来の学術研究は全て「漢学」と考えられてきた。
- Before the mid-Edo period, outstanding science of the foreign countries generally were brought to Japan through China in the form of Chinese books, and for this reason, all of the scientific researches of foreign origins were regarded as 'kangaku.'
- 6月29日、吹負は別の留守司である坂上熊毛と謀り、吹負が高市皇子を名乗って外から陣営に入り、それに熊毛と倭漢氏の一部が内応するという計をたてた。
- On June 29, Hukei organized a plot with SAKANOUE no Kumake, another guard of city, to enter the camp from outside using the name of Prince Takechi and take over the camp with some of the Kumage clan and the Wakan clan who were assured to betray the Prince Otomo.
- 漢方薬で消化を助けるサンショウの実を乾燥させた後に石臼等で挽いた山椒の粉を振りかけ香味を楽しみながら重箱の左隅から食べるのが一般的な作法である。
- Generally, Unaju is consumed from the left corner by applying Sansho (Japanese pepper powder), which is considered to enhance digestion in Chinese medicine, which is dried and milled by a stone mill, in order to enhance the flavor.
- ここから芋づる式に木簡の発見が相次ぎ、翌1931年にかけて調査した結果、漢代のものだけ約1万枚という未曾有の量の木簡が出土するに至ったのである。
- Since then mokkans have been continuously discovered one after another, and as a result of the research conducted over the following year 1931, approximately 10,000 mokkans were found; this is an unprecedented number for those which belonged only to the Han period.
- その後明王朝は秦漢帝国の理念に近い形で「中国」を統合するが、その天下はほぼ明王朝の支配領域と同義であり、世界大の広がりを持ったものではなかった。
- Thereafter, the Ming dynasty unified 'China' in the form akin to the idea of the Qin-Han empire, but its Tenka was the synonym of the territory of the Ming dynasty and did not have the world-wide extent.
- 婆娑羅など幾つかの漢字表記があり、梵語(サンスクリット語)で「vajra 金剛石(ダイアモンド)」を意味するが、意味の転化は不明であるとされる。
- Although the word is rendered in Chinese characters in several versions, such as '婆娑羅', and 'vajra' in Sanskrit refers to diamond, it is not known as to how the meaning of the word was transformed as it was used in medieval Japan.
- もう1つは宮崎市定らの説で均田制の実施を認めない立場から漢代から大土地所有者による荘園開発と貧民を招いた耕作が行われ後世の荘園をその延長とする。
- The other theory by Ichisada MIYAZAKI and so on is from the viewpoint which does not acknowledge the operation of the Equal-field system, the development of shoens by the large-landholders and the cultivation by poor folks were done and led to the shoen in later times from the Han dynasty.
- 中国で仏教寺院の伽藍について知られる最古の例は、『呉志』に、後漢時代末に笮融(さくゆう)が徐州に建てたと記されている「浮屠祠」(ふとし)である。
- The oldest example of garan in the Buddhist temples of China is '浮屠祠 (futoshi),' which was described in the '呉志 (goshi)' as a garan built in Xuzhou by 笮融 (sakuyu) at the end of the Houhan period.
- 碑身、笠石、台石からなり、材質は安山岩、碑身は高さ125センチメートル、幅60センチメートルの角柱で6行80文字の漢字が薬研彫りで刻まれている。
- The monument consists of the body, capping stone and stone pedestal, and the body is a prismatic column 125 cm in height and 60 cm in width, on which 80 kanji (Chinese characters) of 6 lines are engraved in yagen-bori style (a carving method in which each line is cut or carved so that its section is V-shaped).
- 干支年は、後漢の建武 (漢)26年(50年)に三統暦の超辰法をやめ(元和 (漢)2年に正式改暦)以降は60の周期で単純に繰り返しており計算できる。
- After 超辰法 of Santo-reki calendar was abolished in 50, at the time of the Later Han Dynasty (calendar was reformed officially in 1616), eto (Chinese astrological calendar) repeats in a 60-year cycle and can calculate.
- 「侍」という漢字には、元来 「貴族のそばで仕えて仕事をする」という意味があるが、武士に類する武芸を家芸とする技能官人を意味するのは日本だけである。
- The kanji (Chinese character) '侍' originally meant 'to be on hand to work for and serve an aristocrat,' and only in Japan is the word used to refer to ginou kanjin (culturally and academically accomplished palace officials) with military skills who belonged to the bushi class.
- 特に貝類の真珠層には解熱作用があり、近年まで小粒の物は漢方薬として用いられていたが、現在、大半は入手しやすいアコヤガイ真珠の物に置きかわっている。
- Smaller abalone were used as a Chinese herbal medicine until recently because the pearl layer of seashells has an antipyretic effect, but today they have been replaced by akoya pearls which are easier to acquire.
- 罪人に対して科されるため、漢代以前には、外性器を切り落とした後も十分な治療もされず、熱した土に首から下を埋めるなどの荒っぽい方法がとられたという。
- Since this was the penalty conducted against criminals, they were not treated well after the excision of the genitals, and a rough treatment method was taken by burying them under heated soil to their neck, which was seen among those castration penalty cases conducted before the Han Dynasty period.
- 明治2年に京都御所小御所において、玉松操らが和書を代表して『日本書紀』を、東坊城任長(大学頭)らが漢籍を代表して『論語』を講義したのが最古とされる。
- It is said that the oldest Koshohajime was the event in which at Shogosho (Small Palace) of Kyoto Imperial palace 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) was lectured by Misao TAMAMATSU representing Japanese books and 'Rongo' (Analects of Confucius) by Tadanaga HIGASHIBOJO (Daigaku no kami) representing Chinese classic books.
- 篠田統はさまざまな記録から、中国にとって(ここでは漢民族にとってという意味)「南方を起源とする外来食」、東南アジアから伝わったものと位置づけている。
- Based on various kinds of records, Osamu SHINODA positioned it as 'foreign food originating from the southern area' of China (which means the Han race here), that is to say, food imported from Southeast Asia.
- 『八犬伝』には博覧強記をうたわれた馬琴の漢学教養や中国白話小説への造詣が、ときに衒学的と評されるほど引用されたり、物語構成に組み込まれたりしている。
- In 'Hakkenden' Bakin, praised for his extensive reading and good memory, refers and incorporates into the organization so much of his training in Sinology and intimate knowledge of Hakuwa Shosetsu that the novel is sometimes criticized as pedagoguish.
- 晩年、自分の邸宅を阿閦寺(あしゅくじ)として改築した際に敷地の一郭に古今の漢籍を中心とした書籍を収蔵し希望者に閲覧を許可したのが始まりとされている。
- The origin of the library is believed to be the archives consisting chiefly of old and contemporary Chinese literature that Yakatsugu, in the late part of his life, built in part of his estate as part of its renovation as Ashuku-ji Temple and that was made open to viewing to interested persons.
- 満州族による王朝である清は建国以来、父祖の地である満洲には漢民族を入れないという封禁政策を取り、中国内地のような目の細かい行政制度も採用しなかった。
- The Qing Dynasty was established by the Manchu, who forbade the ethnic Han from migrating into their native lands through an exclusion policy, and did not adopt specifically delineated administrative policies as they in Manchuria as they had in China.
- ところが、律令政治の変質とともに貴族・官人社会において求められるのは、実務文章の作成能力よりも漢詩などの文学文章の作成能力に移るようになっていった。
- Meanwhile, with a change in quality of the ritsuryo political system, what was required in the society of nobles and government officials changed from the ability of business writing to that of literary writing, such as composing Chinese poetry.
- 織女と牽牛の伝説は『文選 (書物)』の中の漢の時代に編纂された「古詩十九首」が文献として初出とされているが、まだ7月7日との関わりは明らかではない。
- The legend of the Weaver and the Cowherd first appeared in 'The Nineteen Old Poems,' compiled during the Han period and selected in 'Bunsen (literature)' (Selected Literature), but its relationship to July 7 is not clear.
- 蝦夷(えみし)と蝦夷(えぞ)は同じ漢字を用いていることから混同されやすいが、歴史に登場する時代もまったく異なり、両者は厳密に区別されなければならない。
- Because 'Emishi' and 'Ezo' are expressed by the same Chinese characters, they tend to be confused with one another; however, these two must be distinguished accurately because the periods in which these peoples appeared are completely different.
- また、『和漢朗詠集』に含まれる往来物(「雜筆抄」)、『貴理師端往来』は、前者が武家向けのものであるのに対し、後者は小児にも用いるような教科書であった。
- Oraimono (primary textbooks in the style of the exchange of letters) ('Zappitsu sho' [Miscellaneous]) included in 'Wakan Roeishu' (Japanese and Chinese poems to sing) was for samurai family, while 'Kirishitan orai' (Christian's correspondences) was a textbook also used for children.
- 甲乙の差異については、例えば「き」を表す万葉仮名は支・吉・峡・来・棄などの漢字が甲類の「き」とされ、「秋」や「君」「時」「聞く」の「き」を表していた。
- As for the distinction between A-type and B-type, for example, Manyo-gana representing the sound of 'き' (ki) included in the Chinese characters of 支, 吉, 峡, 来 and 棄 were A-type characters and used to write 'き' (ki) of 'aki' (autumn), 'kimi' (you), 'toki' (time) or 'kiku' (listen).
- 元々「索餅」は古代中国の後漢や唐の文献に度々出てくる言葉であり、日本では天武天皇の孫、長屋王邸宅跡(奈良市)から出土した木簡が最も古い記録となっている。
- Originally, the term 'sakubei' often appeared in documents during The Later Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty in ancient China, and the oldest record of the term is a mokkan (a narrow strip of wood on which an official message is written) excavated from the site of residence of Prince Nagaya, the grandson of Emperor Tenmu (Nara City).
- 漢字で表記された場合でも、その多くは「かるか」の振り仮名が付されており、明治以降学術的呼称として、音読みで「さくじょう」と呼ばれる傾向にあるようである。
- Even when the word is written with Chinese characters, they are accompanied by furigana (Japanese characters showing how to read the Chinese characters), and after the Meiji period, the scholarly reading of the word tends to be sakujo following the Chinese reading style.
- 本来梅干は梅酢を作った後の副産物であり、利用法としてはこれを黒焼きにして腹痛・虫下し・解熱・腸内の消毒の効用を目的に食用よりもむしろ漢方薬として用いた。
- Umeboshi were primarily the byproducts of umesu (ume vinegar), and they were charred and used as herbal medicines for treating stomach aches, expelling parasitic intestinal worms, alleviating fever and sterilizing intestines, instead of being used as food.
- また漢唐の訓詁学や清の考証学との違いを鮮明にするときは、(宋 (王朝)明)理学と呼び、同じ理学でも朱子学と区別する際には心学あるいは明学、陸王学ともいう。
- In order to highlight its differences with Kunko-gaku (exegetics) during the Kan and Tang dysnasties and Koshogaku (study of old documents) during the Qing dynasty, Yomei-gaku is sometimes called Somin Ri-gaku, which is a general term used to describe Confucian studies during the Song and Ming dysnasties, and among Ri-gaku, Yomei-gaku is further called Shin-gaku, Min-gaku, or Rikuo-gaku to distinguish it from Shushi-gaku (Zhu Xi school).
- すなわち、秦漢時代までを上古(古代)、魏晋南北朝時代隋唐時代を中世、北宋以降を近世、アヘン戦争以降を近代とする四時代区分法を中心に中国史の研究を展開した。
- That is, they developed research on Chinese history focusing on the method dividing the historical ages into four, namely, ancient times up to the Qin and Han dynasties, middle ages up to the Wei and Jin periods in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Sui and Tang periods, recent times from the Northern Song Dynasty and later, and modern times from the Opium War and later.
- しかしながら、現存する最古のサンスクリット(梵字)本は、法隆寺所蔵の8世紀後半(伝承では609年請来)の写本とされる貝葉本であり、漢訳経典より時代を下る。
- However, the oldest existing Sanskrit book is the Baiyo-bon edition housed at Horyu-ji Temple, which is said to be a manuscript from the latter part of the eighth century (introduced in 609 according to a legend), and it was written in a later age than the time when Buddhist sutras were translated into Chinese.
- 奈良時代から日本語を表記するため漢字の音訓を借りた万葉仮名が使われていたが、この時代になって仮名 (文字)(ひらがな、カタカナ)が広く使われるようになった。
- From the Nara period, manyo gana, making use of Chinese manners of reading to read Japanese, had been used; from this period, however, kana (hiragana and katakana --- both Japanese syllabary characters) began to be used.
- ちなみに仏舎利の「舎利」は「肉体・遺体」を意味する単語シャリーラ(zariira शरीर)であり、どちらもサンスクリットの漢訳に同じ漢字が宛てられたもの。
- For reference, 'shari' of Busshari (Buddha's ashes) originated from a word, zariira (शरीर), meaning 'body,' and the same Chinese characters applied to both words in Sanskrit when they were translated into Chinese.
- まず宣伝によって事前に、学術人類館に漢民族の展示が予定されていることを知った在日留学生や清国在神戸領事館員から抗議をうけて、日本政府はその展示を取りやめた。
- First of all, the students staying in Japan and the Qing consulate officials in Kobe who found out in advance by advertisements that the people of the Han race were to be displayed at Gakujutsu-Jinrui Pavilion protested against it, and the Japanese government cancelled the exhibition in response.
- 奈良時代中期を代表する漢詩文の文人としては淡海三船と石上宅嗣が著名であり、いずれかが『懐風藻』の編集にたずさわったであろうと推定されるが、確実な証拠はない。
- OMI no Mifune and ISONOKAMI no Yakatsugu were famous as poets of Chinese poems representing the middle of the Nara period, and although it is inferred that one of them was involved in editing of 'Kaifuso,' there is no definite evidence.
- 古くは「らせいもん」と漢音読みしたが、次第に読み・表記ともども揺れるようになり、謡曲「羅生門」発表以降は羅生門(らせいもん、らしょうもん)の表記が定着した。
- In ancient times, the name used to be pronounced 'raseimon,' following the pronunciation of the Han period in China, but its reading and spelling gradually fluctuated, and after the yokyoku 'Rashomon' was announced, it settled as 羅生門 and pronounced raseimon or rashomon.
- 代々和歌に優れ、室町時代後期の三条西実隆は歌人、書家として名をなし、戦国時代 (日本)の三条西公条、三条西実枝も和漢に精通し、この3人は三条西三代と呼ばれる。
- Over the generations the family excelled in waka; in the late Muromachi period Sanetaka SANJONISHI was famous as a waka poet and calligrapher; and in the Sengoku (the Warring States) period (Japan) Kineda SANJONISHI and Saneki SANJONISHI were familiar with the Chinese and Japanese classics; these three are called the three generations of Sanjonishi.
- 鎌倉公方足利持氏と関東管領上杉憲実の不和から始まり、持氏の遺児である春王・安王の処刑に至るまでの永享の乱・結城合戦の顛末を真字(漢文)体で実録的に記している。
- It records the events of the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle in Mana (Chinese characters) starting with the dispute between Kamakura kubo Mochiuji ASHIKAGA and Kanto kanrei (shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) Akimitsu UESUGI, and ends with the execution of Mochiuji's remaining children, Shuno and Ano,
- 遣唐使が中止された9世紀末以降、文化の和風化が進展し、漢字を元にして日本固有の文字である仮名が考案され、和歌や『源氏物語』に代表される物語文学が盛んになった。
- After the dispatch of the Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China was ended in the end of the ninth century, the Japanization of the culture advanced, so 'kana' (syllables peculiar to Japan) based on Chinese characters was created, and kana helped the spread of 'waka' (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) and narrative literature exemplified by 'Genji Monogatari' (The Tale of Genji).
- なお、玄奘訳の般若心経には後段に「菩提薩」という語があるが、これは漢訳における語源学的解釈(nirukti)で意図的に〈菩提+薩埵〉と分割したという説がある。
- Additionally, in the Hannyashin-kyo sutra translated by Genjo there is a word, '菩提薩埵' in the latter part, which is said that it was intentionally divided into '菩提' and '薩埵' according to nirukti.
- 前漢の高祖劉邦は皇帝になってから、「朕は沛公からはじめて暴虐を誅し、ついに天下を得た」として、挙兵の地である沛を自分の湯沐邑にして、沛の税や労役負担を軽減した。
- When the Emperor of Gaozu Liu Bang of the Former Han took the throne, he said 'At first, I was named Haiko, then I defeated tyranny, and finally I came to power.' and he made Hai, where he raised an army, his own Tomokuyu to reduce taxes and labor service.
- 朝鮮語は日本語とよく似た言語で、助詞や助動詞などの文法的要素を必要とするため、漢文で書かれていた古代朝鮮の公文書にこれらの朝鮮語を書き加えることがおこってくる。
- Korean is a similar language to Japanese and it needs grammatical elements such as postpositional particles and auxiliary verbs, and so on, therefore, it sometimes happens to insert these Korean words to ancient Korean official documents written in Chinese classics.
- 1938年(昭和13年)1月から北支那方面軍隷下徐州会戦に参戦し、同年7月再び第2軍隷下となり武漢作戦攻略戦に参戦、12月には第11軍 (日本軍)に編入された。
- It participated in the Japanese Northern China Area Army to fight in the Battle of Xuzhou from January 1938 and followed the Second Army again in July of the same year to fight in the Battle of Wuhan and was incorporated into the Eleventh Army (Imperial Japanese Army) in December.
- また、応神二十年九月条に「倭の漢直の祖阿知使主(あちのおみ)、其の子都加使主、並びに己が党類十七県を率て、来帰り」とあって、多くの渡来人があったことを伝えている。
- Furthermore, the paragraph titled October, 289 describes that 'Achi no omi, the ancester of Yamato no aya no atai, his son Tsuka no omi, and his relatives from seventeen provinces came over,' suggesting that there were many settlers.
- 忍海部は、飯豊王の名代(こしろ)の部民制(べのたみ)であるが、単なる農民部ではなく東漢氏(あやひと)をかかえた雑工部(物品製造に携わる職工集団)でもあったらしい。
- Oshinumibe was bemin sei (the system of Yamato Dynasty) of Iitoyo's representative, but it seems to have been not just a department of peasants, but a department of manufacturers (mechanic company to produce items) including Ayahito clan.
- だが、承和 (日本)5年(839年)を最後に遣唐使が中絶(寛平6年(894年)廃止)されると、漢音を日本国内で用いる必要性がほとんど失われ、音道は急激に衰退する。
- But after the Japanese envoy to the Chinese Tang Dynasty ceased in 839, there were hardly any need for the Han pronunciations of Chinese characters in Japan, and as such, Ondo's popularity declined rapidly.
- この雲揚が同年9月20日首都漢城に近い要塞地帯であった江華島に接近し、発砲されたとの理由で3日間にわたり戦闘し22日には永宗島の砲台を攻撃、占領する事件が起きた。
- On September 20 of the same year, an incident occurred: this Unyo approached Ganghwa Island, which was the stronghold base near the capital Hanseong, and fought for three days insisting that she had been fiired, then on 22nd, she attacked the gun batteries and seized Yeongjong Island.
- 当時は戦功の証として、敵の高級将校は死体の首(漢語では頭のこと)をとって検分したが、一揆(兵農分離前の農民軍)や足軽など身分の低いものは鼻(耳)でその数を証した。
- In those days, soldiers brought back the heads of high-ranked enemy officers that they had killed to have them examined as evidence of the achievement, and farmer soldiers or low ranked soldiers brought back noses (ears) to prove how many of the enemy soldiers they had killed.
- 森博達は1999年の『日本書紀の謎を解く』において、「十七条憲法の漢文の日本的特徴(和習)から7世紀とは考えられず、『日本書紀』編纂とともに創作されたもの」とした。
- Hiromichi MORI commented in 'Nihon shoki no nazo o toku' (Solving the Enigma of the Chronicles of Japan) published in 1999 as follows: 'Considering the grammatical deviations affected by Japanese (washu) in the kanbun (Chinese classics) used in The 17-Article Constitution, it is unlikely that the Constitution was established in the seventh century, and it was created at the time when the 'Nihonshoki' was compiled.'
- 8月30日、朝鮮と済物浦条約を調印し、日本人被害者への補償5万円、公使館の損害と日本の出兵への補填金50万円と公使館警護のため若干の軍隊の漢城駐留などを取り決めた。
- On August 30, the Jemulpo Treaty was signed with Korea in which Korea promised to pay 50,000 yen for Japanese victims and 50,000 yen for damaged legation and compensation for dispatching Japanese forces and allowed a small-scale Japanese military presence in Hanseong.
- (2008年12月現在、法令の条文上では「本格しようちゆう」のみが使用されており漢字の「本格焼酎」の登場例はないが、以下業界での慣用に倣って本節では後者を用いる。)
- (As of December 2008, shochu in hiragana as '本格しょうちゅう' has only been used in the letter of the law and in Chinese characters as '本格焼酎' has not appeared, but we use the latter in this text as the industry does.)
- 嵯峨天皇の子女の中でも豊かな文才に恵まれた皇女で、弘仁14年(823年)嵯峨天皇が斎院へ行幸した際に優れた漢詩をものしたことから、感嘆した天皇は内親王を三品に叙した。
- She was one of the talented Princess in literature among Emperor Saga's children, the outstanding Chinese style poem she wrote when Emperor Saga went to visit Saiin in 823 moved the Emperor and gave the Imperial Princess the rank of Sanhon (the third rank for an Imperial Princess).
- 渡来人の豪族秦氏がヤマト王権に税を納める際、用いた絹が「うずたかくつもられた」ことから、朝廷から「うずまさ」の姓を与えられ、これに「太秦」の漢字表記を当てたという説。
- One theory is that the imperial court gave the surname of 'Uzumasa' with kanji characters meaning silk cloth, to the powerful Hata clan, who were immigrants, due to the silk clothes they used to pay as taxes to the Yamato Dynasty piling up in great heap.
- また、『扶桑集』に収められた道真の漢詩の序文にも父・是善が芸閣(書斎)で門人に『後漢書』を講じたと詠んでおり、本来は書斎の山陰亭で講義が行われていたと考えられている。
- As the preface in the Chinese poetry style composed by Michizane to 'Fuso shu' (Chinese classics during the Heian period) described 'my father Koreyoshi lectured on History of the Later Han Dynasty for his disciples in his Unkaku (study),' the lecture was considered to be originally given in the study Sanin-tei.
- その後、律令の専門家を育成する必要性から、神亀5年7月21日 (旧暦)(728年8月30日)の格式において、漢文学・歴史学を掌る文章博士と同時に律学博士が設置された。
- Later doctors of Ritsugaku were appointed together with doctors of Monjodo, a department of Chinese poetry and history on the need to cultivate experts of ritsuryo by ordinance on September 3, 728.
- 史記延久点(しきえんきゅうてん)とは、中国前漢の司馬遷が著した歴史書『史記』に対して、日本平安時代の延久5年(1073年)に大江家国が書写・加点した巻子本形式の訓点本。
- Shikienkyuten is kuntenbon (a book with guiding marks for rendering Chinese into Japanese) of 'Shiki' (Records of the Grand Historian), a Chinese history book written by Sima Qian in the era of Former Han in China, and it was in the form of Kansubon (book in scroll style) transcribed by OE no Iekuni by adding kunten (marks and symbols beside lines of Chinese text to indicate how the text is to be read in Japanese) in 1073 during the Heian period of Japan.
- 五代十国の一つである後漢_(五代)の宰相であった王章 (五代)は、77枚をもって銅銭100枚として見なす事を公的に許すようになり、宋 (王朝)以後の王朝でも採用された。
- Osho (王章) (Five Dynasties period) who was the prime minister of the Later Han Dynasty (Five Dynasties period), one of Godai-Jikkoku (Wudai Shiguo) period, officially permitted to consider 77 copper coins equal to 100 and it was also adopted in the dynasties after the Sung.
- また小早川隆景は忠清道方面から全羅道に侵入したが権慄の反撃によって進撃を阻まれ、直後に南下する明軍の攻撃に対応するために漢城へ転出したため、全羅道の制圧は進まなかった。
- Takakage KOBAYAKAWA invaded Jeolla Province from Chungcheong Province, but his advance was blocked off by a counterattack by Gwon Yul and, as he moved out immediately after that to Hancheng in order to cope with attack by the Ming army that moved down to the south, the attempt at conquering Jeolla Province did not progress.
- ことに禅宗では阿羅漢である大迦葉に釈迦の正法が直伝されたことを重視して、釈迦の弟子たちの修行の姿が理想化され、五百羅漢図や羅漢像が作られ、正法護持の祈願の対象となった。
- Particularly, the Zen sect emphasized that Shaka's true dharma (正法) was transmitted directly to Arakan, Daikasho (Mahakasyapa) and produced pictures of the 500 Rakans, and statues of Rakan idealized the figures of Shaka's disciples training, which were later worshipped to pray for keeping true dharma.
- しかし、『日本書紀』が神武天皇以来の歴代天皇の「オホキサキ」に対して「皇后」の漢字を当てていることから、彼女以前の天皇の正妃についても「皇后」の称で呼ぶ慣行となっている。
- However, since the Kanji '皇后' (empress) is assigned for all 'Okisaki' of emperors since Emperor Jinmu in 'Nihon Shoki,' it is common practice to call wives of the emperor before her as 'Kogo' (empress).
- 江戸時代の百科事典『和漢三才図会』によれば、大和国(現・奈良県)吉野山中の菜摘川(夏実川)や清明滝(蜻螟滝)でよく見かけるもので、野槌の名は槌に似ていることが由来とある。
- According to 'Wakan Sansai Zue,' an encyclopedia compiled during the Edo period, Nozuchi was often seen in Natsumi-gawa River and Seimei-daki Waterfall in Yoshino-yama mountain range, and its name originated from its resemblance to a hammer ('tsuchi' or 'zuchi').
- しかし、居延漢簡でほぼ同時代に古隷と八分隷が混在していることから、元々八分隷は隷書の書風の一つであって、それが古隷の書法に代わり後に標準となったと結論づけられたのである。
- However, because korei and happunrei coexisted in Kyoen Kankan in almost the same period, it was concluded that happunrei was originally one calligraphic style of reisho and it became the standard later in lieu of shoho (penmanship, calligraphy) of korei.
- 1世紀には倭国が北部九州を中心とした地域に成立し、倭国王は博多湾近くの倭奴国に首都をおいて漢に朝貢し、後には太宰府に都を移して7世紀末まで存在したとする九州王朝説がある。
- According to the theory of the Kyushu dynasty, Wakoku had been founded by the first century around the area of the northern part of Kyusu, and the King of Wa placed the capital in Wanonanokuni near the Hakata Bay and offered tribute to the Han Dynasty, and then transferred it to Dazaifu (govermental headquarters in northern Kyushu from the late Kofun period (300-700) through the Heian Period) to exist till the end of the seventh century.
- 日本は中国と戦争を行っていたことから、台湾の漢民族を兵士として採用することには反対が多かったが、兵力不足からやむをえず志願兵制、そして1945年からは徴兵制が施行された。
- As Japan was fighting a war with China, many objected to accept the Taiwanese of the Han race as soldiers, but the shortage of soldiers caused the government to introduce the volunteer soldier system and then the draft system in 1945.
- 陳朝で成立した『大越史記』においては、秦漢時代に今日の広東からヴェトナム北部に存在した南越国をヴェトナム最初の正統王朝とし、この地域を対象とする「天下」概念が形成された。
- According to 'Daietsu shiki' written in the era of Trần dynasty, Nanetsukoku, a nation located in the region ranging from present Canton to North Vietnam, was the first legitimate dynasty of Vietnam, and the notion of 'Tenka' which referred to this region was created.
- 全六巻の内容は、天・地・東・南・西・北の順で見たとき、冒頭の天巻では中国語(古代漢語)に見られる声調変化、四声の原理を説き、地巻では詩の形式や描くべき題材について述べる。
- Concerning the contents of the total of six volumes, when the order was Heaven, Earth, East, South, West, and North, the first volume of Heaven described the shift of the tone seen in the Chinese (the ancient kango [words of Chinese origin]) as well as the principle of the four tones, while in the volume of Earth described the format of the poetry and materials to be depicted.
- 琵琶湖疏水(びわこそすい、「疏」が常用漢字外であり「疎」に書き換えられるため琵琶湖疎水とも表記される)とは、琵琶湖の湖水を、京都市へ運ぶために作られた水路(疏水)である。
- Biwako Sokui (琵琶湖疏水) or Lake Biwa Canal (since 疏 is not included in the national list of Chinese characters in common use, 疎 is also used as in 琵琶湖疎水) is a waterway that was built to transport water from Lake Biwa to Kyoto City.
- 銅鏡は宝器として珍重され、後期になって副葬され始めるようになった後漢鏡は、不老長寿への祈りを込めた文が刻まれ、その鏡を持った人は長寿や子孫の繁栄が約されるというものだった。
- While it was a highly appreciated treasure equipment, mirrors of the Later Han, which came to be buried together with others in the late Yayoi period, had the engraved prayer for perpetual youth and longevity, meaning those who had got the mirror were guaranteed for longevity and fertility.
- また清でも1860年代から漢人官僚曽国藩、李鴻章らによる近代化の試みとして洋務運動が展開され中国の伝統的な文化、制度を土台としながら軍事を中心として西洋技術の導入を進めた。
- Qing had also been introducing western technologies centering on military ones based on Chinese traditional culture; bureaucrats of the Han race including Zeng Guofan and Li Hung Chang promoted the Western Affairs Movement in an attempt to modernize China.
- このうち、冒頭の10項目と次の4項目は諸本揃っているものの、文体などが異なること、後者には漢詩以外の散文に関する記事が含まれていることから別個の著者がいたと考えられている。
- Although all books consists of the first ten items and the subsequent four items, the latter is considered to have been written by another person because its writing style is different from the former and it contains a description concerning prose.
- 以上の諸版に収録されている教典群大蔵経には、大乗の経論、ことに原典も漢訳も現存しないインド後期仏教の文献が多く含まれており、インド後期仏教の研究にも重要な意味をもっている。
- The Tripitaka of Buddhist sutras in the above editions includes many commentaries on Mahayana Buddhism sutras, particularly late-stage Indian Buddhism documents of which the original scriptures and translations of Chinese do not exist, so that it has important meaning in the research of late-stage Indian Buddhism.
- 日蓮教学の法華宗は、この経の題目(題名)の「妙法蓮華経」(鳩摩羅什漢訳本の正式名)の五字を重んじ、南無妙法蓮華経(五字七字の題目)と唱えることを正行(しょうぎょう)とする。
- The Hokke sect of Nichiren studies (日蓮教学) placed high value on the five letters of 'Myohorenge-kyo (妙法蓮華経)' in this sutra's title (a formal title of the sutra translated by Kumaraju in Chinese) and considered the recitation of Namu myohorenge-kyo (a chant of five letters or seven letters) as 正行.
- この他、呉国(宋 (南朝))から手工業者・漢織(あやはとり)・呉織(くれはとり)らを招き、また、分散していた秦民(秦氏の民)の統率を強化して、養蚕業を奨励したことも知られる。
- Emperor Yuryaku is also known for having promoted the sericultural industry by inviting handicraftsmen such as Ayahatori and Kurehartori from Wu (Sung (Southern Dynasty)) and by gathering and controlling scattered people of the Hata clan.
- 後漢で1.98リットルに一度減るが、その後は魏 (三国)・西晋で2.02リットル、隋・唐で5.94リットルなどと増え続け、明代には10.74リットルとほぼ現代と同じになった。
- In the age of the Later Han Dynasty, 1 to was reduced to 1.98 liters, but after that, the size continued to grow as 1 to was set at 2.02 liters in the age of the Wei and West Jin Dynasties, 5.94 liters in the age of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and was set at 10.74 liters, which was almost the same size as present, in the age of the Ming Dynasty.
- それから5年後に曙山も亡くなると、秋田蘭画は下火となり、しだいに廃れたが、同画の系統・画流は司馬江漢に受けつがれ、さらに洋風化して須賀川の亜欧堂田善にも影響をおよぼしている。
- After Shozan died five years later, Akita Ranga lost its popularity and gradually fell out of practice; however, its lineage and style were inherited by Kokan SHIBA, becoming further westernized and also came to have an influence on Denzen AODO from Sukagawa.
- 江戸時代に入って幕藩体制が確立されると、朱子学が教育の中心的地位に立ち、幕府や藩における教育は経学・史学・文学などの漢学を中心として、これに習字や算術が付随するものとなった。
- After the Shogunate system with clans was well established during the Edo period, the Zhu Xi school of Neo-Confucianism took a central role in education, and education focused mainly on Chinese classics such as Scriptures of Confucianism, History, and Literature, with Calligraphy and Mathematics taking on a supplemental role.
- 諸蕃氏族は、さらに5分類され、「漢」として163氏、「百済」として104氏、「高麗」(高句麗を指す)として41氏、「新羅」として9氏、「任那」として9氏がそれぞれ挙げられる。
- The clans of Shoban are further divided into five types: 'Han,' which includes 163 clans; 'Kudara,' which includes 104 clans; 'Goryeo' (meaning Goguryeo), which includes 41 clans; 'Silla,' which includes nine clans; and 'Mimana,' which also includes nine clans.
- キリシタン版(きりしたんばん)とは、近世初期(16世紀末-17世紀初め)に日本を中心にイエズス会によって刊行されたローマ字、あるいは漢字・仮名 (文字)による印刷の通称である。
- Kirishitan-ban (Christian editions) refers to a common name of printing in Roman characters, kanji (Chinese characters) or kana (the Japanese syllabary) which was published by the Society of Jesus mainly in Japan in the early modern period (from the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 17th century).
- 朝鮮側における密貿易の担い手は三浦周辺住民・地元商人・漢城大商であったが、中でも三浦周辺住民と恒居倭の癒着ぶりは「相親相愛, 不啻如兄弟, 言語飮食, 利害緩急, 無不共之。」
- The major Korean participants in the illegal trading were residents around Sanpo, local merchants, and major merchants in Hansung, and the relationship between the residents around Sanpo and kokyowa was specially described as follows:
- その後漢学者源為憲が内親王のために『三宝絵』を著して進呈し、また薨去の際には慶滋保胤が四十九日供養の願文を自らしたためて、若くして出家・他界した尊子内親王の慎ましい人柄を偲んだ。
- After that a scholar of the Chinese classics, MINAMOTO no Tamenori wrote 'Sanpo e' and gave it to the Princess, when the Princess died, YOSHISHIGE no Yasunane wrote Ganmon (special document or letter to pray to god) for Shijukunichi (a memorial service held on the forty-ninth day after a person's death) and remembered the Imperial Princess as a modest person who entered into priesthood at a young age and then died.
- 即ち、従来定説とされてきた、天武天皇は天智天皇の弟であるというのは誤りで、皇極天皇が舒明天皇と結婚する前に生んだ漢皇子であり、彼は天智天皇の異父兄であるとする説に基づくものである。
- There was an accepted theory that Emperor Temmu was a younger brother of Emperor Tenchi (Tenji), but this is denied; another theory is that Emperor Temmu was Aya no Miko, whom Empress Kogyoku had before she married Emperor Jomei, and that he was an older half-brother of Emperor Tenchi (Tenji).
- もちろん、多くの札を取った人が勝ちとなるが、取り札である読み札には漢字が混じるため視覚からくる思わぬ錯覚なども加わって、思わぬところで「お手付き」があるのもこのゲームの特徴である。
- The player who takes the most cards is the winner as well; players often touch the wrong cards and are penalized since difficult kanji characters written on the e-fuda can play tricks on a players' eyes.
- 通詞によって学ばれ始め、新井白石が『西洋紀聞』で開明的な海外理解を示し、徳川吉宗が漢訳蘭書の輸入禁止を緩和し、青木昆陽、野呂元丈に蘭語学習を命じ、実学を奨励したのちに盛んになった。
- At first, interpreters began to study Rangaku, and Hakuseki ARAI demonstrated the enlightened understanding of overseas circumstances in his book 'Seiyo kibun' (Western Accounts), and then, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA relaxed the import ban on Chinese translations of Dutch documents, and told Konmei AOKI and Genjo NORO to study Dutch and promoted practical learning, which eventually allowed Rangaku to thrive.
- 空前絶後の支配領域をもったモンゴル帝国、元 (王朝)は再び中国を統一したが、その統治においても、政治上南人(元南宋の民、江南の人士)と漢人(元金の民、華北の人士)は区別されていた。
- The Yuan dynasty, the Mongolian Empire which held the vast territory of all time, reunified China, but it made a distinction between nanjin (people of former Southern Sung, namely people of the Konan area) and kanjin (people of former Jing, namely people of the Kahoku area) in its ruling.
- 更には江戸の都市政策(町火消の創設、小石川養生所の設置)、西洋知識禁制の緩和(漢訳洋書禁輸の緩和、甘藷栽培など)、商人対策(相対済まし令、株仲間の公認など)などの諸改革も行われた。
- And moreover, he implemented various reforms, such as renewing Edo city through establishing local fire brigades and Koishikawa Hospital, mitigating prohibition of Western knowledge through various measures (lifting an embargo on the import of Western books translated into Chinese characters, permitting cultivation of sweet potatoes, and so on), and handling matters about merchants (issuing Mutual Settlement Decree on money matters, permitting 'kabu nakama' [a kind of cartel formed by wholesalers and other merchants], and so on).
- なお、本来の意味で用いる漢文の読み下し及び日本の古代の用例には漢音と呉音の混交した 'ひゃくせい'、日本の中世以降の用例には呉音の 'ひゃくしょう' の読みを当てるのが慣例である。
- Note that it is common to pronounce the term as 'hyakusei,' which is a mixture of the Han reading of Chinese characters and the Wu reading, in the case of a Japanese reading of a Chinese passage or a use in ancient Japanese that is used in the original meaning, or 'hyakusho,' which is the Wu reading, in a case of a use in Japanese in or after the medieval period.
- 図書の整理は、開館当初はダウンズ勧告に基づいて、和漢書は日本国内の図書館で一般的な日本十進分類法 (NDC)、洋書は世界的に使われる国際十進分類法 (UDC) によって行れていた。
- In the early days after the opening, Japanese and Chinese books were classified by the Nippon Decimal Classification (NDC) and Western books were classified by the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), based on the recommendations of the Downs Report.
- 一方、了翁道覚禅師は錦袋円という漢方薬の販売により、収益金で鉄眼の一切経の開刻事業を援助する一方、完成本を誰もが見られるようにする勧学院を各地に建て、日本の図書館の先駆けとなった。
- On the other hand, Zen Master Ryoo Dokaku helped Tetsugen to carve Issaikyo wood blocks with revenue from the sales of the Chinese herb 'kintaien,' and he built Kangakuin in many places in order that everyone could read it, thus setting a precedent for the library system in Japan.
- 謝良佐の弟子である朱震は邵雍の『皇極経世書』、周敦頤の『通書』といった象数易と『程氏易伝』や張載の『正蒙』といった義理易を総合して『漢上易伝』を著し、王安石や蘇軾の易学に対抗した。
- Shusin, a disciple of Sha Ryosa, brought together Shosu-eki (graphic and mathematical divination) such as 'Kokyokukeiseisho' (Kogyoku future occurrence book) by ShoYo (Shao Yong) and 'Tsusho' (almanac) by Shu Ton-i (Zhou Dunyi), and Giri-eki (ethics and philosophy divination) such as 'Tei's annotation of I Ching' and Cho Sai's (Zhang Zai) 'Seimo,' and wrote 'Kanjoekiden,' to counter the art of divination led by Anseki O (Wang Anshi) and Su Shi.
- 古くから女帝(呉音じょてい、漢音にょたい)と呼ばれることが多かったが、皇位継承問題の議論が盛んとなった2004年以降、日本の公文書や報道等では女性天皇の表現が用いられるようになった。
- They were often called female Emperor (they were also called Jotei in Goon and Nyotai in Karagoe), after there was active argument of the issue of Imperial succession since 2004, they were commonly called female Emperor in an official document or in the publication.
- 吉田東伍の「古代半島諸国興廃概考」(8月号『史学会雑誌』21号p.21~22。)に素盞鳴尊の韓郷之島曽尸茂梨之処の曽尸茂梨を牛頭山とし、漢の春秋戦国時代の西暦紀元前4世紀と推定した。
- In his paper 'Study of Emergence and Disappearance of Ancient Countries in the Korean Peninsula' (August 1891 edition of 'Journal of Historical Studies,' volume 21, p.21-p.22), Togo YOSHIDA proposed that 'Soshimori in the Korean island called Soshimori, which is visited by Susanoo' is Mt. Gyuto and that was around the fourth century B.C. during the Spring and Autumn Warring States period in China.
- 楊守敬より啓発を受けた日下部鳴鶴、巌谷一六の六朝書道、また、徐三庚に影響された西川春洞、さらに中林梧竹らの活躍によって、明治末から大正にかけての漢字書道界は華やかな動きを示している。
- From the end of Meiji to the Taisho period, Meikaku KUSAKABE and Ichiroku IWAYA, both enlightened by Yang Shoujing, actively supported calligraphy of the six dynasties, and Gochiku NAKABAYASHI in addition to Shundo NISHIKAWA, who was affected by Xu Sangeng, was also active, making movements in the Chinese calligraphic world in this flamboyant era.
- 2代野宮定縁・3代野宮定基は中院家からの養子で、定縁は熊沢蕃山に和漢の学を学び、定基は有職四天王(滋野井公澄・平松時方・東園基量・野宮定基)の一人として名高く、賀茂祭の復興にも尽力した。
- The second head of the family, Sadayori NONOMIYA, an adopted son from the Nakanoin family, learned Japanese and Chinese culture from Banzan KUMAZAWA, and the third head of the family, Sadamoto NONOMIYA, also an adopted son from the Nakanoin family, was well known as one of the Yusoku-shitenno (the four specialists of the ancient practices) (Kinzumi SHIGENOI, Tokikata HIRAMATSU, Motokazu HIGASHIZONO and Sadamoto NONOMIYA) and a sponsor to restore the Kamo Festival.
- 『無量義経』『仏説盂蘭盆経』『十王信仰』『十句観音経』など、原典がサンスクリット語などのインドの言葉ではなく、中国や朝鮮半島において漢文で成立したものが偽経(疑経)と呼ばれることもある。
- Further, original scriptures such 'Muryo gikyo' (Sutra of Immeasurable Meanings), 「仏説孟蘭盆経」, 'Juo-shinko' (Ten Kings (Ten Judges of Hell) belief), 'Jikku Kannongyo' that were not written in Indian languages such as Sanskrit and were established in Chinese characters in China and Korea are sometimes considered to be forged scriptures.
- このように、本書は政務に関するあらゆる事例を掲げたもので、それぞれに関係する律令格式の条文や国史・日記の記事、その他和漢の典籍を正確に引用し、彼自身や父祖先輩の勘文・勘答も収録している。
- Thus, it carries every example of governmental affairs, accurately quotes related articles on laws of codes and ethics (conduct), and related reports from the national history and diaries, in addition to Chinese and Japanese classical books, and also includes not only his own kanmon (written reports for what the imperial court requested) and kanto (written response), but also those of his ancestors and older lawyers.
- 日本の正史であった六国史は、原則として漢文による編年体の体裁を取っているが、『日本書紀』以外の5史においては高官あるいは高僧の死亡記事の際に当該人物の伝記を挿入する事が行われた(国史体)。
- A Japanese authentic history, Rikkokushi (6 histories of the nation), basically maintains the appearance of Hennentai (a chronological writing style) in classical Chinese, but in the 5 histories other than 'Nihonshoki,' the biographies of high officials or high-rank priests were added in the descriptions of their deaths (Kokushitai).
- 「泰時消息文」によれば、公家法は漢文で記されており難解であるので、武士に分かりやすい文体の法律を作ったとあるが、これは公家法の再構成して武士たちに理解しやすい形態に改めたという意味である。
- According to 'Yasutoki shosokubun' (a letter of Yasutoki HOJO), since the court noble law had been described in Chinese classics and is difficult to be understood, a law written in a style easily understood by samurai was made, meaning that the court noble law was reconstructed and altered to be more understandable for the samurai.
- 明の冊封国であった李氏朝鮮に征明嚮導の意思はなく、秀吉は明への遠征のため先ず朝鮮の制圧を決め、文禄元年(1592年)4月(和暦。漢数字表記の月は以下同じ)、16万人の大軍を送ることとなる。
- The Yi Dynasty Korea, which had been Sakuho-koku (countries to confer a peerage with a Saku paper) of Ming, did not have the intention of leading troops to conquer Ming and Hideyoshi decided to conquer Korea at first in order to make a successful expedition to Ming and a large army of 160,000 were sent in May 1592 (according to the traditional Japanese calendar).
- 特に母の皇極天皇が舒明天皇の前に結婚していた高向王との間に生まれた漢王と同一人物(つまり、天武異父兄説)ではないかとする考えが有名であるが、同一史料には矛盾は見られない(詳しくは下記参照)。
- Although according to a well known theory, the Emperor Tenmu and Aya no kimi, who was the son of the Empress Kogyoku and her former husband Takamukuo, was actually the same person (therefore the Emperor Tenmu was the older maternal half-brother of the Emperor Tenchi); there are no contradictions within the historical materials (The details are as follows.)
- しかしこれは、あくまでも古今和歌集賀歌として収録されたこの歌への考察であり、『和漢朗詠集』になってくると、朗詠は詠唱するものであり、どういう場で詠唱されたかという、場の問題が大きく出てくる。
- This consideration applies only to the waka adopted as gaka in Kokin-Wakashu, however, and, as far as 'Wakanroeishu' is concerned, because the 'roei (to recite)' means to chant and it is important under what situation it was chanted.
- 唐に至って、歴史書を編纂する事業は国家の事業となり、『晋書』『梁書』『陳書』『周書』『隋書』などが次々と編纂され、これまでの紀伝体の史書のうち史記や漢書、三国志などとあわせて「正史」とした。
- But beginning in the era of the Tang dynasty, the task of compiling histories became an affair of the state; the Tang state proceeded to compile several histories one after another, including the 'Book of Jin', the 'Book of Liang', the 'Book of Zhou', and the 'Book of Sui', and pairing these new histories with a selection of histories in biographical annal format that had already been written such as the Shiji, the Book of Han, and the Annals of the Three Kingdoms, declared the combined set the official histories.
- 児童教育については、『蒙求』・『千字文』・『李嶠百廿詠』が主に用いられ、後に藤原公任が『和漢朗詠集』、藤原宗忠が『作文大体』、三善為康が『続千字文』・『童蒙頌韻』を著すとこれらも用いられた。
- For children's education, 'Mogyu,' 'Senjimon' and 'Rikyo Hyakunijuei' were primarily used, with 'Wakan Roeishu' written by FUJIWARA no Kinto, 'Sakumon Daitai' written by FUJIWARA no Munetada, 'Zoku Senjimon' and 'Domoshoin' written by MIOSHI no Tameyasu later added to the list of textbooks.
- 1834年『庭訓往来具注鈔』という本では、一通の手紙文を数段にわけ、段ごとに割注(漢字かな交じり文・総ふりがな付き)を挿入、最後に必ず「文意」の項を設け、この段全般に及ぶ意味を要約している。
- In 1834, the book 'Teikin Orai Guchusho' (Commentary of Teikin Orai), each letter was broken down into several paragraphs and each paragraph had a let-in note that contained both kanji and kana with all kanji accompanied by furigana, always closing with a section on 'sentence meaning' that summarized the whole paragraph.
- 日朝で激しいやりとりがあったが、弁理公使花房義質が日朝間を頻繁に往来して、ついには1880年12月漢城に公使館を設置し長期滞在して既成事実化するようになると、朝鮮側も黙認せざるを得なくなった。
- During the severe discussion between the two sides, minister resident Yoshimoto HANABUSA traveled often between Japan and Korea, and finally Japan established a consular office in Hanseong in December 1880, Hanabusa stayed there for a long term to create a fait accompli, and Korea had no choice but to concede.
- 重ね書きの手法も用いて『源氏物語絵巻』の詞書を書いた12世紀前半の藤原伊房(世尊寺伊房)、上述の『芦手絵和漢朗詠集抄』を書写した12世紀後半の藤原伊行(世尊寺伊行)はともに世尊寺家の出身である。
- FUJIWARA no Korefusa (Korefusa SESONJI) in the first half of the 12th century who wrote kotobagaki of 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' using the overwriting method and FUJIWARA no Koreyuki (Koreyuki SESONJI) in the latter half of the 12th century who copied 'Ashide-e Wakan Roeishu Sho' which was described earlier were from the Sesonji family.
- 名詞をまず漢語で類聚し、意味により分類して項目立て、万葉仮名で日本語に対応する名詞の読み(和名・倭名)をつけた上で、漢籍(字書・韻書・博物書)を出典として多数引用しながら説明を加える体裁をとる。
- It was made in the following style: First, nouns were collected in Chinese, were grouped based on their meanings, an item name was given to each group of nouns, a Japanese pronunciation (called 'wamyo,' literally a Japanese name) of each of these nouns was given using Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu [Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves]), and to each noun, explanations were given by citing its Chinese document sources (dictionaries, Chinese dictionaries arranged by the final sound of each word, and encyclopedia).
- 漢訳仏典圏では、鳩摩羅什訳の『妙法蓮華経』が、「最も優れた翻訳」として、天台宗教学や多くの宗派の信仰上の所依として広く用いられており、「法華経」は「妙法蓮華経」の略称として用いられる場合もある。
- In the countries where Buddhism sutras were translated into Chinese, 'Myohorenge-kyo' (translated by Kumaraju) was considered to be 'the best translation' and was used as the essential sutra for Tendai sects and many other sects, so that the name 'Hokke-kyo sutra' is in some cases used as an abbreviation for 'Myohorenge-kyo.'
- 漢訳事業の進行に伴い、訳経の収集や分類、経典の真偽の判別が必要となり、4世紀末には釈道安によって最初の経録である『綜理衆経目録』(亡佚)が、6世紀初めには僧祐によって『出三蔵記集』が作成された。
- In accordance with the progress of translation into Chinese, it became necessary to collect and classify the sutras of the Chinese editions and distinguish the true Buddhist sutras from the false ones, so that at the end of the fourth century Doan SHAKU wrote 'Shuri Shu-kyo Mokuroku (亡佚),' the first record of sutra, and at the beginning of the sixth century Soyu edited 'Shutsu Sanzo Kishu (the Chu sanzang ji ji).'
- また、日本の後高倉法皇のように帝位には即かなかったものの、没後若しくは存命中に子が皇帝となり王朝を開いたが故に、太上皇の称号を贈られた例として、秦の始皇帝の父・荘襄王、漢の劉邦の父・劉太公がいる。
- Also, examples of taijoko who did not ascend to the throne himself but was granted the title posthumously or in life because his child became an emperor and founded a dynasty, as in the case of the Japanese Cloistered Emperor Gotakakura, are the King Zhangxiang, who was the father of the first Qin Emperor, and Liu Taigong, who was the father of Liu Bang of Han.
- 『山海経』(戦国-秦漢期成立)には倭が中国東北部にあった燕_(春秋)国に服属していたという記述があり、紀元前6-4世紀頃のことと考えられているが、同書についても依拠することに慎重な見解が存在する。
- There is a description in 'Sengaikyo' (oldest topography of China), written sometime between the Warring States Period and Qin/Han Dynasty) that says Wa was obedient to Yan (Chunqiu period) which was in the northeast of China, therefore it is considered to be in the period from the sixth century to fourth century B.C. but some think the book should also be taken with caution.
- 「公使館襲撃事件の犯人の逮捕と処刑、日本側被害者の遺族、負傷者への見舞金5万円、出兵費用補填50万円、公使館護衛としての漢城での軍隊駐留権、兵営設置費・修理費の朝鮮側負担、謝罪使の派遣等」である。
- It included 'the arrest and execution of the perpetrators who raided the Legation, consolation payment of 50,000 JPY to each family of the victims and injured in Japan, 500,000 JPY to fill the shortfall in the expenses for the dispatch of troops, the right to have an army around in Hanseong (the present Seoul) as a guard for the Legation, setting up barracks and the repair of them were at Korea's expense and sending a 'mission of expiation' and so on.'
- 基本的には、朱墨の半印がされた文字と、筆記の漢数字(一方は朱:赤で記載)のある大きめの縦長(縦:82cm 横:36cm)の紙で、裏面には献上物、数、付帯貨物、正使以下の乗船者数などを記入したもの。
- Basically, the Kangofu was a long sheet of paper, large in size (82 cm long by 36 cm across), on which the matching seals with letters in red ink and handwritten Chinese kanji numbers (one of which was written in red ink) were printed, and on the other side of the document the type and number of articles for presentation, supplementary cargo, the number of passengers including the chief delegate were listed.
- 若い頃(とりわけ明治10年代)には、侍補で親政論者である漢学者元田永孚や佐々木高行の影響を強く受けて、西洋の文物に対しては懐疑的であり、また自身が政局の主導権を掌握しようと積極的であった時期がある。
- During his younger days (especially between 1876 to 1885), he was greatly influenced by Nagazane MOTODA and Takayuki SASAKI, scholars of the Chinese classics who acted as his jiho (aides) and were supporters of direct imperial rule, and there was a period when he was skeptical about western literature and tried to actively gain control of the government.
- 日本の文永11年・元の至元11年10月(1274年11月)に、忻都、金方慶らに率いられ、モンゴル人・漢人・女真人・高麗人など非戦闘員を含む3万人を乗せた船が朝鮮の月浦(合浦。現在の馬山)を出発した。
- In November 1274, the ships departed from Gappo in the Korean peninsula (now Masan) with 30,000 people on board, including non-soldiers, led by Xin Dou, Kim Bang-gyeong and others, consisting of people of Mongol, Han, Jurchen, and Goryeo.
- この経典に対する漢訳は十六種類が行われたとされるが、完訳が現存するのは『正法華経』(竺法護訳、2世紀)、『』(鳩摩羅什訳、5世紀)、『添品妙法蓮華経』(闍那崛多・達磨笈多共訳、7世紀)の三種である。
- It is said that there were 16 kinds of translations to Chinese for this sutra, but currently the following three translations remain complete: 'the Lotus Sutra' (translated by Hogo JIKU, Zhu Fahua in the second century), ''(translated by Kumaraju in the fifth century), '添品妙法蓮華経'(translated by Jnana-gupta and Dharmagupta in the seventh century).
- それぞれの部位に「空(キャ kha)、風(カ ha)、火(ラ ra)、水(バ va)、地(ア a)」の種子や漢字を刻むことが多いが、天台宗・日蓮宗の寺院では「妙法蓮華経」の五字が刻まれる場合がある。
- Each section is often inscribed with the Shuji (種子) (Sanskrit letters) or Chinese letters from top to bottom, kha (void, or 空), ha (air, or 風), ra (fire, or 火), va (water, or 水), and a (earth, or 地), and in Nichiren and Tendai sect temples sometimes Gorinto are inscribed with the five Chinese letters '妙法蓮華経' (the Lotus Sutra).
- 明経道・紀伝道(文章道)においては、漢文の注釈(訓点法)に用いる乎古登点(乎古止点)を菅原氏・大江氏・清原氏などがそれぞれ独自の解釈で打っていき、これを家説として子弟や門人の教育に用いるようになった。
- In Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics) and Kidendo (Literature), based upon their own interpretations, the Sugawara clan, the Oe clan, and the Kiyohara clan, and so on differently inserted 'okototen' used as markings for reading Chinese classics (kuntenho), which they made their family's theory used to teach their children or students.
- 「今や然らず、漢魏六朝碑を合して四百種を観得るのみならず、近来敦煌市に於て発掘せられたる幾多の墨寶は実に漢碑六朝の肉筆其物にあらずや、之れを唐碑の重刻屢翻のものに比し来らば霄壤も啻ならざるの感あらん。」
- Now, the situation has become quite different; Four hundred inscriptions on monuments in the six Han-Wei dynasties can now be viewed, and in addition, many calligraphic treasures excavated recently in Dunhuang City are definitely genuine calligraphic works in the six Han-Wei dynasties themselves; When compared them with those inscriptions of monuments in Tang that were reprinted and copied many times, the difference is definitely between heaven and earth.
- これには国家が利益追求を行って庶民から財を貪るものだとして儒学者から反対の声が上がり、次の昭帝 (漢)の代にはこの政策の賛否を巡る論争会が開かれた(この論争を纏めたのが『塩鉄論』であると言われている)。
- Confucian scholars protested agasint this policy, saying that the nation was pursuing profits and depriving the property of the common people, so the next Emperor Zhao (Han) held a debate to discuss the pros and cons of this policy (it is said that this debate was summarized into 'Discourses on Salt and Iron').
- ところが、ヨーロッパの書籍から直接知識を得ようとする洋学(蘭学)が出現するようになると、従来の学問(日本固有の学術及び中国伝来の学術)はこれと区別する意味で「皇漢学(こうかんがく)」と称されるようになる。
- However, when form of studies referred to as western studies (Dutch studies) which sought to directly obtain knowledge through books from Europe started, the traditional way of studies (studies typical of Japan as well as studies introduced from China) had come to be referred to as 'koukangaku' to distinguish from western studies.
- 漢方薬では、主に赤紫蘇の葉を「蘇葉」(そよう)または「紫蘇葉」(しそよう)といい、理気薬(気が停滞している状態を改善する薬物、精神を安定させる目的もある)として神秘湯、半夏厚朴湯、香蘇散などに配合される。
- In herbal medicine, aka-jiso leaf is generally called 'soyo' or 'shisoyo' and is mixed in herbal medicines such as shen-bi-tang, ban-xia-hou-pu-tang, xiang-su-san and so on for the purpose of moving stagnated qi or stabilizing psychological state.
- 「気の向くままに(文章を)書く」という随筆を意味する漢語「漫筆」が「漫筆画」を経て「漫画」になったとする説と、「漫画(まんかく)」という名のヘラサギの一種から「種々の事物を漁る」意になったとする説がある。
- There is a theory that a kango (words of Chinese origin) 'manpitsu (漫筆)' meaning an essay which is 'writing (a sentence) at will' became 'manpitsu-ga (a picture painted at will)', then 'manga', also there is another theory that a type of spoonbill called 'mankaku (漫画)' which 'looks for various things' was the origin.
- 居延漢簡の書かれた時代は篆書から隷書へと書体が変化する時期に当たっているが、ちょうどその変化=隷変のあった前漢代にはほとんど碑などの金石文が残されておらず、ごくわずかな書蹟から推測するだけの状態であった。
- The days when Kyoen Kankan was written correspond to the period when the calligraphic style changed from tensho (seal script) to reisho (clerical script), but very few Kinsekibun (words written on metal or stones) such as stone monuments remained when such change, i.e. reihen (change in calligraphic style), occurred in the Former Han period and therefore reihen was only presumed on the basis of a very small number of penmanship.
- 一方、同じ大元朝時代にパスパ文字と漢字音を対応させた朱宗文 撰の韻書『蒙古字韻』(1308年)によると、「日」は ži の入声、「本」は bun の上声、「国」は guų の入声にそれぞれ分類されている。
- Meanwhile, 'the Menggu-Ziyun (蒙古字韻, Mongolian Letters arranged by Rhyme)' edited by Zhu Zongwen (朱宗文) in late Great Yuan Dynasty (in 1308), which was a rhyming dictionary of Chinese ideographs arranged according to phonetic syllables written in the Phags-pa script, categorized '日' as the entering tone of ži, and '本' as the rising tone of bun, and '国' as entering tone of guų respectively.
- 明治期における人類学的な区分では、坪井正五郎が先史時代の先住民であるコロボックル、国内の他民族であるアイヌ(及び樺太アイヌ)、琉球、朝鮮人・台湾漢人、台湾先住民などを除いた集合としての大和民族を主張した。
- Based on anthropological classification done in the Meiji period, Shogoro TSUBOI asserted that the Yamato race was an aggregation which did not include the Korobokkuru, which was prehistorical aborigines, the Ainu tribe (and Sakhalin Ainu), Ryukyu people, Korean people, the Han race of Taiwan, the aborigines in Taiwan and others.
- 延喜18年(918年)12月、漢学者・三善清行の葬列がこの橋を通った際、父の死を聞いて急ぎ帰ってきた熊野三山で修行中の子・浄蔵が棺にすがって祈ると、清行が雷鳴とともに一時生き返り、父子が抱き合ったという。
- In December 918, during the scholar of Chinese literature Kiyotsura MIYOSHI's funeral procession over this bridge, his son, who had been a disciplinant in Kumano Sanzan (a set of three Grand Shrines located in the southeastern part of the Kii Mountain Range), hurriedly returned at the news of his father's death, and gave prayers to his father while throwing himself over the coffin, when a peal of thunder temporarily resurrected Kiyotsura and they embraced each other.
- 法華経(ほけきょう、ほっけきょうとも)は、大乗仏教の経典「サッダルマ・プンダリーカ・スートラ(saddharmapuNDariika-suutra)」(「正しい教えである白い蓮の花」の意)の漢訳での総称。
- Hokke-kyo (Hokke-kyo Sutra) is a collective term for the Mahayana Buddhism sutra, 'saddharmapundariika-suutra ('a white lotus flower as right teaching)' in Chinese translation.
- また、漢字翻訳によるこの五字の題目を本仏の名号と見なして南無(帰命)しようとする立場の者から見れば、五字の題目に込められた教えの実践法とは八巻二十八品ではなく、七字の題目すなわち「南無妙法蓮華経」となる。
- Moreover, from the viewpoint of a person who tries to regard the Nichiren chant of five Chinese characters as Myogo (Amida's name) of the Original Buddha, the way of practice on teaching in five letters of the Nichiren chant is not Volume 8 Chapter 28 but instead the seven-letter Nichiren chant, which is, 'Namu Myohorenge-kyo (南無妙法蓮華経).'
- よって、律令の本文は早くに散逸したが、律については李林甫らによる注釈書『唐律疏義』が残り、令については、1933年、日本の中国法制史学者である仁井田陞が、和漢の典籍より逸文を輯逸し、『唐令拾遺』を著している。
- Therefore, although the original texts of the Ritsuryo were dispersed and lost early on, the ritsu penal code was recorded in the commentary 'Tanglu Shuyi' written by Linfu LI and others, and the ryo administrative code was recorded in 'Torei Shui' written by Noboru NIIDA, a Japanese historian of Chinese legal history, in 1933 by collating missing writing from Japanese and Chinese classical books.
- 伏見宮家の縁故で、女流漢学者で勤王論者の若江薫子(1835―1881年)が家庭教師として忠香の娘たちの養育に携わっていたが、女御を一条家から出すのに際し、薫子は姉を差し置いて妹の寿栄君を推薦したと言われている。
- Through connections of the Fushimi-no-Miya family, Nioko WAKAE, a female scholar of Chinese classics and an imperialist (1835-1881), was involved in the nurturing of Tadaka's daughters as a tutor, but in the face of choosing a consort from the ICHIJO family, Nioko is said to have recommended the younger sister Suegimi over the older sister.
- 1767年(明和4年)には『世話料理鱸包丁』(『今織蝦夷錦』)、1789年(寛政元年)には『漢人韓文手管始』、1792年(寛政4年)には『世話仕立唐縫針』など、いずれもこの一件を土台に作成された文芸作品である。
- The following literary works were generated based on this incident: 'Sewaryori Suzuki Bocho' ('Imaori Ezonishiki' [Ezo Brocade in modern fashion]) in 1767, 'Kanjin Kanmon Tekudano Hajimari' (The Han Chinese and Korean letters, the beginningof their tricks) in 1789, and 'Sewajitate Kara no Nuibari' in 1792.
- そのため、明治期の1900年ごろ、清の朝廷から逃れて日本で革命運動をしていた中国人活動家の中には、満州族が支配する清朝に対する漢民族の抵抗のシンボルの一つとして、漢服の代用品として、和服を愛用した活動家も多かった。
- For this reason, part of the Chinese who fled the Qing Dynasty for Japan and engaged in revolutionary movement against the Qing Dynasty around 1900 during the Meiji period always wore Japanese clothing instead of Hanfu to show their resistance as the Han race against the Qing Dynasty that was ruled by the Manchurians.
- 大和朝廷に仕えた渡来人としては、秦氏、東漢氏、西文氏が代表的であり、他に鞍部村主司馬達等(止)(大唐漢人、継体天皇・敏達天皇)、鞍部多須奈(用明天皇)、鞍作止利仏師(推古天皇)、高向玄理、新漢人旻、鑑真などがいる。
- The leading Toraijin serving the Yamato Court were the Hata clan, the Yamatonoaya clan, the Kawachi no Fumi clan and the others were such as KURATSUKURI no Suguri Shibatatsuto (known as the Han race of Great Tang, Emperor Keitai, Emperor Bidatsu), KURATSUKURI no Suruna (Emperor Yomei), KURATSUKURI no Tori (Emperor Suiko) who served as busshi (sculptor of Buddhist Statues), TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro, Imakino Ayahitomin, and Ganjin.
- 日本以外には、移民(日系人)としてブラジルを始めとするラテンアメリカ諸国、アジア、ヨーロッパ、アメリカ合衆国など世界中に分布してはいるが、近隣の民族である漢民族や朝鮮民族と比べると日本国外への移住者は比較的少ない。
- They also live as immigrants of Japanese descent in countries around the world such as Latin America including Brazil, Asia, Europe and the United States; however, Japanese immigrants are relatively few in number compared to neighboring races such as the Han race and Korean race.
- 実際、北京を中心とした河北省・山西省の地域のテキストである房山石経・契丹版や、或いは漢代から唐代の都長安の一切経写本の系統を引く、南宋版「思渓資福蔵」や元版「普寧蔵」等の大蔵経の方がより良いテキストである場合が多く、
- In fact, the Tripitaka in the Scriptures Inscribed on Stone at Fangshan as well as in the Kitai edition, which were the local texts of places such as Beijing (in Hebei Province) and Shanxi Province, or the Southern Sung edition, 'Shikei Shifuku-zo (思渓資福蔵)' and Yuan edition, 'Funei-zo,' which were lineages of the Issai-kyo sutra manuscripts of Choan (the capital from the Han through Tang dynasties) are often better texts.
- 明治維新後にも明治政府の修史事業が進められ、漢文体の大日本編年史が企画されたものの、その編纂方針をめぐる対立や、編纂の中心となっていた久米邦武の久米邦武筆禍事件により中止され、代わりに大日本史料が編纂されることとなった。
- Even after the Meiji Restoration, the new Meiji government proceeded to launch history compilation projects, planning to create a chronological history of Greater Japan, but this effort petered to a halt because of opposition to the objectives of the plan and due to the 'slip of the pen' incident involving Kunitake KUME, who was central to the compilation effort; in place of the proposed chronological history, Dainippon Shiryo (Historical Materials of Greater Japan) was compiled instead.
- 秦氏(はた)、東漢氏(やまとのあや)、西文氏(かわちのあや)などの代表的な帰化氏族、それに弓削氏(ゆげ)、矢集氏(やずめ)、服部氏(はとり)、犬養氏(いぬかい)、舂米氏(つきしね)、倭文氏(しとり)などの氏(ウヂ)がある。
- The clans that were given the position of Tomo no Miyatsuko included the representative naturalized clans such as the Hata clan, the Yamato no Aya clan, the Kawachi no Aya clan as well as the clans such as the Yuge clan, the Yazume clan, the Hatori clan, the Inukai clan, the Tsukishine clan and the Shitori clan.
- 尊王論が日本に受容されるに際して、日本では天皇が「王」であり、江戸幕府の征夷大将軍が「覇」であると読み換えられたが、天皇は単なる国王ではなく皇帝であるという優越意識を踏まえて「尊皇」という漢字に置き換えて用いることもあった。
- At the time when imperialism was introduced into Japan in the Edo Period (the period during which the Tokugawa shogunate ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867), the tenno (emperor) was advocated as the 'king' and the shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate was the 'military ruler'; despite this, sometimes the Chinese character meaning emperor was used instead of 'king', based on assumptions of superiority, that the emperor was more than a mere 'king'.
- 建武中元二年(57年)、博多湾沿岸に所在したと見られる倭奴国の首長が、後漢の光武帝から倭奴国王に冊封されて金印(倭奴国王印)の賜与を受けており(『後漢書』「」)、当時は北部九州の勢力が倭国内の中心勢力であったと考えられている。
- In 57, a chieftain of Wanonanokuni (small country in Hakata area of Fukuoka Prefecture), which is believed to have been located along the Hakata Bay, had suzerain-vassal relationship with the Emperor Kobu-tei (Emperor Guangwu) of the Latter Han Dynasty, who invested him with Wakoku by giving golden stamp (Wa no na no kokuo in [the oldest known seal in Japan]), ('History of the Latter Han Dynasty'), therefore, the center of Japanese political force is believed to have been located in the northern part of Kyushu at that time.
- なお、同詔では漢詩などの文学材料としても用いられていた孔安国の注釈に関しては、天皇及び皇族の教育以外の場では引き続き使用が認められており、この導入が大学寮全体の支持すら得られていなかった政治的なものであったことを裏付けている。
- However, in the Mikotonori, the commentaries by Ko Ankoku that were used as a literary reference, such as in Chinese poetry, were permitted to be continually used in education other than that of Emperors and the Imperial Family, which supports the fact that this adoption was only to seek political advantage and did not even gain support of the whole Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system).
- 本来は仏教や老荘思想など、中国思想の分野で用いられる漢語であったが、平安時代後期から鎌倉時代前期の代表的歌人であり、千載和歌集を撰集した藤原俊成により、和歌を批評する用語として多く用いられて以来、歌論の中心となる用語となった。
- Originally it was a word of Chinese origin used in Chinese thought like Buddhism and the thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi, but since FUJIWARA no Toshinari, a famous poet from the late Heian period to the early Kamakura period, who selected poems of Senzai Wakashu, often used the word to criticize waka poems, it became a major word in treatises on waka poetry.
- 平安時代中期の小野道風・藤原佐理・藤原行成の3人は三跡と称され、貫禄のある艶麗な道風の書風に、日本的な感覚と鋭敏さを加えた佐理の書風を、行成が両者の長所をうまく生かし、かつ均整のとれた温和な書風として、漢字の和様化を完成させた。
- In the mid Heian period, the three, ONO no Tofu, FUJIWARA no Sukemasa, and FUJIWARA no Yukinari were called the three great brush traces, and they completed to make kanji into Japanese style by Tofu's style of dignified beauty, Sukemasa's style added sense and sharpness of the Japanese, and Yukinari's style of balance and mildness utilizing both features.
- 「東叡山不忍池図」(重要文化財)、「唐太宗・花鳥山水図」(重要文化財、秋田県立近代美術館所蔵)、「唐太宗図」(秋田市立千秋美術館所蔵)、「江ノ島図」(大和文華館所蔵)などを描くとともに、司馬江漢にも技法を伝授したといわれている。
- His paintings include 'Toeizan Shinobazu no Ike Zu' (A View of Shinobazuno-ike Pond in Toeizan) (an important cultural property), 'Totaiso Kacho Sansui Zu' (Totaiso [a Chinese emperor] and a View of Flowers, Birds, Hills, and Water) (an important cultural property at the Akita Museum of Modern Art), 'Totaiso Zu' (a painting of Totaiso, a Chinese emperor) (at the Akita Senshu Museum of Art) and 'Enoshima Zu' (A View of Enoshima) (at the Museum of Yamato Bunkakan), and it is also said that Naotake taught his techniques to Kokan SHIBA.
- 京畿道まで進出した日本軍は、冬の訪れを前にして寒冷期の漢江渡河の困難さを鑑み、慶尚道から全羅道の沿岸部へ撤収し、文禄の役の際に築かれた城郭群域の外縁部(東は蔚山から西は順天市に至る範囲)に新たな城郭群を築いて久留の計を目指した。
- Before winter, taking into consideration the difficulty of crossing Han-gang during the cold season, the Japanese army, which advanced to Gyeonggi Province, retreated from Gyeongsang Province to the coastal area of Jeolla Province and tried to build a permanent camp by constructing a number of new castles on the outer border of the area of castles constructed during Bunroku war (ranging from Ulsan in the east to Suncheon-si in the west).
- 国歌と訳した後も、国歌は和歌と同義に使われていた言葉であったため、長らく漢詩に対するやまと言葉の国歌という意味の方が浸透した状態で、National anthemの意味するところは、なかなか国民一般の理解するところとならなかった。
- Even after it was translated as 'kokka,' because the word 'kokka' had been used in the same meaning as 'waka,' the meaning of poem in Japanese language opposing to kanshi (Chinese-style poem) prevailed and the meaning of national anthem could not be understood by people in general.
- しかし居延漢簡には純粋な篆書からはじまって、隷書になりかけた初期の隷書である「古隷」、完全な波磔(はたく、隷書独特の大きなはらい)を持つ隷書=八分隷までこの時代考え得る移行期の書体が全て使用されており、隷変の過程が明らかになった。
- However, all the possible calligraphic styles of the transitional period in those days were used in Kyoen Kankan: from pure tensho (seal script), through 'korei' (old clerical script) which was early reisho (close to reisho) to reisho with complete hataku (horizontal lines ending in a noticeable triangular tail that were specific to reisho) which is called Happunrei; thereby the process of reihen was revealed.
- 人家の竈(かまど)から炊煙が立ち上っていないことに気づいて租税を免除し、その間は倹約のために宮殿の屋根の茅さえ葺き替えなかった、と言う記紀の逸話に見られるように、仁徳天皇の治世は仁政として知られ、「仁徳」の漢風諡号もこれに由来する。
- The reign of Emperor Nintoku is known for benevolent rule, the Chinese-style posthumous name, 'Nintoku,' originating from this, as can be seen from an anecdote written in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki that he exempted people from taxes after he noticed that no smoke of cooking was coming out of the house furnaces and, in order to save money, he didn't have the palace roof renewed during the tax exemption period.
- その由来には唐の張懐瓘『玉堂禁経』にある「大凡筆法、点画八体は『永』字に備わる」「八法は隷字の始めに起こり、後漢の崔子玉より、鍾・王を歴て以下、伝授し用うる所の八体は万字に該す」といった記述から崔瑗・鍾繇・王羲之説が唱えられてきた。
- Based on 'taihon hippo (most writing techniques), i.e. tenkaku hattai (eight basic elements of characters) are included in character '永',' and 'happo (eight techniques) were created at the beginning of the use of reiji (Chinese characters written in the demotic semi-square style), and '八体 (eight shapes) which have been passed from Houhan's SAI Shigyoku via SHO and O to later generations are sufficient for ten thousands characters,' which are stated in Tang's CHO Kaikan, 'Gyokudo Kinkei', a theory has been put forward for its origin that SAI En, SHO Yo, and WANG Xizhi initiated.
- ところが支那学形成の中心が京都帝国大学であった事からこれに反発する東京大学関係者や古来日本が文明を取り入れた中国と当時の列強による半植民地状態の中国を意図的に分離を図る国粋主義者の中には依然として「漢学」という呼称を用いる者があった。
- However, because Chinology had been developed mainly in Kyoto Imperial University, the term 'kangaku' was still used by members of the University of Tokyo who were opposed to Kyoto Imperial University and ultranationalists who were trying to establish a distinction between the China from which ancient Japan had imported its civilization and the China of that time, which had been almost entirely colonized by more powerful countries.
- 江戸時代を通じて朝鮮通信使一行のための迎賓館として使用された備後国鞆の浦(現在の広島県福山市鞆町)の福禅寺境内の現在の本堂と隣接する客殿(対潮楼)は江戸時代の1690年(元禄3年)に建立され、日本の漢学者や書家らとの交流の場となった。
- The guest hall (called Taichoro) adjacent to the present main hall in the premises of Fukuzen-ji Temple in the Tomonouwa of the Bingo Province was built in 1690 in the Edo period and was used as a state guest hall for Chosen Tsushinshi throughout the Edo period, also becoming a place where Japanese scholars of the Chinese classics and Japanese calligraphers interacted with Tsushinshi.
- 漢語の経典や声明(しょうみょう)と異なり和歌の賛仏歌として「御詠歌」が多くの宗派・寺院で採用されているが、この「御詠歌」の起源は花山法皇が西国三十三箇所の各札所で詠まれた御製の和歌を後世の巡礼者が節をつけて巡礼歌として歌ったものである。
- Unlike sutras and chants in Sino-Japanese words, the 'goeika,' songs consisting of waka poems to praise Buddha, has been widely adopted among many temples and schools of Buddhism; in fact, the origin of the goeika goes back to the pilgrimage songs sung by pilgrims who set to music the poems Cloistered Emperor Kazan had written at each fudasho temple of the Saigoku Sanjusankasho pilgrimage.
- 冒頭に天慶2年(939年)作の大江朝綱作の『倭注切韻』序文を冒頭に掲げ(ただし、その意図については不詳)、次に漢詩作成上に注意を必要とする10項目を記し、その後「筆大体」「詩本体」「雑体詩」「詩雑例」というそれぞれ独立した4項目が続く。
- The book starts with the preface of '倭注切韻' written by Oe no Asatsuna in 939 (its purpose is not clear), followed by ten matters to be attended in writing kanshi, which is followed by independent four items of '筆大体,' '詩本体,' '雑体詩,' and '詩雑例.'
- 帰化人の東漢氏の一族は蝦夷に味方しようと蘇我氏の舘に集まったが、中大兄皇子が巨勢徳陀を派遣して説得して立ち去り、蘇我家の軍衆はみな逃げ散ってしまった(飛鳥寺での古人大兄皇子の出家を受け、旗印を無くした蘇我氏の戦意喪失を図ったとする説もある)。
- Although naturalized citizens of the Yamatonoaya clan gathered at the Soga clan's house to support Emishi, KOSE no Tokuta who was sent by Prince Naka no Oe managed to convince them to leave, which made troops on the Soga side scattered away (another theory states that the Soga clan lost their will to fight when Prince Furuhito no Oe became a monk at Asuka-dera Temple since he was who they were fighting for).
- 唐の律令の継受も、このような土台のうえに可能となったのであるが、秦・漢以来の歴代の専制主義的法制を集大成した唐の律令と大化前代の日本の法とでは、段階の差が、あまりにはげしかったので、律令法は継受法としての性格を強くもたざるをえなかったとみられる。
- Adopting the Tang ritsuryo was possible based upon such a foundation, but the difference between the Tang ritsuryo, which was a comprehensive compilation of successive despotic legal systems since Qin and Han, and the Japanese law of the pre-Taika era, was so great that ritsuryo law could not avoid becoming, basically, an adopted law by nature.
- 尊氏は義詮を京に残して南朝との交渉を任せて直義追討のために出陣し、翌1352年(正平7年/観応3年)には直義を駿河国薩埵山(埵は漢字では土へんに「垂」、静岡県静岡市)、相模国早川尻(神奈川県小田原市)などの戦いで破って鎌倉に追い込み、直義を降伏させる。
- Takauji left Yoshiakira in Kyoto to be in charge of the negotiations with the Southern Court, and took forces to attack Tadayoshi, and in 1352, he defeated Tadayoshi at battles in Mt. Satta, Suruga Province (Shizuoka City, Shizuoka Prefecture) and Hayakawariji, Sagami Province (Odawara City, Kanagawa Prefecture) and chased him into Kamakura, where Tadayoshi surrendered.
- この時、学生として倭漢直福因(やまとのあやのあたいふくいん)・奈羅訳語恵明(ならのおさえみょう)高向玄理(たかむくのあやひとくろまろ)・新漢人大圀(いまきのあやひとだいこく)・学問僧として新漢人日文(にちもん、後の僧旻)・南淵請安ら8人、隋へ留学する。
- Eight people went to Sui for study, including students such as YAMATOAYA no Ataifukuin, NARA no Osaemyo, TAKAMUKU no Ayahitokuromaro, IMAKI no Ayahitodaikoku and priests-in-training such as IMAKI no Ayahito Nichimon (who later became Somin) and MINABUCHI no Shoan.
- 本来小数を表す漢数字は10分の1を分(ぶ)、100分の1を厘、1000分の1を毛(もう)で表すが、日本では1/10を表す歩合は「割」であり、これを基準にそれぞれ10分の1、100分の1とするため割合としての単位は100分の1が分、1000分の1が厘となる。
- Originally, for decimals in Chinese numeral, a tenth is represented as bu, a hundredth as ri, and a thousandth as mo, while a rate to represent a tenth is 'wari' in Japan which is the base of the rate unit, and a hundredth becomes bu and a thousandth ri.
- 書式は漢文体真書体で、まず「左弁官下(くだす)」という書出(「右弁官下文」であれば、「右弁官下」となる)から始まり、その下に宛所(「○○国」・「○○寺」とのみ記される)が書かれ、続いて次行に「応~事」という形式の事書(文書の主旨)を書いた後に官宣旨本文が記される。
- Text is given in shinsho-tai style of classical Chinese, is opened by an expression 'sakan kudasu' ('ukan kudasu' if it is an edict made by the ubenkan), then is followed by an address (only names of province and temple are noted), then by a header (a summary of the text) in the next line and finally by the text.
- 例えば鳩摩羅什訳『摩訶般若波羅蜜経』の冒頭、開宝蔵で『如是我聞一時 佛住・・・』が、「思渓資福蔵」「普寧蔵」や後の「徑山蔵」では『如是我聞一時婆伽婆住・・・』になっている例が見られるように、新しい時代層の漢訳経典のスタイルに合わせて改編されている場合もあるのである。
- For example, regarding a description of the beginning of 'Maka Hannya Haramitsu-kyo Sutra' translated by Kumaraju, in Kaihozo it was written as '如是我聞一時 佛住・・・,' while in 'Shikei Shifuku-zo' and 'Funei-zo'; but later, in 'Kinzan-zo,' it was written as '如是我聞一時婆伽婆住・・・,' so that as this example shows, it was sometimes revised following the new style of Chinese Buddhist sutra that emerged during the era.
- なお、奈良時代、天平宝字6年(762年)~同8年(764年)に神武天皇から持統天皇までの41代、及び元明天皇・元正天皇の漢風諡号である天皇号が淡海三船によって一括撰進された事が『続日本紀』に記述されているがこれは諡号(一人一人の名前)であって「天皇」という称号とは直接関係ない。
- Further, according to 'Shoku-Nihongi' (the chronicles of Japan II), in Nara period (762-764), kanpu-shigo (Chinese style posthumous name) was chosen for the Emperors of forty-one generations, from Emperor Jinmu to Empress Jito, and for Empress Genmei and Empress Gensho at once by OMI no Mifune, but those are shigo (names for the individuals) and the title 'Tenno' doesn't directly concerns with them.
- 「武」は、鉄剣・鉄刀銘文(稲荷山古墳鉄剣銘文 獲加多支鹵大王と江田船山古墳の鉄剣の銘文獲□□□鹵大王)の王名が雄略天王に比定され、和風諡号(『日本書紀』大泊瀬幼武命、『古事記』大長谷若建命・大長谷王)とも共通する実名の一部「タケル」に当てた漢字であることが明らかであるとする説がある。
- According to a theory which identifies 'Bu' as Emperor Yuryaku, the Chinese character '武' can be read 'Bu' as well as 'Takeru' which corresponds to a part of the king's name inscribed on iron swords (Wakatakeru no Okimi [the Great King Wakatakeru] in Inariyama-kofun Tumulus, and the Wa□□□ru no Okimi in Eta Funayama Tumulus) and this king has been identified as Emperor Yuryaku, whose real name and his Japanese-style posthumous name (Ohatsuse no Wakatakeru no Mikoto in 'Nihonshoki' and Ohatsusewakatakeru no mikoto/Ohatsuse no miko in 'Kojiki') commonly include 'Takeru'.
- 明治時代に歴史学者那珂通世が、日本書紀はその紀年を立てるにあたって中国の前漢から後漢に流行した讖緯説(しんいせつ)を採用しており、推古天皇が斑鳩に都を置いた西暦601年(辛酉年)から逆算して1260年遡った紀元前660年(辛酉年)を、大革命である神武天皇即位の年として起点設定したとの説を立てた。
- In the Meiji Period, Michiyo NAKA, a historian, put forward a theory that, in establishing a way to count years, Chronicles of Japan employed the Shinisetsu which was popular in Former Han to Later Han (dynasties of China) and counting back 1260 years from the year 601 when Empress Suiko set the capital in Ikaruga, the year 660 B.C was decided to be the year of, a great revolution, the enthronement of Emperor Jinmu.
- この制度が日本に伝わり、平安時代初期、紀伝道(文章院で漢詩文または歴史を学ぶ学科、通称は「文章道」)が盛んになると、文章博士(大学寮で詩文・歴史を教授した教官)が「策文」を出して文章得業生(もんじょうとくごうしょう)に答えさせる試験が行われるようになり、この試験が「対策」といわれるようになった。
- This program was introduced to Japan, and as Kidendo (called 'Monjodo,' a department of the Monjoin that was established to study Chinese-style poems or history) became popular in the early Heian period, exams were introduced and Monjo hakase (professors of literature and history at Daigaku-ryo, the Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) gave 'sakumon' to Monjo tokugosho and had them take this examination, known as 'taisaku.'
- 金方慶「兵法に『千里の県軍、その鋒当たるべからず』とあり、本国よりも遠く離れ敵地に入った軍は、却って志気が上がり戦闘能力が高まるものである。我が軍は少なしといえども既に敵地に入っている。我が軍は自ずから戦うことになるがこれは秦穆公の孟明の『焚船』や漢の韓信の『背水の陣』の故事に沿うものである。再度戦わせて頂きたい。」
- Bang-gyeong KIM said, 'an art of war teaches us not to fight with an army that has come from far away. It means that entering into the enemy's territory, far away from home, rather raises the morale and fighting strength of the army. Our army is small, but already in the enemy's territory. Although we ourselves are to fight, it is in accordance with historical lessons such as 'burning his own ships to fight' of Ming MENG, who served Duke Mu of Qin, and 'fighting with his back against the river' of Xin HAN, who served the Han Dynasty. Please let us fight again.'
- しかし、そのころはまだ文語文の作品も多く書かれ、和歌の塾に通い、古典の教養を持っていた樋口一葉は古文の呼吸をつかった雅文体で「にごりえ」「たけくらべ」などの作品を書き、翻訳で言文一致を試みた森鴎外も、「舞姫」や「即興詩人」では文語にもどし、評論の分野では北村透谷や幸徳秋水は、漢文書き下しの文体を使って論文を書いていた。
- However, at that time a lot of works were written in literary style Japanese: HIGUCHI Ichiyo, who learned at 'Waka School' and was versed in Japanese classics, wrote 'Nigorie', 'Takekurabe' and so on in the gabuntai style, using the breathing of the classics, MORI Ogai, who challenged a genbinicchi style in his translations, adopted literal style Japanese, and in the field of critical essays Tokoku KITAMURA and Shusui KOTOKU wrote essays in 'kanbun-kakikudashi-bun (semi-Chinese style Japanese)'.
- 『続日本後紀』嘉祥元年7月丙戌(29日)条(848年8月31日)に平安京内で落雷があり破損した建物の中に弘文院が含まれていること、仁和元年(885年)に菅原道真が弘文院を訪問した時に詠んだとされる漢詩(「秋夜宿弘文院」)が『菅家文章』に残されていることから、少なくても弘文院設置から80年間は存在していたものと考えられている。
- Since the entry for August 31, 848 in 'Shoku Nihon Koki' (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued) contains the description that lightning struck in Heiankyo and damaged some buildings, which included the Kobunin, and since a Chinese poem ('秋夜宿弘文院') supposedly composed by SUGAWARA no Michizane when he visited the Kobunin in 885 was contained in 'Kanke bunso' (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) in 885, it was estimated that the Kobunin had existed at least for 80 years after it was founded.
- この「天下」概念の実例としては、1428年に大越が明から独立した際、この時代を代表する文人であるグエン・チャイが「自趙丁李陳之肇造、我国与漢唐宋元而各帝一方」(趙佗の南越国・丁部領の丁朝・李朝 (ベトナム)・陳朝以来、我が国は中国の漢・唐・宋・元などの王朝と同じく帝を称して天下の一方に君臨してきた)と述べていることがあげられる。
- An example of this notion of 'Tenka' was the remark made by Guen Chai, a man of literature representing this era, in 1428 when Daietsu (Đại Việt) became independent from Ming, saying 'Since the era of Nanetsukoku (the kingdom of Nanyue) founded by Zhao Tuo, the Đinh dynasty founded by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, the Lý Dynasty (Vietnam) and the Trần Dynasty, my country had reigned over part of 'Tenka' as with the Hang, Tang, Sung or Yuan dynasty in China.'
- この両者の説は中国史における時代区分論と密接に関係しており、周藤は唐及び五代を「古代」・宋を「中世」とする立場から、宮崎は漢代を「古代」・三国時代 (中国)から唐及び五代を「中世」・宋を「近世」とする立場に立っており、ヨーロッパ中世の荘園と対比すべき農奴制による経営に基づく荘園がそれぞれが主張する「中世」に存在したというものである。
- These two theories are closely related with the periodization theory in Chinese history and Sudo's standpoint is that the Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties period were 'ancient' and the Sung dynasty 'medieval' and Miyazaki's standpoint is that the age of the Han dynasty was 'ancient' and the Three Kingdoms period (China), the Tang dynasty to the Five Dynasties period 'medieval' and the Sung dynasty 'early modern,' and in both of their 'medieval,' there existed the shoens managed by the serf system which should be compared with the manors in medieval Europe.
- なにしろ、そもそもは「風流を好む人」または単に「好事家」という意味だった「好き兵衛」(すきべえ)という語を「助平」(すけべい)と読んで、意味も「好色な」と変えてしまったり(これが「スケベ」の語源)、「おっとり者で世間知らず」という意味の「順禄」(じゅんろく)という漢語を「甚六」(じんろく)と読んで「総領の甚六」という新語を作ってしまうのがお江戸である。
- Edo was a place where people changed the word 'Sukibei' that originally meant 'a man of refined taste' or simply meant 'a dilettante' into 'Sukebei' with the new meaning 'lecherous,' which is the etymology of the modern word 'Sukebe' meaning 'a lecher, and coined from a Japanese Word of Chinese Origin 'Junroku' that means 'a placid person who is ignorant of the world' the new word 'Jinroku' with the meaning 'a dunce' in a phrase 'the eldest sons is proverbially a dunce,' for example.
- ついで江戸時代に入ると漢学者、国学者の双方による律令研究が盛行し、注釈書を残した者に壺井義知(つぼいよしちか)(1657‐1735)、 荷田春満(かだのあずままろ)、稲葉通邦(いなばみちくに)(1744‐1801)、 河村秀穎(ひでかい)、河村秀根(ひでね)、 薗田守良(そのだもりよし)(1785‐1840)、 近藤芳樹などがあるが、依然として研究の中心は解釈学におかれていた。
- Next, in the Edo period, research on ritsuryo by both scholars of Chinese classics and scholars of Japanese classical studies flourished, and Yoshichika TSUBOI (1657 - 1735), KADA no Azumamaro, Michikuni INABA (1744 - 1801), Hidekai KAWAMURA, Hidene KAWAMURA, Moriyoshi SONODA (1785 - 1840), and Yoshiki KONDO are among those who left commentaries, but the center of the research was still on hermeneutics.
- また、上奏する資格も平安時代中期以後には天文博士を世襲した阿倍氏と局務の中原氏の両家のみに限定されるようになっていく(なお、中原氏の天文密奏は醍醐天皇の時代の中原以忠(後に天禄2年(972年)に宗家の中原有象とともに中原のカバネを与えられて同氏の祖となる)に遡り、同氏本来の外記の職務とは別に同氏が家学としていた明経道の出典である漢籍には天文現象の解釈に関する記述が含まれていることが多く、天文道に通じた人物を輩出することが多かった事によるとされている)。
- After the mid Heian period, such direct access to the emperor was only allowed to the Abe clan whose hereditary occupation was tenmon hakase and the Nakahara clan which was kyokumu (the chief secretary of the Daijokan, or Grand Council of State); incidentally, the Nakahara clan had assumed the role of tenmon misso from Mochitada NAKAHARA in the tenure of Emperor Daigo (afterwards in 972, he was granted the family name of NAKAHARA along with Uzo NAKAHARA [中原有象] of the head family and originated the clan), allegedly because, besides the clan's hereditary occupation of Geki [Secretary of the Grand Council of State], it inherited the family learning of Myogo-do [the study of Confucian classics] and used many Chinese classics as source books, many of which contained elucidation of astronomical phenomena so that the clan produced many persons well versed in tenmondo.
- 現在東京本館にある専門室は、本館2階に科学技術・経済情報室(科学技術及び経済社会関係の参考図書、科学技術関係の抄録・索引誌)と人文総合情報室(総記・人文科学分野の参考図書類、図書館・図書館情報学関係の主要雑誌等)、本館3階に古典籍資料室(貴重書、準貴重書、江戸期以前の和古書、清代以前の漢籍等)、本館4階に地図室(一枚ものの地図、住宅地図等)と憲政史料室(日本近現代政治史料、日本占領関係資料、日系移民関係資料)、新館1階に音楽・映像資料室(レコード、CD、ビデオ、DVD等)と電子資料室(CD-ROMなどの電子資料、電子ジャーナル等)、新館3階に議会官庁資料室(内外の議会会議録・議事資料、官公報、法令集、判例集、条約集、官庁刊行資料目録・要覧・年次報告、統計資料類、政府間国際機関刊行資料、法律・政治分野の参考図書等)、新館4階に新聞資料室(新聞の原紙、縮刷版・復刻版、マイクロフィルム、新聞切抜資料)、の計9室である。
- Nine special materials rooms are currently available in the Tokyo Main Library, as follows: the Business, Science and Technology Room (reference books on business and social science, science and technology; abstracts and indexes of science and technology) and the Humanities Room (reference books on general subjects and humanities; core journals of library and information science) on the second floor of the main building; the Rare Books and Old Materials Room (rare books, semi-rare books, Japanese old books up to the Edo period, Chinese old books up to the Qing dynasty, etc.) on the third floor of the main building; the Map Room (single-sheet maps and residential maps) and the Modern Japanese Political History Materials Room (Kensei-shiryoshitsu) (documents and microfilms related to modern Japanese political history, microfilms of GHQ documents and materials related to Japanese immigrants) on the fourth floor of the main building; the Audio-Visual Materials Room (phonograph records, CDs, DVDs, VHS tapes, etc.) and the Electronic Resources Room (electronic resources such as CD-ROMs, electronic journals, etc.) on the first floor of the Annex; the Parliamentary Documents and Official Publications Room (parliamentary documents, official gazettes, statutes, court reports and treaties of Japan and other countries, publication catalogues, directories, annual reports, statistics of Japanese and foreign government offices and publications of international organizations, reference books on law and politics, etc.) on the third floor of the Annex; and the Newspaper Reading Room (Newspapers (original, reduced and reprinted edition and microfilm), newspaper clippings) on the fourth floor of the Annex.