民: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 平民社
- Heiminsha (Commoners' company)
- 人民統治
- Governing the people
- アイヌ民族
- Ainu people
- the Ainu
- 北海道移民
- Hokkaido Immigrants
- 賤民の生業
- Occupations of the lowly persons
- 民法典論争
- Minpoten Ronso (Disputes over the Civil Code)
- 皇民化教育
- Japanization Education
- 台湾民主国
- Republic of Formosa
- 旧民法の制定
- Enactment of Old Civil Code
- 部民制の成立
- The establishment of the bemin system
- 民間・地域交流
- Private-sector/Regional exchanges
- - 民法(仏)
- - Active in civil law
- 困民党軍の組織
- Organization of the Konminto Army
- 平民宰相の誕生
- The advent of Commoner Prime Minister
- 地元住民との関係
- Relation with local residents
- 賤民の社会的地位
- Social status of the lowly persons
- 旧民法の制定まで
- Until the Time of Enactment of the Old Civil Code
- 民本主義と天皇機関説
- Democracy and the Emperor as Organ Theory
- 第2章 臣民権利義務
- Chapter 2. Rights and Duties of Subjects
- 自由民権運動と御誓文
- The Freedom and People's Rights Movement and Charter Oath
- 明治初期の民法典構想
- Vision of Minpoten in the Early Meiji Period
- 皇民化政策とも言う。
- It is also called Japanization policy.
- 敗戦と中華民国の接収
- Japan's defeat and the Republic of China's seizure of Taiwan
- 3. 三綱領の「親民」
- 3. 'Qinmin', one of the 'Sankoryo'
- 植民地政府・・・南洋庁
- Colonial government ⋯ Nanyo-cho (Government office of the South Sea Islands)
- 住民は強制的に立ち退き
- Residents in those areas were forcibly ordered to move out of their homes.
- 中江兆民:イギリス留学
- Chomin NAKAE: student studying in England
- 東学農民軍の再蜂起と鎮圧
- Recurring uprising of Armed peasants in Tonghak
- 住民は強制的に立ち退き。
- Residents were forcibly ordered to move out of their homes.
- 日本民族や和人とも言う。
- It is also called the Japanese race or Wajin (a Japanese: a person whose origin is the Japanese mainland).
- 民家の国宝指定物件はない。
- No private homes have as yet been designated national treasures.
- 住民の平均年齢は約70歳。
- The residents' average age is about 70 years old.
- ローマ市民権を与えられる。
- Given citizenship of Rome.
- 植民地政府・・・朝鮮総督府
- Colonial government ⋯ Chosen Sotoku-fu
- 国民の愚かなるにして狂なる。
- People are foolish and crazy.
- 戦前は天孫民族とも称された。
- It was also called Tenson minzoku before the war.
- - 「皇国臣民の誓詞」制定。
- Establishment of the 'Vow of Japanese subjects'
- 律令制度で、賎民を制度化した。
- Senmin was systematized in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 太宰府市民政庁まつり(10月)
- Dazai-fu Shiminseicho Festival (a festival held at the ruin of Dazai-fu governmental office) (October)
- 人民を把握するための地方行政制度
- Local government system for keeping track of the people
- 76歳になれば良民に復帰できた。
- They were pardoned and returned to the Ryomin when they turned 76 years old.
- 引取入籍の拒否(旧民法738条)
- Right to refuse to take in someone in one's koseki (the Old Civil Codes, Article 738)
- 親族入籍の拒否(旧民法737条)
- Right to refuse registration on household register of relatives (the Old Civil Codes, Article 737)
- 寺社門前町支配下の農民、町人の人口
- Population of peasants and townspeople in temple/shrine towns
- 唐では官庁に隷属する官賤民の一種。
- Guanhu were low ranking officials who served government offices during the Tang Dynasty.
- これが日本で最初の民選議院である。
- This was the first popularly-elected parliament in Japan.
- が、この時農民の武装解除を命じた。
- However, he ordered disarmament of farmers at this time.
- 民法典が存在しなかった東アジア世界
- East Asia Where No Civil Code Existed
- 家族の居所指定権(旧民法749条)
- Right to determine residence of family member (the Old Civil Codes, Article 749)
- 例として、大和民族、大和魂などなど。
- For example, Yamato race, yamato-damashii (Japanese spirit) and so on.
- 士農工商の枠外に賤民階級が置かれた。
- The Senmin class was placed outside the framework in the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans and merchants.
- 現在、全及川氏の7%が神奈川県民)。
- Today, seven percent of all OIKAWA clan members are residents of Kanagawa Prefecture.
- 品部、部曲・民部、子代・名代・御名代
- Shinabe (technicians in offices), kakibe, koshiro/nashiro/minashiro
- 皇民化運動(1937年-1945年)
- Kominka (Subjects of the Emperor) movement (1937 - 1945)
- 呂宋 スペインの植民地ルソン島である。
- Luzon was an island colonized by Spain.
- 賤民階級の中でも白丁が最下級とされた。
- Hakucho (the ordinary person or inferior servant) was placed in the lowest rank of the Senmin class.
- なお、諸大名や民間にも黒鍬が存在した。
- In addition, kurokuwa (a construction worker) also existed among territorial lords and ordinary citizens.
- - 国民学校規定改正、朝鮮語の授業廃止
- Revision of the stipulation of Kokumin Gakko (elementary school in an educational system operated in Japan between 1941 and 1947), and abolition of the Korean classes
- - 呂運亨らは朝鮮人民共和国の樹立を宣言
- Un-Hyung YO proclaimed the foundation of People's Republic of Korea.
- 大韓民国の成立宣言はここで行われている。
- The declaration of the establishment of the Republic of Korea was done there.
- 離脱した右派は、その後台湾民衆党を結成。
- The right wing, who left the Taiwan Cultural Association, later formed the Taiwan People's Party.
- 部民制(べみんせい)の用例がみられない。
- There is no example of bemin (people who belonged to Yamato dynasty) system.
- 他方、王陽明は素直に「民を親しむ」と読む。
- On the other hand, Wang Yangming simply read 'qinmin' as meaning 'to be affectionate to the people.'
- 第5章 府民協働の推進(24 - 26条)
- Chapter 5: Promotion of cooperation between the Province and the residents (Article 24 to 26)
- 1974年12月の国民投票でも承認された。
- This republican system of government was approved by a national referendum held in December, 1974.
- 府県会は自由民権運動の舞台の一つとなった。
- Fuken-kai became a stage for Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- こうした一方で、新羅は民間交易に力を入れた。
- Meanwhile, Silla concentrated on private sector trade.
- 諸国から献上させた薬草を無料で貧民に施した。
- Seyaku-in provided to the poor, without a fee, medicinal plants that had been presented from all over Japan.
- 庶民の相互扶助として始まったものだとされる。
- It is supposed to have started as mutual aid for common people.
- 略奪目的で乱入した土民が原因であるとする説。
- Another theory suggests that natives who had intruded into the castle for plunder set fire.
- 根拠法は市民農園整備促進法や特定農地貸付法。
- Such a system is prescribed in the Act on Promotion of Development of Community Farms and the Act on Special Provision of the Farmland Act, etc. in Relation to Lease of Specified Farmland.
- しかし、今の日本にはかかる人民あることなし」
- But, currently such people did not exist in Japan.'
- 最近は供の数が多く、領地や領民の負担となる。
- Nowadays there are many servants and it is a burden for the territory and people of the domain.
- 明治3年(1870年)には庶民の帯刀を禁止。
- In 1870, carrying a sword was banned for the common people.
- 徴兵や植民地支配強化を目的とした政策である。
- It was a policy with a purpose of conscription and reinforcement of colonial occupation.
- 文民統制の対義語として用いられることもある。
- The rule is the antithesis of civil regulation.
- 人民は耕作地班給の代償として納税義務を負った。
- The people were required to pay tax in exchange for receiving cultivated land.
- その他の雑兵・農民らは赦免され退城を許された。
- The other people such as zohyo (common soldiers) and farmers were allowed to leave the castle.
- そして、日本の農家や民家のもととなっていった。
- Eventually, it became the base model for homes for farmers and other private homes in Japan.
- この指摘が大和民族多重構造説の元となっている。
- This generated the multiple structure theory of the Yamato race.
- 戸長は民選の後、府県知事の任命により就任した。
- The Kucho was elected by the public and then appointed by the Prefecture governor.
- 幕末頃から、民間の暦にひっそりと記載され始めた。
- It began to be secretly described in a folk calendar from the end of the Edo period.
- 儀礼称号を持つだけの者は貴族ではなく平民である。
- Any one with only a courtesy designation is not a peer but a commoner.
- このため新平民という用語が自然発生的に生まれた。
- For that reason, the term shinheimin (new commoners) was coined.
- 現行法上は日本の旧外地を植民地と呼ぶことはない。
- Under the current law, the former Japan's territories are not referred to as colonies.
- 家族の私生児・庶子の入籍の拒否(旧民法735条)
- Right to refuse registration on household register of family member's illegitimate child (the Old Civil Codes, Article 735)
- 居所の指定に従わない家族の離籍(旧民法749条)
- Right to remove family member who dissent from determination of residence from household register (the Old Civil Codes, Article 749)
- これにより、運動は全国民的なものとなっていった。
- Thus, the movement had spread to the whole country.
- 列伝から異民族の記述を独立させたもの(『晋書』)
- It is a special edition of other ethnic groups' descriptions separated from retsuden ('Jin shu').
- (由利案第二条)士民心を一にし盛に経綸を行ふを要す
- (The second article of Yuri draft) 士民心を一にし盛に経綸を行ふを要す (All classes, shimin (warrior and ordinary people) shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state.)
- うち一部が中華人民共和国越州窯のものと同定される。
- It was confirmed that some of the fragments were baked at the Esshu kiln, China.
- 江戸時代の賎民制度は、四民平等をもって廃止された。
- The Senmin system in the Edo period was abolished after the concept of the 'equality of all people' was introduced.
- - 樺太民政署の改組により、4月1日樺太庁が発足。
- Due to reorganization of the Karafuto Civil Office (Karafuto Minseisho), Karafuto-Cho was officially established on April, 1.
- 植民地政府・・・関東都督府→関東庁→関東局関東州庁
- Colonial government ⋯ Kantototokufu (the Office of the governor-general) => Kwantung Agency => Kwantung Bureau, Kwantung State Office
- 子供の父母が共に分からないとき(旧民法733条3)
- If both a father and a mother of a child are unknown (the Old Civil Codes, Article 733-3).
- この政変が士族反乱や自由民権運動の発端ともなった。
- Also, this political changes caused the Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- 農民軍参加者はのべ13万人を超えると推定されている。
- A total of more than 130,000 farmers are estimated to have joined the armed peasants.
- 川村参軍が最初に着手したのは市民生活の安定であった。
- The first operation Sangun KAWAMURA started was to stabilize the lives of the general public.
- 諸大名から天皇への領地(版図)と領民(戸籍)の返還。
- The return of demesne (land attached to a manor and retained by the owner for their own use) (territory) and people of the domain (family register) from territorial loads to the Emperor.
- 日本の律令制における身分は、良民と賎民に大別される。
- Class under the Japanese Ritsuryo system was roughly divided into 'ryomin' (good citizens) and 'senmin' (low citizens).
- それを補うために行った増税は民衆の強い反発を買った。
- The tax increase that was put in place to remedy it greatly upset the citizens.
- 現在の研究では略奪目的の土民が放火したとされている。
- Current research supports the theory that natives who had intruded into the castle for plunder set fire.
- 「オーナー」は期限付きであり、農民の小作化ではない。
- An 'owner' is time-bound, so farmers are not turned into tenants.
- 百姓・町人を平人と総称して賎民と区分することもある。
- Occasionally the peasants and townspeople were distinguished from Senmin by collectively calling Heijin (common people).
- 興隆してゆく民族や軍隊の反映が「軍人勅諭」にはある。
- 'The Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors' reflects the rise of a nation and the army.
- 家族の婚姻・養子縁組に対する同意権(旧民法750条)
- Consent right regarding marriage of family members and adoption (the Old Civil Codes, Article 750)
- 民族浄化政策として自覚的に行われたと疑う論調もある。
- There is a tone that doubt the policy to be undertaken subjectively as an ethnic cleansing policy.
- 薩軍は敗戦続きに気勢揚がらず、民家に放火して退却した。
- Having been defeated in succession, the Satsuma army was in low spirits, and retreated after setting fire to private houses.
- 王土王民思想を最も反映していたのがこの土地制度である。
- This system most closely reflected the concept of odo omin.
- 多くの都市住民が保存会会員や棚田オーナーになっている。
- A large number of city-dwellers have become members of the NPO or owners of Tanada.
- 戦後は民間に払い下げられ、滑走路は農地・宅地となった。
- The base was handed down to the private sector after the war, and the runways became farmland and residential land.
- 下級武士・農民・職人・商人は一括して「平民」とされた。
- The low ranking samurai, the peasants, the artisans, and the merchants were collectively categorized as 'Heimin' (commoner).
- なお外国の属領を植民地と呼ぶことはある(現行法でも)。
- However, dependent territories of other countries are often referred to as colonies (even under the current law).
- 人民支配のための本格的な古代の戸籍制度作りも開始される。
- The beginning of the establishment of a full family register at this time was an attempt to control the population.
- 初期の移民には東北地方からの士族移民の比重が大きかった。
- Most of the early immigrants were of a warrior class from Tohoku region.
- 賤民は衣服により色分けされていたので五色の賤と呼ばれる。
- From the fact that the Senmin were required to wear color-coded clothes, they were collectively called Goshiki no sen (lit. the lowly persons in five colors).
- この義兵は流民も多く、朝鮮の民衆や軍隊も襲う事もあった。
- Such volunteer soldiers included many displaced persons and sometimes attacked Korean people or the army.
- 第33章からは夜間の職業学校として諸民学校を定めている。
- From Chapter 33 there were provisions for Shomin Gakko(evening vocational schools).
- 従者ノ員数近来甚ダ多シ、且ハ国郡ノ費、且ハ人民ノ労ナリ。
- Nowadays there are many servants: this causes expenses for the country and labour for the people of the domain.
- 漁民が、漁場の近くの海岸線に作る作業場兼宿泊施設のこと。
- Banya also means facilities for fishermen's lodgings and workshops set up along the coast near fishing grounds.
- (ここは、鎌田元一や前之園亮一の部民制を主に参考にした。
- (The bemin system studied by Motokazu KAMADA and Ryoichi MAENOSONO were mainly referenced here.)
- 交換の際、日本は樺太のアイヌ民族を北海道に強制移住させた。
- When the land exchange took place based on the treaty, Japanese government forcibly transferred the Ainu in Sakhalin to Hokkaido.
- 良民官人、公民、品部(しなべ、又はともべ)、雑戸(ざっこ)
- Ryomin: Kanjin, Komin, Shinabe (or Tomobe), and Zakko
- 私奴婢は良民の3分の一の口分田が班給され売買・相続された。
- Shinuhi, or privately owned slaves, who were each given one-third of land given to an ordinary person by the government, could be traded and inherited.
- (由利案第一条)庶民志を遂げ人心をして倦まざらしむるを欲す
- (The first article of Yuri draft) 庶民志を遂げ人心をして倦まざらしむるを欲す (The common people shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.)
- 家族が離籍されたとき(旧民法742条・749条・750条)
- In case that a family member is removed from household register (the Old Civil Codes, Article 742, 749 and 750).
- 先住民族からなる高砂義勇隊は南方戦線で大きな活躍を見せた。
- The Takasago Volunteer Army consisting of aborigines were very brave in the Southern battle line.
- これには欧米列強による植民地化を免れるという大前提があった。
- The major premise of the above was to prevent the nation from being colonized by western powers.
- 台南において地元民(高山族)を中心とする頑強な抵抗が続いた。
- Obstinate resistance mainly by local people (mainly by Kao-shan Tribe) continued in Tainan,
- 5月 朝鮮政府、甲午農民戦争(東学党の乱)の鎮圧を清朝に依頼
- May: The Korean government requested Qing dynasty to suppress the Donghak Peasant Revolution (the Tonghak Uprising).
- 官賤民中で太常音声人および雑戸の下奴婢の上に位置づけられる。
- Their status was below those of Court of Sacrificial Worship (Taichang Si) Yinsheng and Zahu but above that of a servant.
- 都市住民と地元の農家など棚田の保存を望む人たちが田植えした。
- People who wish to preserve Tanada, including city-dwellers and local farmers, planted rice in the fields.
- 自由民権家の高田早苗は「聞きしに優る良憲法」と高く評価した。
- Democratic activist, Sanae TAKATA evaluated it as 'a considerably nicer constitution than expected.'
- 中江兆民もまた以下のように書生の幸徳秋水に溜息をついている。
- Chomin NAKAE also expressed his anxiety to his student, Shusui KOTOKU as follows;
- しかし、それ以後は、仏教思想を根拠にした賎民制度が登場した。
- However, the Senmin system based on Buddhistic thought appeared after that.
- このため、いわゆる民兵組織ではなく長州藩の正規常備軍である。
- So, Kiheitai Army was a standing army of Choshu Domain not the militia.
- 庶民の場合は居住する町・村役人または菩提寺に発行を依頼する。
- The common people asked town or village officers, or their family temples to issue their tsuko-tegata..
- 日本政府が内地以外の統治区域を植民地と呼ぶことは珍しくない。
- It is not rare for the Japanese government to refer to territories other than the inland as colonies.
- 一部の士族はこれらの四民平等政策に反発し、士族反乱が起こる。
- Some shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) opposed these policies to enact equality of all people, and the Shizoku Hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) occurred.
- 先住民は逃げた者を敵とみなし、次々に殺害し54名を斬首した。
- The aborigines considered the escapees to be their enemies and killed 54 people by beheading them one after another.
- その中で国民党批判と共に日本の統治政策を再評価を訴えている。
- In his appeal he criticized the Kuomintang Party and re-evaluated Japan's governance policies.
- その過程で台湾語・客家語・原住民語の使用は抑圧・禁止された。
- In the process, the use of Taiwanese, Hakka and aboriginal languages was discouraged or prohibited.
- また東海・東山道諸国の民を城柵に移し、農耕や防衛に当たらせた。
- People from Tokaido and Tozando regions were moved to castles and josakukanga and forced to be engaged in farming and defense.
- 住民の武装抵抗のほか、赤痢やマラリア、脚気による被害を受けた。
- The Japanese troops not only faced armed resistance of the local people but also suffered dysentery, malaria, and beriberi.
- - 戦後初期における自由民主党 (日本)のフィクサー、陽明学者
- A fixer for the Liberal Democratic Party in the early post-war period, Yomei-gaku scholar
- 陽明学宣揚は、国民国家の精神に注入すべく為されたものであった。
- Yomeigaku was enhanced to infuse it into the spirit of the nation-state.
- 律令制度が崩壊することにより、奈良時代の賎民制度は廃止された。
- The abolishment of the Senmin system in the Nara period was followed by the collapse of the Ritsuryo system.
- 愛国公党(あいこくこうとう)は、最初の自由民権運動の政治結社。
- The Aikokukoto Party was the first political organization associated under the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- その後、江戸時代には庶民の習字手本として民間にも普及している。
- After that, in the Edo period, it became widespread as a text book of calligraphy also among the general public.
- 戸主の同意を得ずに婚姻・養子縁組した者の離籍(旧民法750条)
- Right to remove family member who got married or adopted without from household register (the Old Civil Codes, Article 750)
- 大和民族のほぼ全てが日本語、もしくは日本手話を母語としている。
- Almost all people of the Yamato race speak Japanese or Japanese sign language as their mother tongue.
- 総統引退後の李登輝は台湾の中華民国(中国)からの独立を訴えた。
- Teng-hui LEE appealed for Taiwan's independence from the Republic of China (China) after having retired from presidency.
- 台湾総督府の設立当初は民政、陸軍、海軍の3局が設置されていた。
- In its early days, the Sotoku-fu was composed of three bureaus: Home Affairs, Army, and Navy.
- また、新規移民に米、銭、農具などを与える移民扶助の規定を設けた。
- Also, an aid system was created to provide rice, money and agricultural tools to new immigrants.
- 一般市民の渡航が認めらるようになるのは明治時代からのことである。
- It was the Meiji period when the people were allowed to travel abroad.
- これらの権利は、天皇から臣民に与えられた「恩恵的権利」とされた。
- These rights were thought to be 'the right given by emperor's favor.'
- 諸民学校には農業学校、通弁学校、商業学校、工業学校が定められた。
- It was provided that Shomin Gakko should include agricultural schools, interpretational schools, commercial schools and technical schools.
- 漁民や山民は直属の民として、狩猟での獲物や海産物を王室に納めた。
- Imperial subjects such as fishermen and hunters paid their customs by offering their catches to the imperial household.
- この過程で、台湾や朝鮮から日本列島への他の民族の流入もおこった。
- During this time, other races came into the Japanese archipelago from Taiwan and Korea.
- 一般に、政治的統一は民族的等質性の結果ではなくむしろ原因である。
- In general, political integration is not a result of racial homogeneity but a cause.
- 前総統の李登輝は国民党の独裁政治を廃し台湾内での民主化を導いた。
- Teng-hui LEE, the former President of the Republic of China, stopped the dictatorship of the Kuomintang Party and promoted democratic reforms in Taiwan.
- むしろ、放任から干渉に転換して住民自治を削る試みの一環であった。
- Rather, it was a part of an attempt to change from noninterference to interference and to reduce resident autonomy.
- 諸豪族の所有民で、蘇我部・大伴部など、豪族の名を帯びる部である。
- A division of people owned by many powerful clans, which carried their names such as Sogabe and Otomobe.
- 11月、平城宮予定地のため移転させられる民家に穀物、布を支給した。
- In November, she provided grain and cloth to families who were forced to move from the site of Heijo-kyu Palace.
- 民間においては、現在でも親しい仲などが集まり小規模で行われている。
- Among ordinary citizens, even now close associates gather to practice it on a small scale.
- また金子氏を慕う領民達も決起し毛利軍にゲリラを仕掛けたと思われる。
- It seems that the village people in the territory, who adored their lord, even engaged in guerrilla warfare against the troops of the Mori clan.
- また経済の発展による庶民の台頭は、学問の担い手を生むこととなった。
- The rise of common people due to economic development produced the supporters of academic studies.
- 畠中城では、日根郡の地侍・農民らからなる城兵と中村一氏が対戦した。
- At the Hatanaka-jo Castle, the castle soldiers consisting of jizamurai and farmers of Hine County fought against Kazuuji NAKAMURA.
- 武家の女性は移動について庶民よりも厳しく女通行手形が必須であった。
- Control over movement of women in samurai families was stricter than that over the common people, and tsuko-tegata for women was indispensable.
- 1924年には京城帝国大学が開設され、民立大学期成運動に対抗した。
- In 1924, Keijo Imperial University was established to counter the movement for establishing private universities.
- ただし、中国、韓国では民間レベルでは尺貫法の単位が使われ続けている。
- However, private sectors in China and South Korea still use the units of Shakkanho.
- 日本軍は先住民の村を焼き払うなどし、日本側の戦死者は12名であった。
- The Japanese army burned down villages of indigenous people with 12 deaths of Japanese soldiers during the war.
- 戦闘は激しいものとなり、夕方、官軍は民家に火を放ち、二川に退却した。
- The battle became fierce, and in the evening, the government army retreated after setting fire to private houses.
- よって、前期を士族屯田、後期を平民屯田として時代区分することがある。
- Therefore, the history is sometimes divided into the first half period, Shizoku-tondenhei Settlements, and the latter half, Commoner- tondenhei Settlements.
- 官戸は犯罪行為の罰として賤民に落とされた身分で口分田等は良民と同等。
- Kanko were those who were demoted to the lowly status as punishment for their criminal acts and were granted the same farming rights as Ryomin.
- 日本では、1869年(明治2年)に新設された族称の一つが平民である。
- The term heimin designated a class of family and was created in 1869 in Japan.
- 一 官武一途庶民ニ至ル迄各其志ヲ遂ケ人心ヲシテ倦マサラシメン事ヲ要ス
- 3. 官武一途庶民ニ至ル迄各其志ヲ遂ケ人心ヲシテ倦マサラシメン事ヲ要ス(The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.)
- 都道府県や市町村は公共サービスへの対価として住民から税金を徴収する。
- Tax is collected by prefectures and municipalities in exchange for the provision of public services.
- 一、官武一途庶民ニ至ル迄各其志ヲ遂ケ人心ヲシテ倦マサラシメン事ヲ要ス
- 1. The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.
- 翌1793年に国民公会がルイ16世の処刑を議決しギロチン送りとした。
- In the following year, the National Convention decided to execute King Louis XVI by guillotine.
- 1940年4月には「忠良有為ノ皇国民ヲ錬成スル」という目的を掲げた。
- In April, 1940, the goal that 'training faithful and promising Japanese people' was laid out.
- また民俗学などで民間信仰の変遷を辿る際には手がかりになることもある。
- Gisho within folklore and so forth can also provide clues as to how folk beliefs have changed through time.
- 中華人民共和国は、2013年完成を目指して、独自の清史を編纂中である。
- The PRC is in the process of compiling their own unique, stand-alone history of the Qing dynasty, and are aiming to complete it by 2013.
- その前後から負担に苦しむ農民の浮浪や逃亡がふえ、社会不安が表面化した。
- Around that time, however, vagrancy and defection of heavily-burdened farmers increased and social unease came to the surface.
- しかし、挽回不能と見て、民家を買い取り、火を放ち、従容として切腹した。
- However, judging that it was impossible to reverse the disadvantageous state, he bought a private house, set fire to it and committed ritual suicide by disembowelment, accepting the situation.
- 一方、高句麗遺民の一部は698年、中国東北に渤海 (国)国を建国した。
- On the other side, in 698, a group of the surviving members of Koguryo founded the Bokkai Kingdom in North Eastern China.
- これは、律令国家による人民支配が非常に徹底していたことを物語っている。
- This shows that the nations that followed the Ritsuryo codes completely ruled the people.
- 江戸時代の宗門人別改帳に代わり、皇族から平民までを戸を単位に集計した。
- Instead of Shumon-Ninbetsu-Aratame-Cho (The Village People Register of Religious Faith and Relationship) at the Edo period, it was calculated in units of doors from the imperial family to commoners.
- このため、結果として賎民とされる人々に仏教徒が多いという現象を生じた。
- Therefore, it resulted in the phenomenon that there were many Buddhists among the people who were supposed to be Senmin.
- 賎民のなかには李氏朝鮮に敗北した地方豪族(将軍)の子孫も含まれている。
- The descendants of powerful local clans (generals) defeated by the Yi dynasty were also included in Senmin.
- 秀吉は太田開城時に指導層の地侍を処断する一方、一般農民は退城を許した。
- While Hideyoshi executed jizamurai of the leading position at the time of the surrender of Ota-jo Castle, he allowed common farmers to leave the castle.
- これにより従来の行政機関である樺太民政署は発展的解消を遂げたと言える。
- In this way the Karafuto Civil Office (Karafuto Minseisho), which was the administrative body up to then, was dissolved and absorbed into the new administration.
- 当初これらの賤民層は屠勇隊として分離され、奇兵隊とは別に扱われていた。
- At the beginning, separated from Kiheitai Army, humble or lowly people were treated as Toyutai.
- 民族としての同一性が、ヤマト王権による政治的統合に由来するからである。
- This is because the uniformity as a race came via political integration by Yamato sovereignty.
- 主に日本列島に居住しており、日本国を形成し、日本国の大多数民族である。
- The Yamato race is the major race in Japan, living mainly in the Japanese archipelago which forms the country.
- それらが複合した形態をもって、一つの一貫した民俗体系が構築されている。
- A standardized system of folk culture was built around a combination of both traditions.
- しかし、農民の墾田意欲は必ずしも向上せず、墾田も思いのほか進まなかった。
- However, it did not work as motivation for farmers to reclaim rice fields and thus it did not progress as expected.
- 賠償金の支給はまた中国の民衆に大きい負担になり、中国は更に貧弱になった。
- The payment of the reparations imposed a heavy burden on Chinese citizens, which pushed the nation into further poverty.
- その二番目にあたる「親民」の解釈をめぐっても朱子と王陽明は大きく異なる。
- Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming also significantly differ from each other in their interpretations of the second theme, 'qinmin.'
- 決して贅沢な間取りではないが、当時の一般庶民の住宅よりは良かったという。
- Its room arrangement is said to have been far from luxurious, but better than that of the ordinary people at that time.
- 鎖国体制下では民間貿易は厳禁され、管理貿易が以下の四ヶ所でおこなわれた。
- Under seclusionism, nongovernmental trade was strictly prohibited, while controlled trade was allowed via the following four routes.
- その後に半植民地化されたことを考えれば鎖国は必要だったという意見もある。
- Some hold to the view that national isolation was indispensable, given the fact that the dynasty later became a half-colonized country.
- この間、国民の間でも憲法改正論議は高まり、様々な憲法改正案が発表された。
- On the other hand, debate on constitutional amendment grew warm also among common people, and they published various revision proposals.
- 芸能人も、大道芸人と呼ばれ、つかみ所のない者として、賎民呼ばわりされた。
- Entertainers were called street performers and were also defined as Senmin, since they were considered pointless.
- 民政長官:熊谷喜一郎 (1905年7月28日 - 1907年3月31日)
- Civil Governor: Kiichiro KUMAGAI (July 28, 1905 - March 31, 1907)
- 1月17日、板垣、副島らは政府に対して『民撰議院設立建白書』を提出した。
- On January 17, Itagaki and Soejima submitted 'the political statement for democratic representation' to the government.
- 江戸幕府や各藩、明治以降は新政府や各府県、または民間によって招聘された。
- Such foreigners were invited to Japan by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and by various regional domains; beginning in the Meiji period, they were invited by the new Meiji government, prefectural offices, or by the private sector.
- 民間では岩崎弥太郎の創始した三菱や三井は政府の保護を受けて政商となった。
- In private companies, Mitsubishi, which was founded by Yataro IWASAKI, and Mitsui became businessmen with political ties, under the protection of the government.
- 1923年総選挙で共和派が勝利して、翌年12月の国民投票で共和制に移行。
- In 1923, a republican party won the general election, and in December of the following year the country changed itself into a republic by a national referendum.
- そしてその内容のために清朝も、その後継政権である中華民国も苦しめられた。
- Because of the contents of the protocol the Qing dynasty and even the Republic of China that succeeded it had been suffered.
- ちなみに1882年の朝清商民水陸貿易章程では清の宗主権が明文化されている。
- As a side note, Korea-Qing Land and Commercial Sea Activity Treaty singed in 1882 explicitly expressed Qing's suzerainty.
- しかし既に農民軍は撤収しており天津条約上でも日本軍の派兵理由は無くなった。
- However the armed peasants had withdrawn, and the reason of the dispatch of Japanese troops based on Treaty of Tianjin had disappeared.
- 土地の班給が人民一人一人に対して行われたので、課税も個人に対してなされた。
- As the cultivated land was allotted for each peasants, taxes were imposed for each individual.
- 表高に対し、実際に領民に課される年貢額の算定に用いられる石高を内高と言う。
- Against Omotedaka, kokudaka that was actually used to estimate nengu imposed to ryomin (people of the domain) was called uchidaka (real value of the yield).
- この時期の律令国家は、戸籍と計帳で人民を把握し、租・庸・調と軍役を課した。
- The ritsuryo kokka in this period maintained control of the people through koseki (the household registers) and keicho (the yearly tax registers) and imposed soyocho (taxes) and military service.
- 公地公民制を唱える論者は、墾田の推進により律令制度の崩壊を早まったとする。
- The theorists who support the Kochi-komin System (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens) advocate that the promotion of konden accelerated the fall of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 大塩に従った農民も多く、地方にも飛び火して幕府や諸藩に大きな衝撃を与えた。
- Many farmers followed Oshio, and the uprising spread repercussions in other regions, which gave a great shock to the shogunate government and domains.
- 雑賀側はゲリラ戦によって抵抗し、織田勢は近辺への放火や住民の殺害を行った。
- The Saiga side fought back with guerrilla warfare and the Oda army set afire and killed local people.
- 具体的には、農作物の価格変動リスクを、政府から農民へ転嫁したものといえる。
- To be more precise, it can be said that the risk of price fluctuation of agricultural crops was passed on to farmers from the government.
- また、部落問題民をも奇兵隊に取り入れていたという事実も特筆するべきである。
- The fact that Kiheitai Army involved people in Buraku problem was worthy of special mention.
- これは被差別部落民が米商の投機買いによる最大の被害者層であったからである。
- This is because people from discriminated communities called buraku were the heaviest sufferers by speculative buying of rice merchants.
- 家族が残っている状態で絶家し、入るべき家が無くなったとき(旧民法764条)
- In the event that, because the family line has died out despite the fact that family members are still living, a person has no household to which he or she can belong (the former Civil Code, Article 764).
- 先住民とは交流ができなかったらしく、12月17日に遭難者達は集落から逃走。
- The abductees apparently could not communicate with the aborigines, for they escaped from the village on December 17.
- 一方中華人民共和国では、当時秤量銀貨(銀錠)の額面単位に「両」を用いていた。
- In the People's Republic of China at that time, the 'ryo' unit was used to show the face value of silver-by-weight standard coins.
- そのため、東清鉄道やハルピンを始めとする植民都市の建設まで許すこととなった。
- It is for this reason that they acquiesced to the construction the Eastern Manchurian Railway and colonial cities beginning with Harbin.
- 北魏はまず、人民を体系的に支配するために三長制という地方行政制度を実施した。
- At first, Northern Wei implemented a local administration system called the sanchang system to systematically govern the people.
- 後には人口が多い平民が主流になり、その出身地は東北と北陸地方とが多くなった。
- In later years, the mainstream of immigrants was shifted to commoners, the most populous social class, from Tohoku and Hokuriku regions.
- 朝鮮通信使 - 琉球使節 - オランダ風説書・唐風説書 - 漂流民の取り調べ
- Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary); envoys dispatched from The Ryukyu Kingdom to the Edo Bakufu for paying tribute; world information delivered by ships from the Netherlands and world information delivered by ships from the Tang Dynasty - interrogating castaways
- 賎民(せんみん)とは、通常の民衆よりも下位に置かれた身分またはその者を指す。
- Senmin indicates a rank or a person of such rank who is placed lower than the common person.
- 具体的には民間には海外進出を禁じ、公的には貿易のルートを朝貢のみに限定した。
- To be specific, in private sectors advancing overseas was prohibited, and an official sector for the trading route was restricted only to choko (paying tribute to the court).
- これは多分に娯楽的な意味を持ち、民衆が旅行するようになった起源とも言われる。
- It is said that such pilgrimages were highly entertaining in a sense, and led to the popularity of travelling among common people.
- また、各地の人民に対して出された告諭書にも御誓文を部分的に引用する例がある。
- Also in kokuyusho (document of official notice) to people in various places, Charter Oath was quoted in some cases.
- 結果、炮術調練場は延伸するが、当面は訓練を行わないことで、幕府と住民が合意。
- As a result, although the shooting practice field was extended, the bakufu and residents agreed that it wouldn't be used for shooting for the time being.
- そして同年5月、第三回帝国議会において民法典論争は政治的な決着がはかられた。
- In May of the same year a political settlement of the Minpoten Ronso was made in the third Imperial Diet.
- 自由民権運動の影響下に発生した、いわゆる「激化事件」の代表例ともされてきた。
- It had been assumed to be a representative example of so-called 'aggravated incidents' occurred under the influence of Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- 尚、生類憐みの令がきっかけで庶民にも犬を飼う習慣が出来たとする説も存在する。
- Additionally, there is a theory that the custom of common people keeping dogs started with the introduction of this law.
- そうすると、政府への強い批判が起こり自由民権運動が一層の盛り上がりを見せた。
- Then, criticism towards the government became stronger and the Freedom and People's Rights Movement was pumped up.
- 台湾軍民で戦死又は殺害された者は14,000人(『台湾史小事典』)に及んだ。
- The people, whether military or civilian, killed in the war amounted to 14,000 in numbers (Taiwan History Dictionary).
- 個々の人物(特に国に仕えた官僚)の一生や周辺の異民族の民俗を書き並べたもの。
- It is a biography of individual figures (most of them were bureaucrats who served the countries) or a record of folks of other ethnic groups living in surrounding areas.
- また開国後の貿易で日本への米輸出による米価高騰と食糧危機が民衆を圧迫していた。
- Also rice exports to Japan due to trade after opening of the country caused soaring rice prices and food crisis and put people's lives under pressure.
- これにより6月1日朝鮮政府は清の派兵を要請する一方、農民軍への宣撫にあたった。
- On June 1, the Korean government asked Qing to dispatch troops and tried to pacify the armed peasants.
- 父子(父と息子)、家人(唐律の部曲にあたる隷属民)、資財、田宅が没官となった。
- The fathers and the sons along with the subordinate people, assets, farmlands and housing lands of the muhon convicts were confiscated.
- しかしこれらは不穏民衆を一揆と認識して討伐した慶長の役が始まった後の話である。
- However, this was conducted only after the Keicho war began when disruptive people were recognized as members of the insurgency.
- 平成18年(2006年)には民家に移築されていた瀬田口総門番所が取り壊された。
- In 2006, the guard house for the Setaguchi main gate which was moved to private property was demolished.
- なお、郵政民営化前の特定郵便局長の任用は事実上の世襲であったと指摘されている。
- In addition, it is pointed out that before the privatization of the postal service, the appointment of the master of a special locally-owned post office was an example of virtual heredity.
- 軍権と民政権とを兼ね備えた藩鎮の勢力は強大であり、藩鎮は多く自立傾向を持った。
- The power of hanchin that had control of both the military and the civil government was enormous, and the majority of the hanchin had a tendency to be independent.
- 農作業は、集落住民と守る会会員、棚田オーナー(113組・517人)が参加する。
- The villagers, members of Senmaida hozonkai and owners of Tanada (517 people in 113 groups) participate in agricultural tasks.
- 一方では、商人の経済活動が活発化し、都市を中心に庶民文化(化政文化)が栄えた。
- Meanwhile, economic activities by merchants became active, and a popular culture (Kasei culture) flourished mainly within the cities.
- (福岡案第二条)官武一途庶民に至る迄各其志を遂げ人心をして倦まざらしむるを要す
- (The second article of Fukuoka draft) 官武一途庶民に至る迄各其志を遂げ人心をして倦まざらしむるを要す。 (The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.)
- 一般市民の身分制度は士農工商と呼ばれる階級制であり、武士が民衆を支配していた。
- The class system of common people was the hierarchy of soldiers (samurai), farmers, artisans, and merchants, called shinokosho, and the samurai controlled the others.
- 庶民レベルでは僧侶ら知識階級が庶民らの子どもを集めて基本的な読み書きを教えた。
- For common people, the intellectual class such as Buddhist monks gathered children of common people together, and taught them basic reading and writing.
- 「地方税法」は、地方自治体が住民から徴収できる税のかたち(税目)を定めている。
- The 'Local Tax Act' stipulates tax items on which a local governments can impose taxes.
- しかし、公地公民制が律令体制の根幹であるとは、律令のどこにも記載されていない。
- However, there is no description in the Ritsuryo codes that the Kochi-komin Sei is the basis of the Ritsuryo system.
- 江戸町民の間では米価騰貴の中での幕府の犬への厚い待遇に対して、憤りが高まった。
- Citizens of Edo were furious about how well dogs were treated by the Shogunate.
- 戸主の同意を得ずに婚姻・養子縁組した者の復籍拒絶(旧民法741条2・735条)
- Right to refuse reverting to previous household register against family member who got married or adopted without agreement of head of a family (the Old Civil Codes, Article 741-2 and 735).
- 言語統制、日本語標準語の公用語化、教育現場における方言や、各民族語などの禁止。
- Language control, making standard Japanese as the official language, prohibition against the use of dialects and ethnic languages.
- この時の行政区域はその後の国民政府による台湾行政区域決定にも影響を与えている。
- The administrative regions established at this time influenced the Nationalist Government when it determined Taiwan administrative regions.
- 民営に委ねた場合に発生する、無用の競争や改良努力の怠慢など8項目の弊害をあげた。
- He pointed out the eight adverse effects including the unnecessary competition and the neglect of improvement efforts that may occur when it was left to the private sectors.
- 日本では、幕末に朝廷から一般民衆まで熱く論じられ、反体制運動の合言葉ともなった。
- In Japan, it was discussed passionately among people from Chotei Court officials to the general public at the end of the Edo period and became a watchword for the anti-establishment movement.
- また田と民は国家のものとされる公地公民制を取り入れ、戸籍により班田が支給された。
- Kochi Komin system, under which rice fields and people belonged to the nation, was adopted and handen (allotted farmland) was provided in accordance with the family register.
- 1871年の琉球島民殺害事件にたいして薩摩藩出身者を中心に台湾出兵が建言された。
- In response to the murders of some Ryukyu sailors in 1871, politicians mainly from the Satsuma Domain strongly suggested the dispatch of troops to Taiwan.
- 唐は百済の旧領を郡県制支配の下に置いたが、すぐに百済遺民による反抗運動が起きる。
- The Tang Dynasty put the old territories of Kudara under the county and prefecture system, but an uprising by the surviving members of Kudara soon took place.
- 倭国は、百済滅亡で多くの百済難民を受け入れるとともに、唐・新羅との対立を深めた。
- Wakoku took in numerous Kudara refugees after its fall, but at the same time hostility between Wakoku and Tang-Silla escalated.
- 華族は公法上は国家から特別待遇が与えられたが、私法上は士族、平民と同様であった。
- Kazoku could receive special treatments from the state under public laws, but they were treated in the same manner as shizoku and heimin under private laws.
- 農耕社会では、自己と同一の意識と生活を有する農民に対しては、警戒感は惹起しない。
- In the agrarian society, a sense of vigilance was not raised toward the peasants, who possessed the same consciousness and standard of living as one's own.
- 古い時代から海上交通の比重が高く、沿岸部では海の船上生活に慣れた海民が活躍した。
- Because of this, in Korea marine traffic played an important role in the transportation from ancient times, and in the coastal areas kaimin (people of the sea) who were used to life at sea flourished.
- 1889年(明治22年)2月11日、大日本帝国憲法が発布され、国民に公表された。
- The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was promulgated on February 11, 1889, and then announced to the public.
- 1899年(明治32年)に、柳原町の町長経験者でもあった明石民蔵らによって設立。
- In 1899, it was founded by Tamizo AKASHI, a former mayor of Yanagihara-cho, and others.
- その結果、生活基盤が崩壊する賎民が続出して部落差別問題の深刻化の一因ともなった。
- As a result, there occurred the collapse of livelihood for many Senmin, thus contributing to the deepening of the Buraku discrimination problem.
- さらに多数説は、「下人」といわれた不自由民・奴隷とも全く異なる存在であるとする。
- In the opinion of most viewers of the history, Hinin absolutely differed from Fujiyu-min or slave who was called 'Genin' (low ranked person).
- 町民階級などに至っては、生類憐みの令違反で厳罰に処された事例は少数であるとする。
- Some insist that there were very few cases of townspeople being severely punished for breaking the law against cruelty to animals.
- 九州の徳川幕府直轄領の民治を司る行政官であり代官であり、16万2千石を所轄する。
- Saigokusuji-gundai, an administrative officer as well as a local governor who managed the affairs of Kyushu region which was the territory under the direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate, had a fief of 162,000 koku.
- 旧国名を付けた駅名は、近隣住民などから通称として旧国名なしで呼ばれる場合もある。
- In some cases, station names with old provincial names are called by neighboring residents as their ordinary names without old provincial names.
- これによって、現在の東北地方北部から南九州までを大和民族が支配することとなった。
- Therefore, the Yamato race came to rule over an area from what is currently the Tohoku region to southern Kyushu.
- 1902年になると漢人による抗日運動は制圧され、民間が所有する武器は没収された。
- In 1902, the anti-Japanese movements by the Han Chinese were put down and the weapons owned by civilians were confiscated.
- だが、銀錠は民間によって発行されていたため、時代や地域によって形状が異なっていた。
- The shape of the silver sycee varied depending on the age and area it was minted as it was issued by private sector.
- 合議体制、官民一体での国家形成、旧習の打破、世界列国と伍する実力の涵養などである。
- In this oath, the government stipulated the use of a collegiate body system, the creation of a state in cooperation with bureaucracy and the private sector, the breaking of old habits, and the fostering of power to equal with foreign powerful countries.
- この官僚機構は、王土王民理念による人民統治を実現するための必要な権力装置であった。
- This bureaucratic organization was a necessary tool for ruling the people based on the idea of odo omin.
- しかし、現在の皇帝に不満がある場合国民などが帝位に着くことを望んだ場合帝位に上る。
- However, a citizen could accede the imperial throne if he did not satisfy with the present emperor and hoped to do so.
- 賎民のうち、公奴婢と私奴婢は売買の対象とされるなど、奴隷として位置づけられていた。
- Among the senmin, kunui and shinui were treated as slaves and could be bought and sold.
- 1946年に在日韓国・朝鮮人が遺骨を発掘、故国である朝鮮において国民葬が行われた。
- In 1946, North and South Korean residents in Japan uncovered his remains and a national funeral was carried out in his native country, Korea.
- 帰国後李承晩政権の国務委員を勤めるが、朝鮮戦争の際、朝鮮民主主義人民共和国へ連行。
- After going back to Korea, he served as the commissioner of internal affairs of the Syngman Rhee administration, but was later taken to Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) during the Korean War.
- 官奴婢と同じく口分田が良民と同額班給され休仮・服仮・産仮が与えられ衣粮が給された。
- Like kunuhi, kanko were not only allotted state-distributed fields (called 'kubunden' in Japanese) of equal value to those held by ryomin and granted time off, including leave for mourning and childbirth, but also supplied with food and clothing.
- 北宋以降は官吏やその親属の家を官戸と呼び普通の庶民と区別することが一般的となった。
- Since the Northern Song Dynasty, government officials and their immediate families came to be called guanhu and they were generally treated differently from commoners.
- 当時の自由民権家や新聞各紙も、同様に大日本帝国憲法を高く評価し、憲法発布を祝った。
- Democratic activists and newspapers of that time also highly evaluated the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and celebrated its promulgation.
- このように敗戦後の初期には支配層は五箇条の御誓文は民主主義の原理であると主張した。
- As the example above, shortly after the war, the ruling class claimed that Charter Oath of Five Articles was the principle of democracy.
- 元親は兵力増強の為、十五歳以上から六十歳までの領民の中で戦に参戦できる者を集めた。
- Motochika collected people aged from 15 to 60, who could participate in the war to raise his troop strength.
- これらを解体するためには、寺社や地侍、そして農民をも武装解除することが必要だった。
- In order to dissolve these, disarmaments of temple, shrine, jizamurai and farmers were needed.
- この論文はそのタイトルのため最も注目を集め、民法典論争の象徴ともいえる論文である。
- This thesis is the one that attracted the most attention because of the title, and may be said to symbolize the disputes over the Civil Code.
- また、国民全体が清教徒のよく言えば純粋、悪く言えば独善的な行動に嫌気がさしていた。
- This made the nation of England grow tired of the puritans' innocence in a good sense but self-righteous activities in a bad sense.
- 1921年には、平城宮跡の中心部分が民間の寄金によって買い取られ、国に寄付された。
- In 1921, the central part of the Heijo-kyu Palace Site was purchased by private donations and entrusted to the government.
- 貞享4年(1687年)4月9日:病気の馬遺棄者が遠流に処される(武蔵国村民10人)
- On April 9th, 1687, deserters of sick horses were ordered to exile (10 villagers in Musashi Province).
- 8月31日、政府は大隈と民権陣営が結託した上での陰謀と断じて大隈の追放を決定した。
- On August 31, the government determined that Okuma and supporters of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement cooperated on the dark plot, and thus decided the banishment of Okuma.
- 大和民族の連合政権とされるヤマト王権の成立過程は、現段階でも明らかになっていない。
- The process which established the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), which is likely to be a coalition government of the Yamato race, has yet to be revealed.
- また、日常会話では大和民族ではなく、基本的に日本人(日本人の定義が曖昧)と称する。
- In daily conversation, the term 'Japanese' (which has an ambiguous meaning) is used, rather than 'Yamato race.'
- 「内閣総理大臣その他の国務大臣は、文民でなければならない。」(日本国憲法第66条)
- The Prime Minister and other Ministers of State must be civilians.' (Japanese Constitution, article 66)
- 10月下旬に劉永福が大陸に逃亡、日本軍が台南を占領したことで台湾民主国は崩壊した。
- At the end of October, Yung-fu LIU fled to the continent and the Japanese army occupied Tainan, which events marked the collapse of the Republic of Formosa.
- しかし12月には台湾北部で清朝の郷勇が台湾民主国の延長としての抗日運動を開始した。
- In December, however, the anti-Japanese movements led by the volunteer forces of the Qing dynasty started in northern Taiwan in the form of an extension of the armed resistance of the Republic of Formosa.
- 江戸時代の街道には宿場ごとに多くの旅籠があって武士や一般庶民の泊まり客で賑わった。
- Many hatago were located in each shukuba (post station) on kaido (road) in the Edo period and crowded with guests such as samurai and the common people.
- 平城京は、中国の都長安を模した都を造営し、役人が住民の大半を占める政治都市であった。
- Heijokyo was built as a national centre of politics, mainly inhabited by officials, on the model of the capital of China, Changan.
- 壬申戸籍では、皇族、華族、士族、卒族、郷士、旧神官、僧、尼、平民等を別個に集計した。
- Imperial family, the peerage, warrior class, sotsuzoku (low-ranking samurai), goshi (country samurai), former Shinto priests, Buddhist priests, nuns, commoners were separately added up in the Jinshin-koseki.
- そうした分国支配の一環として、領国内の武士・領民を規制するために分国法が定められた。
- As part of control over one county, Bunkokuho was established to control warriors and farmers within its county.
- 良民の半額に当たる口分田(40畝支給)の規定があり婚姻は同一身分間でのみ認められた。
- Regulations dictated that they were provided with state-distributed fields (koufentian) of 40-mu (approximately 26,666 m²), which was half the value of those allocated to members of the liangmin (lit. good citizen) upper class, and marriage was only recognized between individuals of the same social status.
- この法令が出された背景には、「公地公民制」と関わりがあるのではないかという説がある。
- There is a theory that the background of the edict is related to Kochi Komin sei (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens).
- しかし近代の四民平等は名目のみであり、その解消のための具体的な施策が行われなかった。
- However, the modern equality of all people was only nominal and no specific measures were taken to dissolve it.
- 民法162条の「20年占有」規定の源を御成敗式目に求める見解を佐藤進一は示している。
- Shinichi SATO expressed his opinion to seek the origin of '20-year occupation' of Civil Code Article 162 in Goseibai-shikimoku.
- 逆に近年では、高齢化社会の影響から移民の受け入れを唱える主張も一部には出てきている。
- However, in recent years, there is a rising insistence to accept immigrants due to its aging society.
- また、国内では国学 (学問)の普及にともなって民族意識がとみに高まった時代でもあった。
- Within Japan, it was a time that ethnic consciousness was rising rapidly together with the spread of Kokugaku (study of Japanese literature and culture).
- こうした抵抗はこの後も続き、1896年4月には民政に移行するが、総督は軍部が独占した。
- With the resistance continuing, power was transferred to a civilian government in April 1896, but the governorship was occupied only by military personnel.
- 甲午農民戦争の停戦後、朝鮮政府は日清両軍の撤兵を要請したが、どちらも受け入れなかった。
- After the Donghak Peasant Revolution the Korean government requested both Japan and Qing to withdraw their troops, but neither accepted.
- 戦争にともなう経済の混乱は貧富の差の拡大をもたらし、多くの農民が没落し小作農となった。
- The economic confusion having accompanied the war increased the difference between the rich and the poor, reducing many farmers to tenant farmers.
- 開拓使による最初の移民政策は、政府募集の移民を送り込んで定住させるというものであった。
- The first immigration policy the Development Commission took was to send immigrants recruited by the government to Hokkaido and made them settled.
- 大意として学問の有無が人生に与える影響を説いており、日本国民の行くべき道を指し示した。
- The book generally emphasized how education affects people's life, and indicated a road for the Japanese of that time to take.
- 実のところ募集当局に平民を拒む意思はなかったので、ここから問題が起きることはなかった。
- In fact, these adoptions caused no problems because the recruitment authorities had no intention to reject commoners.
- しかし鎖国を西欧の植民地とならなかった要因とするには根拠が脆弱と言わざるを得なくなる。
- However, it is difficult to say whether or not this viewpoint can connect national isolation with the reason why Japan did not become a colony of West European countries.
- 施薬院(せやくいん/やくいん)は、奈良時代に設置された令外官である庶民救済施設・薬園。
- Seyaku-in (the pharmacy institution), which was established in the Nara period as a ryogenokan (extra statutory office), was a rescue facility for common people as well as a garden of medicinal plants.
- Seyaku-in, which was established in the Nara period as a ryogenokan, was a rescue facility for common people as well as a garden of medicinal plants.
- 公家・大名家及び上級武士を除く家が、平民という族称を享け、華族、士族の下位に置かれた。
- Families other than kuge (court nobles), daimyo-ke (families of feudal lords) and upper-class warrior families were designated as heimin which were ranked below kazoku (nobility class) and shizoku (warrior classes).
- 長年勤務すると一段解放されて雑戸となり、また老年になると良民に解放される場合もあった。
- Those who served for a long period of time were discharged and appointed zahu, and there were even instances in which some were promoted to the class of liangmin in old age.
- 島国日本では隣国の朝鮮と同様に、古代から沿海部に居住する海民が水上兵力として活躍した。
- In Japan, which is an island nation, from ancient times kaimin who lived in the coastal area flourished as armed forces on the water as well as in Korea.
- その騒音は連日京都にまで届き、市民の中には弁当と水筒持参で見物に行く者まで出たという。
- It is said that the noise of the battle reached as far as Kyoto everyday and some citizens went to see the battle with lunch bags and water bottles.
- また岡山藩の閑谷学校を嚆矢として、あちこちの藩・旗本が郷民でも入校できる学校を作った。
- Starting with the Shizutani-gakko school of Okayama Domain, the government of the domain and direct retainers of the shogun (hatamoto) established schools which admitted even village folk all around Japan.
- しかし、一部には医術や西洋技術を講義し、さらに庶民までも受講対象となるところもあった。
- However, some of these schools taught medicine and western technologies, and further, even accepted common people.
- 版籍奉還により、各藩内の封建制は廃止され、人民が土地に縛り付けられることもなくなった。
- Since feudal systems of domains were abolished under the policy of Haihan-chiken, people were able to move to a different domain.
- 逆に言えば才覚が認められれば、下級官人や庶民の子弟でも文章生になることも可能であった。
- To put it differently, if they were recognized as capable, even sons of lower-ranking government officials or common people were able to become monjosho.
- 更に鎌倉時代以後には仮名暦・民間暦も登場した事によりその地位は大きく低下する事となる。
- After the Kamakura era, the status of rekido further declined through the advent of the Kana-goyomi calendar (a calendar written in the Japanese syllabaries, or kana) and the Minkan-reki calendar.
- ダーヒンニェニ・ゲンダーヌ(ダーヒンニェニ・ゲンダーヌ...ウィルタ(オロッコ)民族)
- Dahinien Gendanu (Daxinnieni Geldanu, Uilta [Orok] man)
- 5 諸民学校 修業年限:年限不定 修業年齢:男子15歳~、女子18 歳~ 進路先:なし
- 5 Shomin Gakko term: unfixed, age: boys 15 years and above, girls 18 years and above; future course: none
- 公立旧制中学校の校長に任命された台湾人はなく、国民学校も分教場を入れて4人のみだった。
- No Taiwanese was assigned as the principal of the junior high school under the old system of education, and only 4 people were assumed the place of the principal in the national elementary school (in an educational system operated in Japan between 1941 and 1947) and branch school.
- 将来の国有化の可能性をにおわせながら、実際は予定線の民間による建設を容認するなどとした。
- Hinting the possibility of nationalization in the future, in fact, the act allowed the construction of planned lines by private sectors.
- 分国法が規定する主な事項には、領民支配、家臣統制、寺社支配、所領相論、軍役、などがある。
- Main items that Bunkokuho regulated were control over farmers, discipline for retainers, control over temples and shrines, lawsuits about land, military service, and so on.
- 民間の憲法案も多数発表されたが、憲法起草の中心になった伊藤博文は以下のように述べている。
- Many common people published their own ideas for a constitution, but Hirobumi ITO who was a leading editor of the draft mentioned about them as follows;
- 1960年代に私鉄電車の検車庫問題と国道建設問題に対する二度の国民的保存運動がおこった。
- In 1960s, two national preservation movements arose against the private railway company's train inspection garage problem and also the national route construction problem.
- なお、この回答案作成の際、外務省の内部文書ではこれらの地域を一括して殖民地と呼んでいる。
- Meanwhile, when creating the reply, these regions were collectively referred to as colonies in internal documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- 元禄元年(1688年)10月3日:鳥が巣を作った木を切り、武蔵国新羽村の村民が処罰される
- On October 3rd, 1688, villagers in Niiha-mura Village, Musashi Province were punished for cutting trees on which birds built nests.
- 元禄2年(1689年)2月27日:病馬を捨てたとして陪臣14名・農民25名が神津島へ流罪
- On February 27th, 1689, 14 indirect vassals and 25 farmers were exiled to Kozu island due to abandonment of sick horses.
- 大和民族は、自ら遣隋使や遣唐使を派遣し、中国大陸の進んだ技術や文化を貪欲に学んでいった。
- The Yamato race learned the advanced arts and culture of the Chinese continent by dispatching Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty China.
- 日露戦争の影響を受けて、ロシアの植民地であった地域やアジアで特に独立・革命運動が高まった。
- Former Russian colonies sought independence in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War, and independence and revolutionary movements became active throughout Asia.
- ポーツマス条約の内容は、賠償金を取れないなど、多くの国民にとって予想外に厳しい内容だった。
- Many citizens were disappointed by the Treaty of Portsmouth, which did not grant Japan any reparations.
- 日本政府が、国民に伝えた宣戦の理由(清国ニ対スル宣戦ノ詔勅)の要旨は次のようなものである。
- The Japanese government explained to the people the outline of the cause for the war (Imperial Rescript of war declaration against Qing) as follows;
- 中世の被差別民や近現代日本の被差別部落の直接的な起源であるとする説が存在するが議論がある。
- There is a theory that the origin of discrimination during the medieval period, as well as those living in special hamlets in modern Japan, lies in goshiki no sen; however, this fact is often debated.
- だが国民の負担が重いなど実情にあわず、1879年(明治12年)の教育令によって廃止された。
- However, because it was inappropriate to the real situation for the heavy imposition on people and so on, the order was repealed and replaced by Kyoikurei (the 1879 Education Order) in 1879.
- そのため、一般民のなかから専門に秀でたとくに優れた人材を募り、この需要に充てたものである。
- Therefore, the government began to employ especially talented non-samurai commoners in order to meet the new needs facing them.
- ただし原文には「由是農夫怠倦、開地復荒(これにより農民が怠け、開墾した土地が再び荒れる)。
- The original text said 'by this (the Sanze Isshin Law), farmers became lazy making their cultivated lands desolate again.'
- 百済: 殺傷禁止令(狩猟や鷹の飼育も禁止、漁民には、漁網を焼き捨てさせている)(599年)
- In Baekje, prohibition of killing animals in 599 (prohibiting hunting and hawk-breeding, ordering fishermen to burn up fishing nets).
- 台湾における国民意識の向上が課題となった総督府により皇民化政策が推し進められることになる。
- Because the Sotoku-fu needed to improve Taiwanese awareness as the Japanese, it started to promote the kominka (subjects of the emperor) policy.
- 670年(天智9年)全国的な戸籍(古代の戸籍制度)を作り、人民を把握する国内政策も推進した。
- In 670, Emperor Tenji created the nationwide family register system and promoted a national policy of surveying the condition of the people.
- とくに大貴族や大寺院は、広大な土地を囲い込み、一般の農民や浮浪人を使役して私有地をひろげた。
- In particular, powerful nobles and temples fenced off vast lands and increased privately owned land by using ordinary farmers and furonin (people escaped from their registered domiciles).
- 1923年9月1日に起きた関東大震災の2日後、戒厳令下に朝鮮民族が民衆によって私刑を受けた。
- Two days after the Great Kanto Earthquake of September 1, 1923, a series of lynching of Korean people by Japanese nationals occurred under martial law.
- また、明の朝鮮支援軍が駆けつけると、辺りに散らばる首の殆どが朝鮮の民であったと書かれてある。
- It was written that, when the Ming army supporting Korea rushed forward and arrived, almost all heads which were scattered were those of Korean people.
- 789年には良賤間の通婚でできた子は良民とされる事になり、907年には奴婢制度が廃止された。
- In 789, it was ordained that children born between the Ryomin and the Senmin should become the Ryomin, and in 907, the nuhi system was abolished.
- これに対し、李氏朝鮮の特権階級であった両班は各地で民衆を組織化し義兵軍を編成して反抗を開始。
- Yangban', traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, organized Korean people at various places, formed a volunteer army and started fighting against the Japanese forces.
- 棚田の維持・管理は丸山集落住民による千枚田保存会と財団法人紀和町ふるさと公社が関わっている。
- Senmaida hozonkai organized by the residents of Maruyama Village and Kiwa Furusato Kosha are engaged in maintenance and management of Tanada.
- 特に江戸には飢饉などにより地方から流入してきた農民も多く、幕府はしばしば帰農令を出している。
- Especially, many peasants flew into Edo from rural areas due to famines, and the shogunate government often promulgated the orders to support peasants to return their own communities financially.
- この農民の商売熱を冷まそうと幕府は田畑永代売買禁止令や帰農令などを発布するも効果がなかった。
- The shogunate government intended to dampen peasants' enthusiasm for business by promulgation of the ban against buying and selling of fields and the back-to-the-land order, but neither was effective.
- 近代以前の日本においても民事裁判は存在したが、体系的な民法典はついに作成される事はなかった。
- Even in pre-modern Japan civil trials did exist, however, a systematic Minpoten was never prepared.
- 非嫡出子が、戸主の同意が得られずに、父母の家に入ることができなかったとき(旧民法735条2)
- In case that illegitimate children who were not allowed to be a member of their parent's household, because the head of the family did not approve (the Old Civil Codes, Article 735-2).
- 現在、彼らは日系ブラジル人や日系アメリカ人として、それぞれの国の少数民族として暮らしている。
- They currently live in their respective countries as minority races such as Japanese Brazilians and Japanese Americans.
- 皇民化教育は特に外地や占領地域においてそれぞれの民族の伝統や文化を無視し、ときには破壊した。
- Japanization education neglected and sometimes destroyed the tradition and culture in foreign parts and occupied areas in particular.
- 李氏朝鮮では庶民に対する教育をする機関がほぼなく、7割程度の朝鮮人が読み書きができなかった。
- Joseon Dynasty had no institution of education for common people, and about 70% Koreans were illiterate.
- 坪は日本で生まれた単位であるが、かつて日本の統治下にあった大韓民国や台湾でも使用されている。
- While tsubo is the Japanese origin unit, it has been also used in South Korea and Taiwan because the unit was introduced and established under the ruling of the former Empire of Japan.
- しかし、民間の尺や公定尺とは別に、大工が使用していた尺は長い間たってもほとんど変化しなかった。
- However, aside from the private and the official shaku, the shaku used particularly by carpenters did not change much for a long time.
- 692年(持統6年)には、畿内に班田大夫を派遣し、公地公民制を基礎とした班田収授法を実施した。
- In 692, the government sent a handentayu (lord steward for farmland allotment) to people in the provinces near the capital and executed the law for tax payment according to the allotted farmland, based on the ownership of the farmland.
- ロシアは満洲の植民地化を既定事実化しようとしたが、日英米がこれに抗議しロシアは撤兵を約束した。
- Although Russia attempted to secure Manchuria through colonization, Japan, England, and the United States protested, and Russia subsequently promised to withdraw its troops.
- なお中国は朝貢以外の貿易を認めていなかったため、対中貿易を担っていたのは民間の中国商人だった。
- During this time the Chinese government had not approved trade except for paying tributes to the court, so private Chinese merchants undertook the trading between Japan and China.
- つまり、本人が爵位を持たなければ、単に爵位を持つ者の家族というだけでは貴族ではなく平民である。
- Any one without peerage, even if he is a member of a peer's family, is not a peer but a commoner.
- 良賤間の通婚も次第に黙認されるようになり、中には賤民と結婚して租税を免れようとする者も現れた。
- Marriages between ryomin and senmin gradually became tolerated and some ryomin even sought to be exempted from taxes by marrying senmin.
- 沖縄県では県民の過半数が参加していると言われるほか、九州各地や山梨県などでもよく行われている。
- It is said that a majority of local people in Okinawa Prefecture have joined one, and it is often conducted in various places in Kyushu and Yamanashi Prefecture.
- 秀吉は降伏して城を出た農民に対し、農具や家財などの在所への持ち帰りを認めたが、武器は没収した。
- Hideyoshi admitted the farmers who surrendered and left the castle to bring back farming equipment, furniture and household goods to their home, but he seized weapons.
- 民衆を良民と賎民(五色の賤)とに分け、農民である良民には租・庸・調・納税・雑徭の義務を課した。
- The people were divided into Ryomin (law-abiding people) and Senmin (Goshiki no sen, five lowly castes), and the obligations of So (rice), Yo (capitation), Cho (textile products), tax payment, and zoyo (irregular corvee) were imposed upon Ryomin, who were peasants.
- 井上左太夫貞高(幕府鉄砲方)と、江川太郎左衛門(当主)と、鉄砲場見廻役(地元住民)で運営した。
- It was managed by Sadayu Sadataka INOUE (the government official of Teppo Kata), Tarozaemon EGAWA (family head) and the patrolmen of the firing range (local residents).
- 「宣言」では、平民社が今後、「平民主義・社会主義・平和主義」を唱えていくことが述べられている。
- It is described in 'Declaration' that Heiminsha will recite 'commoner principle, socialism, and pacifism' from now on.
- これを根拠として、むしろ農民というより、富豪や大寺院の利益誘導ではなかったかという見方もある。
- Based on this, some view that this was the result of inducement of profit by the wealthy or large temples rather than by farmers.
- この飢饉は、全国的にも影響を及ぼし、但馬国出石藩では農民による打ちこわしが起き米価は騰貴した。
- This famine affected the entire country and the increase in rice prices lead to destructive urban riots by farmers in Izushi Domain, Tajima Province.
- 武士層が信仰した禅宗は北条氏得宗家も保護していたため、民間の渡来僧は貿易船に便乗して来日した。
- As the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan also supported the Zen sect that samurai class worshiped, the private monks from China came to Japan on board the trade ships.
- この時、江戸市民の中にはこれまでのお返しとばかりに犬を蹴飛ばしたりしていじめる者もいたという。
- It is said that at that time some residents of Edo kicked and mistreated dogs to make up for all the times they had been unable to up till then.
- 養老律で謀反と同じになると、父子、家人(唐律の部曲にあたる隷属民)、資財、田宅が没官となった。
- In the cases treated the same as a scheme of disobedience in Yoro Code, the offender's father and sons, kenin (slaves equivalent to buqu in Tang Ritsuryo Code), assets, farmland and housing land were confiscated.
- 自由民権運動(じゆうみんけんうんどう)とは、明治時代の日本において行われた政治運動・社会運動。
- The Jiyu Minken Undo (Freedom and popular rights movement) was a political and social movement that took place in Meiji-period Japan.
- 中華人民共和国では、1尺=(1/3)メートルと定めたので、1寸は約3.33センチメートルとなる。
- In People's Republic of China, 1 shaku (in pinyin, 'chi') was set at 1 over 3 meters, so 1 sun (in pinyin, 'cun') became about 3.33 centimeters.
- 702年には、大宝令にもとづいた最初の造籍が行われ、国民1人1人が政府に把握されるようになった。
- In 702, the first family register was created on the basis of the Taiho Code and each member of the nation had been surveyed by the government.
- しかし、松方デフレで農民の小作人化が進み(小作農率の全国平均38%→47%)、大地主が発生した。
- However, due to the Matsukata deflation (also known as the Matsukata finance, a financial measure to induce deflation to eliminate inflation generated by raising funds for the war cost of the Seinan War), more and more farmers became tenant farmers (the ratio of the tenant farmers to all of the farmers increased from 38% to 47%), generating large landowners.
- 住民も協力していたことから、西郷軍は鹿児島市街をほぼ制圧し、官軍は米倉の本営を守るだけとなった。
- As residents there were cooperative, Saigo's forces brought almost all urban areas of Kagoshima under its control, with the government army guarding only its headquarters at Yonekura.
- ここで言う貴族とは、爵位 (peerage) を持つ者の意味であり、以下のような者は平民である。
- In this context, the term 'peers' refers to the holders of peerage, and the followings are commoners:
- また朝鮮民衆の協力もあり、王都ソウル特別市や平壌を次々と占領するなど朝鮮領土の大部分を占領した。
- With the cooperation of the Korean people, the Japanese forces conquered most parts of Korea by conquering the capital, Seoul Special City, and Pyongyang.
- (現代表記)官武一途庶民にいたるまで、おのおのその志を遂げ、人心をして倦まざらしめんことを要す。
- (modern written Japanese) 官武一途庶民にいたるまで、おのおのその志を遂げ、人心をして倦まざらしめんことを要す。(The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.)
- この時、一族の中には昭光に従い角田に移ったものと、刀を捨て農民・商人として残るものとに分かれた。
- On this occasion, some members of the clan followed Akimitsu and moved to Kakuda, the others abandoned the samurai status and remained in Ishikawa as farmers and merchants.
- 住民らは米の移出を実力行使で阻止し、当時1升40銭から50銭の相場だった米を35銭で販売させた。
- They prevented the rice transportation by force and forced a sale of rice, which had been from 40 sen to 50 sen per 1 sho at that time, for 35 sen.
- 朝鮮では露館播遷で断髪令を廃止しており、このような断髪は一般市民からは考えられないものであった。
- In Korea, the order of bobbed hair had been abolished at the time of Rokanhasen, so such brobbed hair was unthinkable for general public.
- 「しかし、いまや国民皆兵の令がしかれ、巡査の制がもうけられ、個人が刀を佩びる必要はみとめない。」
- However, since universal conscription and the system of a patrol officer have been introduced, the necessity for individuals to carry a sword is no longer recognized.'
- また、移民としても進出し、東南アジアではアユタヤ日本人町のように一定の基盤を持つ社会を構成した。
- They also immigrated away from Japan, building societies with a standardized basis, such as Ayutaya Japanese town in Southeast Asia.
- だが、織田・徳川軍の戦死者が名も無き足軽雑兵(特に織田軍はほとんどが領民ではなく傭兵)であった。
- The war victims of the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces comprised nameless foot soldiers (especially those of the Oda force who were not territorial people but mercenaries).
- そのため、戦時中に増税による耐乏生活を強いられてきた日本国民が日比谷焼打事件などの暴動を起こした。
- The failure led to riots, such as Hibiya Incendiary Incident, by some Japanese nationals who had endured severe suppression and poverty due to increasing taxes during the war time.
- これは日本の国際協調気運を高め、民主主義的な運動・自由主義的な運動をさらに激化させることとなった。
- This built the momentum for international cooperation in Japan and intensified the movements for democracy and liberalism.
- 当時の唐は至るところで諸民族を征服しており、丁度このころの唐の勢力圏は中華史上最大のものであった。
- At that time, the Tang Dynasty was conquering many territories in various places, and at this point the sphere of Tang's reach of power was the largest in the history of China.
- なお、ここで言う「住宅」は城郭の御殿、社寺の書院、客殿などを指し、「民家」は町屋、農家などを指す。
- The term 'public residences' is used to refer to the palaces in castles, to the shoin (studies) in shrines or temples, to reception halls, and so forth, whereas 'private homes' refers to merchant or farmer houses.
- 賤民陵戸(りょうこ)、官戸(かんこ)、家人古代の家人(けにん)、官奴婢(くぬひ)、私奴婢(しぬひ)
- Senmin: Ryoko, Kanko, Kenin-the ancient Kenin, Kunuhi, and Shinuhi
- ウィリアム・マウントバッテン=ウィンザーのように、イギリス王室であっても爵位がなければ平民である。
- As in the case of William Mountbatten-Windsor, even a member of the British royal family without peerage is a commoner.
- それにより、社会の中で支配する階層(支配者)と支配される階層(被支配者、臣民)の分化が生じてきた。
- This custom resulted in a distinct differentiation between the class of rulers and those who were ruled, their subjects.
- 秀吉の治世としては太閤検地や刀狩令など日本全国の土地や民衆のすべてを管理する中央集権となっている。
- During the reign of Hideyoshi, he established a centralized administrative framework that controlled lands and people all over the country by conducting Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey), giving commands to collect swords, and so forth.
- しかし、人民の精神の自立を伴わない憲法発布や政治参加に、不安も抱いていて、以下のように述べている。
- But, he was also concerned that people were still not psychologically independent even though the promulgation of the constitution and public's participation in politics were realized, and stated as below:
- 1880年に軍関係を除く官営事業は三井財閥、三菱財閥など民間に払下げられ、1885年工部省は廃止。
- In 1880, national projects were sold to private companies including the Mitsui combine and the Mitsubishi combine, and the Ministry of Industry was abolished in 1885.
- 民衆へは税の増額という形で負担がのしかかり、さらに困窮にあえぐこととなり、清朝への不満が高まった。
- Increased taxes were imposed on the people and made them suffer from more poverty, leading to their increased dissatisfaction with the Qing dynasty.
- だが、鎌倉幕府は民間貿易を認め、鎮西奉行が博多を統治して幕府からの御用商船を派遣するようになった。
- But, Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) allowed private trade and came to have Chinzei Bugyo (Defense Commissioner of the West) govern Hakata and send official merchant ships of the bakufu.
- しかし大和民族の連合政権とされるヤマト王権の成立過程は、現段階でも明らかになっておらず、謎も多い。
- However, the process of the establishment of Yamato sovereignty, which is thought to be a coalition government of Yamato tribes, is not clear and there are many mysteries remaining.
- 現地の住民との大小の衝突、時には反乱を起こされながらも、着実に支配を固め、社会基盤を築いていった。
- Japan built the bases of a society, steadily cementing its grip while dealing with various levels of conflicts with local residents or sometimes being rebelled against.
- 現在の価値観からは非難されるが、当時としては同化政策によって国民統合を図るのは普通のことであった。
- It deserves criticizm by current standards, but at the time, it was common to achieve national integration by assimilationism.
- 結果的に多くの土地が国有地に編入され、朝鮮の農民の多くが土地の所有権を喪失したとする研究者もいる。
- As a result, many lands were incorporated into the public land, and many Korean peasants lost their ownership of their land, some researchers say.
- 1948年8月、大韓民国政府の樹立に伴い旧総督府の庁舎は政府庁舎として利用され、中央庁と呼ばれた。
- In August, 1948, due to the foundation of the government of the Republic of Korea, the building of the former Sotoku-fu was used as a government building and called the Central office.
- 旧来の郡町村制に戻し人民の便宜を図ると同時に、戸長を民選とすることにより地方に一定の自治を認めた。
- This law restored the traditional county, town and village system for the convenience of the public as well as granted a certain level of local autonomy by introducing the public election for the Kocho.
- この時期、台湾総督府は軍事行動を全面に出した強硬な統治政策を打ち出し、台湾居民の抵抗運動を招いた。
- During this period the Taiwan Sotoku-fu (Government-General) took a hard-line policy backed up by military force, which caused the growth of resistant movements among the people in Taiwan.
- また松方デフレ等で困窮した農民たちも国会開設を前に準備政党化した自由党に対し不満をつのらせていた。
- There was also a growing discontent among the peasants, who were suffering the Matsukata deflation, against the Liberal Party that was preparing to become a ruling party with the establishment of the National Diet imminent.
- こうした状況に危機感をつのらせた清朝は直隷・山東からの漢民族の移民を奨励して人口密度の向上に努めた。
- The Qing Dynasty felt increasingly uneasy with this situation and sought to increase the population density in Manchuria by promoting an immigration of ethnic Han from Zhili and Shandong to Manchuria.
- 鉄道網速成の方針と財政窮乏のジレンマが、幹線鉄道建設の一部を民間に委ねる方針転換をさせることになる。
- The dilemma between the policy of building the networks of railways quickly and the financial drought made the government change its policy and leave a part of the building main railways to private sectors.
- ただし、10両を1斤としたのは中華人民共和国となって以降のことで、それまでは16両を1斤としていた。
- But it was only in the age of People's Republic of China that 10 ryo was equalized with 1 kin, and until then, 16 ryo had been equalized with 1 kin.
- 6月2日閣議は衆議院解散と公使館、居留民保護の名目で朝鮮への混成一個旅団8000名の派兵を決定した。
- On June 2, the cabinet dissolved the house of Representatives and decided to send a mixed brigade consisting of 8,000 soldiers to Korea on the pretext of protecting Japanese residents in Korea.
- また、防人制も人民負担の軽減から健児制に取って代わられ、農民徴用も九州地方出身者のみに限定している。
- The system where soldiers were garrisoned at strategic posts in Kyushu was replaced with the 'kondei' system of military service for the purpose of lightening the burden on the people, and only peasants from northern Kyushu were conscripted.
- 陽明学にあって聖人となれる可能性があるのは、読書人のみならず普通の庶民にも十分あるとされるのである。
- In Yomeigaku, not only great readers but also ordinary citizens are considered to have a good chance of becoming sages.
- 鎖国をして海外勢力を排除する努力をしなかった場合、東南アジア同様に西欧の植民地となった可能性もある。
- If Japan had not strived to eliminate overseas powers by closing the country, it might have become a colony of West European countries similar to Southeast Asia.
- 共和制ローマでは、貴族(パトリキ、patrici)以外の市民を平民(プレブス、plebs)と呼んだ。
- In the Republic of Rome, citizens other than patrici (patricians) were called plebs (plebeians).
- これら唐側の統治の緩みと同時に、突厥・吐蕃・契丹といった周辺諸民族の方でも勃興の動きが活発になった。
- With the loosening of the Tang Dynasty's reign, various ethnic groups, such as Tokketsu, Toban and Khitan in the neighboring regions actively began their movements to rise.
- 言論の自由・結社の自由や信書の秘密など臣民の権利が、法律の留保のもとで保障されていること(第2章)。
- Rights of subjects such as freedom of speech and association, secrecy of private letters were secured within the limits of the law (Chapter 2).
- それまで日本は幕藩体制の中でバラバラの状況であり、一つの国家と国民という結びつきが出来ていなかった。
- Until then, Japan had been divided into many domains due to the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate, and had not been regarded as a unitary nation of united people.
- 自由民権運動が高まる中、御誓文は立憲政治の実現を公約したものとして一般に受け止められるようになった。
- While the Freedom and People's Rights Movement was growing, Charter Oath was accepted generally as a pledge of realization of constitutional government.
- 仏教は、幕府の宗教政策の一貫として民衆支配の方策として用いられたために(檀家制度)一概に不振だった。
- Buddhism was not so popular in general because it was used by the shogunate government as a ruling measure of people (the parishioner system) as a part of religious policies.
- 人の死に関わったり、病気・事故・戦争などでの死牛馬の処理に関わったりする者を、賎民とするものである。
- Those who were related to the death of people and to the processing of dead livestock due to diseases, accidents, wars and others were defined as Senmin.
- また皇族や公家は賎民扱いしないが、僧侶・神職のなかには巫・巫覡として賎民の範疇に入れられた者もいた。
- Moreover, the Imperial Family and court nobles weren't treated as Senmin, but some of the monks and priests were added to the Senmin category as kannagi or fugeki (female spiritual mediums).
- 新政府は、版籍奉還の後、公卿・諸侯を華族、武士を士族、足軽などを卒族、その他の人民を平民に改組した。
- After Hanseki-hokan, the new government defined new address terms, Kazoku (the peerage) for court nobles and feudal lords, Shizoku (warrior class) for samurai warriors, Sotsuzoku for conscripted foot soldiers, and Heimin (commoner) for other people.
- 家族は戸主の同意を得て廃絶した本家、分家、同家その他親族の家を再興することができる(旧民法743条)
- A member of a family can revive an abolished head family, branch family, family which has the same origin as its branch family, or other family of relatives (the Old Civil Codes, Article 743).
- 庁舎は、京畿道 (日本統治時代)京城府(現在の大韓民国ソウル特別市)の景福宮敷地内に設置されていた。
- The government building was built on the premise of the Gyeongbokgung Palace in Keijo Prefecture (present Seoul Special City, Republic of Korea), Gyeonggi Province (in the period of Japan's rule).
- つまり、中国の辺境の異民族の侵略を重く見た軍事的色彩の濃い城壁でなく、きわめて政治的な都市であった。
- In other words, it was a political city, rather than a military city concerned with invasion by different ethnic groups from remote regions of China.
- 1894年10月9日全琫準を指導者とする東学農民軍が侵入した日本軍を秀吉軍の再来と受け止め再蜂起した。
- On October 9, 1894, armed peasants in Tonghak led by Jeon Bong Jun regarded the invading Japanese troops as the second army of Hideyoshi and rose against it.
- 『学問のすすめ』への批判は、特に第6編「国法の貴きを論ず」と第7編「国民の職分を論ず」に集中していた。
- Harsh critiques against Gakumon no Susume at the time were focused on the sixth volume 'Kokuho no totoki wo ronzu' (Consideration of the importance of national laws), and the seventh volume 'Kokumin no shokubun wo ronzu' (Consideration of the jobs of people).
- 殷代には封建された国とは別に方国という国が存在しており、これらを外様あるいは異民族の国とする説がある。
- According to one theory, in the Yin period, there was another type of country called Fangguo apart from the granted countries, and these were the countries of foreigners or different races.
- 削減どころか増加している自動車および業務・民生部門への対策として、近年、環境税の手法も検討されている。
- As measures against cars, business operations and civilian sectors, emissions from which tend to increase rather than decrease, the introduction of environmental taxes has been under consideration recently.
- 元の千戸制・明の衛所制にならい、沿海の諸州郡の水上生活になれた住民を3戸に1戸の割合で水軍に編入した。
- This system, following the chiliachs system of Yuan and the system of the place guarded by soldiers of Ming, incorporated the citizens who were used to life on the sea into the navy in the ratio of one out of three households.
- 中華人民共和国の雲南省、ベトナム、タイ王国、ネパール、インドネシア、フィリピンの棚田は特に有名である。
- Rice terraces in Yunnan Province of China, Vietnam, the Kingdom of Thailand, Nepal, Indonesia and Philippines are especially well-known.
- 1887年(明治20年)の保安条例では、民権運動家は東京より退去を強いられ、これを拒んだ者を拘束した。
- Regulations for the Reservation of Law and Order in 1887 enforced people-rights activists to leave Tokyo, and if activists refused, they were captured.
- 1874年(明治7年)からの自由民権運動において、様々な憲法私案(私擬憲法)が各地で盛んに執筆された。
- During the Freedom and People's Rights Movement since 1874, many common people all over Japan published their own ideas for a constitution.
- 困窮した零細農民の土地を集積するなど地主的な側面の強くなる近世後期には後者の面を持つものが多くなった。
- In a second half of the early-modern times, as headmen (naushi or shoya) accumulated lands of impoverished petty peasants, their landowner-like character grew, and those with the latter aspcet increased.
- 工事には士卒や農民らを動員し、1俵に付き銭100文、米1升という当時としては非常に高額な報酬を与えた。
- Soldiers and peasants were recruited for the embankment and paid 100 mon of money and one sho of rice per bale, which was extremely high-paying for the time.
- (2-c)非御家人・凡下(武士以外の庶民・農民や商工業者)の買得地は年限に関係なく元の領主が領有せよ。
- Article 2-c specified that a land purchased by higokenin (non-Gokenin) and bonge (common people, peasants, merchants, and traders other than samurai) should be possessed by the original feudal lord irrespective of length of term.
- 隣組は、日本の昭和期において戦時体制の銃後を守る、国民生活の基盤の1つとなった官主導の隣保組織である。
- Tonarigumi is a government-led system for maintaining neighborhood which was one of the bases of people's lives to support the fighting forces of the wartime regime during the Showa period.
- 李王朝時代の朝鮮は、農地が荒廃しており、民衆は官吏や両班、高利貸によって責めたてられて収奪されていた。
- In Korea in the period of Joseon Dynasty, the agricultural lands were devastated, and the people were hounded and deprived by government officials, yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) and loan sharks.
- 更にこうした差別や、経済的・政治的格差に対する反発から、植民地統治に反抗する武力蜂起も数多く起こった。
- This discrimination as well as economic and political gaps caused many armed uprisings to occur against colonial rule by Japan.
- この中で、鉄道の用途は国道と同様であって、これを民営に委ねるべきでないことを原則とすると自説を主張した。
- In the written opinion, Inoue claimed that in principle railways should not be left to the private sectors because the purpose of the railways use was the same with one of National Route.
- これは民間で使われる単位が長くなっていったため、時の政権もそれを追認する形で公定尺を改訂したものである。
- The private shaku unit became gradually longer which the government of the time had to confirm, and the official shaku unit was redefine.
- 律令では、口分田は公地ではなく私地と規定されていた(これにより従来の公地公民の概念は否定されつつある)。
- Under the Ritsuryo system, kubunden were defined as private land, not public land (a fact that repudiated the existing concept of state ownership of both land and people).
- 官奴婢には古来からのものと犯罪によって落とされた二種類があり、それぞれ60歳・76歳で良民に復帰できた。
- Kunuhi were subdivided into two types; those who inherited this status and those who had been reduced due to a penalty for a criminal act, both of which were pardoned to return to the Ryomin when they became 60 years old and 76 years old, respectively.
- さらにこの4階級の下に絶対に輪廻転生できないとされる人々が賎民(アウト・カースト)とされて存在している。
- Moreover, those who are supposed definitely not to be able to perform Rinne Tensho exist under these four classes as Senmin (outcasts).
- 政府は、総司令部と折衝の上、3月6日に「憲法改正草案要綱(3月6日案)」を政府案として、国民に公表した。
- The government announced to the public 'the Outline of the Draft for a Revised [Draft on March 6]' on March 6, which was completed after deliberations with GHQ.
- これは、大久保利通、伊藤博文ら政府要人と、木戸孝允、板垣退助らの民権派の会談である大阪会議の結果である。
- The Osaka conference held by important government officials such as Toshimichi OKUBO and Hirobumi ITO, and democratic activists such as Takayoshi KIDO and Taisuke ITAGAKI resulted in this declaration.
- 大日本帝国憲法第19条は、人民の均しい公務就任権を規定し、大日本帝国憲法第20条は兵役の義務を規定した。
- Article 19 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan guaranteed equal rights of all the people to engage in public services, and article 20 defined the people's duty of military service.
- 米価の暴騰は一般市民の生活を苦しめ、新聞が連日米の価格高騰を知らせ煽った事もあり、社会不安を増大させた。
- The sharp rise in rice prices made ordinary citizens' lives hard and grew the social anxiety since the newspapers reported the rise in rice prices daily and fueled it.
- この握手は、国際的連帯の成果として週刊『平民新聞』はもちろん、各国の社会主義陣営の機関誌等で報道された。
- This handshake was reported in the bulletins of the socialist camp of each country, needless to say in the weekly 'Heimin-shinbun', as a success of international solidarity.
- 12名の生存者は、漢人の移民により救助され台湾府の保護により、福建省の福州経由で、宮古島へ送り返された。
- Twelve survivors were saved by Han (Chinese) immigrants and transported back to Miyako Island by way of Fuzhou in Fujian Province under the protection of the Taiwan Prefectural Administration.
- 部民制(べみんせい)とは、ヤマト王権の制度であり、王権への従属・奉仕の体制、朝廷の仕事分掌の体制をいう。
- Bemin system is a system during the Yamato sovereignty, which refers to the system of subordination and service to the sovereignty and the system of the division of duties at the Imperial Court.
- その背景には長引く戦争の結果、日本の人的資源が枯渇し、植民地に頼らざるをえなくなったという事情があった。
- The background of this movement was that a prolonged war caused the Japanese human resources to be exhausted and that Japan had no choice but to rely on the colonies.
- 皇民化運動は国語運動、改姓名、志願兵制度、宗教・社会風俗改革の4点からなる、台湾人の日本人化運動である。
- The kominka movement was the forced transformation of the Taiwanese into loyal subjects of the emperor, consisting of the four major campaigns: the encouragement to speak Japanese, the change of names to Japanese names, the military volunteer system and the religious, social and life style reforms.
- また、武家だけではなく農民も和歌を嗜んだと言われており、その背景には寺子屋の普及があったと考えられている。
- It is also said that waka (Japanese poetry) was not only cherished by samura, but also peasants- it is considered that this is a result of the popularization of terakoya (elementary education offered in temples).
- 徳川御三家紀州侯の大名行列は格式と威光を感じさせる大行列だったため、多くの農民が見物に訪れるほどであった。
- The daimyo gyoretsu carried out by the Kishu Tokugawa family, one of three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family, were so gorgeous and prestigious that many peasants spared the time to see the scene.
- 中華人民共和国が中国東北部を完全に掌握したのは1955年のことであり、日露戦争から50年後のことであった。
- It was not until 1955 that the People's Republic of China reassumed full control over northeastern China -over fifty years after the Russo- Japanese War.
- 其君に曰く、賊軍、弾丸己に欠き、村民をして、我軍の射る所を、取拾せしめ、1箇二厘五毛の償を以つて之を買ふ。
- He said to his master that the rebel army lacked bullets, and made villagers collect the bullets that our forces shot and bought them 2 rin 5 mo (rin and mo: monetary units at that time) per bullet.
- その後、国民の反発に押された日本政府の抗議により、再審理がなされ、船長のみに禁錮3ヶ月の刑が言い渡された。
- After that, the Japanese government under pressure from a public backlash protested against it, and the case was retried and only the captain was sentenced to three months in prison.
- その間朝鮮王朝の圧政に苦しんでいた民衆は景福宮や奴婢の身分台帳を保管していた掌隷院などに放火し消失させた。
- During the battle, Korean people who had been suffering under their tyrannical dynasty burned the Gyeongbokgung Palace and changnye won, which kept the register of slaves, and turned them into ashes.
- 農民以外が農地を取得するのは、農地法上問題であるため、「オーナー」とは名ばかりであり、不動産取引でもない。
- It is against the Agricultural Land Act that persons other than farmers should acquire any agricultural lands, so being an 'owner' is merely nominal and does not involve real-estate transactions.
- しかし、民衆の間には、賎民に対する差別意識が根強く残り、平民の間から新平民との呼称が自然発生的に成立した。
- However, a sense of discrimination toward Senmin was prevalent among the people, and the name 'Shin-Heimin (new commoner)' was spontaneously established from Heimin (commoner).
- また、奇兵隊士の一部は農民一揆にも参加しており、明治時代初期に多発した士族反乱にも影響を与えたと言われる。
- It is also said that a part of the members of Kiheitai Army had participated in peasants-uprisings which would have influence on Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) that often occurred in the early Meiji era.
- 君主制が復活しても、憲法を制定するなど立憲君主制、民主政を採用した場合は「王制復古」と呼ばれる場合がある。
- Oseifukko', or restoration of monarchy, may sometimes refer to the countries which establish a constitutional monarchy or a democracy under monarchy.
- 行政区分・・・地方を日本統治時代の台湾行政区分で区分、その下に市・街・庄(台湾原住民の集落には社を設置)。
- Administrative district ⋯ Regions were divided into Taiwan administrative districts adopted during Japan colonial period and Cities, Towns, Villages were established under each district (Shrines were founded in the settlement of indigenous inhabitants of Taiwan).
- 井上毅は大隈案と福澤諭吉の民権論(『民情一新』)との類似点を指摘して、一刻も早い対抗策を出す事を提言した。
- Kowashi INOUE pointed out the similarities between Okuma's proposal and Minken-ron (democratic right theory) ('Minjo-isshin' [The transition of people's way of thinking]) by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and recommended to propose a counter plan as soon as possible.
- 戸主が、婚姻や養子縁組などの理由により他の家に入るために、元の家を消滅させることをいう(旧民法762条)。
- It means abolishment of one's own family for being a family member of another family due to marriage or adoption (the Old Civil Codes, Article 762).
- 1898年から1906年にかけて民政長官を務めた後藤新平は自らの特別統治主義に基づいた台湾政策を実施した。
- Shinpei GOTO, who served as Chief of Home Affairs from 1898 to 1906, introduced the governing policy of Taiwan based upon his own special governance.
- 1896年、陸海軍両局が統合され軍務局に、また民政局より総務、法務、通信の各局が分離し7局体制が確立した。
- In 1896, the army and navy bureaus were merged to form the Military Affairs Bureau, and the General Affairs, Judicial and Communication Bureaus were separated from the Home Affairs Bureau, which separation resulted in the establishment of the seven-bureau system.
- 鎖鎌は主に農民の武器で、戦場に駆り出された農民が武器として鎌を使ったことから発展したとされるが詳細は不明。
- It is believed that kusarigama was mainly used as a weapon by farmers who were forced to fight in a battlefield, and eventually developed into a martial art form, but the details remain unknown.
- 620年(推古28年)には、聖徳太子は蘇我馬子と「天皇記・国記、臣連伴造国造百八十部併公民等本記」を記した。
- In 620, together with Umako SOGA, Prince Shotoku compiled 'Tennoki' (The Imperial Record), 'The National Record', and 'The Real Record of Omi (a title of the highest rank), Muraji (a title of the highest rank), Tomo no Miyatsuko (the chief of a professional clan), Kuni no Miyatsuko (a local chief), 180 professional groups and Emperor's People.'
- その他八幡製鉄所の建設と鉄道・電信事業の拡充および台湾の植民地経営など、国力充実と対外拡張のために使用した。
- Japan also spent the indemnity to increase its national strengths and external expansions, such as the construction of Yahata Iron Factory, expansion of the railways, and communication industries, and colonial management of Taiwan.
- その後中世から近世にかけても、中国から大和民族を指す場合には「倭」と呼ぶことがあった(→例えば倭寇を参照)。
- Afterward from the middle ages to the early-modern times, '倭' was sometimes used to refer to the Yamato race by Chinese (please refer to 'wako' (Japanese pirates) as an example).
- その他、職業も記載様式に含まれており、華族、士族では主に禄高を、平民では農工商雑と記され、業種も記載された。
- Besides, trades were also included in the registration form, Rokudaka (stipends) were mainly described for the peerage and the warrior class and commoners were described as farmers, craftsmen, merchants or others, including their job types.
- 「自由民権家は皆明治維新を闘った尊皇家で、天皇の存在に国民の権利、利益の究極の擁護者の地位を仰ぎ見ていた。」
- Democratic activists used to be people with reverence for the emperor who had fought during the Meiji restoration, and they considered the emperor as the ultimate advocate of public rights and benefits.'
- 明治5年(1872年)には徴兵制度を採用し、国民皆兵主義となったため、士族による軍事的職業の独占は破られた。
- Since the government introduced a conscription system in 1872 and Japan became a nation with universal conscription, the military forces were no longer monopolized by the warrior class.
- また自治体の財布から出ていく金は行政の業務コストとなり、住民は自治体の行政サービスを享受して還元してもらう。
- The money spent from government funds covers administrative costs and returned to citizens who receive government services.
- 農民が怠けたというのは単なる言い訳であり、大寺院や豪族が私有地を拡大するための利益誘導であるとも考えられる。
- It is also possible to think that it was a mere excuse that farmers were idle and it was influence peddling for large temples and local ruling families to enlarge their private properties.
- 「奇兵」とは藩士・武士のみからなる部隊(撰鋒隊)に対して、藩士と藩士以外の武士・庶民からなる混成部隊の意味。
- Kihei' means a mixed troop formed by retainers of the domain, the common people, and samurais excluding retainers of the domain compared with a troop (spearhead troop) organized by only retainers of the domain and samurais.
- 奇兵隊は身分制度にとらわれない武士階級と農民や町民が混合された構成であるが、袖印による階級区別はされていた。
- Although Kiheitai Army had a mixed personnel organization which consisted of samurais who were free from the class system, peasants and citizens from any social rank, they were hierarchically distinguished by the emblem on sleeves.
- しかし汚職の横行と世界大恐慌の影響で政治的に行き詰まり、1935年11月3日の国民投票で王政復古が決定した。
- But, since internally rampant corruption and the worldwide Great Depression bogged the country down politically, it decided to revive the monarchy by a national referendum on November 3, 1935.
- 8月6日にはこの運動はさらに激しさを増し、水橋町、滑川市の住民も巻き込み、1,000名を超える事態となった。
- On August 6, the movement increasingly escalated and over 1,000 people including residents in Mizuhashi-machi town and Namerikawa City joined it.
- 米騒動には統一的な指導者は存在しなかったが、一部民衆を扇動したとして和歌山県で2名が死刑の判決を受けている。
- Although there was no unified leader in rice riots, 2 people got a death penalty in Wakayama Prefecture for encouraging some people.
- 住民構成は、朝鮮・台湾・関東州とことなり、現地人である島民よりも日本人や台湾人などの移住者の人口が多かった。
- As for the demographic structure, unlike Korea, Taiwan, and the Kwantung Leased Territory, the population of immigrants, such as Japanese or Taiwanese, was larger than that of the indigenous islanders.
- 田荘(たどころ)とは古墳時代に設けられた土地や人民の支配制度の一つで、豪族たちが支配した私有地のことを指す。
- Tadokoro was one of the systems that were established during the Kofun period (tumulus period) to control people and land, which also referred to the private property controlled by Gozoku (local ruling family).
- 今日では、縄文時代の人骨のデオキシリボ核酸の調査結果で、縄文人はシベリア北部の先住民に近いことが判っている。
- Based on the results of DNA studies on the bones of Jomon man, it is known today that Jomon man resembled the indigenous people of north Siberia.
- やはり日本の戦国時代における騎馬隊は全員騎乗で戦う遊牧民族や近代兵科の騎兵とは異なるものと考える必要がある。
- It is therefore necessary to distinguish the Japanese cavalry in the Sengoku period from the nomadic or the modern military cavalry in which all fight on horseback.
- この時代には朝鮮人による合法的民族運動が盛り上がり、朝鮮文学の発展や大都市における大衆文化の発達が見られた。
- In this period, legal racial movement by the Koreans became active, and development of Korean literature and that of popular culture in big cities were seen.
- 大正デモクラシーとは、日本の大正時代に現れた政治・社会・文化の各方面における民主主義、自由主義的な運動を指す。
- Taisho Democracy refers to the movements that emerged in Japan's Taisho period, urging for greater freedom and democracy in politics, society and culture.
- こうした社会の再建のため、魏 (三国)に続く諸王朝は、王土王民の理念による統治を指向するようになったのである。
- In order to rebuild society, the Dynasties following the Wei Kingdom ruled based on the idea of odo omin.
- 江戸には、明治元年5月に江戸府が設置され、その下に民政裁判所、市政裁判所、社寺裁判所の三つの裁判所が置かれた。
- As far as Edo is concerned, when the Edo-fu administrative unit was established in May 1868, Minsei (literally, civil administration) court, Shisei (literally, municipal administration) court and Shaji (literally, shrines and temples) court were established under Edo-fu.
- 明治憲法制定により帝国議会が開設されるまでの間、自由民権派は御誓文の実現を求めて政府に対する批判を繰り返した。
- Until Imperial Diet was introduced based on Meiji Constitution, the Freedom and People's Rights group criticized the government repeatedly demanding realization of Charter Oath.
- 従って、古代の律令法には刑法にあたる「律」と行政法にあたる「令」は存在しても民法にあたる法律は存在しなかった。
- Therefore, the ancient Ritsuryo law had 'ritsu' for the penal code, 'ryo' for the administrative law, but not law for the civil code.
- このため、士族反乱と農民一揆の結合を恐れた大久保利通の意見で、前述のとおり、に税率が2.5%に引き下げられた。
- For this reason, the government lowered the tax rate from 3% to 2.5% as mentioned earlier and it was Toshimichi OKUBO who advanced his opinion on lowering the rate to the government because he was afraid of the collusion of the revolts of samurai or ancestors of samurai and peasants' revolts.
- しかし、それでは三代後に国に返さなければならないことが見えており、農民の墾田意欲を増大させるには至らなかった。
- However, since the owner had to return their land to the state after three generations, the law did not increase farmers' willingness to develop new lands.
- そもそも旅行自体が庶民にとっては一生に何回できるかどうか(高度成長期以前の海外旅行のような位置づけであろう)。
- Traveling, in the first place, was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the common people (like traveling abroad before the high-growth period).
- 爵位を持たない衆議院議員を首相とする初の内閣となったということで、民衆からは「平民宰相」と呼ばれ、歓迎された。
- He was called 'Commoner Prime Minister' and welcomed by the people since it was the first cabinet whose prime minister was a member of the House of Representatives who did not have the peerage.
- この結果、日清戦争と日露戦争の軍歴により国民的人気の高かった木越は、中将のまま定年前に予備役に編入させられた。
- As a result, Kigoshi who earned his high reputation through Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War from the public was transferred to reserve duty retaining the title of Chujo (lieutenant general) before his retirement.
- 漂着した乗員66名(3名は溺死)は先住民(現在の台湾原住民パイワン族)に救助を求めたが、逆に集落へ拉致された。
- Sixty-six people (the other three drowned) who drifted ashore asked aborigines (an aboriginal tribe of Taiwan now called Paiwan) for help, but they were abducted to their village after all.
- 一方、大韓民国政府は日韓併合条約が当初から無効であった(締結時から効力を発していない)という立場を取っている。
- On the other hand, the government of the Republic of Korea has taken the position that the Treaty of Japanese Annexation of Korea was invalid from the beginning (it had not come into force since the time of the conclusion).
- しかし、台湾民衆党も蒋渭水により左傾化すると右派は台湾の地方自治実現を単一目標に挙げる地方自治連盟を結成した。
- However, when the Taiwan People's Party also became radical initiated by Weishui JIANG, the right wing formed the Taiwanese Federation for Local Autonomy with the establishment of local autonomy in Taiwan as a single goal.
- しかし、自由民権運動の高まりや、諸制度の整備による改革の成熟などもあり、1881年に「国会開設の詔」が出された。
- Yet, due to the rising tide of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and the maturity of the reform resulting from the organized systems, the 'Imperial edict of establishment of the National Diet' was finally submitted in 1881.
- 秀吉の朝鮮出兵は「鼻を削いで首にかえよ」という残虐な侵略戦であったため長く朝鮮民衆の間にその非道が語り継がれた。
- Hideyoshi's invasion into Korea was a war of cruel aggression and a story of cruel acts as shown in his order to 'cut off the nose instead of the head' as a reminder passed down from generation to generation.
- 1882年7月、旧式軍の兵士と市民が漢城で蜂起して新編成の「別技軍」の日本人教官らを殺害し日本公使館を包囲した。
- In July 1882, the old-fashioned solders and civilians rose up in revolt in Hanseong and killed the Japanese military trainers of the newly formed 'Byeolgigun (a modernized special military force)' and seized the Japanese legation.
- さらに、律令制に於ける人民統治の実態は単なる人民圧迫に基づいた搾取構造でしかなかった、という考えも存在している。
- There is an opinion that the government of the people under the Ritsuryo system was simply nothing but a structure of exploitation based on oppression on the people.
- 過去の経験の蓄積、良好な土地選定、農民出身者が多かったことなど、好条件が重なり、後期屯田の経営は好成績を収めた。
- Under favorable conditions such as accumulated past experiences, favorable land choices and a large number of former farmers, the management of the late-period tondenei settlements gained good results.
- そもそも欧州諸国に植民地化する気があったのならば「鎖国」していようが大した意味はなく武力衝突となったはずである。
- In the first place, an armed clash might have broken out if European countries had a strong desire to colonize Japan, and just because Japan was under 'national isolation' would have had little meaning.
- また日本人捕虜(降倭)の多くは、鉄輪をはめられ逃げ出すことも出来ない状態にされたうえで、その身分を賎民とされた。
- Many Japanese captives (kowa - literally, surrendered Japanese) were put in iron rings to prevent them from escaping and this made their status as a humble person.
- これは、宣祖実録の「人心怨叛,與倭同心耳」、「我民亦曰:倭亦人也,吾等何必棄家而避也?」で伺い知ることができる。
- We can guess this by '人心怨叛,與倭同心耳' and '我民亦曰:倭亦人也,吾等何必棄家而避也?' in Senso Jitsuroku.
- イギリスでは、法律上、イギリス国王と貴族(ピアー、peer)以外の者を平民(コモナー、commoner)と呼ぶ。
- In the United Kingdom, people other than the King of England and peers are called commoners.
- 男爵より下の、準男爵、ナイトなどの称号は爵位とはみなされないため、これらの称号を持つ者は貴族ではなく平民である。
- Any one who holds a designation of either baronet, knight or other designation lower than baron is not a peer but a commoner, because neither of these designations are regarded as a peerage.
- しかし、農民でなく、定住もしていない芸能人や手工業者に対しては、自己と異なる特別の世界に住む者として認識された。
- However, they recognized the non-peasants, as well as the unsettled entertainers and handicraftsmen, as people who lived in a special world that was different from theirs.
- 天賦人権論に基づき、基本的人権を保護し民撰議院設立を政府に要求することが当面の政治課題の第一であると謳っている。
- They asserted that the first goal of their political challenges at that time were to protect basic human rights based on the theory of Tenpujinken-ron (the theory of the human rights given by the heaven) and to require the government to establish the congress of representatives elected by the commoners.
- 当時、明治政府は政府主導による憲法制定・国会開設を着々と準備する一方で、民権運動に対する弾圧政策を強化していた。
- At that time, the Meiji Government was promoting the preparation of the government-led formulation of a constitution and establishment of the National Diet while it was strengthening an ironfisted policy to democratic movements.
- 相続の一形態であるが、前戸主から新戸主へ全ての財産権利が譲り渡される単独相続である点が現在の民法と大きく異なる。
- This is a form of succession, however there is a big difference between the Old Civil Codes and the Civil Codes today because Old Civil Codes says that property right will be given to a person and a new head of a family will be given all the property rights from the former head of a family.
- 最近では日本国の国力が世界有数になったため、国策としての海外移民は行われず、集団での移民も見られなくなっている。
- These days, migration to foreign countries is not conducted as national policy and so is a group migration, since Japanese has become one of the world's top countries having great national powers.
- 自由民権運動の真の成功は、これらの権利を永久不可侵の「基本的人権」と定めた日本国憲法施行を待たざるをえなかった。
- The freedom and popular rights movement came to reach true success when the Constitution of Japan came into force that regarded people's rights as the inviolable fundamental human right.
- 朝鮮半島から暦法など中国の文物を移入するとともに豪族や民衆の系列化・組織化を漸次的に進めて内政面を強化していった。
- At the same time the Yamato Kingdom was importing Chinese culture, such as calendar making, from the Korean Peninsula, it was strengthening domestic administration by gradually organizing both the ruling elite and the common people.
- 日本軍の王宮占領後、朝鮮では軍用電線の切断、兵站部への襲撃と日本兵の捕縛、殺害など民衆の「義兵」反日抵抗が続いた。
- Since the Japanese troops conquered the royal palace, there had been anti-Japanese resistance in Korea -- cuts of electric cables for military use, attack of logistics on bases, and capture and the murder of Japanese solders, and so forth.
- まとまりを欠いた「散砂」のような中国の人々を強く結合させるためには、国民精神・道徳が不可欠だと梁啓超は考えていた。
- Liang Qichao thought that national spirit and morality were indispensable to strongly unite the Chinese people, who seemed like scattered sand lacking cohesion.
- こうした梁の傾向は戊戌政変後に日本に亡命して以降顕著となるが、それは彼が当時求めていた国民国家創出と深く関係する。
- Liang Qichao more clearly showed this tendency when he lived in exile in Japan after the 1898 coup over the Hundred Days' Reforms; this tendency was closely tied with the creation of a nation-state that he sought at that time.
- しかし覇者の性格については定説がなく、あらたに台頭した後進地域の指導者あるいは異民族支配者であるとする見方もある。
- However, there is no established view on the nature of Hasha, and according to one theory, Hasha means a local leader or an ethnic ruler.
- 宋以後を封建制と見る立場からは均田制の下におかれた農民たちを奴隷とみなし、宋に入って登場した佃戸制を農奴とみなす。
- From the standpoint that the Hoken system became prevalent after the Song period, peasants under the Equal-field system were slaves and the Tien Hu system which first appeared in the Song period was regarded as a serfdom.
- 賎民も平民に組み入れられたが、本来の平民からは反発する者が続出し岡山県では旧賎民の平民扱いに反対する一揆も起きた。
- As senmin were incorporated into heimin, some inherent heimin opposed this act, resulting in an ikki uprising in Okayama Prefecture to protest the treatment of the former senmin as heimin.
- 一般に三世一身法は、後の墾田永年私財法と併せて、律令体制の根幹である公地公民制の崩壊の第一歩だ、と考えられている。
- Generally the Sanze-isshin law is considered to be the first step for collapse of the Kochi-komin Sei (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens) which is a basis of the Ritsuryo system, along with the later Konden Einen Shizai Law.
- 沖の山炭坑の騒動は付近住民を加えた数千人規模の騒動に発展し、米問屋、屋敷の打ちこわしや遊廓への放火などが起こった。
- While the riot in Okinoyama coal mine developed into a riot of several thousand people including local residents, Uchikowashi of rice warehouse merchants and residences and arsons to brothels took place.
- 一方、自由民権運動は3月に起きたロシア帝国のアレクサンドル2世暗殺事件の影響で過激な論調が現れるようになっていた。
- On the other hand, in the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, radical opinions were expressed after assassination of Alexander II of the Russia Empire in March.
- 新たに家を立てた者に関しては自由に廃家して、本家、分家、同家その他親族の家を再興することができる(旧民法762条)
- A person who has created a new Ie can abolish the Ie without any inhibition and revive a head family, branch family, family which has the same origin as its branch family, or other family of relatives (the Old Civil Codes, Article 762)
- 婚姻により夫が女戸主の家に入る(入夫婚姻)際、当事者の反対意志表示が無い限り入夫が戸主となった(旧民法736条)。
- In case of marriage that husband will be a member of a family which has female head of a family (Nyufu marriage), if no party dissent, a husband became a head of a family (the Old Civil Codes, Article 736).
- その後、台湾総督府の中央集権的な特権を認めた六三法の撤廃を求めて啓発会が結成され、その解散後は新民会が結成される。
- After that the Keihatsukai (The Enlightenment Society) was founded aiming at repealing Law No. 63 that allowed the centralized privileged of the Sotoku-fu, followed by Shinminkai (New People 's Society) formed after the Keihatsukai was disbanded.
- 1945年8月15日、日本は終戦の詔書を発表し太平洋戦争が終結し、台湾は中華民国による接収が行われることとなった。
- On August 15, 1945 the Pacific War ended with Japan issuing the imperial rescript on the termination of the war and Taiwan was to be seized by the Republic of China.
- 彼らは三国干渉に力づけられて5月25日清朝を宗主国とし、台湾巡撫であった唐景崧を総督とする「台湾民主国」を建国する。
- They were encouraged by the triple intervention and founded 'Republic of Formosa' on May 25 with the Qing dynasty as a suzerain and Tang Ching-sung who had been dispatched as a xunfu, as governor.
- ロシアの軍事介入を極度に警戒した日本は農民軍の北進を恐れ朝鮮最西南端の海南さらに珍島まで追いつめて徹底的に殲滅した。
- Extremely cautious about a military intervention by Russia, Japan drove the armed peasants to Haenam and further to Chindo island to annihilate them totally out of fear of the expansion of armed peasant in the north.
- 年15以下の子、母女(母と娘)、妻妾、子の妻妾、祖孫(祖父母と孫)、兄弟、部曲(隷属民)、資財、田宅が没官になった。
- The sons (aged fifteen and under), the mothers, the daughters, the wives, the concubines, the wives and concubines of the sons, the grandparents, the grandchildren, the brothers as well as the subordinate people, assets, farmlands and housing lands of the muhon convicts were confiscated by the government.
- そのために、天皇を中心として国民を一つにまとめる反面、議会に力を持たせ、バランスの取れた憲法を制定する必要があった。
- Therefore, the new constitution needed to make a power balance between the emperor and the diet by defining the emperor as the symbol to unite people and giving the powers to the diet.
- これを機縁として、薩長藩閥による政権運営に対する批判が自由民権運動となって盛り上がり、各地で政治結社がおこなわれた。
- Following this statement, criticism of oligarchy by Satsuma and Choshu clans grew into the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and political associations were established in various places.
- 明治初期から大蔵省や民部省では、全ての土地に賦課して一定の額を金納させる新しい税制である地租の導入が検討されていた。
- From the beginning of the Meiji period officials in the Okurasho (the Ministry of Finance) and the Minbusho (the Ministry of Civil Affairs) were investigating into the implementation of the new tax system in which all the land would be levied and in which the government would make people pay in cash a fixed amount of tax.
- 日本国憲法の制定に合わせて年に民法の大改正が行われ、親族編・相続編が根本的に改められたことにより、家制度は終了した。
- Ie seido was abolished as a major revision was made to the Old Civil Codes according to establishment of the Constitution of Japan in1947 and sections of relatives and Inheritance were completely changed.
- 江戸時代前期は、寛永通寳などの銭貨鋳造は民間の商人らによる請負事業であり、江戸幕府の許可制によるものが中心であった。
- In the early Edo period, mintage of coins including Kanei Tsuho was conducted mainly by private contractors, based on the bakufu's approval.
- 10日夜に名古屋鶴舞公園において米価問題に関する市民大会が開かれるとの噂が広まり、約20,000人の群集が集結した。
- As it was rumored that a citizens' rally about a rice price issue was held in Tsuruma Park of Nagoya City on the night of the 10th, approximately 20,000 people gathered there.
- また、親日団体としての働きについてはプラスの効果よりも民衆の反発を招いたマイナスの結果の部分が大きかったとしている。
- It also mentions that their job as pro-Japanese organizaiton provoked people's antipathy, so the negative result was much bigger than the positive effect.
- 法定推定家督相続人や戸主の妻、女戸主の入夫は廃絶家がその本家である場合に限って再興することができる(旧民法744条)
- A legal successor of a head of a family position, a wife of a head of a family, or a husband of a female head of a family can only revive own head family (the Old Civil Codes, Article 744).
- 隠居するには、年齢その他の要件を満たしている必要があるが、女戸主の場合は年齢要件を満たす必要がない(旧民法755条)
- There are some conditions required for retirement, including age restriction, but in case of a female head of a family there is no restriction regarding age (the Old Civil Codes, Article 755).
- たとえば、平壌の戦いでは、野津師団長以下が国内の下層民さえ食べないという黒粟や玄米などで飢えをしのぐ場面が度々あった。
- For example, a division under Division head Nozu often staved off hunger by eating black millets or unpolished rice that people in lower stratums would not have eaten in Japan.
- また、王土王民の理念は、「王だけが君臨し、王の前では誰もが平等である」とする一君万民思想と表裏一体の関係をなしていた。
- The concept of odo omin, together with the idea of ikkun banmin ('one lord, the whole nation'), where 'only one sovereign rules the country and the people are equal under the rule,' formed two sides of the same coin.
- 朱雀(すざく・しゅじゃく、ピンイン)とは、中華人民共和国の伝説上の神獣(神鳥)で、四神(四獣・四象)・五行思想の一つ。
- Suzaku (also known as Shujaku, or in Pinyin) is one of the legendary divine beasts (God Bird) of the People's Republic of China, and is one of the four gods (also known as the Four Beasts or the Four Phenomena) who rule over the four directions; it is also important in the Five Elements Theory.
- こうした梁啓超の国民国家精神に陽明学を注入するというアイデアそのものも、実は当時の明治思潮から借りてきたものであった。
- Liang Qichao's idea to infuse Yomeigaku into the spirit of the nation-state was in fact borrowed from the trend at that time in Meiji Japan.
- そのため、後に朝鮮の民衆の中には日本を一番の侵略者としながらも、明軍に対しても第二の侵略者として評する人間も出てきた。
- Therefore, later, there were certain persons among Korean common people who, while naming Japan as the top invader, criticized the Ming army as the second invader.
- 三成は領地で善政を敷いており、領民からも大変慕われていたので、直政はその威光を払拭するため新たに彦根城築城を計画した。
- Mitsunari had exercised benevolent government throughout his territory, making the people on his lands dearly miss him, so Naomasa planned to build a new castle at Hikone in order to sweep away all memory of Mitsunari.
- 国民は、憲法の内容が発表される前から憲法発布に沸き立ち、至る所に奉祝門やイルミネーションが飾られ、提灯行列も催された。
- People were excited about the new constitution even before contents of the constitution were announced, and celebration gates and illuminations were seen everywhere, and a lantern procession was held.
- 冒頭の「上下」は、由利案では「士民」だったが、福岡の回顧によれば「一層意味を広くするために士民を上下に改めた」という。
- High and low' at the beginning was 'shimin' in the Yuri draft, however according to retrospect of Fukuoka 'shimin was changed to high and low to broaden the meaning.'
- - 重要文化財、滋賀県立安土城考古博物館、東京国立博物館、辰馬考古資料館、野洲市立歴史民俗資料館(銅鐸博物館)ほか所蔵
- Important Cultural Property, possessed by the Shiga Prefectural Azuchi Castle Archaeological Museum, the Tokyo National Museum, the Tatsu-uma Collection of Fine Arts, Yasushiritsu Rekishi Minzoku Shiryokan (the Yasu City History and Folklore Museum) (the Dotaku Museum) and others
- だが、海軍大将だった野村吉三郎は1950年代に防衛庁長官に就任させる構想が存在したが、文民統制の観点から断念となった。
- There was a conspiracy to appoint Kichisaburo NOMURA, who was the Navy General at that time, to a Chief Secretary of State for Defense; however, it was ceased due to a civilian regulation point of view.
- 劇画『カムイ外伝』では、主人公・カムイが追っ手から逃れるために、前述の民間の黒鍬に混じって身を潜めるシーンが登場する。
- 'Kamui Gaiden' (Kamui the Ninja: Stories Other Than the Legend), a gekiga (graphic novel), has a scene in which the main character, Kamui, holes up in the aforementioned civilian kurokuwa in order to escape from chasers.
- また植民地一般の傾向にもれず、在朝日本人と原住民たる朝鮮人の間の所得格差も非常に大きいものがあったと主張する者もいる。
- Others insist that, just like any other colonies, the income difference between the Japanese in Korea and the Koreans as the natives was huge.
- 日本統治時代の台湾は植民地型経済構造であり、総論的には台湾の資源と労働力を日本内地の発展のために利用していたと言える。
- The economy of Taiwan under Japanese rule was a colonial economy, which means that Japan used the resources and labors of Taiwan for the domestic development of mainland Japan.
- 二十四史に、中華民国期に編纂された『新元史』や『清史稿』を含めて「二十五史」あるいは「二十六史」という呼び方も見られる。
- The terms 'the twenty-five histories' or 'the twenty-six histories' referring to the regular twenty-four plus the PRC-era compilations 'The New History of the Yuan' and/or the 'Draft History of the Qing', are also sometimes used.
- 内高(うちだか)は、江戸時代の大名や旗本の所領内において、領民に年貢を課す際の算定基準として用いられた石高のことである。
- Uchi-daka (real value of the yield) means kokudaka (crop yield) that was used as the appraisal standard to impose nengu (land tax) to the people of shoryo (territory) of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and hatamoto (bannermen) in the Edo period.
- 上記のように、炭素税は工場等を狙ったものではなく自家用乗用車や民生部門などからの排出を抑制する効果を主にした制度である。
- As mentioned above, a carbon tax does not aim at factories or the like, but intends to effectively drive the suppression of the emissions from private cars, civilian sectors and so on.
- 秀吉は自身が任命する領主が領地の隅々まで直接支配を行う体制を目指し、その障害となる住民による地域自治を破壊したのである。
- Hideyoshi aimed to establish the framework that the lord he assigned directory controlled all parts of the territory and destroyed local government by people which could prevent it.
- 参議である板垣退助は閣議において居留民保護を理由に派兵を主張し、西郷隆盛は派兵に反対し、自身が大使として赴くと主張した。
- Sangi (the Councilor) Taisuke ITAGAKI insisted that Japan dispatch the military for protecting Japanese residents in Korea, whereas Takamori SAIGO opposed to send the military and insisted that he himself go to Korea as an ambassador.
- 呉市では、海軍陸戦隊が出動し、民衆と対峙するなか、銃剣で刺されたことによる死者が少なくとも2名でたことが報告されている。
- It was reported that at least 2 people were killed by a bayonet in Kure City while Naval Landing Forces were called out and facing the people,
- 我が国の皇帝陛下と日本明治天皇に懇願し、我々も一等国民の待遇を享受して、政府と社会を発展させようではないか」と主張した。
- We should beg his Imperial Majesty and Meiji Emperor of Japan in order to be able to receive the treatment as Itto Kokumin (First-class people) to develop our government and society.
- 婚姻・養子縁組をした者が離婚・養子離縁をした際に、復籍するはずの家が廃家や絶家により無くなっていたとき(旧民法740条)
- In case that someone who had got married or adopted can not return to his/her own family after dissolution because the family was abolished (the Old Civil Codes, Article 740).
- 地方三新法が制定された頃は、西南戦争は終結に至るも、農民一揆が頻発し、また自由民権運動が拡大しつつある社会状況であった。
- When the Three Local New Laws were enacted, the Seinan War had drawn to its close, but peasants' uprisings were occurring frequently and the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) was growing.
- その後1886年星亨らによる大同団結運動で民権運動は再び盛り上がりを見せ、中江兆民や徳富蘇峰らの思想的な活躍も見られた。
- The popular rights movement resurged in 1886 following the Daido Danketsu movement led by Toru HOSHI and some leading political theorists, including Chomin NAKAE and Soho TOKUTOMI, came out.
- 鉄道が民営であることの軍事的に不利な理由は、私鉄の場合、株式会社であるから、経営状態を詳しく株主に報告しなければならない。
- The disadvantaged point of railway management by private sector was that in the case of the private railways, being the joint-stock companies, they must report their managing status in detail to the shareholders.
- それまでに完成していた京浜間、京阪神間鉄道を民間に売却して、その代金により新線建設を行なおうという案まで出たほどであった。
- It went so far that the idea came up that Keihin (Tokyo and Yokohama) and Keihanshin railways completed by then would be sold to the private sectors and with money obtained by selling the lines, the new lines would be built.
- さらに、日本兵の首に賞金を掛けたため都市部で朝鮮軍・明軍による朝鮮領民の首無し死体が続出するなど荒廃した状況が伝えられる。
- Furthermore, as a prize was offered for the heads of Japanese soldiers, it is reported there were situations in which a large number of bodies without heads of Korean people taken by the Korean and Ming troops in urban districts.
- 特に身分差別に苦しんだ朝鮮民衆は緒戦の混乱に乗じて官庁や被差別身分を示す書類を焼き払った例が朝鮮側資料により知られている。
- It is known from materials in Korea that Korean common people who suffered from class discrimination set fire to governmental offices and documents on discriminated classes.
- 西欧中世においては、特にその初期においてノルマン人、イスラーム教徒、マジャール人などの外民族のあいつぐ侵入に苦しめられた。
- In medieval Europe, particularly in its early days, people suffered from repeated invasion by foreigners such as the Normans, Muslims and Magyars.
- 1941年(昭和16年)に発布された国民学校令(昭和16年勅令第148号)にとって代わられるまで、50年以上効力を有した。
- It had been in effect for more than 50 years until Kokumin Gakko Rei (the order of elementary school, Imperial Edict No. 148 of the 16th year of Showa era) was issued to replace it in 1941.
- 家族の入籍又は去家に対する同意権(ただし、法律上当然に入籍・除籍が生じる場合を除く)(旧民法735条・737条・738条)
- Consent right regarding registration and deregistration of family members on household registers (except situations in which registration and deregistration is needed from a legal standpoint) (the Old Civil Codes, Article 735, 737 and 738).
- また中国(清朝)でも阿片戦争での敗北後、長期にわたって列強とさまざまな不平等条約を締結し、経済的な植民地に転落していった。
- China, too, concluded various unequal treaties with powerful countries over a long period after the defeat in the Opium Wars and fell to the position of their economic colony.
- 明治2年6月17日 (旧暦)(1869年7月25日)、274大名に版籍奉還が行われ土地と人民は明治政府の所轄する所となった。
- After hanseki-hokan (return of lands and people to the emperor) was ordered to 247 daimyo (feudal lords) on July 25, 1869, the Meiji government became the ruler of the lands and people.
- ただし、これらの改革は急激に行われたため矛盾も少なくなく、士族や農民の不満を招いたため、後の征韓論につながったとも言われる。
- However, these rapid reforms had many contradictions and many warrior-class people and farmers were unsatisfied, and it is said that these reforms led to 'Seikanron' (the policy of conquering Korea by military force).
- 1874年には台湾における宮古島民殺害事件をきっかけに台湾出兵が行われ、両国の間で台湾・沖縄の帰属が決定されることになった。
- In 1874, the government dispatched the army to Taiwan after a Japanese person from Miyakojima Island was murdered in Taiwan, and then Japan and Qing decided the ownership of Taiwan and Okinawa.
- 幕府は自由な民間貿易を厳重に取り締まっていたものの、実際には来航した外国船と日本商人との間に密貿易がおこなわれていたという。
- Although the Bakufu cracked down on free nongovernmental trade, it is believed that Japanese merchants were actually trading illegally with ships from abroad.
- 投票に参加したのは、旧幕府脱走軍の指揮役(士官)クラス以上であり、下士官・兵卒クラスは除外、むろん箱館住民も参加していない。
- The persons who took part in the vote were the leaders (commissioned officers) and the higher ranking officials of the Old Bakufu Deserters' Army, and noncomissioned officers and soldiers were excluded, and of course, Hakodate residents did not take part in it, neither.
- この表現が、日本国憲法前文の「日本国民は...この憲法を確定する」(民定憲法)の文言と矛盾することが一部学説で問題とされた。
- This emperor's statement became controversial, because some theories pointed out that it contradicted the phase 'the Japanese people... do firmly establish this Constitution' in the preamble of the Constitution of Japan (Constitution enacted by the people).
- 明治4年(1871年)には、士族の公務を解いて、農業・工業・商業の自由を与え、また、平民も均しく公務に就任できることとした。
- In 1871, the warrior class became able to engage in not only public services, but also farming, industrial jobs or commercial business, and commoners could engage in public services.
- 以降、江戸庶民の間にイノシシや豚肉などの肉食が急速に広まり、滋養目的の「薬喰い」から、肉食そのものを楽しむ方向へと変化した。
- From then on, among common people in Edo, the eating of meat including pork and wild boar rapidly spread and changed from 'medicine' for the purpose of nourishment to something to be enjoyed.
- そうした中、日本は朝鮮語教育に力を入れ、朝鮮民衆にハングルが広まったのは、日本の政策の結果であったとする意見も存在している。
- There exists an opinion that Japan promoted education of Korean language, and the prevalence of Hangeul among Korean people was a result of the Japanese policy.
- 1941年3月、台湾教育令は再度改正が行われ、小學校、蕃人公学校と公学校を統合し国民学校(一部は蕃童教育所として統一された。
- In March 1941, the Act of Taiwanese Education was amended again, which amendment integrated Banjin Kogakko (public schools for Taiwanese aboriginal people) and Kogakko into Kokumin gakko and some schools were re-established as the ones for aboriginal children.
- いわば梁啓超らは明治日本において陽明学の再発見・再評価したのみならず、陽明学を柱とする国民精神創造運動も取り込んだといえよう。
- In other words, Liang Qichao not only rediscovered and reevaluated Yomeigaku but also introduced the movement to create a national spirit supported by Yomeigaku into China from Japan during the Meiji period.
- その反面、18世紀以降の蘭学流行に見られるように、植民地にならなかったアジア諸国でこれだけヨーロッパの学問が広まった国はない。
- On the other hand, among Asian countries that were not colonized, Japan was the only country in which the study of Europe spread, typified by the Western learning boom observed in and after the 18th century.
- 官奴婢の年 66 歳以上および廃疾の者は官戸とされさらに官戸は76歳以上になると(反逆縁座は80歳以上)解放されて良民となる。
- Kunuhi were granted the status of kanko upon reaching the age of 66 or becoming disabled, and kanko would be freed as ryomin (upper class) upon reaching 76 years of age (80 for those related to a rebel).
- 長城外節度使には武人や蕃将(異民族出身の将軍)が就けられ、長城内節度使には中央から派遣された文官が付くのが当初の方針であった。
- The policy at the beginning was to assign warriors and bansho (non-Han generals) as setsudoshi stationed in the regions outside of the Great Wall, and to place civil officers sent from the central government as setsudoshi stationed in the areas on the inside of the Great Wall.
- この時代は世情が一応安定し、2世紀以上にわたって大きな戦乱もなく、庶民の生活レベルも、それ以前の時代に比較すれば向上していた。
- In this period, the Japanese society was more or less stable because there was no big disturbance of war for more than two centuries, and the ordinary people's living standard was improved from that of the former periods.
- 九州の大名の中には大村純忠のように領民を強制的にキリスト教に改宗させようとしたり、寺社仏閣を破壊した事があったのは事実である。
- It is a absolute fact that Sumitada OMURA, a domain lord in Kyushu, forced the domain people convert to the Christianity and destroyed temples and shrines.
- (現代表記)我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- (modern written Japanese) 我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
- 帝国議会は法律の協賛(同意)権を持ち、臣民の権利・義務など法律の留保が付された事項は帝国議会の同意がなければ改変できなかった。
- The Imperial Diet had only the right to approve establishment and amendment of laws, so articles related to the rights and duties of the subjects could not be amended without the consent of the Imperial Diet.
- 「太田の決戦は、中世を象徴する宗教的な民衆武力と、兵農分離の近世秩序が、真正面から戦いあった日本史上のクライマックス」である。
- The battle of Ota was the climax of Japanese history in which the military force of religious common people which symbolized medieval times and the order of heinobunri in recent times confronted.'
- このことが自由民権運動や初期帝国議会における激しい政府批判を招き、また地租に替わる財源として酒造税の相次ぐ増税の一因となった。
- This deletion of the provision invited Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) and fierce criticisms against the government in the initial Imperial Diet; in addition, it became a cause of a series of tax increase of brewery tax as the financial resource to replace land-tax.
- そのため単なる精神論を越えて監視社会化してしまい、この結果、「悪法」として一般民衆からは幕府への不満が高まったものと見られる。
- In this way, the law went beyond the spiritualism, the society was put under surveillance, and as the result, it is thought that dissatisfaction with the bad law among people in general was heightened against government.
- また、一方では日本人は北海道から沖縄県に至るまで、遺伝学的には大差はなく比較的均一性も高い民族であるという研究結果も出ている。
- On the other hand, the research findings concluded that the Japanese race is comparatively genetically unified, having little variation from Hokkaido to Okinawa.
- 山背大兄王の側近の三輪文屋君は東国へ逃れて再挙することを勧めるが、山背大兄王は民に苦しみを与えることになると取り上げなかった。
- When Prince Yamashiro no Oe's close adviser, MIWA no Fumiya no Kimi, suggested him to escape to the east, he turned down this offer by saying he did not want the citizens to suffer anymore.
- これら水利事業の整備は台湾の農業に大きな影響を与え、農民の収入を増加させるとともに、総督府の農業関連歳入の増加を実現している。
- The development of water facilities influenced agriculture in Taiwan, increasing the income for farmers as well as agriculture-related revenue for the Sotoku-fu.
- 民権運動の盛り上がりに対し、政府は讒謗律、新聞紙条例の公布(1875年)、集会条例(1880年)など言論弾圧の法令で対抗した。
- As the movement intensified, the government issued a series of laws and regulations, including the Zamboritsu (Defamation Law), the Shinbunshi Jorei (Press Regulations) in 1875, and the Shukai Jorei (Assembly Regulations) in 1880, that suppressed free speech.
- 大正デモクラシーは戦後民主主義を形成する遺産として大きな意味を持ったと指摘する論者もエドウィン・O・ライシャワーをはじめ数多い。
- There are many, including Edwin O. REISCHAUER, who argue that the Taisho Democracy holds great significance as the heritage that laid the foundation for postwar democracy in Japan.
- また同時期書かれた梁の『徳育鑑』や「論私徳」(代表作『新民説』の一節)には、井上哲次郎の『日本陽明学派之哲学』の影響が見られる。
- 'De Yu Jian' and the 'Lun Si De' chapter of Liang Qichao's important work 'Xin Min Shuo', written during this period, show the influence of Tetsujiro INOUE's 'Nihon Yomei-gakuha no Tetsugaku'.
- 週刊『平民新聞』第53号(1904年11月13日)には、新聞創刊1周年の記念として、堺と幸徳の共訳で『共産党宣言』が訳載された。
- In the 53rd issue of the weekly 'Heimin-shinbun' (November 13,1904) the 'Communist Party Declaration' was translated and published by SAKAI and KOTOKU as the first anniversary after the first issue.
- またカフカスの男性用民族衣裳で、胸に鉛筆状のものが並んだデザインのものがあるが、これは、「木製カートリッジ」を並べたものである。
- In Kavkaz, there is a men's national costume designed with a number of pencil-like objects, which are wooden cartridges, lined along the chest.
- 賎民にはこれらの義務がなく、また良民だからと言って権利があるわけでもなく、不自由な良民よりも、自由な賎民を選択する者が続出した。
- Senmin had none of the above obligations, but the Ryomin had no rights, and consequently those who chose to be free Senmin instead of inconvenient Ryomin appeared one after another.
- 蜂起中に困民党メンバーやその同調者が使用したとされる「自由自治元年」という'年号'は、日本史上、最終期の私年号と考えられている。
- The name of the era, 'First year of Free Autonomy' used by the Konminto Party members and their sympathizers, was regarded as a shinengo (private name of a era) in the end term in Japanese history.
- 石見国の一の宮「物部神社 (大田市)」(島根県大田市)は、部民設置地説以外に古代出雲に対する鎮めとして創建されたとする説もある。
- There is also a theory that 'Mononobe-jinja Shrine' (Oda City, Shimane Prefecture), which is an ichinomiya (a shrine occupying the highest rank among the shrines of a province) of Iwami Province was built as an appeasement for ancient Izumo except for the theory of arm control.
- 以後、民主カンプチア、ヘン・サムリン政権、カンボジア内戦等の激動の歴史を経て、国民議会総選挙により1993年に立憲君主制を採択。
- Since then, the country passed through tumultuous times, including Democratic Kampuchea, Heng Samrin Government, and civil wars in Cambodia, until 1993 when the country adopted a constitutional monarchy by a general election for National Assembly.
- 自身番は、地元住民が交代で役割を担っていたことから、現在も地域の安全の拠点となる消防団の詰所や公民館として跡地が残る場所が多い。
- Because local citizens took turns to work as guards, the tradition lives to this day, and many of these stations remain today as volunteer fire stations, which are bases for local security, or community centers.
- 離婚または離縁によって実家に復籍すべき者が実家の廃絶によって復籍することができない場合には再興することができる(旧民法740条)
- After divorce or dissolution, a person who shall return to one's family but the family is abolished, can revive the family (the Old Civil Codes, Article 740).
- この間、社会は幕府の強大な支配に置かれたが、逆に言えば安定した社会が築かれ、経済活動が活発化して庶民が台頭、町人文化が花開いた。
- During this time, society was put under the great power of Bakufu; however, a stable society was established, the economy was stimulated, the common people rose in stature, and mercantile culture bloomed.
- また、蜂起した原住民部族に対する出草(首狩り、理蕃政策の一環として法律で規制されていた風習)が、鎮圧に協力した部族に許可された。
- The headhunting of rebelling tribes called shusso (a practice of headhunting which was legally permitted as a part of the riban seisaku) was admitted for the tribes cooperating in the suppression of rebellion.
- 鷹見安二郎(1940年)によると住宅密集地区外に点在する民家は文政年間で約9500戸程度と見積もられ、約4万3500人程度である。
- TAKAMI Yasujiro (1940) estimated that there were 9,500 households and approximately 43,500 people inhabiting the dense residential area.
- 当時、欧米列強の支配下にあり、後に独立した国々の指導者達の回顧録に下記のような、植民地時代における感慨の記録が数多く見受けられる。
- Many of the memoirs written by the leaders of countries formerly colonized by western countries refer to the Russo-Japanese War with great excitement.
- また、台湾国民政府によって、正史としての『清史』(実際は『清史稿』の改訂)が編纂されたが、中華人民共和国政府はこれを認めていない。
- Additionally, the Republic of China government in Taiwan has produced an official history entitled 'History of the Qing' (in fact it is a revised version of the PRC's 'Draft History of the Qing'), but the PRC government refuses to acknowledge this work.
- 2008年(平成20年)現在国宝の建造物は神社37件、寺院154件、城郭8件、住宅12件、民家0件、その他3件、計214件である。
- As of 2008, the total number of buildings designated national treasures is 214: of the structures so designated, 37 appear in shrines, 154 in temples, 8 in castles, 12 in public residences, 0 in private homes, and 3 are miscellaneous structures.
- だが掛かる費用に対し効果が薄かったため、明治5年(1872年)には募集や新規移民優遇をやめ、既に定着した移民への援助に切り替えた。
- However, as the aid was not effective compared to the costs incurred, the government stopped recruitment and preferential treatment for new immigrants and shifted its support to already settled immigrants.
- 彼らはその身の中で、万民を救うという士大夫的責任感と「知行合一」とを結合させ、以下に述べるような社会批判を繰り広げていくのである。
- They combined the shidafu elite's idea of responsibility for giving relief to the nation with the idea of 'chigyo goitsu' and developed the criticisms to be described below.
- 7世紀後半に日本に導入された律令制は、中国のそれに倣って、国民を良民と賤民とに大別する良賤制を採用した(良賤の法、645年制定)。
- The Ritsuryo system, brought in Japan during the latter half of the seventh century, adopted the Ryosen system which largely divided the people into the Ryomin (lit. good people) and the Senmin (the lowly persons) after a model from China (the Law of Ryosen, enacted in 645).
- また、地方の政情不安に対処するため、1878年(明治11年)には府県会規則を公布して、各府県に民選の府県会(地方議会)を設置した。
- To address political instability in local areas, rules of prefectures were issued in 1878, and a prefectural (local) assembly by popular election was established in each prefecture.
- この建白書では、官選ではなく民選の議員で構成される立法議事機関を開設し、有司専制(官僚による専制政治)を止めることが必要だとした。
- Their political statement insisted on the establishment of a legislature consisting of members selected by the public, not the government, and abolishment of despotism by bureaucrats.
- この時期発表された著名な論文として、施行延期派のものは増島六一郎の『法学士会ノ意見ヲ論ズ』、江木衷の『民法草案財産編批評』がある。
- Well-known theses published at that time by the Seko-enki-ha Group included 'Hogakushi Kai no Iken-wo Ronzu' (Discussing opinions from the School of Law Alumni Association) by Rokuichiro MASUJIMA and 'Minpo Soan Zaisan Hen Hihyo' (Critique on property ownership under the draft Civil Law) by Makoto EGI.
- 府県会規則の制定以前には、一部の府知事、県令が顧問的な会議(地方民会)を招集した例はあっても、法制度上の地方議会は存在しなかった。
- Before the establishment of the Fuken-kai rules, though there were examples in which some prefectural governors callied for advisory meetings (local assemblies), the local assembly did not exist as a legal system.
- 第4代台湾総督の児玉源太郎は、民政長官の後藤新平と共に『財政20年計画』を策定、20年以内に補助金を減額し台湾の財政独立を図った。
- The fourth Governor-General of Taiwan, Gentaro KODAMA, made the twenty year financial plan with the Chief of Home Affairs Shinpei GOTO, aiming at decreasing the grant and making Taiwan financially independent within twenty years.
- しかし、逆の見方をすれば、日本は明治維新によって列強と化した事により、アジア諸国では数少ない植民地にならなかった国となったのである。
- However, because Japan became one of the powerful countries due to the Meiji Restoration it was one of few Asian countries which didn't become a colony.
- その後政府は蝦夷の首長を郡司に任命して部族集団の間接的な支配を行い、また個別に服属してきた者は俘囚として諸国に移民させられたりした。
- Later, the government appointed the chief of Ezo as a gunji (region manager) in order to indirectly control tribal groups, and forced people individually picked out for subjugation to migrate to other countries as fushu (barbarians).
- 虐殺の有無や、虐殺された人数については諸説あるが、実際に従軍し直接見聞した有賀長雄は清国民間人の巻き添えが有ったことを示唆している。
- Opinions are divided on whether it was a massacre or not and, if so, how many people were killed, but Nagao ARIGA who was there in service and saw or heard what happened suggested that civilians were involved in the battle.
- 週刊『平民新聞』第1号(11月15日)には、「平民社同人」の署名のある「宣言」と、堺と幸徳の署名のある「発刊の序」が掲載されている。
- In the 1st issue of the weekly 'Heimin-shinbun' (November 15), there are 'Declaration' signed by the 'Heiminsha Dojin (literary group (coterie))' and 'Introduction of publication' signed by SAKAI and KOTOKU.
- だが、住民からは旧幕府軍に対する反感が増し、新政府側のゲリラ組織「遊軍隊」に参加したり、新政府軍に内通する者も出てくる始末であった。
- However, residents' antipathy to the Old Bakufu was increasing, and some of them joined the 'Yuguntai', a guerrilla standing on the new government side, or worked as spies for the new government army.
- 「心を一にして」は日本国民の団結を表現する当時の決まり文句であり、江戸期の水戸学者の著作から後の教育勅語に至るまで広く使われている。
- 心を一にして (Shall be united) ' was cliche expressing the unity of Japanese people at the time and was used widely from literary works of Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) academics in the Edo period to the Imperial Rescript on Education.
- この新しい篆刻の風は大坂では新興蒙所や佚山らによって初期浪華派に、長崎では源伯民らによって長崎派が形成されるなど日本各地に伝播した。
- This new trend of tenkoku spread throughout the country, turning to the early Roka school established by Mosho NIIOKI and Itsuzan in Osaka as well as the Nagasaki school established by Hakumin GEN in Nagasaki.
- また、佐藤政憲は「秩父事件は貧しいから起きたのではなく、段々豊かになるときにつぶされたところに秩父農民の怒りがある」と指摘している。
- Masanori SATO also pointed out that 'the Chichibu Incident occurred not because peasants in Chichibu were poor, but because they got angry to have their lives smashed up when they were gradually becoming rich'.
- 政治運動に命をかけるという人物モデルにもなり、自由民権運動の活動家や、明治社会主義者の一部にも「志士」という理想像が共有されていた。
- The term 'Shishi' came to symbolize a person who puts his life towards political activity, such as the activists for Civic Rights, and Meiji Period socialists.
- また民間企業による鉄道建設も進み、糖業鉄道、塩業鉄道、鉱業鉄道などが軽便鉄道として台湾各地を網羅し台湾における交通の要となっていた。
- The private railways were also constructed and the Taiwan Sugar Railways, Salt Railways, Mining Railways, as light railways, extended throughout Taiwan, playing the vital role for the transportation in Taiwan.
- 台湾で抗日武力闘争が発生していた時期、総督府は武力による鎮圧以外にその統治体制を確立し、教育の普及による撫民政策をあわせて実施した。
- During the armed anti-Japanese movement that was taking place in Taiwan, the Sotoku-fu tried to establish a ruling system other than suppression by armed forces and it implemented the policy to pacify the Taiwanese people through the spread of education.
- 台湾民主国の崩壊後、台湾総督樺山資紀は1895年11月8日に東京の大本営に対し台湾全島の鎮圧を報告、日本による台湾統治が開始された。
- After the collapse of the Republic of Formosa, Sukenori KABAYAMA, then-Governor-General of Taiwan, reported the suppression of the entire Taiwan to the Imperial headquarters in Tokyo in November 8, 1895 and the Japanese rule of Taiwan started.
- 井上の鉄道国有論に対抗して鉄道民営論を唱えたのは、渋沢栄一や田口卯吉、中上川彦次郎、三井財閥や三菱財閥などの財界の有力者たちであった。
- Against Inoue's theory of nationalization of railway, the powerful businessmen in Mitsui and Mitsubishi-zaibatsu (company syndicate) including Eichi SHIBUSAWA, Ukichi TAGUCHI, and Hikojiro NAKAMIGAWA advocated the theory of railway management by private sectors.
- また、これと同時期に民間でも行われた文明開化の動き、肉食の普及や鉄道の開通などとも相まって、新時代「明治」の雰囲気が醸成されていった。
- At the same time, the atmosphere of new era 'Meiji' was created by the civilization and enlightenment of people, the popularization of eating meat, and the opening of the railway.
- なお急速な西洋化の一端には、西洋列強国が当時盛んに植民地経営で、莫大な富をアジア諸国から吸い上げていたことに対する危機感も見出される。
- The rapid and drastic Westernization was promoted also because of the notion of impending crisis, by seeing the act of the Great Powers of the West exploiting Asian countries to acquire a vast wealth through the management of colonized countries.
- 平民社は、週刊『平民新聞』を発行し、同紙は、1903年11月15日発行の第1号から、1905年1月29日発行の第64号まで刊行された。
- The Heiminsha published the weekly 'Heimin-shinbun' (Commoners' newspaper) and it was published from the 1st issue on November 15, 1903 to the 64th issue on January 29, 1905.
- そのような中、富山県で発生した米問屋と住民の騒動は瞬く間に全国に広がり(米騒動)米問屋の打ち壊しや焼き討ちなど2ヶ月間に渡り頻発した。
- Amid this development, the clash between rice dealers and citizens that broke out in Toyama Prefecture spread quickly throughout the country, with rice riots involving destruction and burning of stores occurring frequently for two months.
- 当初は朝鮮は戦後には支配下に繰り入れられるべき領土であり、日本の国内戦同様に非戦闘員である民衆は保護の対象であり殺戮は禁止されていた。
- At the beginning, it was understood that Korea was a territory that should be included in the territories under control of Japan and, same as a war in Japan, common people who were noncombatants should be the object of protection and it was prohibited to kill them.
- 台湾では、1945年に国民政府が、一部の政府文書を除き坪に変えて平方メートルを使用すると宣言したが、民間では今でも広く使用されている。
- In case of Taiwan, the government of the Republic of China announced to switch from tsubo unit to the metric unit in 1945 for its official description of the area of a space except some governmental official documents, although the tsubo unit is still widely used in private today.
- まとめてスナイドル銃に改造して、軍による造兵施設の独占と軍用銃の所持を厳しく規制する事で、国民の武装を封じて内乱の再発を防ごうと努めた。
- Then, the government managed to prohibit the possession of arms by the general public to prevent a civil war by converting all of the withdrawn guns into Snider rifles, making the arms factories monopolized by the national Army, and regulating the possession of military guns more strictly.
- 1970年代には埋め立てて公園と駐車場にする計画が立てられたが「よみがえる近江八幡の会」「八幡堀を守る会」などの住民運動によって蘇った。
- Although there was a reclamation plan of the site to make a park and a parking lot in the 1970s, the castle was revived by citizens' movements including 'Yomigaeru Omihachiman no Kai' (Revitalize Omihachiman), 'Hachiman-bori wo Mamoru Kai' (Save Hachiman-bori Moat).
- 伊吹丸への荷積みを行っていた十二銀行の倉庫前へ魚津町の主婦ら十数人が集まり、米の船積みを中止し、住民に販売するよう求める嘆願がなされた。
- More than a dozen housewives and others who lived in Uozu town gathered in front of a warehouse of Juni Bank where Ibukimaru had been loaded, and they pleaded to cancel the loading of rice and sell it to people.
- 5軒から10軒の世帯を一組とし、団結や地方自治の進行を促し、戦争での住民の動員や物資の供出、統制物の配給、空襲での防空活動などを行った。
- Making a group with five to ten families, it urged their solidarity and development of local autonomy, and was used for mobilization of citizens and obligatory supply of materials to the government, distribution of controlled goods, and defense activity against air raids during wartime.
- 日本側は台湾総督安藤利吉が、中華民国側は陳儀がそれぞれ全権として出席し降伏文書に署名され、台湾省行政長官公署が正式に台湾統治に着手した。
- Rikichi ANDO, then Governor-General of Taiwan and Yi CHEN were present representing Japan and China, respectively, and signed a surrender instrument, after which Taiwan province administrative office officially started to work on the control of Taiwan.
- 民政局には内務、殖産、財務、学務の4部が設置されたほか、台湾民主国の活動が行われた期間に高島鞆之助が副総督として任命されたケースもある。
- The Home Affairs Bureau was further divided into four offices: Internal Affairs, Agriculture, Finance and Education, and Tomonosuke TAKASHIMA was appointed as Vice Governor-General when the Republic of Formosa existed on Taiwan.
- 1968年に東京・多摩地区の農家の土蔵から発見されて有名になった「五日市憲法」は地方における民権運動の高まりと思想的な深化を示している。
- The 'Itsukaichi Draft Constitution,' which is known to have been found at a warehouse owned by a farmer in Tama area, Tokyo in 1968, signifies how the movement powerfully and deeply permeated in the local areas.
- 当時は城や柵(城柵官衙と呼ばれる施設)が作られ、その周囲に柵戸(きのへ)と呼ばれる民が関東や北陸地方から移民させられて耕作に当たっていた。
- At that time, castles and josakukanga (a castle-like facility used as governmental office) were constructed and people called Kinohe, forced to immigrate from Kanto and Hokuriku regions, lived around such castles and josakukanga, and were engaged in farming.
- ロシアでは、相次ぐ敗北と、それを含めた帝政に対する民衆の不満が増大し、1905年1月9日には血の日曜日事件 (1905年)が発生していた。
- In Russia, the successive defeats exacerbated popular dissatisfaction towards the Czarist regime, leading to the Bloody Sunday Incident on January 9th, 1905.
- 兵力は二個大隊であり、うち鎮台兵は一個大隊で残りは「植民兵」として薩摩など九州各地の士族で占領地永住を前提に募集・編成されたものであった。
- The military force consisted of two battalions: one was made up of soldiers of chindai (garrison in the Meiji era) and the other was formed by the former shizoku in Kyushu regions who had been recruited on the condition that they be granted permanent residence of occupied lands.
- 死罪(しざい)とは、江戸時代に庶民に科されていた6種類ある死刑のうちの一つで、斬首により命を絶ち、死骸を試し斬りにする斬首刑の刑罰のこと。
- Shizai is one of the 6 types of capital punishment imposed on commoner criminals in the Edo Period, in which the criminal was beheaded and the corpse was used to test the sharpness of swords.
- しかし清浦内閣はほぼ全ての閣僚が貴族院 (日本)議員から選出された超然主義であり、国民の間で再び憲政擁護を求める第二次護憲運動が起こった。
- The cabinet consisting of nearly all of the members of the House of Peers was clearly detached from the principles of constitutional rule and sparked the second Movement to Protect Constitutional Government among the people.
- また日本軍は治安を乱しゲリラ攻撃を仕掛ける義勇軍の抵抗に手を焼いたため、治安確保のために住民の虐殺や村の焼き討ちなどを行うことも多かった。
- Furthermore, as Japanese troops had a hard time with the resistance that disturbed the peace and conducted guerrilla attacks, it often slaughtered inhabitants and burned villages in order to ensure security.
- 中華人民共和国では万暦朝鮮戦争(ばんれきちょうせんせんそう、)もしくは朝鮮壬辰衛国戦争(ちょうせんじんしんえいこくせんそう、)と呼ばれる。
- In the People's Republic of China, it is called '万历朝鲜战争' or '朝鲜壬辰卫国战争.'
- 明治2年6月17日 (旧暦)(1869年7月25日)、版籍奉還がおこなわれ、諸侯(藩主)は土地と人民に対する統治権をすべて天皇に奉還した。
- On July 25, 1869, lords of domains returned their right to rule the land and people to the emperor (Hanseki-hokan).
- これは、当時の大韓帝国の巨額の債務や土地インフラに膨大な予算が必要になることから日本国民の理解を得ることは難しいとの政治判断からであった。
- It was a political decision from the judgement that it would be difficult to have Japanese people's understanding, because, at the time, the Korean Empire held an enormous debt and also needed a lot of budget for the land infrastructure.
- 蝦夷地(現在の北海道)での勢力も増していき、渡島半島南部は内地化し、北海道全域が大和民族の勢力下に置かれるようになった(アイヌ等を参照)。
- The Yamato race's power also increased in Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu), turning the southern Oshima Peninsula into part of the inland, and the whole area of Hokkaido came under the power of the Yamato race (refer to Ainu tribe and others).
- 本協約は、1965年に結ばれた日本国と大韓民国との間の基本関係に関する条約第二条により、他の条約とともにもはや無効であることが確認された。
- This treaty as well as other treaties was confirmed to be already null and void, according to the Article II of the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea concluded in 1965.
- 様々な制限があったとしても、各地の府県会が自由民権運動派の政府攻撃の拠点となったことは、府県会自治が空虚な器でなかったことを意味している。
- Even though there were various limitations, the fact that the prefectural assemblies all over the country became the bases for the Jiyu Minken Undo sects to criticize and attack the government means that the autonomy of prefectural assemblies was not a hollow gesture.
- そのため町奉行支配下の町人人口として計上されている寺社門前地の人口には、農地に点在する農民、一部町人の人口が含まれていないとする解釈がある。
- For the abovementioned reason, there are those who interpret that the population of temple towns that have been accounted for in the population of townspeople, do not include peasants living in such farm lands and some other townspeople inhabiting the shuinchi.
- 文化・民族・国の根拠を神に依ろうとする発想は世界共通のもので、王の権威は神から授かったのだという考えに依拠する王権神授説などその流れは多様。
- The idea that the cultures, ethnic groups and nations originate in God is universal and developed differently, such as a theory of the divine right of kings in which the authority of kings is thought to be granted by God.
- まず、明治2年の版籍奉還で旧藩主が自発的に版(土地)・籍(人民)を天皇に返上し、改めて知藩事に任命されることで、藩地と領主の分離が図られた。
- First, in 1869 former governors of feudal domains voluntarily returned their lands and people to the emperor (Hanseki-hokan), and then they were reappointed as governors of domains by the emperor, while feudal lords were separated from their domains.
- 律令制社会の実態を観察すると、本質的な奴隷身分は奴婢などの賎民に限られており、社会全体に奴隷制が存在していなかったことが明らかになっている。
- By studying the reality of the society based on the Ritsuryo system, it has become apparent that slavery did not generally exist in society because the essential slave class was limited to the nui and other senmin.
- まず朱子は「親」を「新」と読み替え、「民を新たにす」(自分自身の明徳を明らかにした君子が、他者にまでそれを及ぼし革新する)という風に解した。
- Zhu Xi read the word 'qin', meaning 'being affectionate,' as 'xin,' meaning 'new,' and interpreted 'xinmin' as 'renovating the people', meaning that a man of virtue, who has discoverd his own virtue, spread it to others and renewed them.
- 日本においては、金融機関から融資を受けられなかった社会的マイノリティー層においても、古くから現在に至るまで運用されている民間金融手法である。
- In Japan, it is a private financing method operating from ancient times up to the present even amongst social minority classes who could not get financing from financial institutions.
- またこの間、オランダが日本貿易を独占するため、スペインなどの旧教国に日本植民地化の意図があり、危険であると幕府に助言したことも影響している。
- In addition, during the riot, in order to monopolize trade with Japan, the Netherlands advised the shogunate government that it would be dangerous for Japan to trade with Catholic countries such as Spain because they intended to colonize Japan.
- ただし、各村の「村明細帳」などに「殺生人」と記される「漁師」・「猟師」などの曖昧な存在もあり、士農工商以外を単純に賎民とすることはできない。
- However, there were also people of ambiguous existence such as fishermen and hunters, being described as 'in charge of butchery' in the 'village details' and others in each village, and therefore it wasn't possible to simply refer to them as being of the Senmin hierarchy.
- 戸主が死亡したことなどにより家督相続が開始されたにもかかわらず、家督相続人となる者がいないために、家が消滅することをいう(旧民法764条)。
- It indicates a household which is abolished because there is no successor after former head of the family died even though the process of succession of the family head position has began (the Old Civil Codes, Article 764).
- これは、幕府や藩などの媒介なしに、天皇の下にある中央政府が直接に土地と人民を支配し、統治権(立法権・行政権・司法権)を行使することを意味する。
- This meant that the central government, on behalf of the emperor, could directly rule land and people, and exercise ruling powers (legislative power, executive power, and judicial power).
- 秩父事件(ちちぶじけん)は、1884年(明治17年)10月31日から11月9日にかけて、埼玉県秩父郡の農民が政府に対して起こした武装蜂起事件。
- The Chichibu Incident was an armed uprising that peasants in Chichibu County, Saitama Prefecture made against the government from October 31 to November 9, 1884.
- インフラストラクチャーの整備が行われ結果として伝染病の予防や出生率の増加におよび、教育施設では皇民化教育、日本語やハングルの教育が進められた。
- Infrastructure was improved, which led prevention of infectious diseases and increase of the birth rate, and Japanization and teaching of Japanese and Hangeul were pursued in educational facilities.
- 江戸の町は、大きく分けて見ると江戸城の西に広がる山の手の武家屋敷と、東の隅田川をはじめとする数々の河川・堀に面した庶民の町(下町)に大別される。
- The town of Edo was roughly categorized into an uptown area west of Edo Castle where samurai lived, and a downtown (shitamachi) area facing several rivers and moats beginning with the Sumidagawa riverwhere commoners lived.
- 朝廷はそれまでの氏姓制度を改め、公地公民制や統一的税制(租庸調制など)を施行し、地方行政機構を改組して中央集権化するなど、律令制の導入を図った。
- The Imperial Court made efforts to introduce a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes by reforming the system of clans and hereditary titles, enforcing the ownership of all lands and serfs by the emperor, and introducing a uniform tax system (taxes in kind or service).
- 大正デモクラシー運動(あるいは単に大正デモクラシー)は、大正時代に興った日本全体を巻き込む民主主義的あるいは自由主義的な風潮・思潮の総称である。
- The Taisho Democracy movement (or Taisho Democracy for short) is a name given collectively to the social climate and thought oriented toward democracy and freedom that emerged during the Taisho period and swept the entire country.
- 5月29日近衛師団の台湾北部への上陸後唐総督らは台湾を脱出し、清仏戦争の英雄劉永福が民主国政府により大将軍に任じられて台北陥落後の抵抗を担った。
- On May 29, when the Imperial Guards landed in the northern part of Taiwan, Governor Tang and other leaders escaped from the island, but the government of the Republic of Formosa appointed Liu Yongfu, a hero in Sino-French War, as commander in chief and took the responsibility for resistance after the fall of Taipei.
- さきに1871年琉球船が難破し台湾南部へ漂着した際、先住民による琉球島民殺害事件が発生していたが明治政府はそれを解決できないまま数年が経過した。
- Before that, the Meiji government did not resolve the incident of suicide of Ryukyu sailors whose ship had been wrecked and cast up on the coast of southern Taiwan in 1871, and several years had passed.
- 1894年5月に朝鮮で、東学教団構成員の全琫準を指導者として民生改善と日・欧の侵出阻止を求める農民反乱である甲午農民戦争(東学党の乱)が起きた。
- In May 1894, the Tonghak Peasant Revolution led by Jeon Bong Jun --a member of the Tonghak religious community-- occurred in Korea, calling for improvement of the people's livelihood and prevention of invasions from Japan and Western countries.
- 白村江の戦いで大敗北した倭国水軍は、各地で転戦中の倭国軍および亡命を望む百済遺民を救い出して船に乗せ、唐水軍に追われる中やっとのことで帰国した。
- The Wakoku sea warriors who lost heavily at the Battle of Hakusukinoe saved those Wakoku soldiers who were fighting in other areas as well as the surviving members of Kudara who were hoping to defect, and had difficulty returning to Japan while being pursued by the Tang sea warriors.
- こうして、地方での人民支配が次第に深化していき、670年頃になると地方支配の浸透を背景に、日本史上最初の戸籍とされる古代の戸籍制度が作成された。
- Accordingly, rule over the people was strengthened throughout the country and around 670, against the backdrop of increasing control over the provinces, the ancient family register system, which is considered to be the first family register in Japan, was created.
- 良民は、高級官僚である貴族を初め、下級官人、一般の百姓(公民と呼ばれることもあった)、雑色人(品部・雑戸という工芸技術を持つ半自由民)があった。
- The ryomin included the nobles, who were high-ranking officials; low-ranking officials; general peasants, who were sometimes called 'public people'; and lower level functionaries, including semi-free skilled craftsmen known as 'shinabe' and 'zakko.'
- (意味)我が国は未曾有の変革を為そうとし、わたくし天皇が自ら皆に率先して天地神明に誓い、大いにこの国是を定め、万民を保全する道を立てようとする。
- (Meaning) our country is making unprecedented transformation and I, the Emperor take initiative to swear to God, establish this national policy and preserve all the people.
- また、流通経済が発達しなかったため銀などの貨幣による売買が成立せず自給自足が基本の朝鮮民とは物々交換などで食料の調達を行わなければならなかった。
- In addition, as distribution economy had not developed, selling and buying using currency such as silver did not exist and procurement of food had to be conducted by barter exchange with Korean people who had been living by self-sufficient economy.
- 李氏朝鮮は階級差別と搾取によって農民が春窮と呼ばれる毎年春に飢える状況が常態となっているほど生産性の低い統治を行っており、国土開発を怠っていた。
- Productivity of governance by Yi Dynasty Korea was so low that such situations called shunkyu (literally, poverty in springtime) in which farmers starved in the spring time because of class discrimination and exploitation and national land development was neglected.
- 目的は、「鴨川等の安心・安全で良好かつ快適な河川環境を実現するための施策を推進し、もって府民の誇りである鴨川等を後世に引き継ぐ」(前文)にある。
- Its purpose is 'to promote the policy to achieve a peaceful, safe, good and comfortable environment for Kamo-gawa River and other rivers, and to hand down provincial heritage Kamo-gawa River and other rivers to our descendants' (from the preamble).
- 律令制では民衆に支給する(班田収授する)農地の面積を一律に定めていたことから、整然とした条里区画は班田収授との強い関連が想定されていたのである。
- Because the area of agricultural land issued to the people (handen shuju) was determined in a single uniform way under the ritsutyo system, a strong relation between orderly jori sections and handen shuju was assumed.
- 商法の施行延期が決定されたことで論争はさらに勢いを増し、1891年、穂積八束が『民法出デテ忠孝亡ブ』という論文を発表し、「我国ハ祖先教ノ国ナリ。
- The decision to postpone the enforcement of the Commercial Code led to disputes, and in 1891 Yatsuka HOZUMI said the following in his thesis 'Minho Idete Chuko Horobu' (As civil laws are being introduced, loyalty and filial duty are being lost): 'Our country worships ancestors.
- 」とあるが、三世一身法の施行からまだ20年しか経っておらず、三代を経過して農民の意欲が減退するという事態が本当に生じたかは、疑問が残る所である。
- However, it still remains doubtful whether farmers of the third generation were really discouraged after only twenty years from the enforcement of the Sanze Isshin Law.
- 列国も清朝や中華民国が賠償によって苦しむ姿を見て、国際社会の批判や自国の中国権益減少を恐れ、第一次世界大戦前後から賠償金の緩和をたびたび行った。
- The Powers, seeing the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China suffering from reparations and fearing criticisms from the international community and the reduction of their interests in China, often eased the reparations before and after World War I.
- 戸主の同意を得ずに婚姻・養子縁組をした者が離婚・養子離縁した際に、復籍すべき家の戸主に復籍拒絶をされたとき(旧民法741条・742条・750条)
- In case that someone who had got married or adopted without agreement of head of his/her own family and can not return to his/her own family after dissolution because the family head refuses (the Old Civil Codes, Article 741, 742 and 750).
- 日本統治前期の抗日活動は台湾を制圧し清朝への帰属を目指すものであり、台湾人としての民族自覚より清朝との関係の中で発生した武装闘争であると言える。
- The anti-Japanese movement in the early days of the Japanese rule aimed at gaining control of Taiwan and coming under the jurisdiction of the Qing dynasty and it could be regarded as the armed resistance occurred in the connection with the Qing dynasty rather than the one happened due to heightened nationalism.
- そのため、近江令、飛鳥浄御原令を制定するなど、当時の政権は、唐・朝鮮半島の統治制度を参照しながら、王土王民思想に基づく国家づくりを進めていった。
- Therefore, the government at that time promoted the national development based on Odo omin shiso (the thought that all the land and people belong to the emperor), through the establishment of Omi-Ryo (Omi Administrative Code), Asukakiyomihararyo and so on, while referring to the governing system in Tang and Korean Peninsula.
- 他にも当時はニコライの訪日が軍事視察であるという噂もあり、シベリア鉄道もロシアの極東進出政策を象徴するとして国民の反発があったことは確かである。
- At that time, it was rumored that an actual reason for Nicholas's visit to Japan was a military inspection, and also many Japanese people regarded the Trans-Siberian Railway as a symbol of Russian invasion of Far Eastern countries, and they had a sense of aversion against Russia.
- 709年には隼人の朝貢制度が始まり、朝廷において蝦夷とともに異民族たる「夷狄」が服属していることを示し、国家の儀礼において重要な役割を与えられた。
- In 709, the Hayato people began to pay tribute to the imperial court, asserting that Ezo and 'iteki '(barbarians) - who were considered different race - were to be subjugated, and thus given important role in National ceremonies.
- 朝廷は国教として仏教を保護するいっぽう、「僧尼令」などの法令によってきびしく統制し、僧侶になる手続きや資格をさだめて仏教の民間布教に制限を加えた。
- While protecting Buddhism as a state religion, the Imperial Court controlled it strictly with laws and regulations such as Soni ryo (Regulations for Monks and Nuns) and restricted private missionary activities by stipulating procedures and qualifications to become a monk or nun.
- その後、に公布され、翌に施行された日本国憲法では日本国憲法前文及び日本国憲法第1条で国民主権が定められ、天皇主権は排された(日本国憲法第98条)。
- Afterwards, promulgated in 1946 and taking effect the following year, the Constitution of Japan set forth the sovereignty of the people in the preamble as well as Article 1, in turn, abolishing the imperial sovereignty (Article 98 of the Constitution of Japan).
- 承久の乱以後、幕府の勢力が西国にまで伸びていくと、地頭として派遣された御家人・公家などの荘園領主・現地住民との法的な揉め事が増加するようになった。
- The bakufu expanded its power to the western provinces after the Jokyu War, and gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) and court nobles who were sent as jito (manager and lord of manor) had more legal troubles with lords of private estates and the local public.
- 1880年に入ると、立憲体制に消極的であった岩倉も自由民権運動への対応から、参議や諸卿から今後の立憲体制導入の手法について意見を求めることにした。
- From 1880, Iwakura, who was in a passive attitude to constitutional government started to request opinions from Sangi (councilor) and ministers to deal with the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
- 皇民化教育(こうみんかきょういく)は大日本帝国の支配地域において、その主権者とされた天皇を中心として大日本帝国への忠誠を要求した教化政策とされる。
- Japanization education is defined as an edification policy in territories under the governance of the Empire of Japan, requesting fealty toward the Empire of Japan led by its ruler, the Emperor.
- 朝鮮総督府庁舎が完成すると街から宮殿は見えなくなり、これらにより朝鮮民族(朝鮮人)にとって総督府庁舎は屈辱的な歴史の象徴ともいわれるようになった。
- When the Chosen Sotoku-fu building was completed, the palace got out of sight from the town, which made the Sotoku-fu building called a symbol of the humiliating history for the Korean people (the Koreans).
- 満州族による王朝である清は建国以来、父祖の地である満洲には漢民族を入れないという封禁政策を取り、中国内地のような目の細かい行政制度も採用しなかった。
- The Qing Dynasty was established by the Manchu, who forbade the ethnic Han from migrating into their native lands through an exclusion policy, and did not adopt specifically delineated administrative policies as they in Manchuria as they had in China.
- また流通分野では、郵便制度・電信網の整備、鉄道および船舶運輸(民間の三菱財閥と国策会社の共同運輸会社の競合を経て日本郵船会社)などの整備が行われた。
- The postal system, the telegraph network, and transportation by railway and ship were consolidated as one distribution system (Nippon Yusen Company was established after the competition between the Mitsubishi Combine, the private sector, and the Kyodo Unyu Company, the national policy concern).
- 朝鮮への援兵を、同時期に行われた寧夏のボバイ、播州(四川省)の楊応龍の二人の辺境地方の地元民族首長反乱の鎮圧とあわせて、「万暦の三征」と呼んでいる。
- Reinforcement troops for Korea were called 'Three Expeditions in the Banreki Period' together with suppressing two other concurrent uprisings by local ethnic chiefs, Bobai in Ningxia and You Ouryu in Banshu (Sichuan Province).
- 政府は、国民の言論と政治運動を弾圧するため、1875年(明治8年)の讒謗律、新聞紙条例、1880年(明治13年)の集会条例など、様々な法令を定めた。
- The government issued various acts to oppress the citizens' speech and political activities such as the Defamation Law, Press Regulations in 1875 and the Public Assembly Ordinance in 1880.
- 氏は同税は住民に対する税金ではなく、京都市内の寺社建物へ支払う拝観料へ課税し文化財を保護する市への協力を拝観者へ依頼するものと市議会へ説明している。
- According to his explanation to the City Assembly, the tax was imposed not on the citizens but on the entrance fee paid to the temples and the shrines in Kyoto city, with the intention of eliciting cooperation with the city from the visitors in protecting its cultural properties.
- 遊牧民族であるモンゴル人は船上の戦法を心得ておらず、モンゴル軍が有効に活用し、連戦連勝を重ねてきた得意の騎馬隊を上陸戦のため使うことができなかった。
- Since the Mongols were a nomadic people, they were not familiar with conducting battle in ships, and also could not use their cavalry, which they had been using well to achieve successive victories.
- 同年、蝦夷とその子の入鹿は自分たちの陵墓の築造のために、天下の民を動員、聖徳太子の一族の領民も動員されたため太子の娘の大娘姫王はこれを嘆き抗議した。
- In the same year, Emishi and his son Iruka mobilized citizens including members of Prince Shotoku's family to construct their mausoleum, which made a daughter of Prince Shotoku, Princess Iratsume, very angry.
- 田は同化政策とは内地延長主義であり、台湾民衆を完全な日本国民とし、皇室に忠誠な国民とするための教化と国家国民としての観念を涵養するものと述べている。
- Den stated that an assimilation policy was inland territorial expansionism and that the Taiwanese would be educated to understand their role and responsibilities as Japanese subjects loyal to the Imperial family.
- この時期の総統である児玉源太郎は鎮圧を前面に出した高圧的な統治と、民生政策を充実させる硬軟折衷政策を実施し、一般民衆は抗日活動を傍観するに留まった。
- Gentaro KODAMA, who was Governor-General then, used the dual policy of the active suppression and the improvement of public livelihood, so most of the people in Taiwan chose the watch and wait attitude for these anti-Japanese movements.
- 1874年の民撰議院設立建白書以降、藩閥政府による政治に対して、議会の開設、地租の軽減、不平等条約の改正、言論と集会の自由の保障などの要求を掲げた。
- The movement began when a petition for the establishment of an elected national assembly was filed in 1874 calling for a Diet, the land-tax reductions, the revision of the unequal treaties, and freedom of speech and assembly in opposition to the han clique-dominated government.
- 1873年の征韓論政変により下野した板垣退助は1874年、後藤象二郎、江藤新平、副島種臣らと愛国公党を結成、民撰議院設立建白書を政府左院に提出した。
- In 1874, Taisuke ITAGAKI, together with Shojiro GOTO, Shinpei ETO, Taneomi SOEJIMA and others, who left the government when it refused to allow an invasion of Korea in the preceding year, founded the Aikokuto Party and submitted a petition to the Council of the Left of the government calling for the establishment of an elected national assembly.
- 不平等条約(ふびょうどうじょうやく)とは、条約の性質に基づいてなされた分類の一種で、ある国家が他の国家に、自国民などに対する権力作用を認めない条約。
- An unequal treaty is a category that is formed on the basis of the nature of the treaty, under which one state does not approve the enforcement of authority by another state over nationals of the former state.
- 家康は江戸城本城の拡張は一定程度に留める代わりに城下町の建設を進め、神田山を削り、日比谷入江を盛んに埋め立てて町を広げ、家臣と町民の家屋敷を配置した。
- Ieyasu prioritized the construction of the surrounding castletown over the expansion of the main castle enclosure by levelling Mt. Kado and reclaiming the Hibiya inlet to expand the habitable areas and build residences for vassals and townspeople.
- その根底には、壮麗な都を建設することが、外国使節や蝦夷・隼人などの辺境民、そして地方豪族や民衆に対して天皇の徳を示すことに他ならずとする考えがあった。
- The basis for this decision was that construction of a grand capital would show emperor's virtue to foreign envoys, frontiersmen such as Ezo and Hayato, and local clans and people.
- 王が自らの支配する土地を、自らが支配する人民(百姓)へ直接(中間支配者である豪族を介さずに)班給するというものであり、儒教的な理想を多分に含んでいた。
- The system was designed such that the sovereign would directly allot land to his people (peasants) without any intervention by powerful regional clans, the intermediate rulers between the sovereign and the people; in this, the system came very close to the Confucian ideal.
- 法律も国民の行いによって変わるもので、単に学ぶ事を知らず無知であるのに強訴や一揆などを行ったり、自分に都合の良い事ばかりを言う事は恥知らずではないか。
- Laws and regulations are also changed by the activities of people; if the ignorant people who have no interest in learning resort to direct petitions or uprisings and always make it work to his advantage, I think this is shameless; and
- 実際、人民の負担が増加傾向にあるにもかかわらず、肝心の支配層、すなわち貴族階級は贅沢を続け政治から遠ざかっていくようになる、と教えられる時期も有った。
- In fact, it was taught that the burden on the people increased, while the ruling class, i.e., the noble class, continued living luxuriously and had less to do with the politics.
- 家督相続によって戸主となった者は廃絶家がその本家である場合に限って裁判所の許可を得て現在の家を廃家したうえ本家を再興することができる(旧民法762条)
- A person became a head of a family according to succession to family headship can only revive own head family after being permitted by a law court and abolishing the current household (the Old Civil Codes, Article 762).
- 他に、国策として海外への移民を奨励して、ブラジルやアメリカ合衆国、ペルー、カナダ、ハワイ、メキシコ、アルゼンチン、パラグアイなどに多数の移民が渡った。
- Moreover, the empire encouraged emigration to foreign countries as a national policy, sending many immigrants to Brazil, the United States of America, Peru, Canada, Hawaii, Mexico, Argentina, Paraguay and other countries.
- しかし台湾に住む清朝の役人と中国系移民の一部が清朝の判断に反発して同年5月25日「台湾民主国」を建国、丘逢甲を義勇軍の指揮官とし日本の接収に抵抗した。
- However, some officials of the Qing dynasty as well as Chinese immigrants living in Taiwan repelled the decision by the Qing dynasty and proclaimed the establishment of the Republic of Formosa on May 25 of the same year to resist the seizure by Japan with the volunteer army led by Feng-chia CHIU.
- 東アジアに特有の律令制は、各時代・各王朝ごとに異なる部分もあったが、王土王民と一君万民の理念を背景として、概して次の4つの制度が統治の根幹となっていた。
- The Ritsuryo system specific to East Asia, although differing slightly with each period and dynasty, was generally comprised of the following four systems based on the ideas of odo omin and ikkun banmin, which became the basis of government.
- 律令制とは、古代中国から理想とされてきた王土王民(王土王臣とも)、すなわち「土地と人民は王の支配に服属する」という理念を具現化しようとする体制であった。
- The Ritsuryo system was a system for embodying the idea known in Japanese as odo omin (or odo oshin) and meaning 'the sovereign's land, the sovereign's people,' where 'the land and the people are placed under the rule of the emperor,' which had been had been held as an ideal since ancient times in China.
- 第7編「国民の職分を論ず」において、主君のために自分の命を投げ出す忠君義士の討死と、主人の命令を守れなかったために首をくくった権助の死を同一視している。
- In the seventh volume 'Consideration of the jobs of people', he painted a very loyal hero who sacrificed himself to his lord, and an ordinary man who killed himself because he could not uphold the order from his lord, with the same brush.
- 魏は、戦乱によって耕作者がいなくなった田地を人民に支給して軍糧を徴収する屯田制と、兵役義務を持つのは兵戸であり他の一般戸と区別する兵戸制を採用していた。
- Wei adopted the tuntian system, where farmland deserted during the war was granted to people and the crop collected as military provisions, and the binghu military household system, where only military households were required to do military service, separating them from general households.
- 「宣祖実録(せんそじつろく、ソンジョシルロク)宣祖二十五年壬辰五月條」によると、このとき朝鮮の民衆は既に王や大臣を見限り、日本軍に協力する者が続出した。
- According to 'the record for May of the 25th year of Sonjo in 'Senso Jitsuroku' (literally, factual stories in the era of Sonjo),' The Korean people had already given up on Sonjo and many persons who cooperated with the Japanese army appeared one after another.
- 日本においても大日本帝国憲法下では天皇家の皇位始め(万世一系)、身分(華族・士族・平民)の世襲が定められており、これを打破するには閨閥を繋ぐ他なかった。
- In Japan, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan stipulated the heredity of the Imperial throne of the Imperial family (unbroken line), and the heredity of a person's social status such as member of the peerage, warrior class or commoner; the only way to overcome this system of differentiation was through marriage and claiming a connection by blood line.
- この場合、おおよそ古代の奴隷制が生産力の進歩によって覆され、領主が生産者である農民を農奴として支配するようになったと解釈される社会経済制度のことを示す。
- In this case, it means the socio-political system considered to have been established after the overturn of ancient slavery with the improvement of productivity, under which feudal lords ruled productive peasants as serfs.
- 動物埴輪には犬、猪、牛、鶏、馬具を付けた馬などの出土例があり、人物埴輪には甲冑を付けた武人像、巫女、農民などさまざまな階層や立場の人物が表現されている。
- In the category of animal-shaped haniwa, there are the haniwa of dogs, white whiskered boars (Japanese wild boar), cows, chickens, horses in harnesses, and others, and in the category of human-shaped haniwa, there are the haniwa of warriors in armor, sorceresses, farmers, and other people of various classes and positions.
- 幕末には箕作麟祥や栗本鋤雲ら開明派の幕臣がフランスのナポレオン法典(フランス民法典)を範にして求める事を提案したが江戸幕府の滅亡によって実現しなかった。
- In the late Edo period some of shougun's retainers of Kaimei-ha Group (a group of people who advocated enlightenment) including Rinsho MITSUKURI, Joun kURIMOTO and others proposed preparing Minpoten on a model of Code Napoleon (French Civil Code), but the proposal was not realized because of the downfall of the Edo bakufu.
- 結果、台湾を領有、大韓帝国を韓国併合、満州国を建国、南洋諸島を委任統治とするなど、アジア・オセアニア各地に急速に分布域を広げたために多民族国家となった。
- As a result, Japan became a multiracial nation due to a rapidly expanded range of settlement over various regions of Asia and Oceania, possessing Korea, annexing the Korean Empire, building Manchukuo, and putting the South Sea Islands under mandate.
- 第一條 日本國政府ハ在東京外務省ニ由リ今後韓國ノ外國ニ對スル關係及事務ヲ監理指揮スヘク日本國ノ外交代表者及領事ハ外國ニ於ケル韓國ノ臣民及利益ヲ保護スヘシ
- ARTICLE I. The Government of Japan, through the Department of Foreign Affairs at Tokyo, will hereafter have control and direction of the external relations and affairs of Corea, and the diplomatic and consular representatives of Japan will have the charge of the subjects and interests of Corea in foreign countries.
- しかし毎月30万円の遺族年金が支払われている日本人兵士に対し、日本国民を離脱した台湾人兵士にはそれ以上の支払いはなく、批判する声もある(高金素梅など)。
- While Japanese soldiers have received a 300,000 yen monthly pension, the Taiwanese soldiers who had renounced Japanese nationality received nothing except for choikin, of which fact some people including Sumei GAOJIN have been criticizing.
- 国民政府により台湾の資源を収奪した植民地時代として否定的な評価が行われるが、鉄道に関して確実に戦後の台湾経済の発展に大きな影響を与えた遺産となっている。
- The National Government made a negative evaluation on Japan's colonial rule as depriving Taiwanese of their resources, but the railways are undoubtedly the heritage that contributed greatly to post-war economic development in Taiwan.
- ヤマト王権はこれらの渡来人や全国各地の豪族たちを徐々に組織化していくとともに(部民制の形成)中央の豪族層を大臣 (日本)・連を頂点として系列化していった。
- The Yamato Kingdom gradually organized these settlers and the regional ruling elite (the formation of the bemin system) and placed the central ruling families in the top oomi and muraji positions.
- 明治となっても、三宅雪嶺が『王陽明』という伝記を著して陽明学を顕彰し、また陽明学に国民道徳の基礎を求める雑誌『陽明学』やその類似雑誌がいくつも創刊された。
- Even after the Restoration, Setsurei MIYAKE wrote a biography entitled 'Wang Yangming' to publicly honor Yomeigaku, and several magazines were launched, including 'Yomeigaku', which looked for the basis of national morality in Yomeigaku.
- そもそも日本を含めた東アジア文化圏においては、民衆は政治的に無権利であり、法的に許されたわずかな権利も支配者の統治・命令の絶対性を前提としたものであった。
- To begin with, in the East Asian cultural area including Japan the people had no political rights and even only a few rights legally approved were premised on the absolutism of administration and orders of a ruler.
- イギリス(1660年)、スペイン(1975年フランシスコ・フランコ独裁からの王制復古)、カンボジア(1993年内戦の収拾と民主化による王制復古)等がある。
- Some of examples are the restored monarchies of England in 1660, and Spain in 1975 where the monarchy was restored from the dictatorship of Francisco FRANCO, as well as in Cambodia in 1993 when the monarchy was reestablished after civil warfare ceased and democratization gained a foothold.
- 13世紀以降は、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代を通じて、大和民族の分布域は、北海道の渡島半島南部に定着した(渡党を参照)程度で、拡大は停滞した。
- After the 13th century, throughout the Kamakura period, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and the Muromachi Period, the distribution range of the Yamato race was set back in expansion, only settling in Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido (refer to Watari-to).
- 政府は、赤字財政健全化のため、生産活動をせずに俸禄を受けている特権階級の士族の廃止を目的に四民平等を謳い、1873年に徴兵制、1876年に秩禄処分を行った。
- To rebuild the deficit-ridden finance into a more sound one, the national government introduced a conscription system in 1873 and Chitsuroku-shobun (an abolition measure of hereditary stipend) in 1876, appealing equality of all people in order to abolish the warrior class, a privileged class the persons in which could receive salary without being engaged in any productive activity.
- 律令制では、王土王民および一君万民の理念のもと、人民(百姓)に対し一律平等に耕作地を支給し、その代償として、税・労役・兵役が同じく一律平等に課せられていた。
- Under the Ritsuryo system, based on the ideas of odo omin and ikkun banmin, cultivated land was granted equally to the people (peasants) who, in return, had to provide taxes, labor, and military service.
- 彼は攘夷の気分が蔓延していた当時に攘夷を否定し、また、「政治は国民の上で成り立っており、愚かな人の上には厳しい政府ができ、優れた人の上には良い政府ができる。
- Fukuzawa denied the idea of exclusion of foreigners when the idea was pervasive across the country, and maintained that: a government is established by its own people, a good government is chosen by good people and a bad government is chosen by unwise people;
- 三省堂の『朝鮮の歴史 新版』では、一進会が1909年に出した声明について、民衆の声を代表しておらず、かつ「会員100万人」も実体のない数字だったとしている。
- In 'History of Korea, New Edition' published by Sanseido, there is an mention that the statement issued by Isshinkai in 1909 was not representing people's voice, and that the number described as 'one million members' was unsubstantial.
- また、その出自(しゅつじ)や政治的地位・官職の高下・職務内容の違いに応じて、カバネを賜与され、部民(べみん)などの隷属民を領有することを認められたのである。
- Further, the uji were given kabane (hereditary titles) according to differences in their status by birth and political status/rank of government post/content of duty, and it was permitted for them to own subordinates such as the bemin.
- 明治十四年の政変によって、自由民権運動に好意的と見られてきた大隈をはじめとする政府内の急進派が一掃され、政府は伊藤博文を中心とする体制を固める事に成功した。
- The 1881 Political Crisis drove off the radicals, which supported the freedom and popular rights movement, including Okuma, and helped the government establish a firm regime that had Hirobumi ITO as the central figure.
- 昭和43年(1968年)被差別部落民かどうかを探り出すためにこの戸籍が用いられようとした事件が発覚し、閲覧が禁止され、同年、公開さえも禁じられ封印保管された。
- An incident happened in 1968 where this family register was to be used to find out whether or not a person was from Burakumin, which caused reading it prohibited and in the same year even the public viewing itself came to be prohibited, resulting in the sealed storage.
- しかし、日清戦争後は高山らの国体論が徐々に浸透してゆき、天皇機関説事件以後は「君民一体の一大家族国家」(文部省「国体の本義」)として、ほぼ国定の解釈となった。
- But, after the Sino-Japanese War, the national polity theory of Takayama gradually became popular, and after the Emperor Organ Theory Incident, 'Japan was one large family where all the Imperial members and subjects belonged' ('Cardinal principles of the National Entity of Japan' by the Ministry of Education) became an official doctrine.
- 賠償金は1912年に清朝が滅亡した後も、清朝を引き継いだ国家とみなされた中華民国にそのまま負わされ、中央政権が軟弱な基盤しか持ちえなかった理由の一つとなった。
- Even after the Qing dynasty perished, the reparations were succeeded by the Republic of China because it was considered to be a nation that succeeded the Qing dynasty, and that was one of reasons that the central government had weak foundations.
- 南洋諸島は、1919年調印のヴェルサイユ条約により、ドイツ国の植民地であった南洋諸島の一部につき1920年に国際連盟による委任統治として認められた地域である。
- The South Sea Islands had once been part of German colonies, which were put under mandate of Japan by the League of Nations in 1920, in connection with the Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919.
- そのような事象が脚色されて、狂言の御家物と呼ばれる様式の題材となって伝わったり、講談を通じて広まったことにより、お家騒動として江戸の庶民に知られるようになる。
- Such cases were dramatized in Kyogen play formats know as 'oie-mono (family feud tales)' and spread to the public also through 'kodan' storytelling, coming well known among the people of Edo.
- さらに『新元史』によれば日蓮の書簡の記述に依るとして、この時民衆を殺戮し、生き残った者の手の平に穴を開け、そこに革紐を通して船壁に吊るし見せしめにしたという。
- In addition, according to 'Shin Genshi' (New History of the Yuan Dynasty), a letter of Nichiren describes that they then massacred people and made a hole in the palms of survivors to lace a leather cord through it, and hung them on the ships' sides as a warning.
- しかしながら、今度の使節は対馬に着いたのみで太宰府へは至らず、同島で住民らと諍いを起こし対馬島人の塔二郎と弥二郎という二名を捕らえて、これらとともに帰還した。
- However, these envoys did not reach as far as Dazai-fu, only Tsushima Island, where they had a dispute with local people and captured two men on the island called Tojiro and Yajiro, and brought them home.
- 既に江戸時代中期頃から各藩ともに深刻な財政難を抱えており、大坂などの有力商人からいわゆる「大名貸」を受けたり領民から御用金を徴収するなどして辛うじて凌いでいた。
- Every domain had faced serious financial difficulties since the middle of Edo period, and barely survived by borrowing money from leading merchants in Osaka etc, so-called 'daimyo-gashi' (lending money to daimyo), or collecting goyokin (money temporarily charged on farmers and merchants) from the people of the domain.
- しかしながら、政府財政の窮乏により鉄道をすべて官設官営で建設運営することはかなわず、やむなく民営鉄道に幹線鉄道建設の一部を委ねざるを得ないことになってしまった。
- However, with the financial drought, the government was not able to build and administer all the railways, and the government ended up being obliged to leave a part of building main railways to private railway companies.
- また草莽に対しても出稼ぎの農民とともに勝手に本国より離れたものとして人返しの対象にすることを決定した(五榜の掲示の第5札、実際の取締規定は明治2年以後である)。
- Furthermore, together with the peasants, the government decided to treat the ordinary citizens who had supported the Joi movement as people who had left their homeland without permission, punishing them under the law of Hitogaeshi (a law that forced peasants to return to their homelands) (According to the fifth item in the Gobo no keiji (five public notices), the actual regulation was enacted after 1869).
- 戦国末期には宗族組織はほとんど崩壊あるいは変質していたため、諸侯は支配地の住民を宗族に基づいて支配するのではなく、個別人身的な支配関係を構築していったとされる。
- By the end of the Zhangguo period, Sozoku organizations collapsed or changed their nature, therefore, lords started to build rulers-and-subjects relations with people in their domain individually instead of ruling them based on Sozoku.
- 法令等において日本の外地を植民地と呼称した例としては、昭和7年9月3日予算外国庫ノ負担トナルベキ契約ヲ為スヲ要スル件に使用例があるが、その他には殆どみられない。
- For example, Japan's overseas territory is referred to as a colony in 'Requirements for making contracts borne by the national coffers' issued on September 3, 1932, but few other laws or regulations call such territory a colony.
- 高杉らは西洋式軍制を採用した民兵である奇兵隊や長州藩諸隊を整備し、大村益次郎を登用してのゲベール銃やミニエー銃など新式兵器の配備、戦術の転換など軍事改革を行う。
- Takasugi, who organized a militia group adopting a Western-style military system named Kiheitai and consolidated the existing military units in the Choshu Domain, carried out a military reform by appointing Masujiro OMURA, equipping the army with the latest weapons like Gewehr rifles and Minie rifles changing tactics.
- 戦時中の隣組制度を宣伝啓発する歌詞であり、また国民への宣伝啓発のため明るく元気のある曲調に仕上がっていることから、「ドリフ大爆笑」のテーマ、にも用いられている。
- The lyrics were prepared to propagate the tonarigumi system during wartime, and the music has cheerful and lively tones to propagate it to the citizens, so the song was also used as theme music of 'Dorifu Daibakusho' (a popular TV program).
- この状況が一時的に崩れるのは戦国時代 (日本)であり、大和民族は日本人として世界各国と貿易するようになり、これまでの価値観とは全く異なるものに触れるようになる。
- In the Sengoku period, the situation changed temporarily as the Yamato race began trading with foreign countries as Japanese, being exposed to something different from their traditional values.
- これをもって侵攻の意図と見る見解があり、14万人という過剰な人員のうち、旧南宋の兵員からなる江南軍10万人は軍隊兼移民団だったのでは、と言う見解も出されている。
- Some people consider that it indicates his intention of invasion, and out of 140,000 soldiers, whose number was excessively large, 100,000 soldiers of the Southern Yangtze Army, consisting of the former Southern Sung soldiers, would have been immigrants as well as soldiers.
- それらから大韓民国や朝鮮民主主義人民共和国には、そもそも本協約が結ばれた1905年の段階で既に無効であった、すなわち当初から効力が発生していないとする説がある。
- Because of these arguments, there exists a claim in the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea that the treaty was already invalid in the first place at the stage of 1905, when it was concluded, i.e. it did not come into force from the beginning.
- 翌年にはさらに、井上馨による欧化主義を基本とした外交政策に対し、外交策の転換・言論集会の自由・地租軽減を要求した三大事件建白運動が起り民権運動は激しさを増した。
- The movement further intensified as the 1887 political movement broke out, calling for the switch of the foreign policy, freedom of speech and assembly, the land-tax reduction, in responses to Kaoru INOUE's foreign policy that placed importance on Westernization.
- 続いて渋沢らは、1894年(明治27年)に官設鉄道払下計画を立案し、一挙に彼らの理想とする鉄道民営の実現を図ったが、日清戦争の勃発にともない、計画は頓挫している。
- After this, the powerful businessmen including Shibusawa planned the disposal by the government of Japanese Imperial Government Railway in 1894 and tried to realize the railway management by the private sectors in one stroke, but the plan came to a deadlock with the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War.
- しかし、行基のように禁令にそむいて民間への布教をおこない、弾圧されたものの灌漑設備や布施屋の設置、道路建設などの社会事業に尽力し、民衆の支持を集める僧侶もあった。
- On the other hand, there were monks such as Gyoki who violated these restrictions and preached to the general public, and, although he was suppressed, he was also supported by general public for his efforts in social work such as provision of irrigation systems and fuseya (aid station or rest house) as well as road construction.
- 両法令は公地公民制の基盤を覆す性格をもったことは確かだが、動機としては班田(口分田)を確保することによって律令体制の立て直しを図ったものであったことも事実である。
- These two laws were no doubt intended to undermine the basis of the kochi komin system, but it was a fact that they aimed to rebuild the ritsuryo system by securing handen (also known as kubunden - the land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
- この名主、庄屋は昔から土地を所有している有力農民や土着した武士の末裔などがなる場合が多く、苗字帯刀あるいは諸役御免の特権を持つ者や郷士に列せられるものも多かった。
- The above-mentioned headmen (nanushi or shoya) were often rich farmers who had owned their own land for a long time, or descendants of samurai who had settled there, and many of them were privileged to adopt a surname and wear a sword and excused from various levies and taxes as well as titled as country samurai (goshi).
- すなわち、農民自らが地押丈量を行い、面積・収量を算出し、地方庁は地方官心得書の検査例に基づいて点検し、これを経て地方庁が地券(改正地券)を発行するかたちをとった。
- That is, the government adopted the method in which farmers to measure the plots of their land themselves, calculate their yield, and submit the results to local tax officials and the local officials were to examine the reports based on the previous examples described in the instruction book and upon the completion of this inspection, the local office was to issue the new land certificate.
- フランスの植民地思想に影響を受けた原は、人種・文化が類似する台湾は日本と同化することが可能であるとし、台湾を内地の一部とし、内地法を適用させるというものであった。
- Hara, who was influenced by French colonialism, claimed that it was possible to assimilate Taiwan to Japan as Taiwanese were similar enough to Japanese in race and culture, and that Japan should treat Taiwan as a part of Japan and apply the Japanese law to Taiwan.
- 「有色人種の小国が白人の大国に勝ったという前例のない事実が、アジアやアフリカの植民地になっていた地域の独立の気概に弾みをつけたり人種差別下にあった人々を勇気付けた」
- The unprecedented victory of a small country of yellow people over a large country of white people has galvanized the spirit of people seeking independence across the colonies throughout Asia and Africa.'
- 著名な歌人や宮廷人の作品ばかりではなく、東歌や防人歌など、地方の農民の素朴な感情をあらわした作品も多く収められており、このなかには心に訴える優れた歌が多くみられる。
- The Waka are not only by famous poets and court nobles, but also many poems showing unassuming sentiments of local farmers such as azumauta (poems in ancient Japan in the dialect of the eastern region) and sakimori-no-uta (poems by soldiers deployed for boarder defenses) and many of the latter are excellent ones which appeal to human sentiment.
- (脚気ビタミン欠乏説が確定していた昭和期も、1938年まで毎年、国民の脚気死亡者数が1万人から2万人の間で推移しており、脚気が完全に根絶されたのは1952年以降)。
- (Even in the Showa Period when it was concluded that vitamin deficiency caused beriberi, until 1938, 10,000 to 20,000 citizens succumbed to beriberi on an annual basis, and it was not until after 1952 that beriberi was exterminated.)
- 週刊『平民新聞』は、第1面に英文欄を設け、アメリカ合衆国やイギリス、さらに日本にとっては敵国であるロシアの社会主義者らへ情報の発信をおこない、国際的な連帯を訴えた。
- The weekly 'Heimin-shinbun', having an English column on the first page, provided information to socialists in the United States of America, the United Kingdom and even Russia, which was a hostile country to Japan, and appealed to them for solidarity.
- なお、日本書紀によるとこの遷都には民衆から大きな不満があり、昼夜を問わず出火があったという(当時は政治に不満がある時、宮殿へ放火する風習があったと推測されている)。
- According to Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), because the people were extremely unhappy about the moving of the capital, there were fire breakouts regardless of day or night (It is presumed that there was such a custom at that time that they set fire to the palace when the people were unhappy about politics.)
- そのため、世論の非難(日本内部)が高まり、暴徒と化した民衆によって内務大臣 (日本)官邸、御用新聞と目されていた国民新聞社、交番などが焼き討ちされる事件が起こった。
- Because of this, the criticism increased in the public opinion (inside of Japan), and the people who turned into a mob burned out the official residence of Minister of Home Affairs, Kokumin Shinbunsya which was regarded as a pro-government newspaper company, police stations and so on.
- 帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近(侵略・進出・植民地化)により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
- This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, expansion, and colonization.
- その後、幕府は第二次長州征伐を決行するが、高杉晋作の組織した奇兵隊などの庶民軍の活躍に阻まれ、また、総指揮者である将軍徳川家茂が大坂城で病没するなどもあり、失敗した。
- Thereafter the shogunate government executed the Second Choshu Expeditions, but failed due to successful interruption by the army of non-regular soldiers organized by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, the 'Irregular Militia,' and the death from disease of Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the general supervisor, at the Osaka Castle.
- その結果、西郷や板垣らの征韓派は一斉に下野(征韓論政変または明治六年政変)し、1874年の佐賀の乱から1877年の西南戦争に至る士族反乱や自由民権運動の起点となった。
- In consequence, Saigo, Itagaki and others who supported Seikanron went into opposition (this incident is called the 'Seikanron Coup' or the 'Coup of 1873'), and they became leaders of the revolt by Shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) from Saga War in 1874 to Satsuma Rebellion or the Freedom and People's Right Movement.
- 当時の根本法令であった律令においては、原則として国の土地は全て国有地であり、公の土地を民衆へ耕作割り当てを行い(口分田)、その収穫から徴税する(租)と規定されていた。
- According to the Ritsuryo Code which was the fundamental law at the time, all the land in the country were, in principle, state-owned, and such public lands were allotted to common people for their cultivation (this allotment was called 'kubunden'), and it was stipulated that the collection of taxes be made from their harvests (this tax was called 'so').
- 日露戦争における日本の勝利はアジア諸国における国際的緊張関係の緩和要因となり、には東京で中国同盟会が結成されるなど民主主義的自由の獲得を目指した運動が本格化していった。
- Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War brought relaxation of international tensions in Asia, leading to the formation of the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui) in Tokyo in 1905 and other movements aspiring to winning democratic freedom.
- 士族を中心にした西郷軍に、徴兵を主体とした政府軍が勝利したことで、士族出身の兵士も農民出身の兵士も戦闘力に違いはないことが実証され、徴兵制による国民皆兵体制が定着した。
- The fact that the government army, mostly composed of conscripted soldiers, won the war against Saigo's army, mainly consisted of persons in the warrior class, verified that the fighting ability of soldiers from the warrior class and that of those from farmers were not different; accordingly, a system of general conscription was established.
- このことから、「律令制=奴隷制」、「律令制=独裁制に基づく搾取制」という考えが否定されていき、代わって百姓を隷属農民として見る隷農制という概念が提示されるようになった。
- Accordingly, the idea of 'the Ritsuryo system equals slavery' or 'the Ritsuryo system equals a system of exploitation based on a dictatorship' was refuted and, instead, the concept of villeinage that views the peasants as serfs, has been suggested.
- 明和2年(1765年)以降は金座および銀座 (歴史)が鋳銭事業を兼任することになり、それまで主に民間の商人による請負事業であった銭座が金座の統制下に置かれる事となった。
- After 1765, kin-za and zin-za (see the article of gin-za [history]) also were in charge of the operation of casting coins and as a result gin-za which had been a contracting business by private merchants was under the regulation of kin-za.
- 非人(ひにん)は、主に、(1)日本中世の特定職能民・芸能民の呼称であり、次第に被差別民の呼称となり、(2)江戸時代には、穢多(えた、長吏)とともに賎民身分の呼称である。
- The term Hinin is used to describe mainly (1) persons who worked in special occupations or as entertainers in feudal Japan; however they gradually became victims of discrimination, and (2) in the Edo Period, Hinin as well as Eta (Chori) were described as people of the lower classes.
- 樺太と北海道の兵備の必要と、そのための費用を憂え、「今略屯田の制に倣い、民を移して之に充て、且耕し且守るときは、開拓の業封疆の守り両ながら其便を得ん」というものであった。
- His proposal was that Shakhalin and Hokkaido should need military forces and cost for them, therefore, 'on the model of the Duntian system they should move people there for farming and defense to get the advantages of reclamation and defense of the border '.
- 続いて行われた検地・刀狩も、その目的には兵農分離、すなわち体制の一部として天下人に従う武士と、単なる被支配者である農民とに国人・地侍を分離し、解体することが含まれていた。
- The following land survey and Sword Hunt included the aims of heinobunri, that is, the separation and dissolution of kokujin and jizamurai into the warrior class who followed tenkabito as a part of the framework and the farmers who were merely ruled.
- 結果として発表時の4割程度の支出に留まり、米価格の下落には至らず、1918年末には米騒動当時の価格まで上昇したが、国民の実質収入増加によって騒動が再発することはなかった。
- As only about 40 percent of the announced budget were eventually spent, the rice price did not drop but rose to the price during the rice riots in the end of 1918, but riots never occurred any more since people's actual income had increased.
- 日本は中国と戦争を行っていたことから、台湾の漢民族を兵士として採用することには反対が多かったが、兵力不足からやむをえず志願兵制、そして1945年からは徴兵制が施行された。
- As Japan was fighting a war with China, many objected to accept the Taiwanese of the Han race as soldiers, but the shortage of soldiers caused the government to introduce the volunteer soldier system and then the draft system in 1945.
- 1919年、台湾総督明石元二郎は各公営・民営発電所による台湾電力株式会社を設立、より大規模な水力発電所の計画を立案し、当時アジア最大の発電所建設のための調査が着手された。
- In 1919, Motojiro AKASHI, then Governor-General of Taiwan, established the Taiwan Power Plant Company by consolidating public and private power plants, planned the construction of larger scale hydraulic power plants and started the research for the construction of Asia's largest power plant.
- 同時に初等教育においても「内地人」、「本島人」という民族による区分が廃止され「日本語を常用する児童」が小学校に、「日本語を常用しない児童」が公学校に入学することとなった。
- At the same time, segregation by ethnicity 'Naichi jin' and 'Honto jin' was discontinued in the elementary education system, and the children who always used Japanese attended elementary schools and those who did not always use Japanese attended Kogakko.
- しかし日本軍が台北への進軍を開始すると、傭兵を主体として組織された台湾民主国軍は間もなく瓦解、台南では劉永福が軍民を指揮、また各地の民衆も義勇軍を組織して抵抗を継続した。
- When the Japanese army started their advance to Taipei, the military force of the Republic of Formosa, which was mainly composed of mercenaries, fell apart soon, while, in Tainan, Yung-fu LIU commanded military and private soldiers and voluntary armies were formed in various places throughout Taiwan.
- しかし日本軍が台北への進軍を開始すると、傭兵を主体として組織された台湾民主国軍は間もなく瓦解、台南では劉永福が軍民を指揮、また各地の民衆も義勇軍を組織して抵抗を継続した.
- When the Japanese army started their advance to Taipei, the military force of the Republic of Formosa, which was mainly composed of mercenaries, fell apart soon, while, in Tainan, Yung-fu LIU commanded military and private soldiers and voluntary armies were formed in various places throughout Taiwan.
- 当時の日本は、何とか欧米の植民地にならずに済んだだけで、まだロシアに軍事的に対抗する力を持っていなかったため、賠償金や領土の割譲まで要求してくるのではないかと危惧された。
- At that time, Japan barely avoided being colonized by Western countries, but still did not have enough military power to fight against them and feared that Russia would demand reparations or cession of territory.
- なお、北海道の記録は古く斉明天皇の時代阿倍比羅夫の遠征まで遡り、鎌倉時代には大和民族が住み道南十二館の時代を経、江戸時代には松前藩領や天領となっていた地域に最後に置かれた。
- A record of Hokkaido could date back to the expedition by ABE no Hirafu in the time of Emperor Saimei, and the Yamato race lived there during the Kamakura period, and after the time of Donanjunitate, Hokkaido was finally located in where the Matsumae Domain and the Imperial manor had been in the Edo period.
- よって、古代の賎民と中世以降の被差別民、さらに近代以降被差別部落と呼ばれるようになった江戸時代の被差別民共同体との歴史的連続性はなく、性質の異なる起源を有したと考えられる。
- Therefore, it can be concluded that the ancient lowly persons and those discriminated after the medieval period as well as communities of discriminated people during the Edo period which came to be called burakumin (people come from or live in special hamlets) in the modern period and after were not connected historically and had different origins.
- 当時の太政官日誌は都市の書店で一般に発売されていたが、各農村にまで配布されておらず、一般国民に対しては、キリスト教の禁止など幕府の旧来の政策を踏襲する五榜の掲示が出された。
- At that time Daijokan nittshi was available at urban book stores, but not distributed in the rural areas yet and to the general public Gobo no keiji (five edict boards) taking over traditional policies of bakufu such as a ban of Christianity was posted.
- 民権派の一部にはそれに対抗する形で'「真に善美なる国会」を開設するには、圧制政府を実力で転覆することもやむなし'という考えから急進化する者も出始め、各地で対立が起きていた。
- Some minken (democratic rights) activists, against the suppression of the government, began to change into radicals urged by an idea that they could not avoid use of force in overthrowing the repressive government in order to establish a 'truly superb Diet', which caused confrontations to occur in various places.
- ただし、ヤマト王権は独自性を持った様々な部族の連合政権的な物だったらしく、ヤマト王権の支配域と当時の大和民族の分布域をイコールで結ぶことは必ずしも適切ではないかもしれない。
- However, it might not be appropriate to think that the range of the Yamato sovereignty's domain and the distribution of the Yamato race at that time were equal because the Yamato sovereignty appeared to be a coalition government of various tribes which had their own sovereignty.
- また、明軍と李氏朝鮮との交渉により鴨緑江より朝鮮側の兵糧供給は李氏朝鮮側の調達及び輸送と取り決められたため、自軍と政府の維持も含めて李氏朝鮮は民衆から過酷な食料調達を行った。
- As it was decided in negotiations between the armies of Ming and Yi Dynasty Korea thet, with respect to supply of provisions to the area on the Korea side from the Yalu River, Yi Dynasty Korea was responsible for procurement and transportation, Yi Dynasty Korea cruelly conducted confiscation of goods and services from common people including maintenance of both their own army and the government.
- また京都画壇の竹内栖鳳らをはじめ多くの日本絵画の作家らがヨーロッパに留学し、やがてこうした動きから、諸派の絵画や西洋画の影響も取り入れた新しい民族美術として日本画が誕生した。
- And many Japanese-style painters, including Seiho TAKEUCHI (a member of the Kyoto painters' community), went to Europe to study, and after learning from various schools of Japanese-style paintings and from Western-style paintings, they renewed Japanese-style painting as a national art.
- 一方、中国語発音を考慮すると、当時の中国が異民族の音を記す時、「呼」は「wo」をあらわす例があり(匈奴語の記述例など)、卑弥呼は「ピミウォ」だったのではないかとする説もある。
- Considering Chinese pronunciations, for example, '呼' can be read as 'wo' (as demonstrated in examples of writing Xiongnu, and so on), so there is an opinion that Himiko might have been pronounced 'Pimiwo.'
- 1874年(明治7年)、前年のいわゆる明治六年の政変(征韓論の争議)に敗れて下野した副島種臣、板垣退助、後藤象二郎、江藤新平等が連署して、民撰議院設立建白書を左院に提出した。
- In 1874, Taneomi SOEJIMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shojiro GOTO and Shinpei ETO who resigned from their post due to the political upheaval in 1873 (the dispute of Seikanron [debate on subjugation of Korea]) submitted a political statement for democratic representatives in their joint names.
- このことから、民法の条文の「父ノ家ニ入ル」「家ヲ去リタル」という(当時の)表現は、戸籍の面からは、それぞれ「父の家の戸籍に入籍する」「家の戸籍から除籍された」ことを意味する。
- Accordingly, definitions of articles in the Old Civil Codes such as 'be a member of one's own father's Ie'or '(someone) leaves a Ie' means 'be registered on the koseki of one's own father' and 'remove someone's name from a koseki'.
- 同年8月29日、国民政府主席の蒋介石は陳儀を台湾省行政長官に任命、9月1日には重慶市にて台湾行政長官公署及び台湾警備総部が設置され、陳儀は台湾警備司令を兼任することとなった。
- On August 29 of the same year, Kai Shek CHIANG, the head of the nationalist government, appointed Yi CHEN as governor of Taiwan province, and with the establishment of Taiwan Security Bureau on September 1, Chen served concurrently as Commander of Taiwan Security.
- 中国では国民党政府の時代、1929年に度量衡法を公布し、「1担=100斤、1斤=16両、1両=10銭、1銭=10分」と規定し、1両は唐代に準じて37.301グラムと規定された。
- In China, the government of the Nationalist Party promulgated the Weights and Measures Act in 1929, and in the provision, '1 tan (dan in pinyin) was equivalent to 100 kin, 1 kin to 16 ryo, 1 ryo to 10 sen, and 1 sen to 10 bu,' and the weight of 1 ryo was set at 37.301 grams, modeled after the standard in the Tang Dynasty China.
- その間、薩摩・長州・土佐・肥前藩の建白により版籍奉還が企図され、同年9月諸藩の藩主(大名)は領地(版図)および人民(戸籍)を政府へ返還、大名は知藩事となり、家臣とも分離された。
- During this period, a plan to return land and people to the emperor was set by a petition from major clans Satsuma, Chofu, Tosa and Hizen, and was actually carried out in September, by returning land (called hanto) and people (family register) to the government, transforming the lord of domain (daimyo [Japanese feudal lord]) to chihanjis (modern-day governors), and separating vassals from each clan.
- また、戦争による民衆の生活苦から血の日曜日事件 (1905年)やポチョムキン=タヴリーチェスキー公 (戦艦)の叛乱等より始まるロシア第一革命が誘発され、ロシア革命の原因となる。
- The popular resentment over the hardships endured by the populace during the war manifest itself in the First Russian Revolution, which began with the Bloody Sunday Incident (1905) and the mutiny on the Knyaz' Potemkin-Tavricheskiy (battleship), setting the stage for the Russian Revolution.
- 、石田友治らによって言論雑誌『第三帝国 (雑誌)』が刊行され、またには東京大学の吉野作造により民本主義による政治が提唱された事を背景に、次第に普通選挙運動が活発になっていった。
- With the publication of the political magazine 'Daisan Teikoku' (The Third Empire) by Tomoji ISHIDA and others and the proposal of government founded on democracy by Sakuzo YOSHINO of Tokyo Imperial University, the movement calling for popular elections began to grow.
- また、記録によれば、一万数千の首の内、偽首を取られるなど殺害された民衆が数多くおり、生き残ったものの奴隷狩りに遭った者の数は大人から年端の行かぬ子供まで数千人に達したとされる。
- According to documents, among ten and some thousands of beheaded people, many ordinary people were included who were murdered for nisekubi (false head) and the number of people who survived but were captured as slaves reached as many as thousands from adults to young children.
- 朝廷が班田制と戸籍制度を基礎にした人民の人別支配を放棄し、名田経営を請け負う田堵負名を通じた間接支配への移行により律令制が解体していく過程で、この身分制も次第に有名無実化した。
- As the imperial court was no longer able to maintain control over the population based on the land allotment system and the family registration system and depended more and more on indirect means of control through rich families (called 'tato fumyo' in Japanese) who were subcontracted for the management of farmland, the Ritsuryo system gradually collapsed and the status system itself was reduced to a nominal existence.
- この一揆には田尻但馬、伊集院元巣、桂忠詮、東郷甚右衛門といった島津家臣が参加し、それぞれの手勢に農民や町人が加わった反乱軍の人数は七百人であったとも二千人であったともいわれる。
- Other vassals of the Shimazu clan, such as Tashima TAJIRI, Genso IJUIN, Tadanori KATSURA, and Jinuemon TOGO and their followers also joined the uprising, and the number of the rebel group was said to have been 700, while a different source records 2,000, which included peasants and townsmen.
- また、12世紀以降の不入の権 (日本)を持つ荘園において、荘園内で完結する条里プランが存在したことも確認されており、官だけでなく民においても積極的に活用されていたことがわかる。
- In addition, it is confirmed that there existed plan of jori in shoen (manor in medieval Japan) with Funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property) after the 12th century that is concluded within shoen, which indicates that the plan was actively utilized both by public and private organizations.
- 当時、旧民法賛成派であったのが明治法律学校(現明治大学)や和仏法律学校(現法政大学)であり、反対派であったのが東京帝国大学(現東京大学)やイギリス法律学校(現中央大学)である。
- At that time, supporters of the Old Civil Code included Meiji Law School (now Meiji University) and Japanese-French Law School (now Hosei University), while the opponents included Tokyo Imperial University (now Tokyo University) and English Law School (now Chuo University).
- その一方で、大和民族は朝鮮半島やベトナムなど、他の中華文明圏とは違い、中国に直接支配された経験はなく、受け入れた海外の文化(とりわけ中華文明)を独自に消化していく余裕があった。
- On the other hand, the Yamato race could originally afford to assimilate foreign cultures (especially that of China), having had no experience of being controlled directly by China unlike other nations under the Chinese sphere of influence, such as the Korean Peninsula and Vietnam.
- 1898年、児玉源太郎が第4代台湾総督として就任すると、内務省 (日本)の官僚として活躍していた後藤新平を民政長官に抜擢し、台湾の硬軟双方を折衷した政策で台湾統治を進めていく。
- Gentaro KODAMA, who assumed the fourth Governor-General in 1898, promoted Shinpei GOTO, a bureaucrat of the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs (in Japan) as Chief of Home Affairs, taking the carrot and stick approach toward the governance of Taiwan.
- 日本の律令制においては、人民統治の基盤として、古代の戸籍制度(世帯=戸ごとに人民を詳細に記載登録したもの)と計帳(調・庸の税を徴収するための台帳)が作成され、毎年更新されていた。
- According to the Japanese Ritsuryo system, government of the people was based on the creation of the ancient family register system (detailed records of the people registered for each household) and yearly tax records (a register for collecting taxes of tributes and tax in kind), which were updated every year.
- その為、不平両班や被差別階級、困窮した農民、盗賊による反乱、蜂起、及び朝鮮軍によるその鎮圧、また朝鮮王朝内部の政争による粛正や処刑などが行われ、混乱は戦災を更に悲惨なものとした。
- Therefore, revolts and uprising of discontented yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea), discriminated classes, impoverished farmers, and thieves occurred and got suppression by the Korean army during their cleanup and executions occurred out of struggles for power in the Korean court were conducted and the such turmoil created further misery in the midst of the war damage.
- 黒田内閣の役目は、憲法制定と帝国議会開設によって再燃が予想された自由民権運動に対する取締り強化と、欧米列強との間に交わされたままとなっていた不平等条約の条約改正することであった。
- The purpose of Kuroda Cabinet was to enhance the control of Jiyu Minken Undo (democratic-rights movement) which would be rekindled due to the establishment of the constitution and the foundation of the imperial diet, and also to revise the unequal treaty which had been untouched since it was concluded with the allied western powers.
- 兵士と移民を送りこむロシアに対し、日本が劣勢に立たされていることに強い危機感を抱いた政府は、明治3年(1870年)に樺太開拓使を設置し、黒田清隆を開拓使次官にして樺太専務を命じた。
- However, Japanese government felt a strong sense of crisis over Russia which sent more soldiers and immigrants to Sakhalin and pushed Japan into an inferior position, and established the Sakhalin Development Commission in 1870, and the vice chief of the Commission, Kiyotaka KURODA, was assigned to oversee the administrative matters of Sakhalin.
- しかし同時にソビエト連邦が誕生したことにより、赤化(共産主義)思想が広まり、共産主義者による革命運動を懸念した政府は治安維持法を制定し、国民の運動に対し規制がかけられる形となった。
- However, the birth of the Soviet Union during the period spurred the spread of communism in Japan and prompted the government fearing revolutionary movement by Communist agitators to pass the Peace Preservation Act and control popular movements.
- 七分積金や人足寄場の設置など、今日でいう社会福祉政策を行ってもいるが、思想や文芸を統制し、全体として町人・百姓に厳しく、旗本・御家人を過剰に保護する政策を採り、民衆の離反を招いた。
- Although Sadanobu also implemented present social welfare policies such as the accumulation of relief fund for the poor (seventy-percent reserve fund) and the establishment of independence support facilities for minor offenders and the homeless (ninsokuyoseba), the support of the people was lost due to the strict control over thought, art and literature, in short townspeople and peasants as a whole, and the excessive protection of his retainers on the other hand.
- しかしながら、ここを「列侯会議」に限定せずに漠然と「広く会議」に改めたことは、後に起草者たちの意図を離れ、民権論者によって民選議会を開設すべき根拠として拡張解釈されるようになった。
- However the vague revision to 'widely established deliberative assemblies' not restricting 'councils by feudal lords' was extended later by civil rights advocates as the authority to establish popularly-elected parliament, being far from the original intentions of drafters.
- 1875年(明治8年)10月、土佐の板垣退助が明治6年の政変に続いて明治政府を再び離脱し、国民を教化しつつ明治政府の外から自由主義的な議会制度を準備する運動を起こす道を歩み始めた。
- In October, 1875, Taisuke ITAGAKI from Tosa resigned from the Meiji Government for the second time following the political change which had happened in 1873, and while educating the nation's people, he initiated a course of action to prepare for the liberalization of parliamentary procedure from outside of the Meiji Government.
- そればかりでなく、素性の不明ないわゆる「不知銭(ふちせん)」とされる天保通寳も多種存在し、現在のところ判明していない他の藩によるもの、あるいは小規模な民鋳によるものなどが考えられる。
- There are also many kinds of the Tenpo-tsuho coins whose origins were not clear called 'Fuchisen;' they are thought to have been produced by unknown clans or small private casting organizations.
- 松平忠明、本多忠政、本多康紀を普請奉行とし、家康の名代である本多正純、成瀬正成、安藤直次の下、攻囲軍や地元の住民を動員して突貫工事で外堀を埋めた後に、一月より二の丸も埋め立て始めた。
- Under myodai (substitutes for Ieyasu) including Masazumi HONDA, Masanari NARUSE and Natsugu ANDO with Fushin Bugyo (Ministrs of Engineering and Construction) including Tadaakira MATSUDAIRA, Tadamasa HONDA and Yasunori HONDA, the reclamation of the outer moat of the castle was rushed by the besieging army and local residents and then the reclamation of Ninomaru was begun in January.
- 井上毅らの国体論は古事記神話に基づいて公私を峻別し、天皇は公的な統治を行う(シラス)ものであって、他の土豪や人民が行う私的な所有権の行使(ウシハク)とは異なるとする(井上「古言」)。
- The national polity theory of Kowashi INOUE insisted that the emperor separated private and public matters and fairly ruled the country according to the mythology of Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) (Shirasu in Japanese), and the emperor's sovereignty was completely different from private controls by local clans and people (Ushihaku in Japanese) (according to Inoue's writing 'Kogen').
- 労働者の労働基本権日本における労働基本権すらなかったこの時代、厳しい抑圧と、苦しい生活に喘ぐ一般庶民の怒りの矛先は、次第に高所得者、とくに米問屋や商人に向けられるようになっていった。
- In times like that when there were not even basic labor rights in Japan, the common people who struggled against hard suppression and living directed their anger to high-income people, especially rice marketers and merchants gradually.
- これは、当時、一大国民運動となっていた護憲運動の影響を受けて、山縣有朋・桂太郎らを中心とする軍部と藩閥の反対を押し切り、山本権兵衛内閣総理大臣と木越安綱陸軍大臣が断行したものである。
- This, at the time, was influenced by a major civic movement, the Constitution Protection Movement, when Prime Minister Gombei YAMAMOTO and War Minister Yasutsuna KIGOSHI pushed through the disagreements among the military and the domain clique including Arimoto YAMADATA and Taro KATSURA.
- 第二次世界大戦終了後日本を占領した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、国家のための自己犠牲を奨励していた皇民化教育が軍国主義国家形成に果たした役割が大きかったと考え、教育改革に乗り出した。
- The General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which occupied Japan after the Second World War worked on education reform, thinking that Japanization education, which promoted sacrificing oneself for the nation, played a big role in forming the militarism nation.
- その後、韓国国内でも、旧植民地の遺構として撤去を求める意見と、歴史を忘れないため保存すべきという意見があり議論が行われたが、大韓民国の韓国国立中央博物館として利用されることになった。
- Later in Korea, there were opinions to remove it as remains of the former colony and opinions to conserve not forget the history, and discussions were held, but it was decided to be used as the National Museum of Korea.
- 日本統治の第2期は西来庵事件の1915年から1937年の盧溝橋事件であり、国際情勢の変化、特に第一次世界大戦の結果、西洋諸国の植民地統治の権威が失墜し、民族主義が高揚した時期である。
- The second phase of Japanese rule was from 1915 when the Silaian Incident broke out to 1937 when the Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred, during which time the authority of colonialism by the Western countries fell and nationalism emerged due to the change of the world situation, especially after World War I.
- 刑法にあたる6巻の「律(りつ)」はほぼ唐律をそのまま導入しているが、現代の行政法および民法などにあたる11巻の「令(りょう)」は唐令に倣いつつも日本社会の実情に則して改変されている。
- Ritsu' consisting of 6 volumes which was equivalent to a criminal law followed Toritsu (codes in the Tang era) almost as it was, but 'Ryo' consisting of 11 volumes which was equivalent to a present-day administrative law and the Civil Code was compiled by amending Torei (codes in the Tang era) so as to conform to actual conditions of Japanese society while following it.
- 老中首座の阿部正弘(備後福山藩主)は、海防参与徳川斉昭(水戸藩主)らや、松平慶永(越前藩主、のち春嶽)・島津斉彬(薩摩藩主)ら親藩・外様大名をはじめ、庶民にいたるまで対応意見を求めた。
- Masahiro ABE, the head of roju (member of shogun's council of elders) (the lord of Bingofukuyama domain), asked a broad range of people, including a coastal defense officer Nariakira TOKUGAWA (the lord of Mito domain), Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA (the lord of Echizen domain), Nariakira SHIMIZU (the lord of Satsuma domain), and other various kinds of lords across the country, as well as ordinary people, about how they should respond to the situation.
- このような状況の中で、1911年(宣統3年 干支 辛亥)に清の四川省で発生した鉄道国有化の反対運動をきっかけとして、先述の中国革命同盟会が独立を宣言して中華民国を建国した(辛亥革命)。
- It was under such conditions that an uprising broke out in 1911 ('Xinhai Year' in the sexagenary cycle of the Chinese calendar) in Szechwan Province, opposing railway nationalization by the imperial government, and led to the declaration of independence and establishment of the Republic of China by the aforementioned Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Xinhai Revolution).
- ところが大航海時代以降世界に進出、支配領域を拡大したヨーロッパ、続く帝国主義の波に乗ったアメリカ合衆国によるアフリカ・アジア進出・侵略・植民地化は、東アジア各国にとっても脅威となった。
- However, European countries which started to explore the world after the Age of Geographical Discovery to expand their areas of dominance and the USA which rode on the wave of continuous Imperialism and made a foray into Africa and Asia for incursions and colonization became a threat for East Asian countries.
- 軍役は広義には民衆に課せられる夫役のうちの兵役なども含まれるが、狭義には封建制度における「御恩と奉公」の関係において、知行地の安堵(御恩)と引き替えに主君に軍事的奉公を行うことである。
- In a broad sense, gunyaku meant conscription which included the labor service that was imposed on the people; but in a narrow sense, gunyaku referred to a retainer's offering of military service to the lord in exchange for recognition and guarantee of ownership of the fief (debt) in the relationship of 'debts and service' in the feudal system.
- なお、北海道、沖縄県や奄美諸島(鹿児島県)小笠原諸島(東京都)の住民が、本土あるいは本州を「内地」と呼ぶことがあるが、内地に対する語としてこれらの地域を外地と呼ぶことは基本的にはない。
- Meanwhile, some residents of Hokkaido, Okinawa Prefecture, Amami Islands (Kagoshima Prefecture), and Ogasawara Islands (Tokyo) refer to the mainland or Honshu as 'the inland', but they do not usually call their own regions Gaichi as an antonym of the inland.
- 天野伝八および中坊長左衛門を犬小屋支配とし、ほかに犬小屋総奉行、犬小屋奉行、犬医師などを置き、犬金上納金として府民から毎日米330石、味噌10樽、干鰮10俵、薪56束などを納めさせた。
- Denpachi AMANO and Chozaemon NAKABO were appointed to managers of doghouses, and a general administrator, administrators of dog houses and dog doctors were established, in addition, residents in Edo were ordered to make payment of 30 koku (91.74 cubic meters) of rice, 10 barrels of bean paste, 10 bags of dried fish and 56 faggots of firewood.
- 国家総動員法、国民精神総動員運動、選挙粛清運動と並び、前年に決定し1940年(昭和15年)に内務省 (日本)が布告した「部落会町内会等調整整備要綱」(隣組強化法)によって制度化される。
- Along with the National General Mobilization Act, Movement for General Mobilization of the National Spirit, and Movement for Strict Enforcement of Election, it was institutionalized through 'Outline of Control and Enhancement of Village Community Associations and District Associations, etc' (Neighborhood Association Enhancement Act) decided in 1939 and decreed by the Ministry of Home Affairs (Japan) in 1940.
- これにより台湾の教育制度は完全に統一され、特殊な台湾原住民を対象とする教育以外、中央或いは地方財政で学校が運営され8歳以上14歳未満の学童に対し6年制の義務教育が行われるようになった。
- In this way, the education system in Taiwan was finally unified and all schools (except for a few aboriginal education) were operated by central and local budget with six year compulsory education introduced for children aged from 8 to 13.
- だが、この見解も日本の律令制社会をヨーロッパ的な発展史観に当て嵌め、欧米列強がかつて行った植民地支配の実態と重ね合わせているだけで、本末転倒な見方とする意見が現在では多くなってきている。
- Recently, the most popular current theory is that the above-mentioned view emphasizes the wrong points because it adapts Japanese society based on the Ritsuryo system to the historical view of European development, merely to match that Japanese society with the realities of the Western powers' colonial rule.
- 賎民は五色の賎と言われ、陵戸(天皇・皇族の陵墓を代々守る家系)、官戸(諸官庁に属し公用に従事)、公奴婢(官有の奴隷)、家人(貴族や有力者に属し雑用に従事)、私奴婢(私有の奴隷)があった。
- The senmin were known as 'the five lowly kinds,' which were 'ryoko,' families of the keepers of imperial tombs; 'kanko,' servants belonging to government offices and involved in government work; 'kunui,' government-owned slaves; 'kenin,' slaves owned by nobles or powerful people for odd jobs; and 'shinui,' private servants.
- 士族、平民の称は、明治5年5月太政官布告第29号に「二代以上ノ卒ヲ士族ニ加ヘテ一代抱卒ヲ平民ニ復ス」とあり、両者はただその家系をしめす名称の別にとどまり、なんら法律上の特権などなかった。
- Designations of both shizoku and heimin indicated family lines without any legal privilege, since the edict No. 29 of Dajokan (the Grand Council of State) of May 1872 had ordained that 'any family of sotsu class (another family rank used before Meiji Restoration) which had continued two or more generations were transferred to shizoku class and other sotsu families within one generation were reclassified to heimin.'
- ただ、業として無尽と、無尽管理業務についてのみの規制に留まり、住民や職場などで、業者を関与させずに無尽をする行為を禁止するものではなかったので、その後も無尽は続けられ、現在に至っている。
- However, it regulated Mujin as business and the Mujin management task and did not prohibit any Mujin conduct in a residence, working place, and other without involving the dealers, therefore, Mujin has continued up to the present date.
- 元禄の大飢饉は1695年~1696年(元禄8年~9年)に東北を中心とする東北地方を襲った冷害で、収穫が平年の3割しかなく、津軽藩では領民の3分の1に相当する5万以上の死者を出したという。
- It is said that the Great Famine (1695-1696) of the Genroku era was caused by cold-weather damage in the Tohokoku region which lead harvests to drop to 30% of the average, and in Tsugaru Domain over 50,000 people (one third of the domain's population) died.
- 複数の国にまたがって設けられた県では、国名が県内の地方区分として意識され、行政区分にも引き継がれることがある(例:岐阜県下部組織の飛騨国地方振興局、兵庫県庁下部組織の但馬国県民局など)。
- In the prefectures where they straddle plural provinces people in the prefectural government are conscious of the names of the provinces as regional division and sometimes the names of the provinces are taken up in the administrative division; examples: Hida Province Regional Development Bureau of the Subordinate Organization of Gifu Prefecture; the Bureau for the Residents of the Tajima Province of the subordinate organization of the prefecture office of Hyogo Prefecture and so forth.
- また、当時理蕃政策と称された台湾原住民に対する統治政策では、原住民の教育水準に一定程度の向上を見ることができ、法的には日本人や中国語系住民とほぼ同等の権利の保障が認められるようになった。
- The management policy of the aborigines in Taiwan so called 'riban seisaku' (aboriginal management policy) contributed to the improvement of the educational level among them to some extent, and they were legally given almost the same rights as the Japanese or Chinese people.
- 秩父地方では、自由民権思想に接していた自由党員らが中心となり、増税や借金苦に喘ぐ農民とともに「困民党(秩父困民党)」を組織し、1884年(明治17年)8月には2度の山林集会を開催していた。
- In Chichibu region people, mainly members of the Liberal Party organized 'Konminto Party (Poverty Party)' together with peasants suffering from increased taxes and debt burdens and held the second rally called Sanrin Shukai (literally, 'gathering of mountains and forest') in August, 1884.
- 一部の急進派は長野県北相木村出身の菊池貫平を筆頭とし、さらに農民を駆り出して十石峠経由で信州方面に進出したが、その一隊も11月9日には佐久郡東馬流(現小海町)で鎮台兵の攻撃を受け壊滅した。
- Some radicals led by Kanpei KIKUCHI from Kitaaiki-mura Village in Nagano Prefecture, together with peasants, advanced to Shinshu area via Toishi Pass; however, the troop was also destroyed by the attacks of the Chindai Army in Higashimanagashi in Saku County (now Koumimachi) on November 9.
- また文部大臣の森有礼の暗殺後、榎本武揚が文部大臣に移動して空席となった逓信大臣には、大同団結運動の主唱者であった後藤象二郎を充てて、同運動を骨抜きにすることで自由民権諸派の団結を阻止した。
- Also, as for the position of Minister of Communication which was vacant due to the transfer of Takeaki ENOMOTO to the Minister of Education after the former Minister of Education, Arinori MORI, was assassinated, KURODA appointed Shojiro GOTO, former advocate of the Great Merger Movement, in order to water down the movement and prevent the democratic-rights parties from getting together.
- が、1937年に日中戦争が勃発すると朝鮮でも戦時体制下で皇民化教育が推進され、日本が敗戦を迎えるまで各種の人的資源の動員や、商行為を通して様々な資源、食品の日本への大量移送なども行われた。
- But in 1937, when the Sino-Japanese War occurred, Japanization was promoted under the wartime regime in Korea, and all sorts of human resources were mobilized and various resources and food were transported in large numbers through business practices to Japan until Japan was defeated.
- 士族の称は家に従属するもので、人の一身に専属するものではないから、士族が家を去って他家に入ったときはもちろんのこと、分家したときも当然その称をうしない、平民となった(明治7年布告第73号)。
- The designation of shizoku is associated with each family but not with an individual person, and, therefore, it is no wonder that not only any one who left a family of shizoku and entered other family but also any one who established a separate branch family had to lose the designation of shizoku of his former family and became heimin (Edict No.73 of 1874.)
- 日本は朝鮮の農地にて、水防工事や水利工事をし、金融組合や水利組合もつくったことで、朝鮮農民は安い金利で融資を受けることができるようになり、多大な利益をもたらすようになったとする研究者もいる。
- Some researchers say that Japan worked on flood prevention and water supply, and established financial association and water supply association in Korean agricultural land, which allowed Korean peasants to get a loan with low interest rate, and to make a big profit.
- 江藤新平が建白書の直後に士族反乱の佐賀の乱(1874年)を起こし、死刑となっていることで知られるように、この時期の自由民権運動は政府に反感を持つ士族らに基礎を置き、武力闘争と紙一重であった。
- As Shinpei Eto is known to have been executed for causing the Tosa War, a revolt by family with samurai ancestors in 1874, this period of the Jiyu Minken Undo movement was characterized by the antigovernment movement led by members of the former samurai class (Shizoku) and often erupted into violence.
- 死刑執行人は被差別民として扱われていた国が多く、就業や婚姻において強い差別を受けていたため、特定の一族以外が死刑執行人の職に就くことを妨げられていたことが世襲が常態化した理由だと言われている。
- In many countries an executioner was victimized by society and strongly discriminated against in terms of jobs or marriage; therefore the role of executioner was usually limited to a specific social group or clan, and it is said that this is a reason for normalizing heredity.
- すなわち、近世以前の稲作適地は、地形で言えば洪積台地や河岸段丘の上、平地の分類で言えば盆地や河岸中流域など傾斜がある土地となり、集団化した農民が灌漑設備をつくって棚田をつくるのが一般的である。
- That is, before the modern times the best places for rice cropping were sloping lands, such as ones on diluvial plateaus and stream terraces in terms of landform, or basins and midstream sites in terms of classification of plains, and generally a group of farmers established an irrigation facility and built Tanada there.
- また民主進歩党では日本統治に対して同情的ではあるが、植民地主義は現代において認められないとの立場を表明しており、日本統治を評価しつつも、その根底に存在した植民地主義を批判する立場を取っている。
- The Democratic Progressive Party is more sympathetic toward Japanese rule but makes it clear that colonialism was not accepted today, so it values the Japanese rule to some extent, but takes a stance to criticize the colonialism based upon which Japan ruled Taiwan.
- さらに、北畠親房の『神皇正統記』の影響を受けており、林羅山父子が執筆していた歴史書『本朝通鑑』の草稿に、大和民族(日本人)を「呉_(春秋)の太伯の末裔である」という記述を発見して憤慨したという。
- As Mitsukuni was influenced by 'Jinnoshotoki' by KITABATAKE Chikafusa, he was furious that he found the description that the Yamato race (Japanese) 'are the descendants of Taihaku in Go (China)' in a draft of 'Honchotsukan' HAYASHI Razan and his son were writing.
- 律令制下における国司による地方統治は、民衆に対して古来の首長権の権威をもって望む郡司層との協力関係に依存するものであったが、しだいにこの権威は平安時代初期の律令制のほころびとともに低下していく。
- The local governance by Kokushi under the ritsuryo system relied on a cooperative relationship with the class of Gunji, who ruled with the authority of ancient chieftainship over people, but this authority declined gradually along with fraying of the ritsuryo system in the early Heian period.
- しかし、議会制度を発足させるためには、官制改革・民度・国民教育などが未成熟であり、時期尚早であったため、大久保利通を中心に「有司専制」と呼ばれる薩長藩閥による官僚を中心とした改革体制が維持された。
- However, it was too early to establish the Diet because the reform of the organization of the central government, the cultural level of the people, and national education were still immature, and due to the Saccho (Satsuma and Choshu) clanship a bureaucracy centered system called 'Yushi-sensei' led by Toshimichi OKUBO was maintained.
- 他に社会事業をおこなった人物としては、行基の師で宇治橋をつくったといわれる道昭(法相宗の開祖)、貧窮した民衆を救済するための悲田院・施薬院を設けた光明皇后、多数の孤児を養育した和気広虫などがいる。
- Others who carried out social works include Dosho (founder of the Hosso sect) who was Gyoki's teacher and said to have built Uji-bashi Bridge, the Empress Komyo who established Hidenin and Seyauin to give relief to poor people, and WAKE no Hiromushi who brought up a large number of orphans.
- この平定戦での動員兵力5万のうち戦死者は日本軍164人であるが、マラリア等による病死者は近衛師団長北白川宮能久親王はじめ4642人にのぼり、中国側兵士、住民およそ1万4千人の死者を出して終了した。
- This war to conquer Taiwa ended leaving 164Japanese war deaths and 4,642 deaths, including Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa, caused by diseases like malaria, out of 50,000 solders in motion, while about 14,000 Chinese solders and local people died.
- このとき被差別部落民は賎民解放令に基づき、平民として編入されたが、一部地域の戸籍には新平民や、穢多、非人等と記載されたり等、差別は色濃く残った(一部は明治19年式戸籍や身分登記簿にも登載された)。
- Although Burakumin (modern-day descendants of Japan's feudal outcast group) was then registered as commoners based on the Lowly People Liberation Law, they were registered as new commoners, Eta (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (people whose work usually involved handling human bodies or animal carcasses)), Hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (often ex-convicts or vagrants)), etc., in the family register of certain areas, leaving a strong sense of discrimination (a part of which was also registered in the family register or the social status registration of 1886).
- 幕府財政は一部で健全化し、には江戸時代を通じて最高の税収となったが、年貢税率の固定化やゆきすぎた倹約により百姓・町民からの不満を招き、折からの享保の大飢饉もあって、百姓一揆や打ちこわしが頻発した。
- The government finance got balanced partially, and in 1744 the tax revenues were the highest of the Edo period, but the fixation of rice tax rate and the forced frugality of everyday life negatively affected peasants and citizens, resulting in frequent peasant revolts and destructive urban riots, which were also results of the Great Famine of Kyoho.
- モッコの子守唄(青森県 木造町)のように「泣けば山がらモッコくるね、泣がねでねんねしな」などと、昔の蒙古襲来の怖さを子守唄にしたものなど、上記の残虐行為への恐怖を証明する民間伝承は全国に存在する。
- There is a lullaby called Mokko no Komoriuta (in Kizukuri-machi, Aomori Prefecture) with lyrics of 'if you cry, Mongols will come from a mountain, don't cry and sleep,' representing the fear of the past Mongol invasion, and there are also other folk traditions across the country manifesting the fear of the cruel acts described above.
- 大韓民国においては、韓国人は銀行をさほど信用していないところがあるため、金銭を預ける際に利用するものとして、日本の頼母子講に相当する仲間内での契(ケイ)が存在しており、今なお利用する者は少なくない。
- In South Korea, there is Kei among associates which is equivalent to Tanomoshi-ko in Japan to use when depositing money because Koreans do not trust banks very much, and many people use Kei even now.
- この条文は、もともとの由利の意図では庶民の社会生活の充足をうたったものであったが、福岡が政治の意味を込めて「官武一途」の語を挿入したため、条文の主旨が不明瞭になったことが指摘されている(稲田正次)。
- This provision declared fulfilling social life of the common people originally based on the intention of Yuri, however, because Fukuoka added 'No less than the civil and military officials' meaning politics, it is pointed out that the point of the provision became unclear (Masatsugu INADA).
- そのため大木は、1880年にいわゆる御雇外国人として明治初期における日本の法学教育や立法などに功績を挙げたフランス人法学者ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードを中心に新しい民法草案の作成を指示した。
- For that purpose Oki gave an instruction mainly to Gustave Emile BOISSONADE, a French jurist, who made a great contribution to law education and lawmaking in Japan in 1880, to prepare a draft of new Civil Code.
- なお、武官にあたる自衛官(いわゆる制服組)のみならず、文民(文官)にあたる内部部局の防衛参事官、書記官等(いわゆる背広組)であっても、防衛大臣その他の国務大臣を兼ねることは禁じられていると解される。
- Also, even if a candidate was a Self-Defense Official (the so-called uniform team), a civilian (civil officer), the internal Defense Counselor, or secretary (the so-called sebiro (business suit) team), it is understood that it is prohibited to be appointed concurrently as the Secretary of State for Defense and any other Minister of State.
- 日本列島内には、異民族とされている九州南部の隼人(熊襲)、北日本の蝦夷などがいたが、隼人の反乱の鎮圧や征夷大将軍坂上田村麻呂の活躍等によって、隼人は8世紀に、蝦夷は12世紀に完全に服従したとされる。
- There were different races such as the Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) in the south of Kyushu and the Ezo (northerners) in the north of the Japanese archipelago; however, the former was subjugated in the 8th century and the latter in the 12th century thanks to the suppression of the uprising of the Hayato people and the achievements of SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 事件発生後総督府は原住民への討伐を決定、軍隊出動による討伐作戦を2ヶ月にわたって展開し、対立部族の協力も得た鎮圧作戦の結果700人ほどの抗日サイディック族が死亡もしくは自殺、500人ほどが投降した。
- The Sotoku-fu decided to retaliate against the tribe after the Incident and developed a subjugation campaign using the military force in cooperation with the rival tribes for two months, as a result of which military campaign 700 Seediq were killed in fighting or committed suicides and 500 people surrendered.
- 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
- Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.
- 具体的な行政機構としては、太政官と神祇官を置き、太政官の下に各省を置く律令制が模写されたものの、その後も民部省から工部省が分離したり、刑部省から司法省への改組など幾多の改変を必要とし、安定しなかった。
- Although the government copied the Ritsuryo system, which had Dajokan (Grand Council of State) and Jingikan (the Officer in charge of the Shinto ceremony) as specific administrative organizations, the system was unstable because it needed continuous reforms thereafter, such as dividing the Ministry of Industry from the Ministry of Popular Affairs, and changing the Ministry of Criminal Punishments to the Ministry of Justice.
- こうして、農奴制とフューダリズムを土台とした西欧封建社会が成熟していった(ただし、実際には各農村ごとにかなり相違があったと考えられている上、多くの農村では農奴だけでなく自由農民も相当数存在していた)。
- Thus, the Western European Hoken society based on serfdom and Feudalism matured (but the situation was quite different from village to village and most villages had a large number of free peasants as well as serfs).
- 唐律で謀反と同じになると、父と年16以上の子(子は息子のこと。以下同じ)が絞になり、年15以下の子、母女(母と娘)、妻妾、子の妻妾、祖孫(祖父母と孫)、兄弟、部曲(隷属民)、資財、田宅が没官になった。
- In the cases treated the same as a scheme of disobedience in Tang Ritsuryo Code, the offender's father and 16-year-old or older sons were hanged, and his 15-year-old or younger sons, mother and daughters, wives and concubines, son's wives and concubines, grandparents and grandchildren, brothers, buqu (serfs), assets, farmland and housing land were confiscated.
- そして、5月2日に西郷の命を受けた谷干城・赤松則良が率いる主力軍が、江戸幕府から引き継いだ小さな軍艦2隻で長崎を出航すると政府もこれを追認、5月6日に台湾南部に上陸すると台湾先住民と小競り合いを行う。
- Then, on May 2, when the main unit led by Tateki TANI and Noriyoshi AKAMATSU left Nagasaki by order of Saigo in two small warships which were got from the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the government officially approved it and on May 6, when they went ashore in southern Taiwan, they skirmished with the Taiwanese aborigines.
- しかしながら、大日本帝国憲法は国民の権利を、天皇が臣民に与えた「恩恵的権利」と定義し、権利制限の根拠を「法律ニ定メタル場合」「法律ノ範囲内」などのいわゆる「法律の留保」、あるいは「安寧秩序」に求めた。
- However, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan specified that people's rights were 'privileged' ones that were given by the emperor and these rights could be limited 'by the constitution' and only permitted 'within the confines of the law,' in favor of public order and security.
- 渋沢らが関わる東京経済学協会が1891年に発表した「鉄道調査報告書」に掲載された佐分利一嗣の論文では、鉄道国有化論に対する反証を一々あげて論じ、「将来の鉄道は、私設民営たるべし」という結論を導いている。
- In their thesis run in the 'The investigative report on railways' published by the Tokyo Economic Association in 1891, Kazuchika SABURI refuted every point of the theory of railway nationalization by indicating the proof of it, and concluded 'The railways in the future should be built and administered by private sectors'.
- 無条件で輪廻転生できる聖職者のバラモンを頂点とし、厳しい条件(儀式)付きで輪廻転生できる多数の庶民が奴隷階級であり、両者の間に王族・平民(商人)の2階級があり、計4階級からカースト制度は成り立っている。
- The Brahman, a clergyman who can unconditionally perform Rinne Tensho, is on top, and many common people who can perform Rinne Tensho with strict conditions (rituals) are slaves; there are two classes between them, which are the Royal Family and the common people (merchants), and in total these four classes comprise the caste system.
- なお、東日本・西日本に関わらず、漁港の適地が海沿いの山に囲まれた入り江であることも多かったため、漁港から離れた平地の所有権争いに敗れた漁村では、漁港近くの山に漁民の主食用の棚田がつくられる例がみられる。
- As the best place for building a fishing port was often a cove surrounded by coastal mountains, in some fishing villages which lost a contest for ownership of flatlands far from fishing ports, Tanada was made in the mountain near the port for the purpose of securing the fisherfolk's staple food, both in eastern and western Japan.
- その間にも遅々として進まない司法省の草案作成に業を煮やした内務省 (日本)(戸籍などを扱う)や農商務省 (日本)(物権・債権の早期定義付けを求めた)からは、独自に民法草案の研究を開始する動きが見られた。
- In the meantime the Ministry of Home Affairs (Japan) (that dealt with registers and so on) and the Ministry of Agriculture (Japan) (that asked for early definitions of real rights and credit obligations), getting exasperated at the slow progress of the draft making by the Ministry of Justice, showed their own movement of studying the draft of Civil Code.
- これは貴族階級である官人層とそれ以外の被支配階級である平民の身分上の格差を定めるものではあったが、同時に能力主義によってその役割を定めるものであり、本来的には世襲制的な法構造を持つものではないといえる。
- While this system was to define disparity of positions between government officials who are in the noble class and the other commoners who are in the subordinate class, it was, at the same time, to determine one's role based on meritocracy, and did not have hereditary law structure inherently.
- しかし、あくまでも岩倉の意に沿ったというだけではなく、単にイギリスやフランスの事は自由民権派の人達が研究するだろうから、彼らが研究しないドイツを選んだ(末松謙澄充ての書簡など)という選択に過ぎなかった。
- However, it was not because of Iwakura's recommendation; instead, Ito thought that the supporters of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement would study about England and France styles, so he just chose what those supporter don't study (according to letters for Kencho SUEMATSU).
- また、新羅の入寇・高麗の賊・刀伊の入寇・元寇・応永の外寇・白村江の戦いなど外国との戦争もあったが、これらも領土を取ったり取られたりしなかったので、特に大和民族の影響力を増大・減少させるものではなかった。
- There were battles against foreign countries, such as the Silla invasion, soldiers of Goryeo, the Toi invasion, Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, the foreign invasion in the Oei Era and the Battle of Hakusukinoe; however, those battles also had no effect on the Yamato race's influence because in those battles they neither occupied Yamato territories nor were their territories occupied.
- そして高等教育機関進学や官吏登用では制度的に差別された上、日本人の間には台湾人に対する差別意識も存在しており、それを解消すべく戦時中には皇民化政策により日本人との同化が義務化されるなどの政策が行われた。
- Systematic discrimination existed in the admission to higher educational institutions or for governmental employment and Japanese had a sense of discrimination against Taiwanese, so the government conducted the kominka policy to oblige them to assimilate to Japanese during the war.
- しかし、藩内の検地による打ち出しで内高が増加することは、これまで生産力に対して余裕をもって徴収されていた年貢が、生産力相応の高い額に引き上げられることを意味したので、領民にとっては一種の負担増でもあった。
- However, if uchi-daka was increased as a result of land survey by the domain, it meant that nengu will be increased in accordance with the productivity - although it was previously collected at comparatively low rate for the actual productivity - and the load of the people of the domain will also be increased.
- 日本の領主の封建制は「税の徴収権」に過ぎず(参照→職の体系)、つまり西欧に見られるような領地の私有と領民への農奴としての隷属的支配権は存在しなかったので、本当の意味の封建制は存在しなかったとする説もある。
- There is a view that the Hoken system in its true sense did not exist in Japan, because the Hoken system of feudal lords was just 'the right to collect taxes' (see Shiki system), and there was no private ownership of land and rights of control over the people as serfs in the domain, which were commonly seen in the West.
- こうした考え方は商工業が盛んになって民事的な訴訟が増加した幕藩体制になっても基本的には変わらず、その司法制度は専ら刑事裁判の遂行のためのものであり、民衆が自己の権利として裁判を請求することは出来なかった。
- Such an idea did not change basically even in the shogunate system when civil suits increased due to activated trade and craft, and the judiciary system was entirely for performances of criminal trials, so that the people could not ask for trials as their own rights.
- 明治期における人類学的な区分では、坪井正五郎が先史時代の先住民であるコロボックル、国内の他民族であるアイヌ(及び樺太アイヌ)、琉球、朝鮮人・台湾漢人、台湾先住民などを除いた集合としての大和民族を主張した。
- Based on anthropological classification done in the Meiji period, Shogoro TSUBOI asserted that the Yamato race was an aggregation which did not include the Korobokkuru, which was prehistorical aborigines, the Ainu tribe (and Sakhalin Ainu), Ryukyu people, Korean people, the Han race of Taiwan, the aborigines in Taiwan and others.
- この律令の制定によって、天皇を中心とし、日本の官制(太政官・神祇官の二官、中務省・式部省・治部省・民部省・大蔵省・刑部省・宮内省・兵部省の八省)の官僚機構を骨格に据えた本格的な中央集権統治体制が成立した。
- The establishment of these Ritsuryo codes brought about the formation of fully centralized governing system, which centered on the emperor and set a bureaucratic organization of Japanese government-regulated organization or facility, etc. (Nikan of Dajokan [Grand Council of State] and Jingikan [department of worship], and Hassho [eight ministries and agencies] of Nakatsukasasho [Ministry of Central Affairs], Shikubusho [Ministry of Ceremonial], Jibusho [the Ministry of Civil Administration], Minbusho [Ministry of Popular Affairs], Okurasho [Ministry of the Treasure], Gyobusho [Ministry of Justice], Kunaisho [Ministry of the Sovereign's Household] and Hyobusho [Ministry of Military]), as the bone structure.
- 立憲政友会(りっけんせいゆうかい)は、日本の明治後期から昭和前期までの、立憲民政党とならぶ二大政党の1つである(1900年9月15日 - 1940年7月16日(正統派・統一派)/同7月30日(革新派))。
- Rikken seiyukai was one of the two major political parties along with Rikken Minsei-to political party between the end of Meiji period and the early part of Showa period in Japan (September 15, 1900 - July 16, 1940 [the orthodoxy faction, the unificationists] / July 30, 1940 [the reformists]).
- 白村江の戦い(はくすきのえのたたかい、はくそんこうのたたかい)は、663年(天智2)8月に朝鮮半島の白村江(現在の錦江 (韓国)近郊)で行われた倭国(後の日本)と百済の遺民の連合軍と唐・新羅連合軍との戦い。
- The Battle of Hakusukinoe (also known as the Battle of Hakusonko) was a battle that took place between the allied forces comprised of Wakoku (later to be named Japan) and the surviving people of Kudara against Silla-Tang allied forces on August 663 in Hakusonko (the current outskirts of South Korea) on the Korean Peninsula.
- だが、一定の年齢に達すれば上の階層に上がる事ができる制度などもあり、穢れなどを理由に武士、百姓、町人などと隔絶した一種の身分外身分と言える扱いを受けた江戸時代の被差別民の身分ほど固定されたものではなかった。
- However there was a system in place which allowed them to rise to a higher status once they reached a certain age; therefore, their status was not as tightly fixed as those who were discriminated in the Edo period who were treated as a kind of outcast segregated from samurai, farmers, and townsmen for their filth.
- なお明治8年3月布告第44号には「人民署名肩書ハ何(府県)華族、士族、平民ト記載可致此旨布告候事」とあるが、旧戸籍簿には華族、士族は族称として明示するが、平民の称はこれを記載しなかった(旧戸籍法第18条)。
- Although Edict No.44 of March 1875, had decreed that 'people may sign their names and titles with designations of their family's ranks, either kazoku, shizoku or heimin, in a prefecture,' an actual register of families had clear descriptions of kazoku and shizoku but no designation of heimin (Article 18 of the former Family Registration Law).
- 華族や士族の家に生まれた者も、家を継がず分家して一戸を創設する際には、生家の族称から離れて、原則として平民の族称を享けることとなった(平民宰相といわれた原敬がこの例で、盛岡藩家老の息子だったが平民となった)。
- Any one who was born in a family of kazoku or shizoku but did not succeed the family to set up a new branch was basically classified as heimin despite the designation of his parents' home (for example, Takashi HARA who was called a commoner prime minister became heimin after he was born as a son of the chief retainer of the Morioka domain.)
- 戸主が婚姻して他家に入るには、女戸主の家に婚姻で入る場合と婿養子縁組(婚姻と妻の親との養子縁組を同時に行うこと)に限られたが、女戸主が婚姻するためであれば裁判所の許可を得て隠居・廃家ができた(旧民法754条)
- In case of marriage and registration on another household register of a family head, there are only two possible cases such as to be a member of a family which has a female head of a family or to be adopted by a wife's family (marriage and adoption by wife's parents will be granted at the same time), however in case of marriage of a female family head, there are alternatives such as to go into retirement and to abolish a household after being permitted by a law court (the Old Civil Codes, Article 754).
- 670年(天智9)の古代の戸籍制度庚午(こうご)の年籍(こうごのねんじゃく)以後、すべての人民が戸籍に登録されるようになると、部称は個人の姓として残され、以後は代々父系によって継承されることになったのである。
- After the enforcement of Koko no Nenjaku, which was the ancient family registration system in 670, every citizen registered their name on the family register, and the name of the be was left as an individual's surname and afterwards it was succeeded for generations by the paternal line.
- さらに、第二次世界大戦においては大東亜共栄圏の行動を打ち出し、当時イギリスやオランダなどの列強が植民地化していた東南アジアに進軍し、欧米の占領軍を追い出して後釜に座る形でほぼ全域を占領、あるいは影響下に置いた。
- In World War II, Japan proposed the action of the Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, marched into Southeast Asia which was the colony of powerful countries such as England and the Netherlands, cast out the Occupation Forces of Europe and America and took their places, occupying or putting under their influence almost the whole area.
- 特に民間においては、(道具の)黒鍬の産地の1つで近くに木曽川・長良川下流の輪中地帯を抱えていた尾張国知多郡の土工集団の「黒鍬」組は著名であり、各地に出稼ぎをして土木・治水工事・新田開発のための土地整備に参加した。
- The particularly renowned kurokuwa among ordinary citizens was a unit of 'kurokuwa,' a group of civil engineers in Chita County, Owari Province which was one of the production areas of kurokuwa (tool) and which held waju (settlement surrounded by dike) area in the downstream of Kiso-gawa River and Nagara-gawa River in the neighborhood, and such kurokuwa worked away from home to participate in the land development for civil engineering, flood prevention works and cultivation of new rice fields in various places.
- こうして、アジアでは初の本格的な立憲君主制・議会制民主主義国家が完成した(正確にはオスマン帝国のタンジマート改革における1876年ミドハト憲法公布がアジア初の立憲制ではあるが、同国は直後に君主専制に回帰している)。
- Thus, a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy was completed for the first time in Asia (precisely speaking, the Midhat Constitution in 1876 of Tanzimat Reform in the Ottoman Empire was the first Asian constitutional monarchy, but the country returned to a monarchy in the same year).
- 学術的な視点からは、旧民法が自然法思想に立脚していたことに対して、法の歴史性・民族性を強調した歴史法学からの批判、内容的なものとしては、日本古来の家族制度を始めとする日本の伝統・習慣にそぐわないという批判があった。
- From an academic viewpoint the fact that the Old Civil Code was based on the thought of natural law, there arose criticisms from historical jurisprudence emphasizing a historical and racial nature of law, which included criticisms that the content of the Code would not fit Japanese tradition and customs including Japanese traditional family system.
- 日本以外には、移民(日系人)としてブラジルを始めとするラテンアメリカ諸国、アジア、ヨーロッパ、アメリカ合衆国など世界中に分布してはいるが、近隣の民族である漢民族や朝鮮民族と比べると日本国外への移住者は比較的少ない。
- They also live as immigrants of Japanese descent in countries around the world such as Latin America including Brazil, Asia, Europe and the United States; however, Japanese immigrants are relatively few in number compared to neighboring races such as the Han race and Korean race.
- また学校教育や警察機構を通じた台湾人の衛生概念改善行動もあり、一般市民の衛生概念も着実に改善を見ることができ、また台北帝国大学内に熱帯医学研究所を設置し、医療従事者の育成と台湾の衛生改善のための研究が行われていた。
- Activities were developed through school education or policy for improving public health awareness of Taiwanese, resulting in a steady improvement of public health awareness of the public, and a research center for tropical medicine was established attached to the Taihoku Imperial University to educate healthcare professionals and research for the public health improvement.
- 憲法及び法典(民法、商法、刑法など)を定めている国の者が、それらの定められていないあるいは整備の進んでいない国において、それらを定めていないことによって被るであろう不当な権力の行使を避けるために結ばれることが多い。
- The unequal treaty is often concluded in order to avoid potential unjust enforcement of authority over a person from a country where a constitution and legal codes (the Civil Code, the Commercial Code and the Criminal Code) are provided, in a country where such legal codes are not provided or maintained well, because of the absence of the provision of such legal codes.
- それに加えて、18世紀後半の産業革命によって欧米諸国は急速に近代化しており、それぞれの政治経済的事情から大航海時代の単なる「冒険」ではなく、自らの産業のために資源と市場を求めて世界各地に植民地獲得のための進出を始めた。
- In addition to the above, western countries modernized rapidly through industrial revolution in the latter half of the 18th century, and for their own political and economic reasons, started debouching into various places around the world to acquire their own colonies for the purpose of seeking resources and markets for their own industries, rather than for the simple purpose of 'adventure' during the Age of Geographical Discovery.
- 三世一身法から20年後(743年)に施行された墾田永年私財法に「三世一身法があるが、期限が到来すれば収公してしまうので、農民は怠けて墾田を行わない」とあるので、三世一身法の効果は20年未満しか継続しなかったようである。
- In the Konden Einen Shizai Law (the law permitting permanent ownership of newly cultivated land) which was enforced 20 years after the Sanze-isshin Law (in 743), it says, 'Although there is the Sanze-isshin Law, farmers do not cultivate land because of idleness as the land is confiscated when the time limit comes,' so it seems that the effect of the Sanze-isshin Law lasted merely less than 20 years.
- 寺内正毅内閣総理大臣は1918年5月の地方長官会議にて国民生活難に関して言及したが、その年の予算予算編成において救済事業奨励費はわずか35,000円のみであり、寺内の憂慮を反映した予算編成になっているとは言えなかった。
- Although Prime minister Masatake TERAUCHI had mentioned the hard living of citizens at the provincial governor meeting held in 1918, the grant-in-aid for the relief work in budgeting of that year was only 35,000 yen and his worry was not particularly reflected to the budgeting.
- 古代中国の春秋時代において、周王朝の天子(王)を尊び、王朝を守るため侵入する夷狄(いてき=周辺諸民族。この時代の夷狄は南方の楚を指していた)を打ち払う、という意味で覇者が用いた標語を、国学者が輸入して流用したものである。
- In the Chunqiu period in China, the leader used the slogan meaning 'To respect (尊) the Emperor (王) and protect Zhou Dynasty, we have to expel the iteki (夷狄 [unfamiliar tribes, at that time the Chu Dynasty to the south of Zhou Dynasty]),' and scholars of Japanese classic literature imported to use it.
- 実際、墾田永年私財法は荘園制を発生させ律令制を崩壊に追いやった元凶のように論じられていたが、実態は人民の生活保障のために執られた土地政策の一環で、律令を否定するどころか律令の法目的を補強するものであった事が判明している。
- In fact, although it was argued that the Law Permitting Permanent Ownership of Newly Cultivated Land was very much like the main cause of the Ritsuryo system collapse by allowing the development of the manorial system, it has been proved that the law was for reinforcing the Ritsuryo system as part of the land policy, which was undertaken to guarantee the livelihoods of the people.
- 更には、縁日の出店を回って場所代を取り立てたり、賭博場を黙認する代わりに寺銭を巻き上げたり、はては売春婦から税を取ったり、市内に関門を設けて女子供にまで通行税を出させるなどといった事を行い、住民の反感を買うことになった。
- Furthermore, they even did bad things, such as demanding unreasonable commissions to stall keepers at fairs, pestering hush money in exchange of tolerating gambles, imposing tax on prostitutes and collecting passage fee from women and children at the gates set up in the city, all of which provoked residents' antipathy.
- 朕、...ここに元老院 (日本)を設け、もって立法の源を広め、大審院を置き、もって審判の権を鞏(かた)くし、又、地方官を召集し、もって民情を通じ公益を図り、漸次に国家立憲の政体を立て、なんじ衆庶と倶にその慶に頼らんと欲す
- I…established Genro-in (the Chamber of Elders) to develop nation's legislation, and established Daishin-in (Predecessor of the Supreme Court) to secure independence of the judiciary, and also summoned local officials to listen to the voices of the people and secure public interest, and aimed at a gradual shift to the constitutional system of government that provided benefits to both me and the public.
- いまや徹底した反共主義の持ち主であった朴は在日本朝鮮人連盟(朝連、在日本朝鮮人総聯合会の前身)への参加を避け、1946年10月に在日本大韓民国民団の前身となる在日本朝鮮居留民団を結成し、初代団長を1949年2月まで勤めた。
- Bokuretsu who came out of prison as a committed anticommunist did not join Zai Nihon Chosenjin Renmei (present-day, Chongryon or General Association of Korean Residents in Japan) but formed Zai Nihon Chosen Kyoryumindan (present-day, Mindan or Korean Residents Union in Japan) in October 1946 and presided as the first organization head until February 1949.
- 戦争による格差の拡大、新聞社に対する言論の弾圧などの問題を孕んだこの騒動は9月21日、寺内内閣の総辞職をもって一応の収まりを見せ「平民宰相」と呼ばれた原敬による日本で初めての本格的な政党内閣が9月27日組織されるに至った。
- The riots that were also linked to the widening divide in wealth caused by wars and suppression of free speech against newspapers subsided to some extent with the mass resignation of the TERAUCHI cabinet on September 21, paving the way for the inauguration of the first full-fledged party cabinet under Takashi HARA, who was called 'the commoner Prime Minister,' on September 27 of the same year.
- これは結果的には大多数の農民の負担を高めることにつながり、また土地の所有者がおらず納税が困難な入会地が事実上、政府に没収されたことなどから伊勢暴動、真壁暴動など一揆(地租改正反対一揆)が頻発し、自由民権運動へ影響を与えた。
- In terms of the consequence, this high tax rate resulted in increasing the burden of majority of the farmers; therefore, peasant revolts against the land-tax reform erupted including the Ise Revolt, Makabe Revolt; the part of the reason these revolts occurred lied in that the government virtually confiscated common land (iriaichi) from which the government could not expect to receive taxes; these revolts gave influence to the Jiyu MInken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- 李登輝の時代に監修された台湾の歴史教科書「認識台湾(歴史編)」では、従来地方史として軽視されていた台湾史を本国史として扱い、特に日本の統治時代を重点的に論じたが、この認識台湾は陳水扁の民進党政権時代に公教育から撤廃された。
- The history textbook compiled during Teng-hui LEE's tenure titled '認識台湾 (歴史編)' (Perception of Taiwan [History]) treated the history of Taiwan, which had been neglected as regional history, as national history, and focused on the period of Japanese rule, but the Democratic Progress Party government led by Shui-bian CHEN stopped adopting the textbook in the public education.
- これらの運動は短期的であったこともあり、台湾社会に根付くことはなかったが、台湾が香港やシンガポールなど、日本の支配を受けたが皇民化運動が徹底されなかった他の華人社会に比べて日本的であるという理由の一つの説明にはなるだろう。
- These movements were short term and failed to take root in Taiwan, but this would be one of the reasons that the Taiwanese society was more Japanized than other Chinese societies such as Hong Kong or Singapore controlled by Japan, but not subject to the thorough kominka movement.
- また、弘仁3年(812年)に紀伝博士在任のまま大学助に任命された勇山文継は、その半年前に初めて連の姓を受けていることから、白丁(庶民あるいはそれに近い身分)のまま大学寮に入ってその教官の地位に就いていたものと考えられている。
- Meanwhile, ISAYAMA no Fumitsugu was appointed as daigaku no suke (Assistant Director of the Bureau of Education) in 812 during his service as kiden hakase, but he was granted for the first time the kabane (hereditary title) of muraji (one of the ancient Japanese hereditary titles denoting rank and political standing) six months before that, and from this we can assume that he had entered the daigakuryo as hakucho (ordinary people or something similar) and had the position of a professor there.
- 施行を翌年に控えた1892年(明治25年)、法典論争はピークに達し、施行延期派は天皇制に絡めて日本の伝統を基にした論陣をはり個人主義的な施行断行派を批判し、施行断行派はフランス法的自然法思想と市民法理論をもって反論を加えた。
- In 1892, one year before the effectuation, the dispute over legal codes reached its peak: Seko-danko-ha Group, taking a firm stand on Japanese tradition related to the Emperor system, criticized individualistic Seko-enki-ha Group, while Seko-danko-ha Group put up an argument with the thought of French law-like natural law and the civil code theory.
- 一進会の主張はあくまで日韓両国民の対等な地位に基づく日韓共栄であって日本の考える韓国の吸収併合とは全く異なるものであることや、日韓併合については韓国側の要求は一切受け入れない方針であったため日本政府は一進会の請願を拒否した。
- The Japanese Government refused their demand because Isshinkai claimed for the mutual prosperity between Korea and Japan on a basis of Korean and Japanese people's equal position, which was completely different from the merger and annexation of Korea, that Japan was expecting, and also Japan was taking its own policy that any request from Korea was unacceptable for the Japanese annexation of Korea.
- 1897年1月21日、総督府により『台湾阿片令』が公布されると、総督府は阿片を専売対象品目とし民間の販売を禁止し、また習慣的な吸引者には一代限定の吸引免許を発行し、新規免許の発行を行わないことで時間をかけた阿片撲滅を図った。
- On January 21, 1897, the Sotoku-fu issued the Taiwan Opium Edict mandating a government monopoly of opium trade and prohibiting private sales of opium, and allowed opium addicts to smoke opium for their lifetime by issuing opium smoking permits without producing new permits to eliminate opium over time.
- 身分制度については、江戸幕府下の「士農工商」の別を廃止し、旧武士階級を士族、それ以外を平民とし、「四民平等」を謳う一方、旧公家・大名や一部僧侶などを新たに華族として特権的階級とすると同時に、宮内省の支配の下に置くことになった。
- Regarding the class system, the government advocated equality of all people, abolishing the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants under the Edo Shogunate, and changing former samurai class to the warrior class and the rest of classes to commoner class, whereas they gave the privileges of nobility to former court nobles, feudal lords, and some of the Buddhist monks so as to put them under the control of the Ministry of the Imperial Household.
- 720年(養老4) に、臨時に官戸11人が良民に官奴婢10人が官戸にされたことがあるが、740年(天平 12) の「浜名郡輸租帳」では良民の戸を官戸と称しており、賤民としての官戸は8世紀前半のうちに実態がなくなったと思われる。
- A special case occurred in the year 720 when 11 kanko were made ryonin and 10 kunuhi were made kanko but in 'Hamana-gun Yosocho' of 740, the status of ryomin is referred to as kanko, leading to the belief that the status of kanko among the senmin class ceased to exist in the first part of the 8th century.
- しかも、「旧来の歳入を減じない」という方針によって3%という高額な税率が算定されたのである(なお、地租改正の推進派であった木戸孝允はこの高税率を聞くと、農民を幕藩体制よりも酷い状況に追い込むものだとして最後まで反対している)。
- Furthermore, by the policy of 'the tax revenue will be not be below that of the tax revenue that the Edo Shogunate received,' the high tax rate of 3% was calculated; upon hearing this high tax rate, Takayoshi KIDO opposed the rate up to the last minute saying that the rate will drive the farmers into the more dire situation than they faced under the Edo Shogunate government; yet he belonged to people who promoted land-tax reform actively.
- 民族運動の要求を一部受容し、運動を分裂・弱体化させることで安定的支配を構築することを目指したが、政策の基本は内地延長主義、すなわち同化主義であり、朝鮮と日本内地の制度的差別を縮小し、現地の不満を減少させ同化をはかるものである。
- They aimed to establish stable governance by accepting part of the demands of the nationalist movement so as to disrupt and weaken the movement, but the basis of their policy was mainland expansionism, or assimilation, in order to achieve integration by narrowing the system gap between Korea and the Japanese mainland and reducing dissatisfaction in the area.
- 続いて設立された立憲政友会を与党とする山本権兵衛内閣は軍部大臣現役武官制の廃止など陸海軍の内閣への発言力を弱める改革に着手したが、海軍高官の贈賄事件(シーメンス事件)の影響により再び国民の怒りを買いに内閣総辞職を余儀なくされた。
- The next administration led by Prime Minister Gonbei YAMAMOTO, with Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government) as mainstream party, worked on reform to curb the influence of the Imperial Army and Navy in civilian government, including the abrogation of the law requiring military-related ministers to be active-duty military officers, but was forced into mass resignation in face of public ire over the corruption scandal involving high-ranking navy officers (Siemens Scandal).
- 民主と自由の思想による民族自決が世界の潮流となり、1918年1月にアメリカ合衆国大統領ウッドロウ・ウィルソンが提唱する民族自決の原則と、ウラジーミル・レーニンの提唱した植民地革命論は世界の植民地に大きな影響を与えるようになった。
- Self-determination based upon democracy and freedom became a mainstream of the world, and the principle of self-determination advocated by Woodrow Wilson and the colonial revolutionism by Vladimir Lenin had a great influence on colonies in the world.
- なお、戸籍を管理するための法律として、旧民法に代わりに施行された戸籍法では、三代以上の親族が同一戸籍に記載されない制度になっている(三代戸籍の禁止)が、家制度においては家の構成員は二代に限られなかったので、戸籍上も制約はなかった。
- According to the Family Registration Law which became effective as an alternative to the Old Civil Codes and a law to manage koseki system, more than two generations are not allowed to be registered on the same koseki (banning koseki include more than two generations), however at the time of Ie seido, there was no limitation regarding the number of generations and no restriction on koseki.
- ヨーロッパでのフューダリズム(封建制)が、外民族の移動・侵入などと強く結び付いて形成されたのに比し、日本の封建制はむしろ武士による統治などの国内的要因が主となって形成された(天皇を始めとする貴族は武士の権威を根拠付ける存在である)。
- In Europe, the formation of Feudalism (Hoken system) was closely related to foreigners' migration and invasion, the Hoken system in Japan, on the other hand, was mainly triggered by domestic factors including samurai ruling (nobility, including the Emperor, authorized the power of samurai).
- 一方で、不平等条約上、有利な側にある国の国民が、不利な側にある国で犯罪を犯した際に、その国の裁判所にて裁くことができない状態となるため、治安問題が増大するという問題や、関税率の操作で貿易において不当に利益をあげ得る、などの問題がある。
- Meanwhile, there are some problems such as security matters are increased, or the people can gain unreasonable profits in trade due to manipulation of tariff rates, since the people of a country standing in a favorable position under the unequal treaty cannot be put on trial in the court of a country in an unfavorable position when the people have committed a crime in the latter country.
- この桂内閣に対し国民は怒り、また衆議院議員の尾崎行雄や犬養毅らは藩閥政治であるとして桂内閣を批判し、「閥族打破・憲政擁護」を掲げた第一次護憲運動が展開され第三次桂太郎内閣は組閣してからわずか53日で内閣総辞職に追い込まれた(大正政変)。
- The Katsura cabinet angered the Japanese people and drew criticism of oligarchic rule by Yukio OZAKI and Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the Lower House of the Imperial Diet, spurring the first Movement to Protect Constitutional Government aimed at 'doing away with the oligarchy and protecting constitutional rule' and ending with mass resignation of the cabinet after only 53 days (Taisho Political Crisis).
- 締約当時に開発途上国と見なされた中華人民共和国・インドなどが、その後順調な経済的発展を遂げ、非効率的なエネルギー政策で大量に温室効果ガスを発生させ、世界有数の排出国となっているにも関わらず、何ら義務を負っていないことも問題視されている。
- Countries such as People's Republic of China and India, which were regarded as developing countries at the time of ratification, have economically developed steadily afterward and they have come to produced a massive amount of greenhouse gases to be the world's top-class emitter due to their inefficient energy policies; accordingly, it is problematic that they have not undertaken any obligation in spite of such a situation.
- また、その外敵が銅鐸祭祀を否定する集団で、支配下に置いた地域の住民に銅鐸祭祀を放棄させたと考えれば、銅鐸が壊れた状態で出土することや、三世紀に急速に銅鐸祭祀が廃れたこと、銅鐸の用途が全く伝わっていないことなどに説明が付くという説もある。
- On the other hand, there is a theory that the hypothesis that the foreign enemy denied worship of dotaku and forced its local subordinates to abandon dotaku can explain the facts: that some dotaku were found broken, that worship of dotaku rapidly declined in the third century, and that the purpose have not been passed down at all.
- この時は巡回中の警官によって解散させられたが、住民らは集会をはじめるなど、米の販売を要望する人数はさらに増加していき、翌月8月3日には中新川郡水橋町で200名弱の町民が集結し、米問屋や資産家に対し米の移出を停止し、販売するよう嘆願した。
- They had been broken up by patrolling officers at that time, but people started to have meetings and the number of people who demanded to sell rice increased further, and moreover, nearly 200 residents gathered in Mizuhashi-machi town, Nakaniikawa County on August 3 to ask rice marketers and wealthy people to stop transporting rice and sell it.
- また日本ではインフラ確立など、植民地統治のプラス面が評価されがちだが、それに対し結局は台湾人でなく日本人の利益を第一義に考えての投資、優遇された日本人商人による搾取、日本の食糧庫・南進基地に位置づけられ、工業化が遅れたなどの批判もある。
- The Japanese tended to mention the positive side of the colonial ruling such as establishing the infrastructure, on the other hand, some mentioned the investment that was allegedly done for the benefit of Japanese, not Taiwanese, the exploitation by the privileged Japanese merchants, delayed industrialization as a result of Taiwan being positioned as a source of food or a base for southward advancement.
- 台湾総務長官は、前身である民政長官などを含め水野遵、曽根静夫、後藤新平、祝辰巳、大島久満次、宮尾舜治、内田嘉吉、下村宏、賀来佐賀太郎、後藤文夫、河原田稼吉、人見次郎、高橋守雄、木下信、平塚広義、森岡二郎、斎藤樹、成田一郎が就任している。
- Successive Chief of Home Affairs and its forerunners such as Director of the Home Affairs Bureau (民政長官) included Takashi MIZUNO, Shizuo SONE, Shinpei GOTO, Tatsumi IO, Kumaji OSHIMA, Shunji MIYAO, Kakichi UCHIDA, Hiroshi SHIMOMURA, Sagataro KAKU, Fumio GOTO, Kakichi KAWARADA, Jiro HITOMI, Morio TAKAHASHI, Shin KINOSHITA, Hiroyoshi HIRATSUKA, Jiro MORIOKA, Itsuki SAITO and Ichiro NARITA.
- 日本政府内では小村寿太郎、桂太郎、山縣有朋らの対露主戦派と、伊藤博文、井上馨ら戦争回避派との論争が続き、民間においても日露開戦を唱えた戸水寛人ら七博士の意見書(七博士建白事件)や、万朝報紙上での幸徳秋水の非戦論といった議論が発生していた。
- While debates continued within the Japanese government between factions including Jutaro KOMURA, Taro KATSURA, and Aritomo YAMAGATA and an anti-war faction including Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, these discussions were mirrored in the public sphere by an pro-war petition circulated by seven professors (Seven Professor's Petition) including Hirondo TOMIZU and an anti-war argument and discussion by Shusui KOTUKU which was published in the Yorozuchoho (a daily newspaper).
- 日本も封建制度の体制下で欧米の近代法にある法治国家の諸原則が存在しておらず、刑事面では拷問や残虐な刑罰が存置され、民事面では自由な契約や取引関係を規制して十分な保護を与えていなかったために、欧米列強からはその対象国であると考えられていた。
- Japan, too, was considered a target of unequal treaties by the allied Western powers because Japan, under the feudal system, did not have various principles of a nation under the rule of law as stipulated in modern Western laws and therefore maintained torture and cruel punishment in criminal cases and regulated free contracts and transactions without giving sufficient protection in civil affairs.
- これに対して高山らの国体論は、当時広く浸透していた「家」を中心とする国民意識に基づき、「皇室は宗家にして臣民は末族なり」とし、宗家の家長たる天皇による日本(=「君臣一家」)の統治権を正当化する(高山「我国体と新版図」、『太陽』3巻22号)。
- On the contrary, the national polity theory of Takayama was based on pervasive public sense which put priority on 'family,' and insisted that 'the Imperial Family was a head family and subjects belonged to branch families,' the emperor regarded as a head of the family (= 'Imperial members and subjects belonged to the same family lime') had a right to rule Japan (Takayama's 'Our national polity and new territory,' 'the sun' No. 22, volume 3).
- 結果として自由民権運動や大隈の唱えるフランス流やイギリス流を否定したものの、岩倉らの進めようとしたプロシア流についても一旦は白紙撤回されることとなった(勿論、これによってプロシア(ドイツ)流論者の政府内での立場が強化されたのは事実であるが)。
- As a result, the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, France style and England style, which were recommended by Okuma, were rejected but also Prussia style, which was recommended by Iwakura, was rejected (as a result, people who advocated Prussia (Germany) style strengthened their position).
- 一方、奴婢は自らの公認された自立的な共同体を持たず、個人別に良民や朝廷の所有物とされるなど、穢多頭に統率されるなどの形で一定の権利保障の基盤になる共同体組織の保持を保証された江戸時代の被差別民と比べると、権利保障の基盤は脆弱であったとも言える。
- On the other hand, nuhi did not have any official independent community for themselves and were individually treated as property of the Ryomin or the Imperial court; therefore, their basis to secure their rights was probably more fragile when compared to others who were discriminated in the Edo period who found some security in their communities headed by Etagashira (head of eta (discriminated people) which secured their rights.
- 代わって在地社会の民衆を直接把握して支配下に置いたのは、元郡司層や土着国司子弟などから成長し、田堵や負名の資格で大規模な農地経営を行うようになっていった富豪の輩、有力百姓階層であり、彼らを現地赴任国司の筆頭者たる受領が支配するようになっていく。
- People who directly took hold and control of people in the local society instead, were those in the wealthy class and the powerful farmer class who grew from the younger people of class of former Gunji and native Kokushi and so on, and came to conduct a large-scale farmland management in the qualifications of Tato (a field manager) or Fumyo (a local tax manager), and they came to be controlled by Zuryo who was a head of Kokushi transferred to the locale.
- なお、台湾では政治的立場や、歴史認識に対する観点の相違などによって、日本統治時代をそれぞれ日本時代、日治時代、日據時代、日本統治時期あるいは日本殖民時期と呼称しているが、日據時代と表記する場合については日本統治時代に対し批判的な意味合いがある。
- In Taiwan, the period of Japanese rule is called by different names such as '日本時代','日治時代','日據時代','日本統治時期' or '日本殖民時期', depending upon the political positions or historic perspectives, and '日據時代' implies a criticism of Japanese rule.
- 東京大学史料編纂所には『歴名』、国立歴史民俗博物館には「補任」の引用と見られる『補略』と呼ばれる書物が所蔵されており、その内容より「補任」は公卿を官位順に記したもの、「歴名」は親王・公卿・諸王・殿上人を官位順に記したものであったと考えられている。
- The Historiographical Institute of The University of Tokyo possesses 'Ryakumyo' and National Museum of Japanese History has books called 'Horyaku' cited from 'Bunin' and according to their contents, it is considered that 'Bunin' recorded court nobles in the order of official court rank and 'Ryakumyo' recorded Imperial princes, court nobles, Shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince), or tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) in the order of official court rank.
- 台湾では戦後、国共内戦に破れ遷台した中国国民党が、それまで台湾に住む本省人を弾圧(白色テロ、1947年に発生した二・二八事件はその最大規模のものである。)、大陸反攻を国是とし軍事を優先とした政策を実施したため、台湾のインフラ整備は後回しにされた。
- In postwar Taiwan, the Kuomintang Party, which was defeated by communist forces in the Chinese civil war and moved to Taiwan, suppressed the native-born Taiwanese who had been living in Taiwan before the Kuomintang related immigration wave (the White Terror and the 228 incident in 1947 was the largest scale suppression) and developed the military-first policy with the national credo of 'counterattack the mainland,' and as a result, the development of the infrastructure in Taiwan was put on the back-burner.
- このなかで、府県庁は地租改正事務局があらかじめ見当をつけた平均反収を絶対的な査定条件とし、申告額がこれに達しない場合は、農民が自らの労力と費用をかけて算定した地価を否定し強圧的に変更させたことから、伊勢暴動をはじめとした大規模な暴動が各地で頻発した。
- In this aggressive approach, each prefectural government made the average yield per tan that the Land Tax Reform Bureau figured out beforehand be the absolute condition of assessment and in case the reported amount was under the average tan that the Land Tax Reform Bureau figured out, each prefecture denied the reported value of the land, of which farmers assessed with their own labor and expenses and made the value of the land change forcibly; for this reason, including the Ise Revolt large scale riots erupted frequently in various places.
- そこで伊藤はやむなく井上を辞任させて、政敵と言える大隈重信と黒田清隆をそれぞれ外務大臣・農商務大臣として入閣させ、保安条例を制定して自由民権派の弾圧に乗り出したが、憲法・旧皇室典範の制定事業に専念するために、総理大臣を辞して新設の枢密院議長に転じた。
- So Ito was obliged to have Inoue step down and took his political enemies Shigenobu OKUMA and Kiyotaka KURODA into cabinet as a Minister of Foreign Affair and a Minister of Agriculture and Commerce respectively, and set out to suppress the Freedom and People's Rights Movement Party, however, he resigned from prime minister to assume as Chairman of the Privy Council with the view to concentrating on the establishment of constitution and Former Imperial House Act.
- 要約すると、「日本のように他国よりも資源に富み、勤勉な国民により産業が発達している国、つまり自給自足で豊かな国が、何も求めるものの無い外国人からの奸悪・貪婪・詐欺・戦争などから守るために、門戸を閉ざすのは適切で、そうするべきである」というものであった。
- The following is a summary of KAEMPFER's book: 'Japan enjoys having a developed industry due to having its own resources and a more diligent nation than other countries; in other words, Japan is rich for its self-sufficiency, and it is reasonable and recommendable for Japan to close the diplomatic door to protect itself from snares of wicked deeds, greed, fraud and wars laid by foreigners without resources.'
- なお本事件に関しては、従来は専ら自由民権思想及び松方デフレの強い影響下に発生したと考えられてきたが、近年はそれらに加えて、他の養蚕地域との比較や、上述の国際的環境の影響、秩父地方特有の民俗学的状況等に関しても考慮した研究の必要性もようになってきている。
- This incident had been assumed in the past to have occurred under the strong influence mainly of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and the Matsukata deflation, however, in recent years, in addition to the above, there has been an increased need of studies considering then comparison to other sericulture areas, the influence of the above-mentioned international environments, comparison with other sericulture regions and the above-mentioned international environments influence, the ethnological situation peculiar to Chichibu district.
- 公署は旧台北市役所(現在の中華民国行政院)に設置され、国民政府代表の陳儀、葛敬恩、柯遠芬、黄朝琴、游弥堅、宋斐如、李万居の他、台湾住民代表として林献堂、陳炘、林茂生、日本側代表として安藤利吉及び諫山春樹が参加し、ここに日本による台湾統治は終焉を迎えた。
- The administrative office was established in the former Taipei municipal office (today's Executive Yuan of the Republic of China) and with Yi CHEN, Jing-en GE, Yuan-fen KE, Chao-qin HUANG, Mi-jian YOU, Fei-ju SUNG and Wan-ju LI representing the National government, Xiantang LIN, Xin CHEN and Mao-sheng LIN on behalf of the residents of Taiwan and Rikichi ANDO and Haruki ISAYAMA representing Japan, the ruling of Taiwan by Japan ended.
- しかし、当時既に開設されていた電信によりいち早く彼らの蜂起とその規模を知った政府は、一部汽車をも利用して警察隊・憲兵 (日本軍)等を送り込むが苦戦し、最終的には東京鎮台の鎮台兵を送り郡境を抑えたため、11月4日に秩父困民党指導部は事実上崩壊、鎮圧された。
- However, the government, getting information on their uprising and its scale instantaneously by telegram that had already been in use at that time, sent a troop of police and military police (Japanese Army) partially by train only to face uphill fights, but finally soldiers in Tokyo Chindai Army (garrison in Meiji period) brought the county boundary under their control, leading the leaders of the Konmin Party to the collapse and subjugation on November 4.
- また、神風によって日本が救われたという出来事は「神国思想」(=日本は神国なのだから負けるはずがないという考え)を日本人に広く浸透させ、それが太平洋戦争末期の日本軍や国民思想の非合理性の温床となり、神風特別攻撃隊をはじめ数々の悲劇を生んだとも言われている。
- It is also said that the event in which Kamikaze saved Japan led Japanese to widely believe in 'Shinkoku Shiso' (the idea that Japan will never lose because it is a country protected by the gods), which became the grounds for the irrational idea held by the Japanese army and people at the end of the Pacific War, causing many tragedies, including Kamikaze Special Attack Units.
- 第二次世界大戦後はマルクス主義的な歴史認識により、武士を支配階級、農民を被支配階級と定義し、農民生活の悲惨さとそれに由来する階級闘争の存在が強調され、商人は財産(資本)を蓄積したブルジョワ階級であり、近代への幕を開く歴史的存在として捉えられるようになった。
- After World War II, Marxian history began to define samurai as the ruling class and the peasants as the ruled class, emphasizing the misery of the peasants' life and the existence of a class struggle derived from this misery, with merchants as the bourgeoisies who accumulated property (capital) which ushered in the modern age.
- 当時の政府は、外国人顧問から聴いた母国の植民地法制を参考にしつつ、日本の領域 (国家)たる外地(南樺太、台湾、朝鮮)には憲法の効力が及ぶのに対し、日本の領土ではない外地(関東州、南洋群島)には憲法の効力が及ばないという考え方を前提にして、統治方針を決めた。
- The government consulted foreign advisors and, referring to the legislation systems of the advisors' home coutries, established a governing policy based on the premise that the Constitution should be in force in Gaichi which were included in Japan's territories (Southern Sakhalin, Taiwan, and Korea) and should not be in force in Gaichi which were not included in Japan's territories (the Kwantung Leased Territory and the South Sea Islands).
- 台湾の日本統治時代(にっぽんとうちじだい)は、日清戦争の敗戦に伴い清朝が台湾を大日本帝国に割譲した1895年(明治28年)4月17日から、第二次世界大戦後の1945年(昭和1945年)10月25日、中華民国統治下に置かれるまでの植民地支配の約50年間を指す。
- The period of Japanese rule of Taiwan refers to approximately fifty years during which time Taiwan was governed by Japan as colony from April 17, 1895 when the Qing dynasty ceded Taiwan to Imperial Japan due to the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War to October 25, 1945 when Taiwan was put under the rule of the Republic of China.
- 下賜当時、西南戦争・竹橋・自由民権運動などの社会情勢により、設立間もない軍部に動揺が広がっていたため、これを抑え、精神的支柱を確立する意図で起草されたものされ、1878年(明治11年)10月に陸軍卿山縣有朋が全陸軍将兵に印刷配布した軍人訓誡が元になっている。
- At the time of the grant, the newly organized military had been shook up due to social unrest caused by Seinan War, Takebashi and Movement for democratic rights, and therefore, in order to settle the situation and establish a mental pillar they drafted the imperial rescript, which was made from the admonition for military men printed and distributed to all the officers and soldiers by Aritomo YAMAGATA, director general of the army, in October, 1878.
- 台湾人の就学率は当初緩慢な増加であったが、義務教育制度が施行されると急速に上昇、1944年の台湾では国民学校が944校設置され、就学児童数は876,000人(女子を含む)、台湾人児童の就学率は71.17%、日本人児童では90%を越える世界でも高い就学率を実現した。
- Though the initial enrollment rate for Taiwanese children was slow to increase, it showed a sharp increase with the implementation of the compulsory education system; In 1944, there were 944 elementary schools in Taiwan with 876,000 children (including girls) enrolled and the enrollment rates of Taiwanese children and the Japanese children in Taiwan were 71.17% and 90% respectively, which figures indicated the high enrollment rate in the world.
- 東回りでマカオの歴史にまで進出したポルトガルおよびポルトガル人とならんで、西回りで太平洋に進出マニラ・ガレオンを開拓しフィリピンの歴史を植民地としたスペイン帝国およびスペイン人は、16世紀半ば(戦国時代)に日本人が初めて接触したヨーロッパの国・ヨーロッパ人であった。
- The Spanish Empire and its people that advanced to the Pacific Ocean via an east-to-west route, developed Manila Galleon and made a colonial period in the history of the Philippines, as well as Portugal and its people that advanced to the history of Macao via a west-to-east route, were the first European country and people Japanese people met in the middle of the 16th century (the Sengoku period [period of warring states]).
- このように、家制度には家を統括する戸主の権限により家族の権利が犠牲にされる側面があったため、日本国憲法第24条等に反するとして、日本国憲法の施行に伴う民法の応急的措置に関する法律(昭和22年法律第74号)により、日本国憲法の施行日(1947年5月3日)に廃止された。
- Therefore Ie seido had a side that rights of family members were sacrificed by rights of a head of a family, so, since this goes against Article 24 of the Constitution of Japan, according to Act on emergency measures of Civil Code (民法の応急的措置に関する法律) (In 1947, law no.74) Ie seido was abolished on the day of enforcement of the Constitution of Japan (May 3, 1947).
- 工場等からの排出量は割り当てられた目標を達成し斬減傾向にあるものの、運輸・業務(事業所等)・民生部門の増加が目立ち、特に自動車の氾濫により自家用乗用車については 2004年現在で +52.6% もの著しい増加を見せており、全国で見ても総排出量の 16% を占めている。
- The emissions amount from factories and so on has achieved the allotted target and is in decline, but the increase of emissions from transportation operations (in business and so on) and civilian sectors has been prominent, and in particular due to a huge increase of cars, the emissions from private cars dramatically increased by +52.6% as of 2004 and accounted for 16% in the total emissions amount nationwide.
- 諸職人(刀鍛冶や、石工、薬売り、紺屋、筆結、木樵、鎧細工、笠張り、仏師など)や舟渡、陰陽師、宿曜師、山伏、禰宜、巫女、白拍子、舞々、楽人、能役者(端役)、連歌師、俳諧師、通事(飜訳業)、瓦版売り、高利貸(銀行員)などのように地域・時代によっては賎民とされた職業もある。
- Some occupations were defined as Senmin depending on the region/period, such as various craftsmen (swordsmiths, masons, medicine peddlers, dyers, pen makers, wood cutters, armor makers, umbrella makers, sculptors of Buddhist statues and others), boatmen, Yin yang masters, astrologers, mountain priests, shrine priests, shrine maidens, dancing girls, dancers, musicians, Noh performers (minor roles), linked-verse poets, haikai poets, interpreters (translators), news-sheet sellers, and usurers (bankers).
- これは、上記のように歯止めの効かず野放図に増え続けてきた自動車や民生部門等からの化石燃料の浪費に対し、産業界・個人などの枠にとらわれず幅広く、排出量に応じた経済的負担をさせるための枠組みを設けることで、市場原理に基づいて上記部門からの排出抑制に直接働きかけるものである。
- It directly exerts influence on waste of fossil fuels at cars, civilian sectors and so on, which has hugely increased with no restraint, sets up the framework for widely imposing economic burdens, depending on the amount of emissions, on industries, individuals and so on, and consequently, according to the market principle, directly drives the suppression of emissions from the sectors mentioned above.
- 例えば、明治元年8月の「奥羽士民に対する告諭」は御誓文の第一条を元に「広く会議を興し万機公論に決するは素より天下の事一人の私する所にあらざればなり」と述べ、同年10月の「京都府下人民告諭大意」は第三条を元に「上下心を一にし、末々に至るまで各其志を遂げさせ」と述べている。
- For example, in August 1868, 'official notice to shimin (warrior and ordinary people) of Ou region stated 'All affairs of State shall be referred to public opinion through general conferences because affairs of state shall not belong to a single person' based on the first article of Charter Oath, in October of the same year, 'an outline of official notice to residents in Kyoto Prefecture stated 'The government and the people shall act in harmony to accomplish one's aspiration' based on the third article of Charter Oath.
- 彼はフランス人ではあったが、ナポレオン法典の直輸入には反対してあくまでも日本国内の事情にも配慮した民法典を作成すべきであると主張していた(大木もこの考えに同意して、この年と1883年に民事法に纏わる全国的な慣習法調査が行われて「(全国)民事慣例類集」として編纂された)。
- Although he was a Frenchman, he disagreed to the direct import of Code Napoleon, and asserted that Minpoten should include considerations of the domestic situation in Japan (Oki agreed to the idea, and in the same year and in 1883 'Zenkoku Minji Kanreirui-shu' (national civil customary) was complied based on the nationwide research of customary law related to Civil Code.
- また、近年は関心の高まりを受けて第三者機関が認証する排出削減量 (VER Verified Emissions Reduction) が民間で取引されるようになったが(カーボンオフセット、グリーン電力証書などを参照)これらは一般に京都メカニズムの枠外で行われる取引である。
- Also with escalation in interest these days, the amount of emissions reduction verified by the third-party institution (VER: Verified Emissions Reduction) is being traded among private sectors (see Carbon Offset, Green Electricity Certificate and so on); note that these trades are made in general out of the framework of the Kyoto Mechanisms.
- 国宝(こくほう、英語:National treasures)とは日本の文化財保護法によって国が指定した有形文化財(重要文化財)のうち、世界文化の見地から価値の高いものでたぐいない国民の宝たるものであるとして国(文部科学省)が指定したものである(文化財保護法第27条第2項)。
- The term 'national treasures' ('kokuho' in Japanese) refers to those buildings, artworks or other items, among the larger group designated tangible cultural assets (important cultural properties) by Japan's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (according to the second item listed under article 27 of the law), that possess great cultural worth from the viewpoint of world culture, as well as those buildings, artworks or other items, considered peerless treasures by Japan's citizens, that are designated as such by the state (specifically, by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology).
- 1890年(明治23年)11月、第一回帝国議会が開かれ、産業界から商法の施行が早すぎ対応がとれないとの理由で「商法実施延期請願書」が出されると、帝国議会は1891年(明治24年)1月1日施行予定の商法を民法と同じ1893年(明治26年)1月1日施行に延期することを決定した。
- In November, 1980, the first Imperial Diet was opened, and when 'Shoho Jisshi Enki Seigansho (petition for postponing the effectuation of the Commercial Code)' was submitted because they could not correspond to its too early effectuation, the Imperial Diet decided to postpone the enforcement of the Commercial Code in January 1, 1991 to January 1, 1893, the same day of the effectuation of the Civil Code.
- 「そもそも西洋諸国に行わるる国会の起源またはその沿革を尋ぬるに、政府と人民相対し、人民の知力ようやく増進して君上の圧制を厭い、またこれに抵抗すべき実力を生じ、いやしくも政府をして民心を得さる限りは内治外交ともに意のごとくならざるより、やむを得ずして次第次第に政権を分与したる.
- In western countries, people confronted their government, and were enlightened, and rebelled against oppression, and built up arms, and a government which loses public favor could not control domestic and diplomatic affairs, and was gradually compelled to distribute ruling powers, and finally a national diet was established.
- 従来の藩が租税として集めた米をまとめて江戸や大坂の蔵屋敷を経由して同地の米問屋に売却するというこれまでの米の流通システムが崩壊して、個々の農民が地元の米商人などに直接米を換金してその代金を納め、地元の米商人が全国市場に米を売却するようになるなど、商業や流通に対する影響も大きかった。
- The land-tax reform also had a large effect on Japanese commerce and distribution system; that is, prior to the reform rice collected as tax from various clans were sold and distributed by wholesale dealers in Edo or Osaka through storehouses of various clans in Edo or Osaka; the reform allowed farmers to change their rice to cash directly at local rice merchants, who sold rice to the market across the country; thus the previous distribution system collapsed.
- その一方で明治4年(1871年)に中央政府に復帰して下野するまでの2年間、上京当初抱いていた士族を中心とする「強兵」重視路線が、四民平等・廃藩置県を全面に押し出した木戸孝允・大隈重信らの「富国」重視路線によって斥けられた事に対する不満や反発が西郷の心中に全く無かったとも考えられない。
- Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that SAIGO might have resentment and antagonism toward the incident that a policy of placing a great importance on 'military buildup' mainly with the warrior class, which he had fostered during his early days in Tokyo for two years from his comeback to the central government in 1871 until he left the government, was defeated by a policy of placing a great importance on 'national enrichment' by Takayoshi KIDO and Shigenobu OKUMA, which emphasized the equality of all people and the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures.
- 明治十四年の政変(めいじじゅうよねんのせいへん)は、1881年(明治14年)自由民権運動の流れの中、憲法制定論議が高まり、政府内でも君主大権を残すビスマルク憲法かイギリス型の議院内閣制の憲法とするかで争われ、前者を支持する伊藤博文が、後者を支持する大隈重信を政府から追放した政治事件をさす。
- Meiji juyonen no seihen (the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881) is a politically-motivated incident, which occurred during movement of the Freedom and People's Rights and dispute regarding creation of a constitution in government, especially between Hirobumi ITO, who recommended Bismarck's constitution, which preserves the royal prerogative and Shigenobu OKUMA, who recommended constitution from England, which has parliamentary system of government, as a result of the incident in which Shigenobu OKUMA was banned from government.
- 神道国教化政策との絡みや、キリスト教を解禁しても直ちに欧米が条約改正には応じないとする懐疑的な姿勢から来る、政府内の保守派の反対のみばかりでなく、宗教界や一般民衆からも「邪宗門」解禁に反対する声が強く紛糾したものの、明治6年(1873年)2月24日禁制の高札を除去し、その旨を各国に通告した。
- The conservatives in the government opposed it because they thought that allowing Christianity could be an obstacle to establishing Shinto as a state religion, and because they doubted Europe and the United States would accept a revision of the unequal treaty immediately even if they lifted the ban on Christianity, but also because the religious world and people opposed it because they considered Christianity as 'Heresy,', but in any case the government lifted the ban on Christianity and announced it to foreign countries on February 24, 1873.
- 福岡は後年「この時平民までも此議会に与らしめる御つもりであったか」と問われ、「それは後から考えればそうも解釈されるが、御恥ずかしい話ですが当時私はまだその考えはなかったです」「広くとは人々の意見を広く集めて会議するというのではなく府藩県にわたりて広く何処にも会議を興すという義です」と答えた。
- Fukuoka was asked in later years 'Were you also going to get common people engaged in this assemblies at that time?' and he answered 'It can be interpreted so in retrospect, but I'm ashamed to say, I was not thinking about that at that time' 'Widely didn't mean holding assemblies by gathering people's opinions widely, but holding assemblies widely through all prefectures.'
- これらの指定物件(いわゆる「旧国宝」)は文化財保護法施行の日である1950年(昭和25年)8月29日付けをもってすべて「重要文化財」に指定されたものと見なされ、その「重要文化財」の中から「世界文化の見地から価値の高いもの」で「たぐいない国民の宝」たるものがあらためて「国宝」に指定されることとなった。
- All of the designated items (the 'old' national treasures) were relabeled 'important cultural properties' on August 29, 1950, the day the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into effect, while within that larger group of important cultural properties, those items considered to possess great cultural worth from the viewpoint of world culture, as well as those items considered peerless treasures by Japan's citizens, were re-designated 'national treasures.'
- 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ/SCAP)は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
- According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 具体的には神国である日本でキリスト教を布教することはふさわしくないということ、領民などを集団で信徒にすることや神社仏閣などの打ちこわしの禁止、宣教師の20日以内の国外退去などと同時に、この法令が南蛮貿易を妨げるものでなく、布教に関係しない外国人商人の渡来に関してはなんら規制を設けないことが示されている。
- Concretely the following is described, that is, it is not appropriate to Christianize Japan, the land of the Shinto gods, it is forbidden to form a group of Christians and believersm, to destroy shrines and temples, and the missionaries should leave Japan within twenty days, and at the same time this edict does not prevent trade with Spain and Portugal and there are no restrictions on foreign merchants who have not come to spread Christianity in Japan.
- 近年注目されるミトコンドリアDNA研究によると、縄文人も弥生人もどちらも北東アジア(中国、シベリア、ブリヤート人、朝鮮半島)に類似したデオキシリボ核酸が多く分布しており、縄文人を南方系、弥生人を北方系とする埴原和郎の二重構造説は疑問視されてはいるが、日本民族が多重構造であること自体は肯定的な意見が強い。
- According to recent mitochondrial DNA research, both the Jomon people and Yayoi people have DNA resembling that of the people of North East Asia (China, Siberia, Buryat and Korean), casting doubt on the multiple structure theory of Kazuro HANIWARA, which purported the Jomon people to be a southern lineage and Yayoi people a northern lineage, though it confirms the multiple structure theory of the Japanese race itself.
- だが、伊藤の盟友である井上馨外務大臣 (日本)が進めた条約改正案にあった「外国人裁判官」制度と鹿鳴館に代表される欧化政策が内外の反感を買い、自由民権運動による三大事件建白書や大同団結運動、保守中正派(天皇親政派)と見られた谷干城農商務大臣の辞任を招くなど、政府批判が一気に高まった(「明治20年の危機」)。
- However, the policy of Europeanization represented by Rokumeikan and 'a foreigner judge' system, which was included in the amendment of the treaty promoted by Ito's sworn ally Kaoru INOUE, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan), antagonized inside and outside Japan, and criticism of the government was mounted rapidly due to the petition of three major affairs by democratic-rights movement, the movement to unite for a common purpose and the resignation of Tateki TANI, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, who was thought to be a member of conservative political party (direct rule by the emperor party) ([The crisis of the 20th year of the Meiji era]).
- 兒玉源太郎総督の下で1898年に民政長官に就任した後藤新平は、土地改革、ライフラインの整備、アヘン中毒患者の撲滅、学校教育の普及、製糖業などの産業の育成を行うことにより台湾の近代化を推進し、一方で植民地統治に対する反逆者には取り締まりをするという『飴と鞭』の政策を有効に用いることで植民地支配の体制を確立した。
- In 1898, Shinpei GOTO assumed the post of Chief of Home Affairs under the direction of Gentaro KODAMA, the governor-general, and GOTO established Japan's approach to its rule of Taiwan through the effective use of a 'carrot and stick' policy; that is, he promoted the modernization of Taiwan by carrying out land reform, providing utilities that were essential to people's livelihoods, eradicating opium addiction, making school educational more accessible to all, and developing industries such as sugar manufacturing, while at the same time cracking down on those who opposed colonial rule.
- 明治政府は、1870年の平民苗字許容令、1872年(明治5年)の壬申戸籍編纂の二段階によって「氏(シ、うじ)=姓(セイ、本姓)=苗字=名字」の一元化を成し遂げ、旧来の氏(ウヂ)・姓(カバネ)を公称することを自ら廃止したため、事実上、「藤原」などの旧来の氏(ウヂ)・「朝臣」などの姓(カバネ)は、その役割を完全に終えた。
- The use of traditional uji including 'Fujiwara' and kabane including 'ason' was banned and finished its role when the Meiji Government was able to unify the 'uji = family name' by issuing the order to allow all commoners to have family names in 1870 and the compilation of Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin) in 1872.
- 呉善花は、著書『韓国併合への道』で「少なくとも民族の尊厳の確保に賭けて大アジア主義を掲げ、国内で最大限の努力を傾けた李容九らを売国奴と決めつけ、国内で表立った活動をすることもなく外国で抗日活動を展開した安昌浩や李承晩らを愛国者・抗日の闘士と高く評価するバランス・シートは、私にはまったく不当なものである」と評価している。
- O Seonhwa placed a mention in her book 'Road to the Japan's annexation of Korea', saying, 'it is completely unreasonable for me that, in a balance-sheet, the persons like 李容九 (이용구) who strived in the country to get back our nation's dignity aimed at Asianism are regarded as betrayers, while the persons like Ahn Chang-ho and Syngman Rhee (I Seung-man) who rolled out their anti-Japanese activities out of Korea without taking any particular actions in the country are praised as a patriot or anti-Japanese warrior'.
- 金完燮の『親日派のための弁明』(2002)では、一進会の運動を、李氏朝鮮政府の圧政をはねのけようとする農民階級(東学党→進歩会)と、支配階級出身で朝鮮の近代化をめざす改革派知識人グループ(維新会)、そして朝鮮近代化を支援することで「攻撃的な防御」を確保しようとする日本、の3つの改革勢力が結集されたものとして高く評価している。
- In 'Explanation for the sake of pro-Japan' by Kim Wansop (2002), the author highly evaluated the Isshinkai's movement, comparing their movment with a concentration of three revolutionary powers consisted of peasants who tried to reject the oppression of Joseon Dynasty Government (Togaku-to => Shinpo-kai), the group consisted of revolutionary intellectuals from governing class aimed at modernization of Korea (Ishin-kai) and Japan which tried to secure the 'aggressive protection' by supporting the modernization of Korea.
- 平民社(へいみんしゃ)は、1903年11月に、日露戦争を開戦しようとする動きに対して非戦論を主張していた『萬朝報』が、社論を開戦論へと転換したときに、非戦論を訴えつづけていた同紙記者の幸徳秋水と堺利彦(枯川)が、非戦論の主張を貫くために朝報社を退社し、あらたに非戦論を訴え、社会主義思想の宣伝・普及をおこなうために開業した新聞社。
- Heiminsha is a newspaper company established by newspaper reporters of 'Yorozu-choho' newspaper company, Shusui KOTOKU and Toshihiko SAKAI (KOSEN), to promote and spread socialist thoughts, who retired from the Choho press company in order to insist their claim of pacifism, when the company, which had been claiming pacifism against the move to the Russo-Japanese War, shifted its policy from pacifism to the theory of making war.
- これは、ロシア側へいかなる弱みともなることをも秘密にしようとした日本政府の政策に加え、新聞以下マスコミ各社が日清戦争を引き合いに出して戦争に対する国民期待を否応なしに煽ったために修正がきかなくなっていたこともあり、国民の多くは戦争をしている国力の実情を知らされず、目先の勝利によってロシアが簡単に屈服させられたように錯覚した反動から来ているものである。
- The discrepancy between popular sentiment and government policy is due to the fact that the Japanese Government adopted a stringent policy of secrecy to keep any information that could reveal national weaknesses from falling into Russian hands; The media including newspapers used the example of the Japanese victory in the Sino-Japanese War to fan the flames of war without regard to national sentiment, and inadvertantly built up jingoistic mood which could not be easily reversed; and finally, the majority of citizens were not aware of the true nature of Japan's national strength and erroneously believed that Japan easily defeated Russia in battle.
- 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国・大韓民国では文禄の役を壬辰倭乱(じんしんわらん、、イムジンウェラン、戦役総称として使う場合もあり)、慶長の役を丁酉倭乱(ていゆうわらん、、チョンユウェラン)または丁酉再乱(ていゆうさいらん、、チョンユヂェラン)と呼んでいる(北朝鮮では壬辰祖国戦争(じんしんそこくせんそう、、イムジンチョグクチョンジェン)と呼ばれる場合もある)。
- In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea, the Bunroku War is called Imjin Waeran (It is also used as the generic name of the Wars), and the Keicho War is called Chonyu Ueran or Chonyu Jeran (In the North Korea, in certain cases it is also called Imjin chogukuchonjen).
- 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
- There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of 'buraku' people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.
- この結果、土地は天皇のものであり、臣民は天皇または領主からその使用を許されているに過ぎないと考える公地公民制思想(王土王民説)や封建領主による領主権や村などの地域共同体による共同保有といった封建制度的な土地保有形態が完全に崩壊し、土地にも保有者個人の所有権が存在する事が初めて法的に認められることになり、土地が個人の財産として流通や担保の対象として扱われるようになった。
- As a result, the idea in that all land was under the sole ownership of the emperor and individuals were merely borrowing the land from the emperor or the idea in that feudal lords had the land ownership or the idea of cooperative ownership by local communities such as villages were completely collapsed; private land ownership by individuals was recognized legally for the first time in Japan; and land came to be treated as the objects of circulation or collateral as the property of individuals.
- 彼ら急進派の政府転覆計画は結局は具現化をみるには至らなかったが、その後発生した1884年(明治17年)6月の群馬事件は、群馬県の下部自由党 (明治)員が、妙義山麓に困窮に苦しむ農民を結集し、圧制打倒の兵をあげようとしたものであり、さらに同年9月に発生した加波山事件は、茨城県の加波山に爆裂弾で武装した16人の急進的な民権運動家が挙兵し、警官隊と衝突するというものであった。
- After all the plot of overthrowing the government of the radicals was not realized, but in subsequent Gunma Incident occurred in June 1884, local members of the Liberal Party (Meiji period) in Gunma Prefecture, gathering peasants in poverty at the foot of Mt. Myogi, tried to raise an army against suppression and furthermore in Kabasan Incident occurred in September of the same year sixteen democratic radicals armed with bombs raised an army and encountered the police force.
- そのため現在の台湾の教育・民生・軍事・経済の基盤は当時の日本によって建設されたものが基礎となっていると主張する意見(李登輝など)と、近代化の中の日本の役割を過大評価することは植民地統治の正当化と反発する意見、台湾は日本への農作物供給地として農業を中心に発展させられたため工業発展に遅れたと主張する意見、日本商人の搾取によって富が奪われたとする意見(図解台湾史、台湾歴史図説)も提示されている。
- Therefore, there are different opinions about the ruling by Japan as follows; one opinion is that the infrastructure of Taiwan, such as education, people's livelihood, military and economy, was based upon one built by Japan at that time (Teng-hui LEE and others) and other opposing opinions are that overestimating the role of Japan in modernization leads to a justification for colonial rule, Japan imposed an agriculture-centered policy to make Taiwan a supply source of agricultural products to Japan and it resulted in delaying industrial development and the wealth of Taiwan was deprived by Japanese merchants Taiwan (Illustrated History of Taiwan, Illustration of Taiwanese History).
- 「日本の憲法は御承知のごとく五箇条の御誓文から出発したものと云ってもよいのでありますが、いわゆる五箇条の御誓文なるものは、日本の歴史、日本の国情をただ文字に現わしただけの話でありまして、御誓文の精神、それが日本国の国体であります。日本国そのものであったのであります。この御誓文を見ましても、日本国は民主主義であり、デモクラシーそのものであり、あえて君権政治とか、あるいは圧制政治の国体でなかったことは明瞭であります」と答弁した。
- He answered 'As you know, it can be said that the Constitution of Japan started from Charter Oath. So-called Charter Oath of Five Articles was just written expressing the history and the state of affairs of Japan. The spirit of Charter Oath itself is the national policy of Japan and what Japan is. Seeing Charter Oath, Japan is a democratic country and democracy itself. It is obvious that the national policy was not monarchy or repressive government.'
- これに対して、12月22日(1868年1月16日)に朝廷は「徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事」という告諭を出した。
- In response, the Imperial Court issued a statement that '徳川内府宇内之形勢ヲ察シ政権ヲ奉帰候ニ付キ、朝廷ニ於テ万機御裁決候ニ付テハ、博ク天下之公儀ヲトリ偏党ノ私ナキヲ以テ衆心ト休威ヲ同フシ、徳川祖先ノ制度美事良法ハ其侭被差置、御変更無之之候間、列藩此聖意ヲ体シ、心付候儀ハ不憚忌諱極言高論シテ救縄補正ニ力ヲ尽シ、上勤王ノ実効ヲ顕シ下民人ノ心ヲ失ナハス、皇国ヲシテ一地球中ニ冠超セシムル様淬励可致旨御沙汰候事' on January 16, 1868.
- 祖先は陵戸(みささぎのへ)で沙沙貴(ささき)の名前も陵戸が変化した物と言う説があるが、日本書紀には「狭々城山君韓袋宿裲」(ささきやまぎみからふくろのすくね)が雄略天皇による押磐皇子謀殺に荷担したために罰せられ、死刑とする代わりに身分を落とし賤民である陵戸とされ全ての官籍を剥奪の上で山部連の下に置かれたが、同族の「置目老嫗」(おきめのおみな)が押磐皇子の遺骨の所在を知らせた功により置目老嫗の兄である「倭袋宿裲」が韓袋宿裲に代わり狭々城山君の姓を賜ったとある。
- There is a theory that the name Sasaki was changed from the ancestor's name, Misasagi no He, but in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) it was written that 'Sasakiyama gimi Karafukuro no Sukune' helped the Emperor Yuryaku to murder Prince Oshiha and was therefore demoted to the humble rank of Ryoko instead of receiving the death penalty and was transferred under Yamabe no muraji after being deprived of any title; however, because 'Okime no Omina' from his family confessed to where the remains of the Prince Oshiha were placed, 'Yamato Fukuro no Sukune', who was the brother of Okime no Omina, was given the name Sasakiyama gimi in place of Karafukuro no Sukune.
- この追放令が出た背景には諸説あり、秀吉が有馬の女性を連れてくるように命令した際にキリシタンであることを理由に住民が拒否し秀吉が激怒したとも、九州征伐に向かった秀吉の目の前で、当時の日本イエズス会準管区長でもあったコエリョがスペイン艦隊が自分の指揮下にあるごとく誇示した事が原因とも、九州の有馬氏や大村氏などのキリシタン大名が寺社仏閣を破壊すると同時に、僧侶にも迫害を加えたり教会へ莫大な寄進を行っていた事が理由とも、また織田信長から継承した旧来の寺社領を解体して統一政権の支配下におく政策をイエズス会領である長崎にも適用しようとしてイエズス会側が従わなかったとも、宣教師の一部が人身売買(日本人を奴隷商品として国外へ売り払う)を行っていた事が原因とも言われている。
- There are various theories about the issuing of this Expelling edict and the cause could be that Hideyoshi was furious at the residents rejecting his order to bring a woman of Arima because she was Christian, that Coelho, Vice-Provincial of the Society of Jesus in Japan at that time boasted as if the Spanish Armada was under his command in front of Hideyoshi during the expedition to Kyusyu, that the Christian feudal lords such as ARIMA and OMURA in Kyushu destroyed shrines and temples as well as persecuted monks and made huge donations to the churches, and that the Society of Jesus did not obey when he tried to apply the policy to Nagasaki, the domain of the Society, they dissolved the old domains of temples and shrines inherited from Nobunaga ODA and place them under a unified regime, and that some of the missionaries conducted human trafficking (selling the Japanese to outside Japan as slaves).
- (大田南畝 「寛政十年戊午江戸人別」 『一話一言』 巻26 (1820年) 山下重民 「江戸市街統計一班」 『江戸会雑誌』 1冊(2号) pp. 18–26(1889年) 勝海舟 「江戸人口小記」「正徳ヨリ弘化迄江戸町数人口戸数」 『吹塵録』(1890年) 小宮山綏介 「府内の人口」 『江戸旧事考』 2巻 pp. 19–23(1891年) 『日本財政経済史料』 9巻 pp. 1210–1243(1922年) 柚木重三、堀江保蔵 「本邦人口表」 『経済史研究』 7号 pp. 188–210(1930年) 幸田成友 「江戸の町人の人口」 『社会経済学会誌』 8巻(1号) pp. 1–23(1938年) 鷹見安二郎 江戸の人口の研究」 『全国都市問題会議』 第7回1(本邦都市発達の動向と其の諸問題上) pp. 59–83(1940年) 高橋梵仙 『日本人口史之研究』 三友社(1941年) 関山直太郎 『近世日本の人口構造』 吉川弘文館(1958年) 南和男『幕末江戸社会の研究』 吉川弘文館(1978年)より作成。
- Sources: Nanbo OTA, 'Kansei 10 nen, Bogo, Edonin betsu' from vol. 26 of 'Ichiwa Ichigen' (1820); Shigetami YAMASHITA, 'Edo shigai Tokei Ippan' from vol.1 (pp. 18-26) of 'Edokai zasshi' (1889); Kaishu KATSU, 'Edo Jinko Shoki' from 'Suijinroku' (1890); Yasusuke KOMIYAMA, 'Funai no Jinko' from vol. 2 (pp. 19–23) of 'Edo kyujiko' (1891) and vol. 9 (pp. 1210–1243) of 'Nihon Zaise Keizai Shiryo' (1922); Juzo YUZUKI and Yasuzo HORIE, 'Honpo jinko hyo' from vol. 7 (pp. 188–210) of 'Keizaishi Kenkyu' (1930); Shigetomo KODA, 'Edo no Chonin no Jinko' from vol. 8 (pp. 1–23) of 'Shakai Keizai gakkaishi' (1938); Yasujiro TAKAMI, 'Edo no Jinko no Kenkyu' from the 7th conference (pp. 59–83) of 'Zenkoku Toshi Mondai kaigi' (1940); Bonsen TAKAHASHI, 'Nihon Jinkoshi no Kenkyu' from Sanyusha publishing (1941), Naotaro SEKIYAMA, 'Kinsei Nihon no Jinko Kozo' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1958); Kazuo MINAMI, 'Bakumatsu Edo Shakai no Kenkyu' published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. (1978).
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