武士: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 武士
- warrior
- samurai
- Takeshi
- Takehito
- Bushi
- Mononofu
- 古武士
- feudal warrior
- samurai
- old soldier
- veteran
- old hand
- 武士。
- Therefore, it refers to samurai.
- 武士道
- Bushido
- samurai code of chivalry
- Bushido (the way of the samurai)
- 武士詞
- samurai words & phrases
- 西面武士
- Saimen no Bushi (group of warriors guarding west side of imperial palace)
- 岡崎武士
- Okazaki Takeshi (h) (1967.8.29-)
- 山口武士
- Yamaguchi Takeshi (h) (1979.6.10-)
- Takeshi Yamaguchi
- 井上武士
- Inoue Takeshi (h) (1894.8.6-1974.11.8)
- 武士の鑑
- paragon of knighthood
- 石本武士
- Ishimoto Takeshi (h) (1973.10.11-)
- 大和武士
- Yamato Takeshi
- Yamato warrior
- 武士垣外
- Bushikaito
- Bushigaito
- 武士の情け
- Bushi should have compassion for the weak.
- 武士の殉死
- The junshi of samurai
- 武士職能論
- The theory of samurai function
- 党的武士団
- Party-like bushidan
- 武士道の華
- flower of chivalry (Bushido)
- 武士の三道楽
- The three hobbies of bushi:
- 武士論の遷移
- Transformation of the bushi theory
- 武士団の蔓延
- The spread of bushidan
- 武士の幸せ。
- It is the happiness of samurai.
- 武士に二言なし
- Bushi does not cancel what he said before.
- 武士は相身互い
- Bushi should help each other and have compassion for each other.
- 武士の最小単位
- Smallest unit of bushi
- 「武士」の認定
- The 'bushi' qualification
- 武士在地領主論
- The theory of the bushi lord of a manor
- 武士職能論以降
- After the theory of samurai function
- 武道、武士道。
- It also refers to martial arts or Bushido.
- 武士以外と棒術
- People other than samurai and Bojutsu
- 武士政権の成立
- Establishment of a bushi government
- 武官と武士の違い
- The difference between military officers and bushi
- 武士に関する言葉
- The words on bushi
- 文官としての武士
- Bushi as civil officers
- 「牧」と「武士」
- Maki' and 'bushi'
- 「武士団」の前史
- Previous history of 'bushidan'
- 武士に二言はない
- A samurai never breaks his word.
- 関東武士団の挙兵
- The Raising of Forces by the Kanto Bushi Group
- 「職能」武士の起源
- The origin of bushi by 'samurai function'
- 「職能」武士起源論
- The theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function'
- 武士道と近代の意識
- Bushido and the modern awareness
- 「武士団」の結合度
- The level of unification of 'bushidan'
- 芸能の家としての武士
- Bushi as a family of public entertainment
- 武士及び使用人の人口
- Population of samurai and servants
- - 勝男武士と書く。
- It is written as 勝男武士 (literally, 'a winning man, samurai').
- 武士は食わねど高楊枝
- A samurai glories in honorable poverty.
- Samurai are people who conspicuously use a toothpick even when they do not have something to eat.
- 身分は平民と武士の間。
- Their class was between heimin and samurai.
- 「開発領主」武士発生論
- The theory of emergence of bushi by 'kaihatsu-ryoshu'
- 地方での「武士」の認定
- The qualification of 'bushi' in districts
- 城内の武士の配置の自由
- Place warriors freely inside the castle
- 武士の商法(士族の商法)
- Bushi way of business (this expression is usually used to mean a poorly-run business as it gives the impression of someone engaging in something that is not their specialty, meaning that they will most likely fail because of inexperience)
- 「開発領主」と「武士団」
- The 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' and 'bushidan'
- 地方武士団・源義仲の挙兵
- Regional Bushi Groups and the Raising of Forces by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka
- 南北朝の争乱での武士の拡大
- The expansion of samurai during the disturbances of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 成立期の武士の母体となった。
- These aristocrats were the foundation of the samurais that emerged in history during the formation of the medieval period.
- また「武士」の誕生もこの頃。
- It was the same period as the birth of 'bushi.'
- 武士道とは死ぬことと見つけたり
- Bushido is the way of death.
- 「領地」を媒介とする「武士団」
- The 'bushidan' that mediated the 'manor'
- 「血縁」による「武士団」の結合
- The 'bushidan' union by 'blood relation'
- では、武官と武士の違いとは何か。
- So, what is the difference between military officer and bushi?
- 足軽は士分(武士)には入らない。
- Ashigaru (common foot soldier) were not included in the class of shibun (bushi).
- 士族は、上級の武士に付与された。
- The title of shizoku was granted to the high ranking samurai.
- 「兵」の時代の「武士団」の結合度
- The level of unification of 'bushidan' during the 'tsuwamono' period
- 主に武士が行った、日本独特の習俗。
- It is a uniquely Japanese custom that was mainly practiced by samurai.
- 武(戦)や武士における戦術と技術。
- It is a tactic and technique for samurai during battle.
- 武士の一般常識をまとめたとされる。
- The book is believed to have covered general samurai wisdom.
- 武士は、土地に対する執着が強かった。
- A samurai was strongly attached to owning land.
- 同義語として武者(むしゃ・むさ)武士
- Musha, musa or bushi as synonyms
- もともとは越智阿波守の武士であった。
- Ogo was originally a samurai serving for Ochi Awa no kuni no kami (Governor of Awa Province).
- 武蔵国は中小武士団が栄える国となった。
- Musashi Province became a province in which small to medium-size warrior bands thrived.
- そして武士を最上位に置く体制を確立した。
- And it led to establishing the system of the samurai class being put on top of the hierarchy.
- 武士たちによってその維持が図られてきた。
- Samurai maintained the social order in place of the Imperial Court.
- 伊奈氏(いなし)は、日本の氏族(武士)。
- The Ina clan was one of the Japanese shizoku (clans, or samurai families).
- しかし当時の武士の主従には2種類がある。
- However, there were two types of master and servant relationships of the bushi at that time.
- 一般武士は将軍家を真似たものと思われる。
- It is believed that ordinary samurai imitated the shogun family.
- 中世に武士が使用していたものとほぼ同型。
- The yugake used by samurais in medieval times were almost the same type.
- こうして武士の在地領主化が進行していった。
- In this way, more and more samurai became local lords.
- この時期の勲功者が武士の初期原型となった。
- Those who distinguished themselves at this time were the ancestors of warriors.
- そのほか、大身の武士の家来にも足軽はいた。
- In addition, ashigaru also served as retainers for high-ranking samurai.
- 武士階級では刀と同じ物と解釈され尊ばれた。
- They were appreciated by warriors as a form of a weapon in the Samurai society.
- 茶は、初めは公家や武士の座敷で行なわれた。
- The tea ceremony was held in the parlor in the house of a court noble and samurai during the early stages.
- 鎌倉殿の家人になった武士は御家人と呼ばれた。
- Samurai who became kenin of the Kamakura-dono were called gokenin.
- その結果、武士が商人に依存するようになった。
- As a result, in reality samurai became dependent on the merchants.
- 武士に限っては平家の落武者という場合もある。
- So far as samurai are concerned, these fugitives are sometimes called Heike no Ochimusha.
- 武士が何かに願いを込めたり誓約する時の言葉。
- It is the word used by samurai when he wished for something or made an oath.
- 初代正玄は、元々武士で丹羽長重に仕えていた。
- The first generation, Seigen, was originally a bushi warrior and served Nagashige NIWA.
- つまり、武士しか出てこない読み物がありうる。
- In other words, some of the kodan reading materials feature no one except samurai.
- 中世の日本では、主に戦闘員である武士がいた。
- Samurai were professional warriors in medieval Japan.
- そのため、武士となる開発領主も少なくなかった。
- As a result, many kaihatsu-ryoshu became samurai.
- この兵の家が軍事貴族ないし武士の母体となった。
- Then these tsuwamono no ie became the basis of military nobles or samurai.
- 江戸時代の武士の身分を以下に大雑把に分類する。
- The samurai status during the Edo period is roughly classified as follows.
- 武士起源研究は中世の発見と密接に関わっている。
- The study of the origin of bushi is closely related with discovering the medieval times.
- 柳沢氏(やなぎさわし)は、日本の氏族(武士)。
- The Yanagisawa was a Japanese feudal clan (samurai warriors).
- このようにして、武士の階級的な特権は廃止した。
- In this way, the warrior class lost their exclusive privilege.
- 当時は「貴族」と別に「武士」が居た訳ではない。
- There were no 'bushi' apart from 'aristocrats' at that time.
- 「武士在地領主論」と呼ばれるものがそれである。
- It was called 'the theory of bushi, lord of the manor.'
- 「これが武士のはじまりです」と教えられてきた。
- This was the beginning of bushi.'
- 平安中期に生まれた武士も平安貴族の一員だった。
- Samurai, that had risen in the mid Heian Period, were also a part of the Heian nobles.
- 武士は律令時代の武装開拓農場主を出自としている。
- Samurai originated in the armed farmers in the Ritsuryo period who developed and cultivated their own land.
- 田堵負名層の多くは武士化するとともに在地領主化。
- Many Tato fumyo became local lords as they were militarized.
- 徒士(かち)は、徒歩で戦う下級武士のことをいう。
- The term Kachi means lower class warriors who fought on foot.
- 大正時代の平民宰相原敬は上級武士の家柄であった。
- Takashi HARA, who became a Commoner Prime Minister in the Taisho period, came from a family of high-ranking warriors.
- しかし、この特権・格式は必ずしも武士化ではない。
- Still, these privileges and rank did not mean that the peasants became samurai.
- 華族は、公家と大名など最上級の武士に付与された。
- The title of kazoku was granted to the court nobles and the highest ranking samurai such as daimyo (feudal lord).
- 「凡そ近日の天下武士の外、一日存命の計略無し。」
- Basically, these days in Kyoto, people other than samurai cannot find a way to survive for just one day.
- 相撲(武士は相撲も組討のための鍛錬方法とした。)
- Sumo: The samurai used sumo as the training method for kumiuchi.
- 日本の武士が合戦で戦うための技芸を武芸といった。
- The practical arts which Japanese samurai used to fight in the battle were called bugei.
- 中世の武士達は武芸練達のために様々な稽古をした。
- During medieval times, Japanese warriors used to practice martial arts in a variety of ways.
- また単に私的に武装する者は武士と認識されなかった。
- And those who were privately armed were not recognized as bushi.
- 武士の起源に関する学術的研究は明治以降に始まった。
- The academic study on the origin of bushi began after the Meiji period.
- 一般的に武士で「源氏」という場合、この系統を指す。
- The samurai 'Genji' generally means this school
- 同年…頼朝が侍所を設置する(武士支配機構の成立)。
- The same year - Yoritomo established Samurai-dokoro (the establishment of samurai governing system).
- 武士団という言葉が平安時代後期にあった訳ではない。
- It did not mean that the word bushidan originated from the Heian period.
- 武士の主従関係とはけして絶対的なものではなかった。
- As such, the relationship between master and vassal among samurai was not absolute.
- 正保3年(1646年)に上洛、武士から商人に転業。
- In 1646, he came to Kyoto and changed his career from samurai to merchant.
- - 収入が少なく職の無い下級武士の救済でもあった。
- Kobushin was also done as a form of relief for poor and unemployed lower-ranking samurai.
- 江戸時代までの武士階級は戦闘に参加する義務を負った。
- The samurai class was obliged to participate in battle until the Edo period.
- 明治になり、武士をはじめとする身分制度はなくなった。
- In the Meiji period, the class system such as bushi and so on disappeared.
- ただし、武士の中上層には身分移動はほとんどなかった。
- On the other hand, little status mobility existed in middle and high ranking samurai.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると、武士の間の主従関係が重要になった。
- In the Kamakura Period, the relationship between the lord and the vassal among samurai became important.
- 公卿議定でも武士の派遣に消極的な意見が大勢を占めた。
- At the Kugyo-gijo, the majority was reluctant to dispatch samurai.
- そしてそれらが合わさって「大武士団」として行動する。
- They then gathered to work as 'daibushidan' (large brigade of bushi).
- それが頼朝の元への関東武士団の結束力の源泉であった。
- It was the origin for the unification of the Kanto region bushidan by Yoritomo.
- 開発領主が多数「武士」となったのはこの段階であろう。
- This was probably a period when many kaihatsu-ryoshu became 'samurai.'
- 武士が着た道服と、僧が着た道服とは全く別の服である。
- Dofuku worn by warriors and Dofuku worn by Buddhist monks are completely different garments.
- 現地、東北武士の代表者は、伊達行朝と結城宗広である。
- The representatives of the samurai in Tohoku region were Yukitomo DATE and Munehiro YUKI.
- 江戸時代も武士に対してはふぐ食を禁じる藩が多かった。
- During the Edo period, many clans prohibited their samurai from eating pufferfish.
- 下級武士・農民・職人・商人は一括して「平民」とされた。
- The low ranking samurai, the peasants, the artisans, and the merchants were collectively categorized as 'Heimin' (commoner).
- このころまでに「士」が武士を意味していたことがわかる。
- This entry proved 'shi' already stood for samurai in these times.
- 尊氏はこれを受けて守護や諸国の武士に命令を下している。
- On receiving those documents, the Takauji gave orders to the Shugo (provincial governor) and samurai all over Japan.
- 武士の小太刀、小刀、脇差などでの護身術(小具足術など)
- The self-defense techniques of the samurai with a dagger, a knife, or a short sword: Kogusoku-jutsu (The techniques of short sword grappling) and others
- 武士や足軽といった身分の集団とはまた別の立場にあった。
- Their position was different from that of samurai or ashigaru (common foot soldier).
- また、六波羅武士でもあり、内大臣・平重盛に仕えていた。
- He was also a Rokuhara warrior (warriors of the Taira clan) and served TAIRA no Shigemori, the minister of center in the Imperial Court.
- そして軍事を担当した国家公認の「家」の者が武士であった。
- And those who handled military affairs and were in the 'ie' authorized by the nation were bushi.
- 首実検の前には、武士の婦女子により首に死化粧が施された。
- Prior to making the identification of the severed head, the samurai womenfolk would apply funereal cosmetics to the head.
- しかし、赤松則村をはじめとする多くの武士層が冷遇された。
- While Godaigo's close advisers were favored, many of those in the samurai stratum, including Norimura AKAMATSU, were treated coldly.
- 平将門、藤原秀郷の時代、「武士」という呼び方は無かった。
- No 'bushi' was referred to during the time of TAIRA no Masakado and FUJIWARA no Hidesato.
- そこで、戦後の歴史学者は後者を「武士団」と呼び区別した。
- As a result, post-war (World War II) historians called the latter 'bushidan' to distinguish it from the other.
- ある日、一寸法師は武士になるために京へ行きたいと言った。
- One day, Issunboshi announced that he wanted to go to Kyoto to become a samurai.
- その為、藩士=武士というのは間違いであるとすることがある。
- Therefore it may be said that hanshi are not necessarily samurai.
- 藩士(はんし)は、江戸時代の各藩に仕えた武士に対する呼称。
- Hanshi were samurai who served Edo period clans.
- 苗字帯刀(みょうじたいとう)は、江戸時代の武士の身分表象。
- Myojitaito is a term indicating the social status of samurai during the Edo period.
- 受領から命令を受けた追捕使が動員したのは、国内武士である。
- The persons who Tsuibushi mobilized based on an order from zuryo were samurai in the province.
- 「職能」起源論では地方の武士を十分説明できるわけではない。
- The bushi in local regions cannot be explained fully by the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function.'
- こうした変化は武士階級の台頭と無関係ではないと考えられる。
- It is thought that such change was not unrelated to the emergence of samurai class.
- これを好機と見た武士らは元軍に襲いかかり、これを殲滅した。
- The samurai took this opportunity to attack the Yuan army and destroyed it.
- これらの牧からは、後に武蔵七党と呼ばれる武士団が起こった。
- Bushidan called Musashi-shichito Parties merged later from these maki.
- また、武士の台頭を反映して刀剣や甲冑もさかんにつくられた。
- Reflecting the emergence of samurai, swords and kacchu (armor and helmets) were actively made.
- そのため、合戦や鷹狩などの際に武士を中心として用いられた。
- Therefore, leather tabi were mainly used by samurai in battle or in hunting with falcons.
- その結果、東国武士が多数、畿内・西国へ移住することとなった。
- As a result, a lot of Togoku Samurai (a group of samurai in the eastern part of Japan) moved to Kinai (provinces near Kyoto)/western part of Japan.
- このように国衙によって公認された者が武士へと成長していった。
- Those military people authorized by kokuga became warriors.
- 武士が薄化粧をしたり香を施すことは軟弱とは見なされなかった。
- Application of light makeup to the head and offered incense by the samurai in attendance was not viewed as a sign of weakness.
- 幕末の万延元年(1860年)、山岡鉄舟が『武士道』を著した。
- Tesshu YAMAOKA published 'Bushido' in 1860 during the latter days of Edo bakufu.
- In 1860 at the end of the Edo period, Tesshu YAMAOKA wrote 'Bushido'.
- また、全国の諸藩には、郷士と呼ばれる自活する武士も存在した。
- There were also self-sustaining samurai called country samurai (who didn't live in the castle town) all around the country.
- たけき武士も、さすが岩木ならねば、皆みな涙を流さぬ者はなし。
- Even all lionhearted samurai could not stop tears in their eyes as they were not a rock or wood.
- 武家の棟梁(ぶけのとうりょう)とは、武士集団の指導者のこと。
- The term 'Buke no toryo' means the leader of groups of samurai.
- 21日には六波羅に「幾多なるを知らず」ほどの武士が集まった、
- On the 15th, 'uncountable numbers of' samurai gathered in Rokuhara.
- いずれにしてもそれが武士の族的結合のひとつのあらわれである。
- Either way, it was one expression of the clan union of bushi.
- 鎌倉時代に武士が平時の武芸の鍛錬のために始めた物と言われる。
- It is said that Inuoumono was started by samurai in the Kamakura period to train and improve their military arts skills.
- 罪を犯した武士が普化宗の僧となれば、刑をまぬがれ保護された。
- If samurai who committed crimes became monks of the Fuke sect of Buddhism, they escaped punishment and were protected.
- 受領が国内武士を把握する手続きは次のようであったとされている。
- It is said that zuryo obtained information about samurai in his province by the following procedure:
- 武士と公認される家もこのようにして増加していったと考えられる。
- The families officially authorized as bushi were considered to have increased like this.
- ただし、彼らの子孫すべてが軍事貴族・武士へ成長した訳ではない。
- Note, however, not all their descendants became military aristocrats or samurais.
- このようなところにも、武士と武官の違いが現れているといえよう。
- Also in this point, the difference between bushi and military officer can be seen.
- 彼らの鎮圧や調停を担う軍事担当の実務官人として武士が誕生した。
- Samurai emerged as officials for practical works in military affairs who were responsible for suppressing or conciliating them.
- 中世には公家や高級武士の宴会ではこれに酒をそそいで飲み干した。
- In the Middle Ages, sake was poured into kawarake and dried up in a party of court nobles and high-rank samurai.
- 一方、江戸時代には勤番武士が多くしゅす織りの足袋を履いていた。
- On the other hand, most samurai on duty in Edo wore tabi made of satin weave.
- 侍屋敷(さむらいやしき)は、下級武士の住まう邸宅のことである。
- 'Samurai Yashiki' were residences for low ranked samurai.
- 雪舟は備中国(岡山県)の出身で、地方武士の血を引くと言われる。
- Sesshu was born in Bichu Province (Okayama Prefecture) and said to have an origin as a local Samurai.
- そこでは再び禅定修行が復活し、武士の主要徳目ともなり流行した。
- In Japan, Zenjo practices were revived again and became popular as the principal tokumoku (virtue) of samurai (warriors).
- 護衛の武士が控えていたとされる伏侍(ふせざむらい)の間がある。
- There is a Fuse Zamurai no Ma room, which is said to be the area in which the Samurai guard would wait.
- また、国衙や武士領主以外の荘園領主一般を本所と呼ぶこともあった。
- In some cases, the lords of the manor in general, except for the kokuga and the lords of samurais, were called honjo.
- なお、武士以外にも刀の所持そのものが禁止されたわけではなかった。
- However, it was not prohibited for persons other than samurai to possess a sword.
- つまり、それ以前の武に従事した者は、武官ではあるが武士ではない。
- That is, those who were involved with military affairs before this period were military officers, but not bushi.
- 但し、時代が下ると共に徒士と同じ下級武士として待遇されていった。
- However, as time went by, they were treated as lower-ranked samurai who were the same as kachi.
- そして1970年の『東国における武士団』という小論でこう述べる。
- The short dissertation called 'Bushidan of Togoku' (Bushidan of Eastern Japan) in 1970 stated as follows.
- また京官の判官や武官などには武士や下級官人からの志望が多かった。
- Many of the applicants for hangan and bukan (military officer) of kyokan (an official of the Capital) were samurai (warriors) and lower-ranking government officials.
- - 武(戦)や武士における戦術と技術に心根や生き様を兼ねたもの。
- It includes the mind and way of life in tactics and techniques, at the same time, for samurai during battle.
- 門人は武士や僧侶が多かったが、町人や農民も1~2割を占めていた。
- Although many of the pupils were warriors and Buddhist priests, merchants, and artisans accounted for 10 to 20% of all the pupils.
- 参勤交代の武士らが江戸からの土産物として持ち帰ったため広まった。
- Awareness of Tsukudani spread when samurai with alternative residences in Edo took Tsukudani back home as presents.
- 花は桜木、人は武士、柱は桧、魚は鯛、小袖 はもみじ、花はみよしの
- In flowers, the cherry tree; in men, the samurai; in trees, the cypress; in fish, the sea bream; in kimono, the maple-leaf pattern; in flowers, Miyoshino (the cherry tree of the Yoshino district of Nara Prefecture).
- 崇徳上皇と後白河天皇の対立は深まり、両派はそれぞれ武士を集める。
- Emperor Goshirakawa and retired Emperor Sutoku were more opposed to each other, and each of the two sides recruited samurai.
- 7月27日 (旧暦)、天皇方が上皇方の公卿・武士らの罪を定めた。
- On August 21, the emperor's side sentenced the nobles and the samurais on the retired emperor's side.
- 武家(ぶけ)とは、幕府権力の総称、将軍家、または武士一般を指す語。
- The word 'buke' refers to the collection of various powers which support the authority of a bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and this word sometimes also refers to a Shogun family or general samurai.
- また、その他の武士の所領も元は自己の荘園や公領の所職が主であった。
- The shoryo of the other bushi (samurai) also mainly originated in the various shiki of their own shoen and koryo (public lands).
- 狭い船内での斬り合いでは、日本の武士の方に分があったと考えられる。
- It is considered that Japanese samurai had an advantage in the battles in narrow spaces inside the ships.
- そうしたことは自然の情及び武士の倫理として、早くから行われていた。
- From earlier stage, such suicide was performed as the act of showing natural feelings to his master and as the code of samurai.
- フジヤマ、テンプラ、ゲイシャ、スシ、ニンジャ、サムライ、武士道、禅
- Fujiyama (Mt. Fuji), Tenpura, Geisha girls, Sushi, Ninja, Samurai, Bushido, and Zen
- 幕府軍は寺社や京方の公家・武士の屋敷に火を放ち、略奪暴行を働いた。
- The shogunal forces set ablaze both temples and shrines and the homes of court nobles and warriors in the capital faction, and began to pillage the city.
- 東照宮陽明門の武士木像、鐘楼の紋は明智の家紋である「桔梗」である。
- Crests on the wooden figure of samurai in Yomeimon (Yomei gate) and the belfry of Toshogu Shrine are 'Chinese bellflower' that was the family crest of Akechi.
- 守護やその他武士らによる侵出に耐えながら存続した荘園も多数存在する。
- Many shoen persisted, enduring the invasion of Shugo and other samurai.
- いわば、国家から免許を受けた軍事下請企業家こそが武士の実像であった。
- The real image of bushi was, so to speak, a military affiliated entrepreneur licensed by the nation.
- 実際、関東の有力武士団は、朝廷の馬の放牧地「牧」の管理人が多かった。
- The powerful bushidan of the Kanto region had many managers of 'maki' horse pastures for the imperial court.
- しかし、丈夫で持ち運びに便利なため、武士や俳人などが好んで利用した。
- In fact, because it is strong and is conveniently carried, Samurai or haiku poet preferred to use it.
- 物語の筋の上では、一寸法師は武士になりたいといい京の都に行くとある。
- In the storyline, Issunboshi went to Kyoto because he wanted to become a samurai.
- 斉藤 時頼(さいとう ときより、生没年不詳)は、平安時代末期の武士。
- Tokiyori SAITO (year of birth and death unknown) was a samurai in the late Heian period.
- また武家政権を背景に「武士の魂」として精神文化の支柱として機能した。
- They also functioned as a support pillar of spiritual culture, 'the very soul of the samurai' against the backdrop of the military government.
- このような武家と仏教界の接近は貴族文化及び武士文化の影響を及ぼした。
- This coming together of samurai and Buddhist society influenced both aristocratic and samurai culture.
- 中世日本において武士同士の主従関係は、御恩と奉公により成り立っていた。
- The relationship between lord and vassal in medieval Japan was based on favor and service.
- 国内武士を追捕活動に参加させる動機付けとなったのは、勲功の保証である。
- What motivated samurai in a province to participate in the activities to capture criminals was the assurance that their achievements would be rewarded.
- すなわち武士とは、武芸者として国衙に承認された者たちを指したのである。
- In other words, samurai indicated the persons who were recognized as masters of the martial arts by kokuga.
- 追捕を命じられた追捕使は国内の武士を動員し、実際の追捕活動を展開した。
- The Tsuibushi who was ordered to search for and capture gangsters carried out necessary activities by mobilizing samurai in the province.
- この時点ではまだ武士の経済基盤は公田請作経営で所領経営者ではなかった。
- At this point, the bushi were still farm managers who leased public fields from provincial lords and produced agricultural products as their economic bases, but not the managers of shoryo.
- こうした作品により、武士や庶民へも歴史認識が広く流布することとなった。
- These books helped to make history recognized widely by samurai and the general public.
- 武士の起源研究は「日本の歴史における中世の発見」と密接に関わっている。
- The study on the origin of bushi is closely related to 'Discovering the medieval times in Japanese history.'
- このように、俘囚の戦闘技術は揺籃期の武士へと継承されていったのである。
- In this way, the Fushu's skills in battle were handed down to samurai, who at that time were in the early developmental stage.
- 発生期の武士の戦闘補助を行った従卒と同一の階層とみなされたわけである。
- They were regarded as those who were the same class as the jusotsu who helped the bushi in the early times in battle.
- 江戸時代以降の武士は、軍事から文化へと活躍の場を移っていくことになる。
- The field of performance of the bushi after the Edo period moved from military affairs to culture.
- 戦後に発見された『市河文書』では伝令将校的な武士とも取れる記述がある。
- In 'Ichikawa Monjo' (Ichikawa's documents) found after the war, there is a description that he may have been an orderly officer..
- そうした流れを踏まえた上で「武士団」を振り返ってみることが重要である。
- It is important to review 'bushidan' after understanding such movements.
- ただし、将軍など高位の武士は直垂ではなく水干を正装として着用していた。
- However, high class samurai such as a shogun did not wear hitatare, but wore suikan (everyday garment worn by commoners in ancient Japan) as a formal wear.
- その後、相撲は武家社会に根づき、武士たちの屋敷で行われるようになった。
- Later, sumo took hold in the buke shakai (samurai society) and was held in the residential sites of bushi (samurai).
- のち徳川家が国政を管掌する途上において、武士と他の階級を明確に区別した。
- Later, in the process of the Tokugawa family taking control of the national administration, the samurai class and other classes were separated precisely.
- 始めは下級武士の普段着であったが、室町時代末期には大紋に次ぐ礼装となる。
- Although it was lower ranked samurai's casual wear in the beginning, it became the second most formal dress after daimon (crested formal robe) in the end of the Muromachi period.
- 武士の作法として、名乗りが行われている間に攻撃することは許されなかった。
- Samurai propriety did not allow them to attack while nanori was taking place.
- 郎党と同様、武士に従いながら戦闘に参加したのが「家の子」(子弟)である。
- Like roto, 'ienoko' (followers) followed samurai and participated in battles.
- しかし、「開発領主」論では全ての武士の発生を説明できたわけではなかった。
- However, all the emergence of bushi could not be explained by the 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' theory.
- 郷士は郷に住む武士で、多くは「徒士」身分であるが、「侍」身分の者もいる。
- Goshi (country samurai), who lived in the country, were bushi and many of them were in the class of 'kachi' but some of them were in the class of 'samurai.'
- 井伊が暗殺されると主に諸藩の下級武士を中心とする尊攘派の活動が激化した。
- Once Ii was assassinated, the Sonjo Movement led by the lower ranking warriors from various clans became more violent.
- 城下町・陣屋町において、武士が居住する武家屋敷・侍屋敷が集まってできた町
- town inside the Jokamachi and Jinyamachi, formed with those samurai houses like bukeyashiki (samurai mansion) and samurai yashiki (samurai resident) gathered
- いずれにしても、「牧」と「武者・武士」の関係をここにも見ることが出来る。
- Nevertheless, the relationship between 'maki' and 'busha and bushi' could be observed here as well.
- 確かにこの時代の戦闘の様式は中世武士団による戦闘の様式とは大きく異なる。
- Definitely, the military style of this period differed greatly from that of the medieval bushidan.
- 「侍」としての「武士」には、「平家物語」の一ノ谷の戦いで先陣争いを演じた
- The 'bushi' as a 'samurai' fought on the front lines during the Battle of Ichinotani in 'The Tale of Heike.'
- しかし、いかに骨太の三河武士でも下帯だけは真白のものを使用したとされる。
- But, he used a white fundoshi loincloth as underwear to cover his privates, even though he was a big-boned samurai warrior from Mikawa Province.
- この行事は次第に貴族や武士にも広がり、やがて民間の行事としても定着した。
- This event gradually spread to court nobles or Samurai, and eventually, it was established as a popular event.
- 鎌倉時代には、源頼朝が故実に通じた武士を重んじ、故実の復元を図っている。
- In Kamakura period, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo highly regarded warriors who were very aware of kojitsu and tried to restore kojitsu.
- 現在の解釈では、主に近世の武士の住まいである侍屋敷のことも含まれている。
- Today's definition also covers 'Samurai Yashiki' which was a residence of samurai after the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- 武士が戦場での実戦を出発点として磨き上げてきた弓術、それが日置流である。
- As a starting point for samurai who in fact engage in combat on the battlefield, the Heki school has contributed much to the refining archery techniques.
- 日置流の体配は、簡略な動作から生まれる武士らしい気合の充実が特徴である。
- Taihai of the Heki school is characterized by enhanced spirit born from simple gestures resembling those of a samurai.
- 平安時代中期~後期から武士層に「御恩と奉公」の関係が徐々に形成されていた。
- The relationships of 'goon and hoko' had been formed gradually among samurai class during the middle to the latter half era of the Heian period.
- 江戸時代には江戸幕府によって六位以下階位に叙された武士の礼装と定められた。
- In the Edo period, it was determined as a formal dress for a samurai ranked Ikai (court rank) below Rokui (Sixth Rank) by the feudal government.
- その中で、様々な主体が担っていた所領支配は、武士の手中へと収まっていった。
- In such a trend, territorial control, having been carried out by persons in various social statuses, became conducted by samurai alone.
- 郎党(ろうとう、ろうどう)は、中世日本の武士社会における主家の一族や従者。
- Roto (郎党; retainer) or rodo was a family member or a follower of his master's house in the samurai society of medieval Japan.
- 一方、武士や町人に対しても農民ほどの厳格さは無くても同様の規制が行われた。
- Meanwhile, the same kind of regulation was applied to samurai and townspeople, although they were not as severe as with farmers.
- 証人がいないなど、切捨御免として認定されない場合、その武士は処分を受けた。
- If the killing was not admitted as Kirisutegomen, for example, because of the absence of a witness, the warrior was punished.
- また、武士の起源に関しても諸説が有り、まだ決定的な学説があるわけではない。
- And there are several theories about the origin of bushi and there is no conclusive one yet.
- 奥州藤原氏の滅亡後、鎌倉幕府は関東の武士を送り込んで陸奥・出羽を支配した。
- After the destruction of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, Kamakura bakufu took over the Mutsu and Dewa provinces by sending samurai into the Kanto region.
- 武士は自身の首は敵将に供せられることを覚悟し常日頃身だしなみに気を使った。
- Samurai were prepared that their heads would be taken to the enemy anytime, therefore they always paid particular attention to grooming.
- そういわれたその「大名」は、その「大武士団」を率いた「豪族的領主」である。
- The 'daimyo' mentioned was a 'gozoku-style lord' that led that 'daibushidan.'
- 近世に入り、武士身分の処刑として切腹が確立すると、切腹にも作法が登場する。
- In the early modern period, seppuku became established as a method of capital punishment for those of the samurai class, and certain rituals came to surround the practice.
- また、白鞘は本来刀身保管用のための物であり、武士が実用に供することはない。
- In addition, the shirasaya (white scabbard) originally served to protect the blade, and was not put to practical use by samurai.
- 鎌倉時代は、武士が貴族から権力を奪い、力を着々とつけていた時代でもあった。
- The Kamakura period was a time when the samurai were usurping power from the nobility and gradually gaining strength.
- こうした事情は田堵、負名、受領、百姓、武士といった関連諸項目をも参照のこと。
- For more details, see sections of Tato and Fumyo, Zuryo, farmers and warriors.
- そのため、この時期の武士の所領は名田を単位としており、名田を名字の地とした。
- Therefore their territories were formed on a myoden basis in those days, and their surnames were based on their myoden.
- 武士の一分を立てるために町人の家を突き止め女子供に至るまで殺害するに至った。
- In order to save face, Saheiji found out where the townsman lived and killed not only him but also all the members of his family.
- 中国や朝鮮には「武人」は存在したが、日本の「武士」に似た者は存在しなかった。
- In China and Korea, 'military officer' existed but those who were similar to 'bushi' in Japan did not exist.
- この道筋が子孫の増加、分家以外で武士身分に属する家系が拡大する機会となった。
- This line increased the descendants and then the family line which belonged to samurai status expanded, except for branch families.
- しかし、程なく非血縁的武士も寄子として扱われ、やがて後者が占めることになる。
- But soon unrelated samurai were treated as Yoriko, and eventually when people referred to Yoriko, they meant the latter.
- - 商工業者や下級武士などが多くすんでいる地区・町の通称で、庶民的な町のこと
- general term for districts and towns where many of those engaged in commerce and industry and lower class samurai live, and the districts and towns with a friendly atmosphere
- ただし、この段階での「武士団」は、それぞれの単位ではさほど多いものではない。
- However, each 'bushidan' did not have many members.
- 太郎、次郎の名乗りは時代が下った後も武士階級、町人階級問わず広く用いられた。
- Over time, names such as Taro and Jiro were widely used in both the samurai and merchant classes.
- 高橋はその武士論の前提として、身分を「出生身分」と「職業身分」にまず分ける。
- Takahashi first divided social rank into 'birth' and 'job' ranks as a premise of the samurai theory.
- 武士たるもの、常日頃の心がけと、いざという時の態勢が必要とされたものである。
- For samurai, preparations both in daily life and for emergencies were necessary.
- 当時の関東の武士にとって、最優先事項であったのは関東内部の政治的安定である。
- For the Kanto bushi at that time, political stability within the Kanto region was their top priority.
- また山麓は平安時代から近代にかけて、京都の皇族・貴族や武士の保養地であった。
- Also, this area on the foot of the mountains were health resort catering to the Imperial family, nobility and samurai in Kyoto from the Heian period to the modern times.
- これらは、土地の支配関係を明らかにし、武士以外の武装権を剥奪するものであった。
- These measures were to clearly define the relation of land holding and to deprive the citizens other than samurai of the right to bear arms.
- 平安中期頃、中央政界からあぶれた武士身分の下級貴族が多数、地方へ下向してきた。
- In around the mid-Heian period, a number of lower-ranking noblemen with samurai status, who were left out of the central political world, went down to the provinces.
- 室町期当時、鎌倉期の地頭を出自とする武士層などの在地領主層を国人と呼んでいた。
- The resident landholder stratum, including the samurai stratum originated from jito (manager and lord of shoen) in the Kamakura period, was called 'kokujin' in the Muromachi period.
- さらに装束としては脇差1本のみを腰に帯びることは武士でなくとも認められていた。
- Furthermore, it was permitted for persons other than samurai to wear a short sword on the waist as fashion.
- こうした国内武士の数は、一国あたり数人 - 十数人程度だったと推測されている。
- It is estimated that the number of such masters of martial arts in a province was several to slightly more than ten.
- そして、鎮圧した武士たちが、勲功をもとに満足のいく恩賞を獲得することとなった。
- The samurai who suppressed the rebels were rewarded sufficiently based on their achievements.
- また国衙軍制は、軍事貴族および武士の発生と密接に関係していると考えられている。
- The kokuga forces system is considered to have been closely related to the birth of military nobles and samurai.
- 落武者(おちむしゃ)とは、戦乱において敗者として生き延び、逃亡する武士のこと。
- An ochimusha is a samurai of a defeated army who survives and flees from the war.
- また、個々人の武士が国司・荘園領主として地方の政務を担う局面も拡大していった。
- And each bushi was increasingly in charge of regional government practices as kokushi or the lords of shoen.
- 一般市民の身分制度は士農工商と呼ばれる階級制であり、武士が民衆を支配していた。
- The class system of common people was the hierarchy of soldiers (samurai), farmers, artisans, and merchants, called shinokosho, and the samurai controlled the others.
- 前九年の役から『平家物語』の時代まで、武士の戦闘は騎馬武者の弓射が中心である。
- The battles of bushi mainly consisted of mounted warrior archers from the Zenkunen War (the Early Nine Years' War) to the period of the 'Tale of Heike.'
- 安田元久らの学説では「武士」と「兵」の違いは「領地」の支配形態にもとめられた。
- The academic theories by Motohisa YASUDA sought the difference between 'bushi' and 'tsuwamono' as the ruling formation of the 'estate'
- 「小笠原は日本武士の定式たるべし」と後醍醐天皇より「王」の字の紋を与えられる。
- Emperor Godaigo stated that 'Ogasawara should be the standard for Japanese samurai' and awarded a crest representing the character for king.
- 既婚女性全般(お歯黒を付け、引眉する、但し武家(武士)の妻は出産後に引眉する)
- Married women in general (apply both ohaguro and hikimayu, except for women married to samurai families who were to apply hikimayu after giving birth to a child).
- その途中で関東の武士を教化しが、相模国飯山(現在の神奈川県厚木市内)で没した。
- On the way, he edified Kanto warriors and passed away in Iiyama, Sagami Province (present day, Atsugi City, Kanagawa Prefecture).
- しかし保守的な武士からは絵画的で華美な刃文で退廃的だと忌避されるものもあった。
- However, conservative samurai avoided some of them because they thought those swords looked decadent with the picturesque and ornate Hamon (blade pattern).
- この勢力の大部分は、関東一帯に勢力をはる平氏系武士であり、在地領主でもあった。
- The majority of the troops were bushi belonging to the Taira clan associated with the Kanto area and were also in fact local governors.
- 陰謀は程なく発覚し、荷担した貴族や武士(多くは後白河法皇の近臣)が追放された。
- The conspiracy was discovered beforehand and associated aristocrats and warriors (many of them were close aides of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa) were exiled.
- 寺地は日蓮に帰依した武士四条頼基の邸跡といい、寺は近代になって再興されたもの。
- The temple site is said to be where a mansion of a warrior, Yorimoto SHIJO, once stood, and the temple was rebuilt in the modern times.
- 京方は院宣の効果を絶対視しており、諸国の武士はこぞって味方すると確信していた。
- Those of the capital faction were convinced that the Imperial decree would absolutely have the desired effect, and all the warriors of the various provinces would flock to join them.
- 一方、武家の御典医は、将軍や藩主と身近に接する立場で、武士に準ずる身分であった。
- On the other hand, in the case of goteni of samurai, the doctors who got close with the shogun or hanshu (the lord of domain) to treat them were given a position of quasi-samurai.
- そして、惣村の有力者の中には、守護や国人と主従関係を結んで武士となる者も現れた。
- Consequently, some persons of great influence in soson became samurai by entering into the relationship of master to servant with the Shugo or Kokujin.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると、幕府や武士の側から荘園領主を一括して本所と呼ぶ例が増えてくる。
- In the Kamakura period, there were more cases in which lords of a manor were collectively called honjo by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or samurai.
- 下人所従は武士身分でないため、戦場において首を取っても手柄になることはなかった。
- Even if the latter should slay an enemy on the battlefield, no credit was given because they did not have samurai status.
- 武士の身分を「士分」といい、士分は、大きく「侍」と「徒士(かち)」に分けられる。
- The samurai status is called 'shibun' (samurai class) and the shibun is roughly divided into 'samurai' and 'kachi' (foot guards).
- いざ凶党追捕の際には、国司は武士交名を元にこれらの者を軍事力として編成していた。
- When it was necessary to hunt down and catch outlaws, provincial governors formed forces by referring to the samurai list.
- 中世に入ると荘園領主や公家・武士・僧侶達によって多くの目録が作られるようになる。
- In medieval times, many mokuroku were drawn up by the lords of shoen (manors), court nobles, samurai and Buddhist monks.
- (ただし「国衆」を国人級の武士だと解すると、全戦死者はより増える可能性はある)。
- (The total number of the dead may increase if 'the people' in the citation is taken as kokujin-class warriors).
- 江戸時代は征夷大将軍徳川氏を中心として、武士階級が支配していた封建社会であった。
- The Edo period was a feudal society where the soldier class (samurai) ruled with the barbarian-quelling generalissimo, or the shogun, the Tokugawa clan as the central figure.
- 郎党ではなく、侍としての「武士」の認定は、なによりもまず、武官であることだろう。
- The first qualification of samurai not as a retainer but as 'bushi' was to be a military officer.
- 平安時代、我々が一般に「武士」と認識している者達は「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれた。
- People we considered as 'bushi' were called 'tsuwamono' during the Heian period.
- 江戸時代になると武士の副業としても盆栽の栽培が盛んになり、盆栽や園芸は興隆する。
- In the Edo period, cultivation of bonsai was popular as a sideline of the samurai, and bonsai and gardening boomed.
- 一方で武士の中での階級差に対応するように直垂から大紋、素襖などが派生していった。
- On the other hand, daimon (formal costume of daimyo consisting of a wide sleeved jacket with family crests) and suo (formal middle rank dress, usually including a jacket and hakama) started to appear in response to social class differences within samurai.
- 文禄・慶長の役により九州に集結した武士の間で、ふぐ中毒で死亡するものが相次いだ。
- Among samurai who gathered in the Kyushu region for the Bunroku-Keicho War, deaths by pufferfish poisoning occurred one after another.
- 武家(武士)の家紋は公家よりも遅れ、源平の対立が激化し始めた平安末期に生まれる。
- The Kamon of Buke were created later than those of Kuge at the end of the Heian Period, when conflict between Gempei (TAIRA-MINAMOTO) became more violent.
- 同年7月、内裏守護の源頼茂(源頼政の孫)が西面の武士に攻め殺される事件が起きた。
- Then in the seventh month of the same year, Minamoto no Yorishige, grandson of Minamoto no Yorimasa and guardian of the imperial palace, was attacked and killed by the Western Guard Corps.
- その中で高師直が塩冶高貞を殺害する事件を起こし、各地の武士の間にも動揺が走った。
- Meanwhile, KO no Moronao killed Takasada ENYA, which shocked bushi nationwide.
- また、海上においては海賊勢力を解体して大名の水軍武士と漁民に分離するものであった。
- Also, they were to dismantle the pirates' power and separate suigun (navy) samurai from fisher men.
- 武士の中では下位で、侍でもあり百姓でもあるという兵農未分離の状態という意味である。
- It means that they were low-ranking samurai who served as both warriors and farmers.
- 辻斬(つじぎり)とは、主に江戸時代に武士が街中などで無差別に通行人を刀で斬ること。
- Tsujigiri stands for the action of a samurai who indiscriminately kills a passers-by with his blade on the street and was observed most frequently during the Edo period.
- 初陣(ういじん)は日本における武士階級の子弟が初めて戦闘行為に参加することをいう。
- Uijin is the first battle that young people in the Japanese samurai hierarchy participated in.
- 切捨御免(きりすてごめん・斬捨御免)とは苗字帯刀と並ぶ江戸時代の武士の特権である。
- Kirisute gomen, as well as the rights to bear a surname and to wear a sword, is one of a warrior's privileges in the Edo period.
- 武士化した荘官は、次第に領家を軽視するようになり、領家の支配権は蚕食されていった。
- Gradually, these armed shokan had come to disregard ryoke, encroaching their dominion.
- また当時、河内源氏に代わって武士の棟梁となりつつあった伊勢平氏を院司としたりした。
- He also made Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) Inshi, the head of warriors instead of Kawachi-genji (Minamoto clan).
- 寺子屋の教師(師匠)には、僧侶・神官・医師・武士・浪人・書家・町人などが多かった。
- The teachers (shisho) of Terakoya were often monks, priests, doctors, bushi, ronin (masterless samurai), calligraphers, and townspeople.
- 海上でも同じように海上の武力をもって世業とする海の武士たちが登場するようになった。
- On the water, like the case of shoen, the samurai who had military power on the sea and were engaged in it began to appear.
- これらの武士は、「鎌倉殿」(=将軍)の家人となることで、鎌倉幕府の構成員となった。
- These samurai became kenin (retainers) of the Kamakura-dono (= shogun) and became the members of Kamakura bakufu.
- また軍事機密保持なども理由に、武士階級全体の人口がそもそも統計として残っていない。
- Furthermore, the population of the samurai was never recorded since it was strategically sensitive information.
- 馬は兵が兵たるための第一の条件であり、そのため「名馬」は武士の一番の財産であった。
- The presence of the horse was the first requirement for being tsuwamono, and the 'meiba' (famous horse) was the most important property of a bushi.
- 武士階級が仮名なのに対して、諱を持たぬ町人の場合は正真正銘の本名として用いられた。
- Haikomei used by the samurai class were assumed names, while in the merchant class they were real names due to merchants not having an imina (personal name).
- 平家一門の例もあれば、平家側に与した武士の例もあったということを忘れてはならない。
- Therefore, it shouldn't be forgotten that samurai who sided with the Taira family were included, other than the members of Taira family, in Heike no Ochudo.
- 法然の教えは摂関家の九条兼実ら中央の貴族をはじめ、地方の武士や庶民にまで広まった。
- The teachings of Honen spread from court nobles in the central region including Kanezane KUJO of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) through samurai or common people in local regions.
- 没落しつつある貴族層の関心が庶民や新興階級である武士に向かったのも院政期であった。
- It was the Insei period when the interests of fallen court nobles moved to the common people or samurai, an emerging class.
- 院政期は、日本社会史上、貴族勢力の衰退と武士勢力の伸長という過渡期に位置していた。
- The Insei period was positioned as the transitional period in Japanese society history when the court noble force deteriorated while the samurai force was extended.
- これは井伊家の菩提寺になったことが原因で、武士にとって左手は不浄の手のためである。
- This is because the temple became an ancestral temple of the Ii family and a left hand means an unhallowed hand for a samurai.
- 弓道用のユガケの中では最も歴史が古く、武士が使っていたユガケに近い作りをしている。
- It has the oldest history in the yugake for kyudo and is structurally similar to the yugake used by samurais.
- 日常の座法は武士、女性、茶道などでも胡座(あぐら)、立膝、で座る事が普通であった。
- In everyday life, samurai, women, and even participants in tea ceremonies, typically used agura (sitting cross-legged) style or sat with one knee drawn up.
- 背中に刀を背負うと動くとき邪魔になるため、大半は普通の武士のように腰に下げていた。
- The sword carried on the back encumbered their move, they normally belted a sword on.
- また、中・下層の武士の住まいも農家と同様の技法が用いられているものは民家に含める。
- Houses for middle or lower ranked samurai are also minka if they were built in the same manner as noka.
- そのため、室町時代まで貴族や武士などの上層階級では小袖は下着の扱いのままであった。
- Due to the ban, kosode was treated as undergarment among the upper class such as court nobles and samurai by the Muromachi period.
- これは緊急時における政治大権を武士に付与することを意味する画期的な事件でもあった。
- This was a breakthrough because it meant that bushi may be given political power during emergency.
- 旧勢力にとっては、武士はあくまで家人であって対等の相手として扱う対象ではなかった。
- For the old regime, bushi were vassals and not an opponent to treat as an equal.
- この地位にはしだいに武士が任命されることが多くなって鎌倉時代の地頭につながっていく。
- Increasingly more samurai were appointed to these positions, leading to the appearance of the jito (manager and lord of manor) position during the Kamakura period.
- この結果、恩賞の仲介者であった武士自らが恩賞の授与権者の地位を獲得するようになった。
- Consequently, the samurai who were originally mediators of rewards came to acquire the position of reward-giver.
- 平治の乱以降、平氏は新たな秩序を中央政界においても武士社会においても構築していった。
- Following the Heiji War, the Taira clan established a new order both in the national political arena and the samurai warrior society.
- 近世において武士が町人・百姓らから耐え難い無礼を受けた時は、斬殺しても処罰されない。
- In modern ages, when a warrior put townspeople or farmers to a sword because he was unbearably insulted by them, he was not punished.
- 武将(ぶしょう)とは軍人、武士など軍事に携わる人々のうち頭立った者を指す言葉である。
- Busho refers to those who stood out among people engaged in military affairs, such as a military officer and a samurai.
- ただし、こうした明治以降の歴史観は儒教観念に基づく武士の見地を反映したものといえる。
- This kind of historical view after the Meiji period may have reflected the opinion of samurai who were based on Confucianism.
- そうした分国支配の一環として、領国内の武士・領民を規制するために分国法が定められた。
- As part of control over one county, Bunkokuho was established to control warriors and farmers within its county.
- 朝廷・公家は関東と呼び、武士からは鎌倉殿と、一般からは武家と称されることが多かった。
- They were called 'Kanto' by the Imperial Court and kuge (court nobles), 'Kamakura-dono' (lord of Kamakura) by samurai and 'Buke' (samurai family) by general public.
- その目的・内実からいえば「蝦夷徳川将軍家遺臣武士団領」と呼ぶべきであるとの説もある。
- There is also another theory that states that it should be called 'the territory of a group of surviving retainers of the Ezo Tokugawa Shogun Family', considering their purpose and the circumstances.
- このように、関東における武士の発生は、馬の生産地を背景にしていた考えることができる。
- As could be seen, the origin of bushi in Kanto region had the background of horse breeding grounds.
- 江戸時代までは、武士や学者などは、元服の際や、出世に伴って名前を変える習慣があった。
- Until the Edo period, samurai and scholars would customarily change their names upon their coming-of-age ceremonies and promotions.
- また「弓取り」の言葉の意味は侍や武士道を表し、その栄誉を称える行為として弓を与える。
- In addition, the word 'yumitori' means samurai or Bushido (the code of the samurai) and a bow is given as an award.
- 鎌倉時代には関東を中心にした武士の文化が京都の王朝文化と並び立つものとして勃興する。
- In the Kamakura period, a samurai culture rose suddenly into power mainly in Kanto as a culture comparable to the dynastic culture in Kyoto.
- 素材は、多くは縮緬、高級武士では錦、明治に入ってからは和紙を加工したものも登場した。
- The materials are mostly crepe, brocade for higher-class Samurais, and in the Meiji period a new material appeared which was made with Japanese paper.
- また、武士の礼装となった裃でも小袖を表に出す着方が通例となり、小袖は上着に昇格した。
- And the kamishimo which became a full dress uniform of samurai, the way to wear kosode outside of kamishimo became a permitted custom and kosode was upgraded to an outer garment.
- さらに翌年には京都の小串範秀という武士に招かれ、嵯峨 (京都市)の西禅寺住職となる。
- Furthermore the next year, he was invited by Norihide OGUSHI, a samurai in Kyoto and became the chief priest of the Saizen-ji Temple in Saga (Kyoto City).
- 宮中警護に当たる滝口武者(滝口の武士)であったため、これが出家後の名前の由来となる。
- Tokiyori's Dharma name after becoming a Buddhist priest was derived from the fact that he was a Takiguchi Musha (Takiguchi no Bushi) (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side, near waterfall), who guarded the Imperial Palace.
- 上皇に見捨てられた藤原秀康、三浦胤義、山田重忠ら京方の武士は東寺に立て篭もって抵抗。
- Betrayed by the retired Emperor Gotoba, Hideyasu FUJIWARA, Taneyoshi MIURA, Shigetada YAMADA and the other samurai of the capital faction holed up in Toji temple and fought back.
- 旧勢力に平氏政権を排除する力(軍事力)はなく、その力を持っていたのは武士層であった。
- The old regime lacked the power (military power) to remove the Taira clan government, it was the warrior class that had that power.
- こうして恩賞を差配する地位につくことでその権力を強固なものとし、諸国の武士を支配した。
- They thus strengthened their power and ruled over the samurai in the provinces.
- 先述の武士の登場も、武芸の家系に軍事警察力を請け負わせる官司請負制の一形態とみなせる。
- The appearance of warriors is considered a type of government office contract system: families of military arts undertook military and police force.
- 例えば俘囚が使用していた蕨手刀は、武士が使用することとなる毛抜形太刀へと発展している。
- For example, Fushu's warabite-to (curved swords) were developed into a kind of sword, Kenukigata Tachi (Tachi with a shape of tweezer), that would be used by samurai.
- しかし、中には守護など上位者が、地域の中小武士に斡旋して一揆を組織させる例も見られる。
- There were cases in which a person of higher rank such as a shugo (provincial constable) used its influence over small and middle-class samurai in the area to organize ikki.
- これにより東国武士が多数、畿内・西国へ移住し、幕府の勢力が広く全国に及ぶこととなった。
- This caused many of Togoku samurai (a group of samurai in the eastern part of Japan) to move to the Kinai and Saigoku regions and the influence of the bakufu widely spread across Japan.
- 陸上の荘園では開発領主が武芸をもって世業とするようになり、武士階層の成立が進んでいく。
- In shoen (manor in medieval Japan), as kaihatsu-ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) armed themselves and made it their profession, the establishment of the samurai class proceeded.
- 公家・大名家及び上級武士を除く家が、平民という族称を享け、華族、士族の下位に置かれた。
- Families other than kuge (court nobles), daimyo-ke (families of feudal lords) and upper-class warrior families were designated as heimin which were ranked below kazoku (nobility class) and shizoku (warrior classes).
- そもそも、「武士」という言葉自体が平安時代から常用されていたのかというとそうでもない。
- To begin with, the word 'bushi' itself was not commonly used from the Heian period.
- それらの学説は「武士職能論」と呼ばれ、その後髙橋昌明がラディカルな論客として登場する。
- These academic theories are called the 'Theory of Samurai Function,' and Masaaki TAKAHASHI appeared later as a radical debater.
- それ自体が勇猛な証であると評価されたことから、武士の名を高めるほか恩賞の対象となった。
- Being that Ichiban-yari was considered proof of valor, it not only raised a soldier's reputation, but also made them eligible for Onsho (reward grants).
- 鎌倉時代になり政治の実権が貴族から武士に移ると、大饗料理を維持することは困難となった。
- When the Kamakura period came, real political power passed into the hands of warriors from court nobles, and it was difficult to maintain daikyo ryori.
- 海や河で戦闘、あるいは身を守るための泳ぎで、かつては武士のたしなみとして重んじられた。
- They were swimming techniques for samurai to fight in the water and rivers, or to protect themselves, and were considered important as the necessary accomplishments of a samurai.
- 男舞は「安宅」「盛久」など現在物の直面の武士が速く颯爽と舞う舞事で、必ず大小物に限る。
- Otoko-mai is the mai-goto that samurai with no masks dance quickly and vigorously in Genzai-mono (noh plays of a miscellaneous or contemporary character), including 'Ataka' or 'Morihisa', and always accompanied on dai-sho hand drums.
- 使用する笠は綾藺笠(あやいがさ)といい、古く武士が狩猟・流鏑馬などに用いたものである。
- The hat used is called Ayai gasa (hat) that samurai wore in hunting or Yabusame in old times.
- こうした連歌師の地方遍歴は大名・武士・庶民への文化の伝播のうえに大きな役割を果たした。
- These linked-verse poets' pilgrimage to many lands contributed to the spread of culture among daimyo, samurai, and ordinary people.
- 江戸幕府の公式行事となり、征夷大将軍以下全ての武士が七種粥を食べて人日の節句を祝った。
- It subsequently became the official event of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to have the dish on January 7, when all the warriors including the great general celebrated the day eating nanakusa rice porridge.
- 力をつけつつあった武士に好まれた事から、鎌倉などに多くの禅寺が建てられ、大いに栄えた。
- Since these sects were favored by the increasingly powerful samurai, many Zen temples were built in Kamakura and other places, where they flourished.
- 堀之内(ほりのうち)は中世日本における武士・在地領主の館(たち・たて)を指す歴史用語。
- Horinouchi is historical jargon that indicates a town developed in the vicinity of the residence (called 'tachi' or 'tate') of samurai (warriors) and landholders in the medieval Japan.
- しかし政局の混乱が続き、また恩賞の不公平により武士階級の支持を得ることはできなかった。
- But the political situation remained bogged down in chaos, and because of inequalities and unfairness in the giving of rewards, Godaigo was never able to gain control over the warrior class.
- その際、国内の武士身分の田堵負名のうち、同一の郡に基盤を持つ者同士が互いに競合しあった。
- In taking such measures, among the Tato fumyo with the samurai status in a province, those in the same gun (county) competed with each other.
- しかし、武士の間では平氏からの恩賞給与に対する不満が多かれ少なかれ存在していたとされる。
- However, many samurai were more or less discontent with reward grants given by the Taira clan.
- 時代的にいえば、武士と言える存在は平安時代中期の10世紀(国風文化の成立期)に登場する。
- In terms of the eras, those who are said to have been bushi appeared during the formative period of the Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) in the middle of the Heian period of the tenth century.
- その後、旧武士は士分であったものは「士族」足軽身分であったのものは「卒族」に分類された。
- Members of the former samurai class were later classified as 'shizoku' (samurai class) and former ashigaru as 'sotsuzoku' (low-ranking samurai).
- この征韓論には1871年廃藩置県によって武士としての職を失った士族の不満が背景にあった。
- Behind this Seikanron there was dissatisfaction amongst the Shizoku (family or persons with samurai ancestors) who had lost their jobs as a result of Haihan-chiken in 1871.
- 反面、落語は、基本的に町人の話で、武士がからんでもどこかに町人が登場人物として顔を出す。
- On the other hand, rakugo basically feature townspeople, and always have a townsperson appear as a character somewhere in the story even when samurai are involved.
- 年玉の習慣は中世にまでさかのぼり、主として武士は太刀を、町人は扇を、医者は丸薬を贈った。
- The custom of Toshidama originated in the Medieval Period when samurai presented swords, merchants presented fans and doctors presented pills mainly as Toshidama.
- 菊花紋は古くから、武士や武家の家紋、店舗の商標として豊富な種類が図案化され、変種も多い。
- A variety of Kikkamon was designed from long ago as the crest of Samurai or samurai families, or trademark of shops; there are also a lot of variants.
- また尊長は問いつめる武士たちに「今から死ぬ身であるのに、嘘など言わん」とも述べたという。
- It is also said that when grilled by warriors, Soncho snapped, 'I am not lying because I am dying.'
- 1333年(元弘3年/正慶2年)、大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇は全国の武士に討幕の綸旨を発した。
- Then in 1333, Emperor Godaigo, of the Daikakuji lineage, issued an Imperial edict to the warriors all over the country to strike down the shogunate.
- 支配階層を武士として、それ以外の農民、職人、商人はその下に入る階層として厳密に区別された。
- The social class in Japan was precisely divided into four classes, putting the samurai at the top as the ruling class and farmers, craftsmen, and merchants into lower classes in order to put them under the samurai class.
- 室町時代から江戸時代の初頭には、領地を持った武士で、蔵米取りでないという意味で使用された。
- The term kyujin was used to mean a samurai who owned territory but was not a kuramaidori (a rank of retainers) from the Muromach period to the early Edo period.
- つまりウマ上の弓道や合戦の作法を継承する家に生まれ、それを継いだ人物が武士であると言える。
- That is, the person who was born into a family which succeeded horseback archery and the manners of fighting, can be called a bushi.
- すでに上皇警護には白河天皇によって創設された北面武士があり、ともに院の軍事の中枢を担った。
- Together with Hokumen no Bushi (a group of warriors guarding north side of imperial palace), which was organized by Emperor Shirakawa to guard the Retired Emperor earlier, Samen no Bushi played a central role in the military affairs of the imperial palace.
- 百姓・町人の間での身分移動は比較的容易であり、武士の下層(足軽)との身分移動も多くあった。
- Status was relatively flexible between peasants and townsmen, with status mobility also existing between those classes and low-ranking samurai (ashigaru (foot soldier)).
- 平安時代の武士の必要条件が騎馬と射技であったが、特に馬は馬でさえあれば良かった訳ではない。
- The requirements for the bushi of Heian period were horse back riding and archery, but it did not mean that one had to have just any horse.
- 徒士(下士)は公的に騎乗を認められない下層武士であり、卒は歩卒を原義としており足軽を指す。
- Kachi (Kashi) were lower class bushi who were not officially allowed to ride horses, and Sotsu were in principle foot soldiers, and this was the term for Ashigaru (common foot soldier).
- もちろん、それが後に鎌倉幕府、いわゆる「武士の時代」の原動力にとなったと考えたからである。
- Of course, it was believed to be the driving force of the Kamakura bakufu or the 'period of samurai.'
- 江戸のは様式性を重視する幕切れであるが 上方は最後は武士として礼を尽くすという理屈である。
- The Edo-style ending attaches importance to stylization, while Kamigata maintains the logic that Kanpei showed courtesy as a samurai at the end.
- 武士の表芸である弓術は時代の流れに伴い江戸時代末期から明治にかけて大きく変遷を強いられた。
- Kyujutsu, which was a profession of the samurai, was forced to make a major change with the times from the end of Edo period to the Meiji.
- 日本の神道など宗教でお勤めをするときの姿勢や家来の武士が待機するときの座法の一つでもある。
- Sonkyo is also a posture executed in religious services of Shinto or other Japanese religions, and is further a way of sitting for a samurai retainer waiting for any order.
- 乱後、幕府軍の総大将の泰時、時房らは京の六波羅に滞在し、朝廷の監視や西国武士の統率を行う。
- After the rebellion, Yasutoki, Tokifusa, and the other high commanders of the shogunal army stayed at Rokuhara in the capital, keeping watch over the Imperial Court and assuming command of the warriors from the western provinces.
- 以後の日本は明治政府が統治を行い、大名は華族、他の武士は士族とされ、武家は消滅していった。
- After that, the Meiji Government held sovereignty, and accordingly, daimyo and other samurai were ranked as peerage and warrior class respectively, and samurai families disappeared.
- 頼朝は、当初国衙の主として朝廷公家に追い使われていた東国武士集団反乱の旗手として登場する。
- Yoritomo appeared as a flagman in revolts by samurai groups in the eastern countries, who originally served as court nobles of the Imperial Court as lords of kokuga.
- それから、「知行」の語は、武士が主君から給付・安堵(保証)された所領を意味するようになった。
- Then the term of 'chigyo' came to indicate the territory that a samurai was awarded and was protected by his lord.
- 開発領主はそれらの武士貴族と主従関係を結ぶことにより、荘園を巡る紛争解決に役立てようとした。
- Kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to establish the lord-and-vassal relationship with those samurai to facilitate dispute resolution over their shoen.
- したがって、武士以外の苗字帯刀禁止によって百姓や町人などが完全に武装解除されたわけではない。
- Therefore, the fact that the myojitaito right was given to samurai alone did not mean that people like farmers or merchants were completely prohibited from possessing any arms.
- 無礼討のために刀を抜いたが、相手に逃亡された場合なども武士の不名誉とされ処罰の対象であった。
- When a warrior pulled his sword out for Bureiuchi but the offender ran away, the warrior was punished because his deed was considered a warrior's dishonor.
- 士族(しぞく)とは、明治維新以降、江戸時代の旗本と上級武士に与えられた身分階級の族称である。
- The warrior class was a status given to hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun) and high-ranking warriors of the Edo period after the Meiji Restoration.
- 武家法(ぶけほう)とは、中世・近世の日本において、武士社会及び武家政権における法体系のこと。
- Bukeho refers to a set of codes enforced on samurai society and on the military government during the medieval and the early modern times in Japan.
- 平安時代中期に摂津国川辺郡多田の地に武士団を形成した源満仲が「多田」を号したことから始まる。
- Tada began to be used by MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, who formed a samurai group in Tada, Kawabe County Settsu Province, in the middle of the Heian period.
- このように、院をはじめとする貴族社会と武士・庶民の間の文化交流にはかなりの広がりが見られた。
- Thus, cultural exchanges between noble society including In and samurai, the common people spread widely.
- この段階での彼らは在京の官人、あるいは受領であるとともに、ひとつの「武士団」の長でもあった。
- At this step, they were low to middle ranking officers living in Kyoto or zuryo as well as being the chief of one 'bushidan.'
- また武士を招集しながら派遣しなかったことは「有れども亡きがごとき沙汰」と厳しく批判している。
- Moreover, he criticized 'although there are, it is same as nothing' for not sending samurai who had been summoned.
- 幕末には、藩にいると自由に行動できないので、脱藩し尊王攘夷の志を立てようとする武士が増えた。
- Towards the end of the Edo period, many samurai were dissatisfied with their lack of freedom within their domains and opted to leave their domain and back the Sonno Joi ideal (Imperialism and the expulsion of foreigners).
- 平安時代には、武人の故実(武官故実)は、紀氏と伴氏が伝えていたが、武士の台頭とともに衰えた。
- Kojitsu of warriors (Bukankojitsu) was passed down by the Ki and Tomo clans during the Heian period, but went into decline as the samurai class rose.
- 同様なものとして、個々の武士が己の功名を周囲に誇示する為に背の指物を個人特有にする事がある。
- Likewise, some samurai changed their sashimono attached on their backs to their own design so that they could display their achievement individually.
- 当初は公家や武士が中心だったこの風習は、やがて庶民にも広がり、現在の昼食につながっていった。
- Although this practice was originally prevalent only among nobilities and warriors, it diffused among ordinary people in the course of time and became the origin of the current practice of lunch.
- また後藤基清、佐々木経高、河野通信、大江親広ら御家人を含む京方の武士が多数粛清、追放された。
- Furthermore, a great many samurai and gokenin of the capital faction, including Motokiyo GOTO, Tsunetaka SASAKI, Michinobu KONO, and Chikahiro OE, were purged from rank and position and exiled.
- 武士身分出身である平氏への嫌悪も手伝って、貴族層を中心に平清盛政権への反発が密かに広まった。
- With the help of hatred towards the Taira clan, who originated from the warrior class, rebellion against TAIRA no Kiyomori's government started to secretly spread, mainly among the aristocracy.
- 長州奇兵隊を結成した高杉晋作は「太平の世で堕落した武士より戦力になる」と考えていたとされる。
- Shinsaku TAKASUGI who organized the Choshu militia (Choshu Kiheitai) is said to have thought that his soldiers were superior to the samurai who had been corrupted in time of peace.
- 平和で安定したこの時代、知行高は、厳格な体系を持つ武士内部の身分指標の役割を持つようになった。
- During the Edo period when the society was peaceful and stabilized, chigyo-daka played the role of an index indicating the social status of a samurai within the samurai class where a strict system existed.
- 御恩と奉公(ごおんとほうこう)とは、中世日本において、主に武士の主従関係を構成した要素・概念。
- Goon and hoko indicate factors and concepts that constituted master-servant relationships among samurai during medieval Japan.
- 国内武士は受領の動員命令ではなく、追捕使の地位を持つ「一国棟梁」の指揮に従うようになっていた。
- Samurai in a province came to follow the leadership of 'Ikkoku toryo' provided with the position of Tsuibushi, instead of the mobilization order by zuryo.
- 地頭請所ではほぼ例外なく年貢の未進が発生しており、武士の荘園・公領侵出は一層進むこととなった。
- As jito ukedokoro with few exception were subjected to non-payment of land tax, samurai got more involved in shoen and koryo.
- そして、同乱の鎮圧に勲功をあげた「寛平延喜勲功者」こそが最初期の武士であったと考えられている。
- Kanpyo Engi kunkosha' (the persons who realized achievements in the Kanpyo Engi Togoku War), or the persons who contributed significantly to suppress the war, are considered to have been samurai at the initial stage.
- そして、朝廷や国衙は必要に応じて武士の家に属する者を召集して紛争の収拾などに当たったのである。
- And the Imperial Court or kokuga called up the people who belonged to a bushi family and made them cope with disputes and so on, if necessary.
- 僧侶や武士や医師などが、庶民の子弟に読み書きそろばんや実務上の知識・技能を教育した施設をいう。
- Monks, bushi (samurai) and doctors taught reading, writing, soroban (using an abacus), and other practical knowledge and skills to children of ordinary citizens at these institutes.
- こうした御家人や彼らから所領を買収・取得した武士・百姓らは悪党化し、社会変動を一層進展させた。
- These gokenin or samurai as well as the samurai and commoners who bought or acquired their land became akuto (a villain during the middle ages), further advancing social change.
- 武家屋敷が建ち並び、また陣屋に関わる武士等を相手に商売を営む商工業者が集まり発展した町である。
- Jinyamachi developed into a town as a number of bukeyashiki (samurai mansions) stand and those engaged in commerce and industry gathered there to trade with samurai and others who were working at the jinya.
- 軍役(ぐんやく、ぐんえき)は、戦時、武士が主君に拠出すべく課せられる軍事力や兵糧その他である。
- Gunyaku (also known as Guneki) was a military service and provisions that was imposed by the lord on a retainer to offer in wartime.
- 『若狭小浜杉本院系図』に曰く、楠木正隆 (武士)の子 楠木俊親に杉本貞隆という子がいたという。
- According to the 'Family Tree of the Wakasa Obama Sugimoto-in Temple,' Toshichika KUSUNOKI, the son of Masataka KUSUNOKI, had a son named Sadataka SUGIMOTO.
- しかしこの時期の武士はまた、自らも田堵負名として軍人としての経済基盤を保証される存在であった。
- However, samurai in this period were also tato or fumyo who were guaranteed an economical base as a solder.
- そして平家は京の内裏警護の為に、おそらくは国衙を通じて、諸国の武士の在京勤務、大番役を始める。
- Furthermore, the Taira family performed duties in Kyoto and Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) of bushi of various provinces perhaps through kokuga in order to guard dairi (Imperial Palace) of Kyoto.
- 「一揆」というと、誰もが思い出すのは「百姓一揆」であり、武士の一揆などほとんどの人は知らない。
- Most imagine a 'peasant's revolt' when hearing 'uprising,' and not many know about the uprising of bushi.
- 軍談 - 講談に欠かせないのが修羅場(しらば)で、これは武士の合戦の模様を描写したものである。
- Gundan: Essential for kodan, shiraba (dreadful scene) depicts battles fought by samurai.
- こうして、平安時代以降、各地の自衛農民団、もしくは自衛海運業者団としての武士団の発展を促した。
- Thus, many bushidan (samurai group) were organized in the Heian period as self-defense groups for farmers and shipping agents.
- 鎌倉中期頃にはほとんどの武士は家紋を持ち、家紋の文化は武家社会に定着していたと考えられている。
- It seems that in the middle of Kamakura Period almost all samurai displayed Kamon and this became an established custom among samurai class.
- また、この頃堅田に臨済宗が広まって武士階層が多い殿原衆の間で広く支持されて祥瑞寺が創建された。
- Around that time, the Rinzai sect became popular, especially in Tonobara-shu, mainly composed of the samurai class people, and Shozui-ji Temple was established.
- そのため、この時期になると武士の名字の地(本貫地)は荘園、郡、郷、保を単位としたものに変化した。
- Thus manors, gun, go, and ho became a basis of an origin place of a samurai surname (called honganchi) during that period.
- 時代が下ると、荘官の武士化が始まり、鎌倉時代には荘官が鎌倉幕府から地頭に任じられる例も見られた。
- In later eras, shokan began to work like samurai, and in some cases in the Kamakura period, some shokan were even appointed as jito (manager and lord of manor) by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 国内武士の動員には、動員を要請する文書を順番に回覧する「廻文」の方法が利用されたと見られている。
- It is considered that, to mobilize samurai in the province, the way of circulating a document for requesting the mobilization one after another (called 'kaibun') was used.
- 最悪、武士としたまま名誉の死を遂げる切腹も申し付けられず斬首刑を受け、お家断絶の可能性もあった。
- In the worst case, the warrior was not given Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment), the honorable death for warriors, but was beheaded and there was a possibility of Oie-danzetsu (disassociation from the family line).
- 武士は社会的な身分であるのと同時に、武芸という芸能を家業とする職業的な身分であるとも規定できる。
- The bushi can also be defined as a professional status whose family business was the public entertainment of military art as well as social status.
- 平安末期には保元の乱・平治の乱両乱を経て武士が政治に進出していき、その結果、平氏政権が登場した。
- Through the two wars, the Hogen War and the Heiji War, near the end of the Heian period, samurai advanced into the political world, generating the Taira clan government.
- 更に実際に鎮圧にあたった守護大名配下の武士の中にも長年の京都滞在に伴い生活が逼迫するものがいた。
- Besides, some of the samurai who were under the command of shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lords as provincial constables) and actually suppressed uprisings fell into financial difficulty due to their longtime stay in Kyoto.
- 関東や在京の御家人を中心に構成されており西日本の有力御家人、武勇に優れた武士が多く所属していた。
- The group's central members were the gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) from Kyoto and the eastern regions, and many powerful gokenin and other outstanding bushi (samurai) from the west Japan belonged to the group.
- また、その子平忠盛は白河天皇の御厩別当となり、白河院の御牧と、そこを拠点とする武士団を統括した。
- Furthermore, his son, TAIRA no Tadamori became the Mimaya-Betto (chief of Umaya-no-tsukasa, ministry of the stables) of Emperor Shirakawa and unified the Mimaki of Shirakawa-in (Retired Emperor Shirakawa) and bushidan that used it as their base.
- 本来、武士においては主君は家臣に対してその所領の一部を知行地として与える地方知行が基本であった。
- Samurai society was originally based on Jigatachigyo (feudal governments or domains providing land to retainers as salary), where lords would give a portion of their shoryo (territory) to vassals as their chigyo-chi.
- 当時は麻が主流であったが、江戸時代に入り木綿に代り、武士の他に一般庶民にも普及するようになった。
- In those days hemps were mostly used, but later in the Edo period they were replaced by cotton which made fundoshi loincloths popular among the common people beside warriors.
- 以後明治に至るまで表千家の歴代家元は紀州徳川家の茶頭として仕え、中級武士並の二百石の禄を受けた。
- Thereafter, the successive iemoto of Omote-senke served the Kishu-Tokugawa family as the sado receiving a stipend of 200 koku, which was equivalent to that for a middle-echelon samurai.
- 馬上で弓を射る騎射戦が主流であった平安 - 鎌倉時代、それに対応すべく騎乗の上級武士が着用した。
- From the Heian to the Kamakura Period, wars took place where shooting bows while mounted on a horse was the common method of fighting and a superior mounted samurai wore large armor.
- 元寇以来の政局不安などにより、諸国では悪党が活動し、幕府は次第に武士層からの支持を失っていった。
- The political situation had been unstable ever since the Mongol invasion, and due to this and other factors, criminals were active in several provinces, while the shogunate gradually found itself losing the support of the warrior class.
- こうした名字のあり方は鎌倉時代の御家人級の、室町時代の国人級以上の上級武士の間で引き継がれていく。
- This pattern of forming surnames was taken over by high-ranking samurai warriors, that is, the gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogun) class samurai during the Kamakura period and the kokujin (local samurai) class or higher classes samurai during the Muromachi period.
- 彼ら武士は、受領から委任された徴税権・検断権・勧農権などを根拠として、在地領主へと成長していった。
- Based on the tax collection right, the right to judge criminal cases, and the right to promote farming, all of which were entrusted by zuryo, these samurai grew into local lords.
- 惣追捕使は、国内武士を統率する役割を担っており、これは国衙軍制の枠組みを導入したものと評価できる。
- Sotsuibushi had the role of controlling samurai in the province, and this system can be evaluated as introducing the framework of the kokuga force system.
- 時代が下ると荘官の武士化が始まり、鎌倉時代以降は、荘官が鎌倉幕府から地頭に任じられる例も見られた。
- As time passed, shokan started to become samurai, and from the Kamakura period and on, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed shokan to jito (managers and lords of a manor).
- 例えば、武人として名高い征夷大将軍の坂上田村麻呂は、すぐれた武官であるが、武士であるとはいえない。
- For example, the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, who was famous as a military officer, was an excellent military officer but is not said to have been a bushi.
- しかしその反面、それらの大名家に仕えていた武士たちは浪人となる他なく、社会不安も増すことになった。
- On the other hand, the samurais who served the extinct daimyo families became ronin(the masterless samurai), which caused a social instability.
- こうして軍事貴族や地方の富豪百姓らは武士へと成長していったが、その本質は平安貴族に他ならなかった。
- The military nobles and rich local farmers developed into samurai like this, but they were none other than Heian nobles in essence.
- こうして荘官、郡司、郷司、保司の資格のもと、武士が在地領主として国内百姓の支配を行う形が確立する。
- Consequently, there emerged an established scheme in which with the qualifications of shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji, samurai dominated local hyakusho as a resident landlord.
- 武士が強訴防御に当たって出動を拒否するということは、白河・鳥羽院政期には見られなかった現象である。
- That samurai refuse to dispatch for defence against the direct petition was a phenomenon that was not seen before in the Shirakawa and Toba-in periods,
- 野武士が困窮して薬売りに身を投じたという説や弥四郎という者が薬の行商の祖と言われる事など諸説ある。
- There are several theories concerning the origins of yashi, including that they were mountain priest who switched to selling medicines to avoid poverty, or that they were named after a medicine seller called Yashiro.
- この事から力士は巫女と同じく神事として神の依り代であり、同時に武芸に秀でた者または武士ともいえる。
- Therefore, the sumo wrestler can be said to be yorishiro (object representative of a divine spirit) in a Shinto ritual as well as miko, and a person who excels in martial arts and as a samurai at the same time.
- 町人も武士も、男も女も、身分の上下や性別を超えて、いっしょになって合奏や合唱を楽しむことができた。
- Merchants and warriors, and men and women could enjoy an ensemble and a chorus together without regard of class and gender.
- 武士が腹を切られたときに内臓を飛び出させないようにするため、腹を守るという機能も持ち合わせている。
- For samurai, in case they are cut on abdomen by a sword, it had a role to prevent internal organs from spilling out.
- 承久の乱や文永・弘安の役などの戦が増えた鎌倉時代には、武勲を上げる武士にとって絶好の機会が増えた。
- During the Kamakura Period, when there were many wars raging, like the Jokyu no ran and Bunei-Koan no eki, they provide many opportunities for samurai to prove themselves in battle.
- 草創期の武士は個人騎射を主戦術とし、鎌倉末期からは足軽など雑兵による集団槍兵が主戦術となったこと。
- Warriors in the pioneer period were individual mounted shooting as the major tactics, and after the late Kamakura era, a concentration of spearmen using common soldiers including Ashigaru (common soldiers) became the major tactic.
- 荘園公領制の確立と軌を一にして、在地領主は彼ら同士の土地争いの解決のため武装し、武士となっていった。
- With the establishment of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estate), the local lords armed themselves to settle their land disputes and began to become samurai.
- かつて、古代的な貴族統治体制を打破したのは武装農民層に由来する武士であるとする説が有力とされていた。
- In the past, it was said to be most plausible that samurai originated in the armed farmers who defeated the ancient aristocratic control system.
- ここで頼朝政権内部の状況にも目を向けると、平広常ら有力関東武士層には東国独立論が根強く存在していた。
- At this point, taking a look at the inside of the Yoritomo government, an argument about the independence of the Togoku region deeply rooted among the influential Kanto Samurai, such as TAIRA no Hirotsune.
- この挙兵はすぐに鎮圧されたが、平家支配に潜在的な不満を抱いていた各地の武士・豪族層が次々に挙兵した。
- Although it was soon crushed, many warriors and powerful regionals who had been discontent with the Taira government rose in arms one after another.
- 小早川隆景は、勇猛果敢に戦い武士の意気を示し討ち死にした武将達を称えて野々市原に千人塚を建て弔った。
- Takakage KOBAYAKAWA honored the military commanders (busho), who had fought so bravely and died on the battlefield, showing the spirit of samurai, and gave them a cordial burial by constructing a memorial mound for 1,000 commanders (senninzuka) at Nonoichihara.
- また、町人階級の経済的躍進は、武士階級を困窮させる事になり、幾度も倹約令や徳政令が出される事になる。
- The economic development of the merchant class resulted in the impoverishment of the samurai, and laws regulating expenditures and debt cancellation orders were promulgated many times.
- 新政府は、版籍奉還の後、公卿・諸侯を華族、武士を士族、足軽などを卒族、その他の人民を平民に改組した。
- After Hanseki-hokan, the new government defined new address terms, Kazoku (the peerage) for court nobles and feudal lords, Shizoku (warrior class) for samurai warriors, Sotsuzoku for conscripted foot soldiers, and Heimin (commoner) for other people.
- 三位以下の公家や守護大名クラスの武士の家司・家僕が主の意思を奉じて発給した同形式の文書は奉書という。
- Documents with the same style issued by Keishi or Kaboku (servant) of nobilities with a rank lower than Jusanmi or Shugodaimyo (military governor) used for conveying their masters' intention was called hosho.
- 中世に入ると、寺院などに教育の主体が移り、武士や庶民の子弟が寺院などで教育を受けるようになっていく。
- During the Medieval period, education was increasingly offered in temples, and samurais as well as common people were able to send their children tom temples to receive their education.
- 「党」とは呼ばれないまとまりのある「武士団」においても、そうした性格の一部はある程度は共通している。
- The unified 'bushidan' that was not called as 'to' also had similarities in some characteristics.
- 領地のために命を張った戦国武士などは、戦闘で命が残る「冥加」にかけて、「茗荷」の紋を好んで使用した。
- In order to survive in the struggle for lands, many samurais in the Sengoku period preferred to use a picture of Myoga as their symbol on the battlefield, because the pronunciation of the term Myoga is the same as that of the term (冥加), which means luck.
- 国策により武道が利用されはじめ、国民は弓道を含めた各種武道・武士道の再認識・尊重をするようになった。
- Martial arts began being used as national policy, and citizens once again recognized and respected the various martial arts, including Kyudo and Bushido (the code of the samurai).
- (但し、武士階級では扇子で頭を叩かれる(叩く)行為は非常に屈辱を与える(あるいは受ける)物とされた。
- (In Samurai society, the act of slapping someone's head with a Sensu was an extreme insult.
- 大内氏は百済聖明王の皇子琳聖太子を祖と称し、周防国に土着して武士となり、鎌倉幕府の御家人に連なった。
- The Ouchi clan claimed descent from Crown Prince Imson, son of King Seong of the Baejje kingdom in Korea; indigenous to Suo Province, they became warriors in Japanese society, and reached the rank of gokenin (lower-ranking vassal) under the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- その後、頼朝は巨大となった武士団を統率するため侍所を新設し、和田義盛を別当、梶原景時を所司に任じる。
- Later, Yoritomo newly established the Samurai-dokoro (station for Samurai) to manage the large numbers in the Bushi Group and named Yoshimori WADA as Betto (chief of the Samurai-dokoro) and Kagetoki KAJIWARA as Shoshi (deputy of the Samurai-dokoro).
- 堀の北側を武士、南側を町人の居住区域とし、さらに、町人の居住区の西を商人、東北を職人の居住区とした。
- Samurai families were to live on the north side of the canal, and the common folk were to be located on the south side, which was divided further, with merchants on the western part of the area and artisans on the northeastern side.
- しかしながら、本格的に「御恩と奉公」が成立したのは、源頼朝が関東武士の盟主=鎌倉殿となってからである。
- However, it was after MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became the leader of the samurai in the Kanto area, or Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura), that the relationships of 'goon and hoko' were firmly established.
- その結果、競合する武士が対等な地位を得られるように、それぞれの経営責任者に任ぜられたと考えられている。
- It is considered that, resultantly, each of the competing samurai came to be provided with the same social status and to be appointed the manager of a koryo.
- 国内武士たちは、動員に応じる場合は自己の名前の直下に「奉」と記載し、応じない場合は「不参」と記載した。
- Each of the samurai in the province wrote under his written name 'Accept' when accepting the request or 'Will not participate' when not accepting.
- 鎌倉時代から武士による荘園・公領への侵出がはじまり、時代を経つとともに侵出の度合いが激しくなっていた。
- In the Kamakura period, samurai started to make inroads into shoen and koryo, expanding their involvement over time.
- 続いて、数年後に再び政争が軍事衝突によって終結し(平治の乱)、両乱を通じて武士の政治的地位が上昇した。
- Some years later, a military confrontation brought another political fight (the Heiji War) to an end and through these two wars, the warriors'political status rose.
- 後者のような公家は武士層など他の階層とのつながりも持つことなく、やがて歴史の中に消えていくことになる。
- Court nobles like the latter did not have connections with other levels such as samurai and disappeared in history.
- 武田勢がことごとく逃亡する中で、徹底抗戦を貫き、武田武士の力を見せつけたのはこの仁科盛信だけであった。
- Alone among Takeda soldiers who desperately sought to flee from the battlefield, Morinobu NISHINA put up stubborn resistance till the end to show the true power of a Takeda samurai.
- 江戸時代の諸制度に実際に現れる身分は、武士を上位にし、その下に「百姓」と「町人」を並べるものであった。
- As the classes that were actually involved in systems in the Edo period, samurai were ranked at the top with 'peasants' and 'townsmen' just below.
- 清和源氏の武士団を摂津国川辺郡多田(兵庫県川西市多田)に最初に形成した源満仲の三男の源頼信を祖とする。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the third son of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, is regarded as the founder who formed the samurai group of Seiwa-Genji in Tada, Kawabe-gun, Settsu Province (Tada, Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture).
- それとは別に、互いに独立して家を構える武士同士の場合は、上下関係はあっても、「同盟」に近いものがある。
- On the other hand, bushi that became independent to support the family had a hierarchical relationship, but were similar to being an 'ally.'
- その中で最も威力があり武士に好まれたのが大弓で、大弓を用いた射術も発展し現在に至り、弓道として残った。
- The one that had the most strength and favored by bushi was Daikyu long bow, and the archery evolved and remains today as kyudo.
- また、江戸時代は、社家も士族に準じる身分・格式とされ、屋敷の様式も、概ね武士の屋敷に準じるものである。
- In the Edo period, because Shake (Shinto priest families) had the rank and status similar to that of the samurai class, their residences were also similar.
- 武士が山麓の平地に居館を、背後の山に山城を築き、戦闘になると山城に立て篭もるといった様式が一般化する。
- It became common that warriors constructed their residence on the flatlands at the foot of a mountain and their castle on the mountain behind the residence, and barricade themselves in the castle when the battle started.
- 鎌倉時代の武士の住まいは武家造と呼ばれることもあるが、今日では寝殿造を簡略化したものと考えられている。
- The style of samurai houses in the Kamakura period is sometimes called Buke-zukuri style (Samurai house style), but nowadays the style is considered to be a simplified version of the Shinden-zukuri style.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に入る頃には、「大紋」といった直垂に家紋が縫いつけられた衣服が武士の間で普及する。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) the clothes, Hitatare (ancient ceremonial court robe) to which Kamon such as 'Daimon' were sewn, became popular among samurai.
- 鎌倉時代以後、武士や庶民などを中心に広まり、各地に禅寺(ぜんでら、禅宗寺院)が建てられるようになった。
- After the Kamakura period, it had spread mainly among samurai and common people and Zen temples (temples belonging to the Zen sect) were built in various places.
- 中先代の乱を討伐に向かった尊氏がそのまま新政から離反すると、不満を抱えた武士たちの多くが尊氏に従った。
- After putting down the Nakasendai Revolt (a counter-rebellion against Godaigo, literally meaning 'the revolt of the intermediate generation (a brief respite between the control of the HOJO and the ASHIKAGA ruling clans), Takauji remained in Kamakura, becoming alienated from Godaigo's government, and this prompted many disgruntled samurai to flock to his banner.
- 兵農分離(へいのうぶんり)とは、安土桃山から江戸時代にかけて推し進められた武士階級以外の武装解除を指す。
- Heinobunri indicates the disarming of the classes pushed forward during the period from the Azuchi-Momoyama through Edo periods except for the samurai (warrior) class.
- 主人・従者の両者は、御恩と奉公という互恵関係を結ぶことで、一定の共同体(武士団)を作っていったのである。
- A master and his servants formed a certain union (samurai group) by establishing mutually beneficial relationships called goon and hoko.
- 武士にとっての恩賞とは、家門の反映や永続、地位や勢力の維持を図る上で非常に切実な問題であったからである。
- For the warriors, rewards were of utmost significance in keeping up their family honors and permanence, in maintaining their political status and power.
- その後、武士の起源に関する研究は、職能論などが議論の中心となり、国衙軍制論は半ば忘れられた状態となった。
- After that, research about the origin of samurai was conducted centered on job-function-based theories, and theories based on the kokuga forces system were almost forgotten.
- 武士の軍役としてもっとも古い形はこれらの領家への近侍や国衙への出仕における軍事的奉仕であったと思われる。
- The oldest style of military service imposed on samurai was supposed to have been military service when samurai served the lord of the manor as a retainer or presented himself for duty at the provincial government office.
- 平安・鎌倉時代の武士は「武芸を特業とする職能集団」であり、その「武芸の中心は騎馬と射技(弓)」であった。
- The bushi of the Heian and Kamakura periods were a 'functional group that specialized in martial arts,' and the 'center of martial arts was cavalry and archery.'
- 治承・寿永の乱の時代、つまり12世紀末でも「武者」「弓箭の輩」が多く、「武士」と出てくるのは希であった。
- There were many 'busha' and 'Kyusen persons' (archers) while 'bushi' was rarely mentioned even during the period of the Jisho-Juei Civil War or during the late twelfth century.
- 江戸時代には三河出身の徳川家によって優遇された三河萬歳は、武士のように帯刀、大紋の直垂の着用が許された。
- During the Edo period, Mikawa manzai, which were preferentially treated by the Tokugawa family from Mikawa province, were allowed to belt on a sword and to wear a 'hitatare' (a kind of court dress in old days) with large family crests.
- 切腹の文化的、国民性への影響は、明治以降の国民教育で武士道が国民道徳化して以降、非常に大きいといわれる。
- It is said that the seppuku had a major effect on Japanese culture and national character after the national education system of the post Meiji period incorporated bushido into the national morality.
- これは、『家』と格式を重んじる武士の都の江戸と実力本位の町人の都大阪との違いが影響していると考えられる。
- The reason is thought to be the difference between Edo, a city of samurai where 'family' and formality were considered important and Osaka, a city of merchants where personal capability governed.
- 「武道」という言葉は江戸時代には武士道のことを指したが、江戸時代後期頃から武術のことも指すようになった。
- The word 'budo' referred to the Bushido (Japanese chivalry) in the Edo period, but late in the Edo period it also became a reference to bujutsu (martial arts).
- 明治維新後、武士の身分が廃止され、いわゆる文明開化の中で武術は時代遅れと断ぜられ一時期衰退しようとした。
- After the Meiji Restoration, when the social status of samurai was abolished and the society entered so-called civilization and enlightenment, bujutsu was judged to be out of date and was likely to decline at one time
- 以降、京都から断片的に流入した武官故実と関東在来の武士の慣習が合わさって、武家故実が体系化されていった。
- Subsequently, bukankojitsu introduced from Kyoto in piecemeal fashion and the traditional customs of warriors in the Kanto region were blended and systemized to create buke-kojitsu (military practices.)
- 『庭訓往来』や『貞永式目』、『実語教』は武士の子弟教育における教科書として寺院などで広く用いられていた。
- 'Teikin Orai' (Home Education Text Book), 'Joe-shikimoku' (legal code of the Kamakura shogunate), and 'Jitsugokyo' (a text for primary education) were widely used in shrines and temples as textbooks for the education of children of the warrior class.
- 舞妓、姫、殿様、武士、町人、町娘、等、時代劇の登場人物への変身体験が出来る変身スタジオもある(予約制)。
- There is a dress-up studio (reservations are needed) where visitors can experience wearing the costumes of characters appearing in samurai dramas, such as maiko (teenaged geisha apprentices in Kyoto), hime (a princess living in a castle), tonosama (samurai lord), samurai, merchant, and a teenaged girl of the merchant class.
- これらの城は律令制が崩れると共に廃れ始め、武士の時代に築かれ始めたものが戦闘拠点としての狭義の城である。
- These castles began to crumble as the ritsuryo system collapsed, and the castles were built in the age of samurai as military bases.
- なお『平治物語』では、内裏を出る際に警護の武士が怪しんで中を覗くが、17歳の天皇を女房と見誤ったとする。
- And according to the 'Heiji monogatari,' as they left the palace grounds some of the guardsmen found them suspicious and searched the carriage, but mistook the seventeen-year-old Emperor for a lady in waiting.
- 京方の公家、武士の所領約3000箇所が没収され、幕府方の御家人に分け与えられ新補地頭が大量に補任された。
- Roughly 3000 different territories were confiscated from capital faction nobles and samurai, divided up and given to gokenin that supported the shogunate, and a great many new supplementary jito (estate steward) positions were created.
- 守護は、このような武士と主従関係を結ぶようになり、領国内への支配権を強め、守護大名と呼ばれるようになる。
- Shugo took such warriors in their newfound positions of power and forged a master-follower bond with them, thereby strengthening their hegemony over their own territories, and eventually began to be called 'shugo daimyo' (daimyo literally means 'big name').
- 刈田狼藉とは土地の所有を主張するために田の稲を刈り取る実力行使であり、武士間の所領紛争に伴って発生した。
- The karita-rozeki, an act of harvesting rice in the paddy field in order to claim the ownership of the land, occurred with the conflicts of land appropriation among samurai.
- 宮方の敗因は義貞の器量不足というよりも後醍醐の失政に失望した有力武士が尊氏に大挙して付いたことに起因する。
- The cause of defeat of the court's side was the selling out of dominant samurai who were disappointed by misgovernment of Emperor Godaigo to Takauji's side rather than Yoshisada's poor leadership.
- 上記のような在地武士たちは、戦力を一定以上確保するために、自らに従う者を「郎党」と呼んで主従関係を結んだ。
- In order to maintain a certain level of fighting power, the above mentioned local samurai established the relation of master to servant with their followers who were called roto.
- 以上のように切捨御免は武士の特権としては認められてはいたものの、気ままに実行出来るようなものではなかった。
- As shown above, although Kirisutegomen was admitted as a privilege granted to samurai warriors, it was impossible to use the privilege easily.
- 秀吉による天下統一が成り、政治や経済の安定がもたらされると、大名と武士を中心として豪壮な桃山文化が栄えた。
- After Hideyoshi unified control of Japan, stabilizing the politics and economy, the magnificent Momoyama culture flourished centered on daimyo and samurai.
- 軍事貴族ないし武士の母体となったのは、こうした兵の家の者たちであったというのが、現在最も有力な学説である。
- These tsuwamono-no-ie members becoming the origin of the military aristocrats or samurais has been the most compelling theory.
- 参勤交代で江戸に単身赴任する各藩の家臣はかなりの数に上り、この結果、江戸の人口の約半数が武士となっていた。
- Because a large number of vassals of each clan went to Edo leaving their families in their domains owing to sankin-kotai, warriors accounted for about half the population in Edo.
- つまり「武士」と呼べるのは、地方経済が「私営田経営」から「開発領主」の段階に移行してからだというのである。
- As a result, one could be referred to as 'bushi' once the local economics shifted from the 'management of Shieiden' to 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' step.
- 同じ国衙軍制のテーマであるが、戸田は平安時代初期中期の武士発生段階を、石井はその後の院政期について論じた。
- Although having the same kokuga forces system theme, Toda argued about the state of origin of bushi during the middle of the early Heian period while Ishii argued for the later Insei period (period of a rule by the retired emperor).
- 昔から和紙作りが盛んである飯田において、江戸時代に製造法を藩主が武士に習わせたのが始まりとも言われている。
- It is also said that in the Edo period, mass-production of Mizuhiki was first started in the Iida area, where Washi had been produced in mass, after the feudal lord in the area ordered his retainers to learn production technology of Mizuhiki.
- 中世の日本では、武士の平時の居住地への防護と、戦時に険阻な山に拠る際の防護と、2つの必要から城が発達した。
- In medieval Japan, castles developed for two purposes: in order to defend the samurai residence during peace time and defend from attack by armies from around steep mountains during war time.
- しかし、諸大名の中で義弘のみは「武士は弓矢をもって奉公するものである」とこれに従わず、義満の不興を買った。
- But among all the daimyo, Yoshihiro alone objected, saying 'Warriors should serve with their bows and arrows,' and refused to comply, incurring Yoshimitsu's displeasure.
- 同年2月、義経は阿波勝浦へ上陸後、在地武士を味方に引き入れて陸路屋島の平氏本陣を攻め落した(屋島の戦い)。
- In February, Yoshitsune landed at Kastuura in Awa Province and drew the local bushi to his side and defeated the Taira clan stronghold at Yashima (the Battle of Yashima).
- 明治維新を迎えると、国家近代化の中で、武士による土地・収取支配は廃止され、知行の概念も消滅することとなった。
- During the Meiji period, the control of land and of collecting taxes by samurai was abolished in the trend of modernizing the nation, and the concept of chigyo disappeared.
- これら功績をあげた最初期の武士たちは、貴種の血統を受けており、武芸をもって朝廷政治への再復帰を目指していた。
- The samurai at the early stage who accomplished the distinguished achievements belonged to honorable blood lines and aimed at returning to the imperial government, based on their military art.
- 「侍」は狭義の、つまり本来の武士であり、所領(知行)を持ち、戦のときは馬に乗る者で「御目見え」の資格を持つ。
- The 'samurai' were the original bushi in a narrow sense, had shoryo (chigyo [enfeoffment]) and when the war happened he rode on a horse and had the entitlement of 'omemie' ([the privilege to have] an audience [with one's lord, a dignitary, etc.]).
- 白河上皇は、自らの政策を企画・遂行するために中流貴族を院司とし、また院独自の軍事力として北面の武士を置いた。
- The retired Emperor Shirakawa, in order to design and carry out his policy, made middle-class aristocracy Inshi (official of the In no cho, or Retired Emperor's Office), and placed Hokumen no Bushi (the Imprerial Palace Guards) as his own military force.
- 武士下層と百姓上層との間にある程度の流動性があることに着目し、この階層を「身分的中間層」と呼ぶ考え方もある。
- Focusing on the mobility to some extent between low-ranking samurai and high-ranking peasants, such classes may be called 'middle-ranking class.'
- いずれも良基の一族・家司・側近や和歌・連歌を通じて交際のある武士・僧侶で、多くが二条派・京極派に属している。
- All of them were either family, household superintendents or close aides of Yoshimoto, or samurai and monks who were acquainted with Yoshimoto through waka poetry/renga, and many of them belonged to the Nijo or Kyogoku schools.
- この2つは帯刀・禄の支給という旧武士最後の特権を奪うものであり、士族に精神的かつ経済的なダメージを負わせた。
- These two edicts damaged the warrior class both mentally and economically, since the edicts deprived them of their last privileges as former samurai such as wearing a sword and receiving a stipend.
- その代表的な論客である安田元久は、武士団を「一定の時代」における、ひとつの構造的特質をもったものととらえる。
- Motohisa YASUDA, who was the main critic of that argument, considered bushidan as one form of a special structural aspect for 'a fixed period.'
- しかし、必ずしも武士だけが落ち延びたわけではないことから平家の落人という言われ方をすることの方が比較的多い。
- However, Heike no Ochudo is more commonly used since people other than samurai also escaped and hid themselves.
- とくにその「本朝部世俗編」では転換期をたくましく生きる武士や民衆(下衆)の生活がいきいきと描き出されている。
- In 'Honchobu sezoku hen' (section describing the secular lives) (本朝部世俗編) the lives of samurai or people who lived through the transition period are vividly described.
- 中世には身分制度や封建社会などが確立され、武具や武士に関わる所作を学ぶ事は、農工商にある者は許されなかった。
- However, in medieval times when the class system of feudal society was established, farmers, artisans, and merchants were not allowed to learn about arms and samurai postures.
- これまでの盲僧琵琶を改造し、武士の倫理や戦記・合戦物を歌い上げる勇猛豪壮な演奏に向いた構造にしたものである。
- He remodeled old moso-biwas and changed their structures to make them suitable for a valiant and dynamic performance singing about samurai's morals, war chronicles, and battles.
- 一種の名刺代わりで、自分の名前を示すために用いらざるを得なかった家紋が武士の間で増えたことは言うまでもない。
- Kamon were a kind of alternate identity so, it was increasingly used among samurai to show who they were.
- 鎌倉・室町時代に寝殿造りから書院造りへと移行し、江戸時代に書院造りは武士階級の住宅様式として完成していった。
- During the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the style of buildings was shifted from Shinden-zukuri style to Shoin-zukuri style, which developed and was completed as a housing style for the samurai class during the Edo period.
- 蹴鞠は貴族だけに止まらず、天皇、公家、将軍、武士、神官はては一般民衆に至るまで老若男女の差別無く親しまれた。
- Not only aristocrats, but also the emperors, Court nobles, shogun, samurai, Shinto priests, and the general public, irrespective of age or gender, also liked kemari.
- 現地経営・支配の本拠として、武士・在地領主は交通の要衝となる道や港津の近隣や展望のきく高台などに館を置いた。
- As a base for managing and ruling the area, samurai and landlord established their own town in the vicinity of the roads or ports which worked as a linchpin of traffic, or on the elevated ground which provided them with an extensive view.
- 彼らは、滝口(北面武士)を勤めた後、宮中の警護にあたる蔵人、京市中の警察である検非違使などの武官に任じられた。
- After serving as takiguchi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side), they were appointed to military officers such as kurodo (chamberlain) to guard inside the Imperial Court and kebiishi (police and judicial chiefs) to serve as police for the city of Kyoto.
- 侍(さむらい)は、古代から中世にかけての日本における官人の身分呼称、あるいはそこから発展的に生じた武士の別名。
- 'Samurai' is the positional title for officials in Japan from the ancient to middle ages, and an alternative name for 'bushi' (warrior) that was derived from the first meaning.
- 摂津源氏は、もっぱら平安京で活動する武士であり、公家の日常に奉公する機会も多く、武はもとより文や和歌に長じた。
- The Settsu-Genji were for a time the only warriors active in the Heian capital (today's Kyoto) and had ample opportunity to serve the nobility in their daily affairs, spurring the warriors to begin excelling more and more at literature and at composing waka poetry.
- 武家領には一般的な武士が持つ所領から、武家の棟梁である伊勢平氏・河内源氏が武家公権に由来する所領まで存在した。
- The bukeryo included from individual holdings owned by samurai (warriors) retainers to individual holdings owned by the Ise Heishi (a branch of the Taira clan) and the Kawachi Genji (a branch of the Minamoto family), each a chief of the warrior houses, based on their military authority.
- 1180年(治承4年) - 頼朝が平家追討のため配流先の伊豆国で挙兵する(頼朝と在地武士との主従関係の成立)。
- 1180 - Yoritomo rose an army in Izu Province, to which he had been exiled, in order to seek and destroy the Taira clan (the master-servant relationship between Yoritomo and local samurai was established).
- 江戸中期に国学 (学問)がさかんになり、記紀や国史、神道などの研究が行われ、武士や豪農などの知識層へも広まる。
- In the middle of the Edo Period, the study of the Japanese classics (National Learning) became popular, and the shinto religion in addition to such famous historical works as the Records of Ancient Matters and Chronicles of Japan were increasingly studied, and the study of Japanese classics spread among the intellectual class including samurai warriors and rich farmers.
- そして舞を踊った後、「浮世をば 今こそ渡れ武士の 名を高松の 苔に残して」という辞世の句をしたため、自害した。
- After performing a dance, Muneharu killed himself with a death haiku, which read: Now is the time to go beyond this life, leaving a samurai's name as long lasting as moss on a pine tree.
- しかし、律令体制下の軍団と武士団は、ともに戦闘目的の為に組織された集団であっても、それぞれ異なった実態である。
- Although the army and bushidan under the Ritsuryo system were groups both founded for battle, they were different.
- 後白河は公卿を法住寺殿に召集して対策を協議させるとともに、検非違使・武士に動員令を下して御所の警備を強化する。
- Goshirakawa summoned kugyo (top court officials) to Hojuji-dono Palace to discuss measures and gave mobilization orders to kebiishi (police and judicial chief) to increase security.
- 戦時、歩兵は身を屈めながら、身分ある武士は騎乗で弓を引くため、下が長いと地面、或は馬に弓が当るため邪魔になる。
- The foot soldiers had to crouch and bushi (samurai warriors) of high standing had to pull the arrow on top of a horse during the battle that it came in the way with the ground or horse when the bottom part was long.
- 室町時代・桃山時代に、武士が道服を着たことがわかっているが、それ以前から道服という言葉があったという説がある。
- It is known that warriors wore Dofuku during the Muromachi and Momoyama periods, but according to an opinion, the word Dofuku had existed before these periods.
- 征夷大将軍足利氏を中心に有力守護をはじめとする上層武士が京都に多く居住し、伝統的な公家文化とさかんに接触した。
- Since many high-ranking warriors including powerful Shugo (military governor), especially Seii Taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians) Ashikaga clan, lived in Kyoto, they frequently came in touch with the traditional culture of court nobles.
- 軍事貴族などの武芸の家は桓武平氏・清和源氏・一部の藤原氏などから出たが、彼らの子孫が後の武士へと成長していった。
- Families of military art, such as military aristocrats, were born from Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan), Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and some of the Fujiwara clan and their descendants later became samurai (warrior).
- それに伴い、民衆に対する司法権・警察権の行使(検断沙汰)も支配者である荘園・国衙領領主や地頭武士に限られていた。
- Therefore, only the rulers, such as the lord of a manor and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and the lord-of-a-manor samurai, could exercise the jurisdiction and police powers (criminal cases) to the general public.
- そのため、室町時代以降の新興の中・下級武士たちの間では、再び名田を単位とした名字の名乗りが一般的になっていった。
- This made the surname forming based on myoden popular again among samurai warriors in the newly-rising middle and lower classes from the Muromachi period onwards.
- 従って武士は街中でこのような恥辱を受ける事を避けるために、供を付けず一人歩きするようなことは避ける必要があった。
- Therefore, a warrior had to avoid walking alone without his servant in order to avoid facing such shame on the streets.
- 先祖の武名によって自分の家が武士として認められていたため、かれらは自分の家系や高名な先祖を誇っていたとも言える。
- As their families were admitted as bushi because of their ancestors' military renown, they were proud of their family line or famous ancestors.
- 1192年(建久3年) - 頼朝が征夷大将軍に任じられる(兵馬の権=全国の武士に対する軍事指揮権を公認される)。
- 1192 - Yoritomo was appointed seii taishogun (Heiba no ken (the right of supreme military power over nationwide samurai) was officially approved).
- これに反対していた後白河上皇が1192年に死去すると、源頼朝は武家政権の始祖として武士に神聖視されることとなる。
- After Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who had opposed this, died in 1192, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo came to be deified by samurai as the originator of a samurai government.
- 柳沢氏が甲斐源氏の一族である甲斐一条氏の子孫が甲斐国北西部の武川筋に土着した武川衆と呼ばれる辺境武士団であった。
- The Yanagisawa clan descended from the Kai Ichijo clan belonging to the Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) and became part of the Mukawa-shu group, one of the warrior groups in the remote Kai area based in Mukawa, in the northwestern part of Kai Province.
- 例えば、南北朝時代 (日本)に武蔵七党と呼ばれた小武士団は、明らかに「兵の家」の出身と言えるものばかりではない。
- For example, all small bushidan that were called Musashi-shichito Parties (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) did not originate from the 'house of tsuwamono.'
- 尚、この安田氏らの武士発生論をデフォルメしたものが教科書の世界に定着し、小中学校では以下のように教えられてきた。
- Furthermore, the warped theory about the origin of bushi of Yasuda and others written in textbooks in elementary and middle schools taught as follows.
- 江戸幕府でも公事方御定書において自力救済を否定しつつ、武士の家の倫理を強制する立場から敵討と妻敵討は例外とした。
- The Edo bakufu disapproved self-help on one hand, but on the other hand, from the standpoint of enforcing the ethics of samurai families, it excluded Katakiuchi (revenge) and megataki uchi (revenge on the adulterer).
- また姫路藩主の酒井雅楽頭の扶持も受け、一時は百人もの弟子を抱えまでになり、広く明楽を貴族階級、武士階級に広めた。
- Furthermore, he obtained a stipend from the lord of the Himeji domain Sakai Uta no kami (the Sakai clan, Director of Music), had as many as 100 followers at a time, and made Mingaku widely known by people of the nobility and the samurai class.
- 明治維新後、幕府崩壊と共に武士階級の消滅、明治政府による近代化政策の煽りから武術は時代遅れとされ急激に衰退する。
- After the Meiji Restoration, because of the disappearance of Samurai hierarchy together with the demise of the bakufu, Japan's feudal government, and the influence of the modernization policy of the Meiji Government, martial arts were considered to be out of fashion and declined rapidly.
- 後宇多天皇に北面の武士として仕え、従五位下左兵衛佐まで上ったが、上皇の死後、出家して兼好(けんこう)を名乗った。
- Although Kaneyoshi served for Emperor Gouda as the Hokumen no Bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards) and was promoted to Jugoinoge-sahyoenosuke (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade, Deputy Chief of the Palace Guard of the Left), he entered the priesthood and changed his name to Kenko after the death of the Retired Emperor.
- 動転した清盛は九州へ落ち延びることも考えるが、紀伊の武士・湯浅宗重や熊野別当・湛快の協力により、17日帰京する。
- Stunned by the turn of events, Kiyomori considered slipping off to safety in Kyushu, but finally decided to march on the capital with the combined strength and cooperation of the warrior of Kii, Muneshige YUASA as well as Tankai of Kumano Betto (Chief), setting out for Kyoto on February 3.
- 知行面積=知行高は、主君が武士に賦課する軍役の基準となり、その知行高の算出は、戦国期においては貫高により表された。
- The size of a chigyo area, called chigyo-daka, was used as the standard of the amount of military service a lord levied on his samurai, and a chigyo-daka was expressed by kandaka (the money corresponding to the amount of rice production based on the size of the chigyo area chigyo) during the Sengoku Period.
- 実際、村役人層などは百姓身分ながらも苗字帯刀を許される場合があり、なかには郷士(在郷武士)として遇される者もいた。
- Actually, though belonging to the farmer class, some village officers were provided with the myojitaito right, and some were even treated as goshi (local samurai).
- 江戸時代になると社会が安定し、支配層となった武士は儒教精神に基づく穏健な支配、すなわち仁政を指向するようになった。
- During the Edo period the society was stabilized, bushis as a ruling class aimed to moderate governance according to the spirit of Confucius, that is, governance by humanity and justice.
- 武士たちは在地にあって田地経営を行いながら武芸の鍛錬に励み、国衙から軍事動員が課せられたときは軍事活動に参加した。
- They worked hard at their training of martial arts while managing rice field, and whenever mobilized for military by kokuga (provincial government offices) they participated in the military activities.
- この受領・国衙支配のもと、収取体系においては負名体制が形成し、軍事面においては国衙軍制を通じて武士階層が登場した。
- Under the control of Zuryo and Kokuga, the Fumyo system (a system for tax collecting) was formed for the Revenue system, and the samurai class appeared via the kokuga forces system.
- 12世紀中期頃には貴族社会内部の紛争が武力で解決されるようになり、そのために動員された武士の地位が急速に上昇した。
- Around the middle of the 12th century, conflicts among the aristocracy were solved by force, which increased the status of warriors who were recruited solely for this purpose.
- 戦国時代後期には地位も向上して足軽大将の家禄は、200石から500石程度で中級の武士として認められる存在になった。
- In the latter part of the Sengoku period, the intermediate samurai rank of ashigaru taisho (samurai in command of a troop ashigaru) came to be recognized and was awarded an annual stipend of between 200 and 500 koku.
- また佐藤進一はその戦闘様式の変化を、槍の登場と合わせて「悪党」や「溢者」を前身とする「武士」層の末広がりとされる。
- Furthermore, Shinichi SATO described that battle formation transformation as the last spread of the 'bushi' class that had 'akuto' (rebel or a villain in medieval times) and 'aburemono' (a good-for-nothing) as their predecessors.
- その後の家長制とはいささか趣きが異なるが、武士団としての結集はその一族が惣領を盟主として結集するに近いものがある。
- The patriarchal system differed later, but the union as the bushidan was close to having a clan gathering with the soryo as a leader of the clan.
- 下請け企業が複数の元請け企業に仕事をもらうのは当たり前であり、当時の武士団の上下関係もまたそのようなものであった。
- It was a norm for subcontractors to receive jobs from multiple contractors, and the bushidan's hierarchical relationship was similar to this.
- 江戸時代には「木崎ヶ原合戦」などの合戦を叙した曲が作られて次第に盛んになり、やがて武士だけでなく町民にも広まった。
- These biwas gradually became popular in the Edo period as songs derived from fights such as 'Kizakigahara gassen' were composed, and they spread through not only samurai but also townspeople.
- 中世までは武士はそれぞれの領地に住んでいたが、近世になり兵農分離が行われると、城下町に集まって住むよう強制された。
- Samurai used to live in their local domains in the medieval period, but after the Sengoku period soldiers did not need to farm and were forced to live in castle towns leaving their farmlands behind.
- 千田家の先祖は、もともと摂津国出身の北面の武士であったが、初代長右衛門はその晩年に唐紙屋を始めたと伝えられている。
- An ancestor of the Senda family, a samurai who guarded the north side of the Imperial Court of retired emperors from the Settsu Province and first Choemon, became a karakami maker in his later years.
- 「だいたい、武士たちは軍役を日々勤めて苦労しているのに、僧職の者たちは寺庵を結構に造り、贅沢な暮らしをしている。」
- In contrast to samurai warriors who have hard times in serving in the army, you, monks, build and live in good temples and indulge in luxury.'
- 足利尊氏が京都に武家政権を成立させると、以前から武士に人気のあった禅宗の五山が定められ、臨済宗は幕府に保護される。
- After Takauji ASHIKAGA established a military government in Kyoto, the five temples of the Zen sect, which had long been popular among samurai, were established and the Rinzai sect came under the protection of the shogunate.
- 明智光秀が山崎の合戦の後逃亡の末討たれた場所がこの花山トンネル付近であると言う事から武士の姿が見えたりすると言う。
- It is said that a samurai ghost can be seen here because fugitive Mitsuhide AKECHI was killed around the present-day Kazan Tunnel after he fought in the Battle of Yamazaki.
- 中世の武士間の主従関係は、決して片務的なものではなく、主人・従者が相互に利益を与え合う互恵的な関係で成り立っていた。
- The master-servant relationships among samurai during the medieval period were not one-sided but were established based upon mutually beneficial ones in which benefits were not only given by a master and received by his servant, but also given by a servant and received by the master.
- 旧守護クラスの有力武士を抑制することで成立しようとした建武政権は旧守護クラスが擁立した足利尊氏に破れることとなった。
- The Kenmu government which was established by controlling dominant samurai in the rank of former Shugo (provincial constable) came to be defeated by Takauji ASHIKAGA who was backed up by them.
- その後仇討ちは武士階級の台頭以来広く見られるようになるが、江戸幕府によって法制化されるに至ってその形式が完成された。
- Later, Katakiuchi became prevalent along with the rise of the samurai hierarchy, and when the practice was legislated by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it took a complete form.
- また、大名・旗本などは、しばしば家柄や功労により領内の有力百姓や町人などにこれを許して、武士に準ずる者として扱った。
- Daimyo or hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) gave the myojitaito right to dominant merchants or farmers, depending on their lineages or distinguished services to them, and dealt with these persons in a way similar to that for samurai.
- 軍事貴族である源頼信は、追討の成功により多くの板東武士と主従関係を結び、最初の「武家の棟梁」と呼びうる存在となった。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, a military noble, established master-servant relationships with many Bando Bushi (samurai in the eastern region) through the success of the searching and capturing activities, becoming the first person who could be called 'Buke no toryo' (the leader of samurai families).
- 古代末に発生した武士はその武力で古代を終焉させ、中世社会で主導的役割を果たし、近世で完成された社会体制を築き上げた。
- The bushi who emerged during the late ancient times finished the ancient times by force, played a leading role in medieval society and established the social system in the early-modern times.
- しかし、関東武士層を権力基盤とする頼朝は、軍事貴族としての地位を否定し、鎌倉殿という新たな武家棟梁の地位を確立した。
- Yoritomo, who was basing his power in the samurai class in Kanto, rejected the military aristocrat position and established a new samurai leader position as Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura).
- 争乱の排除をめざして浄土真宗本願寺教団によって組織された武士、農民、商工業者などによって形成された宗教的自治である。
- In an effort to avoid disturbances, the leadership of the Jodo Shinshu Honganji organization organized its followers of warriors, farmers, and craftsmen/merchants, thereby instituting a religiously based autonomous government over them.
- これらの地域では1つの令制国において、伝統的な武士団から上昇してきた大名家が複数存在し、その領地関係も錯綜していた。
- Within these regions, more than one daimyo family developed from traditional samurai groups existed in a ryoseikoku (province) with complicated territorial relations.
- 摂津源氏で名の残る武士は、源頼光以外では、源仲政と、その子で、平治の乱の後、唯一生き残った源氏の長老の源頼政だろう。
- In addition to MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu himself, the most famous warriors of the Settsu-Genji included MINAMOTO no Nakamasa and his sons, as well as MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, the only senior member of the family to survive the Heiji War.
- 一方、地方での「武士」の認定としては、戸田芳実や、石井進 (歴史学者) の国衙軍制論がこの問題に鋭く切り込んでいる。
- On the other hand, theory of the kokuga forces system of Yoshimi TODA and Susumu ISHII (historian) discussed in detail about the qualification of the 'bushi' in districts.
- 新興勢力である武士や庶民の生活にも目が向けられるようになり、そこに文化的関心が寄せられたのもこの時代の特徴であった。
- Meanwhile, one characteristic in this period is that interests from the cultural aspect were drawn to the lives of samurai or common people as attention was paid to them.
- 儒教を直接受容したのは、主に武士や漢学をおさめた町人にとどまるものの、間接的な形で日本の庶民にも影響を及ぼしている。
- Major people who directly accepted Confucianism were not only the samurai and townspeople who mastered Sinology, but Confucianism also influenced common people in Japan in an indirect manner.
- 日本の中世期においては、幕府の地頭、御家人、その郎党といった正規の武士以外に地侍(土豪)、野伏、農民等も武装していた。
- In the medieval period of Japan, not only regular samurai who were jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the estates [shoen] into which the countryside was divided), gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) and other roto (retainers) but also jizamurai (local samurai [or dogo: local ruling family]), nobushi (unofficial warrior hidden in a forest) and farmers were armed.
- 南北朝時代から室町時代には、関東地方で武蔵七党など中小武士団による白旗一揆、武蔵平一揆などの国人一揆が盛んに結ばれる。
- From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period, groups of small and middle-class samurai such as Musashi-shichito parties (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province) had formed many kokujin ikki in the Kanto area including shirahata ikki and musashi hei ikki.
- しかし、安定期であった江戸時代を通じて形成された、儒教的な「士道」に反発し武士としての本来のありようを訴える人もいた。
- However, some evoked the traditional bushi identity, opposing Confucius morality of the samurai which formed during the stable Edo period.
- 室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)・安土桃山時代を経て江戸幕府成立に至る過程で、次第に武士が公権力を担う領域は拡大し続けた。
- In the formation process of the Edo bakufu through the Muromachi, Sengoku, and Azuchi-Momoyama period, the area where the bushi were in charge of the official authority gradually and continuously increased.
- 新たに発足した室町幕府は、戦乱を抑えることを目的として、在地武士を組織するため、国単位におかれる守護の権限を強化した。
- The newly inaugurated Muromachi bakufu strengthened the power and authority of shugo positioned in each province in order to prevent the maelstrom of war and organize the local samurais.
- 一橋派では橋本左内(越前藩士)・西郷隆盛(薩摩藩士)、南紀派では長野主膳(彦根藩士)ら下級武士がこれら工作に活躍した。
- Many lower-ranking samurai, for example, Sanai HASHIMOTO (a feudal retainer of Echizen) and Takamori SAIGO (a feudal retainer of Satsuma) for the Hitotsubashi group, and Shuzen NAGANO (a feudal retainer of Hikone) for the Nanki group, played important roles in those activities.
- 『今昔物語集』は、12世紀初頭ぐらいの成立とされているが、その中で、「武士」を語るときは「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれる。
- 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have written in the early twelfth Century, but 'bushi' was referred as 'tsuwamono.'
- 平家の落武者ともいうが、落人の中には武士に限らず公卿や女性や子供なども含まれたため、平家の落人というのが一般的である。
- Although the term Heike no Ochimusha (surviving samurai) is sometimes used, Heike no Ochudo is commonly used since not only samurai but also court nobles, women and children were among the fugitives.
- 義江彰夫は同じ12世紀ながら、その初期と後期との間に地方の長者、すなわち開発領主の武装(武士団化)が進んだとしている。
- Akio YOSHIE interpreted that weapon preparation (bushidan formation) of local heads or cultivation lords developed between the early and later periods despite being the same twelfth century.
- 続く慶応3年(1867年)の大政奉還により伝統的な弓術文化は幕藩体制・武士社会の崩壊と共に大きく衰退を余儀なくされた。
- Then, with the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) in 1867, traditional Kyujutsu culture was forced into a decline when the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate and samurai society collapsed.
- 庶民の楽器であった三味線を武士が弾いたり、虚無僧の法器とされた尺八を百姓町人が吹くことは、江戸時代には許されなかった。
- In the Edo period, warriors were not allowed to play 'shamisen' (a three-stringed Japanese banjo), which was the instrument for ordinary people, and peasants and merchants were not allowed to play 'shakuhachi' (a vertical bamboo flute), which was a Buddhist ritual vessel of 'komuso' (a mendicant Zen priest of the Fuke sect).
- また「花は桜木。人は武士」という言葉が江戸時代までに成立しており、それまでに「花」=「桜」のイメージは日本で定着した。
- The saying 'Cherry blossom is the best among flowers and samurai is the best among people' was established by the Edo period, indicating that the image of Japanese people that 'Flower' means 'Cherry blossom' had been established before that.
- 鎌倉時代末期には多くの絵巻物が製作され、これらには地方武士の住宅が多く描かれている(法然上人絵伝、蒙古襲来絵詞など)。
- Many picture scrolls were painted towards the end of the Kamakura period, and on them, many houses of local Samurai are depicted (such as Honen Shonin Eden (illustrated biography of a Buddhist saint, Honen) and Moko Shurai Ekotoba (picture scrolls of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan)).
- この時代は貴族の摂関政治が衰え、代わって武士が台頭しつつある動乱期で、治安の乱れも激しく民衆の不安は増大しつつあった。
- In this period, the warrior class was increasing its power while regency of nobility was declining and people's anxiety was growing due to the unstable and dangerous society.
- こうして、平安中期以降(11世紀~12世紀)、在庁官人の多くは、在地領主として、そして武士として成長していくこととなる。
- Thus many zaichokanjin developed into local landlords and as bushi after the middle of the Heian period (from the eleventh century to the twelfth).
- 名乗り(なのり)とは、合戦において武士が敵に向かって自分の姓名・身分・家系や戦における自分の主張などを大声で告げること。
- Nanori was a loud statement made by a samurai to an opponent in which he announced his full name, status, family lineage and assertion for the conflict.
- 家の子と郎党の差異は、家の子が武士の一族・子弟であり、血縁関係を有していたのに対し、郎党はそうでなかったという点にある。
- The difference between the ienoko and the roto was that the ienoko was a family member or a son of samurai and had a blood tie, while roto was not.
- 郎党の出自を見ると、下人・所従から郎党になった者もいれば、百姓身分の者が在地武士と主従関係を持って郎党となった者もいた。
- Some roto originated from lower ranked people or shoju (retainers), and some were peasants who had formed a relation with a local warrior to become a roto.
- 平安時代中期に承平天慶勲功者やその子孫の中から登場した武士階層は、田堵負名、すなわち田地経営者としての側面も持っていた。
- A class of samurai who had come from Johei Tengyo kunkosha (people who distinguishably served in the Johei and Tengyo War) or their descendants were also a Tato-fumyo (cultivator/tax manager), a rice field manager.
- しかしながら、武士層の不満が増すと、足利尊氏はそれを背景に新政から離反し、持明院統を擁立して大覚寺統を南の吉野に追った。
- However, with the increasing frustration of samurai, Takauji ASHIKAGA left the new government, supported the Jimyoin-to group, and chased the Daikakuji-to group to Yoshino in the south.
- 彼らは城下に住み藩主から俸禄を貰っていた武士である藩士とは明確に区別され、また一段下の身分として差別されることもあった。
- Country samurai were clearly distinguished from the feudal retainers living in a castle town and recieving salary from the lord, and sometimes discriminated as a lower-rank samurai.
- 大和武士である平田党(当麻氏、布施氏、岡氏、万歳氏 等:当麻氏・布施氏は争いながら共に高田氏とも称した)の母体となった。
- It became the heartland of the Hirata clique (including the Taima, Fuse, Oka, and Manzai clans; while they were in conflict, both the Toma and Fuse clans also called themselves the Takada clan) of Yamato bushi (samurai of Yamato Province).
- 切腹は、平安時代末期の武士である源為朝(1139年(保延5年) - 1177年(嘉応2年))が最初に行ったとされている。
- It believed that the late Heian period samurai MINAMOTO no Tametomo (1139 - 1177) was the first to commit seppuku.
- この日武士の家庭では、虫干しをかねて先祖伝来の鎧や兜を奥座敷に、玄関には旗指物(幟)を飾り、家長が子供達に訓示を垂れた。
- On this day, samurai families would take ancestral armor and kabuto (helmets) to the inner parlor (also for the purpose of airing them) and place decorated hatasashi-mono (battle flags) in the hallway; and the family heads would give instructions to their children.
- 前垂れは武士役は白の方形の羽二重や縮緬、「粋な江戸の色男」役では赤の方形の羽二重や縮緬、町人役は白の三角形の晒しとなる。
- A performer that plays the role of a samurai puts on an apron made of a white rectangular cloth of habutae (thick silk fabrics) or chirimen (silk crepe fabrics), and a performer that plays the role of 'a stylish playboy in Edo' wears an apron made of a red rectangular cloth of habutae or chirimen, while a performer that plays the role of a common townsman wears an apron of a white bleached triangle cloth.
- 臨済宗が時の武家政権に支持され、政治・文化に重んじられたのに対し、曹洞宗は地方武家、豪族、下級武士、一般民衆に広まった。
- While the Rinzai sect was supported by the military government at the time and had political and cultural influence, the Soto sect spread among local lords, local ruling families, low warriors and common people.
- 戦場で馬に騎乗することは身分の高い武士のみに許された特権であり、江戸時代に入っても騎射が弓術の最高位のものとされていた。
- Riding a horse on the battlefield was a privilege for high class Samurai and Kisha were considered the highest rank of Kyujutsu in the Edo Period.
- 清盛は攻撃に消極的だったが後白河に押し切られる形となり、近江国・美濃国・越前国の武士も動員されて攻撃開始は目前に迫った。
- Kiyomori was not in favor of attacking, but was pressured by Goshirakawa, and so samurai from Omi Province (present Shiga Prefecture), Mino Province (present southern Gifu Prefecture) and Echizen Province (present northern part of Fukui Prefecture) were readied in preparation for an attack.
- 鎌倉幕府の成立に従い、主に東国の武士は鎌倉幕府に奉公する、御家人となり地頭に補任され、所領の支配権が鎌倉幕府に保証された。
- By the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun), in most cases samurai in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) became gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) to serve Kamakura bakufu and were appointed jito with their rights to rule their shoryo (territory) guaranteed by Kamakura bakufu.
- 武士身分の場合は主君の免状を受け、他国へわたる場合には奉行所への届出が必要で、町奉行所の敵討帳に記載され、謄本を受け取る。
- If the avenging party was of samurai status, he received a permit from his lord; if he was to travel to another province, he needed to report it to a magistrate's office in order to have the information recorded on the Katakiuchi List at the town magistrate's office, whereupon he received a copy of the original.
- このことは、院政下で活躍した北面武士などもその名簿を参照すると、侍身分以外の僧侶・神官などが多数含まれている事でも分かる。
- This is clear in the name list of Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side), who were active under the cloister government, in which many Buddhist priests, Shinto priests, and others not of the samurai status were included.
- この点が歴史学において十分解明されていなかった時期には武士を国家の統制外で私的に武装する暴力団的なものと見る見方もあった。
- During the period when this point was not fully clarified in historical studies, bushi were sometimes seen as gang groups who were privately armed outside of the nation's control.
- 1189年(文治5年) - 頼朝が源義経とこれを匿った奥州藤原氏を滅ぼす(全国の武士を動員し、対抗しうる武家勢力を排除)。
- 1189 - Yoritomo defeated MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and the Oshu Fujiwara clan who harbored Yoshitsune (eliminated rival samurai forces by mobilizing samurai throughout the nation).
- その後の武士は、知行地を与えられてもその土地と私的な関係を結ぶことは許されなくなり、惣国一揆が再び芽生えることはなかった。
- The samurai after that were not allowed to have a private relationship with the land which was given to him as chigyo-chi (territory), and sokoku ikki was never seen.
- 当時から日本在来馬は今でいうポニーぐらいの小型のものだっだから、武士は先を争ってその中でも大きくて体力のある良馬を求めた。
- Indigenous horses of Japan from that time were as small as a modern day pony, but bushi sought a good horse that was the biggest and strongest among them.
- その石井進は1974年の『日本歴史第12 中世武士団』の中で、有名な国司軍と地方豪族軍のを行いながら、次ぎのように述べる。
- Susumu ISHI talked in 'Japanese History Volume 12, Armed Groups in the Medieval Period' published in 1974 about the famous army of the governor and local ruling families as follows:
- 佐藤進一は1965 年の『南北朝の動乱』 の中で、武士を「武芸をもって支配階級に仕える職能人もしくは職能集団」と言い切る。
- Shinichi SATO firmly stated in 'A disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts' published in 1965 that bushi was 'the vocational individual or group that served the ruling class with martial arts.'
- 平安時代末期、それこそ12世紀中頃の武士団の結合はどうだったのかというと、一番強い結束力はやはり「血縁」だったようである。
- The strongest bonding strength was 'blood relation' without a doubt if one contemplated about the unification of bushidan of the late Heian period or the mid-twelfth Century.
- 直垂の着用が許されたのは四位以上の武士に限られたが、これはほぼ幕閣を輩出する有力譜代大名、国持大名、御三家、将軍に重なる。
- The hitatare was allowed to be worn by samurai ranked at Shii (Fourth Rank) and above, but this applied to those where the high officials of bakufu appeared in great numbers, such as the powerful daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) in hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa family, daimyo having a domain of one province or more, the Three families of the shogun, and the shogun himself.
- 江戸時代頃には武家や庶民にも定着し、江戸幕府では公式行事として、征夷大将軍以下全ての武士が七種粥を食べる儀礼を行っていた。
- Around the Edo period, Nanakusa-gayu became popular among samurai families and ordinary people; the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) held the ceremony as their official event in which all samurai warriors including the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') ate Nanakusa-gayu.
- 武士の時代になると梅干しは保存食としてだけではなく、傷の消毒や戦場での食中毒、伝染病の予防になくてはならないものとなった。
- In the era of samurai (warriors), umeboshi became indispensable not only as preserved food but also for the sterilization of wounds and the prevention of food poisoning and contagious diseases on the battlefield.
- いっぽう明楽は、武士や儒学者などが集団で演奏・斉唱する雅楽であり、実演にあたっては高度な集団訓練と相当の経費を必要とした。
- On the other hand, Mingaku was Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) that samurai or Confucian scholars played or sang in groups, and high-leveled group training and considerable expenses were necessary to play the music.
- 鎌倉仏教の登場などの刺激により、全国の武士や庶民階層への普及が定着していき、以後は日本独自の仏教が発展していくことになる。
- The appearance of Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura Period) triggered the prevalence of Buddhism among samurai and common people all over the country, and Japan's own Buddhism was developed after that.
- また、当初は現地の有力武士が任じられる事が多かった守護の人選も次第に足利将軍家の一族や譜代、功臣の世襲へと変更されていく。
- Moreover, originally the shugo were often selected from the powerful samurais in the local area, but the change was gradually made to select from the descents of the Ashikaga shogun family, the Fudai (hereditary vassals) or the meritorious retainer.
- 凶党追捕が完了したときは、凶党の所領・財産は没収され、追捕にあたった武士たちへ恩賞として給与されたのだろうと考えられている。
- It is considered that, after gangsters were captured, their territories and assets were confiscated and were supplied as a reward to the samurai who participated in the capturing actions.
- 寿永・治承の内乱から奥州合戦に至るまでの恩賞給与に当たっては、関東武士らの満足が得られるものとなるよう最深の注意を傾注した。
- He paid careful attention to ensure that Kanto samurai warriors were content with the rewards they received during the period between the Jisho-Juei Civil War and the Battle of Oshu.
- 武士は私営田の開発領主であり、その起源は、抵抗する配下の農奴と介入する受領に対抗するために「武装した大農園主」が起源とする。
- The bushi were the kaihatsu-ryoshu of shieiden (private lands directly governed by powerful families) and they originally came from 'armed planters' to counteract subservient serfs and interfering zuryo (the head of the provincial governors).
- 江戸時代以降は社会の全てを覆うようになり、元来軍人・「武官」に相当する職務であった武士が「文官」として働くことが多くなった。
- After the Edo period bushi spread across all of society, many of them came to work as 'civil officers,' though they were traditionally in charge of duty positions corresponding to warriors or 'military officers.'
- しかし、これを契機に得宗専制に不満を持つ楠木正成、赤松円心など各地の悪党と呼ばれる武士が各地で反幕府の兵を挙げるようになる。
- However, samurai known as akuto in various areas, including Masashige KUSUNOKI and Enshin AKAMATSU, were dissatisfied with the Tokusho autocracy and raise forces opposed to the bakufu throughout the country.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)や戦国時代 (日本)には九州・瀬戸内海方面の武士や海賊が中国、朝鮮沿岸を荒らしまわり、倭寇と恐れられた。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the period of Warring States in Japan, samurai warriors and pirates from the Kyushu and Inland Sea regions attacked ships along the coasts of China and Korea and were feared as Japanese pirates (called 'wako' in Japanese).
- 主謀者の後鳥羽上皇、そして後鳥羽の系譜の上皇・皇子が流罪に処せられ、仲恭天皇は退位、朝廷側の貴族・武士も多くが死罪とされた。
- The leader, Retired Emperor Gotoba, as well as the retired emperors and imperial princes related to him were sent into exile, while Emperor Chukyo was deposed and many of the nobles and samurai of the imperial faction were executed.
- 戦国時代の動乱を最終的に収めた江戸幕府は、このような風潮を改め、家臣の主君への従順を教えるため朱子学の道徳を武士に学ばせる。
- The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), after finally settling this upheaval of the Warring States Period, made samurai learn the Neo-Confucianism ethics, to teach the vassals' loyalty to their lords.
- 戦に敗れたから即自決と言うわけではなく、地下に潜り(逃亡し、本当の身分を伏せて生きること)再起を図ろうとする武士も大勢いた。
- It was not the case that one would immediately commit seppuku upon being defeated in battle, as there were many samurai who would go underground (escape and live under a false identity) and plan a comeback.
- 武士が好んだ細かな幾何学模様で簡素で粋な印象の江戸小紋とは違い、友禅模様を基本にした色鮮やかで伸びやかな印象が持ち味である。
- Unlike Edo-komon with a simple and stylish impression using fine geometrical patterns preferred by samurai, the feature of Kyo-komon is a colorful and free impression based on the yuzen patterns.
- 薙刀や槍と同じ武士の調度品で源平合戦では既に使われていたとされるが、文明開化以降はほとんど残らず、教える流派も極少数である。
- It's considered as one of the furnishing goods for samurai as well as 'naginata' (Japanese halberd) or spears, and already used during the Genpei War, but after the civilization and enlightenment, it hardly existed and also there are few schools which teach its techniques.
- 渡辺綱の子孫は渡辺党と呼ばれる武士団に発展し、港に立地することから水軍として日本全国に散らばり、瀬戸内海の水軍の棟梁となる。
- The descendants of WATANABE no Tsuna grew into a bushidan (warrior bands) called Watanabe-to Party, and since they located at seaports, scattered everywhere in Japan as Suigun (warriors battle in the sea) and became the toryo (leader) of the Suigun in the Seto Inland Sea.
- これらの検断権を獲得したことにより、守護は、国内の武士間の紛争へ介入する権利と、司法執行の権利の2つを獲得することとなった。
- As a result of obtaining the right of judgment over criminal cases, the shugo now had two rights: the right to intervene in the dispute between samurai in the province and the right to enforce the law.
- ただし、平安時代末期に各地で武士団が勃興すると、知行国国主や受領もこれに対抗する形で武力に優れた人物を派遣する場合も出てきた。
- However, when armed groups rose in various places in the end of the Heian period, chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor) and zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) began to send those who were excellent in military affairs to confront them.
- 荘園公領制成立以前の武士は封建領主としての確固たる領地を持たず、一般の田堵負名と同様に名田の経営権を国衙との契約で付与された。
- Samurai didn't have their settled territories where they could rule as a feudal load before the shoen-koryo system was established, and kokuga gave management rights of myoden to them as well as ordinary tato and fumyo (local tax managers) by contract.
- 大名における実例はないものの、一般の武士における改易の理由として多いものに当主・隠居の欠落(出奔・無断脱藩)によるものがある。
- Although we have no examples of Daimyo being subjected to kaieki, one of the most common reasons for the kaieki of ordinary samurai was the running away (flight or escape from one's domain) of the current or former heads of households.
- また藩兵の軟弱さを嘆いた長州藩士高杉晋作は、新たに武士以外の身分を含む奇兵隊などの諸隊を結成し、後の長州藩の武力となっていく。
- In the meantime, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, a member of the Choshu clan, lamented their weak troops and started to form new groups to include ordinary, non-samurai class people, such as Kihei-tai (a cavalry squad), which could help the Choshu clan.
- その次ぎの武士層の拡大は、鎌倉幕府の崩壊から南北朝時代 (日本)であり、この段階で日本全国が長年に渡る争乱の時代へと突入する。
- The next expansion of the bushi class began from the fall of Kamakura bakufu to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and all Japan entered the period of war that lasted for a long time.
- かつての日本的儒教=朱子学は武士や一部の農民・町民など限られた範囲の道徳であったが、近代天皇制のもとでは国民全体に強要された。
- The former Japanese Ju-kyo, or Neo-Confucianism was ethics for a limited target, such as samurai, certain farmers, and townsmen, but under the modern emperor system, it was imposed on all citizens.
- 一方で、剣道の戦闘方法に精神美を求め至上の価値を置く「復興された武士道」思想は、日本人が近代戦を本質的に理解することを妨げた。
- On the other hand, the thought of a 'restored Bushido (the way of the samurai)' which sought spiritual beauty and found supreme value in the fighting method of Kendo, interfered with Japan's essential understanding of modern warfare.
- また、曾我兄弟の仇討ちで有名な『曽我物語』などにも現代の相撲と異なる武芸としての相撲が武士により行われたことが記述されている。
- Also, in books such as 'Soga Monogatari' (the tale of Soga) famous for the revenge of the Soga brothers, it is recorded that the samurai practiced sumo wrestling as one of the military arts which was different from present-day sumo.
- 一方、東国では上杉憲実が下野国足利市に足利学校の蔵書を充実させて再興し、全国の僧侶や武士が学問を学ぶために集まるようになった。
- Meanwhile, in the eastern part of Japan, Norizane UESUGI reestablished the Ashikaga Gakko (Japan's oldest academic institution) by adding a collection of books, so priests and warriors from all over the country gathered to learn.
- 元弘3年/正慶2年(1333年)鎌倉幕府を打倒して成立した建武政権であったが、現実から乖離した政策の数々に武士は不満を募らせた。
- The Kenmu government was established after toppling the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1333, but samurai aggravated a grievance against many of its unrealistic policies.
- おじいさん、おばあさん、姫、公卿・皇族、職人、商人、天皇、武士と「中世的キャラクター」がこの時代(10世紀)に既に出揃っている。
- All the medieval characters of this period (the 10th century) such as grandfather, grandmother, princess, lords, nobles, craftsmen, merchants, emperors and samurai were already present in this tale.
- そして、これらの郎党を組織して多田庄に武士団を形成したことから、のちに武門として大きく発展した清和源氏一族の最初の拠点となった。
- As he organized his retainers to form an army in Tada Manors, the manors became the first base of Seiwa-Genji which had developed to a prominent samurai clan.
- その子の源頼義、頼義の子の源義家の時に、前九年の役・後三年の役で坂東武士を傘下におさめ、特に八幡太郎義家の時に武家棟梁となった。
- His son, MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi and yoriyoshi's son MINAMOTO no Yoshiie gained control of Bando samurai in Zen Kunen no Eki and Go Sannen no Eki, and HACHIMANTARO Yoshiie became the head of the samurai families.
- 元々中・下級の官人身分であった伊勢平氏や河内源氏をはじめとする地方の武士は自己の根拠地において荘園領主としての資格を有していた。
- Local samurai warriors including the Ise Heishi clan and the Kawachi Genji, both originating from middle and lower ranked officials, were qualified as shoen ryoshu (proprietary lord of manor) in their local power base.
- この結果、守護大名をはじめとする各地の武士によって自己の所領の全一的支配が確立され、その影響は室町幕府の御料所にも及んでいった。
- As a result, each of the bushi throughout Japan including shugo daimyo (great feudal lord) established an integral rule over his own shoryo, which influenced the goryosho of the Muromachi bakufu.
- これは、江戸が勘平の見た目の美しさを強調するに対し、上方は勘平はあくまで猟師としてであり、死に臨んで武士に戻るという理屈である。
- This is because in contrast to Edo, which emphasized beauty in the appearance of Kanpei, Kamigata has a logic that Kanpei remains as a hunter and returns to a samurai just before his death.
- 「弓は三つ物」という言葉は騎射三物のことであり「武士(もののふ)の嗜み(たしなみ)としてこの三つが大切である」という意味を指す。
- The expression 'a bow is mitsumono (three things)' means Kisha-Mitsumono and means 'these three were important as the accomplishments of samurai.'
- 東海地方では武士以外に庄屋・名主層にも弓術が普及し、現在でも「お祭り弓」と称して神社において祭礼と結びついた形で保存されている。
- In the Tokai region, besides being popular among the samurai, archery is also popular among Shoya (village headman) and in the Nanushi hierarchy (village headman); even now, it is preserved in the form of the so-called 'Omatsuri-yumi' (archery for the festival), which is related to festivals in the Shinto shrine.
- 鎌倉時代には「秀郷流」と呼ばれる技法も存在し、武士の嗜みとして、また幕府の行事に組み込まれたことも含めて盛んに稽古・実演された。
- A technique known as 'the Hidesato-style of yabusame' was practiced during the Kamakura period, and samurai trained in this pastime enthusiastically, giving demonstrations at events organized by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 鎌倉の武士たちが院宣に従い、義時は討滅されるであろうと信じきり、幕府軍の出撃を予測していなかった後鳥羽上皇ら京方首脳は狼狽した。
- Blithely assuming that the samurai of Kamakura would obey the Imperial decree and strike down Yoshitoki, the retired Emperor Gotoba and the rest of the capital faction leaders had not anticipated the shogunal sortie, and were thrown into considerable panic.
- 現場で会津藩家中の柴司が、座敷にいた武士を制止しようとしたところ相手が逃げ出したため、取り押えようと追跡のうえ槍で傷を負わせた。
- When at the scene, Tsukasa SHIBA, a retainer of Aizu clan, tried to control the samurai in a guest room, the samurai escaped, which prompted SHIBA to pursue and wound the samurai with a spear in an effort to catch the samurai.
- 鎌倉時代を通じて、武家の統治機構である守護・地頭に属する武士が、地頭請や下地中分という形で国衙領や荘園を蚕食し始めるようになる。
- But as the Kamakura period progressed, the samurai-based administrative system, warriors serving as shugo (Protectors) and jito (estate stewards) began to take over kokuga (public) territories and shoen through such means as jitouke (in which an estate steward was contracted by the rightful owner of an estate to guard it) and shitaji chubun (whereby lands were divided between steward and owner).
- こうして公領は郡・郷・保などの単位に再編成され、武士たちは郡司・郷司・保司として郡・郷・保の経営と治安維持を受け持つこととなった。
- In this way, koryo was reorganized into gun, go and ho (community), and samurai came to be in charge of the management and security maintenance of gun, go, or ho as gunji (an official in charge of a gun), goji (an official in charge of a village), or hoji (an official in charge of a community).
- このため簡単には斬れない事情を知っていた町民の中には、粋を衒ったり、度胸試しのために故意に武士を挑発する言動をする者もいたという。
- So, some townsmen who knew this situation, deliberately challenged warriors in order to try to act strong or play chicken.
- 1221年の承久の乱の結果、後鳥羽上皇を中心とする朝廷が幕府に敗れる事態となり、上皇方についた貴族・武士の所領はすべて没収された。
- As the result of Jokyu War in 1221, the imperial court centering on the Retired Emperor Gotoba was defeated by the bakufu and all the lands of the aristocrats and samurais who were on the side of the Retired Emperor were confiscated.
- つまり、最初は武士のみならず、明法家などの他の中下級技能官人も「侍」とされたのであり、そこに武人を意味する要素はなかったのである。
- In other words, the word 'saburafu' originally included the nuance of not only 'bushi' but also other low- to middle-ranking ginou kanjin such as myoboke (legal experts), so it did not have the connotation of warrior or soldier.
- その直後の富士川の戦いで平氏軍に勝利した頼朝は、自分を支持する関東武士団の意向を受け、関東内部の平定・経営に重点を置くこととした。
- Immediately after this, Yoritomo defeated the Taira clan army in the Battle of Fujigawa and focused on the stabilization and management of the Kanto region at the wish of the Kanto Samurai Group which supported him.
- 例えば、天保12年(1841年)の紀州徳川家11代藩主徳川斉順の参勤交代では、武士1639人、人足2337人、馬103頭を擁した。
- For example, the sankin-kotai carried out by Nariyuki TOKUGAWA, the eleventh lord of the Kishu Tokugawa Family in 1841 consisted of 1639 warriors, 2337 laborers, 103 horses.
- そして、承久の乱では摂津守護大内惟信や同族の多田基綱のほか畿内の武士の多くが京方に属して敗れたが、能勢氏は幕府方に属したとされる。
- Then in the Jokyu war while many samurais in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) such as Korenobu OUCHI, the shugo of Settsu Province and his cognate Mototsuna TADA joined the army on the Kyoto side and were defeated, the Nose clan are said to have been on the side of the Shogunate.
- ただ、一概に藩士といっても、上士から下士まであり、また、厳密には武士以外にも足軽や中間といったいわゆる士分格ではない者も含まれてる。
- However Hanshi include all samurai ranging from Joshi (superior warriors) to Kashi (non-commissioned officers), and in a narrow sense, they also include those without samurai status such as ashigaru (common foot soldiers) and chugen (a rank below common soldiers).
- 13世紀中期頃から、貨幣経済の浸透と商品流通の活発化、村落の形成、地頭ら武士による荘園公領への侵出など、大きな社会変動が生じ始めた。
- Starting around the middle of the 13th century, the social system started changing drastically: For example, money had become used in the economy, goods were circulated actively, and samurai, such as jito (managers and lords of manors), had advanced into shoen koryo (public lands and private estates).
- 唯物史観の影響を受け、武士は古代支配階級である貴族や宗教勢力を排除し、中世をもたらした変革者として石母田正らによって位置づけられた。
- Influenced by the materialist concept of history, Tadashi ISHIMODA and others positioned the bushi as the reformer who pushed out the ancient governing class such as the aristocrats and religious power of influence and brought on the medieval times.
- 長州藩においては死罪相当の罪を犯した際に切腹が許されず、磔にされると定められており、犯罪行為の処罰についても武士とは区別されていた。
- In the Choshu Domain, ashigaru who committed capital crimes were not permitted to commit seppuku (ritual suicide by disembowelment) but were ordained to be crucified, so they were even differentiated from samurai with regard to criminal punishment.
- 武士身分を対象とした学校は、江戸幕府直轄の学校と、藩が運営した藩校に大別され、その規模、内容共にこの時代を代表する教育機関であった。
- Schools for samurai status were broadly divided into the schools under the direct control of the Edo bakufu and those run by each han (domain); both were educational institutions representing the period in their scale and content.
- 武士たちのぶつかり合いによる戦闘という戦場の一般的なイメージの裏で、雑兵たちは戦闘以上に「乱取り」と呼ばれる略奪行為に熱中していた。
- In the back of this general image of battlefields, battles by struggling samurai zohyo, were keen on depredation called 'randori' than battle.
- また、このような仏教優位の考え方は、ケガレと日常的に接する武士の心を捉え、以後の八幡神信仰や天神信仰の興隆にもつながることとなった。
- Moreover, such a view of Buddhism predominance touched the hearts of samurai, who were commonly close to muck, and led to prosperity of future Hachimanshin and Tenjin beliefs.
- 日本刀は、「武士の魂」、神器としての精神的、宗教的価値や美術的価値が重視される一方で、戦場ではそれほど活躍しなかったとする説がある。
- Japanese swords were 'the very soul of the samurai' and its mental and religious value as sacred treasures and artistic value were emphasized, but on the other hand, it is said that they didn't achieve much on the battlefields.
- 草創期の鎌倉幕府は、東国の支配権を有するのみだったが、それは当時の幕府を構成する武士たちにとって十分満足できる結果だったはずである。
- The initial Kamakura bakufu only had the right to control the Eastern provinces and this should have been enough for the bushi who were part of the government of that time.
- 有事の際にはこうした「武家の棟梁」が追討使に補任され、主従関係を結んでいる「一国棟梁」以下の武士を動員し、軍事活動を展開したのである。
- In an emergency, such a 'Buke no toryo' was appointed tsuitoshi, and the leader mobilized samurai under 'Ikkoku toryo' with whom he had a master-servant relationship, to carry out necessary military activities.
- 武士(ぶし、もののふ)は、10世紀から19世紀にかけての日本に存在し、戦士を本分とするとされた宗家の主人を頂点とした家族共同体の成員。
- Bushi (武士, mononofu, samurai) existed from the 10th century to the 19th century and was a member of a family community whose top was the master of Soke (the head family) and whose profession was a warrior.
- 室町時代には室町幕府および将軍家を指すようになったが、江戸時代には幕府・将軍家のみならず諸大名や上層武士も武家と呼ばれるようになった。
- In the Muromachi period, the term 'buke' indicated the Muromachi bakufu and the Shogun family, while in the Edo period, the term came to cover not only the bakufu and the Shogun family but also various daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and high-ranked samurai.
- 高野山側は伊都郡・那賀郡 (和歌山県)・有田郡の領内の武士を総動員し、軍師橋口隼人を中心に「高野七砦」をはじめとする多数の砦を築いた。
- The side of Koyasan mobilized all samurai in the territories of Ito County, Naga County (Wakayama Prefecture) and Arida County and built many forts such as 'Koya seven forts' led by a strategist Hayato HASHIGUCHI.
- 特に武士間の主従関係においては利害が如実であり、不利な戦況にある武門の棟梁の下から去り、敵対勢力への鞍替えをしたり、背く場合もあった。
- As the relationship between master and vassal among samurai was highly dependent on interests, at times vassals would abandon a Bumon no toryo, if and when they came under an unfavorable situation due to a war and changed loyalty to the opponent.
- もっとも、妻敵討が行われると、本夫が寝取られたという事実を外部に明らかにする事となり、却って武士の面目が失われるという考え方もあった。
- However, when megataki uchi (revenge oneself on the adulterer) was practiced, the fact that his wife had been unfaithful was exposed to the outside world, and some people thought that it only made a samurai lose face.
- 頼信の孫・源義家が称された「武士之長者」(『中右記』)も同様の意味であり、義家の子孫(河内源氏)は特に「天下第一武勇之家」と呼ばれた。
- The term 'Bushi no choja' (leader of samurai families) used for Yorinobu's grandson MINAMOTO no Yoshiie ('Chuyuki' - diary of FUJIWARA no Munetada) had the same meaning and Yoshiie's descendant (Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan)) was specifically called 'Tenka daiichi buyu no ie' (a peerless family of bravery).
- 二つの乱により、それまで京武者のよりどころであった摂関家家政機構の中の武力は解体し、一方の北面武士は平家の一人勝ちにより機能停止する。
- The military power of the political structure of regent families where the samurai in the imperial capital of Kyoto was based, disintegrated after experiencing two wars, and the Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) terminated its function due to a single victory of Taira family.
- 一説によると、「商人の町」大阪では開きやすい腹を切るが、「武士の町」江戸では「腹を切る」ことを忌み嫌ったために背中から切るのだという。
- According to one theory in Osaka, the 'city of merchants,' the belly was split open because it could be cut easier; on the other hand, in Edo, the 'city of samurai,' 'slashing the belly' (harakiri) was considered a taboo, so that the back was slit open.
- 美術史上の価値はもちろん、当時の都市や建築を知る史料であるとともに、武士や公家から庶民までの生活が細密に書き込まれており、貴重である。
- It is not only valuable from the viewpoint of art history, but also from the viewpoint of historical material to know the city and architecture of the time, and also valuable as the picture depicts, in a elaborated manner, the life of samurai, court nobles, and common folks.
- そんな時に日本刀の「武士の魂」、神器としての精神的、宗教的価値や美術的価値がある意味現実的な力として求められたとしても不思議ではない。
- In such time, it is no wonder that 'the very soul of the samurai' of Japanese swords, the mental and religious value as sacred treasures and the artistic value are needed as realistic force, in a way.
- 神武天皇から順徳天皇までの歴史を、貴族の時代から武士の時代への転換と捕らえ、末法思想と「道理」の理念とに基づいて、仮名文で述べたもの。
- It regarded history from the Emperor Jinmu to the Emperor Juntoku as the transition from the age of aristocracy to the age of warriors, and described it in Kana-bun (publication in kana alone) based on Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) and the idea of 'Dori (Order).'
- なお、これとは別に中世の前期の頃までは、他者に対して実力による制裁権を行使できる者を公卿クラスを含めて「武士」と言い表す呼称も存在した。
- And apart from this, until the early medieval times, those who could have the right of enforcing sanctions to others on their merits, including the kugyo (the top court officials) class, were called 'bushi.'
- 例えば、国司の赴任の際に在庁官人らが椀飯を奉って歓迎の饗宴を行う慣例が行われるようになり、在庁官人から武士に椀飯の慣習が広まっていった。
- For example, local officials served oban as a welcome banquet for the newly appointed Kokushi and this custom of oban spread from local officials to the bushi (samurai) class.
- それより前の1346年(貞和2)にも、上松浦の何人かの武士が、度々足利方について戦った恩賞として、肥前国河副庄の配分をうけたことがある。
- Several bushi of Kamimatsuura received the Kawasoe no Sho Residence of Hizen Province in 1346 for a reward for fighting along side the Ashikaga several times.
- これほど規定が決まっていると創意工夫をこらす余地はほとんどなく、江戸時代中期以後、武士階級から着物の流行が生まれることは二度と無かった。
- Where the provisions were detailed as above, there was almost no room for originality and ingenuity, thus the fashion in kimono was never born from among those from the bushi class.
- これにより平時において、瞬時に人を殺傷し得る能力を持った、武士に不可欠な日本刀と剣術とを組み合わせた様式は、この時代までには確立された。
- Eventually, a style combining the Japanese sword, which was an indispensible item for the samurai and had the potential ability to kill or wound persons instantly, and Kenjutsu was established around that time.
- 平安の女性的貴族文化の時代から、中世の男性的武士社会にはいって、厚用の雁皮紙(がんぴし)が多くなり、薄様に対してこれを鳥の子紙と呼んだ。
- As the age of feminine culture of the nobility in the Heian period changed to the age of masculine society of the samurai class in the medieval times, more atsu-yo of ganpishi came to be used, called torinoko paper as opposed to usu-yo.
- As the age of feminine culture of the nobility during the Heian period changed to the age of the masculine society of the samurai class in the medieval times, more atsu-yo of ganpishi came to be used, called torinoko paper as opposed to usu-yo.
- 平安時代の末期には、第二次性徴に達し元服・裳着を迎えるにあたって女性のみならず男性貴族、平氏などの武士、大規模寺院における稚児も行った。
- In the late Heian period, not only did girls who had shown secondary sex characteristics or who had attended coming-of-age ceremony, but male nobles, Samurai in the Taira clan, and children in a festival procession in big temples or shrines also practiced tooth blackening.
- 後に、薩摩武士らは海軍の要職を占めるが、この気質をもとにドイツ等で当時の最新の砲術兵器を学び一発でしとめる名手が海軍大将などを歴任した。
- Later, Satsuma warriors held important posts in the Navy, and based on this nature, experts to defeat at the first attempt who learned the latest gunnery weapons of the day in Germany or other countries succesively held the posts including Full Admiral.
- これらを通じて、土地支配上の武士の立場は、荘官・下司として荘園領主に代わって荘園を管理するだけの立場から実質的な領主へと変化していった。
- In these conditions, the position of samurai regarding the control over land changed from being mere managers of shoen, tax collectors and subordinates to the rightful owners, to essentially supplanting the titular owners and assuming de facto control over the shoen.
- 寛平・延喜東国の乱と承平南海賊のいずれにおいても、反乱制圧・平和維持に尽力した最初期の武士たちは、十分な恩賞が与えられたとは考えなかった。
- In either of the Kanbyo Engi Togoku War and Joheinankaizoku, the samurai at the early stage who made efforts to suppress the rebellions and to maintain security did not consider their rewards sufficient.
- ただし、無礼な行為によって武士の名誉が傷つけられる事を制止するための正当防衛的な行為と認識されており、無礼を働いた事自体への処罰ではない。
- It was considered a type of justifiable defense to protect the honor of warriors and it did not mean a punishment to the insult itself.
- 俘囚が有していた狩猟技術・武芸技術は、乗馬と騎射を中心とするものであり、俘囚の戦闘技術は当時登場しつつあった武士たちへ大きな影響を与えた。
- Fushu's hunting and military arts were centered on horseback riding and Kisha (shooting an arrow while riding a horse), and thus many samurai who came to the forefront at the time were heavily influenced by the Fushu's skills in battle.
- 当時、太政官から発給された「追捕官符」を根拠に、国司が国内の武士を軍事力として編成し、「凶党」の追捕に当たるという国衙軍制が成立していた。
- Around this time, based on the 'charter to send troops' issued by the Daijokan, the kokuga military system had been established in which provincial governors formed forces with provincial samurais to hunt down and catch 'outlaws.'
- そして、城下町を形成して屋敷を与え、家臣または家臣とその妻子を住まわせることで背信を防いだり、次第に武士の土着化を防ぐようになっていった。
- Sengoku daimyo constructed castle towns, giving residences to their vassals and families inside the towns in order to prevent revolts and indigenization.
- 平安時代も末期とならない限り武士の世界において領地を与える(新恩給与)、あるいは領地の所有権を保証(本領安堵)するなどはありうべくもない。
- There was no donation of estates (shinon-kyuyo - granting of new domains) or a guaranteed ownership of the estate (honryo-ando - acknowledgment for an inherited estate) in the world of bushi until at the end of Heian period.
- 戦乱の時代に作られた刀に所有者が信じる神仏の名や真言が彫り付けてある遺例が数多く存在する事も当時の武士達の赤裸々な心情を窺わせて興味深い。
- There exist a lot of swords made during the war-torn period that are engraved with names of Shinto and Buddhist deities the owners believed in or with mantra, which interestingly reflects warriors' naked feelings.
- その後、この寺には平安時代後期の武士で後白河天皇に仕えた平康頼、平安時代後期の歌人西行、南北朝時代 (日本)の歌人頓阿などが隠棲している。
- Subsequently, the temple was used as a secluded residence of the retired like TAIRA no Yasuyori, a warrior who served Emperor Goshirakawa in the late Heian period, Saigyo, a poet in the late Heian period, and Tona, a poet in the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan).
- さらに言えば、武士身分の田堵負名は、自らの私営田を権門勢家(皇室・有力貴族・有力寺社)へ寄進して荘園とするとともに、荘官に任じられてもいた。
- In addition, some Tato fumyo with the samurai status donated their privately operated fields to kenmon seika (powerful houses and influential families) (Imperial families, powerful nobles, or powerful temples or shrines), making them manors and being appointed to shokan (the officers governing these manors).
- 軍事貴族の中でも、高位の四位に任じられた清和源氏と桓武平氏は、この時代新たに登場した武士層の棟梁、すなわち武家の棟梁と呼びうる存在であった。
- Among the military nobles, Seiwa Genji (the Minamoto clan) and Kanmu Heishi (the Taira clan), who were endowed with the high Shii (Fourth Rank), stood out as the chieftains of the warrior class, namely Buke no toryo (the leader of samurai families), that newly emerged in this period.
- 武士の概念は時代により微妙に変化しており、一言では言い表すには難しいが、各時代でも共通しているのは武装した私兵集団の構成員だという点である。
- The concept of bushi slightly varies depending on the periods and it is difficult to express it in one word, but the common theme through the periods is that they were members of a private army group of armed fighters.
- そして将軍が執事(管領)や引付頭人(内談頭人)に命じて勅裁内容を伝えるべき対象である武士に対して施行状に相当する奉書を発給した(武家執行)。
- Also, the Shogun ordered the steward (kanrei) and hikiuke tonin (chairman of the court justice) to issue a hosho (a document for informing lower-ranking people of the decision of higher-ranking people such as an emperor or shogun), which was equivalent to a shigyojo, to the samurai to whom the content of chokusai was supposed to be conveyed (buke shigyo).
- 安田元久ら、戦後初期の「武士論」は「まず在地領主ありき」であり、そして古代貴族に対立する階級としてとらえていたことがこの一文から良くわかる。
- It could be interpreted easily from this statement that the 'bushi theory' of the early post-war (post-World War II) period of Motohisa YASUDA and others considered that bushi 'was the manor lord' and a social class that stood opposed to the aristocrats.
- 彼らの統制の必要からこの権限委譲と並行して、国家から軍事警察権を委譲された軍事貴族層や武芸専門の下級官人層もまた、武士として成長していった。
- In order to govern the farmers, the government transmitted military and police power to military aristocracy and military art-specialized lower-ranking government officials, who developed into warriors (Bushi).
- 江戸時代には無官の武士の最礼装とされ、身分のある町人もこれに倣うことが多かったため、現在でも伝統芸能や祭礼などにおいて用いられることがある。
- In the Edo period, it was regarded as the utmost formal dress of the samurai without rank, because many town people with status also followed this practice, it is still used in the traditional Japanese theater and the festival and so on.
- これ以前にはいわゆる武士でなくとも成人男性が平素から帯刀していた習慣があったことは、日本人と剣術とのかかわりの深さを認識する上で重要である。
- The fact that Japanese adult males, including those who were not samurai, customarily wore a sword is an important factor in understanding the close relation between Japanese people and Kenjutsu.
- これらは武士の台頭とともに一時は衰退することになるが、新興の武家が公家文化を受容することで自らの権威付けを図る風潮が盛んになり復活していく。
- They temporarily declined with the rise of samurai, but later revived thanks to the trend where emerging samurai families sought to give themselves authority by means of accepting the court noble culture.
- 兵卒の身分は依然として武士と農民の間に位置して低かったが、功を認められれば侍や特異な例ではあるが豊臣秀吉のように大名にまで出世する者もあった。
- The low status held by ashigaru was intermediate between that of samurai and peasants but there were those such as Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI whose abilities were recognized and who rose to the rank of daimyo (feudal lord), although it was a peculiar case.
- 『葉隠』(武士)や『町人嚢』、『盲安杖』(僧侶)などはそれぞれの立場からの家職・家業を全うさせる事が社会的義務であることを説いた書物であった。
- Documents such as 'Hagakure (The Book of The Samurai' (bushi), 'Choninbukuro' 'Moanjo'(monk) encouraged people that staying and succeeding in their Kashoku/Kagyo was a societal responsibility.
- 農村では名主、庄屋が幕府・大名と農村の橋渡しとして存在し、原則的に武士は農村にいなかったとされる(地方知行制を温存した仙台藩など例外はある)。
- A headman of a village called nanushi or shoya served as a bridge between the shogunate or domain government and the agricultural community, where no samurai was considered to live in principle, (with the exception of the Sendai Domain in which the Jikatachigyo system [the direct administration of the assigned fief by a shogunate retainer who transferred there] was preserved).
- 先述のように江戸幕府は大奥での着物を事細かに規定し、それが大名家にも普及し、武士階級全体で大奥慣習に準じるようになっていった(江戸中期以降)。
- As mentioned in the above, the Edo bakufu regulated the way kimono were worn in minute detail in the O-oku, and the regulations passed on to daimyo families (feudal lord families), and finally the dress codes of the whole samurai class became pursuant to the codes and conventions of the O-oku (in and after the middle of the Edo period).
- その後、武家政治によって摂関政治は完全に消滅したかに見えたが、摂政・関白職は存続していたため、武士達は権力の拠所として摂関家を大いに利用した。
- Later, the regency seems to have disappeared due to military rule, although warriors took advantage of the regent's house as a foundation of power because the posts of regent and chancellor still remained.
- 上皇挙兵の報に鎌倉の武士は大いに動揺したが、『吾妻鏡』や『承久記』によれば北条政子が「故右大将(頼朝)の恩は山よりも高く、海よりも深いはずだ。
- News that the retired Emperor was raising an army caused great consternation among the samurai of Kamakura, but according to the 'Azuma kagami' (Mirror of the East) and the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era), Masako HOJO responded, 'The obligation we bear to the former great general of the Right (Yoritomo) is surely higher than a mountain, and deeper than the sea.
- 後に彼らの中で治安維持の武功によって勲功を得、特に承平天慶の乱で勲功を認められた者たちが中核になって武士身分が形成されていくことになるのである。
- Later, those who were distinguished because of military contributions to maintain security, especially during the Johei and Tengyo War, would become the bushi class as the core group.
- 安田元久などの旧来の学説では、在地経営が私営田経営であった平将門から平忠常の時代は、「兵」の時代であって、「武士」はその次ぎの段階であるとする。
- The former academic theory of Motohisa YASUDA referred to the period of TAIRA no Masakado when local land managing was shieiden management of TAIRA no Tadatsune during the period of 'tsuwamono' and 'bushi' was the next step.
- 治承・寿永の乱によって源頼朝が鎌倉殿となり鎌倉幕府を開くと、鎌倉殿に臣従した武士である御家人をこれまでの郡司、郷司、荘官に代えて地頭に任命した。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) as a result of the Jisho-Juei War and established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), shogunal retainers (of the Kamakura bakufu) who were samurai serving kamakura-dono were substituted for the old gunji, goji, shokan and appointed to jito (manager and lord of manor).
- 騎射は弓術の中でも最高位のものとされ、弓が戦場での主戦力でなくなって以降、泰平の江戸時代に置いても武士の表芸としてその位置付けは変わらなかった。
- Kisha was considered to be of the highest rank among archery, and it was still considered as the same as a Samurai's profession during the time of quiet in Edo period even though archery was no longer the main weapon in battle.
- 利休のわび茶は武士階層にも広まり、蒲生氏郷、細川忠興、牧村兵部、瀬田掃部、古田重然、芝山監物、高山右近ら利休七哲と呼ばれる弟子たちを生んでいく。
- The wabicha of Rikyu spread even to the samurai class, and created pupils called Rikyushichitetsu (Rikyu's Seven Adepts), which consisted of Ujisato GAMO, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, Hyobu MAKIMURA, Kamon SETA, Shigenari (Shigeteru) FURUTA, Kenmotsu SHIBAYAMA, and Ukon TAKAYAMA.
- 鎌倉時代に入ってから武家社会では急速に広まった家紋であったが、公家社会においては武士のように名を上げるために家紋を敢えて使用する必要はなかった。
- While Kamon were spreading rapidly among samurai during the Kamakura Period, Kuge did not have a need to use Kamon to boast their achievements.
- これを守り刀と呼ぶ由来は武士の社会で、刀によって魔を斬るといった意味や魔物の使いとされていた猫が光り物を嫌がるので刀を置くことが魔よけとされた。
- This is called Mamorigatana (a sword for protection) due to the implication of cutting down evil spirits with a sword in the society of the samurai class and because cats avoid shining objects which were regarded as a magic creatures.
- 正慶2年(1333年)には後醍醐が隠岐を脱出して伯耆に滞在し、自ら叛乱に参加する態度を示すとともに、広く各地の武士団に叛乱への参加を呼びかけた。
- In 1333, Godaigo escaped Oki and stayed at Hoki, indicating his wishes to directly participation the insurrection and widely made a call for participation among the armed groups around the country.
- 後白河院政期には、平治の乱と平清盛政権の登場およびその崩壊、治承・寿永の内乱の勃発、源頼朝の鎌倉幕府成立など、武士が一気に台頭する時代となった。
- The period of insei by Goshirakawa was the age in which the samurai quickly rose to power, as can be seen in the Heiji Rebellion, the entry and fall of the government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, the occurrence of Jisho Jyuei Rebellion and the establishment of Kamakura Bakufu by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, etc.
- 支配単位ごとに上は収税権をもつ朝廷、権門から在地領主として地域に根を下ろした武士などを経て、下は名主層に至る、複数者の権利が重層的にからんでいた。
- Rather, the Imperial Court, the influential who had the authority to collect taxes, warriors who lived there as local lords, as well as myoshu had multilayered interests in these lands.
- こうした古代・中世史研究の深まりとともに、農民ではなく貴族に武士のルーツを求める見方が生まれ、両者を繋ぐ概念として提起されたのが、軍事貴族である。
- A new understanding that the origin of the samurais was aristocrats instead of farmers grew as ancient and medieval studies progressed, and the concept of a military aristocracy was formed as a link between aristocrats and samurais.
- 「侍」という漢字には、元来 「貴族のそばで仕えて仕事をする」という意味があるが、武士に類する武芸を家芸とする技能官人を意味するのは日本だけである。
- The kanji (Chinese character) '侍' originally meant 'to be on hand to work for and serve an aristocrat,' and only in Japan is the word used to refer to ginou kanjin (culturally and academically accomplished palace officials) with military skills who belonged to the bushi class.
- 武士が政治的権力を持つ12世紀以前にはこうした区別は存在せず、荘務権を持つ本所に属する荘園・所領を該当する領主(公家・寺社)の「本所領」と称した。
- Before the twelfth century when bushi (warriors) came into power, there was no distinction among the estates, and shoen and shoryo belonged to honjo (owner of shoen), who has shomuken (administrative power and jurisdiction in shoen), were called 'honjo ryo' (patronage properties) of the corresponding ryoshu (estate proprietors; the court nobles, temples and shrines).
- 随員には騎馬・徒歩の武士の他、火縄銃、弓 (武器)などの足軽や道具箱や槍持ちなどの中間(人足)、草履取や医師などの大名身辺に仕える者たちが連なる。
- Attendants were consisted of warriors, horse-riding or on foot, ashigaru (common foot soldier) carrying matchlock gun or bow (arm), chugen (a rank below common soldier) (or ninsoku 〔coolie〕) carrying tool box or spear, and people who took care of daimyo such as zoritori (sandal bearer, equivalent to a batman) and doctors.
- おもな歌人として藤原俊成や武士出身の西行(俗名佐藤義清)があらわれ、『新古今和歌集』の新風形成に影響を与え、中世和歌の形成に大きな役割を果たした。
- Famous waka poets such as FUJIWARA no Toshinari or Saigyo (secular name Norikiyo SATO) who was originally a samurai appeared and facilitated to develop a new style in 'Shinkokin Wakashu' (New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry); they played a big role to develop waka during the medieval period.
- このことから、戦後第一世代の研究者は、この領主と「武士団」の、領地を媒介とした重層的結合関係と、そこに至たる社会経済・地方経済の成熟を重要視した。
- From this, researchers of the first generation born after World War II focused greatly on multilayered combination relationships between manor lords and 'bushidan' as well as the growth of social and district economics mediated by the estate that led to it.
- それに比べて禅宗の精進料理は、菜食であるが、味がしっかりとしており、身体を酷使して塩分を欲する武士や庶民にも満足のいく濃度の味付けがなされていた。
- On the contrary, Shojin ryori of the Zen sect, although their ingredients were vegetable in origin, had strong taste and warriors and ordinary people who had to drive themselves and needed to take supplemental salt, were satisfied with such strong tastes.
- 三代目陶作の頃になると、茶の湯が一般武士から堂上、公家、町衆に広まっていき、宇治茶栽培もますます盛んになり、宇治茶は高値で取引されるようになった。
- During the period of third generation Tosaku, when the custom of tea ceremony spread widely from the general warrior class to donoue (high rank couriers), and kuge (court nobles) classes and also to the townsmen, Uji cha plantations became increasingly productive and Uji cha was traded at high prices.
- 姦通が表沙汰になった際の女敵討は武士にとっては義務であったが、たとえ達成しても名誉にはならないため、表沙汰にせずに内々で示談にするケースも多かった。
- Megatakiuchi was the duty of a samurai once the adultery came to light, but since it did no one any great credit even when Megatakiuchi was achieved, such cases were often settled in private without being made public.
- しかしながら、1960年代に戸田芳実や石井進 (歴史学者)らによる国衙機構に関する研究が進展すると、武士の起源武装農民説はもはや成立し得なくなった。
- However, as research about the kokuga system was advanced by Yoshimi TODA and Susumu ISHII (each of them a historian) in the 1960s, it became impossible to consider that samurai originated in armed farmers.
- 当初の鎌倉幕府は東国を中心に成立した鎌倉殿を主宰者とする武士を首班とした地方政権であり、承久の乱後、全国政権へと飛躍し、権力を拡大させたものである。
- The Kamakura Bakufu was originally a local government headed by the Kamakura-dono founded in the Tokoku region which presided over the samurai but rapidly developed throughout the nation and expanded its power following the Jokyu War.
- 家臣に領地を与え、または本領安堵をし土地支配権を認める知行制に替えて、武士の給与を俸禄制とし、大名の土地支配権を大名が一括して担う傾向が強くなった。
- Daimyo adopted a horoku (salary) system in place of the chigyo system (a system under which vassals were entitled and given the right to rule the land) and monopolized the right to rule the land.
- 武芸十八般とは、元は江戸時代初期に中国から伝わった言葉であるが、江戸時代の日本の武家階級において武士が修得すべきとされた18種類の武技の総称である。
- Bugei Juhappan is the term that was originally introduced into Japan from China during the early Edo period, and has become the generic name which referred to the eighteen kinds of bugi all of which samurai were required to master in the Japanese bushi class of the Edo period.
- 武士が戦うための技芸であった武芸,兵法を基に、室町時代の終わり頃から剣術や柔術、槍術、弓術、砲術などがそれぞれ様々な流派として技術化、体系化された。
- Based on bugei (a military art) or hyoho (an art of warfare) which had been a practical art for samurai (warriors) to fight with, since around the end of the Muromachi period, kenjutsu (swordplay), jujutsu (classical Japanese martial art, usually referring to fighting without a weapon), sojutsu (the art of spearmanship), kyujutsu (the art of Japanese archery), hojutsu (gunnery), etc. have been evolved technically and systematized as various schools respectively.
- 武士気質で素朴かつ豪放な芸風で、大名(津軽藩、仙台藩、水戸藩、彦根藩(井伊氏)、紀州藩、広島藩、松山藩、福岡藩、熊本藩(細川氏)等)にも採用された。
- Their performance style was described as 'samurai-fashioned,' 'simple,' and 'dynamic,' and their style was adopted by daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) in many domains such as the Tsugaru Domain, the Sendai Domain, the Mito Domain, the Hikone Domain (the Ii family), the Kishu Domain, the Hiroshima Domain, the Matsuyama Domain, the Fukuoka Domain, and the Kumamoto Domain (the Hosokawa family).
- 清盛はその経済力・軍事力を背景に朝廷における武家の地位を確立して、永暦元年(1160年)、参議に任命され、武士で初めて公卿(議政官)の地位に就いた。
- With the weight of the Taira's great economic and military might behind him, Kiyomori firmly established the (high) position of the warrior clans at court; in 1160 he was named Sangi (councillor), marking the first time a warrior had been raised to such a high and lordly (Giseikan) rank at court.
- また、国内で紛争が発生した場合、臨時の国単位の軍事司令官たる追捕使・押領使などに任命され、国内武士を統率して国内の治安維持に当たる武力として機能した。
- And in the case of domestic conflicts, zaichokanjin were temporarily appointed as military officers of kokuga units called 'tsuibushi' or 'oryoshi' and functioned as the military forces that provided leadership over domestic bushis in order to maintain security.
- また、名主は、畿内周辺では農業経営に携わる有力百姓としての性格が強かったが、その他の地域では豪族的な者もおり、特に関東では武士の郎党的な者も多かった。
- In Kinai (areas around Kyoto and Osaka), myoshu were mostly influential farmers who were themselves engaged in farming, but in other areas, especially in Kanto regions (region including Tokyo), retainers of warrior class were often included among myoshu.
- そこで受領は荘園への対抗手段として、主に軍事的に対応能力を有する武士身分の田堵負名に公領の経営と治安維持を委任することで、公領の維持を図ったのである。
- Consequently, as a measure against manors, zuryo entrusted the management of koryo and security duty mostly to the Tato fumyo with the samurai status who had military abilities, to maintain koryo.
- だが、後世に入ると武士や商人・農民など身分それぞれの必要に合わせた知識や慣習を盛り込んだものや習字用の「字尽し」など書簡形式をとらないものが著された。
- In later years, some oraimono were composed of knowledge and customs necessary for each social status, such as samurai, merchants and farmers, while 'Jizukushi,' which were not in the form of correspondence, were compiled for calligraphy practice.
- 城内は『梟の城梟の城 owl’s castle』、『武士の一分』、『大奥 (映画)』など数多くの映画や、テレビドラマのロケ地として頻繁に使われている。
- The area inside the castle is often used as a location site for many movies such as 'Fukuro no shiro (Owls' Castle),' 'Bushi no ichibu (Love and Honor)' and O-oku, and for many TV dramas.
- 近衛府、兵衛府は形骸化し、実際には衛門府と、左衛門尉が兼任する検非違使、馬寮、そして滝口、武者所、院政期においては北面下臈(いわゆる北面武士)である。
- Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) and Hyoe-fu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards) fell to ruins and they were Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards), Saemon no jo (third-ranking officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) that had additional duties of kebiishi, meryo, Takiguchi, Mushadokoro (place where Samurai of guard of the Imperial Palace is staffed), and hokumen gero (北面下臈)(or so called Northern bushi) during insei period (during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor).
- 明治維新以前は、弓を引くことは一部の例外を除いて武士階級のみが許されていたが、維新後は一般庶民でも弓が引けるようになり、急速に遊戯化・娯楽化が進んだ。
- Until the Meiji Restoration, with some exceptions, only members of the samurai class were allowed to draw bows, but after the restoration the common people were allowed to draw bows, and it rapidly became a game or an amusement.
- 「追捕官符」に基づき、一国棟梁たる軍事貴族らは家人である武士団(田堵負名層(在地領主層))を率いて謀叛や蜂起を鎮圧すると、軍事貴族自らも恩賞を獲得した。
- Suppressing revolts and rebellions by leading their private warrior bands (whose constituents were the Tato fumyo class who were also local lords) under 'tsuibu kanpu,' the military nobles earned rewards.
- ただし、武装集団である武士社会の行動原理に、現代社会ではヤクザなどの暴力団組織に特徴的に認められる行動原理が無視できないほど共通しているのも確かである。
- It is certain that the behavioral principle of bushi society, which were an armed group, is significantly similar to the behavioral principle which is characteristically seen in a gangster organization like yakuza and so on in modern society.
- 朝廷の側に立ち、反乱側に立った自らと同じ原初の武士達を倒して同乱の鎮圧に勲功のあった者の家系は、承平天慶勲功者、すなわち正当なる武芸の家系と認識された。
- Warriors who took the side of the Court and fought against those in the same social class in order to suppress the war, were recognized as performing a deed of valor and thus were also considered as being a proper warrior line.
- その時代には、「一揆は強者たる武士からの抑圧に対する、弱者たる民衆の決死の反抗であり、平等意識のもとで強固な団結力を持っていた」とみなす一揆観があった。
- A view of ikki in that period asserts that ikki was a do-or-die rebellion among the commoners, or the weak, against suppression by samurai warriors (the strong), and the ikki had strong solidarity under the consciousness of equality.
- 荘官、郡司、郷司、保司は荘園公領間の武力抗争に耐えうる人物が期待されるようになり、古来の郡司一族が失脚して武士がその任に当てられることが多くなっていく。
- Shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji were expected to be someone who could tolerate the armed conflicts between shoen and koryo, and there were increasing numbers of cases where the gunji families from the ancient times were overthrown and replaced by samurai to be appointed to the positions.
- この時代の武士特有の活動に戦闘があり、また客を迎えてもてなす接客や対面の行事もあったため従来どおりの寝殿造では対応しきれないところがあったとされている。
- Traditional shinden-zukuri style could not fill the needs of the samurai of this era because of typical samurai activity such as fighting, entertaining guests and taimen events (meetings to confirm the relationship between lord and retainer).
- 尊氏は、天皇から離反しなかった武士で最強の軍事力を持っていた武者所所司(長官)の新田義貞を君側の奸であると主張し、その討伐を後醍醐天皇に対して要請する。
- Takauji next insisted that Yoshisada NITTA, shoji (chief) of the mushadokoro (the Imperial bodyguards) and the one who possessed the greatest military strength of all the samurai not yet estranged from the Emperor, was only pretending to support the Emperor and was secretly plotting against him, requesting that Emperor Godaigo let him suppress Yoshisada.
- 武芸を職能とする下級貴族もまた、「兵(つわもの)の家」として武芸に特化した家柄を形成し、その中から軍事貴族という成立期武士の中核的な存在が登場していった。
- On the other hand, lower-ranked nobles whose function was to be skilled in the military arts had also developed their own family characteristics specialized in the military arts, and such families were called 'tsuwamono no ie' (literally, 'soldier family'). Subsequently, some of such families began to play a key role as the military elite at the dawn of samurai.
- そして、近世城下町発展の最大の功労者は織田信長で、本格的な兵農分離を意図し武士を城下に集住させるとともに、市街に楽市楽座を設けて商工業の発達を活発にした。
- The most important person in relation to the development of jokamachi in the early-modern times was Nobunaga ODA, and with the idea of serious heinobunri in mind, he gathered bushi (warriors) near his castle and established Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) in the city areas to stimulate the development of commerce and trade.
- そのため、幕府の支配権の及ぶ範囲は主として頼朝傘下の武士に限られ、少なくとも承久の乱までは朝廷側勢力(権門勢家)の支配権を侵害しないことを原則としていた。
- Thus, the extent of the bakufu's control was limited mainly to the samurai under Yoritomo and, in principle, at least until Jokyu War, it did not infringe on the control of Imperial Court forces (the great and powerful).
- さらに平和な江戸時代においては武術として、武士の教養と化した「砲術」と百姓の害獣駆除のため猟銃として量産された火縄銃はより洗練された形で命中にこだわった。
- Furthermore, in the pacific Edo period, matchlocks were mass-produced for 'gunnery,' a part of martial arts that became an education for samurai warriors and for hunting to exterminate mammalian pests, therefore the accuracy rate was valued in a sophisticated way.
- 相模国の武士の代表として見られていた鎌倉景政(景政)、三浦の平太郎為次にしても、おそらくは親の代からの京武者コネクションによる参加と見てもおかしくはない。
- Kagemasa KAMAKURA (Kagemasa) and Heitaro-tametsugu of Miura viewed as the representatives of the Sagami Province may have participated due to the connection they had with samurai in Kyoto from their parents' generation.
- 吉田兼好の『徒然草』には貴族風の花見とそうでない田舎ぶりの花見の違いが説かれており、室町時代初期には地方の武士階級にも花見の宴は行われていたことが伺える。
- Kenko YOSHIDA explained the difference between a noble-style hanami and a countryside style hanami in 'Tsurezure Gusa' (the Essays in Idleness), and it is learnt that even the local samurai warrior society was enjoying a hanami feast in the early Muromachi period.
- 講談 - 武士、男性社会、エラい人の物語、タテマエ、演者と客との心理的距離の遠さ、公式的見解、無矛盾性、地の文による客観的描写、語りのテンポと歯切れを重視
- Kodan features: samurai, male-dominated society, stories on great people, public stances, psychologically great distance between the performer and the audience, official views, consistency, objective depiction in descriptive texts, and emphasis on tempo of narrative.
- しかし、戦国大名による権力の一元化が進んだ戦国時代 (日本)になると在地の武士たちは城下町へ集住させられるようになり、堀之内・土居は次第に消滅していった。
- However, in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), when authority was unified by the influential daimyo (Japanese territorial lord), samurai who had lived in their own town were obliged to live in a group in a castle town established by their lord, with the result that Horinouchi and Doi were gradually extinguished.
- 鎌倉幕府による地頭の任命は、承久の乱後、当初の関東御分国や平氏没官領、謀反人領のみから、後鳥羽天皇方につき没収された貴族・武士の所領に拡大した(新補地頭)。
- After the Jokyu War, the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed jito in the confiscated territory of court nobles/samurai who had sided with the Emperor Gotoba (shinpo-jito (newly appointed jito)), in addition to the provincial territories that belonged to the Kamakura Bakufu and the confiscated territories of the Taira clan and/or rebels where it had appointed jito earlier.
- それまでの歴史から後鳥羽は、ほどなく義時が討ち取られ、関東武士たちも帰順すると見込んでいたが、幕府側は、頼朝以来の御恩を訴え、御家人の大多数を味方につけた。
- Considering the history so far, Gotoba expected that Yoshitoki would soon be killed and that the Kanto Samurai Group would submit, but the bakufu faction called in its favors since the time of Yoritomo and allied with the majority of gokenin.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)になると、各国の中小武士団は新たな源氏の棟梁、足利氏のほか、半済令以後勢力を蓄えた守護大名、南朝、北朝方の有力武家らに所領安堵を求めた。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), small and medium samurai warrior band in provinces asked not only the new head of the government, the Genji-descent Ashikaga clan, but also the territorial lord as provincial constable, which had increased its influence after the order allowing military governors or Shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund was issued, and influential samurai families on the side of the Southern Court or the Northern Court for recognition and gurantee of the ownership of their lands.
- ウンシュウミカンは当初「長島蜜柑」「唐蜜柑」等と呼ばれていたが、種子を生じない性質から武士の世に在っては縁起が悪いとされ、ほとんど栽培されることはなかった。
- Unshu mikan was called 'Nagashima mikan' or 'Tau mikan' at first, however, its seedless trait was hated at the time of samurai rule as ill-omened, and was scarcely grown.
- その世相の中、一部の弓術家らは各々自宅道場を開く等、根強く弓術の存続に力を注ぎ、やがて武士道の再認識がされるなど次第に庶民の間で武術・武道が見直され初めた。
- In spite of such this, some Kyujutsu-ka stove greatly to survive and opened training halls in each house, so that martial arts began to be revalued gradually among the common people, and this included a revaluation of Bushido (the spirit of the samurai).
- 武士は、一般に「武芸に通じ、戦闘を職業とする軍人、あるいは兵法家のこと」とされるが、これだけでは平安時代以前の律令制体制下の「武官」との違いがはっきりしない。
- Generally, bushi refers to 'a service member who is a master of military art and battle or a military strategist,' but by this definition, the difference between the 'military officer' under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) before the Heian period and the bushi is not clear.
- 日本の武士は、当初は名乗りをあげての一騎打ちや、少人数での先駆けを試みたため一方的に損害を受けたが、昼頃には集団戦術に対応、また増援の到着により反撃に転じた。
- Japanese samurai, in the beginning, suffered damage unilaterally because they tried to fight one to one declaring their names, or led attacks in a small group, but around noon they organized themselves to fight with a large number of soldiers, and following the arrival of reinforcements, started to counterattack.
- 即ち、地方武士の多くは自己保存のために利害を共有できる権威・権力者と複数の主従関係を持つことで、独立と自己保存、そして勢力拡大の機会を獲得していったのである。
- In other words, many local samurai managed to secure independence, survival and opportunities to expand their territory by establishing multiple relationships with powerful and influential individuals who shared mutual interests.
- 幕末のベストセラー、『北斎漫画』は特に有名で、この中には鼻息を表す線が描かれるなど、「漫符」の古い形が既に見られるほか、公家や武士を諷刺する絵が含まれている。
- A best-selling book at the end of Edo period 'Hokusai Manga' was particularly famous and it contained the old form of 'manpu' such as a line depicting nasal breathing and caricatures of court nobles and samurai.
- 例えば武士や名主クラスの農家では、床の間などを造ることが許されたが、庶民が床の間を造ることや瓦葺屋根にすることなどは贅沢だとして禁止されることが一般的だった。
- For example, samurai and farmers in the nanushi (village headman) class were permitted to provide tokonoma (alcove in a traditional Japanese room where art or flowers are displayed), but the common people were generally prohibited from providing tokonoma and tiled roofs, because they were too extravagant for the common people.
- 東北地方の「鷹使い」の起源は明らかでなく、幕末以前に遡る見方もあるが、用具とその名称に共通・類似するものがあることから、武士の鷹狩が土着化したものと見られる。
- The origin of 'hawker' in the Tohoku Region is not clear, although some people guess that it started before the Meiji Period, and it seems that Taka-gari practiced by warriors was indigenized because both have common or similar equipment and names.
- 幕府の役所の下役で一代限り雇用名目の者達のうち、与力は本来は寄騎、つまり戦のたびに臨時の主従関係を結ぶ武士に由来する騎馬戦士身分で「侍」、同心は「徒士」である。
- Among those who worked under the bakufu's office and were nominally hired only in one generation, the '与力' (yoriki, a police sergeant) was originally '寄騎' (yoriki, lower-ranked samurai), that is, they were in the class of cavalry warriors who came from the bushi who established a temporal master-subordinate relationship every time war happened and were 'samurai,' and doshin (a police constable) were 'kachi.'
- 源氏武士団を形成した源満仲の子の源頼光は、本拠地の摂津国川辺郡 (兵庫県)多田(現・兵庫県川西市多田)の地を相続し、大内守護(内裏警備、天皇護衛)の任に就いた。
- MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu--the son of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, founding father of the Minamoto clan warrior group--inherited the family's power base of Tada in Kawabe County of Settsu Province (modern-day Tada in Kawanishi City of Hyogo Prefecture), and was appointed the Ouchi shugo ('Protector of the Great Palace,' in charge of guarding the Imperial Palace and the Emperor).
- 一ノ谷の戦い以降、源範頼以下主な鎌倉武士は帰東しており、またこの反乱の最中の8月8日に、範頼は平氏追討のために鎌倉を出立し、9月1日に京から西海へ向かっている。
- After the Battle of Ichinotani, MINAMOTO no Noriyori and the main body of the Kamakura warriors had returned to the East, but on September 21, in the midst of this rebellion, Noriyori again left Kamakura and, on October 22, headed from Kyoto for Saikai (the provinces on the western seacoast) to search out and kill the Taira clan.
- 三浦義澄は義平の叔父、上総介広常は義朝を養君として擁立していた上総氏の嫡子、山内首藤氏は源氏譜代の家人であり、いずれも義朝と個人的に深い関係を有する武士である。
- Yoshizumi MIURA was Yoshihira's uncle while Hidetsune KAZUSANOSUKE was the heir of the Kazusa clan, who backed Yoshitomo, having adopted him as their liege lord, and the Yamanouchi-Sudo clan had been vassals of the Minamoto for many generations, meaning that all of these warriors had close personal relationships with Yoshitomo.
- また、武士などの諸大夫、侍クラスの家の家芸は親から子へ幼少時からの英才教育で伝えられると共に、能力を見込んだ者を弟子や郎党にして伝授し、優秀であれば養子に迎えた。
- And the iegei of a family in a shodaibu or samurai class such as bushi was inherited from parent to child from the cradle by special education, or was inherited to those who were accepted as having the talent and became disciples or roto (retainer), and if they were excellent they were adopted.
- 今回の襲撃は法皇自らが戦意を持って兵を集め、義仲もまた法皇を攻撃対象とし、院を守護する官軍が武士により完膚なきまでに叩き潰されたと言う点でかつてないものであった。
- The attack this time was unprecedented in that the cloistered emperor with a will to fight gathered soldiers himself while Yoshinaka made the cloistered emperor the target of attack, and that the Imperial army guarding the cloistered emperor was knocked to smithereens.
- しかし、徳川幕府はもともと武士の争乱の末に政権を奪取しており、「王道」に反する「覇道」にあたるから、朱子学による幕府の正統化の論理は、最初から矛盾をはらんでいた。
- However, the Tokugawa shogunate originally came to power at the end of years of battles among military families and the shogunate corresponded to the 'military government' which was contrary to 'righteous government', therefore the logic for justifying the Tokugawa shogunate was filled with contradiction from the beginning.
- その中で力を持ちすぎた者が中央政府である朝廷に謀反人と見なされ、中央から派遣された軍隊(実際には、これも武士たちである)によって討たれる事件が起こるようになった。
- Some of these samurai had so much power that they got killed by the army dispatched by the central government, the Imperial Court (but actually the army consisted of other samurai) for the charge of muhon.
- この名主、庄屋は昔から土地を所有している有力農民や土着した武士の末裔などがなる場合が多く、苗字帯刀あるいは諸役御免の特権を持つ者や郷士に列せられるものも多かった。
- The above-mentioned headmen (nanushi or shoya) were often rich farmers who had owned their own land for a long time, or descendants of samurai who had settled there, and many of them were privileged to adopt a surname and wear a sword and excused from various levies and taxes as well as titled as country samurai (goshi).
- その特種な存在であった千葉氏や、鎌倉権五郎景正の一族ら、辺境軍事貴族の子孫達が絡む、例えば大庭御厨の事件にしても、武士同士の戦乱とはほど遠い小競り合いにすぎない。
- It was just a small fight, far from a quarrel, between samurai in the case of the Chiba clan of a special existence, the clan of Gongoro kagemasa KAMAKURA, descendants of frontier military aristocracy, and even in the incident of Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch).
- 四つ弽は堅帽子のみだが、諸弽は、騎射用の(昔の武士が付けていたものと同じ)角のないものと帽子が入ったものと二つある(諸弽は基本的に、小笠原流の人のみが使用する)。
- There is only kataboshi for Yotsugake, but Morogake comes in a type without a tsuno for Kisha (being the same type that the samurai wore) and ones with boshi inside (Morogake is basically used only by people in the Ogasawara school).
- また、兜の前頭部に位置する前立(まえだて)にイセエビを模したものがあるように、イセエビが太く長い触角を振り立てる様や姿形が鎧をまとった勇猛果敢な武士を連想させる。
- Also, as some of the kabuto (helmet) wear decoration likened to Ise ebi's long antennae in front of them, the appearance of Ise ebi with their thick and long antenna sticking out suggests brave samurai.
- 平安中期ごろ、特に東国の発祥当初の武士層の間で、朝廷との関係において名乗る姓名とは別に、自らの所領(名:みょう)に通称名(字:あざな)を並べる通称が広まっていった。
- In the mid-Heian period, besides a full name used at the Imperial Court, the use of a pseudonym containing a domain name (myo) followed by a nickname (azana) became popular especially among early samurai warriors who were originally from the eastern provinces.
- かくして、蔵米知行制に転換した諸藩にあって、本来であれば、知行を与えられる格式を持つ武士に対して、給人という呼称や、給人という格式の家格を、栄誉的に与えたのである。
- Thus, in the domains in which the system had been converted into the kuramaichigyo, the samurai who had status which would have been enforced in the conventional system were honorably granted the designation of kyujin or a social status of Kakaku (family status) of kyujin.
- 元来は有力貴族や諸大夫に仕える位階六位どまりの下級技能官人層(侍品さむらいほん)を指すが、次第にその中でも武芸を職能とする技能官人である武士を指すことが多くなった。
- Originally, this was a term for the class of low-ranking technical palace officials up to the sixth rank who worked for aristocracy and Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo), but eventually was used to define the bushi, who were technical palace officials with military skills.
- 大名屋敷が再建され、参勤交代のために多くの武士が滞在するようになると、彼らの生活を支えるため江戸の町は急速に復興するが、もはや外堀内の江戸の町は狭すぎる状態だった。
- The town of Edo recovered as daimyo reconstructed their residences and as an ever increasing number of samurai migrated to the city in accordance to the Sankinkotai system, the town of Edo rapidly recovered to support their needs; but in practical terms, the town of Edo could not longer be contained within its outer moat.
- 旧幕府側の武士を中心として明治政府から独立した政権を模索し蝦夷共和国の樹立を宣言するが箱館戦争で、翌明治2年(1869年)5月新政府軍に降伏し、戊辰戦争が終結した。
- Enomoto wanted to form a new state independent from the newly formed Meiji government and based around samurai from the previous bakufu regime, and declared that the Republic of Ezo was established, but lost the Battle of Hakodate, surrendering to the government in May 1869 and ending the Boshin War.
- 定説では、日本の武士は名乗りを上げての一騎打ちしか戦い方を知らず一方的に敗退したが、幸運にも暴風雨、いわゆる神風が起きて、元の船団はその夜のうちに撤退したとされる。
- The well accepted theory says that Japanese samurai easily lost, because the only fighting method they knew was one to one battle by declaring their names, but fortunately the Yuan fleet was forced to withdraw within that night because of a storm, the so-called Kamikaze (divine wind).
- 寛文7年(1667年)の近江国甲賀武士が奉行に差し出した書状には、甲賀21家が援軍として駆け付け、夜襲・焼き討ちにより、鵜殿藤太郎の首を討ち取った武功について記載。
- The letter sent from Koga bushi in Omi Province to the bugyo (magistrate) in 1667 describes the achievement of Koganijuikke (twenty one families of Koga school) that they came as support arms and decapitated Totaro UDONO by night raid and fire-setting.
- 江戸時代、太平の世にあって弓矢が武器としての役割を後退させる中で、武射系統も礼法を摂取することにより文武の両側面は融合し、弓術は武士階級に必須の武芸となっていった。
- In the peaceful Edo Period when the bow and arrow declined as the role of a weapon, the lineage of the Busha group incorporated rules of decorum so that both aspects of Bunsha and Busha were combined and Kyuju became the essential military art for the Samurai hierarchy.
- また、安芸国の小早川氏、伊予国の越智氏や河野氏、三浦半島の三浦氏、津軽地方の安東氏などは、陸の武士であると同時に支配下の沿海土豪からなる水軍を擁した海賊衆でもあった。
- And the Kobayakawa clan in Aki Province, the Ochi and Kono clan in Iyo Province, the Miura clan in the Miura Peninsula and Ando clan in Tsugaru region were not only samurai on land, but also Kaizoku shu (pirates) that held suigun navies made up of coastal local ruling clans.
- 馬の中のごく一部がそれに堪えられたとすれば、武士という一握りの特種技能集団が成立し得る条件を備えているのは、関東においてはそもそもが馬の牧場を意味する「牧」であった。
- The 'maki' (pasture for horses and cattle, written as '牧') was originally defined as a horse farm (written as 牧場) in Kanto region and provided the condition where a handful of bushi with special units could formalize if only a few of those horses could stand training.
- 平安仏教が貴族仏教であったのにたいして、鎌倉新仏教はあらたに台頭してきた武士階級(特に臨済宗・曹洞宗)や一般庶民へと広がっていった(浄土宗・浄土真宗・時宗・日蓮宗)。
- Although Heian Bukkyo (Buddhism in the Heian period) had been for court nobles, Kamakura New Buddhism spread among newly rising samurai class (especially, the Rinzai sect and the Soto sect) and among the common people (especially, the Jodo sect, the Jodoshin sect, the Ji sect and the Nichiren sect).
- やがて、源頼朝によって幕府が開かれて全国の武士団を統率するようになると、鎌倉幕府が朝廷より社会秩序を維持する検断権が委ねられるようになる(「文治勅許」・「建久新制」)。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu to head samurai groups in Japan, the Imperial Court granted the bakufu the right to judge criminal cases, for the maintenance of the social order (with 'Bunji Imperial permission' and 'Kenkyu law reconstitution').
- 下級武士や知識人階級を中心に、「鎖国は日本開闢以来の祖法」であるという説に反したとされた、その外交政策に猛烈に反発する世論が沸き起こり、「攘夷」運動として朝野を圧した。
- The public opinion of foreign exclusionism among low-ranking samurai and intellectuals in particular overwhelmed all over Japan, insisting furiously that the national seclusion had been the fundamental law since the dawn of Japanese history and the opening up of the country was against it.
- 複数の郡、荘園にまたがる広大な領地を知行する「豪族的領主」は、その下に郡や別府の郷、そして荘園、更にその下の村郷に支配が及び、それぞれの段階が小規模な「武士団」である。
- The 'gozoku-style lord' that owned a great estate that spanned over multiple counties and manors also ruled over counties, villages of beppu, manors and villages under it and each step consisted of small 'bushidan.'
- これは地方の領主達にとって負担も確かに大きいものの、一方で「ハレ」の場であり、中央の勢力とのコネクションを得る為にもと意気込み、それがまた「武士身分の獲得」ともなった。
- While it proved to be a heavy burden for district lords, it was the place of 'hare' (the non-ordinary space and time of ceremonies), and they were eager to obtain power and connections of the central government, and also attain the 'establishment of samurai social status.'
- 鯉幟は、雨の中でもコイが天に昇って竜になることにあやかって、江戸時代に武士の子弟が出世できることを願い、梅雨の季節である当時の暦の5月 (旧暦)に、掲げるものであった。
- The origin of Koi-nobori is based on an old story that carp would grow to become dragons after ascending to heaven even in the rain, so samurai families flew the Koi-nobori in May, a rainy season, of the calendar of that time in hopes of the success of their son's careers in the Edo period.
- 武士が国家の中心勢力としての地位を確立するにいたって、日本は大陸の儒教文化圏からは異なった、古武道と為政者がその習得を行うことに上位の価値を認める文化の形成を開始した。
- As the samurai class established its status as the core power of the nation, Japan began seceding from the Confucian cultural sphere and forming its own unique culture under which the ruler highly valued Kobudo and its training.
- 平和な時代が続き、庶民が次第に力を蓄え武士以上の豪奢な着物を着用するようになると、江戸幕府は士農工商身分確定のために躍起となって次々と禁令を発したのは先述の通りである。
- As aforementioned, common folks were gradually empowered as peace continued, some of them wore more gorgeous kimono than the bushi class, Edo bakufu shogunate tried vehemently to ban luxurious kimono one after another in order to fix class distinctions.
- しかし、薩摩武士が帯刀していた薩摩拵なる1.3倍程度長大な刀は、一度振り下ろすと次に構えるまで間があいてしまい、そのため一発目でしとめるいわゆる示現流の流派が流行った。
- However, a sword which is 1.3 times longer, called Satsuma Koshirae (fittings), and belted on by Satsuma warriors, required some time to poise before once bringing it down, and the so-called Jigenryu style to defeat at the first attempt became popular.
- そのうちの1人である源頼朝は、6月末頃から河内源氏累代の家人とされる相模・伊豆・武蔵の武士団への呼びかけを始めて、8月17日には、伊豆在住の山木兼隆を襲撃して殺害する。
- One of them, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, from near the end of June started to call to bushi groups in Sagami, Izu and Musashi that were traditionally vassals of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), and attacked and killed Kanetaka YAMAKI, who lived in Izu, on August 17.
- 戦国時代には戦国大名の一部は自身の居城の城下町に服属した武士を集めるようになり、豊臣秀吉が大坂城・聚楽第・伏見城で支配下に服した大名に屋敷を与え、そこに妻子を住まわせた。
- During the Sengoku Period, some Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) allowed their subjects to reside in their castle towns and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI set up the residences near Osaka Castle, Jurakudai, Fushimi Castle for his subjects and their families.
- 続いて行われた検地・刀狩も、その目的には兵農分離、すなわち体制の一部として天下人に従う武士と、単なる被支配者である農民とに国人・地侍を分離し、解体することが含まれていた。
- The following land survey and Sword Hunt included the aims of heinobunri, that is, the separation and dissolution of kokujin and jizamurai into the warrior class who followed tenkabito as a part of the framework and the farmers who were merely ruled.
- こうして「武士団」を「中世封建社会の担い手となる在地領主層を中核とする戦闘的権力組織で、内部構造としては、主従的な、階層関係(ヒエラルヒー)が認められるもの」と規程する。
- This type of 'bushidan' was 'a militarily ruled society that was centralized around estate owners supporting medieval feudal society, centrally formed on a master and servant hierarchical relationship.'
- 江戸時代初期に安楽庵策伝は「醒睡笑」に、武士(もののふ)のやばせの舟は早くとも急がば廻れ瀬田の長橋という連歌師の宗長の歌から急がば回れのことわざがうまれたと紹介している。
- In the early Edo period, Sakuden ANRAKUEN noted that the proverb 'Isogaba Maware (Make haste slowly)' was derived from a renga (collaborative poetry) included in 'Seisuisho,' 'Mononofu no Yabase no fune wa hayakutomo Isogaba Maware Seta no Naga-bashi,' which was written by a poet Socho.
- 宇陀紙は、吉野ので漉かれた杉原紙(中世の武士社会に最も流通した中葉の楮紙で、本家播磨の杉原紙を各地で模造した)を源としており、江戸でも多く流通し江戸からかみに用いられた。
- Uda-gami originates from the Sugihara-gami (Sugihara paper) (a moderately thin kozo paper which was distributed mostly in the samurai society in medieval times and imitated the Sugihara-gami of the originator in the Harima Province), and was distributed greatly in Edo and used for Edo karakami.
- 確かに源平藤橘といった貴族を起源とする武士や技術としての武芸については説明ができるが、彼らの職能を支える経済的基盤としての所領や人的基盤としての主従関係への説明が弱すぎる。
- Certainly the bushi who originated from the aristocrats such as genpeitokitsu (shortened expression of four major families) or the military arts as a technique can be explained, but the explanation of the shoryo as economic base which supported their samurai function or the master-subordinate relationship as a human base is too weak.
- 刀剣・武具も日本美術の伝統を考えるうえで軽視できない存在であり、「武士の魂」と称され神聖視されている刀剣はその外装や小道具のみならず、刀身自体が美的鑑賞の対象となっている。
- Swords and arms cannot be disdained in the tradition of Japanese art, and especially swords have been sanctified as the soul of samurai, so that the exterior ornament, the attached tools, and the blade itself become appreciated as a symbol of beauty.
- 院政期文化は総じて、貴族の文化的関心が都での現実生活から、地方、庶民、過去(歴史)へと向かう傾向が顕著であり、また、武士・庶民文化の萌芽もみられる点を大きな特色としている。
- In general, Insei period culture was significantly characterized by the tendency for cultural interests of court nobles to be shifted from life in Kyoto to local regions, common people, past (history), and the eruption of samurai and popular culture.
- 検非違使別当・平時忠の「要求を聞き入れるなら速やかに受諾し、聞き入れないのなら武士を派遣して大衆を追い払うべきだ」という進言により、夜に入って法住寺殿で公卿議定が開かれた。
- After the proposal of Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) TAIRA no Tokitada, 'if the claim is accepted, accept it promptly, otherwise send samurai to expel the daishu,' Kugyo-gijo (meeting to form decisions by nobles) was held in the Hojuji-dono Palace at night.
- 下級の武士や町人においては次第にこれが礼装もしくは最礼装として扱われるようになり、明治の勲章着用規定によって男子の第一礼装の際に紋付小袖を用いることが定められるにいたった。
- And montsuki kosode began to be worn as the formal - sometimes the most formal - attire among low-level samurai and merchants, and finally during the Meiji period it was established as the top formal attire in the provision for wearing decorations.
- 香典が金銭に代わり、食料がその副物として簡単な供物に代わっていくのは、武士階層では室町時代、一般庶民では明治時代以後、一部農村部では戦後に入ってからのことと考えられている。
- It is thought that it was in the Muromachi period that money started to be offered as koden together with a simple offering instead of foods for the Samurai class, but it was in or after the Meiji period, and even after World War II in some rural areas, that the same thing happened for ordinary people.
- 日付が変わって26日丑刻(午前2時)、大宮二条で火災が起こり武士が気を取られた隙に、尹明は二条天皇を女房車に乗せ内裏を出て、六波羅の清盛邸に入った(二条天皇の六波羅行幸)。
- As February 11 faded into 12, at around the hour of the Ox (about 2 AM), a fire was set in Omiya Nijo Palace, and taking advantage of the soldiers' distraction, Tadaaki hid Emperor Nijo in a carriage restricted to ladies and drove away, soon entering Kiyomori's mansion at Rokuhara (this being Emperor Nijo's aforementioned Imperial visit to Rokuhara).
- この結果、平氏軍は関東政権軍へ瀬戸内海の制海権を明け渡すこととなり、熊野別当湛増が率いる熊野水軍や,河野通信らの水軍を始めとする中国・四国の武士が続々と鎌倉政権へ味方した。
- As a result, the Taira clan forces gave the command of the Seto Inland Sea to the Kanto government forces and Chugoku, Shikoku region bushi such as the Kumano Navy led by Kumano Betto Tanzo and Michinobu KONO's navy started to take the Kamakura government's side.
- また、この争乱は、一族や家族、地域の共同体という横の絆と、主君と家臣という縦の絆の相克があり、命を懸けて戦った武士の全てが源氏や平氏という特定氏族に収斂されるわけでもない。
- Additionally, this war was a conflict between the ties amongst clan, family, and regional community, and the ties between lords and vassals, and all of the warriors who fought for their lives can not simply be classified into specific clans such as Minamoto or Taira.
- こうした事情は武士の発生時期から数世紀下る17世紀初頭の日葡辞書に、「さむらい」は貴人を意味し、「ぶし」は軍人を意味すると区別して記載されていることにもその一端が現れている。
- We can see a part of these situations in the description, where distinctively, 'samurai' refers to nobility and 'bushi' a military officer, in the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603-1604) during the early 17th century, some centuries after the time of bushi's emergence.
- それに対して室町将軍も、守護大名の頭越しに各地の武士と主従関係を結び、上記の「奉公衆」を編成し、将軍直轄の軍事力を強化するのみならず、守護大名の領国支配に楔を入れたのである。
- Against such circumstances, Shogun Muromachi hired samurais of various regions over the Shugo daimyos' heads, and formed 'Hoko-shu' as mentioned above, which not only strengthened the direct military power of the shogun but also deterred the control of Shugo daimyos over their lands.
- 寛永5年(1628年)には、農民に対しては布・木綿に制限(ただし、名主及び農民の妻に対しては紬の使用を許された)され、下級武士に対しても紬・絹までとされ贅沢な装飾は禁じられた。
- In 1628, fabric that farmers were allowed to use was limited to hemp and cotton (with the exceptions of myoshu [owners of rice fields] and farmers' wives, who were permitted to use tsumugi [silk fabric]), while even lower-ranking samurai were banned from luxurious outfits and were only allowed to wear clothing of tsumugi or silk.
- それでは、京の周辺ではどうだったかといえば、白河天皇の時代の北面武士のを代表する源季範、源季実、源近康ら文徳源氏は、摂関家領河内国古志郡坂門牧を本拠とし、坂戸源氏とも呼ばれた。
- As a result, MINAMOTO no Suenori, MINAMOTO no Suezane, MINAMOTO no Chikayasu of Montoku-Genji (Minamoto clan) that represented northern bushi of the period of Emperor Shirakawa surrounded Kyoto, and made their main headquarters in Sakamonnomaki, Koshi County, Kawachi Province of the regent family estate, and called as Sakado-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- 源平の争乱を生き抜き、少なくともその時期に武士となり、鎌倉時代に御家人、源平の争乱となった者、一部の荘園の下司について以外に、後世に記録が残っていないことを考慮する必要がある。
- It is necessary to take into consideration that there should be no records of previous generations, except for records of those that survived the Genpei War and became bushi during that period, gokenin during Kamakura period, those who participated in the Genpei War, and followers of a lower ranked officer in some shoen.
- 『今昔物語集』の「摂津守満仲出家せる語」には500との数もあるが、それは『今昔物語集』が書かれた12世紀初めの段階での当時最大の都の武士団の印象を元にした誇張・文飾だとされる。
- The story of Mitsunaka, the lord of Settsu Province' in 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' stated 500, but it is assumed to be just an exaggeration and flowery words following the impression of bushidan of the biggest capital back in early twelfth century when 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' was written.
- 日本でも、このような弓の呪術性は、鳴弦という言葉に示され、平安時代に、宮中で夜間に襲来する悪霊を避けるために、武士たちによって、弓の弦をはじいて音を響かせる儀礼が行われていた。
- In Japan, this magic power of the bow can be seen in the word meigen, and during the Heian period a ceremony was held to make asound by striking the string of a bow by samurai at the Imperial Palace in order to avoid evil spirits that came during night.
- 伝承によれば、治承寿永の戦いに敗れた平氏一族が五家荘(八代市)に定着したので、鎌倉幕府は梶原氏や土肥氏など東国の武士を送って隣の五木村に住まわせ、平氏の動向を監視させたという。
- According to folklore, the Taira clan, which was defeated in Jisho-Juei no ran (Jisho-Juei War), settled in Gokanosho (Yatsushiro-City), and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) sent samurai warriors such as Kajiwara clan and Dohi clan to the next village, Itsuki Mura, to live there as a means of keeping tabs on the activities of the Taira clan.
- また、紛争鎮圧のために政府から押領使や追捕使として派遣された中級・下級の貴族のなかにも武士として現地に留まる者があらわれ、やがて軍事的ネットワークが各地に形成されていくのである。
- In addition, some middle-level and lower-level aristocrats that the government had dispatched as Oryoshi or Tsuibushi (envoys to pursue and capture) to suppress disputes remained in the locality, and before long military networks were formed around the country.
- 平安時代には武士の支配を法的に保証するのは荘園領主たる「領家」「本所」であり、開発領主たちはその所領を孜々として寄進し、名簿(みょうぼ)を奉って子弟を近侍させ、猟官活動を行った。
- During the Heian period, the lord of the manor called 'ryoke' or 'honjo' legally warranted samurai the control over the manor; on the other hand, the local notables who actually developed the land did office-seeking by assiduously contributing their territory, offering a certificate given to the leader with the retainer's name on it and had his sons be retainers.
- 後醍醐天皇は六波羅探題南方の北条維貞(北条得宗一族)が鎌倉へ赴いている最中に鎌倉幕府討幕を企て、側近の日野資朝、日野俊基らは諸国を巡って各地の武士や有力者に討幕を呼びかけていた。
- Emperor Godaigo planned to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu while the Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata, Koresada HOJO (the Hojo-Tokuso family) was heading for Kamakura, and Suketomo HINO, Toshimoto HINO and others traveled around the country trying to convince samurai and other influential people to help overthrow the bakufu.
- これにより、土地に対して重層的にあった中世的な中間権利である様々な職が否定され、耕作者は直接領主に納税することとなり、農村にいた中間搾取者としての武士はほぼ一掃されることとなった。
- As a result, the legitimacy of the positions of a great many medieval-period middleman tax collectors and the like were repudiated, since now cultivators were paying taxes directly to their local lords; at the agricultural village level, Hideyoshi's survey had eliminated nearly all the extortionist middleman warriors who lived off others' effort in one clean sweep.
- 承平・天慶の乱における平将門の東国での反乱を描いた『将門記』、陸奥における前九年合戦の経過を記した『陸奥話記』はともに地方の合戦に取材したもので、地方武士の様相がよく描かれている。
- 'Shomon-ki' (Tale of Masakado) that depicted the rebellion in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) in the Johei and Tengyo War by TAIRA no Masakado and 'Mutsuwa-ki' (A Record of Mutsu, or A Chronicle of the Earlier Nine Years' War) that depicted Zen Kunen Kassen (Former Nine Years War) in Mutsu Province were based on the wars in local regions, therefore, they depicted local samurai well.
- 天下太平の江戸時代に入ると、武士同士による激しい戦はほとんどなくなり、合戦における敵味方の区別のように実用的だった家紋の役割は変化していき、一種の権威の象徴となっていったのである。
- During the peaceful, tranquil, rather uneventful, Edo Period, there were few hard battles fought among samurai so, the former practical role of Kamon, such as; distinguishing friend from foe in battle, had changed to be a kind of symbol of authority.
- しかし上述の様に足軽の中には常時雇用される者もおり、そうした者達は実質的には何代も同じ主君に仕え、同時に武士の一員として遇されていた事から、傭兵と封建兵の中間に位置する存在と言える。
- However, as stated above, there were ashigaru who were employed full-time and would serve the same master for several generations, and there were also ashigaru who were treated as samurai, so it can be said that ashigaru occupied a status intermediate between those of mercenaries and feudal soldiers.
- また排泄物を目視して健康状態を確認することが難しいことから、皇族や高い地位にある身分の高い武士の用いる便所は引き出し式になっており、下で健康を管理する者が確認できるようになっていた。
- As it was easy to visually confirm the health condition by viewing excrement, the lavatories for the imperial family or high-ranking samurais were pullout and those who monitored their health could check the excrement downstairs.
- こうした内乱で大きな働きをした平清盛は、武士の身分でありながら異例の栄達を遂げ(平清盛の実父が白河天皇だったためとする説もある)、仁安 (日本)2年(1167年)には太政大臣となる。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori was highly successful in quelling these rebellions and attained exceptional advancement even though he belonged to the warrior class (there are theories proposing that Emperor Shirakawa was TAIRA no Kiyomori's biological father), reaching the post of Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) in 1167.
- 平安最末期に関東武士全体を代表する鎌倉殿という地位が登場すると、御恩と奉公に基づく主従関係は、次第に排他的(鎌倉殿以外の主人を持たない)かつ永続的なものとなり、一層強固になっていった。
- Towards the end of the Heian period when the position heading all samurai in the Kanto region, called Kamakura-dono, was introduced, the master-servant relationship based on goon and hoko gradually became exclusive (not allowed to have any master other than the kamakura-dono) and permanent, making the relationship stronger.
- 藤原秀郷、平高望、源経基らがこの第一世代の武士と考えられ、彼らは在地において従来の富豪百姓層(田堵負名)と同様に大規模な公田請作を国衙と契約することで武人としての経済基盤を与えられた。
- FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Takamochi, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto and so on are considered as the first generation of bushi; in the local lands they signed contracts for farming the koden (field administered directly by a ruler) with kokuga in the similar way as wealthy farmer class (tato fumyo [cultivator/tax manager]) did and got an economic base as warriors.
- 平氏家人打倒を共通の目的として頼朝麾下に集結した関東武士団連合も、本来的には所領をめぐり潜在的な対立関係にあったのであり、敵対勢力の排除や淘汰にともなって徐々に結合が弱まり始めていた。
- Even the association of the Kanto Samurai Group, the gathered troops under Yoritomo's command with the common purpose of defeating Heishi Iebito (server of Taira clan), originally had an adversarial relationship with Yoritomo over shoryo (territory), and their solidarity began to erode as the opposing forces were eliminated or dismissed.
- 律令体制下の軍団での組織形態は、国家の組織の中での公な上官と部下であるに対し、「武士団」は平安時代に「兵(つわもの)」と呼ばれるた者達が私的に従える集団、またはその集団の結合体である。
- The organizational form of the army under the Ritsuryo system had an open senior officer and subordinate relationship while 'bushidan' was the group of people called 'tsuwamono' that served privately in the Heian period or was the combination of such groups.
- 物語ではあるが、『曽我物語』(真字本:まなぼん)に見る頼朝挙兵前の開発領主の姻戚関係を見ると、大庭御厨の濫妨から、石橋山の合戦までの相模近辺の武士団の関係、勢力範囲がよく表されている。
- The relationship of bushidan and range of power of Sagami Province was described in detail from the disturbance in Obamikuriya estate to the Battle of Ishibashiyama Mountain by looking at the matrimonial relation of kaihatsu-ryoshu prior to the mobilization call by Yoritomo in 'Soga Monogatari' (the tale of Soga) (Manabon - a book written only in Chinese characters) despite being just literature.
- 後の世の粉飾が入らない資料の中で、農村での武士団の社会密度の変化がうかがえるもとして、『信貴山縁起絵巻』(しぎさんえんぎえまき)と、『粉河寺縁起絵巻』(こかわでらえんぎえまき)がある。
- There were 'Shigisan engi emaki' (Picture Scroll of the Legends of Mount Shigi) and 'Kokawadera Engiemaki' (Picture Scroll of Legends of Kokawa-dera Temple) for historical documents not embellished by later generations and these mentioned the transformation of social concentration of bushidan at peasant villages.
- 切腹の場所は、大名クラスの身分をはじめとする上級武士の場合は預かり人(切腹人の身柄を預かる人)の邸内、やや身分が劣る場合は預かり人の邸宅の庭先、さらに身分が劣る場合は牢屋の中とされた。
- Seppuku by high-ranking samurai including daimyo was committed on the property of the azukarinin (guarantor), whereas the act would be performed in the garden of the azukarinin for lower ranking samurai, and in jail for those of even lower status.
- 薩摩琵琶は16世紀に活躍した薩摩の盲僧、淵脇了公が時の領主、島津忠良に召され、命を受けて、武士の士気向上のため、新たに教育的な歌詞の琵琶歌を作曲し、楽器を改良したのが始まりと言われる。
- It is said that the Satsuma biwa was made by Ryoko FUCHIWAKI, a blind priest in Satsuma, who worked actively in the 16th century, when he was called by Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, a feudal lord at that time, and was ordered to compose Biwa uta (Biwa song) with educational poems and modify the instrument to inspire morals of samurai.
- 尼は日本仏教のほぼ全ての宗派に置かれたが明治維新以降は儒教的な家父長制の価値観が旧武士階層以外にも広まり、これに加えて国粋主義も台頭した昭和期には日蓮正宗のように尼を廃止した例もある。
- Ama was seen in nearly every Buddhist sect in Japan, but after the Meiji Restoration the values of patriarchal authority based on Confucianism became widespread among people other than those of the former warrior class, so there was an example that ama was abolished, such as occurred in the Nichiren Shoshu sect in the Showa period, when nationalism also became influential.
- 本城惣右衛門覚書(ほんじよそうえもんおぼえがき)は、本能寺の変で明智光秀に従軍していた光秀配下の武士 本城惣右衛門が、江戸時代に入って晩年、親族と思われる三人の人物に宛てた記録である。
- The Honjo Soemon Oboegaki is a record sent by Soemon HONJO, a samurai serving Mitsuhide AKECHI during the Honnoji Incident, to three people who are thought to be his relatives, during his late years in the Edo period.
- 後醍醐天皇は天皇親政によって朝廷の政治を復権しようとしたが、武士層を中心とする不満を招き、1336年(建武3年)に河内源氏の有力者であった足利尊氏が離反したことにより、政権は崩壊した。
- Emperor Godaigo attempted to rehabilitate the political power and influence of the Court through the return to direct Imperial rule, but his attempts left many in the samurai class in particular disgruntled, until in 1336 the most powerful member of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), Takauji ASHIKAGA, became estranged from Emperor Godaigo, leading to the collapse of the Imperial government.
- 荘官、郡司、郷司、保司らは在地社会での軍事的緊張、特に荘園と公領の対立が高まるにつれて武士が任命されることが多くなり、鎌倉時代に至って鎌倉殿に任命された地頭として安定した地位を獲得した。
- More samurai warriors were assigned to shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji officers as military tensions increased in local societies, especially between manors and the Imperial demesnes, and they eventually gained a stable position during the Kamakura period, when a position called jito (a lord of a manor) was given to the Kamakura-dono (the lord of the Kamakura shogunate).
- 「商工等は、武士・農民の事欠け申さざる程に渡世致し候はば然るべく候」として商工を非生産的な身分であり、都市が繁栄する事そのものが無駄以外の何者でもないと断じて厳しい奢侈禁止令を実施した。
- The sumptuary law stated that 'merchants as well as artisans should always remember that they are to work so as not to inconvenience samurai and farmers,' thus labeling the development of the city itself useless and forcing severe restrictions on these classes of people.
- また、娘が姦通した場合には親権の侵害として父親が娘を殺害することも許された(なお、同法令では従来黙認されていた武士以外の庶民の妻敵討は分 (倫理)を弁えないものとして厳罰に処せられた)。
- Furthermore, when a daughter committed adultery, it constituted a violation of parental authority, and her father was allowed to murder her (yet, megataki uchi by a commoner was severely punished as he was deemed one who does not know his place, although megataki uchi by samurai was tolerated).
- 今日使われているユガケは日本に武士が使用していたユガケとは基本的な作りから異なり、一般的には三ツガケ、或は四ツガケと呼ばれる親指(帽子)と手首(控え)が固めてあるものが使用されるている。
- The yugake which is used today is different from the one used by samurais in Japan in the basic structure, and in general, the one which is called mitsugake (three-fingered shooting glove) or yotsugake (four-fingered shooting glove), the thumb (boshi, a part of a yugake glove covering a thumb) and the wrist (hikae) are reinforced are used.
- 中世期の武士・在地領主は、ある者は国衙から郡司職・郷司職・保司職としての地位・権利を認められ、ある者は荘園領主(本家・本所)から荘官職に任じられ、またある者は幕府から地頭職を付与された。
- Samurai and landlord in the medieval Japan took charge of the territorial management and ruling by assuming various posts and powers such as Gunji shiki (local headships), Goshi shiki (sub district headships) and Hoshi shiki (executive officer of an Imperial demesne) granted by Kokuga (provincial government office), and Shokan shiki (officer entrusted with local management of the private estate) granted by the lord of a private estate (family head or guarantor of manor), as well as Jito shiki (manager and lord of a private estate) granted by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 1180年代になると、平氏政権打倒を名目とした内戦(治承・寿永の乱)が起こり、最終的に、軍事貴族に出自し関東の在地領主層武士層を基盤とする源頼朝の武家政権(後の鎌倉幕府)が内戦に勝利した。
- During the 1180's a civil war (Jisho-Juei War) to overthrow the Taira administration broke out, and the samurai government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (later to become the Kamakura bakufu), consisting of local ryoshu (samurai lord) and samurais in Kanto who were originally military aristocrats, won.
- 7人と言うのは後の語呂合わせである(ただし彼らが挙げたとされる手柄は勝利が確定した後の追撃戦によるもののみであり、一番手柄も大谷吉継、石田三成らの先駆衆と呼ばれる武士達に与えられている)。
- The number of 'seven' was a mere play on words made up in later years (However, the feats that were said to be theirs were performed only during the running battle after Hideyoshi's victory had been secured. The honor of launching the attack fell to a group of samurai called sakigakesyu [the vanguard], which included Yoshitsugu OTANI and Mitsunari ISHIDA).
- 参勤交代は軍役であるから、大名は保有兵力である配下の武士を随員として大量に引き連れて江戸に出仕し、領地に引き上げねばならないため、移動の際に大名行列という大掛かりな行進を行う必要があった。
- Because sankin-kotai was a military service, daimyo had to move with a great number of their subordinate warriors, which traveling took the form of a large-scale march called daimyo-gyoretsu.
- 「牧」が「武者=騎馬武者」の拠点であり、優良な「牧」のほとんどが官牧・御牧であった時、院庁の御厩別当は、多くの武士団を公的に支配下に置き、更には私的にも従属させてゆく重要なポストであった。
- The 'maki' was the base of 'Musha (warrior)=a mounted warrior' (busha=cavalry busha) and the high quality 'maki' was mainly for the pasture of court officers or imperial court Kanboku (state-owned stock farm) and Mimaki that Mimaya-Betto of in no cho had the important post of publicly putting many bushidan under its control as well as sending them for private matters.
- 平穏な時代の訪れとともに武断的な家臣よりは文治的な家臣が重用されるようになったことに加え、安土桃山時代になされた兵農分離に加え江戸時代に俸禄制が主流になったことで武士の吏僚化が益々進んだ。
- As it became a peaceful period, samurai became increasingly bureaucratic, not only due to vassals being given important positions when they excelled in governance instead of in military affairs, but because of the heinobunri policy implemented in the Azuchi-Momoyama period and the adoption of the horoku system in the Edo period as well.
- しかし室町時代においては、守護大名がその領国の武士と主従関係を結び、被官化し、一元支配するようになったのである(例外、あるいは地域差が存在するので、詳細は「守護領国制」の項目を参考の事)。
- However, during the Muromachi period the Shugo daimyos directly hired samurais in their lands, who became their vassals, and exercised unified control over their lands (since there are exceptions or differences by region, please refer to the item 'System of Ownership by Shugo Daimyos' for details).
- ただし、この「白装束の者」たちは「白装束」という甚だしく「異形の者」たちであるため、鎌倉武士団その他の実際の軍勢では無く、「筥崎宮の八幡神による神威の顕現」の類いを描写したものと考えられる。
- However, these 'people in white' are so 'uncanny' that they are considered as a kind of 'manifestation of the power of the God of War in Hakozaki-gu Shrine' and not the warriors of the Kamakura shogunate nor any other actual force.
- そのため、天皇は家臣を遣わして開城を勧めたが、幽斎にも武士としての面目があったためにこれを拒絶し、古今相伝の和歌集に証明状を添えて天皇や八条宮智仁親王(後陽成天皇の弟)に進呈するに留まった。
- Therefore, the Emperor sent a vassal to tell Yusai to surrender the castle, but Yusai refused because of his own personal honor as a samurai and gave the anthology of waka poems from ancient to modern times with the certificate to the Emperor and Imperial Prince Hachijonomiya Toshihito (younger brother of Emperor Goyozei).
- 土一揆の時代には一揆の中核として活躍し、中には、村落から離脱して、自らの地位を武士に特化する地侍もおり、戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、戦国大名やその幕下の大身の国人領主の家臣として系列化された。
- During the period of Doikki (peasant uprising), they performed an active role as the core of the uprising, some of whom left the village to emphasize on their position as samurai and they were organized as subordinate warriors under Sengoku Daimyo (warring lords) and Kokujin Ryoshu in the Sengoku period.
- しかし、11世紀に荘園公領制が成立すると、多くの武士は荘司、郡司、郷司、保司に任命され、荘園、または公領の郡、郷、保を確固たる所領とするようになっていき、田堵負名を自らの支配下に置いていった。
- Once the shoen-koryo system was established in the 11th century, however, many samurai were appointed shoji (also known as shokan), gunji, goji, or hoji, and they began to own some manors or the Imperial demesnes such as gun, go, and ho as their settled territories and to have tato and fumyo under their control.
- これら以外だと藤原利仁を始祖とする「利仁流」や、藤原道兼の後裔とする宇都宮氏が多く、他に嵯峨源氏の渡辺氏や大江広元が有名な大江氏などがあり、有力な武士団はこれらの家系のどれかを起源としていた。
- Except for these, many bushi were from the 'Toshihito school' whose originator was FUJIWARA no Toshihito and from the Utsunomiya clan who were the descendants of FUJIWARA no Michikane; additionally there was the Watanabe clan from Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan) and the Oe clan where OE no Hiromoto was famous; the famous samurai groups originated from one of these family lines.
- 当時、武士の台頭や僧兵の横暴、公家勢力の後退などによる社会不安、天変地異・疫病・火災などの自然災害を経験した人びとは、はっきりと末法を意識するようになり、無常観や厭世観がかき立てられていった。
- The people who experienced public fear owing to the appearance of samurai, despotic acts by armed priest, a down fallen court noble force, and natural disasters such as extraordinary natural phenomenon, epidemics, fire became clearly aware of Mappo, and the concept of the impermanence or a pessimistic view of life among the population was intensified.
- 次第に一乗院・大乗院などといった有力な門跡が自己の発言力の増大のために国内の武士や名主などを御家人などと称して自己の衆徒に組み入れ、自院の学侶に率いさせて寺内や奈良の町の検断などに従事させた。
- Gradually the influential monzeki (temple formerly led by the founder of the sect, or the temple in which resided a member of nobility or the Imperial Family), such as Ichijoin Temple and Daijoin Temple, incorporated warriors and myoshu (owners of rice fields) as gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods) in order to strengthen their influence, and put them in charge of duties such as trials in the temple and the city of Nara lead by Gakuryo.
- 武士・公家の家督や棟梁、氏長者といったものを相続していた当主が亡くなり、謀反防止のためなどの理由で出家していた子弟・縁者などが相続して家名存続させる目的のものもあるなど、背景はさまざまである。
- There are a variety of reasons why someone may have chosen to return to secular life; for example, if a son or relative of a family head became a monk in order to prevent a rebellion against the head of the family or for some other reason, he might have decided to return to secular life in the event of the death of the family head in order to continue the family name if the family head had succeeded to the position of samurai, court noble, master builder, or clan chieftain.
- この流れの中で、それまで公田経営請負によって(つまり田堵・負名層となることで)武人としての経済基盤を与えられていたに過ぎなかった武士が、荘園と公領間の武力紛争の対処能力を期待されるようになった。
- Under the above trend, the ability of samurai, who had maintained their lives through the job of warriors under koden management contract (in other words, by becoming tato/fumyo), was increasingly expected in order to cope with the armed conflict between shoen and public land.
- 平氏は華麗な「平家納経」を残したことでもわかるように、一面で貴族文化に憧れをもっていたが、代わって政権をとった源氏は純然たる武家であり、美術の主要な享受者も前時代の貴族から武士へと移っていった。
- The Taira clan adored the aristocratic culture, which is symbolized by the gorgeous Heike-nokyo, while the Minamoto clan, which replaced the Taira clan as the political power, was a genuine samurai family, so samurai gradually replaced court nobles as the major beneficiaries of art.
- 日本の合戦では戦闘時、上級武士の指揮下に少人数ずつの銃手(鉄砲足軽)が組織化されて、この戦闘単位ごとに勲功を競うといった運用形態をとっていたこともあり、個々の銃手の命中率が重要視されたのである。
- At the time of a battle in Japan, gunners (teppo-ashigaru, foot soldiers fighting with firearms) were organized in small groups under the command of high-ranking warriors, and these units vied for exploits of war, therefore accuracy rate of individual gunners was of high concern.
- そうした状況の中で、伊豆国に流罪となっていた源頼朝は、同年8月に挙兵し石橋山の戦いで敗れたが、逃亡先の安房国から上総・下総を行軍する間に、関東一円の平氏系の武士団(坂東平氏)らの支持を獲得した。
- It was to be in these circumstances that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who had been exiled to Izu Province raised an army in August of the same year was defeated in the Battle of Ishibashiyama but while marching from Awa Province, to which he had fled, to Kazusa Province and Shimousa Province, he gained the support of a Taira clan lineage samurai group (Bando-Heishi clan) active throughout the Kanto region.
- その何十年かの間に、畿内の領主の一般像が、武装せぬ存在から、武士と武具を常備し、屋敷の守りも固める鎌倉時代の御家人・地頭にも似た、あるいはその御家人の姿に変貌していったことを如実に物語っている。
- It truly depicted a common image of lords of the Kinai region transforming from the unarmed existence to the those armed with samurai and military tools within a span of several decades, and became a servant that was similar to gokenin and jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the manors into which the countryside was divided) that protected residences during Kamakura period.
- 江戸時代に入り享保9年(1724年)、時の征夷大将軍、徳川吉宗の命を受けた小笠原流20代小笠原貞政は、小笠原の伝書を研究し新たな流鏑馬制定、古式と共に奥勤めの武士達に流鏑馬、笠懸の稽古をつける。
- In the Edo period of 1724, at the direction of the shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, Sadamasa OGASAWARA, the Ogasawara school's 20th principal, developed a new style of yabusame after the studying the Ogasawara textbook, and trained samurai serving backoffice work in the new form of yabusame and kasagake (shooting a bamboo hat) together with the older style of yabusame.
- しかし、宮廷の対立が戦闘によって解決したこと、とりわけ京都市街を戦場とし、数百年ぶりに死刑が執行されたことは、当時の人々に大きな衝撃を与え、貴族から庶民まで武士の力を強く印象づけることとなった。
- People at that time, however, were surprised by the fact that the internal conflict of the Imperial Court was resolved militarily, particularly in a battle in the urban area of Kyoto, and the death penalty was imposed for the first time in hundreds of years; commoners as well as nobles were left with a strong impression of samurai power.
- この概念が登場した背景として、1970年代以降、王朝国家論を巡る議論の中で、在地の農民層から武士が生まれて貴族の荘園支配を打倒していったとするそれまでの解釈への批判が強まったことがあげられている。
- One of the commonly understood reasons for the rise of this concept was the increasing criticism in the 1970's and onwards of the conventional understanding that local farmers were the foundation of the samurais who overthrew shoen (manors in medieval Japan) control by aristocrats.
- 『八幡愚童訓』によると、この戦いの最中、鎌倉武士団が迎撃の拠点として加護を祈った筥崎宮から兵火によるものか出火し、社殿は焼け落ちたものの御神体その他は唐櫃に納めて運び出し、辛くも避難出来たという。
- According to 'Hachiman Gudokun,' in the middle of the battle, a fire started, probably from firearms, in Hakozaki-gu Shrine, where warriors of the Kamakura shogunate decided as their base for interception and prayed for the gods' help, and it burned down the main building of the shrine, but they managed to save goshintai (object of worship believed to contain the spirit of a god) and other materials by carrying them out in a chest.
- 横山党(よこやまとう)は、平安時代後期から鎌倉時代にかけて、武蔵国多摩郡(現・東京都八王子市)横山庄を中心として、武蔵国(大里郡・比企郡 - 橘樹郡)および相模国北部に割拠した同族的武士団である。
- The Yokoyama Party, centered in the Yokoyama-sho estate in Tama County, Musashi Province (the present Hachioji City, Tokyo), was an armed group from the same family that existed from the late Heian period to the Kamakura period, and based themselves in Musashi Province (Osato County, Hiki County, and Tachibana County) and the northern part of Sagami Province.
- 本来は僧侶のみが宿泊する施設であったのだが、平安時代の寺社参詣の普及により、貴族や武士、更には一般の参詣者も宿泊させるようになり、運営者も僧侶から寺院周辺の半僧半俗の経営者(御師)に移っていった。
- Originally, it was a facility in which only priests lodged, but during the Heian period, in which it became common to visit temples, they started to let nobility, samurai and even general visitors lodge, and managers began to change from priests to half-priest and half-common managers (onshi) in relation to particular temples.
- 折から幕法に反して京都に藩邸を置く諸大名を制御できず、京都の治安維持さえ独力でおぼつかない幕府と、幕藩体制の根幹である「武士」の武力に対する信頼とその権威は、この敗北によって急速になくなっていった。
- When the shogunate government could neither stop feudal lords setting up their residenes in Kyoto against the shogunate order, nor maintain the public order in Kyoto by its own efforts, the reliance on the shogunate government and its authority as well as the trust in the military power of samurai, which was the backbone of the shogunate and domain system, fell rapidly after this defeat.
- 関東地方においては「小紋」という武士の裃(かみしも)に使われている柄も、これと同様の用途で用いることができるが、関西方面においては江戸小紋は色無地ではなく「小紋」の位置づけがなされている場合もある。
- In the Kanto region, the type of kimono with the pattern called 'komon' (kimono with fine pattern) which is used in the kamishimo (samurai costume, old ceremonial costume) may be used for similar purposes, but in the Kansai region, Edo-komon (fine patterns utilized in Edo) may sometimes be treated as 'komon' rather than iromuji.
- この時代の武士はその住宅建築の基本は平安貴族の生活の舞台であった寝殿造においていたが、生活活動内容は公家や殿上人などとは異なるものであるので、当然住居もそれに相応して変革が加えられているとみられる。
- In this era, the basic architecture of samurai residences was based on Shinden-zukuri style buildings, which were the main living space of nobles during the Heian period, but it seems that since the lifestyle of samurai differed from Court nobles and tenjobito (high-ranking courtiers allowed into the Imperial Palace), the style of residences was changed accordingly.
- ヨーロッパ、中国などの大陸では、都市を囲む城壁と砦のような武士の戦闘拠点とを区別し、ドイツ語では Stadtmauer と Burg、英語では city wall と castle として区別する。
- In Europe, China and other continents, there is a distinction between a wall surrounding a city and a battle site of soldiers, such as a fortress, and the former is called Stadtmauer in German and a city wall in English and the latter is called Burge in German and a castle in English.
- これに対し、後鳥羽上皇は近臣藤原忠綱を鎌倉に送り、愛妾伊賀局(元は遊女の亀菊)の所領である摂津国長江荘、倉橋荘の地頭職の撤廃と院に近い御家人仁科盛遠(西面の武士)への処分の撤回を条件として提示した。
- In response to this request, the retired Emperor Gotoba sent his vassal Tadatsuna Fujiwara to Kamakura, who submitted as requirements that the punishment of the gokenin (low-ranking warrior vassal) Morita NISHINA (a member of the Western Guard Corps), who was close to the retired Emperor, be overturned, and the annulment of responsibility over the Nagae estate in Settsu Province, which belonged to the courtesan Igakyoku (formerly the prostitute Kamegiku), and the Kurahashi estate be repealed.
- 一方、大きな経済力を身につけながらも社会的には低く見られていた商人の家庭では、武士に対抗して豪華な武具の模造品を作らせ、幟の代わりに黄表紙の挿絵などを見ると五色の吹流しを美々しく飾るようになっている。
- On the other hand, merchant families, who were seen as being of lower social rank despite their considerable economic power, hired the creation of replicas of luxury arms against the samurai, as well as beautifully decorated five-color streamers instead of nobori, according to illustrations on kibyoshi (an illustrated book of popular fiction whose cover is yellow).
- 日本が大日本帝国として欧米列強に力で対抗しようと国民皆兵を進めてゆく時、古来の剣術の習得を簡便にしたものとしての剣道が旧士族の武士ではない旧制中学生に習得され広まったことは、国民の精神に影響を与えた。
- When Japan, as the Empire of Japan carried on the universal conscription to confront the allied Western powers by force, easy-to-learn Kendo, as derived from time-honored Kenjutsu, was acquired and became popular among students of the old-system junior high schools who were not samurai (warriors) of the former warrior class, and this influenced the national spirit.
- しかしながら、屋敷内外に武芸の鍛錬に励む武士たちの姿や池など観賞用の園地がなく平庭で、庭空間には雑草が多い茂り手入れがなされず、植栽についても門と中門廊とに桐の木が植えられている程度であることがわかる。
- However, it can be seen that no samurai are practicing military arts in and out of the residence and no garden with a pond for viewing, but the flat yard is left unattended with lots of weeds growing wildly, and regarding the planting, paulownia trees are only trees planted between the gate and the chumon-ro corridor.
- 室町時代にも荘園は存続したが、中央貴族・寺社・武士・在地領主などの権利・義務が重層的かつ複雑にからむ状況が生まれる一方、自立的に発生した村落=惣村による自治が出現し、荘園は緩やかに解体への道を歩み始めた。
- Also during the Muromachi period shoens continued, but while the rights and duties of central aristocrats, temples and shrines, samurais, local lords and so on began to be complicated in a multi-layered way, the autonomous control by the independently emerging village = soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) started and shoens began to disappear slowly.
- だが、一定の年齢に達すれば上の階層に上がる事ができる制度などもあり、穢れなどを理由に武士、百姓、町人などと隔絶した一種の身分外身分と言える扱いを受けた江戸時代の被差別民の身分ほど固定されたものではなかった。
- However there was a system in place which allowed them to rise to a higher status once they reached a certain age; therefore, their status was not as tightly fixed as those who were discriminated in the Edo period who were treated as a kind of outcast segregated from samurai, farmers, and townsmen for their filth.
- 発展する経済活動と土地資本体制の行政官である武士を過剰に抱える各政府(各藩)との構造的な軋轢を内包しつつも、「泰平の世」を謳歌していた江戸時代も19世紀を迎えると、急速に制度疲労による硬直化が目立ち始める。
- The Edo period enjoyed a 'peaceful world,' although there was structural conflict between developing economic activities in a city and the land capital system in the domain economy which held an excessive number of samurai, executive officers of the land capital structure, but early in the 19th century the structual fatigue became apparent rapidly as organizational inflexibility.
- その後、江戸幕府による士農工商の身分制により武士などの上層階級では小袖の柄行きが固定化されてしまうが、京・大坂などの上方や江戸の富裕な町人は平和になった余力を衣類に向けるようになり手の込んだ小袖が誕生する。
- After that, while due to class distinctions (warriors, farmers, artisans, and tradesmen in descending order of rank) set by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the design of kosode was fixed among the upper class of samurai, richer townsmen in Kyoto, Osaka and Edo spent their surplus of the fruits of regained peaceful time on clothing, and elaborately crafted kosode were born.
- 従来は中央政府に発兵権があったが、国毎に警察・軍事指揮官として押領使(おうりょうし)を任命し、中央からの「追討官符」を受けた受領の命令で押領使が国内の武士を動員して反乱を鎮圧する体制に移行したとする説がある。
- Formerly, the central government possessed the right of mobilizing military personnel, but according to a theory, the system concerned was changed to the following one: An Oryoshi, a police and military command, was appointed to each province, and when instructed by Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) who received an official document instructing the suppression of a rebellion, the Oryoshi mobilized samurai in the province to suppress the rebellion.
- これらはいずれも多かれ少なかれ団らん的な、あるいは「一味同心」的な性格をもつ芸能・芸道であったが、当時の武士の日常に対応したものであり、惣における庶民の日々の生活、さらに都市民の生活にも合致したものであった。
- These performing arts, which were more or less characterized by the concept of harmony or 'Ichimi doshin' (working together with one mind), reflected the ordinary lives of the warrior class at the time, and were perfectly fit for the everyday life of people in So (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) as well as of urban citizens.
- やがて彼らの土地の保証は源氏、平家といった、貴種に連なる上級武家に委ねられ、下級、中級の武士は「給人」と呼ばれて、主君から恩給された土地の見返りに、平時、戦時における主君への軍事的奉仕を行う構造が出来上がった。
- Later, the higher ranking samurai families such as the Minamoto clan or the Taira family, which had relationships with persons of noble birth were entrusted to warrant the local nobles their developed lands, and a system was established in which middle and lower ranking samurai were called 'kyunin' who offered military services to the lord not only in peacetime but also in wartime in exchange for the land which the lord granted them as stipend.
- 一方、師直は、武士たちが幕府に敵対したり南朝側についたりしないよう、十分な恩賞を与える必要を感じ、守護・地頭やその配下という形で公家や寺社の荘園を実際に管理している武家が土地支配者となるべきであると考えていた。
- On the other hand, Moronao felt it necessary to give sufficient reward to bushi to prevent them from confronting the bakufu or supporting the Southern Court, and thought that buke who had been the actual managers of the shoen of kuge, temples and shrines as shugo (constable) or jito (land steward) should become the landlord.
- 「武士団」の時代は、主にその院政時代以降であり、その意味では「イエ」による結合、継承は徐々に強まってはいたが、しかし後の世の「嫡流」、「本家」というような「父系家族制度」の概念に捕らわれ過ぎるとこの時代を見誤る。
- The period of 'bushidan' was mainly after that insei period, and the union by 'house' and inheritance became stronger gradually but will be misinterpreted if one is looking too much at 'a direct descendant' and 'honke' (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Shoen) and 'paternal family system' notion of later generation.
- 歴史的には不明であるが、南西約300m離れた名倉北池(平田荘の有力武士である万歳氏の城跡:付近に池田遺跡がある。)と同様に、城として使用された可能性があり、すぐ南方にも城と関係を推測させる馬場崎と言う場所がある。
- While the historical background of this tumulus is still unclear, there is a possibility that the bomb was used as a castle, in the same manner as Nagura Kitaike located about 300m south-west of Tsukiyama Tumulus, (Nagura Kitaike is the castle site of Banzai clan, the powerful samurai clan of Hiratanosho Manor) and Babasaki site located south to the tumulus, which is also presumed as a castle related construction.
- 一般的には小者と大差がないイメージだが、江戸期、旗本に使えている家臣(大名であれば藩士)を指す場合や城代家老の家臣などに、若党の呼称を用いることがあり、その場合は、武士身分の人物を指すわけだから、注意すべきである。
- Generally, it is little different from komono, but in the Edo period the word was sometimes used to refer to vassals who served hatamoto (direct vassals of the shogun) or vassals of the castle keeper of the Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), and in these cases the name refers to people of samurai status.
- また、徳川家に服する諸大名の屋敷が設けられ、江戸に居住する大名の家臣・家族や、徳川氏の旗本・御家人近世の御家人などの武士が数多く居住するようになるとともに、彼らの生活を支える商人・職人が流入し、町が急速に拡大した。
- Also, residences of many daimyo (feudal lords serving the Tokugawa family) were built, and a large number of daimyo's vassals and families, and shogunal bannermen and retainers moved in, followed by the influx of merchants and craftsmen who supported the lives of those people, all of which contributed to the rapid expansion of the town.
- 明治30年代当時は、欧化主義の進展によって日本の道徳倫理あるいは武士道精神といったものが退廃にさらされていると考え、それらを陽明学で蘇らせようという風潮が日本にはあったが、これが明治期における陽明学熱の背景である。
- Around the turn of the century, it was considered that Europeanism was advancing to the detriment of Japanese moral ethics and the samurai spirit, which led Japan to recover these moral ethics and spirit through Yomeigaku; this was background to the Japanese people's enthusiasm for studying Yomeigaku during the Meiji period.
- 平城は、平地に土塁と堀で囲った鎌倉時代初期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけての武士の住まいである「方形館(ほうけいやかた)」、後の室町・戦国時代にかけての守護の居館である守護所などの「館・舘(たて)」がもととなった。
- Hira-jiro castles were based on the following two types of buildings: Hokei-yakata buildings, which were samurai residences built in the early Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) on flat land surrounded by mounds and walls; and Ta-te buildings, such as the Shugosho (provincial administration offices) where shugo (military governors) lived in the later days of the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period.
- この戦争において日本軍および政府は、旅順要塞司令官のステッセルが降伏した際に帯剣を許すなど、武士道精神に則り敗者を非常に紳士的に扱ったほか、戦争捕虜を非常に人道的に扱い、日本赤十字社もロシア兵戦傷者の救済に尽力した。
- In the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese military forces and the Government treated their adversaries in a gentlemanly manner in accordance to the way and mentality of bushido ('way of the samurai.') and mentality of the samurai; for instance, the Russian commander of the Lushun Fortress wore his sword when formalizing the surrender of Lushun, and prisoners of war were treated very humanely, and the Japanese Red Cross Society worked hard to treat injured Russian soldiers.
- 彼らは、元々は武士では無かったかもしれないが、印東庄司を兼ねる上総介平常澄から動員が掛かれば、鎧を着、弓箭・兵仗を帯びて、何人か十何人かの郎党とともに騎馬武者として駆けつける立場の者も相当含まれていたと思われている。
- They may not have been bushi but many were in a position to rush in while wearing armor, holding bows, and staffed as cavalry busha leading dozens of retainers when mobilized by TAIRA no Tsunezumi, who was Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province) that also served as Into no Shoji (administrator of a manor of Into no sho).
- 2つの絵巻は傍証にしか過ぎないが、武士団の蔓延はいつから、という問いに対しては、ちょうど12世紀に入ろうとする頃から、「保元の乱」、「平治の乱」を第一の節目として、更に源平の争乱においてピークに達したと見られている。
- Two picture scrolls were just circumstantial evidence, but the expansion of bushidan started around the time when entering twelfth century and 'Hogen Disturbance' and 'Heiji Disturbance' were the first phrase and reached the peak with the Genpei War if asked about when it started.
- その後、これら武士の子孫を中心として「三十三人衆」と呼ばれる地主層が形成され、「かんじん」と呼ばれた小作人(名子小作)たちは田畑はもちろん、家屋敷から農具に至るまで旦那衆から借り受けて生計を立てなくてはならなかった。
- In later years, the landowner class called Sanju-san-nin shu was formed mainly by the offspring of these samurai warriors, and kosakunin (nago kosaku (tenant farmers of a lower class)) called kanjin had to borrow not only rice fields and vegetable fields but also houses and farm tools from masters in order to earn a living.
- 武士は当初、「侍」に象徴されるように天皇・貴族の警護や紛争の鎮圧を任とする階層であったが、平清盛の平氏政権を経て鎌倉幕府の成立に至り、旧来の支配権力である朝廷・国司・荘園に対して全国の軍事・警察を担う公権力に発展した。
- Bushi were firstly in the class which guarded the Emperor and aristocrats and suppressed the conflicts as symbolized in 'samurai,' but when the Kamakura bakufu was established through the Taira clan government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, bushi developed into the official authority which were in charge of military affairs and police activities against the Imperial Court, kokushi (provincial governors) and shoen which were traditionally ruling powers.
- このように、土地資本を基盤とする反面、土地所有者ではない支配者層という独自な立場に立たされた武士の生活の安定と、安定成長政策とは必ずしも上手く融合できずに、金融引き締め的な経済圧迫政策がを打ち出されて不況が慢性化した。
- As noted above, while the economy was founded on land capital, samurai soldiers as the ruling class have no land ownership, and this peculiar situation made it almost impossible to secure a steady livelihood of samurai in harmony with the national stable growth polity, so that the tight monetary policy lying hard on the economy resulted in chronic recession.
- 亀山は失意のうちに正応2年に出家(41歳)し、翌正応3年に霜月騒動で所領を失った武士浅原為頼らが内裏に乱入し伏見を殺害しようとする事件が起きると関与を疑われ、起請文を幕府に提出して身の潔白を主張しなければならなかった。
- Kameyama was disappointed and became a priest in 1289 (aged 41), and was accused of being involved in an incident where bushi Tameyori ASAHARA and others who lost their territory during the Shimotsuki Incident, invaded the Imperial Palace and tried to assassinate Fushimi, and had to submit an appeal to the bakufu to clear his name in 1290.
- 武士の人口は、参勤交代に伴う地方からの単身赴任者など、流動的な部分が非常に多く、その推定は20万人程度から100万人程度までとかなりの幅があり、最盛期の江戸の総人口も68万人から150万人まで様々な推定値が出されている。
- Estimates for the samurai residing in Edo vastly ranges between two-hundred thousand and one million due to many fluctuating factors such as the unaccompanied assignments of regional samura in accordance to the requirements of the Sankinkotai system, and the total population for Edo during its apex has ranged from 680,000 to 1.5 million.
- 近親者を殺されてその復讐をする例は、南イタリアを始めとして、世界各地で見られるが、江戸時代の敵討は、喧嘩両成敗を補完する方法として法制化されていたことと、主眼は復讐ではなく武士の意地・面目であるとされていた点に特徴がある。
- Cases of revenge after the killing of a close relative are found in various parts of the world, including southern Italy; however, the characteristic of Katakiuchi in the Edo period is that it was legitimized as a method to supplement Kenka Ryoseibai (in a quarrel both parties are to blame) and that the aim was not the revenge but the pride or honor of a samurai.
- 過去の人口推定値として海外でしばしば引用されるTertius Chandler(1987年)は、町奉行支配下の町人人口の3/8程度を武士人口とし、18万8千人(1701年)から約21万5千人(1854年)と見積もっている。
- Tertius Chandler, whose estimates for historical populations are frequently cited in other countries, estimated that three-eighths of the population of townspeople were samurai, and approximated the demographic shift from 188,000 in 1701 to 215,000 1854.
- 平和が招来されたことにより、大量の兵士(武士)が非生産的な軍事活動から行政的活動に転じ、広域的な新田開発が各地で行われたため、戦国時代から安土・桃山時代へと長い成長を続けていた経済は爆発的に発展し、高度成長時代が始まった。
- Since a large number of soldiers (samurai) shifted their activities from counterproductive military activities to administrative activities due to the rise of peaceful state and new rice fields were cultivated in various places, the economic development which had sustained for a long time from the Warring States period to the Azuchi Momoyama period accerelated explosively, and a high-growth era started.
- 永原慶二によれば、武士団が成立した12世紀から南北朝時代にかけての在地領主の軍事力は、同族的なイエを単位とするものであり、数十人から200人程度の兵力が単位軍団であり、大地域の軍事的統領はこうしたイエ軍団の連合を組織した。
- Keiji NAGAHARA stated that military power of the bushi lord of a manor from the twelfth century to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when the formed bushidan had a house of the same clan as its unit and the army unit cohort consisted of several dozen to two hundred military forces, and many militaristic conquest of a vast area structured the union of house army.
- 旗本や御家人などの一般の武士の住まいは民家とそれほど変わらない規模の建物であったことも多いが、上級や中級の侍屋敷では土塀や長屋門、式台を構え、下級のものも少なくとも書院造の座敷を設けるなど、格を示すような特徴を持っていた。
- Although many ordinary samurai such as Hatamoto (direct retainers of the shogun) or Gokenin (lower-ranked vassals) had residences which differed little from folk houses, upper or middle class Samurai Yashiki had mud walls, Nagayamon (a gate and long house for vassals), and Shikidai (an entrance hall with a wooden floor), and even lower class ones had at least zashiki (a tatami-mat reception room) of Shoin-zukuri style (a typical traditional Japanese style house), attempting to display their high status.
- 新渡戸稲造は、1900年に刊行した著書Bushido The Soul of Japan(『武士道』)のなかで、切腹について、腹部を切ることは、そこに霊魂と愛情が宿っているという古代の解剖学的信仰に由来する、と考察している。
- In his 1900 book, 'Bushido: The Soul of Japan,' Inazo NITOBE states that the cutting of the abdomen in seppuku originated from the ancient anatomical belief that a person's soul and love resides within the abdomen.
- 身分制度については、江戸幕府下の「士農工商」の別を廃止し、旧武士階級を士族、それ以外を平民とし、「四民平等」を謳う一方、旧公家・大名や一部僧侶などを新たに華族として特権的階級とすると同時に、宮内省の支配の下に置くことになった。
- Regarding the class system, the government advocated equality of all people, abolishing the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants under the Edo Shogunate, and changing former samurai class to the warrior class and the rest of classes to commoner class, whereas they gave the privileges of nobility to former court nobles, feudal lords, and some of the Buddhist monks so as to put them under the control of the Ministry of the Imperial Household.
- その結果、遺跡はとくに鎌倉時代から室町時代にかけての関東武士の中世城館の様相を考察する考古資料としてきわめて重要であるとして、1984年(昭和59年)12月6日、「川越館跡」(かわごえやかたあと)の名称で国の史跡に指定された。
- As a result, the ruins are considered extremely important as historical data providing a picture of the medieval castles and buildings of the Kanto warriors particularly from the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period, and on December 6, 1984, the site was designated a site of national historical importance under the name 'Kawagoe-yakata ruins.'
- 会津藩には武士身分で構成される正規治安部隊、京都見廻組(組長=佐々木只三郎)があり、農民・商人身分で構成される新撰組(組長=近藤勇)は、会津藩の京都における非正規治安部隊(後年は近藤らは幕臣になり正式な治安部隊になる)である。
- In the Aizu Clan, the formal security force was the Kyoto Mimawarigumi (Commander = Tadazaburo SASAKI), and Shinsen-gumi (Commander = Isami KONDO), composed of men with the social position of farmers/merchants, was the non-formal security force of the Aizu Clan for the Kyoto area (in later years, KONDO and others became vassals of the shogunate, and thus Shinsen-gumi became a formal security force).
- それに対して、川本利恵、中村充一「正座の源流」(東京家政大学紀要第39号 1999年)では、この座り方そのものは「日本諸事要録」(1583年)の記載から、16世紀後半にはすでに下級武士や農民にまで浸透していたことを指摘している。
- On the other hand, 'Origin of Seiza' by Rie KAWAMOTO and Michikazu NAKAMURA (Tokyo Kasei University Journal, No. 39, 1999) points out that, judging from descriptions contained in 'Sumario de las cosas de Japon' (1583), this style of sitting was common among lower-ranking samurai and peasants in the late 16th century.
- さらに11世紀に荘園公領制が成立すると、対等な権利主体となった荘園と公領(国衙領)の間に武力紛争が多発し、荘園の現地管理者である荘官、公領の現地管理者である惣司、郡司、郷司、保司には武芸の家の者たる武士が任命されるようになった。
- Furthermore, after the shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) was established in the 11th century, many armed conflicts arose between the owners of shoen (private estates) and the administrators of koryo (public land, also known as kokugaryo, meaning territory governed by a provincial government office), both of whom now had equal rights; accordingly, Soji (local government officials under the ritsuryo system), Gunji (local magistrates), Goji (local government officials under the ritsuryo system), and Hoji (officers who managed koryo), all of whom were regional administrators of koryo, and Shokan (officers who managed shoen) were all appointed from samurai families.
- 酒で腐った衣をまとい、髪を剃り上げて鬘にすることで屈強の武士から逃れたサホビメの物語は伝説だとしても、壇ノ浦の戦いの際、入水した女性達が長い髪を熊手で絡め取られて捕虜となった様に、髪を捕まえられると逃走や抵抗が難しくなってしまう。
- The story about Sahobime who escaped from strong samurai by being clad in a dress rotten by alcohol and wearing a wig after shaving her head might be a legend; however, women indeed had difficulty in running away and fighting back when grabbed by the hair as shown in the scene in the Battle of Dannoura that women who tried to commit suicide by drowning were captured by their hair's being entangled with a rake and were held captive.
- こうした状況の中で、12世紀~13世紀ごろになると、荘園領主や国衙、さらにこれらから在地支配を任された武士も田堵の力を認めざるを得なくなり、田堵に名田の永代保有権を付与する代わりに、年貢・公事の納付請負を確約させるようになっていった。
- Under such circumstances, around the 12th and the 13th centuries, lords of manors, kokuga, and samurai warriors who were appointed as the local supervisors by lords or kokuga had to recognize the tato's influence, and they gave the tato permanent tenure of myoden in exchange for the firm land tax payment and the undertaking of public duties.
- しかし明治維新後儒教的な家父長制が旧武士階層のみならず一般の農商家にも拡大されると文字通り「女人は成仏できない」という儒教的家父長制による女性蔑視の正当性を証明する根拠として法華系諸宗派を初めとする日本仏教全体で扱われるようになった。
- After the Meiji Restoration, however, patriarchy based on Confucianism was expanded not only to the former samurai (warrior) class, but also to farm and merchant families at large, and the idea of Henjo Nanshi came to be dealt with, throughout the world of Japanese Buddhism including various schools of the Hokke Sect, as a basis to justify misogyny based on Confucian patriarchy, and a slogan that says 'women cannot become any Buddha' in literal terms.
- そうした中で、武士は所領の知行権などをめぐる訴訟(所務沙汰)において幕府による裁定が下された後も、当時の社会で容認されていた自力救済慣行を背景として、必ずしも幕府裁定に従わず、自らの実力を行使して所領知行権を確保しようとする傾向があった。
- On the other hand, there was a tendency that samurai, even after the bakufu judged in the lawsuit over the right of fief, which was called shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues), not necessarily followed the bakufu's judgment but tried to keep their right to manage the territory using their force with the aid of the customary practice of self-help which had been approved in the society at that time.
- 切腹は、近世からは自死のほかに、死刑の方法としても採用されているが、この場合、自分の不始末を自力で処理するため、主君より「賜死」という考えから、誉ある死とされた(これに対して、斬首刑や磔は武士身分がされるべきでない不名誉な刑罰とされた。)
- Since the early modern period, seppuku has been used as a method for not only suicide but also capital punishment, and in such cases permission to die was granted by one's master so that one could atone for misconduct, leading seppuku to become viewed as an honorable way to die (in contrast to beheading and crucifixion which were considered dishonorable punishments not befitting members of the samurai class).
- 戦国時代 (日本)中頃には鉄砲の登場により弓は戦場の一線から退くが、実戦から離れても弓術は武術としての地位は変わることなく、時代を経た泰平の江戸時代の世においても弓術は武士の武術 (日本)として、また心身鍛錬の道として依然人気は高かった。
- Around the middle of the Sengoku Period (inJapan), the introduction of firearms retired bows and arrows from actual fighting in battlefields, but Kyujutsu kept the same status as a martial art even after departing the actual fighting, and remained popular as a martial art for Samurai and a way to discipline the mind and body in the peaceful Edo Period.
- 土地には耕作権を意味する「作職」、年貢徴収請負権の「名主」、荘園領主への年貢納入を請け負う「地頭職」などが重層に存在し、さらに国衙や守護職が令制国単位で影響力を及ぼしていたため、武士の主従関係も一対一の単純なものであるとは限られていなかった。
- There was a multilayered structure of rights claimed for a land including 'saku-shiki' which meant the right of cultivation, 'myoshu' which referred to the right to collect land taxes, and 'jito-shiki' which was responsible for paying out land taxes to the lord of the manor; besides, as the provincial government office and the military governor possessed influence on each province, master-servant relationships among samurai were not necessarily a simple one-to-one relationship.
- それまでは、漁師、船乗りや、武士階級の間で武術として日本泳法があったに過ぎなかった水泳が、全国に海水浴場が開設され、国民皆泳の名の下に学校教育でも水泳が体育教科として取り上げられたことで、庶民の間に海水浴(水泳)の習慣が拡がる第一歩となった。
- Until then, swimming had been limited to fishermen, sailors and the samurai class as one of the military arts but the establishment of swimming beaches throughout Japan and the adoption of swimming as part of physical education at schools in the name of 'Kokumin Kaiei' (swimming for the whole nation) were the first steps toward the popularization of sea bathing (swimming) among commoners.
- 治承・寿永の乱の過程で、鎌倉を本拠に源頼朝を棟梁として東国武士を中心に樹立された鎌倉幕府では、東国を中心に諸国に守護、地頭を設置し、警察権を掌握していたが、西国は支配しきっておらず依然として朝廷の力は強く、幕府と朝廷の二頭政治の状態にあった。
- Given the tumultuous history of the disturbances in the Jijo and Juei eras, the Kamakura bakufu--made up primarily of samurais from the eastern provinces, having its stronghold in Kamakura, and having Minamoto no Yoritomo as its leader--exerted control over assignments of provincial governors and estate stewards in several provinces, mainly in the east, and held the power to police those domains; in the west, however, they had no real control, whereas the Imperial Court's power in the West remained considerable, and thus the shogunate and the Court were stuck as joint rulers of Japan.
- これは南北朝時代以降、戦場への動員人数が激増して徒歩での集団戦が主体となり、騎馬戦闘を行う戦闘局面が比較的限定されるようになっても、本来の武士であるか否かは騎馬戦闘を家業とするか層か否かという基準での線引きが後世まで保持されていったためである。
- This is because the classification was preserved after ages, where whether he was an original bushi or not depended on whether his family business was part of the cavalry fighting or not, even though fighting by group on foot became mainstream and cavalry fighting became relatively limited at the war scenes after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the number of recruitments to the battlefield dramatically increased.
- そして職業身分とは、平安時代後期の上層階級での社会的分業が、「イヘ」への職能として固定し、その文士、例えば陰陽の家とかいう形で「芸能」としての家業が固定され、官職までが世襲されるようになる段階で、同様に武士という職業身分の類型が生まれるとする。
- The 'job rank' referred to the specialized social job of the upper class during the late Heian period such as the writer or the house of yin-yang where the job function of 'art' became fixed to a 'house' as a family business, the court position became hereditary, at the same time as a similar form of bushi social rank was born.
- 近代になり、嘉納治五郎が新しく柔道を創設したことなどや日清戦争後に武士道が再輸入されもてはやされたなどの社会情勢から大日本武徳会が設立されて大日本帝国の精神修養として採用され、明治末から大正にかけて武術の「術」を「道」と替え武道と名称変更した。
- In modern times, under the social environment in which judo was newly founded by Jigoro KANO and Bushido (the code of the samurai) was re-imported and praised after the Japanese-Sino War, Dai Nippon Butoku Kai was organized and adopted as the moral improvement of the Empire of Japan, and that organization changed the name from bujutsu to budo by replacing 'jutsu' (arts) with 'do' (ways).
- 国衙軍制の可能性を指摘し、それが武士の起源に関係することを論じたものには、石井進『中世成立期軍制研究の一視点』(「史学雑誌」78編12号所載、1969年)や戸田芳実『国衙軍制の形成過程』(「中世の権力と民衆」所載、創元社、1970年)などがある。
- The papers that pointed out the possibility of the kokuga forces system and discussed the relation of the system to the origin of samurai include 'A viewpoint concerning research about the military system in the early medieval period' written by Susumu ISHII ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), No. 12, vol. 78, in 1969) and 'The process in which the kokuga forces system was formed' written by Yoshimi TODA (recorded in 'Power and the general public in the medieval period,' published by Sogensha, in 1970).
- 羽織のダンダラは忠臣蔵の赤穂浪士が吉良邸に討ち入りするときに着ていた羽織の柄で、浅葱色は武士が切腹の時に着る切腹裃の色だと伝えられているが、羽織は実際には最初の1年ほどで廃止されたらしく、池田屋事件の時に着用していたとする証言が最後の記録である。
- The mountain-like patterns on short coats are those of Ako Roshi of Chushingura, when they marched into and attacked the KIRA residence, and very light blue is said to be the color of the seppuku kamishimo worn by a samurai when he commits hara-kiri, but the short coats of Shinsen-gumi seem to have been abolished after the 1st year, and the last recorded instance of the coats being worn was in the Ikedaya Incident.
- この時代の寄親・寄子関係は、単に戦いへの一時的な参加を頼む・頼まれるという当座の関係から、寄親が寄子に所領や扶持を与える「給人的寄子」まで幅広く、更に大名が自己の寄子である有力武士に彼ら自身の寄子に与えるための所領(寄子給)が与えられる場合もあった。
- There were a wide range of Yorioya/Yoriko relationships in those days, from a temporary relationship of asking/being asked to participate in the battle to 'kyunin (upper class retainers)-like Yoriko' to whom Yorioya gave shoryo and salary, and in addition, sometimes there were cases where daimyo gave the dominant samurai, their own Yoriko, the shoryo (yorikokyu) to be given to the dominant samurai's Yoriko in turn.
- 日本では異民族の侵入が少なかったことや山地が国土の大半を占めることなどから、大陸に見られるような城壁都市は一部を除いて発展せず、野戦用の防御施設として作られた「城柵」や武士の居館を堀や櫓で防備した「館(やかた、たて、たち)」が、中世には山城へと発展した。
- Unlike in Continental Asai, walled towns did not develop in Japan with only a few exceptions partly because different races seldom invaded Japan and partly because most of the land is covered with mountains; 'Josaku' (official defense sites) constructed as military defense facilities and 'Yakata', or worriers' residences armed with moats and wooden framed stages, developed into mountain castles during the Middle Ages.
- 第二次世界大戦後はマルクス主義的な歴史認識により、武士を支配階級、農民を被支配階級と定義し、農民生活の悲惨さとそれに由来する階級闘争の存在が強調され、商人は財産(資本)を蓄積したブルジョワ階級であり、近代への幕を開く歴史的存在として捉えられるようになった。
- After World War II, Marxian history began to define samurai as the ruling class and the peasants as the ruled class, emphasizing the misery of the peasants' life and the existence of a class struggle derived from this misery, with merchants as the bourgeoisies who accumulated property (capital) which ushered in the modern age.
- 院政期に至ると庶流の源国房(明国の叔父)の系統や源仲政(明国の弟)の系統が北面武士などとして院に伺候したが、摂関家領である多田荘を継承した明国の系統は多田行綱(明国の曾孫)の代に至るまで院北面とはなっておらず、代々摂関家の私的武力としての性格を持ち続けた。
- In the cloistered government period, collateral lines such as MINAMOTO no Kunifusa (Akikuni's uncle) and MINAMOTO no Nakamasa (Akikuni's younger brother) served as the cloistered emperor's army while the line of Akikuni who inherited Tada Manors, the estates owned by the regent family, did not join the cloistered emperor's army and continued to be a private army for the regent family through the generation of Tada Yukitsuna (a grand-grand son of Akikuni).
- 引用した対談は1974年のものであるが、それに先立つ1969年12月の法制史研究会総会で、戸田芳実は『国衙軍制の形成過程』を発表、そこで述べた「地方軍事貴族」または「辺境軍事貴族」という概念、そして「国衙軍制」への着目はその後の武士論に大きな影響を与えた。
- The interview was in 1974, but Yoshimi TODA announced 'The Formation Process of the Kokuga Forces System' at Japan Legal History Association Conference of December 1969 and 'aristocrats with regional army,' 'aristocrats with frontier army,' and the 'kokuga forces system' debated there and greatly affected the later bushi theory.
- シテやワキなどを中心として、直面の武士などが多人数で斬りあう働事で、能シテ、能シテなどとして登場するシテ方は、その他大勢の敵役として、シテや能ワキなどに斬られる役回りである(舞台上では、安座や仏倒れなどを行って斬られたことを示したのち、能能舞台から退く)。
- It is one of hataraki-goto in which many Hitamen (face without mask) samurais are killing each other using a blade around the Noh shite and the Noh waki and the shite-kata who appear as the Noh shite and the Noh waki play roles of many other enemies and are got slashed to death by the shite and the Noh waki (On Noh stage, performers express getting slashed to death by performing anza [sitting quietly] or Hotokedaore [performance that represents death or falling unconscious] and fades from the stage).
- こうした弱点を克服する議論として主張されはじめたのが、下向井龍彦らによって主張されているように、出現期の武士が田堵負名としての経済基盤を与えられており、11世紀の後期王朝国家に国家体制が変質した時点で、荘園公領の管理者としての領主身分を獲得したとする議論である。
- To overcome such weak points, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and so on started to insist that the bushi during the early period were given an economic base as tato fumyo and when the national policy changed to the latter half of the dynasty state during the 11th century, the bushi acquired the lord status as the manager of shoen koryo.
- 帰京した後醍醐は富小路坂の里内裏に入り、光厳天皇の皇位を否定し親政を開始(自らの重祚<復位>は否定し、文保2年から継続しての在位を主張)するが、京都では護良親王とともに六波羅攻撃を主導した足利高氏が諸国へ軍勢を催促し、上洛した武士を収めて京都支配を指揮していた。
- After returning to the capital, Godaigo entered the throne room on Tomikoji hill and repudiated Kogon's imperial rank, ushering in a new era of direct Imperial rule (and of his own second ascension, he insisted that he was not 'returning to the throne' but rather had continuously been ruling since 1318); in Kyoto, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who with Imperial Prince Morinaga had directed the attack on Rokuhara, requested more troops from all the various provinces, and by paying and supplying the samurai that came to the capital, Takauji assumed military command over the government of Kyoto.
- たとえば、17世紀初頭に刊行された『日葡辞書』では、BuxiやMononofuはそれぞれ「武人」「軍人」という訳語が与えられているのに対して、Saburaiは「貴人、または尊敬すべき人」と訳されていることからも、侍が武士階層の中でも特別な存在であったことは窺えよう。
- For example, 'the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam' (Nipojisho, Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary), published in early seventeen century, gave the meaning of the terms Buxi and Mononofu as 'bujin' (warrior) and 'gunjin' (military man), respectively, however, Saburai was translated as 'a nobleman or person to be respected', suggesting that samurai were special people within the bushi class.
- その後新渡戸稲造がアメリカ人に紹介するために書いた『武士道 (新渡戸稲造)』が、日清戦争以降、逆輸入され広く受け入れられ、大日本帝国の軍人が持つべき倫理と接合して、軍人の倫理の骨格をかたちづくり、また一方では、美学として文学や芸能の世界でさまざまなかたちとなってあらわれた。
- Later, Inazo NITOBE wrote 'Bushido (Inazo NITOBE)' to introduce bushido to American people, but after the Sino-Japanese War, it was reimported to Japan and formed the ethical framework for military officers, mixing with the ethics which the military officers of the Empire of Japan should have, and on the other hand it appeared as aesthetic in various forms in the world of literature or entertainment.
- そのため、地方の実効支配者としての地位の向上を望む多数の地方武士の利益代表者の位置を十分構築できず、同時多発反乱の中から台頭した源義仲や源頼朝らによって滅ぼされた(ただし、清盛が設置した諸制度の中に後の頼朝政権に引き継がれた組織の萌芽が見られるというのが近年の有力説である)。
- For this reason, the position of beneficial representatives among many local samurai who were hoping to improve their ranks as regional effective controllers was not sufficiently established and the Taira clan was overthrown by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who gained power through many simultaneous revolts (However, a recent theory says that germination of the organizations which were taken over to Yoritomo administration can be seen in the various systems established by Kiyomori).
- ただし、その支配は荘園公領制の範疇におけるものであり、他の権門との協調を掲げる鎌倉幕府の所領よりも地方にある御家人の所領の方が武士による所領の独占的支配の傾向が早く出現するものの、この時代には上級の所職を占める公家・寺社や現地の国衙からの影響力を完全に排除するには至らなかった。
- The rule of the gokenin remained subject to the shoen koryosei system; therefore, although samurai's monopolistic control of the shoryo was liable to appear earlier in the local shoryo of the gokenin than the shoryo of the Kamakura bakufu, which stated the policy of having gokenin in harmony with the other powerful houses, influences of the court nobles, temples, and shrines, which occupied higher various shiki, and the local kokuga cannot be completely removed during this period.
- 「江戸学の祖」と云われた三田村鳶魚が、「足軽は兵卒だが、まず今日の下士か上等兵ぐらいな位置にいる。役目としても、軍曹あたりの勤務をも担当していた」と述べているように、準武士としての位置づけがなされた例もあるが、基本的に足軽は、武家奉公人として中間・小者と同列に見られる例も多かった。
- As Engyo MITAMURA, regarded as 'the father of Edo Studies,' demonstrated in stating 'Ashigaru were soldiers who were approximately equal in status to the noncommissioned officer or private first-class ranks of today; they also conducted the duties of a sergeant,' there were also examples of ashigaru who came to be considered quasi samurai but there are also many cases in which they served as buke hokonin and were regarded in the same light as chugen and komono.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)から室町初期に完成した『庭訓往来』には、「城下に招き居えべき輩」として多くの商人、職人の名を列挙しており、襖障子に関係するものとして唐紙師、経師、紙漉き、塗師、金銀細工師などが挙げられており、襖建具が分業化された職人を必要とするほどに、武士階級に相当普及していた事とが知れる。
- In the 'Teikin-orai' (Epistolary for Home Instruction) completed from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period, many names of merchants and workmen are described as 'people who should stay in the castle town' including masters of fusuma-shoji such as kami-shi, kyo-ji, paper making, craftsmen of lacquer ware and handiworks, and craftsmen of gold and silver handiworks, which shows that fusuma-shoji was widespread in the samurai class and they required specialized craftsmen.
- 武士の起源については、従来は新興地方領主層が自衛の必要から武装した面を重視する説が主流であったが、近年は清和源氏や桓武平氏のような軍事貴族や下級官人層から構成される戦士身分が起源であり、彼らが平安後期の荘園公領制成立期から荘園領主や国衙と結びついて所領経営者として発展していったとみる説が提唱されている。
- As for the origin of bushi, the theory that the class of emerging local lords were armed because of a need for self-defense was traditionally mainstream, but recently a theory proposed that its origin is the warrior status which consisted of the military aristocrats such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) or lower-ranking government officials and they were linked with the owners of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or kokuga from the formation period of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and developed into the managers of the shoryo (territory).
- さてその「サブラフ」の連用形から平安時代に「サブラヒ」という名詞が生まれたわけであるが、その原義は「主君の側近くで面倒を見ること、またその人」で、後に朝廷に仕える官人でありながら同時に上級貴族に伺候した中下級の技能官人層を指すようになり、そこからそうした技能官人の一角を構成した「武士」を指すようになった。
- The conjunctive form of 'saburafu' became 'saburahi' in the Heian period, and while this originally meant 'a person who is on hand to take care of and serve his/her lord' (or the act of doing so), it later came to mean ginou kanjin of low to middle rank who served upper class aristocrats at the Imperial Court, before finally coming to indicate only one type of ginou kanjin: the 'bushi.'
- 現代武道が技の錬磨以上に人間形成と体育的見地からの心身の鍛錬を目的として技術の体系を構築し、また競技、試合を重視しているのに対し(例:柔道、剣道)、古武道は基本的に試合での勝敗を目的とせず(流派によっては他流試合を禁じていた)、実際に身を守り暮らす事や、武士としての使命を果たすための鍛錬などが目的とされていた。
- While gendai budo establishes the systems of the arts and places emphasis on competitions or matches for the purpose of disciplining mind and body from the point of view of the human development and physical education more than polishing the arts (for example, judo, kendo), the fundamental purpose of kobudo was not winning a match (some of the schools had forbidden trainees from competing in the contest between different schools), but defending themselves actually to live or disciplining themselves to carry out their missions as samurai.
- しかし、河内源氏の「棟梁の系譜」を考えるならば、石川源氏は河内源氏の本領の石川荘を相続しているとはいえ源義時の末裔でしかなく地方武士団の規模を出ず、細々と先祖伝来の本拠地の領地を守っていただけの石川源氏やその後継の石川氏は河内源氏の流れを汲む地方源氏の一つとは言えても、河内源氏そのものの名に値するのかという反論がある。
- However, taking consideration of the 'lineage of the family leader', Ishikawa-Genji is just a descendant of MINAMOTO no Yoshitoki even though Ishikawawa-Genji inherited Ishikawa manor, the main domain of Kawachi-Genji, and they remained to be a local samurai group, it can be said that the Ishikawa-Genji and its descendant, Ishikawa clan, who protected the inherited main domain on a reduced scale, is one of local Genji descended from Kawachi-Genji, but it is arguable whether it deserves the name of Kawachi-Genji.
- その背景として国衙や武士による寺社領の横領という問題もあったが、僧侶や神官によって信仰に付随して施設や儀式の維持とそのために必要な所領が相続継承されていく(僧侶の場合は師弟間の継承が神官の子弟間の相続に相当する)うちに私有化され、宗教とは関係のない私的目的に利用されたり、場合によっては勝手に他者に売却される場合もあった。
- The problem of embezzling of jisharyo (holdings of temples and shrines) by kokuga (imperial household officials or an estate manager) or bushi (samurai) was the background of the tendo -- But in some cases, as Buddhist monks and Shinto priests inherited the shoryo, which was necessary for maintenance of the facilities and support of the rituals, accompanying their religious belief (Buddhist monks inherited the shoryo from the master to the disciple, correspondingly to the case of the Shinto priests where they inherited the shoryo from father to children), they began to privatize the shoryo such that they could use the shoryo for private purposes, which had nothing to do with their religious activities, or that they sold the shoryo to the other person at their own discretion in the worst cases.
- 後に「武士」として登場する、関東の開発領主達の11世紀末までの状況がどうだったかといえば、当時はその所領支配は、郡司、郷司などの公的な職の体系を媒介として、開墾を行い、村落を形成することを課題としはじめた頃であり、領地支配、あるいはその拡大において、隣接する開発領主との抗争が日常化するほどの飽和点にはまだ至ってはいない。
- The situation of kaihatsu-ryoshu in the Kanto region that later appeared as 'bushi' in the late eleventh century used soryo ruling through gunji, goji, and other public duties to start cultivating and forming villages and was not up to a saturated level to quarrel constantly with neighboring kaihatsu-ryoshu over the ruling and expansion of manors.
- 三浦らは、ヨーロッパの中世が、ゲルマン民族の大移動によって辺境で発生した「武装した封建領主」である騎士によって支えられていたことに着目し、日本で平安時代中期から東国を中心とした辺境社会で活躍した武士を騎士と同じ「武装した封建領主」と位置づけ、アジアで唯一日本にも中世が存在したことを「発見」し、日本は近代化できると主張した。
- MIURA and so on noted that medieval Europe was supported by the knights who were 'armed suzerain' emerging on the frontier by the Great Barbarian Invasion of Germanic peoples, positioned the bushi, who flourished in the frontier society centering on Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) from the middle of Heian period in Japan, as 'armed suzerain' who were the same as the knights, 'discovered' that there also existed medieval times in Japan, which was the only country in Asia, and insisted that Japan could be modernized.
- 11-12世紀の間に、開発領主として発展していったことが豊富な資料で裏付けられる安芸国高田郡の藤原氏、但馬国温泉郷(ゆのごう)の平氏、伊賀国名張郡の丈部(はせつかべ)氏、下総国相馬御厨の千葉氏、その他の例をみても、彼らが当時の「武士の棟梁」と言われた軍事貴族と人格的な主従関係をもっていたと証明することは非常に困難とされる。
- It was hard to prove that the Fujiwara clan of Takata County, Aki Province, Taira clan of Yunogo, Tanba Province, Hasetsukabe clan of Nabari County, Iga Province, and Chiba clan of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch), Shimosa Province that developed as the kaihatsu-ryoshu between eleventh-twelfth century, and other examples proven by many historical manuscripts, had master and servant relationships with the military aristocrats called 'toryo of bushi' at that time.
- 簡単にいえば、武官は「官人として武装しており、律令官制の中で訓練を受けた常勤の公務員的存在」であるのに対して、武士は「10世紀に成立した新式の武芸を家芸とし、武装を朝廷や国府から公認された「下級貴族」、「下級官人」、「有力者の家人中世の家人」からなる人々」であって、律令官制の訓練機構で律令制式の武芸を身につけた者ではなかった。
- Simply speaking, military officers were 'government officials (espcially one of low to medium rank) who were armed and a full-time government [public] employee-like officials trained under the Ritsuryo-system,' while the bushi were 'the people who consisted of a 'lower ranking nobles,' 'lower ranking government officials' and 'people from powerful or medieval families' who regarded the new military art established during the 10th century as their iegei and were officially authorized to be armed by the Imperial Court or kokufu (provincial office)' and they did not acquire the military art of the Ritsuryo-system style in the training institution of the organization of the government according to the Ritsuryo codes.
- ただし、寺院と神社では支配の傾向に違いがあり、寺院では荘園領主としての権限が複数の職の体系に分割されずに一元的な支配が行われるか、寺院本体とそこに属する院家の間で分割され、他者の参入を防ごうとしたが、14世紀になると武士による侵略に晒されたために、寺院周辺の荘園における直務支配を強化して確実に加地子得分の確保を目指すようになった。
- The state of rule differed between the temple and shrine -- In the temples, the right of shoen ryoshu (estate proprietor) was not divided into multiple positions in a system and the estate was put under centralized control, or alternatively, the right was divided between the main temple and inge (temple next in rank of monzeki that had imperial connections), that belonged to the main temple, to prevent an invasion from outside; but in fourteenth century, as the temples were exposed to invasions of bushi, the temples enhanced its direct rule in the shoen near the precinct of the temple to secure its kajishi (additional tax).
- 戦国時代になると、大名は主従関係の安定化のため、寄親となった有力武士の権利を保障し、寄子が濫りに寄親を変えることを禁じたり、大名への訴訟は寄親を通じて行うことを命じて、強制力を持たせる一方、寄親が寄子に恩給を与えなかったり、その他寄子に対する不当な扱いを行った場合には寄親を変えさせるなど、寄子を自己の軍事力として確保する政策が取られた。
- In the Sengoku period, in order to stabilize the master-servant relationship, daimyo guaranteed the rights of the dominant samurai who had become Yorioya, prohibited Yoriko from changing Yorioya, and gave Yorioya a legal force by ordering that lawsuits against daimyo should be filed through Yorioya; on the other hand, they adopted a policy to secure Yoriko as their military force by allowing Yoriko change Yorioya if Yorioya didn't give Onkyu (rewards from master to a vassal) or if Yorioya mistreated Yoriko.
- そのほか、武家住宅の実態は今日でも十分解明されているとはいい難いが、およそは一棟あるいは棟続きの家屋の中に武士の詰所である遠侍や表座敷としての寝殿、対面所、客間として出居、公文所、居間などの諸室を配して周囲には堅固な塀や堀をめぐらすほか、小規模な家屋に対座して庭空間も寝殿造に比して小面積で、中門や車寄せの前庭が寝殿造の広庭にとってかわり、内庭が分化して鑑賞本位になっているとみられ、この基本構成は室町まで踏襲されている。
- Additionally, although the details of samurai residences are still not clear to this day, a typical residence consisted of the following up until the Muromachi period: In one building or a building with annexes, various rooms, such as a tosaburai (tosamurai), where samurai gathered, a shinden and taimen-jo (meeting place), where the samurai spent their days, Dei (Idei) as a guest room, Kumonjo (Office of Administration) and a living room, were placed with strong walls and moats surrounding the buildings, and the garden are was also smaller in comparison with Shinden-zukuri style, matching the smaller-sized buildings, and a front garden with a Chumon gate and entranceway was placed instead of the large garden typical of Shinden-zukuri style, and inside courtyard was divided into smaller sections mainly for viewing.
- いくつかの雑記は江戸在中の武士の人口として2億人を超える荒唐無稽な数値(享保十七年四月(1732年) 2億3698万7950人(『月堂見聞集』)、享保二十年(1735年):2億3608万5950人(『半日閑話』)、寛政三年(1743年)及び文化十二年(1815年):2億3658万0390人(『甲子夜話』))を記載しているが、唯一『土屋筆記』は御屋敷方の人口として70万0973人(年次不明)という比較的現実的な人口を伝えている。
- In a several miscellaneous notes, populations of samurai residing in Edo were irrationally estimated as large as over 0.2 billion (236,987,950 in 1732 ['Getudo Kenmon shu'], 236,085,950 in 1735 ['Hannichi Kanwa'] and 236,580,390 in 1743 and 1815 ['Kasshi yawa']), whereas 'Tsuchiya Hikki' describes a realistic figure of 600,973 (years unknown).