民間: 970 Terms and Phrases

• 民間
• private
• civilian
• popular
• folk
• unofficial
• private sector

• 民間の
• civilian

• 民間薬
• folk medicine
• ethnomedical

• 民間人
• non-government person
• civilian

• 民間機
• Civil aviation

• 民間援助
• private aid

• 民間住宅
• private dwellings
• residential investment

• 民間組織
• non-governmental organization

• 民間経済
• private economy

• 民間語源
• folk etymology

• 民間療法
• folk remedies
• folk remedy
• therapeutic cult
• Home remedy
• folk medicine

• 民間分類
• folk taxonomy

• 民間放送
• commercial broadcasting

• 民間部門
• private sector

• 民間債権
• private debt

• 民間信仰
• folk beliefs
• folk religion
• Folk religions

• 民間企業
• private enterprise
• private business
• private company
• private firm
• private-sector business
• private-sector corporation

• 民間資本
• private capital

• 民間飛行
• civil aviation

• 民間伝承
• folklore

• 民間団体
• nongovernment organization
• nongovernment organisation
• private groups
• private sector
• civil group

• 民間防衛
• civil defense

• 民間活力
• private-sector vitality

• 民間投資
• private investment

• 民間需要
• private demand

• 民間当局
• civil authorities

• 民間会社
• private company
• private corporation

• 民間再処理
• commercial reprocessing

• 民間放送の
• commercial

• 民間放送局
• commercial broadcaster
• commercial radio or TV station

• 民間の団体
• private body

• 民間航空局
• Department of Civil Aviation

• 民間航空機
• private aircraft

• 民間防衛局
• Office of Civil Defense

• 民間の取組
• private action

• 陸軍民間部
• Department of the Army Civilian

• 民間事業者
• private enterprise

• 民間方法で
• in a civil manner

• 民間企業設備
• private machinery and equipment
• non-residential investment

• 民間セクター
• private sector

• 民間軍事会社
• private military company

• 民間賃貸住宅
• privately rented housing

• 民間調査機関
• private investigation agency

• 民間援助団体
• NGO

• 民間の出えん
• private sector contribution

• 民間研究機関
• private research organization

• 民間合弁事業
• private joint venture activity

• 海外民間団体
• non-Japanese civil group

• 国内民間団体
• Japanese civil group

• 民間宇宙飛行
• Private spaceflight

• 民間人の服装
• civilian clothing

• 民間在庫品増加
• increase in inventories of private enterprises
• private inventory

• 国際民間航空図
• World Aeronautical Chart

• 民間宅地指導室
• Private Sector Building Land Development Office

• 民間資金の導入
• private sector financing

• 民間航空委員会
• CAB
• Civil Aeronautics Board

• 民間活動支援室
• Environmental Partnership Office

• 民間事業振興課
• Private Sector Development Division

• 民間・地域交流
• Private-sector/Regional exchanges

• 民間部門の強さ
• Strength of private sector

• 国際民間航空機関
• International Civil Aviation Organization
• ICAO

• 欧州民間航空会議
• European Civil Aviation Conference

• 海外民間投資公社
• Overseas Private Investment Corporation

• 民間空中哨戒部隊
• Civil Air Patrol

• 国際民間航空機構
• ICAO(UN)
• International Civil Aviation Organization
• International Civil Aviation Organization(UN)

• 国際民間航空条約
• Convention on International Civil Aviation

• 民間環境保全活動
• environmental conservation activity by private sector

• 民間援助連携室長
• Director, Non-Governmental Organizations Cooperation Division

• 民間信仰禁止政策
• Folk beliefs prohibition policy

• 民間航空機の座席
• a seat on a commercial airliner

• 民間起源の物語詩
• a narrative poem of popular origin

• 民間最終消費支出
• private consumption; Private final consumption expenditure

• 民間全民電視公司
• Formosa TV

• 民間における寄人
• Yoriudo among the public

• 民間機関開発の酒米
• Sakamai developed by a private-sector institution

• 神仏習合・民間信仰
• Syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism, and forked beliefs

• 民間事業者の選定等
• Selection of Private Business Operator

• 民間航空機登録協会
• Air Registration Board

• 民間予報業務監理官
• Senior Officer for Private Forecasting Services Supervision

• 民間事業支援調整室
• Coordination Office of Private Project Support

• 民間教育事業振興室
• Office for the Promotion of Private Educational Corporations

• 財政資金対民間収支
• Receipts and Payment of Treasury Funds with the Private Sector

• 国立民間航空大学校
• École nationale de l'aviation civile

• 民間医療に使われる
• used in folk medicine

• 空也と源信の民間布教
• Spread Amongst the Common People by Kuya and Genshin

• 民間団体の活動の支援
• support for the activity of civil group

• エクアドルの民間伝承
• Ecuadorian folklore

• 対家計民間非営利団体
• Private nonprofit institutions serving households

• 民間の団体に対する援助
• Assistance to private bodies
• Aid for Private Entities

• アジア民間交流ぐるーぷ
• Asian People's Exchange

• シンガポール民間航空庁
• Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore

• 全日本民間労働組合連合会
• JTUC (Japan Trade Union Confederation)

• 企業・民間機関開発の酵母
• Yeasts developed by companies and private institutes

• 民間信仰（九十九神以外）
• Folk religion (other than Tsukumogami)

• 民間気象業務支援センター
• Private Weather Service Support Center

• 国民及び民間の団体の責務
• Responsibility of Citizens and Private Bodies

• 民間資金等活用事業推進室
• PFI Promotion Office

• 民主的、または民間の運動
• a democratic or popular movement

• かつて民間療法に使われた
• formerly used as in folk medicine

• 1987年、民間機関開発。
• In 1987, developed by a private-sector institution

• 1999年、民間機関開発。
• In 1999, developed by a private-sector institution

• 1983年、民間機関開発。
• In 1983, developed by a private-sector institution

• 2000年、民間機関開発。
• In 2000, developed by a private-sector institution

• 2つの通路がある民間航空機
• a commercial airliner with two aisles

• 個人、民間が撰定した歌集。
• A collection of poems compiled by individuals or nongovernmental circles

• 民間の祭礼などで演じられる舞
• Mai performed at festivals of the people

• 政府と民間の職を渡り歩くこと
• revolving door

• 民間資金等活用事業推進委員会
• The Committee for the Promotion of the Private Finance Initiative

• 民間紛争解決手続の業務の認証
• Certification of Private Dispute Resolution Services

• 民間資金等活用営繕事業対策官
• Private Finance Initiative Project Officer

• 民間国外債の発行差金の非課税
• Exclusion from Taxation of Discount on Bonds Regarding Foreign-Issued Company Bonds

• 前大統領は、現在民間人である
• the former President is now a private citizen

• 口頭で伝えられる短い民間伝承
• a bit of lore passed on by word of mouth

• 米国政府に支援された民間組織
• a civilian organization sponsored by the United States government

• 民間の事件で権力を行使する人
• a person who exercises authority over civilian affairs

• 1つの通路しかない民間旅客機
• a commercial airliner with a single aisle

• アメリカ民間(土木)技術者協会
• ASCE

• 民間国外債等の利子の課税の特例
• Special Provisions for Taxation on Interest on Foreign-issued Company Bonds
• Special Provisions on Taxation on Interest from Foreign Private Bonds

• 民間航空にかかわる国際連合機関
• the United Nations agency concerned with civil aviation

• 英国の民間伝承のいたずらな妖精
• a mischievous sprite of English folklore

• ホテルや商店が雇う民間の警備員
• a private detective employed by a hotel or retail store

• 民間人の服装で職務に当たる刑事
• a detective who wears civilian clothes on duty

• 男爵（民間人で初めての男爵）。
• He was the first commoner to become a Baron.

• 民間伝承（「雀報恩の事」など）
• Secular setsuwa (including humorous tales, tales about robbers or animals, and love stories)

• 室町時代以降は民間にも普及した。
• Since the Muromachi period, this rite became widespread among ordinary people.

• 黒留袖は民間の正装とされている。
• Kurotomesode is regarded as full dress among citizens.

• 室長（民間資金等活用事業推進室）
• Director General for PFI Promotion Office

• 宮廷相撲であり、民間の相撲である。
• This was held among ordinary citizens as well as at the Imperial Court.

• 民間団体による個人情報の保護の推進
• Promotion of the Protection of Personal Information by Private Organizations

• 民間(土木)技術者協会(イギリス)
• ICE

• 国際開発協力関係民間公益団体補助金
• NGO project subsidy

• コミュニティをつくる行政、民間団体
• government agencies and civil groups that bring together members of the community

• 参事官（民間資金等活用事業推進室）
• Director for PFI Promotion Office

• 民間絵師の場合は手続きが面倒だった。
• In the case of nongovernmental eshi painters, the procedures were laborious.

• 民間事業者の募集及び選定に関する事項
• The matters on the invitation and selection of a private business operator;

• 民間紛争解決手続の業務の特性への配慮
• Due Consideration to the Nature of Private Dispute Resolution Services

• 反逆者は、民間人質を捕らえると脅かす
• The rebels threaten to seize civilian hostages

• GIAは民間大虐殺のテロ活動を始めた
• the GIA has embarked on a terrorist campaign of civilian massacres

• 国及び地方公共団体と民間との役割分担
• Division of Roles among the Government of Japan, Local Public Entities and the Private Sector

• 軍や民間の機関が敵の空襲に備える期間
• the time period during which military and civilian agencies are prepared for an enemy air attack

• しかし、いずれも民間語源の域を出ない。
• In any case, none of them go beyond folk etymology.

• 民間紛争解決手続の業務を行う日及び時間
• The days and hours during which private dispute resolution services are to be carried out

• 大学と民間事業者との連携協力の円滑化等
• Facilitating the Close Cooperation between Universities and Private Business Operators, etc

• 以降は民間の仲介業者による移民となる。
• After that, immigration was sponsored by private brokers.

• なお、諸大名や民間にも黒鍬が存在した。
• In addition, kurokuwa (a construction worker) also existed among territorial lords and ordinary citizens.

• 主に民間或いは地方の建築で多く見られる。
• Many of them are private buildings or in local areas.

• 今度の税金は全ての民間企業に適用される。
• This tax is applied to all private-sector enterprises.

• 類似の観念は他の宗教や民間信仰にもある。
• There are similar notions in other religions or folk beliefs.

• 飛行を行おうとする民間訓練試験空域の名称
• Name of the civil training and testing area to be flown in

• 民間の酒屋は鎌倉時代に全国的に発生した。
• Many privately-operated sakaya appeared throughout the nation in the Kamakura period.

• 御用絵師だけでなく、民間絵師も叙任された。
• Not only Goyo-eshi (purveying painters to the government) but also nongovernmental eshi painters were ordained.

• 国立公園等民間活用特定自然環境保全活動事業
• Special Programs to Engage the Public in Nature Conservation Activities in National Parks

• 民間紛争解決手続の業務を行う事務所の所在地
• The location of the office where the services of private dispute resolution are to be carried out;

• 民間機が軍事的領域を侵犯したとのことです。
• A commercial airplane allegedly violated military airspace.

• 民間企業に対する投資をもっと認めてほしい。
• I'm eager to be allowed to do more private-sector investment.

• 民間医療で間接の痛みや炎症に対し使用される
• used in folk medicine for pain or inflammation in joints

• 軍事活動中の不注意による民間の犠牲者と破壊
• inadvertent casualties and destruction inflicted on civilians in the course of military operations

• 1888年頃から民間出版の唱歌集が出てきた。
• From about 1888 privately-published collections of shoka appeared.

• 1885年（明治18年） 民間に払い下げる。
• 1885: Ownership of the farm was transferred to the private sector.

• また乾燥品は古くは民間薬としても利用された。
• Additionally, the dried mekabu seaweed was used as a folk medicine in ancient times.

• 民間団体等の自発的な活動を促進するための措置
• Measures to Encourage Voluntary Activities by Non-Government Organizations, etc.

• 民間事業者の募集及び選定に関する基本的な事項
• Basic matters regarding the invitation and selection of a private business operator;

• 奉納者は一般の民間人から皇族まで様々である。
• Dedicators range from ordinary people to members of the imperial family.

• お香とニスと民間薬に使用される樹脂を生成する
• produces a resin used in incense and varnish and in folk medicine

• ロシア民間防衛問題・非常事態・自然災害復旧省
• Ministry of Emergency Situations

• 民間からはほとんど支援を受けていない慈善団体
• a charity that does not receive a major part of its support from the public

• こうした一方で、新羅は民間交易に力を入れた。
• Meanwhile, Silla concentrated on private sector trade.

• 天神伝説とそれに関連する民間信仰（天神信仰）。
• The legend of Tenjin (heavenly gods) and the local belief concerning it (Tenjin worship).

• これが民間に伝わり、現在の形になったとされる。
• The festival beame popular among the general public and reached its present form.

• 民間紛争解決手続に該当しない裁判外紛争解決手続
• Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedures Not Falling under Private Dispute Resolution Procedures

• 近世における官人陰陽師の再興と民間陰陽師の興隆
• Re-emergence of bureaucrat onmyoji and the rise of civilian onmyoji in the early modern times

• 関節の痛みと炎症に対して、民間療法で使用される
• used in folk medicine for pain or inflammation in joints

• 民間人は、国の降伏を強制する活動で猛爆撃された
• civilians were strafed in an effort to force the country's surrender

• 大きな民間航空機に乗客を積むための拡張可能な橋
• an extendible bridge for loading passengers onto large commercial airplanes

• 主に清代の民間楽曲（清楽）を他の楽器と合奏する。
• It was mainly played with folk music (Qing-era Chinese music) in the Qing Dynasty.

• 国立劇場以外の民間でも同様の試みが行われている。
• Private sectors other than the National Theater make similar efforts.
• Besides the National Theater, similar attempts are being made in the private sector.

• 明治維新で虚無僧が廃止されると民間へも普及した。
• After komuso were abolished by the Meiji Restoration, it spread among ordinary people.

• 警察の職務や秩序を監督するよう任命された民間委員
• a civil commissioner appointed to supervise the duties and discipline of the police

• 軍は、農民を民間防衛グループに引き入れようとした
• The army tried to co-opt peasants into civil defence groups

• そのためか、民間でもこの八神を祀ることがあった。
• Therefore, in some instances, these eight gods were enshrined among people as well.

• 幕末頃から、民間の暦にひっそりと記載され始めた。
• It began to be secretly described in a folk calendar from the end of the Edo period.

• 島の民間伝承はいまだにそのいかだの話を伝えている。
• Island folklore still recounts the story of the raft.

• 民間国外債の発行差金で非課税の特例の適用がないもの
• Bond Issue Discounts for Foreign Private Bonds to Which the Special Provisions on Tax Exemption Do Not Apply

• （民間用の）電力網の電源と考えられている原子力発電
• nuclear energy regarded as a source of electricity for the power grid (for civilian use)

• 民間人と対照的な軍人によって行われるまたは関係する
• associated with or performed by members of the armed services as contrasted with civilians

• 但し京都バスなどの民間バス会社はそのままである）。
• However, private bus companies such as Kyoto Bus use the name 'Kawaramachi-Nijo' without changing it.)

• この論文では、ドイツとオランダの民間伝承を比較する。
• In this paper, I compare the folklores of Germany and Holland.

• 民間では、各地に「愛宕講」と呼ばれる講が組織された。
• Among the people, religious associations called 'Atago ko' were organized in various regions.

• 英国皇太子と民間人との結婚で、社会的地位を調和させる
• Concord the conditions for the marriage of the Prince of Wales with a commoner

• 民間企業で働いて金持ちになることが可能になったんだ。
• It was possible to get rich by working at a private company.

• 1900年 ハワイへの民間業者仲介による移民の中止。
• In 1900, immigration to Hawaii sponsored by private brokers was stopped.

• 前漢の時、民間歌謡を収集する楽府という役所が作られた。
• During the Former Han Dynasty, a music bureau called Gakufu was set up, where folk kayo were collected.

• 一般廃棄物処理施設に係る民間資金活用型社会資本整備事業
• social capital development programs that utilize private finance initiatives (PFI) to develop municipal solid waste treatment facilities

• 消火活動ができるように装備した人々の民間組織や臨時組織
• a private or temporary organization of individuals equipped to fight fires

• 北アイルランドのカトリック教徒の民間人の勢力を攻撃する
• attacks interests of Catholic civilians in Northern Ireland

• 民間警備隊の最高責任者で、会社または産業のために働く者
• head of a private security force working for a business or industry

• 民間では更に少ない枚数での短陌レートが設けられていた。
• For civilians, the rate of tanhaku with fewer coins was established.

• 戦後は民間に払い下げられ、滑走路は農地・宅地となった。
• The base was handed down to the private sector after the war, and the runways became farmland and residential land.

• 民間信仰的要素は歴史的経緯もあり複雑な様相をなしている。
• Elements of folk religion are complicated partly due to its historical background.

• 秋田藩佐竹氏に伝わっていた、日本最初の民間の酒造技術書。
• It was the first private technical book on sake brewing which was succeeded by the Satake clan in the Akita Domain.

• その風潮はやがて民間にも波及し古筆はますます珍重された。
• This mood spread to the general public, and kohitsu came to be evaluated more and more highly.

• 民間資金等の活用による公共施設等の整備の促進に関する法律
• Law on Promotion of Construction of Public Facilities by Utilizing Private Funds

• 民間団体等による貨物自動車運送の適正化に関する事業の推進
• Promotion of Rationalization of Motor Truck Transportation Business by Private Bodies, etc.

• その後もこの条例を基に民間が数多くの国立銀行を設立した。
• Thereafter, ordinary citizens founded many national banks based on this regulation.

• そのため南進論は民間・非主流派の対外政策論にとどまった。
• Nanshinron therefore remained as a non-governmental and non-mainstream foreign policy.

• さらに弓矢は様々な形で祈祷や民間習俗に取り入れられている。
• Moreover, it has been incorporated into rogation and folkways in various forms.

• この悪魔の襲撃については多くの図が描かれ、民間に流布した。
• The attack of the Devil has been depicted in many drawings, distributed among the public.

• 民間資金等の活用による公共施設等の整備等の促進に関する法律
• Act on Promotion of Private Finance Initiative

• 前漢の時、民間の歌謡を収集する楽府という役所が設けられた。
• In the Former Han dynasty an office called 'gafu,' which collected civil songs, was established.

• 日本の民俗学者で、日本の古民具や民間信仰を主に研究している。
• He is a Japanese folklorist, and he studies mainly old Japanese everyday tools and folklore.

• 民間事業者の能力の活用による特定設備の促進に関する臨時措置法
• Law of Provisional Measures for Promotion of the Construction of Designated Facilities through the Participation of Private Enterprises

• 穢れの観念は民間信仰はもとより、多数の有力宗教にも見られる。
• The notion of Kegare is recognized not only in folk religions but also in many primary religions.

• 福天（ふくでん）は、日本の民間信仰で、福をもたらす神である。
• Fukuden is a deity bringing happiness in folk beliefs in Japan.

• 雷神（らいじん）は、日本の民間信仰や神道における雷の神である。
• Raijin is the god of lightning in Japanese folk beliefs and the Shinto religion.

• また、中国の民間信仰においては赤い顔で竜を持った姿で表される。
• In Chinese folk belief he is depicted as a figure with a red-colored face and holding a dragon.

• 1974年、民間人の登用の目玉として三木内閣の文部大臣に就任。
• In 1974, he was appointed to the Minister for Education of the Miki cabinet as a symbol of the policy of appointing civilians to ministerial posts.

• その結果、2008年7月から運営が民間委託されることになった。
• As a result, its management was outsourced to the private sector in July 2008.

• 合衆国では２億１６００万丁もの鉄砲類が、民間の手にあるという。
• In the U.S., as many as 216 million firearms are said to be in private hands.

• 民間国外債の利子及び発行差金等で非課税の特例の適用がないもの等
• Interest from and Bond Issue Discounts for Foreign Private Bonds to Which the Special Provisions on Tax Exemption Do Not Apply

• 兵士としての訓練を受けているが正規軍には属していない民間人たち
• civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army

• その後、江戸時代には庶民の習字手本として民間にも普及している。
• After that, in the Edo period, it became widespread as a text book of calligraphy also among the general public.

• また明治維新には民間人として榎本武揚に加わり戊辰戦争を戦った。
• During the Meiji Restoration, he joined the army led by Takeaki ENOMOTO although he had been just a citizen, and he fought in the Boshin War.

• 狐を稲荷神の使いとする民間信仰は、中世より始まったものである。
• A folk belief that the fox is an envoy of the god Inari occurred during the middle ages.

• 民間でもこれに倣って宴会が行われ、新年会のルーツと言われている。
• Ordinary people also held banquets following this custom, which is said to be the origin of today's New Year's party.

• その申請に係る民間紛争解決手続の業務の内容及びその実施方法の概要
• An outline of the contents and implementation method of the private dispute resolution services pertaining to the application

• 民間訓練試験空域における第九十五条の三の国土交通省令で定める飛行
• Flight in a civil training and testing area specified by Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism set forth in Article 95-3

• これらは官人の子弟にとどまらず、民間人からの登用も可能であった。
• It was possible for commoners as well as sons of civil servants to gain appointments to these positions.

• 防虫剤として使用される精油を生み、時に民間療法において使用される
• yields an essential oil used as an insect repellent and sometimes in folk medicine

• 各県でもしきりに善行者を表彰し、民間の教化団体もまたおこなった。
• Prefectures frequently awarded persons for their good deeds, and private educational organizations also followed the awards.

• また前漢の民間歌謡から一句が五音にそろえられた五言詩が生まれた。
• Five-syllable poems (each line of the poems consisting of five syllables) were composed, by the influence of popular songs of the former Han dynasty.

• 第二次大戦後、民間の所有となり、現在は京都市・細見美術館の所蔵。
• After World War II, it became private property and is now held by Hosomi Museum in Kyoto city.

• 民間伝承では惧れと親しみをこめて雷神を「雷さま」と呼ぶことが多い。
• In folk beliefs, Raijin is often called as 'Kaminari-sama' fearfully and endearingly.

• 日本では古代から存在したとされ、民間には明治時代末期まで見られた。
• This was assumed to exist from ancient Japan, and could be seen among the common people until the late Meiji period.

• 日本に伝わったのは平安時代であり、江戸時代以降に民間でも流行する。
• In Japan, it was introduced in the Heian period and became popular among the common people after the Edo period.

• したがって、日本の民間信仰（古神道）と乖離している部分が多くある。
• Therefore, it is different from the folk beliefs of Japan (Koshinto) in many aspects.

• 民間で歌謡は多く文字として記録されない口頭文学として常に存在した。
• Kayo was always in the public realm as oral literature that was not recorded in letters.

• 宮中で行われた相撲節会のほかには、民間の相撲も大いに行われていた。
• In addition to Sumai no Sechie at the Imperial Court, ordinary citizens also enjoyed sumo very much.

• 手続実施者　民間紛争解決手続において和解の仲介を実施する者をいう。
• Dispute resolution providers　shall refer to persons who arrange settlement through private dispute resolution procedures;

• 我々は民間セクターの活動に対しまして、門戸開放政策を採用しました。
• We adopted the open-doors-policy vis-à-vis the role of the private sector.

• このマシンは民間で設計製造されたものなので、機密にはなっていない。
• The machine was designed and built in the private sector, so it is not classified.

• すでに民間では、無文銀銭が通貨として使われていたと考えられること。
• It is assumed that Mumon-ginsen coin (Japan's oldest private silver coin) was already used among the general public.

• 民間においては、現在でも親しい仲などが集まり小規模で行われている。
• Among ordinary citizens, even now close associates gather to practice it on a small scale.

• また「馬頭」という名称から、民間信仰では馬の守護仏としても祀られる。
• In addition, due to the name 'Bato' (horse head), it is worshiped as a guardian Buddha of horses in folk beliefs.

• 家庭でも簡単に作れることから、古来民間の健康酒として親しまれてきた。
• Because it can be easily made at home, it has been enjoyed as a popular, healthy liquor since ancient times.

• 民間伝承にある妖怪ではなく、子供向けに創作された妖怪とする説もある。
• Some say that this is a ghost created for children and does not exist in popular legends.

• 舞台音楽は民間にも広まり、演劇や舞踊なしで演奏される機会も多かった。
• Stage music became available among the common people and was often played alone, not as a part of play or dance.

• 民間事業者の責任の明確化等事業の適正かつ確実な実施の確保に関する事項
• The matters necessary to ensure the appropriate and reliable implementation of the project such as the clarification of the responsibilities of private business operators;

• 民間紛争解決手続の業務に関し成年者と同一の行為能力を有しない未成年者
• A minor who does not have legal capacity equivalent to a major in connection with the services of private dispute resolution;

• その申請に係る民間紛争解決手続の業務に関する事業報告書又は事業計画書
• Business reports or business plans on the services of private dispute resolution relating to the application;

• 民間気象業務支援センター （第二十四条の二十八―第二十四条の三十三）
• Private Meteorological Service Support Center (Article 24-28 - Article 24-33)

• 民間人に陸軍や海軍で兵役を務めるように強制する権限を与えられた独立班
• a detachment empowered to force civilians to serve in the army or navy

• 南進論は田口卯吉・志賀重昂・菅沼貞風などの民間の論客が提唱したもの。
• The Nanshinron theory was advocated by some civilian critics such as Ukitchi TAGUCHI, Shigetaka SHIGA and Sadakaze SUGANUMA.

• 一方、民間に対しては太閤検地や刀狩などを通じて家職への専念を求めた。
• On the other hand, the government reinforced Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and Katanagari (sword confiscation) on the public and asked it to devote itself to Kashoku.

• また民俗学などで民間信仰の変遷を辿る際には手がかりになることもある。
• Gisho within folklore and so forth can also provide clues as to how folk beliefs have changed through time.

• 明治維新後、民間に払い下げられ、1877年に古河市兵衛の経営となる。
• After the Meiji Restoration, the mines were sold to private management and run by Ichibei FURUKAWA from 1877.

• ただし、中国、韓国では民間レベルでは尺貫法の単位が使われ続けている。
• However, private sectors in China and South Korea still use the units of Shakkanho.

• やがて古筆愛好の風潮は民間にも波及し、古筆は珍重されるようになった。
• Old writings became popular among townspeople and were prized.

• 日本や中国では公的に廃止されてもしばらくは民間で数え年が使われていた。
• It was used privately even after it was abolished officially in Japan and China.

• 他にも、東京都豊島区の西方寺起源説、民間信仰説などいくつもの説がある。
• Additionally, there are other theories such as one originating from Saiho-ji Temple, Toshima Ward, Tokyo, and one that originates from folk beliefs.

• ただし、明治以降にもいくつかの民間団体は盲官の名称を用いることがある。
• But after the Meiji Restoration, there are some instances that some private organizations used the names of mokan (blind official).

• 民間では鉄漿付け（かねつけ）、つけがね、歯黒め（はぐろめ）はなどとも。
• Among the common people, it was also called something like Kanetsuke (Iron Paste attachment), Tsukegane (attached Iron Paste), or Hagurome (Tooth Black).

• - 民間に伝わる呪文で,これを唱えれば難事を避けることができると言う。
• These are magic words handed down for generations among people, and it is said that when chanting these words, you can avoid difficult things.

• 京と地方の民間暦との間で置閏法などに違いが生じるなどの混乱が発生した。
• As a result, a confusion occurred between the calendar compiled in Kyoto and private calendars such that the calendars used different Chijun-ho (a calendar technique for setting the leap month and leap day).

• また一方では、媒体で紹介される妖怪は民間伝承の古典的なものだけでない。
• On the other hand, yokai introduced through mass media are not limited only to those that belong to the classical culture that has been handed down as a folklore.

• 民間における意思決定又は研究活動のために広く利用されると見込まれる統計
• Statistics that are expected to be widely utilized for decision-making or research activities in the private sector;

• 民間で軍の人員（核、化学、および生物兵器）を殺すか、または傷つける兵器
• a weapon that kills or injures civilian as well as military personnel (nuclear and chemical and biological weapons)

• 元々民間信仰の神であり、その姿は様々に考えられていたということである。
• Originally a god of folk belief, there was variation in people's perception of his (or her) figure.

• かくて、民間諸団体を糾合し国家主義、アジア主義大同団結運動を目論んだ。
• He aimed to bring private association together and unite for a common purpose under the Nationalism and Asianism.

• 外敵や疫病から民を護ってくれるという素朴な民間信仰から生まれた神である。
• It is a deity originating from folk beliefs that it guards people from enemies and plagues.

• この行事は次第に貴族や武士にも広がり、やがて民間の行事としても定着した。
• This event gradually spread to court nobles or Samurai, and eventually, it was established as a popular event.

• 国土交通大臣が本部長となり、関係省庁および民間団体・企業が参加している。
• The head of the campaign is the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and its membership consists of relevant ministries and agencies, citizens' organizations and private companies.

• 民間信仰の内、九十九神ではない、若しくは依り代となるものがよく解らない。
• For those that are not Tsukumogami in folk religion, their yorishiro are not well-understood.

• 内閣府に、民間資金等活用事業推進委員会（以下「委員会」という。）を置く。
• The Committee for the Promotion of Private Finance Initiatives (hereinafter referred to as the 'Committee') will be set up within the Cabinet Office.

• その申請に係る民間紛争解決手続の業務の内容及びその実施方法を記載した書類
• Documents that state the contents and the method of provision of the services of private dispute resolution relating to the application;

• 大学等における技術に関する研究成果の民間事業者への移転の促進に関する法律
• Act on the Promotion of Technology Transfer from Universities to Private Business Operators

• 独自に被官・家臣間、領民間の争いを調停する分国法を制定するものもあった。
• Some daimyo in the period established bunkokuho (the laws to be enforced in their own territories) to mediate disputes between hikan and vassals or among residents in their territories.

• また、民間では国学の隆盛から国難打開のために神祇官再興論が浮上していた。
• Also the public, due to a flourishing of the study of Japanese classical literature, called for the revival of the Jingikan to save the nation in a time of crisis.

• 江戸幕府や各藩、明治以降は新政府や各府県、または民間によって招聘された。
• Such foreigners were invited to Japan by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and by various regional domains; beginning in the Meiji period, they were invited by the new Meiji government, prefectural offices, or by the private sector.

• 民間では岩崎弥太郎の創始した三菱や三井は政府の保護を受けて政商となった。
• In private companies, Mitsubishi, which was founded by Yataro IWASAKI, and Mitsui became businessmen with political ties, under the protection of the government.

• 当時民間の娯楽として人気のあった猿楽は滑稽を主とした雑芸・歌曲であった。
• Sarugaku (form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries) which was mainly comical arts and songs, was popular as a public amusement.

• 鎖国体制下では民間貿易は厳禁され、管理貿易が以下の四ヶ所でおこなわれた。
• Under seclusionism, nongovernmental trade was strictly prohibited, while controlled trade was allowed via the following four routes.

• 林吉永のような民間の観光案内絵図では観光にかかわる情報しか載せていない。
• Commercial sightseeing maps by, for example, Yoshinaga HAYASHI, only described information relating to sightseeing.

• 幕末以降は武家出身で薬種商を営んでいた森川家が民間への伝承の中心となった。
• After the end of Edo period, the Morikawa family, an old samurai family who had turned to selling medicines, became the main teachers of the Aizu-Ikei-ha to citizens.

• 民間機関（シンワフーズケミカルなど）でその自社酵母の乾燥化を受託している。
• Drying of such proprietary yeasts is outsourced to private institutes (such as Shinwa Foods Chemical).

• その来源には宮中の燕楽や民間の通俗音楽にいたるいくつかがあると考えられる。
• Ci is considered to have various origins, from Engaku (Chinese court music) to popular music.

• - 翁などの表現から長寿の具現化や古いことが民間信仰において尊ばれている。
• Judging from expressions such as Okina, the realization of longevity and ancientry is highly valued in folk beliefs.

• 民間紛争解決手続の実施に際して行う通知について相当な方法を定めていること。
• Establishes an appropriate method for giving notification when executing private dispute resolution procedures;

• 淡島神（あわしまのかみ）は、神道および日本の民間信仰の神 (神道)である。
• Awashima no kami is a god (Shinto) in Shinto and Japanese folk religion.

• 百太夫（ももだゆう、ひゃくだゆう）は、日本の民間信仰の神 (神道)である。
• Momodayu (also called Hyakudayu) is a deity in a folk belief.

• 多くの人々が死んだ（通常戦争の間の大虐殺か大量殺戮か乱暴な民間騒動で）領域
• an area where many people have died (usually by massacre or genocide during war or violent civil disturbance)

• ここに当時の下関で聞いたという巌流島決闘に関する民間伝承が記録されている。
• In Shimonoseki, he heard folklore about the duel at Ganryu-jima Island and recorded it in a book.

• 地方公営企業（公営交通）形態のものと民間企業（私鉄）形態のものが混在する。
• They are managed by either local public enterprises (public transportation) or private companies (private railway companies).

• 中世以降は智光曼荼羅、弘法大師、聖徳太子などの民間信仰の寺院として栄えた。
• The temple flourished as a temple for folk religion such as Chiko Mandala, Kobo Daishi (a posthumous title of the priest Kukai), Prince Shotoku after the Medieval period.

• このことが、日本の民間信仰の説明に用いられる時に、誤解が発生する原因である。
• This is a reason why misinterpretations sometimes occur in discussions about the folk beliefs of Japan.

• ただし、民間信仰や新宗教などの宗教団体の中には法人格を得ていない場合も多い。
• Many organizations of folk religions and new religions do not gain corporate status.

• 威仁親王の薨去後、高松宮別邸や民間企業の保養所を経て神奈川県に譲渡された。)
• After Imperial Prince Takehito died, this place was changed from Takamatsu no Miya villa to a recreation facility of a private company, and after that, it was handed over to Kanagawa Prefecture.)

• 民間業者が工場で国民服を大量生産し、国民服配給会社が国民服を大量に配給した。
• Private companies mass-produced national uniforms in their factories, and a great number of the national uniforms were distributed among the people.

• したがって菖蒲湯は薬草を入れた温水浴としての民間医療行為としての意味がある。
• Therefore, shobuyu means taking a hot bath with a medical herb as a folk remedy.

• 民間事業者の責任の明確化等事業の適正かつ確実な実施の確保に関する基本的な事項
• Basic matters to ensure the appropriate and reliable implementation of a project such as clarification of the responsibilities of the private business operator;

• 民間事業者の発案による特定事業の選定その他特定事業の選定に関する基本的な事項
• Basic matters regarding the selection of a Qualified Project based on proposals from private business operators, and other basic matters regarding the selection of a Qualified Project;

• 認証紛争解決手続　第五条の認証を受けた業務として行う民間紛争解決手続をいう。
• Certified dispute resolution procedures　shall refer to private dispute resolution procedures to be carried out as the services certified under Article 5;

• 宇賀神（うがじん）は、日本で中世以降信仰された民間信仰の神 (神道)である。
• 'Ugajin' is a folk religion god (Shinto) worshipped since the medieval period in Japan.

• そうして民間の習俗・信仰と習合しつつ陰陽道は生活に溶け込んでいったのである。
• Mixed with citizens' manners, customs, and religious faith in this manner, Onmyodo was integrated into daily life.

• 具体的には民間には海外進出を禁じ、公的には貿易のルートを朝貢のみに限定した。
• To be specific, in private sectors advancing overseas was prohibited, and an official sector for the trading route was restricted only to choko (paying tribute to the court).

• 大鯰が地下で活動することによって地震が発生するという民間信仰に基づいている。
• It is based on folk beliefs that earthquakes are caused by underground activities of a big catfish.

• 空也は諸国を遊行しながら精力的に民間布教を行い、庶民の願いや悩みを聞き入れた。
• Kuya walked around the various provinces and actively spread his teachings among the public and listened to the public's wants and worries.

• 作家・村上健司はこれを民間の伝承ではなく、教訓のために作られた昔話とみている。
• Kenji NURAKAMI, a writer, thinks that the story was made up for a lesson long time ago rather than an oral tradition of a folktale.

• 紛争の当事者が民間紛争解決手続を終了させるための要件及び方式を定めていること。
• Establishes requirements and modes of operation for the parties to a dispute to terminate the private dispute resolution procedures;

• 申請者が行う民間紛争解決手続の業務に関する苦情の取扱いについて定めていること。
• Establishes a system for the handling of complaints on the applicant's private dispute resolution services.

• キッザニアはメキシコにおいて1999年に開館した「営利目的」の民間施設である。
• Kidzania is a 'for-profit' private facility that opened in Mexico in 1999.

• 民間のために当座預金を受け付け、融資を行い、その他のサービスを提供する金融機関
• a financial institution that accepts demand deposits and makes loans and provides other services for the public

• 法律を執行する裁判員または権限を持つ民間人（特に軽犯罪を扱う裁判を担当する人）
• a lay judge or civil authority who administers the law (especially one who conducts a court dealing with minor offenses)

• （民間やその他の機関から）資金を集めて、金融資産に投資する（公共や民間の）機関
• an institution (public or private) that collects funds (from the public or other institutions) and invests them in financial assets

• 植林や農業指導については、非政府組織などの民間団体が関わったプロジェクトもある。
• Concerning planting trees and providing guidance for farming, there also exist projects participated in by private bodies, such as non-government organizations.

• 現在の神社神道にもその名残は多くあり、古神道としての民間信仰と共に息づいている。
• Traces of them can often be found in current Shrine Shintoism, and they coexist with folk beliefs as ancient Shintoism.

• この政策は我々の経済の大きな原動力である民間セクターの役割に力を与えてきました。
• This has strengthened the role of the private sector, the greatest generator of our economy.

• その耐空性について国際民間航空条約の締約国たる外国が証明その他の行為をした装備品
• Components that any foreign state, a Contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, granted certification approval or performed other acts for airworthiness thereof

• 現在の民間での六曜信仰に、赤口日とともになんらかの形で影響したと考えられている。
• Shakuzetsu-nichi Day together with Shakko-nichi Day is thought to have influenced folk belief of Rokuyo (a recurring six-day series of lucky or unlucky days that is incorporated into the Japanese calendar) one way or another.

• 1902年になると漢人による抗日運動は制圧され、民間が所有する武器は没収された。
• In 1902, the anti-Japanese movements by the Han Chinese were put down and the weapons owned by civilians were confiscated.

• 現在の民間での六曜信仰に、赤舌日とともになんらかの形で影響したと考えられている。
• It is thought that Syakkonichi, with Shakuzetsunichi (the day ruled by Syakuzetsujin [the guardian god of the west gate of the capital of Taisaijin]) had some influence on the present folk belief in Rokuyo (literally, 'six days,' the traditional six days in Japanese calendar).

• なお前述した日本電気鉄道のように、民間による大規模な都市間電車は実現しなかった。
• As described above, no private large-scale inter-city railways were realized, as the Japan electric railway described above.

• 里神楽という語は御神楽との対比に用いられ、狭義では関東での民間の神楽に用いられる。
• The word satokagura is used in comparison with mikagura, while, in a more limited sense, it means private kagura performed in Kanto region.

• ここから、郷里制の施行と奈良時代における民間への仏教信仰の浸透を知ることができる。
• These things tell us about the enforcement of Gori-sei (Township-neighborhood system) and how Buddhism belief prevailed in people in the Nara period.

• 民間信仰においては、大黒天（マハーカーラ）などと習合し、福徳神とされることもある。
• According to folklore, it is sometimes regarded as Fukutoku-shin (god who bring fortune and luck), syncretized with Daikokuten (Mahakala) and so on.

• 官僧ではなく私度僧から聖（ひじり）に至る民間宗教者の系統に属することが指摘できる。
• It is pointed out that he was not an official monk but belonged to the line of private religious people from shidoso (priests having entered Buddhist priesthood without permission) to hijiri (a high-ranking priest).

• 国有林率は民間林の26,261haに比べ、754haで全体で2.8％になっている。
• The National forest is 754 ha, 2.8% against 26,261 ha of private forests.

• また中国から日本に伝わった民間芸能である散楽 (さんがく) にも鼓が使われている。
• Tsuzumi is also used in sangaku (form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries), the popular entertainment which came down from China to Japan.

• スコットランドの経済学者で、民間企業と自由貿易を主唱した（1723年−1790年）
• Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

• ヒンズー民間伝承において、ラーマは騎士道的態度と勇気の典型と神聖な法律の遵法である
• in Hindu folklore Rama is the epitome of chivalry and courage and obedience to sacred law

• 米国空軍の民間予備役の部門で、戦争時に迅速な動員を行い、国家的危機の時に援助を行う
• a civilian reserve component of the United States Air Force that provides prompt mobilization during war and assistance during national emergencies

• 1921年には、平城宮跡の中心部分が民間の寄金によって買い取られ、国に寄付された。
• In 1921, the central part of the Heijo-kyu Palace Site was purchased by private donations and entrusted to the government.

• だが、銀錠は民間によって発行されていたため、時代や地域によって形状が異なっていた。
• The shape of the silver sycee varied depending on the age and area it was minted as it was issued by private sector.

• 旧町営バスの各路線とも、民間バスや旧国鉄バスの路線撤退を受けた廃止代替バスである。
• All of the former town bus services had replaced the former private bus services and the former National Railway bus service, when those bus services were discontinued by those companies.

• この他、神社の所有地、民間の所有地であて民間伝承などの特別な謂われのある木を指す。
• In addition, shinboku refers to a tree which is in a site owned by a shrine or a private land and which has a special history such as an oral tradition.

• また、正月に行われる従来の萬歳も、民間での門付は第二次世界大戦頃までは盛んであった。
• The traditional manzai performed in front of the houses in the New Year was also popular among folks until around World War II.

• 蜂蜜を加えて飲むと咳や喉の痛み、声枯れ、二日酔いによいとする民間療法も知られている。
• Daikon oroshi mixed with honey and drunk is also known as a folk remedy said to be good for coughs, sore throats, hoarseness and hangovers.

• こうして、民間での、政府が発行する銅銭への信頼は失墜してしまい、使用されなくなった。
• Thus, copper coins issued by the government had lost the trust of the people and ceased to be used in the market.

• 催馬楽は民間の俚謡、流行歌の類が、貴族の宴席のうたいものにとりいれられたものである。
• Saibara originated from the songs of the ordinary people such as Riyo (ballad, folk song, popular song) and popular songs adopted by nobles for utaimono (utai, Noh chant piece for recitation) in their banquets.

• この画との関連性は不明だが、ヤマアラシという名の妖怪は日本各地の民間伝承に見られる。
• Although the connection with the painted Yama-arashi has not been verified, there is folklore on Yokai (specter) Yama-arashi in various places across Japan,

• 学識の高さや政治・経済に対する確かな見識をもって朝廷・民間双方からの信任が篤かった。
• With his great scholarship and accurate discernment of politics and the economy, he won the confidence of both the Imperial Court and private organizations.

• 一方、1951年（昭和26年）9月1日の毎日放送開局に始まる民間放送ブームが起きた。
• Meanwhile, commercial broadcasting was booming, starting with the opening of Mainichi Broadcasting System (MBS) on September 1, 1951.

• 民間紛争解決手続の開始から終了に至るまでの標準的な手続の進行について定めていること。
• Establishes a standard operation process from the commencement to the termination of executing private dispute resolution procedures;

• 各種の調査では、民間セクターが政策決定にほとんど影響力をもたないことが示されている。
• It has been demonstrated in various researches that the private sector has little influence over policy making.

• 西アフリカ熱帯地方産の常緑高木で、刺激性の芳香のある種子は香辛料と民間医療に使われる
• tropical west African evergreen tree bearing pungent aromatic seeds used as a condiment and in folk medicine

• 一方、都には民間の仏像制作工房：私仏所があり、また僧侶で仏像制作を行う者もでてきた。
• However, there also existed private workshops of Buddhist sculptors in the capital, as well as monks who produced Buddhist images.

• 辛亥革命で旧来の王朝が断絶し国家規模の祭天は途絶えたが、民間にはその流れが残っている。
• As the old dynasty ended with the Xinhai Revolution, national observance of Saiten ceased, but its influence is seen among some people even now.

• イヌザンショウの果実は「青椒」と呼ばれて精油を持ち、煎じて咳止めの民間薬に用いられる。
• The fruit of Inuzansho is called 'seisho,' has essential oil, and is brewed privately for use as a cough medicine.

• また民間所有の里山であっても国家に税金（山年貢などと呼ばれる）を支払うことが多かった。
• And in many cases, even though they were privately-owned, they were subject to duties (called yamanengu (mountain tax), etc.).

• 以後、唱歌については文部省著作の教科書と文部大臣の検定を経た民間の教科書が併用された。
• Thereafter, in shoka classes both Monbusho-written textbooks and privately published textbooks that passed the authorization of the Minister of Education were used concurrently.

• その追加型式設計について国際民間航空条約の締約国たる外国が承認その他の行為をした航空機
• Aircraft that any foreign state, a Contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, granted approval and performed other acts in regard to supplemental type design thereof

• また、家制度の元で家業の維持が優先されたのも民間における家職の残滓と言える者であった。
• Under the influence of the Ie system, the maintenance of Kagyo continued to be prioritized among the public and this could be considered as a relic of Kashoku.

• 更に鎌倉時代以後には仮名暦・民間暦も登場した事によりその地位は大きく低下する事となる。
• After the Kamakura era, the status of rekido further declined through the advent of the Kana-goyomi calendar (a calendar written in the Japanese syllabaries, or kana) and the Minkan-reki calendar.

• 第七項に規定する特定民間国外債とは、次に掲げる要件を満たしている一般民間国外債をいう。
• Specified foreign-issued company bonds prescribed in paragraph (7) shall mean general foreign-issued company bonds that satisfy the following requirements:

• その一方で民間でも、冠婚葬祭やお盆等において、一般家庭や料理屋でも作られるようになった。
• At the same time, Shojin ryori were also cooked by private citizens in homes or restaurants on ceremonial occasions or during the Bon festival.

• また、中国の民間信仰に於いては緑色の顔で右手に傘、左手に銀のネズミを持った姿で表される。
• In the folk faith of China it is expressed as a figure that has a green face with an umbrella in the right hand and a silver mouse in the left hand.

• 御酒之日記（ごしゅのにっき）とは、佐竹氏に伝えられた現存する日本最初の民間の酒造技術書。
• Goshu-no-nikki is the first technical book on sake brewing in existence in Japan that was handed down in the Satake clan.

• 真仁法親王は円山応挙、呉春らを引き立てたことでも知られ、複数の民間歌人とも交際があった。
• Imperial Prince Masahito was known to support Okyo MARUYAMA and Goshun, and he associated with a various private poets.

• 結婚のパレードは民間放送開始から五年目でまだ高嶺の花だったテレビの普及に大いに貢献した。
• The parade of the wedding highly contributed to the spread of the television that had still been an unattainable object in those days, when only five years had passed since commercial broadcasting was launched.

• 北海道地方で行われる下の句かるた大会はほとんどがこのルールであり、民間でも一般的である。
• This manner is well known, and it is usually played this way at the Shimo-no-ku Karuta Competition in the Hokkaido region.

• 民間紛争解決手続において提出された資料の保管、返還その他の取扱いの方法を定めていること。
• Establishes methods for storing, returning or otherwise handling materials submitted through private dispute resolution;

• 令外官は次第に肥大化していき、胥吏（しょり、実務職員）に多くの民間人を含むようになった。
• Ryoge no kan posts gradually become overabundant and the number of private citizens assigned as Shori (officials responsible for practical works) increased.

• 門前町民や寺社領民、修験者や陰陽師らの民間宗教者、さらに連歌師などの芸能民らも管轄した。
• In addition, the Jisha-bugyo controlled temple town citizens, people in the domains of temples and shrines, folk religious leaders such as ascetic Buddhist monks and philosophers, and artists such as poets.

• その型式の設計について国際民間航空条約の締約国たる外国が型式証明その他の行為をした航空機
• Aircrafts that any foreign state, a Contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, certified type certification or performed other acts in regard to designs of the relevant type

• 民間セクターは通信や電力のような重要な経済部門において、基幹となるパートナーであります。
• The private sector is the basic partner in the largest economic sectors such as communications and electricity.

• ラウンドヘイは中年の男で、社交的で愛想がよく、民間伝承についてかなりの知識を持っていた。
• He was a middle-aged man, portly and affable, with a considerable fund of local lore.

• このため既存のイギリス、スペイン、ポルトガルとの交易が途絶え、また民間貿易も禁止された。
• Because of its national isolation, commerce with England, Spain and Portugal who traded with Japan until that time stopped and commerce with ordinary citizens was also prohibited.

• 江戸時代の貨幣の金および銀の含有率は、極秘事項とされ、民間での貨幣の分析は厳禁とされた。
• The rate of gold and silver contained in the coin in Edo period was confidential, and it was strictly prohibited to analyze the coin by ordinary citizen.
• The content percentage of currency was top secret and analysing the currency privately was banned in Edo period.

• 民間の憲法案も多数発表されたが、憲法起草の中心になった伊藤博文は以下のように述べている。
• Many common people published their own ideas for a constitution, but Hirobumi ITO who was a leading editor of the draft mentioned about them as follows;

• 将来の国有化の可能性をにおわせながら、実際は予定線の民間による建設を容認するなどとした。
• Hinting the possibility of nationalization in the future, in fact, the act allowed the construction of planned lines by private sectors.

• しかし、当時は中産階級以下の者は医者にかかることなく祈祷師や民間療法に頼る時代であった。
• The common practice at that time, however, was that people below the middle class consulted with witch doctors or counted on folk remedies rather than went to a clinic to see a doctor.

• 京都人文学園は、新学制が整備を見るまでの過渡期に各地に興った民間教育運動のひとつである。
• Kyoto Jinbun Gakuen (Kyoto Humanism School) is the result of private educational movements which occurred all over the country during a transitional period until the establishment of the country's new educational system.

• これに対して、古文経と呼ばれる孔子旧宅の壁中や民間から秦以前のテキストが、発見されていた。
• On the other hand, texts called Kobun-kei from Qin and earlier days were found behind the walls of Koshi's former residence and among ordinary citizens.

• 以降、散楽という言葉に集約される雑芸群は、民間に広まった様々な職業芸能に引き継がれていく。
• Since then, various arts collectively called Sangaku were taken over by various professional arts that spread in the society.

• 日本では、嘘をついた子供を叱る際「閻魔様に舌を抜いて貰う」という俗信による民間伝承がある。
• When scolding a child who has told a lie, there is a folk tradition in Japan to say, 'I will ask Enma to yank out your tongue.'

• 民間人と子供への攻撃、広範囲にわたる拷問と殺人と、残虐行為への子供の利用に関与していること
• responsible for attacks on civilians and children, widespread torture and murder and using children to commit atrocities

• とはいえ、民間主体の社倉の存在も決して少なくなく、昭和時代まで存在が確認できるものもある。
• Nonetheless, there were more than a few shaso warehouses under the initiative of the private sector, and it was confirmed that some shaso warehouses survived until the Showa Era.

• 1949年1月　人文科学研究所に外務省所轄の東方文化研究所と民間機関の西洋文化研究所を統合
• In January, 1949, the Institute for Research in Humanities was integrated with the Institute of Eastern Culture, which was under the control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and with the Institute of Western Culture, which was a private organization.

• しかし多くの国では満年齢に切り替わり、現在は大韓民国のみで、公的及び民間で広く使われている。
• While most countries switched to the Western style of calculating age, only the Republic of Korea uses the old system officially and privately.

• 民間が勝手に鋳造した銭貨を私鋳銭というが、中国江南や日本で作られた私鋳銭も多く流通していた。
• While privately minted coins are called Shichusen, many shichusen minted in Jiangnan in China and Japan were also circulated.

• 他にも、新年になると歳神が家々を訪れて寿福を授けるという民間信仰より来たものなどの説がある。
• In addition, there is a theory that the name originates from the folk beliefs that Toshigami (the god of the Year) visited each house to give a celebration in the New Year.

• 浄土系仏教の教えのひとつであるが、宗派を超越した包括的な思想であるために民間信仰とも言える。
• It is one of the Jodo Buddhist teachings, but it is a comprehensive belief that transcends sects and could be considered as a folk religion.

• 神楽は、宮中で行われる御神楽（みかぐら）と、民間で行われる里神楽（さとかぐら）に分けられる。
• Kagura can be classified into two kinds, mikagura and satokagura, the former being performed in the imperial court and the latter among ordinary people.

• 以後、ここで集められた作品、あるいはそれ以後の民間歌謡を「楽府」（がふ）と呼ぶようになった。
• From then on the works collected in this bureau and the later folk kayo came to be called 'Gafu' (yuefu in Chinese) folksongs.

• 民間で行われていた麦の収穫の際の麦餅作りの風習が宮中行事に取り入れられる形で広く用いられた。
• Sakubei gained popularity when the custom among the general public of making pounded wheat cakes during the wheat harvest was introduced to the Imperial Court.

• 大学等における技術に関する研究成果の民間事業者への移転の促進に関する法律の改正に伴う経過措置
• Transitional Measures for Revision of the Act on the Promotion of Technology Transfer from Universities to Private Business Operators

• ある種の粗い雑草のような植物で、長い主根は時に食卓の青物として、あるいは民間療法に使用される
• any of certain coarse weedy plants with long taproots, sometimes used as table greens or in folk medicine

• 消費者の信用データのファイルを保管し、許可を得た利用者に信用情報を提供して料金を取る民間会社
• a private firm that maintains consumer credit data files and provides credit information to authorized users for a fee

• また、働く子供に教育の機会を提供する民間有志の夜学会を私立夜学校に改称した上で補助を行った。
• He also changed the names of night schools, which were privately organized by volunteers and which provided educational opportunities to working children, to private night schools and aided such schools.

• 中国において明代以降広く民間で信仰され、春節には福・禄・寿を描いた「三星図」を飾る風習がある。
• Fukurokuju has been believed among common people in China since the Ming Dynasty era in which 'Sanseizu' (The Picture of Three Gods, expressing happiness, wealth and longevity) has been hung for the worship at the lunar New Year in China.

• 以上のように、近世以降の弁才天信仰は、仏教、神道、民間信仰が混交して、複雑な様相を示している。
• As described above, worship of Benzaiten since the early modern period has taken on a complicated form in which Buddhism, Shinto and folk beliefs have merged.

• 寛平元年11月から賀茂祭で東遊がおこなわれ、東国の民間歌舞が都の祭祀の歌舞となったことになる。
• Azuma-asobi began to be performed at Kamo-sai Festival from December 889, and this meant the folk music and dance from the eastern provinces became a ritual performance in the capital city.

• このうち御留山を民間の材木商や村が伐採する場合には藩に現銀による対価を支払わねばならなかった。
• In case of the trees of Otomeyama, the timber merchant or village that wanted to cut the trees had to pay the price in silver currency to the owner domain.

• 納本を求められる部数は、官公庁では2部から30部までの複数部であり、民間の出版物は1部である。
• The number of copies required to be deposited is between two and 30 copies for publications of government and municipal agencies, while one copy is required for private publications.

• 犯罪をした者及び非行のある少年の改善更生を助け又は犯罪の予防を図るための民間団体の活動への協力
• Cooperation in the activities of private organizations in order to assist persons who have committed crimes and juvenile delinquents to improve and rehabilitate themselves or in order to promote crime prevention;

• 日本に伝来してからは、初期は百太夫信仰や陰陽石信仰となり、民間信仰の神である岐の神と習合した。
• When it was introduced to Japan, it turned into the Momodayu/Hyakudayu faith as well as yin and yang stone faith, and then combined with the folk religion deity of Chimata (crossroads, highways and footpaths).

• また1643年には江戸幕府によって農民間で田畑の売買を禁止する田畑永代売買禁止令が公布された。
• Furthermore, in 1643, the Edo bakufu issued the Denpata-eitai-baibai-kinshirei (the permanent prohibition on the sale of arable lands) to prohibit the sale of cultivated fields among farmers.

• 武士層が信仰した禅宗は北条氏得宗家も保護していたため、民間の渡来僧は貿易船に便乗して来日した。
• As the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan also supported the Zen sect that samurai class worshiped, the private monks from China came to Japan on board the trade ships.

• 894年に遣唐使が廃止され907年に唐が完全に滅んだ後も民間レベルでの交易が続くようになった。
• After the envoy to Tang was abolished in 894 and Tang was ruined in 907, commerce with ordinary Chinese citizens continued.

• 平氏政権の崩壊後も鎌倉幕府は民間貿易を認め、13世紀の南宋が滅亡する直前まで日宋貿易は続いた。
• After the collapse of the Taira clan government, the Kamakura Bakufu approved trade with Sung by ordinary citizens and trade between Japan and Sung continued just before the Southern Sung Dynasty was overthrown in the 13th century.

• 遣明船は遣唐使船と異なり、専用船を新造したわけではなく、国内の民間の廻船（商船）の借り入れた。
• Unlike the case of Kentoshisen (envoy ships dispatched to Tang, China), ships of Kenminsen were not the ones that were newly built for exclusive use but the rented private ships (merchant ships).

• なお中国は朝貢以外の貿易を認めていなかったため、対中貿易を担っていたのは民間の中国商人だった。
• During this time the Chinese government had not approved trade except for paying tributes to the court, so private Chinese merchants undertook the trading between Japan and China.

• しかし、民間の尺や公定尺とは別に、大工が使用していた尺は長い間たってもほとんど変化しなかった。
• However, aside from the private and the official shaku, the shaku used particularly by carpenters did not change much for a long time.

• 面白さの裏にある寓意に当時の世相が垣間見られ、中世の民間信仰を理解する手がかりともなっている。
• The social situation of that time is glimpsed in the implications behind the humor, which also provides clues to understanding medieval folk beliefs.

• 一方民間では、平地民が山地を異界として畏怖し、そこで起きる怪異な現象を天狗のイメージに付託した。
• Meanwhile, among the public, people living in flatlands were in awe of the mountains as a different world, and they associated the mysterious phenomena happening there with the image of Tengu.

• 紛争の当事者が申請者に対し民間紛争解決手続の実施の依頼をする場合の要件及び方式を定めていること。
• Establishes requirements and methods of operation to be satisfied or observed by the party to a dispute making a request for execution of private dispute resolution procedures;

• 目標の高度を測定することができるもの（国際民間航空機関の標準に準拠した精測進入レーダーを除く。）
• Radars which are capable of measuring a target altitude (excluding Precision Approach Radar based on international civil aviation organization standards)

• 加牟波理入道（かんばりにゅうどう）は、日本の民間信仰における厠神（便所の神）あるいは妖怪である。
• Kanbari Nyudo is a deity or monster of toilets according to Japanese folk beliefs.

• その他の神社や一部地域の民間でも秋の収獲祭より以前（八朔、重陽など）に抜穂の行事を行う所がある。
• Some other shrines and local areas have a Nukiho (picking rice ears) event before Autumn harvest festival (Hassaku (August 1 on lunar calendar), Choyo (September 9th), etc), too.

• またその民間党大団結論、官民協和論は朝野の共感を得て、その属する自由党は選挙で大勝利をおさめる。
• The ideas on the solidarity of civil parties and harmonious public-private relationship struck a chord with the government and public, and Liberal Party which the author Teccho was a member of achieved a landslide victory in election.

• 郵便切手は日本の国立印刷局（大阪の民間印刷会社とする書籍もある）に発注され開業することになった。
• The printing of postal stamps was ordered from the National Printing Bureau of Japan (or a private printing firm in Osaka according to some books) and services started.

• 一方、民間では室町時代頃から陰陽道の浸透がより進展し、占い師、祈祷師として民間陰陽師が活躍した。
• On the other hand, during the Muromachi period, Ommyodo permeated more deeply among common people, causing private Ommyo-ji to flourish as fortune-tellers and shamans.

• 早期の民間団体としては、中西悟堂も発起人に名を連ねた日本放鷹倶楽部（1936）があったが中断した。
• As an early private association, the Nihon Hoyo Club (Japan falconry Club), promoted by Godo NAKANISHI was established in 1936, but it was interrupted.

• 暴力団員等をその民間紛争解決手続の業務に従事させ、又は当該業務の補助者として使用するおそれのある者
• A person who is likely to have an organized crime group member engage in the services of private dispute resolution or act as an assistant for such services;

• この頃以降、一部の定まった住居を持たず漂白する民間陰陽師は、他の漂白民と同じく賤視の対象であった。
• Subsequent to this time, some of civilian onmyoji who were on the constant move with no permanent home were looked down upon as were other homeless rovers.

• 航空機が地形上等の理由により前条に規定する機関に連絡することが困難な民間訓練試験空域を飛行する場合
• When aircraft flies in a civil training and testing area where it is difficult for the aircraft to contact the provider specified in the preceding Article due to reasons such as geographical features

• だが、鎌倉幕府は民間貿易を認め、鎮西奉行が博多を統治して幕府からの御用商船を派遣するようになった。
• But, Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) allowed private trade and came to have Chinzei Bugyo (Defense Commissioner of the West) govern Hakata and send official merchant ships of the bakufu.

• 1880年に軍関係を除く官営事業は三井財閥、三菱財閥など民間に払下げられ、1885年工部省は廃止。
• In 1880, national projects were sold to private companies including the Mitsui combine and the Mitsubishi combine, and the Ministry of Industry was abolished in 1885.

• これに対して、地域の役所あるいは民間が主体で義倉と同様の事業を行ったものを社倉（しゃそう）と呼ぶ。
• On the other hand, both local government and the private sector engaged in business similar to Giso, and built warehouses known as Shaso.

• 後には民間の土倉が延暦寺を本所として山門公人（くにん）の身分を獲得してその庇護を受ける者を指した。
• In later years, it came to mean doso operated by common people under the protection of Enryaku-ji Temple by means of acquiring a position called Sanmonkunin, which was given to the servants whose honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a manor) was a temple.

• 公立の学校ではそこまでの配慮は到底行き届かず、民間レベルではじめてそこまでの手が及ぶようになった。
• There were no such arrangements at public schools, while private schools gradually started giving their attention to the matter.

• 2004年、国立大学としては初めて民間のコンビニエンスストアローソンが吉田南総合館地下に開店した。
• In 2004, Lawson opened its convenience store, the first one as the private company in the national university, at the basement of the Yoshida South Campus Academic Center Building.

• 認証審査参与員は、民間紛争解決手続に関する専門的な知識経験を有する者のうちから、法務大臣が任命する。
• Certification examiners shall be appointed by the Minister of Justice from persons with specialized knowledge and experience in the area of private dispute resolution.

• 日本では今でも古くからの巨木・老樹に対する信仰が残っているが、民間にも老樹にまつわる祟り伝承がある。
• Belief in huge trees survived since ancient times and elderly trees still remain in Japan today, and so do tatari folk traditions about elderly trees.

• 日本国及び中華民国は、民間航空運送に関する協定をできる限りすみやかに締結することに努めるものとする。
• Japan and the Republic of China will endeavor to conclude, as soon as possible, an agreement relating to civil air transport.

• 国土交通大臣が無線電話を装備することが構造上困難であると認める航空機が民間訓練試験空域を飛行する場合
• When aircraft that is deemed by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to be structurally difficult to equip with radiotelephone equipment flies within a civil training and testing area

• 世界が終わる前に現れ、正義と宗教を復活させる救世主的なリーダー（民間に流布してるイスラム信仰による）
• a messianic leader who (according to popular Muslim belief) will appear before the end of the world and restore justice and religion

• 私擬憲法（しぎけんぽう）とは、明治時代の大日本帝国憲法発布以前に、民間で検討された憲法の私案のこと。
• Shigi Kenpo are draft constitutions created by nongovernmental bodies before the issuance of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan in the Meiji period.

• 鉄道網速成の方針と財政窮乏のジレンマが、幹線鉄道建設の一部を民間に委ねる方針転換をさせることになる。
• The dilemma between the policy of building the networks of railways quickly and the financial drought made the government change its policy and leave a part of the building main railways to private sectors.

• 両機関車の多くは国内民間メーカーで生産され、これをもって蒸気機関車国産化の体制はほぼ整ったと言える。
• Many of these two types of locomotives were produced in domestic private factories and we can say that a domestic production system for steam locomotives was almost established at this point.

• 阿弥陀聖(あみだひじり)、市聖(いちのひじり)、市上人と称され、民間における浄土教の祖とも評価される。
• He is called Amida-hijiri, Ichi-no-hijiri and Ichi-no-shonin, and is recognized as the founder of pure-land teachings (Jodo-kyo) among the people.

• また、（行基は）民間教化を行い政府を批判したとして養老元年（717年）に詔で糾弾された上で処分された。
• In 717, (Gyoki) was condemned by the imperial edict and was then punished for indoctrinating the populace and criticizing the government.

• 今日伝わっている祭も土着のものを起源とするという意味では民間信仰も交え、神道系に分類されるものが多い。
• Matsuri passed down today also include folk beliefs in the sense of originating from native's, and many of them are categorized as Shinto-related's.

• この法律は、民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）の施行の日から施行する。
• This Act shall come into force as from the date of enforcement of the Act Concerning Service of Correspondence by Private Proprietors (Act No. 99 of 2002).

• 武士としての格式を持つ世襲の士席医師と下級武士あるいは民間の出身である軽輩医師に分かれている例が多い。
• In many cases, doctors were separated into those holding hereditary positions in the samurai class and lower-ranking physicians who came from lower-ranking samurai or ordinary families.

• 神話には書かれていないが、二神が結婚したと民間では伝えられているのは、この記述によるものと考えられる。
• This description is considered to be the origin of the folklore that Sarutahiko and Amenouzume were married, although myths say nothing about their marriage.

• 両締約国は、民間航空運送に関する協定を締結するための交渉を実行可能な限りすみやかに開始するものとする。
• The High Contracting Parties will enter into negotiations at the earliest practicable date for the conclusion of an agreement relating to civil air transport.

• （特に、正規軍の部隊に代わって活動する、または、正規軍の部隊を援護する）軍隊式に組織された民間人の集団
• a group of civilians organized in a military fashion (especially to operate in place of or to assist regular army troops)

• しかし、金流入国においては金流入によって民間より金を買い入れて、マネーサプライの拡大をすることになる。
• On the other hand, a gold-inflow country would purchase gold from the private sector and expand the money supply.

• 弘仁私記にはこの系図について、「図書寮にも民間にも見えない」としてすでに失われたかのような記述がある。
• In Koninshiki (a lecture written by O no Hitonaga), there is a description on this genealogy that 'it can be seen neither in Zushoryo (the Bureau of Drawings and Books) nor private libraries,' which shows that it had been already lost.

• 本ページ「地方自治体開発の酵母」「大学で開発された酵母」「企業・民間機関開発の酵母」などがそれにあたる。
• These are explained in 'Yeasts developed by local municipalities,' 'Yeasts developed by colleges,' and 'Yeasts developed by companies and private institutes' in this section.

• 民間人が空襲の被害を受けることが多くなるにつれて、多くの女性がもんぺまたはスラックスを履くようになった。
• As more civilians were victimized by air raids, more numbers of women began to wear Monpe or slacks.

• 明治に入ると、それまで幕府の所有していた部分も民間の所有となり、土塁上の竹を伐採して畑などに転用された。
• During the Meiji period, Odoi changed hands from the bakufu to the people, and the mounds were turned into fields with their bamboo trees being cut down.

• この「講」が中世ごろから民間に浸透する過程で、様々な信仰集団に「講」という名称がつけられるようになった。
• While this concept of ko spread to the public in the Middle Ages, many types of faith groups used the term ko in their names.

• 百度参り（ひゃくどまいり）は、日本の民間信仰で、神仏に祈願するために同一の社寺に百度参拝することである。
• Hyaku-do mairi (the hundred-fold visit) is a folk religious practice in Japan, in which a person visits a temple or shrine in order to pray to the gods and then, at that same temple or shrine, pays his or her respects one hundred times.

• これは民間で使われる単位が長くなっていったため、時の政権もそれを追認する形で公定尺を改訂したものである。
• The private shaku unit became gradually longer which the government of the time had to confirm, and the official shaku unit was redefine.

• またドイツのフランクフルト・アム・マインにあった民間工場で製造されたことから「ゲルマン札」の別名がある。
• They are also called ''German bills'' because they were produced in a private factory in Frankfurt am Main in Germany.

• 民間伝承には、「わらしべ長者」や「雀の恩返し」、「こぶとりじいさん」などなじみ深い説話が収められている。
• As folklore, well-known setsuwa such as 'Warashibe Choja' (literally, rich person by the central stalk of a dried rice plant), 'Suzume no Ongaeshi '(the sparrow that returned a favor) and 'Kobutori Jiisan' (the old man who got his wen snatched off) are included.

• 賽の河原で獄卒に責められる子供を地蔵菩薩が守るという民間信仰もあり、子供や水子の供養でも地蔵信仰を集めた。
• There is a folk belief that Jizo Bosatsu guards children who are bullied by ogres at Sai-no-kawara (the limbo of children) so that Jizo Bosatsu has been worshipped for the veneration of children and miscarried fetuses.

• 後亀山は後年、両朝合一を決断した理由について、永年の争いを止め、民間の憂いを除くためだったと述懐している。
• Later Gokameyama recalled that he decided to agree to the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts to cease the long-time conflict and remove people's anxiety.

• 近世では優秀な民間医が典医に登用されると同時に官位を与えられ、地下人の身分となるケースがほとんどを占めた。
• In the early modern times, in most cases, when a private doctor was employed by the Court, he was given an official court rank at the same time and became jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility).

• 前身は平安博物館と称し財団法人古代学協会の施設として昭和43年（1968年）に作られた民間博物館であった。
• It was formerly a private museum called Heian Museum established in 1968 as a facility of the Paleological Association of Japan, Inc.

• また、「大国」はダイコクとも読めることから、同じ音である大黒天（大黒様）と習合して民間信仰に浸透している。
• Also, because the first two Chinese characters of Okuninushi can also be pronounced as 'daikoku' Okuninushi has been syncretized with Daikokuten (Mahakala or Daikoku-sama) that shares that pronunciation and has been accepted in the beliefs of the common people.

• 仏教徒ゾロアスター教徒の明暗間の二元論の合、バビロニア民間伝承、仏教の倫理、およびキリスト教の表面的な要素
• a synthesis of Zoroastrian dualism between light and dark and Babylonian folklore and Buddhist ethics and superficial elements of Christianity

• 公営田（くえいでん）は、広義には、民間人が経営する私営田に対し、国家直営の田地を意味する日本史用語である。
• Kueiden, in a broad sense, is a term used in Japanese history and means lands directly managed by the government while Shieiden (Private land) was managed by private citizens.

• 彼らは、皇籍離脱後は、それぞれ宮号から「宮」の字を除いたものを名字として名乗り、民間人としての生活を始めた。
• Their surname 'Miya' of the title Miyago was removed from their original name, and they started a new life as a subject.

• 1872年（明治5年）には天社禁止令が発せられ、陰陽道は迷信であるとして民間に対してもその流布が禁止された。
• In 1872, Tensha kinshirei (Ban on Tensha) was issued and dissemination of Onmyodo was also prohibited among the common people based on the grounds that it was superstition.

• 平安時代以前には、朝廷には造酒司（もしくは造酒寮）が、神社には酒殿が置かれて、民間では自家製造が主であった。
• In the Heian period or before it, miki no tsukasa or sake no tsukasa (written either 造酒司 or 造酒寮) (either indicating the office in charge of the imperial use of sake, sweet sake, or vinegar etc.) was placed in the Imperial Court, saka-dono (literally, a sake hall) was placed in shrines, and for private purposes, people manufactured sake by themselves.

• 修験者と巫女が結びついて神社に常駐せずに祈祷や鎮魂を請負った、民間習俗の色彩が濃い巫女も現れるようになった。
• Associated with shugenjas (people who practice shugendo, walking around in the mountains and valleys), a more local and secular type of miko emerged, who performed prayers and invocations outside the shrine.

• 私塾（しじゅく）とは、中国や江戸時代の日本における民間（秀才及び元長官などが先生となった）の教育機関である。
• Private schools were private-run educational institutions (whose teachers were the brightest persons and former government ministers, etc.) in China as well as in Japan during the Edo Period.

• その気風と技術の高さが、のちに山酒４号・亀粋・酒未来・龍の落とし子・羽州誉などの民間開発米に受け継がれていく。
• Such genius and high level of technology were inherited by rice developed in the private sector, such as Yamasake No. 4, Kamesui, Sake mirai, Tatsu no otoshigo and Ushu homare.

• また、地方では修験者と巫女が結びついて祈祷や鎮魂を目的とする民間習俗の色彩が濃い巫女舞も行われるようになった。
• Further development in mikomai took place in local areas, where shrine maidens and shugenja (ascetic monks) joined together and created new mikomai that were influenced heavily by the prayers and folkways aiming for repose of souls.

• 近世民間における親方・子方制や女子の鉄漿親（筆親・歯黒親）なども烏帽子親の類似した仮親による成人儀式であった。
• The early-modern times also saw similar ceremonies in which nominal parents played the role of 'master' in the 'Oyakata-kogata-sei' (system of a master and disciples) and 'kaneoya' (also called 'fudeoya,' a women who cares the first black-painting of teeth ceremony of a girl).

• やがて杜氏の職業的先駆にあたる酒師（さかし）が民間で自分で酒を造り、売るところを酒屋というようになっていった。
• Then sake brewers called sakashi, who were predecessors of toji (sake brewing experts), came to manufacture and sell sake privately by themselves, and the place where such sake was sold came to be called sakaya.

• 以降、大映は純然たる民間映画会社として存続する（他の「統制会社」が敗戦で解散した中では、珍しいケースである）。
• From this point in time Daiei operated as a purely private company, a rare case among the 'government-integrated companies' that were dissolved after Japan's defeat.

• 柳田国男・中山太郎の分類によると、概ね朝廷の神和（かんなぎ）系巫女と民間の口寄（くちよせ）系巫女に分けられる。
• According to Kunio YANAGIDA and Taro NAKAYAMA, miko can be classified into two groups: kannagi, a group of miko who served the Imperial Court; and kuchiyose, a group of miko who served the common people.

• 民間事業者等は、委員会に対し、民間資金等の活用による国の公共施設等の整備等に関する意見を提出することができる。
• Private business operators etc. may submit to the Committee their opinions on provision etc. of national Public Facility etc. through use of private finance etc.

• 門弟は、高野聖など中世以降に広まった民間浄土教行者「念仏聖」の先駆となり、鎌倉時代の一遍にも大きな影響を与えた。
• His disciples became pioneers of 'Nenbutsu-hijiri,' such as Koya-hijiri, who as practitioners of Jodo-kyo caused it to become widespread among the people after the medieval times, and this had a great influence on Ippen during the Kamakura period.

• 民間の巫女は修験の山伏と夫婦になって祈祷や託宣を行ったが、剃髪の風習が巫女にも及び、修験巫女は比丘尼とよばれた。
• A private shrine maiden, married with an itinerant Buddhist monk of Shugen, performed worship and divine revelation together, and also adopted the custom of having her hair cut so that a Shugen shrine maiden was called Bikuni.

• 後半は、悲恋や離別、再会など人の出会いと歌を通した古い民間伝説が語られており、説話的要素の強い内容になっている。
• The latter half consists of old folklore including poems whose theme is an encounter with others through tragic love, separation, reunion and so on, having strong characteristics of narrative elements.

• パレスチナは断固として、パレスチナやイスラエルの民間人を標的とする全ての軍事行動を非難し拒絶する立場を取ります。
• the firm Palestinian position of condemning and rejecting all operations that target civilians, Palestinians and Israelis.

• しかし、実際にはもっと古く、周や漢の時代には既に散楽と呼ばれる民間の俗楽（古散楽）が行われていたとも言われている。
• Actually, however, it is believed that worldly music (old Sangaku) called Sangaku existed as early as the Zhou or Han era.

• 唐琵琶は、清代に民間で流行した琵琶で、その楽曲（清楽）や月琴等多数の楽器と共に文政年間頃日本に伝わったものである。
• The To biwa was a biwa that became popular among people in the Qing Dynasty and was introduced into Japan around the Bunsei era along with its music, Qing-era Chinese music (popularized in Japan during the early 19th century), and gekkin and other many instruments.

• 基本的には、古神道を始まりとする神道全体においては、古神道や他の宗教と習合した民間信仰や神社神道や皇室神道がある。
• Basically all the sects of Shinto have originated from the Ancient Shinto, and include the folk beliefs that other religions syncretized, the Shrine Shinto, and the Imperial Household Shinto.

• しかしこれはあくまでも民間信仰、つまり一つの見解であり、仏教本来の考え方においては、祟りや仏罰を与えることはない。
• This is just a folk belief or opinion, however; the original Buddhism view had no indication that the Buddha would cause any calamity or punishment.

• 柳田国男によれば、日本の民間信仰では、死んでから一定年数以内の供養の対象となる霊は「死霊」と呼び、祖霊と区別する。
• According to Kunio YANAGIDA, in Japanese folk beliefs, the spirit whose body died within a certain number of years needing services is called 'shiryo', and is distinguished from sorei.

• チベット・モンゴル・ネパールでは貿易商から財の神としての信仰を集め、チベットでは福の神としての民間信仰も生まれた。
• In Tibet, Mongolia and Nepal, Daikokuten was worshipped by traders as a god of wealth and in Tibet, a folk belief in Daikokuten as a god of good luck began to spread.

• 日本の映画製作者で、日本の民間伝承と、西洋のスタイルの演出法を一体化させたことで知られる（1910年−1998年）
• Japanese filmmaker noted for blending Japanese folklore with western styles of acting (1910-1998 )

• 民部省札は太政官札の補完と民間の需要のために用いられて、民部省札1両分で太政官札1両と交換することが可能であった。
• Minbusho-satsu was used as a complement of Dajokan-satsu and for public demand, and 1 ryo of Minbusho-satsu could be exchanged for 1 ryo of Dajokan-satsu.

• しかし、宣明暦があまりにも長く使用されていたために、次第に民間に流布するようになり、さらには出版されるようになった。
• However, because the Senmyo Calendar was used for quite a long period, the calendar began to be distributed among the general public, and also published.

• 清の中国支配が始まり、清国との貿易で長崎には多くの清国商人が渡来し、彼らが清国の戯曲や民謡といった民間音楽を伝えた。
• After the Qing dynasty began in China, many Qing merchants came to Nagasaki for trade and they introduced the people's music, such as Qing plays and minyo.

• シタテルヒメとの恋に溺れて使命を放棄しその罪によって亡くなるという悲劇的かつ反逆的な神として、民間では人気があった。
• Amenowakahiko was popular among ordinary people as a tragic and rebellious deity because of his falling love with Shitateruhime and giving up on his mission and then being killed for the sin.

• 第二次世界大戦中に、ドイツの都市に向けた大量爆撃を指揮し、膨大な民間人の死傷者をもたらした（1892年−1984年）
• during World War II he directed mass bombing raids against German cities that resulted in heavy civilian casualties (1892-1984)

• 江戸時代前期は、寛永通寳などの銭貨鋳造は民間の商人らによる請負事業であり、江戸幕府の許可制によるものが中心であった。
• In the early Edo period, mintage of coins including Kanei Tsuho was conducted mainly by private contractors, based on the bakufu's approval.

• 蘇民将来（そみんしょうらい　蘇民將來）とは近畿地方を中心に日本各地に伝わる説話、およびそれを起源とする民間信仰である。
• Somin shorai refers to a folk tale that has been told as a legend in Japan in mainly the Kinki region, referring to folk beliefs that originated in the folk tale.

• 後漢になると、古文経が学官に立てられることはなかったものの、民間において経伝の訓詁解釈学を発展させて力をつけていった。
• In the later Han, Kobun-kei was never assigned as gakkan, but they gained influence by advancing the study on interpretation of the meaning of old characters, words and phrases of the sacred texts among ordinary citizens.

• 河内国の壺井義知は民間の出ながら、官職・装束の研究においては当代随一とされて、公家さえもが教えを乞うたと言われている。
• Although Yoshichika TSUBOI of Kawachi Province was an ordinary citizen, he was considered top of the field of research into official posts and costume, and it is said even kuge sat at his feet.

• これは、これまで「無形の民俗資料」といわれてきたものであり、民俗学が「民間伝承」として学問の対象としてきたものである。
• Such properties have been called 'intangible folklore materials' in the past and have been studied as 'folk traditions' in the field of folklore.

• 民間団体である日本酒サービス研究会・酒匠研究会連合会が、「きき酒師」及び「酒匠」（さかじょう）の資格認定を行っている。
• A private association called Sake Service Institution (SSI) conducts and certifies the qualification of the 'sake taster' and 'licensed sake taster'.

• 劇画『カムイ外伝』では、主人公・カムイが追っ手から逃れるために、前述の民間の黒鍬に混じって身を潜めるシーンが登場する。
• 'Kamui Gaiden' (Kamui the Ninja: Stories Other Than the Legend), a gekiga (graphic novel), has a scene in which the main character, Kamui, holes up in the aforementioned civilian kurokuwa in order to escape from chasers.

• 鉄道の草創期は民間事業者によって鉄道網が発展した国は多いものの、現在に至るまで私鉄が広く路線網を維持している国はない。
• While there are many countries in which the railway network was developed by private companies in pioneer days of railways, there are no countries in which private railways have maintained the railway network widely up to the present date except for Japan.

• 彼は三味線や胡弓の名手でもあったが、三味線の音楽などではすでに民間の新しい音階である「都節音階」が使われ、普及していた。
• He was a famous shamisen and kokyu (a Chinese fiddle) musician, but the new 'miyakobushi scale' (characteristic Japanese hemitonic pentatonic scale: mi, fa, la, ti, do) was already popularly used for shamisen music.

• 先祖霊などの観念は現在では仏教に組み込まれているが、本来は仏教哲学と矛盾するものであり、古来の民間信仰と儒教に由来する。
• The idea of ancestors' spirits, based on ancient folk religion and Confucianism, fundamentally conflicts with Buddhist philosophy, but is now incorporated into Buddhism.

• しかしその後も民間で後南朝の伝説や伝承は残り、貴種流離譚の一つとしてサンカに利用された可能性を滝川政次郎は指摘している。
• Yet even after this point, legends and folklore about the Gonanch forces remained in existence among the common people, and Seijiro TAKIKAWA pointed out that one of the tales of wandering aristocrats among the Sanka (mountain folk of Japan) may have made use of the Gonancho stories.

• 両国民間の関係の歴史的背景と、善隣関係及び主権の相互尊重の原則に基づく両国間の関係の正常化に対する相互の希望とを考慮し、
• Considering the historical background of relationship between their peoples and their mutual desire for good neighborliness and for the normalization of their relations on the basis of the principle of mutual respect for sovereignty;

• 航空機が地形上等の理由により前条に規定する機関に連絡して航空交通情報を聴取することが困難な民間訓練試験空域を飛行する場合
• When aircraft flies in a civil training and testing area where it is difficult for the aircraft to contact the provider specified in the preceding Article and to listen to air traffic information due to reasons such as geographical features

• 日本の民間知識人による近代化の提言も、侵略的意図によるものと考えられるか朝鮮王朝内部における政争の具にしかならなかった。
• Japanese intellectual persons' proposal for modernization was regarded as having an invasive purpose, or used as a tool for political strife inside the Korean Dynasty.

• 赤舌日（しゃくぜつにち）とは、（貴族や民間の風習において）陰陽道の羅刹神が支配する日であり、転じて不吉とされる日である。
• Shakuzetsu-nichi Day is a day controlled by Rasetsu-shin God (type of evil spirit) of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang) (in the customs of nobles and ordinary citizens), and was considered unlucky day.

• 18世紀半ば、南蘋派の流入が契機に本格的な民間画壇が育ち始めると、形骸化が進んでいた狩野派は飽きられ顧客が奪われ始めた。
• In the mid 18th century, when the introduction of the Nanpin school helped the popular art world grow into maturity, the Kano school, which had been a mere name, became unable to satisfy their clients and began to lose them.

• 特に重要なのは、箏の調弦をそれまでの律音階から、当時民間で一般的になりつつあった都節音階にもとづくものに変えたことである。
• Among others, what was most important was that he changed the tuning of Soh from ritsu scale (anhemitonic pentatonic scale) to miyakobushi scale (characteristic Japanese hemitonic pentatonic scale) which then increasingly became common among ordinary people.

• ならまちの東方、高畑にあり、現在は、地元の民間人によって管理されており、施錠された門を開けてもらい入らないと見学できない。
• It is located in Takabatake on the east side of Naramachi, and is currently managed by local citizen, so we cannot visit it without opening the gate which is locked.

• お盆にも火を燃やす習俗があるが、こちらは先祖の霊を迎えたり、そののち送り出す民間習俗が仏教と混合したものと考えられている。
• In the Bon Festival (Buddhist Festival of ancestral spirits) there is also a custom of the fire burning, but it is considered as the mixture of a folk custom and Buddhist ritual that welcomes and sees off ancestral spirits.

• 西南戦争後の財政難のため、1880年に「官営工場払下概則」が施行された後に軍需部門を除いて民間に払い下げられたものが多い。
• Due to financial difficulties after the Seinan War, most factories were sold to private hands after 'General rules for selling government-run factories' came into force in 1880.

• しかし、山田宗有らの尽力による民間交流とはうらはらに、とうとうオスマン帝国が滅びるまで正式の国交が結ばれることはなかった。
• However, despite such civilian exchanges supported by Soyu YAMADA and others, formal diplomatic relations were not realized until the fall of the Ottoman Empire.

• それまでに完成していた京浜間、京阪神間鉄道を民間に売却して、その代金により新線建設を行なおうという案まで出たほどであった。
• It went so far that the idea came up that Keihin (Tokyo and Yokohama) and Keihanshin railways completed by then would be sold to the private sectors and with money obtained by selling the lines, the new lines would be built.

• 政府直営はもちろんのこと、民間車両工業の勃興を画策して大阪に汽車製造、名古屋に日本車輌製造を設立させ積極的な展開を図った。
• In order to encourage not only government, but also private enterprise to promote the railroad industry, the government worked actively to establish a train manufacturing company in Osaka and Nippon Sharyo in Nagoya.

• 西日本各地では、屋外で急な病気や発熱に遭うことを「風にあう」といい、風を自然現象ではなく霊的なものとする民間信仰がみられる。
• All over western Japan, meeting a sudden illness or fever outdoors is described as 'suffering from the wind,' and there exists the folklore that the wind is not a natural phenomenon but a spiritual one.

• 幕府は自由な民間貿易を厳重に取り締まっていたものの、実際には来航した外国船と日本商人との間に密貿易がおこなわれていたという。
• Although the Bakufu cracked down on free nongovernmental trade, it is believed that Japanese merchants were actually trading illegally with ships from abroad.

• 2人の婚礼からはじまり、主人公民間党員（官民協和論者）、政党不要論者、過激共産主義者などが登場するが、主人公の勝利におわる。
• The story began with the wedding of Motoi and Oharu followed by the appearance of various characters such as an advocate for getting rid of political parties and a radical communist in addition to the leading character of the story, a civil party member (a harmonious public-private relationship advocate), who was victorious at the end.

• 民間習俗の巫女に関しては、1873年（明治6年）には神霊の憑依などによって託宣を得る行為が教部省によって全面的に禁止された。
• In 1873, the Ministry of Religious Education banned all acts requesting oracles through the invocation conducted by miko outside the shrine.

• 諸藩や商家など民間でも用いられたが、狭義においては江戸幕府から派遣された代官が勘定所に報告するために作成した各種帳簿を指す。
• Kanjocho were also used by domains, merchants and other citizens, but in a more limited sense they mean a variety of account books prepared by local governors dispatched from the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for reports to be submitted to kanjosho (financial offices).

• 民間事業者の選定については、公開の競争により選定を行う等その過程の透明化を図るとともに、民間事業者の創意工夫を尊重すること。
• When selecting a private business operator, the transparent process such as open competition shall be taken and the innovation of private businesses shall be respected.

• 武徳会は終戦に伴い、ただちに従来の性格を改めて民間団体に改組するべく、昭和21年（1946年）1月には運営の民営化をはかった。
• When World War II ended, Butoku Kai tried to immediately change its existing nature to that of a private organization, and therefore privatized its operation in January 1946.

• 民間においては褌親（へこおや）の元で、初めてふんどしを付け、性に関する知識を授かる褌祝（ふんどしいわい）と呼ばれる儀式がある。
• In ordinary people, there was a rite called Fundoshi-iwai when a boy wore Fundoshi (loincloth) for the first time under heko-oya (acting parents asked for Fundoshi iwai), and was taught about sex.

• 裁判外紛争解決手続の利用の促進に関する法律（平成十六年法律第百五十一号）の規定による民間紛争解決手続の業務の認証に関すること。
• Affairs relating to certification of private dispute resolution services under the Act on Promotion of Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (Act No. 151 of 2004).

• 当時の私船(民間貿易)は、倭寇に代表される手荒い貿易方法で、元 (王朝)の衰退を惹起させる程のもので看過できないものであった。
• The private ships in those days (partaking in private foreign trade) as typified by the wako (Japanese pirates) carried out trade in such a rough way that it caused a weakening of the Yuan dynasty which could not be overlooked.

• 大将軍は陰陽道の方位神であり、とくに建築や転居、旅行などにおいて方角の吉凶を司る神であるため、長きにわたり民間の崇敬を集めた。
• Taishogun is a hoi-jin (the directional deity) of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), and since it is a god ruling the fortune of directions for construction, moving, and travel, it was worshipped for a long time by the people.

• 明治政府による禁止令以降、公的行事において陰陽道由来のものは全く見られなくなり、民間においても陰陽道の流行は見られなくなった。
• Since the Meiji government issued the ban, nothing deriving from Onmyodo was seen at public functions any more and Onmyodo was also no longer in fashion among the people.

• 国土交通大臣は、航空交通情報圏又は民間訓練試験空域ごとに、前二項の規定による規制が適用される時間を告示で指定することができる。
• The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, with regard to each air traffic information zone or civil training and testing area, designate in the public notice the occasion during which the restrictions under the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs are applied.

• 東亜同文会（とうあどうぶんかい、1898年（明治31年） - 1946年（昭和21年））は、かつて日本に存在した民間外交団体。
• Toa-dobunkai (1898-1946) was a private diplomatic group which used to be in Japan.

• 1931年には中国で起こった水害のために、中華民国水災同情会会長を務め義援金を募るなどし、民間外交の先駆者としての側面もある。
• For the flood disaster that occurred in China in 1931, he served as Chairman of the compassion association for flood disaster in China and raised money for victims, and therefore, he also had an aspect as a pioneer who promoted popular diplomacy.

• やがて土御門家が幸徳井家を圧し、17世紀末に土御門家は民間の陰陽師に免状を与える権利を獲得して全国の陰陽道の支配権を確立した。
• Over time, the Tsuchimikado family outstripped the Koutokui family, and by the end of the 17th century, they achieved a dominant position in Ommyodo across Japan by obtaining the right to grant Ommyo-ji licenses.

• 京都人文学園（きょうとじんぶんがくえん）は、第二次世界大戦直後の1946年、京都において設立された民間教育運動のひとつである。
• Kyoto Jinbun Gakuen (Kyoto Humanism School) founded in 1964 immediately after the end of World War II in Kyoto through private educational movements.

• 遅くても奈良時代後期には民間による貿易関係は成立していたとされ、新羅・渤海国などを中継した貿易関係も存在したと考えられている。
• It is said that the private trade relationship came to exist in the late Nara period at the latest, and also the trade relationship that relayed Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom) and Bo Hai seems to have existed.

• これは日本の温泉が、流入した西洋医学の崇拝が妨げとなって、しばらく温泉療法が民間療法と見做されて研究が遅れたのとは対称的である。
• In Japan, by contrast, spa therapy had been deemed as folk therapy for a while because of the adoration for the newly imported western medicine and spa research was delayed.

• その代わり、インドに起源を持つ時輪暦を修正した暦が改暦以前から民間や宗教行事で広く使われていて、他国の旧暦に似た位置づけにある。
• Widely used by people and for religious rituals before and after the Gregorian reform, the Mongolian traditional calendar which is a modified version of the Kalacakra calendar that originated in India is recognized as similar in function to the old calendars in other countries.

• またその他の刊行物を含め、民間で伝承されたものとは別に、駄洒落や言葉遊びなどによって、この時代に創作された妖怪も数多く存在する。
• Furthermore, including other publications, there exist many forms of yokai that were created during this period through puns and word plays aside from those that have been handed down among the general public.

• このため、公共図書館の多くは『JAPAN/MARC』よりも民間の取次会社の作成する書誌データベースを目録作成に用いることが多い。
• For this reason most public libraries use bibliographic database created by private distributors rather than 'JAPAN/MARC' when creating their catalogues.

• ここの記述については、粉末にした赤貝の殻を母乳に見立てた蛤の白い汁で溶き、火傷の治療に使ったという民間療法を表すとする説がある。
• In the description, there was a theory that it described a folk remedy to be used for burn injuries by powderizing the husk of an arch shell and mixing it with the white juice of a clam as milk.

• 信託資金、保護協定、株式譲渡とその関連サービスを担当する管財人、受託者または代理人として携わる組織（通常、民間金融機関を有する）
• an organization (usually with a commercial bank) that is engaged as a trustee or fiduciary or agent in handling trust funds or estates of custodial arrangements or stock transfers or related services

• 盟神探湯の復活と言う形で室町時代前期頃から行われたとみられているが詳細は不明であるが、当初は民間で行われていたと考えられている。
• Although the details are unknown, it is said that yugisho started being used around the early Muromachi period as a revival of the ancient kukatachi and was used among private citizens at first.

• つまり真に啓蒙を行おうとすれば、官途にあってはできない、民間の力によって成し遂げられねばならないというのが、福澤の意見であった。
• In other words, Fukuzawa insisted that 'true enlightenment could not be achieved in the position of government officials but should be achieved by the power of private sector.'

• そのため、民間からの資本を入れてでも建設をおこなうべきだという声が出たが、実際に鉄道を見せないことにはそれすら進まないと考えた。
• Then, some insisted that it should be constructed even with some private capital, but also they thought that they needed to show people an actual railway in order to attract capital.

• 古来の民間信仰では、神は山岳や山頂の岩や木を依り代として天から降臨するという考えがあり、山上や山麓に斎場を設け祭祀が行われていた。
• According to ancient folklore, Gods were believed to have descended from heaven to yorishiro like mountains or rocks with trees on top, so people have set up funeral halls at the top or foot of the mountains to perform rituals.

• 明治維新いらい、以前の庄内藩の農政の影響もあって、山形県庄内地方は他地域では類を見ないほど民間での米に対する探究心は旺盛であった。
• Since the Meiji Restoration, people of Shonai Region in Yamagata Prefecture had an unparalled strong inquiring mind about rice cultivation, encouraged partly by their agricultural administration of previous governers of Shonai Domain.

• 他の指定紛争解決機関その他相談、苦情の処理又は紛争の解決を実施する国の機関、地方公共団体、民間事業者その他の者との連携に関する事項
• Matters concerning coordination with another Designated Dispute Resolution Organizations, national organs, local governments, private business operators, or any other persons processing complaints or implementing dispute resolution;

• 政府が定めた価値が地金の価値に比べて非常に高かったため、発行当初から、民間で勝手に発行された私鋳銭の横行や貨幣価値の下落が起きた。
• The value of the coin determined by the government was significantly higher than the value of the bullion; therefore, the rampacy of Shichusen issued by civilians without permission from the government and declining of the currency value occurred.

• 田楽とは、元々田植えに際してそれを囃した民間芸能が、平安時代に唐から渡来した散楽系の曲芸的な技を受け入れて専業化したものとされる。
• It is said that originally Dengaku was a traditional local entertainment performed in planting rice, but became a specialized form of entertainment by introducing acrobatic techniques of the Sangaku style brought to Japan from Tang (in China) in the Heian period.

• ただし、「怪物」については、日本の民間信仰で伝承されていないもの、また創作の妖怪で歴史の浅いものや、海外の民間伝承されてきたもの。
• However, 'kaibutsu' refers to those that were not passed down through Japanese folk religion, fabricated yokai characters with a short history or those in folklores from overseas.

• この民間伝承を根拠とするならば、土用の丑の日に食べるものは鰻でなく「う」の付くものでいいのだから、うどんでもうどでもいいことになる。
• If the folklore is the rationale for the custom, the food to eat on the Ox day during the doyo could be 'udon' (Japanese wheat noodle) or 'udo' (Aralia cordata), since every food other than eel is possible when it has the Japanese syllable 'u' at the head of its name.

• こうした普茶料理は、精進料理というよりは異国情緒を味わうものとして黄檗宗の寺院ばかりでなく、料理屋や文化人など民間でも広く嗜まれた。
• Fucha ryori was widely enjoyed as an exotic tasting dish, and spread among cultured and ordinary people at restaurants rather than being limited to temples of the Obaku sect.

• また、門松・雛人形そして結婚式・出産等の慶事に用いられる主題として民間に定着し、「鶴亀」等の主題と組み合わせて用いられることもある。
• Also, they became a part of life among common people as the subjects used with Kadomatsu (New Year's pine decoration), Hina dolls, and on celebratory occasions such as a wedding or a childbirth, and they could be combined with the subjects such as 'cranes and turtles.'

• 『八犬伝』の物語構造や人物配置には仏教説話・日本神話、あるいは民間信仰などのモチーフが複合的に投影されていると解釈する研究者もいる。
• Some researchers interpret the organization of 'Hakkenden' and its arrangement of characters as comprehensively reflecting motifs from preaching story of Buddhism, Japanese Mythology and folk beliefs, folk religion.

• ヨーロッパの民間伝承上の存在「fairy」にはもっぱら妖精の訳を当てるが、文化人類学のアニミズムにおいては、妖怪も妖精も包括される。
• The word yosei is used for the translation of the word 'fairy', a being in European folklore, but animism in cultural anthropology includes both yosei and yokai.

• 動物の愛護及び管理に関する施策を実施するために必要な体制の整備（国、関係地方公共団体、民間団体等との連携の確保を含む。）に関する事項
• Matters concerning the establishment of a necessary framework for implementing measures for the welfare and management of animals (including securing the cooperation of such entities as the national government, relevant local governments and private bodies)

• 申請者が他の事業（申請に係る民間紛争解決手続の業務以外の業務を行う事業をいう。以下同じ。）を営んでいるときは、その事業の種類及び内容
• In cases where the applicant engages in any other business (which means a business carrying out services other than the private dispute resolution services pertaining to the application; the same shall apply hereinafter), the type and details of such business

• やがて酒屋は、酒屋万流（さかやばんりゅう）といわれるように、総合商社的な特徴を生かして日本国中に強力な民間ネットワークを築いていた。
• As there is the term of sakaya banryu, sakaya established before long a strong private network by effectively using its general trading house-like features.

• また民間企業による鉄道建設も進み、糖業鉄道、塩業鉄道、鉱業鉄道などが軽便鉄道として台湾各地を網羅し台湾における交通の要となっていた。
• The private railways were also constructed and the Taiwan Sugar Railways, Salt Railways, Mining Railways, as light railways, extended throughout Taiwan, playing the vital role for the transportation in Taiwan.

• 虐殺の有無や、虐殺された人数については諸説あるが、実際に従軍し直接見聞した有賀長雄は清国民間人の巻き添えが有ったことを示唆している。
• Opinions are divided on whether it was a massacre or not and, if so, how many people were killed, but Nagao ARIGA who was there in service and saw or heard what happened suggested that civilians were involved in the battle.

• そこで不拡大派の支持があった板垣征四郎を迎えることを決意し、山東省の最前線にいた板垣への使者として民間人の古野伊之助を派遣している。
• Therefore, he decided to pick Seishiro ITAGAKI, who had the support of the nonaggression faction, and dispatched a civilian, Inosuke FURUNO, as a messenger to Itagaki, who was at the frontline in Shandong Province.

• 民間伝承では救世主を待望する異教徒のシンボルであり、キリスト教美術の図像にはアトリビュート（持物）として書物を持つ姿が多く見られる。
• In folklore, is shaman symbolizes a heretic who has eagerly awaited the coming of the Messiah, and in Christian art a shaman would often be depicted as carrying a book.

• ところが、18世紀中期以後、商品流通が盛んになる一方で、民間の輸送相場である相対賃銭（あいたいちんせん）と御定賃銭の格差が広がった。
• But after the middle of the eighteenth century, as commercial distribution became increasingly important, the disparity between the market rate of transportation and the official rate widened.

• 禁止措置によって神社に常駐せずに民間祈祷を行っていた巫女は全面的に廃業となったが、中には神社に留まることによって活動を続ける者もいた。
• Although this order compelled shrine maidens who did not remain continually at one shrine to give up their duty of offering folk prayers among the public, some maidens could continue their activities by staying at some shrines.

• 明治時代になり桂宮家（八条宮家の後裔）が子孫断絶により絶家したため、生間家も下野し、その料理法は京都の民間の限られた料亭に伝えられた。
• During the Meiji period, the Katsuranomiya family (descendants of the Hachijonomiya family) died out because there was no successor, therefore the Ikama family also retired and their cooking techniques were handed down in limited restaurants in Kyoto.

• 幕府の外護を背景として、大名達の支援を得て、鉄眼道光らに代表される社会事業などを通じて民間の教化にも努めたため、次第に教勢が拡大した。
• As background for the protection of the government (the shogunate), it was supported by Japanese feudal lords and made efforts to civilize people through social works by monks such as Doko TETSUGEN, so that it gradually extended its influence.

• もっともこうした統制について国家が建立した官寺とそれ以外の貴族や民衆によって建てられた民間寺院（私寺）とでは温度差があったともされる。
• In addition, it is also thought that such regulation was different between official temples built by nation and private temples built by nobles and common people.

• 昭和26年創刊の東洋古美術研究誌『大和文華』は日本でも最も古い民間の美術研究誌として国内外からの定評を得ており、年2回発行されている。
• 'Yamatobunka,' a semiannual journal of oriental antique first published in 1951 is the oldest private journal of art in Japan and well accepted at home and abroad.

• 前号の紛争の範囲に対応して、個々の民間紛争解決手続において和解の仲介を行うのにふさわしい者を手続実施者として選任することができること。
• Is capable of selecting the appropriate person as dispute resolution provider to arrange settlement for each individual private dispute resolution procedure with respect to the scope of disputes given under the preceding item;

• 死刑確定者に対しては、必要に応じ、民間の篤志家の協力を求め、その心情の安定に資すると認められる助言、講話その他の措置を執るものとする。
• Measures such as counseling or lectures which may contribute to help the inmate sentenced to death maintain peace of mind shall be taken by obtaining cooperation from nongovernmental volunteers.

• 民間の神道においてや子作り信仰と呼ばれるものがあり、大黒天の像が、米俵に載っている（写真参照）のは実は男性器をあらわしている言われる。
• In Shinto folk religion, various beliefs exist about kodakara (children) and kozukuri (making babies); under such beliefs, statues of Daikokuten atop a bag of rice (see photograph) are thought to represent the male sex organ.

• このように古神道は現在でも息づき、多くは民間信仰などとも言われるが、現在の神社神道の源流でもあり、本質でもあり、不可分であるといえる。
• Remnants of Koshinto can still be seen today, many of which can be termed 'folk belief', but in fact Koshinto is the very origin and essence of Shrine Shinto, and as such is inseparable from it.

• 異なる諸州の付与に基づく土地の権利を主張する一州の市民間の争訟、並びに一州又はその市民と、他の国家、外国市民又は外国臣民との間の争訟。
• —between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

• 山田が民間人ながら義捐金をもってやってきたことが知られるや彼は熱烈な歓迎を受け、皇帝アブデュルハミト2世に拝謁する機会にすら恵まれた。
• As soon as Turkish people noticed that a private citizen Yamada had brought contributions, he received enthusiastic welcome and further was granted an audience with the Sultan Abdülhamid II.

• 台湾では、1945年に国民政府が、一部の政府文書を除き坪に変えて平方メートルを使用すると宣言したが、民間では今でも広く使用されている。
• In case of Taiwan, the government of the Republic of China announced to switch from tsubo unit to the metric unit in 1945 for its official description of the area of a space except some governmental official documents, although the tsubo unit is still widely used in private today.

• 当時の民間の流行歌謡であり、白拍子という女性芸人（しばしば遊女を兼ねた）のうたう七五調四句を基調とする今様も貴族社会でもてはやされた。
• The imayo (popular style of song during the Heian period), a popular music among common people, which was based on the seven-and-five syllable meter and four phrases and sung by shirabyoshi, female entertainer (who was often a yujo [a prostitute]), was loved by the noble society.

• また、これと同時期に民間でも行われた文明開化の動き、肉食の普及や鉄道の開通などとも相まって、新時代「明治」の雰囲気が醸成されていった。
• At the same time, the atmosphere of new era 'Meiji' was created by the civilization and enlightenment of people, the popularization of eating meat, and the opening of the railway.

• 設楽 貞雄（しだら さだお、1864年7月3日 - 1943年12月15日）は、明治時代から昭和初期にかけて関西で活躍した民間建築家。
• Sadao SHIDARA (July 3, 1864 - December 15, 1943) was a private architect in Kansai from the Meiji era to the early Showa era.

• 柳田國男は、一年を守護する神、農作を守護する田の神、家を守護する祖霊の3つを一つの神として信仰した素朴な民間神が年神であるとしている。
• Kunio YANAGITA considered the three gods, god protecting the year, deity of rice fields and harvests protecting agriculture, and sorei protecting the household, to be worshipped as one simple folk god, as Toshigami.

• こうした普茶料理は、精進料理というよりは異国情緒を味わうものとして、黄檗宗の寺院ばかりでなく、料理屋や文化人など、民間でも広く嗜まれた。
• Fucha ryori cuisine was enjoyed not only by monks at temples of the Obaku sect, but also by civilians, especially intellectual people, and was served at restaurants as a means of savoring exoticism, rather than Shojin ryori.

• 『一休咄』は、一休の事績の他に、一休になぞらえた民間説話や登場人物を他の高僧から一休に置き換えた伝説が数多く含むため、史実とは言い難い。
• Because 'Ikkyuu's Sayings' includes, in addition to IKKYUU's deeds, many characters and folk stories in which IKKYUU has been substituted for other monks, it cannot be called historically accurate.

• 祭神の決定、寺院の廃合、僧侶の神職への転向、仏像・仏具の取り壊し、仏事の禁止、民間への神道強制などを急激に実施したために大混乱となった。
• Because various actions were taken hastily, including the decision of enshrined deities, the elimination of temples, Buddist priests' conversion to Shinto priests, the destruction of Buddhist statues and Buddhist tools, the prohibition of Buddhist rites and the compulsion of citizens' conversion to Shinto, the society became chaotic.

• 国及び地方公共団体並びに民間事業者は、特定事業の円滑な実施が促進されるよう、協力体制を整備すること等により相互に協力しなければならない。
• In order to promote smooth implementation of Qualified Projects, the national government and local governments and private business operators shall mutually cooperate with one another, through such means as setting up systems for cooperation.

• 主に、天皇・皇后が外国国家元首・外国政府要人と会見し、又は皇居を訪れた日本政府関係者及び民間人を引見する等の儀式並びに行事に使用される。
• It is used for ceremonies and events, such as meetings of the Emperor/Empress with foreign sovereigns/foreign government dignitaries or receptions by the Emperor/Empress of Japanese government officials and private citizens who are visiting Kokyo.

• 長は倉奉行（御蔵奉行・御倉奉行）であったが、実態は京都市中の民間の土倉などから選ばれた納銭方が倉奉行の委託を受けて出納業務を行っていた。
• Its head called Kurabugyo (Okurabugyo) led the branch but, in fact, Nosenkata selected from private Doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) inside Kyoto City were commissioned by the Kurabugyo to handle accounting.

• 記紀にはみられない神格やアイテムが登場したり、地方神話、民間伝承や芸能から取り込まれた要素が神話の中に混ざりこんでいたりすることもある。
• It often contains divinities and items not seen in Kiki, and elements from regional myths and folklores and entertainment may be mixed into it.

• 近代農学の成立期である明治時代には、官主導による近代農学に対する民間での農事改良の担い手として「老農」とよばれる農民たちが活躍していた。
• During the Meiji period, in which modern agriculture was formed, farmers called 'Rono' (elderly farmers) took the leadership of agricultural improvements in private sector, in contrast to modern science of agriculture led by the government.

• 一方日本では遣唐使の廃止以降、鴻臚館での貿易は続けられていたものの、一般の宋の商人は博多や敦賀に来航し、民間レベルでの貿易を行っていた。
• On the other hand, in Japan, after abolishing their envoy to the Tang Dynasty, they continued trade in Korokan and also the commerce with ordinary Chinese merchants continued on the private-sector level at Hakata and Tsuruga.

• 源内は、「丑の日に『う』の字が附く物を食べると夏負けしない」という民間伝承からヒントを得て、「本日丑の日」と書いて店先に貼ることを勧めた。
• Getting a hint from the folklore that 'one could overcome the summer heat by eating something that had the Japanese syllable of 'u' at the head of its name, such as an eel (in Japanese, 'unagi') on the Ox day,' Gennai recommended that the owner attach a poster to the shop door stating, 'Today is the Ox day.'

• 楽人の正式な装束は衣冠、又は狩衣が原則であるが、明治以降に楽部が直垂を制定して以降は神社仏閣や民間の伝承団体でも直垂を着用する場合が多い。
• Although the official costume of a player is principally Ikan (costume worn by court nobles and officers when they are on duty at the Imperial Palace) or Kariginu (informal clothes worn by court nobles and officers), shrines and temples, as well as private tradition groups mostly use Hitatare (a kind of traditional Japanese clothes), in keeping with the Gakubu section assigned to Hitatare after the Meiji period.

• 当時、民間には、天皇をめぐる各種の意見が生じたが、戦前、皇国史観のために被害を受けた津田左右吉なども天皇自体の存在は否定しないと言明した。
• Various opinions about the Emperor arose in between the people at that time, and even Sokichi TSUDA and others, who had suffered from Kokoku Shikan (Imperial view of Japanese history), declared not to deny the existence of the Emperor.

• また、各地で独自に宣明暦に基づいた暦（民間暦）が発行され、それらの中には日付にずれが生じているものもあり、暦の全国統一をする必要があった。
• Additionally, private calendars based on the Senmyoreki were independently published in various parts of the country and some of these calendars indicated different dates; in result, Japan needed to unify these prevalent calendars all over the country and to make a calendrical reform.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、配偶者からの暴力の防止及び被害者の保護を図るための活動を行う民間の団体に対し、必要な援助を行うよう努めるものとする。
• The national government and local public entities shall endeavor to provide the necessary assistance to private bodies that are engaged in activities to prevent spousal violence and protect victims.

• 公共施設等の管理者等は、前条の規定により特定事業を選定したときは、当該特定事業を実施する民間事業者を公募の方法等により選定するものとする。
• When an Administrator of Public Facility etc. has selected a Qualified Project pursuant to the provision of the preceding article, the administrator shall select a private business operator which will implement the said Qualified Project by methods such as open invitation for participation.

• 1908年（明治41）12月18日、東洋拓殖株式会社法（東拓法）を根拠法として、大韓帝国政府と日韓民間資本の共同出資などにより設立された。
• On December 18, 1908, it was jointly established by the government of the Korean Empire and the private capital of Japan and Korea based on Toyo Takushoku Kabushiki Gaisha Law (Totaku Law).

• 帝国議会創設時には、61名が選出された（元老院議官27名、各省官吏10名、民間人9名、帝国大学代表6名、宮中顧問官6名、内閣法制局3名）。
• When the Imperial Diet was first established, 61 of the Chokusen Councilors were selected (27 Genroin gikan [councilors of the Chamber of Elders or Senate], 10 government officials from each ministry, nine ordinary citizens, six representatives from The Japan Imperial Academy, six imperial court councilors and three members from the Cabinet Legislation Bureau).

• 江戸時代には、陰陽道はもはや政治に影響を及ぼすことはなくなったが、民間で暦や方角の吉凶を占う民間信仰として広く日本社会へと定着していった。
• Although Ommyodo had lost its political clout by the beginning of the Edo period, it became widespread and permeated deeply into Japanese society as folk beliefs; that people used to seek for an auspicious date or direction for special occasions.

• また現世利益（世俗）的なものもあるが願掛けなど宗教行為をおこなう所が民間信仰に限らず寺社の中にもあり、これらは観光名所になっている事も多い。
• Although some of religious events are spiritual (material) benefit gained in this world through observance of the Buddhist teachings, religious events including praying to God are implemented in some temples and shrines, not limited to folk beliefs, and many of these temples and shrines are sightseeing spots at present.

• なお、民間説話である西遊記では冥界を司るとして地藏王菩薩が孫悟空（斉天大聖）の暴れっぷりを地獄から天の玉皇大帝に上奏するとして描かれている。
• In a folkloric tale 'Journey to West,' Jizo-o Bosatsu is described as he tells Gyokukotaitei (玉皇大帝) in Heaven about the violence of Sun Wu Kong (Seitentaisei, 斉天大聖), from Hell, as a master of the underworld.

• その起源は古神道などの日本の民間信仰にもあり、古くは神和ぎ（かんなぎ）といい「そこに宿る魂や命が、荒ぶる神にならぬよう」にと祈ることである。
• It also originated from Japanese folk beliefs such as the Ancient Shinto and so on, and in ancient times, it was called Kannagi referring to prayer 'so as to prevent spirits or deity dwelling there from becoming violent gods.'

• 国際民間航空条約の締約国たる外国の政府が授与した航空業務の技能に係る資格証書を有する者で、試験の免除を受けようとするものにあつては、当該証書
• In the case of a person who holds a certificate of qualification pertaining to air navigation duties which was granted by a foreign government which is a contracting state of the Convention on International Civil Aviation and intends to be exempted from examinations, the relevant certificate
• In the case of a person who holds a certificate of qualification pertaining to air navigation duties that was granted by a foreign government which is a contracting state of the Convention on International Civil Aviation and intends to be exempted from examinations, the relevant certificate

• いずれも、最澄・空海などに選者を仮託する偽書によっており、各神社の秘伝として伝授され、また一部は、修験道などを介して民間にも知られていった。
• Both were based on apocryphal books using Saicho, Kukai, etc. as a pretext for selectors, and were instructed as secrets of each shrine, or in some cases, became known among people through Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts).

• 日本においては、金融機関から融資を受けられなかった社会的マイノリティー層においても、古くから現在に至るまで運用されている民間金融手法である。
• In Japan, it is a private financing method operating from ancient times up to the present even amongst social minority classes who could not get financing from financial institutions.

• 一般には「生酢」と解されているが、先述したように、古くは調味料として必ずしも酢を用いるとは限らなかったので、民間語源の類であるという説がある。
• Generally speaking, namasu is interpreted as '生酢, namasu' (raw vinegar), but as mentioned before, originally vinegar was not always used as a seasoning and so some say that it is a sort of folk etymology.

• また、正重は文明開化とともに衰微する一方であった京都の民間芸能の保存にも熱心で、祇園祭の長刀鉾の稚児の世話役や壬生狂言の維持会長などを勤めた。
• Masashige was also keen on preserving folk performing arts in Kyoto that had been declining along with the progress of civilization and enlightenment and he took care of children who joined and rode the Naginata (long-handled sword) float in Gion Festival and served as chairperson of the preservation committee of Mibu Kyogen (pantomime performed in Mibu-dera Temple).

• 具体的には日本の民間信仰である古神道に、密教や道教の陰陽五行思想などとの習合した様々な信仰において、祈願祈念や感謝や慰霊の記念として建てた碑。
• Specifically, the mound is a monument erected to offer prayers, to express gratitude, or as a memory of memoria service, in various faiths constituted through syncretization of the Ancient Shinto (a Japanese folk religion) with esoteric Buddhism and Inyo gogyo shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Hsing Idea) of Taoism.

• 前各号に掲げるもののほか、民間における気象業務の健全な発達を支援し、及び気象情報の社会活動における利用の促進を図るために必要な業務を行うこと。
• In addition to what is listed in each of the preceding items, performing the services necessary to support the sound development of meteorological services in the private sector and to ensure the promotion of the use of meteorological information in social activities.

• 明代の官田の税は民間の小作料よりは低かったが、それでも例えば蘇州府では1畝当たりの平均税率がその4割にも達し、官倉への輸送費用も自弁であった。
• The tax on kanden in the Ming period was lower than private farm rent, but in Suzhou Prefecture, for example, the average tax rate per ridge was 40% of it and the cost of transportation to government warehouses was paid by themselves.

• あくまでも試合から100年以上経った時代の民間伝承の記録であり、史料としての信頼性は低いが、近年再発見された『沼田家記』の記述に類似している。
• That is unreliable as a historical fact because it was a record of folklore told by people over a hundred years after the duel, however, the description is quite similar to the description in 'Numatake-ki' which was re-discovered recently and regarded as reliable material.

• 国際民間航空条約の締約国たる外国の政府が授与した航空業務の技能に係る資格証書を有する者で、実地試験の免除を受けようとするものにあつては、当該証書
• In the case of a person who holds a certificate of qualification pertaining to air navigation duties which was granted by a foreign government which is a contracting state of the Convention on International Civil Aviation and intends to be exempted from practical examinations, the relevant certificate
• In the case of a person who holds a certificate of qualification pertaining to air navigation duties that was granted by granted by a foreign government which is a contracting state of the Convention on International Civil Aviation and intends to be exempted from practical examinations, the relevant certificate

• 「過料」や「過怠銭」またはそれに類する内容の財産刑は荘園における本所法や戦国大名における分国法、あるいは民間における法慣習としても行われていた。
• Karyo,' 'Katai-sen' and other similar punishments by the seizing assets were enforced under the Honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law which dealt with shoen (manor in medieval Japan), the Bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced within their own domain) which dealt with daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period and the customary laws for commoners.

• 海外より輸入される機関車のコピー生産を民間各社に発注し技術力を磨かせるとともに、技官を海外へ留学させ自主設計の学術的、技術的な地盤を固めてゆく。
• The government gave orders for copied products of imported locomotives to each private company so that they could develop their technology, sent engineering officials abroad for study, and strengthened its academic and technological foundation.

• 神仏分離令や大教宣布は決して仏教排斥を意図したものではなかったが、結果として廃仏毀釈運動（廃仏運動）とも呼ばれる民間の運動を引き起こしてしまった。
• Although neither Shinbutsu Bunrirei nor Taikyo Senbu aimed boycotting Buddhism, both of them eventually gave rise to a civil movement called the Haibutsu-kishaku Movement (the Movement of Haibutsu).

• 内閣総理大臣は、基本方針を定めようとするときは、あらかじめ、各省各庁の長に協議するとともに、民間資金等活用事業推進委員会の議を経なければならない。
• When the Prime Minister formulates the Basic Policy, the Prime Minister shall consult the heads of ministries and national agencies in advance, and obtain the decision of the Committee for the Promotion of the Private Finance Initiative.

• 旗本・御家人の官僚化が進んだ享保年間以降は、民間からの登用が目立ち、しかも彼ら地方巧者は地方書の著者でもあったので、地方巧者という呼称が普及した。
• After the Kyoho era when hatamoto (bakufu retainers) and gokenin (retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) were organized into the bakufu bureaucracy, jikata kosha posts were often granted to ordinary citizens, and due to the fact that these appointees authored guides to domain administration, they were commonly called jikata kosha.

• 朝廷は国教として仏教を保護するいっぽう、「僧尼令」などの法令によってきびしく統制し、僧侶になる手続きや資格をさだめて仏教の民間布教に制限を加えた。
• While protecting Buddhism as a state religion, the Imperial Court controlled it strictly with laws and regulations such as Soni ryo (Regulations for Monks and Nuns) and restricted private missionary activities by stipulating procedures and qualifications to become a monk or nun.

• 1998年2月に西日本ジェイアールバス京橋営業所が跡地に開設されたが、2002年に廃止されており、2006年10月現在、民間の洗車場になっている。
• In February 1998, the Kyobashi office of the West Japan JR Bus Company was established on the old station site, but it was abolished in 2002 and the land is currently occupied by a private car-washing station.

• これにともなって陰陽道は宮廷社会から日本社会全体へと広がりつつ一般化し、法師陰陽師などの手を通じて民間へと浸透して、日本独自の展開を強めていった。
• Ommyodo spread from the palace into Japanese society while becoming more generalized; thanks to the efforts by bonze Ommyo-ji, priests who practiced Ommyodo, it permeated deeply into the populace and developed more uniquely in Japan.

• 日本の古神道の由来の民間信仰・神道の根底には、自然崇拝の考え方があり、あらゆる物に神・精霊や魂などの霊的存在が宿ると考えるアニミズムの要素があった。
• Folk beliefs which were the origin of Ancient Shinto and Shinto were based on the concept of nature worship, and this had an animistic element that regarded every object as occupied by a spiritual entity such as a god (deity), a spirit, or a soul.

• また流通分野では、郵便制度・電信網の整備、鉄道および船舶運輸（民間の三菱財閥と国策会社の共同運輸会社の競合を経て日本郵船会社）などの整備が行われた。
• The postal system, the telegraph network, and transportation by railway and ship were consolidated as one distribution system (Nippon Yusen Company was established after the competition between the Mitsubishi Combine, the private sector, and the Kyodo Unyu Company, the national policy concern).

• 竹取物語に似た外国の民間伝承としては、例えば中国四川省のガパ蔵族羌族自治州に伝わる「斑竹姑娘」（田海燕『金玉鳳凰』1961年（中国）に収載）がある。
• There is an example of a foreign folklore similar to Taketori Monogatari; 'Banzhu Guniang' (collected in 'Jinyu Fenghuang' written and edited by Tian Haiyan in 1961), which has been handed down in Ngawa Tibetan-Qiang Autonomous Region in Sichuan Province, China.

• 当該民間国外債の元本の償還及び利子の支払が、当該民間国外債が発行された法第六条第十一項に規定する指定国において、当該指定国の通貨により行われること。
• Redemption of the principal of the relevant foreign private bonds and payment of interest therefrom are made in the designated state prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (11) of the Act where said foreign private bonds were issued, using the currency of said designated state

• 雅楽の楽器を伴奏に使う場合のみ、雅楽の謡物に該当する（宮内庁式部職楽部のレパートリーには入らないが、民間の雅楽団体のレパートリーには入る場合が多い）。
• Etenraku Imayo falls under utaimono (utai [Noh chant] piece for recitation) of gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) only when accompanied with gagaku instruments; the repertoire of the Music Department of Imperial Household Agency does not include Etenraku Imayo, but that of private gagaku groups often includes Etenraku Imayo.

• 民間紛争解決手続を業として行う者（法人でない団体で代表者又は管理人の定めのあるものを含む。）は、その業務について、法務大臣の認証を受けることができる。
• Persons who carry out private dispute resolution services on regular basis (including unincorporated entities for which a representative or administrator is appointed) may obtain certification by the Minister of Justice for their services.

• 刑事施設の長は、受刑者の処遇を行うに当たり必要があると認めるときは、受刑者の親族、民間の篤志家、関係行政機関その他の者に対し、協力を求めるものとする。
• The warden of the penal institution shall, if deemed necessary for treatment of sentenced persons, request cooperation of their relatives, nongovernmental volunteers, relevant administrative organs, or others.

• 国及び地方公共団体並びに事業者、国民及びこれらの者の組織する民間の団体は、エネルギーの需給に関し、相互に、その果たす役割を理解し、協力するものとする。
• The State, local public entities, as well as business operators, citizens and private organizations set up by business operators or citizens shall understand each other's respective roles concerning energy supply and demand and cooperate with each other.

• 文部科学大臣は、特定研究成果の民間事業者への移転の促進に資するため、大学における学術の応用に関する研究の進展が図られるよう必要な配慮をするものとする。
• The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology shall, in order to contribute to promoting the transfers of Specified Research Results to private business operators, take into consideration matters necessary to promote the advancement of research pertaining to applications of learning at universities.

• 部隊に似た機能をするためまたはを援助するために組織された民間団体の、あるいは、部隊に似た機能をするためまたはを援助するために組織された民間団体に関する
• of or relating to a group of civilians organized to function like or to assist a military unit

• 特に民間で行われた普茶料理は、長崎の卓袱料理とも影響し合い、テーブルクロスや貴重なガラス製のワイングラスや水差し、洋食器が用いられる事もしばしばあった。
• Of note fucha ryori served at ordinary restaurants and shippoku dish (a Japanized Chinese dish served on large plates from which diners help themselves) from Nagasaki influenced each other mutually, and a tablecloth, wineglasses made of expensive glass, a water jug, and Western tableware were often used.

• 委員会は、国際民間航空条約の規定並びに同条約の附属書として採択された標準、方式及び手続に準拠して、第五条第一号及び第二号に規定する調査を行うものとする。
• The Board shall conduct investigations prescribed in items (i) to (ii) of Article 5 in conformity with the provisions of the Convention on International Civil Aviation and with the Standards, Practices and Procedures adopted as Annexes thereto.

• 1946年（昭和21年）に銃砲刀剣類所持等取締法が施行され、民間人は狩猟用や射撃競技用以外の銃器類と、美術用以外の日本刀を所持することができなくなった。
• After the Firearm and Sword Control Law was enforced in 1946, civilians were prohibited from possessing firearms for use other than hunting and target shooting and Japanese swords for use other than works of art.

• 地方公共団体（公営交通）や、民間企業と地方公共団体の共同出資による第三セクターによる鉄道は、都市部の地下鉄や、交通網が脆弱な地域の交通需要を担っている。
• The railways run by local public bodies (public transportation) or joint public-private venture railway companies which were co-financed by private companies and local public bodies play roles for subways in cities and transport demands in areas where the transportation network is not well-organized.

• 1955年に日本国有鉄道歴代の国鉄総裁に就任した十河信二は、国鉄出身の卓越した技術者であるが一時民間に在った島秀雄を再度招聘し、国鉄技師長に就任させた。
• Shinji SOGO, who became president of JNR in 1955, called back Hideo SHIMA, who had once been a talented engineer in GNR, but had been in the private sector at the time, to JNR, appointing him to chief engineer.

• 武道の諸団体と相協力して維持発展に努力を期し、役員も全国から選ばれた評議員の会で純民間人を推薦してこれをあて、取扱う種目も剣道・柔道・弓道などに限定した。
• Efforts were made on behalf of conservation and development through mutual cooperation with various martial arts organizations, the board members were appointed from among the private citizens, being recommended through a council elected from around the country, and the items they handled were limited to Kendo, Judo and Kyudo.

• 特に民間で行われた普茶料理は、長崎の卓袱料理とも影響し合い、テーブルクロスや貴重なガラス製のワイングラスや水差し、洋食器が用いられることもしばしばあった。
• With the reciprocal effects of Shippoku cuisine (a delectable melange of Western, Chinese and Japanese cuisine)from Nagasaki, Fucha ryori cuisine in civilian society often used tablecloths, vitreous wine glasses and decanters that were precious at the time, and also other western tableware.

• しかし、インドから中国へと伝播し民衆へと教化が行われるうちに、漢民族の道教や儒教に由来する先祖供養の民間信仰と習合し、仏教は葬送儀礼をも司るようになった。
• However, in the process that Buddhism spread from India to China and became familiarized to the common people, it had assimilated the Han race's folk religion for memorial services for ancestors which originated from Taoism and Confucianism, and at last Buddhist priests became to manage funeral rites as well.

• 俸給表は、生計費、民間における賃金その他人事院の決定する適当な事情を考慮して定められ、且つ、等級又は職級ごとに明確な俸給額の幅を定めていなければならない。
• Salary schedules, which shall be determined after taking into consideration the cost of living, prevailing wage rates of the private sector and other appropriate circumstances determined by the National Personnel Authority, shall include a clearly specified range of salary amount for each grade or class of position.

• かれは 1970 年代に日本語を勉強していた、アメリカの軍と関係ない数少ない民間人であり、手塚治虫をその完璧な日本語で驚かせて、かれの友達になった注27。
• he was one of the few non-military Americans studying Japanese in the 1970s, and through a series of twists and turns, managed to strike up a friendship with Osamu Tezuka after surprising the comic author with his flawless Japanese.29

• これは市電のワンマンカーと方式を合わせたためであるが、京都市内を走る民間バスがいずれも後ろ乗り後払い方式を採用したため、1970年代前半に切り替えられた。
• This system was introduced to conform to the one used in the one-man city trams, but subsequently it was changed in the first half of the 1970s to the one in which you get on from the rear-side door and pay the fare later, because such a system had been used in all the private company-operated buses running in Kyoto City.

• この時代の貿易は遣唐使に付随して行われる朝貢貿易（朝貢に対する回賜・購入）が主であったが、必ずしも民間の交易船が存在しなかったことを意味するものではない。
• Although the trading at that time was mainly the tribute trade (tribute, and gift returns, purchases to conform it) along with the dispatch of Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty China, it does not mean that there were no private trading ships.

• 明治政府は金本位制度の確立を民間に任せることとし、1872年に国立銀行条例（民間資本で発券銀行を設立し兌換紙幣の発行を義務付けるというもの。）を制定した。
• The Meiji Government left an establishment of the gold standard system to the private sector, and enacted a regulation of national bank in 1872, (to establish issue banks with private capital, and oblige them to issue convertible currency).

• その後、浄土教を民間に布教するため、1072年（延久4年）に禅林寺に戻りそこに住し、人々に念仏を勧め、寺内に「薬王院」を設け、病人救済などの事業を行なった。
• Then, he returned to Zenrin-ji Temple in 1072 to promulgate Jodo sect and encouraged followers to practice the nenbutsu, and established 'Yakuo-in' on the grounds of the temple which performed public services caring for the ill and so on.

• 妖怪（ようかい）は、日本で伝承される民間信仰において、人間の理解を超える奇怪で異常な現象や、あるいはそれらを起こす、不可思議な力を持つ非日常的な存在のこと。
• Yokai (specter), in folk beliefs handed down in Japan, is an unusual being with supernatural powers that can cause bizarre and abnormal phenomena that are beyond human understanding.

• 革命家、テトリスト、反対分子に対しての秘密警察あるいは軍事政権により行われた攻撃態勢また民間人が犠牲となる誘拐、拷問、および殺人を用いることで特徴付けられた
• an offensive conducted by secret police or the military of a regime against revolutionary and terrorist insurgents and marked by the use of kidnapping and torture and murder with civilians often being the victims

• 近隣諸国との関係が悪化する中でも民間や地方ベースでは交易が続けられており、とくに江南地方は経済拡大が続いていたこともあって、その規模はむしろ発展していった。
• Although the relationship with neighboring countries was worsened, trade among ordinary citizens continued, and Japan's trade with the Jiagnan region was getting especially prosperous with the development of its economy.

• こうした風習は民間にも広まり、年始に親類縁者や友人知人を招いて馳走することを「椀飯振舞」「節振舞」と呼び、これが転じて「大盤振舞」という言葉の語源となった。
• Such customs spread to the public and the act of inviting relatives and friends at the beginning of the year was called 'Oban burumai,' 'Sechi burumai,' and this is said to be the origin of 'Oban burumai (being generous).'

• 日本の民間信仰では死者・祖先に対する追善供養のことを特に供養ということが多く、これから派生して仏教と関係なく死者への対応という意味で広く供養と呼ぶこともある。
• In Japanese folk beliefs, Kuyo typically refers to a memorial service for the deceased or ancestors, and has come to refer to a service for the deceased in a wider sense apart from Buddhism.

• この方針転換は、民間の有力者に権限を委譲してこれを現地赴任の筆頭国司（受領）が統括することにより新たな支配体制を構築するものであり、これを王朝国家体制という。
• This change was conducted to establish the new ruling system by delegating some power to local influential people under the control of the head of the provincial governors (the head of Kokushi, Zuryo), who were dispatched there: the system was called the dynasty state system.

• 1959年（昭和34年）、60年には民間の労働者寄宿舎が本学の学生寄宿舎に転用され、従来からの建物が吉田東寮、転用された建物が吉田西寮と呼ばれるようになった。
• In 1959 and 1960, a dormitory for private workers was converted to a dormitory of Kyoto University, and the then- existing building and newly converted building were called Yoshida East dormitory and Yoshida West dormitory respectively.

• さらに、鎌倉時代以降は朝廷の力が弱まり、京で作られた暦が地方へ伝達しにくくなったことから、各地で独自に宣明暦の暦法によった暦（民間暦）が作られるようになった。
• In addition, because the imperial court started to lose power after the Kamakura period, and it became difficult to distribute calendars produced in Kyoto to regional areas, calendars (private calendars) based on a method of making calendars of the Senmyo Calendar began to be produced independently in various parts of the country.

• また後世の民間伝承では、魏の初代皇帝曹丕は幼時は非常に虚弱で長生できないと思われていたが、菊酒を勧められて服用した後は強健となり長じて魏の皇帝となったという。
• Additionally, later folklore had it that the first emperor of Cao Wei named Cao Pi was physically so weak that people did not think he could have a long life when he was very young, but once he started to drink kikuzake on the recommendation of other people, he became stronger and eventually came to the throne of Cao Wei.

• 法第六条第二項の規定により徴収して納付すべき外国法人が発行した一般民間国外債の利子に係る所得税の納税地は、当該外国法人の国内にある主たる事務所の所在地とする。
• The place for paying income tax on the interest from general foreign private bonds issued by a foreign corporation that is to be collected and paid pursuant to the provisions of Article 6, paragraph (2) of the Act shall be at the location of the principal office of said foreign corporation in Japan.

• 山伏を中心とする天狗の信仰は、民間の仏教と、古代から続く山の神秘観山岳信仰に結びついたもので、極めて豊富な天狗についての伝説は山岳信仰の深さを物語るものである。
• Worship of the Tengu, mainly among Yamabushi monks, is connected with local Buddhism, as well as with the mysteriousness of mountains and mountain worship, and various legends of Tengu explain the depth of mountain worship.

• 1886年文部大臣の検定を経たものでなければ、小学校の教科書として採用することができなくなり、当分の間この規定によって民間から出たものが採用されるようになった。
• In 1886 it was decided that no textbooks for elementary schools should be adopted without the authorization of the Minister of Education, and for the time being privately-provided textbooks came to be adopted according to this regulation.

• しかし、それら書籍中の妖怪には、古典の民間伝承、怪談、随筆などのものに混じり、古典上に存在しない創作物と思われる妖怪が多いことが現代の研究により指摘されている。
• It has been pointed out by modern research that in these books, mixed with the folklores, ghost stories and essays of classical Japanese culture, there are many yokai characters that are considered to be inventions that did not exist in the classical Japanese culture.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、特定事業の実施を促進するため、民間事業者の技術の活用及び創意工夫の十分な発揮を妨げるような規制の撤廃又は緩和を速やかに推進するものとする。
• In order to promote the implementation of Qualified Projects, the national government and local governments shall promptly promote the abolition or relaxation of their regulations that hinder the full utilization of the technical expertise and innovation of private business operators.

• 文部科学大臣及び経済産業大臣は、民間事業者が特定研究成果を活用するために必要な知識及び技術の習得を促進するための施策を効果的に推進するよう努めなければならない。
• The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall endeavor to effectively promote policies to further the acquisition of knowledge and technologies necessary for private business operators to utilize Specified Research Results.

• 岐の神（ちまたのかみ）または辻の神（つじのかみ）とは、日本の民間信仰において、疫病・災害などをもたらす悪神・悪霊が聚落に入るのを防ぐとされる神 (神道)である。
• 'Chimata-No-Kami' or 'Tsuji-no-kami' are gods (Shinto) who are believed to prevent evil gods and evil spirits who bring epidemics and disasters from entering the village in Japanese folk beliefs.

• 飛行の内容及び当該飛行を行う日時（民間訓練試験空域における飛行高度並びに民間訓練試験空域への入域の予定時刻及び当該空域からの出域の予定時刻を明らかにすること。）
• Description of flight and date and time of the relevant flight (Flight altitude in the civil training and testing area as well as the planned time to enter the civilian training and test air space and the planned time to leave the relevant air space shall be clarified.)

• その取り壊しの危機に際し、旧市街の古建築の保存と再生のための博物館都市構想を掲げた第三セクター（長浜市と地元民間企業8社が出資）「黒壁」が1988年に設立された。
• When the building was facing the threat of demolition, the third sector, 'Kurokabe,' a joint venture of Nagahama City and eight local private companies, was established in 1988, holding up the museum city concept to preserve and renovate the old buildings in the old town area.

• そのため、幕府の公式文書では「来貢使」という用語は一切使われていないにも関わらず、民間では琉球使節と同様に一方的な従属関係を示す「来貢」という言葉が広まっていた。
• Therefore, although the term of Raikoshi (indicating a messenger with an article of tribute from a foreign country) was not used in any official documents, the term of Raiko (coming to pay tribute), which indicated an outright master-slave relationship, came to be used widely among the general public, as for envoys from Ryukyu.

• 古神道から流れの民間信仰や価値観として、上記の森羅万象とする範囲を超越した行為があり、敵や人の食べ物として命を落としたものでさえ祀った蒙古塚や鯨塚などが存在する。
• As a folk beliefs and sense of value deriving from Ancient Shinto, there are behaviors beyond the range of the above-mentioned shinrabansho, and there are even tumulus for Mongolian warriors and tumulus for whales worshiping those lost their lives as enemies or food.

• しかし、行基のように禁令にそむいて民間への布教をおこない、弾圧されたものの灌漑設備や布施屋の設置、道路建設などの社会事業に尽力し、民衆の支持を集める僧侶もあった。
• On the other hand, there were monks such as Gyoki who violated these restrictions and preached to the general public, and, although he was suppressed, he was also supported by general public for his efforts in social work such as provision of irrigation systems and fuseya (aid station or rest house) as well as road construction.

• 一方、五島美術館にある1巻弱はもと阿波蜂須賀氏にあったものが江戸末に民間に流れたもので、実業家で茶人の益田孝（鈍翁）の所蔵を経て、五島慶太が買い取ったものである。
• On the other hand, slightly less than one volume in the Gotoh Museum used to belong to Hachisukashi in Awa Province, but was released out to the general public, once possessed by Takashi MASUDA (Donno), a business man and a chajin (master of the tea ceremony) and bought by Keita Goto.

• 禁止措置によって神社に常駐せずに民間祈祷を行っていた巫女はほぼ廃業となったが、中には神社、或いは教派神道に所属することによって姿・形を変えて活動を続ける者もいた。
• This ban deprived work from nearly all the miko who had offered invocations and prayer services outside the shrine, although some continued to operate in various ways through participation in traditional shrines or new schools of Shinto.

• また1910年代には、東京 - 大阪間に電車による高速新路線「日本電気鉄道」を敷設する計画が民間から出されたが、国の許可するところとならず、実現には至っていない。
• In the 1910s, a plan to construct 'the Japan electric railway,' a new high-speed railway based on electric train-cars between Tokyo and Osaka, was proposed from the private sector, but failed to be implemented because the national government did not approve of it.

• 特定民間国外債の利子の支払をする者は、第二十七項に規定する通知を受けた利子受領者情報を帳簿に記載し、当該帳簿を、財務省令で定めるところにより保存しなければならない。
• A person who pays interest from specified foreign private bonds shall enter in the books the interest recipient information provided in the notice given thereto pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (27), and preserve said books pursuant to the provisions of Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance.

• 日本国は、国際民間航空運送に関する二国間又は多数国間の協定を締結するため、一又は二以上の連合国の要請があつたときはすみやかに、当該連合国と交渉を開始するものとする。
• Japan will enter into negotiations with any of the Allied Powers, promptly upon the request of such Power or Powers, for the conclusion of bilateral or multilateral agreements relating to international civil air transport.

• また井上が「徹頭徹尾民間が出来る業をお役人がやる事は非能率で民間の業を圧迫妨害する...」ものと考えていたことを紹介し、井上の合理主義者としての一面を評価している。
• In addition, Tokutomi introduced rationalistic side of Inoue as 'government official's business that private firms could do from beginning to an end is inefficient and hinders private business.'

• 1870年2月5日、政府から皇族・貴族に対してお歯黒禁止令が出され、それに伴い民間でも徐々に廃れ(明治以降農村では一時的に普及したが)、大正時代にはほぼ完全に消えた。
• On February 5, 1870, government put a ban on tooth black among the royalty and aristocrats; consequently, this practice also faded gradually among the common people (after the Meiji period, it was once popular among farm villages), and in the Taisho period, it almost completely disappeared.

• 米軍が日本本土の上空から、民間人をも攻撃対象にして空襲を行う頻度が多くなり、1945年の終戦前頃は、地域によってはほぼ毎日、空襲による被害を受けるようになっていった。
• The US forces more frequently launched air raids on civilians from above the Japanese mainland such that before the end of war in 1945, some areas were air-raided almost everyday.

• また、武家や民間に対してはそれぞれの家業への専念と維持、継承に努めさせることをそれぞれの家職とし、それを社会全体に徹底させることで身分統制・社会秩序維持の手段とした。
• In addition, for the buke and public, the government considered devotion and maintaining each family's Kagyo (family business) as their Kashoku and made this widespread throughout society to make this a method of controlling class and maintaining societal order.

• この話は江戸時代に民間で生き延びた波多野氏、籾井氏の旧臣の子孫が書き残したという『籾井家日記』などの野史によるもので、すべてを史実と受けとることは難しいとされている。
• However, this story is based on the 'Momi-ke nikki' (Diary of Momi Family), as well as other sources etc. that may have been personally written by the descendents of former retainers of the Hatano clan and the Momi clan who survived as civilians through the Edo era, and may not be considered as historically accurate.

• しかしながら民衆レベルでは戦中の一時期を除いて、そう大きな意識の変化は起こっておらず国家神道の枠に収まりきらない民間信仰・祭りなど各地の伝承はそのまま伝えられてきた。
• However, except for the war years, there was not a major change in the attitude of the populace who continued to practice local traditions such as folk religions and festivals outside the scope of State Shinto.

• このため、遅くても8世紀には陶部は解体して、民間の工人集団に吸収され、朝廷は調や正税交易などの方法で民間から須恵器などの土器類を調達するようになったと考えられている。
• So, Suebe was dissolved and its members were absorbed in a private group of craftsmen in the eighth century at the latest, and the Imperial Court was considered to have been given earth wares including Sueki from private sectors through tributes or exchanges with the rice tax.

• その中で、神社神道の体系に組み込まれなかった各地に残る天狗神社・河童神社・白蛇神社や貧乏神・宝船（七福神）などは、古神道（日本の民間信仰）の神々が起源であるともいえる。
• Among them, Tengu-jinja shrines, Kappa-jinja shrines, Shirohebi-jinja shrines (white snake shrines), Binbogami (deity that brings poverty) and Takarabune (treasure boat) (Shichifukujin) (Seven Deities of Good Fortune) that were not organized into Shrine Shintoism can be said to have their origins in the deities of ancient Shintoism (Japanese folk religion).

• 配偶者暴力相談支援センターは、その業務を行うに当たっては、必要に応じ、配偶者からの暴力の防止及び被害者の保護を図るための活動を行う民間の団体との連携に努めるものとする。
• The Spousal Violence Counseling and Support Centers shall, during the course of their duties, when necessary, endeavor to collaborate with private bodies that are engaged in activities designed to prevent spousal violence and protect victims.

• アメリカ合衆国のnational bank（現在では国法銀行と訳すことが多い）の直訳で、国家が設立した銀行ではなく、渋沢栄一、三井組などの民間資本が設立したものである。
• Kokuritsu ginko' was literal translation of the National Bank in the United States (now it is often translated as kokuho ginko), however, it was established not by the nation but by the private capitals from Eichi SHIBUSAWA, Mitsui gumi, and so on.

• 明和2年（1765年）以降は金座および銀座 (歴史)が鋳銭事業を兼任することになり、それまで主に民間の商人による請負事業であった銭座が金座の統制下に置かれる事となった。
• After 1765, kin-za and zin-za (see the article of gin-za [history]) also were in charge of the operation of casting coins and as a result gin-za which had been a contracting business by private merchants was under the regulation of kin-za.

• 中世以降は、主に各地において民間で個人的に占術・呪術・祭祀を行う非官人の者を指すようになり、現代においては民間で私的祈祷や占術を行う神職の一種として定義付けられている。
• After the medieval period, Onmyoji referred mainly to non-bureaucrats who performed divination, magic, and religious services independently among the civilian population in various locations, today, they are a type of Shinto-priest who recite prayers and perform divination in the private sector.

• 幽霊（ゆうれい）は、日本の民間信仰の中で、人が死亡して、肉体から魂が離れた後も、未練や遺恨を解くために、現世（うつしよ）に残り、生前の姿で幽か（かすか）に可視化したもの。
• In Japanese folk belief, yurei are faintly visible figures who have remained in Utsushiyo (the land of the living) even after their soul left their body after death, in order to resolve some form of lingering attachment or to seek revenge for a wrong.

• 天平勝宝9歳（757年）3月、孝謙天皇（実は光明皇后の意思）は、道祖王が太上天皇の喪中にも関わらず侍童と密通して、民間に機密を漏らし甚だ不行跡であるとし、廃太子を議した。
• In March 757, Empress Koken (actually will of Empress Komyo) proposed to depose the Crown Prince, saying that Prince Funado secretly contacted a jido (page) and disclosed confidential information to the public in the mourning of Emperor Daijo.

• このような、今日でいう「民間」の醸造技術者のことを酒師（さかし）といい、また酒を造り販売した店を造り酒屋（あるいは単に「酒屋」とも。区別については酒屋の項を参照）という。
• Such brewing specialists who were equivalent to modern-day 'private' brewing experts were called sakashi (which literally means 'sake master'), and stores which brewed and sold sake were called tsukuri-zakaya (which means 'sake brewer and seller,' and they were also simply called 'sakaya' (sake shop). Refer to the section of Sakaya for the difference between them).

• 例えば、天正11年（1583年）1月に京暦で行われる予定の閏月が、民間の三島暦を採用していた後北条氏・上杉氏・里見氏などの領内では前年の天正10年12月に閏月が行われた。
• For instance, a leap month scheduled for January 1583 according to Kyo-goyomi (a calendar made by Onyoryo - Bureau of Divination - in Kyoto) occurred in December 1582 in the estates of the Gohojo, the Uesugi, and Satomi clans where a private calendar Mishima-goyomi (a calendar made by the Kawai family and distributed from the Mishima-taisha Shrine) was adopted.

• 狭義にはノロ（祝女）のことであるが、広義には神に仕える者と言う意味で、祝女の補佐役などの神職者、根神や根人といった集落の祭司や、民間シャーマンであるユタも神人に含まれる。
• In the narrow sense, it refers to noro (hereditary female Shinto priest performing shinji in villages in Okinawa), but in the broad sense, it means a person serving god, which includes assistant Shinto priests of noro, colonial priests such as negami and nenin, and folk shamans such as yuta.

• 江戸時代以後、古典研究の発展に伴って民間でも有職故実の研究をする者が現れ、世襲化されて学問としては停滞が見られた公家や武家の有職故実の伝統に囚われない独自の研究が見られた。
• During and after the Edo period, researchers of yusoku kojitsu emerged among ordinary citizens along with the development of the study of classical literature, and made original studies free from the traditions of kuge and buke yusoku kojitsu, which showed stagnation as academics because they were transferred by heredity.

• また民間放送のニッポン放送でも以前は毎日演奏（ジャンクション (放送)）を放送していたが、1998年4月より毎週月曜日の放送開始時と土曜日の午前5時前に限って放送している。
• Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc., which is a commercial broadcaster, broadcasts previously performance every day (junction - broadcasting), but, since April 1998, it broadcasts only before staring broadcasting on Monday, every week, and before 5:00 in the morning of Saturday.

• ロート製薬、オムロン、積水ハウス総合住宅研究所などの民間研究施設ならびに、きっづ光科学館ふぉとん（日本原子力研究開発機構 関西光科学研究所）、ATR等の国の研究施設が立地。
• The area is home not only to private research facilities, such as Rohto Research Village Kyoto, Omron Corporation Keihanna Technology Innovation Center and Sekisui House Co., Ltd. Comprehensive Housing R & D Institute, but also national research facilities, such as the Kids' Science Museum of Photons operated by Kansai Photon Science Institute which belongs to Japan Atomic Energy Agency, and Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR).

• 国や研究機関等の長年にわたる研究成果を柱に、教育関係者や民間企業を含むあらゆる方々の知恵やノウハウを加え、「見て、触れて、感じて、学ぶ」を根本として各種事業を実施している。
• Based on the collective study achievement of the nation and research institutions, it borrows all the knowledge and wisdom of educational professionals and companies to carry out various programs under the basic idea 'Learn by seeing, touching, and feeling.'

• 例えば、自国において金流出が起こったとする、その国では民間の兌換請求によって金を買い戻していることになるから、必然的に自国通貨のマネーサプライの減少をもたらし、均衡に至る。
• For example, gold flowing out of the home country means that the private sector is repurchasing gold through their requests for conversion, and the reduction of the supply of its home currency will eventually bring equilibrium to domestic economy.

• 再委託に係る支払取扱者が、その保管の再委託を受けている特定民間国外債の利子に係る利子受領者情報を、当該特定民間国外債の利子の支払をする者に対し前項の規定による通知をする場合
• Where the person in charge of handling payment based on entrustment by subcontract gives notice pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph to provide the interest recipient information for the interest from the specified foreign private bonds of which the person is entrusted with custody by subcontract, to the person who pays interest from said specified foreign private bonds.

• 同県は昭和時代初期にすでに西田川郡京田村の工藤吉郎兵衛が人工交配によって酒の華・京の華・国の華の、いわゆる羽州華三部作を開発して以来、民間での酒米開発はたいへん盛んであった。
• Since Kichibe KUDO in Kyoda-mura, Nishi tagawa-gun, developed the so-called triptych of Ushu hana--namely Sake no hana, Kyo no hana and Kuni no hana--through artificial crossing at the beginning of the Showa period, the development of sakamai in the private sector was a popular activity in Yamagata Prefecture.

• これを賄うために、朝廷は専売制度を復活させて財政の立て直しを図る共に、国家の直接所有地（官田）を設定して民間に貸し出し、小作料である高税率の公課（租）を徴収するようになった。
• To cover them, the Imperial Court restored monopolization and tried to rebuild the finances and established areas which were under the direct control of the state (kanden) to lease them to private hands and collected a high-rate tax as a farm rent.

• 彼は日本の民間からエルトゥールル号事件の犠牲者の遺族に対する義捐金を集めるキャンペーンを行い、事件の翌々年に集まった義捐金を自ら携えてオスマン帝国の首都イスタンブルに渡った。
• He started a fund-raising campaign among Japanese citizens to collect contributions for the families of the victims of the Ertuğrul incident; after two years, he travelled to Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, carrying the collected donations.

• また、「万代 (チェーンストア)前」「ユータウンけいはんな・コーナン前」など、近辺の民間商業施設名を停留所名に採用するなど、公営コミュニティバスとしては柔軟な対応が見られる。
• This bus seems more flexible than the other public community buses, as they use private or commercial facilities' names for the bus stop names, such as 'Mandai' (a chain store) and 'U-Town Keihanna/Kohnan.'

• 一部路線を民間バス会社に委託する（山科区や伏見区東部の路線を全て京阪バスに移管、左京区北部の路線の大半を京都バスに移管、市西部・南部の一部の路線の運行業務を民間事業者に委託。
• The operation of certain bus routes has been entrusted to private companies (the operation of all bus routes in Yamashina Ward and the eastern area of Fushimi Ward has been transferred to Keihan Bus, nearly all the routes in northern Sakyo Ward have been entrusted to Kyoto Bus, and the operation of some routes in the western and southern areas have been entrusted to private companies).

• 昭和30年より航空自衛隊が駐留しており、現在、防衛省管轄の飛行場であるが、（米軍の駐留中から）民間航空にも開放され、「美保飛行場」（または「美保空港」）の通称で利用されている。
• Since 1955, the Japan Air Self-Defense Force has been stationed in the airport, and although it is currently the airport under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense, it has been open for private aviation (even during the stationing of the U.S. forces), and used under the name of 'Miho Airport'.

• 以後も中国ではこの形のものを使用しており、民間歌謡の伴奏を主にしていたが、20世紀に入り、劉天華（二胡、琵琶演奏家、作曲家・1895年〜1932年）らにより独奏曲が作られ始めた。
• In China, this type of biwa had been used and mainly played as accompaniment for folk songs but, in the 20th century, solo music started to be composed by Tianhua LIU (erhu (two-stringed Chinese instrument played with a bow) and biwa player, composer, 1895 - 1932) and others.

• 付喪神（つくもがみ）とは、日本の民間信仰における観念で、長い年月を経て古くなったり、長く生きた依り代（道具や生き物や自然の物）に、神 (神道)や霊魂などが宿ったものの総称である。
• Tsukumogami, the notion of Japanese folk beliefs, is a collective name of old or long-used yorishiro (objects representative of divine spirits) (tools, living things and natural things) in which deities (Shinto religion) or divine spirits reside.

• 国は、国民、事業者又はこれらの者の組織する民間の団体が自発的に行う緑化活動その他の森林の整備及び保全に関する活動が促進されるように、情報の提供その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall provide information and take necessary measures for the promotion of forest development and conservation activities including voluntary tree-planting activities by the citizens, business operators and private bodies organized by such parties.

• 魚類防疫協力員は、養殖水産動植物の伝染性疾病の予防に関する事項につき、都道府県の施策に協力して、養殖をする者からの相談に応じ、及びこれらの者に対する助言その他の民間の活動を行う。
• The Fish Epidemic Prevention Assistants shall respond to the consultations had with aquaculture farmers, give advice to the farmers, or engage in private activities for the prevention of infectious diseases in farmed aquatic animals and plants to promote the policies of the prefecture concerned.

• 文部科学大臣及び経済産業大臣は、特定研究成果の民間事業者への効率的な移転を促進するため、特定大学技術移転事業の実施に関する指針（以下「実施指針」という。）を定めなければならない。
• In order to efficiently transfer the Specified Research Results to private business operators, the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall provide for guidelines concerning the implementation of Specified University Technology Transfer Operations (hereinafter referred to as 'Implementation Guidelines').

• なお、国立国会図書館の蔵書構築など図書館技術に関する運用は、1948年（昭和23年）にGHQ民間情報教育局特別顧問ダウンズによって提出された勧告（ダウンズ勧告）に基づく面が大きい。
• The NDL's operation of library technologies such as establishment of its collection, etc., is largely based on the recommendations submitted by Robert Bringham Downs, a special advisor of the Civil Information and Education Section, GHQ/SCAP, in 1948 (the Downs Report).

• 土御門家は陰陽諸道をつかさどる官職を失い、免状独占発行権をも失うこととなり、やむを得ず土御門神道をさらに神道的に転化させたものの、各地の民間陰陽師への影響力を奪われることとなった。
• The Tsuchimikado family lost the government post to conduct the arts of Onmyo as well as the exclusive right to issue diplomas and while they further moved Tsuchimikado Onmyodo towards Shinto, out of necessity, they also lost their influence over civilian onmyoji in various regions.

• 良源は、第18代天台座主（てんだいざす、天台宗の最高の位）であり、実在の人物であるが、中世以来、独特の信仰を集め、21世紀に至るまで「厄除け大師」などとして、民間の信仰を集めている。
• Although Ryogen was the 18th Tendai-zasu (the supreme position in the Tendai Sect) and a real-life person, he has been the target of folk belief since the medieval period and even in the 21st century, he is worshipped as 'Yakuyoke Daishi' (Calamity Dispelling Master).

• 申請者の財産目録、貸借対照表、収支計算書又は損益計算書その他の当該申請に係る民間紛争解決手続の業務を行うのに必要な経理的基礎を有することを明らかにする書類であって法務省令で定めるもの
• The applicant's inventory list, balance sheets, income and expenditure statements or profit and loss statements, and other documents to verify that the applicant has the necessary financial base for carrying out the services of private dispute resolution relating to the application, as provided for by a Ministry of Justice Ordinance;

• その反面では、こうした寺社の世俗化をきらって特定の寺院に属さない「聖」や「上人」とよばれる民間布教者があらわれ、とくに浄土教の教えを京都の都はもとより地方へも広めていった時期である。
• On the other side, missionaries emerged who did not like the secularism of temples and shrines, did not belong to a particular temple or shrine and were called 'hijiri' (a saint) or 'shonin' (a high priest), and they brought the teachings of Jodo (Pure Land) sect to people from the capital, Kyoto through local regions.

• 加えて、有能な人材を民間から登用する際、一時的に足軽として藩に在籍させ、その後昇進させる等の、ステップとしての一面もあり、中世の無頼の輩は、近世では下級公務員的性格へと変化していった。
• In addition, the status also had the aspect of serving as a career stepping stone such as when capable individuals who were appointed from among ordinary citizens were temporarily be enrolled with the domain as ashigaru before their subsequent promotion, and what were once gangs of villains during the middle ages took on the identity of low-level public servants.

• また、この頃にかけて、南北朝時代 (日本)に安倍晴明に仮託して著された「刃辛内伝（ほきないでん）」が、牛頭天王（ごずてんのう）信仰と結びついた民間陰陽書として広く知られるようになった。
• Around that time, 'Hokinaiden, ' apparently written by ABE no Seimei during the Nanbokucho Period (Japan), became widely known as a civil book of onmyo linked to the Gozutenno faith.

• また、この間、840年（承和 (日本)7年）には日本との通交を拒否されたが、翌年には民間の交易が認められ、北九州の官人や入唐僧などと貿易を通じて深くかかわっていたことが記録されている。
• It is also recorded that, although a friendship with Japan was rejected in 840, trade between ordinary citizens was allowed the next year and Koreans formed close friendships with government officials in Kita-Kyushu (Northern Kyushu) and Nyuto-priests (priests who went to China to study) through trade.

• 地球温暖化の現状及び地球温暖化対策の重要性について啓発活動及び広報活動を行うとともに、地球温暖化防止活動推進員及び地球温暖化対策の推進を図るための活動を行う民間の団体の活動を助けること。
• Conducting education and public information activities concerning the current situation of global warming and the importance of global warming countermeasures, and supporting the activities of climate change action officers and private organizations engaged in activities to promote global warming countermeasures.

• 江戸時代に至っては、京都や諸国の優秀な民間医が官位を与えられて典薬寮医師（御典医）に登用されるケースが多くなり、典薬大允以下の役職は、典医の中から技術の優劣や年功の長幼によって選ばれた。
• Leading up into the Edo period, there were many cases where the most outstanding private civilian doctors in Kyoto and the other provinces were given office and rank and appointed as Tenyakuryo physicians (goteni); candidates--both young and old--for official posts of Tenyaku Taijo (Senior Secretary of the Bureau of Medicine) rank or lower were chosen from among the teni (doctors) either due to their superior skills or due to a long record of distinguished service.

• 民間伝承では、阿曇磯良（磯武良）は豊玉毘売命の子とされており、「日子波限建」（ひこなぎさたけ）と冠されることのある鵜葺草葺不合命と同神であるとする説がある（磯と渚はどちらも海岸である）。
• In folklore, Azuminoisora (Isotakera) is a son of Toyotamahime no mikoto, and a theory states that Azuminoisora is the same deity as Ugayafukiaezu no mikoto that is also called Hikonagisatake (because both 'iso' and 'nagi' in these name indicate the seashore).

• この法律は、電気用品の製造、販売等を規制するとともに、電気用品の安全性の確保につき民間事業者の自主的な活動を促進することにより、電気用品による危険及び障害の発生を防止することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to regulate the manufacture, sale, etc. of Electrical Appliances and Materials and to foster voluntary activities by private businesses to ensure the safety of Electrical Appliances and Materials, so as to prevent hazards and damages resulting therefrom.

• 郵便又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者若しくは同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者による同条第二項に規定する信書便
• postal mail or correspondence delivery prescribed in Article 2(2) of the Act on Letter Service by Private Business Operators (Act No. 99 of 2002) made by a general correspondence delivery operator prescribed in Article 2(6) of the same Act or a specified letter delivery operator prescribed in Article 2(9) of the same Act;

• ストレートな技術導入を図ろうとする技術者は省内部で冷遇されがちで、早期に鉄道省を去って民間メーカーに下野、あるいは日本資本の企業で先進技術導入に寛容であった南満州鉄道に転じる事例もあった。
• The engineers who wanted to attempt straight technology introduction tended to be treated coldly at the Ministry of Railways, so some of them left the Ministry early to take positions in private industry, or a position with the South Manchuria Railway, a Japanese capital enterprise, which was open-minded to the introduction of advanced technology.

• これはおそらく民間宗教者の関与によって、「稲荷神」「伊勢神宮」「八坂神社」「熊野三山」「白山神社」「天満宮」「八幡宮」「若宮」などの有名神社の分霊を祀っていることに変更されたと考えられる。
• What is likely due to the involvement of folk religion followers, it is known that these shrines were changed to enshrine separated deities transferred from various famous shrines such as 'Inari-shin,' 'Ise-jingu Shrine,' 'Yasaka-jinja Shrine,' 'Kumano Sanzan' (three major shrines in Kumano), 'Hakusan-jinja Shrine,' 'Tenman-gu Shrine,' 'Hachiman-gu Shrine,' and 'Wakamiya Shrine.'

• 手続実施者が民間紛争解決手続によっては紛争の当事者間に和解が成立する見込みがないと判断したときは、速やかに当該民間紛争解決手続を終了し、その旨を紛争の当事者に通知することを定めていること。
• Stipulates that when the dispute resolution provider considers it impossible to arrange settlement between the parties to a dispute through private dispute resolution, the dispute resolution provider shall promptly terminate the private dispute resolution procedures and notify the parties to the dispute to that effect;

• 民間企業では法令で規制・禁止されているわけではないが、バブル崩壊後の虚礼見直しや企業活動のコンプライアンス確保のため、企業方針として高額の贈答品の受け取りを辞退する企業が多くなってきている。
• Although it is not prohibited for private businesses, an increasing number of companies have decided as company policy to refuse expensive gifts as an action to readjust empty formalities after the burst of the bubble economy or to ensure ongoing compliance of business activities.

• 委員会は、前二項の場合において必要があると認めるときは、民間資金等の活用による国の公共施設等の整備等の促進及び総合調整を図るため、内閣総理大臣又は関係行政機関の長に意見を述べることができる。
• The Committee, when it finds necessary, in the course of performing its duties set forth in preceding two paragraphs, may state its opinions to the Prime Minister and heads of relevant administrative organs, in order to facilitate and coordinate the provision etc. of Public Facility etc. through the utilization of private finance etc.

• 法人税法第百四十一条第二号又は第三号に掲げる外国法人により発行された一般民間国外債につき支払を受けるべき利子の金額のうちこれらの外国法人のこれらの号に規定する事業に帰せられる部分に相当する金額
• The part of the amount equivalent to the interest to be received with regard to the general foreign private bonds issued by a foreign corporation listed in Article 141, item (ii) or item (iii) of the Corporation Tax Act, which is attributed to business conducted by said foreign corporation as prescribed in these items

• 日本では、貞観_(日本)6年（864年）に僧位の一つとして置かれた法橋上人の略号であったが、後に民間においても諸国を回って民衆教化にあたった僧に対して「上人」あるいは「聖人」と呼ぶようになった。
• In Japan, it was a symbol of Hokkyo-shonin (a title of honor given to Buddhist sculptors, painters, poets, etc.), which was one of the ranks for monks in 864; later, however, the monks who traveled around and put their efforts into teaching people were referred to as Shonin (上人) or Shonin (聖人) by ordinary people.

• 公共施設等の管理者等は、次条の特定事業の選定及び第七条第一項の民間事業者の選定を行おうとするときは、基本方針にのっとり、特定事業の実施に関する方針（以下「実施方針」という。）を定めるものとする。
• An Administrator of Public Facility etc. shall determine the policy regarding implementation of a Qualified Project (hereinafter referred to as the 'Implementation Policy') in accordance with the Basic Policy, when the administrator is to select a Qualified Project pursuant to Article 6 and to select a private business operator pursuant to paragraph (1) of Article 7.

• しかしながら、この小説の内容が民間で流行したために、「封神演義」で創作された故事がそれまで伝えられていた説話と置き換わったり、廟に創作上の人物の名が掲げられたりするなど、後の信仰に影響を与えた。
• However, due to the popularity of this story among the general public, traditional tales handed down for generations were replaced by ancient events depicted in 'Hoshinengi' and names appearing in the story were displayed on some mausoleums, affecting later religious belief significantly.

• 現在では、死没者に対する栄典として与えられることとなっており、大学・短期大学・高等専門学校において名誉教授の称号を受けた者、民間企業の経営者のうち秀逸な業績のある者はこの位階に叙せられる例が多い。
• Today, the title is bestowed posthumously to persons as a honorific title for those who earned the status of professor emeritus at universities, junior colleges and colleges of technology and for those private business entrepreneurs who made outstanding achievements.

• また、本来律令で禁止されているはずの陰陽寮以外での陰陽師活動を行う者が都以外の地方にも多く見られるようになったのもこの頃であり、地方では蘆屋道満などをはじめとするカリスマ民間陰陽師が多数輩出した。
• Additionally, it was about this time when persons performing onmyoji acts outside Onmyoryo, that were originally supposed to be prohibited by the ritsuryo, became common in localities other than the capital and numerous charismatic onmyoji, including Doman ASHIYA, appeared in the private sector.

• モッコの子守唄（青森県　木造町）のように「泣けば山がらモッコくるね、泣がねでねんねしな」などと、昔の蒙古襲来の怖さを子守唄にしたものなど、上記の残虐行為への恐怖を証明する民間伝承は全国に存在する。
• There is a lullaby called Mokko no Komoriuta (in Kizukuri-machi, Aomori Prefecture) with lyrics of 'if you cry, Mongols will come from a mountain, don't cry and sleep,' representing the fear of the past Mongol invasion, and there are also other folk traditions across the country manifesting the fear of the cruel acts described above.

• 余談ではあるが、すでに陰陽道隆盛期と言えるこの時期から人材不足と、国司および受領に付き添って行った陰陽師から地方に陰陽道が伝播し始めていた状況（民間陰陽師登場につながっていく事）を知る事ができる。
• During this period when the Onmyodo was flourishing, there was a shortage of Onmyoji, and the Onmyoji that accompanied kokushi (provincial governors) and Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) to local regions started to promulgate Onmyodo in the local regions (which eventually led to an appearance of Onmyoji for local communities).

• 古くから自然に存在する在来種ではなく、人工的に開発された品種のうちで、栽培・流通の形態変化の酒蔵が製成酒の目標とする酒質にあわせて自社交配したり、その他民間会社や教育機関が開発した酒米の品種をさす。
• This means a variety of sakamai that isn't one of the conventional varieties that existed naturally since the old times but has been artificially developed by breweries, as well as through changes in the methods of growing and distribution, in keeping with the quality of sake they aim for through their own cross-fertilization or development by educational institutions or private-sector companies.

• 保存される経緯に、城主がそのまま所有者となったため保存されることになった犬山城天守や、民間（個人）では解体工事かかる費用が払えないという理由で残ったといわれる姫路城の建造物群のような事例は稀である。
• Inuyama-jo Castle keep came to be conserved because the castellan continued to be the owner of the castle, and the buildings in Himeji-jo Castle were said to be left unharmed because the private sector (individual) was not able to pay expenses for demolition work; these were rare examples.

• 法人税法第百四十一条第二号又は第三号に掲げる外国法人が発行した一般民間国外債につき居住者又は内国法人に対して支払をする利子の金額のうちこれらの外国法人のこれらの号に規定する事業に帰せられる部分の金額
• The part of the amount equivalent to the interest to be paid to a resident or a foreign corporation with regard to the general foreign private bonds issued by a foreign corporation listed in Article 141, item (ii) or item (iii) of the Corporation Tax Act, which is attributed to business conducted by said foreign corporation as prescribed in these items

• これら一連の法律に基づいて、翌1900年初めから5年間（1904年まで）の期限付きで民間に残された政府発行紙幣・国立銀行発行紙幣の交換が行われ、流通していたこれらの紙幣の回収が完了することになった。
• Based on a series of these Acts, the government-issued paper money and the paper money issued by the national bank that were left for the public to use for a limited period of five years from early 1900 (to 1904) were replaced, and the collection of these notes in circulation was completed.

• 遊郭は一説に因れば「結界の意味を持つ」とする民俗学や民間信仰論もあり、政治的な治安維持としての役割と管理のし易さから、地域を特定したともいわれるが、一般の「定」から外れた部分を持つ治外法権でもあった。
• Studies of folklore and discussions of folk religion often contend that the licensed quarters 'had the meaning of a barrier' and since their political stability meant they were easy to control, they were said to identify an area, although they were considered to have some extraterritorial rights, not in the common 'rules.'

• 民間の能力を活用することによりその効果的な実施を図ることができる鉱工業の技術（原子力に係るものを除く。以下この条において「鉱工業技術」という。）に関する研究開発を行うこと（前号に掲げるものを除く。）。
• Conducting R&D concerning technology in mining and industry (excluding technology related to nuclear power; hereinafter referred to as 'mining and industrial technology' in this Article) that can be carried out effectively using skills from the private sector (excluding the duties listed in the preceding item);

• 刑事施設の長は、被収容者が宗教家（民間の篤志家に限る。以下この項において同じ。）の行う宗教上の儀式行事に参加し、又は宗教家の行う宗教上の教誨を受けることができる機会を設けるように努めなければならない。
• The warden of the penal institution shall make efforts to make available the opportunities for inmates to participate in religious ceremonies presided over by religious leaders (limited to nongovernmental volunteers; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph), or to receive religious teachings from religious leaders.

• さらに、1997年（平成9年）には、指定地域の北方で民間の宅地開発に伴い発掘調査が実施され、寺域北辺を画する回廊跡と掘立柱建物3棟が検出され、続いて実施された確認調査では塔の北側に建物基壇が検出された。
• In 1997, since a private housing development was planned in an area north to this site, another excavation was conducted, when remains of cloisters on the northern border of the temple and of three buildings supported by hottate bashira (earthfast posts) were found, and research that followed recognized that a stylobate of a building to the north of the tower still remained.

• 前項の規定による送達をした場合には、その郵便物又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律第二条第三項に規定する信書便物（以下「郵便物等」という。）が通常到達すべきであった時に、送達があったものとみなす。
• Where a service has been made under the provision of the preceding paragraph, the service shall be deemed to have been made at the time when the postal item or the letter item prescribed in Article 2(3) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Business Operators (hereinafter referred to as a 'postal item, etc.') sent thereby should have normally arrived.

• 国民及び民間の団体は、基本原則にのっとり、生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用のための取組を自ら行うとともに、他の者の行う生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用のための取組に協力するよう努めるものとする。
• Citizens and private bodies shall, with the purport of the fundamental principles, make voluntary efforts for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and endeavor to cooperate for other persons' efforts for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

• 平氏政権滅亡後の鎌倉時代には日宋間の正式な国交はなかったが、鎌倉幕府は民間貿易を認め、文治元年（1185年）に九州に設けられた鎮西奉行は、博多を統治して幕府からの御用商船を宋へむけて派遣することとした。
• During the Kamakura period after the decline of the Taira clan government, there were no official diplomatic relations between Japan and the Sung dynasty, but the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) allowed private trade and in 1185 chinzei bugyo (a magistrate of Kyushu region) established in Kyushu governed Hakata and sent bakufu-controlled commercial ships to Sung.

• しかしながら、当時から日本語学の研究者の手によって徹底的な反論と批判がなされており、学界からは疑似科学・民間語源の一種（単なる言葉の偶然の類似）として受け止められ、近年ではまともに相手にもされていない。
• This idea was thoroughly opposed and criticized by the Japanese language scholars of the time, and it is taken as a kind of pseudoscience or folk etymology, i.e. merely a coincidence of languages, and it is no longer taken seriously.

• ところが、江戸時代後期に勃興した国学の中には、神霊の憑依などの霊的現象を淫祠邪教として否定的に捉える学説が現れるようになり、そのような民間習俗と結びつきやすい巫女そのものに対しても否定的な動きが出始めた。
• However, some Kokugaku (study of ancient Japanese literature and culture) theories that rose to prominence in the late Edo period asserted that any spiritual phenomenon including shinrei no hyoi (spirit possession) should be considered as inshi jakyo (evil heresies), which led to a negative campaign against shrine maidens themselves, who tended to be linked with such folkways.

• その後末法思想の流れを受け、阿弥陀如来に帰依することで極楽浄土への救済を求める阿弥陀浄土信仰とも言える念仏思想を伴うものに形を変え、平安時代中期に空也、源信_(僧侶)らの民間布教によって爆発的に流行した。
• Later, as part of the flow of Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief), it transitioned into Nenbutsu belief as Amida Jodo Shinko (Amida Buddha in the Pure Land worship) in which people wished to be saved and enter heaven by believing in Amitabha Nyorai

• 中国では「圧歳銭」と呼ばれるが、これは中国語で「歳」と「祟」が同じ発音であり、年始に大人が子供に金を与えることで子供を襲う祟りが抑えられ、その一年を平穏無事に過ごすことができるという民間信仰から来ている。
• In China it is called 'ya sui qian' (圧歳銭 in Chinese characters, literally means 圧-pressing, 歳-year, 銭-money) which means that by giving money from adults to children in the New Year, children can avoid curses and live peacefully and quietly throughout the year according to folk beliefs, because the pronunciation of '歳' and '祟' (curse) is the same in Chinese.

• 公共施設等の管理者等は、第六条の特定事業の選定及び前条第一項の民間事業者の選定を行うに当たっては、客観的な評価（当該特定事業の効果及び効率性に関する評価を含む。）を行い、その結果を公表しなければならない。
• The Administrator of Public Facility etc. shall carry out an objective evaluation (including evaluation on the effectiveness and efficiency of the Qualify Project) when it selects a Qualified Project pursuant to Article 6 and selects the private business operator pursuant to paragraph (1) of the preceding article, and shall publicize the results.

• 手続実施者の選任の方法及び手続実施者が紛争の当事者と利害関係を有することその他の民間紛争解決手続の公正な実施を妨げるおそれがある事由がある場合において、当該手続実施者を排除するための方法を定めていること。
• Establishes a method for selecting dispute resolution providers and a method for excluding dispute resolution providers who are interested parties of a party to a dispute or have any other causes which may harm the fair execution of private dispute resolution procedures;

• 行政指導が広範囲に用いられることは、日本特有のやり方だと考えられている。これにより、官僚は民間に対して、ああしろ、こうしろ、ああするな、こうするな、という強い権限を法律の裏づけなしに行使することができる。
• The widespread application of administrative guidance is considered to be a uniquely Japanese practice in which bureaucrats exert authority, without any legal backing, telling the private sector what to do and what not to do.

• 前項の規定により選定された民間事業者は、本来同項の公共施設等の管理者等が行う事業のうち、第十条第一項に規定する事業計画又は協定において当該民間事業者が行うこととされた公共施設等の整備等を行うことができる。
• Among the businesses which would be otherwise implemented by the Administrator of Public Facility etc. set forth in the preceding paragraph, the private business operator selected pursuant to the provision of the same paragraph may implement the provision etc. of Public Facility etc. which has been determined to be implemented by the private business operator in the project plans or agreements provided in paragraph (1) of Article 10.

• 中期密教は僧侶向けに複雑化した仏教体系となった一方で、かえってインドの大衆層への普及・浸透ができず、日常祭祀や民間信仰に重点をおいた大衆重視のヒンドゥー教の隆盛・拡大という潮流を結果的には変えられなかった。
• While the middle stage of Mikkyo became a complicated system of Buddhism for priests, it couldn't become widespread among Indian people and therefore couldn't change the trend whereby Hinduism, which emphasized daily religious services and folk beliefs, flourished and expanded.

• 的屋の別称とされる神農の神は、農業と薬や医学の神であり、的屋の源流とされる香具師は江戸時代において、薬売りと、入れ歯の装丁・調整や販売、虫歯などの民間治療の歯科医でもあり、このことから神農の神を信仰していた。
• The deity Shinno, considered an alias of tekiya, was the god of farming and medicine, and in the Edo Period, yashi, who are considered to be the origin of tekiya, worshipped Shinno and acted as dentists by selling medicine, inserting, maintaining, and selling false teeth and providing treatment for cavities.

• 民間の祭礼にも同じようなものが登場し、形態は祭壇のようなものあるが、山との関連と運行形態から引く形式のものは曳き山、担ぐ形式のものは舁き山などと呼ばれ、また「だし」とも呼ばれるが、その漢字には山車が使われた。
• Since then, many similar Yama have appeared in private festivals, with various types including an altar-like one, but mostly Yama-related mobile floats such as Hikiyama (pulling type), Kakiyama (shouldering type) and others, all of which are collectively called Dashi and two kanjis of Yama (mountain) plus Kuruma (vehicle) are used.

• 唐時代の琵琶は現在の日本の楽琵琶とほぼ同じ形をしており、音楽理論が整備される中で、調弦法も多数定められ、様々な合奏にも用いられ、記譜法も確立し、宮廷音楽から民間音楽まで、合奏、独奏、歌唱の伴奏と広く愛好された。
• Biwas in the Tang period had almost the same shape as those of present Japanese Gakubiwa Instruments, and musical theory was developed, many tuning systems were defined, musical notation was also established, and the instrument was played in various concerts, ensembles, solo, accompaniment for singing and became very popular from court music to folk music.

• まさにひたすら「南無阿弥陀仏」と唱え続けるその姿から、専修念仏の一派に括られがちであるが、実際は修験道や密教などの思想も複雑に混合し、呪術・祈祷などの民間信仰を行う信徒もいたため、必ずしも専修とは言えなかった。
• Because they keep on chanting 'Namu Amidabutsu,' they are often considered as part of the Senju Nenbutsu group, but in reality, other thinking such as Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts) and Esoteric Buddhism were incorporated and some monto believed in local beliefs such as jujutsu (an occult art) and incantations, so it cannot be considered as Senshu (Single-Minded).

• ガイド事業をシステマチックに継続して行うには、組織として統率が取れ、構成メンバーも絶えず学習を続けるという仕組み（程度の差こそあれ民間企業には当然存在する）がビルトインされていることが望ましいのではなかろうか。
• In order for guide operations to be continued in a systematic manner, it is desirable to have a built-in mechanism (that would be similar to a public company with the exception of certain differences) which provides leadership as well as encouraging the continuous study of members.

• 次に掲げる技術（原子力に係るものを除く。）であって、民間の能力を活用することによりその開発の効果的な実施を図ることができるものであり、かつ、その企業化の促進を図ることが国民経済上特に必要なものの開発を行うこと。
• Conducting the development of the following technology (excluding technology related to nuclear power), which can be developed effectively using skills from the private sector, and which is necessary to be commercialized, particularly from the perspective of the national economy:

• 通常の取扱いによる郵便等によつて前項に規定する文書を発送した場合には、その郵便物又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律第二条第三項に規定する信書便物は、通常到達すべきであつた時に送達があつたものと推定する。
• In the cases where the document prescribed in the preceding paragraph was sent by mail, etc. with ordinary handling, the postal item or the item of correspondence delivery prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (3) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Business Operators is presumed to have been served at the time it should normally arrive.

• 電子的に走査が可能なフェーズドアレーアンテナであって、三一・八ギガヘルツを超える周波数で使用することができるように設計したもの（国際民間航空機関の標準に準拠したマイクロ波着陸システム（ＭＬＳ）用のものを除く。）
• Phased array antennas which are capable of being scanned electronically and which are designed for use at frequencies exceeding 31.8 gigahertz (excluding those used for microwave land systems (MLS) based on international civil aviation standards)

• 特定民間国外債の利子の支払をする者は、前項の規定により作成した利子受領者確認書を、当該利子受領者確認書に係る利子の支払をした日の属する月の翌月末日までに法第六条第七項に規定する税務署長に提出しなければならない。
• A person who pays interest from specified foreign private bonds shall submit a document identifying the interest recipient prepared pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph to the district director the tax office prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (7) of the Act no later than the final day of the month following the month that includes the day on which the interest related to said document identifying the interest recipient has been paid.

• しかし皇后、皇太后、太皇太后に関しては、民間出身者が天皇の代行として摂政位に就き、国事行為を行う是非を議論された事はなく、将来そのような状況になった場合、非常に難しい問題に発展する可能性があると懸念されている。
• However, regarding an Empress, Empress Dowager, or Grand Empress Dowager, the possibility of person of common birth entering a regent position as the emperor's agent and conducting national affairs has never been discussed; and some worry about the possibility that in the future if such a situation arose, it would develop into a very difficult problem.

• 多紀元簡により発見された古写本の現時点の所在は不明であるが、多紀が寛政8年（1796年）に校訂を行って刊行し、6年後に民間にも出された版本が存在する他、古写本を影写した森立之の蔵本が台湾の故宮博物院に現存する。
• The present whereabouts of the old manuscript discovered by Genkan TAKI is unknown, but there still remains the version revised and issued by Taki in 1796, which was also published for the general public six years later, and the National Palace Museum in Taiwan has another version traced from the old manuscript and once possessed by Tatsuyuki MORI.

• しかし、当該国がマネーサプライの拡大を嫌った場合、他の資産を民間に売却することによって自国通貨供給の拡大を阻止するという操作が可能であり、このような金不胎化政策はかならず他の国に金融引き締めを強いることになる。
• However, if the country does not want to increase the money supply, it can control and hamper the expansion by disposing of state-owned assets to the private sector, and such gold sterilization policy will impose credit crunch on other countries.

• 明治政府は明治3年（1870年）に尺貫法を維持して京枡をそのまま用いる方針を採ったが、明治8年（1875年）の 度量衡取締条例 によって枡座を廃止して検定は政府が行い、製造・販売は民間に任せる方針を打ち出した。
• The Meiji government adopted a policy of maintaining the shaku-and-kan measuring system (length by the shaku and weight by the kan) in 1870, but with the Meiji Weights and Measures Control Law in 1875, a decision was made to abolish Masu-za and to leave the manufacture and sale of masu to the private sector with calibration conducted by the government.

• 律令制の完全崩壊と豊臣秀吉の弾圧にともない、陰陽寮ないし官人としての陰陽師はその存在感を喪失したものの、逆にそれまで建前上国家機密とされていた陰陽道は一気に広く民間に流出し、全国で数多くの民間陰陽師が活躍した。
• Onmyoryo and onmyoji lost their presence as bureaucrats due to the complete breakdown of the ritsuryo system and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's oppression but, on the other hand, Onmyodo, that was supposed to have been a state secret, burst into the private sector and a large number of civilian onmyoji flourished across the country.

• 国は、前条の目的の実現に資する活動であって民間の団体又は個人により自発的に行われるものを促進し、これらの者と連携協力するとともに、更生保護に対する国民の理解を深め、かつ、その協力を得るように努めなければならない。
• The Government shall promote activities which contribute to the realization of the purpose under the preceding Article and which are voluntarily carried out by organizations or individuals in the private sector, shall coordinate and cooperate with such persons and shall endeavor to deepen the understanding of the general public and attain their cooperation for the rehabilitation.

• 特に民間においては、（道具の）黒鍬の産地の1つで近くに木曽川・長良川下流の輪中地帯を抱えていた尾張国知多郡の土工集団の「黒鍬」組は著名であり、各地に出稼ぎをして土木・治水工事・新田開発のための土地整備に参加した。
• The particularly renowned kurokuwa among ordinary citizens was a unit of 'kurokuwa,' a group of civil engineers in Chita County, Owari Province which was one of the production areas of kurokuwa (tool) and which held waju (settlement surrounded by dike) area in the downstream of Kiso-gawa River and Nagara-gawa River in the neighborhood, and such kurokuwa worked away from home to participate in the land development for civil engineering, flood prevention works and cultivation of new rice fields in various places.

• しかし2007年（平成19年）12月の閣議決定（独立行政法人整理合理化計画）において、運営を包括的に民間委託し、第三者委員会による外部評価結果を踏まえて１年以内に存廃を含めその在り方について検討を行うこととされた。
• However, the cabinet decision of December 2007 regarding plans to streamline independent administrative institutions stated that the running of the facility should be entrusted to the private sector, and based on an evaluation by an independent committee, proposals around how it should be operated and whether it was necessary should be made within a year.

• 大隈の政策は廃藩置県・地租改正・秩禄処分を通じて明治政府の財政基盤を安定させ、近代的な商工業育成（殖産興業）のために官営工場を建設するとともに、国立銀行_(明治)を通じて政府資金を導入して民間事業者の育成に努めた。
• Okuma's policies were to stabilize the Meiji Government's financial base by Haihan-chiken, land-tax reform and Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend), to promote a modern trade and craft industry (encouragement of new industry) by building government-owned factories, and to develop private entrepreneurs by injecting government funds through National Bank (Meiji).

• 江口征男の著書によれば、彰国社「建築大辞典」の家相の項目では、冒頭にて「民間俗説の一」と位置づけており四神相応との発生を同じくするものであり禁忌や呪術による信仰的存在が関係していると定義されていると述べられている。
• In Yukio EGUCHI's book, the relation of taboos or magic to the existence of magical beliefs are similarly described and defined in Shokokusha publication's 'Dictionary of Architecture' in an item on Kaso at the beginning, as 'a popular beliefs of the folks' which has the same origin of Shijin-soo.

• 民間信仰における女性の神格性（女神）とは些か趣を異としており、天女自身が超常の力を持つという描写は少なく、地上へは専ら何らかの連絡か個人的な用事（水浴びなど）のために訪れるというだけで、その存在自体は比較的俗である。
• There is a slight difference in meaning between tennyo and the deification of females (goddesses) in folk beliefs; tennyo themselves are rarely portrayed as having supernatural powers, and because they visit the human world only to give messages and to take care of personal tasks (such as bathing), their existence itself is relatively mundane.

• ここに、犯罪被害者等のための施策の基本理念を明らかにしてその方向を示し、国、地方公共団体及びその他の関係機関並びに民間の団体等の連携の下、犯罪被害者等のための施策を総合的かつ計画的に推進するため、この法律を制定する。
• Clarifying the Basic Principles of the measures for Crime Victims and indicating its direction, we here establish this Act to promote the measures for Crime Victims comprehensively and systematically, with cooperation between the State, Local governments, and other related organizations and private entities.

• 指定検疫物は、小形包装物及び小包郵便物以外の郵便物又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第三項に規定する信書便物（次項において「信書便物」という。）としては、輸入してはならない。
• Designated quarantine items may not be imported as postal matter other than small packages and parcels, or correspondence mail prescribed in Article 2 paragraph 3 of the Act Concerning Service of Correspondence by Private Proprietors (Act No. 99 of 2002) (referred to in the following paragraph as 'correspondence mail').

• 明は日本(幕府)に倭寇の取り締まりを求め、幕府も公船で貿易を行ない、私貿易を禁止すれば、既存の民間貿易の利得を幕府側で一手に引き受けることが可能になるという目論見から、勘合符を用いる貿易が推し進められることとなった。
• As the Ming dynasty required Japan (that is, the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) to crack down on the wako, the bakufu continued to trade using official ships and prohibited private foreign trade in the hope that they could exercise total control over existing profits from private foreign trade; thus, trade using Kangofu was implemented.

• 国は、前項の民間団体等が自発的に行う循環型社会の形成に関する活動の促進に資するため、循環資源の発生、循環的な利用及び処分の状況に係る情報その他の循環型社会の形成に関する必要な情報を適切に提供するように努めるものとする。
• The State shall make efforts to properly provide necessary information on the establishment of a Sound Material-Cycle Society, including information on the occurrence of circulative resources and the state of their cyclical use and disposal, to help promote voluntary activities by non-government organizations, etc. towards the establishment of a Sound Material-Cycle Society, as mentioned in the preceding paragraph.

• 明治維新の後は、城郭や陣屋にあった建物は天守も、民間によって或は、軍事施設・土地としての接収によってほとんどは払い下げ、破却されたが、中には市民運動や公人・軍関係者などの保存の働きかけなどによって保存された天守がある。
• After the Meiji Restoration, most of the structures including Tenshu which were in castles and Jinya (regional government office) were disposed of by the private sector or by government as requisitioned military facilities/land and knocked down; however, some Tenshu were conserved as a result of the civic movement and approaches by public officials/military personnel for conservation.

• 法第七条第九号及び第十号の政令で定める使用人は、法第五条の認証の申請をした者の使用人であって、民間紛争解決手続の業務に関し法第八条第一項第二号の事務所の業務を統括する者及びこれに準ずる者として法務省令で定める者とする。
• The employee specified by a Cabinet order as set forth in Article 7, item 9 and item 10 of the Act shall be an employee of a person who has filed an application for the certification set forth in Article 5 of the Act and who is specified by an ordinance of the Ministry of Justice to be a person who supervises private dispute resolution services at an office set forth in Article 8, paragraph 1, item 2 of the Act and an equivalent person.

• 委員会は、この法律の規定によりその権限に属させられた事項を調査審議するほか、実施方針の策定状況、特定事業の選定状況、特定事業の客観的な評価状況その他民間資金等の活用による国の公共施設等の整備等の実施状況を調査審議する。
• The Committee shall study and deliberate matters that fall within its authority pursuant to the provision of this Act. In addition, it shall also study and deliberate situations regarding the formulation of Implementation Policies, selection of Qualified Projects, objective evaluation of those projects, and other matters pertaining to provision etc of national Public Facility etc. through utilization of private finance etc.

• 通常の取扱いによる郵便又は信書便によつて前項に規定する文書を発送した場合には、その郵便物又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律第二条第三項に規定する信書便物は、通常到達すべきであつた時に送達があつたものと推定する。
• Where a document prescribed in the preceding paragraph has been sent by ordinary mail or letter, the postal item or the letter item prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (3) of the Act on the Service of Letters by Private Business Operators shall be presumed to have been serviced at the time when it shall arrive by ordinary.

• 国は、事業者、国民又は民間の団体が行う生物の多様性の保全上重要な土地の取得並びにその維持及び保全のための活動その他の生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用に関する自発的な活動が促進されるよう必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The government shall take necessary measures to ensure that activities to acquire, maintain and conserve land that is important in terms of conservation of biodiversity and other voluntary activities for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, which are conducted by businesses, citizens or private bodies, are promoted.

• 日本国は、国際民間航空条約第九十三条に従つて同条約の当事国となるまで、航空機の国際航空に適用すべきこの条約の規定を実施し、且つ、同条約の条項に従つて同条約の附属書として採択された標準、方式及び手続を実施するものとする。
• Pending its becoming a party to the Convention on International Civil Aviation in accordance with Article 93 thereof, Japan will give effect to the provisions of that Convention applicable to the international navigation of aircraft, and will give effect to the standards, practices and procedures adopted as annexes to the Convention in accordance with the terms of the Convention.

• 医療法（昭和二十三年法律第二百五号）第七条の許可を受けた病院若しくは診療所若しくは同法第八条の届出を行つた診療所又は国際民間航空条約の締約国が航空身体検査証明を行う機関等として指定した本邦外にある医療機関等であること。
• The facility shall be a hospital or a clinic that has been approved under Article 7 of Medical Service Act (Act No. 205 of 1948) or a clinic that has carried out the notification under Article 8 of the Act or a medical facility etc outside of Japan that has been designated as a facility that conducts aviation medical examinations by a contracting state of the Convention in International Civil Aviation.

• なお、京都府内には京都交通（京都交通 (舞鶴)と、京都交通 (亀岡)＝現在の京阪京都交通＝の同名別会社がある）、京都バスという京都の冠がついた民間のバス会社が存在するが、これらはいずれも京都市営バスとは別のバスである。
• In Kyoto Prefecture, there are privately operated bus companies with company names in which Kyoto is included, such as Kyoto Kotsu (one based in Maizuru City and another in Kameoka City (present Keihan Kyoto Kotsu)) and Kyoto Bus, but these aren't related at all to the Kyoto City government.

• 地球温暖化の現状及び地球温暖化対策の重要性についての二以上の都道府県の区域における啓発活動及び広報活動を行うとともに、二以上の都道府県の区域において地球温暖化対策の推進を図るための活動を行う民間の団体の活動を助けること。
• Conducting education and public information activities concerning the current situation of global warming and the importance of global warming countermeasures in at least two prefectures, and supporting the activities of private organizations engaged in activities to promote global warming countermeasures in at least two prefectures.

• センターは、第十七条の規定により許可を受けて行われる予報業務その他の民間における気象業務の健全な発達を支援し、及び産業、交通その他の社会活動における気象に関する情報の利用の促進を図るため、次に掲げる業務を行うものとする。
• A center shall carry out the following services for the purposes of supporting the sound development of forecasting services performed under license pursuant to the provisions of Article 17 and other meteorological services in the private sector and ensuring the promotion of the use of meteorological information in industries, transportation, and other social activities:

• 保管支払取扱者又は再委託に係る支払取扱者が、その保管の委託又はその保管の再委託を受けている特定民間国外債の利子に係る利子受領者情報を、法第六条第七項に規定する他の支払の取扱者に対し同項に規定する経由のための通知をする場合
• Where the person in charge of handling custody and payment or person in charge of handling payment based on entrustment by subcontract gives notice, as the relay point via which notice shall be given pursuant to the provisions of Article 6, paragraph (7) of the Act, to provide the interest recipient information for the interest from the specified foreign private bonds of which the person is entrusted with custody directly or by subcontract, to the other person in charge of handling payment as prescribed in paragraph (7) of said Article

• 法第六十条の規定により、管制区、管制圏、情報圏又は民間訓練試験空域を航行する航空機に装備しなければならない装置は、次の各号に掲げる場合に応じ、それぞれ、当該各号に掲げる装置であつて、当該各号に掲げる数量以上のものとする。
• Pursuant to the provisions of Article 60 of the Act, aircraft operating in control area, control zone, information zone, or civilian training airspace shall be equipped with the devices listed under the relevant items, in numbers not less than the quantity given for each device listed under the relevant item.

• 翌昭和17年（1942年）、既存の武徳会は改組され会長に東條英機内閣総理大臣、副会長に厚生省・文部省・陸軍省・海軍省・内務省 (日本)の各大臣と学識経験者1名をそれぞれ招き、理事長に民間人、各支部長には各地の知事をあてた。
• In 1942, the existing Butoku Kai was reorganized with Prime Minister Hideki TOJO as its chairman, the ministers of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry of Education, Ministry of the Army, Ministry of the Navy, Ministry of the Interior and an academic expert as vice-chairmen, a private citizen as administrative director, and governors of the region as the heads of the branches.

• 法人税法第百四十一条第一号に掲げる外国法人が発行した一般民間国外債につき居住者又は内国法人に対して支払をする利子の金額のうち当該外国法人の同号に規定する事業を行う一定の場所を通じて国内において行う事業に帰せられる部分の金額
• The part of the amount equivalent to the interest to be paid to a resident or a domestic corporation with regard to the general foreign private bonds issued by a foreign corporation listed in Article 141, item (i) of the Corporation Tax Act, which is attributed to business conducted by said foreign corporation in Japan through a fixed place of business as prescribed in said item

• 諸外国のうち、先進諸国や産業遺産に理解がある国においては、保存鉄道ないしは動態保存機には、文化財として保存するべき蒸気機関車の維持管理に政府のバックアップがついていたり、民間レベルでのボランティア活動が盛んであったりする。
• Among other countries, in advanced countries or countries with much understanding of industrial heritages, there is government support to preserve railroads or steam locomotives as cultural assets and maintain them, and there are active volunteer activities on the private level.

• 財物の没官としては、謀反・大逆者の財産、盗品や賄賂、密貿易などによる不法取得物（その範疇は近代刑法典の贓物よりは狭い）、犯禁の物（民間での所持が禁じられた物）、倍贓（盗品を盗んだ者に対して倍にして償う罰）に対して科された。
• As examples of confiscation of properties, the properties of traitors, possessions, stolen goods, bribes, illegally obtained goods such as goods brought in by contraband trades (what fall under the category of illegally obtained goods here, however, is fewer than that of aganaimono (stolen goods) defined in the modern Penal Codes), and prohibited objects (goods which were banned among the general public) were confiscated, and baizo (the penalty which was given to a thief to recompense by paying back twofold of what he/she stole) was given.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、特定事業の円滑かつ効率的な遂行を図るため、民間事業者に対する技術的な援助について必要な配慮をするとともに、特許等の技術の利用の調整その他民間事業者の有する技術の活用について特別の配慮をするものとする。
• In order to promote smooth and efficient implementation of Qualified Projects, the national government and local governments shall give consideration necessary for provision of technical assistance to private business operators. They shall also give special consideration for use of technology by private business operators, by means such as arrangement for use of patented technologies.

• なお、餅粥の由来については不明な点が多いが、『小野宮年中行事』には弘仁式主水司に既に記載されていたと記され、宇多天皇は自らが寛平年間に民間の風習を取り入れて宮中に導入したと記している（『宇多天皇宸記』寛平2年2月30日条）。
• There are many questions regarding the origin of Mochi-gayu, but 'Ononomiyanenjugyoji' (the precedents for annual events of Ononomiya) says that Mochi-gayu was already mentioned at Shusuishi (water office in charge of acquiring water and cooking porridge) in the Konin-shiki Code; moreover, Emperor Uda wrote that he introduced the folk custom into the imperial court during the Kanbyo era ('Udotennoshinki (the diary of Emperor Uda),' February 30, 890).

• 機体に搭載されていない状態における最大推力が四〇〇ニュートンを超えるもの（機体に搭載されていない状態における最大推力が八、八九〇ニュートンを超えるものであって、本邦の政府機関が民間航空機に使用することを認定したものを除く。）
• Engines maximum thrust of which is 400 newtons or more when not mounted in an airframe (excluding those maximum thrust of which is 8,890 newtons or more when not mounted in an airframe and the use of which in private aircraft has been authorized by Japanese governmental institution)

• 1897年1月21日、総督府により『台湾阿片令』が公布されると、総督府は阿片を専売対象品目とし民間の販売を禁止し、また習慣的な吸引者には一代限定の吸引免許を発行し、新規免許の発行を行わないことで時間をかけた阿片撲滅を図った。
• On January 21, 1897, the Sotoku-fu issued the Taiwan Opium Edict mandating a government monopoly of opium trade and prohibiting private sales of opium, and allowed opium addicts to smoke opium for their lifetime by issuing opium smoking permits without producing new permits to eliminate opium over time.

• また、物語内容に反体制な要素が認められることから当時権力を握っていた藤原氏の係累ではなく、漢学・仏教・民間伝承に精通し、仮名文字を操ることができ、貴重だった紙の入手も可能な人物で性別は男性だったのではないかと推定されている。
• Also, there is something antiestablishment in the tale, so the author couldn't have been a descendant of the Fujiwara clan who held power in those days, therefore it is considered that the tale would have been written by a male writer who was familiar with the study of the Chinese classics, Buddhism, folklore, and able to write kana letters on paper, which was precious.

• 一般民間国外債の利子の支払をする者は、当該一般民間国外債の利子に係る非課税適用申告書を受理したときは、その受理した日の属する月の翌月末日までに、当該非課税適用申告書を法第六条第四項に規定する税務署長に提出しなければならない。
• A person who pays interest from general foreign private bonds shall, when he/she has received a written application for a tax exemption on the interest from said general foreign private bonds, submit said written application for a tax exemption to the district director of the tax office prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (4) of the Act no later than the final day of the month that includes the day on which the person has received the written application.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、犯罪被害者等に対して行われる各般の支援において犯罪被害者等の援助を行う民間の団体が果たす役割の重要性にかんがみ、その活動の促進を図るため、財政上及び税制上の措置、情報の提供等必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In view of the importance of roles that private entities play in providing many kinds of support for Crime Victims, the State and Local governments shall take such necessary measures as introducing financial and tax measures and providing information, in order to promote support activities by private entities.

• もちろん、実際には内乱に乗じた他の諸藩や民間でも同様の贋貨作りが行われており、明治2年3月に外国官（後の外務省）より公議所に対して3,000万両の贋貨が外国商人の手に落ちたという「風説」があると報告されている（「問題四条」）。
• Of course in reality, many other domains and people took advantage of the civil war and had counterfeit money made similarly, and a rumor was reported by the Foreign Office (the later Ministry of Foreign Affairs) to the public chamber that 30 million counterfeit ryo fell into the hands of foreign merchants.

• 一般民間国外債の利子の支払をする者は、当該一般民間国外債の利子に係る非課税適用申告書を受理したときは、財務省令で定めるところにより、当該非課税適用申告書の写し（これに準ずるものを含む。）を作成し、これを保存しなければならない。
• A person who pays interest from general foreign private bonds shall, when he/she has received a written application for a tax exemption on the interest from said general foreign private bonds, prepare and preserve a copy of said written application for a tax exemption (including its equivalent), pursuant to the provisions of Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance.

• 日本国政府及び中華人民共和国政府は、両国間の関係を一層発展させ、人的往来を拡大するため、必要に応じ、また、既存の民間取決めをも考慮しつつ、貿易、海運、航空、漁業等の事項に関する協定の締結を目的として、交渉を行なうことに合意した。
• The Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China have agreed that, with a view to further promoting relations between the two countries and to expanding interchanges of people, the two Governments will, as necessary and taking account of the existing non-governmental arrangements, enter into negotiations for the purpose of concluding agreements concerning such matters as trade, shipping, aviation, and fisheries.

• 当該特許権又は当該特許を受ける権利に係る発明に関する民間事業者への情報の提供において特定の民間事業者に対して不当な差別的取扱いをするものでないことその他当該事業を適正に行うに必要な業務の実施の方法が定められているものであること。
• The operation shall not be one which treats certain private business operators in an unjust discriminatory manner, in providing information concerning the invention pertaining to said patent right or the right to receive said patent to private business operators; and the operation shall be one whose methods of implementing the work required to carry out said operation properly are well-established.

• このため、中世・近世においては陰陽師という呼称は、もはや陰陽寮の官僚ではなく、もっぱら民間で私的依頼を受けて加持祈祷や占いなどを行う非官人の民間陰陽師を指すようになり、各地の民衆信仰や民俗儀礼と融合してそれぞれ独自の変遷を遂げた。
• In the Middle and early modern ages, the term onmyoji consequently no longer meant bureaucrats in Onmyoryo, but came to mean non-government civilian worker onmyoji performing kaji kito (removing bad spirits by offering prayers) or divinations personally requested by common people in the private sectors and their onmyodo went through unique transitions being blended in with popular faith and ethnic rituals in various regions.

• 平安時代初期までは、朝廷が造酒司（みきのつかさ）などの部署を持ち、内部で酒造を行っていたが、やがて官衙の衰退により技術や人員が外部に流出するようになり、民間の酒造りの中心となったのが大和国や河内国をはじめとする各地の大寺院であった。
• Until the early Heian period the Imperial Court had a department called Mikinotsukasa (Sake brewing) and brewed sake inside the court, but with the declination of kanga (government office), the technique and staff for sake brewing ran out of the court until major temples in many provinces including the Provinces of Yamato and Kawachi began to play a major part in commercial sake brewing.

• 同時に官有物の払い下げによって官営工場の民間移管を表明したが、大隈は殖産興業政策そのものは放棄せず、殖産興業を大久保の遺志と考える薩摩藩出身の高官や大隈の下で大蔵省に起用された肥前藩出身の若手官僚（石丸安世・石橋重朝ら）も同調した。
• At the same time, he announced to transfer the control of government-owned factories to private sector as part of disposition of government property, but he did not abandon the encouragement of new industry policy itself which was aligned with high officers from Satsuma Domain, who believed the encouragement of new industry was the wish of Okubo, and the young bureaucrats (including Yasuyo ISHIMARU and Shigetomo ISHIBASHI) from Hizen Domain, who entered the Ministry of the Treasury under the leadership of Okuma.

• 14世紀前後の北九州から朝鮮半島、中国沿岸などでは日本人、中国人や朝鮮民族らの多民族構成とする倭寇（前期倭寇）が活発化し、日朝貿易においては朝貢貿易に加えて民間貿易も許可されていたため、東アジアの海上世界は民族雑居状態が存在していた。
• Around the fourteenth century, Wako (specifically, the early Wako), a multiethnic group of pirates that included Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans, began increasing their activities in the seas from northern Kyushu in Japan to those around the Korean peninsula and along the coast of China; in addition to the formal tributary trade missions, it was now also permissible for trade to be conducted between Japan and Korea by private merchants, adding a more international flavor to the maritime world of East Asia during this period.

• 申請者が紛争の一方の当事者から前号の依頼を受けた場合において、紛争の他方の当事者に対し、速やかにその旨を通知するとともに、当該紛争の他方の当事者がこれに応じて民間紛争解決手続の実施を依頼するか否かを確認するための手続を定めていること。
• Establishes procedures to promptly notify, upon receiving a request made by one party to a dispute under the preceding item, the other party to the dispute of the request and to confirm whether the other party, in response, also wishes to request use of private dispute resolution;

• 更には民間も含めて下位者から上位者に出す文書は全て「解」と称されるようになるが、これは、律令制以前においては上申は全て口頭で申すことを原則としていたが、解の書式がその手続をそのまま文書化したための名残が反映されたものとも言われている。
• Furthermore, all monjo to be submitted from a person with a lower rank (including ordinary citizens) to a person with a higher rank came to be referred to as 'ge,' which was because all reports had been given orally before the ritsuryo system, and calling all monjo 'ge' is said to be a reflection of the fact that the 'ge' form put all the oral procedures for monjo in writing.

• 歌舞伎の元である「かぶきおどり」を生み出したとされる出雲阿国（いずものおくに）は出雲大社の巫女であったという説もあり、古代の呪術的な動作が神事芸能として洗練され、一般芸能として民間に広く伝播していった経過を伺い知る例として捉えられる。
• Some say that Izumo no okuni, who originated kabuki odori (kabuki dance), which gave birth to kabuki, was a miko of Izumo Taisha Shrine; this reveals how the magic rituals of ancient times have been refined and propagated as the art of public entertainment.

• もっとも、宮廷や官庁自身も荘園の一大所有者であり、宮廷に属する荘園（唐の内荘宅使、宋の御荘）や軍事的要所の周囲にて兵糧確保のために開墾・屯田によって形成された営田官荘および屯田軍荘、その他民間から没収して没官田の官荘なども存在していた。
• However, the imperial court or the authority themselves were big owners of shoens and there also existed the shoens belonging to the imperial court (the naishotakushi during the Tang dynasty and the gosho during the Sung dynasty), eidenkansho (the manor cultivated for the military purpose) or tondengunsho (the manor cultivated for the military purpose) which was made around military strategic spots in order to secure army provisions by the cultivation and settlement of ex-legionary, the manors such as botsukanden (confiscated fields) and so on.

• 播磨国（現在の兵庫県）の民間（ヤミ）陰陽師集団出身で、呪術に長けセーマンドーマン（九字を表す縦4本・横5本の格子模様）という呪符を好んで使ったとか、安倍晴明のセーマンドーマンを使って「ドーマンセーマン」と呼ばれるようになった等の説がある。
• Doma hoshi was a member of one of the civilian (illegal) onmyoji groups in Harima Province (present-day Hyogo Prefecture) excelling in magic, and legend has it that he preferred a spell called seman doman (a lattice pattern consisting of 4 vertical and 5 horizontal lines representing 9 letters), or he became known as 'Doman seman' by using ABE no Seimei's seman doman.

• 国土交通大臣は、国際民間航空条約の締約国たる外国の政府が行う運航管理者の技能検定に合格した者に対しては、申請により、第百七十条の試験（同条第九号の国内航空法規に係るものを除く。）及び第百七十一条の試験の全部又は一部を免除することができる。
• The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when an application is submitted, grant a person who has passed the aircraft dispatcher competence test conducted by the government of a country that has concluded the international civil aviation treaty an exemption of the examination prescribed under Article 170 (excluding those pertaining to the domestic Aviation Law referred to in item (ix) of said Article) and all or part of the examination prescribed under Article 171.

• 日本政府内では小村寿太郎、桂太郎、山縣有朋らの対露主戦派と、伊藤博文、井上馨ら戦争回避派との論争が続き、民間においても日露開戦を唱えた戸水寛人ら七博士の意見書（七博士建白事件）や、万朝報紙上での幸徳秋水の非戦論といった議論が発生していた。
• While debates continued within the Japanese government between factions including Jutaro KOMURA, Taro KATSURA, and Aritomo YAMAGATA and an anti-war faction including Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, these discussions were mirrored in the public sphere by an pro-war petition circulated by seven professors (Seven Professor's Petition) including Hirondo TOMIZU and an anti-war argument and discussion by Shusui KOTUKU which was published in the Yorozuchoho (a daily newspaper).

• 更に今日かつての平安京からは当時の唐物の代表的商品である中国製陶器が多数発掘されており、遣唐使の減少にも関わらず平安遷都以後においても中国から大量の陶器が流入しており、それらの多くは民間の商人の手によってもたらされていたと考えられている。
• Today, many potteries, the flagship product of karamono (things imported from China) that time have been excavated from the remains of Heiankyo, and many think that although the number of the Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China declined, and even after the transfer of national capital to the city of Heiankyo, many potteries were brought from China into Japan and many of those were brought by private merchants.

• 文部科学大臣及び経済産業大臣は、特定研究成果の民間事業者への移転を促進するため、研究開発に関し、大学と民間事業者との連携及び協力が円滑になされるよう努めるものとする。この場合において、大学における学術研究の特性に常に配慮しなければならない。
• The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall, in order to promote the transfers of Specified Research Results to private business operators, endeavor to facilitate close cooperation between universities and private business operators in regard to research and development. In this case, the Ministers shall always take into consideration the characteristics of learning and academic research at universities.

• さらに宗教（神道・仏教・民間信仰）や「道」という概念と渾然一体となって武芸の残心という所作や神事としての縁起などの価値観や心、若しくは占いや神事と遊興が結びついてハレや射幸心（射倖心）といった価値観や心の一端を形成し、日本の文化を担っている。
• It was also related with religion (Shinto, Buddhism, and folk beliefs) and the idea of 'michi' (way), forms a part of the concept of value and heart in the way of military arts such as zan-shin and the engi (writing about history) as in Shinto rituals or in the concept of values and hearts such as hare (noticeably cheerful and formal situations or such places) or shako-shin by a mixture of fortune telling or Shinto rituals and pleasure, and consists of Japanese culture.

• 植物及び次条第一項に掲げる輸入禁止品は、小形包装物及び小包郵便物以外の郵便物又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第三項に規定する信書便物（次項において「信書便物」という。）としては、輸入してはならない。
• Plants and import-prohibited articles listed in paragraph 1 of the following Article shall not be imported as small packages and postal items other than parcel post or correspondence mail set forth in paragraph 3 of Article 2 of the Act Concerning Service of Correspondence by Private Proprietors (Act No. 99 of 2002) (referred to in the following paragraph as the 'Correspondence Mail').

• 根本は原始宗教の体を成していても、数千年のなかで日本文化に根ざし、昇華してきため、明治以前からの多くの生業（職業）は、祝詞にもあるように勤しみ（いそしみ）が神聖視され、神社神道の神事とは別に、民間の中に息づく様々な職業儀式としての神事がある。
• Although at base Shinto is a primitive religion, it has existed in Japanese culture for thousands of years and now has very deep roots, becoming sublimated to the point that up until the Meiji period, most professions held as sacred the principle of hard work, just as expressed in the Norito (Shinto prayer), and even apart from the official rituals of Shrine Shinto, there are many work-related ceremonies even today that originally came from Shinto rituals.

• 2007年（平成19年）2月11日の市長選挙では現職の江守光起が引退を表明した事から、市立舞鶴市民病院の諸問題（民間病院への業務委託の是非）と江守市政の継続を唱えて前助役が、谷垣禎一・伊吹文明ら国会議員と一部の府会議員および自民党に推薦された。
• At the mayoral election held on February 11, 2007, after the incumbent mayor Mitsuoki EMORI had announced his retirement, the previous deputy mayor, who had raised problems such as those involving the Maizuru Municipal Hospital (the pros and cons of private consignment of its management), and advocated the continuation of the EMORI administrations, was recommended by Mps such as Sadakazu TANIGAKI/Bunmei IBUKI, some Kyoto Prefecture assembly members and the LDP.

• 神名は日本神話に登場するウカノミタマ（うかのみたま）に由来するものと考えられ（仏教語で「財施」を意味する「宇迦耶（うがや）」に由来するという説もあるが、少数派である）、元々は宇迦之御魂神と同様の穀霊神・福神として民間で信仰されていた神であった。
• The shinmei (name of god) is believed to have derived from Ukano-mitama appearing in Japanese Mythology (some say it derived from 'Ugaya,' which is a Buddhist word meaning 'zaise' (the giving of wealth), but they are a minority), and it was originally a god worshipped among the people as god of spirit of grains and god of good fortune, similar to Ukanomitama-no-kami.

• これは、日本において同様であり、神道、特に縄文時代以前からある縄文神道といわれる古神道（6世紀以前の外来の習俗に影響される前の神道で、現在の日本の民間信仰でもある）においては、大きいものや長くあるものや古いものに、より位の高い神が宿ると考えた。
• This understanding also applies to Japan, and deities of higher ranks are believed to dwell in big things or things that live long in Shintoism and particularly Ancient Shintoism that is also called Jomon Shintoism for it is believed to have existed before the beginning of the Jomon period (ancient form of Shintoism that existed before the 6th century before it was influenced by the foreign customs and forms folk beliefs in today's Japan).

• 京都市営バスとその他の民間バス会社とで一部停留所名が異なる所がある（例；市営バス「京都市役所前駅」・その他の会社「河原町二条」、市営バス「京都大学農学部前」・その他の会社「農学部前」、市営バス「上終町京都造形芸術大学前」・京都バス「上終町」）。
• The names of some bus stops of private companies are different from those of the corresponding bus stops of the Kyoto City bus that are located at the same places (for example, 'Kyoto Shiyakusho-mae Station' for the Kyoto City bus versus 'Kawaramachi Nijo' for other companies, 'Kyoto-daigaku Nogakubu-mae' for the Kyoto City bus versus 'Nogakubu-mae' for other companies, and 'Kamihatecho Kyotozokei Geijutsudaigaku-mae' for the Kyoto City bus versus 'Kamihate-cho' for Kyoto Bus).

• 「民間神道・民俗神道」や原始神道・縄文神道・古道（中華文明の原始儒教も同意であるがここでは除く）とも呼ばれ、日本で古くから民間でおこなわれてきたものや、修験などの古神道と習合した密教や仏教、あるいは道教の思想を取り入れた古神道などの信仰行事をいう。
• It is also called 'Minkan Shinto and Minzoku Shinto' (Folk Shinto and the Folk or Popular Shinto,) Primitive Shinto, Jomon Shinto (縄文神道) and Kodo (ancient moral teachings) (Primitive Confucianism of Chinese Civilization is the same in meaning, but it is excluded here), and means things that have been continued by common people in Japan from the olden times and events of faith related to Buddhism or Sutra syncretized with Koshinto, such as Shugen or Koshinto incorporating the thoughts of Taoism.

• 一般民間国外債の利子の支払をする者は、国内における支払の取扱者に対し、当該支払の取扱者が当該一般民間国外債の利子の受領の媒介等に基づき交付をする当該利子のうち法第三条の三第三項又は第六項の規定の適用があるものの金額を通知することを求めることができる。
• A person who pays interest from specified foreign private bonds may request a person in charge of handling payment in Japan to give notice thereto of the part of the amount of interest from the relevant foreign private bonds delivered by said person in charge of handling payment in the course of intermediary services, etc. for the receipt of such interest, which is subject to the provisions of Article 3-3, paragraph (3) or paragraph (6) of the Act.

• また、当道座の盲人たちによって伝承されてきたために法師唄とも呼ばれることもあった （検校など当道座の盲人は髪を剃りユニフォームが「検校服」と呼ばれる僧衣に近いもので、僧形であったため。ただし平曲以外の演奏は民間の礼服である紋付羽織袴が多かったらしい）。
• Furthermore, because it was passed down among the blind people of Todo-za it was also called hoshi uta (because the blind people of Todo-za, such as the kengyo, shaved their heads and wore uniforms called 'kengyo fuku' resembling the robes of Buddhist monks, and therefore they looked like Buddhist priests; but in performances other than Heikyoku it is considered that they often dressed in a combination of a haori and a hakama with a family crest, as the formal attire of ordinary citizens).

• 裁判外紛争解決手続の利用の促進に関する法律施行令第二条の法務省令で定める者は、副所長、所長代理その他いかなる名称を有する者であるかを問わず、民間紛争解決手続の業務に関し法第八条第一項第二号の事務所の業務を統括する者の権限を代行し得る地位にある者とする。
• A person specified by an ordinance of the Ministry of Justice as set forth in Article 2 of the Order for Enforcement of the Act on Promotion of Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution shall be a person who is in a position to act as a person who supervises private dispute resolution services at an office set forth in Article 8, paragraph 1, item 2 of the Act whether he or she is a deputy director, a deputy office manager or a person called by any other title.

• 明治政府の成立後、江戸幕府発行の貨幣に替わるものとして太政官札（金札）5種（10両・5両・1両・1分・1朱）が発行されたが、財政補完を目的として高額金札ばかりが発行され、1分・1朱がほとんど発行されなかったために、民間の需要に応えることが出来なかった。
• After the Meiji government was established, the 5 kinds (10 ryo, 5 ryo, 1 ryo, 1 bu, 1 shu) of Dajokan-satsu (Kinsatsu, a golden bank note) were issued as an alternative to the currency issued by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), but only expensive Kinsatsu were issued in order to complement public finance, and 1 bu or 1 shu were rarely issued, so they could not accommodate public demand.

• 法第六条第四項の規定の適用を受けようとする利子に係る一般民間国外債を発行した日を含む法第二条第二項第十九号に規定する事業年度（第七項第三号において「国外債発行事業年度」という。）の所得に対して課される租税の額が当該所得の金額の百分の二十五以下である外国法人
• A foreign corporation whose tax imposed on the income is not more than 25% of the total income for a business year as prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2), item (xix) of the Act that includes the day on which it issued general foreign private bonds pertaining to the interest for which it seeks the application of the provisions of Article 6, paragraph (4) of the Act (referred to as the 'business year in which the foreign private bonds were issued' in paragraph (7), item (iii))

• 気象庁長官は、気象業務の健全な発達を図ることを目的とする一般社団法人又は一般財団法人であつて、次条に規定する業務に関し次に掲げる基準に適合すると認められるものを、その申請により、民間気象業務支援センター（以下「センター」という。）として指定することができる。
• The Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency may designate general incorporated association(s) or general incorporated foundation(s) which is intended to ensure the sound development of meteorological services and found to conform to the following standards concerning the services prescribed in the following Article as a private weather service support center (hereinafter referred to "center"), upon application thereby:

• 政府は、地方公共団体及び民間団体等が温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等のための措置（他の者の温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等に寄与するための措置を含む。）の実施の状況を自ら把握し、及び評価することに資するため、把握及び評価の手法の開発並びにその成果の普及に努めるものとする。
• In order to contribute to the determination and evaluation by local governments and private entities of their own measures for the control of greenhouse gases (including measures to contribute to the control of greenhouse gases by others), the national government shall endeavor to develop methods for determination and evaluation and to disseminate the results of such measures.

• 委員会は、その所掌事務を遂行するため必要があると認めるときは、独立行政法人、民法（明治二十九年法律第八十九号）第三十四条の規定により設立された法人、事業者その他の民間の団体、都道府県の試験研究機関又は学識経験を有する者に対し、必要な調査を委託することができる。
• The Commission may entrust necessary investigations to incorporated administrative agencies, juristic persons incorporated in accordance with the provisions of Article 34 of the Civil Code (Law No. 89 of 1896), enterprises and other private bodies, prefectural experimental and research institutes, or persons of learning and experience, if it is recognized to be necessary for performing affairs under the jurisdiction.

• 勅使東下の目的を達成したことで8月21日、久光は江戸を出発、東海道を帰京の途上、武蔵国橘樹郡生麦村（現神奈川県横浜市鶴見区 (横浜市)）でイギリス民間人4名と遭遇、久光一行の行列の通行を妨害したという理由で随伴の薩摩藩士がイギリス人を殺傷する生麦事件が起こる。
• On September 19, 1862, Hisamitsu started from Edo after the Imperial envoy achieved his aim to going to Edo, but on the way to Kyoto on Tokai-do Road his procession met with four English citizens at the Namamugi Village, Musashi Province (present Tsurumi Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture), and following feudal retainers of Satsuma killed and injured them because they obstructed Hisamitsu's procession (the Namamugi Incident).

• 幕府・宮内省鷹匠の技術は、村越仙太郎（1857?-1937）・花見薫（1910-2002）ら、退職した宮内省/宮内庁鷹匠により民間有志に伝えられ、現在活動している鷹狩従事者（松原英俊を除く）は、特定流派名を名乗るか否かに関わらず、そのいずれかの技術的系譜を引く。
• The technique of Takajo of the Shogunate and Imperial Household Ministry was tranferred to private volunteers by Takajo such as Sentaro MURAKOSHI (c.1857-1937) and Kaoru HANAMI (1910-2002), who retired from the Imperial Household Ministry or Imperial Household Agency, so those who practice Taka-gari at present (except for Hidetoshi MATSUBARA) succeed either technique whether they identify with a specific school or not.

• この争乱が以仁王の「平氏追討」の令旨に始まること、平氏政権から頼朝政権（鎌倉幕府）に交代したこと、民間レベルでは『平家物語』や『源平盛衰記』などの影響から清盛・宗盛ら平氏一門と頼朝・義経・義仲ら源氏一門の争いと受け取られてきたことなどが、この呼称を生んだといえる。
• This term started because the war was considered as a fight between Kiyomori and Munemori of the Taira family and Yoritomo, Yoshitsune, Yoshinaka of the Minamoto clan due to the fact that the war started with Prince Mochihito's call for 'destroying the Taira clan,' the transition from the Taira clan government to Yoritomo government (Kamkura bakufu), and the effect of stories such as 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tales of the Heike) and 'Genpei Seisuiki' (The Rise and Fall of the Genji and the Heike) had on the people.

• 委員会は、その所掌事務を遂行するため必要があると認めるときは、独 立行政法人、民法（明治二十九年法律第八十九号）第三十四条の規定により設立された法人、事業者その他の民間の団体、都道府県の試験研究機関又は学識経験 を有する者に対し、必要な調査を委託することができる。
• The Commission may entrust necessary investigations to incorporated administrative agencies, juristic persons incorporated in accordance with the provisions of Article 34 of the Civil Code (Law No. 89 of 1896), enterprises and other private bodies, prefectural experimental and research institutes, or persons of learning and experience, if it is recognized to be necessary for performing affairs under the jurisdiction.

• 本来は神道とは、教義・教則のないものであり、古神道や「子作り信仰」や「寄り神信仰」などの民間信仰と神社神道を含め神道をわけ隔てる必要も無く、強いてその本質の共通性を上記の行為から汲み取るとすれば、己の心に対し「清く・正しく・美しく」あれということでしかないだろう。
• Originally, Shinto lacked any set doctrine or teaching method, which meant there was no need to differentiate Koshinto and folk beliefs in Kozukuri (baby-making) or Yorigami (god-summoning) from the rest of Shinto, including Shrine Shinto; if one constrains oneself to unearth the similarities that can be discovered in the above-mentioned actions, the only one that comes to mind is the concept that one must 'purify, rectify, and beautify' one's heart.

• 親子二代説が登場するまでは「油屋から身を立て大名にまでのしあがった戦国大名」という道三像が定着していたことから、各種の民間説話・伝承や、二代説登場後のものも含む多くの創作作品においては、一代説を前提とした「斎藤道三」というキャラクターが語られることが圧倒的に多い。
• Until the father-and-son two-generation view came about, Dosan's image was well established as a 'Sengoku Daimyo who rose in the world from an oil-seller to a Daimyo'; because of this, in various folklores, oral literatures and creative works, including the ones produced after the two-generation view came about, Dosan was most often portrayed as 'Dosan SAITO' in accordance with the single-generation view.

• 申請者（法人にあってはその役員、法人でない団体で代表者又は管理人の定めのあるものにあってはその代表者又は管理人）、その代理人、使用人その他の従業者及び手続実施者について、これらの者が民間紛争解決手続の業務に関し知り得た秘密を確実に保持するための措置を定めていること。
• Establishes measures to assure the confidentiality of communications that the applicant (the directors of the applicant if it is a juridical person, or the representative or manager appointed for the applicant if it is an entity that is not a juridical person and that has a representative or administrator), and the applicant's representatives, employees, and other staff as well as dispute resolution providers come to have knowledge of in connection with the services of private dispute resolution;

• この法律は、民間の資金、経営能力及び技術的能力を活用した公共施設等の整備等の促進を図るための措置を講ずること等により、効率的かつ効果的に社会資本を整備するとともに、国民に対する低廉かつ良好なサービスの提供を確保し、もって国民経済の健全な発展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to improve the social infrastructure efficiently and effectively and to ensure the provision of affordable and good service to the citizens by taking measures for promotion of provision etc., of Public Facility etc. through utilization of private finance, management abilities and technical capabilities, thereby contributing healthy development of the national economy.

• 法務大臣は、前条の認証の申請をした者（以下「申請者」という。）が行う当該申請に係る民間紛争解決手続の業務が次に掲げる基準に適合し、かつ、申請者が当該業務を行うのに必要な知識及び能力並びに経理的基礎を有するものであると認めるときは、当該業務について認証をするものとする。
• The Minister of Justice shall grant certification for private dispute resolution services that are carried out by a person who has applied for certification under the preceding paragraph (hereinafter referred to as the 'applicant'), if the Minister recognizes the services referred to in the application as satisfying the certification standards and the applicant as having necessary knowledge and skills as well as a financial base for carrying out the services. The certification standards are that the applicant:

• 当該養成施設の課程に係る実技の教育に必要な技能証明、航空英語能力証明、計器飛行証明若しくは操縦教育証明（これに相当する国際民間航空条約の締約国たる外国の政府の行つた航空業務の技能に係る証明を含む。）を有する者又はこれと同等以上の経歴、知識及び能力を有する者であること。
• The person holds competence certification, aviation English proficiency certification, instrument flight certification or flight instructor certification (including the equivalent certification pertaining to air navigation duties granted by a foreign government which is a contracting state of Convention on International Civil Aviation) required for practical training pertaining to the course at the applicable school, or a person with equivalent experience, knowledge and ability or more.

• この法律は、高圧ガスによる災害を防止するため、高圧ガスの製造、貯蔵、 販売、移動その他の取扱及び消費並びに容器の製造及び取扱を規制するとともに、民間事業者及び高圧ガス保安協会による高圧ガスの保安に関する自主的な活動 を促進し、もつて公共の安全を確保することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to regulate the production, storage, sale, transportation and other matters related to the handling of high pressure gases, their consumption as well as the manufacture and handling of their containers and to encourage voluntary activities by private businesses and the High Pressure Gas Safety Institute of Japan for the safety of high pressure gases with the aim of securing public safety by preventing accidents and disasters caused by high pressure gases.

• 国は、農業並びに食品の加工及び流通に関する技術の研究開発及び普及の効果的な推進を図るため、これらの技術の研究開発の目標の明確化、国及び都道府県の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化、地域の特性に応じた農業に関する技術の普及事業の推進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as setting specific goals for the research and development of technology, encouraging closer cooperation among national and local research institutes, universities and private bodies, and promoting the dissemination of agricultural technologies that suit the regional characteristics, in order to effectively promote research and development and dissemination of such technologies in the area of agriculture, food processing and distribution.

• 国土交通大臣は、国際民間航空条約の締約国たる外国の政府であつて、運航管理者の技能として第百七十条及び第百七十一条の試験と同等又はそれ以上の試験を行うと国土交通大臣が認めるものが行う運航管理者の技能検定に合格した者に対しては、申請により、試験の全部を免除することができる。
• The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, when an application is submitted, grant a person, who has passed the aircraft dispatcher competence test conducted by the government of a country that has concluded the international civil aviation treaty and deemed by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism to be qualified to conduct an examination of aircraft dispatcher equivalent to or higher than that prescribed under Article 170 and Article 171, an exemption of the examination prescribed under Article 170 (excluding those pertaining to the domestic Aviation Law referred to in item (ix) of said Article) and all or part of the examination prescribed under Article 171.

• ういろうは、神奈川県小田原市が発祥の地であり、同名の民間薬（ういろう (薬品)）を製造する外郎家（小田原）の来客用菓子として伝えられていたものが、苗字の外郎がそのまま菓子名の「ういろう」となり、明治以降に薬と共に販売されるようになったことで全国に広まったと考えられている。
• The sweet called Uiro originates from Odawara City, Kanagawa Prefecture, and it is thought that the sweet for guests of the Uiro family (Odawara), which produced a folk medicine named Uiro, was sold under the name Uiro after the Meiji period all over the country.

• 前項の規定による送達は、書類を通常の取扱いによる郵便に付し、又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者若しくは同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者の提供する同条第二項に規定する信書便の役務を利用して送付する方法によりすることができる。
• The service under the provision of the preceding paragraph may be made by sending the necessary documents by ordinary mail or by services of correspondence delivery prescribed in Article 2(2) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Business Operators that are provided by a general correspondence delivery operator prescribed in paragraph (6) of said Article or specified correspondence delivery operator prescribed in paragraph (9) of said Article.

• 航空機は、法第九十六条の二第一項（法第九十六条第六項の規定により準用する場合を含む。）の規定により、管制圏、情報圏又は民間訓練試験空域において航行を行う場合は、それぞれの空域ごとに国土交通大臣が告示で定める航空交通情報の提供に関する業務を行う機関に連絡しなければならない。
• Pursuant to the provisions of Article 96-2 (1) of the Act (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the provisions of Article 96 (6) of the Act), when conducting a flight in a control zone, information zone or civil training and testing area, the aircraft shall contact the air traffic information provider specified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in public notices for each of the airspace.

• また、近年は関心の高まりを受けて第三者機関が認証する排出削減量 (VER Verified Emissions Reduction) が民間で取引されるようになったが（カーボンオフセット、グリーン電力証書などを参照）これらは一般に京都メカニズムの枠外で行われる取引である。
• Also with escalation in interest these days, the amount of emissions reduction verified by the third-party institution (VER: Verified Emissions Reduction) is being traded among private sectors (see Carbon Offset, Green Electricity Certificate and so on); note that these trades are made in general out of the framework of the Kyoto Mechanisms.

• この指定制度が発足した背景には、平凡な人々のあいだに繰り返されてきた伝承文化が保護の対象になる、という考え方が定着したことにもよるが、昨今の社会の急激な変貌により、営々として長期にわたって継承されてきた「民間伝承」が、今絶滅の危機に瀕しているという問題意識によるところも大きい。
• This designation system was introduced in part because of the increasing belief that traditional culture passed down from generation to generation by ordinary people is to be protected, but mostly due to awareness that well-established 'folk traditions' with a long history have been put in danger of disappearing by drastic changes in society in recent years.

• 国は、水産に関する技術の研究開発及び普及の効果的な推進を図るため、これらの技術の研究開発の目標の明確化、国、独立行政法人、都道府県及び地方独立行政法人の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化、地域の特性に応じた水産に関する技術の普及事業の推進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for effective promotion of research and development and dissemination of technologies relevant to fisheries such as setting of specific goals for research and development of such technologies, enhancement of coordination with national laboratories, laboratories of incorporated administrative agencies, local governments and local incorporated administrative agencies, universities and private bodies, and promotion of dissemination activities of technologies relevant to fisheries in accordance with regional characteristics.

• 公共施設等の管理者等は、前条第一項の民間事業者の選定を行うに当たっては、民間事業者の有する技術及び経営資源、その創意工夫等が十分に発揮され、低廉かつ良好なサービスが国民に対して提供されるよう、原則として価格及び国民に提供されるサービスの質その他の条件により評価を行うものとする。
• When an Administrator of Public Facility etc. selects a private business operator pursuant to the paragraph (1) of the preceding article, the administrator must evaluate the operator principally by the price, the quality of the services provided to citizens, and other conditions, in order to fully utilize the technology and managerial expertise and innovation of the private business operator and to provide affordable and good services to citizens.

• 前条第六項から第十項までに定めるもののほか、地方公共団体は、必要があると認めるときは、地方自治法第二百三十八条の四第一項の規定にかかわらず、特定民間事業の用に供するため、行政財産を、その用途又は目的を妨げない限度において、当該特定民間事業を行う選定事業者に貸し付けることができる。
• In addition to leases prescribed in paragraphs (6) to (10) inclusive of the preceding article a local government may lease, when it finds necessary, an administrative asset in use for a Specified Private Project to the Appointed Business Operator who implements the Specified Private Project, notwithstanding the provision of the paragraph (1) of Article 238-4 of the Local Government Act, to the extent that the lease does not prevent the original use or purpose of the asset.

• 高度情報通信ネットワーク社会の形成に当たっては、民間が主導的役割を担うことを原則とし、国及び地方公共団体は、公正な競争の促進、規制の見直し等高度情報通信ネットワーク社会の形成を阻害する要因の解消その他の民間の活力が十分に発揮されるための環境整備等を中心とした施策を行うものとする。
• The private sector shall in principle play the leading role in the formation of an advanced information and telecommunications network society. The Government of Japan and local public entities shall take action to eliminate factors impeding the formation of the advanced information and telecommunications network society, for example by encouraging fair competition, amending regulations or taking other actions centered on creating an environment more conducive to enabling the private sector to exert its full vitality.

• 民間紛争解決手続において陳述される意見又は提出され、若しくは提示される資料に含まれる紛争の当事者又は第三者の秘密について、当該秘密の性質に応じてこれを適切に保持するための取扱いの方法を定めていること。第十六条に規定する手続実施記録に記載されているこれらの秘密についても、同様とする。
• Establishes a method for preserving in an appropriate manner suited to the nature of the information, the communications of the parties to a dispute or other third parties that are contained in opinions stated or materials submitted or presented through private dispute resolution procedures; the same shall apply to such communications as prescribed in the dispute resolution procedure records prescribed in Article 16;

• これは古い部民制の残滓である品部そのものが律令制と相容れなかったこと、律令制の衰退によって品部の維持が困難になってきたこと、社会経済水準の向上によって民間からの調達・雇役が可能になったこと（この場合の民間には旧品部の商工業者からの調達を含む）が複雑に絡み合っていたと考えられている。
• This situation was caused by intricately intertwined reasons, i.e., the fact that shinabe, which was the remnant of the bemin system, itself was incompatible with the ritsuryo system, that it became difficult to preserve shinabe as the ritsuryo system was weakened, and that improved social economy standard enabled procurement from and koeki (forced labor under the ritsuryo system) by ordinary citizens (procurement from ordinary citizens here includes procurement from commercial and industrial men in former shinabe).

• 特定事業の選定については、公共施設等の整備等における公共性及び安全性を確保しつつ、事業に要する費用の縮減等資金の効率的使用、国民に対するサービスの提供における行政のかかわり方の改革、民間の事業機会の創出その他の成果がもたらされるようにするとともに、民間事業者の自主性を尊重すること。
• As for the selection of a Qualified Project, it should bring effects such as efficient use of funds such as reduction of costs for the project, reform of public administration in service provision for citizens, and creation of business opportunity for private-sector, while ensuring their public nature and safety in provision of Public Facility etc. At the same time, due autonomy of private business operators shall be respected.

• 本作には、初演された年の干支干支による紀年が60年に一度巡ってくる庚申（こうしん、かのえさる）であることから、3人の盗賊を、「見ざる」「言わざる」「聞かざる」の三猿（庚申の仏、青面金剛に従う猿）にたとえ、セリフのなかに「庚申の夜の話草」があるなど、江戸時代の民間信仰の影響が見られる。
• The influence of folk beliefs in the Edo period can be seen in this program such as the line of 'a story for the night of koshin,' which compares the three robbers to the three wise monkeys of 'Mizaru' (see no evils) 'Iwazaru' (hear no evil) and 'Kikazaru' (hear no evil) (monkeys that defer the Buddha of koshin, Shomen Kongo), since the Oriental zodiac of the year of the debut performance was koshin/kanoe saru which comes around only once in 60 years.

• 江戸時代には、江戸の日本橋 (東京都中央区)の魚市では「大には鯨、小には鰯、貴品には鯛、鰈等があるなかにも堅魚は近海の名産にして、四月八日の初市には、衣を典し衿を売るも必ずこれを食ふの旧習民間に行はる」という言葉が残されており、江戸城下で鯨肉が広く一般に流通していたことがうかがえる。
• In the fish market at Nihonbashi (present Chuo Ward, Tokyo) in the Edo period, the following was said, showing that whale meat was available widely in the areas around the Edo castle: 'If you want big fishes, there are whales, if you want small fishes, there are sardines, if you want precious fishes, there are sea breams and flounders, but skipjack tunas are excellent inshore fishes, and people always eat skipjack tunas as a traditional custom at the first fair of selling them on April 8, even if they have to pawn their clothes or to sell their collars.'

• 国際民間航空条約第三条に規定する民間航空機であって敵国軍用航空機（敵国軍隊等に属し、かつ、その軍用に供する航空機をいう。）に警護されるもの又は外国軍用品等を輸送しているものの乗組員（同条約第三十二条（ａ）に規定する運航乗組員であって、武力攻撃を行っている外国の国籍を有するものに限る。）
• Member of crew (limited to operating crew as prescribed in Article 32 (a) of the Convention on International Civil Aviation who has the nationality of the foreign states engaging in armed attack) in civil aircrafts prescribed in Article 3 of the said Convention, which are escorted by enemy military aircrafts (i.e. aircrafts belonging to the enemy armed forces, etc. and are used for military purpose) or in aircrafts that transport foreign military supplies, etc.;

• 法人税法第百四十一条第一号に掲げる外国法人により発行された一般民間国外債（法第六条第一項に規定する一般民間国外債をいう。以下この条において同じ。）につき支払を受けるべき利子の金額のうち当該外国法人の同号に規定する事業を行う一定の場所を通じて国内において行う事業に帰せられる部分に相当する金額
• The part of the amount equivalent to the interest to be received with regard to the general foreign private bonds (meaning the general foreign private bonds as prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (1) of the Act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) issued by a foreign corporation listed in Article 141, item (i) of the Corporation Tax Act, which is attributed to business conducted by said foreign corporation in Japan through a fixed place of business as prescribed in said item

• 国は、生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用に関する施策を適正に策定し、及び実施するため、関係省庁相互間の連携の強化を図るとともに、地方公共団体、事業者、国民、民間の団体、生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用に関し専門的な知識を有する者等の多様な主体と連携し、及び協働するよう努めるものとする。
• The government shall, for the purpose of properly formulating and implementing policies for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, aim at strengthening mutual coordination among relevant ministries and agencies, and endeavor to coordinate and cooperate with diversified bodies, including local governments, businesses, citizens, private bodies and persons who have expert knowledge about conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

• その年において一般民間国外債の利子（法第三条の三第一項の規定の適用があるものを除く。）に係る利子所得を有する居住者が所得税法施行令第二百六十七条第二項に規定する確定申告書を提出する場合における同項の規定の適用については、同項中「明細書」とあるのは、「明細書その他財務省令で定める書類」とする。
• With respect to the application of the provisions of Article 267, paragraph (2) of the Order for Enforcement of the Income Tax Act in the case where a resident who has, in a given year, interest income from interest (excluding interest subject to the provisions of Article 3-3, paragraph (1) of the Act) on general foreign private bonds, submits a final return form prescribed in Article 267, paragraph (2) of said Act, the term 'written statement' in paragraph (2) of said Article shall be deemed to be replaced with 'written statement or any other document specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance.'

• 戦前より旧京都市内の交通は主として市交通局の市電・市バスが担当し、郊外路線は民間バス会社が受け持つといった形態で運行されており、利用客からは乗り換え無しに直通できる運行を希望する声が高かったので、発足当初からの課題は企業規模の拡大と市内部への進出、特に主要ターミナルへの乗り入れ実現にあった。
• The company's biggest tasks, subsequent to its inauguration, were to expand and make inroads into the area within the city--especially to the principal terminals--because since the pre-war period private bus companies had operated basically in the suburban area while City Tram and City Bus (operated by the City Transportation Bureau) had dominated the area within the city; as a result, the company faced a strong request from its passengers to run buses by which they could reach the city center without having to transfer.

• 一般民間国外債の利子の支払をする者は、その提出を受けた当該一般民間国外債の利子に係る非課税適用申告書に記載された氏名又は名称及び国外にある住所等を前項に規定する書類により確認したときは、当該非課税適用申告書にその旨並びに当該利子の支払をする者の氏名又は名称及び住所等を記載しなければならない。
• A person who pays interest from general foreign private bonds shall, when he/she has confirmed, by the document prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the name and domicile etc. outside Japan as entered in the written application for a tax exemption on the interest from said general foreign private bonds which has been submitted thereto, enter in said written application for a tax exemption to that effect that such confirmation has been provided as well as the name and domicile, etc. of said person who pays interest.

• 国は、生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用に関する政策形成に民意を反映し、その過程の公正性及び透明性を確保するため、事業者、民間の団体、生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用に関し専門的な知識を有する者等の多様な主体の意見を求め、これを十分考慮した上で政策形成を行う仕組みの活用等を図るものとする。
• The government shall, for the purpose of reflecting public opinion on formulation of policies for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ensuring fairness and transparency of the process thereof, ask for the opinions of diversified bodies, including businesses, private bodies and persons who have expert knowledge about conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and aim at utilization, etc. of a mechanism to form policies after sufficiently considering such opinions.

• 第七条の規定による改正後の大学等における技術に関する研究成果の民間事業者への移転の促進に関する法律第十二条第六項及び第八項の規定は、前二項において規定する特許権等又は特許を受ける権利等が国立大学関係認定事業者又は試験研究独立行政法人関係認定事業者とこれらの者以外の者との共有に係る場合に準用する。
• Pursuant to the provisions of Article 7, the provisions of paragraph 6 and paragraph 8 of Article 12 of the revised Act on the Promotion of Technology Transfer from Universities to Private Business Operators shall apply mutatis mutandis to the case in which Patent Right, etc. or the Rights to Receive Patent, etc. provided in the preceding paragraph 2 involve joint ownership between either a National University Related Certified Business Operators or a Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agency related Certified Business Operators and a party other than those.

• 当該特許権若しくは当該特許を受ける権利に係る発明又は当該実用新案権若しくは当該実用新案登録を受ける権利に係る考案に関する民間事業者への情報の提供において特定の民間事業者に対して不当な差別的取扱いをするものでないことその他当該事業を適正に行うに必要な業務の実施の方法が定められているものであること。
• The operation shall not be one which treats certain private business operators in an unjust discriminatory manner, in providing information concerning the invention pertaining to said patent right or the right to receive said patent or the concept pertaining to the said utility model right or the right to receive the registration of said utility model to private business operators, and the operation shall be one whose methods of implementing the work required to carry out said operation properly are well-established.

• 異議の申出の書面を郵便又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者若しくは同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者による同条第二項に規定する信書便で提出した場合における前項の異議の申出期間の計算については、送付に要した日数は、算入しない。
• If a written objection is submitted by mail or by a general correspondence delivery service operator as set forth in Article 2, paragraph (6) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Business Operators (Act No. 99 of 2002) or a specified correspondence delivery service operator as set forth in paragraph (9) of the same Article or via postal service as set forth in paragraph (2) of the same Article, the days needed for delivery shall not be included for purposes of calculating the objection period set forth in the preceding paragraph.

• 国、地方公共団体、日本司法支援センター（総合法律支援法（平成十六年法律第七十四号）第十三条に規定する日本司法支援センターをいう。）その他の関係機関、犯罪被害者等の援助を行う民間の団体その他の関係する者は、犯罪被害者等のための施策が円滑に実施されるよう、相互に連携を図りながら協力しなければならない。
• The State, Local governments, other related organizations such as the Japan Legal Support Center (the Japan Legal Support Center stipulated in Article 13 of the Act on General Law Support (Act No. 74 of 2004)), and other related parties such as private entities that provide support for Crime Victims shall cooperate with one another for smooth implementation of the measures for Crime Victims.

• 本来営利団体であるはずの民間企業が単独での収益を上げられず、また、運転に必要な要員についてもOBの登用など限られた人材の中から「発掘」している状態であり（ただし、大井川鐵道やJR東日本などでは要員の育成を行っている）、蒸気機関車は、近い将来に日本のレールの上から姿を消してしまうことが危惧されている。
• Private companies originally profit-oriented organizations, have been unable to make profit from single business and have been 'digging up' personnel necessary to continue operations from limited available staff including retired workers (however, Oigawa Railway Company or JR East is training their personnel), so it is feared that steam locomotives will disappear in near future from Japanese rails.

• 裁判所は、承認管財人の職務の遂行のため必要があると認めるときは、信書の送達の事業を行う者に対し、債務者にあてた郵便物又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第三項に規定する信書便物（次条において「郵便物等」という。）を承認管財人に配達すべき旨を嘱託することができる。
• When the court finds it necessary in order for a recognition trustee to perform his/her duties, it may commission a person engaged in correspondence delivery to deliver, to a recognition trustee, a postal item or letter as prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (3) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Business Operators (Act No. 99 of 2002) (referred to as a 'postal item, etc.' in the following Article) that is addressed to the debtor.

• 国土交通大臣は、国際民間航空条約の締約国たる外国の政府が授与した航空業務の技能に係る資格証書を有する者については、申請により、学科試験（別表第三に掲げる国内航空法規に係るものを除く。）及び実地試験の全部又は一部を行わないで技能証明、技能証明の限定の変更、航空英語能力証明又は計器飛行証明を行うことができる。
• In the case of a person who holds a certificate of qualification pertaining to air navigation duties which was granted by a foreign government which is a contracting state for the Convention on International Civil Aviation, the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism may, upon application, grant competence certification, change of rating on competence certificate, aviation English proficiency certification or instrument flight certification without conducting all or parts of the paper examinations (except for those relating to the domestic Aviation Act listed in Appended Table 3) and practical examinations.

• 民間では、こうした農耕神を一般に田の神と呼称してきたが、東北地方では「農神」（のうがみ）、甲信地方（山梨県・長野県）では「作神」（さくがみ）、近畿地方では「作り神」、但馬国（兵庫県）や因幡国（鳥取県）では「亥（い）の神」、中国地方・四国地方では「サンバイ（様）」また瀬戸内海沿岸では「地神」などとも呼ばれる。
• In folk beliefs, agricultural gods have generally been called Tanokami but regionally 'No-gami' in Tohoku region, 'Saku-gami' in Koshin Region (Yamanashi and Nagano Prefectures), 'Tsukuri-gami' in Kinki Region, 'I-no-kami' in Tajima Province (Hyogo Prefecture) and Inaba Province (Tottori Prefecture), 'Sanbai-(sama)' in Chugoku and Shikoku Regions, and 'Chijin (earthly deities)' in regions along the coast of Seto Inland Sea.

• 貞享2年の制によれば、全国に44.2万石の城米が備蓄され、江戸城・大坂城・二条城・駿府城と言った幕府直轄の城や譜代諸藩の城、東海道宿駅などの計68ヶ所に分散して備蓄されることになっており、また、延宝元年（1673年）には、幕府が民間の廻船を雇船して城米を指定の備蓄地へ輸送するための専用船（城米積船）とした。
• According to the system of 1685, 442,000 koku (approximately 79.6 million liters of crop yield) of jomai was stocked all over Japan, and it was dispersively stocked in totally 68 places such as castles in the bakufu directly-controlled lands or in fudai domains (the Edo-jo Castle, Osaka-jo Castle, Nijo-jo Castle, Sunpu-jo Castle) or shukueki (post town), and also, in 1673, the bakufu hired private cargo-vessels and used them as dedicated vessels (jomai sekisen) to carry jomai to specified places where jomai was stocked.

• 航空機用、陸上用、船舶用若しくは宇宙用の慣性航法装置（ジンバル方式又はストラップダウン方式のものに限る。）若しくは姿勢検知、誘導若しくは制御用の慣性装置であって、次のいずれかに該当するもの（本邦又は別表第二に掲げる地域のいずれかの政府機関により、民間航空機用であることを認定されたものを除く。）又はこれらの部分品
• Inertial navigation systems used for aircraft, ground use vessels or space use (limited to gimbal systems or strap down systems) or inertial systems used for attitude sensing, guidance or control which fall under any of the following (excluding those authorized for civil aviation use by Japan or by any of the government organizations indicated in the regions listed in the appended table 2) or components thereof

• 位階や旭日章・瑞宝章などのその他の勲章は仕官して公務員（当時は官吏）となれば勤続年数などの一定の条件で大抵誰でも受勲することができ、また官吏では無い兵 (日本軍)や民間人でも対象となったが、金鵄勲章は軍人軍属のみでかつ相応の戦功がなくては授与されず、大将や皇族軍人といえども相応の武功がなければ授与されなかった。
• In terms of other orders, including courtly rank and the Orders of the Rising Sun and Orders of the Sacred Treasure, when it came to civil servants (at the time, they were termed 'government officials') in government service, once they fulfilled the prescribed condition--for example, working continuously for a certain number of years--almost everyone would receive such medals, and non-government soldiers (in Japan's army) or civilians could also receive them; the Order of the Golden Kite, however, was limited only to military personnel, and furthermore was only granted to those who had sufficiently distinguished themselves in battle, meaning that simply being a general or an army officer of imperial blood, without distinguished service in battle, would not bring one this medal.

• フランスでは、1980年代に「日蓮正宗（創価学会）」の名称でセクトとする報告が国民議会へ提出されたこともあるが、1996年の新しい報告書において該当部分は創価学会インタナショナルと書き改められており、日蓮正宗と創価学会を分離した上で判断を下しているが、一部の民間団体では創価学会と同様のセクトと主張する団体も存在する。
• In France, there was a report on the official name of 'Nichiren Shoshu Sect' (Soka Gakkai) as a sect submitted to the National Assembly in the 1980's, however it was revised to Soka Gakkai International in new report in 1996, the decision was made after the consideration of separating Nichiren Shoshu Sect and Soka Gakkai, but there is a group exist in one part of private group insisting Nichiren Shoshu Sect as sect, same as Soka Gakkai.

• 国は、森林、林業並びに林産物の流通及び加工に関する技術の研究開発及び普及の効果的な推進を図るため、これらの技術の研究開発の目標の明確化、国、独立行政法人、都道府県及び地方独立行政法人の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化、地域の特性に応じた森林及び林業に関する技術の普及事業の推進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as setting specific goals for research and development of technology, enhancing the partnerships among laboratories of national, independent administrative agencies, local governments, local independent administrative agencies, universities, and private bodies, and promoting dissemination of forest and forestry technologies that suit the regional characteristics, in order to effectively promote research and development and dissemination of the technologies relevant to the forest and forestry distribution and processing.

• 独立行政法人中小企業基盤整備機構は、特定研究成果の民間事業者への移転を促進するため、承認計画に係る特定大学技術移転事業の実施に必要な資金を調達するために発行する社債（社債、株式等の振替に関する法律（平成十三年法律第七十五号）第六十六条第一号に規定する短期社債を除く。）及び当該資金の借入れに係る債務の保証の業務を行う。
• In order to promote the transfers of Specified Research Results to private business operators, the Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation shall engage in the business of guaranteeing bonds to be issued in order to procure the funds necessary for implementing the Specified University Technology Transfer Operations pertaining to Approved Plans (excluding short term corporate bonds provided in Article 66, item 1 of the Act Concerning Transfer of Bonds, Shares, etc. (Act No. 75 of 2001)) and for debts arising from borrowing of said funds.

• こ の法律は、貨物自動車運送事業の運営を適正かつ合理的なものとするとともに、貨物自動車運送に関するこの法律及びこの法律に基づく措置の遵守等を図るため の民間団体等による自主的な活動を促進することにより、輸送の安全を確保するとともに、貨物自動車運送事業の健全な発達を図り、もって公共の福祉の増進に 資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to ensure the safety of transportation and the sound development of the motor truck transportation business through ensuring the fair and reasonable management of the motor truck transportation business and promoting voluntary activities of private bodies such as to comply with this Act related to the motor truck transportation business and measures based on this Act, thereby contributing to improvement of public welfare.

• 裁判所は、破産管財人の職務の遂行のため必要があると認めるときは、信書の送達の事業を行う者に対し、破産者にあてた郵便物又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第三項に規定する信書便物（次条及び第百十八条第五項において「郵便物等」という。）を破産管財人に配達すべき旨を嘱託することができる。
• The court, when it finds it necessary in order for a bankruptcy trustee to perform his/her duties, may commission a person engaged in correspondence delivery to deliver, to a bankruptcy trustee, a postal item or letter item prescribed in Article 2(3) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Business Operators (Act No. 99 of 2002) (referred to as a 'postal item, etc.' in the following Article and Article 118(5)) that is addressed to the bankrupt.

• 各地の陰陽師の活動も活発で、奈良時代以前から続く葛城山神族系の赤星家や玖珂家、武家陰陽師である清和源氏系小笠原流、地域派生の嵯峨家、八幡流、日直家、鬼貫家、引佐名倉家、遠州山住系高橋家、四国中尾家、安曇系各家などを中心に、各地の民俗との融合を繰り返して変化し、江戸時代を通じて民間信仰として民衆の間でかなりの流行を見せた。
• Onmyoji around country were also active and with the Akaboshi family of the Katsuragisan shinzoku linage going back before the Nara Period, the Kuga family, the samurai onmyoji Ogasawara ryu of the Seiwa-Minamoto family lineage, the regional Saga family, Hachiman ryu, Heki family (日直家), the Onitsura family, Inasa-Nagura family (引佐名倉家), the Takashi family of the Enshu yamazumi lineage, the Nakao family of Shikoku and various families of the Azumi lineage taking the lead, they transformed Onmyodo by repeatedly blending regional folk customs of various locations with Onmyodo and it stayed in fashion as a popular faith among common people throughout the Edo Period.

• 明治2年（1869年）1月25日、東京への再度の行幸を前に岩倉は、天皇の意向を知らずに政府や民間で遷都があるかのように思っている者が少なからずいるために、京都や大坂の人々の動揺が大きくなっているとし、関東諸国は王化が行き届いていないため新政を施すための再幸である旨を十分に分からせるための諭令を出すよう求める建議を行なった。
• Before the second return of the emperor to Tokyo on January 25, 1869, Iwakura believed that there were many in the government including civilians who thought of the move as a capital transition without understanding the true intentions of the emperor, and from the agitation of those in Kyoto and Osaka, held out a proposition of an expostulation edict to let everyone know the reason why the emperor was returning again to set up a new government in Kanto where his influential virtue had not been delivered in the past.

• その理事、監事及び評議員に対する報酬等（報酬、賞与その他の職務遂行の対価として受ける財産上の利益及び退職手当をいう。以下同じ。）について、内閣府令で定めるところにより、民間事業者の役員の報酬等及び従業員の給与、当該法人の経理の状況その他の事情を考慮して、不当に高額なものとならないような支給の基準を定めているものであること。
• With respect to remuneration, etc. paid to its directors, auditors and councillors (which means remuneration, bonus or other property benefit paid as the consideration for the execution of their duties and the retirement allowance: the same shall apply hereinafter), it has standards for payment, as specified by Cabinet Office Ordinance, so that the amount of payment is not unsuitably high in view of the remuneration, etc. for directors and officers of business operators in the private sector, salary of employees, accounting situation of the juridical person in question or other circumstances.

• 非居住者又は外国法人が、平成十年四月一日から平成二十年三月三十一日までの間に発行された指定民間国外債につき支払を受ける利子については、所得税を課さない。ただし、当該利子のうち、国内に恒久的施設を有する非居住者が支払を受けるものでその者の国内において行う事業に帰せられるものその他の政令で定めるものについては、この限りでない。
• Income tax shall not be imposed with respect to any interest to be received by a nonresident or foreign corporation on designated foreign-issued company bonds issued during the period from April 1, 1998, to March 31, 2008; provided, however, that this shall not apply to such interest to be paid to a nonresident having permanent establishments in Japan, which is attributed to a business conducted by such nonresident or which is otherwise specified by a Cabinet Order.

• 国土交通大臣は、国際民間航空条約の締約国たる外国の政府であつて、第四十六条の規定による試験と同等又はそれ以上の試験を行うと国土交通大臣が認めるものが授与した航空業務の技能に係る資格証書を有する者については、申請により、試験の全部を行わないで技能証明、技能証明の限定の変更、航空英語能力証明又は計器飛行証明を行うことができる。
• In the case of a person who holds a certificate of qualification for air navigation duties which was granted by a foreign government which is a contracting state for the Convention on International Civil Aviation, if the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism deems that the said government conducts the equivalent examinations pursuant to the provisions of Article 46 or higher, he/she may, upon application, grant competence certification, change of rating on competence certification, aviation English proficiency certification or instrument flight certification without conducting any examination.

• また、幕府は風説の流布を防止するために民間信仰を統制する目的で、当時各地で盛んになっていた民間陰陽師活動の制御にも乗り出し、その施策の権威付けのため平安時代の陰陽家2家（賀茂氏・安倍氏）を活用すべく、存続していた土御門家に加えて、断絶していた賀茂氏の分家幸徳井家を再興させ、2家による諸国の民間陰陽師支配をさせようと画策した。
• To put a lid on popular faith to prevent rumors from circulating, the Shogunate began to control activities of the flourishing civilian onmyoji in various regions at that time and to give that measure authority, the Shogunate schemed to use 2 onmyoji families (the Kamo clan and the Abe clan) from the Heian Period to administer civilian onmyoji in various provinces assigning the existing Tsuchimikado family and the Kamo family that was restored by Kotokui family, a branch family of the extinguished Kamo clan, to this task.

• 現状としては内陸型工業団地としては比較的大規模な長田野工業団地が高度経済成長を経た1974年（昭和49年）に整備着手がなされたことによる、工業や商業が主な福知山の産業になっているが、それらのかつての伝統と歴史を復活させようと総合的な学習の時間で学ばせる教育機関や、そういった活動の趣旨の民間団体が結成されるなどの動きも見られる。
• Currently heavy industries and commerce are the main industries of Fukuchiyama due to the development of Osadano Industrial Park (comparatively large inland industrial parks), which started in 1974 after the rapid economic growth; the development of this park has spawned some movements by educational institutions to implement a comprehensive curriculum to teach former traditions and history, together with the formation of private organizations which aim to carry out such activities.

• 法第六条第四項に規定する政令で定める支払の取扱者は、国内における第二条の二第二項に規定する者及び国外において法第六条第一項に規定する民間国外債（第三十三項において「民間国外債」という。）の利子の受領の媒介、取次ぎ又は代理（第二十一項及び第三十五項において「媒介等」という。）をその業務として、又はその業務に関連して行う者とする。
• The person in charge of handling payment as specified by Cabinet Order prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (4) of the Act shall be the person prescribed in Article 2-2, paragraph (2) who is in Japan, and the person who provides, outside Japan, intermediary, brokerage or agent services (referred to as the 'intermediary services, etc.' in paragraph (21) and paragraph (35)) for the receipt of interest from foreign private bonds prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (1) of the Act (referred to as 'foreign private bonds' in paragraph (33)) as the person's own operations or in relation to such operations.

• 特定事業は、国及び地方公共団体と民間事業者との責任分担の明確化を図りつつ、収益性を確保するとともに、国及び地方公共団体の民間事業者に対する関与を必要最小限のものとすることにより民間事業者の有する技術及び経営資源、その創意工夫等が十分に発揮され、低廉かつ良好なサービスが国民に対して提供されることを旨として行われなければならない。
• When a Qualified Project is implemented, the sharing of responsibility between the national government and local governments, on the one hand, and private business operators, on the other hand shall be clearly defined, profitability of the project shall be maintained, and interference with private business operators from the national government and local governments shall be kept to a minimum in order to fully utilize the technology and managerial resources and innovation etc. of private business operators, for the purpose of providing affordable and good services to the citizens.

• 第五十条第一項又は第二項の規定により学科試験及び実地試験を行わないで行う航空英語能力証明の有効期間は、前二項の規定にかかわらず、国際民間航空条約の締約国たる外国の政府が授与した航空業務の技能に係る資格証書（航空英語能力証明に係るものに限る。）の有効期間が満了する日までの期間を超えない範囲内において国土交通大臣が定める期間とする。
• Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs, the validity period of aviation English proficiency certification that is granted without theory examination or practical examination under the provisions of Article 50 paragraph (1) or (2) shall be the period determined by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism but not exceeding the end of the validity period of the certificate of qualification pertaining to the competence in air navigation duties that was granted by a foreign government of a contracting state of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (limited to those pertaining to aviation English proficiency certification).

• 委員会は、事故等調査を行うため必要があると認めるときは、調査又は研究の実施に関する事務の一部を、独立行政法人（独立行政法人通則法（平成十一年法律第百三号）第二条第一項に規定する独立行政法人をいう。第二十八条の三において同じ。）、一般社団法人若しくは一般財団法人、事業者その他の民間の団体又は学識経験を有する者に委託することができる。
• When the Board finds necessary for carrying out an investigation of Accident, etc., it may entrust part of their work related to research or studies to an incorporated administrative agency (an incorporated administrative agency provided for in paragraph (1) of Article 2 of the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agency (Act No. 103 of 1999) is referred to and the same shall apply in Article 28-3.), general incorporated associations or incorporated foundations, a business operators, other private bodies or any person with relevant knowledge and experience.

• 民間紛争解決手続　民間事業者が、紛争の当事者が和解をすることができる民事上の紛争について、紛争の当事者双方からの依頼を受け、当該紛争の当事者との間の契約に基づき、和解の仲介を行う裁判外紛争解決手続をいう。ただし、法律の規定により指定を受けた者が当該法律の規定による紛争の解決の業務として行う裁判外紛争解決手続で政令で定めるものを除く。
• Private dispute resolution procedures　shall refer to alternative dispute resolution procedures by which a private business, at the request of both parties to a civil dispute for which settlement is sought, arranges settlement under a contract with the parties to the dispute, excluding alternative dispute resolution carried out by persons designated by law as dispute resolution services under the law, in accordance with a Cabinet Order;

• この法律は、内外の社会経済情勢の変化に伴い、民間の団体が自発的に行う公益を目的とする事業の実施が公益の増進のために重要となっていることにかんがみ、当該事業を適正に実施し得る公益法人を認定する制度を設けるとともに、公益法人による当該事業の適正な実施を確保するための措置等を定め、もって公益の増進及び活力ある社会の実現に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is, in view of the fact that the implementation of business voluntarily conducted by organizations in the private sector for public interest purposes has become important for the promotion of the public interest as a result of changes in social and economic situations in and out of the country, to establish a system for authorizing public interest corporations that are capable of implementing such business in a suitable manner, to prescribe measures to ensure suitable implementation of such business conducted by the public interest corporations and thereby to contribute to the promotion of the public interest and the realization of a vibrant society.

• 第二十五条第三項第二号イからヌまでのいずれかに該当するものの設計若しくは製造に必要な技術（プログラムを除く。）又は第二十七条第五項各号に該当するものの設計若しくは製造に必要な技術を用いたもの（本邦又は別表第二に掲げる地域の政府機関が民間航空機と認めた機体に使用するように設計したものであって、同地域の政府機関から認定されているものを除く。）
• Gas turbine engines for aircraft using technology (excluding programs) required for design or manufacture of items which fall under any of (a) through (j) in Article 25, paragraph (3), item (ii) or technology required for design or manufacture of items which fall under the items of Article 27, paragraph (5) (excluding those designed for use in airframes approved in Japan or by the regional government organizations listed in the appended table 2 and which are approved by the same regional government organizations)

• お化けには、大化けという表現があるように、総じて大きさや効果が増大する現象をいう場合が多いが、日本の民間信仰でもある古神道も、同様の価値観があり、大きいものほど宿る神霊の位が高いとする価値観があり、巨木や巨石を信仰するものとして、神籬（ひもろぎ）・磐座（いわくら）があり、大きく成長した木または、通常より大きい岩に神が宿る（化ける）とされる。
• 大化け (obake: big changing in the literal meaning): it's often the case that obake generally means phenomena whose size and effect have increased; Ancient Shinto, which is connected with Japanese folk belief, has a concept of value by which it is thought that the higher ranking divine spirits reside in bigger things, such as himorogi (temporarily erected sacred space or 'altar' used as a locus of worship) and iwakura (dwelling place of a god, usually in reference to a large rock): a tree which has grown to a greater extent than others or a rock which is larger than others can be a house of (bakeru [change to]) the divine spirit.

• 航空機は、航空交通情報圏又は民間訓練試験空域において航行を行う場合は、当該空域における他の航空機の航行に関する情報を入手するため、国土交通省令で定めるところにより国土交通大臣に連絡した上、航行を行わなければならない。ただし、前条第一項の規定による指示に従つている場合又は連絡することが困難な場合として国土交通省令で定める場合は、この限りでない。
• Any aircraft shall, in a flight in an air traffic information zone or a civil training and testing area, engage in such flight after having communicated with the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provision of Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in order to obtain information on navigation of other aircraft in the said airspace; provided, however, that the same shall not apply where the aircraft is navigated in accordance with instructions under the provisions of paragraph (1) of the preceding article or it is difficult to communicate as may be specified by Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 律令においては、陰陽寮の修習生に登用された者以外の一切の部外者（神官・僧侶はもちろん一般官僚から民間人に至るまでの全て）が、天文・陰陽・暦・時間計測を学び災異瑞祥を説くことを厳しく禁止しており、天文観測や時刻測定にかかわる装置ないし陰陽諸道に関する文献について、陰陽寮の外部への持ち出しを一切禁じ、私人がこれらを単に所有することさえ禁じられていた。
• The ritsuyo system strictly prohibited all outsiders (everybody, not only oracles and monks but also general civil servants and private citizens) except for the persons appointed as trainees at Onmyoryo to learn astronomy, onmyo, reki, or measuring hours, or to discuss the occurrence of disasters, unusual phenomenon or auspicious events, it also prohibited any equipment relating to astronomical observation and measuring time, or documents about the various arts of onmyo, to be removed from Onmyoryo, and it even forbade private individuals from owning any of the foregoing equipment or documents.

• 国は、大学等における技術に関する研究成果の民間事業者への移転の促進に関する法律（平成十年法律第五十二号）第十二条第一項の認定を受けた者が同項の特定試験研究機関の施設を同項に規定する事業の用に供する場合であって、産業技術力の強化を図るため特に必要であると認めるときは、当該認定を受けた者に対し、当該特定試験研究機関の施設を無償で使用させることができる。
• When an entity which has received accreditation pursuant to the Article 12, paragraph 1 of the Act on the Promotion of Technology Transfer from Universities to Private Industry (Act No. 52 of 1998), provides the facilities of a Specified Research and Development Institute of the same paragraph for use of business prescribed in the same paragraph and that the national government finds that the facilities are particularly necessary for promoting the enhancement of Industrial Technology Capability, the national government may allow said entity which has received accreditation to use the facilities of said Specified Research and Development Institute without charge.

• 江戸期の里山は国家（将軍家や藩）が所有し民間の利用を認めないもの（御建山などと呼ばれる）、土地は民間所有（入会地形態）であっても木材は国家所有で伐採には国家の許可が必要なもの（御留山や御用木と呼ばれる）、土地も木材も民間所有（入会地形態）で木材伐採にも官許の不要なもの、個人所有のもの、宗教施設所有で当該宗教施設の為に用いられるものなど多様であった。
• There were various types of Satoyama in the Edo Period: those that were owned by the government (Shogun family or domains) and excluded from use by general citizens (called Otateyama, etc); those which were privately-owned (form of iriaichi (common land)) but trees were state-owned assets and required the government's permission for logging (called Otomeyama or Goyoboku); those whose land as well as trees were privately-owned and did not required any official permission for logging (form of iriai); those which were individually-owned; and those which were owned by religious organizations and used to construct their religious facilities.

• 前二項に定めるもののほか、地方公共団体は、前項の規定により行政財産である土地の貸付けを受けた者が特定民間施設を選定事業の終了の後においても引き続き所有しようとする場合において、必要があると認めるときは、地方自治法第二百三十八条の四第一項の規定にかかわらず、当該行政財産である土地を、その用途又は目的を妨げない限度において、その者に貸し付けることができる。
• In addition to the leases prescribed in the preceding two paragraphs, in the case where an Appointed Business Operator who has leased land which is an administrative asset in accordance with the provision of the preceding paragraph is to continue to own the Specified Building after the termination of the Selected Project, a local government may, when it finds necessary, continue to lease the said land which is an administrative asset to the operator notwithstanding the provision of the paragraph (1) of Article 238-4 of the Local Government Act, to the extent that the lease does not prevent the original usage or purpose of the asset.

• 平成十年四月一日から平成二十年三月三十一日までの間に発行した一般民間国外債につき、居住者又は内国法人に対しその利子（第三条の三第三項又は第六項の規定の適用があるものを除く。）の支払をする者は、その支払の際、その支払をする金額に百分の十五の税率を乗じて計算した金額の所得税を徴収し、その徴収の日の属する月の翌月末日までに、これを国に納付しなければならない。
• A person who pays interest (excluding interest subject to the provision of Article 3-3(3) or (6)) on general foreign-issued company bonds that the person has issued during the period from April 1, 1998, to March 31, 2008, to a resident or domestic corporation shall, upon payment, collect income tax equivalent to the amount calculated by multiplying the amount of interest payable by a tax rate of 15 percent, and pay it to the State no later than the last day of the month following the month that includes the date of collection.

• 国は、事業者、国民又はこれらの者の組織する民間の団体（次項において、「民間団体等」という。）が自発的に行う循環資源に係る回収活動、循環資源の譲渡又は交換のための催しの実施、製品、容器等が循環資源となった場合にその循環的な利用又は処分に寄与するものであることを表示することその他の循環型社会の形成に関する活動が促進されるように、必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures to encourage voluntary activities for establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society by business operators, citizens, or non-government organizations organized by them (called 'non-government organizations, etc.' in the following paragraph), including such activities as collecting circulative resources, holding gatherings for the transfer or exchange of circulative resources, and indicating contributions to the cyclical use and disposal of products, containers, etc. when they have become circulative resources.

• 前項に定めるもののほか、地方公共団体は、同項の規定により行政財産の貸付けを受けた者が特定民間事業に係る特定施設を選定事業の終了の後においても引き続き所有し、又は利用しようとする場合において、必要があると認めるときは、地方自治法第二百三十八条の四第一項の規定にかかわらず、当該行政財産を、その用途又は目的を妨げない限度において、その者に貸し付けることができる。
• In addition to the leases prescribed in the preceding paragraph, in the case where a person who has leased an administrative asset pursuant to preceding paragraph is to own or utilize the relevant Specified Facility used for the Specified Private Project after the termination of the relevant Selected Project, the local government may, when it finds necessary, lease the said administrative asset to the person, notwithstanding the provision of the paragraph (1) of Article 238-4 of the Local Government Act to the extent that the lease does not prevent the original usage or purpose of the asset.

• この法律において「特定事業」とは、公共施設等の整備等（公共施設等の建設、改修、維持管理若しくは運営又はこれらに関する企画をいい、国民に対するサービスの提供を含む。以下同じ。）に関する事業（市街地再開発事業、土地区画整理事業その他の市街地開発事業を含む。）であって、民間の資金、経営能力及び技術的能力を活用することにより効率的かつ効果的に実施されるものをいう。
• The term 'Qualified Project' as used in this Act means a project (including an urban redevelopment project, a land readjustment project, and another urban development project) involving the provision etc. of Public Facility etc. (which mean construction, rehabilitation, maintenance or operation of Public Facility etc, or planning of them, and include provision of services to the citizens; the same shall apply hereinafter), which is carried out more efficiently and effectively by utilizing private finance, management abilities and technical capabilities.

• 前項の規定の適用がある場合における会社法（平成十七年法律第八十七号）第四百六十一条第二項の規定の適用については、同項中「の合計額を減じて得た」とあるのは、「及び内閣府令で定める場合における民間資金等の活用による公共施設等の整備等の促進に関する法律第二十条第一項の規定により貸借対照表の資産の部に計上した金額中内閣府令で定める金額の合計額を減じて得た」とする。
• As for application of the provision of paragraph (2) of Article 461 of the Company Code (Act No. 87 of 2005) in the case where the preceding paragraph applies, 'the amount obtained by subtracting the sum of ' therein shall be deemed to be replaced with 'and, in the cases prescribed in the relevant Cabinet Office Ordinance, the amount obtained by subtracting the sum of the amount prescribed in the Cabinet Office Ordinance which has been appropriated in the part of asset of the balance sheet pursuant to paragraph (1) of Article 20 of the Act on Promotion of Private Finance Initiative.'

• 手続実施者が弁護士でない場合（司法書士法（昭和二十五年法律第百九十七号）第三条第一項第七号に規定する紛争について行う民間紛争解決手続において、手続実施者が同条第二項に規定する司法書士である場合を除く。）において、民間紛争解決手続の実施に当たり法令の解釈適用に関し専門的知識を必要とするときに、弁護士の助言を受けることができるようにするための措置を定めていること。
• In cases where the dispute resolution provider is not qualified as an attorney (excluding cases where the dispute resolution provider who provides the dispute resolution prescribed in Article 3, Paragraph 1, Item 7 of the Judicial Scriveners Act (Act No. 197 of 1950) is qualified as the judicial scrivener prescribed in Paragraph 2 of the said Article), has taken measures to ensure an attorney is available for consultation when specialized knowledge on the interpretation and application of laws and regulations is required in the process of providing private dispute resolution;

• 裁判所は、郵便物の料金又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者若しくは同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者の提供する同条第二項に規定する信書便の役務に関する料金に充てるための費用に限り、金銭に代えて郵便切手又は最高裁判所が定めるこれに類する証票（以下「郵便切手等」という。）で予納させることができる。
• With regard only to the costs to be appropriated for postal charges or for correspondence delivery services prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Business Operators (Act No. 99 of 2002) provided by general correspondence delivery operators prescribed in paragraph (6) of said Article or by a specified correspondence delivery operator prescribed in paragraph (9) of said Article, the court may have prepayment made by postage stamps or similar vouchers specified by the Supreme Court (hereinafter referred to as 'postage stamps, etc.'), in lieu of money.

• 特定民間国外債の利子の支払をする者は、その利子の支払を行う際、第二十一項、第二十四項又は第二十五項の規定により通知を受けた利子受領者情報（第二十三項（前項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定により通知があつたものとみなされる利子受領者情報を含む。）に基づいて法第六条第七項に規定する利子受領者確認書（次項において「利子受領者確認書」という。）を作成しなければならない。
• A person who pays interest from specified foreign private bonds shall, when paying such interest, prepare a document identifying the interest recipient prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (7) of the Act (hereinafter referred to as an 'document identifying the interest recipient' in the following paragraph) based on the interest recipient information provided in the notice given thereto pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (21), paragraph (24) or paragraph (25) (including the interest recipient information of which notice shall be deemed to have been given pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (23) (including the cases where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the preceding paragraph)).

• 恐らくは、天平16年当時には馬飼雑戸の全面廃止の方針が立てられて実施されたものの、雑戸が関わっていた軍事物資の生産・調達は品部が生産していた奢侈品や高度な製品と違って民間での需要が無かった（あるいは禁止されていた）物が多かったために、その需要を賄うこと及び技術伝承に支障をきたしたと考えられ、「改革路線の見直し・修正」を図ったのが天平勝宝4年であったと考えられている。
• Despite the policy of full-scale abolishment of umakai and zakko developed and implemented in 744, 'review of and changes in the reform path' were pursued in 752 probably because military goods, in the manufacturing and procurement of which zakko had been involved, were usually in no demand from (or forbidden to) ordinary citizens, unlike luxury and sophisticated goods produced by shinabe, which caused problems in meeting the demand for the military goods and in handing down skills.

• この法律は、国際民間航空条約の規定並びに同条約の附属書として採択された標準、方式及び手続に準拠して、航空機の航行の安全及び航空機の航行に起因する障害の防止を図るための方法を定め、並びに航空機を運航して営む事業の適正かつ合理的な運営を確保して輸送の安全を確保するとともにその利用者の利便の増進を図ることにより、航空の発達を図り、もつて公共の福祉を増進することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to promote the development of civil and general aviation and to enhance public welfare by providing for the methods to ensure the safety of aircraft and to prevent problems arising from navigation of aircraft, and by ensuring transportation safety and improving convenience for users through proper and rational management of business for operating aircraft, in conformity with both the provisions of the Convention on International Civil Aviation as well as the standards, practices and procedures adopted as Annexes hereto.

• 当時政府はには開拓使を廃し、官有物一切を民間に払い下げようとする議があり、それと相表裏して五代友厚は、中野吾一、田中市兵衛とともに北海道に至り、つぶさに各地の状況を視察し、まず、岩内炭坑および厚岸山林の払い下げをうけ、石炭、木材を海外に輸出して、国富の増進をはかるとともに、北海道沿岸の海産物を採取して、内地の需要にあてようとし、14年7月このことを開拓使長官に出願した。
• The government at that time was trying to abolish Hokkaido Development Commissioner and dispose of all the government-run businesses to the private sector, and in connection with it Tomoatsu GODAI went to Hokkaido with Goichi NAKANO and Ichibee TANAKA to carefully inspect various places, and planned to receive the Iwanai coal mine and the Akkeshi forest as disposals from the government and export coals and wood to foreign countries to increase the national wealth, and also planned to harvest the marine products from the coasts of Hokkaido to answer domestic demand, and they applied to the director general of Hokkaido Development Commissioner for it in July, 1881.

• 国は、第一項に規定する観測及び監視の効果的な推進を図るための国際的な連携の確保、前項に規定する調査の推進を図るための国際協力その他の地球温暖化に関する国際協力を推進するために必要な措置を講ずるように努めるとともに、地方公共団体又は民間団体等による温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等に関する国際協力のための活動の促進を図るため、情報の提供その他の必要な措置を講ずるように努めるものとする。
• The national government shall endeavor to take the necessary measures to ensure international collaboration for the effective implementation of the monitoring and observation prescribed in Paragraph (1), international cooperation for implementation of the surveys prescribed in the preceding paragraph, and other international cooperation related to global warming; and shall endeavor to provide information and take other necessary measures to promote activities by local governments or private entities for international cooperation regarding the control of greenhouse gases.

• 国は、自らの事務及び事業に関し、温室効果ガスの排出の量の削減並びに吸収作用の保全及び強化のための措置を講ずるとともに、温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等のための地方公共団体の施策を支援し、及び事業者、国民又はこれらの者の組織する民間の団体（以下「民間団体等」という。）が温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等に関して行う活動の促進を図るため、技術的な助言その他の措置を講ずるように努めるものとする。
• The national government shall take measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to maintain and improve greenhouse gas absorption with regard to its own administration and undertakings, support the programs of local government bodies for the control of greenhouse gases, and endeavor to provide technical advice and other measures to promote activities by businesses, citizens, and private groups organized by businesses or citizens (hereinafter referred to as 'private entities') with regard to the control of greenhouse gases.

• 離陸及びこれに引き続く上昇飛行又は着陸及びそのための降下飛行のうち夜間に行うものを、国土交通大臣が定める経路若しくは法第九十六条第一項の規定により国土交通大臣が与える指示による経路、国際民間航空条約の附属書六及び附属書十一として採択された標準及び方式を採用する締約国たる外国が定める経路若しくは当該外国が与える指示による経路又は国土交通大臣が適当と認める経路により行うものであること。
• Persons carrying out take-off and the subsequent ascent, or landing and preparatory descent operations at night shall do so using the routes prescribed by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, or the routes as instructed by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provisions of the paragraph (1) of Article 96 of the Act, or routes as instructed by foreign countries who are party to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Annex 6 and Annex 11, and who employ the standards and methods adopted by the said Convention, or routes approved as appropriate by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 在外者に特許管理人が ないときは、書類を航空扱いとした書留郵便等（書留郵便又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第六項に規定する 一般信書便事業者若しくは同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者の提供する同条第二項に規定する信書便の役務のうち書留郵便に準ずるものとして経済産業省 令で定めるものをいう。次項において同じ。）に付して発送することができる。
• Where an overseas resident has no patent administrator, documents may be dispatched by registered mail, etc. (refers to service of registered mail under Article 2(2) of the Act on service of Mail by Private Business Operator (Act No. 99 of 2002) provided by a general mail delivery service operator under Article 2(6) of the said Act or by a special mail delivery service operator under Article 2(9) of the said Act that is equivalent to registered mail by Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, hereinafter the same shall apply in paragraph (3)).

• 航空機は、国土交通省令で定める航空機が専ら曲技飛行等又は第九十二条第一項各号に掲げる飛行を行う空域として国土交通大臣が告示で指定する空域（以下「民間訓練試験空域」という。）において国土交通省令で定める飛行を行おうとするときは、国土交通省令で定めるところにより国土交通大臣に訓練試験等計画を通報し、その承認を受けなければならない。承認を受けた訓練試験等計画を変更しようとするときも同様とする。
• When an aircraft is to engage in a flight specified by Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in airspace designated in the public notice by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism as airspace in which aircraft specified by Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism engage exclusively in an acrobatic flights etc. or flights listed in each item of Article 92 paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as 'civil training and testing area'), a plan for training, test, etc. shall be notified to the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism pursuant to the provision of Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and approved by him/her. The same shall apply to any intended changes to the approved plan for training and test, etc.

• この法律は、大学、高等専門学校、大学共同利用機関及び国の試験研究機関等における技術に関する研究成果の民間事業者への移転の促進を図るための措置を講ずることにより、新たな事業分野の開拓及び産業の技術の向上並びに大学、高等専門学校、大学共同利用機関及び国の試験研究機関等における研究活動の活性化を図り、もって我が国産業構造の転換の円滑化、国民経済の健全な発展及び学術の進展に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to contribute to facilitation of the transformation of our State's industrial structure, to the sound development of the national economy and to advancement of learning, as a result of efforts to develop new business fields, improve industrial technologies and vitalize research activities at universities, national colleges of technology, inter-university research institutes and national research and development institutes, etc. by means of measures to promote transfers of research result related to technologies to private business operators.

• 法第六条第四項の規定による非課税適用申告書（次項から第十七項までにおいて「非課税適用申告書」という。）の提出は、一般民間国外債の利子の支払を受ける都度、その利子の支払をする者（当該利子の支払が同条第四項に規定する支払の取扱者（以下この条において「支払の取扱者」という。）を通じて行われる場合には、当該支払の取扱者及び利子の支払をする者）を経由して同項に規定する税務署長に対してしなければならない。
• A written application for a tax exemption pursuant to the provisions of Article 6, paragraph (4) of the Act (referred to as a 'written application for a tax exemption' in the following paragraph to paragraph (17)) shall be submitted, on each occasion of receiving payment of interest from general foreign private bonds, to the district director of the tax office prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (4) of the Act, via the person who pays the interest (in the case where said interest is paid via a person in charge of handling payment as prescribed in paragraph (4) of said Article (hereinafter referred to as a 'person in charge of handling payment' in this Article), submission shall be made via said person in charge of handling payment and the person who pays the interest).

• 第二項の規定による株主に対する送達は、株主名簿に記載され、若しくは記録された住所又は株主が再生債務者に通知した場所にあてて、書類を通常の取扱いによる郵便に付し、又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者若しくは同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者の提供する同条第二項に規定する信書便の役務を利用して送付する方法によりすることができる。
• A service to shareholders under the provision of paragraph (2) shall be made to a shareholder's address specified or recorded in the shareholder registry or any other place which a shareholder has notified the rehabilitation debtor of, by sending the necessary documents by ordinary mail or by services of correspondence delivery prescribed in Article 2(2) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Business Operators (Act No. 99 of 2002) that are provided by a general correspondence delivery operator prescribed in paragraph (6) of said Article or specified correspondence delivery operator prescribed in paragraph (9) of said Article.

• 国際民間航空条約の附属書として採択された標準、方式及び手続を採用する締約国たる外国の国籍を有する航空機であつて当該外国（当該外国と当該航空機の使用者が住所を有する締約国たる外国との間に国際民間航空条約第八十三条の二の協定がある場合にあつては、当該協定により当該航空機に係る証明、免許その他の行為を行うこととされた外国）が前項各号に掲げる航行を行うことについて認めたもの及び国土交通大臣が適当と認めたもの
• The aircraft that belongs to the foreign country who is a signatory to the standards, methods and procedures that have been adopted as the appendix to the convention on International Civil Aviation, has been authorized by the relevant foreign country to use the navigation method listed in each item of the preceding paragraph, and has been deemed appropriate by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 法務大臣は、第二十一条第一項の規定により報告を求め、若しくはその職員に検査若しくは質問をさせ、又は第二十二条の規定により勧告をし、若しくは命令をするに当たっては、民間紛争解決手続が紛争の当事者と民間紛争解決手続の業務を行う者との間の信頼関係に基づいて成り立つものであり、かつ、紛争の当事者の自主的な紛争解決の努力が尊重されるべきものであることその他の民間紛争解決手続の業務の特性に配慮しなければならない。
• The Minister of Justice shall, when requesting a report or directing ministry officials to conduct an inspection or ask questions in accordance with Article 21, Paragraph 1, or when making a recommendation or giving an order in accordance with Article 22, give due consideration to the fact that private dispute resolution procedures are based on a relationship of mutual trust between the parties to a dispute and the party carrying out the services of private dispute resolution, that the voluntary efforts of the parties to a dispute for dispute resolution should be respected, and to other elements of the nature of private dispute resolution services.

• そして民間でも自治としての政が江戸時代から一層顕著に認められ｛江戸時代以降の都心では町場（町奉行管轄）と庭場（寺社奉行管轄）と野帳場（検地がされていない管轄未定地や郊外）に区分され、庶民と町人が協力して自治を行った｝、祭りとして神や御霊や自然を祀り、その社会的行為は「七夕祭り」や「恵比寿講」として現在にも行われ、神社神道の儀式とは離れた民衆の神事として定着し、昔と同様に普請としての地域振興を担っている。
• And their method, in which even commoners practiced self government, received recognition, and indeed it became all the more striking starting in the Edo period (beginning in that period, large cities were divided into machiba (towns, under the jurisdiction of town magistrates), niwaba (jisha-bugyo, under the jurisdiction of (government-appointed) temples and shrine administrators), and nochoba (unsurveyed areas or suburbs of unfixed jurisdiction), and so commoners and townspeople cooperated to achieve self-government); the people used festivals to enshrine gods, spirits, and elements of nature itself, including such festivals as Tanabata (the Festival of the Weaver, celebrated July 7) and the Feast for Ebisu, both of which are still celebrated today, eventually becoming established as popular versions of Shinto rituals quite separate in form from Shrine Shinto rituals, but in any case, shrines continue to contribute to local development, even as they did in the past.

• 当該民間国外債の引受け等をしたすべての者が、財務省令で定めるところにより、当該引受け等をしたすべての民間国外債の募集又は売出し等が前号の要件を満たして行われた旨その他財務省令で定める事項を記載した書類を、当該民間国外債の発行をした者を経由して当該発行をした者の本店又は主たる事務所の所在地（当該発行をした者が外国法人である場合には、当該外国法人の国内にある主たる事務所の所在地）の所轄税務署長に提出したこと。
• All persons who have performed the underwriting, etc. of the relevant foreign private bonds have, pursuant to the provisions of Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance, submitted a document stating to the effect that the requirement set forth in the preceding item has been satisfied during the performance of the offering or secondary distribution, etc. of all of the foreign private bonds for which the underwriting, etc. has been performed, as well as any other matters specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance, to the competent district director with jurisdiction over the location of the head office or principal office of the person who issued said foreign private bonds (where said person who issued said foreign private bonds is a foreign corporation, the location of the foreign corporation's principal office in Japan), via said person who issued the bonds.

• 法第二十三条第四項又は第九項の規定による勧告又は命令は、郵便若しくは民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者若しくは同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者による同条第二項に規定する信書便（以下この条において「信書便」という。）による送達又は交付送達により、その送達を受けるべき者の住所、居所又は営業所に当該勧告又は命令の内容を記載した文書を送達して行う。
• A recommendation or an order pursuant to the provision of Article 23, paragraph (4) or 9 of the Act shall be given by service of a document, in which the content of the recommendation or order is described, to a domicile or residence, or business office of a person who shall receive the service, by mail or by letter prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Act on the Service of Letters by Private Business Operators (Act No. 99 of 2002) by a general letter services operator prescribed in paragraph (6) of the said Article or a specified letter service operator prescribed in paragraph (9) of the said Article (hereinafter referred to as the 'letter' in this Article), or by delivery.

• 前三項に定めるもののほか、国は、第二項の規定により行政財産である土地の貸付けを受けた選定事業者が特定民間施設を譲渡しようとする場合において、必要があると認めるときは、国有財産法第十八条第一項の規定にかかわらず、当該行政財産である土地を、その用途又は目的を妨げない限度において、当該特定民間施設を譲り受けようとする者（当該公共施設等の管理者等が当該公共施設等の管理に関し適当と認める者に限る。）に貸し付けることができる。
• In addition to the leases prescribed in preceding three paragraphs, in the case where an Appointed Business Operator who has leased land which is administrative asset pursuant to the paragraph (2) of this article is to transfer the Specified Private Facility, the national government may lease, when it finds necessary, the land which is an administrative asset to the person who is to acquire the Specified Private Facility (provided that the assignee is a person who is recognized by the Administrator of Public Facility etc to be appropriate for the administration of the said Public Facility etc) notwithstanding the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 18 of the National Property Act to the extent that the lease does not prevent the original usage or purpose of the asset.

• 前項に規定する指定民間国外債とは、その国の法令又は慣行により利子の支払の取扱者がその支払を受ける者に関する情報の開示をすることができない国であつてその開示をすることができないことについて国際的にも容認されていると認められるもののうち政令で定める国（以下この項において「指定国」という。）において発行された民間国外債であつて、その利子の支払が当該指定国において行われることその他の政令で定める要件を満たしているものをいう。
• Designated foreign-issued company bonds prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall mean foreign-issued company bonds issued in a state designated by a Cabinet Order where due to the laws or regulations enforced or practices accepted therein, the person in charge of handling payment of interest is not allowed to disclose the information on the person who is to receive payment and the fact that such disclosure is not allowed seems to be recognized internationally (hereinafter referred to in this paragraph as a 'designated state'), which satisfy the requirement that interest thereon shall be paid in the relevant designated state and any other requirements specified by a Cabinet Order.

• 当該民間国外債の発行をする者が締結する引受契約等（法第六条第九項第一号に規定する引受契約等をいう。）に、当該民間国外債の同号に規定する引受け等（次号において「引受け等」という。）を行う者は、当該民間国外債を居住者及び内国法人に対して当該引受契約等に基づく募集又は売出し、募集又は売出しの取扱いその他これらに準ずるもの（次号において「募集又は売出し等」という。）により取得させ、又は売り付けてはならない旨の定めがあること。
• In the underwriting contract, etc. (meaning an underwriting contract, etc. as prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (9), item (i) of the Act) concluded by the person who issues said foreign private bonds, it is provided that the person who performs the underwriting, etc. prescribed in paragraph (9), item (i) of said Article (referred to as the 'underwriting, etc.' in the following item) of said foreign private bonds shall not have a resident or a domestic corporation acquire or buy said foreign private bonds by way of an offering or secondary distribution, dealings in an offering or secondary distribution, or any other operations equivalent thereto (referred to as an 'offering or secondary distribution, etc.' in the following item) under said underwriting contract, etc.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、児童買春の相手方となったこと、児童ポルノに描写されたこと等により心身に有害な影響を受けた児童について専門的知識に基づく保護を適切に行うことができるよう、これらの児童の保護に関する調査研究の推進、これらの児童の保護を行う者の資質の向上、これらの児童が緊急に保護を必要とする場合における関係機関の連携協力体制の強化、これらの児童の保護を行う民間の団体との連携協力体制の整備等必要な体制の整備に努めるものとする。
• In order to enable proper protection based on expert knowledge with regard to children who have suffered physical and mental damage as a result of having been a party to child prostitution or of having been depicted in child pornography, the national and local governments shall endeavor to establish and improve the systems necessary for promoting research and studies, improve the quality of those protecting such children, reinforce the systems of cooperation and liaison among the administrative organs in cases where there is urgent need of protection, and arrange systems of cooperation and liaison with private organizations.

• 特定民間国外債の利子につき法第六条第七項の規定の適用を受けようとする非居住者又は外国法人は、当該特定民間国外債につき支払の取扱者に保管の委託をする場合において、既に他の特定民間国外債につき当該支払の取扱者に保管の委託をする際前項の規定による確認を受けているとき、その他これに準ずる場合として財務省令で定める場合に該当するときは、同項の規定にかかわらず、当該特定民間国外債の保管の委託をする際、同項の規定による告知をすることを要しない。
• Where a nonresident or foreign corporation who seeks the application of Article 6, paragraph (7) of the Act with respect to interest from specified foreign private bonds entrusts a person in charge of handling payment with custody of said specified foreign private bonds, if he/she or it has already obtained confirmation pursuant to the provisions of the preceding paragraph when entrusting said person in charge of handling payment with custody of other specified foreign private bonds or the case falls under any of those specified by Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance as equivalent thereto, notwithstanding the provisions of said paragraph, the nonresident or foreign corporation shall not be required to give a notification pursuant to the provisions of said paragraph when entrusting custody of said specified foreign private bonds.

• 前三項に定めるもののほか、地方公共団体は、第七項の規定により行政財産である土地の貸付けを受けた選定事業者が特定民間施設を譲渡しようとする場合において、必要があると認めるときは、地方自治法第二百三十八条の四第一項の規定にかかわらず、当該行政財産である土地を、その用途又は目的を妨げない限度において、当該特定民間施設を譲り受けようとする者（当該公共施設等の管理者等が当該公共施設等の管理に関し適当と認める者に限る。）に貸し付けることができる。
• In addition to the leases prescribed in preceding three paragraphs, in the case where an Appointed Business Operator who has leased land which is administrative asset pursuant to the paragraph (7) of this article is to transfer the Specified Private Facility, the local government may, when it finds necessary, lease the land which is an administrative asset to the person who is to acquire the Specified Private Facility (provided that the person is recognized by Administrator of Public Facility etc. to be appropriate for administration of the Public Facility etc.) notwithstanding the provision of the paragraph (1) of Article 238-4 of the Local Government Act, to the extent that the lease does not prevent the original usage or purpose of the asset.

• 非居住者が平成十年四月一日から平成二十年三月三十一日までの間に発行された第六条第一項に規定する民間国外債につき支払を受ける発行差金（その民間国外債の償還により受ける金額がその民間国外債の発行価額を超える場合におけるその差益をいう。）については、所得税を課さない。ただし、当該発行差金のうち、国内に恒久的施設を有する非居住者が支払を受けるものでその者の国内において行う事業に帰せられるものその他の政令で定めるものについては、この限りでない。
• Income tax shall not be imposed with respect to any discount on foreign-issued company bonds (meaning a margin generated where the amount to be received due to redemption of foreign-issued company bonds exceeds the issue price of the foreign-issued company bonds) to be received by a nonresident with regard to foreign-issued company bonds prescribed in Article 6(1) issued during the period from April 1, 1998, to March 31, 2008; provided, however, that this shall not apply to such discount on foreign-issued company bonds to be received by a nonresident who has permanent establishments in Japan, which is attributed to a business conducted by the said nonresident in Japan or which is otherwise specified by a Cabinet Order

• その特許発明が大学等研究者がした職務発明である場合であって、当該特許発明に係る特許を受ける権利が大学等における技術に関する研究成果の民間事業者への移転の促進に関する法律第四条第一項の承認を受けた者（同法第五条第一項の変更の承認を受けた者を含む。以下この条及び附則第三条において「承認事業者」という。）に承継されていた場合において、当該承認事業者から当該特許を受ける権利を承継した当該大学若しくは高等専門学校を設置する者又は大学共同利用機関法人
• In the case that the patented invention is an employee invention made by University, etc. Researcher and the right to obtain a patent related to said patented invention was succeeded by a person who received approval set forth in Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Act on the Promotion of Technology Transfer from Universities to Private Industry (including a person who received approval of changes pursuant to the provisions of Article 5, paragraph 1 of the same Act,; hereinafter in this Article and in Supplementary Provisions Article 3 referred to as 'Accredited TLO'), the person that establishes said University or College of Technology, or Inter-University Research Institutes which has succeeded the right to obtain said patent from said Accredited TLO.

• 国際民間航空条約の締約国たる外国（以下単に「締約国」という。）の国籍を有する航空機（第百二十九条第一項の許可を受けた者（以下「外国人国際航空運送事業者」という。）の当該事業の用に供する航空機、第百三十条の二の許可を受けた者の当該運送の用に供する航空機及び外国、外国の公共団体又はこれに準ずるものの使用する航空機を除く。）は、左に掲げる航行を行う場合には、国土交通大臣の許可を受けなければならない。但し、航空路のみを航行する場合は、この限りでない。
• Any aircraft having the nationality of any foreign state, which is a Contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (hereinafter referred to briefly as 'Contracting State') (except any aircraft which is used for the concerned services by any person who has obtained permission under Article 129 paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as 'foreign international air carrier'), any aircraft which is used for the concerned transportation by any person who has obtained permission under Article 130-2, and any aircraft which is used by any foreign state, any public entity or any equivalent of a foreign state) shall, when it engages in any of the following flights, obtain permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; provided, however, that the same shall not apply to any flights operated along designated airways.

• 第二十五条の十九第二項の規定は、一般民間国外債を発行する外国法人（次項から第九項までにおいて「国外債発行外国法人」という。）が前項第二号に掲げる外国法人に該当するかどうかの判定について準用する。この場合において、同条第二項第一号中「各事業年度」とあるのは「国外債発行事業年度（第三条の二第五項第二号に規定する国外債発行事業年度をいう。以下この項において同じ。）」と、同項第二号中「各事業年度」とあるのは「国外債発行事業年度」と読み替えるものとする。
• The provisions of Article 25-19, paragraph (2) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the determination as to whether or not a foreign corporation that issues general foreign private bonds (referred to as a 'foreign corporation that issues foreign private bonds' in the following paragraph to paragraph (9)) falls under the category of a foreign corporation listed in item (ii) of the preceding paragraph. In this case, the term 'each business year' in paragraph (2), item (i) of said Article shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the business year in which the foreign private bonds were issued (meaning the business year in which the foreign private bonds were issued as prescribed in Article 3-2, paragraph (5), item (ii); hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph),' and the term 'each business year' in item (ii) of said paragraph shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the business year in which the foreign private bonds were issued.'

• 当該一般民間国外債の発行をする者が締結する引受契約等（債券の発行に係る引受け、募集又は売出しの取扱いその他これらに準ずるもの（以下この号において「引受け等」という。）に関する契約をいう。）に、当該一般民間国外債の引受け等を行う者は、当該一般民間国外債を居住者及び内国法人（国内金融機関等を除く。）に対して当該引受契約等に基づく募集又は売出し、募集又は売出しの取扱いその他これらに準ずるものにより取得させ、又は売り付けてはならない旨の定めがあること。
• In the underwriting contract, etc. (meaning a contract for underwriting, dealing in public offering or secondary distribution, or any other operations equivalent thereto pertaining to the issue of bonds (hereinafter referred to in this item as 'underwriting, etc.')) concluded by the person who issues the said general foreign-issued company bonds, it is provided that the person who performs the underwriting, etc. shall not pressure a resident or domestic corporation (excluding a domestic financial institution, etc.) into acquiring or buying the said general foreign-issued company bonds by way of public offering or secondary distribution, dealing in public offering or secondary distribution, or any other operations equivalent thereto under the said underwriting contract, etc.

• 公共施設等の整備等に関する事業は、国及び地方公共団体（これらに係る公共法人を含む。以下この条及び第十八条において同じ。）と民間事業者との適切な役割分担並びに財政資金の効率的使用の観点を踏まえつつ、行政の効率化又は国及び地方公共団体の財産の有効利用にも配慮し、当該事業により生ずる収益等をもってこれに要する費用を支弁することが可能である等の理由により民間事業者に行わせることが適切なものについては、できる限りその実施を民間事業者にゆだねるものとする。
• In implementing a project for the provision etc. of Public Facility etc., its implementation shall be entrusted to private business operators as much as possible, if the project is suitable for such entrustment. In deciding the suitability of entrusting such projects, consideration shall be given to factors such as: appropriate division of roles between the national government and local governments (including a Public Corporation pertaining to governments; hereinafter the same shall apply in this article and Article 18), on the one hand, and private business operators on the other hand; efficient use of public funds; improvement on efficiency of public administration, or efficient utilization of assets owned by the national and local governments, and; whether the income generated by the project will prove sufficient to pay the costs involved.

• 前項の規定は、第八項又は前項（この項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定により行政財産である土地の貸付けを受けた者が当該特定民間施設（特定民間施設であった施設を含む。）を譲渡しようとする場合について準用する。この場合において、前項中「当該公共施設等の管理者等」とあるのは、「当該特定民間施設に係る公共施設等の管理者等（特定民間施設であった施設を譲渡しようとする場合にあっては、当該特定民間施設であった施設に係る公共施設等の管理者等）」と読み替えるものとする。
• The provision of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis to the case where a person who has leased land which is administrative asset pursuant to the provision of paragraph (8) or the preceding paragraph (including the case where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to this paragraph) is to transfer the said Specified Private Facility (including facility that was Specified Private Facility). In this case, the term 'the Administrator of the said Public Facility etc.' in the preceding paragraph, shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the Administrator of the Public Facility etc. pertaining to the said Specified Private Facility (in the case of the transfer of facility which was Specified Private Facility, the Administrator of the Public Facility etc. pertaining to the facility that was the Specified Private Facility.')

• 前項の規定は、第三項又は前項（この項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定により行政財産である土地の貸付けを受けた者が当該特定民間施設（特定民間施設であった施設を含む。）を譲渡しようとする場合について準用する。この場合において、前項中「当該公共施設等の管理者等」とあるのは、「当該特定民間施設に係る公共施設等の管理者等（特定民間施設であった施設を譲渡しようとする場合にあっては、当該特定民間施設であった施設に係る公共施設等の管理者等）」と読み替えるものとする。
• The provision of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis to the case where a person who has leased the land which is an administrative asset pursuant to the provision of paragraph (3) or the preceding paragraph (including the case where it is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to this paragraph) is to transfer the said Specified Private Facility (including the facility that was a Specified Private Facility). In this case, the term 'the Administrator of the said Public Facility etc.,' in the preceding paragraph, shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the Administrator of the Public Facility etc. pertaining to the said Specified Private Facility (in the case of transferring facility which was Specified Private Facility, 'the Administrator of the Public Facility etc. pertaining to the said facility that was a Specified Private Facility')'

• 購入に関して何らの制限を受けず、店頭において又は郵便、信書便事業者（民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号。以下「信書便法」という。）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者又は同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者をいう。以下同じ。）による同条第二項に規定する信書便（以下「信書便」という。）若しくは公衆電気通信回線に接続した入出力装置（電話を含む。）による注文により、販売店の在庫から販売されるもの又は使用者に対し何らの制限なく無償で提供されるもの
• a program which is sold, without a restriction on purchase, from stock at retail selling points or provided free, without such restriction, to the users, through over-the-counter orders, orders by postal mail or other correspondence delivery services as prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Businesses Operators (Act No. 99 of 2004; hereinafter referred to as the 'Correspondence Delivery Act') conducted by the correspondence delivery business operators (meaning general correspondence delivery business operators as prescribed in paragraph (6) of the same Article or specified correspondence delivery business operators as prescribed in paragraph (9) of the same Article; the same shall apply hereinafter) (hereinafter referred to as 'correspondence delivery'), or orders through an input-output device connected to public telecommunication lines (including telephone calls); and

• 前各項の規定は、平成十年四月一日から平成二十年三月三十一日までの間に発行された外貨債（外貨公債の発行に関する法律（昭和三十八年法律第六十三号）第二条第一項及び第四条に規定する外貨債のうち、国外において発行されたものでその利子の支払が国外において行われるものに限る。）の利子について準用する。この場合において、第三項中「第六条第一項（民間国外債等の利子の課税の特例）」とあるのは、「第六条第十三項（外貨債の利子の課税の特例）において準用する同条第一項」と読み替えるものとする。
• The provisions of the preceding paragraphs shall apply mutatis mutandis to bonds in foreign currency (limited to bonds in foreign currency prescribed in Article 2(1) and Article 4 of the Act on the Issue of Government Bonds in Foreign Currency (Act No. 63 of 1963), which are issued outside Japan and interest on which is paid outside Japan) issued during the period from April 1, 1998, to March 31, 2008. In this case, the phrase 'Article 6(1) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation (Special Provisions for Taxation on Interest on Foreign-issued company bonds, etc.)' in paragraph (3) shall be deemed to be replaced with 'Article 6(1) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 6(13) (Special Provisions for Taxation on Bonds in Foreign Currency).'

• 前条の規定により送達をすることができない場合には、裁判所書記官は、次の各号に掲げる区分に応じ、それぞれ当該各号に定める場所にあてて、書類を書留郵便又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者若しくは同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者の提供する同条第二項に規定する信書便の役務のうち書留郵便に準ずるものとして最高裁判所規則で定めるもの（次項及び第三項において「書留郵便等」という。）に付して発送することができる。
• Where it is impossible to make a service pursuant to the provision of the preceding Article, a court clerk, for the cases listed in the following items, may send the document to the place specified in the respective items, by registered mail or services of correspondence delivery prescribed in Article 2(2) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Business Operators (Act No. 99 of 2002) that are provided by a general correspondence delivery operator prescribed in paragraph (6) of said Article or a specified correspondence delivery operator prescribed in paragraph (9) of said Article, which are specified by the Rules of the Supreme Court as services equivalent to registered mail (hereinafter referred to as 'registered mail, etc.' in the following paragraph and paragraph (3)):

• 法第六条第七項に規定する特定民間国外債（以下第二十九項までにおいて「特定民間国外債」という。）の利子につき同条第七項の規定の適用を受けようとする非居住者又は外国法人は、当該特定民間国外債につき支払の取扱者に保管の委託をする際、財務省令で定めるところにより、当該支払の取扱者に、その者の氏名又は名称及び国外にある住所等の告知をし、当該告知をした事項につき、その者が非居住者又は外国法人に該当することを証する書類を提示することその他これに準ずる方法により確認を受けなければならない。
• A nonresident or foreign corporation who seeks the application of Article 6, paragraph (7) of the Act with respect to interest from specified foreign private bonds prescribed in paragraph (7) of said Article (hereinafter referred to as 'specified foreign private bonds' through to paragraph (29)) shall, upon entrusting a person in charge of handling payment with custody of said specified foreign private bonds, pursuant to the provisions of Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance, notify said person in charge of handling payment of his/her or its name and domicile, etc. outside Japan, and obtain confirmation with regard to the matters contained in the notification, by presenting a document that certifies that he/she or it falls under the category of nonresidents or foreign corporations or by any other method equivalent thereto.

• 前二項に定めるもののほか、国は、第一項の規定により行政財産の貸付けを受けた選定事業者が特定民間事業に係る特定施設（特定施設を利用する権利を含む。以下この項において同じ。）を譲渡しようとする場合において、必要があると認めるときは、国有財産法第十八条第一項の規定にかかわらず、当該行政財産を、その用途又は目的を妨げない限度において、当該特定施設を譲り受けようとする者（当該選定事業に係る公共施設等の管理者等が当該公共施設等の管理に関し適当と認める者に限る。）に貸し付けることができる。
• In addition to the leases prescribed in preceding two paragraphs, in the case where an Appointed Business Operator who has leased administrative property in accordance with the paragraph (1) of this article is to transfer the Specified Facility (including the right to utilize the Specified Facility; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph), the national government may lease, when it finds necessary, the administrative asset to the person who is to acquire the Specified Facilities (provided that the person is recognized by the Administrator of Public Facility etc. pertaining to the said Selected Project to be appropriate for administration of the Public Facility etc.) notwithstanding the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 18 of the National Property Act, to the extent that the lease does not prevent the original use or purpose of the asset.

• 購入に関して何らの制限を受けず、店頭において又は郵便、信書便事業者 （民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号。以下「信書便法」という。）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者又は同条第九 項に規定する特定信書便事業者をいう。以下同じ。）による同条第二項に規定する信書便（以下「信書便」という。）若しくは公衆電気通信回線に接続した入出 力装置（電話を含む。）による注文により、販売店の在庫から販売されるもの又は使用者に対し何らの制限なく無償で提供されるもの
• a program which is sold, without a restriction on purchase, from stock at retail selling points or provided free, without such restriction, to the users, through over-the-counter orders, orders by postal mail or other correspondence delivery services as prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Businesses Operators (Act No. 99 of 2004; hereinafter referred to as the 'Correspondence Delivery Act') conducted by the correspondence delivery business operators (meaning general correspondence delivery business operators as prescribed in paragraph (6) of the same Article or specified correspondence delivery business operators as prescribed in paragraph (9) of the same Article; the same shall apply hereinafter) (hereinafter referred to as 'correspondence delivery'), or orders through an input-output device connected to public telecommunication lines (including telephone calls); and

• 内国法人は、平成十年四月一日から平成二十年三月三十一日までの間に発行された民間国外債（内国法人が国外において発行した債券で、その利子の支払が国外において行われるものをいう。第十一項において同じ。）のうち同項に規定する指定民間国外債以外のもの（以下この条において「一般民間国外債」という。）につき支払を受けるべき利子（第三条の三第二項又は第六項の規定の適用があるものを除く。）について所得税を納める義務があるものとし、その支払を受けるべき金額に対し百分の十五の税率を適用して所得税を課する。
• A domestic corporation shall be liable to pay income tax with respect to interest (excluding interest subject to the provisions of Article 3-3(2) or (6)) receivable on foreign-issued company bonds (meaning bonds issued outside Japan by a domestic corporation, interest on which is to be paid outside Japan; the same shall apply in paragraph (11)) other than designated foreign-issued company bonds prescribed in paragraph (11) (hereinafter referred to in this Article as 'general foreign-issued company bonds'), which have been issued during the period from April 1, 1998, to March 31, 2008, and income tax shall be imposed by applying a tax rate of 15 percent to the amount of interest receivable.

• 前項の規定は、同項の保管支払取扱者が財務省令で定めるところによりあらかじめ同項の利子の支払をする者から同項の規定による通知の省略をすることについて承認を得ている場合に限り、適用する。この場合において、当該特定民間国外債の利子の交付を受ける日の前日までにその交付を受ける利子に係る利子受領者情報の通知が当該保管支払取扱者からなかつたときは、同日において当該保管支払取扱者から当該利子の支払をする者に対して法第六条第七項第一号に掲げる場合に該当する旨の利子受領者情報の通知があつたものとみなす。
• The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply only where the person in charge of handling custody and payment set forth in said paragraph has obtained approval in advance, pursuant to the provisions of Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance, from the person who pays interest set forth in said paragraph with regard to the omission of notice prescribed in said paragraph. In this case, if said person in charge of handling custody and payment has not given, by the day preceding the day on which the person is to receive the delivery of interest from the relevant specified foreign private bonds, notice of the interest recipient information for the interest to be delivered thereto, notice of the interest recipient information shall be deemed to have been given, as of said day, by said person in charge of handling custody and payment to the person who pays interest, stating to the effect that Article 6, paragraph (7), item (i) of the Act shall apply.

• 当該一般民間国外債の券面及びその発行に係る目論見書に、居住者又は内国法人が当該一般民間国外債の利子の支払を受ける場合（国内金融機関等については、前項において準用する第四項本文及び第六項の規定によりその者による非課税適用申告書の提出がある場合又は前項において準用する第七項の規定により当該一般民間国外債の利子の支払をする者による利子受領者確認書の提出がある場合を除く。）には、次のイ又はロに掲げる場合の区分に応じそれぞれイ又はロに定める金額に係る利子について所得税が課される旨の記載があること。
• In the certificates of the said general foreign-issued company bonds and the prospectus pertaining to the issue thereof, it is stated that where a resident or domestic corporation receives payment of interest on the said general foreign-issued company bonds (where a domestic financial institution, etc. receives payment, the case where it has submitted a written application for tax exemption pursuant to the provision of the main clause of paragraph (4) and the provision of paragraph (6) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the preceding paragraph or where the person who pays interest on the said general foreign-issued company bonds has submitted an interest recipient confirmation document pursuant to the provision of paragraph (7) as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the preceding paragraph shall be excluded), income tax shall be imposed on any interest on the amount specified in (a) or (b) below for the category listed in (a) or (b) respectively:

• 前二項に定めるもののほか、地方公共団体は、第五項の規定により行政財産の貸付けを受けた選定事業者が特定民間事業に係る特定施設（特定施設を利用する権利を含む。以下この項において同じ。）を譲渡しようとする場合において、必要があると認めるときは、地方自治法第二百三十八条の四第一項の規定にかかわらず、当該行政財産を、その用途又は目的を妨げない限度において、当該特定施設を譲り受けようとする者（当該選定事業に係る公共施設等の管理者等が当該公共施設等の管理に関し適当と認める者に限る。）に貸し付けることができる。
• In addition to the leases prescribed in preceding two paragraphs, in the case where an Appointed Business Operator who has leased administrative asset pursuant to with the paragraph (5) of this article is to transfer the Specified Facility used for the Specified Private Project (including the right to utilize the Specified Facility; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph), the local government may, when it finds necessary, lease the administrative asset to the person who is to acquire the Specified Facility (provided that the person is recognized by the Administrator of Public Facility etc. pertaining to the Selected Project to be appropriate for administration of the Public Facility etc), notwithstanding the provision of the paragraph (1) of Article 238-4 of the Local Government Act to the extent that the lease does not prevent the original usage or purpose of the asset.

• 国は、海洋に関する科学技術（以下「海洋科学技術」という。）に関する研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及を図るため、海洋科学技術に関し、研究体制の整備、研究開発の推進、研究者及び技術者の育成、国、独立行政法人（独立行政法人通則法（平成十一年法律第百三号）第二条第一項に規定する独立行政法人をいう。以下同じ。）、都道府県及び地方独立行政法人（地方独立行政法人法（平成十五年法律第百十八号）第二条第一項に規定する地方独立行政法人をいう。以下同じ。）の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State, in order to promote the research and development and to disseminate the result with regard to the science and technology of the oceans (hereinafter referred to as 'Ocean Science and Technology'), shall take necessary measures including establishing the research systems, promoting research and development, nurturing researchers and technicians, strengthening coordination among such research institutions as the State, Incorporated Administrative Agency (referring to the Incorporated Administrative Agency set forth in the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agency (Act No.103 of 1999), Article 2, paragraph (1); the same shall apply hereinafter), the prefecture, and Local Incorporated Administrative Agency (referring to the Local Incorporated Administrative Agency set forth in the Act on Local Incorporated Administrative Agency (Act No.118 of 2003), Article 2, paragraph (1); the same shall apply hereinafter), universities and private bodies, and executing others.

• 国は、当分の間、地方公共団体に対し、再生資源又は再生部品を利用することにより資源の有効な利用を促進するための施設を整備する事業で日本電信電話株式会社の株式の売払収入の活用による社会資本の整備の促進に関する特別措置法（昭和六十二年法律第八十六号）第二条第一項第二号に該当するものにつき、当該地方公共団体が自ら行う場合にあってはその要する費用に充てる資金の一部を、民間事業者が行う場合にあっては当該民間事業者に対し当該地方公共団体が補助する費用に充てる資金の一部を、予算の範囲内において、無利子で貸し付けることができる。
• The State may, for the time being, provide local governments with loans without interest, within its budgetary limit, as funds to be allocated for covering the expenses to be incurred by the local governments in independently implementing projects to establish facilities for the promotion of effective utilization of resources through the use of Recyclable Resources or Reusable Parts, which fall under Article 2, paragraph 1, item 2 of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Promotion of Development of Social Infrastructure through Utilization of Income from Sales of Stock of the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (Act No. 86 of 1987), or as funds to be allocated for covering the expenses for subsidies to be given by the local governments to the private business operators that carry out such projects.

• 大学等における技術に関する研究成果の民間事業者への移転の促進に関する法律（平成十年法律第五十二号）第四条第一項の規定により特定大学技術移転事業（同法第二条第一項に規定する特定大学技術移転事業をいう。以下この条において同じ。）の実施に関する計画についての文部科学大臣及び経済産業大臣の承認を受けた者（第三項において「承認事業者」という。）が、内閣総理大臣の登録を受けて、特定大学技術移転事業として行う信託の引受け（以下この条において「特定大学技術移転事業に該当する信託の引受け」という。）については、第三条の規定は、適用しない。
• The provisions of Article 3 shall not apply to the acceptance of a trust by a person who has obtained the approval of the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry with regard to a plan for the implementation of a Specified University Technology Transfer Project (meaning a Specified University Technology Transfer Project as prescribed in Article 2(1) of the Act on the Promotion of Technology Transfer from Universities to Private Business Operators (Act No. 52 of 1998); hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) pursuant to the provisions of Article 4(1) of that Act (referred to as an 'Approved Business Operator' in paragraph (3)) as a Specified University Technology Transfer Project based on registration by the Prime Minister (hereinafter referred to as 'Acceptance of a Trust that Falls under the Category of a Specified University Technology Transfer Project' in this Article).

• 第三項に定めるもののほか、非課税適用申告書に記載された事項の確認のための手続その他の非課税適用申告書の提出に関する事項、利子受領者情報の通知並びにその通知に係る情報の保存及び管理に関する事項、利子受領者情報の通知があつた場合において当該利子受領者情報に変更がないときにおけるその通知の省略の特例、利子受領者確認書の提出に関する事項、一般民間国外債の利子につき第二項の規定により所得税を徴収された者が確定申告書の提出をする場合に添付すべき書類に関する事項その他第一項、第二項及び第四項から前項までの規定の適用に関し必要な事項は、政令で定める。
• In addition to what is specified in paragraph (3), the procedure for confirmation of the matters stated in a written application for tax exemption and any other matters concerning the submission of a written application for tax exemption, matters concerning a notice of the interest recipient information as well as preservation and management of such information provided in the notice, special provisions for omitting a notice in the case where there is no change in the interest recipient information provided in the previous notice, matters concerning the submission of an interest recipient confirmation document, matters concerning documents to be attached to a final return form which is filed by a person who has been subject to the collection of income tax pursuant to the provision of paragraph (2) with respect to interest on general foreign-issued company bonds, and other necessary matters concerning the application of the provisions of paragraph (1), paragraph (2), and paragraph (4) to the preceding paragraph shall be specified by a Cabinet Order.

• 新法第十七条の規定は、この法律の施行前に開始した同条に規定する国際機関類似標章（旧法第四条ノ二に規定する政府間国際機関ノ紋章、旗章其ノ他ノ徽章、略称又ハ名称ニシテ主務大臣ノ指定スルモノト同一又ハ類似ノモノを除く。以下「民間国際機関類似標章」という。）を商標として使用し、又は民間国際機関類似標章を商標として使用した商品を譲渡し、引き渡し、譲渡若しくは引渡しのために展示し、輸出し、輸入し、若しくは電気通信回線を通じて提供し、若しくは民間国際機関類似標章を商標として使用して役務を提供する行為に該当するものを継続する行為については、適用しない。
• The provisions of Article 17 of the New Act shall not apply to continuation of an act that is categorized as an act of using a mark similar to an international organization mark (excluding a mark identical or similar to a crest, a flag, or other emblem, abbreviation, or name of an intergovernmental international organization that is designated by the competent minister as prescribed in Article 4-2 of the Former Act; hereinafter referred to as a 'mark similar to a private international organization mark') as a trademark, or assigning, delivering, displaying for the purpose of assignment or delivery, exporting, importing or providing through a telecommunications line, goods using a mark similar to a private international organization mark as a trademark, or providing services using a mark similar to a private international organization mark as a trademark, which is prescribed in Article 17 of the New Act, if such an act is commenced before the enforcement of this Act.

• 前項に定めるもののほか、国は、同項の規定により行政財産の貸付けを受けた者が特定民間事業に係る特定施設を選定事業の終了の後においても引き続き所有し、又は利用しようとする場合において、必要があると認めるときは、国有財産法第十八条第一項の規定にかかわらず、当該行政財産を、その用途又は目的を妨げない限度において、その者（当該選定事業を行うため締結した契約の解除による終了の場合にあっては、当該選定事業に係る公共施設等であった施設に係る公共施設等の管理者等が当該公共施設等の管理に関し適当と認める者に限る。第六項において同じ。）に貸し付けることができる。
• In addition to the leases prescribed in the preceding paragraph, in the case where an Appointed Business Operator who has leased administrative property pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph is to continue to own or use the Specified Facilities pertaining to the Specified Private Project after the termination of the Selected Project, the national government may, when it finds necessary, continue to lease to the lessee the said administrative assets (provided that, in the case of early termination of the contract which was entered into to implement the said Selected Project, the lessee is a person who is recognized to be appropriate for the administration of the said Public Facility etc. by the Administrator of Public Facility etc. pertaining to the facility that was the Public Facility etc. of the Selected Project; hereinafter the same shall apply in paragraph (6)) notwithstanding the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 18 of the National Property Act, to the extent that the lease does not prevent the original use or purpose of the asset.

• 国土交通大臣は、特定重要港湾であって、長距離の国際海上コンテナ運送の用に供され、かつ、同一の民間事業者により一体的に運営され、又は運営されることとなる岸壁その他の係留施設及びこれに附帯する荷さばき施設その他の国土交通省令で定める係留施設以外の港湾施設であって国土交通省令で定める規模以上の国際コンテナ埠頭を有するもののうち、コンテナ取扱量その他の国土交通省令で定める事情を勘案し、当該国際コンテナ埠頭の機能の高度化により当該特定重要港湾の運営の効率化を図ることが国際競争力の強化のために特に重要なものを、指定特定重要港湾として指定するものとする。
• The Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism shall designate those ports, where promotion of the efficient operation of the port through the enhancement of the functions of international container wharves has special importance for the enhancement of international competitiveness, as Designated Special Major Ports based on their cargo volumes, scale of facilities and other conditions specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Designated Special Major Ports shall be designated from among the Special Major Ports with international container wharves for long distance international maritime container transport, which are of a scale exceeding that specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and are composed of quaywalls and other mooring facilities, auxiliary cargo handling facilities and Port Facilities other than the mooring facilities specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and are operated or shall be operated by the same private operator as a unit.

• 独立行政法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構（以下「機構」とい う。）は、非化石エネルギー、可燃性天然ガス及び石炭に関する技術並びにエネルギー使用合理化のための技術並びに鉱工業の技術に関し、民間の能力を活用し て行う研究開発（研究及び開発をいう。以下同じ。）、民間において行われる研究開発の促進、これらの技術の利用の促進等の業務を国際的に協調しつつ総合的 に行うことにより、産業技術の向上及びその企業化の促進を図り、もって内外の経済的社会的環境に応じたエネルギーの安定的かつ効率的な供給の確保並びに経 済及び産業の発展に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Incorporated Administrative Agency (hereinafter referred to as 'NEDO') is to enhance industrial technology and to promote the commercialization thereof by comprehensively performing functions such as promoting R&D (meaning research and development; the same shall apply hereinafter) carried out using skills from the private sector; promoting R&D done by the private sector with regard to technology for non-fossil energies, combustible natural gas, and coal; promoting the technology required for the rational use of energy and technology in mining and industry; and promoting the utilization of such technology in cooperation with the international community; to thereby contribute to ensuring a stable and efficient energy supply in accordance with the changes in the domestic and foreign economic and social environments and to the development of the economy and industry.

• 保管支払取扱者は、その保管の委託を受けている特定民間国外債につきその利子の支払をする者に対し通知をした利子受領者情報（法第六条第七項第一号に掲げる場合に該当する旨の通知に係るものに限る。以下この項において同じ。）に係る利子の交付を受けた日後に当該特定民間国外債の利子の交付を受ける場合において、その交付を受ける利子（法第三条の三第三項又は第六項の規定の適用があるものを除く。以下この項において同じ。）の支払を受けるべき者がすべて非居住者又は外国法人であることの確認をしたときは、その交付を受ける利子に係る利子受領者情報の通知を省略することができる。
• Where a person in charge of handling custody and payment receives the delivery of interest from specified foreign private bonds, of which the person is entrusted with custody, on or after the day on which the person has received the delivery of interest pertaining to the interest recipient information of which said person gave notice to the person who pays interest from said specified foreign private bonds (limited to such information provided in the notice stating to the effect that Article 6, paragraph (7), item (i) of the Act shall apply; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph), if the person in charge of handling custody and payment has confirmed that all persons who are to receive payment of the interest (excluding interest subject to the provisions of Article 3-3, paragraph (3) or paragraph (6) of the Act; hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) to be delivered thereto fall under the category of nonresidents or foreign corporations, said person in charge of handling custody and payment may omit giving notice of the interest recipient information for the interest to be delivered thereto.

• 申請者の実質的支配者等（申請者の株式の所有、申請者に対する融資その他の事由を通じて申請者の事業を実質的に支配し、又はその事業に重要な影響を与える関係にあるものとして法務省令で定める者をいう。以下この号において同じ。）又は申請者の子会社等（申請者が株式の所有その他の事由を通じてその事業を実質的に支配する関係にあるものとして法務省令で定める者をいう。）を紛争の当事者とする紛争について民間紛争解決手続の業務を行うこととしている申請者にあっては、当該実質的支配者等又は申請者が手続実施者に対して不当な影響を及ぼすことを排除するための措置が講じられていること。
• In cases where the applicant intends to carry out the services of private dispute resolution for disputes in which the applicant's substantial controllers (persons who substantially have control over the applicant's business or have a major impact on the applicant's business through ownership of shares in the applicant, financing to the applicant or any other causes, as provided for by a Ministry of Justice Ordinance; the same shall apply hereinafter in this item) or the applicant's subsidiaries (persons whose business is substantially controlled by the applicant through the ownership of shares or any other causes, as provided for by a Ministry of Justice Ordinance; the same shall apply hereinafter in this item) are involved as the parties concerned, has adopted measures to prevent the substantial controllers or the applicant from exercising undue influence on the dispute resolution providers;

• この法律は、環境基本法（平成五年法律第九十一号）の基本理念にのっとり、生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用について、基本原則を定め、並びに国、地方公共団体、事業者、国民及び民間の団体の責務を明らかにするとともに、生物多様性国家戦略の策定その他の生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用に関する施策の基本となる事項を定めることにより、生物の多様性の保全及び持続可能な利用に関する施策を総合的かつ計画的に推進し、もって豊かな生物の多様性を保全し、その恵沢を将来にわたって享受できる自然と共生する社会の実現を図り、あわせて地球環境の保全に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to set fundamental principles for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in line with the basic principle of the Environment Basic Act (Act No. 91 of 1993), to clarify the responsibility of the government, local governments, businesses, citizens and private bodies, and to promote policies for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in a comprehensive and planned manner by developing the National Biodiversity Strategy and prescribing other matters that serve as a basis of policies for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, thereby conserving rich biodiversity, and to aim at realizing a society in coexistence with nature where human beings can continue enjoying benefits therefrom in the future and to contribute to conserving the global environment.

• 前項の規定による送達をすべき場合において、第二十条において準用する民事訴訟法第百六条の規定により送達をすることができないときは、裁判所書記官は、同項の住所、居所、営業所又は事務所にあてて、書類を書留郵便又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者若しくは同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者の提供する同条第二項に規定する信書便の役務のうち書留郵便に準ずるものとして最高裁判所規則で定めるものに付して発送することができる。この場合においては、民事訴訟法第百七条第二項及び第三項の規定を準用する。
• In cases where a service is to be made under the provisions of the preceding paragraph, if it is not possible to make the service pursuant to the provisions of Article 106 of the Code of Civil Procedure as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 20, a court clerk may send the document to the domicile, residence, business office or office set forth in said paragraph by registered mail or services of correspondence delivery prescribed in Article 2(2) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Business Operators (Act No. 99 of 2002) that are provided by a general correspondence delivery operator prescribed in paragraph (6) of said Article or specified correspondence delivery operator prescribed in paragraph (9) of said Article, which are specified by the Rules of the Supreme Court as services equivalent to registered mail. In this case, the provisions of Article 107(2) and (3) of the Code of Civil Procedure shall apply mutatis mutandis.

• 法第二百十三条の二各項の主務省令で定める行為は、郵便、信書便（民間事業者による信書便の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者又は同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者の提供する同条第二項に規定する信書便をいう。）、ファクシミリ装置を用いて送信する方法、電子メール（特定電子メールの送信の適正化等に関する法律（平成十四年法律第二十六号）第二条第一号に規定する電子メールをいう。）を送信する方法、ビラ又はパンフレットを配布する方法その他の方法（次に掲げるものを除く。）により多数の者に対して同様の内容で行う情報の提供とする。
• The acts specified by an ordinance of the competent ministry as set forth in the paragraphs of Article 213-2 of the Act shall be the provision of information with the same contents to a large number of persons by postal mail, Correspondence Delivery (which means the Correspondence Delivery prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Business Operators [Act No. 99 of 2002] made by a general correspondence delivery operator prescribed in paragraph (6) of the same Article or by a specified correspondence delivery operator prescribed in paragraph (9) of the same Article), the method of transmission using a facsimile, the method of transmission of Electronic Mail (which means electronic mail prescribed in Article 2, item (i) of the Act on Regulation of Transmission of Specified Electronic Mail [Act No. 26 of 2002]), the method of distribution of fliers or pamphlets or any other method (excluding the following):

• この法律において「特定大学技術移転事業」とは、大学（学校教育法（昭和二十二年法律第二十六号）第一条に規定する大学及び高等専門学校並びに国立大学法人法（平成十五年法律第百十二号）第二条第四項に規定する大学共同利用機関をいう。以下同じ。）における技術に関する研究成果（以下「特定研究成果」という。）について、特定研究成果に係る特許権その他の政令で定める権利のうち国以外の者に属するものについての譲渡、専用実施権の設定その他の行為により、特定研究成果の活用を行うことが適切かつ確実と認められる民間事業者に対し移転する事業であって、当該大学における研究の進展に資するものをいう。
• In this Act, the term 'Specified University Technology Transfer Operations' shall mean, the operation of transfer of the patent rights or other rights provided by Cabinet Order relating to those technological research results (hereinafter referred to as 'Specified Research Results') obtained at universities (referring to universities and national colleges of technology provided in Article 1 of the School Education Act (Act No. 26 of 1947) and inter-university research institutes provided in Article 2, paragraph 4 of the National University Corporation Act (Act No. 112 of 2003); the same shall apply hereinafter), which are held by parties other than the State, to private business operators whose utilization of the Specified Research Results is confirmed to be both appropriate and assured, and the transfer of which shall contribute to the advancement of the research being done at the said universities.

• 電話、郵便、民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者若しくは同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者による同条第二項に規定する信書便（以下「信書便」という。）、電報、ファクシミリ装置を用いて送信する方法若しくは法第十一条第二項に規定する電磁的方法（以下「電磁的方法」という。）により、若しくはビラ若しくはパンフレットを配布し若しくは拡声器で住居の外から呼び掛けることにより、又は住居を訪問して、当該売買契約又は役務提供契約の締結について勧誘をするためのものであることを告げずに営業所その他特定の場所への来訪を要請すること。
• to request a person to visit the Place of Business or other specified place without telling the person that the purpose is to solicit the sales contract or the Service Contract, by means of telephone, postal mail, correspondence delivery prescribed in Article 2(2) of the Act on Letter Service by Private Business Operators (Act No. 99 of 2002) made by a general correspondence delivery operator prescribed in Article 2(6) of the same Act or a specified letter delivery operator prescribed in Article 2(9) of the same Act (hereinafter referred to as 'Correspondence Delivery'), telegraph, transmission using a facsimile machine, or an electromagnetic means prescribed in Article 11(2) of the Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'electromagnetic means'), or by distributing fliers or pamphlets or calling with a loudspeaker from outside of the residence, or by visiting the residence; or

• 外国法人が平成十年四月一日から平成二十年三月三十一日までの間に発行された第六条第一項に規定する民間国外債につき支払を受ける利子又は発行差金（その民間国外債の償還により受ける金額がその民間国外債の発行価額を超える場合におけるその差益をいう。）については、法人税を課さない。ただし、当該利子又は当該発行差金のうち、第二条第一項第四号に規定する国内に恒久的施設を有する外国法人（以下この条及び次条において「国内に恒久的施設を有する外国法人」という。）が支払を受けるもので当該国内に恒久的施設を有する外国法人の国内において行う事業に帰せられるものその他の政令で定めるものについては、この限りでない。
• Corporation tax shall not be imposed with respect to any interest on foreign-issued company bonds or any discount on foreign-issued company bonds (meaning a margin generated where the amount to be received due to the redemption of foreign-issued company bonds exceeds the issue price of the foreign-issued company bonds) to be received by a foreign corporation with regard to foreign-issued company bonds prescribed in Article 6(1) issued during the period from April 1, 1998, to March 31, 2008; provided, however, that this shall not apply to such interest or discount on foreign-issued company bonds to be received by a foreign corporation having permanent establishments in Japan prescribed in Article 2(1)(iv) (hereinafter referred to in this Article and the next Article as a 'foreign corporation having permanent establishments in Japan'), which is attributed to a business conducted in Japan by the said foreign corporation having permanent establishments in Japan or which is otherwise specified by a Cabinet Order.

• 法第二十七条第三項又は第六項の規定による対内直接投資等を行つてはならない期間の延長は、郵便若しくは民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者若しくは同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者による同条第二項に規定する信書便（以下この条及び第五条において「郵便等」という。）による送達又は交付送達により、その送達を受けるべきものの住所、居所又は営業所に当該延長の期間を記載した文書を送達して行う。ただし、外国投資家が居住者である代理人により当該対内直接投資等の届出をしている場合には、当該代理人の住所、居所又は営業所に送達するものとする。
• The period in which inward direct investment, etc. is prohibited pursuant to the provision of Article 27, paragraph (3) or paragraph (6) of the Act is extended by serving a document entered with said extension of the period to the domicile or residence or business office of the person who should receive such service, through service by mail or via correspondence delivery service prescribed in Article 2, paragraph (2) of the Act on Correspondence Delivery by Private Business Operators (Act No. 99 of 2004) conducted by an ordinary correspondence delivery business prescribed in paragraph (6) of the same Article or a specified correspondence delivery business prescribed in paragraph (9) of the same Article (hereinafter referred to as 'mail, etc.' in this Article and Article 5), or through personal delivery service; provided, however, that in the cases where the foreign investor gave said notification of inward direct investment, etc. through an agent who is a resident, such document shall be served to the domicile or residence or business office of said agent.

• 前条第一項から第五項までに定めるもののほか、国は、必要があると認めるときは、国有財産法第十八条第一項の規定にかかわらず、特定施設（第二条第一項第三号及び第四号に掲げる施設（公営住宅を除く。以下この項において「第三号及び第四号施設」という。）並びに同条第一項第五号の政令で定める施設のうち第三号及び第四号施設に準ずるものとして政令で定めるものをいう。以下この条において同じ。）の設置の事業であって、選定事業の実施に資すると認められるもの（以下この条において「特定民間事業」という。）の用に供するため、行政財産を、その用途又は目的を妨げない限度において、当該特定民間事業を行う選定事業者に貸し付けることができる。
• In addition to leases prescribed in paragraphs (1) to (5) inclusive of the preceding article, the national government may, when it finds necessary, lease an administrative asset to be used for a project to establish a Specified Facility (meaning a facility which fall within facilities listed the items (iii) and (iv) of paragraph (1) of Article 2 (excluding public housings) (hereinafter referred to as 'Item 3 and 4 Facilities' in this article) and facilities specified by the relevant Cabinet Order as assets equivalent to Item 3 and 4 Facilities among assets set forth in item (v) of paragraph (1) of the same article; hereinafter the same shall apply in this article) that is useful for the implementation of the relevant Selected Project (hereinafter referred to as a 'Qualified Private Project' in this article) to the Appointed Business Operator who implements the Specified Private Project, notwithstanding the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 18 of the National Property Act to the extent that the lease does not prevent the original use or purpose of the asset.

• 前項の規定により徴収して納付すべき所得税は、所得税法第二条第一項第四十五号に規定する源泉徴収に係る所得税とみなして、同法、国税通則法及び国税徴収法の規定を適用する。この場合において、第一項に規定する一般民間国外債につき支払を受けるべき利子の支払を受けるべき者が内国法人であるときは、当該内国法人に対する法人税法の規定の適用については、同法第六十八条第一項、第八十一条の十四第一項及び第百条第一項中「又は賞金」とあるのは「若しくは賞金又は租税特別措置法第六条第一項（民間国外債等の利子の課税の特例）に規定する一般民間国外債につき支払を受けるべき利子」と、「同法」とあるのは「所得税法又は租税特別措置法」とする。
• Income tax to be collected and paid pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph shall be deemed to be withholding income tax prescribed in Article 2(1)(xlv) of the Income Tax Act, and the provisions of the said Act, the Act on General Rules for National Taxes, and the National Tax Collection Act shall be applied thereto. In this case, where the person who is to receive interest receivable on general foreign-issued company bonds prescribed in paragraph (1) is a domestic corporation, with regard to the application of the provisions of the Corporation Tax Act to the said domestic corporation, the phrase 'or prize money' in Article 68(1), Article 81-14(1) and Article 100(1) of the said Act shall be deemed to be replaced with 'or prize money... or interest receivable on general foreign-issued company bonds prescribed in Article 6(1) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation (Special Provisions for Taxation on Interest on Foreign-issued Company Bonds, etc.),' and the phrase 'the said Act' in these clauses shall be deemed to be replaced with 'the Income Tax Act or the Act on Special Measures Concerning Taxation.'

• 国の試験研究機関であって政令で定めるもの（以下「特定試験研究機関」という。）における技術に関する研究成果について、当該研究成果に係る国有の特許権若しくは特許を受ける権利又は国有の実用新案権若しくは実用新案登録を受ける権利の譲渡を受け、当該特許権若しくは当該特許を受ける権利に基づいて取得した特許権又は当該実用新案権若しくは当該実用新案登録を受ける権利に基づいて取得した実用新案権についての譲渡、専用実施権の設定その他の行為により、当該研究成果の活用を行おうとする民間事業者に対し移転する事業を行う者は、当該特定試験研究機関を所管する大臣に申請して、その事業が次の各号のいずれにも適合している旨の認定を受けることができる。
• Concerning research results related to the technologies of those national research and development institutes stipulated by Cabinet Orders (hereinafter referred to as 'Specified Research and Development Institutes'), a person who has received assignment of nationally-owned patent right or right to receive a patent, or nationally-owned utility model right or right to receive registration of a utility model related to said research results, and who is engaged in the operation of transferring said research results to private business operators who intend to utilize these research results, through assignment or the establishment of exclusive licenses of patent, obtained based on said patent right itself or right to receive said patent, or utility model rights obtained based on the utility model right itself or right to receive registration of said utility model, or otherwise, may apply to the Minister having jurisdiction over the said Specified Research and Development Institute and receive an accreditation to the effect that the operation of that person conforms to all of the following items.

• この法律は、内外の社会経済情勢の変化に伴い、裁判外紛争解決手続（訴訟手続によらずに民事上の紛争の解決をしようとする紛争の当事者のため、公正な第三者が関与して、その解決を図る手続をいう。以下同じ。）が、第三者の専門的な知見を反映して紛争の実情に即した迅速な解決を図る手続として重要なものとなっていることにかんがみ、裁判外紛争解決手続についての基本理念及び国等の責務を定めるとともに、民間紛争解決手続の業務に関し、認証の制度を設け、併せて時効の中断等に係る特例を定めてその利便の向上を図ること等により、紛争の当事者がその解決を図るのにふさわしい手続を選択することを容易にし、もって国民の権利利益の適切な実現に資することを目的とする。
• Owing to the changes in the social and economic climate at home and abroad, alternative dispute resolution (procedures for resolution of a civil dispute between parties who seek, with the involvement of a fair third party, a resolution without using litigation; the same shall apply hereinafter) has become an important means of achieving prompt dispute resolution based on the specialized expertise of a third party and in accordance with the actual facts of the dispute. Bearing such in mind, the purpose of the Act on Promotion of Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution is to provide for the basic concepts of the Act and for the responsibilities of the government and other entities; and to establish a certification system and set special rules on nullification of prescription and other matters so as to make alternative dispute resolution procedures easier to utilize, thereby enabling parties to a dispute to choose the most suitable method for resolving a dispute with the aim of appropriate realization of the rights and interests of the people.

• 個人が昭和六十三年四月一日以後に発行された割引債について支払を受けるべき償還差益については、所得税法第二十二条及び第八十九条並びに第百六十五条の規定にかかわらず、他の所得と区分し、その支払を受けるべき金額に対し、百分の十八（東京湾横断道路の建設に関する特別措置法（昭和六十一年法律第四十五号）第二条第一項に規定する東京湾横断道路建設事業者が同法第十条第一項の認可を受けて発行する社債及び民間都市開発の推進に関する特別措置法第三条第一項に規定する民間都市開発推進機構が同法第八条第三項の認可を受けて発行する債券のうち、割引債に該当するもの（次項及び第三項において「特定割引債」という。）につき支払を受けるべき償還差益については、百分の十六）の税率を適用して所得税を課する。
• With respect to profit receivable by an individual from redemption of discount bonds issued on or after April 1, 1988, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 22, Article 89 and Article 165 of the Income Tax Act, income tax shall be imposed separately from his/her other income, by applying a tax rate of 18 percent (or 16 percent in the case of company bonds issued by a Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway constructor prescribed in Article 2(1) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning the Construction of the Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway (Act No. 45 of 1986) with the approval set forth in Article 10(1) of the said Act and bonds issued by the Organization for Promoting Urban Development prescribed in Article 3(1) of the Act on Special Measures Concerning the Promotion of Urban Development with the approval set forth in Article 8(3) of the said Act, which fall under the category of discount bonds (referred to in the next paragraph and paragraph (3) as 'specified discount bonds') to such amount receivable.

• 決定書の謄本を、第一項の決定の対象とされた者が第五十条第四号（売春防止法第二十六条第二項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定により居住すべき住居（第五十一条第二項第五号（同法第二十六条第二項において準用する場合を含む。）の規定により宿泊すべき特定の場所が定められている場合には、当該場所）にあてて、書留郵便又は民間事業者による信書の送達に関する法律（平成十四年法律第九十九号）第二条第六項に規定する一般信書便事業者若しくは同条第九項に規定する特定信書便事業者の提供する同条第二項に規定する信書便の役務のうち書留郵便に準ずるものとして法務大臣が定めるものに付して発送した場合においては、その発送の日から五日を経過した日に当該決定の対象とされた者に対する送付があったものとみなす。
• When a certified copy of a written ruling is sent to a residence in which resides a person who is regarded as the subject of the decision under paragraph (1) pursuant to the provision of item (iv) of Article 50 (including the cases where applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (2) of Article 26 of the Anti-Prostitution Act) (if a specific place to stay is specified for the person pursuant to item (v) of paragraph (2) of Article 51 (including the cases where applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to paragraph (2) of Article 26 of said Act), said place) by registered mail or by entrustment to correspondence delivery services as provided for in paragraph (2) of Article 2 of the Act Concerning the Delivery of Correspondence by Vendors in the Private Sector (Act No. 99 of 2002) that are provided by a general correspondence delivery vendor as provided for in paragraph (6) of said Article or by a specified correspondence delivery vendor as provided for in paragraph (9) of said Article and are specified by the Minister of Justice as being similar to registered mail, a certified copy of said decision shall be deemed to have been sent to the person who is regarded as the subject of said decision on the day on which five days elapse from the day of sending the same.

• 独立行政法人（独立行政法人通則法（平成十一年法律第百三号）第二条第一項に規定する独立行政法人をいう。）であって試験研究に関する業務を行うものとして政令で定めるもの（以下「試験研究独立行政法人」という。）における技術に関する研究成果について、当該研究成果に係る試験研究独立行政法人が保有する特許権又は特許を受ける権利の譲渡を受け、当該特許権又は当該特許を受ける権利に基づいて取得した特許権についての譲渡、専用実施権の設定その他の行為により、当該研究成果の活用を行おうとする民間事業者に対し移転する事業（以下「試験研究独立行政法人技術移転事業」という。）を行う者は、当該試験研究独立行政法人を所管する大臣に申請して、その事業が次の各号のいずれにも適合している旨の認定を受けることができる。
• Concerning research results related to technologies of an incorporated administrative agency (referring to an Incorporated Administrative Agency as stipulated in Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies) (Act No.103 of 1999) that is an entity conducting work related to testing and research (hereinafter referred to as a 'Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agency'), a person who has received assignment of patent right or the right to receive a patent related to said research result owned by a Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agency, and who is engaged in the operation of transferring said research results (hereinafter 'Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agency Technology Transfer Operations') to private business operators who intend to utilize those research results, through assignment, establishment of exclusive licenses of patent rights obtained based on said patent right itself or right to receive said patent or otherwise, may apply to the Minister having jurisdiction over said Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agencies and receive an accreditation to the effect that the operation of that person conforms to all of the following items.

• 保管支払取扱者は、その保管の委託を受けている特定民間国外債と同一銘柄の他の特定民間国外債につき保管の再委託を受けている場合において、当該他の特定民間国外債の利子に係る利子受領者情報につき法第六条第七項に規定する経由のための通知を受けたときは、財務省令で定めるところにより、その保管の委託を受けている特定民間国外債の利子に係る利子受領者情報に当該経由のための通知を受けた利子受領者情報を合わせて、その利子の支払をする者に対し（その利子の交付が、当該保管支払取扱者が保管の再委託をしている他の支払の取扱者を通じて行われる場合には、当該他の支払の取扱者を経由してその利子の支払をする者に対し）通知をすることができる。この場合において、当該通知は、同項の規定による利子受領者情報の通知とみなす。
• Where a person in charge of handling custody and payment is entrusted by subcontract with custody of other specified foreign private bonds with the same issue as that of the specified foreign private bonds of which the person is directly entrusted with custody, when the person has received notice, as the relay point via which the notice shall be given pursuant to the provisions of Article 6, paragraph (7) of the Act, with regard to the interest recipient information for the interest from said other specified foreign private bonds, the person may, pursuant to the provisions of Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance, give notice to provide the interest recipient information for the specified foreign private bonds of which the person is directly entrusted with custody together with the interest recipient information of which the person has received notice as such relay point, to the person who pays the interest (in the case where the interest is delivered via any other person in charge of handling payment with whom said person in charge of handling custody and payment has further entrusted custody, notice shall be given to the person who pays the interest via such other person in charge of handling payment). In this case, said notice shall be deemed to be notice of the interest recipient information given pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (7) of said Article.

• 前二項に定めるもののほか、国は、前項の規定により行政財産である土地の貸付けを受けた者が特定建物のうち選定事業に係る公共施設等の部分以外の部分（以下この条において「特定民間施設」という。）を選定事業の終了（当該選定事業を行うため締結した契約の解除による終了を含む。以下この条及び次条において同じ。）の後においても引き続き所有しようとする場合において、必要があると認めるときは、国有財産法第十八条第一項の規定にかかわらず、当該行政財産である土地を、その用途又は目的を妨げない限度において、その者（当該選定事業を行うため締結した契約の解除による終了の場合にあっては、当該特定民間施設であった施設に係る公共施設等の管理者等が当該公共施設等の管理に関し適当と認める者に限る。第八項において同じ。）に貸し付けることができる。
• In addition to the leases prescribed in to provisions of preceding two paragraphs, in the case where an Appointed Business Operator who has leased the land which is an administrative asset pursuant to the provision of the preceding paragraph is to continue to own the Specified Building (excluding the portion which is used as Public Facility etc. of the relevant Selected Project) (hereinafter referred to as the 'Specified Private Facility' in this article) after the termination of the Selected Project (including the termination due to early termination of the contract which was entered into to implement the said Selected Project; hereinafter the same shall apply in this article and the following article), the national government may, when it finds necessary, continue to lease to the lessee the said land which is an administrative asset (provided that, in the case of early termination of the contract which was entered into to implement the said Selected Project, the lessee is a person who is recognized by the Administrator of Public Facility etc. to be appropriate for the administration of the said Public Facility etc. pertaining to the property that was the Specified Private Facility; hereinafter the same shall apply in paragraph (8)) notwithstanding the provision of paragraph (1) of Article 18 of the National Property Act to the extent that the lease does not prevent the original usage or purpose of the asset.

• 特定民間国外債の保管の再委託を受けている支払の取扱者（当該特定民間国外債と同一銘柄の他の特定民間国外債に係る保管支払取扱者に該当する者を除く。以下この項及び次項において「再委託に係る支払取扱者」という。）は、二以上の当該特定民間国外債の利子に係る利子受領者情報につき法第六条第七項に規定する経由のための通知を受けたときは、財務省令で定めるところにより、当該経由のための通知を受けた二以上の利子受領者情報を合わせて、その利子の支払をする者に対し（その利子の交付が、当該再委託に係る支払取扱者が保管の再委託をしている他の支払の取扱者を通じて行われる場合には、当該他の支払の取扱者を経由してその利子の支払をする者に対し）通知をすることができる。この場合において、当該通知は、同項の規定による利子受領者情報の通知とみなす。
• When a person who is entrusted by subcontract with custody of specified foreign private bonds (excluding such person who is deemed to be a person in charge of handling custody and payment who is entrusted with custody of other specified foreign private bonds with the same issue as that of said specified foreign private bonds; hereinafter referred to as a 'person in charge of handling payment based on entrustment by subcontract' in this paragraph and the following paragraph) has received notice, as the relay point via which the notice shall be given pursuant to the provisions of Article 6, paragraph (7) of the Act, with regard to two or more pieces of interest recipient information for the interest from said specified foreign private bonds, the person may, pursuant to the provisions of Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance, give notice to provide these pieces of interest recipient information of which the person has received notice as such relay point together, to the person who pays the interest (in the case where the interest is delivered via any other person in charge of handling payment with whom said person in charge of handling custody and payment has further entrusted custody, notice shall be given to the person who pays the interest via such other person in charge of handling payment). In this case, said notice shall be deemed to be notice of the interest recipient information given pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (7) of said Article.

• 法第百三十一条の規定により、法第六条の航空機登録証明書、法第二十二条の規定による技能証明、法第二十三条の技能証明書、法第三十一条第一項の規定による航空身体検査証明、同条第二項の航空身体検査証明書、法第三十三条第一項の規定による航空英語能力証明又は法第三十四条第一項の規定による計器飛行証明とみなされる外国が行つた証明、免許その他の行為及びこれらに係る資格証書その他の文書は、国際民間航空条約の附属書として採択された標準、方式及び手続を採用する締約国たる外国（当該航空機が国籍を有する外国と当該航空機の使用者が住所を有する外国との間に国際民間航空条約第八十三条の二の協定がある場合にあつては、当該協定により当該航空機に係る証明、免許その他の行為を行うこととされた外国に限る。）の行つたもの及び国土交通大臣が適当と認めるものとする。
• Any certification, licensing or other action, and qualification certificates and other documents thereof, made or issued by a foreign state, which are regarded, in accordance with the provisions under Article 131 of the Act, as an aircraft registration certificate under Article 6 of the Act, competence certification under Article 22 of the Act, competence certificate under Article 23 of the Act, aviation medical certification under Article 31 paragraph (1) of the Act, aviation medical certificate under paragraph (2) of the same Article, aviation English proficiency certification under Article 33 paragraph (1), or instrument flight certification under Article 34 paragraph (1) of the Act, shall be those made or issued by the foreign state (in case where an agreement under Article 83-2 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation exists between any foreign state of which the aircraft concerned has nationality and any other foreign state in which the user of the aircraft concerned has its address, limited to the foreign state designated to issue certification for the aircraft concerned, license and take any other action) which is a Contracting State adopting the standards, practices and procedures provided for in the annexes of the Convention on International Civil Aviation or those recognized as appropriate by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 第四項本文及び前二項の規定は、金融機関又は金融商品取引業者で政令で定めるもの（内国法人に限る。次項において「国内金融機関等」という。）が平成十年四月一日から平成二十年三月三十一日までの間に発行された一般民間国外債の利子（第三条の三第二項又は第六項の規定の適用があるものを除く。）の支払を受ける場合について準用する。この場合において、第四項本文中「氏名又は名称及び国外にある住所若しくは居所又は本店若しくは主たる事務所」とあるのは「名称及び本店又は主たる事務所」と、前項第一号中「非居住者又は外国法人」とあるのは「非居住者若しくは外国法人又は次項に規定する国内金融機関等」と、同項第二号中「内国法人」とあるのは「内国法人（次項に規定する国内金融機関等を除く。）」と、「外国法人」とあるのは「外国法人並びに同項に規定する国内金融機関等」と読み替えるものとする。
• The provisions of the main clause of paragraph (4) and the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall apply mutatis mutandis where a financial institution or financial instruments business operator specified by a Cabinet Order (limited to a domestic corporation; referred to in the next paragraph as a 'domestic financial institution, etc.') receives payment of interest (excluding interest subject to Article 3-3(2) or (6)) on general foreign-issued company bonds issued during the period from April 1, 1998, to March 31, 2008. In this case: in the main clause of paragraph (4), the phrase 'his/her or its name and his/her domicile or residence or the location of its head office or principal office' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'its name and the location of its head office or principal office'; in paragraph (7)(i), the phrase 'nonresidents or foreign corporations' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'nonresidents or foreign corporations or domestic financial institutions, etc. prescribed in the next paragraph'; in paragraph (7)(ii), the phrase 'domestic corporation(s)' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'domestic corporation(s) (excluding a domestic financial institution(s), etc. prescribed in the next paragraph,' and the phrase 'foreign corporation(s)' shall be deemed to be replaced with 'domestic corporation(s) and domestic financial institution(s), etc. prescribed in the said paragraph.'

• 法第百三十一条の規定により、法第十条第一項の規定による耐空証明又は同条第七項の耐空証明書とみなされる航空機の耐空性、騒音及び発動機の排出物について外国が行つた証明その他の行為及びこれに係る証書その他の文書（以下この項において「証明等」という。）は、国際民間航空条約の附属書として採択された標準、方式及び手続を採用する締約国たる外国（当該航空機が国籍を有する外国と当該航空機の使用者が住所を有する外国との間に国際民間航空条約第八十三条の二の協定がある場合にあつては、当該協定により当該航空機に係る証明、免許その他の行為を行うこととされた外国に限る。）の行つた証明等（ターボジェット発動機又はターボファン発動機を装備する最大離陸重量が三万四千キログラムを超える航空機の騒音についての証明等にあつては、国際民間航空条約の附属書十六第一巻第三章及び第四章の基準に適合することについての証明等に限る。）及び国土交通大臣が適当と認めるものとする。
• In accordance with the provisions under Article 131 of the Act, any certification, other actions and certificate concerned and other documents thereof (hereinafter 'certification, etc.' in this paragraph) of airworthiness, noise and engine emission of an aircraft, made or issued by a foreign state, which are regarded as airworthiness certification under Article 10 paragraph (1) of the Act or an airworthiness certificate under paragraph (7) of the same Article, shall be certification, etc. (in case of certification, etc. for noise level of the aircraft which has installed with turbo-jet engine or turbo-fan engine and its maximum takeoff weight is more than 34,000kgs, to be limited to certification, etc. in compliance with the standards and procedures specified by annex 16 volume I chapter III and Chapter IV to the Convention on International Aviation) made or issued by the foreign state (in case where an agreement under Article 83-2 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation exists between any foreign state of which the aircraft concerned has nationality and any other foreign state in which the user of the aircraft concerned has its address, limited to the foreign state designated to issue certification for the aircraft concerned, license and take any other action) which is a Contracting State adopting the standards, practices and procedures provided for in the annexes of the Convention on International Civil Aviation or those recognized as appropriate by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

• 法第六条第七項に規定する保管支払取扱者（以下第二十六項までにおいて「保管支払取扱者」という。）は、その保管の委託を受けている特定民間国外債の利子の受領の媒介等に基づきその利子の交付を受ける都度、その交付を受けるべき日の前日までに、その交付を受ける利子に係る同条第七項に規定する利子受領者情報（以下第二十七項までにおいて「利子受領者情報」という。）をその利子の支払をする者に対し（その利子の交付が、当該保管支払取扱者が保管の再委託をしている他の支払の取扱者を通じて行われる場合には、当該他の支払の取扱者を経由してその利子の支払をする者に対し）同条第七項の規定による通知（以下第二十三項までにおいて「通知」という。）をしなければならない。この場合において、最初に当該特定民間国外債の利子の交付を受ける日が、当該特定民間国外債の発行をした日以後四十日を経過する日後であるときは、その交付を受ける利子に係る利子受領者情報の通知は、同日以後にしなければならない。
• The person in charge of handling custody and payment prescribed in Article 6, paragraph (7) of the Act (hereinafter referred to as the 'person in charge of handling custody and payment' through to paragraph (26)) shall, on each occasion of receiving the delivery of interest from specified foreign private bonds, of which the person is entrusted with custody, in the course of the intermediary services, etc. for the receipt of such interest, no later than the day preceding the day on which the person is to receive the delivery, give notice pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (7) of said Article (hereinafter referred to as 'notice' through to paragraph (23)) to provide the interest recipient information prescribed in paragraph (7) of said Article (hereinafter referred to as 'interest recipient information' through to paragraph (27)) for the interest to be delivered thereto to the person who pays the interest (in the case where the interest is delivered via any other person in charge of handling payment with whom said person in charge of handling custody and payment has further entrusted custody, notice shall be given to the person who pays the interest via such other person in charge of handling payment). In this case, if the person in charge of handling custody and payment receives the delivery of interest from said specified foreign private bonds, for the first time, on or after the day on which 40 days have elapsed since the day on which said specified foreign private bonds were issued, the notice of the interest recipient information for the interest to be delivered thereto shall be given on or after said day on which the 40-day period has expired.

• 旧大学等技術移転促進法第十三条第一項の認定を受けた者（同項に規定する試験研究独立行政法人（以下単に「試験研究独立行政法人」という。）における技術に関する研究成果についてその活用を行おうとする民間事業者に対し移転する事業を行う者に限る。次項において「試験研究独立行政法人関係認定事業者」という。）が一部施行日前に譲渡を受けた試験研究独立行政法人における技術に関する研究成果に係る当該試験研究独立行政法人が保有する特許権等若しくは特許を受ける権利等又はその特許を受ける権利等に基づいて取得した特許権等について納付すべき特許料若しくは登録料又は手数料については、同条第二項及び第三項の規定、同条第二項において準用する旧大学等技術移転促進法第十二条第四項、第六項及び第八項の規定並びに旧大学等技術移転促進法第十三条第三項において準用する旧大学等技術移転促進法第十二条第十項並びに同項において準用する同条第四項、第六項及び第八項の規定は、一部施行日後においても、なおその効力を有する。
• Concerning the patent fee, registration fee or other charge to be paid with respect to Patent Rights, etc. or the Rights to Receive Patent, etc. or the Patent Rights, etc. obtained based on the Right to Receive Patent, etc., these rights being owned by a Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agency (hereinafter referred to simply as 'Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agency') and pertaining to research results related to technologies of said Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agency and having been assigned, prior to the date of partial enforcement, to a person who has received an accreditation pursuant to paragraph 1 of Article 13 of the Old Universities, etc. Technology Transfer Promotion Act (limited to persons who conduct the operation of transferring research results related to technologies of Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agencies prescribed in the same paragraph to private business operators who intend to utilize these research results; in the next paragraph referred to as 'Research and Development Incorporated Administrative Agency-Related Certified Business Operators '), the provisions of paragraph 2 and paragraph 3 in the same Article, the provisions of paragraph 4, paragraph 6 and paragraph 8 of Article 12 in the Old Universities, etc. Technology Transfer Promotion Act that apply mutatis mutandis to paragraph 2 of same Article, the provisions of paragraph 10 of Article 12 of the Old Universities, etc. Technology Transfer Promotion Act that apply mutatis mutandis to paragraph 3 of Article 13 of the Old Universities, etc. Technology Transfer Promotion Act, and paragraph 4, paragraph 6 and paragraph 8 of the same Article that apply mutatis mutandis to same paragraph shall remain in effect, even after the partial effective date.

• 次に掲げる航空機の耐空性、騒音及び発動機の排出物並びに航空機乗組員の資格について当該航空機が国籍を有する外国（当該外国と当該航空機の使用者が住所を有する締約国との間に国際民間航空条約第八十三条の二の協定がある場合にあつては、当該締約国を含む。）が行つた証明、免許その他の行為及びこれらに係る資格証書その他の文書は、第十一条第一項若しくは第二項、第二十八条第一項若しくは第二項、第三十三条第一項、第三十四条第一項、第五十九条、第六十五条から第六十七条まで、第九十二条第一項、第百三十四条第一項、第百四十三条又は第百五十条の規定の適用については、国土交通省令で定めるところにより、第六条の航空機登録証明書、第十条第一項の規定による耐空証明、同条第七項の耐空証明書、第二十二条の規定による技能証明、第二十三条の技能証明書、第三十一条第一項の規定による航空身体検査証明、同条第二項の航空身体検査証明書、第三十三条第一項の規定による航空英語能力証明又は第三十四条第一項の規定による計器飛行証明とみなす。
• With regard to airworthiness, noise level, engine emissions and aircrew qualification for the following aircraft, any certification, license, or other act, as well as any qualification certificate or other document thereof made by any foreign state to which the nationality of the said aircraft belongs (including any contracting state in cases where there is an agreement under Article 83-2 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation between the said foreign state and any contracting state in which the owner of the said aircraft has the address), shall be regarded as aircraft registration certificate under Article 6, airworthiness certification under Article 10 paragraph (1), airworthiness certificate under paragraph (7) of the same article, competence certification under Article 22, competence certificate under Article 23, aviation medical certification under Article 31 paragraph (1), and aviation medical certificate under paragraph (2) of the same article, aviation English proficiency certification under Article 33 paragraph (1), or instrument flight certification under Article 34 paragraph (1), pursuant to the provision of Ordinances of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, with regard to application of the provisions of Article 11 paragraph (1) or (2), Article 28 paragraph (1) or (2), Article 33 paragraph (1), Article 34 paragraph (1), Article 59, Articles 65 through 67, Article 92 paragraph (1), Article 134 paragraph (1), Article 143, or Article 150.

• 第七条の規定による改正前の大学等における技術に関する研究成果の民間事業者への移転の促進に関する法律（以下「旧大学等技術移転促進法」という。）第十二条第一項の認定を受けた者（第三項において「国立大学関係認定事業者」という。）が一部施行日前に譲渡を受けた国立大学における技術に関する研究成果に係る国有の特許権若しくは実用新案権（以下「特許権等」という。）若しくは特許を受ける権利若しくは実用新案登録を受ける権利（一部施行日前にした特許出願（一部施行日前の特許出願の分割等に係る特許出願を除く。）又は一部施行日前にした実用新案登録出願（一部施行日前の実用新案登録出願の分割等に係る実用新案登録出願を除く。）に係るものに限る。以下「特許を受ける権利等」という。）又はその特許を受ける権利等に基づいて取得した特許権等について納付すべき特許料若しくは登録料又は手数料については、同条第四項、第六項、第八項及び第十項並びに同項において準用する同条第四項、第六項及び第八項の規定は、一部施行日以後においても、なおその効力を有する。
• Concerning the patent fee, registration fee or other charge to be paid with respect to patent rights or utility model rights (hereinafter referred to as 'Patent Rights, etc.') or the right to receive a patent or the right to receive a utility model registration (limited to patent applications filed prior to the partial enforcement date (excluding patent applications pertaining to the division, etc. of a patent application prior to the partial enforcement date) or utility model registration applications filed prior to the partial enforcement date (excluding the utility model registration application pertaining to the division etc. of a utility model registration application prior to the partial enforcement date); hereinafter referred to as 'Rights to Receive Patent, etc.') or Patent Rights, etc. obtained based on the right to receive said patent, these rights being owned by the State and pertaining to research results related to technologies of national universities and having been assigned, prior to the date of partial enforcement, to a person (in paragraph 3 referred to as a 'National University Related Certified Business Operator') who has received the accreditation of paragraph 1 of Article 12 of the Act on the Promotion of Technology Transfer from Universities to Private Business Operators prior to its revision pursuant to the provisions of Article 7, (hereinafter referred to as the 'Old Universities, etc. Technology Transfer Promotion Act'), the provisions of paragraph 4, paragraph 6, paragraph 8 and paragraph 10 of the same Article 12, and paragraph 4, paragraph 6, paragraph 8 of the same Article that apply mutatis mutandis to the same paragraphs shall have effect even on or after the date of partial enforcement.

• 非居住者又は外国法人が、平成十年四月一日から平成二十年三月三十一日までの間に発行された一般民間国外債の利子の支払を受ける場合において、その支払を受けるべき利子につきこの項の規定の適用を受けようとする旨、その者の氏名又は名称及び国外にある住所若しくは居所又は本店若しくは主たる事務所の所在地その他財務省令で定める事項を記載した申告書（以下この条において「非課税適用申告書」という。）を、その支払を受ける際、その利子の支払をする者（当該利子の支払が支払の取扱者で政令で定めるもの（以下この項、第七項及び第十一項において「支払の取扱者」という。）を通じて行われる場合には、当該支払の取扱者及び利子の支払をする者）を経由してその支払をする者の当該利子に係る所得税法第十七条の規定による納税地（同法第十八条第二項の規定による指定があつた場合には、その指定をされた納税地）の所轄税務署長に提出したときは、その支払を受ける利子については、所得税を課さない。ただし、当該利子のうち、国内に恒久的施設を有する非居住者が支払を受けるものでその者の国内において行う事業に帰せられるものその他の政令で定めるものについては、この限りでない。
• Where a nonresident or foreign corporation receives payment of interest on general foreign-issued company bonds issued during the period from April 1, 1998, to March 31, 2008, and the nonresident or foreign corporation has submitted, upon receiving payment of interest, a written application stating that he/she or it seeks the application of the provision of this paragraph with respect to the interest receivable, as well as his/her or its name and his/her domicile or residence or the location of its head office or principal office, each of which is located outside Japan, and any other matters specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance (hereinafter referred to in this Article as a 'written application for tax exemption'), via the person who pays the interest (in the case where the said interest is paid via a person in charge of handling payment specified by a Cabinet Order (hereinafter referred to in this paragraph, paragraph (7) and paragraph (11) as a 'person in charge of handling payment'), submission shall be made via the said person in charge of handling payment and the person who pays the interest), to the competent district director having jurisdiction over the place for tax payment pursuant to the provision of Article 17 of the Income Tax Act which pertains to the person who makes payment in terms of the said interest (in the case where another place has been designated pursuant to the provision of Article 18(2) of the said Act: the designated place for tax payment), income tax shall not be imposed on the interest to be received; provided, however, that this shall not apply to such interest to be paid to a nonresident having permanent establishments in Japan, which is attributed to a business conducted by such nonresident or which is otherwise specified by a Cabinet Order.

• 非居住者又は外国法人が、平成十年四月一日から平成二十年三月三十一日までの間に発行された一般民間国外債のうち特定民間国外債であつて支払の取扱者に政令で定めるところにより保管の委託をしているものにつきその利子の支払を受ける場合において、当該保管の委託を受けている支払の取扱者（以下この項において「保管支払取扱者」という。）で当該特定民間国外債の利子の受領の媒介、取次ぎ又は代理（以下この項において「媒介等」という。）をするものが、その媒介等に基づきその利子の交付を受けるときまでに、その利子（第三条の三第三項又は第六項の規定の適用があるものを除く。以下この項において同じ。）の支払を受けるべき者につき次の各号に掲げる場合の区分に応じ当該各号に定める事項その他財務省令で定める事項（以下この項及び第十四項において「利子受領者情報」という。）をその利子の支払をする者に対し（その利子の交付が、当該保管支払取扱者が保管の再委託をしている他の支払の取扱者を通じて行われる場合には、当該他の支払の取扱者を経由してその利子の支払をする者に対し）通知をし、かつ、その利子の支払をする者が、その利子の支払を行う際その利子の支払を受けるべき者に関する事項その他の財務省令で定める事項を記載した書類（当該保管支払取扱者から通知をされた利子受領者情報に基づき記載されたものに限る。第九項及び第十四項において「利子受領者確認書」という。）を作成し、これをその支払をする者の当該利子に係る所得税法第十七条の規定による納税地（同法第十八条第二項の規定による指定があつた場合には、その指定をされた納税地）の所轄税務署長に提出したときは、当該非居住者又は外国法人は、その支払を受けるべき利子につき第四項の規定による非課税適用申告書の提出をしたものとみなす。
• Where a nonresident or foreign corporation receives payment of interest on general foreign-issued company bonds issued during the period from April 1, 1998, to March 31, 2008, which fall under the category of specified foreign-issued company bonds and for which the nonresident or foreign corporation has, pursuant to the provision of a Cabinet Order, entrusted custody with the person in charge of handling payment, if [1] the said person in charge of handling payment thus entrusted with custody (hereinafter referred to in this paragraph as the 'person in charge of handling custody and payment') who provides intermediary, brokerage or agent services (hereinafter referred to in this paragraph as the 'intermediary services, etc.') for the receipt of interest on the said specified foreign-issued company bonds has, before receiving the delivery of such interest in the course of the intermediary services, etc., given notice of the matters specified in each of the following items for the category listed in the relevant item and any other matters specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance with respect to the person who is to receive the interest (excluding interest subject to the provision of Article 3-3(3) or (6); hereinafter the same shall apply in this paragraph) (these matters hereinafter referred to in this paragraph and paragraph (14) as 'interest recipient information'), to the person who pays the interest (in the case where the interest is delivered via another person in charge of handling payment with whom the said person in charge of handling custody and payment has further entrusted custody, notice shall be given to the person who pays the interest via such other person in charge of handling payment), and [2] the person who pays the interest has, upon payment of the interest, prepared a document stating the matters concerning the person who is to receive the interest and any other matters specified by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Finance (limited to a document prepared based on the information on the interest recipient provided by the said person in charge of handling custody and payment; referred to in paragraph (9) and paragraph (14) as the 'interest recipient confirmation document'), and submitted it to the competent district director having jurisdiction over the place for tax payment prescribed in Article 17 of the Income Tax Act which pertains to the person who makes payment in terms of the said interest (in the case where another place has been designated pursuant to the provision of Article 18(2) of the said Act: the designated place for tax payment), the said nonresident or foreign corporation shall be deemed to have submitted a written application for tax exemption pursuant to the provision of paragraph (4) with respect to the interest receivable thereby: