源: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 源為仲
- and MINAMOTO no Tamenaka
- 養源院
- Yogen-in Temple
- Yogenin Temple
- 源政長女
- Daughter of MINAMOTO no Masanaga
- 井上源三郎
- Genzaburo INOUE
- Inoue Genzaburō
- 源平盛衰記
- Genpei seisuiki (the Rise of the Minamoto and Fall of the Taira)
- Genpei Seisuiki (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans)
- 起源と変遷
- Origin and transition
- 源氏と鎌倉
- Minamoto clan and Kamakura
- 吸収源活動
- Activities for sources of absorption (activities for sinks)
- 語源と用字
- Origin of the word and how to use the characters
- 源実朝落命
- The death of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo;
- 源義仲の上洛
- MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's Advance on Kyoto
- 源平鼎立時代
- Genpei Teiritsu (the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan confrontation) era
- 平賀源内生祠
- Gennai HIRAGA's Seishi (a small shrine dedicated to a Gennai HIRAGA while alive)
- 河内源氏の祖
- Founder of Kawachi-Genji
- 四方拝の起源
- The origin of Shihohai
- 源有仁の父。
- He was the father of MINAMOTO no Arihito.
- 『源平盛衰記』
- The 'Genpei seisuiki' (The Rising and Falling Fortunes of the Genji (Minamoto) and the Heike (Taira))
- 源姓と称する。
- Adopted Minamoto as the family name.
- 源姓足利氏一門
- The Ashikaga clan of the Minamoto family
- 以仁王と源頼政
- Prince Mochihito and MINAMOTO no Yorimasa
- 説(6):源順
- Theory (6): The author was MINAMOTO no Shitago.
- 法名は金剛源。
- His Buddhist name was Kongogen.
- 「醸す」の語源
- The origin of the word 'kamosu' (producing sake)
- 源光 (公卿)
- MINAMOTO no Hikaru (court noble)
- (自称村上源氏)
- (Self-proclaimed Murakami-Genji [Minamoto clan])
- スギ花粉症の起源
- Origin of Japanese Cedar Pollinosis
- 源光遠(河内守)
- Minamoto no Koen, who possessed the title of Kawachi no kami (the governor of Kawachi Province).
- 源信賢(但馬守)
- MINAMOTO no Nobukata, who possessed the title of Tajima no kami (the governor of Tajima Province).
- 妻は源高明の娘。
- His wife was MINAMONO no Takaakira's daughter.
- 母は更衣源昇女。
- His mother was koi (a lady in waiting in the court), MINAMOTO no Noboru.
- アフリカ単一起源説
- Out-of-Africa theory (positing a recent African origin for modern humans)
- Recent African origin of modern humans
- 源泉温度34.3℃
- The spring source temperature is 34.3℃.
- 同日源義朝が船岡で
- On the same day in Funaoka (Mt. Funaoka), by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo,
- 源義仲 - 駒王丸
- MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka - Komaomaru
- 源義経 - 牛若丸
- MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune - Ushiwakamaru
- 源頼朝 - 鬼武者
- MINAMOTO no Yoritomo - Onimusha
- 源義家 - 不動丸
- MINAMOTO no Yoshiie - Fudomaru
- 源頼朝に従った平氏
- Taira clan members who followed MINAMOTO no Yoritomo
- 源実朝、将軍に就任
- MINAMOTO no Sanetomo is appointed Shogun.
- 海軍と与保呂川水源
- The Navy and Source of the Yohoro-gawa River
- 紫式部『源氏物語』
- 'Tale of Genji' by Shikibu Murasaki:
- 「職能」武士の起源
- The origin of bushi by 'samurai function'
- 「職能」武士起源論
- The theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function'
- 備前 - 源有宗女
- Bizen was the daughter of MINAMOTO no Arimune
- 源泉温度 38.0℃
- Source temperature: 38.0 degree C
- 源氏の反攻と平氏滅亡
- The Counterattack of the Minamoto clan and the Downfall of the Taira clan
- 清和源氏足利流吉良氏
- The Kira clan of the Ashikaga lineage of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan)
- 源泉温度39.0℃。
- Spring source temperature 39.0 degrees Celsius.
- 源頼朝の創建という。
- It is said to have been founded by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 佐佐木源氏発祥の地。
- This shrine is the cradle (birthplace) of the Sasaki-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 「職能」起源論の限界
- The limitation of the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function.'
- 母は源顕房の娘師子。
- His mother was a daughter of MINAMOTO no Akifusa, Shishi (Moroko).
- 清和源氏足利流上野氏。
- The Seiwa-Genji (the Minamoto clan) ASHIKAGA-lined UENO clan
- 近世大名、井伊氏の淵源
- Origin of the Ii clan, a kinsei (early modern) daimyo (Japanese feudal lord)
- 源泉温度40~43℃。
- Temperatures of the spring source: 40 to 43 degrees Celsius.
- 源雅賢(右近衛権少将)
- MINAMOTO no Masakata, who possessed the title of Ukone no Gon no shosho (Provisional Minor Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards).
- 源資時(右近衛権少将)
- MINAMOTO no Suketoki, who possessed the title of Ukone no Gon no shosho.
- 源頼朝に従わなかった源氏
- Minamoto clan members who did not follow MINAMOTO no Yoritomo
- 地方武士団・源義仲の挙兵
- Regional Bushi Groups and the Raising of Forces by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka
- 松井氏(清和源氏為義流)
- The Matsui clan (Tameyoshi line of Seiwa-Genji)
- 源義経、木曽義仲軍を破る
- MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune defeated Yoshinaka KISO's army.
- - 恵心僧都源信縁の寺。
- This temple is related to Eshin Sozu Genshin.
- その自家泉源という形態。
- The hot spring is privately owned by the inn.
- 源泉温度 約18.6℃。
- The water temperature of the hotspring source: approximately 18.6 degrees Celsius.
- 『公事根源抄』ともいう。
- It was also referred to as 'Kuji Kongen Sho.'
- これも惣掟の起源である。
- This was also the origin of so-okite.
- 総大将:陸源範頼、海源義経
- Commanding generals: on land, MINAMOTO no Noriyori; at sea, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune.
- 清和源氏足利流 上野氏嫡流
- A direct descendent of the Seiwa-Genji ASHIKAGA-lined UENO clan
- 源久直 - 源氏嵯峨源氏。
- MINAMOTO no Hisanao: Genji Saga Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 清和源氏源為義流の吉良氏。
- The line of the Kira clan which is descended from the MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi line of the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan):
- 京都府農業資源研究センター
- The Kyoto Prefectural agricultural resource research center
- 源資賢(権大納言・按察使)
- MINAMOTO no Suketaka, who possessed the title of Gon Dainagon (provisional chief councilor of state) and Azechi (local inspector).
- 覚源(1004-1065)
- Kakugen (1004 - 1065)
- 母は庭田重有の娘・源盈子。
- His mother was Shigeari NIWATA's daughter, MINAMOTO no Mitsuko.
- 神護寺三像(伝源頼朝像など)
- Jingoji sanzo (The Three Portraits of Jingo-ji Temple, one of which is believed to be of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo)
- 源泉の発見は元禄年間である。
- The source of Totsukawa Onsen Hot Spring was found in the Genroku era.
- 山号は随我山、開基は源頼朝。
- The sango is Zuigazan and the Kaiki is MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 源泉温度17℃の冷泉である。
- The spring is a cold spring which has a springhead temperature of 17 degrees Celcius.
- 源義朝の介入と千葉常胤の反撃
- Intervention by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and counterattack by Tsunetane CHIBA
- これは源義家とて同じである。
- This applied to MINAMOTO no Yoshiie as well.
- 幕府軍は水源を絶とうとした。
- The bakufu army attempted to cut off the castle's water supply.
- 現在の「宮家」の源流である。
- The original form of the current 'Miyake.'
- 宮人:勾当内侍 - 源経資女
- Court lady: Koto no naishi, daughter of MINAMOTO no Tsunesuke
- 「源平合戦」という呼称について
- Regarding the term 'Genpei Kassen'
- 扇ヶ谷(おうぎがやつ)、源氏山
- Ogigayatsu, Mt. Genji
- いずれの泉質も源泉温度が低い。
- In every hot spring, the source temperature is low.
- 源氏物語:王朝物語の最高傑作。
- The Tale of Genji: The masterpiece of Japanese imperial tales.
- その直後に源義仲軍が入京した。
- Soon after that, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's army entered the capital.
- 母は、土御門通宗の娘、源通子。
- His mother was Michimune TSUCHIMIKADO's daughter, MINAMOTO no Tsushi (Michiko).
- 御息所は庭田重有の娘、源盈子。
- His Miyasudokoro (lady of the bedchamber) was Shigeari NIWATA's daughter, MINAMOTO no Mitsuko.
- 源氏姓の石橋氏が最も有名である。
- The Ishibashi clan of Genji (the Minamoto clan) is the most famous.
- ここに源姓土佐吉良氏は滅亡する。
- This led to the fall of the Tosa-Kira clan of the Minamoto family.
- - 源義仲・松尾芭蕉の墓がある。
- It has graves of MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and Basho MATSUO.
- 宮人:源親子(?-?)-源師親女
- Court Lady: Minamoto no Shinshi (?-?), daughter of MINAMOTO no Morochika
- 清和源氏足利氏流 以下で解説する。
- The Ashikaga clan of Seiwa Genji: To be explained below.
- 百観音堂と百体観音(菟原中龍源寺)
- Hyaku Kannon-do Hall and Hyakutai Kannon (one hundred statues of Buddhist deity of mercy) (Ubaranaka Ryugen-ji Temple)
- 1183年 源義仲入京、平家逃亡。
- 1183: MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka entered Kyoto, making the Taira family flee from Kyoto.
- 源頼朝、征夷大将軍任命(1192年)
- 1192: MINAMOTO no Yoritomo is named Seii taishogun.
- また、義綱の七男の源義直を祖とする。
- Originated from MINAMOTO no Yoshinao, Yoshitsuna's seventh son.
- 水野氏(みずのし)は清和源氏の一門。
- The Mizuno clan is a family of Seiwa-genji (Minamoto clan).
- 源氏物語絵巻(平家時代または院政期)
- Genji Monogatari Emaki (Illustrated Handscroll of the Tale of Genji) (in the period of the Taira clan's administration or the Insei period)
- 1405年(永楽3) 幕府(源通賢)
- 1405: Bakufu (MINAMOTO no Michikata)
- 母は庭田経有の娘、敷政門院・源幸子。
- His mother was Tsuneari NIWATA's daughter, Fuseimon in, MINAMOTO no Koshi.
- 菱川源五兵衛…市川左團次 (2代目)
- Gengobei HISHIKAWA --- Sadanji ICHIKAWA II
- 河原左大臣源融は嵯峨天皇の子の一人。
- Kawara no Sadaijin (Minister of the Left), MINAMOTO no Toru was one of Emperor SAGA's children.
- 水源地の集水槽内に自動除塵設備を整備。
- Automatic dust filtration facility was installed in the water collection tank at the water source.
- 7月30日 (旧暦)、源義康が大江山で
- On August 24 in Mt. Oe, by MINAMOTO no Yoshiyasu,
- 清和源氏足利氏支族の吉良氏(義継流)。
- The line of the Kira clan (Yoshitsugu branch) which is descended from the house of Ashikaga family branch of the Seiwa-Genji:
- 清和源氏足利氏支族の吉良氏(長氏流)。
- The line of the Kira clan (Osauji branch) which is descended from the house of the Ashikaga family branch of the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan):
- 大江匡房はまた、源義家に兵法を授けた。
- OE no Masafusa gave the art of warfare to MINAMOTO no Yoshiie.
- 以仁王の乱、源頼政の挙兵とも呼ばれる。
- Prince Mochihito's uprising is also called the War of Prince Mochihito and MINAMOTO no Yorimasa's uprising.
- これが「受領」という呼称の起源である。
- This was the origin of the name 'zuryo.'
- (これを利子の起源とする意見もある。)
- (An opinion suggests this was the origin of interest.)
- また嵯峨源氏の源是茂を養子としている。
- He also adopted MINAMOTO no Koreshige of Saga Genji (the MINAMOTO clan originated from Emperor Saga).
- 朱雀天皇、村上天皇、源高明の異母兄弟。
- He is a half brother of the Emperor Suzaku, the Emperor Murakami and MINAMOTO no Takaakira.
- 母は、大納言庭田重資の女、典侍源資子。
- His mother was Dainagon, Shigesuke NIWATA's daughter, Naishinosuke (Naishinosuke (Tenji) (a court lady of the first rank), MINAMOTO no Shishi (Sukeko).
- さらに上床源助が志願して加わり計9名)。
- Furthermore, Gensuke KAMIDOKO volunteered for the chinbushi, which was now comprised of nine members in total.
- 大納言伴善男は左大臣源信と不仲であった。
- TOMO no Yoshio, the Dainagon (chief councilor of state), was on bad terms with MINAMOTO no Makoto, the Sadaijin (minister of the left).
- 綱は、切り取った鬼の腕を源頼光に見せた。
- Tsuna then shows the oni's severed arm to MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu.
- その祖は、清和源氏の源為義の子・源維義。
- The forefather was MINAMOTO no Koreyoshi, a son of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi
- 家系は河内源氏の流れを汲む足利氏の庶家。
- The clan was a branch family of the Ashikaga clan who was related to Kawachi-Genji (the Minamoto clan).
- 清和源氏源義綱流 美濃国石橋より起こる。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna line of Seiwa-Genji: Originated in Ishibashi, Mino Province.
- 源頼義が石清水八幡宮を勧請して建立した。
- MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi called on a deity of Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine to make a branch shrine here.
- 征夷大将軍源頼朝の屋形を大倉御所という。
- The residence for Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, was referred to as Okura Gosho.
- 頼信・頼義・義家を河内源氏三代ともいう。
- Yorinobu, Yoriyoshi and Yoshiie are also called three generations of Kawachi-Genji.
- 一方、源頼朝も大きな課題に対面していた。
- On the other hand, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was also facing an enormous challenge.
- 将軍側の国書では「日本国源家光」とした。
- The term of Iemitsu MINAMOTO was used in the sovereign's message on the shogun side.
- (詳しくは「源平合戦」という呼称について)
- (Specifics are in the section 'Regarding the term 'Genpei Kassen'')
- 頼朝の死、源頼家が家督を継ぐ(1199年)
- 1199: Yoritomo dies and MINAMOTO no Yoriie succeeds him as leader of the Minamoto clan.
- 青山高原に源を発し三重県伊賀市東部を北流。
- The Kizu-gawa River originates in the Aoyama-kogen Highlands and flows north through the eastern part of Iga City, Mie Prefecture.
- 源泉 湧出温度42℃ 毎分1400リットル
- The source of the hot spring - The temperature is 42 degrees Celsius and the flow rate is 1400 liters per minute.
- 日本の京都起源の地名・人名(本項で詳述)。
- Japanese location and people names originated from Kyoto (the details are written in the actual section).
- (これが「三年坂」の語源とする説もある。)
- (It is said that this may be the origin of the term of Sannen-zaka Slope (a three-year slope literally)).
- その晩、源五兵衛は中間事助と晩酌を楽しむ。
- That night, Gengobei enjoyed some drinks with Jisuke, a chugen (rank below common soldiers).
- 親王の王子は何れも源姓を賜り臣籍降下した。
- All the Princes of Imperial Prince Yoshiakira were given the surname of MINAMOTO and demoted from nobility to subject.
- 兄弟に重明親王、雅子内親王、源高明がいる。
- His brothers were Imperial Prince Shigeakira, Imperial Princess Gashi and MINAMOTO no Takaakira.
- 後に親房は源氏長者に、定房は内大臣に昇る。
- Later, Chikafusa was promoted to head of the Minamoto clan; and Sadafusa was promoted to the rank of nai daijin (minister of the center).
- 源泉は吉野山中の吉水院の近くに湧出している。
- The source of the hot spring is located near the Kissuiin in Mt. Yoshino.
- 新田義重、志田義広、佐竹秀義、源季貞 など。
- Yoshishige NITTA, Yoshihiro SHIDA, Hideyoshi SATAKE, MINAMOTO no Suesada, and others.
- 義綱の子の源義仲 (曖昧さ回避)を祖とする。
- Originated from MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, Yoshitsuna's son.
- 河内源氏に大きく別けて6つの時代区分がある。
- There are roughly six periods with Kawachi-Genji.
- これが後代の口分田の始源だったと考えられる。
- It is considered that this constituted the origin of kubunden in later eras.
- 母は源有仁の養女・贈皇太后源懿子(よしこ)。
- His mother was MINAMOTO no Arihito's adopted daughter, the Empress Dowager (posthumously conferred), MINAMOTO no Yoshiko.
- 今様の遊び相手には、源資賢・藤原季兼がいた。
- MINAMOTO no Sukekata and FUJIWARA no Suekane accompanied the Emperor for Imayo activities.
- これは「魏書」の源賀伝に出典するものである。
- This was mentioned in Gengaden of 'Gisho.'
- 源義仲軍に挙兵の正当性として奉じられていた。
- He was respected as the person in charge of raising army by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
- 謀反の密告により左大臣源高明が失脚させられた。
- Sadaijin (minister of the left) MINAMOTO no Takaakira was ousted based upon a tip-off that he committed treason.
- 満政の7世、源重房の代に至り、小川氏を称した。
- Seven generations after Mitsumasa, during the time of MINAMOTO no Shigefusa, they called themselves the Ogawa clan.
- その子、源重清の代に至り水野氏を称するという。
- From the time of Shigefusa's son, MINAMOTO no Shigekiyo, they began to call themselves the Mizuno clan.
- 渡岸寺(向源寺) 木造十一面観音菩薩(高月町)
- Dogan-ji Temple (Kogen-ji Temple) Wooden Juichimen Kannon Bosatsu (Eleven-faced Kannon Bosatsu) (Takatsuki-cho)
- 森林による吸収源の確保 -3.9% (-48)
- The securement of forests as a source of absorption: -3.9% (-48)
- 武士起源研究は中世の発見と密接に関わっている。
- The study of the origin of bushi is closely related with discovering the medieval times.
- 倭名類聚抄:源順が編纂した日本最初の百科事典。
- Wamyo-ruijusho: Japan's first encyclopedia edited by MINAMOTO no Shitago.
- 代表的なものは、清原氏、橘氏、源氏などがある。
- Some of the representative examples include the Kiyohara, Tachibana and Minamoto clans.
- 母は、太政大臣堀河基具の養女西華門院・源基子。
- His mother was the Grand Minister Mototomo HORIKAWA's adopted daughter, Seikamon in MINAMOTO no Motoko.
- 下記の項目松井氏(清和源氏為義流)に説明がある。
- The section below further explains the Tameyoshi line of the Seiwa-Genji.
- 河内源氏の守護神であり、鎌倉の象徴的存在である。
- Enshrining the guardian god of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), it serves as the symbol of Kamakura.
- 天皇方に参陣した源義朝のみが残り勢力は減少する。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, who fought on the side of the Emperor, was the only survivor and the family power waned.
- 源頼信に臣従した平忠常は頼信の家人とされている。
- TAIRA no Tadatsune who served MINAMOTO no Yorinobu is considered a kenin of Yorinobu.
- (これを「伊勢乞食」の語源とする説が見られる。)
- (A theory suggests these descriptions are the etymology of 'Ise-kojiki.')
- - 源義国、足利荘に下向(源姓足利氏のはじまり)
- MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni moved to Ashikaga no sho (the origin of the Ashikaga clan of the Minamoto family).
- 源信は無実となり、邸を包囲していた兵は引き上げた。
- MINAMOTO no Makoto was set free, and the soldiers who had besieged his house were withdrawn.
- 源氏同士、平氏同士が争う現象は日本各地で見られた。
- The phenomenon of Minamoto clan members fighting each other or Taira clan members fighting each other was seen across the country.
- 同国の松井氏には清和源氏出身もある(上記の流れ)。
- In the same province, there were also other Matsui clans that originated from Seiwa-Genji.
- これが今も鎌倉の中心である鶴岡八幡宮の起源である。
- This is the origin of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine, which serves as the center of Kamakura even today.
- 境内には新羅三郎(源義光)ゆかりの多福神社がある。
- The temple has Tafuku shrine noted in connection with Shinra-Saburo (MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu) in the precinct.
- それに比べれば源平の戦いなどは瞬間の出来事である。
- Compared to it, the Genpei War seemed to last only an instant.
- 特に室町幕府財政において主要な財源の1つであった。
- It was the main source of revenue, especially for the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- これを奪回するために、千葉常胤は源頼朝を利用した。
- To recapture Soma-mikuriya, Tsunetane CHIBA used MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 一般的に武士で「源氏」という場合、この系統を指す。
- The samurai 'Genji' generally means this school
- 武士の起源に関する学術的研究は明治以降に始まった。
- The academic study on the origin of bushi began after the Meiji period.
- 福原京の建造物群は源義仲によって全て焼き払われた。
- However, the groups of buildings of Fukuhara-kyo were completely burned down by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
- 平泉澄『明治の源流』(時事通信社、1970年6月)
- HIRAIZUMI, Kiyoshi. (June. 1970). Meiji no Genryu. Jiji Press Ltd.
- 藤原良相は源信の逮捕を命じて兵を出し、邸を包囲する。
- FUJIWARA no Yoshimi ordered the arrest of MINAMOTO no Makoto, and so soldiers were sent and his house besieged.
- これを理由に、部落の中世起源説を支持する人々もいる。
- Based on the report, some people support the opinion that the Buraku originated from the Medieval Period.
- 同時期に、関東では甲斐源氏の武田信義も挙兵していた。
- At the same time, Nobuyoshi TAKEDA of the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) had raised forces in Kanto as well.
- こうした経緯により、源氏の没落と共に平家方に付いた。
- This was the way they took sides with the Taira family when the Minamoto clan fell.
- 承久元年(1219年)源実朝、甥の公暁に殺害される。
- In 1219, MINAMOTO no Sanetomo was killed by his nephew, Kugyo.
- 治承4年(1180年)源頼朝、伊豆で平氏打倒の挙兵。
- In 1180, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army against the Taira clan.
- 源頼義が河内源氏本拠地の壺井水八幡宮を勧請したもの。
- MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi called on a deity of Tsuboi Hachiman-gu Shrine of the foothold of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) to make a branch shrine.
- 最初の段階では同族の上総介常澄、そして源義朝である。
- In the early stage was Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi of the same family, followed by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.
- それが頼朝の元への関東武士団の結束力の源泉であった。
- It was the origin for the unification of the Kanto region bushidan by Yoritomo.
- 本拠地が河内国であることから「河内源氏」と呼ばれる。
- They are referred to as 'Kawachi-Genji' because they are based in Kawachi Province.
- そのうちの一人が北陸地方に逃れて源義仲に助けられる。
- One of them, however, was able to flee into the Hokuriku region and was helped by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
- 簾や几帳を隔てて人に面会したことが語源と考えられる。
- It is believed that the etymology of 'Gorenju' came from the custom of women meeting people on opposite sides of a sudare (bamboo screen) or kicho (screen).
- 寺子屋の起源は、中世の寺院での教育に遡ると言われる。
- The origin of Terakoya is said to be traced to education at temples and shrines during the middle ages.
- この天皇の子孫の多くが臣籍降下して清和源氏となった。
- Many of Emperor Seiwa's descendents left the Imperial Family and called themselves the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 今日では澤村源之助 (4代目)のやり方が主流である。
- Today the method of Gennosuke SAWAMURA (the fourth) is main stream.
- と胸をたたく爽快な演出は源之助の考案したものである。
- This brisk staging was devised by Gennosuke.
- 母は庭田家経有(宇多源氏)の娘、源幸子(敷政門院)。
- His mother was Tsuneari NIWATA's daughter, who was from the Niwata family (Uda-Genji, Minamoto clan), MINAMOTO no Yukiko (Fuseimonin).
- 井上源三郎:1868年1月4日、淀千両松の戦いで討死。
- Genzaburo INOUE: Died January 4, 1868 fighting in the Battle of Yodo-Senryomatsu
- 清和源氏・源維義(松井冠者)を祖とする松井氏の一系統。
- They were a branch originated from MINAMOTO no Koreyoshi (Kanja MATSUI) of Seiwa-Genji.
- They were a branch of the Matsui clan that originated from MINAMOTO no Koreyoshi (Kanja MATSUI) of Seiwa-Genji.
- 政庁には税穀を備蓄するための蔵が並んでいたことが語源。
- Derived from the government offices (Zheng Ting) which used to have lines of warehouses for storing tax grains.
- 源経基の王子で源満仲の弟、鎮守府将軍源満政を祖とする。
- The founder of the clan was a Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defence of the North), MINAMOTO no Mitsumasa, who was the Imperial Prince of MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto and younger brother of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka.
- 平氏政権に次いで、武家政権を確立したのが源頼朝である。
- It was MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who established the military government after the Taira-clan regime.
- 三好氏は信濃源氏の名門・小笠原氏の分流であるとされる。
- It is said that Miyoshi clan is a branch of the distinguished Ogasawara clan in Shinano Genji.
- 『続源義経』(1956年 監督:萩原遼、演:泉田行夫)
- 'Zoku (second series) MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune' (1956 director: Ryu HAGIWARA, cast: Ikuo IZUMIDA)
- 源維義流には三河松井氏(松井松平家)・遠江松井氏がある。
- MINAMOTO no Koreyoshi line included the Mikawa Matsui clan (Matsui Matsudaira family) and the Totomi Matsui clan.
- 清和源氏武田氏流 甲斐国八代郡小石和筋石橋村より起こる。
- The Takeda clan line of Seiwa Genji (Minamoto clan originated from the Emperor Seiwa): Originated in Ishibashi-mura Village, Koisawasuji, Yatsushiro County, Kai Province
- 源頼義は、氏神として信仰する八幡神に戦勝を祈願していた。
- MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi prayed for victory at the Hachiman-gu Shrine, which he worshipped as his ujigami.
- もと由比郷(鎌倉市材木座)にあり、源頼朝が現在地に移す。
- Although it was located at Yuigo (Zaimokuza, Kamakura City), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo moved it to its present location.
- 源義経が滞在し、「腰越状」を書いたところとして知られる。
- The temple is known as where MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune stayed and wrote 'Koshigoe-jo' (MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's letter to OE no Hiromoto to ask an intercession to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo for him).
- 在地において仲介の役を果たした散位源友定を「預所」とする
- Sani (courtier without post) MINAMOTO no Tomosada, who acted as a mediator in the local land, was appointed to 'azukari-dokoro' (a deputy of shoen).
- このとき直武は24歳、それに対し源内は満45歳であった。
- At the time, Naotake was 24 years old and Gennai was 45 years old.
- 11月4日、源義経の軍が布和の関(不破関)にまで達した。
- On December 26, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's army reached Fuwa no seki (Fuwa-no-seki checking station).
- 摂関家への貢献によって清和源氏は優遇されるようになった。
- Due to the contribution to the regent family, Seiwa-Genji was treated with privilege.
- 摂津国にあった佃 (大阪市)は中世の佃を起源としている。
- Tsukuda in Settsu Province (Osaka City) originated from tsukuda of medieval times.
- その意味では左團次の源五兵衛の演技の巧さは無類であった。
- From this perspective, Sadanji was superb in playing the role of Gengobei.
- 密告の功績により源満仲と藤原善時はそれぞれ位を進められた。
- For their loyalty in providing the tip-off, MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka and FUJIWARA no Yoshitoki were both promoted.
- 乙訓は昔この地方が「弟国」と呼ばれていたのが語源とされる。
- The name 'Otokuni-gun' is believed to have originated from the fact that the region had been called 'Otokuni' (literally, 'younger brother country').
- 以仁王に従った摂津源氏の源頼政の墓がつつじヶ丘地区にある。
- The tomb of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa in the Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan) who served Mochihito-o (Prince Mochihito) lies in the Tsutsujigaoka area.
- その豊かな水源を用い、丹後ちりめんが基幹産業になっている。
- Tango chirimen (silk crepe) is a key industry, and takes advantage of the abundant water resources.
- 即ち、当時の源頼朝の武家政権は鎌倉幕府の称を用いていない。
- That is, the samurai government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo did not use the name Kamakura bakufu.
- 「職能」起源論では地方の武士を十分説明できるわけではない。
- The bushi in local regions cannot be explained fully by the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function.'
- 第二が義仲、第三が源行家とされた(『玉葉』七月三十日条)。
- The second greatest was granted to Yoshinaka and the third greatest was to MINAMOTO no Yukiie (according to the section of the 30th day of the 7th month in the 'Gyokuyo').
- 嵯峨天皇の子で源姓を賜ったものとその子孫を嵯峨源氏という。
- It is called the Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan), having received the Genji name, and those who were children or descendents of Emperor Saga.
- 源師子(1070-1148) - 源顕房女、後に藤原忠実室
- MINAMOTO no Moroko (1070-1148) was the daughter of MINAMOTO no Akifusa and later became wife of FUJIWARA no Tadazane.
- 宇多天皇の孫は、ほとんどが源氏の姓を賜り、臣籍に降下した。
- Most of Emperor Uda's grandchildren were granted the surname Genji and left the Imperial Family.
- 承平2年(932年)、源姓を賜り臣籍降下し、初叙従四位上。
- He was given a surname Minamoto and departed from the Imperial Family and became an allegiant, and firstly appointed to jusiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) in 932.
- この除目で源義朝は播磨守、嫡子・源頼朝は右兵衛権佐となった。
- At this session, MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was made the governor of Harima while his son and heir, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, was appointed Uhyoe no Gon no suke (provisional assistant captain of the Right Division of Middle Palace Guards).
- 本格的な武家政権は、源頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開いた事により始まる。
- The full-scale military government started when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu.
- 上湯川沿いに源泉はあり、上湯温泉に対して下湯と呼ばれていた。
- The source of Totsukawa Onsen Hot Spring was located along the kamiyukawa River, and it is called Shimoyu, compared to Kamiyu Onsen hot spring.
- 宇多源氏佐々木氏流 真野氏真野定時の子の石橋定範を祖とする。
- The Sasaki clan line of Uda-Genji (Minamoto clan originated from Emperor Uda): Originated from Sadanori ISHIBASHI, a son of Sadatoki MANO.
- これらはいわゆる飛地ではなく、起源を異にする別個の町である。
- These are not the so-called detached towns, but individual towns with different origins.
- These are not the so-called detached towns, but are individual towns that have different origins.
- These are not so-called detached land, but separate towns with different origin.
- 以上のように、鎌倉幕府は元々、源頼朝の私的政権に発している。
- As described above, the Kamakura bakufu was originally derived from the private government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 非エネルギー起源二酸化炭素排出量の削減 -0.3% (70)
- The reduction of emissions of carbon dioxide which generates in non-energy fields: -0.3% (70)
- 源義経 (TBSドラマ)(1990年 東京放送)演:津川雅彦
- MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune (TBS drama series) (1990 Tokyo Broadcasting System) cast: Masahiko TSUGAWA
- また、豊後へ渡った源範頼軍によって九州への退路も塞がれていた。
- Moreover, their avenue of retreat into Kyushu had been cut off by the army of MINAMOTO no Noriyori, who had crossed into Bungo Province.
- ほどなく、伴善男は右大臣藤原良相に源信が犯人であると告発する。
- Soon after, TOMO no Yoshio claimed to Udaijin, FUJIWARA no Yoshimi that MINAMOTO no Makoto was the perpetrator of the crime.
- 源信を失脚させて空席になった左大臣に右大臣の藤原良相がなった。
- That would make the Sadaijin position vacant so that Udaijin FUJIWARA no Yoshimi could fill the role.
- 11月に義詮が入京すると、12月に直義は出家して恵源と号する。
- Yoshiakira entered Kyoto in November and Tadayoshi became a monk in December and is called Egen.
- 周知のように河内源氏の源頼朝の家の正系の将軍は3代で途絶えた。
- As is well known, the succession to shogun by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's legitimate family line of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) came to an end in three generations.
- また河内源氏の東国進出の拠点である鎌倉に八幡神の分霊を祀った。
- He also made a branch shrine to dedicate the deity of the Hachiman-gu in Kamakura, a strong fold for Kawachi-Genji to advance to Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).
- るり渓温泉(国民保養温泉地は、るり渓高原温泉という源泉の名前)
- Rurikei Onsen Hot Spring (Spa of Rurikei; listed in the national health hot springs under the name of Rurikei River Valley Highland Hot Spring which means a name of springhead)
- 物語を書こうとした多くの作者は『源氏物語』の愛読者でもあった。
- Authors who intended to write a tale were mainly keen readers of 'Genji Monogatari.'
- 源内の刃傷事件との関係を指摘する説もあるが、詳細は不明である。
- There is an additional theory indicating an incident of bloodshed involving Gennai but the details are unknown.
- 桓武平氏、清和源氏、秀郷流藤原氏などが代表的な軍事貴族である。
- Major examples of military aristocrats are Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan), Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line.
- しかし、千早城では城中に水源を確保しておりびくともしなかった。
- The Kusunoki army, however, maintained a water source in Chihaya-jo Castle and was therefore undaunted.
- 翌年に義満を「日本国王臣源」に封じる内容の国書を持ち帰国する。
- They returned to Japan the next year with a sovereign's message that the emperor of the Ming Dynasty would confer a peerage of 'King of Japan' on Yoshimitsu.
- 無実の罪で捕らえられる左大臣源信 (公卿)と、嘆き悲しむ女房ら
- Sadaijin (minister of the left) MINAMOTO no Makoto arrested for a crime he had not committed, the grieving women of the palace
- また、清和源氏を称する徳川氏の上に立つという意志も見て取れる。
- Also, there was an indication that the Emperor meant to be in a higher position than the Tokugawa clan, who called themselves the Minamoto clan, which originated from Emperor Seiwa.
- 頼朝に義仲追討を命じ、頼朝の弟の源義経に命じてこれを討たせた。
- Goshirakawa ordered Yoritomo to hunt down and kill Yoshinaka, and also ordered Yoritomo's younger brother, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune to in fact kill Yoshinaka.
- 後世、武門の棟梁となる清和源氏の始祖で、諱は惟仁(これひと)。
- He was the earliest ancestor of the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) (which, in subsequent ages, would act as the leader of samurai), and his posthumous name was Korehito.
- 源平の氏が与えられるようになる前までは、多様な氏が与えられる。
- Before Minamoto and Taira were used as surnames, there were various other surnames were given.
- 965年、左大臣源高明の加冠により元服、翌年にはその娘を娶る。
- In 965 he had a coming-of-age ceremony and Sadaijin (Minister of the Left), MINAMOTO no Takaakira put the crown on him, then on the following year, he married Takaakira's daughter.
- この結果、源氏軍による東海道方面の進撃は一時中断することとなる。
- As a result, the progression of the Minamoto clan troops along the Tokai-do Road was halted for a while.
- 1180年 以仁王が源頼政と組んで挙兵、平等院で平家軍と戦い戦死
- 1180: Mochihito-o along with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa took up arms, fought against the Taira family at the Byodo-in Temple, and died in the battle.
- 特に義朝の長子源義平に娘を娶らせるなど積極的に関係を強めている。
- Particularly, he voluntarily strengthened the relationship by marring his daughter off to MINAMOTO no Yoshihira, the eldest child of Yoshitomo, etc.
- 夫の死後、剃髪した母妙源尼と共に、江戸で於大の方の庇護を受ける。
- He received the patronage in Edo from Odai no kata with his mother, Myogen-ni, who had become a monk after the death of her husband.
- しかし、鎌倉が歴史の表舞台に登場するのは源頼朝の登場以降である。
- However, it is after MINAMOTO no Yoritomo made his appearance that Kamakura came on history's center stage.
- 源泉が二つあり「るり渓高原温泉」「るり渓フラワー温泉」とされる。
- It has two hot spring sources; one is 'Rurikei River Valley Highland Hot Spring' and the other is 'Rurikei River Valley Flower Hot Spring.'
- 報告書はの成果は、前述の花粉発生源対策プロジェクトに反映された。
- The findings of this report were reflected by the previously mentioned Pollen Source Countermeasure Project.
- RMU (Removal Unit) - 吸収源活動による吸収量
- RMU (Removal Unit) - amount of absorption by activities for sources of absorption (activities for sinks).
- 河内源氏初代の源頼信は、平忠常の乱を鎮定し坂東に勢力を扶植した。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the founder of Kawachi-Genji, subjugated the TAIRA no Tadatsune War and established the influence in Bando (old Kanto region).
- 崩壊期 - 源頼家時代の頼家将軍就任~源実朝時代の源実朝暗殺事件
- Collapse period: Yoriie's assumption of the shogun in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoriie ~ Assassination of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in the period of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo.
- 中宮:藤原賢子(1057-1084) - 源顕房女、藤原師実養女
- Empress, FUJIWARA no Kenshi/Kataiko (1057-1084) - the daughter of MINAMOTO no Akifusa and adopted daughter of FUJIWARA no Morozane
- 第一親等の皇族ながら、多くの兄弟とともに源氏姓を賜って臣籍降下。
- Although he was a member of the imperial family and had a first degree relationship, he was given the family name of Minamoto and became the subject of the state along with his many brothers.
- 12月9日深夜、藤原信頼・源義朝の軍勢は院御所・三条殿を襲撃した。
- On January 26, 1160, the forces of FUJIWARA no Nobuyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo carried out a raid on the Sanjo Palace, an old palace of the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 上皇を乗せる車は源師仲が用意し、源重成・源光基・源季実が護送した。
- The carriage in which the Retired Emperor was forced to ride was prepared by MINAMOTO no Moronaka, and he traveled escorted by MINAMOTO no Shigenari, MINAMOTO no Mitsumoto, and MINAMOTO no Suezane.
- 慶応4年1月5日 (旧暦) 淀千両松の戦い 井上源三郎ら14名戦死
- January 5 1868, Battle of Yodo Senryo Matsu, 14 members including Genzaburo INOUE died in action.
- 文治元年(1185年)、源頼朝に追われた義経は秀衡に再び匿われた。
- In 1185, Hidehira sheltered Yoshitsune again when Yoshitsune was pursued by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 開祖は河内源氏の棟梁の源義家(八幡太郎)の三男(諸説あり)源義国。
- The originator is MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni, the third son of the MINAMOTO no Yoshiie (Hachimantaro) who was the head of Kawachi-Genji (there are various theories).
- 同年、頼家の弟・源実朝が3代将軍となり、北条時政が初代執権となる。
- In the same year Yoritomo's brother, MINAMOTO no Sanetomo became the third shogun and Tokimasa HOJO became the first regent.
- 山号は福源山、開基は上杉憲方(寺伝では首藤経俊)、開山は密室守厳。
- The sango is Fukugensan, the Kaiki is Norikata UESUGI (Tsuneyoshi SUDO according to temple history), and the kaisan is Misshitsu shugon.
- 三好氏(みよしし)は信濃源氏で鎌倉時代の阿波の守護小笠原氏の末裔。
- Miyoshi clan belongs to Shinano Genji (Minamoto clan) and it is the descendants of shugo (a provincial government) Ogasawara clan in Awa Province in Kamakura period.
- 喜界町早町、源氏警戒のため築いた城跡がある、平家森と呼ばれている。
- Somachi, Kikai-cho; the ruins of the castle that was constructed for defense against the Minamoto clan's attack are here and they are now called Heike-mori Forest.
- これにより清和源氏新羅三郎義光以来の名門甲斐武田氏嫡流は滅亡した。
- As a result of these battles, the distinguished Kai-Takeda clan of the direct descendants of Shinra-Saburo Yoshimitsu of the Seiwa Genji lineage became extinct.
- 源平の戦いにおいて、河内源氏・平家双方が諸国より兵粮負担を求めた。
- During the Genpei War (the twelfth-century war between the Minamoto and Taira clans), the Kawachi Genji (the Minamoto clan) and the Taira family each asked various provinces to shoulder the burden of supplying their armies with provisions.
- 一方、最も近い発生源である中国東北地方のものは最短半日で到達する。
- On the other hand, the kosa produced in the northeastern part of China, the nearest kosa-producing place reaches Korea only in half a day.
- 一時期臣籍降下して、源 兼明(みなもと の かねあきら)と名乗る。
- Once he departed from the Imperial Family and became an allegiant, named MINAMOTO no Kaneakira.
- 能有の男系の子孫には、後代保元の乱で活躍した源季実などが出ている。
- Later, Yoshiari's male descendants produced MINAMOTO no Suezane who fought bravely in the Hogen War.
- 放火の罪を着せられた左大臣源信家の人々は絶望して大いに嘆き悲しんだ。
- Members of the house of MINAMOTO no Makoto, the Sadaijin, who were accused of the crime, were devastated and distressed.
- 朝鮮語で「国」という意味の「나라(発音ナラ)」を語源とする説もある。
- Some theories suggest that 'Nara' comes from the Korean word '나라 (pronounced as nara)' meaning 'country.'
- 跡を継いで鎌倉殿となったのは、頼朝の嫡子で当時18歳の源頼家だった。
- It was MINAMOTO no Yoriie, Yoritomo's legitimate child, who was aged 18 at the time, that followed in the footsteps of Yoritomo and became Kamakura-dono.
- うち正四位まで昇ったのは、清和源氏の6名と桓武平氏の2名のみである。
- Among them, only six members of Seiwa-Genji and two members of Kanmu-Heishi were promoted to shoshii (senior fourth rank).
- 平安期にはいると、正税と並んで公出挙が主要な地方財源となっていった。
- Ku-Suiko became the main financial resources for local government along with Shozei in the Heian period.
- 災害時用の備蓄米(不動穀)を差し引いた残りが国衙の主要財源とされた。
- After earmarking some rice for stockpile (Fudokoku staple) for an emergency, the remainder was regarded as main financial resources of kokuga (provincial government offices).
- 京都への還幸は源氏の挙兵に対応するため清盛が決断したといわれている。
- It is said the Emperor's return to Kyoto was to deal with the army of the Minamoto clan and was decided by Kiyomori.
- 兄弟には、文徳天皇、宗康親王、人康親王、本康親王、源多、源光がいる。
- His brothers were the Emperor Montoku, Prince Muneyasu, Prince Saneyasu, Prince Motoyasu, MINAMOTO no Masaru and MINAMOTO no Hikaru.
- 子には花山源氏(神祇伯を世襲した伯王家)の祖となった清仁親王がいる。
- Prince Kiyohito was his son, who became a forefather of Kazan Genji (the Minamoto family originated from the Emperor Kazan) (Haku o ke (the Haku o family), who descended from Jingi haku (a chief official in charge of matters related to Shintoism)).
- 後を追った源五兵衛が三五兵衛のもとに来ておまんを譲るように談判する。
- Gengobei chased Oman until they met Sangobei and asked Sangobei to offer Oman to him.
- 関白太政大臣に藤原実頼、左大臣に源高明、右大臣には藤原師尹が就任した。
- FUJIWARA no Saneyori took office as Grand Minister of State and Chief Adviser to the Emperor, MINAMOTO no Takaakira as Sadaijin, and FUJIWARA no Morotada as Udaijin (minister of the right).
- 源頼朝は征夷大将軍任官前に右近衛大将だったことから「幕府」と呼ばれた。
- MINAMOTO no Yoritomo used to be called 'Bakufu' since he was Ukone-no-Daisho (Imperial guard chief of the Right) before becoming Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- その起源は役小角に従った後鬼の末裔によって起こされたと伝承されている。
- It is said that the hot spring was developed by descendants of ogre that followed EN no Ozunu (A semi-legendary holy man noted for his practice of mountain asceticism during the second half of the seventh century).
- 2008年(平成20年) 3月18日 源氏物語千年紀in湖都大津開催。
- March 18, 2008: The thousand-year anniversary of the Tale of Genji in Koto Otsu was held.
- 古代ヘブライ語の「ウズ」(光)、「マサ」(賜物)が語源であるとする説。
- The other theory is that 'Uzu' means a light and 'Masa' a gift in ancient Hebrew.
- 院政期の物語文学は、『源氏物語』の圧倒的な評価と影響のもとにうまれた。
- Tale literature during the Insei period was created under the overwhelming reputation and influence of 'Genji Monogatari.'
- 伝説では、源内が阿仁町に向かうため角館城下の酒造業者五井家に泊まった。
- According to a legend, Gennai stayed the night at the home of Goi family, a sake a brewer who lived in the castle town of Kakunodate, on the way to Ani-machi.
- しかし、前者は行家、源光長の猛反対で潰れ、後者も衆徒が承引しなかった。
- However, the former idea collapsed due to the fierce objection by Yukiie and MINAMOTO no Mitsunaga while the latter also was not accepted by the monk-soldiers.
- 『官職秘抄』・『職源鈔』と並んで中世を代表する官職制度の解説書である。
- Along with 'Kanshoku Hisho' and 'Shokugensho,' this book is a typical instruction manual of the court official system during medieval times.
- 武士の起源研究は「日本の歴史における中世の発見」と密接に関わっている。
- The study on the origin of bushi is closely related to 'Discovering the medieval times in Japanese history.'
- 中国国内の砂漠化・乾燥化地域のほとんどが黄砂の発生源と考えられている。
- It is considered that kosa can be originated in almost all of the desert and dry land in China.
- 親王の伏見御料は、以後子孫相次いで伝領され、これが伏見宮の起源となる。
- The Prince's Imperial estate was successively passed to his descendants from generation to generation after that, it became the origin of Fushiminomiya.
- 同日、師仲・頼朝・源希義(頼朝の同母弟)もそれぞれ配流先に下っていった。
- That same day, the destinations to which Moronaka, Yoritomo, and MINAMOTO no Mareyoshi (Yoritomo's younger brother by the same mother) were to be exiled were announced.
- 承久元年(1219年)1月、3代征夷大将軍源実朝が甥の公暁に暗殺された。
- In the first month of the first year of the Jokyu era (1219), the third Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), Minamoto no Sanetomo, was assassinated by his own nephew, Kugyo.
- 1974年にダム湖が出来た際に、湖畔まで源泉を引湯し、温泉街を形成した。
- The source was drawn to the bank of Futstsuno Dam to develop a hot spring resort when the dam lake was completed in 1974.
- 密告の内容がどのようなもので、源高明がどう関わっていたのかは不明である。
- The content of the tip-off and how MINAMOTO no Takaakira was involved remains unknown.
- 1951年(昭和26年)4月 - 5代目市長として牧野源太郎が就任する。
- April 1951: Gentaro MAKINO took office as the fifth mayor.
- 湖を取り囲む山地からの流れが源流で、京阪神の水瓶という機能も担っている。
- The water of Lake Biwa originates from the surrounding mountains, so the lake functions as a water reservoir for the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe area.
- 石見吉見氏は源範圓の庶子の系統だが、頼円に至るまでの系譜は明らかでない。
- The Iwami-Yoshimi clan is a family line of a illegitimate child of MINAMOTO no Yorien, but its family tree before Raien's generation is not known.
- この年は、源頼義が陸奥の安倍貞任を討ち、前九年の役が終結した翌年である。
- The following year MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi defeated Sadato ABE in Mutsu and the Zen Kunen no Eki (Former Nine Years' War) came to an end.
- また、牛若丸(後の源義経)の修行の地であり、「鞍馬天狗」で知られている。
- It is also the place where Ushiwakamaru (later MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune) trained, and therefore, he is also known as 'Kurama Tengu' (a long-nosed goblin).
- 更に康治2年(1143年)に介入してきたのが源義朝(頼朝の父)であった。
- It was MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, the father of Yoritomo, who intervened in 1143.
- 相馬御厨については最初の段階では同族の上総権介常澄、そして源義朝である。
- Soma-mikuriya were owned by Tsunezumi of Kazusa no Gon no suke (provisional governor of Kazusa Province) of the same clan and were owned by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 所謂醍醐源氏で、特に保光王は桃園家の、延光王は枇杷家の祖とされ繁栄した。
- In what it is called the Daigo-Genji clan (Minamoto clan), especially the originator of Momozono family, Prince Yasumitsu, and the originator of the Biwa family, Prince Nobumitsu became very successful.
- 第一親等の皇族でありながらも、当時の慣例に倣って源氏姓を賜り、臣籍降下。
- Though he was a member of the imperial family and maintained a first degree relationship, he was given the family name of Minamoto following the practices of the times and he became subject of the state.
- いわゆる「温泉街」はなく、それぞれの源泉の元湯として日帰り入浴施設がある。
- There is no so-called 'hot springs resort area', but there are day visit spas using water directly from the source of each of the hot springs.
- このため頼朝は源義経に別働隊を編成させて平氏の本拠讃岐国屋島を攻めさせた。
- Because of this, Yoritomo formed together a separate force for MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and had them attack the Taira at their stronghold on Yashima in Sanuki Province.
- 北越戦争では長岡城と、同盟が武器の供給源としていた新潟港が主戦場となった。
- In the Hokuetsu War, Nagaoka Castle and Niigata Port, used as a supply base for weapons by the alliance, became the main battlefield.
- 僧・尼の尊さを表す物であると同時に、朝廷にとっては収入源の一つでもあった。
- Not only did it indicate the high virtue of the monk or nun, but also an income source for the Imperial Court.
- 建仁3年(1203年)2代将軍源頼家の外戚(妻の実家)比企氏が滅ぼされる。
- In 1203 the Hiki clan, the maternal relative of the second shogun MINAMOTO no Yoriie (his wife's family) was overthrown.
- 梅雨の語源としては、この時期は梅の実が熟す頃であることからという説がある。
- With respect to the origin of the word 'baiu,' there is a view that as fruits of Japanese apricot (written as '梅') mature in this season, it is called baiu (written as '梅雨').
- 源泉所在 京都市西京区嵐山上河原町1番2 (京都府嵐山公園管理事務所東側)
- The fountainhead is at 1-2, Kamikawara-cho, Arashiyama, Nishikyo Ward, Kyoto City (east side of the Kyoto Arashiyama koen park office).
- 林業資源として、植生を無視してスギばかりを植林した弊害と指摘する説もある。
- There is also a theory that, due to its role as an important source of timber, the practice exists of planting large numbers of Japanese cedar trees without any regard for the ecosystem.
- 特に曙山は平賀源内や薩摩藩主島津重豪から絶賛されるほどの画才にめぐまれた。
- Shozan in particular was highly praised by Gennai HIRAGA and the lord of the Satsuma clan Shigehide SHIMAZU for his painting talent.
- これは頼信が兄の頼光の摂津源氏との活動基盤の競合を避けたためとされている。
- The reason is said that Yorinobu avoided territorial competition with his elder brother, Yorimitsu (Settsu-Genji).
- 理由は、源為義はもっぱら京都におり河内国の領地にいた形跡がないことにある。
- The reason is that MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi was entirely in Kyoto and left no evidence of his presence in the manor of Kawachi Province.
- だが興福寺側は源氏であって藤原氏ではない義満を放氏することが出来なかった。
- In spite of this, Kofuku-ji Temple could not purge Yoshimitsu, because he came from the Minamoto clan, not from the Fujiwara clan.
- 公事根源(くじこんげん)は、室町時代に一条兼良によって書かれた有職故実書。
- Kuji Kongen was a book on ancient practices and precedents of the imperial court written by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO during the Muromachi period.
- また、武士の起源に関しても諸説が有り、まだ決定的な学説があるわけではない。
- And there are several theories about the origin of bushi and there is no conclusive one yet.
- 九州の武家は平家方だったため鎌倉幕府を開いた源頼朝からの信頼感は薄かった。
- As samurai in Kyushu supported Heike (Taira family), trust to them by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who established the Kamakura bakufu was weak.
- 出羽守・源光国、丹後守・平正盛、左衛門尉・源為義が院御所・内裏を警固した。
- The governor of Dewa Province, MINAMOTO no Mitsukuni, the governor of Tango Province, TAIRA no Masamori, and Saemon no jo (third-ranked officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi guarded the dairi (Imperial Palace) and In-Gosho.
- 源頼朝を首長とする鎌倉幕府は、治承・寿永の乱で勝利して平氏政権を打倒した。
- The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo as its chief defeated the Taira clan government in the Jisho-Juei War.
- 頼朝は宣旨施行のためと称して、源義経・源範頼ら率いる軍を京方面へ派遣した。
- Yoritomo dispatched troops led by MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and MINAMOTO no Noriyori and others to the direction of Kyo in the name of enforcement of the decree.
- その後、源義広は義仲との連携を選び、ほどなく源行家も義仲と結ぶようになる。
- After that, MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro chose to cooperate with Yoshinaka, and MINAMOTO no Yukiie followed suit.
- さかのぼって同年前半、常陸の源義広 (志田三郎先生)が反頼朝の兵を挙げた。
- Going back to the first half of the same year, MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (Shida Saburo Senjo) in Hitachi Province took up arms against Yoritomo.
- さらに、入京した源義仲軍が、京中および京周辺で略奪・押領をおこなっていた。
- In addition, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's army, which had entered into the capital, committed plunders and embezzlements in and around the capital.
- 律令上、租税の中でも正税は、地方機関(国府や郡家)の主要財源とされていた。
- In the Ritsuryo codes, Shozei was regarded as the main financial resources for local administrative organizations (Kokufu and Gunke) among various land taxes.
- 翌年には二条親政派の重鎮・経宗が帰京を許され、時忠・源資賢が流罪となった。
- In the following year, Tsunemune, the leading figure of Nijo's directly ruled government force, was allowed to go back to his hometown, and Tokitada and MINAMOTO no Sukekata were banished.
- 寿永2年(1183年)、源義仲の入京に伴い、三種の神器とともに都落ちする。
- In 1183 he was forced to leave the city carrying three sacred emblems of the Imperial Family with him, when MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka entered the city.
- 与えられる氏が源平に固定されると姓(かばね)も朝臣に固定されるようになる。
- Once the name was settled as Minamoto and Taira, the kabane was also settled as Asomi.
- その後典侍に任じられた後は本姓から源典侍、源大典侍や、小一条局と呼ばれた。
- After being appointed to Naishi no suke later, she was called Gen no Naishinosuke, Gen no Otenji, and Koichijo no Tsubone.
- 応天門が放火され、大納言伴善男は左大臣源信_(公卿)の犯行であると告発した。
- The Otenmon gate was set on fire, and TOMO no Yoshio, the Dainagon (chief councilor of state), accused a noble MINAMOTO no Makoto, the Sadaijin (minister of the left), of committing arson.
- 維義が松井冠者を称したことから、維義の子の源義宗が松井の姓を名乗ったとする。
- It is said that after MINAMOTO no Koreyoshi called himself Kanja MATSUI, his son MINAMOTO no Yoshimune used the surname Matsui.
- 平安時代中期には吉冨荘とともに亀岡市域は清和源氏の領地であったと考えられる。
- The Kameoka area and the Yoshitomi-sho is believed to have been the domain of the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) in the mid Heian period.
- 長慶は連歌を愛好し、禅を好み、源氏物語などの古典に親しむ風雅の士でもあった。
- Nagayoshi was a man of elegance and taste who loved renga (linked verse), favored Zen and enjoyed reading classics including Tale of Genji.
- 鎌倉幕府の確立を成し遂げた源頼朝は、1199年(正治1)1月に突然死去した。
- MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who established the Kamakura bakufu, died suddenly in January 1199.
- 上皇方に参陣した為義は乱後に死罪となり、為義の子の源為朝は流罪に処せられた。
- Tameyoshi, who fought on the side of the retired Emperor, was executed after the War and his son, MINAMOTO no Tametomo was banished.
- これは武家の棟梁が清和源氏から桓武平氏へ移ったことの現れだと考えられている。
- This event is believed to show that the head of the samurai families changed from Seiwa-Genji to Kanmu-Heishi.
- 4月27日には、山伏姿の行家が伊豆北条館を訪れ、源頼朝に令旨を伝えたという。
- It is said that on the twenty-seventh day of the fourth month Yukiie visited the mansion of the Izu Hojo family in the guise of a mountain priest, and conveyed the command to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 庸は、衛士や采女の食糧や公共事業の雇役民への賃金・食糧に用いる財源となった。
- Yo was the financial resources used for covering the expenditure on food given to Eji (a guard) and Uneme (a court lady), as well as the expenditure on wages and food given to Koekimin (drafted workers under the Ritsuryo system) engaging in public utilities.
- 元慶9年1月18日(885年2月6日)、源定省の長男・源維城として生まれる。
- The Emperor was born as Minamoto no Korezane, the first son of MINAMOTO no Sadami, on February 6, 885.
- 一人残された源五兵衛は、孤独と無力感に苛まれつつ切腹の用意をするのであった。
- Gengobei, now all by himself, is filled with loneliness and hopelessness, and prepares to commit seppuku.
- 源頼朝が派遣した鎌倉源氏軍によって、平氏が屋島の戦いに敗れると海上へ逃れる。
- The Emperor escaped to the sea after the Taira clan lost the Battle of Yashima against Kamakura solders of the Minamoto clan, the Minamotos having been sent by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 後鳥羽上皇の財源は長講堂領、八条院領などの諸国に置かれた膨大な荘園群にあった。
- Retired Emperor Gotoba's financial resources came from his extensive shoen (private estate holdings) located in various provinces, including the Chokodo and Hachijoin territories.
- 同じ清和源氏出身で別流に三河松井氏、丹波松井氏、遠江松井氏、近江松井氏がある。
- Other families of the same clan included the Mikawa Matsui clan, Tanba Matsui clan, Totomi Matsui clan, and Omi Matsui clan.
- 裏山に梶原景時の長男、梶原景季の片腕が埋められていると伝えられる源太塚がある。
- In a hill at the back of the temple, there is Gentazuka (Tumulus of Genta) where an arm of Kagesue KAJIWARA, the eldest son of Kagetoki KAJIWARA is reported to have been buried.
- 注意:太夫の「源氏名」は代々引き継がれるため、同名の太夫が過去に何代か存在する
- Note that names for tayu are passed down from generation to generation, and accordingly more than one tayu with the same tayu name may exist through generations.
- 目標は、首都圏および京阪地区に飛来する花粉の発生源を10年間で半減させるもの。
- The project aims to halve the sources of pollen carried to the Tokyo area and the Kyoto-Osaka region within 10 years.
- 奄美市笠利町蒲生崎(奄美大島)、有盛により蒲生佐衛門が源氏警戒のため配された。
- Gamo-zaki, Kasari-cho, Amami City (Amami-Oshima Island); Gamozaemon was posted here by Arimori in preparation for the possible attack by the Minamoto clan.
- 室町幕府は勘合符を掌握することで日明貿易を統制下に置き、幕府の財源としていた。
- By grasping kangofu, the Muromachi bakufu placed the Japan-Ming trade under control and made it as a source of revenue.
- 源頼朝は下文・下知状・御教書を発給文書の三本柱として武家様文書の基礎を作った。
- Minamoto no Yoritomo established the base of bukeyo monjo (a samurai-style document) which consisted of three kinds of documents; these were the Kudashibumi, Gejijo (a document issued by a vassal of the Shogun for conveying Shogun orders) and Migyosho.
- 室町幕府は土倉に対し、倉役(土倉役)と呼ばれる税を課し、主要財源の一つとなる。
- The Muromachi bakufu imposed a specific tax called kurayaku (also known as dosoyaku) on doso, and the tax was a major source of revenue for the bakufu.
- 母は、久我通親(源通親)の養女(実は法勝寺執行法印能円の女)承明門院・源在子。
- His mother was Shomeimon-in MINAMOTO no Zaishi, an adopted daughter of Michichika KOGA. (MINAMOTO no Michichika) (In fact a daughter of a Hossho-ji Temple executive, the highest rank among Buddhist priests, Noen.)
- その後は、市川壽海 (3代目)、松本白鸚 (初代)などが源五兵衛を得意とした。
- In the subsequent years, Jukai ICHIKAWA III and Hakuo MATSUMOTO I among others were renowned for playing the role of Gengobei.
- そして寿永4年(1185年)、最期の決戦である壇ノ浦の戦いで平氏と源氏が激突。
- In 1185, the Taira clan and Minamoto clan fought each other in the decisive war, the Battle of Dannoura.
- 源平の戦いの緒戦に疲れた源氏の武将熊谷直実は、出家して法名熊谷直実と名乗った。
- Drained from the first battle of the Genpei War (the war between the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan), Naozane KUMAGAI, a busho (military commander) of the Minamoto clan, becomes a priest and calls himself Priest Rensho.
- 勝利を収めた清和源氏の頭領・源頼朝は、鎌倉に鎌倉幕府を開き武家政権を確立させる。
- The victorious leader of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), Yoritomo clans, created the warrior-based Kamakura shogunate in the city of Kamakura.
- 当初波多野、松田一族は源氏方であり、波多野義通は京都に上って源義朝に仕えていた。
- The Hatano and Matsuda families originally sided with the Minamoto clan, and Yoshimichi HATANO moved to Kyoto and served for MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.
- 康平6年(1063年)河内源氏の源頼義は由比郷鶴岡に、河内国の壷井八幡宮を勧請。
- In 1063, MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi belonging to Kawachi-Genji called on a deity of Tsuboi Hachiman-gu Shrine of Kawachi Province to make a branch shrine at Yuigo Tsurugaoka.
- 室町時代以降、各地の大名が京都を真似た町づくりをし、それが小京都の起源となった。
- After the Muromachi period, the Japanese feudal lords in many regions created towns which imitated Kyoto, and was the beginning of the Little Kyoto.
- いずれも『源氏物語』の模倣であるとか、非現実的な題材を扱っているなどと評される。
- They are both criticized as imitating 'Genji Monogatari' or dealing with unrealistic subjects.
- 上赤坂城の守りは堅く幕府軍も苦戦するが、城の水源を絶ち、平野将監らを降伏させた。
- Kami-Akasaka-jo Castle had strong defenses that forced the bakufu army to engage in a bitter fight, but the bakufu army cut off the water supply to the castle in order that Shogen HIRANO would be forced to surrender.
- 京へ納入され中央政府の主要財源として、官人の給与(位禄・季禄)などに充てられた。
- Delivered to the capital, Cho was allotted to the salary for the government official (Iroku [stipends paid to people who were in the fourth rank and the fifth rank]) and kiroku [salary paid to the officers under the ritsuryo system]), etc. as the main financial resources of the central government.
- 源義経 (テレビドラマ 1991年)(1991年 日本テレビ放送網)演:平幹二朗
- MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune (TV drama series 1991) (1991 Nippon Television Network Corporation) cast: Mikijiro HIRA
- 12月9日夜、院御所・三条殿が、信頼・源義朝の軍勢による襲撃を受けて幽閉される。
- During the night on December 9, In Palace and Sanjo dono were attacked by Nobuyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo's forces and the Emperor was held in confinement.
- が、着物が観音様が直に触れてはいけないとして、白い布を間に当てたのが起源となる。
- They put a piece of white cloth between their back and the Kannon-zo so that the statute would not come into direct contact with their clothes.
- これは、勢力拡大を狙った源満仲と藤原氏による綿密に練られた高明排斥計画とされる。
- It was presumed that this was a plan carefully organized by MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka and the Fujiwara clan who tried to attain stronger political power.
- また、下襲を着て石帯は使用しない略装もあったことが『源氏物語』(鈴虫)に見える。
- According to 'The Tale of Genji' (suzumushi or cricket) there was a casual style wearing Shitagoromo without wearing Sekitai.
- 864年に伴善男は源信に謀反の噂があると言い立てたが、これは取り上げられなかった。
- In 864, TOMO no Yoshio tried to make a federal case based on the rumour of rebellion by MINAMOTO no Makoto, but this did not get taken up.
- 馬寮の官職は清和源氏ゆかりのもので次期将軍候補とされた人物が歴任する事も多かった。
- The position at the head of Meryo (the imperial horse caring section) dates back to Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), and was often held by a supposed heir to the Shogunate.
- 浴場には2つの泉源から導入された浴槽が隣接しており、片足ずつまたがることができる。
- Two bath tubs of water from different sources are laid out so close to each other that you can put the right foot in one and the left foot in the other.
- 義政は日朝貿易も同様に財源化することを意図し、朝鮮王朝に牙符制の導入を申し入れる。
- Yoshimasa also sought to make the Japan-Yi dynasty trade as a source of revenue and made a proposal to the Yi-Dynasty to introduce Gafusei.
- 寿永2年(1183年)7月28日、平氏一門は都落ちして、義仲・源行家軍が入京する。
- On August 24, 1183, the Taira clan left the capital, while Yoshinaka and MINAMOTO no Yukiie's army entered the capital.
- 寛平9年(897年)に源能有が没し、翌年宇多天皇が譲位すると、編纂作業は中断した。
- Following the death of MINAMOTO no Yoshiari in the year 897 and the abdication of Emperor Uda, compilation of the text was suspend.
- 発生源から離れた地域に被害を及ぼす、国境を越えた環境問題の典型的な例の1つである。
- Kosa constitutes a typical cross-nation-boundary problem that causes damage to areas far away from the problem source place.
- 議定において源通親・隆季は「園城寺は衆徒が退散したので張本人を捕らえるだけで良い。
- At the public meeting, MINAMOTO no Michichika and Takasue argued that 'Since the armed clergy of Onjo-ji temple disbanded of their own accord, simply arresting the ringleaders will be sufficient punishment.
- この令旨を伝達する使者には、熊野に隠れ住んでいた源行家(源為義の子)が起用された。
- MINAMOTO no Yukiie (MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi's son), who had been living in hiding in Kumano, was made the messenger entrusted to transmit this princely command.
- 『平家物語』には、挙兵を呼びかける(対象として?)諸国の源氏の名が列挙されている。
- The 'Heike monogatari' lists the names of those Minamoto clan members throughout the country that responded to the call to raise troops.
- また当時、河内源氏に代わって武士の棟梁となりつつあった伊勢平氏を院司としたりした。
- He also made Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) Inshi, the head of warriors instead of Kawachi-genji (Minamoto clan).
- 『伴大納言絵詞』や『源氏物語絵巻』と同様に、後白河法皇が関与した、という説もある。
- However, it is also said that Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa was involved in the making of it as well as 'Ban Dainagon Ekotoba' and 'Genji Monogatari Emaki.'
- 源氏の源頼朝により藤姓足利俊綱が滅ぼされると、源姓足利氏が領して地頭職を歴任する。
- After Toshitsuna ASHIKAGA of the Fujiwara family was ruined by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo of the Minamoto clan, the Ashikaga clan of Minamoto family owned it and successively inherited the position of jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor).
- 見かねた源五兵衛は、二人を引き取り、勘当が解けるまでは別々に住むがいいと提案する。
- As Gengobei could not just watch their miserable situation, he decides to take care of them and advised them to live separately until the two families accepted them.
- 天皇方は頼政、源重成、平信兼らの軍兵を投入するが、上皇方は各門で奮戦して激闘が続く。
- The emperor's side deployed Yorimasa's, MINAMOTO no Shigenari's, and TAIRA no Nobukane's forces, but the retired emperor's side fought hard at each gate and fierce battles continued.
- そのため鈴木姓のほとんどが、神姓穂積姓または源姓・平姓を含む武家の子孫と考えられる。
- Thus, almost of all the Suzuki families are considered to be the descendents of the families, which were using the Shinto-related honsei (original name) of Hozumi or of the samurai families, including those of the Minamoto clan or the Taira clan.
- 源頼朝が鎌倉入りしたのは、それから1世紀以上経た治承4年(1180年)のことである。
- More than a century later, in 1180, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo entered Kamakura.
- 6.横須賀ゆきは乗替と 呼ばれておるる大船の つぎは鎌倉鶴が岡 源氏の古跡や訪ね見ん
- The 6th verse: Next to Ofuna called a station for changing the train for Yokosuka is Kamakura to visit and see Tsurugaoka and historical sites of the Minamoto clan.
- 12世紀はじめに片仮名まじりの和漢混淆文体で書かれたもので、源隆国編纂と伝えられる。
- It was written in Japanese-Chinese mixed style with katakana in the early 12th century, and is said to be compiled by MINAMOTO no Takakuni.
- また仮にもっとも遅い13世紀説が正しいとすれば、当然源平の争乱の後ということになる。
- Even if the later theory of the thirteenth century was correct, it was definitely after the Genpei War.
- なお、平信兼と平家継は源義仲打倒の立場から、義経の入京に協力した京武者たちであった。
- In addition, TAIRA no Nobukane and TAIRA no Ietsugu were samurai in the imperial capital who had collaborated to aid Yoshitsune's entrance to the capital for the purpose of defeating MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
- 『源氏物語絵巻』、『信貴山縁起絵巻』、『鳥獣人物戯画』と並んで四大絵巻物と称される。
- It is counted as one of the four most prominent narrative picture scrolls along with 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' (Illustrated handscrolls of the Tale of Genji), 'Shigisan Engi Emaki' (picture scroll of the burning of Mt. Shigi), and 'Choju Jinbutsu Giga' (scrolls of frolicking animals and humans).
- 応天門は大伴氏(伴氏)が造営したもので、源信が伴氏をのろって火をつけたものだとされた。
- The Otenmon gate was built by the Otomo clan (the Tomo clan), so he said MINAMOTO no Makoto cursed the Tomo clan and set fire to it.
- 平家は五百艘を三手に分け山峨兵藤次秀遠および松浦党らを将軍となして源氏に戦いを挑んだ。
- The Taira clan split their 500 ships into three fleets, and with Hyotoji Hideto YAMAGA as well as Akira MATSUURA as the generals in command, challenged the Minamoto clan to fight.
- 次の徳川家康は吾妻鏡を手本とし清和源氏を称し、征夷大将軍の位に就き、江戸幕府を開いた。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the shogun after Hideyoshi, claimed member of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) by following 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East), assumed the post of seii taishogun, and established the Edo bakufu.
- 対立もあり、939年(天慶2年)の源経基と武蔵武芝の争いは承平天慶の乱の遠因となった。
- Conflicts erupted among them, and in 939 the clash between MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto and MUSASHI no Takeshiba nearly triggered the beginning of Johei Tengyo no Ran (Johei Tengyo Rebellion).
- 豊富な宇治川の水源を求め、また、広大な事業用地の確保に打って付けの場所故のことである。
- The company built the factory there because of the relatively easy procurement of vast commercial land and an abundant water supply from the Uji River.
- しかし、それでも源平の争乱は僅かに5年であり、しかも東から西に漸次戦場を移していった。
- However, even the Genpei War lasted only five years and gradually shifted the battle field from east to west.
- そのため、源為義の時期を「在京源氏」、源義朝の時期を「坂東源氏」などと呼ぶこともある。
- Therefore, the period of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi and that of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo are sometimes called 'Zaikyo-Genji' (Genji staying in Kyoto) and 'Bando-Genji (Genji staying in the old Kanto region) respectively.
- 『源氏物語絵巻』、『鳥獣人物戯画』、『伴大納言絵詞』と並ぶ四大絵巻物の1つと称される。
- It is referred to as one of four great picture scrolls, along with 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' (Illustrated Handscroll of the Tale of Genji), 'Choju Jinbutsu Giga' (Caricatures of Frolicking Birds, Animals and Humans), and 'Ban Dainagon Ekotoba' (The Story of the Courtier Ban Dainagon).
- 即位後ほどなく応仁の乱がおき、寺社や公卿の館は焼け、朝廷の財源は枯渇し朝廷は衰微した。
- Soon after the enthronement the Onin War occurred, and temples, shrines and court nobles' palaces were burned down; subsequently, the Imperial Palace, which was financially fragile, collapsed.
- 能有の兄弟の多くがこれと同様の道をたどり、その子孫は後世文徳源氏と呼ばれることになる。
- Most of Yoshiari's brothers walked the same road and their descendants were called Montoku-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 光の孫の源敦は源満仲の女婿となり、嵯峨源氏の源綱(渡辺綱)を養子としたことで知られる。
- Hikaru's grandson, MINAMOTO no Atsushi is known to have become MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka's son-in-law and adopted MINAMOTO no Tsuna (WATANABE no Tsuna) of Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- なお、この戦闘の最中、新選組結成時からの主要幹部隊士の一人であった井上源三郎が戦死する。
- Incidentally, Genzaburo INOUE, a ranking officer of the Shinsengumi since its foundation, was killed during the intense battle.
- 12世紀末に、「鎌倉殿」源頼朝が武士の頂点に立ち、全国に守護を置いて、鎌倉幕府を開いた。
- Towards the end of the twelfth century, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo--often called 'Lord Kamakura'--having reached the pinnacle of the warrior's world, began to select and send out the shugo (governors) to all the provinces and created the Kamakura bakufu.
- 寿永2年(1183年)7月、信濃国で平家打倒の挙兵をした源義仲が数万騎を率いて入洛した。
- In July 1183, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, who raised an army in Shinano Province to overturn the Taira family, led several tens of thousands of samurai into Kyoto.
- 叡尊が西大寺の鎮守八幡宮に茶を奉納し、お下がりの茶を参詣人にふるまったのが起源とされる。
- As legend goes, the origin of this event is that Eison dedicated tea to Chinju-Hachimangu Shrine of Saidai-ji Temple and entertained visitors with tea that had been offered.
- 江戸氏は1180年に源頼朝が挙兵した時、すでに武蔵国内の最有力の武家の一角となっていた。
- The Edo clan was already one of the most powerful samurai clans of Musashi Province when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised his army in 1180.
- 吉野川の源流に近い山奥、大迫ダムのほとりに2軒の旅館「山鳩湯」、公営の「五色湯」が存在。
- There are two Japanese-style inns, one is `Yamabatoyu hot spring,' the other is publicly-owned `Goshikiyu hot spring,' on the banks of Osako dam, deep in mountains close to the headstream of Yoshino-gawa River.
- 1184年(寿永3年) 木曾義仲、今井兼平主従、源義経、源範頼らとの粟津の戦いに敗れる。
- 1184: It lost against Yoshinaka KISO, Kanehira IMAI and his servants, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, and MINAMOTO no Noriyori at the Battle of Awazu.
- うち、源町、寺内町、内田町、四ツ塚町の4町は、昭和30年の南区成立後は同区に属している。
- Minamoto-cho, Teranouchi-cho, Uchida-cho, and Yotsuzuka-cho have belonged to Minami Ward since 1955 when the ward was established.
- 平安京造営にあたって、これらの川を改修して堀川小路に沿う運河としたのが堀川の起源である。
- When Heian-kyo was constructed, these rivers were converted into a canal along Horikawa-koji Street, which is the origin of the Hori-kawa River
- 本来、京官の給与は租庸調から支出されたが、庸調の未進が相次いで財源に事欠くようになった。
- Originally, the salary of Kyokan were paid from Soyocho, but yocho was not collected and income gradually dwindled.
- 孫の石田為久は源義仲を討ち取り、褒章として近江国石田村を与えられ、一族は同地に移住した。
- Tamehisa ISHIDA, a grandson of Yoshitsugu MIURA, was granted Ishida-mura village in Omi Province in reward for having slain MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, and moved to the village with his clan.
- このため天長3年当時、多数ある親王家を維持する財源と親王に充てるべき官職が不足していた。
- As a result, the government faced, in 826, a financial problem in supporting many Imperial Prince's families as well as the shortage of posts to be allocated to Imperial Princes.
- よって、散逸医学文献の旧態を知る上で、また中国伝統医学の源を探る上でも貴重な資料である。
- Therefore, the dictionary is a valuable material to learn the original versions of the lost medical books and to trace the origin of Chinese traditional medicine.
- その中で、朝廷は、臨時的な事業(造営や儀式など)に係る財源を確保する必要に迫られていた。
- Meanwhile, the Imperial Court urgently needed to secure financial resources for incidental projects (construction, rituals, and so on).
- 仏教寺院の運営には当然経費を要するため、寺院の収入源として寺田が設定されることとなった。
- Cost was naturally necessary for operating a temple, and jiden fields became set as a source of the incomes for the temples.
- 酒造りを表現する「醸(かも)す」は、口噛み酒の「噛(か)む」が語源であるという説がある。
- There is a theory that 'kamosu' (producing sake), an expression of Japanese, derived from 'kamu' (chewing) of kuchikami-sake.
- 陰陽道を始源とするとも、中国起源を持つとも言われるが両者共に明確な経緯を示す資料は無い。
- There are different theories that it originated in the Way of Yin and Yang or it came from China, but there are no written materials to show the exact history of how it started.
- しかし、源氏一族に属していても、平氏に縁(ゆかり)や義理があって同族に弓を引いた者もいた。
- However, there were some who fought against the Minamoto clan even if they were part of it because of a connection with the Taira clan or an obligation.
- 追討軍は東海道を下り、10月18日、駿河国黄瀬川で源頼朝、武田信義の関東連合軍と対峙する。
- The forces traveled by Tokai-do Road and met the Kanto Allied Forces of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and Nobuyoshi TAKEDA at the Kise-gawa River in Suruga Province on October 18.
- 2004年6月28日、十津川村役場が、村内の温泉の「100%源泉掛け流し宣言」を発表した。
- On June 28, 2004, Totsukawa-mura village office declared that hot springs within Totsukawa-mura village are` 100% free-flowing hot-spring.'
- この佐々木氏は、源頼朝が関東地方で勃興するとこれに積極的に加わり、近江一国の守護職を得た。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised his army in the Kanto region, the Omi Sasaki clan took part in it positively and gained Omi shugoshiki (provincial constables of Omi Province).
- 一説によれば、先斗という地名の語源はポルトガル語のponto(「先」の意)にあるとされる。
- Some people say that the place name, Ponto, derives from a Portuguese word 'ponto' ('point' in English).
- 主室が、主に九間の正方形をしていたのは、この世の浄土を目指した阿弥陀堂に起源を持つという。
- The reason why the master guest rooms were mainly square shaped rooms measuring nine ken (one ken is a Japanese unit of measurement equal to just less than two meters) along each side was that their shape was based on that of an Amidado (temple hall containing an enshrined image of Amitabha), which was built in an effort to create heaven on earth.
- 忠親は後白河院や源頼朝に重用され、日記の現存期間は平氏の興隆から全盛、滅亡の時期にあたる。
- Tadachika was given important posts by Goshirakawa-in (the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa) and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and the diary's existent period stretches from the Taira clan's rise, through its golden days, to its fall.
- これらの批判を踏まえ林野庁では、2008年より花粉発生源対策プロジェクトを立ち上げている。
- In response to these criticisms, the Forestry Agency launched countermeasures to combat the sources of pollen in 2008.
- 千葉常重によって成立した相馬御厨は伊勢神宮に寄進されたが、藤原親通や源義朝から脅かされる。
- Soma-mikuriya, which was established by Tsuneshige CHIBA, was donated to the Ise-jingu Shrine but threatened by FUJIWARA no Chikamichi and MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.
- 西宮記(さいきゅうき/さいぐうき)は、平安時代に源高明によって撰述された有職故実・儀式書。
- Saikyuki (Saiguki) was a book on Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) and rites, which was compiled by MINAMOTO no Takaakira during the Heian period.
- その後右近衛大将源頼朝が征夷大将軍に任ぜられたことから、転じて征夷大将軍の別称ともなった。
- Later, it became known as another name of the seii taishogun, as Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to the seii taishogun.
- 軍事貴族の中でも、高位の四位に任じられたのは、秀郷流藤原氏、清和源氏、桓武平氏に限られる。
- Among military aristocrats, only Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan), Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line were appointed to a high rank, which was the fourth rank.
- 5月15日、平氏は以仁王を臣籍降下させ、「源以光」と改めた上で、土佐国への流罪を決定した。
- On the sixteenth day of the sixth month (fifteenth day of the fifth month in lunar calendar), the Taira clan decided to have prince Mochihito expelled from the imperial family and made a private citizen, to change his name to 'MINAMOTO no Mochimitsu' and moreover to banish him to Tosa province.
- 1030年(長元3)の平忠常の乱に際して追討使に任じられた源頼信がすぐに忠常を帰服させた。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, who was appointed tsuitoshi (the person in charge of searching for and capturing criminals) in the TAIRA no Tadatsune War in 1030, made Tadatsune surrender immediately.
- 翌仁和4年(888年)4月、天皇は左大臣源融に命じて博士らに阿衡に職掌がないか研究させた。
- In April 884 the next year, the Emperor ordered Sadaijin (minister of the left) MINAMOTO no Toru to get hakase etc. to study whether or not Ako was a position with no jobs.
- 神田の起源は明らかとされていないが、大化(646年ごろ)以前から存在したと考えられている。
- The origins of Shinden are not clearly known, but Shinden are believed to have already existed before 646.
- その後、源高明は冷泉天皇を退位させようとしているとの風説で大宰府に左遷された(安和の変)。
- After that MINAMOTO no Takaakira said that he intended to let Emperor abdicate from the throne, he was demoted to Dazaifu (the Anna Incident).
- 以仁王敗死の直後から、以仁王への同調者らによって令旨が各地に雌伏する河内源氏へと伝達された。
- Immediately after the death of Prince Mochihito, his sympathizers passed on his call to Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) members lying in wait across the country.
- 雲ヶ畑川は、雲ヶ畑の魚谷山南部の谷を源とする中津川と出合橋で合流し、これより「鴨川」となる。
- The Kumogahata-gawa River, joined at the Deai-bashi Bridge by the Nakatsu-gawa River originating in the valley of Mt. Iodani-yama in Kumogahata, becomes the Kamogawa River from there on.
- しかしそれらの整備・PRは十分とは言えず、他の隠れた観光資源も含めてこれからの課題といえる。
- However, the inadequate maintenance and PR of sightseeing spots and events mentioned above, as well as other latent tourism resources, will become issues which need to be dealt with in the future.
- うち、寺内町、源町、四ツ塚町、内田町の4町と坊門町の一部(東海道本線線路以南)が南区に属す。
- Minami Ward includes the following four towns: Hachijo Teranouchi-cho, Hachijo Minamoto-cho, Hachijo Yotsuzuka-cho and Hachijo Uchida-cho, along with a part of Hachijo Bomon-cho (south of JR Tokaido line).
- 日本史の時代区分の一つである安土桃山時代の語源ともなった安土城が建てられた地として知られる。
- It is known as the place where the Azuchi-jo Castle was built which is the word origin of Japanese historical period 'the Azuchi-Momoyama period.'
- このため、「高値の質物」(リスクが高い質物)と言われ、それが「高質」の語源とも言われている。
- For this reason, they were called 'pawns at a high price' (a highly risky pawn), which is considered to be the origin of the word 'kojichi' ('ko' indicates 'high' and 'jichi (shichi)' indicates 'pawn' in Chinese characters).
- 日本の領土拡大によって俘囚となったもの、捕虜となって国内に移配されたものの二種の起源がある。
- There are two origins of Ifu: people who became Ifu along with the territorial expansion of Japan, and people who were taken captive and then emigrated to the Japanese territory.
- 大衆の上洛を防ぐため、宇治に平正盛・平忠盛・源重時が、西坂本に源光国・藤原盛重が配備された。
- To prevent monks from entering the capital, TAIRA no Masamori, TAIRA no Tadamori and MINAMOTO no Shigetoki were deployed to Uji, and MINAMOTO no Mitsukuni and FUJIWARA no Morishige to Nishi-Sakamoto.
- 御朱印の起源には諸説あるが、元々は寺社に写経を納めた際の受付印であったとする説が有力である。
- Although there are many theories about the origin of goshuin, the most powerful theory is that it was used as a seal of reception when sutra copies were submitted to temples.
- 自著に『源氏物語聞書』『伊勢物語愚案抄』などがあり、『日本書紀』を慶長勅版として発行させる。
- He wrote 'Genji Monogatari Kikigaki' (Commentary of the Tale of Genji) and 'Ise Monogatari Guan sho' (The foolish tales of the tale of Ise), and also published the 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) as Keicho Chokuhan (published by Imperial order).
- 叡山に避難していた法皇は京へ戻ると、上洛した木曾義仲・源行家らを迎えて平氏追討の院宣を下す。
- The Cloistered Emperor, who escaped to Eizan, returned to Kyoto and welcomed Yoshinaka KISO and MINAMOTO no Yukiie after they came to Kyoto from the countryside, then gave a command from a retired emperor to overthrow the Taira clan.
- おまん(小万)源五兵衛の情話は、17世紀ごろから「高い山から谷底見れば、小万かわいや晒ほす。
- The romance between Oman and Gengobei was known from around the 17th century by the song 'Looking down into a valley from a top of a high mountain, sweet Oman is hanging sarashi (long white cloth)
- 即ち、師輔以降の摂関家と、経基以降の清和源氏という二つの大族に、その血統を伝えたことになる。
- In the other words, his bloodline was descended to two big families: the regent family after Morosuke and the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) after Tsunemoto.
- また、栄仁親王は、琵琶、笙、和歌など諸芸能に堪能で、伏見宮家が楽道を家業とする起源を作った。
- He had many talents in art such as Biwa (a four-stringed Japanese lute), a sho (a wind instrument composed of a mouthpiece and seventeen bamboo pipes of various lengths), waka poems, and established the origin for the Fushiminomiyha family to start music as their family business.
- 京都市との国境の大枝には酒呑童子の鬼が居たと言われ、源頼光によって討伐されたという伝説がある。
- According to a legend, a demon called Shuten-doji lived in Oe on the border with Kyoto City and was subdued by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu.
- 鎌倉(かまくら)は、現在の鎌倉市の中心部に当たり、源頼朝によって鎌倉幕府が置かれた都市である。
- Kamakura, the central area of Kamakura City, is an urban town, in which MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 又、大日本帝国海軍が整備した与保呂川は今も東舞鶴の水源地として多くの市民の飲み水となっている。
- The Yohoro-gawa River, which the Japanese Imperial Navy once improved, is still a water resource in Higashi-Maizuru that supplies many Maizuru citizens with drinking water.
- 特に中世に入り新興宗派である禅宗が広まると、伝統宗派の荘園に代わる財源を祠堂銭の利息に求めた。
- Especially during the early medieval period, as Zen became an emerging religious sect, monks turned to interest gained from Shidosen in place of shoen (manors in medieval Japan) which had been the financial resource for traditional religious sects.
- また、吸収源である森林が同年以降に都市化・農地化などで失われた分は排出量増加として算入される。
- Meanwhile decrease in forests, which are sources of absorption, caused by urbanization and/or conversion to agricultural lands and so on is converted and added on the amount of increase in the emissions.
- 治承5年(1181年)6月の横田河原の戦いにおいて源義仲が平家方の越後国の雄城助職を打ち破る。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka defeated Sukemoto JO in the battle at Yokota River in July or August 1181 (June 1181 by the old lunar calendar).
- 東アジアにおける所謂「古典」というものの扱いは、新しい書物を為す場合の引用源として使用される。
- So-called 'classics' in East Asia were used as sources of citations for new books.
- 1959年の呉清源 - 藤沢朋斎の三番勝負第2局において、呉が全局死活論での対局を申し入れた。
- In 1959, in the second game out of three match series between Seigen GO and Hosai FUJISAWA, Go asked for playing the game under the theory of life-and-death in all stages.
- 後白河の近臣としては他にも、藤原成親(藤原家成の三男)や源師仲が加わり院政派の陣容も整えられた。
- Goshirakawa's other close vassals included FUJIWARA no Narichika (FUJIWARA no Ienari's third son) and MINAMOTO no Moronaka, who joined the Insei (cloister government) faction and began making military preparations.
- 源義仲の勢力を討つために、寿永2年(1183年)4月、平氏は平維盛、平通盛率いる大軍を派遣する。
- To attack the forces of MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, the Taira clan sent a large force led by TAIRA no Koremori and TAIRA no Michinori in April 1183.
- 1185年に、源頼朝は大江広元の献策を容れて弟の源義経の追討を目的に全国に守護・地頭を設置する。
- In 1185, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, in response to OE no Hiromoto's suggestion, instituted a countrywide system of shugo (governors) and jito (estate stewards) with the goal of hunting down his younger brother, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune.
- 国司が経費の財源として寺社等に宛がっている公田を勝手に荘園(無定坪付庄)として扱ってはならない。
- Fields administered directly by a ruler that kokushi allocate to temples or shrines as a means of generating a source of revenue to defray expenses cannot be treated as manors (muteitsubotsukisho) without permission.
- 事件はこれに留まらず、左大臣源高明が謀反に加担していたとされ、大宰権帥に左遷することが決定した。
- The incident did not end there, and Sadaijin MINAMOTO no Takaakira was considered to have been involved in the treason, and a decision was made to degrade him to Dazai-gonnosochi (deputy commander in dazaifu, a governmental office in Chikuzen Province).
- 町組は近隣の町の連合体、自治組織であり、その起源は判然としないが、室町時代には存在が確認される。
- Chogumi was an union of neighboring towns and a self-governing organization, and although its origin is unclear, its existence can be confirmed already in the Muromachi period.
- 龍郷町今井崎(奄美大島)、行盛により今井権田大夫が源氏警戒のため配された、今井権現が建っている。
- Imaizaki, Ryugo-cho (Amami-Oshima Island); Imai Gongen, at which Gondadaibu IMAI was posted by Yukimori in preparation for possible attack by the Minamoto clan, is located here.
- 庸調などの人頭税は,財源の中心と位置づけられており,民衆にとっては極めて負担過重なものであった。
- Yo and Cho of So-Yo-Cho, kinds of Jintozei, were recognized as the core financial resources, becoming an overwhelming burden on people.
- 義朝と行動を共にした源重成・季実も滅亡の運命を辿り、ここに後白河院政派は事実上壊滅することになる。
- Orders to eliminate MINAMOTO no Shigenari and Hidezane, who had acted in tandem with Yoshitomo, followed in due course, and with their deaths, the Goshirakawa Insei faction had effectively been destroyed.
- 参議藤原基経がこれを父の太政大臣藤原良房に告げると、驚いた良房は清和天皇に奏上して源信を弁護した。
- When FUJIWARA no Mototsune, the Sangi (government adviser) mentioned this to his father, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, the Taisei Daijin, the surprised Yoshifusa went before the Emperor Seiwa and defended MINAMOTO no Makoto.
- 『吾妻鏡』では午の刻(12時ごろ))平氏一門の多くが死ぬか捕らえられ、戦いは源氏の勝利に終わった。
- In the 'Azuma kagami' the time is given as the hour of the Horse, or about noon), most of the Taira clan had died or been captured, and the battle ended in a victory for the Minamoto clan.
- しかし後に安倍貞任が朝廷と対立し、源頼義率いる討伐軍との間で前九年の役と呼ばれる戦いを繰り広げる。
- Later on however, ABE no Sadato came into conflict with the Imperial Court, and the Abe clan fought a series of battles called 'Zen Kunen no Eki' against the suppression forces headed by MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi.
- このため近年2004年(平成16年)、地域活性化の一環として源泉を再ボーリングをしたことに始まる。
- It has become popular since the re-boring of the fountainhead in 2004 which was conducted as a part of a local revitalization campaign.
- 修明門を平経正・源重定、待賢門を平経盛、建春門を源頼政が警護していたものの、その兵力は少なかった。
- Although Shumei-mon gate was guarded by TAIRA no Tsunemasa and MINAMOTO no Shigesada, Taiken-mon Gate was guarded by TAIRA no Tsunemori, and Kenshun-mon Gate was guarded by MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, they were under strength.
- 関東から京への旅、『源氏物語』とのめぐり会い、結婚から晩年に至るまでを記した生涯の回想日記である。
- It is a diary flashing back her entire life that contained the journey from the Kanto region to Kyoto, the encounter with 'Genji Monogatari,' and the period from her marriage to her afterlife.
- この時期に群盗追討で名を馳せたのが、平高望、源経基、藤原利仁、藤原秀郷ら、没落した下級貴族である。
- During this period of time, downfallen low-ranked aristocrats such as TAIRA no Takamochi, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, FUJIWARA no Toshihito, and FUJIWARA no Hidesato became famous for searching for and killing thieves.
- この中に頼政の次男・源兼綱が加わっていたことから、平氏は頼政の関与は察知していなかったようである。
- From the fact that Yorimasa's second son, MINAMOTO no Kanetsuna, was included in Tokitada's force, it may be inferred that the Taira clan had not yet discovered that Yorimasa was involved in the plot.
- 事実、義経の要請に応じて源頼朝追討の院宣を発しておきながら、その頼朝に義経追討の院宣を発している。
- In fact, although he issued the command of a retired emperor to kill MINAMOTO no Yoritomo due to Yoshitsune's request, he also issued another command for Yoritomo to kill Yoshitsune.
- もともと信頼の一門は武蔵国・陸奥国を知行国としており、両国と深いつながりを持つ源義朝と連携していた。
- Nobuyori's branch of the Fujiwara clan had long controlled the provinces of Musashi and Hitachi through their fiefs there, and had a friendly relationship with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, who had strong ties to both provinces.
- 「奈良」の語源としては「平らな、平坦な(土地)」を意味する「なら(す)」であるという説が有力である。
- According to the widely accepted theory, the word 'Nara' is derived from 'nara (su)' meaning 'flat or even (land).'
- 温泉として開発が行われたのは1987年で、同年にボーリングを行って源泉開発した後、温泉施設ができた。
- Development of hot springs in this area had started in 1987, and after the source of hot spring was developed by boring, hot spring facilities were built.
- 菊池氏は平家の家人と化したが、源頼朝が兵を挙げると翌6代菊池隆直は養和の乱を起こして平家に反抗した。
- The Kikuchi clan became a retainer of the Taira family, however, when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army, the following sixth head, Takanao KIKUCHI opened up the Yowa War against the Taira family.
- 市街地の北西には源氏山(92メートル)があり、山並みは鎌倉大仏の裏手を通って稲村ヶ崎まで伸びている。
- To the northwest of the city stands Mt. Genji (92 meters high), which then passes behind the Kamakura Great Buddha and reaches Inamuragasaki.
- 「あすか」の語源については外来語由来説、地形名称由来説などがあるがはっきりとしたことは判っていない。
- It is not clear about the word origin of 'Asuka,' though there are a few theories including the theory that the word came from abroad, and the theory that the word is based on the topography.
- 京都府舞鶴市と綾部市を隔てる養老山 (京都府)(標高665m)に源を発し、東舞鶴を通り舞鶴湾へ注ぐ。
- Yohoro-gawa River begins in Mt. Yoro (Kyoto Prefecture) (665m above sea level) on the border between Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture, and Ayabe City, and runs into the Maizuru Bay through Higashi Maizuru.
- 京都府舞鶴市と綾部市の境にある弥仙山(標高664m)の南に源を発し、西舞鶴市街地を通り舞鶴湾へ注ぐ。
- Isatsu-gawa River begins in the south of Mt. Misen (664 m above sea level) on the border between Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture, and Ayabe City, and runs into Maizuru Bay through the Nishi-Maizuru urban area.
- また、「平家」と称される伊勢平氏と併称される場合には源家(げんけ)という呼称も古くは用いられていた。
- When compared with Ise-Heishi called 'Heike', the name of 'Gen-ke' (the Gen family) was also used in the past.
- 鎌倉幕府(かまくらばくふ)は、源頼朝が鎌倉(現在の神奈川県鎌倉市)に創設した武家政権(幕府)である。
- The Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was a samurai government (bakufu) established in Kamakura (currently, Kanagawa City, Kamakura Prefecture) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 反乱はほぼ鎮圧されたものの、源氏方も老将佐々木秀義が討ち死にし、死者数百騎に及ぶ大きな損害を受けた。
- Although the rebellion was all but subdued, the Minamoto clan also suffered enormous damages, including the deaths in battle of Hideyoshi SASAKI, an old general, and as many as several hundred horsemen.
- しかし、幕府は1185年の源義経謀叛を契機に、諸国の荘園・公領に地頭を任ずる権利を得ることとなった。
- The bakufu however, got the right to appoint the jito in shoen and koryo of various provinces, when the rebellion of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune happened in 1185.
- 源義仲の入京直後に行われた朝廷の論功行賞では、頼朝による政治交渉が功を奏し、勲功第一は頼朝となった。
- In the grant of honors awarded by the Imperial Court immediately after MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka entered into the capital, Yoritomo was granted the greatest deed of valor, owing to his political negotiation skills.
- また、皇子具平親王の末裔は「村上源氏」として、以後の宮廷政治において大きな影響力を与えるようになる。
- Also, the descendant of Prince Tomohira had a dramatic influence as MURAKAMI Genji (the MINAMOTO clan originating from Emperor Murakami) would in future turn toward politics controlled by the Imperial Palace.
- 兼家は右大臣であったものの、上位に太政大臣藤原頼忠(前関白)・左大臣源雅信がおり、雅信が一上であった。
- Although Kaneie was minister of the right, prime minister FUJIWARA no Yoritada (the former chancellor) and MINAMOTO no Masanobu, minister of the left, were superior to him in rank, and Masanobu served as ichinokami.
- また、「源平合戦」の呼称は、氏族を強調するあまり、源氏と平氏の氏族内のねじれ関係をうまく説明できない。
- Also, the term 'Genpei Kassen' emphasizes the clans too much and does not explain the complicated relationships within the Minamoto and Taira clans.
- 鎌倉政権軍は水軍を保有しておらず、源氏方は水軍編成のために、平氏方は兵力再建のために暫く休戦が続いた。
- Since the Kamakura government troops did not have a naval force, there was a ceasefire while the Minamoto clan organized a navy and the Taira clan built their numbers up again.
- 源平合戦の功で幕府の西国御家人となり筑後国三潴郡の地頭職となった嵯峨源氏の源久直が橘氏の娘婿となった。
- MINAMOTO no Hisanao of Saga Genji (Minamoto clan), who became Saigoku gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate of the western part of Japan in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) of Mizuma County, Chikugo Province, in recognition of his services in the Genpei War, was adopted by his wife's family, which was the Tachibana clan.
- ちなみに「節用」という言葉の語源はかつて『論語』学而篇の「節用而愛人」(節約の意)からと言われていた。
- It used to be believed that the origin of the word, 'setsuyo' had been a phrase, 'Yo wo setsushi hito wo aisu' (meaning economy in the use of resources and affection for the people) in XueEr of 'Lun-yu'(Analects of Confucius).
- また、源頼信の郎党・藤原則経は、主人の命令によって河内国坂門御牧の住人・藤原公則の養子になったとある。
- FUJIWARA no Noritsune of roto (retainer) of MINAMOTO no Yorinobu was adopted by FUJIWARA no Kinnori, who had the title of junin Sakamonnomaki, Kawachi Province by the orders of his master.
- 財源は租庸調として令制国から徴収された米・塩・布・綿などであり、民部省より支給されることとなっていた。
- The income was rice, salt, cloth and cotton collected from Ritsuryo provinces as Soyocho (a tax system, corvee) and was supplied from the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs).
- その後、林野庁は「花粉発生源対策プロジェクトチーム」を設置し2008年4月に報告書を取りまとめている。
- Following this, the Forestry Agency formed the 'Pollen Source Countermeasure Project Team' and produced a report in April 2008.
- しかし、義家の晩年に次男の源義親が朝廷に反抗したため義家は苦境にたたされ、河内源氏に陰りが見え始める。
- However, in Yoshiie's later years, MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, his second son, defied Chotei (the Imperial Court), which put Yoshiie in a difficult position, and then, Kawachi-Genji started to weaken.
- 清和源氏の武士団を摂津国川辺郡多田(兵庫県川西市多田)に最初に形成した源満仲の三男の源頼信を祖とする。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the third son of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, is regarded as the founder who formed the samurai group of Seiwa-Genji in Tada, Kawabe-gun, Settsu Province (Tada, Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture).
- 8月3日、事態を重く見た源頼朝は、蜂起した平氏勢力の中の最有力人物である平信兼の捜索を源義経に命じる。
- On September 16, taking the matter seriously, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo ordered MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune to find TAIRA no Nobukane, who was the dominant figure of the Taira clan.
- 『類聚名物考』には、官司に「寄り合う人」を寄人と呼んだのが語源であると言われているが真偽は不明である。
- 'Ruiju meibutsu ko' (an encyclopedia compiled by Matsuake YAMAOKA during the middle of the Edo period) suggests that the origin of the word came from calling people who 'came to gather' at governmental offices yoriudo, but the actual origin is unknown.
- ここにおいて河内源氏の宗家当主である鎌倉殿は、当時の日本における屈指の荘園領主としての地位を獲得した。
- Here, Kamakura dono (Lord of Kamakura), who was the head of the head family of the Kawachi Genji, had attained the position of one of the greatest shoen ryoshu of Japan in those days.
- あるいは、現代において過去のそれを起源とした町で、特に当時の情緒を色濃く残した町・町並みのことである。
- Alternatively, it meant towns and the rows of houses and buildings in present day Japan that originated under the aforementioned historical factors, and especially those that have conserved the atmosphere of those days.
- また東国も、美濃国以東の東海・東山道は源頼朝政権の勢力下におさめられ、北陸道は源義仲の支配下にあった。
- Likewise, in Togoku, the Tokaido and the Tosando areas located east of Mino Province had been put under the influence of the Minamoto no Yoritomo government, and the Hokurikudo was under the control of MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
- しかしながら、本格的に「御恩と奉公」が成立したのは、源頼朝が関東武士の盟主=鎌倉殿となってからである。
- However, it was after MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became the leader of the samurai in the Kanto area, or Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura), that the relationships of 'goon and hoko' were firmly established.
- よって律令施行よりまもなく、これを種籾として百姓に貸し付けた(出挙)利子を主要財源とするようになった。
- Therefore, soon after the enforcement of the Ritsuryo codes, the government changed the system to collect the interest born by loaning seed rice to peasants (called Suiko [government loans made to peasants]), which became the main financial resources.
- このとき邪魔が入らぬように鴨川の堤から警護したのが兼家の命を受けた清和源氏の源満仲とその郎党達である。
- At that time, having received orders from Kaneie, MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka of the Seiwa Genji (the MINAMOTO family were descended from the Emperor Seiwa) and his retainers protected the Emperor from the opposition at the bend of the Kamogawa River.
- また『寛平御遺誡』には右大臣源能有の死による強い衝撃について書かれており、退位と結びつける見方もある。
- Emperor Uda mentioned in 'Kampyo-Goyuikai'/'Kampyo-no-Goyuikai (a group of precepts for governing)' that he was greatly shocked by the death of Udaijin, MINAMOTO no Yoshiari, which could have been one of the reasons he left the throne.
- 貞元2年(977年)、源昭平を名乗っていた昭平親王とともに勅により親王に復し、57年ぶりに皇籍に復帰。
- In 977, he returned as an Imperial Prince with the Imperial edict after 57 years with Imperial Prince Akihira who referred to himself as MINAMOTO no Akihira.
- 近江源氏棟梁の佐々木氏が、家を分けて六角氏・京極氏となったが、室町時代に京極氏は有力な守護大名となった。
- The Sasaki clan, the toryo (head of the clan) of the Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan), split into the Rokkaku clan and the Kyogoku clan, and in the Muromachi period, one of them, the Kyogoku clan became dominant Shugo Daimyo (provincial military governor).
- また、源平合戦そのものも伊勢平氏と源氏を担いだ坂東平氏の争いであることから平家の落人=平氏とは言えない。
- Further, since the nature of the Genpei War was the feud between Ise-Heishi and Bando-Heishi, which sided with the Genji clan, Heike no Ochudo cannot be identified with the Taira clan.
- 倶利伽羅峠の戦いで敗れた者の子孫という説、あるいは源義仲に敗れた平維盛の子孫が住みついたという説がある。
- It has been passed down that either the descendants of people who were defeated in the battle of Kurikara Pass or those of TAIRA no Koremori, who was defeated by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, settled here.
- 文治二年(1186年)閏七月二十二日(東鏡)源頼朝は平康頼を阿波国の天領麻植(おえ)保の保司に任命した。
- On September 14, 1186, according to Azumakagami (The chronology of the Kamakura bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo appointed TAIRA no Yasuyori as hoshi of Oe no ho, a shogunal demesne in the Province of Awa.
- 義家死後、義忠暗殺事件を経て、河内源氏を継いだ為義の時に保元の乱が起こり一族が敵味方に分かれて参加する。
- After the death of Yoshiie followed by the assassination of Yoshitada, Hogen War broke out in the period of Tameyoshi who succeeded Kawachi-Genji, and the clan was divided against itself.
- 語源については諸説あり、中に樺太アイヌのアイヌ語で「人」を意味する「encu」と同語源とするものもある。
- There are various theories as to the origin of the word, and one of them asserts that 'encu' (meaning 'person' in the Ainu language of the Sakhalin Ainu) is its origin.
- その後、武士の起源に関する研究は、職能論などが議論の中心となり、国衙軍制論は半ば忘れられた状態となった。
- After that, research about the origin of samurai was conducted centered on job-function-based theories, and theories based on the kokuga forces system were almost forgotten.
- 起源は平安時代にあって、鎌倉時代、室町時代、豊臣時代にも用いられたが、広く用いられたのは江戸時代である。
- The origin of jomen ho originated in the Heian period and it was also used in the Kamakura period, Muromachi period and the Toyotomi period, but it was widely used in the Edo period.
- 源頼朝を政治的な基盤は関東武士団だったが、頼朝にとって彼ら関東武士の支持を得ることが最重要課題であった。
- As the basis of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's political power was the Kanto warrior bands, it was of utmost importance for Yoritomo to gain the Kanto samurai's support.
- 後白河法皇の死後、関白九条兼実の働きで源頼朝に征夷大将軍の称号が宣下され、鎌倉に幕府を開いた年でもある。
- Following the death of the Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was ordered to become Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') with the help of the kanpaku (chief adviser) to the Emperor, Kanezane KUJO; Yoritomo started Japan's feudal government in Kamakura (later known as the Kamakura government).
- 物部村(ものべそん)は、高知県の北東部、物部川の源流域に位置していた、日本一のゆず産地と知られる村である。
- Monobe-son is the Village located in northeastern Kochi Prefecture, near the source of Monobe-gawa River and is known as Japan's top producer of 'yuzu' citrus.
- その後、朝廷内部で源氏と平氏の間で政争が起きたために奥州にかかわっている余裕が無かったと言う事情も有った。
- Behind this decision of the Imperial Court, there was a situation where the Imperial Court had no time to deal with affairs in the Oshu region because the political strife between the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan had arisen inside the Imperial Court.
- この内紛に源頼義の嫡男であった源義家が介入し、清原真衡の死もあって一旦は清原氏の内紛は収まることになった。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, an heir of MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi, intervened in it, and partly because of the death of KIYOHARA no Sanehira, once the conflict was settled.
- 和銅元年(708年)、県犬養三千代が元明天皇から橘宿禰(たちばなのすくね)の氏姓を賜ったことを淵源とする。
- The clan's origin dated back to 708, when Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo was granted Shisei (clan and hereditary title) of TACHIBANA no Sukune by the Emperor Genmei.
- 開山は蘭渓道隆の法系の空外(くうげ)とも言い、寺伝では曹洞宗の僧・源翁禅師(心昭空外)とするが定かでない。
- The kaisan is not clear: some suggest Kuge, a line of Doryu RANKEI, but temple history suggests Genno Zenji (Shinsho Kugai), a monk of the Soto sect of Zen Buddhism.
- このことから、千葉常胤が、源義朝の傘下に入ることによって千葉常胤は領地の保全を図ったとの見方も可能である。
- Thus, it is also possible to infer that Tsunetane CHIBA was affiliated with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo in an attempt to maintain his territory.
- 幕府はこれらの莫大な造営費用を確保するために、新たな財源として、貿易船による収入という手段に注目していた。
- To obtain a huge amount of revenue to cover these building expenses, the bakufu paid attention to the income brought about by trading vessels as a new revenue source.
- 平家の落人(へいけのおちゅうど)とは、治承・寿永の乱(源平合戦)において敗北し僻地に隠遁した敗残者のこと。
- The term Heike no Ochudo means fugitives who retreated to remote regions after their defeat in the Jisho-Juei War (the Genpei War).
- 特に家計的に苦しかった公家や奉行衆などにとっては生活を維持するための有力な収入源でさえあったとされている。
- The reisen is said to have been a major source of income especially for Court nobles and the bugyoshu (group of magistrates) with financial hardships to sustain their lives.
- 甲斐国では甲斐源氏の流れを汲む武田氏が上杉禅秀の乱に荷担して没落し戦国時代に至るまで抗争状態が続いていた。
- In the Kai Province, the Takeda clan, that were descended from Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan in Kai) took sides with Zenshu UESUGI's disturbance and fell down, and struggled with situations until the sengoku period.
- 頼政はこの時70代半ばを超えた老齢で、念願の三位叙位が叶った翌年には出家して、家督を嫡男の源仲綱に譲った。
- At this point Yorimasa was an old man, well into his mid-seventies, and having received his heart's desire, investiture into the third rank, he took the tonsure and became a priest the following year, bequeathing his inheritance to his eldest son and heir, MINAMOTO no Nakatsuna.
- 源氏や平氏の棟梁はこうした戦功を勝ち得る中で中央政界における地位と、諸国における武力を確立を図っていった。
- The toryo (leader) of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan thus achieved their standing in the central politics as well as establishing their military power in the countryside through their military achievements.
- 当初、問注所は訴訟に対する裁判事務は行わず、武家棟梁である源頼朝へ訴訟事案を進達することを任務としていた。
- In the beginning, the Monchu-dokoro did not handle the judicial administration pertaining to lawsuits, but simply conveyed to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the head of samurais, the details of lawsuits.
- また、この処分から程無く源信・藤原良相の左右両大臣が急死したために藤原良房が朝廷の全権を把握する事になった。
- Also, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa ended up gaining total control over of the court due to the sudden deaths of both the ministers of the right and left, MINAMOTO no Makoto and FUJIWARA no Yoshimi, not long after this disciplinary action was carried out.
- そこで兼通は太政大臣に就任して源兼明を皇族に復帰させて左大臣を止めさせる詔勅を出させ、頼忠を一上に任命した。
- So Kanemichi took the post of prime minister, made MINAMOTO no Kaneakira return to the emperor's family and made the minister of the left resign by issuing an imperial edict, and appointed Yoritada as ichinokami.
- 1585年(安土桃山時代)、豊臣秀次によって琵琶湖の東岸に位置する八幡山の麓に建設された城下町を起源とする。
- Its origin is the castle town constructed by Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI in the foot of Mt. Hachiman-yama located on the east shore of Lake Biwa in 1585 (Azuchi Momoyama Period).
- 鎌倉政権は頼朝の弟源範頼に3万騎を率いさせて山陽道を進軍して九州に渡り平氏軍の背後を遮断する作戦を実行する。
- The political administration at Kamakura chose Yoritomo's younger brother MINAMOTO no Noriyori to lead 30,000 riders and advance along the Sanyodo Road, cross over into Kyushu, and adopt the strategy of blockading the Taira clan's army from the rear.
- また、出自を源氏とし、忠政-信元-忠重流を宗家とする系譜操作が行われたためとも言われる(『刈谷市史』2巻)。
- It is also thought that this inconsistency was due to the manipulation done to their genealogy records that put their origin as part of the Minamoto clan and the family lines of Tadamasa, Nobumoto, and Tadashige as the head of the family (the second volume of 'The History of Kariya City').
- 京都府に入る辺りから河谷を成し、相楽郡南山城村で高見山地の三峰山(標高1,235m)が水源の名張川を加える。
- A valley is formed around the border between Mie and Kyoto Prefectures, and the Kizu-gawa River is joined in Minami Yamashiro-mura, Soraku-gun by the Nabari-gawa River originating in Mt. Miune (1235 meters) in the Takami-sanchi Mountains.
- 現在、鴨川以南は東高瀬川と呼ばれ、上記高瀬川や鴨川とはつながっておらず、雨水等を水源とする河川となっている。
- Today the river south of the Kamo-gawa River is called Higashi-takase-gawa River, is not connected to the Takase-gawa River and the Kamo-gawa River, and is sourced from rainwater.
- 現代の湯の花温泉は、戦国武将が湯治に訪れたという古文書に基づいて調査が行われ、源泉が再発見されたものである。
- The present-day Yunohana-onsen was established through the rediscovery of the springhead through a survey conducted based on ancient documents that mentioned busho (Japanese military commander) during the Sengoku period visiting the hot spring to be cured.
- 『源氏物語絵巻』は、12世紀前半ころの藤原隆能の筆と伝えられる平安時代の代表的絵巻で、20図が現存している。
- 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' (Illustrated scrolls of the Tale of Genji) is an emakimono that represents the Heian period, and it was said to be painted by FUJIWARA no Takayoshi around the first half of the 12th century; 20 frames of the emakimono still exist.
- 少女時代から、名のみ聞く『源氏物語』に限りない憧れを抱いて成人した菅原孝標女の日記『更級日記』が有名である。
- 'Sarashina Nikki' is a famous example of daily literature; it is the diary of the daughter of SUGAWARA no Takasue who grew up full of aspiration for 'Genji Monogatari' which she just heard of by name.
- 摂津守源満仲の多田荘は、まさにそのような兵站基地であり、かつ家の子・郎党の軍事訓練(狩り)の舞台でもあった。
- The Tada-no-sho estate of the Settsu no kami (the governor of Settsu Province) MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka was such a commissariat base and was once the place of military training (hunting) of Ienoko (followers) and retainers.
- 一般に、クリーン開発、排出量取引、共同実施の 3つのメカニズムを指すが、これに吸収源活動を含めることもある。
- In general, it refers to three mechanisms: Clean Development, International Emissions Trading, and Joint Implementation, but it sometimes includes activities for sinks.
- この時、大和守源頼親の国守解任などを求めて木幡山大谷(現在の京都市伏見区)まで進んだ神木動座があったという。
- It says that in that year monk-soldiers and others advanced to Kohatayama Otani (in the present Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City), demanding that MINAMOTO no Yorichika, who occupied 'Yamoto no kami' (the governor of Yamato Province, which is today's Nara Prefecture), should be deprived of the position.
- 安徳天皇の即位に不満を持ったのが後白河法皇の第三皇子以仁王で源頼政と結んで、同年5月に平家打倒の挙兵をした。
- Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa's third Prince, Prince Mochihito was frustrated with the enthronement of Emperor Antoku, he raised an army with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa to overthrow the TAIRA clan in May of the same year.
- 治承4年(1180年)、皇子の以仁王が諸国に令旨を発し、京都で源頼政と平氏打倒の軍を挙げた(以仁王の挙兵)。
- In 1180 Prince Mochihito issued his Highness's message to all the states and in Kyoto, he raised an army against the Taira clan, together with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa.
- 後嵯峨天皇の孫惟康親王(惟康王、源惟康)、後深草天皇の孫久良親王、順徳天皇の曾孫岩倉宮忠房親王がそれである。
- Examples of this include Imperial Prince Koreyasu (Emperor Gosaga's grandchild; also known as Prince Koreyasu or MINAMOTO no Koreyasu), Imperial Prince Hisanaga (Emperor Gofukakusa's grandchild), and Iwakuranomiya Imperial Prince Tadafusa (Emperor Juntoku's great grandchild).
- 室として藤原時平の娘を娶り、子の源雅信、源重信、源寛信は源朝臣の姓を賜って臣籍に下り、宇多源氏の祖となった。
- He married the daughter of FUJIWARA no Tokihira and his sons, MINAMOTO no Masanobu, MINAMOTO no Shigenobu and MINAMOTO no Hironobu were given surname of MINAMOTO Asomi and descended to the status of the subject, and became the founder of Uda-Genji (Minamoto-clan).
- 諸神社の儀式遂行とその財源たる所領等の保障を目的に、既売却地・質流れ地等の無償返付を内容とした法令を発布した。
- With a view to facilitating the performance of rituals by and securing the estates and other assets of Shinto shrines which would support financing of their performance, the governing authorities promulgated mainly providing for free returning of sold or forfeited land lots.
- ただ、この事件が初めから源高明の失脚を目指していたことは明白で、これが藤原氏による最後の他氏排斥事件となった。
- However, this incident clearly aimed at ousting MINAMOTO no Takaakira from the start, and became the last case of ostracism against other clans by the Fujiwara clan.
- 後世の「源平盛衰記」には為平親王を東国に迎えて乱を起こし、帝につけようとしていたと書かれているが信用できない。
- According to the 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira Clans) written years later, MINAMOTO no Takaakira intended to invite Imperial Prince Tamehira to the eastern provinces to start a war and then place Prince Tamehira on the throne, but this is not credible but this is not credible.
- 10月、後白河法皇は鎌倉の源頼朝に東海道・東山道の支配を認める宣旨を下し、頼朝に接近する(寿永二年十月宣旨)。
- In October, Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa sent an imperial letter to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Kamakura authorizing control over Tokaido and Tosando, and approaches Yoritomo (imperial letter of October, Juei 2).
- 義国は下野国足利荘(栃木県足利市)を本拠としていたが、足利荘は義国の次子である源義康が継いで足利氏を名乗った。
- Yoshikuni was based in Ashikaga no sho, Shimotsuke Province (Ashikaga City, Tochigi Prefecture), however, the next child of Yoshikuni, MINAMOTO no Yoshiyasu succeeded to Ashikaga no sho and called himself the Ashikaga clan.
- 3代将軍源実朝が甥(実朝の兄である2代将軍源頼家の子)の公暁に殺害されてからは、北条氏が実権を握ることになる。
- After the third Shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo was killed by his nephew Kugyo (a son of Sanetomo's brother, the second Shogun MINAMOTO no Yoriie), the Hojo clan held power.
- 平安時代末期の武将源義仲や畠山重忠ゆかりの地で、江戸時代には江戸と上州を結ぶ川越児玉往還の菅谷宿として栄えた。
- The place is known for its connection to MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, busho (Japanese military commanders) during the late Heian period, and flourished as Sugaya-juku Station on the Kawagoe Kodama Okan (Kawagoe-Kodama route) connecting Edo with Joshu during the Edo period.
- また、干拓地の北側にある宇治川堤防堤防の構造地の源内は、西日本では有数のヨシ群落であり植生の面でも貴重である。
- Additionally, Gennai, the construction site of Uji-gawa River Dike on the north side of the reclaimed land, is home for one of the greatest reed vegetation in western Japan and is also valuable in terms of plant life.
- 特に千葉常胤にとっては、源義朝は「御恩」を感じるような相手ではないことは相馬御厨での経緯を見れば明らかである。
- It is obvious from the history of Soma-mikuriya that especially for Tsunetane CHIBA, MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was not someone he felt 'obligated to.'
- 更に浮浪・逃亡により持ち主不在になった土地は寺社や有力貴族の荘園、公領と化し、中央財源減少に拍車をかけていた。
- In addition, lands of absentee owners due to vagrancy and getaway transformed into shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and koryo (an Imperial demesne) that belonged to temples, shrines and the influential nobility, and thus accelerated the decrease of the central government's financial resources.
- 義仲は頼朝の軍と雌雄を決する決意をしていたが、7日になって義仲を除く行家以下の源氏諸将が院御所の警護を始める。
- Yoshinaka was ready to fight a decisive battle against Yoritomo's army, but on December 29, Genji warlords under Yukiie, except for Yoshinaka, started to guard In no gosho.
- 武家領には一般的な武士が持つ所領から、武家の棟梁である伊勢平氏・河内源氏が武家公権に由来する所領まで存在した。
- The bukeryo included from individual holdings owned by samurai (warriors) retainers to individual holdings owned by the Ise Heishi (a branch of the Taira clan) and the Kawachi Genji (a branch of the Minamoto family), each a chief of the warrior houses, based on their military authority.
- 平氏全盛の中、源氏の頼政は地味な立場であり続けたが、治承2年(1178年)に清盛の推挙により従三位に昇進した。
- While the power of the Taira clan was at its zenith, Yorimasa--a Minamoto--continued quietly to maintain his position, and in 1178, on Kiyomori's recommendation, he was promoted to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).
- 承平 (日本)年間 (931年 - 938年)、勤子内親王の求めに応じて源順(みなもとのしたごう)が編纂した。
- In the Johei era (in Japan) (931 - 938), MINAMOTO no Shitago compiled it at a request of Imperial Princess Isoko.
- 勅旨田(ちょくしでん)は、古代日本において、天皇の勅旨により開発された田地であり、皇室経済の財源に充てられた。
- Chokushiden is a farm developed under the edict of the Emperor in ancient Japan, it was used to provide funding for the Imperial Household.
- この、娘を天皇家に嫁がせる手法は、藤原北家の伝統となり、天皇の代理者・補佐者としての地位の源泉ともなっていった。
- This method of marrying a daughter to Emperor became a tradition of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan and also the source of their status as the emperor's deputies and advisors.
- また、公的な軍事力が低下する反面、摂関家は、武力に秀でた清和源氏を家来とするなど、軍事力の分散化が見られ出した。
- Also, military power started to be decentralized, such events such as the regent's house taking the militarily powerful Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) into its service, while the official military force grew weaker.
- 範頼軍は3万余騎(『源平盛衰記』)をもって陸地に布陣して平氏の退路を塞ぎ、岸から遠矢を射かけて義経軍を支援した。
- Noriyori took about 30,000 horsemen (according to 'the Chronicle of the Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira') from his army and drew up his battle lines on land to cut off the Taira's avenue of retreat, supporting Yoshitsune's army by shooting arrows long-distance from the cliffs.
- なお「急がば回れ」という諺は、現在の草津市と大津市の間を結んでいた「矢橋の渡し」を詠んだ和歌が語源となっている。
- The Japanese proverb 'isogaba maware (more haste, less speed)' originated from a waka that was written about a ferry called the 'Yahashi no Watashi' connecting the present-day Kusatsu City and Otsu City.
- しかし風俗街で営まれる特殊浴場(ソープランド)には雄琴温泉の源泉は引かれておらず、温泉としての関連性は全くない。
- The hot spring belongs to Ogoto Onsen is not brought to the special bathhouses (brothels) located in the red-light district, thus there are no relations between the resort area and the red-light district as hot springs.
- 源内が阿仁や大館の検分を終えて藩主佐竹曙山(義敦)に拝謁したのちの同年10月29日に久保田を出発、江戸へ戻った。
- After inspecting Ani and Odate and having an audience with the feudal lord Shozan (Yoshiatsu) SATAKE, Gennai left the Kubota domain on December 12 of the same year and returned to Edo.
- これによって朝廷は租庸調に代わる安定した財源を確保する一方で、国司による恣意的な徴税に制約を加えることになった。
- This made it possible for the court to obtain a stable income instead of Soyocho and also prevent arbitrary taxation by Kokushi.
- このように、武力紛争が絶えない幕府の状況は、1219年(承久1)1月の将軍・源実朝の暗殺という最悪の事態に至る。
- The continuing armed conflicts of the bakufu culminated in the assassination of shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in January 1219.
- 廃棄物・下水道汚泥などが主な排出源になっており、これらの排出抑制や処理方法の変更などによる削減が想定されている。
- The main emissions sources are wastes, sludge and so on, and the suppression of emissions from these sources and improvement in the process of handling these materials are under consideration to reduce the emissions of the gas.
- これに反対していた後白河上皇が1192年に死去すると、源頼朝は武家政権の始祖として武士に神聖視されることとなる。
- After Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who had opposed this, died in 1192, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo came to be deified by samurai as the originator of a samurai government.
- これにより丹波氏の優位は決定的となり、「医道の極官」(『職源鈔』)とされた典薬頭は丹波氏の家職となったのである。
- This gave the decisive advantage to the Tanba clan, and the clan thereafter occupied Tenyaku no kami, which was depicted as the supreme leader within the I-do community in 'Shokugensho' (book on the history of Japanese governmental posts written by Chikafusa KITABATAKE).
- またこれ以外に、中国東北部(旧満州)、モンゴル北部、ロシアの一部なども発生源となっている可能性が指摘されている。
- It is also pointed out that, in addition to those described above, the sources of kosa occurrence may also exist in the northeastern part of China (former Manchuria), the northern part of Mongolia and some parts of Russia.
- 院御所鳥羽殿東殿の仏堂の後身の安楽寿院領を中心に鳥羽天皇領と美福門院領を相続したあき子内親王の所領を起源とする。
- The Hachijoin-ryo originated in the territory of Imperial Princess Akiko, who had inherited mainly the territory of the Anrakuju-in Temple, a temple built after a Buddhist temple in Higashi-dono Palace (East Palace) of Toba-dono Palace, an imperial palace for retired and cloistered emperors, as well as the Emperor Toba's territory and the Bifukumonin's territory.
- 清少納言の「清」は清原氏の出自であることを示し、紫式部の「紫」は彼女の著作源氏物語の紫の上にちなむ(他説あり)。
- Sei (清) in Sei Shonagon indicated she was from the Kiyohara (清原) clan, and Murasaki (紫) in Murasaki Shikibu came from Murasaki no ue (紫の上), a character of her novel 'Tale of Genji,' according to one view.
- 軍事貴族などの武芸の家は桓武平氏・清和源氏・一部の藤原氏などから出たが、彼らの子孫が後の武士へと成長していった。
- Families of military art, such as military aristocrats, were born from Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan), Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and some of the Fujiwara clan and their descendants later became samurai (warrior).
- 出雲源氏佐々木義清が自らの紋としたため、その後裔である、隠岐氏、塩冶氏、佐々木義泰、高岡氏、佐世氏などが用いた。
- Since Yoshikiyo SASAKI of the Izumo-Genji clan used hanawachigai-mon as his family crest, his descendants such as the Oki clan, the Enya clan, Yoshiyasu SASAKI, the Takaoka clan, and the Sase clan also used it.
- 山城国田原に逃れた信西は源光保の追撃を振り切れず、郎等の藤原師光(西光)らに命じて自らを地中に埋めさせて自害した。
- Shinzei, who had fled to Tawara in Yamashiro Province, found himself unable to shake off MINAMOTO no Mitsuyasu's pursuit, so he ordered FUJIWARA no Morimitsu (also known as Saiko) and his other retainers to bury him in the earth, thereby committing suicide.
- 内蔵寮の起源は律令制以前の三蔵、大蔵(おおくら)・内蔵(うちくら)・斎蔵(いみくら)の一つである内蔵にさかのぼる。
- The origins of the Kuraryo can be traced to Uchikura, which is one of the Mitsunokura (Okura, Uchikura, and Imikura) that existed before the Ritsuryo system,
- 一方、橘繁延は土佐国、蓮茂は佐渡国、藤原千晴は隠岐国にそれぞれ流され、さらに源連、平貞節の追討が諸国へ命じられた。
- Meanwhile, TACHIBANA no Shigenobu, Renmo, and FUJIWARA no Chiharu, were exiled to Tosa Province, Sado Province, and Oki Province respectively, and all provinces were ordered to track down and kill MINAMOTO no Tsuranu and TAIRA no Sadatoki.
- 969年(安和2年)3月25日、左馬助源満仲と前武蔵国介藤原善時が中務少輔橘繁延と左兵衛大尉源連の謀反を密告した。
- On March 25, 969, Sameryo (trainer of the left of horses owned by the imperial court), MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, and former Suke (assistant director) of Musashi Province FUJIWARA no Yoshitoki, reported an act of treason committed by Nakatsukasa (ministry of central affairs) Shosuke (assistant director), TACHIBANA no Shigenobu, and Sahyoe (guards of the left) Taii (captain) MINAMOTO no Tsuranu.
- しかし清盛の継母にあたる池禅尼の助命嘆願で許され、摂津源氏の源頼政一族の知行国でもある伊豆国の蛭ヶ小島へ流された。
- However, Ike no Zinnia, Kiyomori's mother-in-law, plead for his life, and he was exiled to Hiruga-kojima Island, Izu Province, chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) of the family of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 堀川の本来の源流は北区 (京都市)の船岡山東麓だが、現在この付近の水流は暗渠化されており、地表に水流は見られない。
- The Hori-kawa River originates in the east foot of Mt. Funaoka in Kita Ward (Kyoto City), but the river around there is forced to flow underground using a conduit and no water flow can be seen on the ground.
- 源頼信は、河内国古市郡 (河内国)壷井(現在の大阪府羽曳野市壷井)を本拠地とし、香炉峰(こうろほう)の館を建てる。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu was based in Tsuboi, Furuichi-gun, Kawachi Province (Currently, Tsuboi, Habikino City, Osaka Prefecture), where he built Koroho castle.
- 応仁の乱以降の乱れた世相を、当時の公家が古代中国の「春秋戦国時代」の乱世になぞらえ「戦国の世」と表現したのが語源。
- The word origin was the expression 'sengoku no yo (period of warring states)' by the court nobles at that time comparing the troubled social conditions since the Onin Disturbance to the troubled times in the 'Chunqiu and Zhanguo periods (Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period)' in ancient China.
- 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の一環として関東統治を目的に皇子・成良親王を奉じて鎌倉へ下向させて創設した鎌倉将軍府が起源。
- Its origin was the Kamakura shogunfu headed by Imperial Prince Nariyoshi, a prince of Emperor Godaigo, which Emperor Godaigo established, as a part of the Kenmu Restoration, for the purpose of ruling the Kanto region.
- 鎌倉三代将軍源実朝のころ、逆臣の藤沢入道・四郎父子の策略で、有力御家人の北条義時と和田常盛との軋轢が強まっている。
- Around the time of Sanetomo MINAMOTO, Third Shogun of the Kamakura period, deceived with a tactic of a gyakushin (rebellious subject), Nyudo FUJISAWA and his son, Shiro, friction between Yoshitoki HOJO and Tsunemori WADA who are both the Shogun's senior vassals is increasing.
- 『平治物語』は源頼政が味方につかなかったとするが、もともと頼政も美福門院の家人であり義朝に従属する立場ではなかった。
- The 'Heiji monogatari' claims Yoshitomo had been unable to get and keep MINAMOTO no Yorimasa as an ally, but in fact Yorimasa was a retainer of Bifukumonin and had been from the start, meaning he had never truly been a follower of Yoshitomo.
- その一方で、円仁が比叡山に伝えた念仏三昧法から源信 (僧侶)の天台浄土教、良忍の融通念仏宗など浄土教の興隆があった。
- Moreover, spiritual tenets shifted away from the Nenbutsu Zanmai (deep prayer to Amida Buddha) passed down to Mt. Hiei by the monk Ennin and towards the monk Genshin's Tendai and Jodo (Pure Land) teachings as well as Ryonin's Yuzu Nenbutsu (Adaptable Prayer to Amida) sect, leading to the ascendancy of Pure Land teachings.
- さらに検非違使源満季(満仲の弟)が前相模国介藤原千晴(藤原秀郷の息子)とその子藤原久頼を一味として捕らえて禁獄した。
- Furthermore, Kebiishi MINAMOTO no Mitsusue, (the younger brother of Mitsunaka), captured and imprisoned former Suke of Sagami Province FUJIWARA no Chiharu, (son of FUJIWARA no Hidesato), and his child FUJIWARA no Hisayori as conspirators.
- ただし、厳密に考える歴史学者の中には、河内国を本拠地とした河内源氏は源頼信に始まり源義忠または源為義に終わるとする。
- However, some strict historians think that Kawachi-based Kawachi-Genji began with MINAMOTO no Yorinobu and ended with MINAMOTO no Yoshitada or MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi.
- 平安貴族たちの主な収入源は必ずしも荘園ではなく、むしろ官職に応じて国家から給与される田地や禄などが主要収入であった。
- The income source of the Heian nobles was not necessarily their shoen (manor in medieval Japan), but rather mainly in farmland and stipend given by the government depending on government post.
- 軍事貴族である源頼信は、追討の成功により多くの板東武士と主従関係を結び、最初の「武家の棟梁」と呼びうる存在となった。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, a military noble, established master-servant relationships with many Bando Bushi (samurai in the eastern region) through the success of the searching and capturing activities, becoming the first person who could be called 'Buke no toryo' (the leader of samurai families).
- 嫡子の源義平などが奮戦し活躍するが、坂東にいる郎党を動員する時間がなく少数兵力のままで平清盛率いる伊勢平氏に敗れる。
- Samurai warriors including Yoshitomo's heir, MINAMOTO no Yoshihira fought bravely and distinguished themselves in the War, but there was not time to mobilize followers in Bando, and therefore they remained to be a small number of warriors and was finally defeated by Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) led by TAIRA no Kiyomori.
- その最中、東国より兵を率いて馳せ上った源義平は直ちに清盛の帰路を討ち取るよう主張したが、信頼はその必要はないと退けた。
- In the midst of these proceedings, MINAMOTO no Yoshihira, who had raised an army out in the eastern provinces and hastily made his way to the capital, strongly advocated that he prepare to kill or capture Kiyomori while he was still on his way back to the capital, but Nobuyori refused, declaring there was no need for such measures.
- 保元の乱で摂関家が事実上壊滅し、平治の乱で源義朝などの有力武士が淘汰されると、平氏の勢力は他より突出することになった。
- The line of regents was in actuality ended during the Hogen Rebellion, and major bushi such as MINAMOTO no Yoshiaki were selected during the Heiji Rebellion, giving the Taira clan have more power than others.
- 大江山の鬼退治が終わってしばらくした頃、源頼光以下四天王たちが集った酒宴の席で、近頃羅生門に鬼が出るという話になった。
- A while after the successful extermination of the oni on Mt. Oe, MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu and his followers, including the Four Great Warriors, are all gathered at a banquet when word reaches them that an oni has appeared at the nearby Rashomon.
- 源頼朝の腹違いの兄・源朝長の母(坊門姫)は義常の叔母でもあり、大庭景義は頼朝の父義朝の重臣で、鎌倉幕府の長老であった。
- The mother of MINAMOTO no Tomonaga, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's older half brother, was also Yoshitsune's aunt, and Kageyoshi OBA was a senior vassal of Yoshitomo, Yoritomo's father, and a patriarch of the Kamakura Shogunate as well.
- 頼朝の父・源義朝は、平治の乱(平治元年/1159年)で平清盛との戦いに敗れ、関東へ落ち延びる途中、尾張国で殺害された。
- MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's father, MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, was defeated in a battle with TAIRA no Kiyomori in the Heiji War (in 1159) and killed in Owari Province while he was running away to Kanto region.
- 近年では、関西電力によって電源地として開発されており、原子力発電所が多く立地しているため「原発銀座」として有名である。
- In recent years, the coastal area has been developed as the land for electric power supply by the Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc., and the area is well-known for 'Genpatsu Ginza' (an area where a string of nuclear power plants are located).
- また、京都メカニズム(クリーン開発メカニズム、排出権取引(ET)、共同実施(JI))や、吸収源活動が盛り込まれている。
- Also, Kyoto Mechanism (Clean Development Mechanism, Emissions Trading (ET), Joint Implementation (JT)) and activities for sinks are included.
- 1183年7月、源義仲が平氏を京都から追放したが、義仲勢力は推戴する北陸宮の天皇即位を迫り、京内で乱暴な行動を重ねた。
- In July, 1183 MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka expelled the Taira clan from Kyoto, but his forces pressed for the enthronement of Hokuriku no Miya as emperor and committed numerous violent acts within Kyoto.
- こうした市中の混乱が、源義仲の活動(1180年挙兵、1183年上洛)を容易にする遠因となっていたことも考えられている。
- This chaos is believed to have been a factor in making MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's operations (raising of an army in 1180 and advancement to Kyoto in 1183) easier to carry out.
- 歴史上、有名な令旨としては、「源平の争乱」の際に、源氏挙兵の正当性を表すものとして発令された、「以仁王の令旨」がある。
- A historically famous ryoji is 'Prince Mochihito's order' issued to justify the Genji's raising of an army during the Genpei War.
- 一方で、後白河との対立は生涯に渡って解消されることはなく、「孝道には大に背けり」(『源平盛衰記』)という世評もあった。
- On the other hand, the Emperor had opposed Emperor Goshirakawa all his life, and some people said 'Emperor Nijo did not respect his father' ('Genpei Josui Ki').
- そのうち一部では、「天皇家は朝鮮民族の血筋を引いている」、「皇室百済起源論」などの論理を大きく飛躍させる報道があった。
- From a certain news report there was an exaggerated comment stating that the Royal Family is descended from ethnic Koreans or that the Royal Family's origin started from Paekche and so on.
- 親王の王子は元慶4年(880年)に興基王が、元慶6年(882年)に興範王と興扶王が源氏朝臣の姓を賜り臣籍降下している。
- His Princes, Prince Okimoto made demotion from nobility to subject in 880, Prince Okinori and Prince Okisuke did the same after receiving surnames of the Minamoto clan Asomi in 882.
- 信頼・成親は義朝とともに武装して出陣するが、源師仲は保身のため三種の神器の一つである内侍所(神鏡)を持ち出して逃亡した。
- Nobuyori and Narichika joined Yoshitomo in taking up arms and marching out to battle, but MINAMOTO no Moronaka, in order to save his own life, took one of the three Imperial Regalia of Japan, the sacred Mirror, and fled.
- 大臣に昇進できたのは摂関家(中御門流・花山院流も含む)・村上源氏・閑院流に限られていて、清盛の昇進は未曾有のものだった。
- Only members of the line of regents (including the Naka no mikado branch, Kazanin branch), Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Kanin branch were allowed to be promoted to Daijin (Minister) so Kiyomori's promotion was unheard of.
- 建保元年(1213年)に鎌倉幕府征夷大将軍源実朝の学問所の警備と学友を兼ねた学問所番18名(6名ずつ3番)が設置された。
- In 1213, eighteen guards of gakumonjo (three groups of six) were deployed who would play the roles of not only the guards of the gakumonjo owned by Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians') of the Kamakura bakufu MINAMOTO no Sanetomo but also fellow students.
- 源義家の凋落後、「朝家の爪牙」の第一人者となった平正盛は、近国(かつ大国・熟国)の国守を務めると同時に右馬権頭であった。
- After MINAMOTO no Yoshie declined, TAIRA no Masamori, who became the first 'choka no soga' (retainers of the imperial family or household called as fangs and claws of imperial family), served as governor of Kingoku (provinces close to Kyoto) (taigoku (major provinces) and 熟国 back then) as well as being the Uma no gon no kami (Provisional Captain of the Right Division of the Bureau of Horses).
- 乳飲み子を連れた平家方の女性が源氏方の武者に赤子の声を聞かれ、見つかりそうになり親子ともども命を絶ったという伝説がある。
- It has been passed down that a woman of the Taira family side with a baby in arms committed suicide together with her baby when she was almost found by the samurai of the Minamoto clan because of the baby's cry.
- 治承4年(1180年)4月9日、源頼政と謀った以仁王は、「最勝親王」と称し、諸国の源氏と大寺社に平氏追討の令旨を下した。
- On the twelfth day of the fifth month (ninth day of the fourth month in old lunar calendar) of 1180, prince Mochihito, after plotting with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, issued a princely command--under the alias 'Imperial Prince Saisho' (Prince 'Great Victory')--to the Minamoto clan warriors and the great temples and shrines throughout the country to destroy the Taira clan.
- 康信は有能な役人として知られていたが、親類に源頼朝の乳母がいた縁もあって、初代執事として京都から鎌倉へ招かれたのである。
- Through the influence of his relative who worked as a wet nurse of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, Yasunobu, known as a competent government official, was invited from Kyoto to Kamakura to assume the role as the first head of the monchujo.
- この時には安子や愛姫(安子の妹・源高明正室)も死去しており、九条家も高明と為平親王排除への態度を変えるようになっていた。
- During this time Anshi (Yasuko) and Aihime (Anshi's younger sister and MINAMOTO no Takaakira's Empress) both had passed away, although the Kujo family tried to exclude Takaakira and Imperial Prince Tamehira from their poison, they changed their attitude later on.
- 一方で、頼朝は、義仲に対する牽制として源範頼、源義経らに京都への進軍を命じて範頼・義経軍は11月初めには近江まで到着した。
- On the other hand, to hold Yoshinaka in check, Yoritomo sent MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune towards Kyoto and the Noriyori/Yoshitsune forces reached Omi Province in the beginning of November.
- このうち安倍氏が陸奥国の国司と争いになり、これに河内源氏の源頼義が介入し足掛け12年に渡って戦われたのが前九年の役である。
- Then, one of them, the Abe clan, started a fight against kokushi (provincial officers dispatched by the central government) of Mutsu Province, and MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi from Kawachi-Genji (the Minamoto clan) intervened in it; this led to the battle known as the Zenkunen War (the Early Nine Years' War), which continued for as many as twelve years in total.
- 奈良・京都・大坂への物資や人材の供給源や中継地、あるいは都と東国・北国とを結ぶ要衝として発展し、日本の歴史に関わって来た。
- Shiga has been greatly related with Japanese history by developing as a supply source or a stopping point of materials and/or workforce to Nara, Kyoto and Osaka and as a strategic stop connecting the capital and eastern and northern areas.
- リアルタイムデータの観測やシミュレーション技術の向上は、花粉飛散の予報のみばかりではなく、同時に花粉発生源の特定に役立つ。
- Improvements in real-time data observations and simulation technology have been utilized not only in pollen dispersion forecasts but also in the identification of pollen sources.
- 1189年(文治5年) - 頼朝が源義経とこれを匿った奥州藤原氏を滅ぼす(全国の武士を動員し、対抗しうる武家勢力を排除)。
- 1189 - Yoritomo defeated MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and the Oshu Fujiwara clan who harbored Yoshitsune (eliminated rival samurai forces by mobilizing samurai throughout the nation).
- また、良基の孫にあたる一条兼良の『公事根源』を年中行事歌合の解説書であるという説も安藤為章や斎藤万古刀によって唱えられた。
- In the meantime, Tameaki ANDO and Makoto SAITO asserted that 'Kuji kongen' written by Yoshimoto's grandson Kaneyoshi ICHIJO was the commentary of Nenjugyoji Utaawase.
- そこで佐藤進一、上横手雅敬、戸田芳実、高橋昌明らによってこれら在京の武士を武士の起源とする「職能」武士起源論が提唱された。
- And Shinichi SATO, Masataka UWAYOKOTE, Yoshimi TODA, Masaaki TAKAHASHI and others proposed the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function' that the bushi originally came from the bushi staying in Kyoto.
- この事件が事実がどうかはともかく、平氏一門の専横と源氏への日頃の軽侮に対する長年の不満が爆発は、理由として挙げられている。
- Regardless of whether this particular incident in fact occurred, the despotism of the Taira clan coupled with long years of simmering resentment among the Minamoto clan for the contempt they were forced to endure eventually led to an eruption of anger, which became the motive to raise troops in revolt.
- 室町幕府にとっては、酒屋に貸した酒屋役(さかややく)は、土倉に貸した倉役(くらやく)とならんで、幕府の重要な財源となった。
- For the Muromachi bakufu, sakaya-yaku, tax levied on sakaya, became an important financial source, together with kura-yaku, tax levied on doso.
- 応保2年(1162年)には叔父の経宗を召還する一方、自らを呪詛した時忠・源資賢を配流するなど着々と政治基盤を固めていった。
- In 1162 the Emperor recalled his uncle, Tsunemune, while on the other hand Tokitada and MINAMOTO no Sukekata who had made a curse toward the Emperor, were sentenced to deportation in order to gradually establish the basis of his government.
- 敦実親王の子・源雅信は左大臣を務め、その女・源倫子は藤原道長の正室となり、一条天皇中宮藤原彰子や関白藤原頼通の母となった。
- MINAMOTO no Masanobu, Imperial Prince Atsumi's son, became Sadaijin; his daughter, MINAMOTO no Rinshi, was a wife of FUJIWARA no Michinaga and mother of Emperor Ichijo Chugu FUJIWARA no Shoshi and Kampaku FUJIWARA no Yorimichi.
- それを聞きつけた芹沢が、永倉新八・原田左之助・井上源三郎・武田観柳斎の4人を差し向け、当事者の身柄引き渡しを水口藩に求めた。
- Serizawa who heard the news sent four people, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Sanosuke HARADA, Genzaburo INOUE, and Kanryusai TAKEDA to the Minakuchi domain and asked for a transfer of custody.
- 高明は長男・源忠賢とともに出家して京に留まるよう願うが許されず、26日、邸を検非違使に包囲されて捕らえられ、九州へ流された。
- Takaakira's requests to become a priest with his eldest son MINAMOTO no Tadataka and remain in Kyoto was not accepted, and on the 26th, his residence was surrounded by kebiishi and he was captured and sent to Kyushu.
- が、1156年保元の乱後、旧主である義朝の父・源為義を殺さなければならない羽目になって義朝との間が不和になり、相模国に帰国。
- After the Hogen War in 1156, however, he ended up being forced to kill MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, Yoshitomo's father and the former lord, which made him fall out with Yoshitomo and go back to Sagami Province.
- だが、源平合戦で交通の要所であった白河の地は荒廃し、窮民によって御所や寺院が荒らされていく様子が『玉葉』などに記されている。
- Documents including 'Gyokuyo' (Diary of Kanezane KUJO) described how the land of Shirakawa, which had been an important area for traffic, was devastated and how the imperial palace and temples were kept ransacked by the poor and needy during and after the Genpei War (1180-1185, a war between the Taira clan and the Minamoto clan in which the latter defeated the former and established the Kamakura shogunate government).
- 源頼朝の元で同じ御家人と呼ばれはしても、下川辺庄司行平、葛西御厨の葛西清重、畠山重忠などは、大規模寄進荘園の在地領主である。
- While being called gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) under MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, Shimokobe no SHOJI Yukihira, Kiyoshige KASAI of Kasai no Mikuriya, and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, were manor heads of donated shoen on a grand scale.
- 8名で畑を開き暮らしていたが、源氏の追っ手の知るところとなり、6名は自害、残った2名が両家集落(保内町)の祖となったという。
- It is said that although eight people lived by farming there, they were detected by pursuers of the Minamoto clan and six of them committed suicide while the remaining two founded Ryoke village (Honai-cho).
- 吸収源活動とは、1990年以降の植林などで 二酸化炭素 の吸収源が増加した分を、温室効果ガス排出量削減に換算し算入するもの。
- In the activities for sinks, increase in the amount of sinks for carbon dioxide brought by tree planting and so on after 1990 is converted and added on the emissions reduction of greenhouse gases.
- 武士は私営田の開発領主であり、その起源は、抵抗する配下の農奴と介入する受領に対抗するために「武装した大農園主」が起源とする。
- The bushi were the kaihatsu-ryoshu of shieiden (private lands directly governed by powerful families) and they originally came from 'armed planters' to counteract subservient serfs and interfering zuryo (the head of the provincial governors).
- 忠盛は源義親の乱を平定するなどして院司となり、正四位に叙せられて軍事貴族の最高位者、すなわち武家の棟梁として台頭していった。
- After suppressing the rebellion by MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, Tadamori became inshi (official of the Retired Emperor's Office), was appointed to shoshii, the highest rank for military aristocrats, and gained power as the leader of samurai families.
- 源氏・平氏による争乱期(治承・寿永の乱)の最中に発生した飢饉であり、源平盛衰記や方丈記など当時の状況を詳細に記す史料も多い。
- The famine occurred during a period of conflict (Jisho-Juei War), and there remain many historical documents which describe the situation in detail such as the Genpei Seisuiki (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans) and the Hojoki (An Account of My Hut).
- 荘園などを中心とした支配体制である荘園公領制はこの時期に成立し、以後、16世紀まで荘園は貴族たちの収入源として存在し続ける。
- Shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) mainly based on shoen, was established in this period, and after that until the sixteenth century, shoen continued to exist as a source of income for the nobles.
- こちらが後の永業田の資源と考えられ、人間だけでなく牛も30畝の田地支給を受けていた(ただし4頭まで4年までという説もある)。
- It is considered that this was the origin of hereditary fields, and in addition to human beings, each head of cattle was also supplied a field of approx. 1.2 hectares (however, it is also said that these fields might have been supplied up to four heads of cattle for four years).
- 加地子は、名主・荘官層の主要な収入源となり、本来の年貢・地子を上回ることも珍しくなく、年貢・地子の数倍に及ぶことすらあった。
- Kajishi was the principal source of income for myoshu/shokan and it was not uncommon to see cases where the amount of Kajishi exceeded that of normal nengu/jishi by several times.
- 長房の曾孫の小笠原持広は享保元年(1716年)に将軍徳川吉宗の命により家伝の書籍91部と源頼朝の鞢(ゆがけ)を台覧に供した。
- A great-grandchild of Nagafusa, Mochihiro OGASAWARA showed 91 books of its biography and a Yugake (grove) of Yoritomo MINAMOTO to Imperial family by order of Shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA in 1716.
- 子の安徳天皇の即位後は国母と呼ばれるが、栄華は短く、やがて清盛は病死し、源氏の攻撃に追われて平家は都落ちし、海上を流浪する。
- After her son, Emperor Antoku's enthronement, she was called 'Kokumo' (Emperor's mother), her glory was short, not long after Kiyomori died from illness, and the Taira family was attacked by the Minamoto clan and they escaped from the city, and they roamed about the sea.
- 源 能有(みなもと の よしあり、承和12年(845年)-寛平9年6月8日(897年7月11日))は平安時代の貴族、政治家。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshiari (845 - July 11, 897) was an aristocrat and politician who lived in the Heian period.
- 上皇は激怒して清盛に経宗・惟方の逮捕を命じ、2月20日清盛の郎等・源為長が二人の身柄を拘束、上皇の眼前に引き据て拷問にかけた。
- Goshirakawa flew into a rage and ordered Kiyomori to arrest Tsunemune and Korekata, so on April 5, one of Kiyomori's retainers, MINAMOTO no Tamenaga, captured the two of them, dragged them before Goshirakawa and had them tortured.
- 源頼朝の追討を受けた源義経・武蔵坊弁慶らは吉野山で静御前と別れて東国へ脱出したと言われており、吉野山内にもいくつか旧跡がある。
- It is said that MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, Musashibo Benkei, and others who had been pursued by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's men left Shizukagozen in Mt. Yoshino and fled to Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region), and some historic sites are found in Mt. Yoshino.
- また篠町には足利高氏の挙兵の地となった篠村八幡宮があるなど当市域は鎌倉時代・南北朝時代 (日本)を通じて源氏の一拠点となった。
- Takauji ASHIKAGA took up arms at the Shinomura-Hachimangu Shrine in Shino-cho, making the Kameoka area a base for the Minamoto clan through the Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 三国岳、頭巾山、長老山など、8~900メ-トル級の連山に囲まれ、その山あいを縫うように、由良川の源流が町の中央部を流れている。
- The town is surrounded by a mountain range with the 800- to 900-meter class mountains of Mt. Mikunidake, Mt. Tokin and Mt. Choro; the headstream of the Yura-gawa River threads its way through the mountains and flows through the center of the town.
- その土地を賃租し、地子(賃租の利益)を今まで持ち主不在であった土地の租税分に充てることで、中央財源の不足を補うべきと主張した。
- He insisted that the government should make up for the deficit by leasing such lands and applying the jishi (profit from the land rent) to the land tax of absentee owner land.
- 11月20日、五条河原で源光長以下百余の首がさらされ、義仲軍は勝ち鬨の声を挙げた(『百錬抄」同日条、『吉記』は21日とする)。
- On January 11, 1184, with more than 100 severed heads laid on Gojogawara, Yoshikuni's army gave a shout of victory ('Hyakuren sho,' entry of January 11, 1184; 'Kikki' recorded the date as January 12).
- 清和源氏は源満仲以来、藤原北家(摂関家)の家司として代々仕え、同家による他氏排斥の際には藤原北家の家司として積極的に関与した。
- Since the time of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, Seiwa-Genji served for generations as keishi of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan (regent family) and actively participated in tashihaiseki (expulsion of other clans from the Imperial Court) by the clan.
- 保元の乱では勝者の天皇方につき、平治の乱では形勢を観望して河内源氏(頼光の弟の源頼信の系統)の源義朝に与せず、清盛に味方した。
- Allied with the victorious imperial side during the Hogen war, when the Heiji war broke out he stood on the sidelines and observed, and didn't join with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, who was of the Kawachi Genji (descended from MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the younger brother of Yorimitsu), supporting Kiyomori instead.
- 幕府としても酒株運上金の導入(うんじょうきん)、冥加金(みょうがきん)など、何かと口実をつけて酒屋からの献金に財源を期待した。
- The bakufu expected contribution from sakaya using the names, for example, of business tax on sakekabu (an official certificate of sake brewing) or myogakin (tax for certifying business right).
- 当時の秋田郡周辺の人々は、越後、加賀など祖先を北陸地方に持つ人が特に多く、東国に起源をもつウジも少なくなったかったとみられる。
- Many of the people around then Akita County had ancestors coming from the Hokuriku region, such as Echigo Province, Kaga Province, and so on, and not a few of them had Uji originating from Togoku.
- 寿永二年十月宣旨(じゅえいにねんじゅうがつのせんじ)は、寿永2年(1183年)10月 (旧暦)に朝廷から源頼朝に下された宣旨。
- Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji is the imperial decree promulgated by the Imperial Court against MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in October (by the old calendar), 1183.
- 小説、観光パンフレット類やテレビドラマはもちろん、源平合戦を扱った歴史関係書籍でもこの黒板説を元に壇ノ浦の戦いが記述されている。
- Depictions - including novels, sightseeing pamphlets and so forth, and of course TV dramas - that deal with this battle, and even history-related academic publications on the Gempei War (the war between the Minamoto and the Taira clans) all show the battle from the standpoint of KUROITA's changing tides theory.
- そのため信憑性には難があるものの『平家物語』『源平盛衰記』などの軍記物語を基に巷間で信じられている合戦の経過を述べることになる。
- Hence, there is no choice but to describe the progress of the battle relying on hearsay, and based on war chronicles like the 'Heike monogatari' (Tale of the Taira) or 'Gempei monogatari' (Chronicle of the Rising and Falling fates of the Minamoto and Taira clans), despite the fact that such chronicles are plagued with credibility issues.
- 反清盛の気運が高まる中、治承4年(1180年)4月には以仁王(後白河の第2皇子)が平氏追討の令旨を発し、源頼政と結んで挙兵した。
- In April 1180, with the anti-Kiyomori movement, Prince Mochihito (Goshirakawa's second son) issued a call for attacking the Taira clan and collaborated with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa to raise forces.
- 農業生物資源研究所はスギ花粉の抗原を含んだ「スギ花粉症緩和米」の開発を進めているが、厚労省は食品とは認められないなどとしている。
- The National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences has developed a rice cultivar for the treatment of Japanese cedar pollinosis which contains the Japanese cedar pollen antigen but the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare does not recognize this as a food product.
- 同時に、頼朝は弟の源範頼・源義経を派遣し、平氏追討に当たらせ、1185年、壇ノ浦の戦いで平氏が滅亡し、6年に渡る内乱が終結した。
- At the same time he sent his younger brothers MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune to search for and destroy the Taira clan which were destroyed in the Battle of Dan no Ura in 1185, ending the civil war which had lasted for six years.
- その子の源頼義、頼義の子の源義家の時に、前九年の役・後三年の役で坂東武士を傘下におさめ、特に八幡太郎義家の時に武家棟梁となった。
- His son, MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi and yoriyoshi's son MINAMOTO no Yoshiie gained control of Bando samurai in Zen Kunen no Eki and Go Sannen no Eki, and HACHIMANTARO Yoshiie became the head of the samurai families.
- 元々中・下級の官人身分であった伊勢平氏や河内源氏をはじめとする地方の武士は自己の根拠地において荘園領主としての資格を有していた。
- Local samurai warriors including the Ise Heishi clan and the Kawachi Genji, both originating from middle and lower ranked officials, were qualified as shoen ryoshu (proprietary lord of manor) in their local power base.
- 本所法には、荘務権を有する本所と称される権門が属する法体系に根源を持つものと荘園内部における慣習法が本所に容認されたものがある。
- There were two main origins of the Honjo law: one was in a legal structure that had governed the influential families called honjo, which owned Shomuken (the authority of the jurisdiction and the administration of Shoen), and the other was the common law in Shoen that became approved by the honjo.
- 平安後期の11世紀後半から12世紀になると、急速に荘園や知行国が増加していき、平安貴族たちの収入源として無視できないものになる。
- From the late eleventh to the twelfth century in the late Heian Period, shoen and chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) increased, and they could not be ignored as a source of income for Heian nobles.
- 政治の中枢を藤原氏と源氏が占有し始めたこの時期、栄達の望みがない中下流貴族らは地方官(受領)や特定官庁への補任をきそって求めた。
- During this period, when the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan started to occupy the political nucleus, the middle and lower class nobles who had no hope for fame, competed for assignments in the local official (Zuryo, the head of the provincial governors) or specific bureaucrats.
- しかし、本書の特徴・内容から、平安時代後期の実務官僚であった源経頼(宇多源氏)が、公務遂行の為に編まれたとする新説が提示された。
- However, a new theory was proposed saying that MINAMOTO no Tsuneyori (Uda-Genji (Minamoto clan)), a governmental official responsible for practical works, compiled it for necessities for carrying out his official duties.
- 11・12世紀ごろには城塞の建設に伴っての家門形成が顕著であり、このころ形成された多くの家門の名が支配地や城塞を起源としている。
- In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many families were formed with the establishment of castles; the names of the families that formed during this period were derived from their territorial lands or castles.
- 当初鎌倉幕府はこうした業者を禁止していたが、京都の朝廷では財源不足を補うために酒屋を認めてその代わりに酒造役(壷銭)を徴収した。
- Although the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) initially prohibited such operation of business, the Imperial Court in Kyoto permitted the sakaya business but collected sake-related tax called shuzo-yaku (or tsubo-sen) instead, to compensate for its financial shortage.
- 地子の割当を受けた令制国では、公田から賃租された地子稲を財源として沽価に基づいて絹や鉄などを調達して中央の太政官厨家に送付した。
- Governors of provinces that were required to submit a land tax quota would use rice collected from koden as a financial resource in order to purchase silk or iron based on koka (selling prices) and sent it to the Daijokan chuke (manager of the kitchen of the Great Council of State) in the central government.
- 以仁王自身の平氏追討計画は失敗に終わったが、彼の令旨を受けて源頼朝や源義仲など各国の源氏が挙兵し、これが平氏滅亡の糸口となった。
- Although the Prince Mochihito's plan to overthrow the Taira clan was not successful, some Minamoto clan raised the army from some parts of Japan after receiving the Prince's order, for example; MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, and this lead to destruction of the TAIRA clan.
- 慶長12年(1607年)10月4日、徳川家康より将軍職を譲られた徳川秀忠と正室崇源院夫妻の間に7番目の子(5女)として誕生する。
- After Ieyasu TOKUGAWA passed his position of Shogun to Hidetada TOKUGAWA, Kazuko was born as seventh child (fifth daughter) between Hidetada and his wife, Sugen in on November 23, 1607.
- 特定の典拠となった作品は不明であるが、『続古事談』に見える源師房家での歌合における平棟仲の逸話などから創作されたとも想像される。
- Although a specific source is unknown, it is speculated that the story can be based on the anecdotes of TAIRA no Munenaka from 'Zoku Koji Dan'(narrative in Kamakura period), in which a poetry contest hosted by MINAMOTO no Morofusa was portrayed.
- 初演時の市川左團次 (2代目)の源五兵衛、市川松蔦 (2代目)のおまんが大好評で、左團次は家の芸である「杏花十種」に入れている。
- Gengobei and Oman played by Sadanji ICHIKAWA II and Shocho ICHIKAWA II in the first performance became so popular that Sadanji included the play in the 'Kyoka jusshu', a collection of household specialties.
- 一方、女系に目を転じると、娘の源昭子は藤原忠平の妻として藤原師輔らを産み、同じく源柄子は貞純親王の妻となって源経基を産んでいる。
- As for female descendants, his daughter, MINAMOTO no Shoshi (Akiko) got married to FUJIWARA no Tadahira and gave birth to FUJIWARA no Morosuke and another daughter, MINAMOTO no Karako got married to Imperial Prince Sadazumi and gave birth to MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto.
- 安和の変による源高明の追放、次いで源兼明の皇族復帰によって他氏排斥が完了した後は、藤原北家の内部で権力争奪が行われることとなった。
- After the exclusion of other clans from the Imperial Court was completed by MINAMOTO no Takaakira's expulsion in the Anna Incident and MINAMOTO no Kaneakira's returning to the Imperial family following the incident, a struggle for power was played out within the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- このような情勢の中で北面武士になった正盛は、出雲国で源義親の濫行が起こると、嘉承2年(1107年)12月19日追討使に抜擢される。
- In this situation, Masamori, who had joined the Hokumen no bushi, was selected as Tsuitoshi (envoy to pursue and kill) on February 9, 1108 in response to the wrongdoings of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika.
- 信頼は源義朝を配下につけて、信西を自殺へ追い込むことに成功したが、二条親政派の裏切りと清盛の反撃に遭い、あえなく敗北し処刑された。
- Nobuyori gained MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo as a follower and succeeded in forcing Shinzei to commit suicide, but was himself defeated and executed when he was betrayed by the Nijo Shinsei group and counterattacked by Kiyomori.
- 平安時代の末に藤白鈴木氏から出た鈴木重家・亀井重清の兄弟は、源義経に郎党として仕え、陸奥国衣川 (岩手県)で主君を守って戦死した。
- At the end of the Heian period, Shigeie SUZUKI and his brother Shigekiyo KAMEI, who were from the Fujishiro Suzuki clan and served MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune as roto (a retainer), died in a battle in Koromogawa, Mutsu Province (Iwate Prefecture), protecting their master, Yoshitsune.
- 奈良や京都に近いこと、太平洋戦争の戦災や戦後の乱開発を免れたことなどから、社寺・城郭・伝統的景観などの歴史的観光資源も豊かである。
- Partly because Shiga is close to Nara and Kyoto, and partly because Shiga was saved from war damages of the World War II and the after-war overdevelopment, the prefecture is rich in historical sightseeing resources, including temples, shrines, castles and traditional landscapes.
- 2006年5月、林野庁はそうした花粉源に関する地図を作成し、影響の大きいところから優先的に植え替えなどの対策を推進することを表明。
- In May 2006, The Forestry Agency declared that it would produce a map of pollen sources and implement measures such as transplantation with priority to those areas that are most greatly affected.
- 一方、久保田藩は財政再建のための方策として鉱山開発に着目しており、安永2年(1773年)7月、源内を鉱山技術者として藩に招聘した。
- In the meantime, the Kubota clan, who were focused on mine development as a measure to reconstruct their finances, invited Gennai to be a mine engineer in August of 1773.
- また下町と呼ばれる範疇に含まれるものもあり、現代において在郷町を起源とする地区の中には、現代の下町と呼べるような庶民的な町も多い。
- Some Zaigomachi were categorized as Shitamachi (neighborhoods of merchants and artisans), and many of the districts originated from Zaigomachi in modern Japan were towns with such a friendly atmosphere that they can be called modern versions of Shitamachi.
- 9世紀前半に円仁が中国五台山 (中国)の念仏三昧法を比叡山に伝えており、源信_(僧侶)が『往生要集』を著して天台浄土教を大成した。
- In the first part of the ninth century, Ennin introduced the Nenbutsu Zanmai Ho (method of mental absorption in the Buddhist invocation) of Wutai Shan (in China) to Mt. Hiei and Genshin (priest) perfected Tendai Jodo sect by writing 'Ojoyoshu' (The Essentials of Salvation).
- 寿永2年(1183年)7月、源義仲に敗れた平家は京都からの撤退を余儀なくされ、徳子は安徳天皇とともに三種の神器を携えて都落ちした。
- In July 1183, the Taira clan, who lost the battle against MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, were forced to move out of the city, Tokuko escaped to the country with Emperor Antoku carrying the three sacred emblems of the Imperial Family.
- 近年、中世の河原者の居住地と、近世の被差別民の居住地が重なる例が京都や奈良を中心に報告され、部落の起源論争の大きな焦点となっている。
- Cases have been reported mainly in Kyoto and Nara, in which the domicile of the Kawaramono in the Medieval Period coincided with those who were discriminated in modern times, while reported cases focused on the controversy of the origin of Buraku (discriminated hamlet).
- これに対して家臣の比喜多源二・安木劉太郎らは同情して、明治政府を倒して明治天皇を京都へ連れ帰って攘夷を断行するべきであると進言した。
- His vassals including Genji HIKITA and Ryutaro YASUKI, sympathized with him, and offered to overthrow the Meiji government, bring the Emperor Meiji back to Kyoto and force the expulsion of the foreigners.
- 前九年の役はその大半の期間において安倍氏が優勢に戦いを進めていたが、最終局面で清原氏を味方に付けた源頼義が安倍氏を滅ぼして終わった。
- The Abe clan maintained superiority during the most time of the Zenkunen War; however, at the final stage, MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi won the Kiyohara clan over to his side and defeated the Abe clan, and thus the war ended.
- 新田氏本宗家は頼朝から門葉と認められず、公式の場での源姓を称することが許されず、官位も比較的低く、受領官に推挙されることもなかった。
- The head family of the Nitta clan was not recognized as a Monyo (blood line, lineage, connected by blood) by Yoritomo, was not allowed to use a family name of Minamoto in public, had a considerably low official court rank, and had not been recommended as a zuryokan.
- なお、この三河国吉良荘の吉良の語源は、荘園内に雲母(大和言葉で「きらら」)の鉱山を古くから有したためにつけられたものと言われている。
- Additionally, the origin of the word of kira as Kiranosho of Mikawa Province, is said to be derived from the word 'kirara' (in yamato-kotoba [words of Japanese origi]) which is mica, since the clan had a mica mine within its shoen from long time ago.
- このほか、院政期には藤原為房『撰集秘記』や源有仁の『叙位抄』『秋玉秘抄』など部門別儀式書や儀式分類記的な著作が編まれるようになった。
- Apart from them, books on rites according to department or those according to the categories of ritual, such as 'Senju-hiki' by FUJIWARA no Tamefusa, 'Joi-sho,' 'Shugyoku Hisho' by MINAMOTO no Arihito, were compiled during the Insei period.
- 後世に重んじられ、『公事根源集釈』(松下見林)・『公事根源愚考』(速水房常)・『公事根源新釈』(関根正直)等の注釈書が書かれている。
- The book was considered important in later generations, and annotations such as 'Kuji Kongen Shushaku' (annotation on Kuji Kongen) (Kenrin MATSUSHITA), 'Kuji Kongen Guko' (My thinking on Kuji Kongen) (Fusatsune HAYAMI), and 'Kuji Kongen Shinshaku' (New Interpretation of Kuji Kongen) (Masanao SEKINE) were written.
- 室町幕府は守護大名による連合政権であり、足利家の執事職を起源とする管領は鎌倉幕府の執権ほどは実権が無く、幕政は原則的に合議制であった。
- Muromachi Bakufu was a united government of Shugo daimyos, and the control originating from the chamberlain position of the Ashikaga clan did not have the actual power that the regents of Kamakura Bakufu had; consequently, government by bakufu was in principle conducted through a council system.
- 父系で見れば源氏だが、母系で見れば平氏、またはその逆という武将も少からずいて、去就に苦慮した者や、一族が2つに分かれて争った者もいる。
- Some warriors were Minamoto clan on the paternal side and Taira clan on the maternal side, or vice versa, and there were some who had a hard time deciding, and even families that split in two to fight each other.
- 頼信の孫・源義家が称された「武士之長者」(『中右記』)も同様の意味であり、義家の子孫(河内源氏)は特に「天下第一武勇之家」と呼ばれた。
- The term 'Bushi no choja' (leader of samurai families) used for Yorinobu's grandson MINAMOTO no Yoshiie ('Chuyuki' - diary of FUJIWARA no Munetada) had the same meaning and Yoshiie's descendant (Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan)) was specifically called 'Tenka daiichi buyu no ie' (a peerless family of bravery).
- また、現在黄砂の発生源となっている黄土高原は、250万年前から始まり200万年前から増えた、風送ダストによってできたと考えられている。
- It is considered that the Loess Plateau, which is a kosa producing place, was formed by wind-sent dust that started falling there 2.5 million years ago and whose amount increased starting 2 million years ago.
- 本朝月令(ほんちょうがつりょう/ほんちょうげつれい)は、平安時代中期における年中行事の起源や沿革、内容を纏めた現存最古の公事書である。
- Honcho Gatsuryo (or Honcho Getsurei) is the oldest remaining kuji-sho (a document about governmental operations and ceremonies) where, concerning annual events in the middle era of the Heian period, their origins, histories and contents are described.
- やがて、天皇は惟喬親王の立太子を条件に惟仁親王への譲位を図るが、惟喬親王の身に危機が及ぶ事を恐れた左大臣源信の諫言で取り止めとなった。
- Soon the Emperor tried to let Prince Korehito resign from his position as the crown prince, as he wanted Prince Koretaka to become the crown prince instead; however, Sadaijin MINAMOTO no Makoto, advised that it should be stopped since he was concerned about Prince Koretaka's safety.
- そのうち市町村民税等の自主財源は2004年に関西電力の火力発電所稼動にともない固定資産税が大幅に増加したことから54.1%まで上昇した。
- Within the budget, independent revenue sources such as the municipal inhabitant's tax increased to 54.1%, due to significant increases in fixed property taxes resulting from the start of operations of Kansai Electric Power thermal power plants in 2004.
- 1973年に大迫ダムが完成した際に温泉はダムに沈んだが、その後ボーリングによって源泉を掘り当て、山鳩湯旅館が営業を始めて温泉は復活した。
- The hot spring sank under water when the construction of Osako dam was completed in 1973, but the hot spring revived later in Yamabatoyu Ryokan Inn when the source was struck by boring.
- 他の日記には、女流作家による『成尋阿闍梨母集』(成尋阿闍梨母)、『讃岐典侍日記』(藤原長子)、男性による『厳島御幸記』(源通親)がある。
- Apart from Sarashina Nikki, 'Jojin Ajari no haha no shu' (A collection of poems by mother of Jojin Ajari) written by a female author (the mother of Jojin Ajari), 'Sanukinosuke Nikki' (the Diary of Sanukinosuke) (by FUJIWARA no Nagako), 'Takakurain in Itsukushima Gyoko ki' (The record of the visit of a retired Emperor Takakura to Itsukushima) (by a male author, MINAMOTO no Michichika) are famous examples as well.
- そして、1180年の源頼朝の挙兵以降、平家は高倉天皇の命として、公卿、受領から「兵士」を徴収、更に権門の諸荘園からも「兵士」を徴収する。
- As a result, the Taira family collected 'soldiers' from kugyo (court nobles), Zuryo, and various manors of an influential families under the command of Emperor Takakura after mobilization of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in 1180.
- 祠堂銭として集められた金銭を資金として寺院の内外に貸付を行い、その利息により寺院の管理・運営の維持を図ったり、社会事業の財源などとした。
- Using gathered Shidosen funds, monks engaged in moneylending both inside and outside of the temples, using the interest for social work in addition to continuously managing and maintaining the temples.
- また、幕府が罪人を捜査する「検断権」も大寺社内には及ばず、そのため源義経や後醍醐天皇など、戦乱に追われた人々の多くが寺社にかくまわれた。
- The right for the bakufu to investigate wanted people, called 'Kendanken,' could not be enforced within large temple grounds and therefore many people who were escaping the war such as MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and Emperor Godaigo sought protection under the temples.
- 特に、武士団の主要メンバーである源氏、平氏、藤原氏などを起源とする上級武士や朝廷、院など権門と密接に結びついた武士の起源を説明できない。
- In particular, the high-ranking bushi originating from the members of major bushi groups such as the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan and so on or the bushi who were closely linked with influential families such as the Imperial Court, the cloister government and so on can not be explained.
- シロッコは砂塵の混じった赤い雨を降らせたり、地中海に広く分布する赤土テラロッサの起源になっていると考えられており、黄砂との類似性がある。
- Scirocco resembles kosa in the following sense: It brings the falling of red rain that includes dust, and is considered contributing to the generation of terra rossa, the red clay distributed widely in the Mediterranean region.
- また清和源氏は摂関家の私兵として仕伺したり摂関家へ多大な成功_(任官)(じょうごう)を行うなど、摂関家の権勢維持に大きな役割を果たした。
- Furthermore, Seiwa-Genji, as the private force of the regent family, greatly helped the regent family maintain its political power by executing extensive jogo (ninkan) (granting official positions to individuals who offered their private financial assets to the Imperial Court).
- 特に、この時に交替した上総国・相模国では有力在庁の上総広常・三浦義明は平氏の目代に圧迫を受け、源頼朝の挙兵に積極的に加わる要因となった。
- Tsunehiro KAZUSA and Yoshiaki MIURA of the powerful government officers of the alternated Kazusa and Sagami Provinces, were pressurized by Mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) of Taira clan, and this became a trigger for them to greatly contribute to the mobilization of the army of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- とりわけ武士としては、源頼義の嫡男源義家と名乗り弟もそれぞれ源義綱、源義光等と名乗っているように平安時代には既に武士階級に広まっている。
- In the samurai (warrior) class in particular, Haikomei had already spread in the Heian period, as seen by examples such as the legitimate son of MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi taking the name MINAMOTO no Yoshiie and his younger brothers taking the names MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna and MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu.
- 尚、以仁王自身はこの戦いで殺害されたが、皇族殺害の汚名をおそれた平清盛の計略により、死後強制的に源氏を賜与されて名も「源以光」とされた。
- After Prince Mochihito was killed in this battle, the TAIRA no Kiyomori were concerned with having a bad reputation from killing a member of the Imperial family, Kiyomori made a plan and the Prince was given the name of the Genji clan compulsory after he died, and was called 'MINAMOTO no Mochimitsu.'
- 寿永2年(1183年)、平氏が源義仲の軍に京都から追い出された為、平氏とともに西走した安徳天皇の代わりに新たな帝を立てる必要が出てきた。
- When the Taira clan was pushed out of Kyoto by the force of MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (1183), Emperor Antoku escaped to the west with the Taira clan and a new Emperor was needed.
- 源氏との戦いに敗れた平維盛が密かに逃亡の道としたとする言い伝えがあり、それにちなむ史跡があったほか、平という集落には維盛の落人伝説がある。
- There is a legend that TAIRA no Koremori was defeated by Genji (the Minamoto clan) and ran away secretly using this road, and once there had been a historic site associated with the legend; in a village 'Taira,' there still remains a legend that Koremori ran away to the village.
- 範頼は謀叛の疑いで伊豆の修善寺にて攻撃され自害するが、その次男の源範圓・三男源昭が外曾祖母 比企禅尼から、武蔵国横見郡吉見庄を分与された。
- Although Yorinori committed suicide when attacked at the Shuzen-ji temple in Izu on suspicion of organizing a rebellion, Yoshiminosho, Yoshimi District, Musashi Province was distributed to his second son MINAMOTO no Yorien and third son MINAMOTO no Akira by their maternal great-grandmother Hiki Zenni.
- 康平6年(1063年)源頼義は由比郷鶴岡(鎌倉市材木座)に「鶴岡若宮」として、河内源氏の氏神である河内国石川郡壷井の壷井八幡宮を勧請した。
- In 1063, MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi called on a deity of Tsuboi Hachiman-gu Shrine of Tsuboi, Ishikawa Country, Kawachi Province--ujigami (a guardian god or spirit of a particular place in the Shinto religion) for Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan)--to make a branch shrine at Yuigo Tsurugaoka (Zaimokuza, Kamakura City) as 'Tsurugaoka-wakamiya Shrine.'
- まず会所の建物そのものの性格からいえば、平安時代、寝殿造りの建築にあった来客と主人が対面するところ、客亭(出居)が、その起源にあげられる。
- From the characteristic of the kaisho building itself, the origin is said to be the Kakutei (lodging) (Idei (guest room or the bedroom of the owner)), where the guest and master of the house met within the shinden zukuri (architecture representative of a residence of a nobleman in the Heian period).
- 承和 (日本)3年(836年)に勅旨田になった690町が起源で、長和4年(1015年)以前に立荘、皇室領として歴代天皇・上皇に相伝された。
- Kanzaki Manor originated from a 690-cho (approximately 75,272 square meters) area that became a chokushiden (imperial territory) in the year 836 before becoming a manor in 1015 and going on to be inherited by successive emperors and retired emperors.
- 文治元年(1185年)に源頼朝が守護・地頭の設置求めて文治の勅許を受けると、同時に荘園・国衙領の田1段から兵粮米5升を徴収する権利を得た。
- In 1185 (the first year of the Bunji era), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, seeking to establish a system of Shugo (provincial constable) and jito (manager and lord of manor), was granted the Bunji Imperial Sanction to do so, simultaneously obtaining the authority to collect five sho (measures) of rice, for the purpose of supplying troops, from each tan (section) of each rice paddy on shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) alike.
- In1185, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo asked the Imperial Court for permission to place Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) and got the Bunji imperial sanction, and at the same time, he also gained a right to collect five sho (about 9 liter) of military provisions of rice from every one tan (an old unit showing the area of land of 300 tsubo; 991.7 square meters) of rice paddy of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- これに対して時平や大納言源光 (公卿)ら上級貴族のみならず、藤原清貫・藤原菅根・三善清行ら中下級貴族を含めた激しい反発があったともいわれる。
- These efforts by Uda resulted in a strong backlash which was not limited only to high-ranking aristocrats like Tokihira and the Dainagon (chief councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Hikaru (a court noble) but extended to middle- and lower-ranking nobles like FUJIWARA no Kiyotsura, FUJIWARA no Sugane, and Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI as well.
- 丹波国との国境の大枝には酒呑童子の鬼が居たと言われ(但し、この大江は大江町であると言う説もある)、源頼光によって討伐されたという伝説がある。
- A demon called Shuten-doji is said to have lived in Oe on the border with Tanba Province although some believe the Oe indicated a different location of Oe-cho; according to a legend, Shuten-doji was subdued by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu.
- その一方で、いわゆる公家法が形成されるようになると、明法家の法解釈や明法勘文が法源とされ、明法博士などの明法家が院評定に参加するようになる。
- On the other hand, after so called Kugeho (law of court nobles' society) was established, Myoho experts including the doctors of Myoho participated in the council because the law was based on the low interpretations of Myoho experts and Myobokanmon.
- 1203年、重病に陥った頼家は、外祖父時政の手により伊豆の修善寺へ幽閉され、弟の源実朝が次の鎌倉殿・将軍位に就くと、翌1204年に死亡した。
- In 1203 Yoriie became seriously ill, was confined to Shuzen-ji Temple in Izu province by his maternal grandfather Tokimasa and died in 1204, the year after his younger brother MINAMOTO no Sanetomo assumed the position of Kamakura-dono/shogun.
- 更に高明没後にも後一条天皇の時代に整理・加筆された(源経頼説がある)部分があり、内容・構成が違う3種類以上の系統の本があったとみられている。
- Moreover, there are parts that were improved (by MINAMOTO no Tsuneyori, according to a theory) after the death of Takaakira during the reign of the Emperor Goichijo, and it is considered that there were more than three lines of books with different contents and organizations.
- 11世紀ごろに武家の棟梁と呼ぶべき指導的な武士(例えば源頼信など)が登場すると、多数の武士が棟梁と主従関係を結んで、棟梁の郎党となっている。
- Around the eleventh century, as leading samurai like MINAMOTO no Yorinobu who should be called toryo (a leader) appeared, many samurai connected master to servant relationships with toryo and become roto for the toryo.
- 軍事貴族の中でも、高位の四位に任じられた清和源氏と桓武平氏は、この時代新たに登場した武士層の棟梁、すなわち武家の棟梁と呼びうる存在であった。
- Among the military nobles, Seiwa Genji (the Minamoto clan) and Kanmu Heishi (the Taira clan), who were endowed with the high Shii (Fourth Rank), stood out as the chieftains of the warrior class, namely Buke no toryo (the leader of samurai families), that newly emerged in this period.
- 京都では、外祖父である源通親が別当として権力を掌握し、鎌倉では、1199年に源頼朝が亡くなり、事実上北条時政による御家人政治が行われていた。
- In Kyoto, the Emperor's maternal grandfather, MINAMOTO no Michichika had political power as a Betto, in Kamakura after MINAMOTO no Yoritomo died in 1199, Tokimasa HOJO took the actual political control for Gokenin, where the Shogun has political power and the Samurai pledge their loyalty to the Shogun.
- だが、寿永3年(1184年)2月の一ノ谷の戦いで源頼朝の弟の源範頼・源義経に大敗を喫し、一門の多くを失い、兄の平重衡も捕らえられてしまった。
- However in February in 1184, they lost the Battle of Ichinotani against MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's younger brothers, MINAMOTO no Noriyori, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, they lost many members of the clan, and the older brother, TAIRA no Shigehira was caught by the MINAMOTO clan.
- その先駆けとなったのが、明治2年12月1日(1870年1月2日)に長州藩で発生した大楽源太郎に率いられた奇兵隊などによる「脱隊騒動」であった。
- The spearhead of the movement was 'Dattai Sodo (a riot of dropouts from armies)' which originated in the Kiheitai Army led by Gentaro DAIRAKU and others in the domain of Choshu on January 2, 1870.
- 今日各地方の特産物と呼ばれるものは室町時代が起源であるものも多く、京都の西陣では明から輸入した生糸を利用して高級織物である西陣織がつくられた。
- Many of the products considered specialties of specific prefectures today have their origins in the Muromachi period, including Nishijin silks, luxury items that were made in the Nishijin district of Kyoto from raw silk imported from Ming China.
- 源高明は村上天皇からの信任篤く、また皇后安子の父で右大臣だった藤原師輔の娘を妻として親交があったが、両人とも既に亡く、宮中で孤立しつつあった。
- MINAMOTO no Takaakira was deeply trusted by Emperor Murakami, and he also had close relations with Udaijin FUJIWARA no Morosuke, the father of Empress Anshi whose daughter he married, both Emperor Murakami and FUJIWARA no Morosuke had already passed away and he was becoming isolated in the Imperial Court.
- 平家滅亡により源氏の勢力が強くなった事、奥州に深く関わっていた義経が頼朝と対立した事などにより中立を維持できなくなった事が滅亡の原因となった。
- The causes of the downfall of the Oshu Fujiwara clan were that the Minamoto clan strengthened its power through the downfall of the Taira clan, and that it failed to maintain its neutrality because Yoshitune, who had had a close relation with the clan, became opposed to Yoritomo.
- 1180年(治承4年)、伊豆国に流罪となっていた義朝の子源頼朝、木曽では義賢の子源義仲らが京都の平氏政権に対して挙兵し、治承・寿永の乱となる。
- In 1180, Yoshitomo's child, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who had been exiled in Izu Province, and Yoshikata's child, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, etc. in Kiso raised armies against the Taira clan government in Kyoto, which led to the Jisho-Juei War.
- 1863年(文久3年)8月17日(旧暦)、天誅組が五條代官所を襲撃、代官鈴木源内を殺害し倒幕運動の烽火を上げたことでも知られる(天誅組の変)。
- It is also known for an incident where tenchu-gumi (royalist party to inflict punishment) assaulted the Gojo daikansho and killed the daikan (local governor), Gennai SUZUKI on September 29, 1863, which lighted a signal fire of the movement to overthrow the Shogunate (Tenchu-gumi incident).
- 「武門之棟梁」は単一人とは限らなかったが、特に名声が高かったのは桓武平氏の平維時・平維衡・平致頼や清和源氏の源満仲・源頼光・源頼信らであった。
- Though 'Bumon no toryo' was not necessarily a single person, persons who had a particularly good reputation were TAIRA no Koretoki, TAIRA no Korehira and TAIRA no Muneyori of Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu and MINAMOTO no Yorinobu of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 『吾妻鏡』には書かれていない相馬御厨での経緯を見れば、特に千葉常胤にとって、源義朝は「御恩」を感じるような相手ではなかったことは明らかである。
- By looking at the progress of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) not written in 'Azuma Kagami,' Tsunetate CHIBA was especially not the person whom MINAMOTO no Yoritomo felt 'indebted' to.
- 『鎌倉持氏記』は前者の代表で、かつ永享の乱・結城合戦を描くすべての軍記の源流になったことが梶原やその後の佐藤陸の研究でほぼ確定的となっている。
- 'Kamakura Mochiuji ki' is an example of the first type, and it has become almost definite from the research of Kajiwara and later Riku SATO, that it was the basis of all military records that depict the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle.
- 『今鏡』には藤原師実や源雅実の邸宅の納殿が登場し、『吾妻鏡』(安貞元年6月17日条)にも征夷大将軍の御所に納殿が造営された記事が存在している。
- According to 'Imakagami,' Osamedono existed at the residence of FUJIWARA no Morozane and MINAMOTO no Masazane and according to 'Azumakagami' (dated June 17th of the first year of Antei era), Osamedono was constructed at the residence of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- この地位は河内源氏宗家断絶後も歴代征夷大将軍に継承され、承久の乱などの内乱や御家人の不祥事などで没収された所領や所職を接収して拡大していった。
- Even after the whole family line of the Kawachi Genji was destroyed, the position was taken over by the successive seii taishogun (barbarian-subduing generalissimo), which expanded its power by taking over the shoryo and various shiki (the right to use land and to share in the products of the land) which were confiscated in disturbances such as the Jokyu no ran (Jokyu disturbance; 1221) and in times of crisis and rebellion of gokenin.
- 『日本三代実録』の序文によれば、本書の編纂は宇多天皇が、源能有、藤原時平、菅原道真、大蔵善行、三統理平に詔して編纂を命じたことにより始まった。
- According to the preface of 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku,' Emperor Uda ordered MINAMOTO no Yoshiari, FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane, OKURA no Yoshiyuki, and MIMUNE no Masahira to compile the text.
- だが、兼通の上位には左大臣源兼明と右大臣藤原頼忠(後の関白)がおり、兼通はその次の席次であった上に、兼明は一上として太政官の実権を掌握していた。
- However, MINAMOTO no Kaneakira, the minister of the left, and FUJIWARA no Yoritada, the minister of the right (later a chancellor), has ranks higher than Kanemichi, and Kaneakira secured the real power of the Great Council of State as ichinokami (the ranking Council Member).
- 後白河院政期には、平治の乱と平清盛政権の登場およびその崩壊、治承・寿永の内乱の勃発、源頼朝の鎌倉幕府成立など、武士が一気に台頭する時代となった。
- The period of insei by Goshirakawa was the age in which the samurai quickly rose to power, as can be seen in the Heiji Rebellion, the entry and fall of the government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, the occurrence of Jisho Jyuei Rebellion and the establishment of Kamakura Bakufu by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, etc.
- 隆直は翌年平貞能追討軍に降伏し、以後、平家の家人として源平合戦に従軍したものの、壇ノ浦の戦いにおよんで源氏清和源氏方に寝返り御家人に名を連ねた。
- The following year, Takanao surrendered the army of TAIRA no Sadayoshi which was for searching and killing him, and he took part in the Genpei War as a retainer of the Taira family, but during the Battle of Dannoura, he changed sides to the Seiwa Genji of the Minamoto clan and became its gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo Periods).
- 福知山は山々に囲まれているため、由良川、土師川、牧川などの川の水資源が比較的豊富で福知山市の水道代は近畿の194ある市町村の中で20番目に安い。
- As Fukuchiyama is surrounded by mountains, water resources from rivers such as the Yura-gawa River, Haze-gawa River and Maki-gawa River are comparatively rich, with the cost of water for Fukuchiyama City being among the twentieth cheapest among 194 municipalities in Kinki.
- 院政期に入ると、永久 (元号)3年(1115年)に源俊頼によって『俊頼髄脳』、保元3年(1158年)に藤原清輔によって『袋草紙』が書かれている。
- In the Insei period, 'Toshiyori Zuino' (Toshiyori's Poetic Essentials) was written by MINAMOTO no Toshiyori in 1115, and 'Fukuro zoshi' (Book of Folded Pages) was written by FUJIWARA no Kiyosuke in 1158.
- 治承・寿永の乱によって源頼朝が鎌倉殿となり鎌倉幕府を開くと、鎌倉殿に臣従した武士である御家人をこれまでの郡司、郷司、荘官に代えて地頭に任命した。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) as a result of the Jisho-Juei War and established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), shogunal retainers (of the Kamakura bakufu) who were samurai serving kamakura-dono were substituted for the old gunji, goji, shokan and appointed to jito (manager and lord of manor).
- 武芸の実務、技能官人たる武士もこの両身分にまたがっており、在京の清和源氏や桓武平氏などの軍事貴族が諸大夫身分、大多数の在地武士が侍身分であった。
- Technical officers who did the practical work of military art were divided into these two statuses and the military aristocracies such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and so on, who were staying in Kyoto, were in the shodaibu status and the majority of local bushi were in the samurai status.
- 上横手は、頼朝の対朝廷外交の主眼は、頼朝が源氏の嫡宗であること、そして唯一の武家棟梁であることの2点を朝廷に公認させることだったと指摘している。
- UWAYOKOTE points out that the main purpose of Yoritomo's diplomacy towards the Imperial Court was to have it approve that Yoritomo had the official family lineage to succeed the Minamoto clan and that he was the only head of the samurai (warrior) families.
- やがて源平争乱を経て鎌倉幕府が成立、承久の乱で後鳥羽天皇を流刑に処するに至ると、朝廷ではいよいよ崇徳の祟りが起こったと恐れたと言う(御霊信仰)。
- Soon after that Taira-Minamoto War occurred, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established, Emperor Gotoba was sentenced to deportation after The Jokyu War, the Imperial Palace feared the wrath of Sutoku's. (Goryo Shinko)
- 元慶7年(883年)には宮中で自身の乳母であった紀全子(きのまたこ)の子、源益(みなもとのすすむ)を殴殺する事件を起こし、譲位を余儀なくされる。
- In 883, Emperor Yozei beat MINAMOTO no Susumu, the son of his wet nurse, KI no Matako, to death and was forced to abdicate the throne.
- 征夷大将軍源実朝が暗殺された直後、鎌倉幕府から親王を次期将軍に迎えたいとする要請が出されるが、鎌倉幕府打倒を決意していた後鳥羽上皇に拒絶される。
- The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) made a request of inviting the Imperial Prince as the next Shogun immediately after the assassination of Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, but the retired Emperor Gotoba, who decided to defeat the Kamakura bakufu, rejected the request.
- 源 光(みなもと の ひかる、承和 12年6月2日 (845年7月9日) - 延喜13年3月12日 (913年4月21日))は、平安時代の公卿。
- MINAMOTO no Hikaru (July 9, 845 - April 21, 913) was a court noble who lived in the Heian period.
- 菊池氏は、伝統的に源平勢力と一定の距離を保ち在地勢力の勇としての意地を見せてきたが、鎌倉幕府に衰えが見られるようになると朝廷とのつながりを深めた。
- The Kikuchi clan, who was originally keeping a certain distance between the powers of Minamoto clan and the Taira clan, showing its spirit as a leading local potentials, however, as the Kamakura bakufu's decline became visible, the clan strengthened the relation with the Imperial Court.
- その起源は『続日本紀』延暦4年12月23日 (旧暦)条に故遠江国国史菅原古人の子である菅原清公・菅原清綱ら4名に学問料を給付したこととされている。
- Based on the records in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) dated on twenty-third day, twelfth month of the fourth year of Enryaku era (old calendar), its origin is believed to be fact that four persons including SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, and SUGAWARA no Kiyotsuna, both were the sons of the late provincial governor of Totomi Province SUGAWARA no Furuhito, were granted Gakumonryo.
- 本書の執筆年代は不明であるが、動機の1つとして安和の変の際にともに大宰府に送られた息子源俊賢に有職故実を伝授するために執筆されたとする見方もある。
- It is not known when the book was written, but some people say that one of the motivations to write it was to initiate Yusoku kojitsu to his son MINAMOTO no Toshikata who had been sent to Dazai-fu with him during the Anwa Incident.
- 『公事根源』には『年中行事歌合』から引用されたと見られる記述も見られるものの、『江家次第』や『建武年中行事』が出典と考えられる記述も存在している。
- While some descriptions seem to have been cited from 'Nenjugyoji Utaawase' are seen in 'Kuji kongen,' there also exist descriptions whose authority are considered to be 'Koke Shidai' and 'Kenmu Nenjugyoji.'
- 他に、頼政等摂津源氏は鳥羽上皇直系の近衛天皇、二条天皇に仕える大内守護の任にあったことから、別系統の高倉・安徳天皇の即位に反発したという説もある。
- Another theory holds that as Yorimasa and the rest of the Settsu Genji had served Emperors Konoe and Nijo, who were directly descended from retired emperor Toba, in the capacity of Protector of the Interior, they were bound to oppose the enthronement of Takakura and Antoku, who were from a different imperial lineage.
- 10世紀から11世紀にかけて、各地に「堪武芸之輩」・「武勇之人」と呼ばれる人々が現れて武門の源流となり、それを統率する人物を「武門之棟梁」と称した。
- In the tenth to the eleventh century, people called 'tanbugei no hai'/'buyu no hito' (a person excelled in military art) became the origin of samurai families and a person who led such families was called 'Bumon no toryo.'
- さらに、源義朝に至っては東国に下り鎌倉・上総・下総などを本拠として活動していた時期が長く、その後も京都にとどまり河内国の領地との関係が希薄であった。
- Further, since MINOMOTO no Yoshitomo moved to Togoku (the eastern region of Japan) and was active in such provinces as Kamakura, Kazusa, and Shimousa as his stronghold for a long time, and later, he kept staying in Kyoto and had little connection with the manor of Kawachi Province.
- しかし時代が進むにつれ、天皇と濃密な姻戚関係を結んだ藤原氏一族のほか、源氏、橘氏、清原氏、菅原氏といった新興氏族が急速に上流貴族階層を占めていった。
- However as time went by, new clans including the Minamoto clan, the Tachibana clan, the Kiyohara clan, the Sugawara clan as well as the Fujiwara clan who established a deep matrimonial relation with the Emperor, started to rapidly occupy the upper noble class.
- しかしながら、1960年代に戸田芳実や石井進 (歴史学者)らによる国衙機構に関する研究が進展すると、武士の起源武装農民説はもはや成立し得なくなった。
- However, as research about the kokuga system was advanced by Yoshimi TODA and Susumu ISHII (each of them a historian) in the 1960s, it became impossible to consider that samurai originated in armed farmers.
- しかし、源五兵衛の特異なキャラクターを演じる俳優がいないのと、キャストが揃わないと効果が上がらないなどの理由で、名作の割には上演回数が極端に少ない。
- The play is not put on stage as often as a masterpiece should because there are not enough actors who can play the unique character of Gengobei and because the play does not meet its potential unless the most suitable actors are there to play the various roles.
- 菱沼一憲(国立歴史民俗博物館科研協力員)は著書『源義経の合戦と戦略 その伝説と実像』(角川選書、2005年)で、この合戦について以下の説を述べている。
- In 2005, as part of the Kadokawa anthology, Kazunori HISHINUMA (a researcher at Japan's National Museum of Japanese History) published a book entitled 'MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's Battles and Strategies: the Legends and the Real Account;' in it, he advances the following theory.
- 最終的には、反乱勢力同士の対立がありつつも平氏政権の崩壊により源頼朝を中心とした主に坂東平氏から構成される関東政権(鎌倉幕府)の樹立という結果に至る。
- In the end, although there were divisions among the rebel forces, the destruction of the Taira clan government led to the establishment of the Kanto government (Kamakura bakufu) which mainly consisted of the Bando-Taira clan led by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- そして、平知盛・平重衡率いる平氏の大軍によって、同年5月に宇治の平等院で源頼政一族は敗死することになるが、この挙兵が後6年間にわたる内乱の契機となる。
- Therefore, the large force of Taira clan troops led by TAIRA no Tomomori and TAIRA no Shigehira destroyed MINAMOTO no Yorimasa's family at Byodo-in Temple in Uji in May of that year, and this became the start of an internal rebellion that lasted for 6 years.
- 天皇家の御厨は畿内近国に限られており、特権を獲得した供御人やその統括者は渡辺党がその典型であるように西日本における武士の淵源となったとする見解もある。
- The mikuriya of the Imperial Family were limited to Kinai (the five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto) and provinces nearby, and there is the opinion that Kugonin and their leaders were the origin of warriors in western Japan including the Watanabe-to seen as a typical model for them.
- 頼朝の挙兵と同時期の治承4年(1180年)9月、信濃国の源義仲(木曾義仲)が挙兵し1181年6月横田河原の戦いで勝利を収め、信濃から越後国を席巻した。
- At the same time as Yoritomo raised his forces, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO) of Shinano Province raised forces in September 1180, and won the Battle of Yokotagawara in June 1181 and controlled the area from Shinano to Echigo Province.
- 大蔵館跡(埼玉県指定文化財一覧。平安時代末期の武将源義賢の居館とされているが、発掘調査の結果南北朝時代 (日本)の遺構であると判明。真の館の主は不明)
- Site of Okura-yakata (listed in the designated cultural properties of Saitama Prefecture; this was believed to be the residence of MINAMOTO no Yoshikata who was a warlord living during the late Heian period, but the result of survey by excavation clarified that the remains were from the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); the actual owner of the residence has yet to be identified.)
- 社会が変貌するなかで、貴族はもはや自己の現実生活のなかから題材をみいだすことが難しくなり、『源氏物語』ののちは創作物語にはこれをしのぐものがなかった。
- When society was in process of change, it became difficult for court nobles to find a subject from their daily life, and that's why no other fictionalized stories surpassed the 'Tale of Genji.'
- その後の源平の争乱時にも、彼らは国衙を、或いは荘園を通じ、公権に基づき動員される場合には「駆武者」(かりむしゃ)と呼ばれ、戦闘の中核部隊ではなかった。
- Even during the later the Genpei War, they negotiated through either Kokuga or shoen (manor in medieval Japan), called as 'Karimusha' when mobilized due to civil rights, and were not a central fighting force of a battle.
- 古ゲルマン人社会の従士制度(軍事的奉仕)と、ローマ帝国末期の恩貸地制度(土地の保護)に起源を見いだし、これらが結びつき成立したと説明されることが多い。
- The retainer system (military duties) in the ancient German society and the land loan system (land protection) in the later Roman Empire are often seen as the origin, and it is often explained that the two systems were combined to form feudalism.
- 12世紀末の治承・寿永の内乱(源平合戦)を経て、初期鎌倉幕府政権は、国追捕使の権限を継承した惣追捕使を各国に設置することについて、朝廷から承認を得た。
- After the Jisho-Juei Civil War (the Genpei War) towards the end of the 12th century, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) at its initial stage gained the approval of the Imperial Court to establish Sotsuibushi (government post in charge of police and military roles), inheriting the rights of koku-tsuibushi, in each province.
- 幕府および鎌倉殿(源頼朝)が、朝廷に対し武力面で奉仕すると約束し、その見返りとして朝廷が、幕府および鎌倉殿の軍事警察権などを公認したことの反映である。
- This reflected the fact that the bakufu and Kamakura-dono (MINAMOTO no Yoritomo) promised to serve the Imperial Court with their military power and the Imperial Court officially approved the military-police authority of the bakufu and Kamakura-dono in return.
- こうして成立した年貢は、その後の中世・近世を通じて、支配層の主要な財源として位置づけられ、被支配層にとっては年貢を負担する義務が課され続けたのである。
- Through the medieval period and early-modern times, the nengu was the principal financial resource for the ruling class, which the ordinary population continued to bear its burden.
- 平氏の知行国も平家貞が筑後守、藤原能盛が壱岐守・安芸守、源為長が紀伊守となるなど、一門だけでなく郎等にも及びその経済基盤も他から抜きん出たものとなった。
- And the power of the Taira clan was even greater still when one factors in the economic base they had to draw upon over and above the ample resources of the immediate family, the chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) they controlled indirectly through their retainers, including TAIRA no Iesada's appointment as governor of Chikugo Province, FUJIWARA no Yoshimori as governor of both Iki and Aki, and MINAMOTO no Tamenaga as governor of Iyo Province.
- 頼朝とその子らの源家は三代で滅びるが、御家人であった北条氏は、摂家から藤原頼経を迎えて将軍へと就任させ以後「宮将軍」を続け、自身は執権として政権を握る。
- Although Yoritomo and his children in the Minamoto family perished in three generations, the Hojo clan, which was gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), took FUJIWARA no Yoritsune from Sekke (line of regents and advisers) and give him the position of Shogun, and thus maintaining the position of miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) and gained administrative power as a regent to the shogunate.
- 観応の擾乱によって幕府官僚の分裂・離反が生じた事から、2代将軍足利義詮が崩壊した評定衆・引付衆に代わる合議体として恩賞方にて開いたのが起源とされている。
- When bakufu officials were factionalized and declared secession in the Kanno Disturbance, the second shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA held a consultation in Onshokata (office to do desk work concerning the Onsho award) with a consultative body replacing the collapsed hyojoshu and hikitsukeshu, which was regarded as the origin of gozen-sata.
- 現在の日本で、人口十万以上の都市の半分以上は城下町を起源とするが、大火や戦災、開発などで姿が変わり、往時を偲ぶことのできる城下町は少なくなってきている。
- Currently in Japan, half of the cities with over 100,000 in population were originally jokamachi, but with large fires, war, and development, they have changed so much that it is rare to find jokamachi that reflect what they looked like in the past.
- 長講堂は後白河天皇の院御所である六条殿(ろくじょうどの)内に建立された持仏堂を起源とする、法華長講弥陀三昧堂(ほっけちょうこうみださんまいどう)の略称。
- Chokodo is the abbreviation of 'Hokke Choko Mida Sanmaido,' which originated from the jibutsu-do hall (the nobility's private Buddha statue hall) and constructed at Rokujodono, Emperor Goshirakawa's in no gosho (retired Emperor's court).
- これは平安時代の政権が律令に基づいて死刑として処罰した数少ない事例であり、これ以降1156年の保元の乱で源為義が死刑執行されるまで約350年間一件も無い。
- This was one of the rare cases where a government of the Heian period executed someone based on ritsuryo, and after this, the death penalty was not used for about 350 years until the execution of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, which was carried out during the Hogen Disturbance in 1156.
- 武蔵介源経基が将門の行動を謀反と京へ報告したとき、武蔵国の群盗追捕に動員されたのは、小野牧別当小野諸興、石田・阿久原牧も併せた秩父牧別当藤原惟条であった。
- When MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, who had the title of Musashi no suke (vice governor of Musashi Province), reported the actions of Masakado as treason to Kyoto, Morooki ONO with the title of Ononomaki betto (Chief officer of the Onono Farm), FUJIWARA no Korenaga, who had the title of Chichibunomaki betto (Chief of Chichibuno Farm) and owned the Ishida Farm and Akuhara Farm were those that mobilized to chase and capture a gang of robbers in Musashi Province.
- 記録上に残る最古の座は青蓮院を本所とする八瀬里座で杣伐夫や駕輿丁によって構成されて青蓮院の本山である延暦寺や朝廷に奉仕を行い、後の八瀬童子の源流となった。
- The oldest za on record was the Yaseri-za (written as 八瀬里座 in Japanese), which was under the control of the Shoren-in Temple and comprised of fellers and palanquin bearers, and the Yaseri-za offered services to the Enryaku-ji Temple, which was the head temple of the sect that the Shoren-in Temple belonged to, and the Imperial Court.It eventually became the origin of the later Yase-doji (palanquin bearers for an emperor in Yase).
- 更に745年の国司の給与の財源として公廨稲が正税から分離されて、出挙の運用原資として用いられるようになった事で出挙と国司の収入が直接関係するようになった。
- In addition, regarded as financial resources for provincial governors' salary, Kugaito (local source of revenue) was separated from Shozei in 745 and used as the fund for managing Suiko, which created a direct relationship between the income through Suiko and the provincial governors' salary.
- しかし、公出挙であれば、繁雑な事務を行わなくとも多額の収入を確保することができたので、地方機関の多くは百姓に対する強制的な公出挙を行い財源としたのである。
- On the other hand, Ku-Suiko enabled local administrative organizations to secure a large sum of income without troublesome clerical work; therefore, many of those organizations implemented forcible Ku-Suiko, exploiting peasants for acquiring financial resources.
- この以仁王の挙兵は準備不足もあって短期間で鎮圧され、以仁王と頼政は敗死するが、以仁王が発した令旨に諸国の源氏や大寺社が呼応して、治承・寿永の乱に突入する。
- The Army raised by Prince Mochihito was not very organized and was suppressed in short time, although Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa died, the Prince's Highness' address called for other Minamoto clan and large temples and shrines, the battle continued to become The Battle of Jisho and Juei.
- 同7年(1196年)、源通親の娘に皇子が産まれた事で政変が起こり、九条兼実の勢力は朝廷から一掃され、兼実の娘・九条任子も中宮の位を奪われ宮中から追われた。
- In 1196, after MINAMOTO no Michichika's daughter had a son, it caused a political change and Kanezane KUJO's people were forced to leave the Imperial Palace; even his daughter, Ninshi KUJO, lost her position as the second consort of the Emperor and had to leave.
- 父・後三条天皇は、傍流とはいえ藤原北家の血を引く長男の貞仁親王(白河天皇)よりも同家と外戚関係を有しない源基子との子供に皇位継承候補者として期待をかけた。
- His father Emperor Gosanjo expected a son with MINAMOTO no Motoko who had no maternal relation with the Fujiwara family as the successor of the throne rather than his elder other Imperial Prince Sadahito (later became Emperor Shirakawa) who had a collateral line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- His father Emperor Gosanjo expected that a son born to him and MINAMOTO no Kishi (Motoko), who was not a maternal relative of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, would be the promising imperial heir rather than his eldest son Imperial Prince Sadahito (who would later become Emperor Shirakawa), who was a descendant from a branch of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- 宇多天皇は、891年(寛平3年)の関白藤原基経の死後摂関を置かず、源能有を事実上の首班として藤原時平と菅原道真、平季長等の近臣を重用し各種政治改革を行った。
- Emperor Uda did not appoint Sekkan (regents and advisers) after the death of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Mototsune in 891, and carried out various political reforms using MINAMOTO no Yoshiari as a virtual leader, promoting trusted vassals such as FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane, and TAIRA no Suenaga.
- 平氏の都落ち後、六波羅の地は源頼朝に与えられ、京都守護となった北条時政が京都守護の庁舎を置き(後、一族の北条時定が駐留する)、頼朝や御家人の宿舎が築かれた。
- After the Taira clan was exiled from Kyoto, Rokuhara was given to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and Tokimasa HOJO, who became Kyoto shugo, built buildings there for Kyoto shugo (where Tokisada HOJO of the Hojo clan were later stationed) and residents of Yoritomo and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo period).
- こうした風習は民間にも広まり、年始に親類縁者や友人知人を招いて馳走することを「椀飯振舞」「節振舞」と呼び、これが転じて「大盤振舞」という言葉の語源となった。
- Such customs spread to the public and the act of inviting relatives and friends at the beginning of the year was called 'Oban burumai,' 'Sechi burumai,' and this is said to be the origin of 'Oban burumai (being generous).'
- 奈良時代から漸次的に進んでいた文化の日本化が国風文化として結実し、平仮名・片仮名の使用が開始し、『源氏物語』・『枕草子』に代表される物語文学などが花開いた。
- The Japanization of culture that had gradually advanced from the Nara period produced a Japanese-style culture, using hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (another set of Japanese syllabary characters) started and narrative literature, typical examples being 'The Tale of Genji' and 'Makura no soshi' (the Pillow Book), flourished.
- 後三条は、宇多天皇以来藤原北家(後三条天皇)を外戚に持たない170年ぶりの天皇であり、外戚の地位を権力の源泉としていた摂関政治がここに揺らぎ始めることとなる。
- Gosanjo was the first Emperor in 170 years whose cognates were not from the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan (Sekkan-ke (摂関家)), and this was another sign that Sekkan seiji, the authority of which was based on the position as being conducted by cognates of the Emperor, was beginning to waver.
- 保元元年(1156年)7月6日 (旧暦)、宇治市の警護にあたっていた平基盛(清盛の次男)が、上皇方に参陣しようとしていた大和源氏の源親治(宇野親治)を捕える。
- On July 31, 1156, TAIRA no Motomori, the second son of Kiyomori, on the task of guarding Uji City, apprehended MINAMOTO no Chikaharu (Chikaharu UNO) of the Yamato-Genji, who was to join the retired emperor's side.
- その後の合戦の経過について貴族の日記による記録はないが、『源平盛衰記』によると、伊勢国滝野の城に立てこもる100騎ほどの信兼軍が激戦の末、討ち取られたという。
- There is no record in the diaries written by nobles about the subsequent course of the battle, but according to 'Genpei Seisui Ki' (Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira clans), after a fierce battle, about 100 horsemen on the Nobukane side that holed up in the castle of Takino, Ise Province were defeated and killed.
- 平安時代中期以降の太上天皇や法皇、皇族の所領となった院宮御分国、源頼朝の知行国である関東御分国、南北朝時代 (日本)以降の守護大名の知行した領国などが当たる。
- Starting in the mid-Heian period, 'Bunkoku' also appears in the term 'ingu gobunkoku,' which refers to the province-sized territories controlled by the Retired Emperors, the Cloistered Emperors, and the Imperial Family, as well as in the term 'kanto gobunkoku,' referring to the bloc of provinces MINAMOTO no Yoritomo controlled in the Kanto (eastern Japan); starting in the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), 'bunkoku' was additionally used to describe the provinces controlled as feudal domains by the shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords).
- 治承4年(1180年)4月、源頼政と共謀して平家追討の「令旨(りょうじ)」(と称する命令書)を全国に雌伏する源氏に発し、平家打倒の挙兵、武装蜂起をうながした。
- In April 1180, he issued an order in conspiracy with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, called 'Ryoji' and sent a message to the Minamoto clan who bide their time all over Japan, to encourage the raising of an army or an armed uprising to overthrow the Taira family.
- 三浦義澄は義平の叔父、上総介広常は義朝を養君として擁立していた上総氏の嫡子、山内首藤氏は源氏譜代の家人であり、いずれも義朝と個人的に深い関係を有する武士である。
- Yoshizumi MIURA was Yoshihira's uncle while Hidetsune KAZUSANOSUKE was the heir of the Kazusa clan, who backed Yoshitomo, having adopted him as their liege lord, and the Yamanouchi-Sudo clan had been vassals of the Minamoto for many generations, meaning that all of these warriors had close personal relationships with Yoshitomo.
- 一ノ谷の戦い以降、源範頼以下主な鎌倉武士は帰東しており、またこの反乱の最中の8月8日に、範頼は平氏追討のために鎌倉を出立し、9月1日に京から西海へ向かっている。
- After the Battle of Ichinotani, MINAMOTO no Noriyori and the main body of the Kamakura warriors had returned to the East, but on September 21, in the midst of this rebellion, Noriyori again left Kamakura and, on October 22, headed from Kyoto for Saikai (the provinces on the western seacoast) to search out and kill the Taira clan.
- 特に治承3年のものは平氏政権の主財源であった宋銭の使用禁止が後白河法皇の意向で提議された事から同年の平清盛による治承三年の政変の原因の一つになったとされている。
- It is considered that the regulation in 1179 among others was one of the causes of the Coup of the Third Year of Jisho staged by TAIRA no Kiyomori because banning the use of Sung money, the main source of the Taira clan government's revenue, was proposed by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa's wishes in the same year.
- それから20年後の治承4年(1180年)、以仁王が頼政の嫡子の「前伊豆守」源仲綱を通じて全国の源氏に発した令旨を奉じた頼朝は、流刑先の伊豆で平氏打倒の兵を挙げる。
- Twenty years later, in 1180, Yoritomo received Prince Mochihito's ryoji (orders issued by princes, empresses, etc) given to the Minamoto clan all over the country through MINAMOTO no Nakatsuna, the former Izu no kami (Governor of Izu Province) and a legitimate son of Yorimasa, and raised an army in Izu, a place of exile, to defeat the Taira clan.
- また、著名な武将がここを通過したことで知られ、一の谷の合戦の源義経、六波羅探題攻撃の足利高氏、本能寺の変の明智光秀などは皆ここを通って戦地に向かったとされている。
- It is also known that famous military commanders passed through here: For examples, it is said that MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, famous for Ichinotani-no-kassen (Battle of Ichinotani), Takauji ASHIKAGA attacking Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency located at Rokuhara, Kyoto) and Mitsuhide AKECHI, famous for Honnoji-no-hen (Honnoji Incident) passed through here on their way to battle.
- 平重盛の出家、平清盛による大輪田泊の改修、以仁王の挙兵、富士川の戦いなどにおいて、平家物語や源平盛衰記などの軍記物語とは異なる記述があり、史実の相違を示している。
- Its descriptions of TAIRA no Shigemori's entry to the priesthood, the repair of Owada no tomari (Owada port) by TAIRA no Kiyomori, the uprising of Prince Mochihito, the Battle of Fujigawa and so on differ from those in other war chronicles such as Heike Monogatari (The Tale of the Heike) and Genpei Seisui ki (The Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira clans), and it displays differences in historical evidence.
- 現代において、この陣屋町を起源にもつ地区は多くあり、「陣屋町」「陣屋」などがしばしば地名として残っているほか、町並み保存が行われ、観光地となっているところもある。
- In modern Japan, there were many districts that originated from Jinyamachi and some of their names included 'Jinyamachi' 'jinya' or the like, their rows of houses and buildings were conserved and protected, and they were considered tourist destinations.
- 日本の学者等によって、韓国のこのような教育が「文化先進国の朝鮮」と「文化劣等国の日本」という意識を韓国民に植え付け韓国起源説の根拠となっているとも指摘されている。
- It is pointed out by Scholars in Japan that such education in Korea has implanted in Korean minds the images of 'Korea, a culturally advanced nation' and 'Japan, a culturally inferior nation' and has formed the foundation of the theory that all of the culture in Japan originated in Korea.
- 7月10日、追い詰められた崇徳は藤原頼長とともに白河殿に移り、平忠正、平家弘、源為義ら武士を召集して、生き残りを図るために武力で天皇方を倒そうとした(保元の乱)。
- On July 10, a desperate Sutoku entered into Shirakawa dono (the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa's Palace in Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City) with FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, and gathered samurai like TAIRA no Tadamasa, Taira no Iehiro and MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi to fight against Goshirakawa's force (the Hogen War).
- 発生地ではない日韓も、黄砂に付着する大気汚染物質の発生源である自国企業関連の工場や、砂漠化につながる木材・農産品・畜産品の輸入などを通しても関わっており責任がある。
- Japan and South Korea, where no kosa is produced, are concerned with kosa as well because the factories of companies in these nations generate air pollutants that stick to kosa and because they import wood, agricultural products and livestock products that may cause desertification, and therefore, they are also responsible.
- 一度臣籍降下し、源氏の姓を賜って源定省を称したが、後に実力者の関白藤原基経の後押しで887年(仁和3年)8月25日に皇族に復帰し、翌8月26日に皇太子に立てられる。
- Although he once left the Imperial Family and was granted the surname of Genji and called MINAMOTO no Sadami, he returned to the Imperial Family on August 29, 887 with the help of Kampaku, chief adviser to the Emperor, FUJIWARA no Mototsune, and became a prince on August 30, 888.
- 治承4年(1180年)、皇位継承がほぼ絶望となった以仁王が、摂津源氏である源頼政の勧めに応じて、平氏追討・安徳天皇の廃位・新政権の樹立を計画した令旨を発して挙兵する。
- In 1180, following the recommendation of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa of the Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), Prince Mochihito, who had virtually no chance of becoming emperor now, raised forces and issued a call to plan an attack on the Taira clan, abolish Emperor Antoku, and establish a new government.
- 伝承によると、村上源氏・源季房(季方とも)が播磨国佐用荘に配流され、後裔の宇野則景の嗣子家範が赤松村地頭代官となったことから赤松氏を称した(真偽不明)と言われている。
- According to a legend, Murakami Genji (Minamoto clan) MINAMOTO no Suefusa (or Suekata) was deported to Sayo-so (estate) in Harima Province, and when Ienori, the heir of Norikage UNO who was the descendant of Suefusa (or Sukekata) became the Jito-daikan (deputy jito [estate steward]) in Akamatsu-mura Village, Ienori began to proclaim 'the Akamatsu clan' (Dubious authenticity.)
- 源義朝が相馬御厨を寄進しえたということは、単なる書類上のことだけではなくて、現地での徴税の請負の意味をもっていた以上、事実上の在地支配を離れて可能であったはずはない。
- He also discusses that since the fact that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo could donate Soma-mikuriya, it was not just a piece of paper and indicated a contract for the local collection of tax, and the donation could not have been made independently from the de facto land ruling.
- そのため西洋画の技法研究も、蘭学者である平賀源内が外国人からの直接の指導を受けることなく、書物の挿画の模写などを通して独学で行っており、余技の域を出ないものであった。
- The techniques of Western paintings were studied by Gennai HIRAGA, a scholar of Dutch studies, by copying the illustrations in books, and since he painted in his own way without any direct guidance from Westerners, his study of the art was no better than painting as a hobby.
- 同年、源義経・源行家が頼朝政権の内規に違反したことを契機に、頼朝は両者追討の院宣を後白河法皇から獲得するとともに、両者の追捕を名目に、守護・地頭の任免権を承認させた。
- In the same year, when MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and MINAMOTO no Yukiie breached the bylaws of the Yoritomo administration, Yoritomo received an inzen (a decree from the retired emperor) from Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa to seek and destroy both of them and, in the name of this task, had the retired emperor approve his right to appoint and dismiss Shugo and Jito.
- また、源隆国のように、東宮時代の天皇を頼通に気兼ねして蔑ろにしていた者に対しても、隆国の子息の源俊明を登用する等、決して報復的態度を取らないように公正な態度を示した。
- People such as MINAMOTO no Takakuni, who treated the Emperor with contempt while he was the crown prince because he felt intimidated by Yorimichi, obtained fair treatment by recruiting Takakuni's son, MINAMOTO no Toshiakira, in order to ensure that there was no possibility of a reprisal.
- 平安時代初期、宮中を始源とし、これに倣って貴族や庶民の間でも行われ、四方を拝して一年間の豊作と無病息災を祈っていたが、時代を経るごとに宮中行事として残るのみとなった。
- During the early Heian period, this ceremony originated in the Imperial Palace and spread to lords and ordinary people as a wish to be in full harvest and a perfect state of health by praying in various directions no matter what the year might bring, but as time went by the ceremony remained simply as a court function.
- このとき陽明門を警護していた源光保、光基は門の守りを放棄して寝返るが、光保は美福門院の家人で政治的には二条親政派であり、信西打倒のため義朝に協力していたに過ぎなかった。
- At this point, MINAMOTO no Mitsuyasu and Mitsumoto, who were charged with guarding the Yomeimon gate, abandoned their posts at the gate and switched sides, but after all, Mitsuyasu was a retainer to Bifukumonin and thus politically a member of the Nijo direct rule faction, and had merely temporarily collaborated with Yoshitomo to strike down Shinzei, and had not entered a permanent alliance with him.
- 寿永2年(1183年)7月、源義仲に攻められた平氏は安徳天皇と三種の神器を奉じて京都を落ちるが、その後の鎌倉政権の源頼朝と義仲との対立に乗じて摂津国福原京まで復帰した。
- In July, 1183, the Taira troops, that had been attacked by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, together with Emperor Antoku and the three Imperial Regalia and departed from Kyoto, but thereafter took advantage of their conflict with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who was in charge of the government at Kamakura, and Yoshinaka to stage a comeback of Taira support extending as far as Fukuhara of Settsu Province.
- そのうちの1人である源頼朝は、6月末頃から河内源氏累代の家人とされる相模・伊豆・武蔵の武士団への呼びかけを始めて、8月17日には、伊豆在住の山木兼隆を襲撃して殺害する。
- One of them, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, from near the end of June started to call to bushi groups in Sagami, Izu and Musashi that were traditionally vassals of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), and attacked and killed Kanetaka YAMAKI, who lived in Izu, on August 17.
- 保津峡、嵯峨野観光鉄道嵯峨野観光線は京都とりわけ嵯峨嵐山観光の一環と位置付けられることが多く、豊富な資源を生かした亀岡市内独自の観光産業の構築が永年の課題となっている。
- Hozu-kyo Gorge and the Sagano Scenic Line of the Sagano Scenic Railway are often regarded as a part of the Kyoto tour, or more specifically, Sagano-Arashiyama tour, therefore, creating a unique tourist industry utilizing the city's rich resources has long been an issue.
- 内大臣・源雅通は「武士を派遣すれば神輿が破壊される恐れがある」と難色を示し、武士を率いる重盛も後白河の3度に渡る出動命令を拒否して「明朝発向する」と返答する有様だった。
- Naidaijin (minister of the center) MINAMOTO no Masamichi showed unwillingness saying 'If samurai were sent, the mikoshi may be destroyed;' Shigemori who commanded the samurai also refused Goshirakawa's dispatch order three times saying 'I will dispatch them tomorrow morning.'
- 日本の税体系は,10世紀頃の籍帳支配崩壊に伴う公地公民制の崩壊をうけて,課税が個別的人身賦課方式から土地賦課方式へ転換されるまで,人頭税を財源の中心とするものであった。
- Jintozei (primitive taxes which were imposed individually) were the core financial resources in the tax system of Japan until around the 10th century, when the taxation system was converted from an individual tax imposition system to a land tax imposition system: this conversion was triggered by the collapse of the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens, after the managing system based on the family register and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) had collapsed.
- (福岡県筑紫郡那珂川町には昔から安徳という地名があるが、文献に限って言えば落人伝承としてではなく、同地安徳台は源平合戦の最中現地の武将原田種直が帝を迎えたところという。
- (Although there has been a place called Antoku in Nakagawa-machi Town, Chikushi County, Fukuoka Prefecture since olden days, as far as the literature is concerned, it does not mean the name came from Emperor Antoku; it is said that Antoku-dai is the place where the local military commander Tanenao HARADA welcomed the Emperor during the Gempei War (the Taira-Minamoto War).
- さらにこのような大規模な企画を経て、同年十一月にはついに藤原定家、藤原有家、源通具、藤原家隆、藤原雅経、寂蓮の六人に勅撰集の命を下し、『新古今和歌集』撰進がはじまった。
- Furthermore, in November of that year, after the great poetry event, six poets, FUJIWARA no Sadaie (Teika), FUJIWARA no Ariie, MINAMOTO no Michitomo, FUJIWARA no Ietaka, FUJIWARA no Masatsune, and Jakuren were tasked with organizing an anthology (collection) of poems by imperial command; this was the start of making 'Shin-Kokin Wakashu (New Collection of Ancient and Modem Times)' for the Imperial Court.
- 『平家物語』『源平盛衰記』の「経正都落」条に、平経正が都落ちの際仁和寺に立ち寄り、先代覚性法親王より拝領の琵琶『青山』を返上した折、別れを惜しみ歌を交わした記事が残る。
- In the chapter of 'Tsunemasa Miyakoochi' (the rustication of Taira no Tsunemasa) in 'Heike monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike) and 'Genpei Josui ki' (the history of flux and reflux of Genji and Heishi), there is a story that TAIRA no Tsunemasa dropped in at Ninna-ji Temple when he rusticated Kyoto and returned the biwa (Japanese lute) 'Aoyama' given by the precedent chief priest, priest Imperial Prince Kakusho, Tsunemasa and monk-Imperial Prince Shukaku exchanged waka poems feeling the sorrow of parting.
- そもそも平家の落人とは、清和源氏と平家とが雌雄を決した源平合戦で一ノ谷の戦い、屋島の戦い、壇ノ浦の戦いにおいて平家方が連戦連敗を繰り返した中で発生した平家方の難民である。
- In the first place, Heike no Ochudo were fugitives of the Taira family side who were repeatedly defeated in the Battle of Ichi no tani, the Battle of Yashima and the Battle of Dan no ura during the Genpei War in which Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and the Taira family fought a decisive battle.
- 以仁王と頼政の挙兵は短期間で失敗したが、その影響は大きく、以仁王の令旨を奉じた源頼朝や源義仲、甲斐源氏、近江源氏などが各地で蜂起し、治承・寿永の乱の幕を開けることになる。
- Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa's uprising was brief and ended in failure, but it had profound effects, with Mochihito's princely command used as justification and rallying cry for local insurrections launched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, the Kai Genji, and the Omi Genji among others, marking the true beginning of the Genpei War (the Jisho-Juei war between the Minamoto and the Taira).
- 4世紀後半からヤマト王権は、武器・農具の原料である鉄資源を求めて朝鮮半島への進出を開始したが、これを契機として朝鮮半島や中国の技術・文物が倭国へ多く流入することとなった。
- Starting in the latter half of the fourth century, the Yamato sovereignty began to advance into the Korean peninsula, seeking iron that was needed for making weapons and farm tools, causing many technologies and cultural products in the Korean peninsular and China to be introduced to Wa.
- ばさらに対して批判的な古典『太平記』には、源家足利氏筆頭執事の高師直や近江国(滋賀県)の佐々木道誉(高氏)や美濃国(岐阜県)の土岐頼遠などのばさら的な行動が記されている。
- The writer of the classic epic 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) was clearly critical about basara, and in it, the basara-like behaviors the people such as KO no Moronao, a head steward of the Genke Ashikaga clan, Doyo SASAKI (Takauji) of Omi Province (Shiga Prefecture), and Yorito TOKI of Mino Province (Gifu Prefecture), are described
- 頼長は入内実現に向けて準備を進めていたが、12月に藤原忠実の正室・源師子が死去したため、翌年正月に予定されていた近衛天皇元服の儀式が中止となり、入内も延引となってしまう。
- Yorinaga proceeded with the preparation for her entry into the palace, however, the Genpuku ceremony (Coming-of-age ceremony) for Emperor Konoe which had been scheduled in the following new year was called off, and her entry was also postponed since the official empress; MINAMOTO no Shishi (Moroko) of FUJIWARA no Tadazane died in December.
- また、この争乱は、一族や家族、地域の共同体という横の絆と、主君と家臣という縦の絆の相克があり、命を懸けて戦った武士の全てが源氏や平氏という特定氏族に収斂されるわけでもない。
- Additionally, this war was a conflict between the ties amongst clan, family, and regional community, and the ties between lords and vassals, and all of the warriors who fought for their lives can not simply be classified into specific clans such as Minamoto or Taira.
- また、摂津国福原の一ノ谷の戦いに向かう途中に通過した源義経や那須与一などのほかに文覚、一遍、蓮如、明智光秀、小早川秀秋、角倉了以を始めとして亀岡にゆかりのある著名人は多い。
- Additionally, there are many prominent figures associated with Kameoka: MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and NASU no Yoichi who passed through the area to engage in the Battle of Ichinotani in Fukuhara, Settsu Province, as well as Mongaku, Ippen, Rennyo, Mitsuhide AKECHI, Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA, and Ryoi SUMINOKURA.
- 馬路・千歳・河原林・旭の各町がある大堰川(保津川)左岸は総称して川東と呼ばれ、愛宕山系の扇状地であり、同山系を水源とする七谷川や三俣川は高低差が激しく、よく氾濫したという。
- The left side of the Oi-gawa (Hozu-gawa) River where Umaji-cho, Chitose-cho, Kawarabayashi-cho and Asahi-cho are located is called Kawa-higashi and is an alluvial fan of the Atago mountain range; the Nanatani-gawa and Mitsumata-gawa Rivers, taking water from the range, are steep and said to have been frequently flooded.
- しかし、源頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開いて「天下兵馬之権」を掌握して武家政権を確立すると、清和源氏-河内源氏の血を引く人物が「武家の棟梁=幕府の長・征夷大将軍」という図式が確立した。
- However, after MINAMOTO no Yoritomo seized 'Tenka heiba no ken' (the power of commanding a national military force) and established military government called Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the scheme under which persons who originated from Seiwa-Genji/Kawachi-Genji became 'Buke no toryo=the head of bakufu/Seii taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians)' became established.
- 確かに源平藤橘といった貴族を起源とする武士や技術としての武芸については説明ができるが、彼らの職能を支える経済的基盤としての所領や人的基盤としての主従関係への説明が弱すぎる。
- Certainly the bushi who originated from the aristocrats such as genpeitokitsu (shortened expression of four major families) or the military arts as a technique can be explained, but the explanation of the shoryo as economic base which supported their samurai function or the master-subordinate relationship as a human base is too weak.
- ここで注意しなくてはならないことは、清和源氏が武家の棟梁という地位を得たのは、その武勇によってというよりも、摂関家への奉仕という中央貴族の内部事情に起因するという点である。
- It should be noted here that Seiwa-Genji became the leader of samurai families not because of their bravery but because of internal affairs of central aristocrats such as contributions to the regent family.
- そうした中、岑守は財源獲得と窮民救済を目的として、期限付き(30か年限)で管内田地の一部を大宰府直営の公営田とし、そこからの収入をもって財源に充てることを提案したのである。
- Minemori, in order to acquire funds and provide relief for the poor, proposed that they make parts of 'Kannai fields' Kubunden directly governed by Dazaifu on a temporary basis (30 years at the longest) and that they make the income part of the financial resources.
- それまで、座付の狂言作者の脚本しか上演されなかった(明治32年に松井松翁作の『悪源太』が上演されたのを例外として)閉鎖的な歌舞伎界に近代の風を通す大きな穴を開けたのである。
- He opened a large hole to let modern air into the closed world of Kabuki where only scripts written by Kabuki playwrights working in the theater had been performed so far (except for the performance in 1899 of 'Akugenta' written by Shoo MATSUI).
- 五条からの国道168号線が柳本以南へ開通するのはさらに遅れ、昭和30年代の電源開発とともにようやく本宮町まで陸路がつながると、果無峠は生活道としての役割を終えることとなった。
- Many years after that, National Highway 168 from Gojo was extended to the south of Yagimoto, and when the road finally connected to Hongu-cho with the electric power development in the 30's of the Showa era, Hatenashi Pass ended the role as a community road.
- 源平の間を揺れ動いたことで頼朝の疑念を招き、隆直への恩賞は守護に任じられた少弐氏や大友氏・島津氏に遠く及ばず、逆に多くの関東系御家人を本拠地周囲に配置され、その牽制を受けた。
- His inconstancy between the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan caused Yoritomo's distrust, and he was granted a reward far less than those of the Shoni clan, the Otomo clan and the Shimazu clan, which were appointed Shugo (provincial governors), and on the contrary, Takanao came to be checked by the gokenin from Kanto provinces, who were placed around his home base.
- 元薩摩藩士の笹野三五兵衛は、朋友である菱川源五兵衛の尽力で、誕生八幡の神主・笹野杉斎の養子となるも、近くの商家千草屋の娘・おまんと恋仲になって、その噂は町内に知れ渡っていた。
- Sangobei SASANO, a former feudal retainer of the Satsuma Domain, was adopted by Sugisai SASANO, the chief priest of the Tanjo-Hachiman Shrine, thanks to the efforts of his close friend Gengobei HISHIKAWA, but fell in love with Oman, the daughter of a nearby merchant, Chigusaya, and the rumor of their relationship spread throughout the town.
- 京都盆地は地形が北東から南西に向かって傾いており、賀茂川がそれに逆行して流れているのは不自然であり、本来は低地である堀川通に流れ込むのが自然であるというのがこの説の根源である。
- The core of the theory is that because the Kyoto Basin slopes from northeast down to southwest, it is unnatural for the Kamogawa River to flow up the slope; thus, the river would have originally flowed down towards the lower ground of the Horikawa-dori Street.
- そのため奥州は朝廷における政争と無縁な地帯になり、奥州藤原氏は奥州17万騎と言われた強大な武力と政治的中立を背景に源平合戦の最中も平穏の中で独自の政権と文化を確立する事になる。
- Thus, the Oshu region incurred no effect from the political strife which occurred in the Imperial Court, and even during the middle of the Genpei War, the Oshu Fujiwara clan enjoyed a peace through which it established independent politics and culture backed by its political neutrality and huge military forces, which is said to have reached 170,000 cavalry.
- 建武式目は公家法と同様に「倹約」「礼節」を前面に掲げ、更に御成敗式目を「本条」としてその法源の主たる地位に置き、実際の訴訟でも奉行人は御成敗式目を常備していたと伝えられている。
- Like the court noble law, the Kenmu Code put forward 'thrift' and 'decorum,' and further put Goseibai-shikimoku in its main position of the source of law as 'main code,' thus reportedly bugyonin (a magistrate) always had Goseibai-shikimoku even in the actual lawsuit.
- 源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の成立以後、元服や移徙などの重要な儀礼の際には椀飯が行われ、とりわけ年始に行われる「歳首の椀飯」は武家政権の最も重要な儀式の1つとして行われるようになった。
- After the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, oban was served at important ceremonies such as Genpuku (coming of age) and Ito (moving), and the 'Saishu no oban' that was served in the beginning of the year became one of the most important ceremonies of the buke (military) government.
- ここで言う武門の家とは、承平天慶勲功者子孫(承平天慶の乱で勲功のあった者の子孫)が基本であり、その中でも「源氏」及び「平氏」の諸流と藤原秀郷の子孫の「秀郷流」が特に有名である。
- The military families here basically refer to the descendents of Johei Tengyo kunkosha and among them, several schools of the 'Minamoto clan' or the 'Taira clan' and the 'Hidesato school' who are the descendents of FUJIWARA no Hidesato are particularly famous.
- 以仁王の挙兵(もちひとおうのきょへい)は治承4年(1180年)に以仁王(高倉宮・三条宮)と源頼政が打倒平氏のための挙兵を計画し、諸国の源氏や大寺社に蜂起を促す令旨を発した事件。
- Prince Mochihito's uprising was an incident that occurred in 1180 (Jisho 4), when Prince Mochihito (also Prince Takakura and Prince Sanjo), with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, planned to raise an army and overthrow the Taira clan (who were then in power); Mochihito issued a command urging the Minamoto clan warriors in all provinces together with the forces of the great temples and shrines to rise up against the Taira clan.
- その後、平氏は西国の諸勢力を組織して戦争に当たっていたが、元暦2年(1185年)3月、関門海峡での最終決戦(壇ノ浦の戦い)で源義経軍に敗れて滅亡し、平氏政権は名実ともに消滅した。
- Later, the Taira clan organized the various forces of the west and continued to battle, but at the final pitched battle at the Kanmon Channel in March 1185, (Battle of Dannoura), they lost to MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune's forces and the Taira clan administration ended in both name and actuality.
- 後世の研究では、秋田の蝦夷の帰順を得た阿倍比羅夫(藤崎系図)に起源をもとめたり、蝦夷をアイヌの祖先と同一視する立場からabeをapeと読み替えて完全な土着の先住民とみる説もある。
- Studies in the later years have also presented with opinions that the origin of the Abe clan could be sought through ABE no Hirafu (the Fujisaki genealogy) who forced the Ezo (natives in the northern districts of Japan) in Akita into submission; or by changing the reading of the name from 'abe' to 'ape' from the standpoint of identifying the Ezo with the ancestors of the Ainu tribe, the Abe clan could be seen as completely indigenous.
- 19日の源氏一族の会合では後白河を奉じて関東に出陣するという案が飛び出し(『玉葉』閏10月20日条)、26日には興福寺の衆徒に頼朝討伐の命が下された(『玉葉』閏10月26日条)。
- At the meeting of the Genji clan on December 12, an idea was put forth that they should depart to the front in the Kanto region, setting Goshirakawa up as the lord ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 13), and on December 19, an order to hunt down and kill MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was given to monk-soldiers of Kofuku-ji Temple ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 19).
- 代表的なものとしては京都においては後の西陣の源流となった大舎人の織手座や祇園社の綿座・錦座、北野社の麹座、山城大山崎の油座、摂津今宮の魚座、鎌倉の材木座、博多の油座などがあった。
- The major za were the orite-za (guild of weavers) in Otoneri, Kyoto, which became the origin of the later Nishijin brocade (high-quality silk fabrics produced in the Nishijin district of Kyoto), the wata-za (cotton guild) and the nishiki-za (brocade guild) which were under the umbrella of the Gion-sha Shrine, the koji-za (rice malt guild) under the Kitano-sha Shrine, the yu-za (oil guild) in Oyamazaki, Yamashiro Province, the uo-za (fish guild) in Imamiya, Settsu Province, the zaimoku-za (guild of lumber dealers) in Kamakura, and the yu-za (oil guild) in Hakata.
- その後漢学者源為憲が内親王のために『三宝絵』を著して進呈し、また薨去の際には慶滋保胤が四十九日供養の願文を自らしたためて、若くして出家・他界した尊子内親王の慎ましい人柄を偲んだ。
- After that a scholar of the Chinese classics, MINAMOTO no Tamenori wrote 'Sanpo e' and gave it to the Princess, when the Princess died, YOSHISHIGE no Yasunane wrote Ganmon (special document or letter to pray to god) for Shijukunichi (a memorial service held on the forty-ninth day after a person's death) and remembered the Imperial Princess as a modest person who entered into priesthood at a young age and then died.
- 鎌倉幕府の公式日記(もしくはそれに准じるもの)である『吾妻鏡』には壇ノ浦の戦いについては元暦二年三月二十四日の条で「長門国赤間関壇ノ浦の海上で三町を隔て船を向かわせて源平が相戦う。
- In the 'Azuma kagami' (Mirror of the East), the official (or semi-official) diary of the Kamakura Shogunate, the battle of Dannoura, listed under the entry of 24th day of the third month of Genryaku 2, is described as follows: 'The ships of the Minamoto and Taira, their forces apart from each other by approximately 300 meters, met in battle on the sea of Dannoura in Akamaseki of Nagato Province.
- この政変で道真・善(出雲国権守に左遷)を排斥、変の直後に連座を免れた源希も病死、同じく藤原忠平も政治の中枢から事実上追われることになり、醍醐天皇・藤原時平派の政治的勝利に終わった。
- In the coup, Michizane and Yoshi (who was demoted to vice-governor of Izumo Province) were purged from the government, and immediately after the coup MINAMOTO no Mare, who had managed to avoid any demotion or other penalty, died of illness, while in the same vein, FUJIWARA no Tadahira was--in truth if not in name--ousted from his vital role at the center of government, meaning the coup ended in a decisive political victory for Emperor Daigo and FUJIWARA no Tokihira's faction.
- その後、政治を主導する藤原信西と後白河院政派(藤原信頼・藤原成親・源師仲)・二条親政派(藤原経宗・藤原惟方)の対立が激しくなり、3年後の平治元年(1159年)に平治の乱が起こった。
- Later, the conflict between FUJIWARA no Shinzei, who led the government and the Goshirakawa cloister government group (FUJIWARA no Nobuyori, FUJIWARA no Narichika, MINAMOTO no Moronaka), and Nijo Shinsei (direct Imperial rule) group (FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, FUJIWARA no Korekata) intensified, and the Heijo no ran (Heiji Rebellion) occurred three years later in 1159.
- また、京で源満仲と武士の勢力を競っていた藤原千晴もこの事件で流罪となり藤原秀郷の系統は中央政治から姿を消し、清和源氏が京での勢力を伸ばし、京武士として摂関家と強く結ぶようになった。
- FUJIWARA no Chiharu who was competing with MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka on the strength of their samurai, was also deported during this incident, removing the FUJIWARA no Hidesato lineage from the central government, while Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) gained power in Kyoto and built strong ties with the sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers).
- だが、10世紀中期に書かれたと考えられている源高明の『西宮記』には弘文院は既に荒廃に帰している事が記されていることから、道真の時代からそれ程時間を置かずに廃絶したと考えられている。
- From the description in 'Saikyuki' (record of court practices and usage written in Chinese style) written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki supposedly written in the mid tenth century that the Kobunin had been already ruined, it was estimated that the Kobunin was defunct shortly after the days of Michizane.
- 後醍醐天皇の『建武年中行事』や祖父二条良基の『年中行事歌合』などを参考にして元旦の四方拝から大晦日の追儺までの宮中行事100余を月の順序で記し、起源・由来・内容・特色などを記した。
- With reference to 'Kenmu nenchugyoji' (Annual Ceremonies of the Kenmu Era) written by Emperor Godaigo and 'Nenchu gyoji uta awase' (Annual Court Ceremonies Poetry competitions) written by Kaneyoshi's grandfather Yoshimoto NIJO, and so forth, the book contains some 100 imperial court functions from shihohai (ceremony called worship of the four quarters) on New Year's Day to tsuina (ceremony called to drive out evil spirits) on New Year's Eve in monthly order with the origin, source, details, and features.
- 領主の収入源には、この他にも(法廷収入や借地の変更契約ごとの収入と同様に)領主の持つ水車・製パン所・ワイン圧搾機などの使用料や領主の森での狩猟権料・ブタ飼育権料などが含まれていた。
- In addition to this, the source of income of the lords included, as well as revenue from the court or revenue from each change of land lease, the royalties of the lords' water wheel, bakery, grape compressor for wine making and so on or fees for hunting and pig-breeding and so on in the lords' forest.
- 21日、平頼盛、平教盛、平経盛(以上、清盛の弟)、平知盛、平重衡(以上、清盛の子)、平維盛、平資盛、平清経(以上、重盛の子)、そして源頼政を大将とする園城寺攻撃の編成が定められた。
- On the twenty-second (twenty-first in lunar calendar), TAIRA no Yorimori, TAIRA no Norimori, and TAIRA no Tsunemori (all three of whom were Kiyomori's younger brothers) as well as TAIRA no Tomomori and TAIRA no Shigehira (both sons of Kiyomori) and TAIRA no Koremori, TAIRA no Sukemori, and TAIRA no Kiyotsune (all three of whom were sons of Shigemori) as well as MINAMOTO no Yorimasa were appointed generals over the force preparing to attack Onjo-ji temple.
- 具体的には、適切な植林、効率の良い薪などの燃料の確保、家畜の管理、土壌浸食の防止、灌漑、水資源の有効利用、エネルギーの再利用、適切な土地利用や農法への転換、砂の移動防止などがある。
- More specifically, these measures include planting trees more properly, securing fuel, such as more energy-efficient firewood, managing livestock, preventing soil erosion, irrigation, using resources more effectively, re-using energy, using land more properly or changing the farming method to more proper ones, and preventing sand from moving.
- 後鳥羽院は、将軍源実朝が暗殺された事を好機とし、皇権復興を企図して鎌倉幕府を倒そうとしたが失敗(承久の乱)、自身は流罪となった上、皇権の低下と朝廷へ執権北条氏の介入を招いてしまった。
- Gotoba-in tried to seize the opportunity of the assassination of Shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, seeking to revive the imperial power and overthrow Kamakura Bakufu, but he failed (the Jokyu Rebellion); instead he was banished, and this brought about the weakening of imperial power and intervention in the Imperial Court by the regent Hojo clan.
- なお、南丹は丹波の南が語源で、市内における市役所以外の施設として京都縦貫自動車道の南丹パーキングエリアや八木町にある公立南丹病院、京都府の機関である南丹保健所や南丹土木事務所がある。
- Nantan means the south of Tanba, and other than the city hall within the city, the following are named as facilities prefixed with Nantan: the Nantan Parking Area on the Kyoto Longitudinal Expressway, Nantan General Hospital in Yagi-cho, and Nantan Public Health Center and Nantan Civil Engineering Office which are part of the Kyoto Prefectural institutions.
- そして、『今昔物語集』巻19第4話「摂津守満仲出家せる語」で源満仲は出家した我が子に「我が心に違う者有れば、虫などを殺すように殺しつ、少し宜しと思う罪には手足を切る」と嘆かれている。
- Furthermore, MINAMOTO no Mitsutaka was grieved by his own child that went through shukke (to become a Buddhist monk) 'if there is someone who defies your will, you kill him as though he was an insect, and cut off his arms and legs for a minor crime' in the 'Story of Mitsunaka, who was the Settsu no kami (governor of Settsu Province) and underwent shukke (become Buddhist Priest)' in Volume 19 Story 4 of 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past).
- 後醍醐天皇は天皇親政によって朝廷の政治を復権しようとしたが、武士層を中心とする不満を招き、1336年(建武3年)に河内源氏の有力者であった足利尊氏が離反したことにより、政権は崩壊した。
- Emperor Godaigo attempted to rehabilitate the political power and influence of the Court through the return to direct Imperial rule, but his attempts left many in the samurai class in particular disgruntled, until in 1336 the most powerful member of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), Takauji ASHIKAGA, became estranged from Emperor Godaigo, leading to the collapse of the Imperial government.
- 行政が行う花粉症対策とは基礎研究や治療法の開発、花粉飛散の予報技術の向上などが主であり、スギ・ヒノキ花粉発生源への根本的な対策がおろそかになっているとの指摘は従来より多くなされている。
- The majority of the pollinosis countermeasures implemented by the administration consist of fundamental research, the development of treatments and the improvement of airborne pollen forecasting technology, and there is increasing criticism that fundamental countermeasures against the sources of Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress pollinosis are being neglected.
- 藤原秀郷、平高望、源経基らがこの第一世代の武士と考えられ、彼らは在地において従来の富豪百姓層(田堵負名)と同様に大規模な公田請作を国衙と契約することで武人としての経済基盤を与えられた。
- FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Takamochi, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto and so on are considered as the first generation of bushi; in the local lands they signed contracts for farming the koden (field administered directly by a ruler) with kokuga in the similar way as wealthy farmer class (tato fumyo [cultivator/tax manager]) did and got an economic base as warriors.
- 翌12月、園城寺・興福寺などが反平氏の挙兵を行ったため、清盛は断固とした態度で臨み、平知盛率いる軍は園城寺を焼き払い近江源氏を撃破、平重衡率いる軍も南都の諸寺を焼き払って荘園を没収した。
- The following December, Kiyomori took decisive action against anti-Taira forces raised by the Onjyo-ji Temple and the Kofuku-ji Temple, with TAIRA no Tomomori burning down the Onjyo-ji Temple and destroying the Omi-Genji, and TAIRA no Shigehira's troop burned down various temples in the southern capital and confiscated their shoens.
- 法住寺合戦(ほうじゅうじかっせん)は、寿永2年(1183年)11月19日 (旧暦)、源義仲が院御所・法住寺殿を襲撃して、後白河天皇と後鳥羽天皇を幽閉、政権を掌握した軍事クーデターである。
- The Battle of Hoju-ji Temple (Hoju-ji kassen) was a military coup on January 10, 1184, in which MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka attacked In no gosho (the retired emperor's court) Hojuji-dono Palace, imprisoning Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Gotoba and taking over the government.
- 古代においては自前の神田・寺田に加え、律令国家によって給付された封戸や墾田開発によって成立した初期荘園が寺社の大きな収入源であった(一部の大寺院・大神社には造寺司や神郡の制度もあった)。
- In ancient times, in addition to shinden (also referred to as kanda; land held by a shrine) and jiden (also referred to as terada; land held by a temple), fuko (households of temples and shrines) granted by the Ritsuryo state (state based on ritsuryo code in the seventh century) and the early time shoen (estate) which was established by konden (development of fallow land or creation of new rice paddies) were the main source of income for the temples and shrines (Some big temples and shrines had systems such as zojishi (officials responsible for building temples, and shingun - also referred to as kamikoori; deity district).
- その起源は不明な点が多く、「まつろわぬ民」であった日本東部の民・蝦夷(えみし、えびす、えぞ)がヤマト王権・朝廷により東北地方へと追いやられながらも守り続けた伝承とする説が唱えられている。
- Many aspects of its origin are unknown and there is a theory that says it was a tradition that the people of eastern Japan, the Emishi (Ebisu, Ezo), who were considered 'Matsurowanu tami' (people who do not obey) preserved while they were being driven into the Tohoku region by the Yamato government/Imperial Court.
- 花の下連歌には、飛び込みの参加も可能で、連衆のなかに、高貴な身の人、例えば源実朝の側近で、和歌の名手あった素暹法師(東入道、俗名千葉胤行)やさらには太上天皇がお忍びでまぎれることもあった。
- Hananomoto-renga permitted unannounced participation, and among renju (participants of renga), high noble people, such as Sosen hoshi (Tonyudo, his common name was Taneyuki CHIBA), who was a close associate of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo and was talented at waka, and even Emperor Daijo (Dajo) joined secretly.
- 能の起源について正確なことはわかってはいないが、7世紀頃に中国大陸より日本に伝わった日本最古の舞台芸能である伎楽や、奈良時代に大陸より伝わった散楽に端を発するのではないかと考えられている。
- Although the origin of Noh is not clear, it is generally believed that Noh originated from gigaku (ancient pantomime in which performers wear masks), Japan's oldest theatrical art that was introduced from China during the seventh century, and sangaku (form of theater popular in Japan during the eleventh to the fourteenth century) introduced from the Asian continent during the Nara period.
- 1180年代になると、平氏政権打倒を名目とした内戦(治承・寿永の乱)が起こり、最終的に、軍事貴族に出自し関東の在地領主層武士層を基盤とする源頼朝の武家政権(後の鎌倉幕府)が内戦に勝利した。
- During the 1180's a civil war (Jisho-Juei War) to overthrow the Taira administration broke out, and the samurai government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (later to become the Kamakura bakufu), consisting of local ryoshu (samurai lord) and samurais in Kanto who were originally military aristocrats, won.
- また、この以仁王の挙兵には美福門院から八条院に仕えてきた源頼政一族、八条院蔵人の源行家・源仲家、八条院領荘園の在地領主であった源義清 (矢田判官代)・下河辺行平といった武士が関係していた。
- Also involved were: the family of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa who had served Hachijoin since the time of Bifukumonin; Hachijoin's Kurodo (Chamberlain) of MINAMOTO no Yukiie and MINAMOTO no Nakaie; the local lord of the shoen in the Hachijoin-ryo, MINAMOTO no Yoshikiyo (Yada no Hangandai (assistant officer who served an administration organization called Innocho)); and a samurai called Yukihira SHIMOKOBE.
- 父・文徳天皇は皇太子として第四皇子である惟仁親王(後の清和天皇)を立てた後、惟喬親王にも皇位を継承させようとしたが、藤原良房の反対を危惧した源信の諫言により実現できなかったといわれている。
- His father, Emperor Montoku appointed his forth Prince, Imperial Prince Korehito (later called Emperor Seiwa) as Crown Prince, and tried to let Imperial Prince Koretaka succeed to the throne, however this did not happened as MINAMOTO no Makoto was concerned that FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa would be against this and he remonstrated his concern to the Emperor.
- 酒呑童子の一味による被害があまりにも大きく、源頼光が鬼退治に行くこととなり、配下の頼光四天王(渡辺綱・坂田金時・碓井貞光・卜部季武)や友人の藤原保昌ら、総勢五十数名とともに大江山に向かった。
- The damage inflicted by Shuten Doji and his gang was very severe, which prompted MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu to go on a mission to exterminate the oni; together with his main followers, the Four Great Warriors of Yorimitsu (WATANABE no Tsuna, SAKATA no Kintoki, Sadamitsu USUI, and URABE no Suetake) and other friends including FUJIWARA no Yasumasa, he set out for Mt. Oe leading a force of more than fifty warriors in total.
- 収集されるゴミは、燃やすごみ・燃やさないごみ・プラスチック製容器包装類・資源ごみ(空き缶、空きビン、紙パック、ペットボトル)・蛍光管で、前3種は有料専用袋の使用、また各種の分別が求められる。
- Garbage which is burnable, non-burnable, or plastic containers and packages, recyclables (empty cans, empty bottles, paper containers and packages, and plastic bottles) and fluorescent lamps are collected, with the use of specific paid garbage bags for the first three categories, and separation of garbage according to each category being required.
- その一方で頼朝は、源義広 (志田三郎先生)が上洛したこと、義仲が平氏追討をせず国政を混乱させていることを理由に、義仲に勧賞を与えたことを「太だ謂はれなし」と抗議した(『玉葉』10月9日条)。
- On the other hand, Yoritomo protested Yoshinaka's having been given praise and encouragement as 'totally irrational,' giving reasons that MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (SHIDA Saburo Senjo) had gone to the capital and that Yoshinaka had disrupted the national administration, instead of searching for and killing the Taira clan ('Gyokuyo,' entry of November 2).
- 近淡海に対し、都から遠い淡水の海として浜名湖が遠淡海(とおつあわうみ)と呼ばれ、それぞれが「近江国(おうみのくに、現在の滋賀県)」と遠江国(とおとうみのくに、現在の静岡県西部)の語源になった。
- Lake Hamana was called Totsu-awa-umi as a freshwater sea far away from the capital compared to Lake Biwa, and the names of 'Omi Province (the present-day Shiga Prefecture)' and Totoumi Province (the west of present-day Shizuoka Prefecture) originated from those old lake names.
- しかしそうであれば、実朝薨御後も足利氏が存続し、やがて室町幕府を開くのであるから、「系譜的視点」なるものによるならば本項記述の如く実朝薨御を以て河内源氏の「崩壊」とするのは矛盾すると言えよう。
- However, if that is the case, it is contradictory to see the death of Sanetomo as the collapse of Kawachi-Genji as written in this section, because Ashikaga clan continued after the death of Sanetomo and established the Muromachi bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) according to the genealogical viewpoint.
- これら以外だと藤原利仁を始祖とする「利仁流」や、藤原道兼の後裔とする宇都宮氏が多く、他に嵯峨源氏の渡辺氏や大江広元が有名な大江氏などがあり、有力な武士団はこれらの家系のどれかを起源としていた。
- Except for these, many bushi were from the 'Toshihito school' whose originator was FUJIWARA no Toshihito and from the Utsunomiya clan who were the descendants of FUJIWARA no Michikane; additionally there was the Watanabe clan from Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan) and the Oe clan where OE no Hiromoto was famous; the famous samurai groups originated from one of these family lines.
- 摂関家は保元の乱によって藤原忠実の知行国・頼長の所領が没収された上に、家人として荘園管理の武力を担っていた源為義が処刑されたことで各地の荘園で紛争が激化するなど、その勢力を大きく後退させていた。
- This branch of regents and advisors had suffered the confiscation of FUJIWARA no Tadazane's chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) as well as Yorinaga's territories due to the Hogen Rebellion, and worse yet the execution of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, a retainer on whose military strength they had increasingly come to rely to manage their shoen properties; as a result, their power had greatly waned, as evidenced by the disputes over ownership of their lands escalating all over the country.
- 討幕計画に参加した上皇方の「合戦張本公卿」と名指しされた一条信能、葉室光親、源有雅、葉室宗行、高倉範茂ら公卿は鎌倉に送られる途上で処刑され、その他の院近臣も各地に流罪になったり謹慎処分となった。
- Court nobles such as Nobuyoshi ICHIJO, Mitsuchika HAMARU, Arimasa MINAMOTO, Muneyuki HAMARU, and Norishige TAKAKURA who had joined the Retired Emperor Gotoba in his plan to raise an army against the shogunate (who later became known as the 'kasen-chohon-kugyo,' meaning 'the court nobles behind the attempt to overthrow the shogunate') were sent to Kamakura but executed en route, and the various other ministers close to the retired emperor were banished and dispersed throughout the country or kept under house arrest.
- 重ね書きの手法も用いて『源氏物語絵巻』の詞書を書いた12世紀前半の藤原伊房(世尊寺伊房)、上述の『芦手絵和漢朗詠集抄』を書写した12世紀後半の藤原伊行(世尊寺伊行)はともに世尊寺家の出身である。
- FUJIWARA no Korefusa (Korefusa SESONJI) in the first half of the 12th century who wrote kotobagaki of 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' using the overwriting method and FUJIWARA no Koreyuki (Koreyuki SESONJI) in the latter half of the 12th century who copied 'Ashide-e Wakan Roeishu Sho' which was described earlier were from the Sesonji family.
- そうした状況の中で、伊豆国に流罪となっていた源頼朝は、同年8月に挙兵し石橋山の戦いで敗れたが、逃亡先の安房国から上総・下総を行軍する間に、関東一円の平氏系の武士団(坂東平氏)らの支持を獲得した。
- It was to be in these circumstances that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who had been exiled to Izu Province raised an army in August of the same year was defeated in the Battle of Ishibashiyama but while marching from Awa Province, to which he had fled, to Kazusa Province and Shimousa Province, he gained the support of a Taira clan lineage samurai group (Bando-Heishi clan) active throughout the Kanto region.
- 上横手は、本宣旨によって、東国政権 鎌倉幕府が朝廷へ軍事的奉仕するという体制が構築され、同じく朝廷に軍事的奉仕する義仲に優越するため、頼朝は源氏嫡宗の地位の公認を得ようとしていたのだとしている。
- According to UWAYOKOTE, this decree established a structure in which the Togoku government and the Kamakura bakufu provided the Imperial Court with military service, and in order to become predominate over Yoshinaka, who also provided the Imperial Court with military service, Yoritomo was anxious for the official approval for the position of the official family lineage to succeed the Minamoto clan.
- 新内を聞きながらおまんへの欲情が抑えきれなくなる件では、他の俳優が表現の工夫にもて余す中で、左團次は何もしないでじっと新内を聞いている演技によって源五兵衛の揺れ動く心理を観客に理解させたという。
- In the part where Gengobei loses the inner fight to hold down his sexual urge for Oman while listening to shinnai, Sadanji chose to have the audience understand the volatile emotion by being rapt in listening to shinnai, while other actors struggled to express the emotion.
- 平氏は、西国の勢力を再編成して軍の再建を進め、瀬戸内沿岸で義仲軍を徐々に押しやり、寿永3年(1184年)1月に義仲が頼朝政権軍(源範頼・源義経軍)に滅ぼされる頃には福原を回復するまでに至っていた。
- The Taira clan reorganized the west forces and reestablished its troops, gradually pushing Yoshinaka away at the Setouchi seacoast, and by the time Yoshinaka was eliminated by the Yoritomo government troops (troops of MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune) in January 1184, they had recovered Fukuhara.
- 上記史料を総合すると、本宣旨は、東国における荘園・公領の領有権を旧来の荘園領主・国衙へ回復させることを命じる。その回復を実現するため源頼朝の東国行政権を承認するという2つの内容から構成されている。
- Putting the above historical records together, the contents of this decree can be summarized as; the order that required lords of the manor and kokuga (provincial government officers) to restore the territorial rights for shoen and koryo, and the approval of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's administrative authority on the Togoku region in order to make the above restoration come true.
- これらの奇行と当時の摂政だった藤原実頼と外戚関係を持たず、逆に有力な跡継ぎとされていた為平親王が伯父の源高明を舅とし、藤原氏を刺激した(安和の変の伏線となる)事等が僅か2年で退位する原因となった。
- In addition to the above strange behavior, Emperor Reizei had no maternal relationship with the regent, FUJIWARA no Saneyori, and Imperial Prince Tamehira, who was considered to be a powerful successor to the throne, had MINAMOTO no Takaakira as father-in-law; this inflamed the FUJIWARA clan (and became a foreshadowing of the Anna Incident), and consequently Emperor Reizei abdicated within just two years after his enthronement.
- この挙兵は失敗に終わるが、高倉宮以仁王の平氏討伐の令旨を受け取った全国の源氏が呼応し、木曾の源義仲(木曾義仲)、伊豆へ流罪となっていた義朝の子の源頼朝などが挙兵すると、後白河法皇はこれを支援する。
- This was not successful however all the Minamoto clan who received the message from Takakura no Miya Prince Mochihito, responded to this, when MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO) in Kiso and Yoshitomo's son, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army, Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa supported them.
- 一般には、12世紀後半の源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の設立から、慶応3年(1867年)の徳川慶喜による大政奉還まで、約700年間に渡る武家による政権を指すが、現在は平清盛の平氏政権からとする説が有力である。
- The military government was an administration under the control of samurai, which continued for about 700 years from the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the late 12th century to Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) lead by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA in 1867; however, a theory, in which the start was the Taira clan government ruled by TAIRA no Kiyomori, is now widely accepted.
- また穂積姓の子孫ではなくても当時苗字を持つことを許されていた武家、源氏や平氏などの中で、信仰心の深い武家には神姓である鈴木姓を与えてきた故、鈴木の名字は瞬く間に東日本を中心に全国に広まったとされる。
- It is also said that, in addition to the descendents of the families whose honsei (original name) was Hozumi, there were many samurai families which were given the family name 'Suzuki' for their devoted religious practices among those families who were allowed to have myoji (family name) at that time such as the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan, and in this way, the myoji (family name) of Suzuki quickly extended in the eastern Japan and other regions of Japan.
- そのうち、天皇のミウチである藤原氏と源氏が議政官(公卿)をほぼ独占し始め、特に藤原北家嫡流は9世紀後半に天皇の政治決定権を受任・代行しうる摂政・関白の地位を獲得し、その地位を世襲することに成功した。
- Then, the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan, the relatives of the Emperor, almost created a monopoly of the Giseikan (a legislative organ), and it is worthy to note that the direct descent of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan achieved the position of Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor) in the late ninth century, which made them receive and deal with the political discretion of the Emperor; and they were also successful in making the position hereditary.
- これは、公出挙の貸付先として利払いが滞りがちな小規模広範囲の百姓ではなく、大規模で少数の有力百姓等を指定し、彼らが公出挙により受け取った本稲(元本の稲)を私出挙の財源とすることを認めたものであった。
- Under this system, local administrative organizations designated a small number of influential farmers as debtors, instead of small-scaled and extensive peasants with a tendency of stagnant interest payment, allowing those designated debtors to use the 'Honto' (rice plant as capital), which they had received through Ku-Suiko, for the financial resources of Shi-Suiko.
- 為平が源高明の女婿であることから、藤原氏の貴族たちに忌避されたとするのが通説であるが、冷泉と年齢の近い為平を皇太子とした場合、冷泉の在位が短期間になりすぎることに配慮したものとする説(保立道久)もある。
- The usual theory is that the Fujiwara clan aristocrats did not want Tamehira since he was MINAMOTO no Takaaki's son-in-law, but there is also the theory that it was taken into consideration that if Tamehira, who is close in age with Reizei was selected as Crown Prince, the rule of Reizei may be too short (Michihisa HODACHI).
- しかし、小辺路の起源は、もともと紀伊山地山中の住人の生活道路として大和国・高野・熊野を結ぶ山岳交通路が開かれていたものが畿内近国と高野山・熊野を結ぶ参詣道として利用され始めたことにあると考えられている。
- However, it is considered that Kohechi was originally a local road connecting Yamato Province, Koya and Kumano for residents in the Kii Mountain Range, and it gradually became a pilgrimage route connecting the provinces in the Kinai region and Koyasan or Kumano.
- 昌泰の変(しょうたいのへん)は、901年(昌泰4年)1月、左大臣藤原時平の讒言により醍醐天皇が右大臣菅原道真を大宰権帥として大宰府へ左遷し、道真の子供や右近衛中将源善らを左遷または流罪にした事件である。
- The Shotai Conspiracy (Shotai no hen in Japanese), which occurred in January 901, was a coup in which Emperor Daigo, acting on the false charges of FUJIWARA no Takahira, the Minister of the Left, against SUGAWARA no Michizane, the Minister of the Right, demoted Michizane and sent him into de facto exile to Dazaifu (an outpost in far off Kyushu) as Dazai Gon no Sochi (Deputy Commander of Dazaifu); also, Michizane's children as well as MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Middle Captain of the Guardsmen of the Right, were either demoted or exiled.
- 鎌倉時代後期には、8代新田義貞が後醍醐天皇の倒幕運動に従い挙兵、源義国流の同族にして北条氏と重代の姻戚の最有力御家人足利尊氏(後の尊氏)の嫡男千寿王(後の足利義詮)を加えて鎌倉を攻め、幕府を滅亡させる。
- In the late Kamakura period, the eighth family head, Yoshisada NITTA, following the movement to overthrow the bakufu by the Emperor Godaigo, raised an army and attacked Kamakura, while adding Senjuo (later Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA), the legitimate son of Takauji ASHIKAGA who was the most dominant gokenin coming from the same family descended from Yoshikuni with a matrimonial relation with the Hojo clan for generations, and overthrew the bakufu.
- 安田元久などの旧来の学説では、源義家の後三年の役の頃から、「武士の棟梁」たる清和源氏と、在地武士団との主従関係が生まれ始めたとするが、『奥州後三年記』に見える義家の郎党の主力は京武者コネクションである。
- According to the former academic theories by Motohisa YASUDA, the master and servant relationship between the local bushidan and toryo of bushi of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) began from the time of the Gosannen War (the Later Three Years' War) of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, but the power of Yoshiie to be master over his retainers seen in 'Oshu-gosannen-ki' (A Chronicle of Later Three Year's War in Oshu) was connected with samurai in Kyoto.
- 承久3年(1221年)、承久の乱により、鎌倉幕府は、後鳥羽天皇につながる血統をことごとく排除し、仲恭天皇を退位させ、源平合戦の後、隠居していた安徳天皇の弟の子で高倉天皇の孫である後堀河天皇を即位させた。
- Due to the Jokyu Battle in 1221, after the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) getting rid of all the descendants of Emperor Gotoba, they forced Emperor Chukyo to abdicate and appointed Emperor Gohorikawa who was the grandchild of Emperor Takakura, and retired Emperor Antoku's brother's child, after the Genpei War; the Taira-Minamoto War; the Battle between the Minamoto and the Heike clans.
- そのため、旧勢力は東国武士たちの本音を読みとることができずに目先にある平氏打倒という目的のため、寿永二年十月宣旨の発給や源義仲の征夷大将軍への任命などといった、武士への大幅な権限委譲への道を開いてしまう。
- Therefore the old regime could not understand the Eastern bushi's real agenda and lacked foresight when it issued the Imperial Order of October 1183 and named MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka as Seii taishogun with the aim of destroying the Taira clan because it opened up the road to greater rights for the warrior class.
- 源満仲は、安和の変などの印象から、藤原氏本流に臣従していたイメージが強いが、天皇を始めとして臣、公卿などに必要に応じて起用されていた、つまり支配階級全体に奉仕する傭兵部隊としての色彩がここから感じられる。
- There was an impression that MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka served under the main branch of the Fujiwara clan since the Anna Incident, but it could be interpreted from this that mercenary army that served all ranked ruling people was mobilized as needed by the emperor, minister, and kugyo (court noble).
- 20人に近い女御・更衣をかかえ、保明親王(文献彦太子)・代明親王・重明親王(吏部王)・源高明(臣籍降下)・兼明親王(前中書王)・寛明親王(朱雀天皇)・成明親王(村上天皇)をはじめ、36人の子女をもうけた。
- He had more than 20 nyogo and koi, and he had 36 children followed by Prince Yasuakira (Bunken-gen-taishi), Prince Yoshiakira, Prince Shigeakira (Riho-O), MINAMOTO no Takaakira (who was demoted from nobility to subject (commoner)), Prince Kaneakira (Saki no chusho), Prince Hiroakira (the Emperor Suzaku), Prince Nariakira (the Emperor Murakami) and so on.
- 武田氏の家臣団には、守護の兄弟子女、或いは女婿を中心とするご親類衆があるが、板垣氏や甘利氏など、同じ甲斐源氏を祖に持つ庶流の家柄にあるものは、主に武田氏の家老を務める御譜代衆、国衆として位置づけられていた。
- The vassal groups of the Takeda clan included shinsekishu (a group of relatives) which mainly included siblings and children, and the husbands of daughters of shugo, and those who were in the shoke lineages whose origin was Kai-Genji (the Minamoto clan) similarly to the Takeda clan, such as the Itagaki and the Amari clans, were positioned as Gofudaishu (hereditary daimyo) and kunishu who mainly acted as chief retainers of the Takeda clan.
- だが、慶長8年(1603年)、徳川家康は征夷大将軍となり江戸幕府を開設、続いて風説通りに家康は源氏長者・右大臣・秀頼には内大臣昇進があったものの、幼少であるという理由で関白は引き続き兼孝が務める事となった。
- In 1603, however, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA became Seii Taishogun and established the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and then, as it had been rumored, he was promoted to Genji Choja (the head of the Minamoto clan) and Udaijin while Hideyori was promoted only to Naidaijin and Kanetaka continued to serve as Kanpaku for the reason of Hideyori's being too young.
- 大都市近郊にあって都市的な利便性を有しながら、保津峡等の豊かな自然を併せつつ、さらに出雲大神宮、丹波亀山城(大本本部)等といった歴史的な観光資源があるものの、湯の花温泉_(京都府)を除けば宿泊施設が少ない。
- Kameoka City in the suburbs of the major metropolitan areas enjoys urban convenience, while the city itself is surrounded by nature, such as Hozu-kyo Gorge for example; the city also possesses many historic resources which attract tourism such as the Izumo-Daijingu Shrine and Tanba Kameyama-jo Castle (spiritual center of Omoto), however, except for the Yunohana-onsen Hot Spring, little accommodation is available for tourists.
- 関幸彦は、平氏や源氏、秀郷流藤原氏のような中央の貴族の末流の軍事貴族とは別にして、在地の土豪が中央の権力に従って軍事貴族したものも存在したであろうと指摘し、安倍氏もこの中に含まれるのではないかと論じている。
- Yukihiko SEKI has indicated that, apart from the military aristocracy who were descendants of the central nobles such as the Taira clan, the Minamoto clan, and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line, there may also have been those who had changed into the military aristocracy from the local Dogo under the authority of the central government, and argued that the Abe clan may also have been one of this kind.
- また前代に成立した作品を書写したものとしては、既述の『源氏物語絵巻』などの絵巻の詞書や、『平家納経』などの経典のほか、『古今和歌集』には元永本(国宝)があり、元永3年(1120年)の奥書を有し、完本である。
- The kotobagaki of emaki including 'Genji Monogatari Emaki' that was mentioned earlier, Buddhist scriptures including 'Heike-nokyo,' the Genei-bon manuscript (a national treasure) with okugaki (postscript) in 1120 as a complete edition of 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) are the copied versions of the masterpieces established in the former period.
- 親王の邸宅は桃園親王と呼ばれた貞純親王の邸宅で、後に源保光(桃園中納言)、藤原師氏(桃園大納言)、藤原近信、藤原伊尹家へ移り、その後藤原行成(親王の曾孫にあたる)の邸宅となり、行成はその邸内に寺を建立した。
- The Imperial Prince's Palace belonged to Imperial Prince Sadazumi who was called Imperial Prince Momozono, later on the Palace was passed to MINAMOTO no Yasumitsu (Momozono Chunagon (vice-councilor of state)), FUJIWARA no Morouji (Momozono Dainagon (chief councilor of state)), FUJIWARA no Chikanobu, FUJIWARA no Koretada, after that it became FUJIWARA no Yukinari's (the Imperial Prince Yoshiakira's great grandchild) Palace and he built a temple within the Palace.
- 起源は平安京の一条大路(北大路)と思われるが、現在の京都市北区 (京都市)・左京区を通る「北大路通」は第二次世界大戦前の都市計画により完成したものであり、平安京の一条大路(現在の一条通)とは離れた位置にある。
- It is believed to have originated from Ichijo Oji (Kitaoji) of the Heian-kyo (Kyoto during the Heian period), but the current 'Kitaoji-dori Street' that runs through the Kita and Sakyo Wards of Kyoto City was completed from the city planning made before the World War II and is located apart from Ichijo Oji of Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto) (current Ichijo-dori Street).
- 相馬御厨も大庭御厨も、本所の伊勢神宮は必ずしも下司となった寄進主(開発領主)を保護出来きれなかった、自分の取り分が確保され、更には増えるのなら、下司職が、源義朝でも、千葉常胤でも構わなかったということである。
- That indicates that honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) Ise-jingu Shrine could not always protect donators, or kaihatsu-ryoshu, who became their local official, and rather, it did not matter to them whether the position of the local official was held by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo or Tsunetane CHIBA, as long as their share was guaranteed and, even more, increased.
- 平将門の乱以降は、その平将門を滅ぼした天慶勲功者、藤原秀郷、平貞盛、平公雅、そして源経基の子孫達が、「朝家の爪牙」となっていったが、その彼らが兵(つわもの)として認識されるには、一定のプロセスが必要であった。
- After the war of TAIRA no Masakado, people who distinguishingly served in battle, FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Sadamori, TAIRA no Kinmasa, and the descendants of MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, became the 'choka no soga' after defeating TAIRA no Masakado, but a uniformed process was required for them to be considered tsuwamono.
- かつての通説によると、鎌倉幕府は、1192年(建久3年)に源頼朝が征夷大将軍(以下、将軍)に任官されて始まったとされていたが、頼朝の権力・統治機構はそれ以前から存続しており、現在ではこの説は支持されていない。
- According to an old popular theory, the Kamakura Bakufu was thought to have started in 1192, when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (hereinafter, shogun), but the power and governing system of Yoritomo had existed before that and now this theory is not believed.
- その後、軍事貴族の平清盛が平氏政権をうちたて、平氏政権打倒の過程で発生した の内乱(源平合戦)の結果、東国に武家政権(鎌倉幕府)が登場することとなったが、その後も貴族たちは一定の政治実権を握り続けたのである。
- Later, TAIRA no Kiyomori from the military nobles established the Taira clan administration, and as a result of the civil war of Gisho-Juei (the Genpei war) which occurred during the course of overthrowing the Taira clan administration, a military administration (the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)) was established in the East, but the nobles continued to seize political power afterwards as well.
- また、野口実編『千葉氏の研究』に収録されている論文「古代末期の東国における開発領主の位置」において、黒田紘一郎は、源義朝はその段階では棟梁などではなく、同じレベルで領地を奪おうとした形跡があると論じられている。
- In the article 'Kodaimakki no togoku ni okeru kaihatsuryoshu no ichi' (the Position of kaihatsu-ryoshu [local notables who actually developed the land] in Togoku [the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region] in the late ancient times) included in 'Chibashi no kenkyu' (the Study of the Chiba clan) edited by Minoru NOGUCHI, Koichiro KURODA discusses that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was not toryo (head of the clan) at that stage, and that there is evidence that he attempted to capture the territory as a person of the same level.
- しかし、16日、天台座主・覚快が罷免となり親平氏派の明雲が復帰、17日、太政大臣・藤原師長、大納言・源資賢、参議・藤原光能、大宰大弐・藤原親信、越前国守・藤原季能、大蔵卿・高階泰経、陸奥国守・藤原範季らが解官。
- However, Kakukai, who was the head priest of the Tendai sect of Buddhism was dismissed from his post on 23rd (16th in old lunar calendar) and Myoun of the pro-Taira clan party was reassigned, and FUJIWARA no Moronaga, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), MINAMOTO no Suketaka, Dainagon (chief councilor of state), FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi, Sangi (councillor), FUJIWARA no Chikanobu, Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices), FUJIWARA no Sueyoshi, Governor of Echizen Province, TAKASHINA no Yasutsune, Okurakyo (Minister of the Treasury), FUJIWARA no Norisue, Governor of Mutsu Province were dismissed from their court official posts on 24th (17th in old lunar calendar).
- 当初、後白河上皇以下、貴族から庶民まで義仲の入京を歓迎したが、前年の養和の大飢饉の影響により義仲軍を養う食糧が不足して義仲軍は市中で略奪や狼藉を始めたために義仲の評判は落ちて、源頼朝の上洛を願う声が高まっていく。
- Initially, everyone from the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, aristocrats, to the local people welcomed the entry of Yoshinaka into Kyoto but the great famine of Yowa the previous year led to insufficient food for Yoshinaka's troops, who then started stealing and became violent, leading to a drop in Yoshinaka's popularity and eventually MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's entry became a common hope.
- しかし、後醍醐天皇と足利尊氏との間に亀裂が生じ、南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると吉見頼直は北朝・足利方につき、備後国の国人に兵を送る様に要請したところから、源氏の一門として、一定の地位にあったのではないかといわれる。
- However, when a rift in the relationship between the Emperor Godaigo and Takauji ASHIKAGA developed into the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Yoshinao YOSHIMI sided with the Northern Court Ashikaga clan and ordered kokujin (local lords) of the Bingo Province to dispatch their troops; this is the reason why he is believed to have been in a higher position as a Minamoto clan.
- 幕府の強硬な態度に対して朝廷は、これまでに授与した紫衣着用の勅許を無効にすることに強く反対し、また、大徳寺住職・沢庵宗彭(たくあんそうほう)や、妙心寺の東源慧等ら大寺の高僧も、朝廷に同調して幕府に抗弁書を提出した。
- Against the strong-handed stance of the bakufu, the Imperial Court strongly objected to the annulment of Imperial decrees allowing the wearing of Shie and high priests of major temples such as Takuan Soho, the resident priest of Daitoku-ji Temple and Eto TOGEN of Myoshin-ji Temple also agreed with the Imperial Court and submitted a document of complaint.
- なお、戦国時代には、出雲国神門郡一窪田・吉野や石見国安濃郡太田北郷等に所領を持ちつつ、国人佐波氏の有力家人となり、雲州商人司に任ぜられた石橋氏の一族と思しき石橋源左衛門尉や石橋新左衛門尉が「島根石橋家」に登場する。
- In the Sengoku Period (period of warring states), having the territories in Hitokubota and Yoshino, Kando County, Izumo Province as well as in Otakitago, Ano County, Iwami Province, Genzaemon no jo ISHIBASHI and Shinzaemon no jo ISHIBASHI, possibly of the Ishibashi clan, both of whom became the influential retainers of the Sawa clan, a local lord, and were appointed as head of merchants of Unshu (= Izumo County), emerged from the Shimane Ishibashi clan.
- 木地師とは、山で木を採り椀や盆などの木製品に仕上げる職人で、奥高野から吉野にかけての山域には近江国小椋村(滋賀県東近江市永源寺町)を本拠地とした江州渡(こうしゅうわたり)木地師と呼ばれた人々が大正の頃までいたという。
- Kiji-shi were craftsmen who collected woods in mountains and made wooden products, such as bowls and trays, and it is said that in the mountain range from Okukoya to Yoshino there had been such craftsmen called 'Koshuwatari Kiji-shi' who had their base mainly in Ogura Village, Omi Province (Eigenji-cho, Higashiomi City, Shiga Prefecture) until the Taisho era.
- しかし、名和長年同様に季房から則景へと繋がる系譜の確証となる資料がないため、近時、赤松則村(赤松円心)が北畠親房との縁により、後醍醐天皇方に参戦した際に北畠家の属する村上源氏の末裔を自称することを許可された説もある。
- However, similar to the case of Nagatoshi NAWA, there is no document that confirms the lineage from Suefusa to Norikage, and recently, there is a theory arguing that Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin AKAMATSU) was allowed to proclaim himself as a descendant of the Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan) when joining the Emperor Godaigo side because of the connection with Chikafusa KITABATAKE, and since the Kitabatake family belonged to the Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 佐竹氏と、千葉介、上総介一族との対立はここに始まり、それが解消するのは、治承4年(1180年)の源頼朝の旗揚げに、千葉介、上総介一族が合流し、富士川の戦いで平家を破ったあと、転じて佐竹氏を攻めて敗走させたときである。
- The conflict between the Satake clan and the families of Chiba no suke and Kazusa no suke started there, and was solved when the families of Chiba no suke and Kazusa no suke joined MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's raising of an army in 1180, defeated the Taira family at the Battle of Fujigawa, and then attacked the Satake clan to put them to flight.
- 2つの絵巻は傍証にしか過ぎないが、武士団の蔓延はいつから、という問いに対しては、ちょうど12世紀に入ろうとする頃から、「保元の乱」、「平治の乱」を第一の節目として、更に源平の争乱においてピークに達したと見られている。
- Two picture scrolls were just circumstantial evidence, but the expansion of bushidan started around the time when entering twelfth century and 'Hogen Disturbance' and 'Heiji Disturbance' were the first phrase and reached the peak with the Genpei War if asked about when it started.
- 幕府とは、そもそも将軍の陣所を指す概念であり、源頼朝が右近衛大将に任官したことで、その居館 大倉御所を幕府と称されたことがあるが、それは私邸を指す言葉であり頼朝の開いた武家政権としての鎌倉幕府を指す概念ではなかった。
- Bakufu was originally a concept which referred to a shogun's camp and when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to Ukone no daisho, his house, the Okura palace, was called bakufu, but it was not a word for Kamakura bakufu as a samurai government established by Yoritomo, but a word for the private house.
- 源光信(美濃源氏)、多田行綱(多田源氏)、山本義経(近江源氏)、武田信義、一条忠頼、安田義定(甲斐源氏)、伊豆国の源頼朝、陸奥国の源義経などの名があるが、当時の重要人物の欠落や錯誤が多く、後世の創作と考えられている。
- The list includes such names as MINAMOTO no Mitsunobu (of the Mino Genji), Yukitsuna TADA (of the Tada Genji), Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO (of the Omi Genji), Nobuyoshi TAKEDA, Tadayori ICHIJO, Yoshisada YASUDA (of the Kai Genji), as well as MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Izu province and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune in Mutsu province, but many of the most important and powerful people of the day are missing from the list and there are many errors, prompting some to consider the list a literary fiction added later.
- 先の藤原利仁も、平将門の祖父の平髙望も、あるいはそれ以前に関東進出を果たしていた嵯峨源氏も、そうした「群盗蜂起」に対する治安維持の為に、京の貴族社会の中で武勇に優れたものが下向し、治安維持に当たったものと見られている。
- FUJIWARA no Toshihito, who lived earlier, TAIRA no Takamochi, who was the grandfather of TAIRA no Masakado, and Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan) that entered Kanto region even earlier than all of them sent one within the aristocratic society of Kyoto that excelled in martial arts to travel to districts to deal with the 'increase in robberies' for the sake of public peace.
- しかし、寿永2年(1183年)5月に源義仲の軍が北陸から一気に京へ進軍すると、義仲軍に主力を壊滅させられていた平氏は、ついに安徳天皇を伴って京を脱出し大宰府に下向するが、豊後の武士・緒方維栄に撃退され屋島にたどり着いた。
- However, in May 1183, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's troops swept into Kyoto from Hokuriku, and the Taira clan, whose main forces were crushed by Yoshinaka's troops, finally decided to escape Kyoto and headed towards Dazaifu accompanied by Emperor Antoku, but were repelled by Koreyoshi OGATA, a bushi of Bungo and landed on Yashima Island.
- 河内源氏は鎌倉幕府樹立の過程で治承の戦いの際に恩賞などの形で獲得した旧伊勢平氏知行国のうち9ヶ国(下総国・上総国・武蔵国・相模国・伊豆国・越後国・信濃国・駿河国・豊後国)及び没官領となった500ヶ所以上の荘園を獲得した。
- The Kawachi Genji received nine provinces (Shimousa Province, Kazusa Province, Musashi Province, Sagami Province, Izu Province, Echigo Province, Shinano Province, Suruga Province, Bungo Province) among those that had been the Ise Heishi's chigyokoku, and 500 or more shoen, that had been mokkan ryo (confiscated lands) -- All of them were received as rewards in the Jisho no ran (Jisho civil war, 1180) in the process of establishing the Kamakura bakufu (military government of Kamakura).
- 「徳政(とくせい)」とは天人相関思想に基づき、代替わり或いは災害などに伴い改元が行われた際に天皇が行う貧民救済活動や神領興行(儀式遂行とその財源たる所領等の保障)、訴訟処理などの社会政策のことであり、「新制」とも呼ばれる。
- Tokusei' (acts of Virtuous Government), also called 'Shinsei' (new system), are social policies that the Emperor initiated upon ascending to the throne or when the name of the era was changed because of natural disasters, etc. and were based on the theory of correlation between heaven and man and entailed activities to save the poor, 'Shinryo-kogyo' (conducting ceremonies and securing property for revenue) and court case processing.
- 奥州藤原氏(おうしゅうふじわらし)は前九年の役・後三年の役の後の寛治元年(1087年)から源頼朝に滅ぼされる文治5年(1189年)までの間、陸奥国(後の陸中国)平泉を中心に出羽国を含む東北地方一帯に勢力を張った一族である。
- The Oshu Fujiwara clan was the clan whose power stretched over the entire Tohoku region, which centered on Hiraizumi in Mutsu Province (later Rikuchu Province) and included Dewa Province, from 1087 after the Zenkunen War (the Early Nine Years' War) and the Gosannen War (the Later Three Years' War) to 1189, when it was destroyed by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- ただ、このときの源義朝と、常重から相馬郷の新券(証文)を責め取った下総守藤原親通の利害関係はよく判らないが、元木泰雄は下総守藤原親通が摂関家に従属する位置にあったので、大殿・藤原忠実の権威を利用して押さえたと想定している。
- It is uncertain, however, what interests MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and the Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi, who compelled Tsuneshige to acquire a deed of the Soma-go village, had at that occasion, but Yasuo MOTOKI assumes that since the Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi was in a position dependent of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the regent and the chief adviser to the Emperor), he captured the mikuriya using the authority of his head master FUJIWARA no Tadazane.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると、従来から存在した王朝(朝廷・公家)の法令(公家法・本所法など)以外にも新たに登場した鎌倉幕府によって、右大将家(源頼朝)以来の判例の蓄積や御成敗式目の成立など、武家固有の法令(武家法)が構築されていった。
- As the Kamakura period began, in addition to the currently existing laws and ordinances of the dynasty (the Imperial court and Court nobles), such as court noble law and honjo law (a law to govern manor in the medieval Japan), the newly established Kamakura bakufu instituted Samurai laws which was unique to samurai families by collecting legal precedents after the inauguration of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the udaisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) family, and formulating Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai).
- さらに、以仁王の令旨を受けて、東国の源頼朝、源義仲、源信義(甲斐源氏)らが相次いで反平氏の兵を挙げ、さらに多田源氏、美濃源氏、近江源氏、河内の石川源氏、九州の菊池氏・紀伊熊野の湛増・土佐の源希義らも反平氏の行動を始めていた。
- Furthermore, answering the call by Prince Mochihito, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, MINAMOTO no Nobuyoshi (Kai Genji (Minamoto clan)) of the east raised anti-Taira clan forces and also Tada-Genji (Minamoto clan), Mino-Genji (Minamoto clan), Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan), Ishikawa-Genji (Minamoto clan) of Kawachi, the Kikuchi clan of Kyushu, Tanzo of Kumano in Kii Province and MINAMOTO no Mareyoshi in Tosa started to rebel against the Taira clan.
- ただし、頼朝は六条堀川に河内源氏代々の館を持ち、時政以後の京都守護は公家出身者や京都在住が長い武士が多かったために自己の屋敷を庁舎としており、専ら北条氏のように京都に拠点の無い東国武士が拠点にする場合が多かったとされている。
- However, in Rokujo Horikawa, Yoritomo had a residence which had been handed down through generations in Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), and after Tokimasa the Kyoto shugo had many warriors from court nobles who had long lived in Kyoto and used their own residences as their offices so, the warriors from the eastern provinces, who had no bases in Kyoto like the Hojo clan, often used Rokuhara as their base.
- また、特定個人のために作られた書籍として、菅原是善が皇太子時代の文徳天皇に授けた『東宮切韻』(散逸)、源順が勤子内親王に授けた『和名類聚抄』、源為憲が尊子内親王に授けた『三宝絵詞』、同人が藤原誠信に授けた『口遊』などがある。
- There were also books created for particular people such as 'Togusetsuin' (Dissipation) offered to the Emperor Montoku during his crown prince days by SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, 'Wamyo Ruijusho' offered to Imperial Princess Isoko by MINAMOTO no Shitago, 'Sambo Ekotoba' offered to Imperial Princess Sonshi by MINAMOTO no Tamenori, and 'Kuchizusami' offered to FUJIWARA no Sanenobu also by MINAMOTO no Tamenori.
- その際、宿の屏風絵に感心した源内がその絵の作者だという直武を呼び、「供物餅を上から描いてみなさい」と直武に描かせてみせたところ、二重丸を描いた直武に「それではお盆なのか餅なのか分からない」と言い、即座に陰影法を教えたという。
- Impressed by a screen painting in the home, Gennai summoned the artist named Naotake and said to him, 'Try to paint the rice cake offering as if looking at it from above,' and when Naotake painted only a double circle, Gennai exclaimed, 'I cannot tell if that is the tray or the rice cake,' and immediately taught him a method of painting with shadows.
- 戦前の大谷友右衛門 (6代目)、近年では實川延若 (3代目)、浅尾奥山 (4代目)、中村源左衛門、四代目市川段四郎など腕のいい役者が印象に残るが、最近は、十八代目中村勘三郎が「平成中村座」で演じた時の笹野高史が好評であった。
- Skillful actors such as prewar Tomoemon OTANI (the sixth), recent Enjaku JITSUKAWA (the third), Okuzan ASAO (the fourth), Genzaemon NAKAMURA, and Danshiro ICHIKAWA the fourth were impressive and lately Takashi SASANO was received well when Kanzaburo NAKAMURA, the eighteenth played at 'Heisei Nakamura-za Theater'.
- 酒呑童子一味は大江山(丹波国にあったとされるが、現在の京都市と亀岡市の境にある大枝山という説もある)を拠点にし、京の貴族の子女を誘拐するなど乱暴狼藉をはたらいたが、源頼光と4人の家臣たち(頼光四天王)によって滅ぼされたという。
- The lair of Shuten Doji and his gang was on Mt. Oe (which is generally thought to have been located in Tanba Province, but a competing theory holds that 'Mt. Oe' in fact refers to the Mt. Oe on the border of the modern-day cities of Kyoto and Kameoka); according to legend, they committed various outrages, for example kidnapping the children of noblemen in Kyoto, until they were laid low by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu and his four retainers (known as 'Yorimitsu's Four Heavenly Warriors').
- 更に12世紀に入ると、官司の運営とそれに伴う収益、そうした業務の財源として確保されてきた官司領(官衙領)が世襲氏族によって官職そのものを含めた「職の体系」として私的に所有されるようになり、「知行」として行使されるようになった。
- Furthermore, in the twelfth century, the management and accompanying profit of Kanji and Kanjiryo that was maintained as the funds for the job (Kangaryo) began to be privately owned by the hereditary clans as part of the job system including the position itself and used as 'Chigyo (enfeoffment).'
- 源頼朝の死後、将軍の輔弼制度として北条氏による執政制度も創設され、たとえ頼朝の血統が絶えても鎌倉幕府体制は永続するように制度整備がなされ、その裏打ちとして御成敗式目という初の武家法が制定され、その後の中世社会の基本法典となった。
- After MINAMOTO no Yoritomo died, an administrative system was created by the Hojo clan to fill the role of Shogunal advisor to the Imperial Court; they also arranged the system so that even if Yoritomo's bloodline died out, the Kamakura bakufu system could continue, and to serve as the bakufu's legal basis created the Goseibei Shikimoku (Formulary of Adjudications), the first set of laws governing the warrior class, which was to became the legal foundation of medieval society in Japan.
- 水系に産する生物、特に魚類については、源伴存の『和州吉野郡群山記』(弘化年間)がイワナ(地方名キリクチ)、アユ、アマゴ(ヤマメ)、ウナギの5種を記載して以来、十津川とその支流に見られる淡水魚について、多くの調査研究が行われてきた。
- As for creatures, especially fish, in the water system, 'Washu Yoshino-gun Gunzanki' written by Tomoari MINAMOTO in the Kowa era (the later Edo period) lists five kinds of fish including Japanese char (locally called kirikuchi), ayu (sweetfish), red spotted masu trout (landlocked masu salmon) and eel; after that, plenty of investigations and studies has been conducted on freshwater fish in Totsu-kawa River and its branches.
- なお『宇津保物語』ではさまざまな直衣が登場するが、『枕草紙』では「桜直衣」(表が白で裏が紫や赤系統の直衣)、『源氏物語』では二藍や縹の夏直衣がさかんに現れ、10世紀末頃より後世定番化する配色の直衣が流行しはじめていたことがわかる。
- There were various type of Noshi in 'Utsuho monogatari' (The Tale of the Hollow Tree), 'Sakura Noshi' (white on outside and the lining was purple or other red or similar color) was often used in 'Makura no soshi' (The Pillow Book), Futaai or light blue Noshi was often used in 'Genji monogatari' (The Tale of Genji), we can imagine that the popular color which became common in the later years, was the latest in fashion at around the end of the 10th century.
- 佐竹氏と、千葉氏、上総氏一族との対立はここに始まり、それが解消するのは、1180年の源頼朝の旗揚げに、千葉介、上総介一族が合流し、「富士川の戦い」に平家を破ったあと、転じて常陸に佐竹氏を攻めて敗走させるまで待たなければならなかった。
- The conflict between Satake, Chiba, and Kazusa clans started here and was solved with the mobilization of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in 1180 where Chiba no suke (assistant governor of Chiba Province) and Kazusa no suke clans gathered, defeated Taira clan in 'the Battle of Fujikawa River,' attacked the Satake clan of Hitachi, and made them flee after losing the battle.
- 後嵯峨上皇が、後深草天皇の皇子ではなく、亀山天皇の皇子(後の後宇多天皇)を皇太子にした事が、後の持明院統(後深草天皇の血統)と大覚寺統(亀山天皇の血統)の確執のきっかけとなり、それが南北朝時代、更には後南朝まで続く大乱の源となった。
- The Retired Emperor Gosaga appointed Emperor Kameyama's Prince (later called Emperor Gouda) as Crown Prince, instead of appointing Emperor Gofukakusa's Prince, and this caused a conflict between what it's called the Jimyo-in Imperial line (Emperor Gofukakusa's line) and the Daikaku-ji Imperial line (Emperor Kameyama's line) in later years, it also caused the big battle during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and even the post Southern Court.
- 漢語の経典や声明(しょうみょう)と異なり和歌の賛仏歌として「御詠歌」が多くの宗派・寺院で採用されているが、この「御詠歌」の起源は花山法皇が西国三十三箇所の各札所で詠まれた御製の和歌を後世の巡礼者が節をつけて巡礼歌として歌ったものである。
- Unlike sutras and chants in Sino-Japanese words, the 'goeika,' songs consisting of waka poems to praise Buddha, has been widely adopted among many temples and schools of Buddhism; in fact, the origin of the goeika goes back to the pilgrimage songs sung by pilgrims who set to music the poems Cloistered Emperor Kazan had written at each fudasho temple of the Saigoku Sanjusankasho pilgrimage.
- が、志方正和は公家が残した日記や源氏物語を研究した結果、藤原隆家の下で大宰少弐であった則隆の父藤原政則が、肥後国住人と記述されていることから、政則と則隆の代1070年ころ菊池周辺に土着したとする説を発表、この説が現在まで有力とされている。
- However, in his study on the diaries left by nobles and The Tale of Genji, Masakazu SHIKATA found that Noritaka's father, FUJIWARA no Masanori, who was Dazai no shoni (junior assistant governor of Dazaifu, local government office in Kyushu region) under FUJIWARA no Takaie, was mentioned as a resident of Higo Province, and on this finding, Shikata presented a theory that the family was settled in the vicinity of Kikuchi around 1070, during the generations of Masanori and Noritaka, and since then, this is considered as a theory with high credibility.
- また後で登場する千葉氏も名馬の保有で有名であり、『平家物語』の中で平山季重が自分の馬は千葉氏から手に入れたものだと自慢したり、鎌倉時代初期に源頼朝周辺に何度も献馬したりするなど、良質な「牧」を管理しているというイメージがあったようである。
- The Chiba clan, which is mentioned later, was also famous for owning meiba and Sueshige HIRAYAMA boasted in the 'Tale of Heike' that his horse was bought from the Chiba clan and donated a horse to associates of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the early Kamakura period, and gave the impression of managing good quality 'maki.'
- 南北朝時代 (日本)以降は、貢納品の独占販売権を取得し座と同様の活動を行ったが、その特権の源泉であった天皇家の権威喪失とともに聖性を失い、一部には大商人として成功する者が出た反面、被差別民の起源のひとつともなったとする部落の起源論争もある。
- Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kugonin had obtained the exclusive sales rights of the presents and conducted activities similar to those of Za, however, they lost their holiness with the loss of the dignity of the Imperial Family, which was the source of their privileges, some of them succeeded as large-scale merchants, and it is disputed that they were the origin of buraku one of the origins of the discriminated people.
- 治承・寿永の乱の過程で、鎌倉を本拠に源頼朝を棟梁として東国武士を中心に樹立された鎌倉幕府では、東国を中心に諸国に守護、地頭を設置し、警察権を掌握していたが、西国は支配しきっておらず依然として朝廷の力は強く、幕府と朝廷の二頭政治の状態にあった。
- Given the tumultuous history of the disturbances in the Jijo and Juei eras, the Kamakura bakufu--made up primarily of samurais from the eastern provinces, having its stronghold in Kamakura, and having Minamoto no Yoritomo as its leader--exerted control over assignments of provincial governors and estate stewards in several provinces, mainly in the east, and held the power to police those domains; in the west, however, they had no real control, whereas the Imperial Court's power in the West remained considerable, and thus the shogunate and the Court were stuck as joint rulers of Japan.
- 例えば、後に佐竹義宗が強引に相馬御厨全域を支配したとき、その『源義宗寄進状』には「常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉、是背法令、大非常之上、大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也」と、上総介常澄、千葉介常胤、が共に反抗していることが伺える。
- For example, when Yoshimune SATAKE aggressively dominated the entire region of Soma-mikuriya later, he stated in 'MINAMOTO no Yoshimune's letter of donation' that '常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉,是背法令,大非常之上,大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也,' indicating that Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi and Chiba no suke Tsunetane both rebelled.
- この期間、国内税率を一律固定化する公田官物率法が導入されたり、小規模な名田に並行して広く領域的な別名が公認されるようになったり、大規模事業の財源として一国単位で一律に課税する一国平均役が成立するなど、社会構造に変革を及ぼすような政策がとられた。
- During this period, some policies, which affected the social structure, were developed: the Koden kanmotsu rippo, which fixed the domestic tax rate, was introduced; bechimyo (large territories including mountains and forests) was authorized alongside small-sized Myoden; Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on every private estate in one province) in order to get financial resources for large-scale projects.
- 国衙軍制の可能性を指摘し、それが武士の起源に関係することを論じたものには、石井進『中世成立期軍制研究の一視点』(「史学雑誌」78編12号所載、1969年)や戸田芳実『国衙軍制の形成過程』(「中世の権力と民衆」所載、創元社、1970年)などがある。
- The papers that pointed out the possibility of the kokuga forces system and discussed the relation of the system to the origin of samurai include 'A viewpoint concerning research about the military system in the early medieval period' written by Susumu ISHII ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), No. 12, vol. 78, in 1969) and 'The process in which the kokuga forces system was formed' written by Yoshimi TODA (recorded in 'Power and the general public in the medieval period,' published by Sogensha, in 1970).
- 平氏一門のうち宗盛、清宗、それに平家と行動をともにしていた平時忠(二位ノ尼の弟)、平時実、平信基、藤原尹明といった廷臣、能円、全真、良弘、忠快、行命といった僧侶、平盛国、平盛澄、源季貞らの武将、大納言典侍、帥典侍、治部卿局らの女房が捕虜となっている。
- Of the Taira clan those taken prisoner included Munemori and Kiyomune; the courtiers TAIRA no Tokitada (Tokiko's younger brother), TAIRA no Tokizane, TAIRA no Nobumoto, and FUJIWARA no Tadaaki, who had acted in support of the main Taira clan; the Buddhist priests Noen, Zenshin, Ryoko, Chukai, and Gyomei; the military commanders TAIRA no Morikuni, TAIRA no Morizumi, and MINAMOTO no Suesada; and among the women, FUJIWARA no Sukeko (known as the Lady-in-Waiting to the Chief Councillor of State (Dainagon)), FUJIWARA no Muneko (the Lady-in-Waiting to the governor), and the Lady-in-Waiting to the Lord of the Office of Governance.
- そのうち鎌倉、室町、徳川の各武家権力は、武力により政権を樹立し、源頼朝が確立したが、形式上朝廷から任ぜられる形で征夷大将軍の位に付く事で幕府を開き、封建制とも呼ばれる分権的な統治を行い、地方領主として地域の実効支配権を持つ武士の連合政権の形をとった。
- Of all administrations in the military government, each samurai authority of Kamakura, Muromachi, and Tokugawa were set up by force and could be traced back to the establishment by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo; he started the bakufu by arriving in power of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in the form of being entrusted by the Imperial Court, achieved decentralized governance, called a 'feudal system,' and adopted a form of coalition government of samurai who held sway over their region as a local feudal lord.
- 前者の宣旨は平重盛へ東山・東海・山陽・南海諸道の治安警察権を委ねる内容であり、源頼朝による諸国の治安維持権を承認した建久2年(1191年)3月新制につながるものと評価されており、武家政権の性格を持つ平氏政権がこの宣旨によって成立したとする見方である。
- The first hypothesis considers that the Imperial order granted TAIRA no Shigemori the policing rights in Higashiyama, Tokai, Sanyo and various Nankai roads and is now considered to be related to the new system approved in March 1191 that allowed MINAMOTO no Yoritomo to hold the policing rights of various provinces, and this order established the Taira clan administration as having the characteristics of a warrior class administration.
- 土佐国の源希義をはじめ、河内源氏のかつての本拠地だった河内国石川の源義基・源義兼父子、美濃国の土岐氏、近江国の佐々木氏、山本義経、紀伊国の湛増、伊予国の河野氏、肥後国の菊池氏らのほか、若狭国・越前国・加賀国の在庁官人など、多くの勢力による挙兵があった。
- Various forces raised troops including MINAMOTO no Mareyoshi of Tosa Province, the father and son, MINAMOTO no Yoshimoto and MINAMOTO no Yoshikane of Ishikawa in Kawachi Province, which was the former base of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), the Toki clan in Mino Province, the Sasaki clan and Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO in Omi Province, Tanzo in Kii Province, the Kono clan in Iyo Province, the Kikuchi clan in Higo Province, and local officials in Wakasa, Echizen and Kaga Provinces.
- 「職能」起源論では、武士とみなされる社会階層は源氏、平氏などの発生期には武芸を家業とする諸大夫、侍身分のエリート騎馬戦士に限定されていたとし、その後、中世を通じて「狭義の武士」との主従関係を通じて「広義の武士」とみなされる階層が室町時代以降拡大していった。
- According to the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function,' the social class considered as bushi was limited to shodaibu or elite cavalry warriors coming from samurai status, whose family business was military art, during the period when the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan emerged; and later, through the medieval times, the class of 'bushi in a broad sense' came to have the master-subordinate relationship with 'bushi in a narrow sense' and expanded after the Muromachi period.
- 後花園天皇の実父である後崇光院が著した『看聞日記』をはじめとする同時代の日記類によれば、事件は9月24日に起こり、首謀者は南朝の後亀山天皇あるいはその弟の子孫とされる金蔵主、通蔵主の兄弟、鎌倉時代の後鳥羽上皇の後胤を称する源尊秀、日野氏傍流の日野有光、日野資光ら。
- According to diaries written at that time such as the 'Kanomon Nikki (Diary)' written by Emperor Hanazono's biological father, Gosukoin, the incident occurred on September 24 and the main people behind the incident were the Kinzosu and Tsuzosu brothers who were thought to be descendants of the Southern Court Emperor Gokameyama or his brother, MINAMOTO no Takahide, who claimed to be a descendant of the Retired Emperor Gotoba (Kamakura period) and Arimitsu HINO and Sukemitsu HINO, who came from a branch line of the Hino clan.
- この争乱が以仁王の「平氏追討」の令旨に始まること、平氏政権から頼朝政権(鎌倉幕府)に交代したこと、民間レベルでは『平家物語』や『源平盛衰記』などの影響から清盛・宗盛ら平氏一門と頼朝・義経・義仲ら源氏一門の争いと受け取られてきたことなどが、この呼称を生んだといえる。
- This term started because the war was considered as a fight between Kiyomori and Munemori of the Taira family and Yoritomo, Yoshitsune, Yoshinaka of the Minamoto clan due to the fact that the war started with Prince Mochihito's call for 'destroying the Taira clan,' the transition from the Taira clan government to Yoritomo government (Kamkura bakufu), and the effect of stories such as 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tales of the Heike) and 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Fall of the Genji and the Heike) had on the people.
- この反乱は朝廷の勲功認定を目的に全国から集結した武士たちによって鎮圧され、武芸の家、すなわち、武士として公認された家系は、承平天慶勲功者の子孫ということになり、「武」が貴族の家としての「家業」となり、武家としての清和源氏や桓武平氏、秀郷流藤原氏もこの時に確定した。
- These revolts were quelled by the bushi who came together from across Japan to get the approval of their deeds of valor from the Imperial Court and the families of military art, that is, the family lines publicly authorized as bushi were considered as the descendants of Johei Tengyo kunkosha (people who served with distinguish in the Johei and Tengyo War) and '武' (military affair) became a 'family business' of the aristocrat family and Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line were established as military families at this time.
- 頼通が失意のあまり引退した後、藤原彰子の推挙で弟の教通を関白にしたが、反摂関家の急先鋒で東宮時代の天皇を庇護していた故能信の養子の藤原能長や、村上源氏の源師房等を登用して摂関家の政権独占打破を図り、大江匡房や藤原実政等の下級役人などを登用し、積極的に親政を行った。
- After Yorimichi abdicated with great disappointment, his brother Norimichi became chancellor (chief advisor to the Emperor) with the help of FUJIWARA no Shoshi; moreover, Fujiwara no Yoshinobu's adopted son FUJIWARA no Yoshinaga and MINAMOTO no Morofusa, of the Murakami Minamoto clan, were given the positions needed to defeat the dominant politics of the Sekkan-ke, and appointed the lower government officials such as OE no Masafusa and FUJIWARA no Sanemasa, because FUJIWARA no Yoshinobu had supported the Emperor when he was the crown prince and was an active leader in opposition to the Sekkan-ke.
- また、自分の政権維持のために、平家や木曾義仲ら武士勢力を利用しては、その存在が邪魔になると討伐という形で使い捨てを続けた事から、源頼朝からは「日本国第一の大天狗」と評された(ただし、近年この大天狗の表現は、院近臣の高階泰経を指したのではないかとする説も出ている)。
- Also he was called by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the 'No.1 Tengu (Mountain spirit) in Japan' which means the most boisterous person in Japan, since he used the Samurai forces, such as the Taira clan or Yoshinaka KISO, to keep his political authority and killed them when they were no longer needed, in another words he used and discarded people. (however recently there is another theory that this expression about Tengu is considered to be describing his close aide, TAKASHINA no Yasutsune.)
- いっぽう、1980年代後半より花粉症対策検討委員会を、1998年からはアレルギー性疾患対策検討委員会を設けるなど独自に花粉症・アレルギーに関する研究や施策を行ってきた東京都では、花粉の発生源である森林への対策を取りまとめ、2006年度より事業として始めることになった。
- In Tokyo, which has independently implemented research and measures into pollinosis and allergies including the Pollen Allergy Measurements and Review Committee implemented in the latter half of the 1980s and the Allergic Disease Countermeasures Investigation Committee founded in 1998, countermeasures against forests which are a source of pollen have been compiled and these were put into operation in 2006.
- 千葉介、上総介一族が、頼朝に加担したのは、『吾妻鏡』にいうような、両氏が累代の源氏の郎等であったからではなく、平家と結んだ下総の藤原氏、そして常陸の佐竹氏の侵攻に対して、頼朝を担ぐことによってそれを押し返し、奪い取られた自領を復活する為の起死回生の掛けであったといわれる。
- It is said that the reason why the families of Chiba no suke and Kazusa no suke joined Yoritomo was not because they were followers of the generations of the Genji family as stated in 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East); rather, they supported Yoritomo to fight back against the attacks by the Fujiwara clan of Shimosa, who was aligned with the Taira family, and the Satake clan of Hitachi in an attempt to recover their lost territories, which was a revival gamble.
- この時期、諸国の神社領は、地頭、非御家人のみならず、本所による恣意的な神官任命や別相伝(神社領が細分化され本所である摂関家等の縁故者に占有されること)承認により、神官による神社領管理が不安定となっており、このため財源に事欠くことから神社における諸儀式が滞るようになっていた。
- In this period, the management of shrine estates by Shinto priests was destabilized by arbitrary appointment of priests and approval of betsusoden (fragmentation of shrines' estates to be separately possessed by Sekkanke (families qualified for appointment as Prince Regent or Chief Advisor to the Emperor) or other persons having particular relations, who were honsho (nominal landowners)) by not only jito (estate stewards) and higokenin (lower-ranking samurai not under official control of the Bakufu) but also by honsho, and the consequent lack of funds prevented shrines from duly performing various rituals.
- 千葉介、上総介一族が、頼朝に加担したのは、『吾妻鏡』が美化して伝えるような、両氏が代々源氏の家人であったからではなく、平家と結んだ下総国の藤原氏、そして常陸国の佐竹氏の侵攻に対して、頼朝を担ぐことによってそれを押し返し、奪い取られた自領を復活する為の起死回生の掛けであった。
- The reason why Chiba and Kazusa no Suke clans supported Yoritomo was not only because they both were the servants of Minamoto clan as beautified by 'Azuma Kagami,' but to repel the invasion of the Fujiwara clan of Shimousa Province and the Satake clan of Hitachi Province by supporting Yoritomo and to recover their stolen estate as a gamble to turn things around from facing a complete defeat.
- 「つわもの」の語源は明らかではないが、竹内理三は、大槻文彦が『大言海』の中で「鍔物(つみはもの)の略にて、兵器、特に鍔(つば)あれば云うとぞ」と書かれていることを紹介しながら、9世紀頃までは武器を指した言葉であることは間違いがなく、10世紀頃から「武者」と同義になるとする。
- The origin of the word 'tsuwamono' is uncertain, but Rizo TAKEUCHI referred to it as 'the abbreviation of tsuwamono (guard) or a weapon mentioned especially when there is a tsuba (sword guard)' in 'Daigenkai' (literally, great sea of words, a Japanese dictionary) by Fumihiko OTSUKI, and applied to weapons until the ninth century without a doubt and became a synonym for 'busha' from the tenth century.
- そのため、地方の実効支配者としての地位の向上を望む多数の地方武士の利益代表者の位置を十分構築できず、同時多発反乱の中から台頭した源義仲や源頼朝らによって滅ぼされた(ただし、清盛が設置した諸制度の中に後の頼朝政権に引き継がれた組織の萌芽が見られるというのが近年の有力説である)。
- For this reason, the position of beneficial representatives among many local samurai who were hoping to improve their ranks as regional effective controllers was not sufficiently established and the Taira clan was overthrown by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who gained power through many simultaneous revolts (However, a recent theory says that germination of the organizations which were taken over to Yoritomo administration can be seen in the various systems established by Kiyomori).
- 2001年にアジアの黄砂発生源を3つに区分(中国西部・中国北部・黄土高原)して行われた黄砂の成分分析では、質量が多い順にケイ素が24 - 30%、カルシウムが7 - 12%、アルミニウムが7%、鉄が4 - 6%、カリウムが2 - 3%、マグネシウムが1 - 3%ほどを占めた。
- According to component analyses of kosa conducted in 2001 at the three typical kosa source places (the western area of China, the northern area of China and the Loess Plateau) in Asia, the kosa included, in the larger mass order, silicon (24 to 30 percent), calcium (7 to 12 percent), aluminum (7 percent), iron (4 to 6 percent), potassium (2 to 3 percent) and magnesium (1 to 3percent).
- 東大寺は二月堂・法華堂・正倉院・南大門・鐘楼・転害門・念仏堂などが焼け残り、被害そのものは源平の戦いの時に行われた平重衡の南都焼討よりも少なかったが、類焼によって炎上した前回とは違い、東大寺そのものが戦場になり、なおかつ大仏殿に直接火がかけられたと言う事実は内外に衝撃を与えた。
- The surviving buildings of Todai-ji Temple included Nigatsudo, Hokkedo, Shosoin, Nandaimon (literally 'southern big gate'), Shoro (bell tower), Tengaimon (literally 'the gate of shifting the evil') and Nenbutsudo (Buddha invocation hall); although the extent of destruction was smaller than in the burning of Nato by TAIRA no Shigehira during the Taira-Minamoto War, the very fact that Todai-ji Temple itself became a battlefield unlike in the past incident, in which the temple had caught fire from next door, and Daibutsu-den (the Great Buddha hall) itself was set fire shocked people both in and out of the area.
- 宇多上皇(程なく宇多法皇になる)は醍醐天皇に譲位した後も、『寛平御遺誡』という君主の心構えを新帝に説くばかりでなく、道真を始め源善・中納言源希・蔵人頭平季長・侍従藤原忠平といったいわゆる「寛平の治」の推進役だった一種の側近集団を新帝の周囲に配置して新帝の政策を主導しようと図った。
- Even after Retired Emperor Uda (who soon after became Cloistered Emperor Uta) abdicated the throne to Emperor Daigo, he went far beyond merely his written injunction, the Kanpyo goyuikai--which advised the new emperor on how to prepare himself to rule--and actively planned to continue his leadership role in the new emperor's government by surrounding Emperor Daigo with the group of his closest aides and ministers who had been the driving force behind the administration of the Kanpyo era, notably Michizane but also including MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Mare, the Kuroudo no kami (Majordomo of the palace) TAIRA no Suenaga, and the Jiju (Chamberlain) FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- 対象となった歌人は藤原雅経、源具親、鴨長明、後鳥羽院宮内卿ら院の近臣を中心とする新人のグループで、この時期、院は熱心に新たな歌人を発掘し、周囲に仕えさせることで、後に新古今歌人群のなかにあって、九条家グループ、御子左家グループと鼎立する院近臣グループの基盤がここに整ったといえる。
- The reprehensive poets were FUJIWARA no Masatsune, MINAMOTO no Tomochika, KAMO no Chomei and Go-Toba in no Kunaikyo, who were mostly newcomers from among the aides of Go-Toba-in; he tried to find new poets to serve the other people, but later on it helped to create a base for the In aide group together with the KUJO Family group and the Mikohidari Family group within Shin Kokin Kajin gun.
- 福岡県八女市の医師石橋正良宅に伝わる『石橋氏系図』によると、八女地方の石橋一族は、清和源氏の血を引く肥前出身の武士で豊後大友氏の門族である筑後国下田城主堤貞元の重臣石橋右衛門盛清(慶長6年没)が天正年間(1573年から1593年)に、筑後国生葉郡星野村に定住したのがはじまりである。
- According to the 'Ishibashi Clan Family Tree' handed down to Dr 石橋正良 of Yame City, Fukuoka Prefecture, the Ishibashi clan in the Yame region started when Uemon-morikiyo ISHIBASHI (died in 1601), a senior vassal of the lord of the Shimoda-jo Castle of the Chikugo Province 堤貞元 who was a Seiwa Genji-lined samurai from Hizen Province and a family member of the Otomo clan of the Bungo Province, settled in Hoshino-mura village, Ikuha County, Chikugo Province in a certain point of the Tensho era (1573 - 1593).
- これは泰時が『法曹至要抄』や明法道の目安(訴状・陳状などの法律文書)を研究していたことや、編纂に参加しているのが泰時とともに六波羅探題を務めた叔父の北条時房(幕府連署)や京都の下級官人出身者やその子弟が中心であったのも御成敗式目の法源を武家慣習法ではなく公家法に求めたからと考えられている。
- It has been believed that the reason why Yasutoki studied 'Hososhiyo-sho' (a legal book compiled by the Sakanoue clan between the end of Heian period and the early Kamakura period) as well as the criterion of Myobodo (study of Codes) (legal documents of petition, petition for objection, and so forth) and why his uncle Tokifusa HOJO, a bakufu rensho (assistant to regents in bakufu) who had worked as Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) with him and person who had come from lower-ranking government official in Kyoto and their descendents participated in the compilation were that he sought the source of law not for the common law for samurai families, but for the court noble law.
- 要するに、平家を見限った甲斐源氏の加々美長清が、老母の病を口実に東国へ帰ろうと考え、それを平知盛(平清盛の四男)に申し出たところ許しては貰えなかったが、高橋判官平盛綱はその真意に気づきながらも、「家人のように抑留すべきでない」と平知盛に口添えをしてくれて、やっと知盛の許しを得たという話し。
- Nagakiyo KAGAMI of Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) saw a limit to the power of Taira clan and decided to return to Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) by asking TAIRA no Tomomori (the fourth son of TAIRA no Kiyomori) using an excuse of the illness of his elderly mother, but his request was not granted, but TAIRA no Moritsuna, who was the Takahashi no hangan (inspector - third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period) advised TAIRA no Tomomori 'not to force him to stay like Kenin' despite knowing his true intention and he finally gained permission from Tomomori.
- しかしその実は、当時世界最高水準の複式簿記考案(中井源左衛門・日野商人)(小倉栄一郎『江州中井家帳合の法』)や、契約ホテルのはしりとも言える「大当番仲間」制度の創設(日野商人)、現在のチェーン店の考えに近い出店・枝店を積極的に開設するなど、徹底した合理化による流通革命だったと評価されている。
- In reality, however, they are now considered the pioneers who brought revolutionary changes to the distribution business by strictly pursuing the concept of streamlining, as seen in the examples of the invention of the double-entry system in bookkeeping by a merchant from Hino, Genzaemon NAKAI, which was at the highest level in the word at that time (according to Eiichi OGURA 'Goshu Nakai-ke chogo no ho' (bookkeeping method of the Nakai family in Omi Province)); the establishment of the system of 'Otoban nakama' by the merchants from Hino, which can said to be an early concept of the contracted hotel; and the expansion of the business by proactively opening branches, which is a similar concept to today's chain stores.
- 平安時代の源氏物語に見られるような、貴族階級による願掛けを中心とした神社参詣がその初期形態ではないかとされ、その後仏教の末法思想の流行により、後白河法皇の熊野三山詣でなど浄土信仰を背景とした極楽往生を願う巡礼へと変化し、中世に入ると、戦乱や貧困の中で一般階級による巡礼も行なわれるようになった。
- As depicted in the Tale of Genji set in the Heian period, the initial form was thought to be the shrine visits that the nobility made, which further transformed into Junrei to wish for a peaceful death through Jodo Shinko (belief of a pure land after death) such as the Kumano Sanzan (three shrines in Kumano) visits of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa due to the spread of pessimism in a decadent age, and in the middle ages, Junrei were done by the ordinary public during the age of war and poverty.
- 保元の乱における源為義・平忠正、平治の乱における源義平・藤原信頼、源平合戦では平能宗、本能寺の変における斎藤利三、関ヶ原の戦いにおける石田三成・小西行長・安国寺恵瓊、大坂の役における長宗我部盛親・仙石秀範・豊臣国松らをはじめとする大阪方の残党など、著名な武将や政治家がここで最期の時を迎えている。
- Famous busho (Japanese military commanders) and politicians who met their end here included MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi and TAIRA no Tadamasa in the Hogen War, MINAMOTO no Yoshihira and FUJIWARA no Nobuyori in the Heiji War, TAIRA no Yoshimune in the Genpei War, Toshimitsu SAITO in the Honnoji Incident, Mitsunari ISHIDA, Yukinaga KONISHI and Ekei ANKOKUJI in the Battle of Sekigahara, and the remnants from the Osaka (Toyotomi) side including Morichika CHOSOKABE, Hidenori SENGOKU and Kunimatsu TOYOTOMI in the Siege of Osaka.
- 武士の起源については、従来は新興地方領主層が自衛の必要から武装した面を重視する説が主流であったが、近年は清和源氏や桓武平氏のような軍事貴族や下級官人層から構成される戦士身分が起源であり、彼らが平安後期の荘園公領制成立期から荘園領主や国衙と結びついて所領経営者として発展していったとみる説が提唱されている。
- As for the origin of bushi, the theory that the class of emerging local lords were armed because of a need for self-defense was traditionally mainstream, but recently a theory proposed that its origin is the warrior status which consisted of the military aristocrats such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) or lower-ranking government officials and they were linked with the owners of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or kokuga from the formation period of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and developed into the managers of the shoryo (territory).
- 義朝側の戦力は、三条殿襲撃に参加した源重成・源光基・源季実、信西を追捕した源光保などの同盟軍、子息の義平・源朝長・頼朝、叔父・源義隆、信濃源氏・平賀義信などの一族、鎌田正家・後藤実基・佐々木秀義などの郎等により形成され、義朝の勢力基盤である関東からは、三浦義澄・上総介広常・山内首藤氏などが参戦したに過ぎなかった。
- The warriors fighting on Yoshitomo's side included MINAMOTO no Shigenari, MINAMOTO no Mitsumoto, and MINAMOTO no Hidezane, all of whom had taken part in the raid on the Sanjo Palace, and MINAMOTO no Mitsuyasu and others who had tracked down and captured Shinzei, as well as Yoshitomo's sons Yoshihira, Tomonaga, and Yoritomo and his uncle MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka and Yoshinobu HIRAGA and others of the Shinano branch of the Minamoto clan, and his army took shape around his retainers, including Masaie KAMATA, Sanemoto GOTO, and Hideyoshi SASAKI; yet from the Kanto, the source of Yoshitomo's power, only a handful, including Yoshizumi MIURA, Hidetsune KAZUSANOSUKE (TAIRA no Hidetsune), and some warriors of the Yamanouchi-Sudo clan were present to fight with him.
- 長官である上卿には大納言・三条公教が就任、実務を担当する弁官からは右中弁・藤原惟方、左少弁・源雅頼、右少弁・藤原俊憲(信西の嫡子)が起用され、その下で21人の寄人が荘園領主から提出された文書の審査、本所間の争論の裁判にあたった(後白河が「暗主」であるという信西の言葉は、この記録所の寄人だった清原頼業が九条兼実に後年語ったものである)。
- The Dainagon (chief councilor of state) Kiminori SANJO was appointed the highest lord of the Records Office, while the officials in fact responsible for running the office day to day, the controllers and so forth, included FUJIWARA no Korekata, appointed as Uchuben (Middle Controller of the Right), MINAMOTO no Masayori as Sashoben (third-ranked officer of the left), and FUJIWARA no Toshinori (Shinzei's own son and heir) as Ushoben (third-ranked officer of the right); under these officials, 21 Yoriudo (clerks) worked, inspecting the land deed documents submitted to the office from the shoen owners and judging disputed cases of ownership at the office (Shinzei's infamous comment that Goshirakawa was a 'foolish (unenlightened) ruler' was actually first mentioned by one of these Yoriudo, KIYOHARA no Yorinari, who repeated it years later to Kanezane KUJO).
- こうした巡礼の旅で病に倒れた人、宿を求める人を宿泊させた巡礼教会、その小さなものをHospice(終末期の患者が残りの時を過ごす近代的なホスピスの語源)と呼んだが、そこでのもてなしから「歓待」(Hospitality)の語がうまれ、病人の看護などの仕事をする部門が教会の中に作られるようになって今日の英語でいう「病院」(Hospital)が派生した。
- Small pilgrimage churches that took care of pilgrims who fell sick or were looking for a bed were called hospices (the root word for the modern hospice, a place where the terminally ill live out their lives), which led to the word 'Hospitality' and a section within the church devoted to the care of the sick became the 'Hospital.'
- これは当時日本で一国ほどの価値があるとされた茶器や陶器を作り出す陶工を大名が藩の庇護の下、士分を与えるなど手厚い待遇をしていたのに比べ、李氏朝鮮では儒教思想による身分制において陶工は最下層の賤民に位置づけられ、奴隷的な労働を強いられるとともに、失策を犯した場合には体罰を課せられるという過酷な状況にあり、職人に対する根源的な差別があったことが原因である。
- The reason is considered as follows: In Japan at that time, potters who produced chaki (tea utensils) and earthenware, considered having a value equal to that of a province, were treated favorably, for example, given the samurai status, but in Yi Dynasty Korea, potters were designated as humble or lowly people with the lowest social status in the social status system based on the Confucian thought: They were forced to work like slaves and were placed in such harsh conditions that they were punished physically when committing an error, or in other words, there existed fundamental discrimination against craftsmen.
- 光秀がいつ頃から謀反を決意していたかは明らかではないが、亀山城出陣を前にして、愛宕権現での連歌の会で光秀が詠んだ発句、「時は今 天が下知る 五月哉」は、「時(とき)」は源氏の流れをくむ土岐氏の一族である光秀自身を示し、「天が下知る」は、「天(あめ)が下(した)治る(しる)」、すなわち天下を治めることを暗示していると解し、この時点で謀反の決意を固めていたのだとする説もある。
- Although it is not clear since when Mitsuhide made his mind to rebel, there is a view that he made his mind to rebel at the time of the party for renga (linked-verse) in the Atago-gongen Shrine before going to battle from the Kameyama-jo Castle by understanding the first line made by Mitsuhide, 'Tokihaima amegashitashiru satsukikana' (The time is now in May which everybody knows), as 'toki' means Mitsuhide himself, who belonged to the Toki clan which descended from the Minamoto clan and 'amegashitashiru' as 'to govern the area under the heaven,' namely governing the whole country.
- 更に宇多天皇の信任が厚く、符宣上卿(太政官符を発給する際の上卿)として28回も名を連ね、『日本三代実録』編纂開始時には源融・藤原良世と先任の上卿2人がいるにも関わらず撰国史所総裁を務めていること、寛平7年(895年)には位階昇進の人事草案を提出する擬階奏を行っている(いずれも摂関もしくは一上が務める慣例であった)ことから、藤原基経没後は能有が事実上の政権担当者として寛平の治を押し進めたと考えられている。
- In addition, he won Emperor Uda's esteem and was assigned to serve as Fusen jokyo, a commander who led dajokanpu (official documents from the Grand Council of State) 28 times, and from the fact that he served as the president of Senkokushisho (an organization which edits national history books) when the editing of 'Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku' (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts) began even though there were 2 other senior commanders like MINAMOTO no Toru and FUJIWARA no Yoshiyo, also in 895, he submitted a personnel proposal for promotion in rank (generally, both of these roles were played by Regents and Chancellor Ichinokami - Minister of the Left), Yoshiari pushed forward the peaceful era of Kanpyo as a factual administration after FUJIWARA no Mototsune died.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立時期をめぐっても諸説あり、源頼朝が征夷大将軍に任命された建久3年(1192年)説、日本国総守護地頭に任命された建久元年(1190年)説、公文所及び問注所を開設した元暦元年(1184年)説、守護・地頭の任命を許可する文治の勅許が下された文治元年(1185年)説、事実上、東国の支配権を承認する寿永二年の宣旨が下された寿永2年(1183年)説、頼朝が東国支配権を樹立した治承4年(1180年)説がある。
- There are also several theories on when the Kamakura Bakufu was established, such as the theory that it was founded in 1192, when MIYAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to seii taishogun, the theory of 1190, when he was appointed to Japan general Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward), the theory of 1184, when he opened a Kumonjo (administration office) and monchujo (a court of justice), the theory of 1185, when the Bunji imperial sanction was declared, which licensed the appointment of Shugo and Jito, the theory of 1183, when Juei-ninen no Senji was declared for approving, in fact, the dominion of Togoku and the theory of 1180, when he established the dominion of Togoku.
- 黒板勝美は大日本帝国海軍水路部の元暦2年3月24日(ユリウス暦で5月2日)の関門海峡の潮流の調査を元に、午前8時30分に西への潮流が東へ反転して、午前11時頃に8ノットに達し、午後3時頃に潮流は再び西へ反転することを明らかにし、合戦が行われた時間帯は『玉葉』の午の刻(12時ごろ)から申の刻(16時ごろ)が正しく合戦は午後に行われたとして、潮流が東向きだった時間帯は平氏が優勢で、反転して西向きになって形勢が逆転して源氏が優勢になったとした。
- Katsumi KUROITA, based on an investigation conducted by Tokyo Imperial University's naval hydrographic department into the tidal currents on May 2, 1185, proved that the westward tidal current in the Kanmon straits started flowing eastward at 8:30 in the morning, reaching a speed of eight knots by around 11 AM, and returned to flowing westward at around 3 in the afternoon; asserting that the times given in the 'Gyokuyo' for when the battle was fought (from noon to 4 PM) were correct and thus that the battle took place in the afternoon, he further stated that as long as the current was flowing east the Taira clan had the advantage, but after it switched back to flowing west, there was a reversal of fortunes and the Minamoto clan gained the upper hand.
- 始期については、従来源頼朝が将軍(征夷大将軍)に任じられた1192年とするのが一般的であるが、頼朝が平家打倒のために挙兵し御家人を統率する侍所を設置した1180年説、寿永二年十月宣旨で東国(東海道および東山道)の支配権を朝廷に公認された1183年説、対立する弟・源義経追討の名目で惣追捕使(後の守護)・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年説、頼朝が上洛し権大納言・右近衛大将に任命された1190年説、また一部では1196年説など様々な考え方がある。
- There are many theories about in what year the Kamakura period truly began, of which the 1192 theory, the year MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was made Shogun (Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians')), is the orthodox view, but in addition, theories include: the 1180 theory, focusing on Yoritomo raising his army and leading his gokenin (lower-ranking warrior vassals) into battle to destroy the Taira clan, and also establishing the Samurai Dokoro (Board of Retainers, which oversaw rewards for service); the 1183 theory, in which the key moment is the official recognition of the shogunate's right to control Eastern Japan (everything along the Tokaido and Tosando highways) proclaimed by the imperial court in the tenth month; the 1185 theory, which focuses on Yoritomo's use of his struggle to destroy his younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune as a pretext to usurp the right to appoint and control the offices of shugo (provincial governor) and jito (estate steward); the 1190 theory, in which it was Yoritomo's visit to the capital and subsequent court appointments to Gon Dainagon (Deputy Major Counselor) and Ukone Taisho (Commander of the Guardsmen of the Right) that is considered the decisive moment; and a handful even believe it wasn't until 1196 that the Kamakura period truly began.