治: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 平治物語
- Heiji monogatari (the Tale of the Heiji (War))
- Heiji Monogatari (The Tale of Heiji)
- 寛平の治
- Kanpyo no chi (Glorious rule in Kanpyo era)
- 平治の乱
- The Heiji Rebellion
- Heiji War
- The Heiji War
- ばらまき政治
- money politics
- pork-barrel politics
- 宇治拾遺物語
- Ujijui monogatari (Collected Tales Gleaned from Uji)
- Uji Shui Monogatari (A Collection of Tales from Uji)
- Uji Shui Monogatari (a collection of the Tales from Uji)
- Uji Shūi Monogatari
- 平治物語絵巻
- The Heiji monogatari emaki (Illustrated Handscroll of Tales of the Heiji (War))
- 宇治川の戦い
- The Battle of Uji-gawa River
- Battle of Uji (1184)
- 治承三年の政変
- Jisho Sannen no Seihen (Coup of the Third Year of Jisho)
- 鎌倉時代の政治
- Political administration during the Kamakura period
- 大江山の鬼退治
- The extermination of the oni on Mt. Oe
- 幕末・明治時代
- End of Edo period and the Meiji period
- 摂関政治の略史
- A brief history of the regency
- 治承・寿永の乱
- The Jisho/Juei Rebellion
- Jisho-Juei disturbances
- Jisho-Juei War
- Genpei War
- 後醍醐天皇の政治
- Emperor Godaigo's Policies
- 強度軽減移植前治療
- reduced-intensity conditioning
- 巻四・巻五 治部省
- Volumes 4 and 5: Ministry of Civil Administration
- 明治時代以後の教育
- Education after the Meiji period
- 明治時代の神仏分離
- Separation of Buddhism and Shintoism in the Meiji period
- 明治時代には子爵。
- It was a viscount during the Meiji period.
- 明治時代・大正時代
- The Meiji and Taisho periods
- 慶応4年(明治元年)
- 1868 (the first year of the Meiji era)
- 宝治合戦(1247年)
- 1247: The battle of Hoji is fought.
- 種別:寺内町、自治都市
- Type: Jinai-cho, autonomous city
- 治外法権の地、境内都市
- Keidai toshi (temple city), a place of extraterritoriality
- 八条院領と治承・寿永の乱
- Hachijoin-ryo and the Jisho-Juei War
- 日本四大自治寮のひとつ。
- It is one of the four major autonomous student dormitories in Japan.
- 彼は、飛鳥時代の政治家。
- He was a statesman in the Asuka period.
- 20回説:東野治之、王勇
- 20 times: Opinion of Haruyuki TONO and Wang Yong
- 摂関政治の背景とその意義
- The background and value of the regency
- 政治面では冷戦が終結した。
- In politics, the cold war state ended.
- 柳本賢治、京周辺を制圧する
- Kataharu YANAGIMOTO conquered the area around Kyo.
- 明治~第二次世界戦終了まで
- From the Meiji period to the Second World War
- 治承・寿永の乱の戦いの一つ。
- It's one of the battles in the Jisho Juei Rebellion.
- 明治以降は西吉野村に属した。
- After the Meiji period, Ano belonged to Nishi-yoshino Village.
- 明治時代に静岡に改称された。
- It was renamed to Shizuoka in the Meiji Period.
- 治承三年のクーデターともいう。
- It is also referred as the coup d'état of Jisho Sannen (Third Year of Jiho Era) (1179).
- この宇多治世は寛平の治という。
- the Uda administration is called Kanpyo no chi (Glorious Kanpyo rule).
- 政治の重心が、京都に移行する。
- The focus of government was transferred to Kyoto.
- 正治元年(1199年)頼朝没。
- In 1199 Yoritomo died.
- 宇治田原町(うじたわらちょう)
- Ujitawara-cho
- 弘治 (日本)の後、元亀の前。
- It is after Koji (Japan) and before Genki.
- 自治と団結を進め、文化を作った。
- Emphasizing autonomy and unity, it developed its unique culture.
- われらが主よ、治めつづけたまえ、
- Continue your reign, Your Majesty.
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日
- April 1, 1889
- 1901年(明治34年):開庁。
- 1901: Operations were started.
- 寛平は宇多天皇の治世の元号である。
- Kanpyo is the name of the era ruled by Emperor Uda.
- 1884年(明治17年):秩父事件
- 1884: Chichibu Incident
- 1530年 柳本賢治、暗殺される。
- In 1530, Kataharu YAMAGIMOTO was assassinated.
- 1887年(明治20年)頃の創建。
- It was founded around 1887.
- 1879年(明治12年)4月10日
- April 10, 1879
- 明治初年の一時期五條県が置かれた。
- Gojo Prefecture was placed in a certain period in the first year of the Meiji period.
- 1873年(明治6年):筑前竹槍一揆
- 1873: Chikuzen Takeyari ikki
- 1869年(明治2年):ばんどり騒動
- 1869: Bandori uprising
- オルドス砂漠(中国内モンゴル自治区)
- The Ordos Desert (located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China)
- 1906年(明治39年)10月12日
- October 12, 1906
- まちや館(政治家・木村篤太郎の生家)
- Machiyakan (the birthplace of a politician, Tokutaro KIMURA)
- この現象は、平治の乱に既に見られる。
- This kind of phenomenon was also found during the Heiji Rebellion.
- 治承・寿永の乱の最後の戦いであった。
- It was the final battle of the rebellions of Jisho and Juei.
- 26日、宇治川を挟んで両軍は対峙した。
- On the twenty-seventh (twenty-sixth in lunar calendar), the two armies confronted each other across the Uji-gawa river.
- 1898年(明治31) 奈良市制施行。
- 1898: The municipal system of Nara City was implemented.
- 1880年(明治13) 奈良公園開設。
- 1880: Nara Park opened.
- 元治元年7月19日 (旧暦) 禁門の変
- July 19 1864, the Forbidden Gates Incident.
- 院政を布く上皇は治天の君とも呼ばれた。
- The Joko who proclaimed insei was also called chiten-no-kimi (a sovereign who ruled the world).
- 長治元年(1104年)の建立と伝える。
- It is reported to have been founded in 1104.
- 江戸時代には湯治に訪れる人も多かった。
- Many people visited for a hot spring cure in the Edo period.
- 良房の採った政治手法は大きく二つある。
- Yoshifusa had two major political techniques.
- - 宝治2年(1247年)、仏師善円作。
- It was made by Zenen, a busshi, in 1247.
- 1904年(明治37年):日露戦争勃発。
- 1904: The Russo-Japanese War broke out.
- 政治的な経過については幕末も参照のこと。
- See also; 'End of the Edo Period' regarding the political process.
- この時期は摂関家による摂関政治が展開した。
- At that time, regency performed by Sekkan-ke developed.
- 1495年(弘治 (明)8) 幕府・細川氏
- 1495: Bakufu and the Hosokawa clan
- しかし、明治になって大物主神に定められた。
- However, in the Meiji period, it was determined to be Omono nushi.
- 明治時代に屯田兵が北海道で開墾に従事した。
- During the Meiji period, Tonden soldiers opened up new land in Hokkaido.
- 淡路国は守護・細川氏が統治していたようだ。
- It seems that the Awaji Province was ruled by the Hosokawa clan, which was shugo.
- 戦国時代には勝瑞城が阿波統治拠点となった。
- In the Sengoku Period, the Shozui-jo Castle was the base for governing Awa.
- 明治2年4月24日 (旧暦) 二股口の戦い
- April 24 1869, Battle of Futamataguchi.
- 明治2年4月13日 (旧暦) 二股口の戦い
- April 13 1869, Battle of Futamataguchi.
- 元治元年6月10日 (旧暦) 明保野亭事件
- June 10 1864, Akebono-tei Incident.
- 明治天皇の命で1869年(明治2年)創建。
- It was founded by the order of the Emperor Meiji in 1869.
- 1890年(明治23年) 琵琶湖疏水完成。
- 1890: Lake Biwa Canal was completed.
- 1868年(明治元年) 大津県が置かれる。
- 1868: Otsu Prefecture was established.
- 義経軍は矢が降り注ぐ中を宇治川に乗り入れる。
- Yoshitsune's troops entered the Uji-gawa River under a shower of arrows.
- 汝(なんじ)の治世が幸せな数千年であるように
- So that your reign is thousands of happy years,
- 1864年(元治1)に庄内藩御預かりとなる。
- They came under the custody of the Shonai clan in 1864.
- 元治元年5月20日 (旧暦) 内山彦次郎刺殺
- May 20 1864, stabbed Hikojiro UCHIYAMA to death.
- 曹丕の治世中に雍州西部を分割して秦州とした。
- During the reign of Cao Pi, the west of Yong Zhou was separated to Qin Zhou.
- 1879年(明治12年) 現在地に移転する。
- 1879: The farm is relocated to its present location.
- 1885年(明治18年) 民間に払い下げる。
- 1885: Ownership of the farm was transferred to the private sector.
- 1903年(明治36年):舞鶴海軍工廠開設。
- 1903: Maizuru Navy Arsenal was opened.
- 律令制においては治部省玄蕃寮の管轄であった。
- Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), this facility was controlled by the Genba-ryo (office taking charge of affairs relating to the diplomacy and Buddhism) of the Jibu-sho Ministry.
- 政治を司る太政官の筆頭官も親王らが占めていた。
- Imperial Princes were the heads of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) who carried out policy.
- 忠平期を摂関政治の成立期とするのが通説である。
- Tadahira's administration period is usually considered the time during which the regency was established.
- 寛治の荘園整理令 1093年(寛治7)白河天皇
- Kanji-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1093 Emperor Shirakawa
- 明治2年5月5日 (旧暦) 市村鉄之助箱館脱出
- May 5 1869, Tetsunosuke ICHIMURA escaped from Hakodate.
- 奈良女子大学記念館 - 明治42年の木造建築。
- The Memorial Hall of Nara Women's University - wooden architecture built in 1909
- 1891年(明治24年)5月11日 大津事件。
- May 11, 1891: The Otsu Incident occurred.
- 平治の乱を題材にした文学に『平治物語』がある。
- The 'Heiji monogatari' is a literary work that takes the Heiji Rebellion as its topic.
- 『群書治要』の「保世持家、永全福禄者也」から。
- From '保世持家、永全福禄者也' in 'Gunshi-Chiyo.'
- この政治権力の分立状態は「両将軍」と評された。
- This separation of political power was called 'Ryoshogun' (two shoguns).
- 後三条の子、白河天皇も積極的に政治に取り組んだ。
- Emperor Shirakawa, a son of Emeror Gosanjo, positively coped with political challenges.
- ※明治維新以降の奈良については「奈良市」を参照。
- For Nara after the Meiji Restoration, refer to 'Nara City.'
- 頼朝が鎌倉入りした治承4年(1180年)とする。
- Some suggest that it started in 1180 when Yoritomo entered Kamakura.
- 明治21年(1888年)編入地区の町名(その2)
- Towns incorporated into Sakyo Ward in 1888 (Part 2)
- 明治21年(1888年)編入地区の町名(その1)
- Towns incorporated into Sakyo Ward in 1888 (Part 1)
- 治承3年(1179年)11月14日、豊明節会の日。
- The day of Toyoakari-no-sechie (official imperial seasonal party) on December 21 (November 14 in old lunar calendar), 1179.
- 11世紀中期までは摂関政治がある程度機能していた。
- Up to the middle of the 11th century, the regency functioned to some extent.
- 明治以降各宗教の聖地へ行く事をこの言葉に翻訳した。
- After the Meiji period, this word was used as the translated term for visiting holy places of various religions.
- 武士の起源に関する学術的研究は明治以降に始まった。
- The academic study on the origin of bushi began after the Meiji period.
- グルバンテュンギュト砂漠(中国新疆ウイグル自治区)
- The Gurbantunggut Desert (located in Sinkiang Uigur Autonomous Region in China)
- 1910年(明治43) 平城遷都1200年祭開催。
- 1910: The 1200th Anniversary Festival of Nara Heijo-kyo Capital was held.
- 日本で唯一全域が古都保存法対象地域の自治体である。
- The entire village is the only municipality supported by 'Koto Hozon ho' (The Ancient Capitals Preservation Law).
- これは単なる逃避行動ではなく、政治的取引であった。
- This was not an act of escapism but a political trade-off.
- 1873年(明治6年)5月 - 東京の皇城で火災。
- May 1873: A fire occurs at the imperial palace in Tokyo.
- 1899年(明治32年)6月15日:合資会社で設立
- June 15, 1899: It was founded as a partnership firm.
- そのため、朝廷(公家政権)は政治実権を失っていった。
- Therefore, the Imperial Court (the Kuge government) started losing its grip on political power.
- 吉田寮の入寮選考は吉田寮自治会によって行われている。
- Selection for entering the dormitory is conducted by the council of Yoshida dormitory.
- 明治になり、武士をはじめとする身分制度はなくなった。
- In the Meiji period, the class system such as bushi and so on disappeared.
- 奈良少年刑務所 - 明治41年の洋風レンガ造り建築。
- Nara juvenile prison - western style brick architecture built in 1908
- 建物は明治36年の建築で旧高市郡教育博物館であった。
- town=>Town
- 治承4年(1180年)源頼朝、伊豆で平氏打倒の挙兵。
- In 1180, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army against the Taira clan.
- 中世には寺内町である今井町が自治都市として発展した。
- In medieval times, Imai-cho as Jinai-cho (temple villages) was developed as an autonomous city.
- 1888年(明治21年) - 東京で明治宮殿が完成。
- 1888: The Meiji palace is completed in Tokyo.
- (以後の経緯については、治承・寿永の乱も参照のこと。)
- (refer to the article on 'Jisho and Juei no ran' for further events)
- 一条氏は七守護の3倍強の力を持って土佐政治に関与した。
- The Ichijo clan took part in political affairs in Tosa with the power that was approximately three times of that of nanashugo.
- しかしいずれの国も完全な統治はできなかったようである。
- However, it seems that they could not conduct complete control in each country.
- 1892年(明治25) 奈良~大阪・湊町間に鉄道開通。
- 1892: The railway opened between Nara and Minatomachi, Osaka.
- 1869年(明治2年) 大津〜海津間に汽船航路が開通。
- 1869: A steamer line was opened between Otsu and Kaizu.
- まず、摂関政治の足がかりを作ったのは藤原冬嗣であった。
- It was FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu who first created the basis for the regency.
- しかし、ここにもう一つ無視できない政治勢力が存在した。
- At this point in time there was, however, one more political colossus that could not be ignored.
- 古典的な理解での摂関政治はまさに院政によって終焉した。
- The regency in the traditional sense definitively came to an end due to cloistered government.
- これを「境内都市」(自治都市、宗教都市も参照)という。
- These were called 'Keidai toshi' (also refer to the articles on Autonomous city or Holy city).
- これが院政の開始であり、院政を行う上皇を治天の君という。
- This is the beginning of the cloister government, and a retired emperor who organized policy is called 'chiten no kimi.'
- なお、寄宿料のほか、水道光熱費、自治会費を別途徴収する。
- In addition to a boarding fee, students pay utility expenses and a membership fee for dormitory council.
- 1877年(明治10年)、再びこれが東京大学として復活。
- However, it was ultimately revived as Tokyo University in 1877.
- 1886年(明治19年)帝国大学令で「帝国大学」と改名。
- The name was changed to Imperial University according to the Order of Imperial University in 1886.
- 明治年間(1868年 - 1912年)は明治と呼ばれる。
- The era from 1868 to 1912 is called the Meiji period.
- 明治2年5月18日 (旧暦) 旧幕府軍降伏 戊辰戦争終結
- May 18 1869, the army of the former shogunate surrendered, and the Boshin War ended.
- 明治25年(1892年)、下京第32学区のうちとなった。
- In 1892, it was included in Shimogyo school district No. 32.
- 1872年(明治5年) 滋賀県成立、大津は県庁所在地に。
- 1872: Shiga Prefecture was established, and Otsu became its prefectural capital.
- 1897年(明治30年):舞鶴に舞鶴要塞砲兵大隊を配置。
- 1897: Maizuru Yosai hohei daitai (Garrison Artillery) was deployed in Maizuru.
- 現存は城壁、「淀城址」の碑、「田辺治之助君記念碑」のみ。
- Now, only the castle wall, the monument of 'The Site of Yodo Castle,' and the 'monument for Harunosuke TANABE' remain.
- 一方で、尊皇派の生き残りは多くが明治政府で要路に立った。
- On the other hand, many of the surviving members in the royalist faction played major roles in the Meiji government.
- 光厳から将来治天として政務を執る資格を奪う措置であった。
- This was a measure to prevent Kogon from ruling as Chiten in the future.
- 1891年(明治24年) - 京都御所を京都皇宮と改称。
- 1891: The name of the old imperial palace in Kyoto was renamed the Kyoto Kogu.
- とはいえ、その後の摂関政治は権門優遇策をとった訳ではない。
- However, the later regency did not adopt a policy which favored influential families.
- 設立にあたっては自治体の京都市がバックアップをおこなった。
- The Kyoto City government supported the establishment of the foundation.
- こうした要求活動を通じて惣村の自治権が強化されていく。
- The autonomy of the soson was increased through such demanding actions.
- 明治2年5月11日 (旧暦) 一本木関門付近で土方歳三戦死
- May 11 1869, Toshizo HIJIKATA died in action near Ippongi Kanmon.
- 元治元年10月27日 (旧暦) 伊東甲子太郎ら新選組に入隊
- October 27 1864, Kinetaro ITO and others joined Shinsen-gumi.
- 初期の政治は、まだ南朝が存在したこともあり不安定であった。
- Government during the initial period was unstable, partly because Nancho still existed.
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区吉田町となった。
- It became Yoshida-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区岡崎町となった。
- It became Okazaki-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- また、山頂には明治天皇大演習御征監地と記された石柱がある。
- On the mountaintop, there is a stone pillar which has an inscription; the place where Emperor Meiji visited for and supervised an army exercise.
- 明治維新後、神仏分離令により熊野古道周辺の神社の数は激減。
- After the Maiji Restoration, the number of shrines around Kumanokodo Road dropped significantly.
- 以後は政治活動は起こさず、和歌、連歌に没頭することになる。
- Thereafter, he abandoned political life and immersed himself in the composing of waka (classical Japanese poems) and renga (linked verse).
- 統一した政治勢力をなさず、次第に日本により征服・吸収された。
- They did not have unified political power and were gradually conquered and absorbed by Japan.
- 佐々木高綱と梶原景季の「宇治川の先陣争い」はこのときのこと。
- This is where the 'Fight for the vanguard in Uji-gawa River' between Takatsuna SASAKI and Kagesue KAJIWARA occurred.
- また、中世後期の一揆の盟約による政治的共同体が武装していた。
- In the later middle ages, the political community formed by a league of ikki would be armed.
- 近世は、太閤検地前後に始まり、明治維新前後に終わるとされる。
- It is said that the early-modern times started in around the era when the taiko kenchi was conducted and ended around the start of Meiji Restoration
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区聖護院町となった。
- It became Shogoin-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区南禅寺町となった。
- It became Nanzenji-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区粟田口町となった。
- It became Awataguchi-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区鹿ケ谷町となった。
- It became Shishigatani-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 明治22年には京都市制に伴い、京都市上京区浄土寺町となった。
- It became Jodoji-cho, Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City when Kyoto City was established in 1889.
- 1905年(明治38年) 南郷洗堰(現在の瀬田川洗堰)完成。
- 1905: Nango Weir (present Setagawa Weir) was completed.
- この後、日蓮宗門徒は京都市中の警衛などにおける自治権を得た。
- Later followers of the Nichiren-sect gained autonomy for guarding the inside of Kyoto City.
- 摂関政治の登場も上記の歴史的な流れの中で説明が可能であろう。
- The appearance of the regency might also be explainable in this historical context.
- ここに幕府・北朝側は深刻な政治的危機に直面することになった。
- This led to a serious political crisis for the bakufu/Northern Court side.
- 結局、皇太子には後宇多の第1皇子邦治(14歳)が指名された。
- As a result, Gouda's first son, Kuniharu (aged 14) was named as the next Crown Prince.
- 当然、治天・天皇の交替を求める大覚寺統からの圧力は増大した。
- As expected, the pressure exerted by the Daikakuji line demanding a change in Chiten/Emperor grew.
- 幕末の開国を経て、明治初年に日本とスペインは国交を回復する。
- After the opening of the country to the world at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan resumed diplomatic relations with Spain in the first year of the Meiji period.
- 保元の乱、平治の乱を経て平清盛が台頭し、平氏政権が形成された。
- After weathering two wars, the Hogen and the Heiji wars, TAIRA no Kiyomori rose to the pinnacle of power, and created a governmental adminstration controlled by the Taira clan.
- 地域国家間の政治的・経済的矛盾は、武力によって解決が図られた。
- Political or economical contradictions among these regional nations were solved through fighting with arms.
- 地方政治は藩によって行われ、幕府と合わせて幕藩体制と呼ばれる。
- Local politics were conducted in each domain, which are, together with the bakufu, called the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate.
- その後は専門学者が令師(りようし)として解釈の治定にあたった。
- Subsequently, specialized scholars decided the interpretation as ryoshi.
- 陣定(じんのさだめ)は、平安時代摂関政治の朝議の形式のひとつ。
- The Jin no Sadame was a type of privy council in use by regency governments during the Heian period.
- 戦国時代には、戦国大名は領内を対象とした分国法を制定して統治。
- Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) during the Sengoku period (period of warring states) would come to rule their provinces by establishing an internal law called the Bungokuho, which had effect only within their own individual domains.
- しかし、同時に治安維持法が制定され共産主義への弾圧が行われた。
- However, Maintenance of Public Order Law was enacted at the same time, oppressing communism.
- その結果、アジアで最初の普通選挙が実施され政党政治が成立した。
- As a result of this movement, popular election was conducted and party politics were established.
- 1880年(明治13年)、日本の国歌として君が代が採用された。
- In 1880, Kimigayo was adopted as Japan's National Anthem.
- 幕府から自治権を委ねられて、領主・代官の町方支配の一翼を担う。
- With the autonomy delegated by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the family contributed to ruling by a feudal lord and local governors over people in the town.
- 京都では細川方の兵が宇治や淀など各地の橋を焼き、4門を固める。
- In Kyoto, samurai on the Hosokawa side burnt a number of bridges including those at Uji and Yodo, and solidified the defense of the four key gates.
- 秀吉は清水宗治の篭る備中高松城を包囲して毛利氏と対陣していた。
- Hideyoshi had been confronting with the Mori clan, while his troop had been enveloping the Takamatsu-jo Castle in Bicchu Province in which Muneharu SHIMIZU holed up.
- 1893年(明治26年)5月23日、大阪鉄道(現桜井線)開業。
- On May 23, 1893, Osaka Railway (Sakurai Line at present) was set up.
- ただし、それは摂関政治に代わった院政に関しても同じ事が言える。
- However, the same thing can said about the cloistered government that replaced the regency.
- 京方は宇治川の橋を落とし、雨のように矢を射掛け必死に防戦する。
- The capital faction destroyed the bridges over the Uji river, and fought a desperate defensive battle, shooting so many arrows they fell like rain.
- 明治元年3月21日(1868年4月13日)、天皇が京都を出発。
- The emperor left Kyoto on April 13, 1868.
- 慶応4年/明治元年の干支が戊辰だったことからこの名で呼ばれる。
- The civil war was named after the Chinese zodiac sign for the year 1868, 'Boshin'.
- 京都市中の治安維持及び京都御所・二条城の警護などの役割を担う。
- The Kyoto Shugoshoku performed the role of maintaining order in the city of Kyoto and guarding the Kyoto Gosho (Old Imperial Palace), Nijo-jo Castle, etc.
- 地侍たちは一揆の結束を武器に、守護の支配を排して自治を行った。
- Jizamurai got rid of the control of Shugo and built autonomy by a bond of ikki.
- 諸陵寮(しょりょうりょう)は律令制において治部省に属する機関。
- The Shoryoryo was an organization which belonged to Jibu-sho Ministry (the Ministry of Civil Administration) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- しかし渤海王大仁秀治世に日本との関係に変化が生じて交易が減退。
- But there was a shift in the relationship between Japan and the Balhae Kingdom during the rule of Emperor Dae Jung-sang of the Balhae Kingdom and the trade between two countries declined.
- 治承3年(1179年)3月、平重盛は病の悪化で内大臣を辞任する。
- TAIRA no Shigemori retired from the Naidaijin (Minister of the Interior) due to the worsening of his illness in April (March in old lunar calendar).
- 封建政治は、この後江戸幕府崩壊(1868年・慶応4年)まで続く。
- This feudal style of government was to continue for almost seven hundred years, until the destruction of the Edo bakufu in 1868.
- 中には戦国大名の承認の下で制限された自治を維持する惣村もあった。
- Some soson maintained their limited autonomy under the approval of the warring lords.
- 米騒動を契機とする大正デモクラシーと呼ばれる政治運動が起こった。
- A political movement called Taisho democracy started with rice riots.
- 1875年(明治8) 東大寺大仏殿回廊で第1回奈良博覧会が開催。
- 1875: The first Nara Exhibition was held in the cloister of the Great Buddha Hall of Todai-ji Temple.
- 明治元年10月26日 (旧暦) 旧幕府軍、箱館・五稜郭へ入城する
- October 26 1868, army of the former shogunate entered Goryokaku, in Hakodate.
- 明治になって、読みを「かなう」から原音に近い「あのう」に戻した。
- In the Meiji period, the reading of 賀名生 was changed from 'Kanau' back to 'Ano,' which was closer to the original sound.
- 文治元年(1185年)守護地頭の補任が後白河法皇から許可される。
- In 1185, his appointment as Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) was authorized by the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa
- 1898年(明治31年)10月1日 市制施行により大津市となる。
- October 1, 1898: Otsu City was established by enforcement of municipal organization.
- その子の林斎・頼立斎らがこの作風を受け継ぎ、明治維新後も続いた。
- His sons Rinsai and Rissai RAI, as well as others, inherited the style, which continued after the Meiji Restoration.
- 填島城は宇治川の中州に位置し、深田と川洲に守られた要害ではあった。
- Makishima-jo Castle was an impregnable fortress, located in a towhead of Uji-gawa River, protected by deep fields and a river cay.
- 平安後期の政治・経済史は、この荘園公領制の成立と深く関わっている。
- The political and economic history in the latter half of the Heian period is strongly associated with the establishment of this system.
- 根井行親、楯親忠は必死の防戦をするが、義経軍に宇治川を突破される。
- Yukichika NENOI and Chikatada TATE desperately fought a defensive battle, but Yoshitsune's troops managed to cross the Uji-gawa River.
- 1873年(明治6年)の地租改正により年貢は廃止されることとなる。
- The nengu was abolished by the land-tax reform in 1873.
- 1895年(明治28) 帝国奈良博物館(現奈良国立博物館)が開館。
- 1895: Imperial Museum of Nara (present-day Nara National Museum) was inaugurated.
- 1880年(明治13年) 逢坂山トンネル開通、京都と鉄道が繋がる。
- 1880: Osakayama Tunnel was opened, which made the railroad connected with Kyoto.
- 1870年(明治3年) 膳所城取り壊し、翌年膳所藩は膳所県になる。
- 1870: Zeze-jo Castle was demolished, and the Zeze Domain became Zeze Prefecture in the following year.
- 明治以降はこの伝統に基づき、「入山者の心得」なるものが定められた。
- In the Meiji period, 'the guideline for visitors' was defined based on the tradition.
- 1890年(明治23年)11月18日、町制施行により桜井町となる。
- On November 18, 1890, Sakurai Village was changed into Sakurai Town according to the establishment of a municipal organization.
- 法皇を幽閉して政治の実権を握ったことは、多くの反対勢力を生み出した。
- The act of grabbing hold of power by confining the cloistered emperor led to the birth of many opposition forces.
- 頼政の軍は宇治橋の橋板を落として待ち構え、川を挟んでの矢戦となった。
- Yorimasa's forces tore down the Uji bridge and waited for the enemy on the far bank, engaging them in a battle of archery across the river.
- 1968年後期の寮自治会委員長として学生部封鎖や総長団交を推進した。
- He was the chairman of the dormitory council in the latter half of 1968 and spearheaded a blockade of the office of the student affairs department as well as negotiations with the president of the university.
- 理想主義的な哲人政治を志向したが、書物としての教育論は残していない。
- He intended to conduct idealistic policy based on philosophy, but he left no written theory regarding education.
- 農業や治水面での不作為が原因で、現地の住民や政府・行政に責任がある。
- It has been caused because no appropriate actions have been taken for farming and controlling water, and the responsibility resides in the residents, governments and administrations concerned.
- 」との降伏文書を出させたとし、政治・外交的には成功したと結論付けた。
- As such, the analysis concludes that the expedition was a success politically and diplomatically.
- つまり、実態としては根来寺の看板を借りた地侍の連合による統治だった。
- In other words, it was actually a governance by a coalition of jizamurai under the name of the Negoro-ji Temple.
- 治承2年(1178年)11月、中宮・平徳子が高倉天皇の皇子を出産する。
- Empress TAIRA no Tokuko gave birth to the imperial prince of Emperor Takakura in December 1178 (November 1178 in old lunar calendar).
- 呪禁師(従六位正八位) 呪文等によって治療・陰陽寮に職掌を奪われて消滅
- Jugonshi, of Shohachiinojo (Senior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade), who attempted to heal patients using incantations; jugonshi disappeared from the Tenyakuryo after their official duties were usurped by the Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination).
- 1485年、南山城の国人衆や農民らが宇治の平等院に集まり評定を持った。
- In 1485, local samurais and farmers in Minami-Yamashiro gathered in Byodoin Temple in Uji to conduct a conference.
- 国人衆により政治がおこなわれ、南山城は惣国とよばれる政治形態となった。
- The new regime of Minami-Yamashiro, where the local samurais conducted the affairs of the province, assumed a political form called 'Sokoku' (a federation of so villages).
- しかしながら、天皇の在位に従って明治・大正・昭和・平成と呼ばれている。
- However, based upon the period when each Emperor was or is on his throne, the Meiji period, the Taisho period, the Showa period, and the Heisei period are used instead.
- 十四代将軍家茂の上洛の折、京都の治安悪化が懸念され浪士組が結成される。
- Upon the visit to Kyoto by the fourteenth shogun Iemochi, Roshi-gumi (浪士組) was established, over concerns of diminished security in Kyoto.
- 正治2年(1200年)頼朝の妻北条政子、夫の菩提のため寿福寺を建てる。
- In 1200 Yoritomo's wife, Masako HOJO, founded Jufuku-ji Temple for salvation of her husband.
- 信西一門の政治主導に対する反発が、平治の乱勃発の最大の原因と思われる。
- The backlash generated by the political initiatives Shinzei and his family were launching is considered to be the biggest cause of the outbreak of the Heiji Rebellion.
- 皮肉にも摂関政治を終焉に導いた院政が「摂関家」という概念を生み出した。
- Ironically, it was the cloistered government that ended the regency that produced the concept of the 'regent's house.'
- 東京奠都(とうきょうてんと)は、明治維新のとき江戸が東京とされたこと。
- The Tokyo Tento is when Edo was designated as Tokyo during the Meiji Restoration.
- また、嵯峨治世期には、各種法令の集大成である弘仁格式が編纂・施行された。
- During the reign of Emperor Saga, Konin kyakushiki code (amendments to penal and administrative law compiled in 820), which was the integration of various laws, was compiled and put into practice.
- 明治維新期の1872年に学制が敷かれると、寺子屋は次第に消滅して行った。
- When in 1872, the school system was put in place by the Meiji Restoration, Terakoya gradually ceased to exist.
- 後、1897年(明治30年)に京都帝国大学新設により東京帝国大学へ改称。
- Later, in 1897, the establishment of Kyoto Imperial University led to the change of its name to Tokyo Imperial University.
- (明治以降の行政区画の変遷については別項「京都市上京区の町名」を参照)。
- (For the history of the administrative districts in Kyoto after the Meiji period, see the section on 'Town names in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City.')
- 境内町と九条町は、明治時代初期、社寺の境内に新たに起立された町名である。
- Keidai-cho and Kujo-cho were newly set up within the precincts of temples and shrines at the beginning of the Meiji period.
- 1889年(明治22年)8月の大水害により十津川村は甚大な打撃を受けた。
- Totsukawa Village suffered a sever damage from a great flood in August, 1889.
- 1889年(明治22年):第四海軍区鎮守府を舞鶴に設置する事を閣議決定。
- 1889: Cabinet decided to set up the fourth naval district Chinjufu in Maizuru.
- 治承・寿永の乱は、源平合戦(または「源平の戦い」)と呼ばれることも多い。
- The Jisho/Juei Rebellion is often referred to as the 'Genpei Gassen' (or 'Genpai no tatakai' (battle between the Taira and Minamoto clans)).
- 首謀者の二人は明治4年12月3日(1872年1月12日)、切腹させられた。
- The two masterminds were forced to commit seppuku on January 12, 1872.
- 源頼朝を首長とする鎌倉幕府は、治承・寿永の乱で勝利して平氏政権を打倒した。
- The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo as its chief defeated the Taira clan government in the Jisho-Juei War.
- 摂関政治で最大の栄華を誇った藤原道長の施策にはむしろ抑制的な面も見られる。
- The policies conducted by FUJIWARA no Michinaga, who himself lived most extravagantly while in power, contained aspects of controlling the influential.
- 保元・平治両乱は政治抗争が武力で解決されることを示した歴史的な事件だった。
- Both the Hogen no ran (Hogen Rebellion) and Heiji no ran (Heiji Rebellion) were historical events that indicated that political conflict can be solved by military force.
- 1872年(明治5年)に編製された戸籍『壬申戸籍』に‘士族’と記載された。
- The warrior class was indicated in Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin) complied in 1872.
- 1180年(治承4) 平重衡南都を攻め、東大寺・興福寺を焼く(南都焼討)。
- 1180: TAIRA no Shigehira provoked the attack on Nanto, and had Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji Temples burnt (Nanto Yakiuchi).
- また、黒田孝高、羽柴秀長、神子田正治らが天王山(標高270m)に布陣した。
- Also, Yoshitaka KURODA, Hidenaga HASHIBA and Masaharu MIKODA took up their positions on Mt. Tennozan (270 m high).
- 1889年(明治22年)4月1日、村制施行により十市郡に桜井村がおかれる。
- On April 1, 1889, Sakurai Village was established in Toichi County according to the enforcement of the village system.
- 同年(明治元年)12月7日、東北地方と越後の諸藩に対する処分が発表された。
- On December 7 in the same year, punishment for the domains in the Tohoku Region and Echigo was announced.
- 元来、江戸幕府においては京都所司代・京都町奉行が治安維持の任についていた。
- Originally, Kyoto shoshidai and Kyoto machibugyo (Kyoto town magistrate) held the post to maintain order in the town under the Edo bakufu.
- また盗賊が跋扈し略奪が横行し、その治安の悪化は安土炎上時に匹敵したという。
- In addition, it is said that the increase of robbers and robberies deteriorated the security situation as bad as the time when Azuchi-jo Castle was burnt down.
- 古体派は明治維新後衰微しつつもなおその作風は受け継がれ、保守派と呼ばれた。
- After the Meiji Restoration, as the Kotai school entered a state of decline, the style was inherited by the Hoshu school.
- 治承2年(1178年)11月、中宮徳子は安徳天皇を産み、直ちに立太子された。
- In the twelfth month (eleventh month in old lunar calender) of 1178, Empress Tokuko gave birth to a boy (the soon-to-be Emperor Antoku), who was immediately invested as crown prince Tokihito.
- 明治2年(1869年)、「六波羅」の地名にちなんだ京都市立六原小学校が建つ。
- In 1869, Kyoto Rokuhara Elementary school was founded named after 'Rokuhara.'
- 同じく自治的性格を持っていのは、一向宗の寺院を中心に形成された寺内町である。
- A similar style of autonomy could be seen in the character of Jinaicho (temple towns), religious communities that coalesced around temples of the Ikko sect.
- 1897年(明治30年)の京都大学創立当時から、学生寄宿舎が設けられていた。
- There was a student dormitory at the time when Kyoto University was established in 1897.
- 国人衆による政治は、国人と農民の対立、また国人同士の対立を生むことになった。
- The self-governance administrated by local samurais created conflicts between local samurais and farmers, as well as conflicts among themselves.
- 参考として、発生地側の新疆ウイグル自治区での砂塵嵐の日数を調べた統計がある。
- For a reference, on a kosa producing site, there is statistical data about the number of days when a sandstorm was generated in the Sinkiang Uigur Autonomous Region.
- 明治時代に廃絶されるまでは桃尾山蓮華王院龍福寺という密教寺院の境内地だった。
- It was within the precincts of the Momoosan Rengeoin Ryufuku-ji Temple, an esoteric Buddhism temple, before the temple was abolished in the Meiji period.
- しかし活躍した郷士達はそのほとんどが明治維新を見ることなく非業の死を遂げる。
- However, most of the Goshi who were active in the Tobaku movement died violently without seeing the Meiji Restoration.
- 平安京への遷都以前、奈良時代までは政治・文化の中心地として栄えた地域である。
- Before the transfer of the capital to Heiankyo (ancient capital in current Kyoto) until the Nara period, this area flourished as the political and cultural center.
- 円融も幼帝の父として一定の政治的影響力を獲得し“院政”的な状況を生み出した。
- Enyu also obtained a certain degree of political clout by being the young emperor's father, leading to a 'cloistered government'-like situation.
- 『平治物語』は信頼が近衛大将になったとするが、『愚管抄』にその話は見えない。
- According to the 'Heiji monogatari' Nobuyori did become Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), but no trace of this event is recorded in the 'Gukansho.'
- 当時の関東の武士にとって、最優先事項であったのは関東内部の政治的安定である。
- For the Kanto bushi at that time, political stability within the Kanto region was their top priority.
- こうした摂関家自らの内部事情が摂関政治の衰退に拍車をかけてしまったのである。
- These circumstances inside the regent's house itself spurred the decline of the regency.
- また、真言密教に傾倒して、徳治2年(1307年)には出家している(41歳)。
- He was also a devout follower of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism and became a monk in 1307 (aged 41).
- なお、伏見も正和2年(1313年)に出家し、治天の政務を後伏見に譲っている。
- In 1313, Fushimi became a priest and yielded the government affairs as Chiten to Gofushimi.
- また、中央政治においては11世紀に藤原北家が政権中枢を担う摂関政治が成立した。
- In central politics, Sekkan-seiji (politics based on Sekkan - regent or a top adviser to Emperor), in which the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan played a dominant role, was established.
- 治承4年(1180年)2月、3歳の安徳天皇が践祚し、高倉上皇は院政を開始した。
- In February 1180, the three-year-old Emperor Antoku ascended the throne and the Retired Emperor Takakura started his cloistered government.
- 在学中は全学自治会同学会の委員長として竹本処分闘争以降の京大学生運動を導いた。
- When he was a student, he spearheaded the student movement at Kyoto University after 'Takemoto shobun' struggle as the chairman of the national student association.
- 中国などの経済発展と密接に関連しており、政治的な対策が鍵を握るとの見方もある。
- Kosa is closely related to economical progress in China and there is a view of considering that political measures to be taken are the key to solving the problem.
- 明治時代の歴史学者三浦周行らによって日本にも中世があったことが「発見」された。
- Historian Hiroyuki MIURA and so on in the Meiji period 'discovered' that medieval times also existed in Japan.
- この曲は、平安時代に詠まれた和歌を基にした歌詞に、明治時代に林広守が作曲した。
- This anthem consists of words derived from a waka poem made during the Heian Period and the melody composed by Hiromori HAYASHI during the Meiji Period.
- 日本における近代的な歴史思想の導入は、19世紀後半の明治維新以降のことである。
- Modern historical concepts were introduced in Japan during the Meiji Restoration or later, or during the latter half of the nineteenth century.
- そして、明治新政府内で栄進したのは、後藤や板垣といった上士にほぼ限られている。
- Also, people who were successful within the new Meiji government were nearly all Joshi, such as Goto and Itagaki.
- 13世紀中頃以降は元冦という大事件があったものの、政治体制は一応安定していた。
- Its regime remained stable enough despite the Genko (Mongol Invasions of Japan) incidents in and after the middle of the 13th century.
- 大内村大字西九条は明治35年、当時の下京区に編入されて同区大字西九条となった。
- Oaza Nishikujo, Ouchi village was incorporated into the then Shimogyo Ward in 1902 and became Oaza Nishikujo, Shimogyo Ward.
- これらの町は、明治12年(1879年)の下京区成立時点では下京32組に属した。
- They belonged to Shimogyo kumi (unit) No. 32 when Shimogyo Ward was established in 1879.
- 戦乱により公家や朝廷の政治力が衰え、政治の主導は完全に武家へ移ることになった。
- The political authority of the aristocracy (Court nobles) and the Imperial Court was sapped away through wars and rebellions, and true leadership over the country's government passed completely over to the warrior class.
- 文治元年(1185年)8月16日(旧暦)の除目で国司に任ぜられた6名が始まり。
- Monyo originated from six people who were appointed as Kokushi (provincial governors) at Jimoku (ceremony for the appointment of officials) on August 16, 1185 (old lunar calendar).
- 守護の政治的権限の拡大とともに政庁所在地としての機能が国衙より移されていった。
- With the expansion of political power of Shugo, the functions of Kokuga (provincial government offices) were shifted to Shugosho.
- 渡河を許したため、頼政は宇治橋を捨てて平等院まで退き、以仁王を逃そうと防戦した。
- Unable to prevent the Taira from crossing the river, Yorimasa abandoned his position by Uji bridge and retreated to Byodoin temple in a fighting withdrawal, trying to give prince Mochihito time to escape.
- 17歳の忠綱が宇治川の急流に馬を乗り入れると、坂東武者300余騎がこれに続いた。
- When the seventeen-year old Tadatsuna rode his horse directly into the swift current of the Uji-gawa river, more than 300 cavalry from the Kanto followed him in.
- その後、御家人筆頭である北条氏が幕府政治を実質的にリードする執権政治が確立した。
- After that, the regency in which the Hojo clan, the head of gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), practically controlled the bakufu politics was established.
- 1月20日、範頼は大手軍3万騎で瀬田を、義経は搦手軍2万5千騎で宇治を攻撃した。
- On January 20, Noriyori attacked Seta with 30,000 samurai head-on and Yoshitsune attacked Uji from the rear with another 25,000.
- この争いによって幕府の政治的・経済的基盤は崩壊して将軍の権威は名目のみと化した。
- Through this fighting, the political and economic foundation of the bakufu collapsed, and the once-powerful Shogun transformed into a mere figurehead.
- これら土倉・酒屋は資金力にものを言わせ、有力な町衆として自治都市の主導権を握る。
- As important local businessmen with financial strength, these doso-sakaya took the leadership of autonomous cities.
- 明治9年に海軍音楽長である中村祐庸が「天皇陛下ヲ祝スル楽譜改訂之儀」を提出した。
- In 1876, a written report 'Matters related to the revision of the musical score for celebrating the reign of the emperor' was submitted by Suketsune NAKAMURA, who was the Kapellmeister of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- そして、国際的地位を確保していく中で日本統治時代 (台湾)や韓国併合を行なった。
- Then, acquiring an international position, Japan ruled Taiwan and annexed Korea.
- 近くの一条通りは明治の一時期、大仏鉄道の駅から東大寺へ向かう参道としても栄えた。
- Nearby Ichijo-dori Street flourished as sando (an approach to the temple) leading to Todai-ji Temple from the station of Daibutsu Railway (Daibutsu Tetsudo) at one time in the Meiji Period.
- 明治2年5月14日 (旧暦) 相馬主計新選組局長就任 弁天台場の新選組、降伏する
- May 14 1869, Kazue SOMA assumed position as Commander of Shinsen-gumi, Shinsen-gumi surrendered at Benten Daiba.
- 藤原秀郷(俵藤太)による大ムカデ退治伝説が残ることから「ムカデ山」の異名も持つ。
- It has also earned the nickname 'Mukade-yama (centipede mountain)' from the legend of FUJIWARA no Hidesato (TAWARA no Toda) destroying a giant centipede there.
- 1896年(明治29年)3月29日、十市郡が式上郡・式下郡と合併し磯城郡が発足。
- On March 29, 1896, Toichi County was merged with Shikijo and Shikige Counties to become Shiki County.
- 平氏一門は院庁別当・左馬寮・内蔵寮などの要職を占め、政治への影響力を増大させた。
- The Taira family took charge of several important offices, including the posts of Innocho Betto (chief administrator of the Retired Emperor's Office), Samaryo (Left Division of Bureau of Horses), and Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses), thereby greatly increasing their political influence over the government.
- その後、五世脇坂安明の子安治、織田・豊臣に歴仕し、賤ヶ岳の七本槍として名がある。
- Subsequently, Yasuharu, the son of the fifth generation, Yasuakira WAKISAKA, served the Oda clan and the Toyotomi clan continuously and gained fame as one of the Seven Spears of Shizugatake.
- 1899年(明治32年)に、柳原町の町長経験者でもあった明石民蔵らによって設立。
- In 1899, it was founded by Tamizo AKASHI, a former mayor of Yanagihara-cho, and others.
- しばらく倭国は政治的に安定していたが、2世紀後半に倭国大乱と呼ばれる内乱が生じた。
- For a while, Wa stayed stable politically, but a civil war called the Wakoku War broke out in the latter half of the second century.
- 倭の五王の後、5世紀後葉から6世紀前葉にかけてヤマト王権内部の政治混乱が見られた。
- After the five kings of Wa, political confusion was observed inside the Yamato sovereignty in from the latter half of the fifth century to the first half of the sixth century.
- 国人や農民が協力し、守護大名畠山氏の政治的影響力を排除し、以後8年間自治を行った。
- Local samurais and farmers cooperated to eliminate the political influence of the shugo daimyo (military governor) of the Hatakeyama clan, and functioned as self-governing community for the succeeding eight years.
- 紀伊の地侍は連合して根来衆・雑賀衆などの集団を形成し、宗教を盾に地域自治を行った。
- Jizamurai (local samurai) in Kii formed groups such as Negoroshu and Saigashu and carried out regional autonomy under the cover of religion.
- 南北朝時代から賀名生ウメ林が有名であり、明治以降は実を収穫するための植林もされた。
- Ano bairin (the forest of Japanese plums in Gojo City in Nara Prefecture) was famous ever since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts; after the Meiji period, plum trees were planted for harvesting plums.
- 茶器が大名から家臣への報奨とされたり、茶会が武将と豪商を結ぶなど政治にも影響した。
- Sometimes, utensils for the tea ceremony were given by a daimyo to his vassal as a prize, or the tea ceremony affected political events by serving to strengthen the ties between the samurai and the merchants.
- 摂関政治の下で、皇位継承に摂関家の意向が大きく反映していたのと大きく異なっている。
- This is markedly different from the case of Sekkan seiji, where the intention of Sekkan-ke was strongly reflected in the imperial succession.
- だが、治暦4年(1068年)の後三条天皇の即位はその状況に大きな変化をもたらした。
- However, when Emperor Gosanjo succeeded to the throne in 1068, the situation changed dramatically.
- なお、西大寺は1895年(明治28年)に真言宗から独立し、真言律宗を名乗っている。
- Saidai-ji Temple left Shingon sect and says that it belongs to Shingon Risshu sect.
- 1878年(明治11年) 琵琶湖に棲むビワマスの養殖の目的で県営孵化場を設置する。
- 1878: Prefectural fish incubation farm was established for cultivation of Biwa trout in Lake Biwa.
- 『平治物語』では信頼が近衛大将を希望して、信西が断ったために確執が生まれたとする。
- The 'Heiji Monogatari' (The Tale of Heiji) claims that Nobuyori wished to be appointed Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), and that discord arose between them when Shinzei refused his request.
- これは緊急時における政治大権を武士に付与することを意味する画期的な事件でもあった。
- This was a breakthrough because it meant that bushi may be given political power during emergency.
- 明治時代になって、摂政・関白は廃止され、同時に摂関政治は完全に消滅する事となった。
- In the Meiji period the posts of regent and chancellor were abandoned, and at the same time, the regency completely disappeared.
- 後深草と亀山はそれぞれ次代の治天となることを望んで争い、裁定は幕府に持ち込まれた。
- Since both Gofukakusa and Kameyama wanted to be the next Chiten and a fight broke out, the bakufu was asked to make a ruling.
- しかし、その最後の当主である塩谷温綱に子が無かったため、直系は明治時代に断絶する。
- However, the last family head, Harutsuna SHIONOYA, had no child and thus the direct line discontinued during the Meiji period.
- 一方、朝廷・公家側も室町幕府に対して民衆の要求を拒絶するように政治工作を繰り返した。
- On the other hand, the Imperial Court and nobles repeated political measures to have the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) reject the people's demands.
- 夜間の行軍に疲れた以仁王は幾度も落馬し、やむなく宇治平等院で休息を取ることになった。
- Exhausted from the night march, prince Mochihito fell from his horse several times, until he was forced to take a rest at Byodoin temple in Uji.
- 大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が鎌倉幕府を滅ぼし、建武の新政と呼ばれる天皇専制の政治を行った。
- Defeating the Kamakura bakufu, Emperor Godaigo for Daikakuji-to governed the nation autocratically in his so-called Kemmu Restoration.
- 王朝国家では、大幅に統治権限を委譲された受領とその国衙機構による地方支配が展開した。
- In the dynastic nation-state, Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), to whom a considerable amount of the authority to control the province was transferred, and its kokuga (provincial government offices) controlled local areas.
- 良房は、政治権力の集中化も進めていき、そうした中で応天門の変(866年)が発生した。
- Yoshifusa promoted the concentration of political power, when the Otemon Incident happened (866).
- 信西が平治の乱(1159年)で死んだため、未定稿に終わったうえ、多くが散逸している。
- Since Shinzei died during the Heiji War in 1159, the book was left unfinished, and moreover, a large part of it was scattered and lost.
- 斉は短期間で倒れたが、唐は弱体化して首都・長安周辺のみを治める地方政権へと凋落した。
- Although the Qi Dynasty fell in a short time, the Tang Dynasty was weakened and reduced to a local government which ran only Chang'an, the capital.
- また、政治的背景とは無関係に日本的な曲であって国歌に最もふさわしいとする意見がある。
- There is also an opinion without any political tinge that Kimigayo is a Japanese melody and most adequate for the national anthem.
- この頃には、惣村の形成に見られるように、百姓らの自治・連帯意識が非常に高まっていた。
- During this period, the level of awareness of self-governing and solidarity was rapidly raised among peasants and other commoners, as shown in the formation of soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association).
- 1526年 細川晴元(澄元の子)・足利義維を奉ずる柳本賢治と細川高国の戦いが始まる。
- In 1526, a battle started between Kataharu YANAGIMOTO, who was accompanied by Harumoto HOSOKAWA (a son of Sumimoto), Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA, and Takakuni HOSOKAWA.
- 明治22年(1889年)滋賀郡堅田村が成立、34年(1901年)、堅田町に移行した。
- In 1889 Katata-mura Village, Shiga County was established and in 1901 it was changed into Katata-cho Town.
- 源頼朝が鎌倉入りしたのは、それから1世紀以上経た治承4年(1180年)のことである。
- More than a century later, in 1180, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo entered Kamakura.
- 1889年(明治22年) 大津〜長浜間の連絡汽船に代わる鉄道が完成、東海道本線開通。
- 1889: A railroad replacing the ferry boat between Otsu and Nagahama was opened, which made the Tokaido Main Line opened.
- 明治になり京都見廻組にいた今井信郎が龍馬を斬ったと自白するが、誰が斬ったのかは不明。
- After the start of the Meiji period, Nobuo IMAI, who was a member of the Kyoto Mimawarigumi, confessed to killing Ryoma; however, truth of the matter remains uncertain.
- そして、実体としての摂関政治は、後三条・白河期に終焉を迎えていたと見るべきであろう。
- And therefore the real regency should be regarded as having already come to its end in the reigns of Emperor Gosanjo and Shirakawa.
- そこには、後鳥羽上皇の宇治御所にあった「風呂御所」のなかに「御会所」があった、とある。
- According to it, there was supposedly 'Gokaisho' within the 'Furo gosho,' which was the Uji gosho of the Retired Emperor Gotoba.
- 室町時代には将軍の御所内にもあり、これは、大いに、政治的に、また文化的に、活用された。
- It was also within the gosho (palace) of shogun during the Muromachi period, and this was used for politics as well as cultural purposes.
- 保元元年(1156年)、治天の君及び摂関の座をめぐる対立が激化し、保元の乱が発生した。
- The conflict over the position of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) and Regent became intense and the Hogen no ran (Hogen Rebellion) occurred in 1156.
- 朝廷と並んで全国統治の中心となった鎌倉幕府が相模国鎌倉に所在したことからこう呼ばれる。
- The Kamakura bakufu joined the Imperial Court and took a central role in a country-wide rule; it took its name from its location, in the city of Kamakura in Sagami Province.
- この治承三年の政変をもって、武家政権としての平氏政権が初めて成立したとする見解もある。
- This 'Political Change in Jicho 3 (1179)' is considered by some as the initial establishment of the Taira clan administration as a bushi government.
- 朝鮮半島に居住し帰化しない日本人を朝鮮では恒居倭と呼び、首領を頭とする自治が行われた。
- Unnaturalized Japanese residents in the Korean Peninsula were called kokyowa, and they were self-governed headed by their leader.
- 明治の頃には間口9間・奥行6間の豪邸があり、最後の住人が昭和初めまで住んでいたという。
- There was a residence with a frontage of about 10.92 meters and a depth of about 10.92 meters in the Meiji period and the last residents lived until the early Showa period.
- 明治の開国を通じ神戸が国際貿易港として発展し、大阪・京都も都市の近代化が進んでいった。
- After the opening of Japan to the world in the Meiji era, Kobe had been developed as an international trade port and modernization of the cities in Osaka and Kyoto had also advanced.
- また、長らく日本の政治・文化の中心地であったので、宮殿や豪族の邸宅などが建ち並びんだ。
- Asuka has been the center of politics and culture in Japan for a long period, and there were a number of palaces or residences of Gozoku (local ruling family).
- 鎌倉幕府も朝廷政治の現状を状況を批判的に見る立場から朝廷に対して「徳政」推進を求めた。
- From the stance of being critical of the Imperial Court's situation, the Kamakura bakufu requested the promotion of the 'Tokusei.'
- 1889年(明治22年) - 旧皇室典範で「即位の礼」と「大嘗祭」は京都で行うと規定。
- 1889: It was ruled in the Imperial House Act that the 'Sokui no rei (enthronement ceremony)' and 'Daijosai' would be held in Kyoto.
- 1877年(明治10年)2月 - 天皇が京都の皇居(京都御所)の保存・旧観維持を指示。
- February 1877: The emperor orders the preservation and maintenance of the old imperial palace in Kyoto.
- ここで訴訟や政治問題などの処理が行われるとともに、院文殿に記録所の機能が兼ね揃えられた。
- Lawsuits and political issues were processed at the venue, and the venue also served as Kirokujo (Land Record Office) of the in-no-fu-dono.
- しかしこれを契機に諸国の反平氏勢力が兵を挙げ、全国的な動乱である治承・寿永の乱が始まる。
- However, the uprising provided an opportunity for forces throughout the provinces that opposed the Taira clan to mobilize, leading to the breakout of the Genpei War (the war between the Minamoto and the Taira; in Japanese it is called the Jisho-Juei War, so named for the two eras in which it occurred), an uprising that was truly countrywide in scale.
- 明治には新政府の政策に反対する徴兵令反対一揆や解放令反対一揆、地租改正反対一揆が起こる。
- In the Meiji period, uprisings in objection to the policies of the new government, including choheirei hantai ikki (conscription ordinance objection uprising), kaihorei hantai ikki (edict of Grand Council of State objection uprising), and chiso kaisei hantai ikki (land-tax reform objection reform), occurred.
- 一般によく知られている時代区分は、主として政治センターの所在地に着目した時代区分である。
- According to a well-known period classification based on this theory, a period is classified mainly based on where the political center was located.
- 加賀国では一向一揆が守護冨樫氏を滅ぼして「本願寺王国」を形成、100年間の自治を行った。
- In the Kaga Province, ikko ikki overthrew shugo, the Togashi clan, and established the 'Hongan-ji kingdom' and carried out autonomous control for a hundred years.
- 文治5年(1189年)頼朝、永福寺跡(ようふくじ、廃絶)造営を始める(1191年とも)。
- In 1189 (or 1191), Yoritomo founded a memorial service for Eifuku-ji Temple ruins (extinct).
- のち、幕末から明治の一時期には久美浜県が設置され、県庁が同代官所跡に置かれたこともある。
- Kumihama Prefecture was established for a short time, from the end of the Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period, and its prefectural government office was placed in the remains of Kumihama local magistrate office.
- 多数の街道や吉野川(紀の川)の水運など交通の便に恵まれ、南大和統治の中心地として栄えた。
- It was blessed with facilities for transportation, including many kaidos (roads) and water transpotation by the Yoshino-gawa River (Kino-kawa River), etc., and prospered as the center of the administration of southern Yamato Province.
- 秀吉は関白としての地位を最大限に利用し、ある意味、摂関政治を復興させたと言えなくもない。
- Hideyoshi took advantage of his status as chancellor as much as possible, and in a sense, he might be said to have revived the regency.
- 蛤御門の変(はまぐりごもんのへん)、元治の変(げんじのへん)、元治甲子の変とも呼ばれる。
- It is also known as the Incident at the Forbidden Gate, the Incident at the Hamaguri (Clam) Gate, the Genji Incident, and the Incident in the First Year of Genji.
- 弘治4年2月28日 (旧暦)(ユリウス暦1558年3月18日) 正親町天皇即位のため改元
- The name of the era was changed in March 18, 1558 due to the ascension of Emperor Ogimachi
- その後、宗治ら4人は秀吉から差し向けられた小舟に乗って秀吉の本陣まで漕ぎ、杯を交わした。
- Subsequently, Muneharu and three others boarded the boat sent by Hideyoshi, rowed to his headquarters, and had a drink together.
- 柳原銀行(やなぎはらぎんこう)は、明治期に京都府柳原町(現京都市)で設立された私立銀行。
- The Bank of Yanagihara was a private bank founded in Yanagihara-cho, Kyoto Prefecture (present Kyoto City) in the Meiji period.
- 彼らは明治政府を倒して新しい政府を作り直して攘夷を行って外国と戦うべきであると唱えていた。
- They insisted on overthrowing the Meiji Government, establishing a new government, expelling the foreigners, and fighting against foreign countries.
- 11世紀後期からは太上天皇が治天の君(事実上の君主)となって政務に当たる院政が開始された。
- In the latter half of the 11th century, the Cloister Government started, whereby Daijo Tenno (retired Emperor) became the Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) and influenced political affairs.
- 桓武(781年~806年)以下数代においては、天皇が直接に政治を行う天皇親政の時代だった。
- Emperor Kanmu (from 781 to 806) and several later generations conducted Tenno shinsei (direct rule by emperors).
- 寛平の治(かんぴょうのち)は、平安時代中期(9世紀後期)の宇多天皇の治世を理想視した呼称。
- Kanpyo no chi is the name of the rule by Emperor Uda in the mid-Heian Period (late 9th century) which was largely regarded as ideal.
- 以後の日本は明治政府が統治を行い、大名は華族、他の武士は士族とされ、武家は消滅していった。
- After that, the Meiji Government held sovereignty, and accordingly, daimyo and other samurai were ranked as peerage and warrior class respectively, and samurai families disappeared.
- 大学寮という公的機関を巡る氏族対立の副産物のような存在で、貴族政治の台頭を背景としていた。
- It seems they emerged from conflicts among clans about Daigakuryo, a public institution in the background of the rise of aristocracy.
- この評定で「国中掟法」を取り決め、両畠山氏の影響を排除し、南山城の自治を行うことを決めた。
- During the conference, they stipulated an autonomous law called 'Kunijuokite', and decided to eliminate the influence of both HATAKEYAMAs in order for Minami-Yamashiro to become a self-governing community.
- そして、これは戦国大名や国人・土豪層はもとより、宗教組織や、自治組織においても同様である。
- It was the same with respect to sengoku daimyo, kokujin, and dogo, as well as religious organizations and autonomous organization.
- あるいは、自治組織においても、矢倉や塀、環濠のような防御施設の構築、牢人の傭兵化を行った。
- Also, autonomous organizations carried out construction of facilities for defense, such as scaffolding, wall, and moat, and made ronin (samurai who left his master and lost his horoku (salary)) into mercenaries.
- 1575年、織田信長に降伏してからは大阪湾に面する堺市と並び称される自治都市として栄えた。
- After surrendering to Nobunaga ODA in 1575, the town flourished as an autonomous city, ranking with Sakai City which faces Osaka Bay.
- 京と鎌倉は足利方に奪還され、北朝は神器と治天が不在であったが後光厳の践祚により再建される。
- Kyoto and Kamakura returned to the Ashikaga side, and although the Sacred Treasures and Chiten (ruling emperor) were absent, the Northern Court was re-established by the ascension of Gokogen.
- 摂関政治ではそれが父系から母系に移り、院政で再び父系に移ったと考えることも出来るのである。
- One can say that in the regency, that function moved from the paternal line to the maternal line, and then moved back to the paternal line again in the cloistered government
- 後醍醐天皇が政治理念を標榜した言葉として『梅松論』にある「現在の例もかつては新義であった。
- Emperor Godaigo's conception of politics is encapsulated best by his speech, recorded in the 'Baishoron' (a war chronicle of the Nanboku period): 'Even the examples and precedents of today were once new principles.
- 6月5日、高氏が鎮守府将軍に任命され、天皇の諱「尊治」から一字を与えられ「尊氏」と改めた。
- On the fifth day of the sixth month, Takauji was appointed the Chinjufu shogun ('Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North'), and he was awarded one character from out of the Emperor's real name (Takahara), thereby changing the 'Taka (高)' in his own name to the Emperor's own 'Taka (尊).'
- 仲恭天皇(九条廃帝、仲恭の贈名は明治以降)は廃され、守貞親王の子が即位した(後堀河天皇)。
- The reigning Emperor, Chukyo (note however that the titles Kujo the Deposed Emperor and Chukyo did not come into use until the Meiji period), was deposed, and the son of Imperial Prince Morisada was raised to the throne (as Emperor Gohorikawa).
- 協議の場で後宇多は花園が皇太子尊治に譲位すること、次の皇太子には邦良を立てることを求めた。
- At the discussion, Gouda demanded that Hanazono abdicate in favor of the Crown Prince Takaharu, and place Kuniyoshi as the next Crown Prince.
- 秀吉は毛利方と和睦を結び、清水宗治の切腹を見届けた後、明智光秀を討つために軍を京へ返した。
- Hideyoshi made a peace treaty with Mori, and after he confirmed the seppuku of Muneharu SHIMIZU, sent his troops back to Kyoto to beat Mitsuhide AKECHI.
- 大衆の上洛を防ぐため、宇治に平正盛・平忠盛・源重時が、西坂本に源光国・藤原盛重が配備された。
- To prevent monks from entering the capital, TAIRA no Masamori, TAIRA no Tadamori and MINAMOTO no Shigetoki were deployed to Uji, and MINAMOTO no Mitsukuni and FUJIWARA no Morishige to Nishi-Sakamoto.
- 準備不足のために露見して追討を受け、以仁王と頼政は宇治平等院の戦いで敗死、早期に鎮圧された。
- Due to inadequate preparations, however, their plot was discovered, and the Taira clan received an Imperial decree to track them down and kill them; Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa both died at the Battle of Byodo-in temple in Uji, and the rebellion was suppressed while still at an early stage.
- 法皇は鳥羽殿に幽閉され、関白・基房は解任・配流、院近臣39名が解官された(治承三年の政変)。
- Cloistered emperor Goshirakawa was put under house arrest at Toba Palace, while his Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Motofusa was dismissed from his post and banished, and 39 of his close retainers were relieved of their official duties (in what became known as the Jisho Coup, so named because it occurred in the third year of the Jisho era).
- 瀬田で範頼軍と戦っていた今井兼平は宇治方面での敗報を知り退却、粟津で義仲との合流に成功する。
- Kanehira IMAI, who had been fighting Noriyori's troops at Seta, retreated, having heard about the defeat at Uji, and successfully joined Yoshinaka in Awazu.
- しかし、後の延喜の治とともに現実の社会制度の変革に適合せず必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。
- However, like later Engi no chi, these measures did not fit the change of the real social system, and were hardly successful.
- 2009年4月20日、大学当局は寮自治会に「吉田南最南部地区再整備・基本方針(案)」を提出。
- On April 20, 2009, the authority of Kyoto University submitted to the council of the dormitory 'the basic policy for the redevelopment of the southernmost area in Yoshida (draft).'
- 士族(しぞく)とは、明治維新以降、江戸時代の旗本と上級武士に与えられた身分階級の族称である。
- The warrior class was a status given to hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun) and high-ranking warriors of the Edo period after the Meiji Restoration.
- 9世紀、移配俘囚は国内の治安維持のための主要な軍事力として位置づけられていた(→国衙軍制)。
- In the ninth century the emigrant Fushu were positioned as a major military force for the maintenance of security in the nation (known as the kokuga forces system).
- 倒幕派の諸藩を中心とする維新政府は戊辰戦争を経て旧幕府勢力を退けると、明治新政府を樹立した。
- The restoration government centered on the domains for overthrowing the bakufu expelled the former bakufu powers via the Boshin Civil War, and then established the new Meiji government.
- また、本所の政治力を背景として関所における通行税や市場における営業税の免除の特権を獲得した。
- Additionally, a za received the privilege of exemptions from tolls at sekisho (checking stations) and business taxes in marketplaces backed up with the political power of their honjo.
- が、明治天皇の指示で皇居は保存され、天皇の在所を示す高御座も京都御所の紫宸殿に置かれている。
- However, the imperial palace was conserved under the order of Emperor Meiji and the Takamikura (Emperor's throne), which indicates the emperor's location, is still located in the Shishinden (Hall for State Ceremonies) inside the Kyoto Gosho (Kyoto Imperial Palace).
- 同じ治承4年(1180年)、頼朝は八幡宮(鶴岡若宮、由比若宮)を由比郷鶴岡から小林郷へ移す。
- In the same year, 1180, Yoritomo moved Hachimangu (Tsurugaoka-wakamiya Shrine, Yuiwakamiya Shrine) from Yuigo Tsurugaoka to Kobayashigo.
- 『山槐記』治承3年(1179年)11月17日条によれば、臨時除目より以下の39名が解官された。
- According to the entry written on December 24 (November 17 in old lunar calendar), 1179 in 'Sankaiki' (Tadachika NAKAYAMA's diary), the following thirty-nine people were dismissed from their positions in the emergency Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials).
- 6世紀末、400年ぶりに中国を統一した隋の登場は、東アジア諸国の政治権力の集中化をもたらした。
- Towards the end of the sixth century, the Sui Dynasty unified China in 400 years, centralizing political powers in east Asian nations.
- 887年に即位した宇多天皇は、その数年後に基経が死去すると天皇主導の政治を展開するようになる。
- Emperor Uda, who ascended the throne in 887, began to develop emperor-centric policies when Mototsune passed away a few years later.
- 武士階級が天皇・貴族階級と分離し新たな支配体制を求めて幕府を開き、封建政治を始めた時代である。
- As the warrior class separated from the Emperor and the aristocratic class and became a distinct entity in itself, it created the bakufu out of its search for a new method of government; this ushered in the age of feudal government in Japan.
- 並行して室町幕府は地方政権化しそれにより15世紀中期からの国内統治は幕府・守護体制とよばれる。
- In parallel with this, the Muromachi bakufu adopted the local government system, and the administration of the nation after the mid 15th century was called the Bakufu-Shugo System.
- 年に二度、春と秋に入寮選考期間が設けられ、自治会組織である「入寮選考委員会」が選考を担当する。
- The period of selection is set twice a year in spring and in autumn and a 'dormitory-entering selection committee,' an organization of the council of the dormitory, is in charge of selection.
- 明治以降には西川産業など企業として発展し、今日の大企業の中にも近江商人の系譜を引くものは多い。
- Many of the large-scale companies today, such as Nishikawa Sangyo which developed as a business enterprise after the Meiji period, have their origin as Omi shonin.
- 惣村(そうそん)は、中世日本における百姓の自治的・地縁的結合による共同組織(村落形態)を指す。
- A soson meant a community (in the form of a village) organized through autonomous, territorial connections among peasants in medieval Japan.
- 時平は非常に有能な政治家として手腕を発揮していったが、摂政・関白に就任する前に死んでしまった。
- Although Tokihira was a remarkably competent politician and displayed impressive skills, he died before he was appointed as a regent or a chancellor.
- 明治時代には皇室は南朝が正統とされ、文部省は国定教科書で「吉野朝時代」の用語を使うよう命じた。
- In the Meiji period, the Imperial household declared the Southern Court to be the legitimate Court, and the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports ordered that government-controlled textbooks begin using the term 'Yoshino period' instead of Nanbokucho.
- 明治5年5月(1872年6月) - 天皇が京都に立ち寄る際、「還幸」ではなく「行幸」とされる。
- June 1872: When the emperor stopped in Kyoto he was viewed as that he was visiting Kyoto and not returning home.
- 清水宗治は秀吉から贈られた酒と肴で別れの宴を行い、城内の清掃などを家臣に命じ、身なりを整えた。
- Muneharu SHIMIZU held a parting feast with the sake and sakana (appetizers taken with alcoholic drinks) given by Hideyoshi, ordered his vassals to clean up the castle grounds, and dressed himself up.
- 寛治5年(1091年)に宋商人李居簡が鴻臚館で写経した記述を最後に文献上から消えることとなる。
- The last record of Korokan is the description that 李居簡, a merchant from the Northern Sung dynasty, transcribed a sutra in Korokan in 1091.
- 平安末期には保元の乱・平治の乱両乱を経て武士が政治に進出していき、その結果、平氏政権が登場した。
- Through the two wars, the Hogen War and the Heiji War, near the end of the Heian period, samurai advanced into the political world, generating the Taira clan government.
- 一方、後者は、治承三年の政変の際に平氏勢力が従来の国家機構の支配権を掌握したことを重視している。
- On the other hand, the second hypothesis emphasizes the fact that the Taira forces grabbed hold of the control of conventional national organizations upon the coup d'etat in 1179.
- その晩は酒盛り上がり、深夜、酔って動かなくなった酒呑童子の一味の鬼たちを頼光らは残らず退治した。
- That night, Yorimitsu and his compatriots held a drinking bout together with their hosts and then waited until late at night, when Shuten Doji and his gang were all so drunk they could barely move, before exterminating every last one of them.
- 嵯峨上皇による大家父長的支配のもと30年近く政治は安定し、皇位継承に関する紛争は起こらなかった。
- Under the great patriarchal authority-styled command executed by the Retired Emperor Saga, politics enjoyed steadiness for nearly 30 years without dispute concerning the Imperial succession.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、戦国大名による一円支配が強まり、惣村の自治権が次第に奪われていった。
- In the Sengoku period (the Warring States period), the governance of entire region by the warring lords became stronger, and gradually the soson's autonomy was usurped.
- こうした旧来の特権は、明治政府が行う四民平等政策や、近代化政策を行うにあたって障害となっていた。
- These old privileges posed an impediment to the Meiji Government's policies like the equality of all people and modernization.
- 明治36年(1903年)にドイツで行われた「世界国歌コンクール」で、『君が代』は一等を受賞した。
- In the 'World National Anthem Contest' held in Germany in 1903, 'Kimigayo' was awarded the first prize.
- 幕府(ばくふ)は、武家政治の政庁や武家政権そのものを指す(平氏政権・織豊政権などの例外はある)。
- Bakufu refers to the government office of military rule or samurai government itself; however, there are some exceptions, such as, the Taira clan government and the Shokuho government (the government of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI. 'Shoku' and 'ho' are the initial letters of Oda and Toyotomi).
- 1868年(明治元) 奈良奉行を廃止し、興福寺が町政にあたり、大和鎭撫総督府、奈良府が置かれる。
- 1868: As the Nara bugyo was abolished, Kofuku-ji Temple took charge of town administration, and Yamato Chinbu Sotoku-fu (Yamato pacification government-general office) and then Nara-fu were established.
- 義政は打続く土一揆や政治的混乱に倦んで、将軍を引退して隠遁生活への移行を夢見るようになっていた。
- Tired of successive Doikki (peasant uprisings) and political confusion, Yoshimasa had come to dream of retiring from the Shogunate and living in seclusion.
- 同時期に幕府内では11代将軍徳川家斉が実父の一橋治済に対して「大御所」の尊号を贈ろうとしていた。
- At a similar time, within the Bakufu, the 11th Shogun, Ienari TOKUGAWA was trying to give the honorary title of 'Ogosho' to his own father Harusada HITOTSUBASHI.
- 元治元年(1864年)、江戸幕府は京都守護職配下として蒔田廣孝と松平康正を京都見廻役に任命した。
- In 1864, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed Hirotaka MAITA and Yasumasa MATSUDAIRA to Kyoto Mimawariyaku under the command of the Kyoto shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto).
- 共和国と表現されたように、これら寺社勢力や惣国一揆は高い経済力と軍事力を擁して地域自治を行った。
- As the word 'republic' shows, these temple and shrine powers and sokoku ikki (riot of the whole province) built autonomy with high economic and military powers.
- 摂関政治による諸課題への取り組みに成果が見られ始めたのが、11世紀前期~中期にかけての時期である。
- In the early to middle of the 11th century, the regency's approaches of the various problems began to pay off.
- 京都市におかれた平安京が、鎌倉幕府が成立するまで政治上の唯一の中心だったことから平安時代と称する。
- The period is named so due to the fact that Heian-Kyo in Kyoto City was the only political center before the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu.
- しかしこれにより三好氏は京都の掌握はおろか、義輝の臣下として幕府政治機構に組み込まれることなった。
- However, this development not only prevented the Miyoshi clan from ruling Kyoto but also reduced its status to a mere element of the governing mechanism of the bakufu as a subject of Yoshiteru.
- サウジアラビア政府は巡礼地での礼拝時の宗教的興奮において起こると危惧される政治的混乱を恐れている。
- The Saudi Arabian government is wary of political confusion that may occur during times of religious excitement during worship time at pilgrimage sites.
- 治承三年の政変により平氏政権は完成されたかに見えたが、それは平氏と反対勢力の全面衝突をもたらした。
- The Taira clan administration seemed to have become complete by the Jisho sannen no seihen (Coup of the Third Year of Jisho), but it only led to a head-to-head confrontation between the Taira clan and anti-Taira groups.
- 戦国時代 (日本)、室町幕府や守護は国内統治権を失い、新たに台頭した戦国大名が多くの国を支配した。
- In the Sengoku Period, the Muromachi bakufu and shugo lost their authorities to rule the nation and daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku period, who newly came to the forefront, ruled many countries.
- 明治政府は、農業収入に課税する年貢制ではなく、全土地に課税する地租を導入し、検地は行わなくなった。
- The Meiji government eliminated the old tax system, which taxed the overall agricultural production, and introduced a new nationwide land tax (based on the total amount--not the productivity--of land owned), and with this, kenchi, with their focus on yield, were no longer conducted.
- 郡は、六世紀の中葉頃の欽明朝に屯倉の設置が拡大されていき、ヤマト政権の地方政治組織となっていった。
- Districts grew from the established miyake during the reign of Emperor Kinmei in the mid-sixth century to become part of the local administration organization of the Yamato Dynasty.
- その後の明治26年8月12日には文部省が「君が代」等を収めた「祝日大祭日歌詞竝樂譜」を官報に告示。
- After that, on August 12, 1893, the Ministry of Education announced through the official gazette 'Shukujitsu Daisaijitsu Kashi narabini Gakufu (literally, 'Words and musical scores for national holidays') which included 'Kimigayo,' and so on.
- 肯定的立場からは、事実上の国歌として歌われてきた明治以来の伝統を重視するリベラル寄りの意見がある。
- From the affirmative standpoints, there is an opinion on the liberal side which places importance upon tradition since the Meiji Period to sing as de facto, the national anthem.
- 土一揆(つちいっき・どいっき)は、室町時代中期から後期にかけて発生した民衆の政治的要求活動をいう。
- The term 'tsuchi uprising' (called tsuchi-ikki or do-ikki in Japanese) refers to political appeals by the masses which had occurred from the middle to the late Muromachi period.
- 12世紀中期の保元の乱・平治の乱は、朝廷内部の政争が軍事衝突によって解決された画期的な事件である。
- The Hogen War and the Heiji War in the middle of the 12th century were noteworthy incidents since political conflicts inside the Imperial Court were resolved by means of military confrontations.
- 元治元年6月5日 (旧暦) 池田屋事件 安藤早太郎、新田革左衛門ら負傷し1ヵ月後死亡、奥沢栄助戦死
- June 5, 1864, in the Ikedaya Incident Sotaro ANDO, Kakuzaemon NITTA and others were injured and died 1month later, and Eisuke OKUSAWA died in action.
- 同村は明治35年(1902年)に一部が、大正7年(1918年)に残余が、当時の下京区に編入された。
- A part of this village was incorporated into the then Shimogyo Ward in 1902 and the rest in 1918.
- 王家の分裂が公家社会全体の分裂へと発展してゆくことになった一方、貴族たちの治天への従属は深まった。
- While the division of the Imperial family led to the division of Imperial Court society in general, the subordination of the aristocrats to the Chiten side also progressed.
- 後醍醐は、京都に帰還するよりも早く命令を発して、元弘の変以後の朝廷の政治的行為をすべて取り消した。
- Godaigo issued orders before his return to Kyoto and erased all political actions by the Imperial Court after the Genko Incident.
- そして治承4年(1180年)2月、高倉天皇は譲位し、中宮徳子の産んだ言仁親王が即位した(安徳天皇)。
- Following this, in the third month (second month in old lunar calendar) of 1180, Emperor Takakura abdicated, and prince Tokihito, the boy that Empress Tokuko had given birth to, was raised to the throne (as Emperor Antoku).
- 最終的に関東に本拠を置いた武家政権、すなわち鎌倉幕府の勝利によって内乱は終結した(治承・寿永の乱)。
- The war finally ended in the victory of the first military government, Kamakura bakufu, which placed its headquarters in the Kanto region (the Jisho-Juei War).
- 大型地域集団は次第に政治的な結合を強めていき、倭国連合と呼びうる政治連合体を2世紀初頭頃に形成した。
- The large-sized communities were gradually united and a political confederation that could be called a union of Way nations was established during the early second century.
- 3年前の嘉吉の変以後その政治的影響力が減退していた幕府はこれに屈して北野麹座の独占権の廃止を認めた。
- The bakufu, whose political influence had weakened after the Kakitsu Incident three years before, gave in to Enryaku-ji Temple, and allowed the abolition of the monopoly on Kitano koji za.
- ヤマト政権は、地方の大首長を国造などに任命し、政治的支配をそのまま認める形で、全国的に支配していた。
- The Yamato Dynasty appointed local leaders as kuni no miyatsuko, and controlled all of the provinces via such political control.
- 岩見隆夫(1958年卒・法学) 毎日新聞社で、政治部記者としてロッキード事件や日韓癒着の取材で活躍。
- Takao IWAMI (class of 1958, law): He was a political reporter for Mainichi Newspaper Co., Ltd., and took an active part in the report on the Lockheed scandal and a collusive relationship between Japan and Korea.
- 惣村は自治権を確保するために、荘園領主・公領領主ではなく、守護や国人と関係を結ぶ傾向を強めていった。
- To secure the right of self-government, the soson increased their tendency to build relationships with the Shugo or Kokujin (local samurai), not with a lord of the manor or a lord of public land.
- 日本史の時代区分としての「戦国時代」という術語が一般でも広く使われるようになるのは、明治以降である。
- General use of the term 'Sengoku Period' as a section in the history of Japan was commenced only in the Meiji period.
- 明治時代以降に鉄道が敷設されたときに亀ノ瀬トンネルが掘られたが、軟弱地盤のため、崩壊して放棄された。
- When a railroad was constructed after the Meiji period, Kamenose tunnel was built, but the tunnel caved in due to the soft ground, and the railroad had to be abandoned.
- 池田屋事件により、明治維新が一年遅れたとも、尊攘派を刺激してしまい維新を早めてしまったともいわれる。
- It has been said that the Ikedaya Incident delayed the Meiji Restoration by a year. There is also another opinion that it sped up the Restoration by stirring up the 'revere the emperor, expel foreigners' faction.
- 小辺路沿道の吉野の山村では物資移送をもっぱら人力に頼っていたが、明治中期以降は馬を使うようになった。
- The locals of villages in the mountains of Yoshino along Kohechi depended on human power to carry goods, however, after the middle of the Meiji era, they used horses.
- これは天皇が法を超越した存在と考えられていた結果であって、天皇の政治的重要性と矛盾するものではない。
- This is due to the fact that the Emperor was considered to be above the law, and therefore, is not contradictory to the political significance of the Emperor.
- こうした一連の一族内紛争に勝利し、摂関政治の最盛期を作り出したのが兼家の5男であった藤原道長である。
- It was FUJIWARA no Michinaga, the fifth son of Kaneie who won a chain of disputes within the clan, and created the golden age of the regency.
- 後深草はこれを見届けると正応3年(1290年)に出家(48歳)し、治天の政務も伏見に譲って引退した。
- After witnessing this, Gofukakusa retired and became a priest in 1290 (aged 48), also yielding the job of Chiten to Fushimi.
- 清氏失脚後には斯波高経、斯波義将親子が政権を持つが、佐々木道誉との対立などから貞治の政変で失脚する。
- After Kiyouji was overthrown, the reins of political power were held by a father-son pair, Takatsune and Yoshimasa SHIBA, but they clashed with Doyo SASAKI, and were themselves driven from power during the Joji coup.
- 次の浅野氏の統治下でも慶長検地が行われ、地侍たちは財産を削られるだけでなく社会的地位まで否定された。
- Under the next rule of the Asano clan, the land survey in the Keicho era was also implemented, which not only cut jizamurai's fortune but also denied their social status.
- 続いて、数年後に再び政争が軍事衝突によって終結し(平治の乱)、両乱を通じて武士の政治的地位が上昇した。
- Some years later, a military confrontation brought another political fight (the Heiji War) to an end and through these two wars, the warriors'political status rose.
- そのような中で諸大名にとっても領国統治の必要上、将軍のこれ以上の権威の低下は避けたいとの思惑もあった。
- Amidst such circumstances, even the daimyo wanted to avoid any further weakening of the bakufu's authority, since this authority was necessary for them to rule over their own territories.
- 1911年(明治44年)、いわゆる南北朝正閏論を収拾するため、明治天皇の勅裁により南朝が正統とされた。
- In 1911, the so called Nanbokucho Seijun-ron (argument about which dynasty is legal) was settled by the Imperial sanction of the Emperor Meiji who chose the Southern Court.
- また、政治的には京都における幕府の支配力の低下が明らかとなり、京都における有力寺社の影響力も復活した。
- In a political sense, the derogation of the bakufu's power to control Kyoto became apparent, and revived the influence held by powerful temples.
- 江戸時代、領主と住人の仲介者として宿場町の自治行政を行うと共に問屋場を管理した町役人(宿場役人)の長。
- In the Edo period, as mediators between feudal lords and people, Toiya served as public administrators in Shukubamachi (inn town), and at the same time, were chiefs of Machi yakunin (officials in a post station) who were in charge of Toiyaba (administration office).
- また、イエズス会のルイス・フロイスに京都居住・布教を許している(1568年)など京都統治も行っている。
- He also carried out administration of Kyoto as seen in the fact that, in 1568, he gave permission to Luis Frois to live and be engaged in missionary work in Kyoto.
- 浪士取締役には、松平忠敏、鵜殿鳩翁、窪田治部右衛門、山岡鉄舟、中条金之助、佐々木只三郎らが任じられた。
- Tadatoshi MATSUDAIRA, Kyuo UDONO, Jibuemon KUBOTA, Tesshu YAMAOKA, Kinnosuke NAKAJO, Tadazaburo SASAKI and others were assigned as Roshi Torishimari-yaku.
- 大津と彦根の都市間対立もあり、明治24年と昭和11年の2度、大津と彦根で県庁の誘致合戦が起こっている。
- There has been an inter-city between Otsu and Hikone, and there were two bidding conflicts over Prefectural Government Office in 1891 and in 1936.
- 昭和6年には東隣の宇治郡山科町を編入するが、当該地区は昭和51年(1976年)分区して山科区となった。
- By 1931, Yamashina town, Uji County which was in the east of Higashiyama Ward was integrated, but that very area was split off in 1976 and became Yamashina Ward.
- 吉田村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区吉田町となった。
- Yoshida village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Yoshida-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 岡崎村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区岡崎町となった。
- Okazaki village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Okazaki-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 平安時代の末期、皇族・貴族内部の権力闘争が、保元の乱・平治の乱といった軍事衝突に発展するようになった。
- The power struggle amongst Imperial family members and the aristocracy during the later Heian period led to military conflicts such as Hogen Rebellion and Heiji Rebellion.
- これに対し討幕派(薩摩藩・長州藩や岩倉具視らの一部公家)は、政治上の劣勢を挽回すべくクーデターを計画。
- In response, the anti-Shogunate group (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains, and some of the court nobles such as Tomomi IWAKURA) plotted a coup to overcome the political weakness.
- 藤原秀康と三浦胤義は支えきれないと判断し、宇治市・瀬田 (大津市)で京を守るとして早々に退却を決める。
- Judging that there was no way for them to aid Korenobu, Hideyasu FUJIWARA and Taneyoshi MIURA decided to pull back quickly to the cities of Uji and Seta (Otsu City), from there to protect the capital.
- 時を同じくして、律令制の崩壊と共に、上級貴族は政治への意欲を全くなくし、地方政治は国司に一任されていた。
- Coincidentally, with the demise of the Ritsuryo system (the political system based on the ritsuryo codes), the high-level aristocrats lost their eagerness for politics completely, and accordingly, local politics were entrusted to the Kokushi.
- 2009年4月25日、産経新聞紙上で松本紘総長が「寮自治会と建て替えに向けた話し合いを開始した」と公表。
- On April 25, 2009, the president of Kyoto University Hiroshi MATSUMOTO announced in the Sankei Shimbun saying 'the university started a consultation with the dormitory council concerning the reconstruction of Yoshida dormitory.'
- そして、同年10月の義満を招いての宇治市の紅葉を直前になって病を理由に中止してしまい、義満の不興を買う。
- He had invited Yoshimitsu to a fall foliage viewing in the city of Uji in November of the same year, but he fell into disgrace with Yoshimitsu when he canceled it at the last minute, using illness as an excuse.
- ここに上級貴族や大寺社が派遣した荘官が、行政や徴税を国家から依託される、統治領域としての荘園が成立した。
- Thus, shoen as a governing domain was established, where a shokan (an officer governing shoen dispatched by the senior aristocracy and main temples and shrines) was delegated authority for local administration and tax collection for the nation.
- 1999年(平成11年)に国旗及び国歌に関する法律で公認される以前の明治時代から国歌として扱われてきた。
- It has been treated as Japan's National Anthem since the Meiji Period even before it was officially recognized by the Law Regarding the National Flag and Anthem in 1999.
- それに対して信長は元亀元年(1570年)に全人衆主導の自治に不満を抱く殿原衆を切り崩して支配下に置いた。
- Nobunaga separated Tonobara-shu from Zenjin-shu and put the former under his control: the former had been discontented with Zenjin-shu-led autonomy.
- 作家の司馬遼太郎は、この事件がなかったら薩長土肥主力の明治維新は永遠にこなかったであろうと解釈している。
- Author Ryotaro SHIBA's interpretation is that the Meiji Restoration led by the four major clans of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, and Bizen would never have happened without this incident.
- これらの町組は、その後たび重なる変遷を経て、明治25年(1892年)には計28 の「学区」に組織された。
- After several changes were made these town societies were reorganized into a total of 28 'school districts' in 1892.
- 明治元年(1868年)、京都府が成立すると、これらの町を含む上京の町は上京1 - 45番組に組織された。
- When Kyoto Prefecture was established in 1868, the towns in Kamigyo, including the above-mentioned, were divided into Kamigyo bangumi (town unit) Nos. 1 to 45.
- 鹿谷村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区鹿ケ谷町となった。
- Shishigatani village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Shishigatani-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 幕末から神武天皇建国の地として注目され、畝傍陵が造営され、また明治期には官幣大社・橿原神宮も創建された。
- This site has attracted the attention of people since the end of the Edo period as a place where Emperor Jinmu found a nation, and the Unebi Mausoleum was built there; in the Meiji period Kashihara-jingu Shrine, Kanpei-taisha (large-scale state shrine), was also buiit.
- 後醍醐天皇は父である後宇多天皇に代り1324年から親政を開始し、記録荘園券契所の再興などの政治を始める。
- Emperor Godaigo started direct governance in 1324 in the stead of his father, Emperor Gouda, and started policies such as re-establishing the Office for the Investigation of Estate Documents (Kiroku Shoen Kenkeijo).
- なお『平治物語』では、内裏を出る際に警護の武士が怪しんで中を覗くが、17歳の天皇を女房と見誤ったとする。
- And according to the 'Heiji monogatari,' as they left the palace grounds some of the guardsmen found them suspicious and searched the carriage, but mistook the seventeen-year-old Emperor for a lady in waiting.
- 重盛は鹿ケ谷事件で清盛に藤原成親の助命を頼んで聞き入れられず、政治への意欲を失い表舞台に出なくなっていた。
- Shigemori asked for the life of FUJIWARA no Narichika to be spared but was not heard, and he lost interest in politics consequently dissapearing from the center stage of politics.
- このために、関所の設置と廃止が繰り返され、結果的には室町幕府の政治的権威の低下を示すことになってしまった。
- Therefore, the establishment and abolishment of the checkpoints occurred repetedly, which only served to show the reduction in the political authority held by the Muromachi bakufu.
- 治承4年(1180年)2月、高倉天皇は言仁親王に譲位(安徳天皇)、平氏の傀儡としての高倉院政が開始された。
- Emperor Takakura passed his position over to Imperial Prince Tokihito (Emperor Antoku) in March (February in old lunar calendar) 1180, and the government by the Cloistered Emperor Takakura started as a puppet of the Taira clan.
- 摂関政治の最大の課題は、負名体制と受領行政との矛盾、そして権門の荘園整理にどう取り組むかという点にあった。
- The largest problems for the regency were how to deal with the contradiction between the Fumyo's tax managing system and the Zuryo administration, and how to restrict shoen owned by the influential.
- 秀吉による天下統一が成り、政治や経済の安定がもたらされると、大名と武士を中心として豪壮な桃山文化が栄えた。
- After Hideyoshi unified control of Japan, stabilizing the politics and economy, the magnificent Momoyama culture flourished centered on daimyo and samurai.
- 10世紀の初め頃から11世紀の摂関政治期を中心とする文化であり、12世紀の院政期文化にも広く影響を与えた。
- It was a culture developed during the Sekkan seiji (regency government) period from the early 10th century to the 11th century and has much influenced the culture during the Insei (cloister government) period in the 12th century.
- そして、あるべき姿=元の所有者へ所有権を戻すことこそ、正しい政治=徳政であるという思想が広く浸透していた。
- Accordingly, there was also a widespread idea that returning the right of ownership to the original owner of that property should be realized in the right governance (or tokusei).
- 君が代は、平安時代に詠まれた和歌を基にした歌詞に明治時代に林廣守が作曲、同時代から国歌として扱われてきた。
- Kimigayo contains lyrics based on a waka poem written in the Heian period which are sung to a melody composed by Hiromori HAYASHI during the Meiji period, since which time it has been considered to be the national anthem.
- 「万人恐怖」と言われた政治を行った足利義教が嘉吉の乱で死没すると、室町幕府の力は急速に衰えることとなった。
- As Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who had administered affairs of state, also known as 'Everyone's fear,' died in the Kakitsu War, the power of the Muromachi bakufu declined rapidly.
- 山城国南部では山城国一揆が形成され、地域住民(在地支配層の他、農民等も参加)による自治に至った事例もある。
- In the southern part of Yamashiro Province, where the Yamashironokuni Riot occurred, self-government (in addition to regional ruling classes, farmers, etc.) also participated.
- 4日に堀尾吉晴・蜂須賀正勝を立会人にして宗治の自刃の検分を行い、後始末の後に5日から6日にかけて撤兵した。
- On June 4, Muneharu's jijin was confirmed by Yoshiharu HORIO and Masakatsu HACHISUKA as eye witnesses, and Hideyoshi withdrew his forces from June 5 to 6 after settling the aftermath.
- 南禅寺村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区南禅寺町となった。
- Nanzenji village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Nanzenji-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 聖護院村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区聖護院町となった。
- Shogoin village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Shogoin-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 粟田口村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区粟田口町となった。
- Awataguchi village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Awataguchi-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 浄土寺村は、市制町村制施行以前の明治21年(1888年)、当時の上京区に編入され、上京区浄土寺町となった。
- Jodoji village was incorporated into the then Kamigyo Ward to become Jodoji-cho, Kamigyo Ward in 1888 before the Municipal Government Act came into effect.
- 応天門の変(おうてんもんのへん)は、平安時代前期の貞観_(日本)8年(866年)に起こった政治事件である。
- The 'Otenmon no Hen' (the Otenmon gate incident) was a political incident which happened in 866, in the early Heian period.
- すなわち、国政の安定に伴い政治運営がルーティーン化していき、天皇の大権を臣下へ委譲することが可能となった。
- That is, the more stable the administration became, the more routine managing the government became, and that made it possible to devolve the emperor's power to exercise sovereignty to his subjects.
- しかし所司代のみでは、防ぎきれずと判断した幕府は京都守護職を新たに設け、幕府の威信、治安の回復をはかった。
- However, the bakufu soon discovered how impossible it was for the Shoshidai alone to prevent riots and so the bakufu newly founded the Kyoto Shugoshoku to facilitate recovery of the their prestige and to achieve order in the town.
- 京都見廻組(きょうとみまわりぐみ)は、江戸時代末期(幕末期)に幕臣によって結成された、京都治安維持の組織。
- Kyoto mimawarigumi was an organization for maintaining public order in Kyoto, which was formed by the shogun's retainers at the end of the Edo Period (end of Edo period).
- 逆に追討の宣旨を出されて没落して奥州藤原氏の元へ逃れるが、文治5年(1189年)閏4月に平泉町で殺された。
- After this another Imperial decree was issued, yet this one was issued against him, commanding that Yoshitsune himself be hunted down; facing ruin, he fled to his Fujiwara ally in northern Japan, but in April, 1189, he was assassinated in the town of Hiraizumi.
- 船舶史の石井謙治は同じ潮流に乗っている船の相対速度は変わらないので、潮流は合戦には影響しないと述べている。
- The naval historian Kenji ISHII also pointed out that if ships were riding the same current, their relative velocity would not change, and thus that the current had no effect on the course of the battle.
- 明治維新後の陰陽寮の廃止とともに暦博士も廃止され、間もなく太陽暦への改暦によってその役目は終わる事になる。
- After the Meiji Restoration, along with the abolition of Onmyoryo (a government office that had jurisdiction over calendar preparation, astronomy, divination, etc.), the post of Reki Hakase was abolished, and soon the official calendar was changed to a solar calendar, signaling the end of the role of Reki Hakase.
- 慶応3年12月13日 (旧暦)(1868年1月7日)に、明治政府の命令によって京都所司代とともに廃止された。
- On January 7, 1868, it was abolished along with Kyoto Shoshidai by order of the Meiji Government.
- 特に地方政治においては、国司へ大幅な行政権を委任する代わりに一定以上の租税進納を義務づける政治形態が進んだ。
- In regional politics, the Court delegated much administrative authority to Kokushi and in return, they bore the responsibility to pay taxes above a certain level to the government.
- 明治末期には、ドイツ歴史学派の影響による発展段階史観が唱えられ、またマルクス主義による唯物史観が紹介された。
- Towards the end of the Meiji period, evolution phase-based views of history was advocated affected by the German historical school, and materialistic views of history based on Marxism was introduced to Japan as well.
- 一方、明治政府の立場からは、天皇を中心とする国民国家を建設するため、国家主義的な歴史叙述が構築されていった。
- On the other hand, from the viewpoint of building a nation-state centered on the Emperor, the Meiji government developed nationalistic descriptions of history.
- 元治元年(1864年)6月5日の池田屋事件では尊王攘夷派の蜂起の計画を未然に防ぎ、また、禁門の変でも戦った。
- In the Ikedaya Incident of June 5, 1864, they prevented a planned uprising by the Sonno-joi Party, and also fought in the Forbidden Gates Incident.
- 12世紀末の1192年から14世紀半ばの1333年まで鎌倉幕府がおかれ、日本の政治に重要な位置を占めていた。
- Kamakura, the site for the Kamakura bakufu from 1192 of the late twelve century to 1333 in the mid fourteenth century, held an important place in the politics of Japan.
- 明治以降、汽船や鉄道の発達によって県内での物流の積み替え需要は激減し、長らく物流が通過するだけの県となった。
- After the Meiji period, the development of steamer lines and railroads decreased the demand for transhipment goods drastically, which made Shiga a prefecture through which goods only passed for a long time.
- 当時京都の治安維持を行っていた新選組が、三条大橋西詰の制札を引き抜こうとした土佐藩8名を襲撃、捕縛した事件。
- The incident involved the Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), that maintained public order in Kyoto, attacking and capturing eight retainers of the Tosa clan who tried to pull out a noticeboard at Sanjo-ohashi Nishizume (the west foot of the Sanjo-ohashi bridge).
- 城を守るのは知将・清水長左衛門尉宗治で、3000余りの兵が立てこもり、容易には攻め落とせる状況ではなかった。
- Chozaemon no jo Muneharu SHIMIZU, a resourceful man, was in charge of the castle with about 3,000 soldiers inside, which made it a difficult castle to conquer.
- その陣容は、山手に根来衆と雑賀三組を先導役として佐久間信盛・羽柴秀吉・堀秀政・荒木村重・別所長治・別所重宗。
- The army of the mountain side consisted of Nobumori SAKUMA, Hideyoshi HASHIBA, Hidemasa HORI, Murashige ARAKI, Nagaharu BESSHO, Shigemune BESSHO with the spearhead army of Negoro shu and the Saiga three groups.
- 宇治に出動した正盛・忠盛・重時は検非違使だったが、検非違使別当・藤原宗忠の指示を介さず法皇の命令で派兵された。
- Masamori, Tadamori and Shigetoki, who were deployed to Uji, were the kebiishi (police and judicial chief), but they were ordered to be deployed by the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa without an instruction from FUJIWARA no Munetada, the kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police).
- 平氏全盛の中、源氏の頼政は地味な立場であり続けたが、治承2年(1178年)に清盛の推挙により従三位に昇進した。
- While the power of the Taira clan was at its zenith, Yorimasa--a Minamoto--continued quietly to maintain his position, and in 1178, on Kiyomori's recommendation, he was promoted to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).
- 検断沙汰には、殺人・傷害事件、窃盗・強盗事件、また謀叛など、治安を脅かす罪科に対する訴訟・裁判が含まれていた。
- Kendan-sata included the suits and trials carried out for charges which threatened public safety, such as cases of murder and injury, theft and robbery, or rebellion.
- 明治20年に実証主義史学の祖レオポルト・フォン・ランケの弟子に当たるルードビヒ・リースが帝国大学に招聘された。
- In 1887, Ludwig Riess, a disciple of Leopold von Ranke, the founder of positivism-based history, was invited to Imperial University.
- 明治に至り廃藩置県等の体制の変革により、同心・足軽等一部は羅卒・兵卒・下士官・末端役人として引き続き出仕した。
- The arrival of the Meiji period and system reforms such as Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) meant that some doshin and ashigaru continued to serve as police officers, soldiers, noncommissioned officers and low-level officials.
- 藤原種継暗殺と早良親王排除の事情に触れた部分では、政治的理由で消された『続日本紀』の削除文を記して貴重である。
- The section pertaining to the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu and the exile of Imperial Prince Sawara contains valuable text which was deleted from 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for political reasons.
- 江戸時代になると、防衛都市としての色合いが薄くなり、江戸幕府や藩による政治・経済の中心としての色が濃くなった。
- In the Edo period, the requirements as a defensive city waned and they became increasingly the center of politics and economics by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Han (domain).
- 明治時代に入ると、国分村の北に国豊橋が架けられ、亀ノ瀬の対岸の大和川南岸壁を開削して新たなルートが開設された。
- In the Meiji period, its new route was developed by building Kunitoyo-bashi Bridge at the north of Kokubu-mura village and laying a road on the south bank of the River Yamato.
- また明治10年(1877)2月10日~11日、明治天皇の「大和行幸」の際の今井行在所(あんざいしょ)であった。
- When the Emperor Meiji took 'Yamato gyoko' (imperial trip to the Yamato Province), the temple was used as Imai anzaisho (provisional palace for Emperor's going out) on February 10 and 11, 1877.
- 秀吉本隊(蜂須賀正勝・堀秀政・中村一氏・堀尾吉晴・羽柴秀長・黒田官兵衛・神子田正治・蜂屋頼隆など):20000
- Hideyoshi's core troops (including those of Masakatsu HACHISUKA, Hidemasa HORI, Kazuuji NAKAMURA, Yoshiharu HORIO, Hidenaga HASHIBA, Kanbei KURODA, Masaharu MIKODA and Yoritaka HACHIYA): 20,000
- 上西跡(うえにしあと、資料によっては「植西跡」「上西家跡」とも)は、明治頃まで街道宿を営んでいた上西家の遺構。
- Uenishi-ato (ruins of the Uenishi house) is a trace of the inn along a major road, managed by the Uenishi family until about the Meiji era.
- 建武の新政においては関東統治のため鎌倉将軍府が置かれ、足利尊氏の弟である足利直義が成良親王を奉じて派遣される。
- Under Kenmu Restoration, the Kamakura Shogunfu (local institution of Kenmu government) was established to control the Kanto region and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, a younger brother of Takauji ASHIKAGA, was dispatched by order of Imperial Prince Nariyoshi (also known as Narinaga).
- 八条町と東寺町は明治12年(1879年)、葛野郡八条村の一部が当時の下京区に編入された際に成立したものである。
- Hachijo-cho and Toji-cho were established in 1879 when a part of Hachijo village, Kadono County was incorporated into the then Shimogyo Ward.
- 後者としては、文徳天皇に娘を嫁がせ、その結果清和天皇が誕生し、天皇の外祖父として確固たる政治基盤を築いている。
- As an example of the second method, he married his daughter to Emperor Montoku, and as a result Emperor Seiwa was born, and he built a solid political foundation as the emperor's maternal grandfather.
- 両統迭立の定着にともない、一方の皇統に専属的に仕える貴族が出現しはじめ、また治天の側も貴族たちにそれを求めた。
- As Ryoto tetsuritsu became established, aristocrats that served only one of the Imperial lines started to appear, and the Chiten side also asked that of its aristocrats.
- しかし、秀吉はこれを拒否して「五国割譲と城主・清水宗治の切腹」を要求したため、交渉はいったん物別れに終わった。
- But Hideyoshi declined it and demanded 'the cession of the five countries and the seppuku of Muneharu SHIMIZU,' which failed to produce an agreement.
- 良房執政期を中心とした時期は、政治も安定し、開発奨励政策や貞観格式編纂などの成果により、貞観の治と呼ばれている。
- this era is called Jogan no chi (glorious Jogan rule) due to the political situation having become stable and the success of the development support policy and Jogan Kyakushiki Code (Regulations and Procedures of the Jogan Era).
- その後60年にわたり封印されていた治罰の綸旨は享徳の乱で復活し乱用されることになり天皇の権威復活の端緒となった。
- Jibatsu no rinji (imperial order to punish enemies), which was sealed off for about 60 years, was reactivated and then abused, which marked the resurgence of the Emperor.
- しかし、寺子屋によって実務的な教育が庶民の間に定着しており、明治初期における日本の識字率は世界最高水準にあった。
- However, practical education by Terakoya had been entrenched among the ordinary citizens and the literacy level of the Japanese in the beginning of the Meiji period was among the top in the world.
- しかし、こうした武力行使が一揆なのではなく、これを行使する「盟約に基づく政治的共同体」そのものが一揆なのである。
- A 'political community based on a league' that uses the armed forces constitutes ikki.
- 近代の始期は一般に幕末期〜明治維新期とされるが、18世紀前半の家内制手工業の勃興を近代の始まりとする考えもある。
- It is generally said that modern times started around the end of the Edo period to Meiji Restoration, but there is another opinion that the modern times started in the first half of 18th century when the household-based handcraft industry started.
- さらにそれを発展させたのが豊臣秀吉で、豊臣政権の政治経済の中心となった大坂城下は富の集積地となって殷賑を極めた。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI developed this further and the castle town of Osaka-jo Castle, which became the center of politics and economy under the Toyotomi government, became a center for riches and was very prosperous.
- 1872年(明治5年)まで女人禁制であった高野山に参詣を望む女性が遥拝するための女人堂があったと伝えられている。
- It is said that there was a Nyonin-do for women to pray to Mt. Koya from the distant place, since women had been prohibited from entering Mt. Koya until 1872.
- 院政の形態は存在しなくても律令政治初期の頃から、上皇が「天皇家の家父長」として天皇の保護者・後見者を担ってきた。
- Since the early days of government based on the ritsuryo legal codes, when cloistered government had not yet been formed, the retired emperor had taken the role of the emperor's protector and guardian upon himself as 'the patriarch of the emperor's family.'
- 翌明治4年(1871年)3月になって、結局大嘗祭は東京で行うことが発表され、同年11月17日に東京で行なわれた。
- It was announced in March 1871 that the Daijosai would be held in Tokyo, which was held on November 17, 1871.
- 金閣は明治時代に大修理が施されており、その際に詳細な図面が作成されていたことからきわめて忠実な再現が可能となった。
- It was possible to reproduce Kinkaku-ji Temple precisely because a detailed drawing had been created when Kinkaku-ji Temple was repaired greatly in the Meiji period.
- 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の一環として関東統治を目的に皇子・成良親王を奉じて鎌倉へ下向させて創設した鎌倉将軍府が起源。
- Its origin was the Kamakura shogunfu headed by Imperial Prince Nariyoshi, a prince of Emperor Godaigo, which Emperor Godaigo established, as a part of the Kenmu Restoration, for the purpose of ruling the Kanto region.
- 政党政治に代って日本軍が力を持ち、満州を占領して満州国を樹立し、やがて中華民国との日中戦争(支那事変)に発展した。
- The Japanese army came to have power replacing party politics, and occupied Manchuria and established Manchukuo, developing, before long, into the Sino-Japanese war (Shina-jihen) with the Republic of China.
- クムタグ砂漠(新疆ウイグル自治区 - 甘粛省)…タクラマカン砂漠に隣接し、拡大により1つの砂漠につながりつつある。
- The Kumtag Desert (located across Sinkiang Uigur Autonomous Region and Gansu Province): Located adjacent to the Takla Makan Desert and is merging with this desert)
- 1970年(昭和45年)、地元自治会は堀の改修計画を市に陳情し、堀を埋め立てて公園と駐車場にする計画が立てられた。
- In 1970, the local community association petitioned the municipal government for a plan to renovate the canal, in which the canal was to be filled and turned into a park and parking space.
- また、将軍の補佐役の管領に侍所、政所、問注所、評定衆、引付衆がそれぞれ設置され、将軍を頂点に政治機構が構成される。
- Also, a government structure was assigned with the shogun at the top, along with Samurai-dokoro, government office, monchu-jo, hyojo-shu, hikitsuke-shu as the control with the role of supporting the shogun.
- ペルシア湾の最深部に位置する小国クウェートは、サバーハ家が首長(アミール)の称号を名乗り統治している君主国である。
- Kuwait, a small country located at the far end of the Persian Gulf is a monarchy with the House of Al-Sabah ruling as chief (Emir).
- やむなく、京方は残る全兵力をもって宇治・瀬田に布陣し、宇治川で幕府軍を防ぐことに決め、公家も大将軍として参陣した。
- Lacking any other choice, the capital faction decided to take all their remaining military forces and form up for battle in Uji and Seta and attempt to repulse the shogunal army at the Uji river; the court nobles also joined the battle formation as high generals.
- 幕末の混乱した政局の中、第15代将軍徳川慶喜は朝廷に統治権を返上する大政奉還を行い、倒幕運動の大義名分を失わせた。
- Amid political turmoil, at the end of the Edo period, the 15th Shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA returned political power to the Imperial Court (Taisei Hokan), and diminished the legitimate reason for the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate.
- 翌6月4日に秀吉は安国寺恵瓊を呼び、割地を河辺川(高梁川)と八幡川以東とし、清水宗治自刃を和睦条件として提示した。
- On the following day, 3 July, Hideyoshi called Ekei ANKOKUJI, divided the land between Kawabe-gawa River, or Takahashi-gawa River, and Yahata-gawa River, and proposed the jijin (suicide by the sword) of Muneharu SHIMIZU as a condition for reconciliation.
- 以仁王の死後も頼朝は自らの関東支配の大義名分として以仁王の「令旨」を掲げ、寿永改元後も治承年号の文書を発給している。
- Even after prince Mochihito's death, Yoritomo was able to point to his 'princely command' as a just cause to rally the portions of the Kanto region under Yoritomo's own control, and continued to issue documents bearing the Jisho era name even after the era name was changed to Juei (arguing thereby that the current emperor's administration was illegitimate).
- 治承3年(1179年)11月、近衛家の所領継承問題に端を発し、ついに清盛は兵を率いて京都へ乱入してクーデターを断行。
- Then in the twelfth month (eleventh month in old lunar calender) of 1179, beginning with the succession dispute over the Konoe family's territory, Kiyomori eventually led soldiers in a raid into Kyoto and launched a coup d'etat.
- 同時期には太上天皇が治天の君として政務に当たる院政が開始しており、この時期が古代から中世への画期であるとされている。
- In the same era, insei in which Daijo tenno (a retired emperor) administered the affairs of state as Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) started, and it is said that in this era, ancient times ended and the medieval period started.
- 平安初期の嵯峨天皇治世前後の弘仁・貞観文化は、中央貴族たちの文化だったが、中国(唐)の影響を色濃く受けた文化だった。
- Konin-Jogan culture around the reign of the Emperor Saga in the early Heian Period, was centered around the culture of the central nobles, which was deeply influenced by China (Tang).
- 官職秘抄(かんしょくひしょう)とは、鎌倉時代初期の元治2年(1200年)頃に平基親によって書かれた有職故実の解説書。
- The Kanshoku Hisho was a reference book concerning the yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) written by TAIRA no Motochika in 1200 in the early Kamakura period.
- 忠平以降は朝政の中心としての摂関が官職として確立し、忠平の子孫のみが摂関に就任するという摂関政治の枠組みが確定した。
- After Tadahira, Sekkan (regents and advisers) was established as a central post in the government and also the framework in which only descendents of Tadahira were able to become Sekkan was established.
- 中世の代表的自治都市である堺は宣教師も「東洋のベニス」と評価する文書を残しており、織田信長に屈服するまで自治を行う。
- Sakai, a representative example of the free cities in the medieval period, was rated by missionaries in some surviving accounts as 'the Venice of the East,' and continued its autonomy until it was later forced to capitulate to Nobunaga ODA.
- ところが、戦国時代 (日本)における京都の支配は、将軍と対立し幕府政治機構に頼らないまま維持することが困難であった。
- However, during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), it was difficult to maintain rule over Kyoto in opposition to the Shogun without relying on the governing mechanism of the bakufu.
- 明治2年2月18日、山国隊は大勢の見物人・出迎えのなか、鼓笛を奏して京都から山国への凱旋を果たし山国神社を参拝した。
- On March 30, 1869, the Yamagunitai was met by a tremendous crowd of onlookers as they marched, playing flutes and drums, from Kyoto to Yamaguni in a triumphant return, paying homage at Yamaguni-jinja Shrine.
- 争乱の排除をめざして浄土真宗本願寺教団によって組織された武士、農民、商工業者などによって形成された宗教的自治である。
- In an effort to avoid disturbances, the leadership of the Jodo Shinshu Honganji organization organized its followers of warriors, farmers, and craftsmen/merchants, thereby instituting a religiously based autonomous government over them.
- 院政(いんせい)とは、在位する天皇の直系尊属である太上天皇(上皇)が、天皇に代わって政務を直接行う形態の政治である。
- Insei refers to a form of government in which the retired Emperor (Joko), who is the direct ancestor of the current Emperor, directly conducts the affairs of state.
- 8月10日に開かれた市議会で、事実調査するための地方自治法に基づく百条委員会の設置が提案され、賛成多数で可決された。
- The establishment of the investigation commission to investigate the fact based on Article 100 of the Local Autonomy Act was proposed at a city assembly held on August 10, which was approved by a majority.
- こうした中で、朝廷内では現実的な政治に目を向ける事で求心力を回復させて昔の権威を取り戻そうとする動きが盛んになった。
- In this situation, there was a movement within the Imperial Court to recover authority and regain unifying power by realistic politics.
- Against this background, within the Imperial Court there emerged animated moves to restore its previous authority by recovering centripetal force and thereby turning the eyes of people to real-world politics.
- このため、政府は野党や世論に押され、1911年(明治44年)2月4日には帝国議会で南朝を正統とする決議をおこなった。
- Pressured by the opposition and public opinion, at the Imperial Diet meeting on February 4, 1911, the government officially declared the Southern Court legitimate.
- 『平治物語』は源頼政が味方につかなかったとするが、もともと頼政も美福門院の家人であり義朝に従属する立場ではなかった。
- The 'Heiji monogatari' claims Yoshitomo had been unable to get and keep MINAMOTO no Yorimasa as an ally, but in fact Yorimasa was a retainer of Bifukumonin and had been from the start, meaning he had never truly been a follower of Yoshitomo.
- そのため、積極的な政策展開よりも行事や儀式の先例通りの遂行や人事決定が政治の中で大きなウェイトを占めることとなった。
- From this reason, performing court events and ceremonies according to precedent or personnel decisions were given a greater importance in politics rather than actively carrying out policies.
- 禁門の変(きんもんのへん)は、江戸時代後期の元治元年7月19日 (旧暦)(1864年8月20日)に起きた事件である。
- The Hamaguri Rebellion (kinmon no hen) occurred on August 20, 1864 (the first year of the Genji era, July 19th in the old calendar) in the final days of the Edo period.
- また、会津藩士のみでは手が回りきらなかったため、守護職御預かりとして新選組をその支配下に置き治安の維持に当たらせた。
- Because the warriors of Aizu could not fulfill their duties, the Shinsengumi was also incorporated under the Shugoshoku being retained by the Shugoshoku and were assigned to maintain order in the town.
- 秀吉は宗治を武士の鏡として賞賛し、6月6日 (旧暦)には高松城に杉原家次を置いて山陽道を東へ向かった(中国大返し)。
- Hideyoshi praised Muneharu as a model for samurai, and by July 5, he left Ietsugu SUGIHARA in Takamatsu-jo Castle and headed east on Sanyodo Road, which is known as Chugoku Ogaeshi (the term refers to the reaction to the Honno-ji Incident by Hideyoshi HASHIBA, in which he rushed back to Bitchu even though he was in a battle with Mitsuhide AKECHI in Yamazaki which is near the boundary between Settsu Province and Yamashiro Province when he learned of the news).
- 大江山の鬼退治が終わってしばらくした頃、源頼光以下四天王たちが集った酒宴の席で、近頃羅生門に鬼が出るという話になった。
- A while after the successful extermination of the oni on Mt. Oe, MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu and his followers, including the Four Great Warriors, are all gathered at a banquet when word reaches them that an oni has appeared at the nearby Rashomon.
- 保元の乱で摂関家が事実上壊滅し、平治の乱で源義朝などの有力武士が淘汰されると、平氏の勢力は他より突出することになった。
- The line of regents was in actuality ended during the Hogen Rebellion, and major bushi such as MINAMOTO no Yoshiaki were selected during the Heiji Rebellion, giving the Taira clan have more power than others.
- 鎌倉府(かまくらふ)とは、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代にかけて、室町幕府が関東を統治するために設置した政庁である。
- The Kamakurafu was a government office which the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established in the Northern and Southern courts period and the Muromachi period for the purpose of ruling the Kanto region.
- 1493年(明応2年)には自ら自治を放棄する集会を開き惣国は解体され、新しい守護の伊勢貞陸の支配下に入ることになった。
- In 1493, the sokoku held a meeting to abandon its autonomy and the organization was dismantled; the community was then put under the rule of Sadamichi ISE, a newly appointed shugo.
- また、内モンゴル自治区などでは、過放牧や工業汚染によって乾燥化が進み、黄砂の新たな発生地になりつつあるといわれている。
- It is said that, in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and some other areas, excessive pasturing and industrial pollution have expanded dry areas, becoming kosa generating areas.
- 幕末から明治維新にかけて、文明史など西欧の近代歴史学が一気に流入したが、特に進歩史観・進化史観が日本で急速に広まった。
- During the era from around the end of the Edo period to the Meiji Restoration, modern European history, such as history of civilization, had been brought to Japan rapidly, and in particular, progressive views of history and evolutionary views of history had rapidly become well known.
- 屯田制下の人民は、各郡の典農中郎将、各県の典農都尉によって、一般の農村行政とは別に軍事組織と結びついた形で統治された。
- The citizens under the Tonden system were controlled separately from ordinary agricultural management and linked to military organizations by the Tennochurosho in each district, Tennotoi in each prefecture.
- そして江戸時代中期、3代将軍徳川家光が死去した後、幕府の武断政治から文治政治への転換は武力による支配の終焉ともいえる。
- And, then, in the middle stage of the Edo Period after the death of the third shogun, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, a conversion by the bakufu from a ruling backed with military force to a ruling by a civilian government can be deemed as the end of governance by force.
- 旧道は近世ないし明治以降に作られたと言われているもので、古道は2003年(平成15年)に復旧されるまで通行不能だった。
- Kyudo' is said to have been built in the early-modern period or in the Meiji era, and 'kodo' could not be even walked until the re-opening in 2003.
- 頼朝の父・源義朝は、平治の乱(平治元年/1159年)で平清盛との戦いに敗れ、関東へ落ち延びる途中、尾張国で殺害された。
- MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's father, MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, was defeated in a battle with TAIRA no Kiyomori in the Heiji War (in 1159) and killed in Owari Province while he was running away to Kanto region.
- 明治元年(1868年)、京都府が成立すると、これらの町は、現・中京区や下京区の町とともに下京1〜41番組に組織された。
- When Kyoto Prefecture was established in 1868, these towns were organized into Shimogyo bangumi (town unit) Nos. 1 to 41along with the towns of Nakagyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward.
- そして、白河天皇は1086年に上皇となったが、それは引退などではなく、上皇としての政治、いわゆる院政の開始を意味した。
- Although Emperor Shirakawa became the Retired Emperor in 1086, it was not a retirement, but rather the start of government by the retired emperor, the so-called cloistered government.
- また上方勢は湊・中之島一円に放火し、他の地域もおおむね半分から三分の二は焼亡したが、鷺森寺内及び岡・宇治は無事だった。
- In addition, the Kamigata army set fire to the areas of Minato and Nakanoshima, and half or two thirds of the other areas were also burnt, but the areas of Saginomori Temple, Oka and Uji were safe.
- 11世紀後半以降、天皇家の家督者は上皇・院という立場で天皇家を支配し、治天の君と呼ばれ政治の実権を握って院政を展開した。
- After the late eleventh century, the predecessors of the Emperor clan took control of the Emperor clan as a Retired Emperor or a Cloistered Emperor, and were called Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power), and held the cloister government by seizing political power.
- 治承4年(1180年)4月9日、源頼政と謀った以仁王は、「最勝親王」と称し、諸国の源氏と大寺社に平氏追討の令旨を下した。
- On the twelfth day of the fifth month (ninth day of the fourth month in old lunar calendar) of 1180, prince Mochihito, after plotting with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, issued a princely command--under the alias 'Imperial Prince Saisho' (Prince 'Great Victory')--to the Minamoto clan warriors and the great temples and shrines throughout the country to destroy the Taira clan.
- このことは畿内・山陽・北部九州に並立していた地域政治集団が糾合してヤマト王権を形成したことを表していると考えられている。
- This is considered to be an indication that local political groups had existed in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), the Sanyo region (Inland Sea provinces) and the northern Kyushu area in parallel were rallied to form Yamato sovereignty (ancient Japan sovereignty).
- 京都を奪還した足利義詮は北朝再建を試みるものの上皇の不在により治天を定めることができず、三種の神器も南朝方に渡っていた。
- Although Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA tried to re-establish the Northern Court when he recaptured Kyoto, the Chiten could not be chosen because the retired Emperors were absent and the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family were taken by the Southern Court.
- もっとも薩摩藩や長州藩のように初代藩主以来、明治時代の廃藩置県まで国替えがなかった藩の場合は「藩士」の呼称でも通用する。
- The name 'Hanshi' is also commonly used in the case of domains, such as the Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain, which had not come under provincial rule the time of the first lord until the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in the Meiji period.
- 鎌倉時代以降の武家政権の時代と比較して、政治の実権が帝王の統治する「王朝」すなわち朝廷にあったことに由来する名称である。
- The term is used to contrast the period with the age of samurai government following the Kamakura period, and the name derives from the fact that political power was held by an imperial dynasty headed by an emperor.
- 明治維新の功労者らは勲功華族(新華族)として士族から昇格していった(華族は互選で貴族院議員になるなど、特権身分である)。
- Those who rendered distinguished service in the Meiji Restoration were raised to the Nobility of Merit (new nobility) from the warrior class (the peerage was privileged to become a member of the House of Peers through mutual vote).
- 殿原衆(地侍)と全人衆(商工業者・周辺農民)からなる「堅田衆」による自治が行われており、「堅田湖族」とも呼ばれてもいた。
- In Katata, they governed themselves, by 'Katata-shu' (autonomous organization in Katata) composed of Tonobara-shu (a group of Jizamurai [local samurai]) and Zenjin-shu (a group of artisans, tradesmen and farmers) and they were also called 'Katata Kozoku' (autonomous organization in Katata).
- 今井町は称念寺を中心に発展した寺内町であったが、織田信長に武装解除されてから後は、堺と共に自治都市として幕末まで栄えた。
- Imai Town had developed as a jinai-cho around the Shonen-ji Temple, but after Nobunaga ODA disarmed the town, it enjoyed prosperity as an autonomous city, along with Sakai, until the end of the Edo period.
- 江戸時代に入ると、『禁中並公家諸法度』に基づいて江戸幕府の対朝廷介入は本格化し、皇族の政治介入はほとんど出来なくなった。
- During the Edo period, based on 'Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto (禁中並公家諸法度),' Edo Bakufu began to intervene significantly in the Imperial Court, and as a result it became nearly impossible for a member of the Imperial Family to participate in political affairs.
- また明治維新の際には、江戸を東京とすることにより遷都は避けられたものの、天皇の東京行幸で留守の都となった(→東京奠都)。
- At the time of the Meiji Restoration, the relocation of the capital was avoided by Edo becoming Tokyo, but it became the absent capital due to Emperor's imperial stay in Tokyo (please refer to the section of 'Tokyo Tento').
- 特に湯殿がある部分は明治41年(1908年)に増築登記されたもので、当時のものではあり得ない(お龍はその2年前に病没)。
- Since the space of the bathroom was added to the new building and registered in 1908, it can not be the same one as the time of the incident (Ryo had passed away two years before).
- 平治元年(1159年)12月、清盛が熊野参詣に赴き京都に軍事的空白が生まれた隙をついて、反信西派はクーデターを起こした。
- In January, 1160, the anti-Shinzei faction took advantage of the sudden vacuum in military forces in the capital created by Kiyomori's departure on a pilgrimage to Kumano to launch a coup d'etat.
- 治承5年(1181年)1月には、紀伊国の熊野三山勢力が挙兵して、伊勢国や志摩国で平氏側勢力と交戦するという動きもあった。
- In January 1181, the forces of the Kumano-Sanzan (three temples in the Kumano region) in the Kii Province raised forces and battled with Taira clan troops in Ise and Shima Provinces.
- 天皇を除けば、すべての身分・階層が法のもとに拘束される原則が支配している点で、律令法は一種の法治主義の特色をもっている。
- Ritsuryo law can be characterized as a kind of nomocracy, in that the dominant principle was that all classes and ranks other than the Emperor are bound by law.
- 北朝を擁立し、京都で成立した初期の足利幕府においては統治機構が未整備で、足利家の家政機関を利用しての統治が行われていた。
- The governance system in the early Ashikaga shogunate (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) which supported the Northern Court and was established in Kyoto was not yet functional and governance used the kasei (vassal) system of the Ashikaga family.
- 秀吉は自身が任命する領主が領地の隅々まで直接支配を行う体制を目指し、その障害となる住民による地域自治を破壊したのである。
- Hideyoshi aimed to establish the framework that the lord he assigned directory controlled all parts of the territory and destroyed local government by people which could prevent it.
- さらに和田合戦、宝治合戦、平禅門の乱などにより北条氏以外の他氏族を幕府から排除し、権力を北条氏に集中させる動きも強まった。
- And with the Heizenmon Rebellion and the battles of Wada and Hoji, the Hoji clan was able to purge the bakufu of all the non-Hojo warrior clans, stepping up their efforts to concentrate all power in their own hands.
- 平治の乱後の永暦元年(1160年)、清盛は正三位参議に補任され、武士として初めて公卿(政治決定に参与する議政官)となった。
- After the Heiji Rebellion, Kiyomori was given the post of Shosammi Sangi (Senior Third Rank, Royal Advisors) in 1160 and became the first bushi to become a court noble (a Giseikan (legislator) participating in political decisions).
- 明治期の日本が急速に近代化を達成できた要因のひとつに、寺子屋が庶民に高い教育水準をもたらしていた背景をあげることができる。
- One of the factors that led to the rapid modernization of Japan in the Meiji period was the high educational standards that Terakoya had provided the ordinary citizens.
- こうした交通網の発達は、明治以降鉄道建設や道路整備により、京阪神を一体の地域としての性格を強めることに大きな影響を与えた。
- The development of such traffic networks had a major effect on strengthening the character of Keihanshin as an integrated area by the construction of railroads and the maintenance of its roads in and after the Meiji era.
- が、当市の場合は合併する自治体の中に「丹後町」があったため、他町への配慮からか重複がないにもかかわらず「京」を冠している。
- When this city was established due to the merger, it included 'Tango-cho' and it seems that the people in charge wanted to be considerate to other towns; that was why the city named itself 'Kyotango City' although there was no overlapping.
- 9月19日には、六波羅探題が察知して計画は事前に発覚し、土岐頼兼、多治見国長、足助重範など密議に参加した武将は討伐される。
- On September 19, the Rokuhara Tandai uncovered the plan before it was executed and samurai who had participated in secret talks such as Yorikane TOKI, Kuninaga TAJIMI, and Shigenori ASUKE, were subdued.
- 大覚寺統から皇太子が選ばれることになったが、後宇多は、皇太子として嫡孫邦良(9歳)ではなく第2皇子尊治(21歳)を選んだ。
- The Crown Prince was to come from the Daikakuji line, but Gouda chose not his direct grandson Kuniyoshi (aged 9), but his second Prince Takaharu (aged 21).
- ただし、新東洞院町、菊鉾町、新車屋町、大菊町、新丸太町は明治2年(1869年)に近隣の数か町が合併して成立した町名である。
- However, the following towns were established in 1869 through the merger of a few adjacent towns: Shinhigashidoin-cho, Kikuhoko-cho, Shinkurumaya-cho, Okiku-cho and Shinmaruta-cho.
- 源氏・平氏による争乱期(治承・寿永の乱)の最中に発生した飢饉であり、源平盛衰記や方丈記など当時の状況を詳細に記す史料も多い。
- The famine occurred during a period of conflict (Jisho-Juei War), and there remain many historical documents which describe the situation in detail such as the Genpei Seisuiki (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans) and the Hojoki (An Account of My Hut).
- 事件の5日後に急遽京都入りした信長は、この事件の背景に堺の町衆がいると考えて、堺に矢銭を課してその自治権を制限したのである。
- Nobunaga hurriedly returned to Kyoto after five days, and thought that merchants of Sakai were pulling strings behind the scene before imposing yasen (war funds) on Sakai to restrict their autonomy.
- 嵯峨治世初期は、太政官筆頭だった藤原園人の主導のもと、百姓撫民(貧民救済)そして権門(有力貴族・寺社)抑制の政策がとられた。
- At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Saga, FUJIWARA no Sonohito, the head council of state, lead a policy to rescue farmers (relief of the poor) and control power (influential aristocracy, temples and shrines).
- 織豊政権は戦国大名の統治機構を母体とする強力な中央集権体制であり、その裏づけに天皇・朝廷の権威を利用するという形式を執った。
- The Shokuho government was a strong centralized administrative framework whose parent structure was the governing system of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period, and to support the structure, the government took advantage of authorities of the Emperor and the Imperial Court.
- 治承4年(1180年)6月2日、京都から摂津国の福原へ安徳天皇・高倉上皇・後白河法皇の行幸が行なわれ、ここに行宮が置かれた。
- On June 2, 1180, Emperor Antoku, the retired Emperor Takakura, and the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa left Kyoto on an Imperial visit to Fukuhara, Settsu Province, and an Angu (temporary lodging) was built in Fukuhara to accommodate them.
- これら惣村・郷村は高い自治能力を醸成していき、荘園領主から直接、年貢納入を請け負う地下請(じげうけ)が行われることもあった。
- These sosons and gosons improved their self-governing capabilities and jigeuke was also done, where they undertook the collection of nengu directly from lords of shoen.
- 舞鶴は山地が多いため、敷地開削工事には莫大な費用を要したが、1899年(明治32年)末には、土地造成工事がほぼ出来上がった。
- Although the road work for the building site incurred a huge cost due to the mountainous geography of Maizuru, the land reclamation work had been almost completed at the end of 1899.
- また、荘園整理、荘官・百姓の取り締まり、神人・悪僧の統制、戦乱で荒廃した京都の治安維持のためにも、平氏の武力は不可欠だった。
- Moreover, the Taira's military strength was indispensable in supervising the shoen reforms as well as shoen officials and commoners, and controlling members of the clergy and evil monks alike, not to mention for keeping the peace in Kyoto, in ruins from the recent wars.
- また、田沼意次と一旦は手を組みながら後にこれを失脚させた一橋治済の政治的野心(大御所政治)への不安があったとも言われている。
- It was also said that there was the angst regarding the political ambitions (Ogosho politics) of Harusada HITOTSUBASHI who joined forces with Okitsugu TANUMA once, and later brought down Harusada.
- 1909年(明治42年) - 登極令(昭和22年廃止)で大嘗祭の斎田は京都以東・以南を悠紀、以西・以北を主基の地方とされる。
- 1909: The Saiden (rice fields for cultivating rice plants for deities) where the Daijosai is held, names were changed from east and south areas to Yuki and west and north areas to Suki in the Tokyoku-rei (former Imperial House Law) (Abolished in 1947)
- 保元の乱では勝者の天皇方につき、平治の乱では形勢を観望して河内源氏(頼光の弟の源頼信の系統)の源義朝に与せず、清盛に味方した。
- Allied with the victorious imperial side during the Hogen war, when the Heiji war broke out he stood on the sidelines and observed, and didn't join with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, who was of the Kawachi Genji (descended from MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the younger brother of Yorimitsu), supporting Kiyomori instead.
- 室町時代、三代将軍である足利義満は、朝廷からの権力簒奪による治天の君を目指し策謀を図り、中国の明から「日本国王」に冊封される。
- In the Muromachi period, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun, hatched a conspiracy to obtain the position of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) by regaining the Imperial Court's power, and obtained sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as 'King of Japan' from Ming, China.
- 特に日本が明治期以降の近代に入り、江戸時代が最も近い前近代の「歴史」となってからは、一揆は「百姓一揆」を指すような印象がある。
- Significantly, after Japan entered the modern era following the Meiji period, and the Edo period became the latest 'history' before the modern era, it is assumed that ikki began to mean 'hyakusho ikki' to a certain extent.
- 高麗の荘園には不輸不入は認められていなかったが、所有者が権勢者であった場合にはその政治的圧力で事実上の不輸不入の状態となった。
- The manors in Goryeo did not approve the right of tax exemption and the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property, but if the owners were powerful men, as a matter of practice, the rights were in effect by political pressure.
- 室町幕府によって保証されていた古い権威が否定され始め、新興の実力者が新しい権力階級にのし上がり領国を統治していくこととなった。
- Old authorities that had been backed up by the Muromachi bakufu began to be negated and emerging powerful persons rose to new establishment and governed territories.
- 戦国時代 (日本)には小谷城主浅井長政をはじめ、お市の方や淀殿が湯治に訪れたとされ、湖北地域の温泉としては歴史が古いとされる。
- It is said that, in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), Nagamasa AZAI, who was the castellan of Odani-jo Castle, Oichi no kata and Yodo-dono (also known as Yodogimi) visited for toji (hot spring cure) and that it has a long history as a hot spring in Kohoku region.
- 倒幕運動(とうばくうんどう)は、主として江戸時代後期の幕末に、江戸幕府を打倒して政権打倒を目的とした幕末の政治運動を意味する。
- The Tobaku movement refers to the political movement at the end of the Edo period, which aimed to overthrow Edo Bakufu as well as the political power structure.
- 継受法としての律令法が7世紀以降長期にわたって強行されたことについては、国家権力の強大さ、人民一般の政治的無権利が第一にある。
- The primary reason why the adopted ritsuryo law was enforced for a long period of time since the seventh century was the tremendous power of government and the lack of political rights for the general public.
- 古典的理解による摂関政治は母系的繋がりを持つ天皇、公卿による政治の独占で、母系の要となる者が摂政・関白となるという理解である。
- The regency in the traditional sense is an administration monopolized by emperors and court nobles related on the maternal side, with the key person in the maternal line taking the posts of regent and chancellor.
- 後醍醐には正式な前天皇としての上皇の称号と待遇が与えられ、これで後醍醐には将来治天として政務を執る可能性が生じることになった。
- Godaigo was officially given the title and privileges of the retired emperor as the previous Emperor and Godaigo had the possibility of ruling as Chiten in the future.
- 下剋上 / 下克上 (げこくじょう)とは、日本史において下位の者が上位の者を政治的、軍事的に打倒して身分秩序を侵す行為をさす。
- Gekokujo ('the low overturning the high,' a term used to describe retainers overthrowing their lords) describes situations in Japanese history that occur when a person of lower rank overthrows a superior either politically or militarily, and then supplants the superior's position in society.
- しかし、徳治3年(1308年)に後二条(24歳)が急死して皇太子富仁(12歳、花園天皇)が践祚し、伏見による院政が再開された。
- However, in 1308, Gonijo (aged 24) died suddenly and the Crown Prince Tomihito (aged 12, Emperor Hanazono) ascended the throne and Fushimi started a cloistered government.
- ところが、鎌倉時代後期以後、守護の職務が治安維持から裁判にまで広がってくるようになると、守護の権威が国司を圧倒するようになる。
- However, from the late Kamakura period, when functions of Shugo as peace preservation expanded to the administration of justice, authority of Shugo overcame Kokushi.
- 政治の中枢を藤原氏と源氏が占有し始めたこの時期、栄達の望みがない中下流貴族らは地方官(受領)や特定官庁への補任をきそって求めた。
- During this period, when the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan started to occupy the political nucleus, the middle and lower class nobles who had no hope for fame, competed for assignments in the local official (Zuryo, the head of the provincial governors) or specific bureaucrats.
- 社会の変動に対応する政治的イニシアチブを摂関家と天皇のいずれもがとりえないという摂関政治の欠陥が露呈し、機能不全に陥っていった。
- After that time, defect in the regency that neither Sekkan-ke nor emperors could take the political initiative for social changes was exposed, leading to a lack of function.
- ただし、摂関政治においても摂関が全ての決定権を握っていたのではなく、議政官が衆議する陣定の場でほとんどの政治決定が行われていた。
- However, even in this system, Sekkan didn't decide everything, yet almost all policies were discussed and determined by Giseikan (Legislatures) at Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council).
- 反清盛の気運が高まる中、治承4年(1180年)4月には以仁王(後白河の第2皇子)が平氏追討の令旨を発し、源頼政と結んで挙兵した。
- In April 1180, with the anti-Kiyomori movement, Prince Mochihito (Goshirakawa's second son) issued a call for attacking the Taira clan and collaborated with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa to raise forces.
- 近江商人(おうみしょうにん)は、主に鎌倉時代から江戸時代、明治時代、大正時代、昭和時代にかけて活動した近江国・滋賀県出身の商人。
- Omi shonin refers to merchants from the Omi Province (present-day Shiga Prefecture) who were active from the Kamakura period through to Edo, Meiji, Taisho and Showa periods.
- 戦国時代に入り、戦国大名による一円支配が強化されるに従って、惣村の自治的性格が薄まっていき、土一揆の発生も次第に減少していった。
- The Sengoku period was one in which, along with the strengthening of governance of the entire region by the warring lords, the soson's predisposition toward self-government was weakened, and gradually the occurrence of peasants' uprisings decreased.
- 惣村が最盛期を迎えたのは室町時代中期(15世紀)ごろであり、応仁の乱などの戦乱に対応するため、自治能力が非常に高まったとされる。
- Soson reached the mature stage in the mid-Muromachi period (around the fifteenth century), and it is said that the self-governing capability was very enhanced so as to respond to conflicts such as the Onin War.
- しかしそもそも吹奏楽は西洋のものであって、明治初年の日本ではなじみがなく、当初はNational anthemの訳語もなかった。
- As wind-instrument music originally belonged to the Occident, however, it was not accustomed in Japan in the beginning of the Meiji Period and, at first, there were no words to translate 'national anthem.'
- 軍事貴族は他の技能官人層の中下級貴族と同様、摂関家など有力貴族の家司や治天の君の院司として私的に奉仕するという側面も持っていた。
- Just like low to middle-class aristocrats who were technical officers, military aristocrats may privately have served as keishi (household superintendents) of powerful aristocrats such as regents or as inshi (officials at the Retired Emperor's Office) of Chiten no kimi (retired emperor).
- しかし、日本においても城下町が発展すると、経済的および政治的価値が上昇し、それにともない城下町を戦乱から防護する必要性が生じた。
- However, as jokamachi developed in Japan, they increased in economic and political value and the necessity for their safeguard against war arose.
- 元治元年8月頃 近藤勇の態度に遺憾を感じた永倉新八、原田左之助、斎藤一、島田魁、尾関雅次郎らが会津・松平容保に非行五ヶ条を提出。
- Around August of 1864, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Sanosuke HARADA, Hajime SAITO, Kai SHIMADA, Masajiro OZEKI and others, who were unsatisfied with Isami KONDO's attitude, submitted a five-point report of misconduct to Katamori MATSUDAIRA of Aizu.
- 大名に貸し付けを行い藩の蔵元を務めていたほどの豪商だったが、明治維新後の廃藩置県により貸付金が凍結し今井を離れざるを得なかった。
- This merchant family was very wealthy, made loans to daimyo (Japanese territorial lord), and took charge of accounts in clan's warehouse, but after the Meiji Restoration, the family was forced to leave Imai because Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) caused the freezing of loans.
- 薩長中心の明治新政府が成立すると、太平洋戦争の戦前までは皇国史観の元、勤皇志士の敵である新選組は悪役として扱われる事が多かった。
- After the establishment of the New Meiji Government, in which men from the former Satsuma and Choshu Clans played leading roles, and before the Pacific War, Shinsen-gumi, which had been opposed to the Imperial loyalists, was seen as the enemy in many cases, based on the historical view that Japan was a country developing under the rule of the Emperor.
- 短期間ではあるが、1870年(明治3年)から11年間に明治新政府で使用された「新律綱領」も明律を継承した清律をモデルにしている。
- The 'Shinritsu koryo' (Outline of the New Criminal Code), which was used for 11 short years in the new Meiji government since 1870, was also modeled after the Qing code which succeeded the Ming code.
- 摂関家が統治権を握ることにより、他の家系は出世の見込みがなくなり、特定の業務を担当することで貴族としての生き残りを図っていった。
- Because the regent's house took the power to exercise sovereignty, the other family lines became unable to get ahead and survived as nobles by being in charge of a particular field of work.
- 奥羽越列藩同盟政府から新政府に寝返った久保田藩・津軽藩・三春藩は功を労われ、明治2年(1869年)には一応の賞典禄が与えられた。
- The Kubota Domain, the Tsugaru Domain, and the Miharu Domain which defected from the Ouetsu-reppan alliance to the new government were commended for their deeds, and were given provisional shotenroku in 1869.
- 鎌倉時代を通じて、武家の統治機構である守護・地頭に属する武士が、地頭請や下地中分という形で国衙領や荘園を蚕食し始めるようになる。
- But as the Kamakura period progressed, the samurai-based administrative system, warriors serving as shugo (Protectors) and jito (estate stewards) began to take over kokuga (public) territories and shoen through such means as jitouke (in which an estate steward was contracted by the rightful owner of an estate to guard it) and shitaji chubun (whereby lands were divided between steward and owner).
- ただ、為兼の強烈な個性は多くの敵をつくり、伏見の積極的な政治姿勢とも相まって、西園寺実兼との対立や幕府の警戒を呼ぶ結果となった。
- However, Tamekane's individualistic character made many enemies and together with Fushimi's progressive governing stance, it led to confrontation with Sanekane SAIONJI and called attention from the bakufu.
- 後深草の不満を受けて幕府が介入し、建治元年(1275年)に煕仁(11歳)を皇太子に指名、将来、後深草が治天となることを保証した。
- Due to Gofukakusa's dissatisfaction, the bakufu intervened and in 1275, named Hirohito (aged 11) as Crown Prince and guaranteed Gofukakusa would be Chiten in the future.
- そしてもう一方に、加賀一向一揆や紀伊雑賀などの惣国一揆を代表とする大名の支配を排した地域自治体制、いわば「ヨコの連帯」があった。
- Another was the local government framework which eliminated the daimyo's rule such as the Kaga Ikko ikki Revolt and sokoku ikki including Kii Saiga, what was called 'a sideways solidarity.'
- 東京行幸(とうきょうぎょうこう)とは、1868年(明治元年)と翌1869年(明治2年)の2回に亘って行われた東京への行幸である。
- Tokyo gyoko are the imperial visits to Tokyo which were made twice in 1868 and 1869.
- 二卿事件(にきょうじけん)は、明治4年(1871年)、攘夷派の公卿、愛宕通旭と外山光輔が明治政府の転覆を謀ったクーデター未遂事件。
- The Nikyo Jiken was an abortive coup d'etat in which Michiteru OTAGI and Mitsusuke TOYAMA, nobles in joi-ha (supporters of expulsion of the foreigners), attempted to overthrow the Meiji Government in 1871.
- 12世紀中期に鳥羽上皇が没すると、治天の君の座を巡って天皇家・摂関家を巻き込む政争が起こり、軍事衝突によって解決した(保元の乱)。
- After the death of the retired Emperor Toba in the middle of the 12th century, a political fight for the seat of chiten no kimi occurred, which involved the Emperor's family and Sekkan-ke, and was resolved after a military confrontation (the Hogen War).
- それ以前の藤原良房の時から藤原北家が摂政・関白に就いて執政してきたが、発展段階の摂関政治だったとして初期摂関政治と区別されている。
- Although the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan had conducted policy as a regent or chief adviser to the Emperor since the time of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, their regency is considered to have still been in the developmental stage and was distinguished from the early regency.
- またはそのために盟約、契約を結んで、政治的共同体を結成した集団及び、これを基盤とした既成の支配体制に対する武力行使を含む抵抗運動。
- 'Ikki' can also refer to a group of people that form a political community by entering into an alliance or a contract to achieve an objective and to a resistance movement (which may employ armed force) formed by a group in opposition to the established government.
- 会合衆である納屋衆による合議制の元、自治を行い、都市全体に濠を巡らし、牢人を傭兵として雇うなど、戦国大名による支配も拒絶していた。
- Under the council system by nayashu (wealthy merchants who led autonomous organizations in cities), who were egoshu (members of council), it established autonomy and refused control by sengoku daimyo by surrounding the whole city with a moat and employing ronin as mercenary.
- 永禄9年(1566)に十市遠勝が筒井順慶に圧迫されて今井に亡命した後を追って川井助衛門尉正治が一族郎党をひきつれて当地に移住した。
- Tokatsu TOCHI defected to Imai to escape from suppression by Junkei TSUTSUI in 1566, followed by Sukeemonnojo Masaharu KAWAI moving to the town with his family and retainers.
- 狭義では、武力で倒すことを目的とした討幕運動を指すが、広義では、軍事衝突を回避した政権移譲を目指す政治工作も含めて倒幕運動と呼ぶ。
- In a narrow sense, it refers to the Tobaku movement that aimed at an overthrow through the exercise of military power, but in a broad sense the meaning includes political maneuvers targeting the transfer of political power without military conflict.
- 近年においても1956年の市町村合併によって明日香村が生まれるまでは、この地域に飛鳥村があり地方自治体の名称として飛鳥は存在した。
- In recent years, Asuka existed as a name of a local government unit, Asuka Village (飛鳥村) in this region, until Asuka Village (明日香村) was established after the municipal merger in 1956.
- In early Jin, Changan was established as 州治 (provincial capital).
- In early Jin, Changan was established as provincial capital.
- この戦争の結果、薩長、薩長協力藩(佐賀藩、土佐藩等)出身者が明治政府の主体となり、日本は近代的な中央集権国家への道を歩んでいった。
- As a result of the war, members from the Sat-Cho (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains) and their supporting domains (the Saga and Tosa Domains) played an active role in the Meiji government, and Japan was to head for the modern system of centralized government.
- 一方、兄でありながら治天の地位を逃した後深草は不満を募らせ、後宇多が即位すると抗議のため太上天皇の待遇を辞退して出家しようとした。
- On the other hand, Gofukakusa, who lost the position of Chiten, even though he was the older brother, became frustrated and when Gouda became Emperor, he declined the position of Daijo Tenno (the retired emperor) and tried to become a priest as a sign of protest.
- こうして京都を都として残す形をとりつつ、江戸も東京として新たに都とされ、政治の中心地が東京となった江戸の地に再び戻ることとなった。
- The center of government returned once again to the land of Tokyo which became Edo.
- のち直家と結んだ毛利氏により三村氏は滅ぼされ(備中兵乱)、その傘下であった城主の多くは毛利氏を頼ったが、その一人が清水宗治である。
- In a disturbance in the Bitchu area, the Miura clan was defeated by the Mori clan, cooperated with Naoie, after which many lords of a castle under the Mimura clan went to the Mori clan for help, one of whom was Muneharu SHIMIZU.
- これに対して家臣の比喜多源二・安木劉太郎らは同情して、明治政府を倒して明治天皇を京都へ連れ帰って攘夷を断行するべきであると進言した。
- His vassals including Genji HIKITA and Ryutaro YASUKI, sympathized with him, and offered to overthrow the Meiji government, bring the Emperor Meiji back to Kyoto and force the expulsion of the foreigners.
- 江戸時代になると幕府に公認された既存の秩序以外の形で、こうした一揆の盟約による政治的共同体を結成すること自体が禁じられるようになる。
- During the Edo period, people were forbidden to form a political community by concluding an ikki in any form other than that which accorded with the existing order that was officially recognized by the shogunate government.
- これまでで最も大きな被害は、1993年5月5日に中国北西部(寧夏回族自治区、内モンゴルアラシャン盟、甘粛省)で発生した黒風暴だった。
- The most serious damage in the past was done by Kara Bran produced in the northwestern area of China (Ningxia Huizu Autonomous Region, the Alashan province of Inner Mongolia, and Gansu Province) on May 5, 1993.
- 平安時代後期に院政が始まると、治天の君(院政を行う上皇)は、院宣や院庁下文を発給することで、自らの政治意思を明示・具現化していった。
- As the system of Insei (rule by the Retired Emperor) was enforced in the late Heian period, Chiten no kimi (the Retired Emperor in power) used inzen and innocho kudashibumi to strongly express and achieve his political intentions.
- この原因を航海技術が未熟であったためとする見方が主流であるが、佐伯有清は遣唐使船の大型化、東野治之は遣唐使の外交的条件を挙げている。
- While a mainstream view for these disappearances is that they were due to poor sailing, Arikiyo SAEKI says that it was due to the fact the boats got larger and Haruyuki TONO argues that it was due to the diplomatic conditions of the missions to Tang China.
- 1900年(明治33年)に作詞された「鉄道唱歌第五集 関西・参宮・南海篇」(大和田建樹作詞)では、3番に渡って吉野山が歌いこまれた。
- In 'Tetsudo Shoka Series Five: Kansai, Sangu, and Nankai' written in 1900 (by Tateki OWADA), Mt. Yoshino appears in three verses.
- 一方、光秀は変後は京の治安維持に当たった後、武田元明・京極高次らを近江に派兵して、数日内に近江は瀬田城(山岡景隆・山岡景佐兄弟在城。
- On the other hand, after keeping public order in post-incident Kyoto, Mitsuhide sent the forces of Motoaki TAKEDA, and Takatsugu KYOGOKU, among others, to Omi and they conquered Omi within a few days except for Seta-jo Castle (held by brothers Kagetaka YAMAOKA and Kagesuke YAMAOKA;
- だが、1881年(明治14年)の刑法導入によって、古代以来の中国法系の刑事法制は幕を閉じ、西洋法系の刑事法制に転換される事になった。
- However, with the introduction of criminal law in 1881, the criminal legal system under the Chinese system of law since ancient times ended and shifted over to the criminal legal system under the Western system of law.
- 翌4日も戦闘が続き、5日になると明治天皇が小松宮彰仁親王に錦の御旗を与え(岩倉具視が偽造したという説もある)、新政府軍が官軍となる。
- The battle continued on the following day (January 28), and on January 29, Emperor Meiji granted the Imperial standard to Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito (some believe Tomomi IWAKURA forged it); consequently, the new government's forces became the Imperial forces.
- 一方城の北東には以前から治水及び防御施設として堤(以下これを横堤と呼ぶ)が築かれており、籠城が始まると城方によってさらに補強された。
- On the other hand, another bank (hereinafter this is called the side bank) had been built for flood control and defense before that, and it was reinforced by the castle side after it began to hold the castle.
- 治承元年(1177年)には鹿ヶ谷の陰謀が起き、藤原成親、平康頼、西光、俊寛ら院近臣多数が処罰され、後白河法皇も事件への関与を疑われた。
- In 1177 the Shishigatani Conspiracy was launched, as a result of which several of the group of close retainers to the cloistered emperor, including FUJIWARA no Narichika, TAIRA no Yasuyori, and the monks Saiko and Shunkan were executed, and suspicions about cloistered emperor Goshirakawa's possible involvement in the plot were raised as well.
- 朝鮮王朝は恒居倭の倭寇化を恐れ、検断権(警察・司法権)・徴税権といった行政権を行使できず、日本人有力者による自治に任せるままであった。
- Since the Korean Dynasty was afraid that kokyowa might become wako, they hesitated to use their administrative powers such as the police authority, the legal jurisdiction, and the authority of tax collection, and they just left the government of that area to some influential Japanese people.
- 室町時代になると、検断権(統治・裁判権)が幕府→守護→国人・惣村へと分散化していき、例えば惣村自体が検断権を行使する自検断も行われた。
- In the Muromachi period, the right to judge criminal cases (the right to govern and judge) was decentralized from the bakufu to shugo (provincial constables), and to kokujin (local samurai) down to soson (a community consisting of peasans' self-governing association); in some cases, the soson, by exercising such a right, judged the criminal cases which took place in their community (jikendan).
- しかし、明治になってから永倉新八が残した回想録には、法度「禁令」という物があり ここには「私ノ闘争ヲ不許」を欠く4ヵ条が示されている。
- However, in the memoirs left by Shinpachi NAGAKURA in the Meiji era there is mention of a Hatto 'Prohibition,' consisting of 4 Articles, excluding 'One shall not be allowed to engage in a private battle.'
- 白河以後、院政を布いた上皇は治天の君、すなわち事実上の国王として君臨し、天皇は「まるで東宮(皇太子)のようだ」と言われるようになった。
- From Shirakawa onward, the jokos who conducted Insei reigned as if they were chiten-no-kimi, being virtual emperors, while the actual emperors were described as being 'as if they were the crown princes.'
- 平安時代を通じて皇位継承の安定が大きな政治課題とされており、皇統を一条天皇系へ統一するという流れの中で、後三条が即位することとなった。
- Throughout the Heian period, the stabilization of imperial succession was considered to be a major political issue, and in the drive to unite the line of emperors to the descendants of Emperor Ichijo, Emperor Gosanjo succeeded to the throne.
- 明治41年、乱橋村と材木座村が合併した際に、もともとこの地にあった三島神社に村内の八雲神社、諏訪神社、視女社、金毘羅宮を合祀したもの。
- In the merging of Ranbashi-mura Village and Zaimoku-za Village in 1908, Yagumo-Jinja Shrine, Suwa-jinja Shrine, Mirume-sha Shrine, and Konpira-gu Shrine in the villages were merged and enshrined together into the Mishima-jinja Shrine.
- 飛鳥時代には、豊浦宮は飛鳥の西方、飛鳥川を挟んだ対岸にあり、小墾田宮は飛鳥の北側の小墾田(小治田)と称される地域にあったとされている。
- It is said that in the Asuka period, Toyura no Miya Palace was located to the west of Asuka, was on the other side across the Asuka-gawa River, and Oharida no Miya Palace was in the region called Oharida (also known as Owarida) to the north of Asuka.
- 明治以降、五條代官所がこの地にあった事などから「五條県」が置かれており、当時の公文書等などからも『五條』とされていることが確認できる。
- Around the end of the Meiji period, '五條 Prefecture' was established and has also been recognized from official documents, etc. at that time that it was described as '五條;' this is because of the fact that there used to be the 五條 daikansho (regional office of administrative official) here.
- そのことから、この一帯を中心にして日本列島を代表する政治的勢力、すなわちヤマト政権の初期の三輪政権(王朝)が存在したと考えられている。
- From here onwards, it is considered that a leading political force in Japan island, that is, Miwa Regime (dynasty), which was equivalent to the early Yamato regime, existed mainly in this area.
- 狂気の父冷泉はもちろん、政治に関心を失い、信仰にのめりこむ一方で、遊興と漁色にふけることも忘れない兄花山もまったく頼りにならなかった。
- Neither his father Reizei, who was mad, nor his older brother Kazan, who had lost interest in politics and dabbled in religion, but also enjoyed taking pleasures and philandering, were able to offer any support.
- また、明治になるまで新撰組の仕業とされていたことや、池田屋の件などもあり、戊辰戦争においては新撰組に対して徹底した粛清が行われている。
- In another account, it was thought until the Meiji period that the assassination had been carried out by the Shinsengumi and because of the Ikedaya Incident, the Shinsengumi was fully purged during the Boshin Civil War.
- こうした流れの中で、南北朝時代 (日本)より以降、畿内やその周辺地域において、自治権と連帯意識を高めた百姓らによる惣村が成立していく。
- With this background, beginning in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) was formed by the peasants who had developed their autonomy and sense of solidarity.
- 10世紀中葉から後期にかけて、ある官職に伴う権限義務を特定の家系へ請け負わせる官司請負制が中央政界でも地方政治でも著しく進展していった。
- From the middle to the end of the 10th century, the government official contract system developed in the national political arena as well as in regional politics: specific family lines were given contracts to have authority and duties associated with certain government posts.
- これは保元の乱,平治の乱から治承寿永の乱と続く、戦乱の時代により厭世観(末法思想)が強まり、魂の救済が求められるようになったためである。
- And as the Hogen Rebellion led to the Heiji War, which blossomed in turn into the Genpei War (the war between the Minamoto (Gen) and Taira (Hei) clans, known as Jisho-Juei no ran in Japanese for the two eras in which it occurred), this age of wars and rebellions only reinforced a pessimistic view of the world (based on the idea of Mappo, the final and worst age in Buddhist theology), and led to many seeking salvation for their souls.
- 武士の、つまり全国各地の騒乱のほぼ全ての原因が土地支配に関するものであり、頼朝の新統治理論はこの後永く幕藩体制の根幹を成すものになった。
- Questions over land ownership contributed to virtually all fighting and conflict among warriors--and thus, almost all disturbances throughout the country--and Yoritomo's new theory of governance (as expressed by the Hyojosho) was to serve as the foundation of the bakufu-dominal system for many years thereafter.
- 治承3年(1179年)重盛と盛子が相次いで死去すると、後白河は関白基房と共謀し、清盛に無断で重盛の知行国(越前)と盛子の荘園を没収した。
- In 1179, when Shigemori and Moriko died, Goshirakawa collaborated with Regent Motofusa to seize the province that Shigemori governed (Echizen) and Moriko's shoen.
- 武家の思想は、教育による家族制度の徹底化や徴兵制による軍事国家など明治近代日本に変化した形で生き残ってその後の日本を生み出す元になった。
- The ideology of samurai families remained in modern Japan of the Meiji period in the form of a rooted family system enforced through education and a garrison state based on the conscription system, which became a model for later periods in Japan.
- 後白河法皇から守護地頭の設置を許可され、平家(平氏の中の伊勢平氏庶流の平清盛一族のこと)が壇ノ浦で滅亡した文治元年(1185年)とする。
- Another suggestion is that it started in 1185 when the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa allowed the establishment of Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) and Heike (the family of TAIRA no Kiyomori, a collateral line of Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) of the Taira clan) fell in Dan no ura.
- 治承3年(1179年)11月に平清盛によるクーデターで後白河法皇が幽閉され、翌年2月、高倉天皇が言仁(ときひと)親王に譲位(安徳天皇)。
- In November 1179, a coup d'etat by TAIRA no Kiyomori captured the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa and in February 1180, Emperor Takakura abdicated in favor of Imperial Prince Tokihito (Emperor Antoku).
- 律令の規定上、上皇は天皇と同等の権力行使が可能であり、天皇の実父であるという強みも得て、政治権力は摂政・関白から上皇へシフトしていった。
- As a retired emperor he was able to use power equal to an emperor under the provisions of the ritsuryo system, and had the advantage of being the real father of an emperor, so political power shifted from the regents and chancellors to the retired emperors.
- 元亨元年に後宇多が後醍醐に治天の政務を譲ったのは、後醍醐の強要によるものではないかと推測する研究者(網野善彦、森茂暁)もいるほどである。
- There are even some researchers (Yoshihiko AMINO and Shigeaki MORI) who think that Gouda relinquished his government affair duties as Chiten to Godaigo in 1321 because of strong pressure from Godaigo.
- 日本では、鎌倉時代に天皇家(当時の呼称では「王家」)が2つの家系に分裂し、治天と天皇の継承が両統迭立の状態にあったことが最も著名である。
- The Imperial family (at that time called 'Oke') during the Kamakura period was split into two family lines and was best known to be in the state of Ryoto tetsuritsu regarding the succession of Chiten (retired emperor who runs the cloistered government) and Emperor.
- しかし、寿永3年/治承8年(1184年)2月の一ノ谷の戦いで大敗を喫して、海に逃れ讃岐国屋島と長門国彦島(山口県下関市)に拠点を置いた。
- However, they were dealt a crushing defeat in the battle of Ichinotani, which occurred in March, 1184, and fled by way of the sea, establishing strongholds at Yashima in Sanuki Province and Hikoshima in Nagato Province (today's Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Pref.).
- 文治元年(1185年)に源頼朝が守護・地頭の設置求めて文治の勅許を受けると、同時に荘園・国衙領の田1段から兵粮米5升を徴収する権利を得た。
- In 1185 (the first year of the Bunji era), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, seeking to establish a system of Shugo (provincial constable) and jito (manager and lord of manor), was granted the Bunji Imperial Sanction to do so, simultaneously obtaining the authority to collect five sho (measures) of rice, for the purpose of supplying troops, from each tan (section) of each rice paddy on shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) alike.
- In1185, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo asked the Imperial Court for permission to place Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) and got the Bunji imperial sanction, and at the same time, he also gained a right to collect five sho (about 9 liter) of military provisions of rice from every one tan (an old unit showing the area of land of 300 tsubo; 991.7 square meters) of rice paddy of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
- 正盛は預所となり、周辺の東大寺領も取り込んで立荘するなど、白河の政治権力を後ろ盾に東大寺や国衙の支配を除去して実質的な土地所有に成功した。
- Masamori became the custodian of this shoen (private estate) and annexed the nearby Todai-ji Temple property, gaining actual land ownership by eliminating control by the Todai-ji Temple and the Kokuga (provincial offices) with the backing of Shirakawa's political power.
- これに対し、在寮生で構成する吉田寮自治会を中心に卒寮生も含めた廃寮反対運動が高まり、自主入寮選考の成功で寮生数は減少するどころか増加した。
- With the rise in the opposition movement against the above decision conducted by the council of Yoshida dormitory and the graduates, however, the number of dormitory residents increased, instead of decreased, thanks to the success of autonomous selection of residents.
- しかし、戦国大名による一円支配が伸展するにつれて、惣村の自治権も剥奪されていき、惣掟も消滅するか、自治色を薄めた内容へと変質していった。
- However, as Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) started to rule the entire region, the autonomy of the soson was divested, and the autonomy of the so-okite thinned out or disappeared.
- 藤原氏(藤原北家)による摂関政治は、外戚政策(天皇家に子女を入内させ、その子を天皇として外祖父となり権力を握ること)に立脚するものだった。
- The regime of regent by the Fujiwara clan (Northern House of the Fujiwara clan) was based on the consort clan policy (a policy consisting in making a daughter enter the Imperial Family and making her child an emperor in order to take power as a maternal grandfather).
- 応仁の乱によって京都を追われた公家や民衆は京都周辺の山科区や宇治市、大津市、奈良市、堺市といった周辺都市や地方の所領などに疎開していった。
- Court nobles and common people driven away from Kyoto by the Onin War took refuge in Yamashina Ward, a peripheral area of Kyoto, neighboring cities of Uji, Otsu, Nara, and Sakai, and local estates.
- 瀬田川の橋(後の瀬田の唐橋)をめぐって戦闘が発生、弘文天皇(明治3年(1870年)に弘文天皇の諡号を贈られる。)は自決し近江大津宮は廃絶。
- A battle erupted over the bridge of the Seta-gawa River (later Seta no Karahashi Bridge), and Prince Otomo (he was given a posthumous name as Emperor Kobun in 1870) committed a suicide, which made the Imperial Palace Omi Otsu extinct.
- さらに、同時に幕府の介入によって摂関家当主による「合議制」による意思決定が義務付けられた事によって寧ろ逆に摂関政治は否定される事になった。
- On the other hand, due to the bakufu's intervention, the regency was in fact negated because the representatives of the regent's house at the time were required to use a 'council system' when making decisions.
- 毛利方は清水宗治に対して救援の不可能なことと、秀吉に降伏するべきという旨を伝えたが、宗治は自分の命を城とともにしたいとしてこれを拒否する。
- Mori told Muneharu SHIMIZU that they were unable to rescue him and that he should surrender to Hideyoshi, but Muneharu refused to accept it, saying he would share his fate with the castle.
- 古代の蝦夷(えみし)は、本州東部とそれ以北に居住し、政治的・文化的に、日本やその支配下に入った地域への帰属や同化を拒否していた集団を指した。
- 'Emishi' in ancient times meant a group who lived in the eastern areas of Honshu and to the north, refusing to belong to or assimilate into Japan and regions under the control of the Japanese government, either politically or culturally.
- しかし、西国をはじめ、日本国内を中央集権的に統治しようとする北条氏嫡流家である得宗家が御家人を排除し、被官である御内人を重用するようになる。
- But the Tokuso family--the primary lineage of the Hojo clan--which was bent on extending and strengthening their central authority and rule throughout the country and especially in the west, started to exclude gokenin, and began trying to promote only miuchibito (private family retainers) who were Hikan (vassals working for the Rokuhara Tandai).
- 「領内が治まっていない」ことを公然と示すことができれば、領主側に匹敵する武力を集めずとも、責任問題を恐れる領主や代官への重大な圧力となった。
- Therefore, even commoners would exert great pressure on the daimyo (feudal lord) or daikan (local magistrate) by publicly showing that the territory wasn't properly administered, without preparing the military forces comparable to their lord because the lords were very afraid of having their responsibility questioned.
- 当時、日本は国内を二分する大規模内乱(治承・寿永の乱)の真っ直中にあったが、この内乱の中でも(又は内乱に乗じて)訴訟事案は多数発生していた。
- The Monchujo was established amid a large scale civil war (the Jisho-Juei War), and despite the war (or because of it), there were many lawsuits resulting at the time.
- 土一揆は、惣村の生活が困窮したために発生したというよりも、自治意識の高まった惣村が、主張すべき権利を要求したために発生したと考えた方がよい。
- It should be considered that the peasants' uprisings took place because the soson, which had enhanced their awareness of autonomy, insisted on their rights, not because people in the soson had become poor.
- 同一談話者の『中外抄』にも載せる久安7年(1151年)から、保元の乱・平治の乱後の応保元年(1161年)まで、全て258段の短い記事がある。
- It contains 258 brief articles from 1151 to 1161, from articles which are included in 'Chugaisho,' Tadazane's discourse collection, to articles after the Hogen and Heiji Disturbances.
- 慈円は末法思想と「道理」をテーマとして国初以来の歴史を説き起こし、武家が大きな政治権力を握ったことを「道理」観念で合理的に理解しようとした。
- Jien described Japanese history based on Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) and dori (order), and tried to rationally understand, based on the concept of dori, why samurai came to gain such strong political power.
- これにより、まず当時の先進地域だった畿内において、民衆が連帯組織=一揆を形成して、支配者(幕府や守護など)へ政治的な要求を行うようになった。
- In the wake of the change, the masses in the Kinai region (the provinces in the vicinity of the capital which were under direct Imperial rule), which was an advanced area of those days, began to form solidarity organizations (called ikki in Japanese) to make a political appeal to their rulers such as the bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) and their shugo (provincial constables).
- その記録として「氏子駈帳」なる文書が残されており、1893年(明治26年)まで250年間に渡って計87冊・3万世帯に及ぶ記録が残されている。
- There remains a document which recorded their business; it is titled 'Ujikogaricho' and formed of 87 volumes in total, and it recorded about 30,000 households of kiji-shi for 250 years until 1893 (the year 26 of the Meiji era).
- 最終的な政治裁可を下しうる治天・天皇の不在がこのまま続けば、京都の諸勢力(公家・幕府・守護)らの政治執行がすべて遅滞することになってしまう。
- Since the Chiten and Emperor, who would make the final political decision, were absent, the political administration of the various forces in Kyoto (kuge, bakufu, shugo) was delayed.
- 治天となった伏見は、亀山の時代に整備された訴訟処理機構をさらに拡充し、家柄にとらわれない人材登用を積極的にめざすなど、政務の振興に努力した。
- When Fushimi became Chiten, he worked diligently for advancement and continued to expand the court management system and actively recruited without bias towards family lineage.
- 同8年(1580年)閏3月に荒木村重の残党五名が山内に逃げ込み、これを察知した信長は7月に前田利家・不破光治を使者として高野山へ差し向けた。
- In April 1580, the five remnants of Murashige ARAKI escaped into Sannai (precincts of the temple) and Nobunaga who knew it sent Toshiie MAEDA and Mitsuharu FUWA to Koyasan as messengers in August.
- 行家は治承・寿永の乱の際に以仁王の平家追討の令旨を全国の源氏に伝え挙兵を促すなど活躍したが、平家滅亡後に甥の源頼朝と対立し、敗れ殺害された。
- Yukiie played an active role in passing on to all Genji people in the country Prince Mochihito's order to hunt down and kill the Heike family and raise an army against the Heike clan during the Jisho-Juei War, but after the fall of the Heike clan he entered a conflict with his nephew, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, as a result of which he was defeated and killed.
- その先駆けとなったのが、明治2年12月1日(1870年1月2日)に長州藩で発生した大楽源太郎に率いられた奇兵隊などによる「脱隊騒動」であった。
- The spearhead of the movement was 'Dattai Sodo (a riot of dropouts from armies)' which originated in the Kiheitai Army led by Gentaro DAIRAKU and others in the domain of Choshu on January 2, 1870.
- 貞治年間の北朝_(日本)において、年間200貫を朝廷に収めることを条件に押小路家に酒麹売課役(さけこうじうりかやく)として徴税権を与えられた。
- In the Northern Dynasty (Japan) during Joji era (1362-1368), the Oshikoji family became Sakekojiurikayaku and was bestowed the power to levy taxes.
- 武家の政治体制をどうするかが発見できず旧来の政治を行い、その中での平氏一門の贅沢な暮らしや異様な出世、繁栄の誇示などするだけになったのである。
- Kiyomori did not know how to manage the political system of samurai families and thus carried out old-fashioned politics, showing off the luxurious life style, excessive career success and prosperity of the Taira clan.
- また、外戚関係を媒介に摂政関白として政務にあたる摂関政治と異なって、院政は直接的な父権に基づくものであったため、専制的な統治を可能としていた。
- Because insei was based on direct paternal rights, contrary to the Sekkan government, whereby the regents/kampakus conducted political affairs through their ties as cognates of the Emperor, insei facilitated a despotic form of government.
- 籤引きによって選ばれた6代将軍の足利義教が専制政治をしき、1441年に赤松満祐に誘殺されると(嘉吉の乱)、政権内の情勢にほころびが見え始める。
- When Sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who had been selected for his office by lottery, but turned out to be a despotic ruler, was lured out and slain by Mitsusuke AKAMATSU (the Kakitsu Incident), the ruling power began to disintegrate.
- 近世には江戸に武家政権が成立し、鶴岡八幡宮は徳川家康・秀忠の保護を受け、社殿の修理が行われたが、もはや鎌倉が政治の表舞台になることはなかった。
- Since the establishment of the military government in Edo in early-modern times, Kamakura did not appear on history's center stage, although the shrine building of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine was remodeled under the protection of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and Hidetada TOKUGAWA.
- 平治の乱(へいじのらん)は平安時代の平治元年12月9日 (旧暦)(1159年1月19日)より発生した、院の近臣らの対立により起きた政変である。
- The Heiji Rebellion (Heiji no ran), which began on January 19, 1159 in Heian period, was a coup d'etat that occurred because of antagonism among the close vassals of the retired emperor.
- 時平の弟、藤原忠平は藤原師輔は摂政・関白に就任することができたが、彼の死後、村上天皇の親政(天暦の治)が行われ、摂政・関白の座は空位となった。
- Tokihira's brothers FUJIWARA no Tadahira and FUJIWARA no Morosuke were installed as regent and chancellor, however, Emperor Murakami directly administrated the Imperial Court after Tadahira's death (the glorious reign of Tenryaku) and the posts of regent and chancellor became vacant.
- その後、武家政治によって摂関政治は完全に消滅したかに見えたが、摂政・関白職は存続していたため、武士達は権力の拠所として摂関家を大いに利用した。
- Later, the regency seems to have disappeared due to military rule, although warriors took advantage of the regent's house as a foundation of power because the posts of regent and chancellor still remained.
- 明治元年(1868年)閏4月1日、大木喬任(軍務官判事)と江藤新平(東征大総督府監軍)が、佐賀藩論として「東西両都」の建白書を岩倉に提出した。
- On April 1, 1868, Takato OKI (Gunmukan Hanji (officer of Gunmukan Ministry)) and Shinpei ETO (army supervisor for Tosei-daitokufu) submitted a Kyoto and Tokyo petition to Iwakura as an Argument for the Saga clan.
- 明治元年7月17日、明治天皇が「江戸ヲ称シテ東京ト為スノ詔書」を発し、江戸の地で政務を執ることと、それに伴ない江戸を東京とすることを宣言した。
- On September 3, 1868, Emperor Meiji issued 'the imperial edict to rename Edo to Tokyo' and declared that he would administer the affairs of state in Edo and Edo would be renamed Tokyo.
- したがって基本的に鎌倉幕府が支配下に置いたのは鎌倉殿の知行国および主従関係を結んだ武士(御家人)であり、全国の武士を支配下に治めたわけではない。
- Consequently, those sent out by the bakufu into the provinces as governors and so forth were warriors from one of the Minamoto clan's home provinces or otherwise engaged in a master-servant relationship with Yoritomo (as gokenin, his vassals); the bakufu never achieved control over all the country's warriors, ruling instead through its close allies and retainers.
- この中で、壇ノ浦に平家を滅ぼしてさらに全国統治の基礎となる守護・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年を画期とする考え方が現在では比較的有力であろう。
- Among these views, in recent years it is the theory that 1185 was the critical year, citing as evidence the Minamoto's annihilation of the Taira clan at Dannoura coupled with Yoritomo's usurpation of the right to appoint shugo and jito--who were the true power base critical to ruling throughout the country--that carries the most relative weight.
- 後鳥羽上皇らが幕府討伐のため起こした承久の乱は、結果としては幕府が朝廷に勝利し、朝廷に対する幕府の政治的優位性の確立という画期的な事件となった。
- The end result of the Jokyu Rebellion, in which Retired Emperor Gotoba and others tried to overthrow the bakufu, was the triumph of the bakufu over the court--this rebellion ushered in a new era, one of the political ascendancy of the bakufu over the court.
- だが、余りにも強硬な政治姿勢が人々に「恐怖政治」との反発を抱かせ、やがて赤松満祐により義教が暗殺された(嘉吉の乱)をきっかけに将軍の力は衰えた。
- But his mercilessly political stance caused a backlash among many, who harbored resentment against his 'reign of terror,' and in the end he was assassinated by Mitsusuke AKAMATSU (in the Kakitsu Rebellion), which led to a steep decline in shogunal power.
- それまで分散して居住し特に連帯してこなかった百姓らが、新たに集住して村落をつくり、強い自治意識と連帯意識に支えられた惣村を形成するようになった。
- The peasants who had lived individually, started to live in a new village and form a soson community with strong autonomous concerns and sense of common bonds.
- 士族への秩禄支給は大きな財政負担となっており、国民軍の創設などにおいても封建的特権意識が弊害となっていたため、士族身分の解体は政治課題であった。
- Because the supply of chitsuroku (hereditary stipend) to the warrior class was a serious financial burden, and a sense of feudalistic entitlement was detrimental to the establishment of the national army, the disorganization of the warrior class was a political issue.
- 新政府は天皇大権のもと欧米の諸制度を積極的に導入し、廃藩置県、身分解放、法制整備、国家インフラの整備など明治維新と呼ばれる一連の改革を遂行した。
- Under the Emperor's power, the new government introduced various systems from European countries and the United States, and made a set of reformations called Maiji Restoration, such as Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), abolition of the class system, establishment of the system of law and construction of national infrastructures.
- 次いで757年(天平宝字元年)に養老律令が施行されたのを契機に、時の権力者藤原仲麻呂は新律令の講書を開催し、みずからも解釈の治定にあたっている。
- Triggered by the enforcement of the Yoro code soon after in 757, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, who was in power at the time, lectured on the new ritsuryo and personally made interpretation decisions.
- 古墳時代から飛鳥時代にかけて、二上山周辺は、海上の交通の要所、大阪湾・住吉津・難波津から、政治の中心の舞台である飛鳥地方への重要ルートとなった。
- There were important routes from hinges of marine traffic such as Osaka Bay, Suminoe no tsu (Suminoe Port) and Naniwa no tsu (Naniwa Port) to Asuka region, the center of politics, on the periphery of Mt. Nijo from the Kofun period (tumulus period) to the Asuka period.
- 後白河院政期には、平治の乱と平清盛政権の登場およびその崩壊、治承・寿永の内乱の勃発、源頼朝の鎌倉幕府成立など、武士が一気に台頭する時代となった。
- The period of insei by Goshirakawa was the age in which the samurai quickly rose to power, as can be seen in the Heiji Rebellion, the entry and fall of the government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, the occurrence of Jisho Jyuei Rebellion and the establishment of Kamakura Bakufu by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, etc.
- 永治元年(1141年)、鳥羽天皇は藤原璋子との子である崇徳天皇を退位させ、藤原得子との子である躰仁親王(崇徳上皇の弟)を即位させた(近衛天皇)。
- In 1141, Emperor Toba made Emperor Sutoku, his son with FUJIWARA no Shoshi, abdicated and had Imperial Prince Narihito, his son with FUJIWARA no Tokushi and a younger brother of retired Emperor Sutoku, ascend the Imperial Throne (Emperor Konoe).
- 藩主の毛利敬親と子の毛利定広は国許へ謹慎を命じられて政治主導権を失っており、京や大坂に密かに潜伏した数名の長州尊攘派はにわかに行動を続けていた。
- The daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) of Choshu, Tadachika MORI, and his son Sadahiro MORI were ordered into house arrest in their hometown and lost their authority to lead politically, but in the capital and in Osaka, several Imperial loyalists from Choshu continued to work secretly to restore the Emperor to power.
- 遺言状も財産の分与をこまごまと定めるのみで後継者を指名する文言はなく、ただ次代の治天の指名は鎌倉幕府の意向に従うようにという遺志だけが示された。
- His will only specified the division of property without naming a successor, only indicating his wish that the naming the next Chiten should follow the wishes of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 平安時代、1177年(治承1)に焼失して以降は再建されず、その役割は天皇の私的な住まいである内裏や臨時の内裏である「里内裏」へと受け継がれていく。
- However, they were never rebuilt, after the burning down in 1177 in the Heian period, and then their roles were handed down to the dairi, emperor's private houses, and the temporary dairi called 'sato-dairi.'
- 以後、院文殿における院評定が院政の中枢機関として活動するようになり、南北朝時代_(日本)末期に室町幕府によってその政治的権限を奪われるまで続いた。
- Since then, the in-no-hyojo at the In-no-fu-dono became the central organization for the government by a retired emperor until its political authority was deprived by the Muromachi bakufu at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 宇治川の戦い(うじがわのたたかい)は、平安時代末期の寿永3年(1184年)1月に源義仲と鎌倉の源頼朝から派遣された源範頼、源義経とで戦われた合戦。
- The Battle of Uji-gawa River was a battle that took place in January 1184, at the end of Heian period, between MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, and MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune who were dispatched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Kamakura.
- 福原京(ふくはらきょう)は、平安時代末期の治承4年(1180年)、計画のみに終った和田京に続いて、平清盛の主導で造営が進められた日本の首都の通称。
- Fukuhara-kyo is the name of a capital city which TAIRA no Kiyomori wanted to establish and promoted after a plan to build Wada-kyo had ended in failure 1180 (towards the end of Heian period).
- そこで、治天の政務機関として設置された院庁の発給する文書、すなわち院庁下文が、詔勅や太政官符と同等の効力を持つものとして取り扱われるようになった。
- Therefore, In no cho kudashibumi issued by Incho that was established as the de facto government came to be treated as powerful as Shochoku and Daijokanpu.
- 文献史料がある程度残る時代以降は政治センターの所在地に従って、飛鳥時代・奈良時代・平安時代・鎌倉時代・室町時代・安土桃山時代・江戸時代と区分する。
- The era when a certain amount of historical documents remain are classified, based upon where the political center was located, into the Asuka period, the Nara period, the Heian period, the Kamakura period, the Muromachi period, the Azuchi-Momoyam period, and the Edo period.
- これらの動きは実証的な歴史研究、すなわち18世紀の荻生徂徠や伊藤東涯らによる政治制度史研究へとつながっていき、あわせて国学へも大きな影響を与えた。
- These movements led to fact-based research of history, or the historical research of political systems by Sorai OGYU and Togai ITO, and affected Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) as well.
- 廃仏毀釈運動は明治以降、第二次世界大戦の敗戦まで一部の過激な神道家とこれに追随した一部民衆が行ったものの、一部地域を除き、民衆には普及しなかった。
- Since the Meiji period, the anti-Buddhism campaign had been promoted by some radical Shintoists and some people who followed such ideology until the end of World War II, but it eventually failed to prevail among ordinary people except for some areas.
- 江戸後期に重税により町は衰退に向かい、明治期には近隣に持ち上がった鉄道駅建設計画に反対したことから都市化を免れることができた(畝傍駅として開業)。
- In the late Edo period, the town started to decline due to the oppressive tax, and as it opposed the construction of a railway station proposed in its neighborhood in the Meiji period, it could avoid being urbanized (the station was opened as Unebi Station.)
- それを封じるため、治承4年(1180年)12月、平重衡は東大寺・興福寺を焼き討ちにした(南都焼討)が、より一層、平氏への抵抗を強める結果となった。
- To suppress this movement, in December 1180, TAIRA no Shigehira burned down Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji Temples (Nanto Yakiuchi), resulting in strengthening of the resistance against the Taira clan.
- 別所氏を滅ぼした三木合戦においては腹心の竹中重治(半兵衛)が陣没し、その他多くの将兵を失い、また上月城の戦いでは尼子勝久ら尼子氏の残党軍を失った。
- Hideyoshi also lost his right-hand man, Shigeharu, or Hanbei, TAKENAKA at the Battle of Miki, which put the Bessho clan to an end, while he lost the remnant troops of the Amago clan including Katsuhisa AMAGO at the Battle of Kozuki-jo Castle.
- 寺社の内部では政治権力による警察権は認められず(検断不入、不入の権 (日本)または守護不入を参照)、たとえ謀反人の捜査といえども例外ではなかった。
- In the internal area of temples and shrines, the police authority of political power was not admitted (refer to the articles on Kendan Funyu [refusal of criminal investigation of the Political power], Funyu no Ken [the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property] or Shugo Funyu [another name of shugoshi funyu, privilege of excluding agents of the shugo]) even in the case of the investigation of a rebel.
- 古代後期から、殉教者の遺骨によって奇跡がおき、参拝した巡礼者に病気が治癒したりや歩けなかった足が動くようになったなどの事例が報告されるようになった。
- From the late ancient times, miracles involving the remains of martyrs were reported where a pilgrim who came to offer prayers was cured of his disease or a cripple was able to walk.
- このように、明治以降の歴史認識・歴史叙述には、2つの潮流 - 歴史に普遍性を見出す方向と日本の歴史の独自性を強調する方向 - を見出しうるのである。
- Thus, two flows of thoughts, the direction of trying to find universality in history and the direction of emphasizing uniqueness of Japanese history, can be found in the recognition of history and descriptions of history during the Meiji period and later.
- このうち、源光基は美福門院の家人・源光保の甥であり、京都の治安を預かる検非違使別当は藤原惟方であることから、クーデターには二条親政派の同意もあった。
- Among these conspirators, MINAMOTO no Mitsumoto was the nephew of MINAMOTO no Mitsuyasu, who was a retainer of Bifukumonin, and this, coupled with the fact that the Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police), whose duty was to preserve the peace in Kyoto, was FUJIWARA no Korekata, also a Nijo faction member, indicates that the Nijo faction had at least tacitly agreed to and supported the coup.
- 京都では京都御所を後に残して、明治4年(1871年)までに刑部省・大蔵省・兵部省などの京都留守・出張所が次々に廃され、日本の行政機関が消えていった。
- The old imperial palace was left in Kyoto, and the branch offices and Kyoto Rusu, such as the Gyobu Ministry (military government administration), Ministry of Finance, and Hyobusho were all abandoned by 1871, and the administrative organizations of Japan vanished.H78
- 事態を憂慮した二条良基は勧修寺経顕や尊氏と相計って、光厳・光明の実母西園寺寧子に治天の君となることを要請し、困難な折衝の上ようやく受諾を取り付けた。
- Yoshimoto NIJO was worried about the situation and in agreement with Tsuneaki KASHUJI and Takauji, he requested the biological mother of Kogon and Komyo, Neishi SAIONJI become Chiten no kimi and after various obstacles were overcome, he gained acceptance.
- ところが、律令政治の変質とともに貴族・官人社会において求められるのは、実務文章の作成能力よりも漢詩などの文学文章の作成能力に移るようになっていった。
- Meanwhile, with a change in quality of the ritsuryo political system, what was required in the society of nobles and government officials changed from the ability of business writing to that of literary writing, such as composing Chinese poetry.
- 以後、澤宣嘉は外務卿、三条実美は太政大臣や内大臣、三条西季知は参与や神宮祭主、東久世道禧は枢密院副議長や貴族院副議長になるなど明治政府の要職に就いた。
- Later, Nobuyoshi SAWA became the foreign affairs minister, Sanetomi SANJO became the grand minister and the inner minister, Suetomo SANJONISHI became the councilor and the lord custodian of the shrine, Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE became the vice president of the privy council and the vice president of the house of lords, appointed to important positions in the Meiji government.
- 明治になると司法卿の江藤新平らによる司法制度の整備が行われ、1873年(明治6)2月7日、明治政府は第37号布告で『敵討禁止令』を発布し、禁止された。
- By the arrival of the Meiji period, a judicial system was developed by Shihokyo (administrator of Ministry of Justice) such as Shinpei ETO, and on February 7, 1873, Katakiuchi was banned by the Meiji Government through the issuance of 'Katakiuchi kinshirei (ban on revenge)' in Decree No. 37.
- そのため大化の改新・建武の新政・明治維新が最も重要な改革に位置づけられ、こうした国家主義的な歴史観はとりわけ歴史教育の現場へ積極的に導入されていった。
- Therefore, the Taika Reforms, Kenmu Restoration and Meiji Restoration were positioned as the most important reformations, and these nationalistic views of history had been actively introduced, in particular, into actual education of history.
- 7世紀には、飛鳥は古代日本の政治と文化の中心地となり、都市機能の整備が行われるなど、宮都の様相を呈していたので、「飛鳥京」とも呼ばれていた(『紀』)。
- In the seventh century, Asuka became a central place of politics and culture in ancient Japan, and it is called 'Asuka no miyako' as it took on the character of a capital with city functions developed ('Ki' [also known as 'Nihonshoki,' or Chronicles of Japan]).
- 大台ヶ原山に向かう登山道の途中に、江戸時代の湯治.E6.B9.AF.E6.B2.BB.E5.A0.B4であった五色湯跡があり、現在も温泉が湧いている。
- On the way of the climbing trail up to Mt. Odaigahara, there is a site of Goshikiyu hot spring, which was a hot spring cure site in the Edo period, and hot spring still comes out even today.
- 頼朝の挙兵と同時期の治承4年(1180年)9月、信濃国の源義仲(木曾義仲)が挙兵し1181年6月横田河原の戦いで勝利を収め、信濃から越後国を席巻した。
- At the same time as Yoritomo raised his forces, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO) of Shinano Province raised forces in September 1180, and won the Battle of Yokotagawara in June 1181 and controlled the area from Shinano to Echigo Province.
- そして、平知盛・平重衡率いる平氏の大軍によって、同年5月に宇治の平等院で源頼政一族は敗死することになるが、この挙兵が後6年間にわたる内乱の契機となる。
- Therefore, the large force of Taira clan troops led by TAIRA no Tomomori and TAIRA no Shigehira destroyed MINAMOTO no Yorimasa's family at Byodo-in Temple in Uji in May of that year, and this became the start of an internal rebellion that lasted for 6 years.
- これに対して、近年では後鳥羽上皇は武家政権との対立ではなく、当初は公武融和による政治を図っており、そのために実朝の位を進め優遇していたとの見方が強い。
- Regarding this state of affairs, the retired Emperor Gotoba had initially avoided confrontation with the military government and had instead aimed for harmony between court and shogunate; for that reason, he had if anything seemed strongly supportive of Sanetomo's rise to the rank of Shogun.
- 平安時代を通じて鎮護国家を担う山門(比叡山延暦寺)勢力は教義の教えや体系的な学問にはげむ一方、加持祈祷や僧兵の武力を通じて、政治権力を持つようになった。
- And while on the one hand Enryaku-ji Temple (the main temple of Mt. Hiei, also called 'Sanmon'), which had shouldered the burden of spiritually protecting the state throughout the Heian period, zealously poured considerable effort into teaching its doctrine and promoting systematic study of its precepts, it also acquired political might through its prayers and incantations coupled with the military strength of its sohei (warrior monks).
- 平氏政権の成立時期については、仁安 (日本)2年(1167年)5月宣旨を画期とする見解と、治承三年の政変(1179年)の時点とする見解とが出されている。
- There are two hypotheses on the date of the establishment of the Taira clan administration, one considering the May 1167 Imperial Order as the start and the other considering the Jisho sannen no seihen (coup d'etat by TAIRA no Kiyomori in November 1179) as the start.
- その末川は「この事件は滝川個人に加えられた弾圧ではなく、日本の学問の自由と大学自治に加えられた弾圧だったから京大事件と呼ぶべきだ」と繰り返し語っていた。
- Suekawa repeatedly said that 'This incident was not oppression of Takigawa as an individual but should be called the Kyodai Incident because this was oppression of academic freedom and university freedom in Japan.'
- 江戸前期、武断政治から文治政治への移行を背景に、1641年(寛永18年)岡山藩主池田光政が設立した花畠教場(はなばたけきょうじょう)が最初の藩校である。
- In the early stage of the Edo period, government by the military was changed into civilian government, Hanabata Kyojo Classroom, which was established by Mitsumasa IKEDA, the lord of the Okayama domain; in 1641 at the background of that change was the first hanko.
- 明治から昭和の初めまでは、明治初期からの代々の家族が全て同じ戸籍に記され、4代くらいに渡って兄弟姉妹、配偶者、其々の子供、子孫ら家族全てが記されていた。
- From the Meiji period to the early Showa period, families through successive generations were recorded in the same family register, including all the brothers, sisters, spouses, their children and grandchildren of those families over about four generations.
- そういった国歌の有り様は、1876年(明治9年)に、海軍楽長・中村裕庸が海軍軍務局長宛に出した「君が代」楽譜を改訂する上申書の以下の部分でもうかがえる。
- We can have a glimpse of the plight of the national anthem in the following part of the written report for revising the musical score of 'Kimigayo' submitted to the Chief of the Bureau of Naval Affair in 1876 by Suketsune NAKAMURA, who was the Kapellmeister of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
- 蕨尾から七色(なないろ)にかけては明治初年に七色横手(なないろよこて)という道が開かれたが、断崖沿いの危難な道であるため、ほとんど使われなかったという。
- A road named 'Nanairo Yokote' road was built from Warabio to Nanairo in the first year of the Meiji era, however it was seldom used because it was a dangerous path along a cliff.
- 中辺路・大辺路を中心に2002年頃から数度にわたり、地元自治体の公共事業(古道の整備を目的とする)、古道とその周辺での植生の刈り払いが何度か行われたが、
- Public projects (aiming to maintain Kodo) by local government bodies and cutting of vegetation in Kodo and the surrounding area have been conducted several times since around 2002 mainly in Nakahechi and Ohechi (Kumano-kodo Road).
- この乱は、3年後の平治の乱の遠因ともなり、さらには日本最初の武士政権である平氏政権の成立、また関東武士団を基盤とする鎌倉幕府の成立をもたらすこととなる。
- The disturbance, one of the underlying causes of the Heiji Disturbance (Heiji-no-ran) that occurred three years later, led to the establishment of Japan's first samurai-dominated government--that of the Taira clan--and the Kamakura shogunate based on the kanto warrior bands.
- 二条親政派は藤原経宗(二条天皇の伯父)・藤原惟方(二条天皇の乳兄弟、記録所の弁官の一人)が中心となり、美福門院の支援を背景に後白河の政治活動を抑圧する。
- The principal figures of the Nijo faction were FUJIWARA no Tsunemune (Emperor Nijo's uncle) and FUJIWARA no Korekata (Nijo's foster brother, meaning they were both essentially raised by the same wet nurse), one of the controllers at the Records Office, and with the continued financial backing and aid of Bifukumonin, they worked to limit Goshirakawa's political activities.
- 幕府は、後嵯峨の正妻であり後深草と亀山の生母でもある大宮院に故人の真意がどちらにあったかを照会し、大宮院が亀山の名を挙げたことから亀山を治天に指名した。
- The bakufu asked Omiyain, who was the first wife and biological mother of Gofukakusa and Kameyama, which of the sons was the deceased choice and Omiyain gave Kameyama's name, who was subsequently named as Chiten.
- 多くの有力寺社は京都など政治の中枢から遠くない場所にありながら、政治的中立、軍事的不可侵に守られて商工業や金融の拠点として強い経済力を持つようになった。
- Many influential temples and shrines came to have a strong economic power as the base of merchants, traders and finance, because they were guarded by political neutrality and nonaggression although they were located in not so far places from the center of politics such as Kyoto.
- 宇治において双方が対峙中にたまたま現れた鹿(鹿は春日大社明神の使として信仰されていた)を兵士が射ようとしたことから合戦となり、大衆側に多数の戦死者が出た。
- When both of the sides faced each other in Uji, a deer, which was believed to be a messenger from the deity of the Kasuga-taisha Shrine, appeared in front of them; one solder tried to shoot it and this incident caused the battle to begin, resulting in a large number of casualties among the side of the monks.
- 義仲は義仲四天王の今井兼平に500余騎を与えて瀬田 (滋賀県)を、根井行親、楯親忠には300余騎で宇治市を守らせ、義仲自身は100余騎で院御所を守護した。
- Yoshinaka gave Kanehira IMAI, one of the big four of Yoshinaka, about 500 samurai to guard Seta (Shiga Prefecture), about 300 samurai to Yukichika NENOI and Chikatada TATE to guard Uji City, and Yoshinaka himself guarded the imperial palace with about 100 samurai.
- 本拠地とされた摂津国大阪や伊勢国長島町 (三重県)、三河国矢作川流域などは湿地帯であったことから、高度な治水技術があったのではないかとの見方もされている。
- Because their main strongholds, including Osaka in Settsu Province, Nagashima-cho in Ise Province (Mie Prefecture today), and the Yahagi-gawa River basin in Mikawa Province were all in the low-lying wetlands, some have suggested the Ikko ikki may have developed advanced flood control techniques (without which it would have been difficult to create prosperous communities in such flood-prone areas).
- そうすると細川高国が対抗して鸞岡端佐(らんこうずいさ)を正使、宋素卿(朱縞)を副使として、既に無効となった弘治勘合符を持たせて南海経由で遣明船を派遣した。
- In opposition to this, Takakuni HOSOKAWA dispatched a kenminsen with an expired Emperor Hongzhi kangofu via the South China Sea on which Zuisa RANKO served as seishi and Sokei (Shuko) SO as fukushi (vice-envoy).
- これに並行して鎮守府諸施設の工事が始まり、1901年(明治34年)10月1日に舞鶴鎮守府が開庁、初代司令長官は当時海軍中将であった東郷平八郎が任命された。
- At the same time construction of the facilities for Chinjufu began, and on October 1, 1901, Maizuru Chinjufu started operations under first Admiral Heihachiro TOGO who had been a vice admiral till then.
- やがて、両者の対立は全国の大名の兵力(享徳の乱の最中の関東を除く)を政治の中心地である京都に結集して遂に大規模な軍事衝突を引き起こしたこれが応仁の乱である。
- Eventually, the conflict between each side led to all the daimyo in the country (except for daimyo from the Kanto during the Kyotoku Rebellion) concentrating their military forces in Kyoto, the governmental capital, until at last, with these large-scale armies in such proximity, armed conflict was inevitable, and the Onin War began.
- 宇多天皇は、891年(寛平3年)の関白藤原基経の死後摂関を置かず、源能有を事実上の首班として藤原時平と菅原道真、平季長等の近臣を重用し各種政治改革を行った。
- Emperor Uda did not appoint Sekkan (regents and advisers) after the death of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Mototsune in 891, and carried out various political reforms using MINAMOTO no Yoshiari as a virtual leader, promoting trusted vassals such as FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane, and TAIRA no Suenaga.
- 武家政権の誕生以前の日本は、天皇親政、摂関政治、院政など、主に皇族や公家から構成される朝廷機構の中枢から、官人身分の国司を全国に派遣して統治が行われていた。
- In the pre-military government era in Japan, the Imperial Court mechanism, which included the Emperor's direct rule, the government of regents and advisers, and the cloister government and were formed mainly with Imperial families and Court nobles, supported the nucleus of the administration, and thus provincial governors who had authorities of government official were sent all over Japan to rule the nation.
- 明治2年(1869年)、明治維新に伴う官制改革によって廃止されたが、律令制に基づく機関の中では、最後まで設置当初の職掌を名実ともに保った稀有の存在であった。
- In 1869, the Tenyakuryo was abolished during the reform of government institutions that followed the Meiji Restoration, but among all the institutions based on the ritsuryo system, the Tenyakuryo had the rare distinction of having managed to maintain, both in word and in deed, its official functions from when it was founded right up until the moment it was dissolved.
- 支配体制のいまだ確立していない江戸時代初期には特に顕著で、幕府の成立から三代征夷大将軍徳川家光の治下にかけて、嗣子がないために取り潰される大名家が続出した。
- During the early Edo period when the control system had not been established yet, especially the period between the foundation of the bakufu and the regime of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, many daimyo families became extinct due to the lack of an heir.
- 政治においては、スキャンダル等によって退陣を余儀なくされた内閣総理大臣が、なお与党内において最も強力な影響力を保持している場合に「院政」の比喩が用いられる。
- In politics, a case where a prime minister has had no choice but to resign due to a scandal, etc., but retains the strongest influence within the ruling party, is referred to as 'insei.'
- このため、足利義教の代に永享の乱を起こした第4代鎌倉公方・足利持氏を攻め滅ぼして一時直接統治を図るが失敗に終わり、持氏の子・足利成氏を新しい鎌倉公方とした。
- Consequently, in the era of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA the fourth Kamakura-kubo, Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, who raised the Eikyo Rebellion, was conquered and temporarily direct rule by the shogun was exercised but eventually failed; subsequently, Mochiuji's son Shigeuji ASHIKAGA was made the new Kamakura-kubo.
- 地方においても、形骸化していた律令制の官の復権である国司と、鎌倉幕府以来の武家による統治機構である守護・地頭の並立は、当初から新政の矛盾を示すものであった。
- In rural areas, as well, having the position of the provincial governor, working to revitalize the officers of the Ritsuryo system who had become mere empty figureheads, coexisting with the Protectors and jito (estate stewards), who had been part of the system of government by the samurai clans since the founding of the Kamakura bakufu, revealed the contradictions of the new government right from the beginning.
- 天皇は明治元年(1868年)8月27日、政情の激しい移り変わりにより遅れていた即位の礼を執り行ない、同年9月20日に京都を出発して、東京に行幸した(東幸)。
- The emperor performed the enthronement ceremony on August 27, 1868, which was delayed because of strong political unrest, and left Kyoto for Tokyo on September 20.
- 前後して前関白藤原忠通(1164年死去)、太政大臣藤原伊通(1165年死去)、摂政藤原基実(1166年死去)など、政治の中心人物たちが相次いでこの世を去った。
- Around that time, several of the major political players died, such as former Imperial Regent FUJIWARA no Tadamichi (1164), Grand Minister of State FUJIWARA no Koremichi (1165) and Regent FUJIWARA no Motozane (1166).
- 因みに、文部省(現在の文部科学省)が編集した『小学唱歌集 初編』(明治21年(1881年)発行)に掲載されている歌詞は、現在のものよりも長く、2番も存在する。
- By the way, words in 'Shogaku Shokashu Shohen (Collection of songs for elementary school, First Version)' (issued in 1881) edited by the Ministry of Education (current Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) is longer than the current one and it has the second verse.
- 後三条は、宇多天皇以来藤原北家(後三条天皇)を外戚に持たない170年ぶりの天皇であり、外戚の地位を権力の源泉としていた摂関政治がここに揺らぎ始めることとなる。
- Gosanjo was the first Emperor in 170 years whose cognates were not from the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan (Sekkan-ke (摂関家)), and this was another sign that Sekkan seiji, the authority of which was based on the position as being conducted by cognates of the Emperor, was beginning to waver.
- 保元元年(1156年)7月6日 (旧暦)、宇治市の警護にあたっていた平基盛(清盛の次男)が、上皇方に参陣しようとしていた大和源氏の源親治(宇野親治)を捕える。
- On July 31, 1156, TAIRA no Motomori, the second son of Kiyomori, on the task of guarding Uji City, apprehended MINAMOTO no Chikaharu (Chikaharu UNO) of the Yamato-Genji, who was to join the retired emperor's side.
- これらの町組は、その後たび重なる変遷を経て、明治25年には計32の「学区」に組織された(明治以降の行政区画の変遷については別項「京都市下京区の町名」を参照)。
- After going through many changes, these towns were organized into a total of 32 'school districts' in 1892. (Refer to the section 'Town names of Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City' for the history of administrative division after the Meiji period.)
- しかし、村上天皇の逝去により、藤原実頼が関白に就任し、以後、明治維新まで摂政・関白が常置(後醍醐天皇による建武の新政の時期などの例外を除く)されることとなる。
- However, FUJIWARA no Saneyori became chancellor due to the death of Emperor Murakami, and after that the posts of regent and chancellor were maintained continuously until the Meiji Restoration (except some periods such as the Kenmu Restoration by Emperor Godaigo, etc.).
- また、国政の安定を背景に、権力の分散化も顕著となっていき、例えば、地方官の辞令を受けた者から現地の有力者へその地方の統治権が委任されるといった動きも見られた。
- Also, backed by the country's stable administration, the decentralization of power became obvious, and there were examples such as someone who had received an official announcement of appointment as a local authority transferring that power so they could exercise sovereignty in the region to an influential local person.
- すなわち、天皇に権力が集中するよう規定されていたのであるが、摂政・関白という天皇の代理者・補佐者の登場は、摂関家が天皇の統治権を請け負い始めたことを意味する。
- In other words, in the ritsuryo system it was stipulated that power be concentrated in the hands of the emperor, but with the appearance of the regent and chancellor, the emperor's deputy and adviser, the regent's house began to take over the emperor's right to exercise sovereignty.
- 足利尊氏に鎮守府将軍・左兵衛督の官位を与え、後醍醐天皇の諱「尊治」の一字を賜り、「高氏」→「尊氏」と名を改めさせる(高氏の「高」は北条高時からの偏諱である)。
- Takauji was given the official ranks and titles of Chinjufu shogun and Commander of the Left Inner Palace Guards, and honored by being allowed to use the 'Taka (尊)' character from Emperor Godaigo's own personal name (Takaharu (尊治)), letting him change the meaning of his name Takauji, from 'high lineage/clan' to 'exalted lineage/clan' (the original 'taka' (high (高)) from Takauji's name had been bestowed on him by Takatoki HOJO).
- 明治3年(1870年)3月14日、東北の平定が未だに行き届かないこと、諸国の凶作、国費の欠乏など諸々の理由で京都への還幸を延期することが京都市民に発表された。
- On March 14, 1870, it was announced to the citizens of Kyoto that the emperor's return to Kyoto would be delayed citing the suppression of Tohoku which had not been taken over yet, bad harvest, and the lack of national funds.
- 源義親の子である塩谷頼純が大治 (日本)5年(1130年)頃、下野国塩谷郡に下り塩谷荘司として塩谷姓を創始したのがはじまりで、塩谷荘三十三郷三万八千町を支配。
- In or around 1130, Yorizumi SHIONOYA, a son of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, went down Shioya County, Shimotsuke Province, adopted the name SHIONOYA and governed SHIONOYA manor, with its thirty-three go thirty-eight thousand cho.
- その後、錦小路頼徳は元治元年(1864年)に病没、澤宣嘉は生野の変で挙兵したのち脱出して長州に潜伏、残る五卿は長州征討第一次の後に筑前国太宰府天満宮に移された。
- Later, Yorinori NISHIKINOKOJI died from a disease in 1864, Nobuyoshi SAWA raised an army during the Ikuno Incident and then escaped to hide in Choshu, and the remaining five nobles were transferred to Dazaifu Tenmangu in Chikuzen Province after the first conquest of Choshu clan.
- 高倉天皇は成人して政治への関与を深めていたが、後白河も院政継続を望んでいたため、高倉を擁する平氏と後白河を擁する院近臣の間には人事を巡って鋭い対立が生じていた。
- Emperor Takakura had come of age and was interested in participating in politics, but Goshirakawa wished for a continued cloistered government, which led to strong conflicts over promotions between the Taira clan who supported Takakura, and the close aides that supported Goshirakawa.
- 足利政権では古代の継体天皇の先例を持ち出し、光厳生母の広義門院を治天とし、8月に三種の神器のないまま光厳皇子の弥仁親王の践祚を行い、後光厳天皇として即位させる。
- The Ashikaga government brought out the previous example of Emperor Keitai and made Kogon's biological mother, Kogimonin the Chiten and made Kogon's prince, Imperial Prince Iyahito ascend the throne as Emperor Gokogon without the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family in September and October.
- また、遣唐使の廃止による中国文化への関心低下と律令制の弛緩、藤原氏摂関政治の確立による中下流貴族の没落などによって、大学寮の地位も徐々に低下していくようになる。
- Also, the status of Daigaku-ryo gradually declined due to reasons such as a decrease in interest in Chinese culture because of the abolishment of Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China, the relaxation of the Ritsuryo system, and the downfall of low and middle ranking peers owing to the establishment of Fujiwara's Sekkan (regents and advisers) government.
- 倭寇の中心的活動の一つで拠点であった前期倭寇当時の朝鮮半島は李氏朝鮮が成立直後であった事もあり、自立的な治安維持能力が不足し倭寇活動を抑制する事が困難であった。
- During the days of the early Wako, the Korean peninsula was not only one of the Wako's principal targets, but also their base of operations, and because the Joseon dynasty had only just been established in Korea, the new government lacked the independent ability to preserve peace, making it extremely difficult for them to suppress Wako pirate activity.
- 1900年(明治33年)5月発表の『鉄道唱歌』第1集東海道編(大和田建樹作詞、全64番)では、東海道本線を外れてわざわざ横須賀線に入り、鎌倉に4番を割いている。
- Song of 'Tetsudo Shoka' (Songs of Railways), released in May 1900 as the first collection of the songs (lyrics by Tateki OWADA and 64 verses in total), diverges the Tokaido Main Line and enters all the way the Yokosuka Line to include Kamakura in its four verses.
- なお、明治天皇は北朝の五帝の祭祀については従前どおり行うよう指示したとされる)、南北朝時代は南朝が吉野にあったことにちなんで「吉野朝時代」と呼ばれる事となった。
- The Emperor Meiji is said to have ordered to have the ceremonies for the five emperors of the Northern Court to be continued as before) and the Nanbokucho was to be called 'Yoshino-cho period' because the Southern Court was located in Yoshino (Nara Prefecture).
- さらに多くの軍事貴族が戦乱で淘汰されたため、京都の治安維持・地方反乱の鎮圧・荘園の管理の役割も平氏の独占するところとなり、国家的な軍事・警察権も事実上掌握した。
- Moreover, the ranks of the nobility involved in military affairs had been greatly thinned by the recent wars and rebellions, which allowed the Taira clan to achieve a monopoly over the vital roles of preserving the peace in Kyoto, suppressing revolts in the provinces, and protecting and managing the shoen (private estates), and they also held de facto power as the sole police authorities throughout the country.
- この荘園整理令はその混乱を収拾して、全国の荘園・国衙領を天皇の統治下に置くことを意図したものであり、荘園公領制の成立への大きな契機となった新制と評価されている。
- This Shoen seirirei (order to reform the shoen system) sought to end the chaos that had begun during Emperor Toba's time; it was intended to bring all the shoen and kokugaryo (public territories) under the Emperor's direct rule, and the new system it introduced is considered to have generated significant momentum towards the establishment of the Shoen koryosei (shoen and duchy system).
- 元治元年に入ると、孝明天皇を再び長州陣営のものとする為、京都に乗り込もうとする積極策が長州で論じられた(この時の積極的に上洛を説いたのが、来島又兵衛、久坂玄瑞。
- Arriving in 1864, those in Choshu debated whether to adopt a proactive plan to march on Kyoto in a second attempt to win Emperor Komei over to the Choshu camp (at this point, the two arguing for the active advance on Kyoto were Matabe KIJIMA and Genzui KUSAKA.)
- 箱館戦争が終結すると、首謀者の榎本武揚・大鳥圭介・松平太郎らは東京辰の口に投獄されたが、黒田清隆らによる助命運動により、明治5年(1872年)1月に赦免された。
- When the Hakodate War was over, the mastermind of the war, Takeaki ENOMOTO, Keisuke OTORI, and Taro MATSUDAIRA were imprisoned in Tatsunokuchi, Tokyo, but they were pardoned in January, 1872, because of a movement to save their lives led by Kiyotaka KURODA.
- 後宇多は再び花園の譲位を要求し、後伏見はこれを拒むことができず、翌文保2年(1318年)には尊治(31歳、後醍醐天皇)が践祚し、邦良(19歳)が皇太子となった。
- Gouda demanded Hanazono's abdication again, and Gofushimi could not go against this, so in 1318, the Takaharu (aged 31, Emperor Godaigo) ascended the throne and Kuniyoshi (aged 19) became the Crown Prince.
- しかし鳥取藩の伊王野治郎左衛門(後の久美浜県知事)の仲介もあって、岩倉具視から鳥取藩に付属し「山国隊」と称するようにとの指示を受けることができ、山国隊が誕生した。
- But Jirozaemon IONO of Tottori Domain (who later became prefectural governor of Kumihama Prefecture) intervened in their support as well, and Tonomi IWAKURA officially linked them to Tottori Domain and gave them instructions to begin calling themselves the 'Yamagunitai' (Yamaguni army); with this, the Yamagunitai was born.
- 陰謀が事実であったかは定かでないが、これにより清盛は延暦寺との望まぬ軍事衝突を回避することができ、後白河は多くの近臣を失い、政治発言権を著しく低下させてしまった。
- It is not clear whether there was an actual conspiracy, but Kiyomori was able to prevent a military confrontation with the Enryaku-ji Temple that he did not want and Goshirakawa lost many close aides and political power.
- 佐佐木信綱が記した『竹柏漫筆』によると明治天皇が関西へ行幸する際、フランス軍から天皇行幸に際して演奏すべき日本の国歌を教えてほしいという申し出が日本海軍へあった。
- According to 'Chikuhaku Manpitsu' by Nobutsuna SASAKI, on the occasion of Emperor Meiji's visit to Kansai, the French Army requested the Imperial Japanese Navy to teach them Japan's National Anthem in order to play on the occasion of the Emperor's visit.
- それから20年後の治承4年(1180年)、以仁王が頼政の嫡子の「前伊豆守」源仲綱を通じて全国の源氏に発した令旨を奉じた頼朝は、流刑先の伊豆で平氏打倒の兵を挙げる。
- Twenty years later, in 1180, Yoritomo received Prince Mochihito's ryoji (orders issued by princes, empresses, etc) given to the Minamoto clan all over the country through MINAMOTO no Nakatsuna, the former Izu no kami (Governor of Izu Province) and a legitimate son of Yorimasa, and raised an army in Izu, a place of exile, to defeat the Taira clan.
- このことで、太上天皇の地位は後任の天皇から与えられることに根拠を持つものに変質し、在位の天皇の優位性が確立して、二頭政治・二重権力の弊害は解消されることになった。
- This led to a change in the position of retired emperor as a position to be given by the coming emperor, and established the superiority of the residing emperor, relieving the harmful effects of diarchy/dual power.
- 文治元年(1185年)2月、屋島の戦いに勝利した義経は、1箇月かけて軍備を整えつつ河野通信や船所正利など水軍勢力を味方に引き入れ、瀬戸内海の制海権を握っていった。
- Yoshitsune, fresh off his victory at the battle of Okushima in March, 1185, spent a month resupplying and readying his army, and won over warriors possessing significant naval forces like Tsunenobu KANO and Masatoshi FUNATO as allies, establishing his control over the Seto Inland Sea.
- 明治初期の刑法典である『改定律例』278条には「違勅罪」という罪名が置かれて違法とされたが、以後天皇の立憲君主化に伴って違勅そのものが罪に問われることは無くなった。
- In Article 278 of 'Kaiteiritsurei', a criminal code in the beginning Meiji Period, a charge named 'Ichokuzai' was established as an illegal act, but in line with the subsequent constitutional monarch of Emperors, accusing a person of Ichoku itself as a crime ceased.
- 一般的に平氏政権は12世紀中期から段階的に成立したのであり、仁安2年5月宣旨を大きな画期としつつ、治承三年の政変により平氏政権の成立が完了したものと考えられている。
- In general, the Taira clan administration was established in steps from the middle of the 12th century, and although the May 1167 Imperial Order was a major event, the coup d'etat in 1179 is considered to indicate the completion of the establishment of the Taira clan administration.
- しかし近年、道真主導による王朝国家体制への転換準備期であったが、時平により道真の政治の記録が抹殺されたため詳細が不明となっていたにすぎないとする意見が出されている。
- Recently, however, there is an opinion that it was a preliminary period to convert it into the system of the dynasty state lead by Michizane, and that details were not known because Tokihira destroyed the political records by Michizane.
- したがって、この「君」は特定の個人をさすものではなく、治世の君(古今和歌集の時代においては帝)の長寿を祝し、その御世によせる賛歌として収録されたものとも考えられる。
- Therefore, we can also understand that this 'kimi' does not mean any specific individual person, but this waka was included as an anthem to celebrate the longevity of the reigning lord (the emperor at the time of Kokin-Wakashu) and was dedicated to his reign.
- 君主位譲位者が後継者の後見として実質的な政務を行うという政治体制は、恒久的な制度としては世界史的にきわめて稀であり、他にはヴェトナムの陳朝にその例を見る程度である。
- The political system where a person who abdicates the throne conducts virtual political affairs is extremely rare as a permanent system in world history, and basically the only similar case is that of the Tran Dynasty of Vietnam.
- また、紀州の雑賀衆にすぎない土橋重治ですら、光秀に対して信長討伐の協力を申し出ていることから、毛利氏が本能寺の変を知っていたとしても不思議ではないとする考えもある。
- Also, some considers that, even Shigeharu TSUCHIHASHI, who was a mere dogo in Saiga, Kishu, offered Mitsuhide cooperation to overthrow Nobunaga, it is not strange that the Mori clan knew above Honnoji Incident.
- - 町村制施行に伴い,綴喜郡に八幡町,美豆村・青谷村・都々城村・有智郷村・田辺村・大住村・普賢寺村・三山木村・草内村・井手村・多賀村・宇治田原村・田原村が成立する。
- According to the enforcement of municipal organization, one town and thirteen villages, that is Yawata-cho, Mizu-mura, Aotani-mura, Tsuzuki-mura, Uchigo-mura, Tanabe-mura, Osumi-mura, Fugenji-mura, Miyamaki-mura, Kusauchi-mura, Ide-mura, Taga-mura, Ujitawara-mura,Tawara-mura were establishd in Tsuzuki county.
- その献上対象も令制国を治める守護大名をはじめとして、朝廷や幕府、守護に影響のある実力者、公家や守護代、奉行衆などの実際の行政・訴訟実務の担当官吏にまで広がっていった。
- The targets for the reisen also widely ranged from Shugo daimyo ruling the ryoseikoku (province), the Imperial Court, the bakufu, powerful figures having influence over Shugo (provincial constable), Court nobles, Shugodai (deputy of Shugo), even to government officials in charge of actual administrative and legal practices such as the bugyoshu (group of magistrates).
- 清盛は、後白河との関係を放棄する一方で高倉天皇との関係を強化し、高倉もまた後白河院政からの独立を志向し、翌治承2年(1178年)、両者は連携して新制17条を発布した。
- Kiyomori dropped his relationship with Goshirakawa, and strengthened his ties with Emperor Takakura, and Takakura was interested in becoming independent of the Goshirakawa cloistered government, leading to a joint issuance of the 17 New Rules in 1178.
- 西島安則総長時代の1989年(平成元年)春、京大当局(河合隼雄学生部長)と吉田寮自治会の間で合意が成立し、西寮の取り壊しなどと引き換えに事実上「在寮期限」は撤廃さた。
- In 1989 when Yasunori NISHIJIMA was the president, the authority of Kyoto University (dean of students Hayao KAWAI) and the council of Yoshida dormitory agreed to demolish the west building in exchange for the abolition of the 'time limit.'
- しかし、平安後期に太上天皇が治天の君(事実上の国王)として君臨し、政務を取り仕切る院政が開始すると、詔勅や太政官符に代わる、政治意思の表示方式を確立する必要が生じた。
- However, in the later Heian period, when the Insei political system started, where the retired emperor took power and administered all affairs of state as a de facto emperor, it was required to establish a way to express its own political will instead of Daijokanpu.
- 政府は神道国教化の下準備として神仏分離政策を行なったが、明治5年3月14日 (旧暦)(1872年4月21日)のJ省廃止・教部省設置で頓挫し、神仏共同布教体制となった。
- The government advanced the policy of the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism to prepare to establish Shinto as the state religion, but their intention met with a setback due to the abolition of the Jingisho (Ministry of Divinities) and the establishment of the Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) of April 21, 1872, and they paved the way to the cooperative system for the propagation of Shintoism and Buddhism.
- 日本海が海上交易の中心だった明治以前には、若狭湾で陸揚げされた物資が琵琶湖を通じて京都、さらには淀川経由で大阪方面へと運ばれており、内水系の重要港湾が数多く存在した。
- When Japan Sea was the center of commerce at sea before the Meiji period, goods landed from Wakasa Bay were carried to Kyoto via Lake Biwa, and then to Osaka via the Yodo-gawa River, which meant that there were a lot of important inland water ports in Shiga.
- 区の大部分は明治35年(1902年)、大正7年(1918年)、及び昭和6年(1931年)、旧葛野郡(かどのぐん)及び紀伊郡の村から当時の下京区に編入された区域である。
- Most of its areas were villages in the former Counties of Kadono and Kii, which were then transferred to the former Shimogyo Ward in 1902, 1918 and 1931.
- 治承4年(1180年)、皇位継承がほぼ絶望となった以仁王が、摂津源氏である源頼政の勧めに応じて、平氏追討・安徳天皇の廃位・新政権の樹立を計画した令旨を発して挙兵する。
- In 1180, following the recommendation of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa of the Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), Prince Mochihito, who had virtually no chance of becoming emperor now, raised forces and issued a call to plan an attack on the Taira clan, abolish Emperor Antoku, and establish a new government.
- 典仁親王は1884年(明治17年)に明治天皇の直接の祖先にあたる(明治天皇は典仁親王の玄孫)ということで、慶光天皇(慶光院とも)の諡号と太上天皇の称号が贈られている。
- The Imperial Prince Sukehito was given the honorary name of the Emperor Keiko (also called Keikoin) and the honorary title of Daijo Tenno in 1884, because he was a direct ancestor of the Meiji Emperor (the Meiji Emperor was the great-great-grandson of the Imperial Prince Sukehito).
- しかし、惣村の持っていた自治的性格は、祭祀面や水利面などを中心に近世村落へも幾分か継承され、村請制度や分郷下における村の統一維持に大きな役割を果たしたと考えられている。
- However, the soson's predisposition toward self-government was passed down to early-modern villages mainly in terms of religious service and water supplies, and it is considered that such a characteristic was instrumental in unifying and maintaining the village under the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) and Bungo (system of governing the Go).
- さらに江戸時代終わりには4件、1899年(明治32年)頃には8軒をかぞえて最盛期を迎えたが、通行人の減少につれて住人は減り、1950年(昭和25年)頃には無住となった。
- There were four houses at the end of the Edo period, and there were eight houses in 1899, however it was the golden age of Mizugamine; after that, the number of travelers decreased and the number of residents decreased as well, and in about 1950 there was no longer residents.
- このとき陽明門を警護していた源光保、光基は門の守りを放棄して寝返るが、光保は美福門院の家人で政治的には二条親政派であり、信西打倒のため義朝に協力していたに過ぎなかった。
- At this point, MINAMOTO no Mitsuyasu and Mitsumoto, who were charged with guarding the Yomeimon gate, abandoned their posts at the gate and switched sides, but after all, Mitsuyasu was a retainer to Bifukumonin and thus politically a member of the Nijo direct rule faction, and had merely temporarily collaborated with Yoshitomo to strike down Shinzei, and had not entered a permanent alliance with him.
- 戊辰戦争(ぼしんせんそう、慶応4年/明治元年 - 明治2年(1868年 - 1869年))は、王政復古 (日本)で成立した明治新政府が江戸幕府勢力を一掃した日本の内戦。
- The Boshin War from 1868 to 1869 was a civil war in Japan in which the new Meiji government, brought about by the restoration of the Japanese monarchy, eradicated the power of the Edo Shogunate.
- 以仁王と頼政の挙兵は短期間で失敗したが、その影響は大きく、以仁王の令旨を奉じた源頼朝や源義仲、甲斐源氏、近江源氏などが各地で蜂起し、治承・寿永の乱の幕を開けることになる。
- Prince Mochihito and Yorimasa's uprising was brief and ended in failure, but it had profound effects, with Mochihito's princely command used as justification and rallying cry for local insurrections launched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, the Kai Genji, and the Omi Genji among others, marking the true beginning of the Genpei War (the Jisho-Juei war between the Minamoto and the Taira).
- また、長年続いた礼銭の観念から賄賂に対する罪悪感は希薄な状態が続き、江戸幕府そして明治政府以後に至るまでこうした賄賂や買収を巡る問題が絶えない一因とも考えられるのである。
- It is also possible to suppose that the issues of bribery and corruption kept appearing from the Edo bakufu through and after the Meiji government because people had been accustomed to the concept of the reisen and not felt so guilty for a long time.
- こうした検断に関する事案を当時の用語で「検断沙汰」というが、検断沙汰には、殺人・傷害事件、窃盗・強盗事件、また謀叛など、治安を脅かす罪科に対する訴訟・裁判が含まれていた。
- Cases on these kendan were called Kendan-sata (criminal cases) in terms at that time and this Kendan-sata included suits and trials against crimes which threatened public order such as murder and injury cases, theft and robbery cases, and coup d'etat.
- 幕末の京都は、大政奉還や王政復古 (日本)により、政治の中心地となっていったが、京都の新政府内部から、新たに天皇親政を行なうにあたって遷都を行おうという声があがっていた。
- During the end of the Edo period Kyoto was the center of government due to the return of political power to the emperor and restoration of monarchy (Japanese), but there were calls from within the new emperor's government for capital relocation.
- ただし、実際には通称に過ぎないとされている「文章道」という呼称が、明治以後には混同されて、文章道が紀伝道を吸収して「文章道」「文章博士」となったと解されていた時期もある。
- Meanwhile, there was a time after the Meiji period when this fact was misunderstood, as monjodo integrated kidendo and became 'monjodo' and 'monjo hakase,' although the name 'monjodo' was just a popular name.
- 一方の武家においては、武士の棟梁として台頭した河内源氏の流れを汲む源頼朝が源氏嫡流を称して、鎌倉幕府を開き、門葉という一族や有力御家人を中心とする武家政治の基礎を形成した。
- Among the samurai class, however, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, a descendant of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) who rose as the leader of samurai, called himself chakuryu of the Minamoto clan, established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and established the basis of samurai government mainly led by the monyo (clans basically connected by blood) of his clan members and prominent gokenin (shogun's vassals).
- 室町幕府は、南北朝時代 (日本)の混乱や有力守護大名による反乱が収束した将軍足利義満・足利義持の代に、将軍(室町殿)を推戴する有力守護の連合体として宿老政治が確立していた。
- In the Muromachi bakufu, a system of Shukuro government (literally, 'government by experienced senior officers') as a coalition of influential shugos (military governors) upholding the Shogun (reverentially addressed to as Muromachi-dono) had been established by generations of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, by whose times the turmoil of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (period in which two - north and south) rivaling splits of the Imperial Family were fighting each other and revolts by influential shugo daimyos had been pacified.
- 伏見は引き続き政務を執ったが政権は安定せず、正安3年(1301年)、幕府は治天・天皇の交替を要求し、皇太子邦治(17歳、後二条天皇)が践祚して後宇多による院政が開始された。
- Fushimi continued to attend to government affairs, but the government did not stabilize and the bakufu ordered a change in Chiten and Emperor in 1301, with the Crown Prince Kuniharu (aged 17, Emperor Gonijo) ascending the throne and Gouda starting a cloistered government.
- そのため、義政がこれ以上の政治参加に倦んで義尚に突然将軍を譲って引退しても、また両軍の総大将である細川勝元・山名宗全が相次いで病死しても諸大名は兵を撤退させることは無かった。
- This only caused Yoshimasa to lose what little interest he had left in politics, prompting him suddenly to relinquish the position of Shogun to Yoshihisa and retire, but the conflict between the two armies continued, and even after the successive natural deaths by illness of each army's supreme commanders, Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and Sozen YAMANA, the various daimyo did not withdraw their forces.
- 9世紀中期~10世紀頃になると、従来の律令制(編戸制・班田制など)による統治に限界が見られるようになり、中央政府は租税収入を確保するため、社会の実情に即した国制改革を進めた。
- From the mid 9th century to the 10th century, the conventional administration based on the ritsuryo system (such as henko-sei, the organization of the citizens, and handen-sei, the ritsuryo land-allotment system) faced its organizational limit, and the central government promoted a nation-wide reform of the system to reflect the actual social situations in order to maintain the level of the tax revenue.
- 1869年(明治2年)の版籍奉還の後、藩に属する者の身分階級は華族(元大名・徳川将軍家などの知藩事)、士族(旗本、藩士、上級郷士)、卒族(足軽・同心などの軽輩)に編成された。
- After the return of lands and people to the emperor in 1869, the status of those belonging to the clan was classified into the peerage (Chihanji such as a former daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Tokugawa Shogun family), the warrior class (hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun), a feudal retainer of domain, and upper-ranking goshi (country samurai)), low-ranking samurai called sotsuzoku (keihai (a person of low rank) such as ashigaru (common foot soldier) and doshin (a police constable)).
- 明治2年(1869年)に設立された薩摩藩軍楽隊の隊員に対し、イギリス公使館護衛隊歩兵大隊の軍楽隊長ジョン・ウィリアム・フェントンが国歌あるいは儀礼音楽を設けるべきと進言した。
- John William Fenton who was the military bandmaster for the infantry battalion of the convoy attached to the British Legation advised to the military band of the Satsuma Domain established in 1869 to prepare a national anthem or ceremonial music.
- 清盛は山門との衝突を回避し、反平氏の動きを見せていた院近臣の排除に成功したが、清盛と後白河の関係は取り返しのつかないものとなり治承三年の政変(1179年)へとつながっていく。
- Kiyomori was able to prevent a confrontation with the Sanmon and eliminate close aides of the cloistered government who were against the Taira clan, but the relationship between Kiyomori and Goshirakawa was irreversibly damaged and this led to the 'Jisho sannen no seihen' (Coup of the Third Year of Jisho, 1179).
- このような情勢下の1月20日、範頼軍と義経軍は、それぞれ京都近郊の勢多と宇治で待ち受ける義仲軍と交戦して勝利し(宇治川の戦い)、義経軍はそのまま入洛して法皇の身柄を確保した。
- In this situation, on January 20, the troops of Noriyori and Yoshitsune battled against Yoshinaka's troops that were waiting at the suburbs of Kyoto, Seta and Uji, respectively (the Battle of Uji River), and Yoshitsune's troop entered Kyoto and captured the Cloistered Emperor.
- 後宇多の遺言はなお有効であり、いったん自らの退位を認めてしてしまえば、治天として政務を執る資格も子孫に皇位を伝える資格も失われかねないことを後醍醐はよく承知していたのである。
- Godaigo knew well that Gouda's will was still in effect and if he recognized that he had abdicated, he might lose eligibility to rule as Chiten or pass the throne on to his descendants.
- しかし、明治以降の日本とスペインは、スペイン内戦~第二次世界大戦にかけての一時期を除き、政治・外交上の懸案も少ない代わりに関係や関心も希薄という状況が続き、現在に至っている。
- Since then, there have been few political or diplomatic concerns between Japan and Spain and the two countries have had little interest in each other (except during the period of the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War) to date.
- 以仁王の挙兵(もちひとおうのきょへい)は治承4年(1180年)に以仁王(高倉宮・三条宮)と源頼政が打倒平氏のための挙兵を計画し、諸国の源氏や大寺社に蜂起を促す令旨を発した事件。
- Prince Mochihito's uprising was an incident that occurred in 1180 (Jisho 4), when Prince Mochihito (also Prince Takakura and Prince Sanjo), with MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, planned to raise an army and overthrow the Taira clan (who were then in power); Mochihito issued a command urging the Minamoto clan warriors in all provinces together with the forces of the great temples and shrines to rise up against the Taira clan.
- 日本民族(にほんみんぞく)という言葉は、一つには日本の国籍や日本列島にルーツを持つ全ての文化的集団(エスニック・グループ)を統合した政治的共同体(ネーション)を表す概念である。
- The term 'Japanese race' expresses a notion of a political community (nation) which embodies all cultural groups (ethnic groups) that possess a Japanese nationality and/or roots in the Japanese archipelago.
- 釜山倭館に来航した対馬藩家老は1867年、明治新政府の成立を興宣大院君政権に通告したが、朝鮮側は日本の新しい主権者が「皇上」と名乗っていることを理由に国書の受け取りを拒否した。
- In 1867, a Karo (chief retainer) of the Tsushima clan who visited Busan Wakan notified the Heungseon Daewongun administration that the new Meiji government had been established, but the Korean government rejected receipt of the Japanese sovereign's message, saying Japan's new sovereign identified himself as 'Emperor.'
- 遣隋使や遣唐使は、住吉大社で住吉大神に祈りを捧げた後、住吉津から出発し、難波津を経由して現在で言うところの瀬戸内海(瀬戸内海の概念が生まれたのは明治期である)を九州へ向かった。
- Before Japanese envoys to Sui and Tong Dynasties China left from Suminoenotsu, they gave a prayer to Sumiyoshi Okami at Sumiyoshi Taisha Shrine, and went toward Kyushu through currently called Seto Inland Sea (it was in the Meiji Period when the idea of Seto Inland Sea came out) via Naniwa no tsu (Naniwa Port).
- そして、1911年(明治44年)1月19日付の読売新聞社説に「もし両朝の対立をしも許さば、国家の既に分裂したること、灼然火を賭るよりも明かに、天下の失態之より大なる莫かるべし。
- In the editorial of Yomiuri Shinbun issued January 19, 1911, the following idea was proposed: 'If both dynasties are allowed to oppose each other, it is clear that the nation is divided and this is the fault of the government.
- 摂関政治が確立し始めた9世紀後期から10世紀初頭にかけては、国外へは鎖国主義を採り、国内でも蝦夷侵略がほぼ終結するなど、国内外に大きな脅威がなくなり、国政も安定期に入っていた。
- In the period from the late ninth century to the beginning of the tenth century, when the regency became established, there were no particular threats either at home or abroad because the country took an isolationist policy toward foreign countries, and domestically, the subjugation of the Emishi (Japanese northerners) was almost completed, and the administration had entered a period of stability.
- 新政の当初は院政を行わず、摂政・関白や征夷大将軍などを設置せずに政治権力の一元化を目指しており、表面的には復古王政を装いつつ、内実は先例主義を否定する革新的な政治路線であった。
- In the beginning, the new government did not have any separate government by retired emperors, nor did it make the usual appointments of regent, chief advisor, or Seii taishogun, instead aiming to centralize all political power; superficially, the government was dressed in the guise of a restoration to direct Imperial rule, but in fact it was a government set on a truly progressive course, one that rejected the old principle of putting precedent first.
- これは、数千年王化の行き届かない東日本を治めるため江戸を東京とし、ここを拠点にして人心を捉えることが重要であるとし、ゆくゆくは東京と京都の東西両京を鉄道で結ぶというものだった。
- This was to fix Eastern Japan, where 1000 years of virtue did not reach, by making Tokyo Edo, and it was important to gather popular minds, which would eventually connect both capitals of Tokyo and Kyoto by rail.
- なお、明治維新の官制改革で一旦は廃止されたものの、伊藤博文が進めた「宮中と政府の分離」方針に則って、1884年に宮内省に属する機関として復活し、1947年の同省廃止まで存続した。
- Although this position was abolished with the government system reforms that took place during the Meiji Restoration, in conforming with the plan by Hirofumi ITO to 'separate the court and government,' it was reinstated as an institution within the Imperial Household Ministry in 1884 and continued until the ministry was abolished in 1947.
- 清盛は朝廷の内紛に起因する保元の乱と平治の乱で、武功を挙げ政権を獲得したが、平氏政権は平家一門で朝廷の官位を占め、清盛自身は天皇の外戚となるなど、従来の摂関政治と大差は無かった。
- Kiyomori gained political power as a result of his military exploits in the Hogen Revolt and the Heiji Revolt, both of which arose as a result of internal conflicts in the Imperial Court; however, the Taira government was not very different from a traditional regency, as can be seen by the fact that the Taira clan occupied most of the official ranks of the Imperial Court, and Kiyomori himself became a maternal relative of the Emperor.
- この事件は学生自治会である同学会が、当時京大総長に在任(1953年 – 1957年)していた滝川に対し創立記念祭行事の開催を求めており、その実施方法をめぐる両者の協議が決裂した。
- This incident occurred when Takigawa was Dean of Kyoto University (1953-1957) and the Dogaku-kai (student union) asked for a ceremony to commemorate the establishment of the university but discussions about the ceremony details between the two parties did not reach a conclusion.
- 斎藤実や鳩山文相が当時語っていたように、政府当局が処分を強行した意図は、「大学自治の総本山」と見られていた京大を強力な国家権力のもとに屈服させるという点にあったと考えられている。
- As Minoru SAITO and Minister of Education Hatoyama talked at that time, the reason why the government used force was to place Kyoto University, which was thought to be the 'stronghold of university freedom,' under the power of the government.
- その動きは早くは中世から見られるが、一般には江戸時代中期後期以後の儒教や国学 (学問)や復古神道に伴うものを指し、狭義には明治新政府により出された神仏分離令(正式には神仏判然令。
- The earliest movement had already appeared in the Medieval Period, but the Shinbutsu-bunri usually refers to the separation carried out in accordance with the advancement of Confucianism, Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature), and the Fukko-shinto (Reactionary Shintoism) which occurred in and after the mid or late Edo period.In a more limited sense, it refers to the separation carried out throughout the country according to the ordinance issued by the new Meiji government, called Shinbutsu Bunri-rei (officially named Shinbutsu Hanzen-rei, which means the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism), which was a general term representing a series of official notices issued between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, such as the edict of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the notification of the Jingikan (Department of Worship), and the notification of the Daijokan.
- 古典的理解での摂関政治では、幼帝の外祖父とその血縁者のみが摂政、後に関白や公卿の権利を持っていたが、院政の成立後には藤原北家頼通流にのみ摂政・関白職が世襲されることが公認される。
- In the traditional sense of the regency, only an infant emperor's maternal grandfather and his relatives had the right to take the post of regent, and then the post of chancellor or court noble, but after the cloistered government was formed, it was officially recognized that the posts of regent and chancellor were to be passed down from generation to generation only within Yorimichi's line in the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
- いずれにしても、建治元年の幕府の介入によって、後深草と亀山の両人が等しく皇位を子孫に伝え自らは治天となる資格を有することが確定し、これが以後200年に及ぶ王家分裂の端緒となった。
- In any case, due to the intervention of the bakufu in 1275, it was determined that both Gofukakusa and Kameyama had equal right to have their descendants as Emperor and both had eligibility to become Chiten themselves, and this was the beginning of the division of the Imperial family which lasted for two hundred years.
- その後、政治を主導する藤原信西と後白河院政派(藤原信頼・藤原成親・源師仲)・二条親政派(藤原経宗・藤原惟方)の対立が激しくなり、3年後の平治元年(1159年)に平治の乱が起こった。
- Later, the conflict between FUJIWARA no Shinzei, who led the government and the Goshirakawa cloister government group (FUJIWARA no Nobuyori, FUJIWARA no Narichika, MINAMOTO no Moronaka), and Nijo Shinsei (direct Imperial rule) group (FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, FUJIWARA no Korekata) intensified, and the Heijo no ran (Heiji Rebellion) occurred three years later in 1159.
- この政変で道真・善(出雲国権守に左遷)を排斥、変の直後に連座を免れた源希も病死、同じく藤原忠平も政治の中枢から事実上追われることになり、醍醐天皇・藤原時平派の政治的勝利に終わった。
- In the coup, Michizane and Yoshi (who was demoted to vice-governor of Izumo Province) were purged from the government, and immediately after the coup MINAMOTO no Mare, who had managed to avoid any demotion or other penalty, died of illness, while in the same vein, FUJIWARA no Tadahira was--in truth if not in name--ousted from his vital role at the center of government, meaning the coup ended in a decisive political victory for Emperor Daigo and FUJIWARA no Tokihira's faction.
- また、京で源満仲と武士の勢力を競っていた藤原千晴もこの事件で流罪となり藤原秀郷の系統は中央政治から姿を消し、清和源氏が京での勢力を伸ばし、京武士として摂関家と強く結ぶようになった。
- FUJIWARA no Chiharu who was competing with MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka on the strength of their samurai, was also deported during this incident, removing the FUJIWARA no Hidesato lineage from the central government, while Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) gained power in Kyoto and built strong ties with the sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers).
- 治承5年(1181年)1月、高倉上皇が死去し、後白河院政が再開されたが、畿内に臨時の軍政を布くべしという高倉の遺志に基づいて、清盛は子の平宗盛を畿内周辺を直接管領する惣官に任じた。
- In January 1181, Retired Emperor Takakura died and the Goshirakawa cloistered government started again, and based on the wish of Takakura to establish a temporary military government in Kinai, Kiyomori named TAIRA no Munemasa as Sokan (a military position with power over the provinces of the Kinai) to directly control the Kinai area.
- その後も修史事業は試みられ「新国史」なるものが存在したと伝聞されるが、若干残った逸文から見ると完成奏上に至らなかったとする見解が主流であり、原因としては律令政治の衰退があげられる。
- There were other attempts to compile national histories following Rikkokushi and it is rumored that there was a 'Shinkokushi' (New National History), but the few remaining rare texts have led to the prevailing opinion that they were never completed and reported to the emperor, with the decline of government according to the Ritsuryo codes given as a reason for this.
- 『愚管抄』によれば、後白河が静賢の鹿ケ谷山荘に御幸した際、藤原成親・西光・俊寛が集まり平氏打倒の計画が話し合われ、行綱が呼ばれて旗揚げの白旗用として宇治布30反が与えられたという。
- According to the 'Gukansho,' when Goshirakawa made a visit to Joken's Shishigatani mountain retreat, FUJIWARA no Narichika, Saiko and Shunkan met together to talk about plans to destroy the Taira clan and Yukitsuna was called and given 30 rolls of Uji fabric to make white flags for the launch.
- 六月の嘉吉の乱で将軍足利義教が殺されると政治的混乱の中「代初めの徳政」を求めて(天下一同の徳政令)京都近江坂本の馬借を中心に農民が蜂起、地侍が指導し、数万人の一揆にふくれあがった。
- In the political turmoil after the assassination of Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA in the Kakitsu War, the farming population lead by bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) in Omi Sakamoto in Kyoto rose up in rebellion to demand 'daihajime-no-tokusei (acts of virtuous government requested at shogun replacement)' (Tenkaichido no Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order for all throughout the country)), which was directed by jizamurai (local samurai) and lead to an uprising by tens of thousands of people.
- この詔書では、天皇が日本をひとつの家族として東西を同視するとし、江戸が東国で第一の大都市・要所であるため天皇がここで政治をみることと、そのために江戸を東京と称することが発表された。
- In the edict the emperor announced that the name of Edo was changed to Tokyo so that he could watch both east and west together as families and because Edo was the largest city and the most strategic spot in the east and that he would conduct government business from there.
- 備中高松城の戦い(びっちゅうたかまつじょうのたたかい)は、天正10年(1582年)に織田信長の命を受けて家老の豊臣秀吉が毛利氏の高松城 (備中国)(城主:清水宗治)を攻略した戦い。
- The Battle of Bitchu Takamatsu-jo Castle was a battle in 1582 in which, on the order of Nobunaga ODA, his karo (retainer) Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI conquered Takamatsu-jo Castle, owned by Muneharu SHIMIZU, in Bitchu Province in the territory of the Mori clan.
- 平安貴族という明確な実態があったわけではないが、平安中期-後期にかけて貴族層による政治的・社会経済的・文化的支配が展開したため、同時期の貴族を表すための用語として使われることが多い。
- Although there was no clear and actual condition of the Heian nobles, since the political, socioeconomic, cultural domination by the nobility was achieved from the mid to late Heian Period, this term is often used to refer to the nobles in this period.
- 尼子晴久は自分の娘を為清に嫁がせ、三沢氏の懐柔を図った上で、更には横田荘の三沢氏領地や砂鉄産地・たたら製鉄場を取り上げ直轄化するなど、経久に比べて強硬的な姿勢で三沢氏と統治している。
- Haruhisa AMAGO controlled the Misawa clan with an attitude which was much tougher than Tsunehisa, by bringing the Yokota manor, the areas where iron sand could be obtained, and tatara iron making sites, under his direct control after marrying off his daughter to Tamekiyo MISAWA with the intention of winning the Misawa clan over to his side.
- 治承元年(1177年)の鹿ケ谷事件により後白河天皇と平清盛の関係は危機的状況となったが、この時は清盛も首謀者の藤原成親・西光の処刑と参加者の配流にとどめ、法皇自身の責任は問わなかった。
- The relation between Emperor Goshirakawa and TAIRA no Kiyomori came into crisis due to the Shikagatani Incident in 1177, but Kiyomori limited the scale of the incident to the execution of FUJIWARA no Narichika and Saiko, who were the heads conspirators, and the exile of participants, and did not put the blame on the emperor at this time.
- 戦前は、平安時代の貴族は天皇から政治実権を奪い、京で遊興にふけった退廃的な存在としてとらえられがちだったが、戦後になり橋本義彦らによって平安期の貴族の実態が次第に明らかとされていった。
- Before the war, the nobles in the Heian Period were regarded to have seized political power from the Emperor and to have pursued a life of pleasure in Kyoto, but after the war, Yoshihiko HASHI
- さらに義満は叙任権、祭祀権や元号の改元、治罰の綸旨の封印など権限を奪っていき治天の権限を代行して天皇・朝廷の権威は史上最も低下した(『室町の王権』、『天皇家はなぜ続いたのか』今谷明)。
- Because Yoshimitsu usurped the Emperor and Imperial Court's authorities, including patronage, the right to hold a festa, change in era name, and sealing of jibatsu no rinji (imperial order to punish enemies), his ability to carry out actions under Chiten authority resulted in the lowest authority by the Emperor and Imperial Court in history ('Muromachi no oken' (regal power of Muromachi) and 'Tenno-ke wa naze tsuduitanoka' (Why has Emperor's family lasted?) by Akira IMATANI).
- 徳川氏を外戚に持つ明正天皇の即位でこの体制は確立されるが、明正の治世中は後水尾天皇による院政が敷かれたため、明正が朝廷に於ける実権を持つことは無く、後水尾上皇に朝廷内の実権が集中した。
- The system was established when Emperor Meisho, whose cognates were the Tokugawa clan, succeeded to the throne, but as insei by Emperor Gomizunoo was conducted during the reign of Meisho, Meisho never had actual power in the Imperial Court; instead, the actual power of the court was concentrated in Emperor Gomizunoo.
- 律令法は、大化改新によって支配権を握った畿内および近国の貴族層が、従来のように豪族を媒介として全国を支配するのではなく、官僚機構によって人民の末端にいたるまで統治するための法であった。
- The goal of ritsuryo law was to enable the kizoku (noble) class in Kinai and nearby provinces, who gained power during the Taika Reformation, to govern the people at every level through bureaucracy, instead of ruling the nation through local ruling families like in the past.
- しかし、これは太上天皇が天皇の直系尊属ないしそれに準じた立場を有する場合にこそ円滑に機能するものであり、同母兄弟である平城と嵯峨の間ではむしろ政治の混乱と両者の対立抗争の原因となった。
- However, this only functions smoothly when the retired emperor is a direct ancestor or equivalent to the emperor, but it only led to political confusion and conflict between Heizei and Saga because they were half brothers.
- 後醍醐天皇は天皇親政によって朝廷の政治を復権しようとしたが、武士層を中心とする不満を招き、1336年(建武3年)に河内源氏の有力者であった足利尊氏が離反したことにより、政権は崩壊した。
- Emperor Godaigo attempted to rehabilitate the political power and influence of the Court through the return to direct Imperial rule, but his attempts left many in the samurai class in particular disgruntled, until in 1336 the most powerful member of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), Takauji ASHIKAGA, became estranged from Emperor Godaigo, leading to the collapse of the Imperial government.
- 武家政権である鎌倉幕府の成立後、京都の公家政権(治天の君)との二頭政治が続いていたが、この乱の結果、幕府が優勢となり、朝廷の権力は制限され、幕府が皇位継承などに影響力を持つようになる。
- Even after the Kamakura bakufu, when a samurai government was established, it continued to rule in step with the old aristocratic system of government in Kyoto (called the 'lord governing in heaven' system) as part of a two-part government, but as a result of the Jokyu Rebellion, the shogunate gained the upper hand, placing restrictions on the power of the Imperial Court, and achieving influence over matters of Imperial succession etc.
- 「一代主」の立場を甘受することもできず、自らが理想とする政策を充分に実現することもできなかった後醍醐は、唯一の突破口として武力により既存の政治秩序を根こそぎ破壊する道を選ぶことになる。
- Not being able to accept that he was in the position of a 'One-generation-head' and not being to sufficiently implement his idealized measures, he selected the path of destroying the existing political order by force as a way of breaking out.
- 受領は、大きな権限を背景として富豪層からの徴税によって巨富を蓄え、また恣意的な地方政治を展開したとされ、その現れが10世紀後期~11世紀中期に頻発した国司苛政上訴だったと考えられてきた。
- It is thought that Zuryo saved a large amount of money by collecting taxes from millionaires, due to their authority and developed arbitrary regional politics, leading to Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against Kokushi) which often happened from the end of the 10th century to the middle of the 11th century.
- また、天皇親政が行われた治世と評価されたが、摂関不設置は阿衡事件に懲りた宇多天皇が皇族を母とする藤原氏腹でない天皇であったことと、藤原氏藤氏長者時平がまだ若かったことが原因とされている。
- This era was highly regarded due to the direct rule by the emperor, and sekkan were not appointed because Emperor Uda was disgusted with the Ako Incident and was not born from a mother from the Fujiwara family having an imperial mother, and because Tokihira, the head of the Fujiwara family, was still young.
- この時代の薩摩琵琶の歌のひとつである『蓬莱山』に現在知られるものと同じ歌詞のものが見られ、よって現在の「君が代」は、明治期に薩摩人がここから採ったものとする説が有力である(次節も参照)。
- In 'Horaisan' which is a song for Satsuma biwa (Satsuma lute) in such period, there is a song that has the same words as the present Kimigayo and therefore the view that the words of the present 'Kimigayo' was taken from this song by a person from Satsuma during the Meiji Period is prevailing (refer to the following section).
- この期間の政治体制は、中央政権たる室町幕府が上位に立ち、地域権力たる守護大名が幕府の監督下にありつつも、両者が相互補完的に政治的経済的支配を展開する室町幕府-守護体制として理解されている。
- The Muromachi bakufu, as the central administrative authority, enjoyed a preeminent position above everyone else, but the political system during the period was characterized more by the shugo daimyo, somewhat analogous to feudal barons in their control over their respective provincial areas, and though they were nominally under the direction of the bakufu, in practice the bakufu and the system of daimyo can be understood to have ruled jointly, with each mutually complementing the other in exercising and developing political and economic control.
- 1180年代になると、平氏政権打倒を名目とした内戦(治承・寿永の乱)が起こり、最終的に、軍事貴族に出自し関東の在地領主層武士層を基盤とする源頼朝の武家政権(後の鎌倉幕府)が内戦に勝利した。
- During the 1180's a civil war (Jisho-Juei War) to overthrow the Taira administration broke out, and the samurai government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (later to become the Kamakura bakufu), consisting of local ryoshu (samurai lord) and samurais in Kanto who were originally military aristocrats, won.
- 池田屋・禁門の変の働きで朝廷・幕府・会津藩より感状と200両余りの褒賞金を下賜されると、元治元年9月に第二次の隊士募集を行い、更に近藤が江戸へ帰郷した際に伊東甲子太郎らの一派を入隊させる。
- After being awarded a letter of appreciation and a reward of over 200 ryo from the Imperial court/shogunate/Aizu Clan, they recruiting a second round of members, and when KONDO returned to Edo, he let Kinetaro ITO and his followers join Shinsen-gumi.
- 安土桃山時代(あづちももやまじだい、1568年 - 1603年)とは、織田信長と豊臣秀吉が天下人として日本の統治権を握っていた(織田政権・豊臣政権)時代を指す、日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
- The Azuchi Momoyama period (1568 - 1603) is one of the age classifications in Japan, referring to the period in which Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI held the right to rule Japan (Oda government, Toyotomi government).
- 結果、容堂は幕末の四賢侯の一人に挙げられていながらも、討幕運動が盛んになり続けても逆に幕府を擁護したため幕末及び明治初期の政局に混乱をきたす事となり、彼の評価は芳しい物ではなくなっていく。
- As a result, although Yodo's name is listed among the Bakumatsu-no-shikenko (幕末の四賢候), he continued to defend Bakufu even when the Tobaku movement became active; this brought about confusion in political conditions at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period, and his reputation declined.
- - 上鳥羽村・吉祥院村が京都市下京区(のち南区 (京都市))に編入、深草町・下鳥羽村・横大路村・納所村・堀内村・向島村・竹田村が、伏見市、宇治郡醍醐村とともに京都市に編入し、伏見区が発足。
- Kamitoba-mura and Kisshoin-mura were incorporated into Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City (later, Minami Ward [Kyoto City]), as well as Fukakusa-cho, Shimotoba-mura, Yokooji-mura, Nouso-mura, Horiuchi-mura, Mukaijima-mura, Takeda-mura, together with Fushimi City and Daigo-mura Uji county, were incorporated into Kyoto City, resulting in the inauguration of Fushimi Ward.
- 摂関政治(せっかんせいじ)とは、平安時代に藤原氏(藤原北家)の良房流一族が、代々摂政や関白あるいは内覧となって、天皇の代理者、又は天皇の補佐者として政治の実権を独占し続けた政治形態である。
- The regency is a form of government during the Heian period where actual power was long monopolized by a deputy or adviser to the emperor from Yoshifusa's line in the Fujiwara family (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan), who was installed as a regent, a chancellor or a nairan (private inspection) from generation to generation.
- 当初、守護の職権については鎌倉期と同じく大犯三ヶ条の検断に限定されていたが、国内統治を一層安定させるため、1346年(貞和2)幕府は刈田狼藉の検断権と使節遵行権を新たに守護の職権へ加えた。
- Initially, the power of the shugo was limited to the taibon-sankajo-no-kendan, just as it was in the Kamakura period, but in 1346 the Muromachi shogunate gave the shugo the authority to judge the case of the karita-rozeki and the authority of the shisetsu-jungyo to administer the country more stably.
- 最大の戦いは胆沢とその周辺の蝦夷との戦いで、780年に多賀城を一時陥落させた宝亀の乱の伊治呰麻呂、789年に巣伏の戦いで遠征軍を壊滅させた阿弖流為(アテルイ)らの名がその指導者として伝わる。
- The biggest battle took place in Isawa, between Japan and the Emishi who lived nearby; some of the names of leaders of the battle include KOREHARI no Azamaro, who is known from Hoki no Ran, in which he once took control of Taga-jo Castle in 780, and Aterui, who wiped out the expeditionary force in the Battle of Subushi in 789.
- 酒呑童子の一味による被害があまりにも大きく、源頼光が鬼退治に行くこととなり、配下の頼光四天王(渡辺綱・坂田金時・碓井貞光・卜部季武)や友人の藤原保昌ら、総勢五十数名とともに大江山に向かった。
- The damage inflicted by Shuten Doji and his gang was very severe, which prompted MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu to go on a mission to exterminate the oni; together with his main followers, the Four Great Warriors of Yorimitsu (WATANABE no Tsuna, SAKATA no Kintoki, Sadamitsu USUI, and URABE no Suetake) and other friends including FUJIWARA no Yasumasa, he set out for Mt. Oe leading a force of more than fifty warriors in total.
- すなわち、その年から翌年にかけて、藤原不比等(ふひと)をはじめとする編纂者たちは、 明法博士(みようぼうはかせ)または令官(りようかん)として、分担して律令条文を講説し、また解釈を治定した。
- From that year and on to the following year, FUJIWARA no Fuhito and other compilers took part in lecturing, explaining, and deciding the interpretation of the ritsuryo text as myoho-hakase (illuminators of the law) and ryokan.
- ところが、室町時代になると、自立した百姓らによる自治村落(惣村)の形成が進み、こうした惣村では、惣内部や時には対立する他の惣との紛争解決の検断沙汰についてすら自ら検断権を行使するようになった。
- However, during the Muromachi period, self-governing communities (sosons) by independent peasants were formed and these communities started to exercise the right themselves against Kendan-sata to settle conflicts within the communities and sometimes even between communities.
- その後、中国正史の知識が公文書作成や一種の政治学として重んじられたこともあり、歴史を学ぶために文章科(文章道)を希望する者の後が絶たず、本来の文章博士が専門とする文学の講義が滞るようになった。
- Later, as a knowledge of Chinese historiography was considered important for making official documents or as a kind of political study, those who wished to join the monjoka (monjodo) kept coming endlessly, becoming an obstacle for the lectures of literature, which was the original specialty of monjo hakase.
- それに替わって、俘囚を私兵として治安維持活動の実戦に参加したことのある受領経験者やその子弟で、中央の出世コースからはずれ、受領になりうる諸大夫層からも転落した者達が、地域紛争の鎮圧に登用された。
- Instead of this, people with zuryo experience or their children, who had participated in actual fighting or security duties using the barbarians as private armies and were off the career track of the central government and fell from the class of shodaibu who could become zuryo, were recruited to suppress regional conflicts.
- 明治維新以降の近代に入ってからは熊野詣の風習も殆どなくなってしまったため、参詣道としての利用はほとんど絶えたものの、周囲の住人が交易・物資移送を行う生活道路として昭和初期までは使用されつづけた。
- Since in modern times after the Meiji Restoration, the custom of the pilgrimage to Kumano became obsolete, Kohechi was no longer used as a pilgrimage route, however it continued to be used as a community road for trade and transportation of goods by local residents until the early Showa era.
- 何ぞ不可ならん」と啖呵を切ったと言われている(『続本朝通鑑』)が、当時、即位に当たって神器の存在は必ずしも要件とはされておらず、治天による伝国詔宣により即位が可能であるとする観念が存在していた。
- Nothing is the matter' ('Zoku Honchotsugan' (history book edited by the Edo bakufu) he is said to have openly said, but the existence of the Sacred Treasures was not mandatory for ascension and the Denkoku Shosen by the Chiten was thought to have been sufficient in those times.
- かつてのソ連や、中華人民共和国など、共産圏の多民族国家での、分離主義を抑制し、強い政治的統合を意図した用語である、ソヴィエト民族、中華民族といった呼称については、日本語でも民族の語で訳されている。
- Terms such as the 'Soviet race' or the 'Chinese race', which were employed by multiethnic states in the communist bloc such as the former Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China with an intention of suppressing the separatism in order to maintain the tight political integration, are translated into Japanese using the term 'minzoku' which means race.
- 武家の棟梁の地位が源氏から平氏へ移動した背景には、中央政界の中心が摂関家から院政を布く治天の君へシフトしたという事情がある(源氏は摂関家の権威を背景に、平家は院の権威を背景に台頭したことによる)。
- The leader of samurai families changed from the Minamoto clan to Taira clan as the center of politics shifted from the regent family to Chiten no kimi who established the cloister government (the Minamoto clan gained power using the power of the regent family, and the Taira clan gained power using the power of the cloister government).
- そのうち、天皇のミウチである藤原氏と源氏が議政官(公卿)をほぼ独占し始め、特に藤原北家嫡流は9世紀後半に天皇の政治決定権を受任・代行しうる摂政・関白の地位を獲得し、その地位を世襲することに成功した。
- Then, the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan, the relatives of the Emperor, almost created a monopoly of the Giseikan (a legislative organ), and it is worthy to note that the direct descent of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan achieved the position of Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor) in the late ninth century, which made them receive and deal with the political discretion of the Emperor; and they were also successful in making the position hereditary.
- 建武の新政(けんむのしんせい)は、鎌倉幕府滅亡後の1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)6月に後醍醐天皇が「親政」(天皇がみずから行う政治)を開始した事により成立した政権及びその新政策(「新政」)である。
- The Kenmu Restoration (kenmu no shinsei) refers to the period of direct Imperial rule (where the Emperor personally controls the government) initiated by Emperor Godaigo in the sixth month of 1333, as the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) collapsed; it can also refer to the administrative unit of Imperial rule.
- この背景には、大学制度の範を唐の制度に求めたものの、儒教による国家統治の原則が確立していた唐とは違い、仏教や古来からの神道が儒教と並立した日本の支配階層においては、儒教理念が唐よりも重視されなかった。
- The reason is that although Daigaku-ryo was modeled on the university system in Tang Dynasty China, unlike in Tang Dynasty China where the rule that a nation should be governed based on Confucianism was already established, in Japan Confucianism coexisted with Buddhism and traditional Shintoism, and the ruling classes in Japan did not pay heed to the philosophy of Confucianism as much as those in the Tang Dynasty did.
- さらに谷川によると、朝廷の伝統的な蝦夷統治の政策は、「蝦夷をもって蝦夷を制す」であったそうで、もともと蝦夷の神であったアラハバキを多賀城を守るための塞の神として配し、蝦夷を撃退しようとしていたという。
- Additionally, according to Tanigawa, the traditional Emishi control strategy of the court was 'use the Emishi to control the Emishi,' and they used Arahabaki, which was originally an Emishi god, to protect Taga-jo Castle as a sae no kami and tried to ward off the Emishi.
- しかし、これらの事件当時の建物は鳥羽・伏見の戦いの兵火で焼失しており、現在の京都市伏見区南浜町263番地にある建物は当時の敷地の西隣に建てられたものである(明治38年(1905年)に登記されている)。
- However, the building at the time of the incident was burned down during the Battle in Toba-Fushimi; in fact, the current building in 263 Minamihama-cho, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City was built to the west of the Teradaya of the incident (the current building was registered in 1905).
- 亀山が倒幕を考えている、という噂が立つなどの政情不安のなか、結局、弘安10年(1287年)になって幕府は治天・天皇の交替を要求し、皇太子煕仁(23歳、伏見天皇)が践祚して後深草による院政が開始された。
- In the midst of political unrest, when Kameyama was rumored to be thinking of overthrowing the Shogunate, the bakufu ordered a change in Chiten and Emperor in 1287, with the Crown Prince Hirohito (aged 23, Emperor Fushimi) ascending the throne and Gofukakusa starting a cloistered government.
- 天皇や時平は「延喜の治」と呼ばれる自らが主導するの政治改革を目指すものの、変からわずか8年後に時平が急死、続いて醍醐天皇も病気がちとなり、政治権力の中心は再度宇多法皇と藤原忠平の手中に帰する事になった。
- The Emperor and Tokihira planned political reforms to put themselves in direct leadership roles for the new administration, which was called 'Engi no chi' (the (glorious) government during the Engi era), but only eight years after the coup, Tokihira died suddenly, and moreover Emperor Daigo became more and more prone to illness, which allowed de facto political power to shift back again under the control of Cloistered Emperor Uda and FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- ただし、この説は明治当初に海軍が陸軍に対抗して自ら国歌の必要性を理解した上で発起したということを知らしめるために利用されていた節があり、現在の国歌研究においては「大山発案説」が事実であると見られている。
- However, this view seems to have been used by the Navy to compete with the Army by making it known that the Navy made the proposal understanding the necessity of the national anthem and, according to the present study of the national anthem, it is understood that 'Oyama's ' was the fact.
- こういった傾向は、院政期に入って顕著になってくるもので、王朝が摂関政治の否定、そして武家勢力との対決へと向かう中で、勅撰集において天皇の存在を大きく打ち出していく必要があったのではないか、とされている。
- Such tendency became conspicuous during the insei period (during the period of the government by a retired Emperor), and they say that it could be because it was necessary to emphasize existence of the emperor in Chokusenshu during the period in which the dynasty negated regency and moved toward conflicts with the power of the samurai.
- 現代日本政治の「院政」は、名目上実権を持たない地位に就いて実質的な権力を行使することにより、権力行使に伴う法的・道義的責任を回避することを主目的とする意味で使われており、歴史上の院政とは本質的に異なる。
- In modern Japan, 'insei' is used to mean the subject person assumes a position that nominally does not have actual power, primarily for the purpose of exercising virtual power, thereby avoiding legal/moral responsibilities accompanying the exercise of power; it differs in essence from insei in its historical connotation.
- 承久3年(1221年)の承久の乱(後鳥羽上皇が倒幕を企て、北条義時の追討を命じるが、失敗して隠岐に配流される)以後、鎌倉側の政治的優位は決定的となり、鎌倉は名実共に、日本の行政府所在地となったといえる。
- After the Jokyu War in 1221 (in which the Retired Emperor Gotoba who hatched a plot to overthrow the Bakufu issued an order to defeat Yoshitoki HOJO but failed and was banished to Oki Province), the Kamakura government started to hold decisive political power, making Kamakura the seat of administration of Japan both nominally and virtually.
- 今日の多く個人主義の日に発達し、ニヒリストさへ輩出する時代に於ては特に緊要重大にして欠くべからず」という論が出され、これを機に南北朝のどちらの皇統が正統であるかを巡り帝国議会での政治論争にまで発展した。
- In these days of individualism, where even nihilists are appearing, this is a matter of great urgency and importance,' which led to a political debate in the Imperial Diet about whether the Southern or the Northern Court was legitimate.
- 摂関政治や院政などの新しい政治形態の出現、班田制の衰退と荘園の発展、律令法的身分秩序の解体などにみられる各種の歴史上の変化によって、律令法に基づく新しい慣習法が律令法の各分野で形成されてきた結果である。
- This is a result of new common laws being formed in various areas of ritsuryo law, due to a variety of historical changes such as the emergence of new political formats like sekkan seiji (politics of regents and advisers) and insei (rule by a retired Emperor), decline of ancient farmland allotment and accepting system and development of manors, and dismantling of the class system under ritsuryo law.
- 東山道を進み信州にいた土佐藩士板垣退助・薩摩藩士伊地知正治が率いる新政府の東山道軍は、この動きを封じるために板垣退助が指揮する東山道軍の別働隊を甲州へ向かわせ、旧幕府軍よりも早く甲府城に到着し接収した。
- Advancing along the Tosando to Shinshu, the Tosando-gun army led by Taisuke ITAGAKI (a retainer of the Tosa Domain) and Masaharu IJICHI (a retainer of the Satsuma Domain) sent a detachment led by Taisuke ITAGAKI to Koshu to contain the movement of the former Shogunate forces; the detachment arrived earlier than the Koyo-Chinbutai infantry and seized Koshu Castle.
- 室町時代にも荘園は存続したが、中央貴族・寺社・武士・在地領主などの権利・義務が重層的かつ複雑にからむ状況が生まれる一方、自立的に発生した村落=惣村による自治が出現し、荘園は緩やかに解体への道を歩み始めた。
- Also during the Muromachi period shoens continued, but while the rights and duties of central aristocrats, temples and shrines, samurais, local lords and so on began to be complicated in a multi-layered way, the autonomous control by the independently emerging village = soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) started and shoens began to disappear slowly.
- ただし、明治時代初期に変更された町名、近隣の二、三町が合併して成立した町名、寺院境内地、畑地など従来町名のなかった地区に新たに起立した町名なども一部に存在し、現行町名のすべてが近世以前からの町名ではない。
- However, there are some town names which had been changed during the early Meiji period, created by the merging of few towns, or given to areas where town names had not originally existed including the precincts of temples or fields, and not all the town names in the present-day derive from the town names before the early modern era.
- 三条の意見により還幸の日が延びていたが、先帝(孝明天皇)の三年祭と立后の礼を行なう必要があるという岩倉の意見もあり、明治元年(1868年)12月8日、天皇はひとまず京都に還幸し同年12月22日に到着した。
- The day for the emperor to return home was delayed due to Sanjo's opinion, but Iwakura believed that it was necessary to hold the third anniversary of the late emperor Komei and a ceremony to define the empress, and the emperor left for Kyoto on December 8, arriving on December 22, 1868.
- 2つの皇統は、こののち、治天・天皇・皇太子の地位だけでなく、女院などの皇族たちが分散して管理する王家領荘園群の熾烈な争奪戦も演じることになり、王家は政治的にだけではなく経済的にも分裂状況に陥ることになる。
- The two Imperial lines fought fiercely over not only the positions of Chiten, Emperor, and Crown Prince, but also the Imperial private estates separately managed by nyoin (title given to some high-ranking female Imperial family member who have been Empress, etc.) and other Imperial family members, leading to a division within the Imperial family, both financially as well as politically.
- 1895年(明治28年)に創建された平安神宮は平安京朝堂院の施設を縮小復元したものとなっており、朝堂院の正門である応天門や大極殿などがベンガラによる鮮やかな朱色塗りと瓦屋根、礎石列柱をもって復元されている。
- The Heian-jingu Shrine, founded in1895, was a reconstruction of the chodoin in Heian-kyo on a smaller scale, and the main gate of the chodoin such as Oten-mon Gate and daigokuden were restored with the bright red colorant of Bengala, tiled roofs, foundation and pillars.
- だが、やがて「天下布武」を唱えて新秩序形成を目指す信長と旧来の将軍・幕府中心の秩序の再建を目指す義昭は敵対し、1573年に義昭は信長によって京都を追放されて幕府組織は信長の築いた政治機構に解体・吸収された。
- But eventually, Nobunaga, who aimed to create a new system of government consistent with his motto of 'Tenka fubu' (warriors rule all under heaven), and Yoshiaki, who was trying to revitalize the old system of Shogun and bakufu, were bound to become enemies, and in 1573 Yoshiaki was driven out of Kyoto by Nobunaga, and with this, the bakufu system was dismantled and absorbed into a new governmental system created by Nobunaga.
- すなわち松井総長は、辞表を提出した教官のうち滝川および佐々木惣一(のちに立命館大学学長)、宮本英雄、森口繁治、末川博(のちに立命館大学学長・総長)、宮本英脩の6教授のみを免官とし、それ以外の辞表を却下した。
- Dean Matsui accepted the resignation of six professors, Takigawa, Soichi SASAKI (later Ritsumeikan University dean), Hideo MIYAMOTO, Shigeji MORIGUCHI, Hiroshi SUEKAWA (later Risumeikan University dean) and Hidenaga MIYAMOTO, and rejected the resignation of all others.
- その後、軍事貴族の平清盛が平氏政権をうちたて、平氏政権打倒の過程で発生した の内乱(源平合戦)の結果、東国に武家政権(鎌倉幕府)が登場することとなったが、その後も貴族たちは一定の政治実権を握り続けたのである。
- Later, TAIRA no Kiyomori from the military nobles established the Taira clan administration, and as a result of the civil war of Gisho-Juei (the Genpei war) which occurred during the course of overthrowing the Taira clan administration, a military administration (the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)) was established in the East, but the nobles continued to seize political power afterwards as well.
- その後明治13年(1880年)に宮内省宮内庁式部職雅楽課の伶人奥好義がつけた旋律を一等伶人の林廣守が曲に起こし、それを前年に来日したドイツ人の音楽家であり海軍軍楽教師フランツ・エッケルトが西洋風和声を付けた。
- After that, in 1880, Hiromori HAYASHI, who was an itto reijin (literally, first class performer of gagaku) prepared the setting based on the melody composed by Yoshiisa OKU, who was a Reijin (performer of gagaku) belonged to Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) Section, Shikibushoku of Imperial Household Agency and Franz Eckert, who was a German musician came to Japan in 1879 as a teacher for the military band of the Imperial Japanese Navy, added western-style harmony to the setting.
- 特に有名なのが、1069年(治暦5年 延久元年)に後三条天皇が全国の荘園を一斉整理する目的で発令した延久の荘園整理令であるが、実はこれを遡る事150年前の醍醐天皇の時代から天皇の代替わりごとに度々発令されている。
- Most renowned is the Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei (an order given in the Enkyu era to consolidate manors) issued in 1069 by Emperor Gosanjo to consolidate all manors together nationwide, but from the days of Emperor Daigo, 150 years prior to this, it had been issued every time the Emperor changed.
- ただ五位以上の位をもつものの経済的・政治的特権は法によって保証され、また有位者は一般に課役その他の義務を免除されていた点で、租庸調、雑徭(ぞうよう)などの課税および兵役の義務を負っていた一般平民と区別されていた。
- However, the economic and political privileges granted to those at the fifth or higher ranks were guaranteed by law, and those with rank generally were exempt from taxes and other duties, distinguishing them from the general heimin who were subject to taxation such as soyocho (corvee, taxes in kind or service) and zoyo (irregular corvee), as well as military service.
- 明治元年(1868年)5月24日、徳川氏が江戸から駿府70万石に移されることが決まると、大木・江藤の東西両都案も決され、政府は同年6月19日、参与・木戸孝允と大木に江戸が帝都として適しているかの調査にあたらせた。
- In May 24, 1868, when it was decided that the Tokugawa clan would transfer 700,000 koku from Edo to Sunpu, the Oki and Eto draft for Kyoto and Tokyo to be the capital was decided upon, and on June 19 the government surveyed Sanyo, Takayoshi KIDO, and Oki about whether Edo was appropriate for the Imperial capital.
- その頃、明治政府の参与を免ぜられて京都に引籠もっていた愛宕通旭はかつて廷臣八十八卿列参事件にも加わった事があり、「天皇の藩屏」たる公卿が薩長の下級武士によって政治の中枢から切り離されていくことに苛立ちを感じていた。
- At the same time, Michiteru OTAGI, who had been dismissed from the position of councilor to the Meiji Government and retired to Kyoto, felt irritated that, despite having participated in the demonstration held by 88 retainers of the Imperial Court and been part of 'the protective wall for the emperor', he had now been cut off from the center of politics by lower-ranking samurai from Satsuma and Choshu.
- 京都大学では1970年代になって全国的に学生運動が退潮期に入っても、なお学生寮(自治寮)や一部の学部自治会、京都大学西部講堂などを拠点として運動が一定の勢力を保ち続け、「日本のガラパゴス」と呼ばれる状況を呈していた。
- In the 1970's when student movements declined around the nation, student movements at Kyoto University were still active using dormitories (autonomous dormitories), some college councils and the west auditorium of Kyoto University as the base of their activity, and such situations were dubbed 'Japanese Galapagos.'
- 後述する数々の創作物の影響もあり、幕末、京都の治安維持の主力を担っていたのは新選組であるとの認識も一般には強いが、実際は重要な御所近辺は会津直轄隊の精鋭2000人、その周りは幕臣で構成される見廻組500人が固めていた。
- Due to the impact of many works which will be described later, there is a strong general understanding that Shinsen-gumi took a leading part in maintenance of public order in Kyoto during the last days of the shogunate, but actually, the important area around the Imperial Palace was guarded by 2,000 elite troops under direct control of the Aizu Clan, and around that were another 500 men of Kyoto Mimawarigumi, composed of vassals of the shogunate.
- 「明徳記」は1391年の明徳の乱の経過が書かれている、「応永記」には1399年の応永の乱や南北朝合体の記述が、「永享記」には永享の乱を中心とした関東の情勢が、「応仁記」には足利義政の治世から応仁の乱の様子が記されている。
- The 'Meitokuki' (Chronicle of the Meitoku Era) records the events and aftermath of the Meitoku Rebellion, while the 'Oeiki' (Chronicle of the Oei Era) describes the Oei Rebellion and the unification of the Northern and Southern courts; the 'Eikyoki' focuses on the situation in the Kanto, especially vis-a-vis the Eikyo Rebellion, whereas the 'Oninki' records the circumstances of the period from Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA's reign up until the Onin War.
- 特に律令制に基づいて統治が行われた奈良時代は、古代からの地方首長の末裔である郡司層の首長権に由来する権威を利用しつつ、国司四等官の主催する国衙機構が、戸籍を編纂して朝廷の統治領域全体に個別の人別支配の網を張り巡らしていた。
- Especially in the Nara period when the nation was governed based on the Ritsuryo system, the system of kokuga (the region the provincial governor of the Ritsuryo system ruled), which was managed by kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor), extended individual dominance by person throughout areas ruled by the Imperial court by preparing census while taking advantage of authorities originated from chieftaincy of the Gunji (local magistrates) who were scion of the regional chiefs.
- 慶応4年3月13日 (旧暦)(1868年4月5日)から明治元年10月18日 (旧暦)(1868年12月1日)までに出された太政官布告、神祇官事務局達、太政官達など一連の通達の総称)に基づき全国的に公的に行われたものを指す。
- This Ordinance meant collectively a series of notifications issued by the Meiji government between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, which included edicts of Daijokan (the Grand Council of State), and notifications of Jingikan (the Department of Worship) and Daijokan.
- しかし明治27年に勃発した日清戦争を契機に大阪は「東洋のマンチェスター」と呼ばれる日本最大の商工業都市に発展し、神戸は東洋最大の港湾都市へ飛躍するなど、再び日本における文化・経済の中心地となった(阪神間モダニズムも参照)。
- However, through the Sino-Japanese War which broke out in 1894, Osaka developed into the largest industrial and commercial city in Japan, called the 'Manchester of the East,' while Kobe had rapidly progressed to become the largest port city in the East, causing the cities to once more be the center of culture and economy in Japan (also refer to the Hanshin-kan Modernism).
- しかし秀吉の権勢は関白の地位に由来するものではなく、彼本人の政治力によるものであり、また、彼は摂関を征夷大将軍に代わる「武家の棟梁」として位置付けようとしたものであり、旧来の摂関政治の復活とは軌を一にするものではなかった。
- However, Hideyoshi's power did not derive from the status of chancellor but rather his own political influence, and also because he tried to rank the regency as the 'the leading warrior' in place of the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), it did not take the same line as a restoration of the old regency.
- 原古才村を蜂須賀氏が、松井から本小山までを堀尾吉晴、生駒親正、木下備中、桑山重晴、戸田正治らが、蛙ヶ鼻より先を但馬国衆が担当することとなり、浅野長政は船や船頭を集めて備中高松城が湖に浮かぶ島になった際の城攻めの準備にあたった。
- The Hachisuka clan was responsible for Harakosai Village, Yoshiharu HORIO, Chikamasa IKOMA, Bitchu KINOSHITA, Shigeharu KUWAYAMA, Masaharu TODA for the areas from Matsui to Honkoyama, and the people of Tajima Province for the areas beyond Kawazugahana, while Nagamasa ASANO assembled boats and sendo (boatmen) to make preparations for attacking the castle when it would be floating on a lake.
- 古賀と中村は天皇と主だった公卿が東京にいる以上、まず東京で事を起こさなければ意味がないと説き、これに同意した愛宕は明治4年1月28日(1871年3月18日)に比喜多・安木らを連れて京都を出て2月4日(3月24日)に東京に入った。
- Koga and Nakamura asserted that nothing would change unless trouble was caused in Tokyo as long as the emperor and important court nobles stayed in Tokyo, and Otagi, who agreed with this assertion, left Kyoto with Hikita, Yasuki, and others on March 18, 1871, and entered Tokyo on March 24.
- 太閤記や佐久間軍記などでは、和議の時点ですでに毛利氏は本能寺の変の発生を知っていたとして描かれており、小早川隆景が「信長に代わって天下を治めるのは秀吉であるから、今のうちに恩を売るべきである」として和議を支持する進言をしている。
- In Taikoki and Sakuma Gunki, it is described that the Mori clan already knew about the occurrence of Honnoji Incident at the time of negotiations for peace, and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA proposed 'Because Hideyoshi will govern the country after Nobunaga, we should put Hideyoshi under an obligation at this stage.' supporting negotiations for peace.
- 説話集にも受領の実相が描かれており、『今昔物語集』の信濃国守藤原陳忠の説話(「受領は倒るるところに土をつかめ」という文句が知られている)や、『宇治拾遺物語』の藤原利仁の説話(芥川龍之介の『芋粥』の元となった)などの例が挙げられる。
- There were many realistic episodes about the zuryo in collections of tales, such as an episode about FUJIWARA no Nobutada, Shinano no kuni no kami (Governor of Shinano Province) in 'Konjaku Monogatari-shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past), in which a phrase 'a zuryo must grasp even dirt where he falls' is included, and that of FUJIWARA no Toshihito in 'Uji Shui Monogatari' (Collected Tales from Uji), which later inspired Ryunosuke AKUTAGAWA to write 'Imogayu'(Sweet-Potato Gruel).
- 鳥羽・伏見の戦い直後の明治元年(慶応4年)1月17日(1868年2月10日)、参与・大久保利通は、総裁・有栖川宮熾仁親王に対して、天皇が石清水八幡宮に参詣し、続いて大坂行幸を行なって、その後も引き続き大坂に滞在することを提言した。
- Directly after the battle of Toba and Fushimi on February 10, 1868, Sanyo and Toshimichi OKUBO regarding the presidency and Imperial Prince Taruhito, Arisugawa-no-miya, advocated that the emperor make a pilgrimage to Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, and then go to Osaka where he would continue to reside.
- また治承5年(1181年)に設置した畿内惣官職や諸道鎮撫使は、これもその職能の詳細は不明な点もあるが、数か国にわたる広い領域を軍事的に直轄支配するものと見られており、特に畿内惣官職は征夷大将軍と同様の性格を見出しうるとする見解もある。
- Although some points about the actual details of their work are unclear, Kinai Sokanshiki (a military position with power over the provinces of the Kinai) and Shodo (various roads) chinbushi (one of the posts that were not originally specified in the Ritsuryo system) which were established in 1181, are considered to have directly ruled a wide area with several provinces regarding military aspects and in particular Kinai Shokanshiki is proposed to have had similar properties to the Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 加えて本能寺の変直後、光秀が紀州雑賀衆・土橋重治へ送った書状に「上意馳走申しつけられて示し給い、快然に候」と、光秀より身分の高い者からの命令を指す「上意」という言葉を使っていることを挙げ、光秀の背後に足利義昭が存在したと主張している。
- In addition, Mitsuhide sent a letter to Shigeharu TSUCHIBASHI, who was a member of the Saigashu (a powerful local clan in Saiga, Kishu), saying, 'A joi (order from a superior to a subordinate) has been issued requesting that you provide service, which is a great honor', and Fujita pointed out that as the word 'joi' was used, the order must be from someone with a higher status than Mitsuhide.
- 明治2年(1869年)5月、各藩主に代わる「反逆首謀者」として、仙台藩首席家老但木成行、仙台藩江戸詰め家老坂英力、会津藩家老萱野権兵衛、盛岡藩家老楢山佐渡が、東京で極刑の刎首(ふんしゅ)刑(首を刎ねられてさらし首にされる)に処された。
- In May, 1869, in Tokyo, a principal chief retainer of the Sendai Domain, Nariyuki TADAKI, a chief retainer of the Sendai Domain working in Edo, Eiriki SAKA, a chief retainer of the Aizu Domain, Gombei KAYANO, and a chief retainer of the Morioka Domain were sentenced to the ultimate penalty of the funshu-kei (beheading and displaying of the severed head in public) as a symbol of 'a mastermind of the rebellion' in place of each lord of the domain.
- 寛平の治は、王臣家が諸国富豪と直接結びつくことを規制することで権門(有力貴族・寺社)を抑制し、小農民を保護するという律令制への回帰を強く志向したものであり、併せて蔵人所の充実や検非違使庁の権限拡充等天皇直属機関の強化を行うものであった。
- Kanpyo no chi was intended as a return to the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) that protected tenant farmers and suppressed influential families (noble families, temples and shrines with power) by restricting direct bondage between oshinke (nobles in the capital) and the rich classes in the provinces, while at the same time, it was also intended to reinforce organizations ruled by the emperor, including enhancing the kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) and an increase of authority by the Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief).
- 一条兼良の『樵談治要』の「諸国の守護たる人廉直をさきとすべき事」の条に「諸国の国司は一任四ケ年に過ぎず、当時の守護職は昔の国司に同じといへども、子々孫々につたへて知行をいたす事は、春秋の時の十二諸侯、戦国の世の七雄にことならず」とある。
- In the section 'Shugo (provincial military governor) should give high priority to honesty' in 'Shodanchiyo' by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, it is described as 'the term of office for kokushi (provincial governor) was four years a term and although the present shugo corresponds to kokushi in the former time, they are equivalent to the Twelve Feudal Lords in the Chunqiu period and the Seven Influential Lords in the Zhanguo period, because they govern and succeed the fief from father to son.'
- 1551年(天文 (元号)20)に義隆が家臣の陶晴賢による謀反(大寧寺の変)によって滅亡すると、後を継いだ大内義長(大友義鎮の弟)は、1556年(弘治 (日本)2)と翌年に兄・大友義鎮とともに貿易再開を求める使者を派遣した(『明実録』)。
- After Yoshitaka was killed in a rebellion (the revolt of Daineiji) plotted by a retainer Harukata SUE in 1551, Yoshinaga OUCHI (younger brother of Yoshishige OTOMO), who had succeeded Yoshitaka as the lord of the Ouchi clan, issued orders with his brother Yoshishige OTOMO and sent an envoy to the Ming in 1556 and 1557 for seeking the resumption of trade (from 'Ming jitsuroku' [authentic account on the Ming]).
- 池田屋事件(いけだやじけん)は、江戸時代後期の元治元年6月5日 (旧暦)(1864年7月8日)に、京都三条通木屋町通(三条小橋)の旅館池田屋で京都守護職配下の治安維持組織である新撰組が、潜伏していた長州藩の尊皇攘夷派を襲撃した事件である。
- The Ikedaya Incident is the name given to an event that took place on July 8,1864 towards the end of the Edo Period in which the Shinsen-gumi, who was a peacekeeping organization under the Kyoto protectorate, attacked the imperial loyalist faction from Choshu who were hiding out at the Ikedaya Inn at Kiyamachi (Sanjou-Kobashi Bridge) on Sanjou-Street in Kyoto.
- 後白河上皇と二条天皇の対立は双方の有力な廷臣が共倒れになったため小康状態となり、「院・内、申シ合ツツ同ジ御心ニテ」(『愚管抄』)とあるように二頭政治が行われたが、乱勝利の最大の貢献者である清盛はどちらの派にも組することなく慎重に行動した。
- The conflict between Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Nijo, which had resulted in the mutual destruction of many of their most capable courtiers, now entered a lull, and indeed, the government became something of a duumvirate between the two of them (as written in the 'Gukansho,' 'Now the Retired Emperor and the Emperor spoke in harmony, and were of one mind'), but as for Kiyomori, who had made the single greatest contribution to the current half-victory for each of them, he continued to act prudently, not joining either faction.
- 太平洋戦争後の開放的気分の中で「熊沢天皇」こと熊沢寛道など、自らを正統な天皇の継承者と称する自称天皇たちが現れたとき、その多くは、1911年(明治44年)に明治天皇の裁断によって南朝が正統とされたことを受けて、後南朝の子孫と主張していた。
- In the liberal atmosphere after the end of the World War II, when figures like Hiromichi KUMAZAWA, the so-called 'Emperor Kumazawa,' appeared and each claimed that only he himself was the legitimate successor to the Emperor, most of these self-styled Emperors were reacting to the fact that in 1911 Emperor Meiji had decided that the Southern lineage was the legitimate one, and came forward claiming to be descendants of the Southern dynasty.
- 治承・寿永の乱の過程で、鎌倉を本拠に源頼朝を棟梁として東国武士を中心に樹立された鎌倉幕府では、東国を中心に諸国に守護、地頭を設置し、警察権を掌握していたが、西国は支配しきっておらず依然として朝廷の力は強く、幕府と朝廷の二頭政治の状態にあった。
- Given the tumultuous history of the disturbances in the Jijo and Juei eras, the Kamakura bakufu--made up primarily of samurais from the eastern provinces, having its stronghold in Kamakura, and having Minamoto no Yoritomo as its leader--exerted control over assignments of provincial governors and estate stewards in several provinces, mainly in the east, and held the power to police those domains; in the west, however, they had no real control, whereas the Imperial Court's power in the West remained considerable, and thus the shogunate and the Court were stuck as joint rulers of Japan.
- 大山らが登場させて後は専ら国歌として知られるようになった『君が代』だが、それまでの賀歌としての位置付けや、天皇が「國ノ元首ニシテ統治権ヲ総攬」していた(大日本帝国憲法による)という時代背景から、戦前にはごく自然な国家平安の歌として親しまれていた。
- Although 'Kimigayo' became to be known mainly as the national anthem after having been made to appear by Oyama and so on, it was liked before the War as a very natural song for cerebrating peace of the nation because of its position as gaka in the past and historical background that the emperor 'was the head of state and had a ruling power' (the Constitution of the Empire of Japan).
- また、文化面に着目して、縄文文化・弥生文化・古墳文化・飛鳥文化・白鳳文化・天平文化・弘仁・貞観文化・国風文化・院政期文化・鎌倉文化・北山文化・東山文化・桃山文化・元禄文化・化政文化・明治文化・大衆文化〜などとする区分もある(詳細→日本の文化歴史)。
- Furthermore, the following classification, based upon the cultural aspects, is also used: Jomon culture, Yayoi culture, tumulus culture, Asuka culture, Hakuho culture, Tenpyo culture, Konin-Jokan culture, Kokufu culture (Japan's original national culture), Insei period culture, Kamakura culture, Kitayama culture, Higashiyama culture, Momoyama culture, Genroku culture, Kasei culture, Meiji culture, and popular culture (for more information, refer to 'cultural history of Japan.'
- そのうち鎌倉、室町、徳川の各武家権力は、武力により政権を樹立し、源頼朝が確立したが、形式上朝廷から任ぜられる形で征夷大将軍の位に付く事で幕府を開き、封建制とも呼ばれる分権的な統治を行い、地方領主として地域の実効支配権を持つ武士の連合政権の形をとった。
- Of all administrations in the military government, each samurai authority of Kamakura, Muromachi, and Tokugawa were set up by force and could be traced back to the establishment by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo; he started the bakufu by arriving in power of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in the form of being entrusted by the Imperial Court, achieved decentralized governance, called a 'feudal system,' and adopted a form of coalition government of samurai who held sway over their region as a local feudal lord.
- 平氏一門のうち宗盛、清宗、それに平家と行動をともにしていた平時忠(二位ノ尼の弟)、平時実、平信基、藤原尹明といった廷臣、能円、全真、良弘、忠快、行命といった僧侶、平盛国、平盛澄、源季貞らの武将、大納言典侍、帥典侍、治部卿局らの女房が捕虜となっている。
- Of the Taira clan those taken prisoner included Munemori and Kiyomune; the courtiers TAIRA no Tokitada (Tokiko's younger brother), TAIRA no Tokizane, TAIRA no Nobumoto, and FUJIWARA no Tadaaki, who had acted in support of the main Taira clan; the Buddhist priests Noen, Zenshin, Ryoko, Chukai, and Gyomei; the military commanders TAIRA no Morikuni, TAIRA no Morizumi, and MINAMOTO no Suesada; and among the women, FUJIWARA no Sukeko (known as the Lady-in-Waiting to the Chief Councillor of State (Dainagon)), FUJIWARA no Muneko (the Lady-in-Waiting to the governor), and the Lady-in-Waiting to the Lord of the Office of Governance.
- その一方で、朝廷では大覚寺統と持明院統が対立しており、相互に皇位を交代する両統迭立が行われており、1318年(文保2年)に大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が即位し、平安時代の醍醐天皇、村上天皇の治世である延喜・天暦の治を理想とし、鎌倉幕府の打倒をひそかに目指していた。
- In the Imperial Court, on the other hand, conflict had arisen between the Kameyama (Daikakuji) and the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) branches of the Imperial line; a system of alternating Emperors from each lineage was in place, and in 1318 Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji lineage became Emperor, taking the Engi and Tenryaku eras, the reigns of Emperors Daigo and Murakami in the Heian period, as his ideal, he aimed in secret to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
- この介入は、執権北条時宗が後深草の立場に同情したためという説明が当時からなされている(『増鏡』)ほか、得宗と治天の交渉を仲介する立場にある関東申次西園寺実兼が亀山父子よりも後深草父子と親しかったため、後深草にとって有利な解決をはかったことも指摘されている。
- Other than the explanation for this intervention that has been given since it happened that the Regent Tokimune HOJO sympathized with Gofukakusa's situation ('Masukagami' (The Clear Mirror)), it has been pointed out that the Kanto Moshitsugi, Sanekane SAIONJI, who was in the position to mediate between Tokimune and the Chiten, was more intimate with the Gofukakusa father and son than the Kameyama father and son and could have worked for a more advantageous solution for Gofukakusa.
- 『平治物語』では重盛と義平が待賢門で一騎打ちを繰り広げ、御所の右近の橘・左近の桜の間を7度も義平が重盛を追い回した、頼盛が退却中に敵に追いつかれそうになり重代の名刀「抜丸」で辛くも撃退した、というエピソードが出てくるがこれらは話を盛り上げるための創作と思われる。
- The 'Heiji monogatari' describes a scene in which Shigemori and Yoshihira fought in single combat at the Taikenmon gate, Yoshihira driving Shigemori back seven times in an area of the palace between the tachibana on the right and the cherry tree on the left, and meanwhile, Yorimori was staging a fighting withdrawal, but when he came under danger of being overrun by his foes he furiously struck all around him with 'Nukimaru,' his famous and ancient sword; needless to say, this episode is considered to be a literary embellishment to create a stirring climactic scene.
- 一方、橋本治はこれについて高倉天皇が立太子式を挙げた場所が藤原家の中でも最も格の高い邸宅であった東三条殿であったことに注目し、しかもこの東三条殿の当時の所有者が清盛の娘の盛子であった(藤原基実はこの立太子式の3ヶ月前に死去)ことが強く影響したという説を立てている。
- Osamu HASHIMOTO proposed an alternative hypothesis that focused on the fact that Emperor Takakura held the ceremony for becoming Crown Prince at the Higashi Sanjo-den, the noblest of all residences within the Fujiwara family, and that the owner of this residence was Kiyomori's daughter, Moriko (FUJIWARA no Motozane had died 3 months before the ceremony), who could have strongly affected his position.
- 後醍醐の践祚とともに後宇多の院政が再開されたが、後宇多は大覚寺門跡を創設して自ら門主となるなど密教への傾倒をさらに深め、また年齢とともに体調を崩してしだいに政務に倦み、元亨元年(1321年)には治天の政務を後醍醐に譲り、元亨4年(1324年)には58歳で死去した。
- With Godaigo's accession, Gouda's cloistered government was reinstated, but Gouda himself became further devout in esoteric Buddhism and became the chief priest himself by establishing Daikakuji Temple Monseki and he started to let the reins go with government affairs as his health declined along the years, relinquishing the duties as Chiten to Godaigo in 1321 and he died at the age of 58 in 1324.
- やがて、宇多法皇が道真の娘婿でもある斉世親王を皇太弟に立てようとしているという風説が流れると、宇多上皇や道真の政治手法に密かに不満を抱いていた醍醐天皇と藤原時平、藤原菅根(折りしも病死した平季長の後任の蔵人頭に就任していた)らが政治の主導権を奪還せんとしたのである。
- Eventually, when rumors began to fly that Cloistered Emperor Uda was going to raise Michizane's son-in-law, the Imperial Prince Tokiyo, to the rank of Kotaitei (one rank below the heir apparent), those who were nursing secret resentment against Uda and Michizane for their political maneuvers, including Emperor Daigo, FUJIWARA no Tokihira, and FUJIWARA no Sugane (the new Majordomo of the palace following TAIRA no Hidenaga's recent death by illness), began to plan how to recover control over the government.
- 8代将軍・足利義政は芸術や建築に関しては優れた才覚の持ち主であったものの、政治的関心には乏しく、自然と政治は将軍の正室・日野富子や将軍側近、有力大名らによる権力抗争の場と化し、関東で鎌倉公方の復活を巡って生じた享徳の乱が発生しても、十分な対策を打とうとはしなかった。
- The eighth Shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, while exceptionally gifted in the arts and in architectural design, had little interest in politics, so it naturally fell to his lawful wife Tomiko HINO, his inner circle of advisors, and the most powerful daimyo to rule and to solve disputes over authority; and upon the outbreak of the Kyotoku Rebellion, in which some sought to revive the fortunes of the Kubo of Kamakura, they failed to respond with sufficient force.
- 明治の歴史学界では、南北朝時代に関して「太平記」の記述を他の史書や日記などの資料と比較する実証的な研究がされ、これに基づいて1903年(明治36年)及び1909年(同42年)の小学校で使用されている国定教科書改訂においては南北両朝は並立していたものとして書かれていた。
- The academic field of history during the Meiji period conducted evidence-based research comparing the 'Taiheiki' with other documents such as historical books and diaries, and based on this, the 1903 and 1909 revisions of national textbooks for elementary schools depicted both the Southern and the Northern Court as being concurrent.
- 最終的には「大日本史」の記述を根拠に、明治天皇の裁断で三種の神器を所有していた南朝が正統であるとされ(ただし、現在の学説では北朝の光厳・光明・崇光の三帝は三種の神器を保有していたことがほぼ確実とみられ、神器の有無を根拠に北朝のすべてを「正統でない」とするのは無理である。
- In the end, based on the description in 'Dainihonshi' (Great Japanese History) as evidence, the Emperor Meiji decided that the Southern Court was the legitimate line because it owned the Three Sacred Treasures (however, the current academic theory has basically established that the three Northern Court emperors, Emperors Kogon, Komyo and Suko, had owned the Three Sacred Treasures, so the assumption that all of the emperors in the Northern Court were 'not legitimate' because they did not own the sacred treasures is incorrect.
- (藤原良房の権力掌握開始が家父長的権力を有した嵯峨上皇の崩御に始まり、宇多法皇が家父長として背後にあった醍醐天皇の時代に一時摂関政治が停滞し、久しく絶えていた家父長的な上皇の復活である白河上皇が摂関政治に代わる院政を開始した事は偶然では決して片付けられないものである)。
- (It was far from a coincidence that the death of the Retired Emperor Saga, who had patriarchal authority, was the start of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa's taking over power, and that the regency stagnated for a while in the reign of Emperor Daigo, when the Cloistered Emperor Uda was supporting him as a patriarch, and also that the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, in a revival of the patriarchal retired emperor that had disappeared for a long time, started cloistered government in place of the regency.)
- 義弘は将軍家からの御恩の深さを感謝しながらも、今川了俊に従軍しての九州での戦い、明徳の乱、南北朝合一、少弐氏退治での自らの功績を述べ、それにも関わらず将軍家は和泉国と紀伊国を取り上げようとし、また先年の少弐氏との戦いで討ち死にした弟の満弘の子への恩賞がない不満を述べる。
- Yoshihiro said that he remained grateful for the deep favor the shogunal family had bestowed on him, but also listed his own accomplishments in the battles in Kyushu joining forces with Ryoshun IMAGAWA, in the Meitoku rebellion, in unifying the Southern and Northern Courts, and in the annihilation of the Shoni family before pointing out his dissatisfaction that despite these deeds, the Ashikaga family was trying to remove Izumi and Kii Provinces from his governance, and the fact that his nephew, the son of his younger brother Mitsuhiro - who had died in battle during the recent campaign against the Shoni family - had received no reward for his father's service.
- 毛利方は安国寺恵瓊を高松城に送り込んで説得を試みたが、宗治は主家である毛利家と城内の兵の命が助かるなら自分の首はいとも安いと述べ、自らと兄である清月と家臣の難波伝兵衛、末近左衛門の4人の首を差し出す代わりに籠城者の命を助けるようにという嘆願書を書き、安国寺恵瓊に託した。
- Mori attempted to convince Muneharu by sending Ekei ANKOKUJI over into Takamatsu-jo Castle, but Muneharu said he was not afraid to lose his life as long as he could save the Mori clan, his master, and the lives of his troops, leaving a petition to Ekei ANKOKUJI, which was to save the lives of the besieged in exchange for the lives of the four people: his brother Seigetsu, his vassals Denbe NANBA and Saemon SUECHIKA, and himself.
- ここに至って近衛基熙や江戸幕府は、霊元天皇による四宮擁立の真意が皇子可愛さだけではなく、院政を開始して摂家や幕府の干渉を排して思いのままの政治を行うための長期計画の一環であり、すぐに成人を迎えてしまう年長の一宮に皇位を譲る事が不都合であったからであった事に気付くのである。
- This development made Motohiro KONOE and the Bakufu in Edo realize that the true motive underlying Emperor Reigen's insistence on succession by Shinomiya had not only been love of his own son but part of his long-cherished scheme to assume the virtual reins of the court as retired emperor and exercising ruling authority without allowing interference by the Sekkanke or the Bakufu, to whom handing over the imperial throne to the older Ichinomiya, who would soon become of age, would have been a disadvantage.
- 例示された伊勢貞孝の討伐が象徴的であるが、自前の軍事力を持たない義輝の時代の幕府権力の回復(特に書簡と使者があれば事足りる大名間の調停者としてではなく、軍事力に裏打ちされた畿内の統治者としての権力の回復)は事実上三好長慶の幕府への融和的姿勢により支えられていたものであった。
- As is symbolized by the cited victory over Sadataka ISE, recovery of the Bakufu's power in the age of Yoshiteru, who had no real military force (recovery of power not as a mediator of inter-daimyo (feudal lord) strifes who would need only letters and messengers but as the ruler of the areas surrounding the capital whose position was supported by military force) was virtually supported by the conciliatory posture of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI toward the Bakufu.
- 江戸時代の日本最大の豪商、鴻池財閥は、家業以外への進出を禁じた家憲によって、金融業から他の事業へ営業分野の拡大は図らなかったが、明治期以降は同家の名声を欲する財界の要請で、鴻池家が様々な企業の発起人となり、大株主として君臨したことから、投資財閥の性格をもっていたとも言える。
- The Konoike zaibatsu, as the wealthiest merchant in Japan during the Edo period, did not expand its business from finance to other fields due to the family rule that prohibited the business expansion to other than the family business; however, it can be said that the Konoike zaibatsu had the characteristics of an investment zaibatsu because the Konoike family ultimately founded various enterprises in response to requests from financial communities that had tried to acquire the family reputation after the Meiji period, and consequently the family had the status of a major shareholder.
- 対ロシアの戦略上、日本海軍は日本海側へ海軍の軍事拠点を設置する事が悲願となっており、1889年(明治22年)に、湾口が狭く、防御に適しており、また湾内は波静かで多くの艦船が停泊できるなど軍港としては格好の地形であった舞鶴湾に白羽の矢をたて、舞鶴に鎮守府を設置する事になった。
- In its strategy against Russia, the Imperial Japanese Navy needed to set up a naval military base on the side of the Sea of Japan, and in 1889, decided to establish Chinjufu in Maizuru, singling out Maizuru Bay for its geographical features which were suitable as a naval port with its narrow entrance which could be easily defended while the calm inside of the bay could accommodate many ships.
- 宇多上皇(程なく宇多法皇になる)は醍醐天皇に譲位した後も、『寛平御遺誡』という君主の心構えを新帝に説くばかりでなく、道真を始め源善・中納言源希・蔵人頭平季長・侍従藤原忠平といったいわゆる「寛平の治」の推進役だった一種の側近集団を新帝の周囲に配置して新帝の政策を主導しようと図った。
- Even after Retired Emperor Uda (who soon after became Cloistered Emperor Uta) abdicated the throne to Emperor Daigo, he went far beyond merely his written injunction, the Kanpyo goyuikai--which advised the new emperor on how to prepare himself to rule--and actively planned to continue his leadership role in the new emperor's government by surrounding Emperor Daigo with the group of his closest aides and ministers who had been the driving force behind the administration of the Kanpyo era, notably Michizane but also including MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Mare, the Kuroudo no kami (Majordomo of the palace) TAIRA no Suenaga, and the Jiju (Chamberlain) FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
- 以上に見るように、政治世界における武力が占める比重の増加、後白河と清盛の強い連携、後白河と滋子の関係、高倉の即位、清盛の大臣補任、日宋貿易や集積した所領(荘園)に基づく巨大な経済力、西国武士や瀬戸内海の水軍を中心とする軍事力などを背景として、1160年代後期に平氏政権が確立した。
- As shown above, the Taira clan administration was established in the latter half of the 1160s due to increased influence of military force in the political scene, strong collaboration between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori, the relationship between Goshirakawa and Shigeko, Takakura's ascension, Kiyomori's support of the Daijin, substantial financial power based on Japan-Song trade and accumulated properties (shoen), and military power based on the western bushi and the Seto Inland Sea naval force.
- 明治維新では昌平坂学問所は新政府に接収され、併設された開成所(天文方の流れを組む)、医学所(種痘所の流れを組む)も共に1869年(明治2年)昌平学校、開成学校、医学校として再開し、同年大学本校、南校、東校となり、のち合わせて大学校となるが、1870年(明治3年)の学制改正で休校。
- Due to the Meiji Restoration, Shoheizaka Gakumonjo was condemned by the new government; Gakumonjo included Kaiseijo (which had a channel of tenmonkata (an astronomer appointed by bakufu)) and Igakusho (which had a channel of shutosho (vaccination institute)); they were reopened as a Shohei school, Kaisei school and medical school in 1869; these three became Daigaku Honko, Nanko and Higashiko in the same year and were later combined to be Daigakko, which was ultimately closed due to the revision of the school system in 1870.
- 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽隊は既に整理され事実上消滅し、残りも最低定員で末端役人や治安警備担当に振り分けられていたため、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設した。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu and the domains abolished the 'firearm units' which bore matchlock guns and there was a growing need to form western-style infantry units and musket units, but due to the fact that the preexisting ashigaru units had already been disbanded and had virtually disappeared, with those remaining serving as low-level officials and security police, new personnel was recruited and infantry units resembling the ashigaru units of the Sengoku period were created.
- 1420年7月、李氏朝鮮が宗氏に「宗氏 都都雄瓦」という印信を授け、対馬領主としての地位を認たことは失敗であり、その時に李氏朝鮮が対馬の自治権を認めず、役人を派遣して直接支配下に組み込んでいれば、現在の対馬は韓国領になっていたはずだと結論付けた(2006年9月17日聯合ニュース配信)。
- The analysis further concluded that in granting Tsushima's So clan a seal that bore the inscription 'So clan of Yugawara City' in July 1420, Joseon Korea failed to gain recognition for their sovereignty over Tsushima; if at that time Korea had refused to recognize Tsushima's autonomy, and instead sent an official to put Tsushima's government under their direct control, Tsushima would almost certainly be under Korea's territorial control today (as reported in a Rengo news broadcast of September 17, 2006).
- が、結果的には他の学科が学科名と博士の称号の合致を見ている(明経道=明経博士、算道=算博士、明法道では当初律学博士という呼称が用いられたものの後に明法博士と改称された)ことから、明治以後に文章道と紀伝道が別々に存在したのが紀伝道が文章道に併合されたという誤った解釈を流布させる原因となった。
- However, as all other subject names and titles of hakase corresponded with each other (myogyo hakase for myogyodo, san hakase (professor of mathematics) for sando and myobo hakase for myobodo in which once the title of ritsugaku hakase (professor of the law in the Ritsuryo system) was used but changed to myobo hakase later on), it left room for misunderstanding after the Meiji period that monjodo and kidendo existed separately and kidendo was absorbed into monjodo.
- また、明治時代末期から第二次世界大戦敗戦まで、当時の政府の公式見解においては、南朝 (日本)を正統な皇統としてこの時代を「南北朝時代 (日本)」と称していたが、その結果、北朝 (日本)が任じた初代尊氏・2代足利義詮・3代足利義満(南北朝合一以前)は正式な将軍とは認められていなかった(皇国史観)。
- Also, according to the official opinion of the government at the time, from the end of the Meiji period until defeat in World War II, Nancho (Japan) was regarded as the legitimate imperial line, and this age was referred to as the 'period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)'; because of such a view, the first shogun Takauji, the second shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were not acknowledged as official shoguns (based on imperial history).
- この結果法学部教官は、解決案により要求が達成されたとして辞表を撤回した残留組(中島玉吉、末広重雄、牧健二など)と、辞表を撤回せず解決案を拒否した辞職組に分裂し、前記6教授以外に恒藤恭(のちの大阪市立大学初代学長)および田村徳治の教授2名、助教授5名、専任講師以下8名が辞職という形で事件は決着した。
- As a result, law faculty staff became divided into those who decided that their demands had been reached by the solution and retracted their resignations and stayed (Tamakichi NAKAJIMA, Shigeo SUEHIRO, Kenji MAKI, etc.), and those who resigned because they did not retract their resignations and refused the solution, who were the aforementioned six professors, two professors, Kyo TSUNETO (later the first president of Osaka Prefectural University) and Tokuji TAMURA, five associate professors and eight lecturers and the incident was concluded.
- 氷川神社が延喜式に掲載されている古社であり、かつ、氷川神社の主祭神がスサノオになった(=元々主祭神であったアラハバキ神が客人神になった)のは江戸幕府の政治的意図によるものであることからすれば、出雲と氷川の繋がりの話は、大和朝廷による蝦夷(含、渡来人)支配の一過程であると捉えたほうがよさそうである。
- Since Hikawa-jinja Shrine is an old establishment listed in the 'the Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) and the main god of Hikawa-jinja Shrine became Susanoo (in other words, the original main god Arahabaki became the guest god) only because of political reasons of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the story on the link between Izumo and Hikawa may be taken as part of the process of Emishi (including Toraijin [people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese]) control by the Yamato Court.
- また、文部省が京大総長の具状を待たずに分限委員会を開き滝川の休職処分を決定したことは、京大における沢柳事件(1913年 - 1914年)以来、「教授会自治」として認められていた慣行(総長の具状は教授会の同意を必要とするというもの)を無視するものであったうえに帝国大学官制にすら違反する可能性があった。
- The decision for Takigawa's extended leave by the Bungen (change in employment status) board of the Ministry of Education without waiting for an explanation from the President of Kyoto University ignored the tradition of 'Ruling by the Board of Professors' that was established by the Sawayanagi Incident (1913-1914) at Kyoto University (the explanation of the president requires the consent of the board of professors) and may have possibly been against the Imperial University Rules.
- 近年では吉村茂樹が、当時の災害異変が突出していないこと、後三条の病気(糖尿病と推定されている)が重篤化したのが退位後であることを理由として、摂関家を外戚に持たない実仁親王に皇位を継承させることによる王権の拡大を意図し、摂関政治への回帰を阻止したものであって院政の意図はなかったと主張し、通説化している。
- In recent years, Shigeki YOSHIMURA has been asserted on the grounds that there was no sharp rise in disasters/accidents at that time, and Gosanjo's illness (assumed to be diabetes) became significantly worse only after his abdication, and that this was intended for the expansion of sovereignty by having Imperial Prince Sanehito, who did not have Sekkan-ke as cognates, succeed to the throne, thereby preventing the return to Sekkan seiji; however, there was no intention to start insei, and consequently such a view has become accepted.
- その職務が過重となってきたために、京都郡代を経済・財政部門を扱う京都代官に改め、今まで京都郡代が担当していた京都とその周辺(山城国・丹波国・近江国・大和国)の裁判及び天領に関する行政の権限については、万治3年11月22日 (旧暦)(1660年12月24日)に小出尹貞が執り行う事になった(『万治日記』)。
- However, due to excessive workload, Kyoto Gundai was reorganized into Kyoto Daikan, responsible for the economic and finance division, and Masasada KOIDE took over judicial power in Kyoto and the neighboring areas (Yamashiro Province, Tanba Province, Omi Province and Yamato Province) as well as administrative power in the shogunate demesne from Kyoto Gundai on December 24, 1660 ('Manji Nikki (Manji Diary)').
- 1354年(正平9年、北朝の文和3年)10月に河内天野山金剛寺 (河内長野市)(大阪府河内長野市)に、6年後の1359年(正平14年、北朝の延文4年/応安元年)には河内観心寺(河内長野市)に移り、さらに翌年住吉に移って住吉行宮の祠宮津守氏の館を皇居とし1368年(正平23年、北朝の貞治7年)ここで死去した。
- In October of 1354, the Emperor Gomurakami moved to Amano-san Kongo-ji Temple in Kawachi (Kawachinagano City) (Kawachinagano City, Osaka Prefecture), and six years later in 1359, to Kanshin-ji Temple in Kawachi (Kawachinagano City), and furthermore in the following year he moved to Sumiyoshi to make the residence of the Hokoramiya (Shinto priest) Tsumori clan, known as the Sumiyoshi-angu (temporary lodging built to accommodate an Imperial visit in Sumiyoshi), the Imperial Palace, where he died in 1368.
- 仁治3年(1242年)に即位した後嵯峨は、寛元4年(1246年)に皇太子久仁(後深草、4歳)に譲位して院政を開始したあと、後深草に皇子が生まれるのを待たず、正嘉2年(1258年)に後深草(16歳)の同母弟恒仁(亀山、10歳)を皇太子とし、さらに翌正元 (日本)元年(1259年)には後深草から恒仁に譲位させた。
- In 1242, Gosaga became Emperor, abdicated the throne to Crown Prince Hisahito (Gofukakusa, aged 4) and started a cloister government in 1246, and then in 1258, without waiting for Gofukakusa to have a prince, installed Gofukakusa (aged 16)'s younger half brother, Tsunehito (Kameyama, aged 10), as Crown Prince and in 1259, he made Gofukakusa abdicate so Tsunehito could become Emperor.
- また、皮肉にもこれまで将軍の権威をないがしろにしてきた諸大名も将軍の権威が本当に失われてしまった事でそこに由来していた守護としての統治権そのものの権威までが失われてしまい、配下であった守護代や国人衆による下克上、更には加賀一向一揆や山城国一揆に代表される民衆の一揆からもその領国支配を脅かされるようになっていくのである。
- Moreover, somewhat ironically, the very daimyo that had begun by making light of the Shogun's authority found that when that shogunal authority was truly lost, their own authority and sovereignty as shugo (governors) vanished, and many were overthrown by their deputies or by commoners from their provinces in the phenomenon known as gekokujo (the lower overthrowing the higher); worse yet, peasant uprisings and religious leagues, of which the Kaga Ikko Ikki (a religious league of commoners in Kaga) and a similar Ikki in Yamashiro Province are representative examples, began to threaten the lords' control over their lands.
- 国家権限の委譲とこれによる中央集権の過大な負担の軽減により、中央政界では政治が安定し、官職が特定の家業を担う家系に世襲される家職化が進み、貴族の最上位では摂関家が確立し、中流貴族に固定した階層は中央においては家業の専門技能によって公務を担う技能官人として行政実務を、地方においては受領となって地方行政を担った(平安貴族)。
- The transmission of governmental power and authority reduced the burden of the government, which enabled political stabilization of the central government, and facilitated the transfer of government posts according to heredity: among the aristocracy, the highest became Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the middle-class carried out administrative affairs based on the specialized skills related with their family businesses in the central government and carried out administration as Zuryo in the local regions (Nobles in the Heian period).
- 長州藩は没落して朝敵となるが、攘夷派であった孝明天皇の崩御、薩長同盟で薩摩と長州が密約を結ぶと、15代将軍の徳川慶喜は大政奉還を行い公議政体構築を目指すが、王政復古 (日本)により明治政府が成立、鳥羽伏見の戦いで旧幕府軍が敗北し、徳川慶喜に対する追討令が出ると、法的には幕府機構は消滅しているものの武力討幕運動が盛んになる。
- The Choshu clan toppled to become chouteki (朝敵), but after the death of Emperor Komei, who belonged to the sect that sought the expulsion of foreigners, Satsuma and Choshu concluded the Saccho Coalition (薩長同盟), and the fifteenth shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, seeking the establishment of the Kougi government, conducted the restoration of imperial rule; however, the Meiji Government was established through the acceptance of restoration of imperial rule (Japan), and upon the defeat of the former Bakufu army in the Battle of Toba Fushimi, the order to hunt down Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA was released, and even though the Bakufu structure was legally extinguished, the Tobaku movement through military power became active.
- 明治2年(1869年)1月25日、東京への再度の行幸を前に岩倉は、天皇の意向を知らずに政府や民間で遷都があるかのように思っている者が少なからずいるために、京都や大坂の人々の動揺が大きくなっているとし、関東諸国は王化が行き届いていないため新政を施すための再幸である旨を十分に分からせるための諭令を出すよう求める建議を行なった。
- Before the second return of the emperor to Tokyo on January 25, 1869, Iwakura believed that there were many in the government including civilians who thought of the move as a capital transition without understanding the true intentions of the emperor, and from the agitation of those in Kyoto and Osaka, held out a proposition of an expostulation edict to let everyone know the reason why the emperor was returning again to set up a new government in Kanto where his influential virtue had not been delivered in the past.
- 新撰組組員の墓参りをする女性ファンも多く、坂本龍馬ら勤皇の志士と共に“日本史のアイドル的存在”となっているが、明治政府がかれらと敵対する勤皇派志士たちによって設立された経緯もあり、近年まで史学的にもほとんど注目されることがなく、現在における人気は子母沢寛や司馬遼太郎らによる新選組をテーマにした数々の小説やTVドラマ・映画等の影響が大きい。
- Many female fans also visit the tombs of Shinsen-gumi members, who, together with Imperial loyalists such as Ryoma SAKAMOTO, are 'idols of Japanese history'; but as the Meiji Government was established by Imperial loyalists who were opposed to them, hardly any notice was taken of Shinsen-gumi from a historical standpoint until recently, and their current popularity owes much to many novels about them written by such people as Kan SHIMOZAWA, Ryotaro SHIBA, and also TV dramas, movies, etc.
- だが、当時はまだこの状態を常に維持するための政治的組織や財政的・軍事的裏付けが不十分であり、平安時代中期には幼く短命な天皇が多く十分な指導力を発揮するための若さと健康を保持した上皇が絶えて久しかったために、父系によるこの仕組みは衰退し、代わりに母系にあたる天皇の外祖父の地位を占めた藤原北家が天皇の職務・権利を代理・代行する摂関政治が隆盛していくことになる。
- However, the political structure and financial/military support at that time were insufficient to maintain such a situation, and because many Emperors were young and short-lived in the middle of the Heian period, there was no Joko with the energy and health needed to exercise sufficient authority; consequently, this structure by which authority was exercised by the Emperor's father gradually declined and was eventually replaced by a system called Sekkan seiji (摂関政治), in which a member of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan exercised rights and performed duties in place of the Emperor, became widespread.
- 京都七口は元来、京都と七道を結ぶ街道の入口として設置されたと考えられ、大原口(小原口・八瀬口→北陸道)・鞍馬口(出雲路口)・粟田口(東三条口→東海道)・伏見口(宇治口・木幡口→南海道)・鳥羽口(→西海道)・丹波口(西七条口・七条口→山陰道)・長坂口(→(丹波道))の7つと言われているが、これは関所が廃止された江戸時代以後の説で史実に即しているのか疑問を持たれている。
- It is thought that Kyoto nanakuchi were originally set as entrances to the roads connecting Kyoto and seven circuits, and are said to be the Oohara entrance (the Ohara Entrance, the Yase entrance: the Hokuriku road), the Kurama entrance (the Izumo road entrance), the Awata entrance (the Higashi-sanjo entrance: the Tokai road), the Fushimi entrance (the Uji entrance, the Kohata entrance: the Nankai road), the Toba entrance (the Saikai road), the Tanba entrance (the Nishi-shichijo entrance, the Shichijo entrance: the Sanin road) and the Nagasaka entrance (the Tanba road); however, this theory came about after the Edo Period and when such checkpoints had been abolished, so there are doubts surrounding whether these are historical facts.
- 従来の学説では院庁において実際の政務が執られたとされていたが、鈴木茂男が当時の院庁発給文書に国政に関する内容が認められないことを主張し、橋本義彦がこれを受けて院庁政治論を痛烈に批判したため近年では、非公式の私文書としての側面のある院宣を用いて朝廷に圧力をかけ、院独自の側近を院の近臣として太政官内に送り込むことによって事実上の指揮を執ったとする見解が有力となっている。
- Earlier theories asserted that political affairs were in fact conducted at Incho, but Shigeo SUZUKI asserted that no details regarding national government could be seen in the documents issued by Incho at that time, and Yoshihiko HASHIMOTO, based on this fact, strongly criticized the view that political affairs were conducted at Incho; consequently, in recent years it has become the prevalent view that the In put pressure on the Imperial Court by using inzen, which had the aspect of a non-official document, and that by placing his aides in positions of general council of state he took virtual control of the government.
- 1339年(延元4年/暦応2年)に後醍醐天皇が死去すると親房が南朝の指導的人物となるが、親房が1354年(正平9年/文和3年)に死去すると南朝はまた衰微し、幕府内での抗争で失脚した細川清氏が楠木正儀らと南朝に帰順して一時は京都を占拠するものの1367年(正平22年/貞治6年)に敗れ、以降は大規模な南朝の攻勢もなくなり、足利義詮時代には大内弘世や山名時氏なども帰服する。
- When Emperor Godaigo passed away in 1339, Chikafusa became the de facto leader of the Southern Court, but when Chikafusa himself died in 1354, the Southern Court again fell into decline; having lost the internal power struggle within the Ashikaga shogunate, Kiyouji HOSOKAWA switched allegiance to Masanori KUSUNOKI and the Southern Court and together managed to briefly occupy Kyoto, but in 1367 they were defeated, and thereafter the Southern Court lost its large-scale military might, and even suffered the loss of Hiroyo OUCHI and Tokiuji YAMANA, who submitted to the shogunate during the rule of Shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA.
- 光秀がいつ頃から謀反を決意していたかは明らかではないが、亀山城出陣を前にして、愛宕権現での連歌の会で光秀が詠んだ発句、「時は今 天が下知る 五月哉」は、「時(とき)」は源氏の流れをくむ土岐氏の一族である光秀自身を示し、「天が下知る」は、「天(あめ)が下(した)治る(しる)」、すなわち天下を治めることを暗示していると解し、この時点で謀反の決意を固めていたのだとする説もある。
- Although it is not clear since when Mitsuhide made his mind to rebel, there is a view that he made his mind to rebel at the time of the party for renga (linked-verse) in the Atago-gongen Shrine before going to battle from the Kameyama-jo Castle by understanding the first line made by Mitsuhide, 'Tokihaima amegashitashiru satsukikana' (The time is now in May which everybody knows), as 'toki' means Mitsuhide himself, who belonged to the Toki clan which descended from the Minamoto clan and 'amegashitashiru' as 'to govern the area under the heaven,' namely governing the whole country.
- 新天皇が先帝死去の翌年になるのを待って改元する先例に反して即位後ただちに大同 (日本)と改元し、桓武がさかんに行った蝦夷侵略の軍事行動や遷都にともなう土木工事のために弛緩した財政の引き締め、機能していない官司の整理、参議を廃止して太政官が地方政治を直接監督する観察使を置くなど積極的に政治改革に取り組んだが、若いころから病身だった彼はやがて体調を崩し、早くも大同4年(809年)には皇太子神野(嵯峨天皇)に譲位することになった。
- Rather than wait until the year after the preceding Emperor died to change the name of the era which was the custom, the new Emperor changed the era name into Dodai and tightened the budget that had loosened while Kanmu had conducted frequent military activity against the Siberian invasion and moved the capital, and actively worked on organizing redundant court positions, placing of a Kansatsushi, where Daijokan directly watches over regional government and abolishing Sangi, but he was sickly from a young age and abdicated the throne to the Crown Prince Kamino (Emperor Saga) in 809.
- 国司は中央政府から検田権を委譲されると、治田(ちでん、田堵の開発した小規模の墾田)や公験(くげん、正式に土地所有を認めた文書)のない荘園・私領(郡司・郷司など在地領主の所領)を次々に没収して国衙領に組み入れ、税収を確保しようとした(この権限が強かったことは、若狭国にあった摂関家の荘園が国司に接収された際に関白藤原頼通が国司に公験不備を指摘されると、国司の判断を妥当とした(『小右記』万寿2年9月1日・13日条)ことでも明らかである)。
- When the right of cadastral surveys was transferred to kokushi from the central government, the shoens and private lands (lands of local lords such as gunji (district managers), goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and so on) without chiden (small scale land already developed by tato) or kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi or gunji (local magistrates) for transfer of the ownership of private property) were confiscated one after another into kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in order for them to secure tax revenue (it is clear that this authority was strong because when the shoen of sekkan-ke in Wakasa Province was confiscated by kokushi and it was pointed out that FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, the chief adviser to the emperor, was wrong in kugen, the judgment of kokushi was justified (in the description on September 1 and 13, 1025 in 'Shoyuki' (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke)).
- 従って、後白河法皇が自己の政権維持のために平氏を利用して、高い官職を与え知行国を増やさせてきたという経緯や当時の社会問題に対する貴族社会の対応能力の無さという点には触れず、清盛と平氏一門がいかに専横を振るい、「驕れる者」であったかを強調している(だが、実際には少なくても治承3年以前における平氏の権力は後白河との強い関係の下で行使されたものが大半であり、その段階において清盛及び平氏一門が独裁的権力を有していたという具体的な事実は存在していない)。
- Therefore, they do not mention that the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa used the Taira clan to maintain his government by giving them high positions and increasing the number of provinces that they were custodians of, and the inability of the aristocracy at that time to deal with the social problems that they faced, but instead emphasize the arrogant behavior of Kiyomori and the Taira clan members (whereas in reality, at least up to 1179, the authority of the Taira clan was mostly due to the strong relationship with Goshirakawa and there is no specific evidence that Kiyomori or the Taira clan members had any dictatorial powers).
- 当初、こうした政策は元寇などによって混乱する社会秩序の回復を図りたい鎌倉幕府の政策と軌を一にするもの(安達泰盛による幕政改革も「弘安徳政」と呼ばれている)であったが、やがて徳政の本格化とともに朝廷の威信回復の考えが旧体制(鎌倉幕府以前への)復帰を模索する動きに結び付けられるようになると、鎌倉幕府は皇位継承における両統迭立政策を名目とした政治介入を行い、亀山・伏見両上皇の院政停止を行った事から朝幕間に緊張状態を生み、やがて後醍醐天皇の親政に至ってついに鎌倉幕府に対する討幕運動へと転化することになったのである。
- Initially, these reforms were in agreement with the Kamakura bakufu's policies to recover public order after confusion due to Mongolian attempts to invade Japan, etc. (the bakufu reforms by Yasumori ADACHI are also called 'Koan-Tokusei'), but when the scale of tokusei was enlarged and consideration of reversion to the old system (before the Kamakura bakufu) became linked with the idea of recovering the authority of the Imperial Court, the Kamakura bakufu used Ryoto tetsuritsu policies for the Imperial succession as a reason to intervene politically and terminated the cloistered governments of Retired Emperors Kameyama and Fushimi, causing tension between the bakufu and the Imperial Court, leading to Emperor Godaigo's direct governance, which eventually transformed into the movement to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.