欧米: 405 Terms and Phrases
- 欧米
- Europe and America
- the West
- Europe & America
- Occident
- 欧米人
- Europeans and Americans
- Westerners
- 欧米諸国
- the various countries of Europe and America
- 欧米漫遊
- Travel to Europe and America
- 親欧米路線
- alignment with the Western powers of America and Europe
- 欧米並みに
- as in Europe and America
- 欧米諸言語
- the languages of Europe and America
- 欧米の縁起物
- Lucky charms in Europe and America
- 欧米における廟
- Mausoleums in Western Countries
- 欧米の古史古伝
- Koshi koden in Europe and the U.S.A.
- 欧米との再接触
- Reopening of contact with Europe and America
- 欧米における歴史
- History of jinrikisha in the west
- 欧米言語文化学科
- Department of European and American Linguistic Cultures
- 65年欧米公演。
- 1965: Performed in Europe.
- 欧米核データ委員会
- European-American Nuclear Committee
- 欧米での食文化の流れ
- History of food cultures in Europe and in the United States
- 欧米、キリスト教世界
- Europe, the US, and the Christian world
- 欧米の使用人を指す。
- It corresponds to the title of employee in Europe and the US.
- 議院建築のため欧米視察
- He went to Europe and the United States to study for the Diet Building construction.
- 欧米では観賞用が主である。
- In Europe and the United States they are mainly used as ornamental plants.
- 予備交渉と欧米視察を進めた。
- He conducted preliminary negotiations while inspecting the Western countries.
- 大きく豊かで欲望の強い欧米の都市
- a big rich appetent Western city
- 欧米の様々な小型で首の短い川カモ
- any of various small short-necked dabbling river ducks of Europe and America
- 欧米では犬を家族の一員とみなす。
- In Europe and America they regard the dog as a member of the family.
- いずれも「欧米映画社」が配給した。
- Both of these films were distributed by 'Obei Eiga-sha.'
- 欧米と日本では形態がまったく異なる
- interlocking directorate
- (欧米ではホットで飲むことが主流。)
- (Hot coffee prevails in the West.)
- 医学では日本は欧米に追いつきました。
- Japan has caught up with Europe and America in medicine.
- 欧米でも日本料理として紹介されている。
- It has also been introduced as a Japanese dish in Western countries.
- 明治30年4月、友純は欧米漫遊の途につく。
- In April 1897, Tomoito departed for his travel to Europe and America.
- アメリカなど欧米ではバンジョーに比較される。
- The sanxian compares to the banjo of Western countries, including the United States.
- 1889年(明治22年)7月、欧米諸国視察。
- In July 1889, he made an official visit to western countries
- 欧米では時間厳守は当然の事と考えられている。
- In Europe and America people regard punctuality as a matter of course.
- キブラと密接に関係する反欧米の自警団に発展する
- evolved into a vigilante group with anti-western views closely allied with Qibla
- チベット方面から訪れる欧米人もいたためである。
- It is because there were Europeans and North Americans who came from the direction of Tibet.
- このころから欧米より伝来した写真機に興味を持つ。
- He showed an interest in a camera being introduced from Europe and America in those days.
- とは言え、当時の欧米の鉄道はさらに上を行っていた。
- However, the railways in Europe and the United States at that time advanced further.
- 欧米では日蓮仏教=創価学会という認識が一般的である。
- In Europe, Soka Gakkai is generally considered as the same as Nichiren Buddhism.
- 岩倉使節団の一員に任じられ、2年近く欧米諸国を視察。
- He was appointed as a member of Iwakura Mission to inspect the Western countries for about two years.
- 生活水準の面では、その共和国は欧米諸国に追い付いた。
- As for the standard of living, the republic has caught up with the West.
- 欧米に向けてさかんに輸出され、日本の殖産興業を支えた。
- It was vigorously exported to Europe and America, supporting the growth of Japanese industry.
- コロッケ- 原型は欧米で「クロケット」と呼ばれるもの。
- Korokke originates from the 'croquette' in Western countries.
- 明治5年(1872年)、岩倉使節団に加わり欧米を視察。
- In 1872, he participated in Iwakura Mission, and visited Europe and America for inspection.
- 1918年に欧米を訪問し、作風が変わったとも言われる。
- His style of writing was said to have changed after he traveled to the West in 1918.
- 欧米諸国はその大半が身分制度を廃し、平等を唱えていた。
- Most of Western countries had abolished the social class system and advocated equality of status.
- 国内の興行もさかんとなり欧米諸国での海外公演も行われる。
- Kabuki performances in Japan became active again, and were also carried out in European and American countries.
- 欧米、特にヨーロッパ圏の料理が日本独自の進化をしたもの。
- Dishes originated in Europe or the United State, especially, in Europe, but have been transformed into Japan-specific ones
- 1930年、トーキー技術研究のため、2年間、欧米に渡る。
- From 1930, he spent two years in Europe and the United states researching talking picture technology.
- しかし、当時欧米諸国以外で立憲政治を実現した国はなかった。
- However, at that time, no other countries except western countries could adopt constitutional government.
- 時間を厳守することは、欧米では当然のことと考えられている。
- Punctuality is thought to be a matter of course in Europe and America.
- その後欧米の日本美術を視察し1908年(明治41年)帰国。
- Then, they visited countries in North America and Europe to study Japanese fine arts stored in those counties, and returned to Japan in 1908.
- さらに、欧米諸国が解放令を後押ししたことも追い風となった。
- Further, backing up Kaiho Rei by Western countries served as a tail wind as well.
- 欧米文献の欧米にも積極的で民選論の理論家としても知られる。
- He was enthusiastic over literatures from Europe and America and also known to be the theoretician of modern democracy.
- 一方、スギが少ない欧米等ではスギが原因となる花粉症は少ない。
- On the other hand, there are fewer cases of hay fever triggered by Japanese cedar pollen in Europe and North America where there are few Japanese cedar trees.
- これには欧米列強による植民地化を免れるという大前提があった。
- The major premise of the above was to prevent the nation from being colonized by western powers.
- 寿司食が一般化した欧米諸国だが、鰻の蒲焼はあまり好まれない。
- Even though sushi has become popular in the western countries, eel kabayaki has not enjoyed the same popularity.
- スペインやメキシコなどの欧米諸国でもタコを食べる地域がある。
- There are also regions in the western countries such as Spain and Mexico that consume octopus.
- 欧米の近代警察組織の骨格を日本で初めて構築した日本警察の父。
- KAWAJI is called the father of the Japanese police, because he established the structure of modern police system modeling after the western system for the first time in Japan.
- 欧米の小型のハヤブサで、暗黒色の羽を持ち、尾には黒い縞がある
- small falcon of Europe and America having dark plumage with black-barred tail
- 欧米では日本でいうところの紅茶キノコをKombuchaと呼ぶ。
- In Europe and America, what is called black tea fungus in Japan is called Kombucha.
- 同年10月、右大臣岩倉具視欧米使節団に兵部省理事官として随行。
- In November of the same year, he attended to Europe and American delegates of Tomomi IWAKURA, Minister of the Right as resident of Hyobusho (ministry of military).
- 1897年(明治30年)東宮御所建設のため、翌年まで欧米を視察
- In 1897, prior to constructing the Togu-gosho Crown Prince's Palace, he went on an inspection tour of Europe and the United States through the following year.
- 欧米では'Boxer Protocol'の呼び名が一般的である。
- It is generally called the 'Boxer Protocol' in Europe and America.
- これは当時日本自身が欧米列強から強く要求されていたものであった。
- This was exactly the same as the strong request from the western powers imposed on Japan in those days.
- 折りしも欧米列強の外圧や幕末の動乱等の時代に至り急速に普及した。
- It spread quickly to coincide with a time when Japan suffered from pressure of the allied western powers and internal disturbances in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- この欧米での高評価を受けて日本国内でもその画風が評価され始めた。
- Due to the artist's high reputation in Western countries, his type of work started to be highly rated in Japan as well.
- 幟仁親王は維新以後の急速な生活様式の欧米化に対して消極的であった。
- People's lifestyle rapidly became Westernized after the Meiji Restoration, but Imperial Prince Takahito displayed a negative attitude toward this movement.
- 帝国主義時代に入った欧米列強の進出・侵略の手は東アジアにも迫った。
- In the age of imperialism, the great powers of Europe and the United States started to advance into and occupy East Asia.
- 幕末に至って欧米諸国を範に幕府や雄藩は近代的な艦隊の創設に向かう。
- At the end of the Edo period, the bakufu and major domains started to establish their modern fleet.
- 明治以降は、列強である欧米からの影響を受け、西洋文明を受け入れた。
- After the Meiji period, there was assimilation of Western Civilization, being influenced by powerful countries in Europe and America.
- 戦争後、欧米列強各国は清の弱体化を見て取り、中国分割に乗り出した。
- After the war Western powers took the opportunity of weakening Qing to start divisions in China.
- 欧米では「Satsuma」「Mikan」などの名称が一般的である。
- The name 'Satsuma' or 'Mikan' is more common in Europe and America.
- (欧米では手のひらを相手に向ける日本の招き方だと「失せろ」になる。
- (To Americans and Europeans, the Japanese beckoning gesture of facing the palm to the front means 'Get out of here!'
- だが、日本では法律上は不労所得だが、欧米では所得であることが多い。
- However, in Japan this is regarded as unearned income, while in the West it is often regarded as ordinary income.
- しかしながら、欧米と日本との彼我の文化の差は余りにも甚だしかった。
- And yet Western countries were culturally by far more advanced than Japan.
- 日本は開国により帝国主義時代の欧米列強と国際関係を持つこととなる。
- By opening the country, Japan established international relationships with the allied western powers of imperialism.
- 欧米の軍事的脅威を感じた日清両国は欧米からの武器輸入を進めていた。
- Both Japan and Qing had promoted importing weapons from European nations for fear of military threats of those countries.
- 当時の欧米の船はタールで船体を黒色に塗っていたため、黒船と呼ばれた。
- Western ships of that day were called 'black ships' because of the tar that was applied to the body of the ship.
- 鈴木は、大正8年(1919年)3月、戦後の欧米の状況視察に外遊した。
- Suzuki went abroad to inspect the postwar situation of Europe and America in March, 1919.
- 欧米による帝国主義時代・開港による植民地化を目的とした寄港拠点の確保
- The Age of Imperialism, led by Europe and the United States, was a time of opening ports and securing footholds for colonization.
- 明治時代に入ると、欧米の影響で近代的な五十音検索の国語辞典が登場した。
- As the Meiji period began, under the influence of western culture, there appeared a modern style dictionary of Japanese-language in which the words were arranged in the order of the Japanese syllabary.
- 欧米では天然石を加工せずにそのままの姿で利用することは極めて稀である。
- In Europe and the United States, genuine stones are rarely used as is without processing.
- このため『万国公法』を紹介しようとする動きは、まず欧米側から起こった。
- Therefore, movement to introduce 'Bankoku Koho' was initiated from the European and American side.
- しかしながら、欧米の場合と同じく「魚」として食用にされていたようである。
- However, it seems that whale meat was eaten as 'fish meat' in Japan like in Europe and the United States.
- プロテスタントの葬儀は欧米では日中の葬儀・埋葬礼拝のみであることが多い。
- As for Protestant funerals in the West, only funerals and burial worship in the daytime are observed in many cases.
- このため18世紀には広州に欧米諸国の商館が設置され、広東貿易が行われた。
- Thus, in the 18th century, Western trading houses were established in Guangzhou for the purpose of Cantonese trade.
- これによって、欧米による日本に対する不平等条約の強制が完了したと言える。
- With this the West's enforcement of unfair treaties on Japan was completed.
- また、新政府は欧米列強の桎梏から脱出する為、富国強兵を国の重要政策とした。
- Additionally, to break away from the fetters of powerful Western countries, the new government forged ahead to increase the wealth of the country and build up the military might that was recognized as an important political agenda of the time.
- 現在、減塩食の流行や食事の欧米化に伴い、醤油の国内消費量は減少傾向にある。
- As low-salt food or westernized diets are getting popular, domestic soy-sauce consumption tends to be on the decrease.
- 1884年(明治17年)には大山巌陸軍卿に随行し欧米諸国の兵制を視察する。
- In 1884, he visited western countries with Iwao OYAMA, army minister, and inspected their military systems.
- だが同時に、欧米列強による日本に対する不平等条約の集大成とも言われている。
- At the same time, it was said to be the achievement of an unfair treaty against Japan by western powers.
- 材質は、欧米のフリントロック銃やパーカッション銃に附属したものは鉄製である。
- Ramrods that accompanied Western flintlock and percussion guns were made of steel.
- これは当時の欧米(白人社会)に広まっていた人種差別の考えがあったと思われる。
- The racism that was spreading in Western countries (the white community) at that time seems to have underlain it.
- 欧米では1月1日のみ休日で、翌1月2日から金融市場などは平常業務を開始する。
- In Europe and the US, only January 1st is a holiday and financial markets, etc., start their normal operation on the next day, January 2nd.
- 1年間の欧米出張をへて明治21年(1888年)6月から北海道庁長官を兼ねる。
- Subsequently, he was stationed in Europe and the United States for a year, and then from June 1888, he doubled as Director General of the Hokkaido government.
- しかし、スギがないはずの欧米でも、スギ花粉も花粉症の原因になるとよく言われる。
- However, it is often stated that Japanese cedar pollen is a cause of hay fever in Europe and North America where there would not expected to be any Japanese cedar trees.
- なお、カキの生食が普及している欧米ではフライで供する料理方法は一般的ではない。
- In Europe, where oyster is generally eaten raw, oyster is not commonly fried in cooking.
- 鈴木は欧米の視察を終えて帰途、大正9年(1920年)1月、上海市に立ち寄った。
- Suzuki completed his visit to Europe and America, and dropped by Shanghai City in January, 1920.
- 榛名山産業美術研究所の構想や、先進欧米視察への野望が、このことを裏付けている。
- This was exemplified by his vision for the Mt. Haruna Institute of Industrial Art and his ambition to visit advanced western countries.
- 世界初の210km/h運転を達成した新幹線の成功は、欧米各国に影響を及ぼした。
- The world-first achievement of the successful 210-km/h Shinkansen operation affected nations of the Europe and America.
- 欧米の進んだ文化だけでなく、民主主義の不完全性や危険性まで洞察して帰って来る。
- Observing advanced Western culture, he also realized that democracy was not perfect and even dangerous when he came home.
- 欧米化が普及した今日、床の間や和室のない住宅であっても、西洋館と呼ぶことはない。
- Things in Japan have become increasingly Westernized now and houses lacking tokonoma (the alcove in a traditional Japanese room where art or flowers are displayed) and a Japanese-style tatami room would not be called seiyo-kan buildings anymore.
- 幕末期から明治初期にかけて欧米で学んだ外山の新知識は当時の政府には重要であった。
- The most up-to-date knowledge that Toyama obtained in Europe and the US from the end of the Edo period through the beginning of the Meiji period was important for the Japanese government at that time.
- 児島は、当時の欧米列強からも日本の近代化の進展ぶりを示すものという評価を受けた。
- The allied western powers at that time also evaluated his act as an indicator of Japan's advanced modernization.
- 『十字路』も含め、欧米で最も早く世界的評価を受けた日本人監督として知られている。
- Kinugasa is known as the first Japanese director to have received worldwide recognition in Europe and in the United States with films including 'Jujiro' (Crossroads).
- 文化面では、欧米から新たな学問・芸術・文物が伝来し、その有様は文明開化と呼ばれた。
- In culture, new science, art and other cultural products were brought to Japan, and this state was called civilization and enlightenment.
- 文明開化を経て封建主義や鎖国の影響も影をひそめ、欧米から近代文化がどっと流入する。
- After civilization and enlightenment, the influence of feudalism and national isolation seemed to disappear and modern culture flooded into Japan from Western countries.
- また、欧米の農村社会の仕組みをそのまま日本に想定したために、不都合な例も発生した。
- In addition, because the government assumed that there existed in Japan the same structure of farming society with those existed in Europe and America, undesirable outcomes came to exist, too.
- 日本ではほとんどの家屋において玄関で靴を脱ぎ、欧米では脱がないものと思われている。
- Many Japanese think that in Europe and the United States people do not take off their shoes at home, unlike the Japanese who take off their shoes in the genkan of most houses they enter.
- エビフライ- 洋食の定番メニューであるが、これも欧米では一般的な調理方法ではない。
- Fried prawns are a standard item found in Yoshoku, which is not a general method of cooking used in Western countries, either.
- エキゾチックな日本舞踊と貞奴の美貌が評判を呼び、瞬く間に欧米中で空前の人気を得た。
- The performance received unprecedented popularity in Europe and America in no time as exotic Classical Japanese dance and the beauty of Sadayakko achieved reputation.
- 同年11月、岩倉具視欧米使節団に同行した藩主黒田長知の随行員となり、アメリカ留学。
- In November of the same year, he became a retinue of Feudal Lord Nagatomo KURODA, who joined the Tomomi IWAKURA Mission to Europe and the US, and went to study in the US.
- もちろんその大きな部分は、欧米の「エゴ」に対する一般的に否定的な態度からきている。
- A large part of it, certainly, stems from the generally negative Europo-American attitude towards `ego'.
- そのため、その規格の低さに制約を受け、欧米の鉄道のような高速運転とは無縁であった。
- Therefore, due to constraints originating in low standards, high-speed operations of trains as in Europe and the United States were inconceivable.
- 当時アジアでは日本やタイ王国等の一部を除いて欧米列強諸国による植民地化が進んでいた。
- At that time, Asian regions were being colonized at high pace by Western powers, except few countries such as Japan and the Kingdom of Thailand.
- しかし、フランス革命当時の欧米と同じように、参政権が付与されたのは男性のみであった。
- Yet much like countries in the West around the time of the French Revolution, Japan enfranchised only men.
- また、実際問題として欧米での日本に対する評価が明らかに欧化政策を境に変わっていった。
- However, in practice, the public estimation of Japan in Western countries obviously changed after the policy of Europeanization.
- 結果としてこの戦争により日本も諸列強の仲間入りをし、欧米列強に認められることとなった。
- As a result of this war, Japan joined the ranks of powerful countries gaining recognition from powerful Western nations.
- これは欧米列強の干渉を招かないよう配慮すべし、という森有礼の言が容れられたものである。
- These words included the comment of Arimasa MORI that they should consider not inviting the intervention of the allied western powers.
- 東京に住んでいる外国のビジネスマンたちは、輸入欧米食料品の高価格にしばしば文句を言う。
- Foreign businessmen living in Tokyo often complain of the high prices for imported western food.
- 欧米の一部には、これを新しい食文化の誕生を疎外するものであると批判的に見る向きもあった。
- Some Western countries considered that such plan might disturb the birth of a new food culture, and took a critical look at the plan.
- しかし、日本を近代国家と見なしていない欧米諸国からは相手にされず、まだ時期尚早であった。
- However, it was still too early because western countries did not consider Japan to be a modern country and ignored Japan.
- 擬洋風建築(ぎようふうけんちく)とは、欧米の建築を日本の職人が見よう見まねで建てたもの。
- 'Gi-yofu architecture' is an architectural style that Japanese carpenters created by imitating Western-style architecture.
- 寄付や援助など本業以外での「社会貢献」を活動の中心とする欧米のCSRにはない特徴がある。
- Its feature differs from European and American CSR whose 'philanthropy' is other than main business, such as contribution and support, as the core activity.
- 欧米の多くの国々でも、女性参政権が実現したのは、19世紀から20世紀末にかけてであった。
- It was in the nineteenth through to the end of the twentieth century that most countries in the West enfranchised women.
- 当時の欧米史学では、中世は欧米特有なもので、近代へ発展するために必須な時代とされていた。
- In the history study of Europe and America in those days, the medieval times were peculiar to Europe and America and indispensable in developing into the modern age.
- 1940年代の欧米にはこの機構を採用したコーヒーがすでに存在していたが使用状況は限られた。
- Canned coffee with this device already existed in Western countries during the 1940s but was of limited use.
- アメリカ合衆国国民を妻に持ち、キリスト教徒で、学者として日本と欧米で活動をした著者である。
- The author was a Christian and a scholar who had a wife of US citizen, and was active in Japan, the United States and European countries.
- 更に、海外留学などで欧米の事情に明るい前島密・赤松則良・杉浦譲らを加えて充実させていった。
- Furthermore, Hisoka MAEJIMA, Noriyoshi AKAMATSU, and Yuzuru SUGIURA, who studied overseas and understood situations in Europe and America, were added.
- この分類は大まかであり、また日本と欧米の分類方法やその意味が、必ずしも一致するものではない。
- This is a general classification, and the way and meaning of classification in Japan does not always correspond to that found in Western Countries.
- 近年は欧米でも日本食ブームにより、寿司ネタの一種としてイクラが良く知られるようになって来た。
- In recent years Japanese food has experienced a boom in the United States and salmon roe has come to be well-known as a sushi topping.
- 1980年代になると、日本料理は欧米などでも流行し、各国の料理にも影響を与えるようになった。
- Japanese food became popular in Europe and North America during the 1980s, and came to influence the local cuisines.
- 清が欧米の植民地となりつつある実情や、1854年からの民衆反乱である太平天国の乱を見聞した。
- There he learned about the state of the Qing dynasty's colonization by the West and of the Taiping Rebellion, a popular uprising that had continued since 1854.
- 東京大学の初期の教官は「大臣よりも高い」俸給でやとわれた欧米のお雇い外国人たちがしめていた。
- The instructors at the University of Tokyo in the early years were mostly foreigners hired from western countries at 'salaries higher than those of ministers.'
- 1899年末、毓賢は欧米列強の要求によって更迭され、かわって袁世凱が赴任し義和団を弾圧した。
- Ikuken was reassigned due to the demands of the powerful European nations and the United States, and YUAN Shikai was assigned to suppress the Boxers at the end of 1899.
- 産業革命によって、欧米の国々は日本沿岸を含み世界中の海で、「近代捕鯨」を盛んに行なっていた。
- European countries and the United States were actively engaged in 'whaling with new techniques' in waters all over the world, including the seas off the coast of Japan--it was the Industrial Revolution that made these new techniques possible.
- また欧米によって強制された条約が不平等条約だったことから「不平等条約体制」と呼ぶこともある。
- As the treaties forced by Europe and America were unequal treaties, it is also called 'unequal treaty system.'
- 例えば、鹿鳴館の建設理由や経緯などは、当時の日本人の欧米文化への複雑な感情を端的に示している。
- For example, the reasoning and process behind the construction of the Rokumeikan (Deer-cry Hall) shows the complicated emotions of the Japanese in relation to European and American civilization.
- カキフライ- 日本で開発された創作料理であり、生食を主とする欧米では一般的な調理方法ではない。
- Fried oysters is a creative cuisine developed in Japan and is not a general method of cooking in Western countries where people usually eat raw oysters.
- しかし、食生活の欧米化や飽食が問題視されるようになった近年はむしろ良い意味の言葉とされている。
- However, it has acquired a rather positive meaning with the westernization of dietary habits and food satiation are becoming a problem in recent years.
- 彼は船の上で蒸気機関車の鉄道模型を日本人に見せ、欧米の力を見せるべく、詳しい解説をおこなった。
- He showed Japanese model railways of steam locomotives on the ship and explained about them in detail in order to display the power of Western countries.
- このような欧米の洗練された新しい文化が流入、受容される中、日本でも独自の文化が醸成されていった。
- While the sophisticated Western culture as described above was brought to and accepted by Japanese people, a culture unique to Japan was fostered at the same time.
- 列強はこの干渉以降、阿片戦争で香港を得た英国の様に中国の分割を推し進めていた欧米に弾みを付けた。
- After the intervention, the world powers gained more momentum to divide and colonize China as the UK did with Hong Kong after the Opium Wars.
- 幕末の開国、明治維新を経て、欧米の文物・制度を取り入れ日本の近代化を図ることが国家目標になった。
- Through the opening of the country to the world at the end of the Edo period, and the Meiji Restoration, Japan accepted products of culture and systems in European countries, and set its modernization as a national goal.
- ジャポニズムの流行った当時、欧米のアーティストは日本美術の不規則性と非対称性に大変関心を寄せた。
- At that time when Japonism enjoyed popularity, artists in Western countries had a great interest in the irregularity and asymmetry of Japan art.
- 欧米に見られるクッションとは、前出の求められる弾力性の違いもあって、用法にも一定の差が見られる。
- Cushions in the West are different not only as they must have the aforementioned elasticity but they are also used in a different way.
- 明治32年 (1899年)、不平等条約の条約改正が実現し、欧米列強の意向を顧慮する必要が薄れた。
- 1899 - unequal treaties revised, and the need to take into account western powers decreased.
- また欧米教育制度調査の委嘱を受け、文部理事官・田中不二麿に随行して欧米各国の教育制度を調査した。
- Joe had been asked to research educational systems in Europe and the U.S., so he made a study of each country's educational systems and assisted Fujimaro TANAKA, the Commissioner of the Ministry of Education.
- 明治維新後の日本は不平等条約を改正し、欧米列強と対等の関係を築くために近代的憲法を必要としていた。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Japan needed to enact a modern constitution so that they could reform the unequal treaty and build a 50/50 relationship with the allied western powers.
- 魚肉練り製品 - Surimiの名称で、いわゆるカニカマを中心にして欧米の消費量が急上昇している。
- Boiled fish-paste products: In Europe and the United States, the consumption of these products, named surimi, has been sharply increasing, centered on so-called kanikama (imitation crab meat).
- なお、シュンギクに似た欧米の観賞用種に、はなわぎく(Glebionis carinata)がある。
- Further, there is Hanawa giku (Glebionis carinata) which resembles shingiku, and is a variety cultivated for ornamental purpose in Europe and the United States.
- この流れは、幕末に帝国主義時代の欧米の接近に際して対応する力となり、開国の原動力のひとつになった。
- This flow became a power responding to approaches at the end of the Edo period by European countries in the imperialism period, and became one of motivations to mark the end of a long period of isolation.
- 欧米流のレディファーストが身に付いていた襄と、男勝りの性格だった八重は似合いの夫婦であったという。
- It is said that Jo, who had grown accustomed to Western-style ladies-first customs, and Yae, who was a proactive woman, were a well-matched couple.
- 各地で美術館、博物館を見、欧米の富豪が公共施設に力をつくし、慈善事業に私財を出すのに感銘をうける。
- He visited many museums of art and other museums and he was impressed to know that rich people in Europe and America made every effort to promote public facilities and expend private funds for philanthropic work.
- 欧米社会にあっても、社会参加は男性が行い、女性は男性を支えていればよいとの意識が強かったのである。
- Western societies, like many societies elsewhere, were characterized by a strong belief that participation in the public arena was for men, and that women should be content to support men.
- そうした受容姿勢の変化に大きく寄与したのが、同じく欧米からもたらされた新思想、社会進化論であった。
- This approach to 'Bankoku Koho' was changed dramatically by new thought, social evolutionism also brought from European and American countries.
- 欧米から学んだ会社制度が発達し、制度上は個人商店であった私企業が発展、世界に向けて大規模化していく。
- The company system learned from the western countries was growing, and private companies, which were only privately-run stores in a system, developed on a large scale and carried out overseas expansion.
- 新政府は欧米列強の軍事的・経済的圧力に対抗するために、天皇を中心とした中央集権国家の構築を目指した。
- To counter the military and economic pressure from Western powerful countries, the new government aspired to build a country with a centralized government where the emperor played a leading part.
- 近年、日本舞踊の国際化に伴い欧米諸国やアジアにも Nihon Buyo という呼称が定着しつつある。
- In recent years, as Japanese dance has gone international, the term Nihon Buyo is establishing itself in the Western countries and the Asian region.
- 日本の料理は「日本料理」(学術的には「日本料理」)と呼ばれており、欧米の料理とはかなり異なっている。
- Food in Japan is called 'Japanese food' (or 'Japanese cuisine' scientifically), and quite different from that in western countries.
- 盗難され、また欧米系占領軍から見て価値の分からない秘籍などはぞんざいに扱われ破損したものも多かった。
- The European and American armies that conquered Beijing looted many sacred documents but did not understand their value, so many were treated roughly and damaged.
- 非欧米圏で初めて近代化に成功し、列強としての地位を固めつつあった日本の文化は、欧米でも注目を浴びた。
- Japanese culture succeeded in modernizing first among the nations not included in the European and American bloc (the Western bloc), solidifying its status as a powerful country and attracting the attention of Europe and America.
- 拝外意識により、欧米人を「洋鬼」と呼び、それに遅れて進出した日本人を「東洋鬼」と呼ぶのもこの類である。
- From their xenophobia, they call Westerners 'Western Oni,' and for the same reason the Japanese who subsequently advanced are called 'Orient Oni.'
- 開国したことで欧米の諷刺雑誌を入手できるようになり、これらを模倣することで日本の漫画は発展していった。
- Western satire magazines became available afterJapan marked the end of a long period of isolation and Japanese comics developed by imitating them.
- 線路 (鉄道)の幅(軌間)が欧米の標準軌 (1435mm) に比べて狭い1067mm(狭軌)になった。
- The railway (railroad) width (gauge) was set to 1067 mm (narrow gauge), which was narrower than a standard gauge in Europe and America (1435mm).
- このため、欧米列強諸国はこぞって明治政府に対し、キリスト教の容認とともに賤民制廃止を要求したのである。
- Therefore Western countries all together demanded Meiji Government to approve Christianity and abolish the class system of lowly people.
- アジア・アフリカはいまだ(当時)古代社会であり、欧米のような近代社会に発展することは不可能とされていた。
- Asia and Africa were still in the ancient societies (in those days) and were not able to develop into modern societies like Europe and America.
- アイヌの大部分が居住していた北海道は蝦夷が島、蝦夷地などと呼ばれ、欧米でも「Yezo」 の名で呼ばれた。
- Hokkaido, in which most of the Ainu lived then, was called 'Ezoga-shima' or 'Ezo-chi' in Japan and 'Yezo' in the Western countries.
- この出版は欧米文化人の関心を呼び、「茶道」を英語で「tea ceremony」というのも一般的になった。
- This publication brought the attention of European and Americans, and it became common to call 'sado' as 'tea ceremony' in English.
- 一方の「ポーク・カットレット(ポークカツレツ)」は欧米などの家庭や料理店でごく普通に供される料理である。
- Meanwhile, in Western countries, 'pork cutlet' is very common at restaurants as well as at home.
- 明治7年(1874年)に欧米視察から帰国し、西郷隆盛が下野して帰郷したのを聞くと、辞職して鹿児島へ帰った。
- In 1874, when Murata returned from the European and American tour and heard that Takamori SAIGO went back to his hometown after retiring from his post, he resigned his job and went back to Kagoshima.
- 明治政府では参議・司法大輔・侍補を務め、明治4年(1871年)からは岩倉使節団の一員として欧米各国に渡る。
- He worked for the Meiji Government as a sangi (councillor), an officer in the Ministry of Justice, and an aide in the Imperial Household Department, and in 1871 travelled to the West as a member of the Iwakura Mission.
- 威嚇射撃であったのか、殺意はあったが訓練不足により命中しなかったのかに関して欧米人の証言も一致していない。
- The Westerners' testimonies differed as to whether this was intended as warning shots or the soldiers intended to kill but failed due to a lack of practice.
- ただこの作品は欧米での受けが良くなるよう、歴史的事実がかなりデフォルメされている点は留意されねばならない。
- However, it is better to remind oneself that a great amount of historical truth was altered to make the film appealing to audiences in Europe and the United States.
- しかし欧米の研究者たちは、義和団は帝国主義に自覚的でなく単に外国人恐怖症からくる排外運動だと主張している。
- However, researchers from Europe and the US emphasized that Boxers were unaware of the empire doctrine, and the anti-foreign movement was born from simple xenophobia.
- 強力な政府の下に富国強兵を図り、欧米列強に対抗しうる中央集権的な国家を形成しようとしていた新政府であった。
- The new government attempted to implement the fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country and strengthening the military) policy under the strong governmental power and then to build strong state; this would have the effect of centralization in administrative powers in order to stand up against any of the worlds major powers of the west.
- 以上から日朝修好条規は、日本が欧米と結んだ諸条約と比較してより過酷な内容を持ったものになっている、といえる。
- From these points, it can be said that the Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity had more severe provisions than those between Japan and Europe and the United States.
- 通商関係については欧米列強に準ずる待遇(最恵国待遇・協定関税率)をお互いに認め合うなどといった内容であった。
- Regarding trading relations, they approved each other the conditions for commerce (most-favored-nation treatments and agreed tariff rates) which were equal to that for the allied western powers.
- もっともそれには、欧米列強に対して日本が近代国家であることをあきらかにしなければならないという事情もあった。
- There was another reason that Japan had to clearly demonstrate to powerful European countries and the U.S.A. that Japan was a modern state.
- 日本では1953年以降、欧米からの新技術移入や国内メーカーの技術開発に伴い、電車の高性能化の動きが始まった。
- In Japan in 1953 and later, the activities to advance the performance of electric train-cars started corresponding to the introduction of new technologies from Europe and the United States and also corresponding to technology development by domestic manufacturers concerned.
- 上記のような欧米事情に明るい知識人たちが、啓蒙するための手段として選択したのが定例演説会と雑誌発行であった。
- Such intellectuals who knew well about Europe and America as above chose periodical speech meetings and a publication of a bulletin in order to enlighten people.
- そのために、オランダ以外の欧米諸国から到来した学術をまとめて洋学(ようがく)と呼ぶようになるのが一般的となる。
- Therefore, arts and sciences from Western countries other than the Netherlands were generally called Yogaku (Western learning).
- 1980年代末頃(平成元年頃)から、褌に形の似たTバック水着が欧米から伝わり、バブル景気に男女とも最も流行した。
- In the late 1980s thong swimwear, similar in shape to fundoshi, was introduced to Japan from Europe and the United States, and became most popular among both women and men at the time of the bubble boom.
- この他森山の洋服着用など欧米スタイルを貫こうとする姿勢に朝鮮側が嫌悪感を示したことで交渉ははかばかしくなかった。
- Furthermore, as the Japanese persisted in the European and American style, such as Moriyama wearing Western clothes, to which the Koreans showed aversion, the negotiation did not go smoothly.
- 開教活動では北海道などで東本願寺に後れをとる一方で海外への進出をすすめ、アジア、欧米にいち早く布教拠点を築いた。
- For missionary activities, while he was left behind the Higashi Hongan-ji Temple in the Hokkaido region, he promoted going abroad, and built instant bases to conduct missionary work in Asia and western countries.
- 明治4年(1871年)には特命全権大使として、木戸孝允らを率いて岩倉使節団を組織し、欧米の文化・制度を視察した。
- In 1871, he established the Iwakura shisetsudan (Iwakura Mission) as a Tokumei-zenken-taishi (extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador) together with Takayoshi KIDO and others, and studied foreign cultures and systems.
- 自由民権運動の穏健派(改進党など)に近い立場をとり、『国民之友』では進歩的な言論や欧米での社会問題が紹介された。
- Minyu-sha took the position close to moderates faction of The Freedom of People's Rights Movement (such as Kaishin Party), and progressive comments and European and American social problems were introduced in 'Kokumin no Tomo'.
- しかし欧米諸国は、「礼制」に変えて近代国際法に基づく条約によって国際関係を律する国際秩序を東アジアにもたらした。
- European and American countries brought, instead of 'Li system,' international order in which international relations were controlled by treaties under modern international laws to East Asia.
- この国際法は適用するか否かについて「文明国」か否かを基準としているが、この「文明国」とは欧米の自己表象であった。
- Under such international law, applicability depended on whether or not the country in question was a 'civilized nation,' but this 'civilized nation' was a self-representation of Europe and America.
- このような製品では、ボタンの名称などでも日本語を使わず、(その必然性がないにもかかわらず)欧米語などを使っている。
- For such products, Japanese words are not used even for the button's names but rather European and American ones (though it is not necessary).
- 飲料メーカーは「ノンカロリー」「カテキン効果」などを宣伝文句に販売し、欧米やアジア諸国でも緑茶ブームが起きている。
- Beverage makers sell their products, using 'calorie-free' or 'catechin effects' as their catch phrases; there are also green tea booms in Europe, America and Asian countries.
- 近年では生活様式の欧米化によりマナーなどに置き換えられ、これらの日本の伝統的な規範意識の形骸化を憂慮する声もある。
- In these years, this kata was replaced by manners due to westernization of lifestyle, and there is an opinion worrying that these traditional Japanese senses of respect for rules and models may lose substance.
- 欧米列強が植民地戦争を繰り広げていた明治時代初期に、「富国強兵」と共に政府が実行した政策の根幹となった思想である。
- At the end of the 19th century, when the allied western powers were fighting colonial wars one another, the Japanese government carried out a new policy based on this thought with a slogan 'Fukoku kyohei' (fortifying the country, strengthening the military).
- まず欧米を「文明国」、オスマントルコや中国、日本等を「半文明国」(「野蛮国」)、アフリカ諸国等を「未開国」とした。
- At first, Europe and America were defined as 'civilized nations,' and Ottoman Turks, China, Japan and so on were defined as 'Semi-civilized nation' ('barbaric nation') and African countries and so on were defined as 'undeveloped nation.'
- 開港開市の規定などについては、英仏などの欧米列強は既に最恵国待遇を得ていたので、日本も同じ恩恵に預かることが出来た。
- Regarding opening ports and cities, Japan was able to receive the benefits from most-favored-nation treatment, which the western powers including England and France had already acquired.
- 欧米の霊廟、マウソレウム(Mausoleum)とは、亡くなった指導者のために構築される大きく印象的な墓を指している。
- The term 'mausoleum' in Western countries refers to a large, impressive tomb constructed for a deceased leader.
- またフランス留学の影響からか親欧米的で、軍部などから国家主義に反する者として「世界主義者」と非難されることもあった。
- He was pro-Europe and pro-America due to the influence that studying in France had on him, and he was called a 'globalist' and criticized by the military for being against nationalism.
- これは幼くして即位した同治帝がある程度成長したこと、欧米人よりは日本人の方がまだ心理的抵抗がなかったことが影響した。
- This was because the Emperor had already grown up and did not have much psychological resistance to Japanese compared to European.
- しかし両陣営とも外国の軍隊の派兵を要請することはなかったため、欧米列強による内政干渉や武力介入という事態は避けられた。
- Military intervention and interference in domestic affairs by powerful western nations were, however, avoided since both sides did not request them to deploy troops.
- 欧米の大美術館の多くに日本美術ギャラリーがあり、「日本美術」は独自の様式をもった美術として認識されていることがわかる。
- Many European and American art museums have a Japanese art gallery, and this shows they recognize Japanese art as an art with its own unique style.
- - 靴磨きとは元々は欧米の革靴を履く習慣のある地域の職業であるが、明治維新の西欧化に伴い、日本でも職業として確立した。
- Shoe polishing is originally an occupation from Europe and the United States where leather shoes are worn, but with the Westernization which followed the Meiji Restoration, it developed as an occupation in Japan as well.
- また、財政面では明治維新の混乱期に教団財産の散逸を防ぐため、これも欧米の財団システムに倣って本願寺護持財団などを設立。
- Financially, he established the Hongan-ji Temple's goji zaidan (financial group), followed by the foundation system in western countries in order to prevent dissipation of the fortune of the religious community during the confusing period of the Meiji Restoration.
- ただし、福澤は急速な欧米思想流入を嫌う者から幾度となく暗殺されそうになっているが、剣を持って戦った事はなく逃げている。
- Although Yukichi was nearly assassinated several times by those who hated the rapid influx of Western ideas, he fled them instead of fighting back with a sword.
- 特に領事裁判権の分野では日本側に最も不利な規定となり、結果的にはそれが他の欧米列強にも自動的に適用されることとなった。
- Especially in the field of consular jurisdiction, it turned out to contain the most unfavorable regulations for Japan and was consequently applied to other western great powers as well
- 現在では日本語の「折り紙」という言葉が世界に浸透しており、欧米をはじめ多くの国で「origami」という言葉が通用する。
- Now, the Japanese term 'origami' has become prevalent in the world and the 'origami' is understood in many countries including Europe and America.
- 一方、欧米諸国では浮世絵は、印象派の巨匠たちに見出されて高く評価され、その作品に影響を与え、油絵による模写もされている。
- On the other hand, in Western countries Ukiyoe were found and highly appreciated by the great masters of the Impressionist school, whose works were influenced by Ukiyoe, and they were even reproduced in oil paintings.
- という特異性ゆえに、長らく日本独特の飲料とみられていたが、90年代からは欧米など日本以外の国でも一部製造販売されている。
- Due to this peculiarity, canned coffee has been long regarded as a special Japanese drink, but from the 1990s it started being manufactured and sold in some countries other than Japan like in Western countries.
- この年、条約改正のために全権大使岩倉具視が派遣されることになったとき、その岩倉使節団の一員に加わり、欧米視察に出発した。
- That year, when Tomomi IWAKURA, an extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador, was going to be sent for the treaty revision, Murata became a member of Iwakura Mission and left for Europe and America.
- 帝国主義の国として欧米列強と肩を並べ、勢いを得て第一次世界大戦にも参戦、勝利の側につき国中が国威の発揚に沸いた時代である。
- During this period, as a country of imperialism, Japan ranked with the western powers, which invigorated them to join the victorious side in World War I, and the whole nation were thrilled with the enhancement of the national prestige.
- 江戸時代の鎖国が原因で欧米列強に国力で大きな差をつけられ、これが安政五カ国条約という新国家を後々まで苦しめる結果となった。
- Japan, which fell far behind the Western powers due to its national isolation policy in the Edo era, was heavily burdened by the Ansei Five-Power Treaties long after its start as a renewed nation.
- 欧米ではルネサンスに匹敵する、西洋近代的な美意識と科学的パースペクティヴの、大きな変革運動の一つの段階として見られている。
- In Western countries, it is seen as one stage of a large transformative movement in the Western modern sense of beauty and scientific perspective, comparable to the Renaissance.
- 欧米の諸制度・思想を紹介して、それを文明国標準とする一方で、旧来既存の日本の考え方や制度に批判を加えようとする姿勢である。
- It was a stance to criticize the conventional way of thinking and system in Japan while it introduced the systems and thoughts of Europe and America and considered them as the standard of civilized country.
- 新政府にとって、最大の目標は欧米列強に追いつくことであり、そのためにも旧幕府時代に締結された不平等条約の改正が急務とされた。
- The biggest goal for the new government was to catch up with powerful western countries, and for this reason, they had to solve the problem of the unequal treaty signed in the Shogunate era as soon as possible.
- 特に陶器は造形の制限が緩やかで、濃い色の皿・角型の皿、花や果実の形を模した器など、伝統的な欧米の料理の食器とは大きく異なる。
- In particular, earthenware can be shaped in many forms relatively easily, and dishes of earthenware are considerably different from those for traditional Western cuisine and are provided, for example, as deep-colored plates, rectangular plates, or flower-shaped or fruit-shaped dishes.
- この条約は1872年(明治5年)から改正交渉に入ることとなっていたため、1871年(明治4年)岩倉使節団が欧米に派遣された。
- As these treaties were scheduled to be negotiated for the revision from 1872, Iwakura Mission was dispatched to the United States and Europe in 1871.
- 人口が少ないことや、小笠原諸島には欧米系住民の居住などもあり、東京府による直接の行政運営がなされ、町村の設置は大幅に遅れた。
- These islands were directly administered by Tokyo Prefecture because they had a small population and because people from Europe and America lived in Ogasawara Islands, and towns and villages were not set until much later.
- だが、宣戦布告後2ヶ月も経たないうちに欧米列強国軍は首都北京市及び紫禁城を制圧、清朝は莫大な賠償金の支払いを余儀なくされる。
- However, the forces of allied western powers took over the capital Beijing as well as the Forbidden City within two months of the proclamation of war, and the Qing dynasty was forced to pay an enormous amount of reparations.
- 伝統的な浮世絵や、職人の技術の粋を集めた日本建築は、多くの欧米のその道の権威を唸らせ、ジャポニズムという一種のブームを生んだ。
- Traditional Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and Japanese architecture built with artisans' sophisticated skills made a deep impression on many authorities in the fields in Europe and America, creating a kind of boom called Japonism.
- 駐日イギリス公使パークスも、日本の朝鮮への要求が日本に対する欧米側の要求よりも上まわっていることについて、非常に注目していた。
- Parkes, the English minister to Japan, paid great attention to the point that the Japanese demand to Korea was heavier than that from Europe and the United States to Japan.
- ところが、欧米列国の圧力により修好通商条約に天皇が勅許を出した(1865年)ことにより「尊王」と「攘夷」は結びつかなくなった。
- Additionally, under pressure from some European countries and America, the Emperor agreed to the Treaty of Amity and Commerce in 1865, which made it impossible for 'Sonno' and 'Joi' to be joined together.
- 駅構内で軽食を販売することは日本に限った現象ではないが、折詰などに一食分をまとめた「弁当」という様式は欧米ではあまり例がない。
- Although the scene selling a light meal within station precincts is not limited to Japan, 'a box lunch'-styled light meal, which is made by stuffing one meal into a box and so on, is rare in the western countries.
- 当時の欧米は鉄道斜陽論が台頭していた上、世界銀行のあるアメリカ合衆国では、すでに鉄道は旅客利用ではなく貨物が中心となっていた。
- In Europe and the US at that time, the theory that the railway lines are destined to decline began appearing, and in addition, in the US where the World Bank was located, the railway lines had not been for passengers, but mostly for cargo.
- いうなれば欧米文明にどの程度近いのかということが「文明国」の目安となっており、この目安によって世界は3つにカテゴライズされる。
- In other words, the criteria for 'civilized nation' was how close to western culture and, with this criteria, countries in the world were classified into three categories.
- 欧米文化を至上とした欧化政策が進められために、「白人の価値観で見て汚らしい」とされたものは時代遅れとして捨てられることがあった。
- As the Europeanization policy regarding the culture of Western countries as supreme was promoted, culture evaluated as 'detestable in light of the Caucasian's sense of values' was sometimes abandoned as old-fashioned culture.
- また国民の関心が欧米文化に傾倒するに伴い、紋服などもを着用することが少なくなり、国民の間で家紋は次第に縁遠いものとなっていった。
- Accordingly, with the increasing interest in Western culture, people had seldom put on Mompuku and as a result have become less familiar with Kamon.
- 日本においてはハンバーグ専門店などに行かない限り焼き加減は聞かれることは少ないが、欧米諸国では聞かれることが多いと言われている。
- In Japan, it is rare for diners to be asked how well done they would like their hamburger patties, except in hamburger restaurants, but it is heard that in western countries, diners are often asked if they would like their hamburger steaks rare, medium, or well done.
- 食生活の様式が欧米的なものへ移り変わったので以前のような傾向は減ってはいるようであるが、京番茶という名前は日本全国的に知られる。
- People there drink kyo-bancha less frequently now because their diet has become more Westernized, but still the name kyo-bancha is widely known across Japan.
- 死去の前日、従叔父の大山巌が欧米視察の途中に見舞いに来ており、従理死去の急報を受けて再度駆けつけた大山は枕頭で号泣したとされる。
- On the day before Juri died, his father's cousin, Iwao OYAMA, visited him in the middle of an inspection tour of Europe and the United States and OYAMA immediately revisited him on receiving an urgent message that informed him of Juri's death to cry bitterly at Juri's bedside.
- 藩主の小姓を務めた後、1861年(文久元年)、藩命により江戸幕府の遣欧使節である竹内保徳・松平康英らに従って欧米諸国を視察する。
- After working as a pageboy for the lord of domain, SUGI, under the order of the domain, visited western countries with Yasunori TAKEUCHI and Yasuhide MATSUDAIRA, who were envoys of the Edo bakufu.
- アルカーイダによる自爆テロに対しKamikazeという形容語が各種マスコミ(欧米、及びアラブ寄りのマスコミ)によって用いられた。
- The Kamikaze was used as an adjective to describe suicide bombing terrorism of Al-Qaeda by various media (European media as well as those on the Arabic side).
- 木戸は、幕末以来の宿願である開国・破約攘夷つまり不平等条約の撤廃と対等条約締結のため、岩倉使節団の全権副使として欧米を回覧した。
- Kido toured Europe and America as the vice ambassador plenipotentiary of the Iwakura Mission to abrogate the unfair treaties and to conclude fair treaties as he had hoped for the opening of Japan, the abrogation of the unfair treaties, and the expulsion of the barbarians since the end of the Edo period.
- シチューなどの食べ方については定着していない欧米式マナー「吹かずに冷めるのを待つ」飲み方が、缶コーヒーについては逆に定着している。
- The practice 'To wait until cooling off without blowing,' the Western manner for eating stew and so on which has not been established here in Japan is conversely taking hold for canned coffee.
- 当時、欧米列強の支配下にあり、後に独立した国々の指導者達の回顧録に下記のような、植民地時代における感慨の記録が数多く見受けられる。
- Many of the memoirs written by the leaders of countries formerly colonized by western countries refer to the Russo-Japanese War with great excitement.
- やがてそれは当時新たにつくられ始めた洋学(欧米学問)を教授する学校の法律用教科書として採用されるようになっていった(田2001)。
- Before long, it started to be adopted as a text book for jurisprudence in newly established schools where Western studies (Western and American knowledge) was taught (田 2001).
- また国際法の具体的事例を示すために、欧米各国の政治制度や歴史をしばしば引用しており、当時渇望されていた欧米事情の供給源ともなった。
- In order to show particular cases of international law, political systems and history of western countries were often referred to and, therefore, it functioned as a source of information on situations in Europe and America which were thirsted at that time.
- ただし、女性用の和服であっても、欧米の白人女性が着る場合、彼女たちは一般的に日本人女性と比べて背が高く、サイズが合わないことがある。
- However, even if it is a women's wafuku, if a Caucasian women of Europe and America were to wear it the size may not fit, since she would typically be taller than a Japanese woman.
- 19世紀後半、欧米圏ではジャポニズムの流行とともに、庭石・太鼓橋・灯篭・茶室などを配した日本風の風景式庭園がつくられるようになった。
- In the latter half of the 19th century, Japanese gardens including garden stones, arch bridges, garden lanterns and a tea-ceremony houses were being built in Europe and in America as the Japonism came into style there.
- からくり人形などを見慣れていたため、日本人はロボットに対し親近感があり、ロボットに抵抗感のある欧米人とは対照的であるとする論もある。
- Some say that Japanese feel familiar with robots because they were used to seeing a karakuri ningyo and the like, in contrast to the Western people who feel antipathy to robots.
- 主計課長心得、中主計を経て、西郷従道海軍大臣が欧米各国へ派遣されるにあたり、その随行員として抜擢されたことに合わせ海軍大主計となる。
- He was appointed to the position of the director of the Navy budget bureau after the ranks of shukeikacho kokoroe (assistant to pay officer section chief) and chushukei (assistant director) of the Navy budget bureau in time with his selection as a member of the Navy Minister Michitsugu SAIGO's suite that was sent to Europe and North America.
- 日本での絶大な名声に比較すると、海外、とりわけ欧米での知名度はそれほど高いとはいえない(中国・韓国では比較的よく知られてはいるが)。
- In contrast with his great fame in Japan, Soseki is not very famous abroad, especially in Western countries (although Soseki is relatively famous in China and Korea).
- ただし、欧米による先行のモデルとの差異を論じるべく日本型植民地支配がどのようなものであったかについては継続して議論が戦わされている。
- However, the discussion on what the Japanese-style rule of the colony was like has continued to argue over the difference from prior models made by Europe and America.
- 平等条約ではあったが、その内容は両国がともに欧米から押し付けられていた不平等条約の内容を相互に認め合うという極めて特異な内容であった。
- Although it was an equal treaty, the contents were extreamly unique that the both countries approved each other the contents of the unequal treaty which both of them were respectively imposed by Europe and America.
- 欧米使節から帰国した岩倉や大久保が征韓論を退け、さらに大久保の下に内務省 (日本)が設立されたことで諸改革の整理が行われることになる。
- IWAKURA and OKUBO dismissed the idea of 'Seikanron' when they returned from western Europe, and then these reforms were organized and the government established the Ministry of Home Affairs led by Okubo.
- 欧米のフラワーデザイン(Floral Design)は、3次元のどこから見ても統一したフォルムが感じられるように生けると言われている。
- In Western floral decoration, flowers are arranged to create a unified form when viewed from any of three dimensions.
- - 欧米の遊園地や祭りで見られる有料の体重計が、インドや東南アジアを中心に広まり、個人で路上などにおいて定置や移動方式で商売している。
- The coin-run scales seen at amusement parks and festivals in Europe and the United States spread mainly to India and Southeast Asia, and have become a business done by individuals at fixed locations on the street or in a mobile capacity.
- 近年、欧米では日本食ブームということもあり、日本食レストランのみならず、レトルトや冷凍麺がスーパーマーケット等で販売されはじめている。
- In European countries and the United States, because of the Japanese food boom and for other reasons, even supermarkets and other shops have come to sell retort Udon noodles and frozen Udon noodles, in addition to Japanese food restaurants serving Udon noodles.
- 主な対外政策としては、アジアに対してはアジア全域の革新運動の盟主に日本が立つことを主張して、欧米列強に対しては強硬な外交政策を掲げた。
- As its major foreign policies, the Toyo Jiyuto declared to Asian nations that Japan would become a leader of the reform movement throughout Asia, while it declared its hard-line foreign policy toward the allied Western powers.
- また、プロテスタントの中で福音派と呼ばれるグループは、欧米圏のキリスト教に比べて「聖書信仰」という側面が強いという特徴が指摘されている。
- It is also noted that a Protestant evangelical group depends more on 'the Bible faith' than other Christian groups in Europe and the United States.
- 欧米においては1960年代以降、清涼飲料の容器が瓶や缶へと移り変わっていったが、コーヒーの販売機だけはカップ式が依然主流のままであった。
- In Western countries, containers for soft drinks were changing to bottles and cans after the 1960s, but the cup-dispensing method remained as mainstream only in the case of vending machines.
- 第二回修信使の見聞、日本政府との交渉、そして『朝鮮策略』の持参によって、朝鮮の対外政策は欧米に対する開国政策へと舵をきり始めるのである。
- Through the experiences of the second training delegates, negotiations with the Japanese government, and bringing back 'A stratagem for Korea,' the diplomatic policy of Korea changed to the policy of opening of the country to Europe and the United States.
- これら神道や国学の目覚めが欧米列強に植民地化されつつあったアジアの中で、日本の自覚を促し、明治維新を成功に導く思想的流れの一角を成した。
- Shinto and interest in the study of Japanese classical literature raised awareness for Japan and formed part of the trend of thoughts which led the Meiji Restoration to success in Asia where there were increasing plantations by powerful countries such as America and European countries.
- 後に、工科大学校(現・東京大学工学部)を始め、欧米諸国の大学で水文学をはじめとする高等教育を受けた内務省土木局の日本人技術者が台頭した。
- Japanese engineers began to be developed through higher education in hydrology at schools such as Koka Daigakko College (Currently the University of Tokyo, Faculty of Engineering) and in universities in the US and Europe.
- 加えて、終戦後母とともにアヅマ・カブキとして日本舞踊の欧米公演を行ったことは、富十郎自身が語るように、その芸に有形無形の影響を与えている。
- In addition, the fact that he performed Azuma Kabuki as Japanese dance at performance in Europe and America with his mother after the war, gave both moral and material effect on his art as Tomijuro himself described.
- 20世紀に入って英訳、仏訳などにより欧米社会にも紹介され、『失われた時を求めて』など、20世紀文学との類似から高く評価されるようになった。
- In the twentieth century, English and French translations were introduced to Western countries, and it came to be evaluated highly in terms of its resemblance to twentieth-century literature such as 'Remembrance of Things Past,' by Proust.
- すなわち日本人や欧米人、中国人が団結し、大きな軋轢がなかったことこそが籠城を支えた、少なくとも内からの瓦解を防いだと言っても過言ではない。
- In other words, they were sustained during the siege because Japanese, Europeans, Americans, and Chinese united without big conflict, preventing an internal debacle.
- 明治2年7月8日 (旧暦)(1869年8月15日)、太政官に設置された省庁の一つで、裁判や刑罰の執行、欧米の法令の翻訳などを管轄していた。
- Gyobu-sho was one of the ministries established in Dajokan (Grand Council of State) on August 15, 1869, having authority over trials, execution of punishments, translation of laws and ordinances adopted in Western countries, etc.
- 欧米への留学視察、欧米文化の吸収、その上での攘夷の実行という基本方針が長州藩開明派上層部において文久2年から文久3年の春にかけて定着した。
- From 1862 to the spring of 1863, the upper echelon of the enlightment school of the domain agreed on the following basic policy: study in and inspect Western countries, absorb Western culture, and then expel the barbarians.
- 精進料理(日本・中国)、もしくは欧米では健康または宗教上の理由で肉類を食べない菜食主義者向けの、肉を模した代用食品の原料として麩が使われる。
- Fu are also used in the Buddhist cuisine (in both Japan and China) and as ingredients for meat-substitute products for vegetarians in North America and Europe who do not eat meat for health or religious reasons.
- なお、この条約の特異性から一部欧米列強から軍事同盟の密約の疑惑を持たれるなどしたことや、治外法権の存在などに対する反対論があり批准が遅れた。
- Because of the uniquness of this treaty, a part of the allied western powers had a suspicion that they made a secret agreement on the military alliance, or had an opposing argument on the exterritoriality, so the ratification was delayed.
- その後、欧米や南洋地域の視察を行って日仏協会設立に尽力したり、明治39年(1906年)には読売新聞主筆に就任するなど、評論活動を続けている。
- Afterwards, he went on a study tour to Europe and the South Pacific Region and made efforts to establish the Franco-Japanese Society, and in 1906 he assumed the post of the chief editor at the Yomiuri Shinbun, and thus he continued critical activities.
- 開国以後、江戸幕府は金の海外流出を食い止めるために金貨の質を落としたが、そのために物価は上昇、社会は混乱し、欧米商人も経済的な打撃を受けた。
- After Japan opened its country to the world, the Edo bakufu lowered the quality of gold coins to stop the outflow of gold to foreign countries, but because of this, prices rose, the society was in confusion, and European and American merchants also took a hard hit economically.
- 近代国際法は、崇高な正義と普遍性とを理念としているが、他方、非欧米諸国に対しては非常に過酷で、欧米の植民地政策を正当化する作用を持っていた。
- Modern international law had sublime justice and generality as its idealistic principles, but, on the other hand, it was very cruel to non-European and American countries and it had a function to justify colonialism by western countries.
- このほかの欧米の国王や皇帝、アジア地域の君主のほとんども、自身が死去するまで王位・皇位についており、存命中に隠退したということはほとんどない。
- Other than these example, most European kings and emperors, monarchs of Asian regions retain their reigns of power until death, and there are few cases where they retired while they were alive.
- 参加選手の出身流派は、沖縄や日本の空手諸流派だけでなく、韓国のテコンドーやタンスドーやアメリカなど欧米諸国で誕生した独自の流派の出身者も多い。
- Players come not only from karate circles in the Japanese mainland and Okinawa but also from Korean taekwondo and Tansudo schools as well as original circles in Western countries including America.
- この西国街道沿いにおける小競り合いが、隣接する居留地予定地を実況検分していた欧米諸国公使たちに銃口を向け、数度一斉射撃を加えることに発展する。
- Although it was started as a skirmish on the Saigoku kaido Road, some pistols were pointed to the minister-counselors from western countries who were inspecting the settlement site nearby and fusilladed them several times.
- だが、その一方で欧米的な三権分立の導入を進める江藤に対して行政権司法権と考える伝統的な政治的価値観を持つ政府内の保守派からは激しく非難された。
- However, Shinpei's introduction of western style separation of power (administration, legislation, and judicature) was harshly criticized by conservative elements within the government who held the Meiji values of executive and judicial power.
- 清代では、明朝の時以上に欧米諸国が中国を訪れるようになり、「冊封」や「朝貢」よりも政治的意味合いが希薄化した交易が増加の一途を辿ったのである。
- In Qing era, visits from European and American countries increased compared to Ming era and trade with less political meaning than 'sakuho' and 'choko' continued increasing.
- 新政府は天皇大権のもと欧米の諸制度を積極的に導入し、廃藩置県、身分解放、法制整備、国家インフラの整備など明治維新と呼ばれる一連の改革を遂行した。
- Under the Emperor's power, the new government introduced various systems from European countries and the United States, and made a set of reformations called Maiji Restoration, such as Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), abolition of the class system, establishment of the system of law and construction of national infrastructures.
- 新漫画派集団の作家達は毛筆ではなくペンによる描画をその特徴とし、欧米のナンセンス漫画に触発された日本独自のナンセンス漫画を主要な作風としていた。
- The members of Shin Manga ha Shudan were characterized by drawing not with a brush but with a pen and their style was mainly Japan's own nonsense comics which was inspired by western nonsense comics.
- 明治36年(1903年)本店理事となり、明治42年(1909年)商工視察のため欧米へ出張し、明治43年(1910年)からは銀行支配人を兼務した。
- When he became a director of the head office in 1903, he went on a business trip to Europe and America to learn about commerce in 1909 and began working concurrently as a bank manager in 1910.
- なお欧米では、極東の鎖国をしていた島国であった日本が、明治維新より僅か数年で自前の鉄道を完成させたということには、驚嘆の声が上がったといわれる。
- It is said that Western countries expressed admiration for the fact that Japan, an island nation in the Far East which had been closed off the world for a long time, completed own railways in only several years after the Meiji Restoration.
- こうした中で天皇も次第に伊藤の政策や方針を受け入れるようになり、以前は拒否反応を示していた宮中への欧米様式の儀礼導入にも反対しないようになった。
- Under such circumstance, the Emperor gradually accommodated Ito's policies and principles, for example, he no longer rejected the introduction of western protocols to the Imperial court which he would have shown negative response.
- しかしアロー戦争の後、欧米人たちが中国国内に植民地や租界を設け、貿易や布教のために内地へ進出するようになると様々な問題が持ち上がるようになった。
- After the Arrow War, however, a lot of issues were raised as Europeans and North Americans started to create colonies and concessions and go inland for trading or missionary work of Christianity in China.
- フランス料理店やイタリア料理店など欧米各国のレシピに則った料理を供する形態も存在するが、欧米の料理(西洋料理)を日本人向けにしたものも多数ある。
- Although there are orthodox western restaurants including French and Italian which follow recipes from their origins in Western countries, many restaurants have added their own changes in order to fit Japanese people's taste.
- 明治6年(1873年)に征韓論を主張するが欧米視察から帰国した岩倉具視らの欧米諸国家との国際関係を配慮した慎重論に敗れ、新政府は真っ二つに分裂。
- In 1873, Itagaki advocated Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea), but eventually gave in to Tomomi IWAKURA and other returnees from visitation to the West who took a prudent stance considering international relationships with Europe and America, resulting in the split of the new government.
- また廃仏毀釈や大名家の没落に伴い、多くの優れた美術品が古道具市場にあふれ、美術商だった林忠正らの積極的な売買により欧米に流出しそのまま帰らなかった。
- In addition, with haibutsu-kishaku (a movement to abolish Buddhism) and the downfall of daimyo family (feudal lord family) seen notably, the market of secondhand articles began to be filled with many excellent Japanese art works, and through the aggressive intermediary contracts by Tadamasa HAYASHI and other Japanese art dealers, they flew out to the West, never to return.
- また欧米各国の識者からも、実際の運用能力への留保はありつつ、その内容に関しては高く評価された(具体例としてエルヴィン・フォン・ベルツが挙げられる)。
- While there were some reservations regarding its actual operational abilities, the constitution was highly acclaimed by intellectuals in U. S. and European countries (with a specific example being Erwin von Bälz) in terms of its contents.
- 欧米を中心とする先進諸国は勿論、アジア全体と比較しても異例の低比率のため、日本のキリスト教関係者は、かつてこれを「1%の壁」と形容していたこともある。
- The figure is extraordinary low compared with the whole of Asia as well as developed countries mainly in Europe and the United States, and those involved in Christianity in Japan once described this situation as 'the wall of one percent.'
- また、根底に欧米コンプレックスをかかえる日本人が、ありあまる資金を手にしたときに、やはり食卓に置きたがるのがワインやブランデーなど西洋の飲料であった。
- In addition, since Japanese had a complex about Western countries, they tended to put Western beverages such as wine and brandy on the table when they had plenty of money.
- 「老荘」と、「5世紀に歴史的に形成された道教」は伝統的な中国では《道家》、欧米では'Taoism'と呼ばれ、道教と道家は同じものを指すと言われている。
- Ro-So' and 'the Dokyo that was formed in the fifth century as part of a historical process,' are called 'Doka' in traditional China, and 'Taoism' in Europe and the United States, and Dokyo and Doka are thought of as one and the same thing.
- 彼らは欧米列強が直ちに不平等条約を破棄しなとしたいならば、日本も安政条約の原則通りに外国人に対して外国人居留地以外の居住を認めず貿易を統制するとした。
- They insisted that the allied western powers abolish the unequal treaties immediately, otherwise Japan would abide by the basic principles, stated in the Ansei Treaties, to prohibit foreign residents from living outside foreign settlements and to restrict trading activities.
- また、津和野藩の大国隆正らによって、欧米列強の圧力を排するためには一時的に外国と開国してでも国内統一や富国強兵を優先すべきだとする大攘夷論が唱えられた。
- Some samurai such as Takamasa OKUNI of Tsuwano Domain supported the principle of Daijoiron, which was the concept that, to resist pressure from the allied western powers, it would be best to temporarily open the country to the world and give priority to uniting the whole country and fukoku kyohei (strengthening the military).
- 明治20年から21年にかけて欧米の経済機関視察に加わった脩造は、信用調査機関の必要性を再認識し、明治24年、大阪に商業興信所を設立して自ら総長となった。
- Shuzo, who attended to inspect the economic institutions in Europe and the U.S. from 1887 to 1888 reaffirmed the importance of the credit research company and established the commercial agency in Osaka to become its representative.
- ちなみに、訳語(和製漢語)の「交響楽、交響曲」をつくっており、6年間の欧米留学を終えた演奏家、幸田延(露伴の妹)と洋楽談義をした(「西楽と幸田氏と」)。
- He also created new Japanese words (based on Chinese characters) such as 'Kokyogaku, Kokyokyoku' (both meaning symphony), and gave a lecture on western music with Nobu KODA (a younger sister of Rohan), a musician who had come back to Japan after six-years' studying in Europe and America ('With western music and Ms. Koda').
- ところがその中に5,000万円にも及ぶ外債が含まれていたことから欧米列強に不信感を抱く明治天皇やその周辺の保守派の不快感を買い外債募集計画は中止された。
- However, the fact the bonds included up to \50 million of foreign bonds created a sense of discomfort among the Emperor Meiji and conservatives close to him, who all distrusted the allied Western powers, and it eventually led to the abandonment of the plan to raise foreign loans.
- この時日本は沖縄本島を日本領とし八重山諸島と宮古島を中国領とし、日清修好条規に日本の欧米並みの最恵国待遇を追加する案(分島改約案)を提示し一旦はまとまる。
- Japan proposed a plan during negotiations that the Okinawa main island would belong to Japan and the Yeyma islands and Miyako-jima island to China and that Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship be revised with an additional clause to grant Japan a most-favored nation treatment (proposal for divisional rule over the islands and a revision to the treaty), and this proposal was once accepted.
- アーネスト・フェノロサに付いて日本美術の調査をしたのをきっかけに日本に目覚めた著者が、帝国主義全盛時代の欧米に、茶を通して自己充足の在り方を投げかけた書。
- He investigated Japanese art following Ernest Fenollosa, which led him to be aware of Japan, and in this book he throw a question of the way that self-containment should be through tea ceremony to the United States and European countries, which were in a golden age of imperialism.
- のちの大蔵卿松方正義によって増税・官営企業の払い下げ・通貨整理がなされ、兌換紙幣の発行が出来るようになり、日本が欧米列強に並ぶ近代国家になる下地が作られた。
- Through tax increases, transfer of government-owned companies to private ownership, and sorting out of currency, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, later Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury), made it possible to issue convertible currency, establishing a base on which Japan could become a modern nation ranked with European and US powers.
- 当時欧米では、将来の大量輸送手段として航空機と高速道路網による高速輸送が有望視され、鉄道はそれらに取って代わられる時代遅れのものだという見解が広まっていた。
- In Europe and the United States, for volume transportation measures, high-speed transportation using airplanes and road networks was considered promising, and the opinion was gaining support that railways would be replaced with such new networks and would be old-fashioned.
- 欧米に即席ラーメンのセールスに行った際、ラーメン用のどんぶりが無かったため、紙コップにチキンラーメンを割り入れて湯を注ぎフォークで試食する姿からの発想だった。
- The idea originated from a trip to Europe and America for selling instant ramen noodles, in which someone cracked Chicken Ramen into a paper cup because ramen bowls were not available, poured hot water, and tried out with a fork.
- なお、日本の「公爵」の公式英訳にはdukeではなくprinceが当てられるがこのため昭和期の政治家の近衛文麿が欧米圏の文献で皇族と誤解されるような場合がある。
- Since the Japanese word 'Koshaku' is formally translated as Prince rather than Duke, Fumimaro KONOE, a statesman in the Showa Period, is sometimes mistakenly considered to be a member of the Imperial Family in Western documents.
- 江華島事件後の朝鮮では、急進的欧米化を進めようとする親日的な開化派(独立党)と、漸進的改革を進めようとする親清的な守旧派(事大党)との対立が激しくなっていった。
- In Korea after the Ganghwa Island incident, confrontation escalated between the Enlightenment Party (Independence Party), the pro-Japanese group seeking radial westernization, and the Conservative Party (Serving the Great' Party), the pro-Qing group seeking gradual reforms.
- 欧米一流美術館20館以上に、20万点以上は収蔵されていると見られ、それ以外に個人コレクションもあり、外国美術品としてこれだけ収集されているのは浮世絵だけである。
- Apparently, at least 200,000 or more items of Ukiyoe are kept in storage in 20 or more of the most prestigious Western museums; moreover, various individuals have private collections, thus indicating that Ukiyoe is the only foreign art form that is collected in such great numbers.
- この鮮やかな青は藍(インディゴ)の色であり、欧米では「ジャパンブルー」、あるいはフェルメール・ブルー(ラピスラズリ)になぞらえて「ヒロシゲブルー」とも呼ばれる。
- This vivid blue is derived from the indigo plant and called in Europe and America 'Japan Blue' or 'Hiroshige Blue' comparing it to Vermeer Blue (lapis lazuli).
- 近代日本では1858年の日米修好通商条約など欧米5ヶ国との条約により、開港場に居留地を設置することが決められ、条約改正により1899年に廃止されるまで存続した。
- In Japan during the modern era, the Five-Power treaties, including the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, called for the establishment of settlements in places where ports were opened; these settlements continued to exist until being abolished by the revision of the treaties in 1899.
- 欧米を発端とするグルメコーヒー・ブームに呼応して、日本でも1995年頃からアーモンドやヘーゼルナッツの風味を効かせたフレーバー缶コーヒーが販売されるようになった。
- Flavored canned coffee with the flavor of almond or hazelnuts started being sold also in Japan around 1995 following the gourmet-coffee boom which had started in the West.
- しかし彼は「『かけっこ』如きで洋行してよいものか」という自己内部の迷妄、欧米人のスポーツショーに官立学校の生徒が派遣されると誤解した文部省の無理解に苦しめられる。
- However, he suffered from his own question 'whether to go to Europe for a mere foot race' as well as from the lack of understanding by the Ministry of Education which misunderstood that a student of national school was sent off to a sports show by Westerner.
- 広義では在外公館で雇用されていた者や、外国人居留地の警備に当たった者なども含まれるが、本項では日本が欧米から新しい技術や知識を学ぶために雇用した人物について述べる。
- Although broadly speaking the designation oyatoi-gaikokujin also included the employees of foreign diplomatic missions in Japan as well as the (foreign) guards at the foreign settlements, for the purposes of this article the term will be used only for those foreigners who were employed by the Japanese government in order to foster the learning of new technologies and scholarship from Europe and the United States.
- しかし、明治4年(1871年)旧11月、岩倉具視特命全権大使一行が欧米各国を歴訪した折、耶蘇教禁止令が各国の非難を浴びて、条約改正の交渉上障碍になるとの報告をした。
- However, because Japan were castigated by the world due to the Edict of the Prohibition of Christianity when they visited Europe and the United States in December, 1871, the members of the Iwakura Mission reported that the prohibition of Christianity could be an obstacle to negotiating the revision of the unequal treaty.
- しかし、これは日本人論において比較対照になるのが過去において日本よりも優秀とされた欧米、特にイギリス、アメリカ、フランス、ドイツなどの列強先進国であったためである。
- However, it is because the countries compared with Japan in the essays were powerful developed countries such as U.S. and European countries, especially U.K., France, Germany, and so on, which were considered more excellent than Japan in the past.
- 当初は義和団を称する秘密結社による排外運動であったが、1900年(光緒26年、明治33年)に西太后がこの反乱を支持して欧米列国に宣戦布告したため国家間戦争となった。
- It was originally an anti-foreign movement by the secret society named the Boxers, but it became a war between nations after Empress Dowager Cixi supported this rebellion and declared a war against European nations and the United States in 1900.
- 帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近(侵略・進出・植民地化)により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
- This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, expansion, and colonization.
- 戦後は「美食倶楽部」の拠点・星ヶ岡茶寮が人手に渡るなど不遇な生活を過ごすが、1954年(昭和29年)にロックフェラー財団の招聘で欧米各地で展覧会と講演会が開催される。
- After the war, he went through an unfortunate period, having to sell 'Hoshigaoka Saryo,' where the 'Bishoku Club' was based but, in 1954, the Rockefeller Foundation invited him to hold some exhibitions and lectures in Europe and America.
- その代表は山中定次郎の山中商会・繭山松太郎の龍泉堂・大倉喜八郎の大倉集古館であり、彼等は書画骨董・青銅器・磁器・書籍といったものを中国から購入し欧米に販売していった。
- Their representatives were Yamanaka Trading Co., Ltd. of Sadajiro YAMANAKA, Ryusendo of Matsutaro MAYUYAMA, the Okura Shukokan Museum of Fine Arts of Kihachiro OKURA, and they bought antique calligraphic work and paints, bronze ware, porcelain and books from China to sell to Europe and the United States.
- その理由としては公式には「庶民への周知徹底が図られた」事を理由とし、また背景には「切支丹札(キリスト教禁止)に対する欧米の反発」と言われているが、実際の理由としては、
- The officially announced reason of this decision was that its purpose to notify the general laws to the common people was fulfilled enough, while there was also a background that Western countries expressed objection toward the ban of Christianity in Japan; the actual reasons for the abolition of Kosatsu would have been as follows;
- また、こうした訴訟体制の不備が日本の開国後に欧米列強から、欧米並みの私権の法的保護を受けられないとする証拠とされ、治外法権などの不平等条約を押し付けられる一因となった
- This deficiency in the system for lawsuits was one reason why the Western powers were unable to give Japan legal protection for its private rights equal to those of Western countries after it opened itself up to the rest of the world; consequently, Japan was forced to accept unequal treaties such those granting extraterritorial rights.
- 第一に、欧米列強の圧力に対抗するための根本的な法整備や国力増進のためには、天皇の権威のもとで薩長が権力を集積し、一貫した政策を継続できる現体制のほうが現実的であること。
- First, in order to establish a basic legal system and increase national power to resist the pressures of the Western powers, the existent system was more practical as it would enable them to consolidate the powers of Satsuma and Choshu factions to carry out consistent policies under the authority of the emperor.
- 日本政府は治外法権(領事裁判権)、関税自主権の問題解決の足がかりとして、アジア以外の国の1つとまず対等条約を結び、それを前例として欧米諸国と再交渉することを考えていた。
- The Japanese government was hoping to renegotiate the unequal treaties with the Western countries and solve the issues concerning extraterritoriality (consular jurisdiction) and tariff autonomy by concluding the first equal treaty with a non-Asian country as a precedent.
- 当時の日本は、何とか欧米の植民地にならずに済んだだけで、まだロシアに軍事的に対抗する力を持っていなかったため、賠償金や領土の割譲まで要求してくるのではないかと危惧された。
- At that time, Japan barely avoided being colonized by Western countries, but still did not have enough military power to fight against them and feared that Russia would demand reparations or cession of territory.
- (なお、岡倉が「茶の本」に於いて、欧米人にとっての「茶道」への近似体験として、「ティーパーティでのホストの心遣い」を挙げたことは、「茶を離れた茶道の本質」として興味深い。)
- (It was interesting that Okakura mentioned in 'Cha no Hon' that the experience that closely resembled 'sado' for European and Americans was the 'consideration of the host during a tea party' and was the 'essence of sado apart from tea.')
- 「欧米の女権と吾国従来の女徳とを合せて完全の模範を作り為さん」と発行の主旨に掲げたように、女性の啓蒙を目的とし、キリスト教の立場から女性の地位の向上と権利の拡大を目指した。
- As written in the statement of intent for publishing Jogaku Zasshi which read, 'We shall develop a perfect model by bringing together women's rights existing in Europe and the United States and the traditional women's virtues found in Japan,' the objective of this magazine was to enlighten women to improve their position and to expand their rights from the Christian viewpoint.
- 某等別紙奉建言候次第、平生ノ持論ニシテ、某等在官中屡及建言候者モ有之候処、欧米同盟各国へ大使御派出ノ上、実地ノ景況ヲモ御目撃ニ相成、其上事宜斟酌施設可相成トノ御評議モ有之。
- The contents of the attached petition is what we were always thinking and what have been expressing while we were serving as government officials; after a group of ambassadors were sent to Europe and America to observe the situations overseas, we would like to discuss setting up a place for discussion using what was observed overseas as examples.
- 近代的な欧米の法体系が流入して「法律(法体系)の一元化」が求められた結果、全く同趣旨の法令でありながら官吏向けの法令と一般向けの高札が並存するのは明らかに異質であったこと。
- The inflow of a modern European judicial system promoted the 'unification of the law (legal system),' therefore it was obviously an awkward situation that two variants of a single code co-existed in a government official version and in Kosatsu version for general public;
- お雇い(御雇)外国人(おやといがいこくじん)とは、幕末以降明治初期に、「殖産興業」などを目的として、欧米の先進技術や学問、制度を輸入するために雇用された欧米人のことである。
- The term 'oyatoi-gaikokujin' refers to the practice, common from the late Edo period into the early Meiji period, of hiring Europeans and Americans to foster the importation into Japan of the advanced technologies, scholarship and systems of Europe and the United States under the banner of 'Shokusan-kogyo' (encouragement of production and industry).
- 特にコンピュータゲームやアニメ、漫画などのコンテンツ分野、食文化は欧米やアジアの都市部に浸透し、それらに関する店や施設(寿司バーや漫画ショップ)ができるまでになってきている。
- In particular, fields such as computer games, animations, and comics, and a food culture have penetrated urban areas of Western and Asian countries, and as a result, related shops and facilities (Sushi Bars and comic shops) came to be established.
- 当時攘夷思想によって欧米人を襲撃する事件が多発し、神戸事件や堺事件、京都事件がその代表例であるが、これらの事件は「万国公法」の名の下に外国人を殺傷した日本人を極刑としている。
- At that time, attacks on Europeans and Americans as represented by the Kobe Incident, the Sakai Incident and the Kyoto Incident were frequently carried out by supporters of Joi-ron, but Japanese, who killed or injured foreigners were subjected to capital punishment.
- 一方、総合閲覧室には、開架式で日本語および欧米語の参考図書、抄録・索引誌、国内の官庁出版物・法令議会資料、図書館情報学資料、主要な雑誌・新聞、全国の電話帳が閲覧に供されている。
- Moreover, the General Collections Room holds, in open stacks, the reference books, abstracts, indexes, domestic government publications/statutes and parliamentary documents, library and information science materials, major periodicals and newspapers, nationwide telephone directories, etc., in Japanese and other languages.
- 1960年代の欧米の文化人やロック (音楽)ミュージシャンの間では、東洋的な思想や宗教が流行したことがあり、中には着物(あるいは着物に似せてデザインした服)を着る者も見られた。
- During the 1960s, there was a trend among western intellectuals and rock musicians to study Eastern Thoughts and religions, and some of them wore Kimono or clothes modeled after Kimono.
- 1900年に川上一座が欧米興行を行った際に録音したオッペケペー節のレコードが発見され、97年に『甦るオッペケペー節』という題でCDがEMIミュージック・ジャパンから発売された。
- A phonograph record of Oppekepe-bushi which was recorded when the Kawakami troupe gave performances in Europe and the United States in 1900 was found, and a CD titled 'Revived Oppekepe-bushi' was released by EMI Music Japan in 1997.
- 特に欧米の事情に通じた人材となると、自然と幕末に留学をした旧幕臣が占める割合が高くなってしまい、特に旧幕臣の一掃こそが改革の早道と考える大久保利通らの反感を強める原因となった。
- Especially, since most personnel who knew well about Europe and America were naturally those who had studied abroad and they were former retainers of shogun, this caused strong antipathy from Toshimichi Okubo who thought the fastest way of reformation was to wipe out old retainers of shogun.
- 黒田内閣の役目は、憲法制定と帝国議会開設によって再燃が予想された自由民権運動に対する取締り強化と、欧米列強との間に交わされたままとなっていた不平等条約の条約改正することであった。
- The purpose of Kuroda Cabinet was to enhance the control of Jiyu Minken Undo (democratic-rights movement) which would be rekindled due to the establishment of the constitution and the foundation of the imperial diet, and also to revise the unequal treaty which had been untouched since it was concluded with the allied western powers.
- 明治になると欧米文化が流入したが上流階級を除き洋装が急速に普及したわけではなく、むしろ身分規制がなくなったことにより庶民が紋服を着用したり、墓石などに家紋を入れるケースが増えた。
- During the Meiji Period, although Western culture was introduced, western clothing did not rapidly become widespread except for among the higher class, and common people instead began to increasingly use Kamon for example, on Mompuku (clothing decorated with one's family crest) and tombstones, thanks for the abolishment of the caste system.
- 伊藤の建議どおり当時欧米では金本位制が主流になりつつあったとはいえ、清をはじめアジア諸国は依然として銀主体の経済圏であり、また対外交易でも洋銀(メキシコドル銀貨)が通用していた。
- As ITO's proposal, though the gold standard system was becoming a mainstream in Europe and the United States at that time, Asian countries including Qing were still a silver-oriented economic area and nickel silver (Mexican dollar silver coin) was used for foreign trade.
- 極東地域、日本近海にも欧米の船が出没する回数が多くなったが、幕府は日本との外交ルートを模索する外国使節や外国船の接触に対し、には外国船打払令を実行するなど、鎖国政策の継続を行った。
- In spite of the frequent visits of western vessels in the far east area, or the sea of Japan, the shogunate government continued the seclusion policy by strong measures such as the enforcement of the edict to repel foreign vessels in 1825 to prevent contacts with foreign envoys and vessels asking for a diplomatic channel with Japan.
- 黒船から幕末にかけては、このような営業マンの持つ情報テリトリーと、押し寄せてきた欧米列強の商社マンとの人脈、廻船や早馬など強力な自家流通ルートを生かして、情報産業にも進出していった。
- In the era from the arrival of Kuro-fune (Japanese name for Perry's Fleet) to the end of the bakufu system, sakaya also advanced into information business by effectively using the information territory of these sales persons, human relations with trading company employees from western powers, and their own distribution routes.
- だが、日本製の火縄銃は極めて高精度にできているため、そんな環境ながら日本の選手は国際大会で上位入賞することが多く、欧米の多くの選手も火縄銃種目では日本製の火縄銃を使って参加している。
- However, hinawaju made in Japan has a high-precision and thus, although the number of players is small, Japanese players often achieve a high ranking in international competition and many players from Europe and America also use hinawaju made in Japan in the hinawaju event.
- 洋式便器と男性用小便器は20世紀になってから日本に登場し、イギリス軍やアメリカ軍などの欧米諸国を中心とした連合国軍最高司令官総司令部が日本を占領していた頃に劇的に日本各地に広まった。
- Yoshiki (Western style) lavatory basin and the urinal for male appeared in Japan in the twentieth century and during the period when the General Headquarters (GHQ), which centered on Western nations such as the British army or American army and so on, occupied Japan, they dramatically spread across Japan.
- 西郷は水戸学派や国学の皇国史観に止まってはおらず、開国して富国強兵をし、日・清・韓の三国同盟をするという島津斉彬の持論の影響で、東アジアと欧米諸国の対置という形の世界観を持っていた。
- Saigo's world view was not only that of the Mitogaku School and the Kokoku Shikan (historical perspective) of Kokugaku (study of ancient Japanese literature and culture), rather his views incorporated contraposition of East Asia and European and the North American ideals; he opened the nation and then made a prosperous country and strong army, and forged the tripartite alliance of Japan, Qing and Korea which was inspired by the ideals of Saiakira SHIMAZU.
- 中国や日本では、欧米及び日本の帝国主義に反対する愛国運動という捉え方をするのに対し、アメリカなどでは闇雲に外国人を攻撃した排外運動という捉え方をしている(エシェリックやコーエン等)。
- China and Japan perceived the Boxers as a nationalistic movement against the doctrine of the West and the Japanese empire, but it was interpreted as a reckless anti-foreign movement that attacked foreigners in nations such as the United States (by Esherick, Cohen, and others).
- 日本の文化も単純にひとくくりにできるものではなく、様々な要素を含んでおり、古代から中世にいたっては中国を中心としたアジアの近隣諸国、そして明治以降の近~現代では欧米からの影響を受けた。
- The Japanese culture cannot be bracketed simply because it contains various elements, the Japanese culture in a period from ancient times to the medieval period was affected by neighboring countries in Asia around China, and in the period from early modern times to modern times after the Meiji period was affected by western countries.
- 東アジア国際秩序は、アヘン戦争以降それまであった華夷秩序から条約体制へのシフトが起こったが、清朝と欧米諸国との新たな関係がすぐに他の東アジア諸国との関係に直接的に波及したわけではない。
- With regards to order of international society in East Asia, there was a transition from former Kaichitsujo to treaty system after the Opium War, but the new relationship between the Qing dynasty and Western countries and America did not directly affect on the relations between other East Asian countries.
- だが、この見解も日本の律令制社会をヨーロッパ的な発展史観に当て嵌め、欧米列強がかつて行った植民地支配の実態と重ね合わせているだけで、本末転倒な見方とする意見が現在では多くなってきている。
- Recently, the most popular current theory is that the above-mentioned view emphasizes the wrong points because it adapts Japanese society based on the Ritsuryo system to the historical view of European development, merely to match that Japanese society with the realities of the Western powers' colonial rule.
- 欧米では映画の中に挿入されるセリフや背景解説のショット(図を参照)と伴奏音楽によって上映されていたが、日本では言語や文化背景の相違も影響し、上映する際には口頭で説明することが求められた。
- In Europe and America, movies had the shots of lines and background briefings shown on screen (see image) and also had musical accompaniment, but in Japan, language, cultural background and other factors different from the West meant that simultaneous narration was demanded.
- 120km/h運転そのものは、当時の欧米の主要幹線では標準的な水準であり、「あじあ」号の水準はそれに達したものでしかなかった(冷房装置を含む空調設備の完備のみは、世界の最先端であった)。
- The 120-km/h operation itself was typical of the level of major railways in Europe and the United States, and the 'Asia' train only reached this typical level (however, the complete provision of air-conditioning facilities, including air-cooling equipment alone was the most advanced in the world).
- 小平は当時多くの宮苑造成に関与する中それまでの日本庭園のあり方を咀嚼し、その上で新宿御苑のように当時の欧米先進国で数多く試みられていた自然風景式大規模庭園の特徴を加味することを試みている。
- Kodaira comprehended the way conventional Japanese gardens were made while being involved in constructing many Imperial gardens at the time, and tried to add characteristics of a large-scale garden of the natural scenery style prevailing in advanced countries like in Europe and America.
- 国際的に極度の円安状況だったこともあるが、当時の欧米からすれば日本は極東の辺境であり、外国人身辺の危険も少なくなかったことから、一流の技術や知識の専門家を招聘することが困難だったことによる。
- The high salaries were partly due to the fact that the yen was extremely weak internationally, but mainly because of the difficulty in convincing top-class experts in technology and knowledge to come to Japan, which from the perspective of Westerners was a country on the extreme eastern edge of the Far East, a country moreover that held considerable physical danger for foreigners.
- また一進会は、日露戦争時に設立され、日韓軍事同盟においてロシアを侵攻を阻止することが、ロシアの大韓帝国に対する影響力を弱め、さらには欧米列強のアジア進出を防ぎ、朝鮮の復興になると考えていた。
- Also, Isshinkai which was founded in the middle of Russo-Japanese War had a thought that blocking Russia's invasion under the Japan-Korea Military Alliance could weaken Russia's influence on the Korean Empire, that it further could prevent the allied western powers from advancing into Asia, and that it finally could lead to the restoration of Korea.
- 今となってはこれが幸いしてか、マズルローダー競技(前装銃競技)のマッチロック(火縄銃)種目では、欧米人の選手の多くが日本製の火縄銃を使用し、当然これを使い慣れた日本人選手もメダルを獲得し易い。
- However this is now in favor of Japanese competitors in the event of matchlock of muzzle loader since most European competitors use Japanese matchlock which is familiar to Japanese ones, it is easier for the Japanese to obtain medals.
- 缶コーヒーは日本などアジアが市場の主流で、欧米では極小規模の範囲で留まっており、日本でいう350ml相当の缶にミルク・糖分多めの商品が日系やアジア系のメーカーから数種発売されている程度である。
- While Asian countries including Japan form the main market of canned coffee, Western countries remain a very small-scale market, where only a few types of coffee containing a little extra milk and sugar in cans equal to Japanese 350 ml cans sold by Japanese- and Asian-affiliated manufacturers.
- 留学の経験から欧米と日本の技術力差を感じた東久邇宮は、遅れをとっていたアジアの技術力の向上を目指して興亜工業大学(1942年(昭和17年)設置、のち千葉工業大学)等の教育機関の創設に携わった。
- HIGASHIKUNINOMIYA who knew of the technological gap between Western countries and Japan from his experience of studying abroad participated in establishment of educational institutions such as the Koa Kogyo Daigaku (Established in 1942 and which later became the Chiba Institute of Technology) which aimed at improving technology in Asia.
- 井上と伊藤博文らは日本人がこうした扱いから免れるようになるためには、欧米と同じ文化水準である事を海外に示さない限りはまともな外交交渉の相手としても認められないという事実に気づいていたのである。
- INOUE and Hirobumi ITO found the truth that Japanese could not be recognized as a respectable partner of diplomatic negotiations until they showed the people abroad that they kept the same level of culture as Europe and America to avoid such treatment.
- 日本と欧米間の取り決めでは港税は22ドル(入港料15ドル+出港料7ドル)であったのに対し、日朝間では蒸気船など大きな船舶については5円、それ以下の規模の船は積載量により2円と1円50銭とされた。
- In the treaty between Japan and Europe and the United States, the port due was 22 dollars (15 dollars for entrance + 7 dollars for clearance), while in the treaty between Japan and Korea, it was 5 yen for large ships like steamships, and 2 yen or 1.50 yen for the smaller ships, which was decided depending on the burden.
- マーティンは国際法について「諸国間に行われ、一国が私することができない」(『万国公法』凡例)と述べ、欧米各国間に存在するこの公的なルールこそキリスト教文明が生み出した最良の成果の一つと捉えていた。
- With respect to international law, Martin said, 'International law is applied among various countries and it cannot owned by a single country' (legend in 'Bankoku Koho') and he understood that these official rules existed among European and American countries were as one of the best results generated by Christian civilization.
- 明治維新は欧米列強に抑圧されたアジア諸国にとって近代化革命の模範ともなったが、やがて日本自身が列強側の国家として、帝国主義的な領土・権益獲得の立場となったことから、かえって反発を呼ぶことにもなった。
- The Meiji Restoration in Japan was a model for the modern revolution of the various Asian countries which were suppressed by powerful western countries, but Japan also received resistance from them because Japan itself became a powerful imperialistic country trying to obtain lands and interests.
- 明治維新以後、欧米の文物が流れ込み日本の伝統的な価値が忘れられていく風潮を嘆き、、一般子弟に古典や古武道を教育することを目的として、顕教を含む数人で亀岡(明治2年に亀山から改称)に生徳社を設立した。
- He lamented the tendency after the Meiji Restoration for the introduction of Western products of culture and the fading of Japanese traditional values, and some people including Akinori established Seitokusha in Kameoka (the name was changed from Kameyama in 1869).
- 欧米各国では新聞がこぞってこの悪辣な暴挙を非難し世論も硬化していたため、当時の駐米少弁務使森有礼は『日本宗教自由論』をあらわして禁教政策の継続の難しさを訴え、西本願寺僧侶島地黙雷らもこれにならった。
- In the U.S. and European countries the newspapers all criticized the villainous outrage and public opinion also grew stronger, so the then Japanese charge d'affaires to the U.S., Arinori MORI, wrote 'Religious Freedom in Japan' stating that it was difficult to hold on to the anti-Christian policy, which was followed by some people including Mokurai SHIMAJI, a Buddhist monk of West Hongan-ji Temple.
- 日本が大日本帝国として欧米列強に力で対抗しようと国民皆兵を進めてゆく時、古来の剣術の習得を簡便にしたものとしての剣道が旧士族の武士ではない旧制中学生に習得され広まったことは、国民の精神に影響を与えた。
- When Japan, as the Empire of Japan carried on the universal conscription to confront the allied Western powers by force, easy-to-learn Kendo, as derived from time-honored Kenjutsu, was acquired and became popular among students of the old-system junior high schools who were not samurai (warriors) of the former warrior class, and this influenced the national spirit.
- 弓道は『弓と禅』(オイゲン・ヘリゲル著)などの著作で精神性を重んじる面が取り上げられたことなどから外国人の関心を惹き、オリンピック種目でないにもかかわらず欧米各国中心に競技団体が設立され愛好されている。
- Kyudo attracted the attention of foreigners through books such as 'Zen in the Art of Archery,' by Eugen Herrigel, in which the focus on spirituality was introduced, and even though it isn't an Olympic sport it's enjoyed especially in Europe and the United States with sports associations established there.
- だが、廃仏毀釈による混乱や未だ地方政府としての機能を有していた藩の儒教・仏教重視理念との対立、神祇省内部の国学者間の路線対立、更に欧米からのキリスト教弾圧停止要求も重なって神道国教化の動きは不振が続いた。
- However, a movement to establish Shinto as a state religion continued to be inactive because of disorder by Haibutsu-kishaku (a movement to abolish Buddhism), confrontation with Domains' emphasis on Confucianism and Buddhism which still operated function as local government, difference of policy among scholars of the Japanese classics, and moreover, demand for an end of oppression of Christianity from the West.
- 欧米諸国とは条約を基礎とした関係(外交を担う役所総理衙門の設置や公使の相互派遣)を結ぶ一方で、清朝は朝鮮やベトナム、琉球といった周辺のアジア諸国とは旧来の華夷秩序を温存し、それを恒久的に維持しようとした。
- The Qing dynasty built relationships based on treaties between European countries and American; on the other hand, the Qing dynasty maintained relationships based on Kaichitsujo with Asian countries around China such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu and tried to keep the relations on a permanent basis.
- 江戸幕府による大政奉還を受け、王政復古 (日本)によって発足した明治新政府の方針は、天皇親政(旧来の幕府・摂関などの廃止)を基本とし、諸外国(主に欧米列強国を指す)に追いつくための改革を模索することであった。
- The aim of the Meiji government, which was created by the restoration of Imperial rule after Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the emperor) from the Edo Shogunate, was to establish the basis of direct Imperial rule by the emperor by the abolition of the Shogunate and the positions of Regent and Chief advisor to the emperor, and to investigate ways to reform and catch up with foreign countries (mainly, powerful countries in Western Europe and North America).
- さらに、第二次世界大戦においては大東亜共栄圏の行動を打ち出し、当時イギリスやオランダなどの列強が植民地化していた東南アジアに進軍し、欧米の占領軍を追い出して後釜に座る形でほぼ全域を占領、あるいは影響下に置いた。
- In World War II, Japan proposed the action of the Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, marched into Southeast Asia which was the colony of powerful countries such as England and the Netherlands, cast out the Occupation Forces of Europe and America and took their places, occupying or putting under their influence almost the whole area.
- 統治領下の神社建立にあたり、多くの神道家らは現地の神々をまつるべきだと主張したが、政府は同意せず、欧米列強の植民地へのキリスト教伝道、土着信仰の残滓の払拭といった発想と同様に多く明治天皇、天照大神を祭神とした。
- Many Shintoists insisted that local gods should be revered when building shrines in the territories, but the government did not agree and, like the western powers that preached Christianity in their colonies to erase indigenous beliefs, enshrined Emperor Meiji and Amaterasu Omikami.
- また、文化面でも「改良」運動が官民ぐるみで盛んになり、1883年に矢田部良吉・外山正一による「羅馬字会」や同じく渋沢栄一・森有礼による「演劇改良会」が結成され、また欧米を真似て学会を創設する動きも盛んになった。
- Additionally, concerning a cultural aspect, activities of 'improvement' were actively addressed by the government and the people in harmony, and the 'Romaji Club' (supporting the use of Romaji [Roman alphabet]) by Ryokichi YATABE and Masakazu TOYAMA, and the 'Engeki Kairyo Kai' (Society for Theatre Reform) by Eichi SHIBUSAWA and Arinori MORI were set up in 1883, and another thing, a movement for creating academic societies became popular to imitate Europe and America.
- 1970年代頃からの環境問題への意識の高まりや、企業の不祥事が続く中、CSR(Corporate Social Responsibility=企業の社会的責任)ということが欧米を中心に盛んに言われるようになった。
- While the concerns to the environmental issue have been raised from the 1970s, and the scandals of enterprises have happened one after another, CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) became a much-discussed subject especially in Europe and America.
- エルヴィン・フォン・ベルツが伊藤に婦人の服装の洋式化に対して反対意見を述べた際に、伊藤は「日本女性が和服で現れると、欧米人は彼女達を人間扱いせずに'御人形さん扱い'するではないか」と反論されたことを書き記している。
- Erwin von Bälz wrote that he was refuted by ITO's opinion, 'Japanese women may be 'treated like dolls' without being seen as human beings by Wetern people as they appears wearing wafuku (Japanese traditional clothes like kimono)' when he retorted about Europeanizing women's costume.
- 近年では日本人の生活が欧米化し、畳の上に座る機会が減り、椅子に座る機会が増えた訳だが、特に座席や背もたれの弾力性が足りない場合や、座席が冷たい場合などに、椅子の機能を追加する意図でこの座布団を用いるケースが見られる。
- In recent years the lifestyle of Japanese people has become westernized, and the opportunities to sit on tatami have become fewer while the use of chairs has increased however zabuton are often used to supplement the function of chairs particularly if the seat or backrest is hard or the seat is cold.
- それに加えて、18世紀後半の産業革命によって欧米諸国は急速に近代化しており、それぞれの政治経済的事情から大航海時代の単なる「冒険」ではなく、自らの産業のために資源と市場を求めて世界各地に植民地獲得のための進出を始めた。
- In addition to the above, western countries modernized rapidly through industrial revolution in the latter half of the 18th century, and for their own political and economic reasons, started debouching into various places around the world to acquire their own colonies for the purpose of seeking resources and markets for their own industries, rather than for the simple purpose of 'adventure' during the Age of Geographical Discovery.
- また、『宿無團七』などの上方狂言に挑戦したり、東大寺二月堂お水取りに取材した新作舞踊『達陀(だったん)』の初演、さらには『オセロ』『シラノ・ド・ベルジュラック』などの欧米演劇で新劇俳優と共演するなど芸域の広さを見せた。
- He also attempted Kamigata style Kyogen including 'Yadonashi Danshichi,' and performed the first performance of the new dance 'Dattan' at the Ceremony of Water and Fire at Nigatsudo Hall, Todaiji Temple, as well as performing with new theater actors in Western productions such as Othello and Cyrano De Bergerac, displaying the breadth of his talents.
- 1867年のパリ万国博覧会 (1867年)は日本(江戸幕府・薩摩藩・佐賀藩)が初参加した国際博覧会であったが、このときに日本庭園が制作されて以来、欧米で開催された万博において日本庭園は日本の出展物の目玉の一つであった。
- The Paris World Exposition held in 1867 was the first international exposition where Japanese delegations were dispatched (Tokugawa shogunate, Satsuma clan, and Saga clan), and since a Nihon teien was produced for the first time outside Japan in this expo, Nihon teien has been one of the eye-catchers among the exhibits.
- また弓丈により、日本では長弓(和弓を指し、大弓ともいい、緩やかに湾曲とも屈曲ともとれるぐらいに曲する)と小弓(短弓で湾曲形)という名称で分類し、欧米ではロングボウとコンポジットボウ(短弓で屈曲形の複合弓)に分類している。
- In addition, it is classified by length; in Japan it is classified into Chokyu (long bow, which refers to the Japanese bow and also called Daikyu long bow, which bends easily) and short bow (curviform short bow), while in Western countries, it is classified as a long bow and a composite bow (short and bending compound bow).
- 江戸時代から日本唯一の対外貿易港であった長崎の居留地には、当初、多数の外国人が押しかけて繁栄したが、明治になると長崎居留地はそれほど発達せず、むしろ上海市を中心とする中国租界在住の欧米人の保養地として賑わうようになった。
- Nagasaki was the only port that had been open to international trading since the Edo period, and as such the settlement had flourished due to the large number of foreigners who had taken up unofficial residence there; beginning in the Meiji period, however, it saw comparatively little development, and indeed prospered more as a sort of health resort for foreigners living in Shanghai and other concessions in China rather than as a settlement in its own right.
- しかし中国に対し冊封・朝貢を行っていた周辺諸国も、次第に欧米列強の植民地へと変えられていき、また清朝自身もロシアのイリ地方地方占領や清仏戦争、日本の台湾出兵、日清戦争などアヘン戦争以降の度重なる列強からの外圧にさらされた。
- However, as those Asian countries which conducted sakuho and choko to the Qing dynasty became colonies of western countries and America, the Qing dynasty was also put pressure continuously by powerful countries after the Opium War, especially when Ili region was seized by Russia, the Sino-French War, the Taiwan expedition and the Japanese-Sino War occurred.
- だが、欧米列強との交渉が始まると、日本に民法典が無いことが列強による治外法権を正当化させる理由の一つに挙げられて、幕末から明治初期の日本において、不平等条約条約改正という政治的課題の一つとして民法典の整備が急務とされていた。
- However, when negotiations were started beween Japan and the allied western powers, the fact that Japan lacked Minpoten became one reason to justify exterritoriality of the western powers, so that in Japan from the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period, the preparation of Minpoten was an urgent matter as one of political tasks to revise unequal treaties.
- しかしプティジャンによるキリスト教徒発見と、明治政府による一連の弾圧行為の情報が欧米諸国を動かし、日本政府に対しキリスト教弾圧政策に圧力をかける結果に繋がり、江戸時代より禁教とされてきたキリスト教信仰の復活のきっかけとなった。
- However, when Petitjean discovered the Christians, the information regarding oppressive actions of the Meiji government toward Christians mobilized Western governments to pressure the Japanese government about policies supressing Christianity, which lead to the rehabillitation of Christianity, which had been prohibited since the Edo Period.
- だが、欧米の研究家の間では、欧州の瞬発式火縄銃が日本に伝えられて改良発展したものが、逆にオランダによって日本から買い付けられて東南アジアに輸出され、それらが手本となって日本式の機構が東南アジアに広まったものとする説が有力である。
- However, among European and US researchers one theory is dominant, which says that instantaneous discharge matchlocks in Europe were introduced into Japan and improved, Holland bought them from Japan and exported them to Southeast Asia and the Japanese model spread across Southeast Asia as an example.
- 日本とオスマン帝国の外交当局による国交交渉は何度も行われたのであるが、日本側が欧米列強と同等の待遇の条約を望み、治外法権を認めるよう要求したのに対し、オスマン帝国は不平等条約の拡大を嫌い、両者の交渉が暗礁に乗り上げたためである。
- The reason for this was that negotiations over the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the Ottoman Empire remained deadlocked despite both sides engaging in frequent rounds of negotiations; the Ottoman Empire did not wish to enter into another unequal treaty, but Japan was demanding the same level of treaty as the Ottoman Empire had agreed to with the great powers of Europe and America, insisting on Japan's extraterritorial rights.
- 欧米へ赴いた岩倉使節団一行がキリシタン弾圧が条約改正の障害となっていることに驚き、本国に打電したことから、1873年(明治6年)にキリシタン禁制は廃止され、1614年以来259年ぶりに日本でキリスト教信仰が公認されることになった。
- After the Iwakura Mission, sent to Europe and America, were surprised to find that crackdown on Christians was impeding the revision of a treaty and sent a telegram to Japan, the policy to ban Christianity was abolished in 1873 and Christianity was officially approved in Japan for the first time in 259 years since 1614.
- またこの籠城組の全体的な指導者はイギリス公使クロード・マクドナルドであったが、籠城戦に当たって実質総指揮を担ったのは柴五郎であり(各国中で最先任の士官だったから)、解放後日本人からだけでなく欧米人からも多くの賛辞が寄せられている。
- The general leader of this besieged group was the British envoy Claude MacDonald but the actual leader during the siege was Goro SHIBA (since he was the most senior military officer), and he received much praise from not only Japanese but also European and US parties after the release.
- 欧化主義(おうかしゅぎ)とは、1880年代の日本において、明治政府が日本の文物・制度・風俗・習慣をヨーロッパ風にして欧米諸国に日本の近代化を認めてもらおうとして採った政策(欧化政策)とこれに関連して盛んに行われた思潮・風俗の動き。
- Europeanism is a policy (a policy of Europeanization) which the Meiji Government implemented to make an impression on Western countries by modernizing Japan, that is to say, by Europeanizing Japanese things, regulations, folkways, and customs in Japan in 1880s, and an active movement of thought and folkways of the times related to the policy.
- 留守政府(るすせいふ)とは、明治初期において、明治政府首脳部で組織された岩倉使節団が欧米歴訪中にその留守を守るために組織された体制を指す(明治4年11月12日 (旧暦)(1871年12月23日)-明治6年(1873年)9月13日)。
- Rusu-seifu refers to the Establishment organized to protect the nation in early Meiji Period while Iwakura Mission, which consisted of leaders of the Meiji government, was visiting Europe and America (December 23, 1871 - September 13, 1873).
- とはいえ日本の蒸気機関車技術の発展は、狭軌鉄道のハンディキャップ(軌間の狭さだけでなく、軌道の弱さによる軸重制限の厳しさが、車両性能向上には非常な障害となった)を差し引いても、同時期の欧米の水準からは、一貫して著しく遅れた状態であった。
- Nonetheless, the development of Japan's steam locomotive technology was consistently far behind European and American levels at that time, even considering the handicaps of narrow-gage railroads (a big obstacle to the upgrading of trains due not only to the narrow gage, but also weak tracks, which severely limited the axle load).
- 明治4年(1871年)11月12日、三条・西郷らに留守内閣(留守政府)をまかせ、特命全権大使岩倉具視、副使木戸孝允・大久保利通・伊藤博文・山口尚芳ら外交使節団が条約改正のために横浜から欧米各国へ出発した(随員中に宮内大丞村田新八もいた)。
- On November 12, 1871, Sanjo and Saigo were entrusted with the duty of Rusu-naikaku (the acting cabinet while the heads of government are away), because a group of ambassadors, namely the ambassador who is the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary Tomomi IWAKURA, vice ambassadors Takayoshi KIDO, Toshimichi OKUBO, Hirobumi ITO and Naoyoshi YAMAGUCHI went to Europe and the North America for revision of a treaty (Kunai-taijo (a post in the Imperial Household Ministry), and Shinpachi MURATA was one of the attendant).
- 福澤は、明治維新になって欧米諸国の女性解放思想をいちはやく日本に紹介し、「人倫の大本は夫婦なり」として一夫多妻制や妾をもつことを非難し、女性にも自由を与えなければならぬとし、女も男も同じ人間だから、同様の教育を受ける権利があると主張した。
- During the Meiji Restoration, Yukichi immediately introduced feminism of Western countries to Japan; he stated that polygyny and the keeping a mistress are bad practices because 'the married couple is the base of morality', that women should be emancipated, and that women should be granted the right to receive an equal education because women and men are equally human beings.
- のみならず「日本の統治政策は同時代に欧米諸国の行った異民族統治とは異質で、善政である」「植民地という言葉は諸外国が異民族統治に対して行った悪政に使われる言葉である」という認識から、双方を一緒に植民地という言葉で形容することへの批判がある。
- Furthermore, there is criticism of using the word colony for both, based on the recognition that 'the Japanese governing policy was different from the rule of different ethnic groups by Western countries in the same era, and was good politics,' and 'colony is the word to express the misrule conducted by foreign countries to rule different ethnic groups.'
- 日本も封建制度の体制下で欧米の近代法にある法治国家の諸原則が存在しておらず、刑事面では拷問や残虐な刑罰が存置され、民事面では自由な契約や取引関係を規制して十分な保護を与えていなかったために、欧米列強からはその対象国であると考えられていた。
- Japan, too, was considered a target of unequal treaties by the allied Western powers because Japan, under the feudal system, did not have various principles of a nation under the rule of law as stipulated in modern Western laws and therefore maintained torture and cruel punishment in criminal cases and regulated free contracts and transactions without giving sufficient protection in civil affairs.
- 日本の初等・中等教育の歴史教科書においても、「脱亜論」を「日本が欧米列強に近づくためにアジアからの脱却を唱えた物で、日本がアジアの1ヵ国であることを否定している」と定義付け、「日本人がアジアを蔑視する元となった論文」と教えていることが多い。
- In the history textbooks for elementary and secondary education in Japan, 'Datsu-A Ron' is defined as 'a theory to urge Japan to get closer to European and American powers by disassociating from Asia and to deny Japan is a country in Asia' and it is taught at most schools as 'the thesis which causes Japanese to disrespect other Asian countries.'
- 近年の欧米で、キリスト教徒として留まったままでキリスト教の枠組みから外れて宗教的探求をする運動があり、ニューエイジと呼ばれているが、それらの人々によって悟りの概念が取り入れられ、イエス・キリストをある種の悟りを得た存在としてとらえる場合もある。
- The West has a contemporary movement in which participants remain Christians but at the same time seek Universal Truth outside the framework of Christianity; the movement is called New Age, and the participants accept the concept of enlightenment and sometimes regard Jesus Christ as the existence who attained a sort of enlightenment.
- この日本の日常生活において用いられる用品は、布の袋に緩衝材となる綿やスポンジ等を入れて作られているが、欧米に見られるクッション程に弾力性は求められず、主に床面や畳に直に置かれ、その上に座る事で体温が床面によって奪われるのを防ぐために用いられる。
- The products used in everyday life in Japan are made by filling cloth bags with cushioning material such as cotton or sponge, and they do not need to have the elasticity often seen in Western cushions, as they are mainly put directly on the floor or tatami and serve to prevent the sitter from becoming cold when sitting on the floor.
- 中国史に、そして世界史に大きな影響を与えた点では一致するものの、義和団の乱についての評価は未だ定まっていないと言って良く、それが語られる地域-中国・日本・欧米-によって、無論中国人研究者であっても欧米的論調に近いものもあるが、論調が異なっている。
- While it is agreed that the Boxer Rebellion had a large influence on Chinese and world history, a final evaluation of the Boxer Rebellion has yet to be determined, and criticism differs in regions such as China, Japan, Europe, and the US, and some Chinese researcher have similar arguments to Europe and the US, but differ in opinions.
- 1934年、満鉄は自社設計によって当時の欧米の潮流に互した流線形蒸気機関車「南満州鉄道の車両急行旅客用」を開発、これに新開発の流線形客車編成(全車冷暖房完備)を組み合わせ、大連市 - 新京(現・長春市)間701kmに特急「あじあ号」号を運転開始した。
- In 1934, Mantetsu developed streamline-shaped steam locomotives (for express passenger cars for South Manchuria Railways) based on its own design, meeting the trends in Europe and the United States, and for 701 km between Dalian City and Shinkyo (Xingjing) (present Changchun City), started operating the limited-express 'Asia' train, which combined a locomotive with an organization of newly-developed streamline-shaped passenger train-cars (with all of the cars air-conditioned).
- 洋食の中には、明治時代以降に西洋料理を習得した料理人が、必ずしも西洋料理のレシピに則らず、日本人消費者の好みに合うよう作り上げた「創作料理」的なものも少なくないため、母体となる欧米には見られないチキンライス、オムライスのような料理も少なからず存在する。
- Many cooks, who learned western cuisine after the Meiji period, established 'creative cuisine' such as chicken rice and rice omelets without following the traditional western recipes, matching the tastes to Japanese consumers' preference, which can not be found in Western countries.
- このため、慶応3年5月13日(1866年6月25日)に欧米諸国は江戸幕府と改税約書を結び、内外貨幣の等価交換とその安定化のために万延年間に定められた現行の貨幣水準を当面維持し、将来的には国際水準に見合った貨幣制度を導入することを約束させられたのである。
- For this reason, on June 25, 1866, Western countries and the Edo bakufu concluded a kaizeiyakusho, promising to maintain the current currency level fixed during the Manen era (end of the Edo period) for the moment for the equivalent exchange of domestic and overseas currency and it's stabilization, and that in the future Japan would adopt a currency system that corresponds with the international level.
- 外国人にはこうした日本固有の芸道観念が興味深くうつるらしく、ドイツ人の哲学者オイゲン・ヘリゲルが、東北大学に在任中、洋弓(アーチェリー)とは違った日本の弓道の修業の仕方に感銘を受けて『弓と禅』をあらわしたのを嚆矢として、欧米世界にさまざまに紹介されている。
- This idea of Geido, which is peculiar to Japan, seems to interest foreigners, such that when German philosopher Eugen Herrigel was at Tohoku University, for example, he was so impressed by how different the practice of Kyudo (Japanese archery) was from that of western-style archery that he wrote 'Zen in the Art of Archery,' a book that has been introduced to the Western World through various means.
- しかしかつて尊皇攘夷運動の活動家であった政府内の保守派は「神道が国教である(神道国教化)以上、異国の宗教を排除するのは当然である」、「キリスト教を解禁しても直ちに欧米が条約改正には応じるとは思えない」とキリスト教への反発を隠さず禁教令撤廃に強硬に反対した。
- Conservatives in the government, however, were once advocates for the revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians movement, and strongly opposed the abolishment of the Ban on Christianity without hiding their hostility to Christianity, saying that 'Shinto is the state religion (to establish Shinto as a state religion), so the religion from other countries should be removed' and that 'Europe and the U.S. are unlikely to immediately agree to revise treaties after lifting the ban on Christianly.'
- 明治維新後は皇后付き女官として政治的にも絶大な発言力を誇るようになり、建白書を多く書いたことから「建白女」とあだ名されるまでに至るが、儒教に根本を置く彼女の理想は、欧米文化を重視する新政府の方針と対立することが多く、次第に新政府要人から警戒されるようになる。
- After Meiji Restoration, she had an influential voice in politics and wrote many petitions that earned her a nickname 'petition lady' although because her ideas based on Confucianism conflicted with the new government's policy that placed importance on the cultures of Europe and America, the prominent people of the new government gradually stayed away from her.
- 当時、三菱の海運事業「郵便汽船三菱会社」(国有会社であった「日本国郵便蒸気船会社」と三菱商会が合併して設立された)が大規模な値下げ攻勢で勢力を広げ、欧米系の船会社に握られていた日本の航海自主権を取り返したが、一方で日本国内の中小の船会社も追い出されてしまった。
- At that time, Mitusbishi's marine transportation business 'Yubin Kisen Mitubishi Kaisha' (which was established with the merger of a government-owned marine transportation company 'Nipponkoku Yubin Jokisen Kaisha' and Mitsubishi Shokai) extended power by offering huge discounts and deprived western companies of Japan's navigation autonomy, but at the same time, they squeezed out other small-and-medium-sized shipping companies in Japan.
- 川崎の美術蒐集は、彼の造船業への参入の動機と同じように、明治時代に生きた人間らしいナショナリズムに基づくもので、すなわち明治維新後には日本の伝統的な美術品は欧米の美術愛好者のために輸出されることが多くなり、多くの名品が日本で見られなくなる状態が出現しつつあった。
- Kawasaki's involvement in the art collection was similar to the reasoning behind his involvement in the shipbuilding business, which was based on the nationalism of people who lived in the Meiji Period, and that is to say Japanese traditional arts were exported to art collectors in Europe and the United States which left very few masterpieces to be admired in Japan after the Meiji Restoration.
- 井上馨は度々ヨーロッパを視察して、現地では日本人が「見た目」によって半未開の人種として実は「珍獣扱い」されているという事実に気づいていた(事実、欧米での初期日本研究は文化人類学・民族学の範疇に属しており、自分たちとは違う人種として研究対象とされていたのである)。
- Kaoru INOUE actually noticed the fact that Japanese were treated as 'exotic beasts' as half undeveloped species judged from the appearances in Europe as he visited there many times (in fact, the early study of Japan in Europe and America fell into the categories of cultural anthropology and ethnology, and they were considered as the research object as the different race).
- また、維新政府は西洋の諸制度を研究するため岩倉具視を正使、大久保利通・木戸孝允・伊藤博文らを副使とする岩倉使節団を欧米へ派遣するが、「留守政府」と呼ばれた日本残留組の西郷隆盛・井上馨・大隈重信・板垣退助・江藤新平・大木喬任らの手によって、次々と改革は進んでいった。
- Also, the restoration government dispatched the 'Iwakura Mission,' of which Tomomi IWAKURA was the chief envoy, and Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO, and Hirobumi ITO were the vice envoys, to Europe and the United States, whereas the members of the 'Rusu-Seifu' (the temporary government while heads of the government were away) like Takamori SAIGO, Kaoru INOUE, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO, Takato OKI, advanced many reforms one after another.
- しかし欧米や日本の研究者の中には、欧州の瞬発式メカが日本に伝えられて改良発展したものが、オランダによって日本から買い付けられて東南アジアに輸出され、それらが手本となって日本式の機構が東南アジアに広まったとする説をとる者も少なくなく、宇田川説を否定的にみる意見も多い。
- On the other hand, other researchers in Japan, Europe and America doubt UDAGAWA's theory, pointing out that the instantaneous mechanism of European guns was first introduced to and improved in Japan and then Dutch purchased and exported Japanese guns to Southeast Asia, resulting in the spread of the Japanese-style mechanism in Southeast Asia.
- 19世紀、欧米列強のアジア侵略に対抗するため、清朝は、朝鮮やベトナム、琉球などの冊封国を保護国あるいは併合することによって中国皇帝を中心としたアジアの伝統的な国際関係をそのまま近代的国際関係へと移行させて清の地位と影響力を保持しようとし、冊封国に対して保護国化を強めた。
- In the 19 century, in order to resist the invasion of the western powers in Asia, the Qing dynasty tried to shift the traditional international relationships in Asia to the modern ones with the Qing emperor in the center intactly to maintain the influential status by means of changing the subordinate countries under the tributary system, such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu, to protected states, or merging them, thus promoted to make its subordinate countries protectorates.
- 神戸事件(こうべじけん)とは慶応4年1月11日 (旧暦)(1868年2月4日)、神戸(現・神戸市)三宮神社前において備前藩(現・岡山県)兵が隊列を横切ったフランス人水兵らを負傷させたうえ、居留地(現・旧居留地)予定地を検分中の欧米諸国公使らに水平射撃を加えた事件である。
- Kobe Incident was an incident that occurred on February 4, 1868, in which in front of Sannomiya-jinja Shrine of Kobe (present-day Kobe City), a troop of the domain of Bizen (present-day Okayama Prefecture) injured French sailors who had crossed the array of the troop, and shot horizontally to the Minister-Counselors from Western countries who were inspecting the place which was supposed to be the settlement site (present-day Former Foreign Settlement).
- 本土の鉄道省は元より、日本の技術で運営される標準軌鉄道であった朝鮮鉄道局、および南満州鉄道ほか中国大陸の鉄道も、機関車技術で欧米を凌駕するものではなかった(鉄道省の機関車に比べれば高性能であった南満州鉄道の流線形機関車「南満州鉄道の車両急行旅客用」でさえ例外ではない)。
- The Ministry of Railways on the mainland, as well as the Korean Railway Bureau, which adopted a standard gauge and ran with Japanese technology, and railroad companies in the China continent including South Manchuria Railway did not surpass Europe and America in the locomotive technology.
- また、かつてのさっぱりとした日本食と異なり、食生活の欧米化が進んでバターやオリーブオイルなどを多用する油っこい料理を日常的に食するようになっていた日本人にとって、それらと食卓で合わせる日本酒として、またある意味で白ワインの代替品として、淡麗辛口が好まれたという理由もある。
- In addition, there was another reason, Japanese had already been used to having oily dishes using much butter and olive oil which were different from plain Japanese dishes as a result of the Westernization of diet, and that they favored tanrei dry sake to drink on the table with those dishes as an alternative to wine in a certain sense.
- このように日朝修好条規、朝鮮修信使の制度ができるまでは、明治初期の1872年頃までの当時の開化派とされた朴珪寿でさえ、彼を含めた朝鮮政府の共通認識は「欧米人は通商によって利益を追求する人倫を欠いた禽獣であり、日本人もまた同様である(倭洋一体)」のようなものだったのである。
- Before the Treaty of Ganghwa (Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity) and the system of the post-1868 embassy from Korea, even Gyu-su PARK who was one of the most civilized at that time around up until 1872 and the common view of the Korean government including his was 'Europeans and Americans are animals without humanity who are only after profit from trade and Japanese are the same (Wayo Ittai ron theory to consider Japan, European countries and the USA as one).'
- 特に当時の欧米を中心とした通貨制度の主流が金本位制であったこと、当時の小判の形状が対外的な運搬・流通などに不便であったことから、代わりに対外決済の分野で最もよく使われていた二分金の贋貨鋳造が盛んに行われ、中には銀貨に金鍍金を施した贋貨とほとんど変わりのないものまで出現した。
- Especially because at the time, the currency system centered around Europe and America was mainly the gold standard system, along with the fact that the shape of the koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) of this period was inconvenient for external transport and circulation, instead, the coining of counterfeit nibukin, which was the most used in the field of external settlement, was done frequently, and even gilded silver coins which were not so different from the forfeit coins appeared.
- この条約の締結にはイギリス公使ハリー・パークスの仲介があったが、この条約には安政条約以来欧米各国が江戸幕府及び明治政府と締結した全ての不平等条約の規定の中でもっとも有利な条件が反映され、その内容は各国が日本と結んだ条約の最恵国待遇の規定によって全ての列強に対して適用されることとなった。
- English Minister, Harry Parks mediated for the conclusion of this treaty, and among all the unfair treaties concluded between the Edo government and the Meiji government with Europe and the North America since the Ansei era treaty, the treaty contained the most advantageous conditions, the contents of which applied to all countries who had made 'Most Favored Nation Treatment' treaties with Japan.
- 全29条から構成され、貿易における日本への待遇を欧米と同様とする(第9条)、日本に領事裁判権を認める(第22条)、条約改訂は批准書交換より10年後にのみ提議出来、半年以内に合意が成立しなければ、自動的に10年間延長されてその期間改訂出来ない(第26条)、など、日本に有利な内容であった。
- It consists of 29 articles which were in favor of Japan, for example, the Article 9: To treat Japan the same as other western countries in commerce, the Article 22: To accept Japanese consular jurisdiction, the Article 26: The revision of the treaty can be proposed only after ten years from the exchange of the instruments of ratification, and if agreement is not reached in a half year after the term of revision started, the treaty is automatically extended for another 10 years and it cannot be revised during the period.
- 18世紀には、主にロシア、イギリス、フランスなど帝国主義時代の欧米列強が日本へも接近し、日本人漂流民の返還のために蝦夷地へ来日したアダム・ラクスマンの来航(寛政4年(1792年))といった諸外国が通商を求める出来事や、1811年(文化8)のゴローニン事件といった摩擦・紛争が起こり始めた。
- In the 18th century, the allied western powers of imperialism such as Russia, England and France approached Japan thus some issues and disputes started to occur such as the arrival of Adam Kirillovich Laksman who came to Ezo to return Japanese castaways in 1792 and the Golovnin Incident of 1811.
- 神道国教化政策との絡みや、キリスト教を解禁しても直ちに欧米が条約改正には応じないとする懐疑的な姿勢から来る、政府内の保守派の反対のみばかりでなく、宗教界や一般民衆からも「邪宗門」解禁に反対する声が強く紛糾したものの、明治6年(1873年)2月24日禁制の高札を除去し、その旨を各国に通告した。
- The conservatives in the government opposed it because they thought that allowing Christianity could be an obstacle to establishing Shinto as a state religion, and because they doubted Europe and the United States would accept a revision of the unequal treaty immediately even if they lifted the ban on Christianity, but also because the religious world and people opposed it because they considered Christianity as 'Heresy,', but in any case the government lifted the ban on Christianity and announced it to foreign countries on February 24, 1873.
- 日本の達成が難しいと囁かれ始めた 2007年頃になって、京都議定書自体が欧米諸国による政治的な圧力であるという陰謀論(そもそも根拠が示されていない、既に支持を失った議論を蒸し返しているなどの理由により懐疑論にもなり得ていないもの)が、一部評論筋や個人の論評などで、にわかに唱えられはじめるようになった。
- Around 2007 when it was whispered that it seemed unlikely for Japan to achieve the goal, some critics or individuals began to claim a conspiracy theory that Kyoto Protocol itself was a political pressure from Western countries (it is a groundless theory and is far from even being skepticism because it is based on the issue which was once discussed and consequently lost its supporters).
- 外国からイメージされた「日本」の文化は、特に欧米圏では、キリスト教文化とは全く系統の異なる文化への好奇心(エキゾチズム)から、ある一面が誇張され、あるいは中国などと混同され、ステロタイプ(ステレオタイプ、紋切り型)化されて伝わる傾向があり、日本人から見れば「偏った認識」と思われるものが多く見受けられた(現在でも、日本に「忍者」がいないので驚いたという外国人旅行者は少なからずいる)。
- Especially in the European and American block, the culture of 'Japan' as imagined by foreign people was likely to be exaggerated in some part or being mixed with China and being stereotyped, due to curiosity (exoticism) about a culture of which the ancestry was completely different from that of Christian culture, and many 'perception biases' from the Japanese viewpoint were seen (even now, there are many foreign travelers who are surprised to know that Japan has no 'ninja' (professional spy in feudal Japan highly trained in stealth and secrecy)).
- 同時期の国鉄では、電車や電気機関車でも120km/h超過の速度試験が行われていたが、こちらは営業運転とほぼ同等の条件で実施され、また欧米系の最新電気鉄道技術を採用した阪和電気鉄道や新京阪鉄道といった関西私鉄では、戦前の段階で既に120km/h超の高速運転が営業列車で恒常的に(それも鉄道省が国鉄の最高運転速度以上の速度を認可しないことを見越して、届けを出さないままに)実施されていたことが知られており、日本の鉄道技術、ことに蒸気機関車設計技術の立ち遅れは明白であった。
- JNR at that time was also performing speed tests at a speed of more than 120 km/h on electric trains and electric locomotives, but these tests were performed under conditions almost equal to those of commercial operation, and moreover, Kansai private railroad companies including the Hanwa Electric Railway and New Keihan Railway, which adopted the newest Western electric railroad technology, were known to have constantly been performing high speed driving at 120 km/h during the prewar period on their commercial trains (without filing, knowing that the Ministry of Railways would not permit speeds over maximum driving speed of JNR), which made it clear that the Japanese railroad technology, especially that of steam locomotive designing was lagging behind.