欧: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 亜欧
- Asia and Europe
- Eurasia
- 欧陽
- O-yan
- Ouyan
- Ouyou
- Ooyan
- Ozeyan
- 欧米
- Europe and America
- the West
- Europe & America
- Occident
- 欧風
- European style
- Occidental
- 欧文
- European language
- foreign text
- 欧化
- Europeanization
- Europeanisation
- Westernization
- Westernisation
- 北欧
- Northern Europe
- land of the Norsemen
- Scandinavia
- Hokuou
- Nordic countries
- 渡欧
- going to Europe
- Visited Europe
- 日欧
- Japan and Europe
- Japanese-European
- 琴欧洲
- Kotooushuu (Sumo shikona)
- 升東欧
- Masutouou (Sumo shikona)
- 舛東欧
- Masutouou (Sumo shikona)
- 欧州版
- European edition (e.g. newspaper)
- 欧州楢
- English oak (Quercus robur)
- pedunculate oak
- common oak
- French oak
- 欧米人
- Europeans and Americans
- Westerners
- 印欧語
- Indo-European language(s)
- 西欧化
- westernization
- westernisation
- 中東欧
- Central and Eastern Europe
- 北欧人
- Northern European
- Norsemen
- Scandinavian
- Nordic
- 欧化政策
- A Policy of Europeanization
- 谷野欧太
- Tanino Outa (h) (1992.6.23-)
- 欧陽菲菲
- Ouyan Fifi (1949.9-)
- 欧州連合
- European Union
- Politics of the European Union
- 欧米諸国
- the various countries of Europe and America
- 欧亜大陸
- Eurasia
- Eurasian Continent
- 欧字集合
- alphabetic character set
- 印欧基語
- Proto-Indo-European (hypothetical language from which all Indo-European languages are derived)
- 印欧語族
- Indo-European languages
- 印欧祖語
- Proto-Indo-European (hypothetical language from which all Indo-European languages are derived)
- 欧州憲法
- European Constitution
- Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
- 脱亜入欧
- leave Asia, enter Europe (said by Fukuzawa Yukichi)
- Datsua Nyuo (Leave Asia, enter Europe)
- 西欧文明
- Western civilization
- Western civilisation
- 西欧諸国
- West European countries
- the Western world
- 中・東欧
- Central and Eastern Europe
- 北欧神話
- Norse mythology
- Norse paganism topics
- 北欧諸国
- northern countries
- Scandinavian countries
- 東欧諸国
- Eastern European countries
- 西欧同盟
- Western European Union
- 琴欧州勝紀
- Kotooushuu Katsunori (h) (1983.2.19-)
- 欧州社会党
- Party of European Socialists
- 欧州裁判所
- European Court of Justice
- Court of Justice of the European Communities
- 欧米諸言語
- the languages of Europe and America
- 欧数字集合
- alphanumeric character set
- 欧州共同体
- European Community
- EC
- 欧州委員会
- European Commission (executive of the EU)
- Commission of the European Communities
- 欧米並みに
- as in Europe and America
- 親欧米路線
- alignment with the Western powers of America and Europe
- 欧州共同軍
- Allied Command Europe
- 欧州の温泉
- Hot springs in Europe
- 欧州特許庁
- European Patent Organisation
- 欧州選手権
- European Championship
- 欧州民主党
- European Democratic Party
- 欧州会社法
- European Company Regulation
- 欧州医薬品庁
- European Medicines Agency
- EMEA
- 欧州通貨機関
- European Monetary Institute
- 欧州睡眠学会
- European Sleep Research Society
- ESRS
- 欧州国際銀行
- European Banks of International Company
- European Banks' International Corporation
- 欧州通貨機構
- European Monetary Institute
- EMI
- 欧州民主同盟
- European Democratic Union
- European Democrat Union
- 欧字部分集合
- alphabetic character subset
- 欧州連合条約
- Treaty on European Union (1993)
- 欧州通常戦力
- Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
- CFE
- 欧州通貨単位
- European Currency Unit
- ECU
- European Monetary Unit
- 欧州通貨基金
- European Monetary Fund
- EMF
- 欧州通貨制度
- European Monetary System
- EMS
- 欧州中央銀行
- European Central Bank
- ECB
- 欧州政治協力
- European Political Co-operation
- EPC
- European Political Cooperation
- 欧州宇宙機関
- European Space Agency
- 欧州銀行連盟
- European Banking Federation
- 欧州決済同盟
- European Clearing Union
- European Payments Union
- 欧州化繊協会
- International Rayon and Synthetic Fibres Committee
- CIRFS
- 欧州環境機構
- European Environment Agency
- 欧米の縁起物
- Lucky charms in Europe and America
- 欧州共同市場
- European Common Market
- 欧州開発基金
- European Development Fund
- 欧州軍縮議会
- Conference on Disarmament in Europe
- 欧州預託証券
- European Depositary Receipts
- 欧州宇宙会議
- European Space Conference
- 欧州特許条約
- European Patent Convention
- 欧州投資銀行
- European Investment Bank
- 欧州通貨協定
- European Monetary Agreement
- 英国欧州航空
- British European Airways
- 文久遣欧使節
- First Japanese Embassy to Europe (1862)
- 欧州野球連盟
- Confederation of European Baseball
- 欧州の標準時
- Time zones of Europe
- 欧化政策の背景
- A Background of A Policy of Europeanization
- 欧州生化学連合
- Federation of European Biochemical Societies
- FEBS
- 欧米の古史古伝
- Koshi koden in Europe and the U.S.A.
- 欧米との再接触
- Reopening of contact with Europe and America
- 東芝欧州研究所
- Toshiba Research Europe Ltd.
- TREL
- 欧州人権裁判所
- European Court of Human Rights
- 欧州原子力機関
- European Nuclear Energy Agency
- アジア欧州会合
- Asia-Europe Meeting
- Asia–Europe Meeting
- 欧数字部分集合
- alphanumeric character subset
- 欧州経済委員会
- Economic Commission for Europe
- 欧文ピッチ処理
- proportional spacing
- 欧州経済共同体
- European Economic Community
- EEC
- 欧州宇宙研究所
- European Space Research Institute
- 欧州戦域核戦力
- Euro-Theater Nuclear Forces
- 欧州司法裁判所
- European Court
- European Court of Justice
- Court of Justice of the European Union
- 欧米における廟
- Mausoleums in Western Countries
- 欧州造船工業会
- Association of West European Shipbuilders
- 欧州防衛共同体
- European Defense Community
- European Defence Community
- 欧州原子力学会
- European Nuclear Society
- 欧州核軍縮運動
- European Nuclear Disarmament
- 欧州連合の歴史
- History of the European Union
- 北欧神話の道具
- Artifacts in Norse mythology
- 欧州王室との相違
- Difference from European Royal Household
- 欧米における歴史
- History of jinrikisha in the west
- 天正遣欧少年使節
- Tensho Ken-o Shonen Shisetsu
- Tenshō embassy
- 欧州相互援助会議
- Committee for Mutual Economic Assistance
- 欧州作物保護協会
- European Crop Protection Association
- 欧州復興開発銀行
- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- 欧州民間航空会議
- European Civil Aviation Conference
- 欧州労働組合連合
- European Trade Union Confederation
- ETUC
- 欧州自由貿易連合
- European Free Trade Association
- 北欧の第四紀編年
- Quaternary chronology of Northern Europe
- 北欧の完新世編年
- Holocene chronology of Northern Europe
- 欧数字英数字集合
- alphanumeric character set
- 欧州中央銀行制度
- European System of Central Banks
- ESCB
- CoreNet
- ESCB-Net
- 欧字コード化集合
- alphabetic coded set
- 欧州原子力共同体
- European Atomic Community
- Euratom
- European Atomic Energy Community
- 欧州医薬化学連合
- European Federation for Medicinal Chemistry
- EFMC
- 欧州医療情報学会
- European Federation for Medical Informatics
- EFMI
- 欧州銀行監督機構
- European Banking Authority
- EBA
- 欧州気象衛星機関
- European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
- EUMETSAT
- 欧州金融安定基金
- European Financial Stability Facility
- EFSF
- 欧州衛星通信機構
- European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
- EUTELSAT
- ロシア東欧貿易会
- Japan Association for Trade with Russia & Central-Eastern Europe (ROTOBO)
- 欧州投資信託機関
- European Investment Trust
- 欧州宇宙研究機構
- European Space Research Organization
- 欧州共同体委員会
- Commission of European Community
- 欧州安全保障会議
- European Security Conference
- 欧州経済協力機構
- European Economic Cooperation Organization
- Organization for European Economic Cooperation
- 欧州通貨協力基金
- European Monetary Cooperation Fund
- 欧州委員会委員長
- Presidents of the European Commission
- President of the European Commission
- 中欧国際工商学院
- China Europe International Business School
- 欧州ラグビー協会
- FIRA – Association of European Rugby
- 欧州議会議員選挙
- Elections in the European Union
- European Parliament elections
- 欧州宇宙標準協会
- European Cooperation for Space Standardization
- 日清戦争と欧州列強
- Japanese-Sino War and European Powers
- 欧化主義と国粋主義
- Europeanism and Nationalism
- 欧州地方自治体会議
- Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
- 欧州臨床薬剤師協会
- European Society of Clinical Pharmacy
- 中東欧環境行動計画
- Central and Eastern Europe Action Plan
- 欧州核物理学研究所
- CERN European Center for Nuclear Research
- 国連欧州経済委員会
- Economic Commission for Europe (UN)
- EN (欧州規格)
- The European Standard
- アジア欧州首脳会議
- ASEM
- Asia-Europe Meeting
- 欧州原子核研究機関
- Organisation europeenne pour la recherche nucleaire
- Conseil Europeenne pour la Recherche nucleaire
- CERN
- Organisation europeene pour la recherche nucleaire
- 欧数字コード化集合
- alphanumeric coded set
- 欧数字英数字データ
- alphanumeric data
- 欧州安定メカニズム
- European Stability Mechanism
- ESM
- 欧州環境団体事務所
- European Environmental Bureau
- 欧州原子力産業会議
- Forum Atomique Europeen
- 欧州石炭鉄鋼共同体
- European Coal and Steel Community
- 欧州宇宙産業連合会
- Committee for European Space Research
- 欧米核データ委員会
- European-American Nuclear Committee
- 南東欧協力プロセス
- Southeast European Cooperation Process
- 欧米での食文化の流れ
- History of food cultures in Europe and in the United States
- 欧州認定機関協力機構
- European Co-operation for Accreditation
- 欧州航空防衛宇宙会社
- European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company EADS NV
- 欧州労働安全衛生機構
- European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
- 欧州安全保障協力会議
- Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
- Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
- 欧州系統運用者協議会
- UCTE Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity
- 欧州発の携帯電話規格
- GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
- 欧州環境管理監査規則
- European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
- 欧字コード化文字集合
- alphabetic coded character set
- 欧州交通安全道路施設
- Dedicated Road Infrastructure for Vehicle safety in Europe
- 欧州電子計算機工業会
- European Computer Manufactures Association
- ECMA
- 欧州電気通信標準協会
- European Telecommunication Standards Institute
- ETSI
- 欧州通常戦力制限条約
- Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
- CFE
- 欧米、キリスト教世界
- Europe, the US, and the Christian world
- 欧州移住政府間委員会
- Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration
- 欧州為替相場安定制度
- Exchange Rate Mechanism
- 欧州ロケット開発機構
- European Launcher Development Organization
- European Launcher Development Organisation
- 欧州保守改革グループ
- European Conservatives and Reformists
- 欧州連合理事会議長国
- Presidency of the Council of the European Union
- 仙台開府と慶長遣欧使節
- Opening of Sendai Domain and Keicho Mission to Europe
- 「脱亜入欧」論なのか?
- Is it 'Datsu-A Nyu-O Ron' (Theory of Leaving Asia and Entering Europe)?
- 欧数字コード化文字集合
- alphanumeric coded character set
- 欧州原子力産業会議連合
- European Atomic Forum
- FORATOM
- 欧州電気通信標準化機構
- European Telecommunications Standards Institute
- ETSI
- 欧州原子核共同研究機構
- European Laboratory for Particle Physics
- 欧州電気通信標準化協会
- European Telecommunication Standards Institute
- 欧州コンピュータ工業会
- European Computer Manufactures Association
- 欧州湿地生態系機能分析法
- Functional Analysis of European Wetland Ecosystems
- 欧州共同体を設立する条約
- Treaty establishing the European Community
- 欧州医療用品供給業者団体
- European Confederation of Medical Suppliers Associations
- EUCOMED
- 中・東欧地域環境センター
- Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe
- 中部欧州相互軍備削減交渉
- Mutual Reduction of Forces and Armaments
- 欧州戦域航空指揮管制研究
- European Theater Air Command and Control Study
- 北欧神話を題材とした作品
- Norse mythology in popular culture
- UEFA欧州最優秀選手賞
- UEFA Best Player in Europe Award
- ポーランドの欧州議会選挙
- European Parliament elections in Poland
- 欧州緑の党ユース運動連帯
- Federation of Young European Greens
- アジア欧州環境技術センター
- Asia-Europe Environmental Technology Centre
- 欧州宇宙局情報検索サービス
- European Space Agency Information Retrieval Service
- 欧州コンテナ専用船グループ
- Atlantic Container Line
- 欧米では観賞用が主である。
- In Europe and the United States they are mainly used as ornamental plants.
- 2004年欧州議会議員選挙
- European Parliament election, 2004
- 1999年欧州議会議員選挙
- European Parliament election, 1999
- 1994年欧州議会議員選挙
- European Parliament election, 1994
- 2009年欧州議会議員選挙
- European Parliament election, 2009
- UEFA欧州選手権1980
- UEFA Euro 1980
- UEFA欧州選手権1984
- UEFA Euro 1984
- 1984年欧州議会議員選挙
- European Parliament election, 1984
- UEFA欧州選手権1988
- UEFA Euro 1988
- 欧州連合のナンバープレート
- Vehicle registration plates of Europe
- Vehicle registration plates of the European Union
- 欧州連合域内排出量取引制度
- European Union Emission Trading Scheme
- UEFA欧州選手権1992
- UEFA Euro 1992
- フランスの欧州議会議員選挙
- European Parliament elections in France
- CEN (欧州標準化委員会)
- European Committee for Standardization
- 中部欧州相互均衡兵力削減交渉
- Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions
- 欧州情報技術研究開発戦略計画
- European Strategic Program for Research and Development in Information Technology
- UEFA U-19欧州選手権
- UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship
- 欧州エネルギー取引所(ドイツ)
- EEX European Energy Exchange
- 欧州統一左派・北方緑の左派同盟
- European United Left–Nordic Green Left
- UEFA欧州選手権1968予選
- UEFA Euro 1968 qualifying
- UEFA欧州選手権1996予選
- UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying
- まず西欧の事物への拒絶があった。
- Firstly, there was strong rejection of things from Western Europe.
- 1960 欧州ネイションズカップ
- 1960 European Nations' Cup
- いずれも「欧米映画社」が配給した。
- Both of these films were distributed by 'Obei Eiga-sha.'
- 欧米と日本では形態がまったく異なる
- interlocking directorate
- UEFA欧州女子選手権2013予選
- UEFA Women's Euro 2013 qualifying
- 欧州長距離大気汚染物質監視・評価計画
- Cooperative Programme for the Monitoring and Evaluation of Long Range Air Pollutants in Europe
- (欧米ではホットで飲むことが主流。)
- (Hot coffee prevails in the West.)
- 1955年バレーボール男子欧州選手権
- 1955 Men's European Volleyball Championship
- バレーボール欧州チャンピオンズリーグ
- CEV Champions League
- UEFA欧州選手権1996ドイツ代表
- Germany squad UEFA Euro 1996
- UEFA欧州選手権1996ロシア代表
- Russia squad UEFA Euro 1996
- 1971年バレーボール男子欧州選手権
- 1971 Men's European Volleyball Championship
- 1975年バレーボール男子欧州選手権
- 1975 Men's European Volleyball Championship
- 1955年バレーボール女子欧州選手権
- 1955 Women's European Volleyball Championship
- UEFA欧州選手権2008スイス代表
- Switzerland squad UEFA Euro 2008
- 1995年バレーボール男子欧州選手権
- 1995 Men's European Volleyball Championship
- 1987年バレーボール男子欧州選手権
- 1987 Men's European Volleyball Championship
- UEFA U-21欧州選手権2011
- 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship
- 1958年バレーボール男子欧州選手権
- 1958 Men's European Volleyball Championship
- 1869年(明治2年)6月、山縣渡欧。
- In June 1869, YAMAGATA went to Europe.
- 欧陽脩の調査では465字が認められた。
- There were confirmed 465 characters according to a research by OU Yang-xiu.
- 欧米でも日本料理として紹介されている。
- It has also been introduced as a Japanese dish in Western countries.
- UEFA欧州選手権1972西ドイツ代表
- West Germany Squad 1972 UEFA Euro
- UEFA欧州選手権2000オランダ代表
- Netherlands squad UEFA Euro 2000
- UEFA欧州選手権2008オランダ代表
- Netherlands squad UEFA Euro 2008
- 1999年欧州議会議員選挙 (ドイツ)
- European Parliament election, 1999 (Germany)
- UEFA欧州選手権2000スペイン代表
- Spain squad UEFA Euro 2000
- UEFA欧州選手権2008スペイン代表
- Spain squad UEFA Euro 2008
- UEFA欧州選手権2008ギリシャ代表
- Greece squad UEFA Euro 2008
- UEFA欧州選手権1976西ドイツ代表
- West Germany Squad 1976 UEFA Euro
- UEFA欧州選手権1992フランス代表
- France squad UEFA Euro 1992
- 欧州の広帯域移動アクセス・システムの規格
- BRAN broadband radio access networks
- CENELEC (欧州電気標準化委員会)
- European Committe for Electrotechnical Standardization
- 今後、欧州で23日の発売を予定している。
- It is scheduled for release on the 23rd in Europe.
- UEFA欧州選手権1968のテンプレート
- UEFA Euro 1968 squad navigational boxes
- 2001年バスケットボール男子欧州選手権
- EuroBasket 2001
- 2003年バスケットボール男子欧州選手権
- EuroBasket 2003
- 1999年バスケットボール男子欧州選手権
- EuroBasket 1999
- 1993年バスケットボール男子欧州選手権
- EuroBasket 1993
- UEFA欧州選手権2008のテンプレート
- UEFA Euro 2008 squad navigational boxes
- 1949年バスケットボール男子欧州選手権
- EuroBasket 1949
- 1947年バスケットボール男子欧州選手権
- EuroBasket 1947
- 1991年バスケットボール男子欧州選手権
- EuroBasket 1991
- UEFA欧州選手権1988デンマーク代表
- Denmark Squad 1988 UEFA Euro
- 1946年バスケットボール男子欧州選手権
- EuroBasket 1946
- 1994年欧州議会議員選挙 (イタリア)
- European Parliament election, 1994 (Italy)
- 2004年欧州議会議員選挙 (フランス)
- European Parliament election, 2004 (France)
- 1999年欧州議会議員選挙 (フランス)
- European Parliament election, 1999 (France)
- 2009年バスケットボール女子欧州選手権
- EuroBasket Women 2009
- 2007年バスケットボール女子欧州選手権
- EuroBasket Women 2007
- 2004年欧州議会議員選挙 (イギリス)
- European Parliament election, 2004 (United Kingdom)
- UEFA欧州選手権2000のテンプレート
- UEFA Euro 2000 squad navigational boxes
- 1994年欧州議会議員選挙 (スペイン)
- European Parliament election, 1994 (Spain)
- 1959年バスケットボール男子欧州選手権
- EuroBasket 1959
- 1955年バスケットボール男子欧州選手権
- EuroBasket 1955
- UEFA欧州選手権2008ポルトガル代表
- Portugal squad UEFA Euro 2008
- 慶長遣欧使節関係資料(宮城・仙台市博物館)
- Materials related to the Keicho-era mission to Europe (Sendai City Museum in Miyagi)
- 当時の急激な西欧化を象徴する存在でもある。
- It is also an existence that represents the rapid westernization of the time.
- 2009年欧州議会議員選挙 (スロバキア)
- European Parliament election, 2009 (Slovakia)
- しかし西欧と対等に渡り合えたかは不明である。
- However, it is uncertain whether its technology was advanced enough to compete with West European countries on even terms.
- アメリカなど欧米ではバンジョーに比較される。
- The sanxian compares to the banjo of Western countries, including the United States.
- UEFA欧州選手権2000ユーゴスラビア代表
- Yugoslavia squad UEFA Euro 2000
- 2009年バスケットボール男子欧州選手権予選
- FIBA EuroBasket 2009 qualification
- UEFA欧州選手権1968ユーゴスラビア代表
- Yugoslavia Squad 1968 UEFA Euro
- UEFA欧州選手権1992スコットランド代表
- Scotland squad UEFA Euro 1992
- UEFA欧州選手権1996スコットランド代表
- Scotland squad UEFA Euro 1996
- UEFA欧州選手権1984ユーゴスラビア代表
- Yugoslavia Squad 1984 UEFA Euro
- チベット方面から訪れる欧米人もいたためである。
- It is because there were Europeans and North Americans who came from the direction of Tibet.
- まず、欧化政策の影響で上流階級に広まる事になる。
- First, it spread among the upper class under the influence of Europeanization policy.
- 楷書体…欧陽詢九成宮醴泉銘、虞世南孔子廟堂碑 など
- Kaisho-tai (printed style writing): Oyojun Kyuseikyu Reisenmei (the very best of the perfect version of kaisho), Yu Shinan Kong zi miao tang bei, and others
- 西欧におけるフェーデと近い概念があると言われている。
- It is said to be a concept close to Fehde in the western world.
- 当時、西欧では新しいタイプの心理小説が流行していた。
- In those days, psychological novels became popular in the Western world.
- 北欧神話におけるトールの神話もその一つに挙げられる。
- Thor in Norse Mythology can also be counted as examples.
- 欧米では日蓮仏教=創価学会という認識が一般的である。
- In Europe, Soka Gakkai is generally considered as the same as Nichiren Buddhism.
- 1960 欧州ネイションズカップチェコスロバキア代表
- Czechoslovakia Squad 1960 European Nations' Cup
- 1918年に欧米を訪問し、作風が変わったとも言われる。
- His style of writing was said to have changed after he traveled to the West in 1918.
- 欧米諸国はその大半が身分制度を廃し、平等を唱えていた。
- Most of Western countries had abolished the social class system and advocated equality of status.
- CSCE(欧州安全保障協力会議)・ヘルシンキ最終議定書
- Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe: Final Act (Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and the Environment, 5. Environment)
- 欧米に向けてさかんに輸出され、日本の殖産興業を支えた。
- It was vigorously exported to Europe and America, supporting the growth of Japanese industry.
- コロッケ- 原型は欧米で「クロケット」と呼ばれるもの。
- Korokke originates from the 'croquette' in Western countries.
- 朝鮮と西欧列強との出会いは、概ね芳しいものではなかった。
- The encounters between Korea and Western European countries were generally not satisfactory.
- 清と欧州各国間の条約を基礎に日清通商航海条約を締結する。
- Qing signs Sino-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation similar to ones previously signed by China with various western powers.
- - 帝国ホテル総支配人として西欧ホテル経営の基礎を伝える
- - As the general manager of the Imperial Hotel, he provided instruction in the basics of hotel management in the western European style
- これは日本史と西欧史の共通点を強調する方向へ進でいった。
- Activities in this line progressed towards emphasizing points common to Japanese history and European history.
- 明治2年(1869年)渡欧し、各国の軍事制度を視察する。
- In 1869, he went to Europe to inspect the military systems of various countries.
- 14世紀以降、西欧では何度か大きな文化的な変革が起きた。
- Repeated large-scale cultural transformations had occurred in Western Europe since around the 14th century.
- 欧米、特にヨーロッパ圏の料理が日本独自の進化をしたもの。
- Dishes originated in Europe or the United State, especially, in Europe, but have been transformed into Japan-specific ones
- 国内の興行もさかんとなり欧米諸国での海外公演も行われる。
- Kabuki performances in Japan became active again, and were also carried out in European and American countries.
- 西欧列強の対日条約のいずれにも、これに類似する項目は無い。
- None of the treaties between Japan and the powerful countries of Western Europe included similar provisions to this.
- しかし、当時欧米諸国以外で立憲政治を実現した国はなかった。
- However, at that time, no other countries except western countries could adopt constitutional government.
- さらに、欧米諸国が解放令を後押ししたことも追い風となった。
- Further, backing up Kaiho Rei by Western countries served as a tail wind as well.
- これに政府主導による神道優位の風潮、脱亜入欧策が影響した。
- In addition, the Government-initiated fashion of regarding Shinto as superior and the Goverment policy of Datsua-nyuo (leave Asia and join Europe) also affected people.
- 大村純忠と有馬晴信とともに天正遣欧少年使節をローマに送った。
- The Tensho Boy Mission to Europe (known as the Tensho Keno Shonen Shisetsu in Japanese) was sent to Rome together with Sumitada OMURA and Harunobu ARIMA.
- これには欧米列強による植民地化を免れるという大前提があった。
- The major premise of the above was to prevent the nation from being colonized by western powers.
- 一方、スギが少ない欧米等ではスギが原因となる花粉症は少ない。
- On the other hand, there are fewer cases of hay fever triggered by Japanese cedar pollen in Europe and North America where there are few Japanese cedar trees.
- 日本語活字については、欧文と同じと考え特に述べられてこない。
- There was no special statement about Japanese types because they were considered to have been manufactured in the same manner as the western types.
- 寿司食が一般化した欧米諸国だが、鰻の蒲焼はあまり好まれない。
- Even though sushi has become popular in the western countries, eel kabayaki has not enjoyed the same popularity.
- スペインやメキシコなどの欧米諸国でもタコを食べる地域がある。
- There are also regions in the western countries such as Spain and Mexico that consume octopus.
- 欧米では日本でいうところの紅茶キノコをKombuchaと呼ぶ。
- In Europe and America, what is called black tea fungus in Japan is called Kombucha.
- 同年10月、右大臣岩倉具視欧米使節団に兵部省理事官として随行。
- In November of the same year, he attended to Europe and American delegates of Tomomi IWAKURA, Minister of the Right as resident of Hyobusho (ministry of military).
- 19世紀なかばから東アジア世界に西欧列強による脅威が迫ってきた。
- East Asia had been facing threats from Western powers since the middle of the 19th century.
- これは当時日本自身が欧米列強から強く要求されていたものであった。
- This was exactly the same as the strong request from the western powers imposed on Japan in those days.
- 欧米では'Boxer Protocol'の呼び名が一般的である。
- It is generally called the 'Boxer Protocol' in Europe and America.
- 定武本は一般に欧陽詢が臨摸したと伝えられるが、これも根拠はない。
- Although the Teibu-bon is generally said to have been written by Ouyang Xun following the model, there is also no ground to guarantee the fact.
- 一定の公的及び私的事業の環境影響評価に関する欧州共同体理事会指令
- Council Directive 97/11/EC of the March 1997 amending Directive 85/337/EEC on the Assessment of the Effects of Certain Public and Private Projects on the Environment
- 折りしも欧米列強の外圧や幕末の動乱等の時代に至り急速に普及した。
- It spread quickly to coincide with a time when Japan suffered from pressure of the allied western powers and internal disturbances in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- 戦争後、欧米列強各国は清の弱体化を見て取り、中国分割に乗り出した。
- After the war Western powers took the opportunity of weakening Qing to start divisions in China.
- 明治以降は、列強である欧米からの影響を受け、西洋文明を受け入れた。
- After the Meiji period, there was assimilation of Western Civilization, being influenced by powerful countries in Europe and America.
- 日本は開国により帝国主義時代の欧米列強と国際関係を持つこととなる。
- By opening the country, Japan established international relationships with the allied western powers of imperialism.
- 幟仁親王は維新以後の急速な生活様式の欧米化に対して消極的であった。
- People's lifestyle rapidly became Westernized after the Meiji Restoration, but Imperial Prince Takahito displayed a negative attitude toward this movement.
- 帝国主義時代に入った欧米列強の進出・侵略の手は東アジアにも迫った。
- In the age of imperialism, the great powers of Europe and the United States started to advance into and occupy East Asia.
- 欧州到着後は西ドイツ・ニュルブルクリンクでドイツグランプリを観戦。
- After arriving at Europe, he watched a German Grand Prix in Nürburgring of West Germany.
- 幕末に至って欧米諸国を範に幕府や雄藩は近代的な艦隊の創設に向かう。
- At the end of the Edo period, the bakufu and major domains started to establish their modern fleet.
- 公使交換が西欧の条約体制下では常識であることを説明するためである。
- This was to explain that exchanging ministries was a common practice under treaty system of Western countries.
- だが、日本では法律上は不労所得だが、欧米では所得であることが多い。
- However, in Japan this is regarded as unearned income, while in the West it is often regarded as ordinary income.
- (欧米では手のひらを相手に向ける日本の招き方だと「失せろ」になる。
- (To Americans and Europeans, the Japanese beckoning gesture of facing the palm to the front means 'Get out of here!'
- この像は西欧人にマイトレーヤ(Maitreya 弥勒)と呼ばれる。
- This image is called as Maitreya (Miroku) by westerners.
- 欧米では「Satsuma」「Mikan」などの名称が一般的である。
- The name 'Satsuma' or 'Mikan' is more common in Europe and America.
- 当時の欧米の船はタールで船体を黒色に塗っていたため、黒船と呼ばれた。
- Western ships of that day were called 'black ships' because of the tar that was applied to the body of the ship.
- 西欧における君主主権を日本に適用したもので、天皇主権を君権ともいう。
- The western monarch sovereignty had been adopted in Japan and the imperial sovereignty is also referred to as monarchism.
- 明治2年(1869年)に欧州を視察し、翌明治3年(1870年)帰国。
- In 1869, he went on an inspection tour to Europe and returned the following year in 1870.
- 欧米による帝国主義時代・開港による植民地化を目的とした寄港拠点の確保
- The Age of Imperialism, led by Europe and the United States, was a time of opening ports and securing footholds for colonization.
- 欧風建築では、ベランダ、ポーチといったものが意匠的には似通っている。
- The function of Engawa is similar to those of verandas or porches in the case of Western architecture.
- 欧州ではフランスに軍事留学生の渡正元、太田徳三郎がそれぞれ協力した。
- He received the cooperation of Masamoto WATARI, military overseas student in France, and Tokusaburou OTA respectively.
- 西洋画:平賀源内、司馬江漢、亜欧堂田善、小田野直武、佐竹曙山、佐竹義躬
- Western Painting: Gennai HIRAGA, Kokan SHIBA, Denzen AODO, Naotake ODANO, Shozan SATAKE, and Yoshimi SATAKE
- 明治時代に入ると、欧米の影響で近代的な五十音検索の国語辞典が登場した。
- As the Meiji period began, under the influence of western culture, there appeared a modern style dictionary of Japanese-language in which the words were arranged in the order of the Japanese syllabary.
- さらにこの風習は日本のみで欧州諸国・東アジアなどにもないとされている。
- Wrapping sarashi is Japanese original custom, and there is no similar custom in Europe nor America, nor in East Asia.
- したがって国内改革の方向は必然的に西欧化の方向を取らざるを得なくなる。
- As the result, direction of the internal reforms should be Westernization.
- このため『万国公法』を紹介しようとする動きは、まず欧米側から起こった。
- Therefore, movement to introduce 'Bankoku Koho' was initiated from the European and American side.
- これらの食品類はアメリカ産のコメとともに欧州など各国に輸出されている。
- These foodstuffs are exported to various areas like Europe along with the rice produced in the United States.
- 欧州の影響外で独自に様々な高度な数学、代数学、積分法、幾何が発展した。
- Various and advanced mathematics, algebra, integration method, and geometry were developed independently of European influence.
- 欧米では天然石を加工せずにそのままの姿で利用することは極めて稀である。
- In Europe and the United States, genuine stones are rarely used as is without processing.
- このため18世紀には広州に欧米諸国の商館が設置され、広東貿易が行われた。
- Thus, in the 18th century, Western trading houses were established in Guangzhou for the purpose of Cantonese trade.
- 直接的に何の利益も生まない欧州派遣を、最初は渋っていた日本政府であった。
- At first, the Japanese Government was reluctant to dispatch fleets to Europe because it would not yield any immediate profit.
- しかしながら、欧米の場合と同じく「魚」として食用にされていたようである。
- However, it seems that whale meat was eaten as 'fish meat' in Japan like in Europe and the United States.
- これによって、欧米による日本に対する不平等条約の強制が完了したと言える。
- With this the West's enforcement of unfair treaties on Japan was completed.
- プロテスタントの葬儀は欧米では日中の葬儀・埋葬礼拝のみであることが多い。
- As for Protestant funerals in the West, only funerals and burial worship in the daytime are observed in many cases.
- ここでは「信長政権そのものが南欧勢力の傀儡に過ぎなかった」、とされている。
- In this view, 'Nobunaga's government itself was just a puppet government of the power from the southern Europe.
- また、新政府は欧米列強の桎梏から脱出する為、富国強兵を国の重要政策とした。
- Additionally, to break away from the fetters of powerful Western countries, the new government forged ahead to increase the wealth of the country and build up the military might that was recognized as an important political agenda of the time.
- だが同時に、欧米列強による日本に対する不平等条約の集大成とも言われている。
- At the same time, it was said to be the achievement of an unfair treaty against Japan by western powers.
- 興宣大院君派は人材登用の面はあったが総じて小中華思想が強く西欧を排斥した。
- The Heungseon Daewongun group recruited others but most of them had strong 'Petit Sinocentrism' and totally rejected the West.
- 現在、減塩食の流行や食事の欧米化に伴い、醤油の国内消費量は減少傾向にある。
- As low-salt food or westernized diets are getting popular, domestic soy-sauce consumption tends to be on the decrease.
- 1979(S54)年、「真如苑宗教交流親善使節団」として欧州5カ国を巡教。
- In 1979, he visited five European countries as 'Shinnyoen Buddhist religious communication good will envoy' for preachment.
- これは当時の欧米(白人社会)に広まっていた人種差別の考えがあったと思われる。
- The racism that was spreading in Western countries (the white community) at that time seems to have underlain it.
- 排日移民法のため市民権を得ることができず、後対日感情悪化とともに欧州に渡る。
- He could not obtain U.S. citizenship because of the Japanese Exclusion Act, and later as the hostility toward Japanese among Americans increased he went to Europe.
- 材質は、欧米のフリントロック銃やパーカッション銃に附属したものは鉄製である。
- Ramrods that accompanied Western flintlock and percussion guns were made of steel.
- 欧米では1月1日のみ休日で、翌1月2日から金融市場などは平常業務を開始する。
- In Europe and the US, only January 1st is a holiday and financial markets, etc., start their normal operation on the next day, January 2nd.
- なお、カキの生食が普及している欧米ではフライで供する料理方法は一般的ではない。
- In Europe, where oyster is generally eaten raw, oyster is not commonly fried in cooking.
- しかし、スギがないはずの欧米でも、スギ花粉も花粉症の原因になるとよく言われる。
- However, it is often stated that Japanese cedar pollen is a cause of hay fever in Europe and North America where there would not expected to be any Japanese cedar trees.
- それは非西欧諸国が主権国家となるための国内改革を推進していく強い動機となった。
- This believe became a strong ground for promoting internal reforms for non-western countries to become a sovereign nation.
- 森は非常に西欧文明に傾倒した人物で、その男女観・結婚観も西欧を基準としていた。
- Mori was seriously involved with the civilization of Western Europe and he had a Western standard of views on men and women and marriage.
- またモンゴル帝国の遠征にともなって東欧や東南アジアにも伝来したと言われている。
- It is also said to be introduced into Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia with the Mongolian expeditions.
- 清朝から西欧列強の情報を得ていた大院君は、断固として鎖国を維持する姿勢を貫いた。
- Daewongun had already received information on the powerful countries of Western Europe from the Qing dynasty, so he firmly maintained the policy of national isolation.
- 両国が当時おかれていた西欧列強による脅威を前提に相互扶助を誓約するものであった。
- Both countries, parties to the treaty, promised mutual assistance on the basis that both countries faced threats from the western powers.
- お雇い外国人は、日本の近代化の過程で西欧の先進技術や知識を学ぶために雇用された。
- Oyatoi-gaikokujin were employed to teach native Japanese the latest technologies and knowledge from Europe and the United States in order to fuel the process of Japan's modernization.
- 開国とともに西欧の文明が流入し文明開化が起こると、日本文学も大きな影響を受けた。
- With the opening of Japan to the world, the influx of Western civilization gave rise to a movement to Westernize Japan, and Japanese literature was also affected dramatically.
- また、実弟の徳川昭武をパリ万国博覧会に派遣するなど幕臣子弟の欧州留学も奨励した。
- He also sent his biological younger brother, Akitake TOKUGAWA, to the Paris Exposition and encouraged the younger members of the Shogunate vassals to study in Europe.
- 欧米化が普及した今日、床の間や和室のない住宅であっても、西洋館と呼ぶことはない。
- Things in Japan have become increasingly Westernized now and houses lacking tokonoma (the alcove in a traditional Japanese room where art or flowers are displayed) and a Japanese-style tatami room would not be called seiyo-kan buildings anymore.
- また、欧米の農村社会の仕組みをそのまま日本に想定したために、不都合な例も発生した。
- In addition, because the government assumed that there existed in Japan the same structure of farming society with those existed in Europe and America, undesirable outcomes came to exist, too.
- 文明開化を経て封建主義や鎖国の影響も影をひそめ、欧米から近代文化がどっと流入する。
- After civilization and enlightenment, the influence of feudalism and national isolation seemed to disappear and modern culture flooded into Japan from Western countries.
- 文化面では、欧米から新たな学問・芸術・文物が伝来し、その有様は文明開化と呼ばれた。
- In culture, new science, art and other cultural products were brought to Japan, and this state was called civilization and enlightenment.
- さらに今日の歴史学では西欧中心の単線的な発展段階史観が強く批判されるようになった。
- In today's historical science, the unilinear evolution phase concept of history focused mainly on Western Europe is sharply criticized.
- 政宗は幕府転覆を図るために、支倉常長を使者としてローマに派遣した(慶長遣欧使節)。
- Plotting to overthrow bakufu, Masamune dispatched Tsunenaga HASEKURA to Rome as an ambassador (the Keicho era mission to Europe).
- また、福澤が「脱亜入欧」という語句を一度も使用していないことに注意する必要がある。
- Also, it is important to note that Fukuzawa never used the word 'Datsu-A Nyu-O' (Leave Asia, Enter Europe).
- 1967年、第一回日本能楽団欧州公演に加わって以来、積極的に海外公演を行っている。
- Since he joined the Japan Noh Troupe's first performance tour to Europe in 1967, he has been active in overseas performances.
- 活字の製作について、欧文活字についてはパンチから製造されたことは諸家に疑いがない。
- Many authorities did not doubt that for the manufacturing of characters, the western characters were manufactured from punching.
- エビフライ- 洋食の定番メニューであるが、これも欧米では一般的な調理方法ではない。
- Fried prawns are a standard item found in Yoshoku, which is not a general method of cooking used in Western countries, either.
- 左 -『地中海式』:主に欧州で見られる取り掛け法で、矢は弓の左側に来るよう番える。
- Left - 'Mediterranean style': the torikake-ho (way to shoot an arrow using Torikake hook) seen mainly in Europe and an arrow rides on the left side of the bow.
- 日本ではほとんどの家屋において玄関で靴を脱ぎ、欧米では脱がないものと思われている。
- Many Japanese think that in Europe and the United States people do not take off their shoes at home, unlike the Japanese who take off their shoes in the genkan of most houses they enter.
- 朝鮮は今後も西欧列強に対し開国する意志がないので無用だというのが、その理由であった。
- The reason for that was that Korea did not intend to open the country to the powerful countries of Western Europe in the future, so that provision would not be necessary.
- また、実際問題として欧米での日本に対する評価が明らかに欧化政策を境に変わっていった。
- However, in practice, the public estimation of Japan in Western countries obviously changed after the policy of Europeanization.
- しかし、フランス革命当時の欧米と同じように、参政権が付与されたのは男性のみであった。
- Yet much like countries in the West around the time of the French Revolution, Japan enfranchised only men.
- 当時アジアでは日本やタイ王国等の一部を除いて欧米列強諸国による植民地化が進んでいた。
- At that time, Asian regions were being colonized at high pace by Western powers, except few countries such as Japan and the Kingdom of Thailand.
- 明治期、様々な文物・制度が西欧より移入されたが、博覧会という催しもその一つであった。
- In the Meiji period, products of culture and systems were introduced to Japan from Western in various ways and exhibition was one of them.
- 本来、日本古来のものを指すが明治時代に西欧からももたらされたタオルを含むこともある。
- Originally, a Tenugui towel means a traditional Japanese towel but sometimes it includes a towel which comes from Western Europe.
- 日本においては、欧州や西方大陸で伝承される魔物の類も、妖怪として扱われることがある。
- In Japan, demon-like beings from folklores in Europe and the Western Continent may also be treated as yokai.
- そのため中国語では都市のことを城市といい、欧州や日本に見られるような城は城堡という。
- In Chinese, cities are called 城市 (fortified towns) and the castles found in Europe and Japan were called 城堡 (castles and forts).
- これは欧米列強の干渉を招かないよう配慮すべし、という森有礼の言が容れられたものである。
- These words included the comment of Arimasa MORI that they should consider not inviting the intervention of the allied western powers.
- しかし鎖国を西欧の植民地とならなかった要因とするには根拠が脆弱と言わざるを得なくなる。
- However, it is difficult to say whether or not this viewpoint can connect national isolation with the reason why Japan did not become a colony of West European countries.
- 制度の近代化・西欧化が進められる中で、節刀の慣習は元帥への刀剣下賜という形で残される。
- Amid the ongoing modernization and westernization of system, the custom of Setto remained as a practice of granting a sword to marshal.
- 結果としてこの戦争により日本も諸列強の仲間入りをし、欧米列強に認められることとなった。
- As a result of this war, Japan joined the ranks of powerful countries gaining recognition from powerful Western nations.
- しかし、これが近代的な西欧的国際関係の論理に翻訳されたとき、日韓での認識の差が生じた。
- However, when it was interpreted with the logic of modern West European international relationships, a difference in perception between Japan and Korea occurred.
- 明治初期の急激な欧化の結果、従来の美術作品は価値を落とし作家も需要を失って窮乏していた。
- As a result of a rapid Europeanization in the early Meiji period, conventional artworks were depreciated, and artists also lived in poverty because of lost demand.
- しかし、日本を近代国家と見なしていない欧米諸国からは相手にされず、まだ時期尚早であった。
- However, it was still too early because western countries did not consider Japan to be a modern country and ignored Japan.
- なお、欧州共同体は京都議定書第4条の下で共同で削減を行うこと(バブル)が認められている。
- European Community is admitted to reduce collectively (bubble) under Article 4 of Kyoto Protocol.
- 欧米の多くの国々でも、女性参政権が実現したのは、19世紀から20世紀末にかけてであった。
- It was in the nineteenth through to the end of the twentieth century that most countries in the West enfranchised women.
- 西欧の重装歩兵は機敏な弓騎兵に苦戦し、東方諸国の弓騎兵は十字軍に対し多くの実績を残した。
- The heavily armed foot soldiers in Western Europe had a hard time fighting against archery cavalry soldiers, and archery cavalry soldiers in Eastern countries made big achievements in the Crusades.
- 欧米の一部には、これを新しい食文化の誕生を疎外するものであると批判的に見る向きもあった。
- Some Western countries considered that such plan might disturb the birth of a new food culture, and took a critical look at the plan.
- 擬洋風建築(ぎようふうけんちく)とは、欧米の建築を日本の職人が見よう見まねで建てたもの。
- 'Gi-yofu architecture' is an architectural style that Japanese carpenters created by imitating Western-style architecture.
- しかし、ここは湯量が豊富であるにも関わらず、西欧と同様湿度が低いために入浴の必要が無い。
- However, in spite of the abundant quantity of hot spring water, bathing is not necessary there because the humidity level is as low as in Europe.
- 平成19年(2007年)の欧州5か国訪問ではスウェーデンウプサラ大学名誉学員に列せられた。
- He also took his place among the honorary scholar of Uppsala University in Sweden in 2007 when he visited five European countries.
- 更に、海外留学などで欧米の事情に明るい前島密・赤松則良・杉浦譲らを加えて充実させていった。
- Furthermore, Hisoka MAEJIMA, Noriyoshi AKAMATSU, and Yuzuru SUGIURA, who studied overseas and understood situations in Europe and America, were added.
- 西欧的近代化を図る中で新たなメディアとして新聞や『明六雑誌』のような雑誌が次々と誕生した。
- In the stream of modernization in Western style, newspapers and bulletins such as 'Meiroku Zasshi' appeared one after another.
- アメリカ合衆国国民を妻に持ち、キリスト教徒で、学者として日本と欧米で活動をした著者である。
- The author was a Christian and a scholar who had a wife of US citizen, and was active in Japan, the United States and European countries.
- このことは清朝や朝鮮に対し、西欧列強による近代化・開国要求とは異なる影響を及ぼしていった。
- This affected on the Qing dynasty and Korea differently from the requests of modernization and opening of a country by Western powerful countries.
- 中欧や北欧では、最も量の多い食事を昼に食べる習慣があると夕食は粥で軽く済ませることも多い。
- In the central and northern Europe, where there is a custom of eating the largest meal of the day at lunchtime, congee is often served as a light supper.
- 明治時代以降、西欧から鞄類が入り風呂敷の利用は減っていき、現代、街中で見ることは希である。
- After the Meiji period, as bags were imported from Western Europe, the use of Furoshiki was gradually reduced and it is rare to see it in town today.
- 1940年代の欧米にはこの機構を採用したコーヒーがすでに存在していたが使用状況は限られた。
- Canned coffee with this device already existed in Western countries during the 1940s but was of limited use.
- 欧文活字は天地幅を一定にするが、日本語活字に応用するときにそれを回転し、左右幅を固定した。
- A vertical size is fixed for the western types, but when applying those to Japanese types, they were turned around to fix the horizontal size.
- 「日本刀」という呼称は、北宋の詩人である欧陽修(おうようしゅう)の「日本刀歌」に見られる。
- The term is found in a poem titled 'A Poem About the Japanese Sword' by Ou-yang Hsui in Baisong.
- この前年に、日本は主権を回復しており、明仁親王の訪欧は国際社会への復帰の第一歩と期待された。
- As Japan had restored sovereignty in the previous year, the Crown Prince Akihito's visit to Europe was expected to be the first step for Japan to come back to the international society.
- 長崎県大村市:「天正遣欧少年使節顕彰之像」(1982年、使節の出発400年を記念して建立)。
- Omura City, Nagasaki Prefecture: 'Statue of Tensho Ken-o Shonen Shisetsu' (built in celebration of the 400th anniversary of the mission's departure in 1982)
- 当時、情報の乏しい欧州ドイツを舞台にした『舞姫』『うたかたの記』『文づかひ』を相次いで発表。
- He also successively published 'Maihime' (The Dancing Girl), 'Foam on the Waves' and 'The Courier' which location were set in Germany, a country almost unknown to Japanese people at the time.
- 清が欧米の植民地となりつつある実情や、1854年からの民衆反乱である太平天国の乱を見聞した。
- There he learned about the state of the Qing dynasty's colonization by the West and of the Taiping Rebellion, a popular uprising that had continued since 1854.
- 産業革命によって、欧米の国々は日本沿岸を含み世界中の海で、「近代捕鯨」を盛んに行なっていた。
- European countries and the United States were actively engaged in 'whaling with new techniques' in waters all over the world, including the seas off the coast of Japan--it was the Industrial Revolution that made these new techniques possible.
- 1899年末、毓賢は欧米列強の要求によって更迭され、かわって袁世凱が赴任し義和団を弾圧した。
- Ikuken was reassigned due to the demands of the powerful European nations and the United States, and YUAN Shikai was assigned to suppress the Boxers at the end of 1899.
- また近代以降は西欧の影響を強く受けているが、日本の風土・文化に合わせた独自な展開も見られる。
- Since the modern era, western culture has also had an influence, but at the same time, a unique Japanese style of architecture has developed that is integrated with the natural environment and culture of Japan.
- 桂太郎は「欧州に並ぶ強国になるには新たな領土が必要だ」という見地からこれを強力に推し進めた。
- Taro KATSURA strongly moved ahead with this from the point of view that 'a new territory is required to be a powerful country comparable to Europe.'
- また欧米によって強制された条約が不平等条約だったことから「不平等条約体制」と呼ぶこともある。
- As the treaties forced by Europe and America were unequal treaties, it is also called 'unequal treaty system.'
- この分類は大まかであり、また日本と欧米の分類方法やその意味が、必ずしも一致するものではない。
- This is a general classification, and the way and meaning of classification in Japan does not always correspond to that found in Western Countries.
- 1980年代になると、日本料理は欧米などでも流行し、各国の料理にも影響を与えるようになった。
- Japanese food became popular in Europe and North America during the 1980s, and came to influence the local cuisines.
- 近年は欧米でも日本食ブームにより、寿司ネタの一種としてイクラが良く知られるようになって来た。
- In recent years Japanese food has experienced a boom in the United States and salmon roe has come to be well-known as a sushi topping.
- 胡エン・孫復・石介は「仁義礼楽を以て学と為」し、後に欧陽脩によって宋初三先生と称されている。
- Ko En, Son Puku, and Seki Kai 'considered humanity, justice, courtesy, and music as what needed to be learned' and were later called the three teachers of early Song by Oyo Shu (Ouyang Xiu, Ou-yang Hsiu).
- 例えば、鹿鳴館の建設理由や経緯などは、当時の日本人の欧米文化への複雑な感情を端的に示している。
- For example, the reasoning and process behind the construction of the Rokumeikan (Deer-cry Hall) shows the complicated emotions of the Japanese in relation to European and American civilization.
- 彼の離日に同行した天正遣欧使節によりヨーロッパに送られて教皇庁に保管されているとの記録がある。
- Furthermore, the folding screen was later sent to Europe by Tensho Ken-o Shisetsu (mission to Europe of 1582), who traveled with Alessandro VALIGNANO when he left Japan, and is now preserved at the Roman Curia, the record says.
- 欧州でドイツが破竹の進撃を続けるなか、国内でも「バスに乗り遅れるな」という機運が高まっていた。
- While Germany's advance continued unchecked in Europe, momentum was also rising within Japan 'not to miss the bus.'
- 彼は船の上で蒸気機関車の鉄道模型を日本人に見せ、欧米の力を見せるべく、詳しい解説をおこなった。
- He showed Japanese model railways of steam locomotives on the ship and explained about them in detail in order to display the power of Western countries.
- 東アジア酸性雨モニタリングネットワークに係る欧州モニタリング評価プログラム(EMEP)との協議
- Consultation with Cooperative Programme for the Monitoring and Evaluation of Long Range Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) Concerning Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia
- しかし、食生活の欧米化や飽食が問題視されるようになった近年はむしろ良い意味の言葉とされている。
- However, it has acquired a rather positive meaning with the westernization of dietary habits and food satiation are becoming a problem in recent years.
- 「和」は古くから日本を示す言葉で、漢(中国)や洋(西欧)など外国からの事物に対比して使われる。
- The term 'Wa' has meant Japan from old times, and is used in contradistinction to things from foreign countries such as Han (China) and Yo (Western Europe).
- カキフライ- 日本で開発された創作料理であり、生食を主とする欧米では一般的な調理方法ではない。
- Fried oysters is a creative cuisine developed in Japan and is not a general method of cooking in Western countries where people usually eat raw oysters.
- 列強はこの干渉以降、阿片戦争で香港を得た英国の様に中国の分割を推し進めていた欧米に弾みを付けた。
- After the intervention, the world powers gained more momentum to divide and colonize China as the UK did with Hong Kong after the Opium Wars.
- 洋装化(ようそうか)とは、西欧以外の民族が、民族衣装の日常着用を棄て、洋服を採用することを指す。
- The adoption of western clothing refers to when people other than westerners stop wearing indigenous clothing on a day-to-day basis and instead begin wearing Western clothing.
- このような欧米の洗練された新しい文化が流入、受容される中、日本でも独自の文化が醸成されていった。
- While the sophisticated Western culture as described above was brought to and accepted by Japanese people, a culture unique to Japan was fostered at the same time.
- 明治日本にとって最大の目標は、富国強兵を実現し西欧列強に互することであったことはいうまでもない。
- It is needless to say that the biggest goal of Japan in the Meiji period was to realize fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) and compete with powerful countries in Western Europe.
- しかしこうした事態に変化をもたらしたのが、相次ぐ西欧列強との戦争とその後の不平等条約締結である。
- However, this changed due to the series of wars against powerful western European nations and the unequal treaties that followed.
- 第四次ロメ協定(第二部アフリカ・カリブ・太平洋諸国と欧州経済共同体の協力に関する分野、Ⅰ環境)
- Fourth ACP-EEC Convention Signed in Lome on 15 December 1989 (Part Two. The areas of ACP-EEC cooperation, Title 1. Environment)
- 欧米に見られるクッションとは、前出の求められる弾力性の違いもあって、用法にも一定の差が見られる。
- Cushions in the West are different not only as they must have the aforementioned elasticity but they are also used in a different way.
- ジャポニズムの流行った当時、欧米のアーティストは日本美術の不規則性と非対称性に大変関心を寄せた。
- At that time when Japonism enjoyed popularity, artists in Western countries had a great interest in the irregularity and asymmetry of Japan art.
- 幕末の開国、明治維新を経て、欧米の文物・制度を取り入れ日本の近代化を図ることが国家目標になった。
- Through the opening of the country to the world at the end of the Edo period, and the Meiji Restoration, Japan accepted products of culture and systems in European countries, and set its modernization as a national goal.
- 新村は西欧を外遊し、さまざまな資料を紹介するとともに、書誌的事項の整備など諸研究の先駆をなした。
- Shinmura who officially traveled to Western Europe introduced various kinds of materials, and also pioneered various studies such as the creation of bibliographical matters.
- 明治時代の初期に西欧の三権分立をまね立法(宗会)・行政(宗務所)による施策決定システムを持った。
- At the beginning of the Meiji period, it had a governmental system of legislative process (shukai) and administration (shumusho), thus emulating the system of separation of the powers in Western countries.
- 欧米社会にあっても、社会参加は男性が行い、女性は男性を支えていればよいとの意識が強かったのである。
- Western societies, like many societies elsewhere, were characterized by a strong belief that participation in the public arena was for men, and that women should be content to support men.
- 明治維新後の日本は不平等条約を改正し、欧米列強と対等の関係を築くために近代的憲法を必要としていた。
- After the Meiji Restoration, Japan needed to enact a modern constitution so that they could reform the unequal treaty and build a 50/50 relationship with the allied western powers.
- 欧米流のレディファーストが身に付いていた襄と、男勝りの性格だった八重は似合いの夫婦であったという。
- It is said that Jo, who had grown accustomed to Western-style ladies-first customs, and Yae, who was a proactive woman, were a well-matched couple.
- そうした受容姿勢の変化に大きく寄与したのが、同じく欧米からもたらされた新思想、社会進化論であった。
- This approach to 'Bankoku Koho' was changed dramatically by new thought, social evolutionism also brought from European and American countries.
- パリを中心に、ベルリン、オランダ、ベルギー、ローザンヌ、ブルガリア、ロシア等欧州各国で軍制を調査。
- He inspected military systems in European countries such as Berlin, the Netherlands, Belgium, Lausanne, Bulgaria and Russia, focusing on Paris.
- この流れは、幕末に帝国主義時代の欧米の接近に際して対応する力となり、開国の原動力のひとつになった。
- This flow became a power responding to approaches at the end of the Edo period by European countries in the imperialism period, and became one of motivations to mark the end of a long period of isolation.
- 魚肉練り製品 - Surimiの名称で、いわゆるカニカマを中心にして欧米の消費量が急上昇している。
- Boiled fish-paste products: In Europe and the United States, the consumption of these products, named surimi, has been sharply increasing, centered on so-called kanikama (imitation crab meat).
- なお、シュンギクに似た欧米の観賞用種に、はなわぎく(Glebionis carinata)がある。
- Further, there is Hanawa giku (Glebionis carinata) which resembles shingiku, and is a variety cultivated for ornamental purpose in Europe and the United States.
- 総構えの典型は、中国の城や中世欧州の都市のように、都市全域を囲む堀と塁(城壁)にみることができる。
- A typical sogamae could be considered to be a moat and wall that encloses an entire city as can be seen in Chinese castles and medieval European cities.
- 鎖国をして海外勢力を排除する努力をしなかった場合、東南アジア同様に西欧の植民地となった可能性もある。
- If Japan had not strived to eliminate overseas powers by closing the country, it might have become a colony of West European countries similar to Southeast Asia.
- 欧米から学んだ会社制度が発達し、制度上は個人商店であった私企業が発展、世界に向けて大規模化していく。
- The company system learned from the western countries was growing, and private companies, which were only privately-run stores in a system, developed on a large scale and carried out overseas expansion.
- 新政府は欧米列強の軍事的・経済的圧力に対抗するために、天皇を中心とした中央集権国家の構築を目指した。
- To counter the military and economic pressure from Western powerful countries, the new government aspired to build a country with a centralized government where the emperor played a leading part.
- 既存の「文明国」(すなわち西欧諸国)により「文明国」加入を支持されていること(具体的には条約改正)。
- The country must be admitted to the group of 'civilized country' by existing 'civilized countries' (namely Western countries) (specifically, revision of treaties).
- そこには日本や西欧と同質の差別的視線を共有することで、同等の存在になりたいという願望が透けて見える。
- This also reveals their desire to be equal to Japan and Western European countries by sharing a discriminatory view point of the same nature.
- 盗難され、また欧米系占領軍から見て価値の分からない秘籍などはぞんざいに扱われ破損したものも多かった。
- The European and American armies that conquered Beijing looted many sacred documents but did not understand their value, so many were treated roughly and damaged.
- 清朝側が外交交渉を西欧列強のスタイルに合わせるのであれば、彼らの価値観・行動原理を知らねばならない。
- In order to follow the lead of the style of western counties in diplomatic negotiation, the Qing dynasty had to know their sense of value and principle of behavior.
- 日本の料理は「日本料理」(学術的には「日本料理」)と呼ばれており、欧米の料理とはかなり異なっている。
- Food in Japan is called 'Japanese food' (or 'Japanese cuisine' scientifically), and quite different from that in western countries.
- また、そのとき、西欧の書物をよくよく吟味して、異端に日本の信者がふれぬべきであるとも述べられている。
- At that time, as a result of close examination of western books, he also mentioned that Japanese believers should not have touched heterodoxy.
- 米国の寿司ブームは1980年代後半に欧州に伝播し、その後中南米、中近東、アジア、豪州などに広がった。
- The sushi boom in the United States spread across Europe in the late 1980s, and then spread to Latin America, the Middle East, Asian countries, and Australia and so on.
- 近年、日本舞踊の国際化に伴い欧米諸国やアジアにも Nihon Buyo という呼称が定着しつつある。
- In recent years, as Japanese dance has gone international, the term Nihon Buyo is establishing itself in the Western countries and the Asian region.
- 一方、欧化政策を批判する国粋主義者は「嬌奢を競い淫逸にいたる退廃的行事」として非難の声を挙げていた。
- On the other hand, nationalists attacking the Europeanization policy criticized these events as being 'decadent functions leading to competition for lust and luxury and to indulgence in pleasure.'
- 人道的措置の履行を義務づけるこの条項は、西欧列強の朝鮮に対する要望を日本が替わりに挿入したものである。
- This provision, which provided the obligation of humanitarian measures, was inserted by Japan as a requirement of the powerful countries of Western Europe toward Korea.
- そのために西欧をモデルとして様々な技術や人(お雇い外国人)、制度を移入することで明治維新が進められた。
- For this reason, the Meiji restoration was promoted by importing various techniques, human resources (foreign residents in Japan employed to teach new techniques) and systems, which were modeled from those in Western Europe.
- 1952年(昭和27年)に東京芸術大学教授を辞任し、渡欧しベネチア・ビエンナーレの国際審査員を務めた。
- In 1952, he resigned his position as a professor at the Tokyo University of Art, and went to Europe to act as an international judge in Venezia-Biennale.
- 線路 (鉄道)の幅(軌間)が欧米の標準軌 (1435mm) に比べて狭い1067mm(狭軌)になった。
- The railway (railroad) width (gauge) was set to 1067 mm (narrow gauge), which was narrower than a standard gauge in Europe and America (1435mm).
- このため、欧米列強諸国はこぞって明治政府に対し、キリスト教の容認とともに賤民制廃止を要求したのである。
- Therefore Western countries all together demanded Meiji Government to approve Christianity and abolish the class system of lowly people.
- 具体的には西欧文明の文物・技術の紹介と習得、そしてその切磋琢磨の場の提供というのが本来の目的であった。
- The initial purpose of the exhibitions was to serve as a place to introduce the products of culture and learn the techniques from the Western, and to work on them.
- 開国したことで欧米の諷刺雑誌を入手できるようになり、これらを模倣することで日本の漫画は発展していった。
- Western satire magazines became available afterJapan marked the end of a long period of isolation and Japanese comics developed by imitating them.
- 拝外意識により、欧米人を「洋鬼」と呼び、それに遅れて進出した日本人を「東洋鬼」と呼ぶのもこの類である。
- From their xenophobia, they call Westerners 'Western Oni,' and for the same reason the Japanese who subsequently advanced are called 'Orient Oni.'
- 禁教令の徹底などを目的に1630年代の鎖国令によってオランダとの交易を除き西欧諸国との関係も途絶させた。
- It also broke relations with western countries except for Holland by issuing a national seclusion order with an aim to put a complete ban on Christianity.
- 明治以後は国家神道を支える理念的思想となるとともに欧化・近代化路線に対抗する国粋主義と結びつく事になる。
- After the Meiji period, national shinto was supported and at the same time it was patriotic to go against Europeanized thought and the route to modernism.
- アイヌの大部分が居住していた北海道は蝦夷が島、蝦夷地などと呼ばれ、欧米でも「Yezo」 の名で呼ばれた。
- Hokkaido, in which most of the Ainu lived then, was called 'Ezoga-shima' or 'Ezo-chi' in Japan and 'Yezo' in the Western countries.
- アジア・アフリカはいまだ(当時)古代社会であり、欧米のような近代社会に発展することは不可能とされていた。
- Asia and Africa were still in the ancient societies (in those days) and were not able to develop into modern societies like Europe and America.
- また、欧州大陸型の司法制度を採用し、行政訴訟の管轄は、司法裁判所にはなく、行政裁判所の管轄に属していた。
- Japanese judicature was modeled after the European judicial system, and administrative lawsuit was not under jurisdiction of courts of law, but administrative courts.
- すなわち西欧のように知識人たちが集って親交と学識を深めつつ、民衆を啓蒙するために設立された団体であった。
- In other words, it was a group which aimed for intellectuals to deepen their friendship and scholarship and to enlighten the people like those in Western countries.
- 以上のような文明/野蛮言説は西欧や日本ばかりでなく、それらから差別された地域をも取り込んで語られていた。
- These discourse of civilization vs. barbarianism as stated above involved not only Western Europe and Japan, but those regions discriminated by them.
- 2007年欧州連合がヨーロッパウナギの絶滅が危惧(きぐ)されシラスウナギの輸出を規制する方針を発表した。
- In 2007, being afraid that European eels would become extinct, the European Union announced its policy of regulating the export of glass eels.
- 一方の「ポーク・カットレット(ポークカツレツ)」は欧米などの家庭や料理店でごく普通に供される料理である。
- Meanwhile, in Western countries, 'pork cutlet' is very common at restaurants as well as at home.
- この出版は欧米文化人の関心を呼び、「茶道」を英語で「tea ceremony」というのも一般的になった。
- This publication brought the attention of European and Americans, and it became common to call 'sado' as 'tea ceremony' in English.
- ギリシア神話のゼウス、ローマ神話のジュピター、北欧神話のトールなど、世界各地の神話に「雷の神」が現れる。
- God of lightning' appears in the world's mythologies such as Zeus of Greek mythology, Jupiter of Roman mythology, Thor of Norse mythology.
- しかしそのような朝鮮にも1860年代以降国際化の波(外圧)が押し寄せ、海上から西欧諸国が訪れるようになる。
- However, after the 1860s the wave of internationalization (foreign pressure) flooded into Korea, and the countries of Western Europe began to come over the sea.
- この時期の東アジアは、日中朝そして西欧列強の間における複雑な絡み合いが相互作用する場が形成されつつあった。
- At that period, the stage of complicated interaction began to appear in East Asia, where Japan, China, Korea and the powerful countries of Western Europe got involved together.
- 威嚇射撃であったのか、殺意はあったが訓練不足により命中しなかったのかに関して欧米人の証言も一致していない。
- The Westerners' testimonies differed as to whether this was intended as warning shots or the soldiers intended to kill but failed due to a lack of practice.
- また、欧化主義によって日本の文化を旧態依然の古い物とする考え方も登場し、伝統文化が危機に陥った事もあった。
- The idea of Japanese culture being old-fashioned was born due to the theory of Europeanization, jeopardizing Japanese traditional culture.
- 同じ年の冬、竹内下野守を正使とする使節団を欧州各国へ派遣することとなり、福澤もこれに同行することとなった。
- In the winter of the year, it was decided that the embassy led by the senior envoy Takeuchi Shimotsuke no kami would be dispatched to European countries and that Yukichi would accompany the embassy.
- この屏風は安土城下や京で展示され、後に天正遣欧使節の手によって渡欧し、バチカンにてローマ教皇に献納された。
- This folding screen painting was exhibited in the castle town of Azuchi and Kyo, Capital, then brought to Europe by envoy during the Tensho era and then dedicated to the Pope in the Vatican.
- 強力な政府の下に富国強兵を図り、欧米列強に対抗しうる中央集権的な国家を形成しようとしていた新政府であった。
- The new government attempted to implement the fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country and strengthening the military) policy under the strong governmental power and then to build strong state; this would have the effect of centralization in administrative powers in order to stand up against any of the worlds major powers of the west.
- 外務大臣井上馨は条約改正のため鹿鳴館外交と呼ばれる欧化政策を採り、その一環として壮大な首都建設を構想した。
- Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kaoru INOUE employed the policy of Europeanization which was called the Rokumeikan (Rokumeikan guest house) diplomacy to aim at revising the European treaties and the grand capital construction was an integral part of the policy.
- しかし欧米の研究者たちは、義和団は帝国主義に自覚的でなく単に外国人恐怖症からくる排外運動だと主張している。
- However, researchers from Europe and the US emphasized that Boxers were unaware of the empire doctrine, and the anti-foreign movement was born from simple xenophobia.
- ただこの作品は欧米での受けが良くなるよう、歴史的事実がかなりデフォルメされている点は留意されねばならない。
- However, it is better to remind oneself that a great amount of historical truth was altered to make the film appealing to audiences in Europe and the United States.
- 通商関係については欧米列強に準ずる待遇(最恵国待遇・協定関税率)をお互いに認め合うなどといった内容であった。
- Regarding trading relations, they approved each other the conditions for commerce (most-favored-nation treatments and agreed tariff rates) which were equal to that for the allied western powers.
- 大戦後半欧州戦線で連合国側が劣勢になると、イギリスを含む連合国は、日本軍のヨーロッパへの派兵を要請してきた。
- In the latter half of the war, the chances were against the Allies on the European front, so that the Allies, including Britain, requested the dispatch of Japanese army to Europe.
- 以上から日朝修好条規は、日本が欧米と結んだ諸条約と比較してより過酷な内容を持ったものになっている、といえる。
- From these points, it can be said that the Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity had more severe provisions than those between Japan and Europe and the United States.
- しかし日本における家父長的家族制度に批判的な視線を投げかけたことにより、徐々に西欧的結婚観への支持を広げた。
- However, because it showed a critical stance against a family system of patriarchal authority in Japan, a view of marriage in Western style had been gradually spread.
- 上記のような欧米事情に明るい知識人たちが、啓蒙するための手段として選択したのが定例演説会と雑誌発行であった。
- Such intellectuals who knew well about Europe and America as above chose periodical speech meetings and a publication of a bulletin in order to enlighten people.
- 国や地域によって均質・一様でない華夷秩序(の束)に、最終的には取って代わったのが西欧起源の条約体制であった。
- At last, treaty system originated in western countries replaced kaichitsujo (or a batch of such kaichitsujo) that was not homogeneous or uniform depending on country or district.
- 日本の温泉が入浴本位で発展したのに対し、欧州の温泉は飲用を主に、日光浴や空気浴を加えた保養地として発達した。
- While hot springs have been used basically for bathing in Japan, they have been mainly used in Europe for drinking as well as for resorts where people enjoy sun-bathing and air-bathing.
- 既に締結されていた英仏協商と併せて、欧州情勢は日露戦争以前の英・露仏・独墺伊の三勢力が鼎立していた状況だった。
- Before the Russo-Japanese War, Europe was alligned into three major blocs of England, Russia/France, and Germany/Austria/Italy, underlined by an Entente Cordiale concluded between England and France.
- そのために、オランダ以外の欧米諸国から到来した学術をまとめて洋学(ようがく)と呼ぶようになるのが一般的となる。
- Therefore, arts and sciences from Western countries other than the Netherlands were generally called Yogaku (Western learning).
- これには剛毅など西欧化に対し強く反対していた保守勢力が、北京議定書によって一掃されたことも大きく影響している。
- The Boxer Protocol swept away the strong resistance of conservative factions including Gangyi, against Western European influence, which had a great influence on this.
- - 明治期の開国で訪日した人の報告・訪欧した人の主張や、日清・日露戦争に勝利した日本を見て広まった印象・把握。
- Reports by people visiting Japan in the Meiji period after opening the country to the world, insistences of people visiting Europe, and impressions and understanding spread as a result of seeing Japan which won the Japanese-Sino and Japanese-Russo Wars
- この他森山の洋服着用など欧米スタイルを貫こうとする姿勢に朝鮮側が嫌悪感を示したことで交渉ははかばかしくなかった。
- Furthermore, as the Japanese persisted in the European and American style, such as Moriyama wearing Western clothes, to which the Koreans showed aversion, the negotiation did not go smoothly.
- そもそも欧州諸国に植民地化する気があったのならば「鎖国」していようが大した意味はなく武力衝突となったはずである。
- In the first place, an armed clash might have broken out if European countries had a strong desire to colonize Japan, and just because Japan was under 'national isolation' would have had little meaning.
- しかし、大航海時代を経て強力な海洋技術を身につけた西欧諸国に対して対等に渡り合える力は当時のアジアにはなかった。
- However, many Asian countries during this time did not have the capability to compete on equal terms with West European countries that had already mastered strong oceanic technology through the Age of Geographical Discovery.
- 上記の岩倉使節団は西欧諸制度の調査も目的であったが、条約改正のための下準備という面もあり、実際交渉も準備された。
- The purpose of the Iwakura Mission was not only to do research of the systems of western Europe but to make primary arrangements for revising the treaty, and in fact, the negotiation of the revision was prepared.
- この状態を清朝は「属国であるが自主でもある」と西欧諸国に説明したため、歴史学では「属国自主」という表現を用いる。
- Because the Qing dynasty explained the condition as 'it is an independent country but a subject state at the same time' to Western countries, in historical science, the term 'zokkoku (subject state) jishu (independence or autonomy)' will be used to express the condition.
- 明治4年(1871年)には特命全権大使として、木戸孝允らを率いて岩倉使節団を組織し、欧米の文化・制度を視察した。
- In 1871, he established the Iwakura shisetsudan (Iwakura Mission) as a Tokumei-zenken-taishi (extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador) together with Takayoshi KIDO and others, and studied foreign cultures and systems.
- 1590年、帰国した天正遣欧使節を伴ってヴァリニャーノが再来日すると、フロイスは同行して聚楽第で秀吉と会見した。
- In 1590, when Valignano revisited Japan with the recently returned Tensho Ken-o Shisetsu (the Tensho Embassy to Europe), Frois accompanied him in order to meet Hideyoshi at Jurakudai.
- 自由民権運動の穏健派(改進党など)に近い立場をとり、『国民之友』では進歩的な言論や欧米での社会問題が紹介された。
- Minyu-sha took the position close to moderates faction of The Freedom of People's Rights Movement (such as Kaishin Party), and progressive comments and European and American social problems were introduced in 'Kokumin no Tomo'.
- 中国を国際法下に位置づけようとする外交的努力は、やがて西欧諸国の中に夷狄とは異なる「文明」的な要素を見出させた。
- While making diplomatic effort to place China under international law system, 'civilization' factors in Western nations, which were different from that of iteki were discovered.
- この国際法は適用するか否かについて「文明国」か否かを基準としているが、この「文明国」とは欧米の自己表象であった。
- Under such international law, applicability depended on whether or not the country in question was a 'civilized nation,' but this 'civilized nation' was a self-representation of Europe and America.
- しかし欧米諸国は、「礼制」に変えて近代国際法に基づく条約によって国際関係を律する国際秩序を東アジアにもたらした。
- European and American countries brought, instead of 'Li system,' international order in which international relations were controlled by treaties under modern international laws to East Asia.
- トルコでも中国でも不平等条約は当初、西欧諸国に与えた特権というとらえ方をし、自国の不利益性を意識していなかった。
- In Turkey and China, the unequal treaty was understood as a privilege given to western countries and disadvantage to own country was not recognized.
- 1980年代末頃(平成元年頃)から、褌に形の似たTバック水着が欧米から伝わり、バブル景気に男女とも最も流行した。
- In the late 1980s thong swimwear, similar in shape to fundoshi, was introduced to Japan from Europe and the United States, and became most popular among both women and men at the time of the bubble boom.
- 特定機器に係る適合性評価の欧州共同体及びシンガポール共和国との相互承認の実施に関する法律の一部改正に伴う経過措置
- Transitional Measures in Connection with Partial Revision of the Act for Implementation of the Mutual Recognition between Japan and the European Community and the Republic of Singapore in Relation to Conformity Assessment of Specified Equipment
- 開教活動では北海道などで東本願寺に後れをとる一方で海外への進出をすすめ、アジア、欧米にいち早く布教拠点を築いた。
- For missionary activities, while he was left behind the Higashi Hongan-ji Temple in the Hokkaido region, he promoted going abroad, and built instant bases to conduct missionary work in Asia and western countries.
- 欧米列強が植民地戦争を繰り広げていた明治時代初期に、「富国強兵」と共に政府が実行した政策の根幹となった思想である。
- At the end of the 19th century, when the allied western powers were fighting colonial wars one another, the Japanese government carried out a new policy based on this thought with a slogan 'Fukoku kyohei' (fortifying the country, strengthening the military).
- 日本が最初に締結した日米和親条約や日米修好通商条約はその後に結ばれた西欧列強と締結した諸条約のモデルとなっている。
- The Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan which was the first treaty that Japan concluded, and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan were models for the treaties that Japan later concluded with the powerful countries of Western Europe.
- このような製品では、ボタンの名称などでも日本語を使わず、(その必然性がないにもかかわらず)欧米語などを使っている。
- For such products, Japanese words are not used even for the button's names but rather European and American ones (though it is not necessary).
- 信長の天下統一の事業を後押しした黒幕を、当時のイエズス会を先兵にアジアへの侵攻を目論んでいた教会、南欧勢力とする。
- This is the theory that the real powers that helped Nobunaga govern the whole country were the church and Southern European forces, which were at that time looking to make inroads into Asia with Jesuits in the lead.
- まず欧米を「文明国」、オスマントルコや中国、日本等を「半文明国」(「野蛮国」)、アフリカ諸国等を「未開国」とした。
- At first, Europe and America were defined as 'civilized nations,' and Ottoman Turks, China, Japan and so on were defined as 'Semi-civilized nation' ('barbaric nation') and African countries and so on were defined as 'undeveloped nation.'
- アシュケナジム(東欧系ユダヤ人)は、シュマルツを抽出した後に残った鶏皮をグリベネス(enGribenes)と呼ぶ。
- Ashkenazi (east European) Jews call chickin skin residues obtained after extracting schmalz oil therefrom 'enGribenes'.
- 近年では生活様式の欧米化によりマナーなどに置き換えられ、これらの日本の伝統的な規範意識の形骸化を憂慮する声もある。
- In these years, this kata was replaced by manners due to westernization of lifestyle, and there is an opinion worrying that these traditional Japanese senses of respect for rules and models may lose substance.
- 飲料メーカーは「ノンカロリー」「カテキン効果」などを宣伝文句に販売し、欧米やアジア諸国でも緑茶ブームが起きている。
- Beverage makers sell their products, using 'calorie-free' or 'catechin effects' as their catch phrases; there are also green tea booms in Europe, America and Asian countries.
- これらの小袖は明治時代の復古化・西欧化のために徐々に廃止されたものの、貞明皇后の意向で昭和時代初期に一部復活した。
- Although these kosodes were gradually diminished due to the reactionary and westernization during the Meiji period, a part of them revived during the early Showa period in complying with Empress Teimei's wishes.
- 開港開市の規定などについては、英仏などの欧米列強は既に最恵国待遇を得ていたので、日本も同じ恩恵に預かることが出来た。
- Regarding opening ports and cities, Japan was able to receive the benefits from most-favored-nation treatment, which the western powers including England and France had already acquired.
- 注2)欧州連合:EU加盟のうち旧15ヵ国(2004.5拡大前)は、EUバブルとして共同で-8%の削減約束を負っている
- Note 2) European Union: among EU membership, old 15 countries (before the expansion in May 2004) owe -8% reduction target collaboratively as EU bubble.
- はじめに書いたように、西欧起源の近代国際法は、キリスト教国家どうしの取り決めというローカルな性格をもつものであった。
- As described at the beginning, the modern international laws originated in Western countries had a character as a deal with Christian nations, and applicability was limited to specific countries at first.
- これは幼くして即位した同治帝がある程度成長したこと、欧米人よりは日本人の方がまだ心理的抵抗がなかったことが影響した。
- This was because the Emperor had already grown up and did not have much psychological resistance to Japanese compared to European.
- またフランス留学の影響からか親欧米的で、軍部などから国家主義に反する者として「世界主義者」と非難されることもあった。
- He was pro-Europe and pro-America due to the influence that studying in France had on him, and he was called a 'globalist' and criticized by the military for being against nationalism.
- 欧米の霊廟、マウソレウム(Mausoleum)とは、亡くなった指導者のために構築される大きく印象的な墓を指している。
- The term 'mausoleum' in Western countries refers to a large, impressive tomb constructed for a deceased leader.
- 幕末から明治維新にかけて、文明史など西欧の近代歴史学が一気に流入したが、特に進歩史観・進化史観が日本で急速に広まった。
- During the era from around the end of the Edo period to the Meiji Restoration, modern European history, such as history of civilization, had been brought to Japan rapidly, and in particular, progressive views of history and evolutionary views of history had rapidly become well known.
- しかし両陣営とも外国の軍隊の派兵を要請することはなかったため、欧米列強による内政干渉や武力介入という事態は避けられた。
- Military intervention and interference in domestic affairs by powerful western nations were, however, avoided since both sides did not request them to deploy troops.
- 欧米の大美術館の多くに日本美術ギャラリーがあり、「日本美術」は独自の様式をもった美術として認識されていることがわかる。
- Many European and American art museums have a Japanese art gallery, and this shows they recognize Japanese art as an art with its own unique style.
- 欧州人ウィリアム・アダムス、ヤン・ヨーステンら日本在住のオランダ人、イングランド人、ポルトガル人12名にも発行された。
- Shuinjo licenses were also issued to Europeans such as William Adams, Dutch living in Japan, such as Jan Joosten, British traders and 12 Portuguese.
- 特に領事裁判権の分野では日本側に最も不利な規定となり、結果的にはそれが他の欧米列強にも自動的に適用されることとなった。
- Especially in the field of consular jurisdiction, it turned out to contain the most unfavorable regulations for Japan and was consequently applied to other western great powers as well
- 東亜会は福本日南の渡欧送別会の席上、この会に参加した陸羯南・三宅雪嶺・志賀重昂らによって提起され1897年に誕生した。
- At the farewell party for Nichinan FUKUMOTO who was going to Europe, the Toa-kai was raised by Katsunan KUGA, Setsurei MIYAKE and Shigetaka SHIGA, and then established in 1897.
- ただし、福澤は急速な欧米思想流入を嫌う者から幾度となく暗殺されそうになっているが、剣を持って戦った事はなく逃げている。
- Although Yukichi was nearly assassinated several times by those who hated the rapid influx of Western ideas, he fled them instead of fighting back with a sword.
- しかし、度重なる西欧列強との戦争によって、次々と朝貢国を喪失していき華夷秩序を維持することは事実上困難となっていった。
- However, it became impossible because the Qing dynasty continuously lost its chokokoku after several wars between Western countries.
- 北京に帰った西太后は排外姿勢を改め、70歳近い年齢でありながら英語を習い始めるなど、西欧文明に寛容な態度を取り始めた。
- Empress Dowager Cixi reformed her anti-foreign attitude after returning to Beijing, and started to show tolerance toward western cultures by beginning to learn English despite being close to 70 years old.
- しかし、西欧列強や日本は朝鮮半島の鎖国状態が続くことを許さず、日本は江華島事件を機に李氏朝鮮と日朝修好条規を締結した。
- However, West European powers and Japan did not accept the continued isolation of the Korean Peninsula, and Japan took advantage of Ganghwa Island incident to conclude the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity with the Yi Dynasty Korea.
- - 靴磨きとは元々は欧米の革靴を履く習慣のある地域の職業であるが、明治維新の西欧化に伴い、日本でも職業として確立した。
- Shoe polishing is originally an occupation from Europe and the United States where leather shoes are worn, but with the Westernization which followed the Meiji Restoration, it developed as an occupation in Japan as well.
- また、財政面では明治維新の混乱期に教団財産の散逸を防ぐため、これも欧米の財団システムに倣って本願寺護持財団などを設立。
- Financially, he established the Hongan-ji Temple's goji zaidan (financial group), followed by the foundation system in western countries in order to prevent dissipation of the fortune of the religious community during the confusing period of the Meiji Restoration.
- そのため、西欧諸国の外交官もうわべでは連夜の舞踏会を楽しみながら、書面や日記などには「滑稽」などと記して嘲笑していた。
- Thus, the diplomats of Western countries were scoffing at the balls that were being held night after night describing them as 'ludicrous' and so on in their letters, diaries, and so forth, while they outwardly enjoyed the events.
- 同じく開港場にて日本の貨幣使用が認められている点も西欧の対日条約と同じであるが、それらでは銅貨の輸出は認められていない。
- The use of Japanese currency at the cities with open ports was permitted in the treaties between Japan and the countries in Western Europe, where the export of copper coins was not allowed, however.
- また宣教師によって齎された西欧式の印刷術・機具による活字本、所謂キリシタン版についても、通常は古活字本と区別して考える。
- Also, Katsuji-bon made with the Western printing technique and instruments brought by missionaries called Kirishitan-ban (Jesuit Mission Press) are usually distinguished from Kokatsuji-bon.
- 現在では日本語の「折り紙」という言葉が世界に浸透しており、欧米をはじめ多くの国で「origami」という言葉が通用する。
- Now, the Japanese term 'origami' has become prevalent in the world and the 'origami' is understood in many countries including Europe and America.
- 転じて近現代になると西欧中世社会を特徴づける社会経済制度であるフューダリズム(Feudalism)の訳語にも援用された。
- In the modern and present-day era, it also came to be used as a Japanese equivalent for Feudalism, the socioeconomic system characterizing medieval European society.
- なお、2001年のマラケシュ合意では、排出上の権利を与えるものではないとしており、欧州連合も排出の権利とは認めていない。
- And in Marrakesh agreements of 2001 the right of emissions is supposed not to be given and European Union also does not admit the right of emissions.
- そもそも欧州諸国が日本を植民地化する気があったのならば、「鎖国」していようが大した意味はなく、武力衝突となるだけである。
- If European countries originally had the intention of colonizing Japan, they would have engaged in armed conflict, and it would not have mattered whether or not Japan stood by its isolation policy.
- 『万国公法』の伝播という事件は、西欧法思想に留まるものではなく、以下に見るように幕末・明治初期に大きな影響を与えている。
- Arrival of 'Bankoku Koho' was not an encounter with Western Europe origin thought of law and it gave big impact on Japan in the late Edo and the early Meiji periods.
- 1863年(文久3年)、江戸幕府の遣欧使節の三宅秀が、船中でインド人が食事する様子を見て、下記のように日誌に記している。
- In 1863, seeing Indians having a meal on a ship, Hiizu MIYAKE, Ken-o Shisetsu (Embassy to Europe) of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), wrote the following in his journal.
- という特異性ゆえに、長らく日本独特の飲料とみられていたが、90年代からは欧米など日本以外の国でも一部製造販売されている。
- Due to this peculiarity, canned coffee has been long regarded as a special Japanese drink, but from the 1990s it started being manufactured and sold in some countries other than Japan like in Western countries.
- 一方、欧米諸国では浮世絵は、印象派の巨匠たちに見出されて高く評価され、その作品に影響を与え、油絵による模写もされている。
- On the other hand, in Western countries Ukiyoe were found and highly appreciated by the great masters of the Impressionist school, whose works were influenced by Ukiyoe, and they were even reproduced in oil paintings.
- 江戸時代の鎖国が原因で欧米列強に国力で大きな差をつけられ、これが安政五カ国条約という新国家を後々まで苦しめる結果となった。
- Japan, which fell far behind the Western powers due to its national isolation policy in the Edo era, was heavily burdened by the Ansei Five-Power Treaties long after its start as a renewed nation.
- 更には日本の旧来の文化を欧化する中でも守り続けた人々も存在し、着物と洋服を着分けたり、着物しか着ない人などと様々であった。
- Moreover, there were people who kept Japanese traditional culture alive while Europeanization went on; some people wore both kimono and Western clothes and others only kimono.
- 条約改正は明治憲法制定と同時並行で取り組まれ、伊藤博文内閣の外相井上馨は鹿鳴館に代表される欧化政策を行いつつ交渉を進めた。
- The revision of treaties was carried out in concurrence with the establishment of the Meiji Constitution, and the Foreign Minister Kaoru INOUE of the Hirobumi ITO Cabinet engaged in negotiation while promoting the policy of Europeanization such as the construction of Rokumeikan (Deer-cry Hall).
- 帝国主義の国として欧米列強と肩を並べ、勢いを得て第一次世界大戦にも参戦、勝利の側につき国中が国威の発揚に沸いた時代である。
- During this period, as a country of imperialism, Japan ranked with the western powers, which invigorated them to join the victorious side in World War I, and the whole nation were thrilled with the enhancement of the national prestige.
- 西欧中世においては、特にその初期においてノルマン人、イスラーム教徒、マジャール人などの外民族のあいつぐ侵入に苦しめられた。
- In medieval Europe, particularly in its early days, people suffered from repeated invasion by foreigners such as the Normans, Muslims and Magyars.
- 欧米の諸制度・思想を紹介して、それを文明国標準とする一方で、旧来既存の日本の考え方や制度に批判を加えようとする姿勢である。
- It was a stance to criticize the conventional way of thinking and system in Japan while it introduced the systems and thoughts of Europe and America and considered them as the standard of civilized country.
- 欧米ではルネサンスに匹敵する、西洋近代的な美意識と科学的パースペクティヴの、大きな変革運動の一つの段階として見られている。
- In Western countries, it is seen as one stage of a large transformative movement in the Western modern sense of beauty and scientific perspective, comparable to the Renaissance.
- そのほとんどの書体は最新のものではなく、西欧において同時代の使用が見られないものさえあり、印刷術として高度な物はなかった。
- Most calligraphic styles were not the most recent, and some of them were not even used in the same period in Western Europe, which showed that the art of printing was not sophisticated.
- ために、マカオにとどまり、そのあいだに『キリスト教子弟の教育』(1588年)、『遣欧使節対話録』(1590年)を印行した。
- For that reason, the party stayed in Macau, and printed and published 'Kirisutokyo Shitei no Kyoiku' (The Education of Christian Children [Christiani Pueri Institutio]) (1588) and 'Keno Shisetsu Taiwaroku' (The Record of Dialogues of the Mission of Europe [De Missione Legatorum Iaponensium]) (1590) while staying there.
- この条約は1872年(明治5年)から改正交渉に入ることとなっていたため、1871年(明治4年)岩倉使節団が欧米に派遣された。
- As these treaties were scheduled to be negotiated for the revision from 1872, Iwakura Mission was dispatched to the United States and Europe in 1871.
- 西欧では火縄銃時代においては、木製の早合を2本の細紐で印籠繋ぎにしたものを多数ベルトに吊るしそれを袈裟懸けに掛けて携行した。
- During the matchlock gun era in the West, the user of the gun would hang a number of wooden hayagos joined together in a socket and spigot style with two fine ropes from a belt, which was hung across his chest.
- 西欧でも日本で早合が使用される20年程前の1550年頃から、「ペーパーカートリッジ」と呼ばれる早合と似た物が使用されていた。
- In the West, 'paper cartridges,' which were similar to hayagos, were used since around 1550, twenty years before the first use of a hayago in Japan.
- 新政府にとって、最大の目標は欧米列強に追いつくことであり、そのためにも旧幕府時代に締結された不平等条約の改正が急務とされた。
- The biggest goal for the new government was to catch up with powerful western countries, and for this reason, they had to solve the problem of the unequal treaty signed in the Shogunate era as soon as possible.
- その後米国の例にならって高圧的に接触してきた西欧諸国ともなし崩し的に同様の条約を締結、事実上「開国日本の開国」してしまった。
- Thereafter, the shogunate government was forced to conclude similar treaties with other western countries following in the high-handed manner of the United States, and 'the opening Japan to the West' was carried out without intention.
- またよく間違えられることであるが、福澤諭吉は署名著作・時事新報論説のすべてにおいて「入欧」という言葉を一度も使用していない。
- Many people still misunderstand, but Yukichi FUKUZAWA never used the expression 'Enter Europe' in all his literally works and editorials of Jijishinpo (Japanese newspaper).
- 人口が少ないことや、小笠原諸島には欧米系住民の居住などもあり、東京府による直接の行政運営がなされ、町村の設置は大幅に遅れた。
- These islands were directly administered by Tokyo Prefecture because they had a small population and because people from Europe and America lived in Ogasawara Islands, and towns and villages were not set until much later.
- だが、宣戦布告後2ヶ月も経たないうちに欧米列強国軍は首都北京市及び紫禁城を制圧、清朝は莫大な賠償金の支払いを余儀なくされる。
- However, the forces of allied western powers took over the capital Beijing as well as the Forbidden City within two months of the proclamation of war, and the Qing dynasty was forced to pay an enormous amount of reparations.
- 昭和時代後期から現在におけるビール・ワインの酒類消費シェアの拡大の裏には、じつに明治初年の欧化政策が尾を引いているのである。
- The increase of the market share of beer and wine from the end of the Showa period to present was influenced by the policy of Europeanization in the beginning of the Meiji period.
- 特に陶器は造形の制限が緩やかで、濃い色の皿・角型の皿、花や果実の形を模した器など、伝統的な欧米の料理の食器とは大きく異なる。
- In particular, earthenware can be shaped in many forms relatively easily, and dishes of earthenware are considerably different from those for traditional Western cuisine and are provided, for example, as deep-colored plates, rectangular plates, or flower-shaped or fruit-shaped dishes.
- ところが、欧米列国の圧力により修好通商条約に天皇が勅許を出した(1865年)ことにより「尊王」と「攘夷」は結びつかなくなった。
- Additionally, under pressure from some European countries and America, the Emperor agreed to the Treaty of Amity and Commerce in 1865, which made it impossible for 'Sonno' and 'Joi' to be joined together.
- 伝統的な浮世絵や、職人の技術の粋を集めた日本建築は、多くの欧米のその道の権威を唸らせ、ジャポニズムという一種のブームを生んだ。
- Traditional Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and Japanese architecture built with artisans' sophisticated skills made a deep impression on many authorities in the fields in Europe and America, creating a kind of boom called Japonism.
- その他挙げなければならないのは、総じて西欧の対日条約の中に見出すことができるものの、その不平等性が増している条項の存在である。
- What should be noted was that the provisions in the treaties between Japan and the countries of Western Europe served to strengthened the unequal character of this treaty.
- 駐日イギリス公使パークスも、日本の朝鮮への要求が日本に対する欧米側の要求よりも上まわっていることについて、非常に注目していた。
- Parkes, the English minister to Japan, paid great attention to the point that the Japanese demand to Korea was heavier than that from Europe and the United States to Japan.
- 明治政府による偏重した欧化主義政策を批判する立場から「国粋主義」を標榜し、1888年4月に雑誌『日本人 (雑誌)』を創刊した。
- Seikyo-sha founded a magazine, 'Nihonjin (The Japanese)', in April 1888 to promote nationalism in defiance of the Meiji government's policy that overemphasized on Europeanism.
- インドや東南アジアに拠点を持たないアメリカ合衆国は、西欧との競争のためには、清を目指するうえで太平洋航路の確立が必要であった。
- The United States, however, with no foothold in Southeast Asia, was in need of a route to China through the Pacific in order to compete with Europe.
- しかし『万国公法』の「理念」は、西欧列強の強制という現実を伴いつつ東アジアに受容されていき、徐々に華夷秩序を覆すこととなった。
- However, the 'principle' of 'Bankoku Koho' was accepted by nations in East Asia and gradually overwhelmed Kaichitsujo.
- いうなれば欧米文明にどの程度近いのかということが「文明国」の目安となっており、この目安によって世界は3つにカテゴライズされる。
- In other words, the criteria for 'civilized nation' was how close to western culture and, with this criteria, countries in the world were classified into three categories.
- 駅構内で軽食を販売することは日本に限った現象ではないが、折詰などに一食分をまとめた「弁当」という様式は欧米ではあまり例がない。
- Although the scene selling a light meal within station precincts is not limited to Japan, 'a box lunch'-styled light meal, which is made by stuffing one meal into a box and so on, is rare in the western countries.
- この条約が締結される頃の東アジア世界は、近代的国際法を掲げながら、実際には弱肉強食を旨とする西欧列強が浸透してくる時期にあたる。
- When this treaty was concluded, the powerful countries of Western Europe were spreading into East Asia, holding up the modern international law on one hand but practicing the principle of survival of the fittest on the other hand.
- 欧米文化を至上とした欧化政策が進められために、「白人の価値観で見て汚らしい」とされたものは時代遅れとして捨てられることがあった。
- As the Europeanization policy regarding the culture of Western countries as supreme was promoted, culture evaluated as 'detestable in light of the Caucasian's sense of values' was sometimes abandoned as old-fashioned culture.
- さらに西欧の近代鉱山技術を導入した結果、足尾銅山は日本最大の鉱山となり、年間生産量数千トンをかぞえる東アジア一の銅の産地となる。
- As a result of the introduction of Western modern mining technology, Ashio copper mine became Japan's largest copper producer and became the largest in East Asia which produced thousands of tons annually.
- 西欧言語習得が簡単になること、翻訳の際、西欧学問の用語をそのまま、つまり適切な訳語を作る苦労無しに、移入できることを理由とした。
- This was because learning Western languages became easier and because it became possible to import academic terms of Western leaning directly and without any trouble to create suitable translations.
- 「世界史の哲学」は大日本帝国陸軍の皇道派により国体思想として攻撃されていたが、大川周明『近世欧羅巴植民史』の亜流とする説もある。
- Although the 'philosophy of world history' was criticized as being the ideology of the kokutai (national polity) by the Kodo-ha ('Imperial Way' faction) of the Imperial Japanese Army, there is another view that it was heavily based on Shumei OKAWA's 'Colonization in Early-modern European History.'
- 西欧文化は倫理基準を内面に持つ「罪の文化」であるのに対し、日本文化は外部(世間体・外聞)に持つ「恥の文化」と一方的に決め付けた。
- It unilaterally concluded that the western culture is 'sin culture' which has ethical standards inward, while the Japanese culture is 'shame culture' that has the standards (appearances or decency) outward.
- 欧州における大気汚染物質の長距離移動の監視及び評価に関する協力計画の長期的資金供与に関する1979年長距離越境大気汚染条約議定書
- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe
- 食生活の様式が欧米的なものへ移り変わったので以前のような傾向は減ってはいるようであるが、京番茶という名前は日本全国的に知られる。
- People there drink kyo-bancha less frequently now because their diet has become more Westernized, but still the name kyo-bancha is widely known across Japan.
- 日本においてはハンバーグ専門店などに行かない限り焼き加減は聞かれることは少ないが、欧米諸国では聞かれることが多いと言われている。
- In Japan, it is rare for diners to be asked how well done they would like their hamburger patties, except in hamburger restaurants, but it is heard that in western countries, diners are often asked if they would like their hamburger steaks rare, medium, or well done.
- また国民の関心が欧米文化に傾倒するに伴い、紋服などもを着用することが少なくなり、国民の間で家紋は次第に縁遠いものとなっていった。
- Accordingly, with the increasing interest in Western culture, people had seldom put on Mompuku and as a result have become less familiar with Kamon.
- 1967(S42)年、「欧州宗教交流国際親善使節団」団長としてヨーロッパ8カ国を歴訪、ローマ法王パウロ6世と会見し涅槃像を贈る。
- In 1967, he visited eight European countries as the head of 'European religious communication international goodwill envoy' and met Pope Paul VI, and gave Nehanzo (an image of the Buddha immediately after his death).
- また熱心な佐幕論者であった竹雲は、世間が欧化主義へと向かい、万事洋風化して、日本古来の文化や伝統が失われていくことを嘆いていた。
- Chikuun was an earnest supporter of the Tokugawa shogunate, so he deplored the loss of ancient Japanese culture and tradition in the public trend toward the advocacy of Europeanization and the all-European-style life.
- 当時、欧米列強の支配下にあり、後に独立した国々の指導者達の回顧録に下記のような、植民地時代における感慨の記録が数多く見受けられる。
- Many of the memoirs written by the leaders of countries formerly colonized by western countries refer to the Russo-Japanese War with great excitement.
- たとえば『万国公法』の翻訳認可を上奏した恭親王奕訢は、西欧列強側の外交要求を論破する根拠として『万国公法』を求めていたにすぎない。
- For example, Grand Prince Yixin, who asked permission from the throne to translate 'Bankoku Koho,' needed 'Bankoku Koho' only to enable him to refute the arguments made by powerful western countries in their diplomatic requests.
- やがてそれは当時新たにつくられ始めた洋学(欧米学問)を教授する学校の法律用教科書として採用されるようになっていった(田2001)。
- Before long, it started to be adopted as a text book for jurisprudence in newly established schools where Western studies (Western and American knowledge) was taught (田 2001).
- シチューなどの食べ方については定着していない欧米式マナー「吹かずに冷めるのを待つ」飲み方が、缶コーヒーについては逆に定着している。
- The practice 'To wait until cooling off without blowing,' the Western manner for eating stew and so on which has not been established here in Japan is conversely taking hold for canned coffee.
- ただし、女性用の和服であっても、欧米の白人女性が着る場合、彼女たちは一般的に日本人女性と比べて背が高く、サイズが合わないことがある。
- However, even if it is a women's wafuku, if a Caucasian women of Europe and America were to wear it the size may not fit, since she would typically be taller than a Japanese woman.
- 慶長遣欧使節の支倉常長もこの”伊達一本締め”で見送られ、徳川政権が安定してからは秘めた意味が露見しないよう姿を消したと言われている。
- The ambassador of the Keicho Mission, Tsunenaga HASEKURA was also sent off with this 'Date Ipponjime,' although this custom was concealed and disappeared not to reveal its hidden meaning, once TOKUGAWA shogunate became stable and solid.
- 紅葉の作品は、その華麗な文章によって世に迎えられ、欧化主義に批判的な潮流から、井原西鶴を思わせる風俗描写の巧みさによって評価された。
- Koyo's novels were favorably received by the public for their elegant style and valued by those who were critical of Europeanism for the skillful descriptions of customs and manners that reminded them of Saikaku IHARA.
- ただし、欧米による先行のモデルとの差異を論じるべく日本型植民地支配がどのようなものであったかについては継続して議論が戦わされている。
- However, the discussion on what the Japanese-style rule of the colony was like has continued to argue over the difference from prior models made by Europe and America.
- 元々中国と西欧とでは法に対する観念が全く異なる上に、国際関係についての考え方も大きく違っているため、その作業には大きな困難を伴った。
- The work involved large difficulties because concept of law was completely different between China and western countries, and there was a big difference in the way of thinking about international relations.
- からくり人形などを見慣れていたため、日本人はロボットに対し親近感があり、ロボットに抵抗感のある欧米人とは対照的であるとする論もある。
- Some say that Japanese feel familiar with robots because they were used to seeing a karakuri ningyo and the like, in contrast to the Western people who feel antipathy to robots.
- 19世紀後半、欧米圏ではジャポニズムの流行とともに、庭石・太鼓橋・灯篭・茶室などを配した日本風の風景式庭園がつくられるようになった。
- In the latter half of the 19th century, Japanese gardens including garden stones, arch bridges, garden lanterns and a tea-ceremony houses were being built in Europe and in America as the Japonism came into style there.
- 平等条約ではあったが、その内容は両国がともに欧米から押し付けられていた不平等条約の内容を相互に認め合うという極めて特異な内容であった。
- Although it was an equal treaty, the contents were extreamly unique that the both countries approved each other the contents of the unequal treaty which both of them were respectively imposed by Europe and America.
- 欧陽詢の書法を取り入れた新鮮で明るい菱湖の書風が明治維新の新興の感覚に受け入れられ、明治政府の官用文字は御家流から菱湖流に改められた。
- The Ryoko's fresh and bright calligraphic style based on Ouyang Xun's writing style was accepted as being suited for the new building sense of the Meiji Restoration, and the official character style used in the Meiji government changed to the Ryoko style from the Oie style.
- 欧米使節から帰国した岩倉や大久保が征韓論を退け、さらに大久保の下に内務省 (日本)が設立されたことで諸改革の整理が行われることになる。
- IWAKURA and OKUBO dismissed the idea of 'Seikanron' when they returned from western Europe, and then these reforms were organized and the government established the Ministry of Home Affairs led by Okubo.
- 主な対外政策としては、アジアに対してはアジア全域の革新運動の盟主に日本が立つことを主張して、欧米列強に対しては強硬な外交政策を掲げた。
- As its major foreign policies, the Toyo Jiyuto declared to Asian nations that Japan would become a leader of the reform movement throughout Asia, while it declared its hard-line foreign policy toward the allied Western powers.
- 朝鮮は、対西欧外交では宗主国清朝を前面に立てることで直接列強と対峙しないですむようなスタンスを可能な限り取り続ける外交戦略を選択した。
- Korea chose a diplomatic strategy to avoid direct contact with the powerful countries by being behind the Qing dynasty, the suzerain of Korea.
- - 欧米の遊園地や祭りで見られる有料の体重計が、インドや東南アジアを中心に広まり、個人で路上などにおいて定置や移動方式で商売している。
- The coin-run scales seen at amusement parks and festivals in Europe and the United States spread mainly to India and Southeast Asia, and have become a business done by individuals at fixed locations on the street or in a mobile capacity.
- 近年、欧米では日本食ブームということもあり、日本食レストランのみならず、レトルトや冷凍麺がスーパーマーケット等で販売されはじめている。
- In European countries and the United States, because of the Japanese food boom and for other reasons, even supermarkets and other shops have come to sell retort Udon noodles and frozen Udon noodles, in addition to Japanese food restaurants serving Udon noodles.
- 欧米のフラワーデザイン(Floral Design)は、3次元のどこから見ても統一したフォルムが感じられるように生けると言われている。
- In Western floral decoration, flowers are arranged to create a unified form when viewed from any of three dimensions.
- 第二回修信使の見聞、日本政府との交渉、そして『朝鮮策略』の持参によって、朝鮮の対外政策は欧米に対する開国政策へと舵をきり始めるのである。
- Through the experiences of the second training delegates, negotiations with the Japanese government, and bringing back 'A stratagem for Korea,' the diplomatic policy of Korea changed to the policy of opening of the country to Europe and the United States.
- 後年、平成19年(2007年)の訪欧前の会見においては、このことを回想して名代の立場の重さを思い、相手国を慮る趣旨の発言を行なっている。
- Later, in the interview held ahead of an official visit to Europe in 2007, reminiscing about the coronation, he made remarks expressing his appreciation to those countries that paid deference to him considering the heavy role as the proxy.
- また、プロテスタントの中で福音派と呼ばれるグループは、欧米圏のキリスト教に比べて「聖書信仰」という側面が強いという特徴が指摘されている。
- It is also noted that a Protestant evangelical group depends more on 'the Bible faith' than other Christian groups in Europe and the United States.
- 書道における師承は明らかでないが、804年に入唐し、帰朝に当って王羲之の十七帖、王献之、欧陽詢、チョ遂良などの筆跡や法帖類を持ち帰った。
- It is not clear under which master he was trained in calligraphy, but he went to China in 804, and upon returning to Kyoto he brought back with him the Seventeen Books of O Gishi (Wang Xizhi) as well as calligraphy textbooks and works of calligraphy by O Kenshi (Wang Xianzhi), O Yo-Jun and Cho Suiryo (Chu Suiliang).
- 同時に『万国公法』を含む西欧について書かれた著作(西学書)への関心が徐々に高まっていき、開化派と呼ばれる開明的な一派も形成されていった。
- At the same time, more and more people were interested in the books with topics related Western countries (Seigakusho 西学書, books on western studies) and an open and liberal group called the Kaehwadang (Progressive Party) was formed.
- また同時期太平天国の乱を鎮圧した曾国藩や李鴻章ら地方の大官も西欧の先進技術を学ぶ重要性を認識し、軍事・産業方面の近代化を推し進めていた。
- In the same period, local high officials including Guofan ZENG and Hung Chang LI, who quashed Taiping Rebellion, also understood importance of studying advanced technology of western countries and were promoting modernization of military system and industries.
- 欧米においては1960年代以降、清涼飲料の容器が瓶や缶へと移り変わっていったが、コーヒーの販売機だけはカップ式が依然主流のままであった。
- In Western countries, containers for soft drinks were changing to bottles and cans after the 1960s, but the cup-dispensing method remained as mainstream only in the case of vending machines.
- 西欧キリスト教社会などの一夫一婦制度を採る世界では、皇帝の妻は正式には一人しか存在せず「皇后」または「皇妃」と訳されることが一般的である。
- In societies with the monogamous system, such as the West European Christian societies, there is only one official wife of the emperor and it is common to be translated as 'Kogo' or 'Kohi,'
- 加えて、終戦後母とともにアヅマ・カブキとして日本舞踊の欧米公演を行ったことは、富十郎自身が語るように、その芸に有形無形の影響を与えている。
- In addition, the fact that he performed Azuma Kabuki as Japanese dance at performance in Europe and America with his mother after the war, gave both moral and material effect on his art as Tomijuro himself described.
- 20世紀に入って英訳、仏訳などにより欧米社会にも紹介され、『失われた時を求めて』など、20世紀文学との類似から高く評価されるようになった。
- In the twentieth century, English and French translations were introduced to Western countries, and it came to be evaluated highly in terms of its resemblance to twentieth-century literature such as 'Remembrance of Things Past,' by Proust.
- すなわち日本人や欧米人、中国人が団結し、大きな軋轢がなかったことこそが籠城を支えた、少なくとも内からの瓦解を防いだと言っても過言ではない。
- In other words, they were sustained during the siege because Japanese, Europeans, Americans, and Chinese united without big conflict, preventing an internal debacle.
- 明治2年7月8日 (旧暦)(1869年8月15日)、太政官に設置された省庁の一つで、裁判や刑罰の執行、欧米の法令の翻訳などを管轄していた。
- Gyobu-sho was one of the ministries established in Dajokan (Grand Council of State) on August 15, 1869, having authority over trials, execution of punishments, translation of laws and ordinances adopted in Western countries, etc.
- 明治日本の「文明」日本という自己表象に、西欧列強との同化願望があったことは否定できず、その点で差別主義的であったことは夙に指摘されている。
- It is not to be denied that Japan in Meiji period, which represented itself as being 'civilized', desired to assimilate into the powerful countries of Western Europe, and it has been pointed out that this attitude was discriminatory.
- その国際法を(『万国公法』の訳出を介して)中国に普及することで、西欧を夷狄視する中華思想的思いこみを徐々に是正していこうと考えたのである。
- He intended to correct gradually assumption by Sinocentrism that deemed the western world as iteki by making international law widely understood in China (through translating work for 'Bankoku Koho').
- すなわち1860年代以降の清朝は、西欧の諸知識・技術を摂取しようという機運が高まっており、国際法への関心もその延長線上にあるものであった。
- Namely, in the Qing dynasty since 1860's, movement to absorb knowledge and technologies of western countries had been gathering momentum and interest in international law was its extension.
- この分野の国宝指定は歴史が浅く、最初の指定物件は「慶長遣欧使節関係資料」(仙台市博物館蔵、2000年(平成12年)12月国宝指定)であった。
- The timeline for items in this category being named national treasures is still quite short; the first such designation was the collection (owned by the Sendai City Museum) of 'materials related to the Keicho-era mission to Europe' (it was so designated during the December 2000 designations of national treasures).
- なお、この条約の特異性から一部欧米列強から軍事同盟の密約の疑惑を持たれるなどしたことや、治外法権の存在などに対する反対論があり批准が遅れた。
- Because of the uniquness of this treaty, a part of the allied western powers had a suspicion that they made a secret agreement on the military alliance, or had an opposing argument on the exterritoriality, so the ratification was delayed.
- 1943年 第100歩兵大隊が欧州戦線に投入される(イタリアやフランスを転戦し、モンテ・カッシーノの戦いなど各地での激闘ぶりを賞賛された)。
- In 1943, the 100th Infantry Battalion was deployed to Europe and fought on the front in Italy and France, where they were commended for their fierce fighting in various battles, such as that in Monte Cassino.
- そのため、欧化政策など日本が西洋と対等たらんとする様々な政策が行われたが、条約改正自体は半世紀におよぶ不断の努力を必要とした(→条約改正)。
- Because of this, although the government proceeded with various policies such as the Westernization policy in order to be equal to western countries, it took a half century to revise the unequal treaty.
- 開国以後、江戸幕府は金の海外流出を食い止めるために金貨の質を落としたが、そのために物価は上昇、社会は混乱し、欧米商人も経済的な打撃を受けた。
- After Japan opened its country to the world, the Edo bakufu lowered the quality of gold coins to stop the outflow of gold to foreign countries, but because of this, prices rose, the society was in confusion, and European and American merchants also took a hard hit economically.
- もっともこの問題がクローズアップされたのが、最後の朝貢国朝鮮をどう捉えるかという清朝と西欧・明治日本の意見衝突の時であった(岡本2004)。
- The problem was mostly concerned at the time of conflict of ideas among the Qing dynasty, Western countries and Japan in the Meiji period about how to consider Korea, which was the last Choko country to Qing (Okamoto 2004).
- 例えば戦後の荒廃時は、民主主義国として再構築を目指す中、日本に残る独特な封建的な制度・習慣がアメリカや西欧諸国と比較され批判的に検証された。
- For example, in the desolated days after the war, while Japan was aiming at reconstruction as a democratic nation, unique feudal system and custom left in Japan were critically inspected, being compared with those in the U.S. and the Western European countries.
- 清朝は対西欧列強においては条約を締結する一方で、中国と周辺諸国の関係はこれまで同様華夷秩序における宗主国と藩属国の関係であり続けようとした。
- The Qing dynasty concluded treaties with European countries but tried to maintain the suzerain state - hanzokukoku relationship based on Kaichitsujo with neighboring countries.
- 加えて、懐石料理は本来量が少なかったことから、量の少ないコース料理全般を懐石と呼ぶ傾向があり洋風懐石や欧風懐石といった名称の料理が存在する。
- In addition, kaiseki ryori was originally served in small portions and generally multi-course meals with small portions tended to be called kaiseki, with the result that there are western kaiseki and European kaiseki.
- 精進料理(日本・中国)、もしくは欧米では健康または宗教上の理由で肉類を食べない菜食主義者向けの、肉を模した代用食品の原料として麩が使われる。
- Fu are also used in the Buddhist cuisine (in both Japan and China) and as ingredients for meat-substitute products for vegetarians in North America and Europe who do not eat meat for health or religious reasons.
- ヨーロッパウナギやアメリカウナギなどの他のウナギもイタリア、スペイン、フランスなど南欧を中心に、主に煮凝り料理として各地で食用にされている。
- Other eels such as European eels and American eels are also eaten mainly as aspic dishes in various regions, mostly in southern Europe such as Italy, Spain and France.
- この西国街道沿いにおける小競り合いが、隣接する居留地予定地を実況検分していた欧米諸国公使たちに銃口を向け、数度一斉射撃を加えることに発展する。
- Although it was started as a skirmish on the Saigoku kaido Road, some pistols were pointed to the minister-counselors from western countries who were inspecting the settlement site nearby and fusilladed them several times.
- すなわち地理的・宗教的・文化的な違いがあっても、西欧の国家制度を導入・模倣することで国際法が適用される道が開けることとなった(広瀬1978)。
- Namely, it became possible to apply international law to the countries which introduced or modeled on state systems of Western countries, even if there were geographical, religious or cultural differences (Hirose 1978).
- 仇教事件の頻発は、一般民衆の中に、西欧及びキリスト教への反感を醸成し、外国人に平身低頭せざるを得ない官僚・郷紳への失望感を拡大させたといえる。
- These frequent Kyukyo Incidents built antipathy toward Western Europe and Christianity and spread the loss of trust toward the bureaucracy and Kyoshin (those who worked under government officials), who were obliged to bow to the foreigners demands.
- そもそもは後述するように、西欧列強を説き伏せる道具として『万国公法』を受容したのであり、その道具としての活用そのものは、早期からなされている。
- As described later, 'Bankoku Koho' was accepted as a tool to convince Western countries and use as a tool was conducted since the early period.
- 清代では、明朝の時以上に欧米諸国が中国を訪れるようになり、「冊封」や「朝貢」よりも政治的意味合いが希薄化した交易が増加の一途を辿ったのである。
- In Qing era, visits from European and American countries increased compared to Ming era and trade with less political meaning than 'sakuho' and 'choko' continued increasing.
- しかしアロー戦争の結果締結された天津条約や北京条約によって、清朝は少なくとも外交制度上は西欧諸国を自国と対等な存在として認めざるを得なくなる。
- Because of the Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Beijing resulted from the Arrow War, the Qing dynastic was obliged at least from diplomatic point of view to recognize western countries as equal existence to own country.
- このほかの欧米の国王や皇帝、アジア地域の君主のほとんども、自身が死去するまで王位・皇位についており、存命中に隠退したということはほとんどない。
- Other than these example, most European kings and emperors, monarchs of Asian regions retain their reigns of power until death, and there are few cases where they retired while they were alive.
- 参加選手の出身流派は、沖縄や日本の空手諸流派だけでなく、韓国のテコンドーやタンスドーやアメリカなど欧米諸国で誕生した独自の流派の出身者も多い。
- Players come not only from karate circles in the Japanese mainland and Okinawa but also from Korean taekwondo and Tansudo schools as well as original circles in Western countries including America.
- 明治新政府が推進した殖産興業や富国強兵・脱亜入欧などの一連の政策の推進や西洋建築(→西洋館・擬洋風建築)、散髪、洋装、洋食などの奨励がみられる。
- The new Meiji government promoted the policies of industrial development, wealth and military strength of Japan, leaving Asia and entering Europe, while the government also promoted the adaptation of Western culture and customs, such as Western-style architecture, (=>Western style building and pseudo Western style architecture) short-cut hair removing the topknot of a man, Western style clothing, and Western style food and cooking.
- 1894年5月に朝鮮で、東学教団構成員の全琫準を指導者として民生改善と日・欧の侵出阻止を求める農民反乱である甲午農民戦争(東学党の乱)が起きた。
- In May 1894, the Tonghak Peasant Revolution led by Jeon Bong Jun --a member of the Tonghak religious community-- occurred in Korea, calling for improvement of the people's livelihood and prevention of invasions from Japan and Western countries.
- 新政府は天皇大権のもと欧米の諸制度を積極的に導入し、廃藩置県、身分解放、法制整備、国家インフラの整備など明治維新と呼ばれる一連の改革を遂行した。
- Under the Emperor's power, the new government introduced various systems from European countries and the United States, and made a set of reformations called Maiji Restoration, such as Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), abolition of the class system, establishment of the system of law and construction of national infrastructures.
- こうした中で天皇も次第に伊藤の政策や方針を受け入れるようになり、以前は拒否反応を示していた宮中への欧米様式の儀礼導入にも反対しないようになった。
- Under such circumstance, the Emperor gradually accommodated Ito's policies and principles, for example, he no longer rejected the introduction of western protocols to the Imperial court which he would have shown negative response.
- なお欧米では、極東の鎖国をしていた島国であった日本が、明治維新より僅か数年で自前の鉄道を完成させたということには、驚嘆の声が上がったといわれる。
- It is said that Western countries expressed admiration for the fact that Japan, an island nation in the Far East which had been closed off the world for a long time, completed own railways in only several years after the Meiji Restoration.
- しかしアロー戦争の後、欧米人たちが中国国内に植民地や租界を設け、貿易や布教のために内地へ進出するようになると様々な問題が持ち上がるようになった。
- After the Arrow War, however, a lot of issues were raised as Europeans and North Americans started to create colonies and concessions and go inland for trading or missionary work of Christianity in China.
- 政宗の長女・五六八姫の婚礼や、慶長18年(1613年)の支倉常長をはじめとする「慶長遣欧使節」の出帆のときもこの手締めが行われたといわれている。
- It is said that this tejime was performed at the wedding ceremony of the first daughter of Masamune, Princess Iroha, and also at the departure of 'Keicho era mission to Europe,' in which people such as Tsunenaga HASEKURA joined, in 1613.
- 新漫画派集団の作家達は毛筆ではなくペンによる描画をその特徴とし、欧米のナンセンス漫画に触発された日本独自のナンセンス漫画を主要な作風としていた。
- The members of Shin Manga ha Shudan were characterized by drawing not with a brush but with a pen and their style was mainly Japan's own nonsense comics which was inspired by western nonsense comics.
- 脱亜入欧(だつあにゅうおう)とは、「第三世界であるアジアを脱し、ヨーロッパ列強の一員となる」ことを目的とした、日本におけるスローガンや思想である。
- Datsua Nyuo (Leave Asia, enter Europe) is a Japanese slogan or thought that 'Japan should get out of Asia which belongs to the Third World, and catch up with European powers.'
- 神話の人物を祖先としているのは日本の皇室のみであるとされることがあるが、古代ヨーロッパでは同様にギリシャ神話や北欧神話の神々を祖先とする王族がいた。
- Some people say that it is only the Japanese Imperial Household that regarded their ancestors as mythological characters; in ancient Europe, there were Royal Families that also regarded their ancestors as deities of Greek Mythology or Scandinavian Mythology.
- また欧米各国の識者からも、実際の運用能力への留保はありつつ、その内容に関しては高く評価された(具体例としてエルヴィン・フォン・ベルツが挙げられる)。
- While there were some reservations regarding its actual operational abilities, the constitution was highly acclaimed by intellectuals in U. S. and European countries (with a specific example being Erwin von Bälz) in terms of its contents.
- また廃仏毀釈や大名家の没落に伴い、多くの優れた美術品が古道具市場にあふれ、美術商だった林忠正らの積極的な売買により欧米に流出しそのまま帰らなかった。
- In addition, with haibutsu-kishaku (a movement to abolish Buddhism) and the downfall of daimyo family (feudal lord family) seen notably, the market of secondhand articles began to be filled with many excellent Japanese art works, and through the aggressive intermediary contracts by Tadamasa HAYASHI and other Japanese art dealers, they flew out to the West, never to return.
- 西欧近代小説の理念が輸入され、坪内逍遥の『小説神髄』、二葉亭四迷の『小説総論』『浮雲 (二葉亭四迷)』などによって実質的に近代の日本文学が出発した。
- The idea of the modern Western novel was imported into Japan and modern Japanese literature essentially began with works such as Shoyo TSUBOUCHI's 'Shosetsu shinzui' (The essence of the novel), FUTABATEI Shimei's 'Shosetsu soron' (General theory of the novel) and 'Ukigumo' (the drifting cloud).
- たとえば老子がインドに赴いて釋迦になった(老子化胡説)、西欧の自然科学は墨子の説が西伝して開花したものである(西学中源説)等の附会説となって現れる。
- It appeared as a twisted argument such that Lao-tzu went to India and became Shakyamuni (legend of Lao-tzu becoming an Indian), and natural science in western countries was theory of Mozi which had been transferred to the west and flourished there.
- これは伝承砲術によっているものであるが、日本では幕末明治維新期に兵制・武器の西欧化が急速に行われたため、流派の直接伝承はすべていったん途絶えている。
- They did it following traditional gunnery, but in Japan, during the Meiji Restoration, the military conscription and weapons were rapidly westernized and thus all the direct handing down of the school stopped.
- これらは最恵国待遇により他の列強にも適用され、以後日本のみならずイギリスをはじめとする西欧列強の清への経済進出と領土分割がより加速されることになった。
- The most-favored-nation treatment forced China to approve other powers of similar conditions, which allowed not only Japan, but also Britain and other western powers to expand economically and divide the territory of Qing later among them.
- 欧米を中心とする先進諸国は勿論、アジア全体と比較しても異例の低比率のため、日本のキリスト教関係者は、かつてこれを「1%の壁」と形容していたこともある。
- The figure is extraordinary low compared with the whole of Asia as well as developed countries mainly in Europe and the United States, and those involved in Christianity in Japan once described this situation as 'the wall of one percent.'
- 彼らは欧米列強が直ちに不平等条約を破棄しなとしたいならば、日本も安政条約の原則通りに外国人に対して外国人居留地以外の居住を認めず貿易を統制するとした。
- They insisted that the allied western powers abolish the unequal treaties immediately, otherwise Japan would abide by the basic principles, stated in the Ansei Treaties, to prohibit foreign residents from living outside foreign settlements and to restrict trading activities.
- 「老荘」と、「5世紀に歴史的に形成された道教」は伝統的な中国では《道家》、欧米では'Taoism'と呼ばれ、道教と道家は同じものを指すと言われている。
- Ro-So' and 'the Dokyo that was formed in the fifth century as part of a historical process,' are called 'Doka' in traditional China, and 'Taoism' in Europe and the United States, and Dokyo and Doka are thought of as one and the same thing.
- さきの二項対立には、西欧/非西欧という本来別カテゴリーの二項対立が無理やり重ねられ、さらにこの二項には暗黙の了解として上下のランク付けがなされていた。
- The west and the non-west were forcibly compared using this binomial opposition, with an implicit understanding of hierarchical rank applied.
- 日本は中国における西欧学術書翻訳に対し、国際情報源として非常な注意を払っていたが、『万国公法』が中国で刊行後すぐ日本にもたらされたのもそのためである。
- 'Bankoku Koho' was brought to Japan soon after its publication because Japan paid full attention to the translations of academic books on western studies in China as the source of international information.
- また、根底に欧米コンプレックスをかかえる日本人が、ありあまる資金を手にしたときに、やはり食卓に置きたがるのがワインやブランデーなど西洋の飲料であった。
- In addition, since Japanese had a complex about Western countries, they tended to put Western beverages such as wine and brandy on the table when they had plenty of money.
- また、津和野藩の大国隆正らによって、欧米列強の圧力を排するためには一時的に外国と開国してでも国内統一や富国強兵を優先すべきだとする大攘夷論が唱えられた。
- Some samurai such as Takamasa OKUNI of Tsuwano Domain supported the principle of Daijoiron, which was the concept that, to resist pressure from the allied western powers, it would be best to temporarily open the country to the world and give priority to uniting the whole country and fukoku kyohei (strengthening the military).
- 皇后として欧化政策の先頭に立たなければいけない立場を強く自覚しており、1886年(明治19年)以降は、着用の衣服を寝間着を除いてすべて洋服に切り替えた。
- She was strongly aware of her position as an empress to lead the policy of Europeanization, and after 1886, she changed all her clothes she wore, except nightclothes, to western clothing.
- しかし、この短い間にポルトガル人によって東南アジアに伝えられた欧州式の瞬発式火縄銃は現地で改良され、マラッカ式と呼ばれる様式の瞬発式火縄銃を生み出した。
- During the short period, however, the European-style instantaneous discharge matchlock introduced to Southeast Asia by the Portuguese was improved and the instantaneous discharge matchlock called Malacca-style was invented.
- ところがその中に5,000万円にも及ぶ外債が含まれていたことから欧米列強に不信感を抱く明治天皇やその周辺の保守派の不快感を買い外債募集計画は中止された。
- However, the fact the bonds included up to \50 million of foreign bonds created a sense of discomfort among the Emperor Meiji and conservatives close to him, who all distrusted the allied Western powers, and it eventually led to the abandonment of the plan to raise foreign loans.
- 加藤は「夫婦同権の流弊論」(第31号)において、西欧のレディファーストの慣習を取り上げ、これを東洋の人が真似るのは夫婦同権の行き過ぎた結果だと批判した。
- In 'A bad custom of the equal rights between husband and wife' (No.31), Kato mentioned about the custom of lady first in Western Europe and criticized that introducing this custom by Asian people was a result of excessive equal between husband and wife.
- ちなみに、訳語(和製漢語)の「交響楽、交響曲」をつくっており、6年間の欧米留学を終えた演奏家、幸田延(露伴の妹)と洋楽談義をした(「西楽と幸田氏と」)。
- He also created new Japanese words (based on Chinese characters) such as 'Kokyogaku, Kokyokyoku' (both meaning symphony), and gave a lecture on western music with Nobu KODA (a younger sister of Rohan), a musician who had come back to Japan after six-years' studying in Europe and America ('With western music and Ms. Koda').
- 欧州の温泉地としては、チェコのカルロヴィ・ヴァリ、イギリスのバース、ベルギーのスパ、ハンガリーのブダペスト、ドイツのバーデン・バーデンなどが有名である。
- Karlovy Vary in Czech, Bath in U.K., Spa in Belgium, Budapest in Hungary and Baden-Baden in Germany are the famous hot springs in Europe.
- この時日本は沖縄本島を日本領とし八重山諸島と宮古島を中国領とし、日清修好条規に日本の欧米並みの最恵国待遇を追加する案(分島改約案)を提示し一旦はまとまる。
- Japan proposed a plan during negotiations that the Okinawa main island would belong to Japan and the Yeyma islands and Miyako-jima island to China and that Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship be revised with an additional clause to grant Japan a most-favored nation treatment (proposal for divisional rule over the islands and a revision to the treaty), and this proposal was once accepted.
- この措置によって東南アジアで朱印船と競合することが多かったオランダ東インド会社が莫大な利益を得、結局は欧州諸国としては唯一、出島貿易を独占することになる。
- Due to this measurement, the Dutch East India Company that often competed with Shuinsen gained a huge profit, and it monopolized the Dejima trading post among European nations.
- もっともこの時には既に大日本帝国憲法が制定されており、見かけだけの「欧化」に依存しなくても日本の国際社会における地位は少しずつ上昇に向かっていたのである。
- Having said that, however, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan had already been established then and Japan's international status was gradually getting high without depending on a shell of 'Europeanization.'
- アーネスト・フェノロサに付いて日本美術の調査をしたのをきっかけに日本に目覚めた著者が、帝国主義全盛時代の欧米に、茶を通して自己充足の在り方を投げかけた書。
- He investigated Japanese art following Ernest Fenollosa, which led him to be aware of Japan, and in this book he throw a question of the way that self-containment should be through tea ceremony to the United States and European countries, which were in a golden age of imperialism.
- のちの大蔵卿松方正義によって増税・官営企業の払い下げ・通貨整理がなされ、兌換紙幣の発行が出来るようになり、日本が欧米列強に並ぶ近代国家になる下地が作られた。
- Through tax increases, transfer of government-owned companies to private ownership, and sorting out of currency, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, later Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury), made it possible to issue convertible currency, establishing a base on which Japan could become a modern nation ranked with European and US powers.
- 短期間のうちにほぼ独力で近代国家を整備し、西欧列強に比肩する国家を築き上げたことは諸外国からは奇跡と見られ、とくにアジア諸国にとって近代革命の模範となった。
- People in foreign countries thought it a miracle that Japan organized a modern state mostly on their own in such a short period and built a country which had almost the same power as any Western European country, and it served as a model for the modern revolution especially for other Asian countries.
- 1872年9月対馬藩と交替するために来朝した花房義質が、春日丸に乗ってきたことから、日本を西欧勢同様、衛正斥邪の対象として、前述のように食糧の供給を停止した。
- In September of 1872, Yoshimoto HANABUSA came to Korea by the ship named Kasugamaru to interchange with the Tsushima clan, so Korea considered Japan a target under Eisei Sekija (Korea's foreign policy during this period to respect the justice and exclude the evil; in this case Japan was regarded as evil) as well as Western Europe.
- マーティンは1850年に来華して以来中国に留まり、天津条約の起草や北京同文館や京師大学堂での西欧学問教授、キリスト教伝道など多方面にわたり活動した人物である。
- After Martin came to China in 1850, he stayed in China and played important roles in various areas such as drafting of Treaty of Tianjin, teaching of western scholarship in Tongwen Guan in Beijing (literally, School of Combined Learning) and Imperial Capital University (former Peking University) and mission of Christianity.
- また明治政府は、欧化政策の一環として国民に西洋の酒類をより多く消費させようとして、当初ビールやワインに対しては、日本酒に対するような重い課税を行なわなかった。
- In addition, at first the Meiji government did not impose heavy taxes on beer and wine like the tax on sake because it aimed to make people consume more Western liquors as part of a policy of Europeanization.
- 1950年代から盛平の弟子たちが積極的に海外普及に努めた結果、欧州・北南米・東南アジアなど国際的に広まり、合気会だけで現在約80ヶ国に支部道場を開設している。
- As a result of the efforts by Morihei's disciples (beginning in the 1950s) to spread it abroad, it spread globally to Europe, the Americas, Southeast Asia, etc., and Aikikai alone has branch training halls in about 80 countries.
- 欧米に即席ラーメンのセールスに行った際、ラーメン用のどんぶりが無かったため、紙コップにチキンラーメンを割り入れて湯を注ぎフォークで試食する姿からの発想だった。
- The idea originated from a trip to Europe and America for selling instant ramen noodles, in which someone cracked Chicken Ramen into a paper cup because ramen bowls were not available, poured hot water, and tried out with a fork.
- もっとも鎖国政策については欧州対策ではなく中華秩序に組み込まれることを嫌い、かねてからの西高東低の気風は完全に消し去る事を求めての事とも最近では言われている。
- However, it has recently been argued that the isolation policy was not to prevent colonization by Europe, but to wipe out the spirit of admiration for the west and resentment for the east.
- 江華島事件後の朝鮮では、急進的欧米化を進めようとする親日的な開化派(独立党)と、漸進的改革を進めようとする親清的な守旧派(事大党)との対立が激しくなっていった。
- In Korea after the Ganghwa Island incident, confrontation escalated between the Enlightenment Party (Independence Party), the pro-Japanese group seeking radial westernization, and the Conservative Party (Serving the Great' Party), the pro-Qing group seeking gradual reforms.
- 近代以後、日本の中国思想研究は、哲学(西欧の哲学)を模倣する必要に迫られた結果、朱子学の思弁的側面を強調し、これを以て哲学と比較可能であると見なすようになった。
- In the modern era, Japanese scholars of Chinese ideology have been required to follow philosophy (Western philosophy), and have therefore emphasized the speculative side of Shushigaku and considered it as comparable with the philosophy.
- 近代日本では1858年の日米修好通商条約など欧米5ヶ国との条約により、開港場に居留地を設置することが決められ、条約改正により1899年に廃止されるまで存続した。
- In Japan during the modern era, the Five-Power treaties, including the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, called for the establishment of settlements in places where ports were opened; these settlements continued to exist until being abolished by the revision of the treaties in 1899.
- 翌年にはさらに、井上馨による欧化主義を基本とした外交政策に対し、外交策の転換・言論集会の自由・地租軽減を要求した三大事件建白運動が起り民権運動は激しさを増した。
- The movement further intensified as the 1887 political movement broke out, calling for the switch of the foreign policy, freedom of speech and assembly, the land-tax reduction, in responses to Kaoru INOUE's foreign policy that placed importance on Westernization.
- この鮮やかな青は藍(インディゴ)の色であり、欧米では「ジャパンブルー」、あるいはフェルメール・ブルー(ラピスラズリ)になぞらえて「ヒロシゲブルー」とも呼ばれる。
- This vivid blue is derived from the indigo plant and called in Europe and America 'Japan Blue' or 'Hiroshige Blue' comparing it to Vermeer Blue (lapis lazuli).
- 欧米一流美術館20館以上に、20万点以上は収蔵されていると見られ、それ以外に個人コレクションもあり、外国美術品としてこれだけ収集されているのは浮世絵だけである。
- Apparently, at least 200,000 or more items of Ukiyoe are kept in storage in 20 or more of the most prestigious Western museums; moreover, various individuals have private collections, thus indicating that Ukiyoe is the only foreign art form that is collected in such great numbers.
- その先鞭をつけたのは中唐の柳宗元の「天説」・劉禹錫の『天論』であり、北宋においては欧陽脩の『新唐書』五行志・王安石の『洪範伝』・程頤の『春秋伝』などに見られる。
- The Theory of the Sky' by Liu Zongyuan and 'The Opinion about the Sky' by Ryu Ushaku (Liu Yuxi) in the mid-Tang period were the pioneers, and in Baisong, it is seen in 'Shin To-jo' (New Book of Tang) Gogyoshi by Oyo Shu (Ouyang Xiu, Ou-yang Hsiu), 'Kohanden' by Anseki O (Wang Anshi), 'Annotation of Spring and Autumn Annals' by Tei I (Cheng Yi), etc.
- 日本の数値目標が-6%になった経緯は日米欧の非公式会合での政治的合意によるものであり、アメリカ合衆国と日本が足並みをそろえたのは、途上国の参加を促すためであった。
- Japan's numerical goal of -6% was brought in through a political agreement at a non-official meeting between Japan, America and Europe, and the agreement between America and Japan was intended for encouraging developing countries to join the conference.
- だが、次の黒田内閣でも外務大臣に留任した大隈が爆弾テロに遭遇して条約改正に失敗すると、たちまち欧化主義は衰退し、対外硬派に支えられた国粋主義が台頭することになる。
- Nevertheless, after OKUBO, who stayed on as foreign minister in the following KURODA Cabinet, had failures in the revision of a treaty as he encountered terrorist explosions, Europeanism declined in an instant and Nationalism gained power.
- 8月23日に独ソ不可侵条約が締結されると、防共を目的としたドイツとの同盟を模索していた平沼は衝撃を受け、「欧州の天地は複雑怪奇」という迷言を残して内閣総辞職した。
- When the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact was concluded on August 23, Hiranuma, who had been seeking an alliance with Germany with the goal of preventing communism, was shocked and resigned from the Prime Minister's position, leaving the following words of nonsense, 'the whole of Europe is messed up beyond all recognition.'
- 欧米を発端とするグルメコーヒー・ブームに呼応して、日本でも1995年頃からアーモンドやヘーゼルナッツの風味を効かせたフレーバー缶コーヒーが販売されるようになった。
- Flavored canned coffee with the flavor of almond or hazelnuts started being sold also in Japan around 1995 following the gourmet-coffee boom which had started in the West.
- 広義では在外公館で雇用されていた者や、外国人居留地の警備に当たった者なども含まれるが、本項では日本が欧米から新しい技術や知識を学ぶために雇用した人物について述べる。
- Although broadly speaking the designation oyatoi-gaikokujin also included the employees of foreign diplomatic missions in Japan as well as the (foreign) guards at the foreign settlements, for the purposes of this article the term will be used only for those foreigners who were employed by the Japanese government in order to foster the learning of new technologies and scholarship from Europe and the United States.
- 実際に、本作が西欧に初めて紹介されると、これに感化されたフランスの作曲家ジャーコモ・マイアーベーアは『盲目の皇帝』というオペラを作ることを模索したという逸話がある。
- In fact, the story is that when this play was first introduced to the West, a French composer Giacomo Meyerbeer tried to compose an opera called 'The Blind Emperor.'
- しかし、明治4年(1871年)旧11月、岩倉具視特命全権大使一行が欧米各国を歴訪した折、耶蘇教禁止令が各国の非難を浴びて、条約改正の交渉上障碍になるとの報告をした。
- However, because Japan were castigated by the world due to the Edict of the Prohibition of Christianity when they visited Europe and the United States in December, 1871, the members of the Iwakura Mission reported that the prohibition of Christianity could be an obstacle to negotiating the revision of the unequal treaty.
- 欧州における絹の産地として知られたフランス・イタリアでは、1850年代にノゼマと呼ばれる原生生物が原因とするカイコの伝染病が流行し、両国の養蚕業は壊滅状態になった。
- In France and Italy, known production areas of silk in Europe, silkworm infectious disease caused by the protist called Nosema broke out during the 1850's, devastating the sericultural industry in both countries.
- しかし、これは日本人論において比較対照になるのが過去において日本よりも優秀とされた欧米、特にイギリス、アメリカ、フランス、ドイツなどの列強先進国であったためである。
- However, it is because the countries compared with Japan in the essays were powerful developed countries such as U.S. and European countries, especially U.K., France, Germany, and so on, which were considered more excellent than Japan in the past.
- 当初は義和団を称する秘密結社による排外運動であったが、1900年(光緒26年、明治33年)に西太后がこの反乱を支持して欧米列国に宣戦布告したため国家間戦争となった。
- It was originally an anti-foreign movement by the secret society named the Boxers, but it became a war between nations after Empress Dowager Cixi supported this rebellion and declared a war against European nations and the United States in 1900.
- 世界巡遊中の前合衆国大統領ユリシーズ・グラントが明治天皇との会見で西欧列強の介入を防ぐための日清両国の譲歩を助言したこともあり、1880年北京で日清の交渉が行われた。
- In 1880, negotiations were held in Beijing through the arbitration of ex-US President Ulysses Grant, who had a meeting with Emperor Meiji during his world tour and advised that both Japan and Qing compromise to prevent the intervention of western powers.
- 帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近(侵略・進出・植民地化)により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中(鎖国体制下の社会)を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
- This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, expansion, and colonization.
- が、しかし、日本が欧風化していくに当たって、華やかな西洋の宝飾品に対抗できる和装品の一つとして、髪飾りとともに、宝石を使った帯留が、戦前から上流階級でもてはやされた。
- However, as Japan westernized, obidome studded with jewels gained popularity among people in the upper class along with hair accessories since the prewar period, because Japan needed Japanese-style jewels that could match the western gorgeous jewels.
- 戦後は「美食倶楽部」の拠点・星ヶ岡茶寮が人手に渡るなど不遇な生活を過ごすが、1954年(昭和29年)にロックフェラー財団の招聘で欧米各地で展覧会と講演会が開催される。
- After the war, he went through an unfortunate period, having to sell 'Hoshigaoka Saryo,' where the 'Bishoku Club' was based but, in 1954, the Rockefeller Foundation invited him to hold some exhibitions and lectures in Europe and America.
- その理由としては公式には「庶民への周知徹底が図られた」事を理由とし、また背景には「切支丹札(キリスト教禁止)に対する欧米の反発」と言われているが、実際の理由としては、
- The officially announced reason of this decision was that its purpose to notify the general laws to the common people was fulfilled enough, while there was also a background that Western countries expressed objection toward the ban of Christianity in Japan; the actual reasons for the abolition of Kosatsu would have been as follows;
- その代表は山中定次郎の山中商会・繭山松太郎の龍泉堂・大倉喜八郎の大倉集古館であり、彼等は書画骨董・青銅器・磁器・書籍といったものを中国から購入し欧米に販売していった。
- Their representatives were Yamanaka Trading Co., Ltd. of Sadajiro YAMANAKA, Ryusendo of Matsutaro MAYUYAMA, the Okura Shukokan Museum of Fine Arts of Kihachiro OKURA, and they bought antique calligraphic work and paints, bronze ware, porcelain and books from China to sell to Europe and the United States.
- というのも西欧列強との交渉においては、清朝がいくら「天朝の定制」(中華思想的慣例)を持ち出しても議論が噛み合わず、列強側の要求を拒絶することはできなかったためである。
- The reason for it was that in the negotiation with western countries, discussions did not mesh even if the Qing dynasty refer to 'Fixed Rule of the Dynasty (precedents based on Sinocentrism)' and requirements of the western countries could not be refused.
- 1888年、大阪船場の株相場師の息子として生まれた彼は、現在の一橋大学を卒業するとイギリスを中心に欧州へ遊学し、アルプス山脈の山々に登頂した日本人のさきがけとなった。
- Born to a stock speculator in Senba, Osaka in 1888, after graduating from present Hitotsubashi University he went to study abroad in Britain and other European countries, and was one of the first Japanese to climb the Alps.
- インド神話におけるガンダルバであり、ギリシア神話におけるケンタウロスと同源であると推定されることからインド・イラン共通時代よりもさらに印欧祖語時代に起源をさかのぼる。
- It is Gandharba in Indian myths and has its origin in the period of Proto-Indo-European language going back from the period of Indo-Iranian language because it is guessed to have the same origin as the Centaurs in Greek myths.
- 日本接収以後の朝鮮半島では韓国独自の年号として「隆熙」が用いられていたが、郵便物の消印の年号は明治元号(ただし欧文による国際郵便の消印は日本と同様西暦)が使われていた。
- Korean original era name '隆熙' was used in the Korean Peninsula after the takeover by Japan, but Meiji, the name of a Japanese era, was used for postmarks (however, The Christian era was used for the postmarks stamped on international posts in European text, which was the same manner as in Japan).
- そのような中で起きた義和団のアンチ・キリスト的、あるいは非西欧的「悪行」は、「文明」に悖る野蛮な行為としてすぐさま世界に広まり、激しい非難が中国に寄せられることになる。
- The anti-Christian way or anti-western 'evil deeds' of the Boxers were not in line with a 'civilization', and as word of these barbaric acts spread across the world, China was severely criticized.
- 日本政府は治外法権(領事裁判権)、関税自主権の問題解決の足がかりとして、アジア以外の国の1つとまず対等条約を結び、それを前例として欧米諸国と再交渉することを考えていた。
- The Japanese government was hoping to renegotiate the unequal treaties with the Western countries and solve the issues concerning extraterritoriality (consular jurisdiction) and tariff autonomy by concluding the first equal treaty with a non-Asian country as a precedent.
- 第一に、欧米列強の圧力に対抗するための根本的な法整備や国力増進のためには、天皇の権威のもとで薩長が権力を集積し、一貫した政策を継続できる現体制のほうが現実的であること。
- First, in order to establish a basic legal system and increase national power to resist the pressures of the Western powers, the existent system was more practical as it would enable them to consolidate the powers of Satsuma and Choshu factions to carry out consistent policies under the authority of the emperor.
- ドイツの参加理由は、露仏の接近を妨害すること、ロシアの注意を東に向けて欧州における脅威を減らすこと、ドイツ自身の極東への野心、また皇帝が主張した黄禍論などに基づいている。
- The reasons why Germany joined the intervention was 1. to impede closer ties between Russia and France, 2. to divert Russia's attention from Europe to the Far East to lessen its threat to Europe, 3. to fulfill its own ambition in the Far East, and 4. to combat the 'yellow peril' claimed by the Emperor himself.
- 当時の日本は、何とか欧米の植民地にならずに済んだだけで、まだロシアに軍事的に対抗する力を持っていなかったため、賠償金や領土の割譲まで要求してくるのではないかと危惧された。
- At that time, Japan barely avoided being colonized by Western countries, but still did not have enough military power to fight against them and feared that Russia would demand reparations or cession of territory.
- 明治15年(1882年)にはロシア帝国の首都サンクトペテルブルクで行われたアレクサンドル3世の即位式に天皇の名代として出席し、帰路には欧州諸国とアメリカ合衆国を歴訪した。
- In 1882, he participated in the enthronement ceremony of Alexander Ⅲ held at the capital city of the Russian Empire, Sankt-Peterburg; Saint Petersburg representing the Emperor, on his way back to Japan, he made a round of visits to European countries and the United States.
- ただ、これらは明治6年5月8日の太政官布達第154号による官等表改正で軍隊における階級呼称一覧として引き続き用いられ、西欧近代軍の階級呼称を和訳する際にも当てはめられた。
- However, these were continuously used as the title of military ranks established by the Dajokan Futatsu No. 154 issued on May 8, 1873 as well as for the Japanese translation of the title of military ranks of Western Modern army.
- それまで西欧列強が中華思想的に見て夷狄と断定されていたのは、礼や徳よりも力や利を追求することに重きをおき、無秩序に争いをしかけるというイメージが先験的にあったためである。
- Until then powerful western countries were recognized as iteki because they seemed to put weight on power and profit rather than the proprieties and virtue and disorderly attack others by prior experiences.
- しかし『万国公法』を読むことによって、あるいは駐在公使として直接海外に赴く人が増えたことで、西欧諸国間にも徳に基づくルールが存在するのだという認識が徐々に広まっていった。
- However, by reading 'Bankoku Koho' and increase in the number of people going abroad as minister, realization that there was a rule based on virtue in Western countries gradually gained ground.
- これは大正時代(明治35,6年説あり)に日本郵船が周航していた欧州航路客船で、一等船客にカレーライスを供する際に添えられたのが最初であり、それが日本中に広まったとされる。
- It is said that the first time fukujinzuke served with curry and rice was in the Taisho period (another theory says it was in 1902 or 1903), for the first class passengers of the passenger ship on a European run of the Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (NYK Line), then spread all over Japan.
- 政府の要人の場合は、洋服を着ることにより、日本が西欧の進んだ科学技術を学び近代化をめざす意欲を西洋の外国人にアピールし、交渉などを有利に進める目的があったといわれている。
- It is considered that leading political figures wore Western clothes to show that Japan was committed to absorb advanced science and technology from the Western countries and modernize the country as a gesture in order to be advantageous in talks with the Western countries.
- また、ホテルやレストランも建てられているが、中に入浴用の温泉は存在しない(ヨーロッパ、特に西欧や東欧は日本ほど湿潤でないことも入浴文化が発展しなかった大きな理由である)。
- Although hotels and restaurants also exist, they don't have the facilities for hot spring bathing inside the building (the fact that the climate in Europe, especially in west and east Europe, is not so humid as Japan is a big reason why the culture of bathing has not developed).
- 近代化=西欧化そのものは明治時代に於いて一貫した課題であったが、文明開化という言葉は、一般に明治初期に、世相風俗がこれまでの封建社会から大きく変わった時期を指して使われる。
- While modernization = Westernization was the fundamental issue throughout Meiji period, the term Civilization and Enlightenment is generally applied to the conditions seen in early Meiji period, when the social conditions and customs of people dramatically changed from the former feudalistic society.
- 「欧米の女権と吾国従来の女徳とを合せて完全の模範を作り為さん」と発行の主旨に掲げたように、女性の啓蒙を目的とし、キリスト教の立場から女性の地位の向上と権利の拡大を目指した。
- As written in the statement of intent for publishing Jogaku Zasshi which read, 'We shall develop a perfect model by bringing together women's rights existing in Europe and the United States and the traditional women's virtues found in Japan,' the objective of this magazine was to enlighten women to improve their position and to expand their rights from the Christian viewpoint.
- 某等別紙奉建言候次第、平生ノ持論ニシテ、某等在官中屡及建言候者モ有之候処、欧米同盟各国へ大使御派出ノ上、実地ノ景況ヲモ御目撃ニ相成、其上事宜斟酌施設可相成トノ御評議モ有之。
- The contents of the attached petition is what we were always thinking and what have been expressing while we were serving as government officials; after a group of ambassadors were sent to Europe and America to observe the situations overseas, we would like to discuss setting up a place for discussion using what was observed overseas as examples.
- 近代的な欧米の法体系が流入して「法律(法体系)の一元化」が求められた結果、全く同趣旨の法令でありながら官吏向けの法令と一般向けの高札が並存するのは明らかに異質であったこと。
- The inflow of a modern European judicial system promoted the 'unification of the law (legal system),' therefore it was obviously an awkward situation that two variants of a single code co-existed in a government official version and in Kosatsu version for general public;
- (なお、岡倉が「茶の本」に於いて、欧米人にとっての「茶道」への近似体験として、「ティーパーティでのホストの心遣い」を挙げたことは、「茶を離れた茶道の本質」として興味深い。)
- (It was interesting that Okakura mentioned in 'Cha no Hon' that the experience that closely resembled 'sado' for European and Americans was the 'consideration of the host during a tea party' and was the 'essence of sado apart from tea.')
- 大国ロシアに対して戦勝を記録したことは、諸外国にも反響を与えたが、嘉永年間以来の黒船の衝撃と、その後目指した西欧列強に並ぶ近代国家づくりの目標は一応達成されたとする説もある。
- Japan's victory over the major power Russia made an impact abroad but there was an opinion that its objective to develop itself to become a modern nation comparable to Western powerful countries after the earth-shattering visit by Kurofune during the Kaei era (1848-1854) was at least accomplished.
- それから5年後に曙山も亡くなると、秋田蘭画は下火となり、しだいに廃れたが、同画の系統・画流は司馬江漢に受けつがれ、さらに洋風化して須賀川の亜欧堂田善にも影響をおよぼしている。
- After Shozan died five years later, Akita Ranga lost its popularity and gradually fell out of practice; however, its lineage and style were inherited by Kokan SHIBA, becoming further westernized and also came to have an influence on Denzen AODO from Sukagawa.
- 当時攘夷思想によって欧米人を襲撃する事件が多発し、神戸事件や堺事件、京都事件がその代表例であるが、これらの事件は「万国公法」の名の下に外国人を殺傷した日本人を極刑としている。
- At that time, attacks on Europeans and Americans as represented by the Kobe Incident, the Sakai Incident and the Kyoto Incident were frequently carried out by supporters of Joi-ron, but Japanese, who killed or injured foreigners were subjected to capital punishment.
- それはどちらかといえば東アジア諸国家対西欧(文明)に比重をおいて説明してきたが、以下では近代東アジア世界全体に及ぼした影響、あるいは東アジア諸国間に生じた問題について触れる。
- Therefore much weight was put in the explanations of conflict between East Asian nations and Western Europe (Civilization), but hereinafter influences in whole modern East Asia and issues in East Asian countries will be described.
- 特にコンピュータゲームやアニメ、漫画などのコンテンツ分野、食文化は欧米やアジアの都市部に浸透し、それらに関する店や施設(寿司バーや漫画ショップ)ができるまでになってきている。
- In particular, fields such as computer games, animations, and comics, and a food culture have penetrated urban areas of Western and Asian countries, and as a result, related shops and facilities (Sushi Bars and comic shops) came to be established.
- 特に欧米の事情に通じた人材となると、自然と幕末に留学をした旧幕臣が占める割合が高くなってしまい、特に旧幕臣の一掃こそが改革の早道と考える大久保利通らの反感を強める原因となった。
- Especially, since most personnel who knew well about Europe and America were naturally those who had studied abroad and they were former retainers of shogun, this caused strong antipathy from Toshimichi Okubo who thought the fastest way of reformation was to wipe out old retainers of shogun.
- こうした西欧を指標として日本との落差を計測する姿勢の背後には、一国の文明化・強国化の要件として国民一人 々 の知識獲得や文化程度の向上を求める単線的な発展史観があったのである。
- On the background of such attitude to judge the gap between Western Europe and Japan from the standard of Western Europe, there was a single-track historical view of development which demands individual's acquisition of knowledge and improvement of culture standard, as the requirements for civilization and enhancement of national power.
- これは彼らが国民とは何かという問いをもって、西欧の書物を開く時、そこに頻出する'individual'あるいは'individuality'という語彙に触発されてのことである。
- This was influenced by the words 'individual' or 'individuality' which they often saw in the books of Western Europe when they had a question what the people was.
- 以下では最初に翻訳命名されたW.マーチンの『万国公法』とその重訳本を中心に記述し、この本がもたらした西欧起源の国際法がアジア諸国にどのように受容されていったかについても触れる。
- The first part of this article will focus on 'Bankoku Koho', the first translation of the commentary, translated and named by W. Martin and its re-translations to other languages and it will mention how international law originated in Western Europe brought by this book was accepted in Asian countries.
- 1960年代の欧米の文化人やロック (音楽)ミュージシャンの間では、東洋的な思想や宗教が流行したことがあり、中には着物(あるいは着物に似せてデザインした服)を着る者も見られた。
- During the 1960s, there was a trend among western intellectuals and rock musicians to study Eastern Thoughts and religions, and some of them wore Kimono or clothes modeled after Kimono.
- 一方、総合閲覧室には、開架式で日本語および欧米語の参考図書、抄録・索引誌、国内の官庁出版物・法令議会資料、図書館情報学資料、主要な雑誌・新聞、全国の電話帳が閲覧に供されている。
- Moreover, the General Collections Room holds, in open stacks, the reference books, abstracts, indexes, domestic government publications/statutes and parliamentary documents, library and information science materials, major periodicals and newspapers, nationwide telephone directories, etc., in Japanese and other languages.
- 黒田内閣の役目は、憲法制定と帝国議会開設によって再燃が予想された自由民権運動に対する取締り強化と、欧米列強との間に交わされたままとなっていた不平等条約の条約改正することであった。
- The purpose of Kuroda Cabinet was to enhance the control of Jiyu Minken Undo (democratic-rights movement) which would be rekindled due to the establishment of the constitution and the foundation of the imperial diet, and also to revise the unequal treaty which had been untouched since it was concluded with the allied western powers.
- 伊藤の建議どおり当時欧米では金本位制が主流になりつつあったとはいえ、清をはじめアジア諸国は依然として銀主体の経済圏であり、また対外交易でも洋銀(メキシコドル銀貨)が通用していた。
- As ITO's proposal, though the gold standard system was becoming a mainstream in Europe and the United States at that time, Asian countries including Qing were still a silver-oriented economic area and nickel silver (Mexican dollar silver coin) was used for foreign trade.
- 明治になると欧米文化が流入したが上流階級を除き洋装が急速に普及したわけではなく、むしろ身分規制がなくなったことにより庶民が紋服を着用したり、墓石などに家紋を入れるケースが増えた。
- During the Meiji Period, although Western culture was introduced, western clothing did not rapidly become widespread except for among the higher class, and common people instead began to increasingly use Kamon for example, on Mompuku (clothing decorated with one's family crest) and tombstones, thanks for the abolishment of the caste system.
- 他方、西欧列強が迫っていた東アジア諸国の中で、いちはやく開国し明治維新により近代国家となった日本は、西欧諸国のみならず、自国周辺のアジア諸国とも近代的な国際関係を樹立しようとした。
- Among East Asian countries where the powerful countries of Western Europe were watching for a chance to invade, Japan was the first country that opened itself to the world and became a modern state through the Meiji Restoration, and it began to establish modern international relations not only with the West European countries but also with Asian countries around Japan.
- 極東地域、日本近海にも欧米の船が出没する回数が多くなったが、幕府は日本との外交ルートを模索する外国使節や外国船の接触に対し、には外国船打払令を実行するなど、鎖国政策の継続を行った。
- In spite of the frequent visits of western vessels in the far east area, or the sea of Japan, the shogunate government continued the seclusion policy by strong measures such as the enforcement of the edict to repel foreign vessels in 1825 to prevent contacts with foreign envoys and vessels asking for a diplomatic channel with Japan.
- さらに3の条件は、具体的には不平等条約の撤廃・平等な条約の再締結によって達成されるが、それは既存の「文明国」、つまり西欧国家にどれほど近似しているかという主観的な点から判断された。
- The third condition would be achieved by abolishment of unequal treaties and conclusion of equal treaties, but whether those measures would be taken or not depended on subjective judgment to decide how the country was close to existing 'civilized countries,' Western countries.
- 政宗は家康の承認を得ると、ルイス・ソテロを外交使節に任命し、家臣・支倉常長ら一行180余人をヌエバ・エスパーニャ(メキシコ)、エスパーニャ、およびローマへ派遣した(慶長遣欧使節)。
- Once Masamune obtained an approval of Ieyasu, he appointed Luis Sotelo as the ambassador of the delegation, and dispatched over 180 people including his retainer Tsunenaga HASEKURA to Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico), Spain and Rome (Keicho era mission to Europe).
- これを受けてワイナリーと称する専業生産者も本腰をいれるようになり、欧州本場に倣った垣根式の栽培法を取り入れ、害虫に強いヨーロッパ系新種のワイン用に特化したブドウ栽培を展開し始めた。
- As a result, specialist manufacturers called wineries became serious about winemaking, and introduced cultivation method emulating European hedging styles, and began to develop specially cultivated insect resistant grape varieties from European strains.
- しかし、「洋風」という言葉が既に「西欧のような」という意味を含んでおり、その上に「擬」という語を重ねるのは適切でないとして、「明治初期洋風建築」という用語を提唱する建築史家もいる。
- Some architecture historians propose to use the term 'Meiji Shoki Yofu Kenchiku' (Western-style architecture in the early Meiji period), saying 'yofu' means 'Western-style' and adding 'gi ' (quasi- or pseudo-) is inappropriate.
- 王陽明の高弟としては、王畿(龍溪)、王艮(おうこん、心斎)、徐愛、欧陽崇一 (南野)、銭徳洪(緒山)、鄒守益 (東廓)、羅洪先 (念奄)、聶豹 (じょうひょう、双江)らが有名である。
- The best-known of Wang Yangming's top disciples include Wang Ji (also known as Longxi), Wang Gen (also known as Xinzhai), Xu Ai, Youyang Chongyi (also known as Nanye), Qian Dehong (also known as Xushan), Zou Shouyi (also known as Dongkuo), luo Hongxian (also known as Nianyan), Nie Bao (also known as Shuangjiang.)
- 黒船から幕末にかけては、このような営業マンの持つ情報テリトリーと、押し寄せてきた欧米列強の商社マンとの人脈、廻船や早馬など強力な自家流通ルートを生かして、情報産業にも進出していった。
- In the era from the arrival of Kuro-fune (Japanese name for Perry's Fleet) to the end of the bakufu system, sakaya also advanced into information business by effectively using the information territory of these sales persons, human relations with trading company employees from western powers, and their own distribution routes.
- 西郷は水戸学派や国学の皇国史観に止まってはおらず、開国して富国強兵をし、日・清・韓の三国同盟をするという島津斉彬の持論の影響で、東アジアと欧米諸国の対置という形の世界観を持っていた。
- Saigo's world view was not only that of the Mitogaku School and the Kokoku Shikan (historical perspective) of Kokugaku (study of ancient Japanese literature and culture), rather his views incorporated contraposition of East Asia and European and the North American ideals; he opened the nation and then made a prosperous country and strong army, and forged the tripartite alliance of Japan, Qing and Korea which was inspired by the ideals of Saiakira SHIMAZU.
- 中国や日本では、欧米及び日本の帝国主義に反対する愛国運動という捉え方をするのに対し、アメリカなどでは闇雲に外国人を攻撃した排外運動という捉え方をしている(エシェリックやコーエン等)。
- China and Japan perceived the Boxers as a nationalistic movement against the doctrine of the West and the Japanese empire, but it was interpreted as a reckless anti-foreign movement that attacked foreigners in nations such as the United States (by Esherick, Cohen, and others).
- 洋式便器と男性用小便器は20世紀になってから日本に登場し、イギリス軍やアメリカ軍などの欧米諸国を中心とした連合国軍最高司令官総司令部が日本を占領していた頃に劇的に日本各地に広まった。
- Yoshiki (Western style) lavatory basin and the urinal for male appeared in Japan in the twentieth century and during the period when the General Headquarters (GHQ), which centered on Western nations such as the British army or American army and so on, occupied Japan, they dramatically spread across Japan.
- だが、日本製の火縄銃は極めて高精度にできているため、そんな環境ながら日本の選手は国際大会で上位入賞することが多く、欧米の多くの選手も火縄銃種目では日本製の火縄銃を使って参加している。
- However, hinawaju made in Japan has a high-precision and thus, although the number of players is small, Japanese players often achieve a high ranking in international competition and many players from Europe and America also use hinawaju made in Japan in the hinawaju event.
- 文久3年(1863年)半ばに、米国南北戦争(1861年-1865年)により欧州の綿・茶が不足となり、日本綿・茶の買い付けが盛んに行なわれた結果、両品の日本からの輸出量が極端に増加した。
- In the middle of 1863, cotton and tea from Europe was insufficient due to the American Civil War (1861 - 1865), and the result was that sales of Japanese cotton and tea was soared, and exportation of both items increased drastically.
- 東アジア国際秩序は、アヘン戦争以降それまであった華夷秩序から条約体制へのシフトが起こったが、清朝と欧米諸国との新たな関係がすぐに他の東アジア諸国との関係に直接的に波及したわけではない。
- With regards to order of international society in East Asia, there was a transition from former Kaichitsujo to treaty system after the Opium War, but the new relationship between the Qing dynasty and Western countries and America did not directly affect on the relations between other East Asian countries.
- 現在の日本のカレーは、この流れに基づいた欧風カレー、さらに1990年代以降急増した本格インド料理店のカレー、そしてこのふたつの流れをふまえて生まれたオリジナルカレーの3つに大別できる。
- Curry and rice in Japan today can be largely divided into three groups: European curry based on the curry style introduced into Japan first; curry in authentic Indian restaurants, which have increased rapidly after the 1990s; and original curry that was created based on these two styles.
- 日本の文化も単純にひとくくりにできるものではなく、様々な要素を含んでおり、古代から中世にいたっては中国を中心としたアジアの近隣諸国、そして明治以降の近~現代では欧米からの影響を受けた。
- The Japanese culture cannot be bracketed simply because it contains various elements, the Japanese culture in a period from ancient times to the medieval period was affected by neighboring countries in Asia around China, and in the period from early modern times to modern times after the Meiji period was affected by western countries.
- だが、この見解も日本の律令制社会をヨーロッパ的な発展史観に当て嵌め、欧米列強がかつて行った植民地支配の実態と重ね合わせているだけで、本末転倒な見方とする意見が現在では多くなってきている。
- Recently, the most popular current theory is that the above-mentioned view emphasizes the wrong points because it adapts Japanese society based on the Ritsuryo system to the historical view of European development, merely to match that Japanese society with the realities of the Western powers' colonial rule.
- 一方、日本以外の国、特に西欧諸国においては、第二次世界大戦以前においても軍部大臣に文官を任用する例も多く、政治の軍事に対する優位を原則とするシビリアン・コントロールの理念が確立している。
- On the other hand, in many countries other than Japan especially in Western Europe, there were examples of civil officers who were appointed to the position of Military Minister even after the World War II, and the Civilian Control philosophy which claims the superiority of military affairs over politics was established.
- 明治日本の諸改革や鹿鳴館建設、西欧風俗(衣服・食事・暦他)受容は、こうした国際法の変容を敏感に察知した上で為されたもので、国際法適用を受け、西欧諸国に肩を並べるための努力だったのである。
- Reforms, construction of Rokumeikan (Pavilion of the Deer's Cry) and adoption of western cultures (clothes, food, solar calendar and so on) in Japan during the Meiji period were conducted under the change of international law as mentioned above, those were efforts to stand on an equal footing with Western countries and to be protected by international law.
- 欧米では映画の中に挿入されるセリフや背景解説のショット(図を参照)と伴奏音楽によって上映されていたが、日本では言語や文化背景の相違も影響し、上映する際には口頭で説明することが求められた。
- In Europe and America, movies had the shots of lines and background briefings shown on screen (see image) and also had musical accompaniment, but in Japan, language, cultural background and other factors different from the West meant that simultaneous narration was demanded.
- その一方で長期に渡る鎖国の反動からか文化・風土面においても世界的に類を見ない規模の欧化政策(脱亜入欧)を行い、現代に至るまでの日本人における白人コンプレックスの礎となったと考える者もいる。
- On the other hand, there is also an opinion that the Japanese government introduced a Europeanization policy (leave Asia, enter Europe) into its culture and its natural features on an such an unprecedented scale due to a backlash against its extended seclusionism, that it layed a foundation for the people of Japan to have an inferior complex to the Caucasian that remains even today.
- そのため西欧では、19世紀後半に両方を指す語としてタオイズム(Tao-ism)の語が造られ、アンリ・マスペロを筆頭とするフランス学派の学者たちを中心に両者の間に因果関係を認める傾向がある。
- Therefore, in Europe in the latter half of the 19th century, the term of Tao-ism was created for indicating both of the religions, and a French academic school, headed by Henry MASPERO, went as far as to point to a causal relationship between the two religions.
- 鎖国政策に関しては宣教師を工作員とした欧州各国の内政干渉と植民地化を予防し、日本の独立主権を保持することが本来の目的であるという、政策面から国の将来を考えて行ったとする肯定的な評価もある。
- Iemitsu's national isolation policy has been highly valued for maintaining Japanese independence and sovereignty by preventing interference in Japanese domestic affairs and colonization by European countries by missionaries acting covertly.
- 遊牧民族の弓騎兵に対し勝利した欧州国家は数少なく、『ヤクサルティス川の戦い(紀元前329年)』では名将アレキサンダー大王が弓騎兵と戦い打ち負かす事に成功した数少ない歴史的勝利の1つである。
- Few European countries won against the archery cavalry soldiers of the nomadic tribes, and there is one rare example in history where the famous Alexander the Great beat and won a battle against archery cavalry soldiers in 'the Battle of the Yaxartes River' in 329 B.C.
- 小平は当時多くの宮苑造成に関与する中それまでの日本庭園のあり方を咀嚼し、その上で新宿御苑のように当時の欧米先進国で数多く試みられていた自然風景式大規模庭園の特徴を加味することを試みている。
- Kodaira comprehended the way conventional Japanese gardens were made while being involved in constructing many Imperial gardens at the time, and tried to add characteristics of a large-scale garden of the natural scenery style prevailing in advanced countries like in Europe and America.
- その理由として、幕末以降、西欧に流出して評価が高まった日本の絵画が従来の西洋の絵画と区別して「日本画」と呼称されるようになった事に対応して、西洋の刀剣に対して日本刀という呼び方が定着した。
- This is because paintings from Japan increased their reputation being exported to Western countries after the end of Edo period, started to be called 'Japanese paintings' to distinguish them from the traditional Western paintings, and likewise, the term Japanese sword in contrast to Western swords became established.
- また一進会は、日露戦争時に設立され、日韓軍事同盟においてロシアを侵攻を阻止することが、ロシアの大韓帝国に対する影響力を弱め、さらには欧米列強のアジア進出を防ぎ、朝鮮の復興になると考えていた。
- Also, Isshinkai which was founded in the middle of Russo-Japanese War had a thought that blocking Russia's invasion under the Japan-Korea Military Alliance could weaken Russia's influence on the Korean Empire, that it further could prevent the allied western powers from advancing into Asia, and that it finally could lead to the restoration of Korea.
- 国際的に極度の円安状況だったこともあるが、当時の欧米からすれば日本は極東の辺境であり、外国人身辺の危険も少なくなかったことから、一流の技術や知識の専門家を招聘することが困難だったことによる。
- The high salaries were partly due to the fact that the yen was extremely weak internationally, but mainly because of the difficulty in convincing top-class experts in technology and knowledge to come to Japan, which from the perspective of Westerners was a country on the extreme eastern edge of the Far East, a country moreover that held considerable physical danger for foreigners.
- 実は一連の欧化政策の背景を単なる「外国崇拝」ではなく、当時の極端に低い日本の国際的地位に明治政府が危機感を抱き、そのための手段を選ぶ余裕すらなかったという当時の状況を無視することは出来ない。
- In a very real sense, a background of a continuous policy of Europeanization was not merely 'the adoration of foreign countries' but also the measurable situation of the times, in which the Meiji Government felt a so srtong sense of danger for Japan's international status being extremely low at the time, that they could not take time to choose the means for improvement.
- その原点は、幕末の攘夷論や明治初期の征韓論などに求めることも可能であるが、直接的な原因としては、明治政府が条約改正に際して採った欧化政策とそれに対する反発としての国粋主義の高揚が上げられる。
- The origin can be considered the principle of excluding foreigners in the end of the Edo Period or Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) in the early Meiji Period, however, the direct causes were that a policy of Europeanization at the revision of a treaty by the Meiji government and a nationalist fervor against the Europeanization.
- 今となってはこれが幸いしてか、マズルローダー競技(前装銃競技)のマッチロック(火縄銃)種目では、欧米人の選手の多くが日本製の火縄銃を使用し、当然これを使い慣れた日本人選手もメダルを獲得し易い。
- However this is now in favor of Japanese competitors in the event of matchlock of muzzle loader since most European competitors use Japanese matchlock which is familiar to Japanese ones, it is easier for the Japanese to obtain medals.
- 天正遣欧少年使節(てんしょうけんおうしょうねんしせつ)は1582年(天正10年)に九州のキリシタン大名、大友義鎮・大村純忠・有馬晴信の名代としてローマへ派遣された4名の少年を中心とした使節団。
- Tensho Ken-o Shonen Shisetsu was a mission of four boys and others dispatched to Rome in 1582, acting for Yoshishige OTOMO, Sumitada OMURA, and Harunobu ARIMA, who were the Christian feudal lords in Kyushu.
- 井上と伊藤博文らは日本人がこうした扱いから免れるようになるためには、欧米と同じ文化水準である事を海外に示さない限りはまともな外交交渉の相手としても認められないという事実に気づいていたのである。
- INOUE and Hirobumi ITO found the truth that Japanese could not be recognized as a respectable partner of diplomatic negotiations until they showed the people abroad that they kept the same level of culture as Europe and America to avoid such treatment.
- 留学の経験から欧米と日本の技術力差を感じた東久邇宮は、遅れをとっていたアジアの技術力の向上を目指して興亜工業大学(1942年(昭和17年)設置、のち千葉工業大学)等の教育機関の創設に携わった。
- HIGASHIKUNINOMIYA who knew of the technological gap between Western countries and Japan from his experience of studying abroad participated in establishment of educational institutions such as the Koa Kogyo Daigaku (Established in 1942 and which later became the Chiba Institute of Technology) which aimed at improving technology in Asia.
- 缶コーヒーは日本などアジアが市場の主流で、欧米では極小規模の範囲で留まっており、日本でいう350ml相当の缶にミルク・糖分多めの商品が日系やアジア系のメーカーから数種発売されている程度である。
- While Asian countries including Japan form the main market of canned coffee, Western countries remain a very small-scale market, where only a few types of coffee containing a little extra milk and sugar in cans equal to Japanese 350 ml cans sold by Japanese- and Asian-affiliated manufacturers.
- 文明開化、欧化思想の中で武術そのものが『時代遅れ』とされ、弓術もその例に漏れず衰退の一途をたどり、大衆の意識では『弓』と言えば賭け弓等の娯楽・性風俗の弓を指す程までにかつての弓術は影を潜める。
- In the middle of civilization and enlightenment and Europeanized thought, martial arts were considered to be 'out of fashion' and Kyujutsu also declined like other martial arts so much that the 'bow and arrow' came to mean entertainment and sex culture such as Kakeyumi among the feelings of the common people.
- 日本と欧米間の取り決めでは港税は22ドル(入港料15ドル+出港料7ドル)であったのに対し、日朝間では蒸気船など大きな船舶については5円、それ以下の規模の船は積載量により2円と1円50銭とされた。
- In the treaty between Japan and Europe and the United States, the port due was 22 dollars (15 dollars for entrance + 7 dollars for clearance), while in the treaty between Japan and Korea, it was 5 yen for large ships like steamships, and 2 yen or 1.50 yen for the smaller ships, which was decided depending on the burden.
- 欧文活字は、キャノン(約48アメリカン・ポイント)・アッセンドニカ或はダブル・パイカ(約22ポイント)・パラゴン(約11ポイント)の、ゴアやマカオでの使用を経て将来されたものが当初より使われた。
- For Western types, Canon (approx. 48 American points) and Assendonika, or Double Pica (approx. 22 points) and Paragon (approx. 11 points) which were brought through the use at Goa and Macau were used from the beginning.
- 以後、西欧と同じ「文明国」(=富強国)とならなければ、不平等条約を解消し、「万国公法」の恩典には与れないという考えが広がっていき、西欧列強をモデルとした富国強兵改革が推進される思想的要因となった。
- Later, as spreading of thought that to be a civilized country (equal to a strong country) was necessary to dissolve unequal treaties and reap a benefit of 'Bankoku Koho,' the thought became a factor to promote fukoku kyohei reform (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) aiming powerful western countries.
- 周辺に西欧列強が現れ、清朝や日本が近代化するという国際環境にあって、朝鮮はいかに生存を図るべきかということが、人々の主要な関心事として浮上しはじめていたため、国際法の知識は積極的に求められていた。
- Knowledge on international law was actively required because Korea was in the international circumstance where Western powerful countries appeared and the Qing dynasty and Japan promoted their modernization, and people were greatly concerned about how Korea should survive in such situation.
- マーティンは国際法について「諸国間に行われ、一国が私することができない」(『万国公法』凡例)と述べ、欧米各国間に存在するこの公的なルールこそキリスト教文明が生み出した最良の成果の一つと捉えていた。
- With respect to international law, Martin said, 'International law is applied among various countries and it cannot owned by a single country' (legend in 'Bankoku Koho') and he understood that these official rules existed among European and American countries were as one of the best results generated by Christian civilization.
- 具体的には、それまで清朝は諸外国を中華思想的価値観から「夷狄」とみなしていたが、清朝の公文書に西欧諸国を指して「夷」と表記することを禁じ、同時に総理衙門という近代的国際関係を担う外交機関を設けた。
- In more details, the Qing dynasty that had deemed foreign countries as 'iteki' from its sense of value based on Sinocentrism, but it prohibited to denote western countries as 'i (夷, a character means other ethnic groups)' in its official documents and, at the same time, established Zongli Yamen which was a diplomatic organization in charge of modern international relations.
- 明治維新は欧米列強に抑圧されたアジア諸国にとって近代化革命の模範ともなったが、やがて日本自身が列強側の国家として、帝国主義的な領土・権益獲得の立場となったことから、かえって反発を呼ぶことにもなった。
- The Meiji Restoration in Japan was a model for the modern revolution of the various Asian countries which were suppressed by powerful western countries, but Japan also received resistance from them because Japan itself became a powerful imperialistic country trying to obtain lands and interests.
- 日本より高い削減目標を掲げた 欧州連合 などの西欧諸国が抑制に努めているのに対し、日本では +0.6% どころか +8% と増加しており、この状況になっても政府当局は効果的な対策を実施できずにいる。
- Western countries such as European Union, having a higher reduction target than Japan, aggressively promote the suppress of the emissions, while in Japan, the emissions amount increases not by +0.6% but by +8%, and in spite of facing such a situation, the government authority cannot take effective measures at present.
- 欧米各国では新聞がこぞってこの悪辣な暴挙を非難し世論も硬化していたため、当時の駐米少弁務使森有礼は『日本宗教自由論』をあらわして禁教政策の継続の難しさを訴え、西本願寺僧侶島地黙雷らもこれにならった。
- In the U.S. and European countries the newspapers all criticized the villainous outrage and public opinion also grew stronger, so the then Japanese charge d'affaires to the U.S., Arinori MORI, wrote 'Religious Freedom in Japan' stating that it was difficult to hold on to the anti-Christian policy, which was followed by some people including Mokurai SHIMAJI, a Buddhist monk of West Hongan-ji Temple.
- こうして、農奴制とフューダリズムを土台とした西欧封建社会が成熟していった(ただし、実際には各農村ごとにかなり相違があったと考えられている上、多くの農村では農奴だけでなく自由農民も相当数存在していた)。
- Thus, the Western European Hoken society based on serfdom and Feudalism matured (but the situation was quite different from village to village and most villages had a large number of free peasants as well as serfs).
- 日本が大日本帝国として欧米列強に力で対抗しようと国民皆兵を進めてゆく時、古来の剣術の習得を簡便にしたものとしての剣道が旧士族の武士ではない旧制中学生に習得され広まったことは、国民の精神に影響を与えた。
- When Japan, as the Empire of Japan carried on the universal conscription to confront the allied Western powers by force, easy-to-learn Kendo, as derived from time-honored Kenjutsu, was acquired and became popular among students of the old-system junior high schools who were not samurai (warriors) of the former warrior class, and this influenced the national spirit.
- 江戸末期から明治時代初期の頃、世界的なニッポン文化ブームにより華道・いけばなが欧州に紹介され、ヨーロッパのフラワーデザイン(Floral Design)にラインアレンジメントの手法として影響を与えた。
- From the end of the Edo period until the early Meiji period, Kado and Ikebana was introduced to the West as a result of the worldwide Nippon (Japanese) culture boom, and this had an influence on European floral decoration as a technique of vertical arrangement.
- しかし、西欧人が日本の食事風景と朝鮮の食事風景の双方を見比べた場合に、日本式食事マナーの椀を手に持って口に近づけるほうが見苦しいとし、匙で口に運ぶ朝鮮式の食事マナーを気品あるものと賛美している例もある。
- However, when Westerners compare eating style in Japan with that in Korea, they consider that Japanese style eating manners such as holding bowl and bringing mouth closer to them is displeasing, while they praise that eating style in Korea such as bringing food to their mouths with spoon is decent.
- 弓道は『弓と禅』(オイゲン・ヘリゲル著)などの著作で精神性を重んじる面が取り上げられたことなどから外国人の関心を惹き、オリンピック種目でないにもかかわらず欧米各国中心に競技団体が設立され愛好されている。
- Kyudo attracted the attention of foreigners through books such as 'Zen in the Art of Archery,' by Eugen Herrigel, in which the focus on spirituality was introduced, and even though it isn't an Olympic sport it's enjoyed especially in Europe and the United States with sports associations established there.
- 日本の領主の封建制は「税の徴収権」に過ぎず(参照→職の体系)、つまり西欧に見られるような領地の私有と領民への農奴としての隷属的支配権は存在しなかったので、本当の意味の封建制は存在しなかったとする説もある。
- There is a view that the Hoken system in its true sense did not exist in Japan, because the Hoken system of feudal lords was just 'the right to collect taxes' (see Shiki system), and there was no private ownership of land and rights of control over the people as serfs in the domain, which were commonly seen in the West.
- 欧米諸国とは条約を基礎とした関係(外交を担う役所総理衙門の設置や公使の相互派遣)を結ぶ一方で、清朝は朝鮮やベトナム、琉球といった周辺のアジア諸国とは旧来の華夷秩序を温存し、それを恒久的に維持しようとした。
- The Qing dynasty built relationships based on treaties between European countries and American; on the other hand, the Qing dynasty maintained relationships based on Kaichitsujo with Asian countries around China such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu and tried to keep the relations on a permanent basis.
- その理由としては、まず西欧列強に都合の良い運用(外圧正当化)がされたことによって、『万国公法』への根強い不信感が中国側に植え付けられ、その心理的抵抗からスムーズな受容がなされなかったという点が挙げられる。
- As Western countries had been using 'Bankoku Koho' for their profits, people in China had strong distrust in 'Bankoku Koho' and this psychological resistance among people made smooth acceptance of 'Bankoku Koho' impossible.
- 隣国(朝鮮)に対して日本がとるべきその対処の仕方については、「隣国だからということで特別の会釈、開明の猶予を与えるという方法でなく、西欧の朝鮮に対する対処のしかたと同じくすべきだ」という解釈が一般的である。
- What Japan should do for their neighboring country (Korea) was generally understood as 'not giving it special treatment and allowing more time for Kaimei (enlightment) just because it is our neighboring country, but Japan should treat them in the same manner as Western Europe does.'
- 一般に日本に火縄銃を伝えたのはポルトガル人とされており、欧州の銃がそのまま持ち込まれたと思われがちであるが、当時日本で南蛮人と呼ばれたポルトガル人達の多くは、実はポルトガル本国から直接渡来した者は少なかった。
- Although it is generally believed that the Portuguese introduced matchlocks to Japan and that the European-style ones were brought in as they were, most Portuguese called Nanban-jin (literally, southern barbarians) in Japan at that time were actually not directly from Portugal.
- 江戸幕府による大政奉還を受け、王政復古 (日本)によって発足した明治新政府の方針は、天皇親政(旧来の幕府・摂関などの廃止)を基本とし、諸外国(主に欧米列強国を指す)に追いつくための改革を模索することであった。
- The aim of the Meiji government, which was created by the restoration of Imperial rule after Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the emperor) from the Edo Shogunate, was to establish the basis of direct Imperial rule by the emperor by the abolition of the Shogunate and the positions of Regent and Chief advisor to the emperor, and to investigate ways to reform and catch up with foreign countries (mainly, powerful countries in Western Europe and North America).
- 12月、危機感を抱いた政府から勅使岩倉具視・副使大久保利通が西郷の出仕を促すために鹿児島へ派遣され、西郷と交渉したが難航し、欧州視察から帰国した西郷従道の説得でようやく政治改革のために上京することを承諾した。
- In December, the Imperial envoy Tomomi IWAKURA and vice envoy Toshimichi OKUBO were sent to Kagoshima by the government, which sensed a crisis and urged Saigo to serve them, and they negotiated with Saigo to that end, but ran into difficulties, and finally persuaded Judo SAIGO, who had come home after inspection of Western countries, to come to Kyoto due to the political turmoil.
- 2008年 コカ・コーラ社はイタリアの大手コーヒーロースター・イッリカッフェ(Illycaffè)と提携を結び、オーストリア、クロアチア、ギリシャなど欧州10カ国で缶コーヒー『Illy issimo』を販売。
- In 2008, The Coca-Cola Company tied up with a major coffee roaster in Italy, Illycaffe and sold canned coffee, 'Illy issimo' in 10 European countries including Austria, Croatia and Greece.
- 天保年間に高島秋帆によって西欧の火器用兵術が紹介され、殊に武州徳丸原(ぶしゅうとくまるがはら=現、東京都板橋区高島平)での公開演練の後は、江戸幕府や西南雄藩において「高島流砲術」として導入され急速に普及した。
- During the Tenpo era, Western firearm strategy was brought by Shuhan TAKASHIMA; after its demonstration conducted in the open military drill held in Bushu Tokumarugahara (present-day Takashimadaira, Itabashi Ward, Tokyo), it was adopted as 'gunnery of Takashima school' by the Edo shogunate and the southwest strong domains, and spread quickly.
- さらに、第二次世界大戦においては大東亜共栄圏の行動を打ち出し、当時イギリスやオランダなどの列強が植民地化していた東南アジアに進軍し、欧米の占領軍を追い出して後釜に座る形でほぼ全域を占領、あるいは影響下に置いた。
- In World War II, Japan proposed the action of the Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, marched into Southeast Asia which was the colony of powerful countries such as England and the Netherlands, cast out the Occupation Forces of Europe and America and took their places, occupying or putting under their influence almost the whole area.
- 元来は、オスマン帝国が恩恵的にフランス、オランダ、イギリスに対して与えていたカピチュレーションの制度において、治外法権その他を認めていたものだが、産業革命以後は西欧経済圏への従属を企図したものに変質していった。
- Originally, an unequal treaty was to approve extraterritoriality and other conditions in the capitulation system which was beneficially given to France, the Netherland and the United Kingdom by the Ottoman Empire, but such treaties gradually transformed into ones aiming for subordination to the Western European economic zone after the Industrial Revolution.
- この方式の火縄銃は16世紀に南欧で生み出されたものの、ばねによって火縄を火皿にたたきつける激発機構は、すぐに火打石を火打ち金にたたきつけて火花を飛ばすフリントロック式銃を生み出し、ごく短い間しか使われなかった。
- This type of matchlock was invented in Southern Europe in the 16th century, but the firing mechanism which makes a match strike the flashpan by means of a spring action to the flintlock which produces a spark by striking steel with a flint, and was used only for a short period.
- また、文化面でも「改良」運動が官民ぐるみで盛んになり、1883年に矢田部良吉・外山正一による「羅馬字会」や同じく渋沢栄一・森有礼による「演劇改良会」が結成され、また欧米を真似て学会を創設する動きも盛んになった。
- Additionally, concerning a cultural aspect, activities of 'improvement' were actively addressed by the government and the people in harmony, and the 'Romaji Club' (supporting the use of Romaji [Roman alphabet]) by Ryokichi YATABE and Masakazu TOYAMA, and the 'Engeki Kairyo Kai' (Society for Theatre Reform) by Eichi SHIBUSAWA and Arinori MORI were set up in 1883, and another thing, a movement for creating academic societies became popular to imitate Europe and America.
- その計画は実行することが決められ、天正遣欧少年使節の使節とともに、リスボンにてジョルジェ・ロヨラ修道士及びコンスタンチノ・ドラード、アウグスティノらに技術を学ばせ、また、同地より活版印刷機を持ち帰ることができた。
- Since it was decided to enforce the plan, Valignano caused Monk Jorge De Loyola, Constantino Durado, Augustino and so on to learn a technique in Lisbon with envoys from Tensho Keno Shonen Shisetsu (the Tensho Boy Mission to Europe), and succeeded in bringing back a letterpress printing machine from there.
- 明治30年代当時は、欧化主義の進展によって日本の道徳倫理あるいは武士道精神といったものが退廃にさらされていると考え、それらを陽明学で蘇らせようという風潮が日本にはあったが、これが明治期における陽明学熱の背景である。
- Around the turn of the century, it was considered that Europeanism was advancing to the detriment of Japanese moral ethics and the samurai spirit, which led Japan to recover these moral ethics and spirit through Yomeigaku; this was background to the Japanese people's enthusiasm for studying Yomeigaku during the Meiji period.
- エルヴィン・フォン・ベルツが伊藤に婦人の服装の洋式化に対して反対意見を述べた際に、伊藤は「日本女性が和服で現れると、欧米人は彼女達を人間扱いせずに'御人形さん扱い'するではないか」と反論されたことを書き記している。
- Erwin von Bälz wrote that he was refuted by ITO's opinion, 'Japanese women may be 'treated like dolls' without being seen as human beings by Wetern people as they appears wearing wafuku (Japanese traditional clothes like kimono)' when he retorted about Europeanizing women's costume.
- 前者だけを満たす場合、「半文明国」とされて国家として承認されるものの、西欧諸国と同等の扱いを受けることはできず、不平等条約(関税自主権喪失・領事裁判権及び広範な治外法権の設定等)によって著しく劣等な立場に置かれた。
- If only the first condition was approved, the country would be recognized as a state but considered a 'Semi-civilized nation,' which would not be treated equal to Western countries and would have to bear disadvantage originated from unequal treaties (by losing tariff autonomy, setting up of consular jurisdiction and chigaihoken [extraterritoriality]).
- アジア諸国の西欧列強による植民地化と日本による朝鮮王朝の開国と干渉に刺激された結果、清国と朝鮮の関係を伝統的な宗属関係から近代的な宗主国と属国の関係(宗主国と植民地の関係)に改めて朝鮮を自勢力下に留めようとした戦争。
- As western powers colonized Asian countries and Japan forced Korea to open the country to the world and intervene in it, Qing, as a result, was spurred into using this war to try to transform the conventional relationship between Qing and Korea based upon a concept of a family with the same origin into a modern suzerain-dependency relationship (suzerain-colony relationship) and keep Korea under control.
- しかし条約締結後に実施された日本への数度の視察団派遣、特に二回目に派遣された金弘集は、東京において何如璋・張斯桂・黄遵憲ら駐日清国公使たちと面会し、開国と西欧各国との条約締結、貿易を勧められ、大いにその影響を受けた。
- Hong-jip KIM was sent to Japan as a member of the second inspectorate, which sent to Japan several times after conclusion of the treaty, met ministries of the Qing dynasty in Tokyo, such as Ruzhang HE, Sigui ZHANG and Zunxian (Tsun-hsien) HUGANG, then the ministries recommended to conclude treaties and trade between Western countries and he was deeply affected by that.
- 近年では日本人の生活が欧米化し、畳の上に座る機会が減り、椅子に座る機会が増えた訳だが、特に座席や背もたれの弾力性が足りない場合や、座席が冷たい場合などに、椅子の機能を追加する意図でこの座布団を用いるケースが見られる。
- In recent years the lifestyle of Japanese people has become westernized, and the opportunities to sit on tatami have become fewer while the use of chairs has increased however zabuton are often used to supplement the function of chairs particularly if the seat or backrest is hard or the seat is cold.
- 日本画の誕生は、明治政府の欧化政策のもとでの西洋文化の急速な流入に対する国粋主義的な危機感と、当時のアメリカ合衆国でヨーロッパ由来の文化との対抗軸を模索していたフェノロサとの出会いと共感が造り出したものかもしれない。
- Nihon-ga may have been a product of a nationalistic feeling of crisis due to the rapid influx of western culture under the Meiji government's westernization policy combined with an affinity felt in the encounter with Fenollosa who sought to create a foothold in America to counter the dominance of European culture.
- それに加えて、18世紀後半の産業革命によって欧米諸国は急速に近代化しており、それぞれの政治経済的事情から大航海時代の単なる「冒険」ではなく、自らの産業のために資源と市場を求めて世界各地に植民地獲得のための進出を始めた。
- In addition to the above, western countries modernized rapidly through industrial revolution in the latter half of the 18th century, and for their own political and economic reasons, started debouching into various places around the world to acquire their own colonies for the purpose of seeking resources and markets for their own industries, rather than for the simple purpose of 'adventure' during the Age of Geographical Discovery.
- また、『宿無團七』などの上方狂言に挑戦したり、東大寺二月堂お水取りに取材した新作舞踊『達陀(だったん)』の初演、さらには『オセロ』『シラノ・ド・ベルジュラック』などの欧米演劇で新劇俳優と共演するなど芸域の広さを見せた。
- He also attempted Kamigata style Kyogen including 'Yadonashi Danshichi,' and performed the first performance of the new dance 'Dattan' at the Ceremony of Water and Fire at Nigatsudo Hall, Todaiji Temple, as well as performing with new theater actors in Western productions such as Othello and Cyrano De Bergerac, displaying the breadth of his talents.
- 1867年のパリ万国博覧会 (1867年)は日本(江戸幕府・薩摩藩・佐賀藩)が初参加した国際博覧会であったが、このときに日本庭園が制作されて以来、欧米で開催された万博において日本庭園は日本の出展物の目玉の一つであった。
- The Paris World Exposition held in 1867 was the first international exposition where Japanese delegations were dispatched (Tokugawa shogunate, Satsuma clan, and Saga clan), and since a Nihon teien was produced for the first time outside Japan in this expo, Nihon teien has been one of the eye-catchers among the exhibits.
- 江戸時代から日本唯一の対外貿易港であった長崎の居留地には、当初、多数の外国人が押しかけて繁栄したが、明治になると長崎居留地はそれほど発達せず、むしろ上海市を中心とする中国租界在住の欧米人の保養地として賑わうようになった。
- Nagasaki was the only port that had been open to international trading since the Edo period, and as such the settlement had flourished due to the large number of foreigners who had taken up unofficial residence there; beginning in the Meiji period, however, it saw comparatively little development, and indeed prospered more as a sort of health resort for foreigners living in Shanghai and other concessions in China rather than as a settlement in its own right.
- 早くから文筆の才を注目されていたフロイスは、毎年の『イエズス会日本通信』や『日欧文化比較論(ヨーロッパ文化と日本文化)』を含め多くの著作を残しており、特に有名なのは『日本史』(Historia de Iapam)である。
- From early on, Frois was noted for his literary talent, and he left many works including the annual 'Jesuit Reports on Japan,' 'A Comparison of Japanese and European Cultures' and 'Frois' History of Japan,' the last of which is particularly famous.
- また弓丈により、日本では長弓(和弓を指し、大弓ともいい、緩やかに湾曲とも屈曲ともとれるぐらいに曲する)と小弓(短弓で湾曲形)という名称で分類し、欧米ではロングボウとコンポジットボウ(短弓で屈曲形の複合弓)に分類している。
- In addition, it is classified by length; in Japan it is classified into Chokyu (long bow, which refers to the Japanese bow and also called Daikyu long bow, which bends easily) and short bow (curviform short bow), while in Western countries, it is classified as a long bow and a composite bow (short and bending compound bow).
- 非西欧諸国の中で近代化に成功した日本の君主ということで、海外での評価は日本国内以上に高く、エチオピアのハイレ・セラシエ1世やパラグアイのアルフレド・ストロエスネル、イラクのサダム・フセインなど、明治天皇を尊敬する人は多い。
- Since Emperor Meiji was respected as a sovereign, as for non western countries, he was highly regarded overseas, more than he was in Japan, by the people such as Haile SelassieⅠin Ethiopia, Alfredo Stroessner in Paraguay, Saddam Husain in Iraq.
- しかし中国に対し冊封・朝貢を行っていた周辺諸国も、次第に欧米列強の植民地へと変えられていき、また清朝自身もロシアのイリ地方地方占領や清仏戦争、日本の台湾出兵、日清戦争などアヘン戦争以降の度重なる列強からの外圧にさらされた。
- However, as those Asian countries which conducted sakuho and choko to the Qing dynasty became colonies of western countries and America, the Qing dynasty was also put pressure continuously by powerful countries after the Opium War, especially when Ili region was seized by Russia, the Sino-French War, the Taiwan expedition and the Japanese-Sino War occurred.
- だが、欧米列強との交渉が始まると、日本に民法典が無いことが列強による治外法権を正当化させる理由の一つに挙げられて、幕末から明治初期の日本において、不平等条約条約改正という政治的課題の一つとして民法典の整備が急務とされていた。
- However, when negotiations were started beween Japan and the allied western powers, the fact that Japan lacked Minpoten became one reason to justify exterritoriality of the western powers, so that in Japan from the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period, the preparation of Minpoten was an urgent matter as one of political tasks to revise unequal treaties.
- 条約体制に順応することで、かえって西欧「文明国」クラブ間だけに平等を限定するという暗黙の国際法ルールを打破し、それらと同等の権利を勝ち取ること、単純に言い換えると不平等条約を解消して日本を「文明国」に格上げすることであった。
- By adjusting itself to the treaty system, Japan aimed to break an unspoken rule of international law that ensures equality only for western 'civilized' countries and to gain an equal right to it, more simply, to revise the unequal treaties and to become a 'civilized country.'
- 中国唐を代表する『欧陽詢九成宮醴泉銘』・『虞世南孔子廟堂碑』・『チョ遂良雁塔聖教序』などの作品は、行頭・行末を揃え、左右の文字の位置を揃え、行をまっすぐに書いており、上述の「散らし書き」といかに対照的な書字法であるかが分かる。
- In works representative of Tang dynasty period China, such as Ouyang Xun's 'Jiu Cheng Gong Li Quan Ming,' Yu Shinan's 'Kong Zi Miao Tang Bei,' and Chu Suiliang's 'Yan Ta Sheng Jiao Xu,' the start and end points of the lines and their position left and right are always aligned and the lines are written straight, in contrast to the uneven 'chirashi-gaki' style described above.
- 近代国際法は「理念」として万国平等を謳いながら、現実では非西欧諸国を差別する国際秩序を支えており、こうした「理念」と現実との落差に対し、やがて失望とシニカルな感想、そして理念よりも国力を重視する姿勢が出てくることは自然であった。
- Under modern international law, the equality of nations was referred to as 'principle' but the thought supported international order that discriminated non-western Europe countries, therefore it was natural that some people were disappointed about the difference between the 'principle' and reality, became cynical and put more value on national power than principle.
- 日本とオスマン帝国の外交当局による国交交渉は何度も行われたのであるが、日本側が欧米列強と同等の待遇の条約を望み、治外法権を認めるよう要求したのに対し、オスマン帝国は不平等条約の拡大を嫌い、両者の交渉が暗礁に乗り上げたためである。
- The reason for this was that negotiations over the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the Ottoman Empire remained deadlocked despite both sides engaging in frequent rounds of negotiations; the Ottoman Empire did not wish to enter into another unequal treaty, but Japan was demanding the same level of treaty as the Ottoman Empire had agreed to with the great powers of Europe and America, insisting on Japan's extraterritorial rights.
- だが、欧米の研究家の間では、欧州の瞬発式火縄銃が日本に伝えられて改良発展したものが、逆にオランダによって日本から買い付けられて東南アジアに輸出され、それらが手本となって日本式の機構が東南アジアに広まったものとする説が有力である。
- However, among European and US researchers one theory is dominant, which says that instantaneous discharge matchlocks in Europe were introduced into Japan and improved, Holland bought them from Japan and exported them to Southeast Asia and the Japanese model spread across Southeast Asia as an example.
- 欧米へ赴いた岩倉使節団一行がキリシタン弾圧が条約改正の障害となっていることに驚き、本国に打電したことから、1873年(明治6年)にキリシタン禁制は廃止され、1614年以来259年ぶりに日本でキリスト教信仰が公認されることになった。
- After the Iwakura Mission, sent to Europe and America, were surprised to find that crackdown on Christians was impeding the revision of a treaty and sent a telegram to Japan, the policy to ban Christianity was abolished in 1873 and Christianity was officially approved in Japan for the first time in 259 years since 1614.
- またこの籠城組の全体的な指導者はイギリス公使クロード・マクドナルドであったが、籠城戦に当たって実質総指揮を担ったのは柴五郎であり(各国中で最先任の士官だったから)、解放後日本人からだけでなく欧米人からも多くの賛辞が寄せられている。
- The general leader of this besieged group was the British envoy Claude MacDonald but the actual leader during the siege was Goro SHIBA (since he was the most senior military officer), and he received much praise from not only Japanese but also European and US parties after the release.
- これは中国における西欧側の非道を知ったこともあるが、朱子学以外を認めない衛正斥邪という思想政策を積極的に推し進めたことから分かるように、大院君は中華思想的発想の持ち主であり、その点から西欧諸国を夷狄視していたことも理由の一つである。
- Daewongun knew the atrocities of West Europeans in China, and he actively promoted the wijŏng ch'ŏksa policy (defense of Confucian orthodoxy and rejection of Christian heterodoxy), which was not to admit ideas other than the doctrines of Zhu Xi, and also he believed in Sinocentrism, and because of this he presumed the Western Europe countries to be barbarous.
- 留守政府(るすせいふ)とは、明治初期において、明治政府首脳部で組織された岩倉使節団が欧米歴訪中にその留守を守るために組織された体制を指す(明治4年11月12日 (旧暦)(1871年12月23日)-明治6年(1873年)9月13日)。
- Rusu-seifu refers to the Establishment organized to protect the nation in early Meiji Period while Iwakura Mission, which consisted of leaders of the Meiji government, was visiting Europe and America (December 23, 1871 - September 13, 1873).
- 福澤は、明治維新になって欧米諸国の女性解放思想をいちはやく日本に紹介し、「人倫の大本は夫婦なり」として一夫多妻制や妾をもつことを非難し、女性にも自由を与えなければならぬとし、女も男も同じ人間だから、同様の教育を受ける権利があると主張した。
- During the Meiji Restoration, Yukichi immediately introduced feminism of Western countries to Japan; he stated that polygyny and the keeping a mistress are bad practices because 'the married couple is the base of morality', that women should be emancipated, and that women should be granted the right to receive an equal education because women and men are equally human beings.
- 明治4年(1871年)11月12日、三条・西郷らに留守内閣(留守政府)をまかせ、特命全権大使岩倉具視、副使木戸孝允・大久保利通・伊藤博文・山口尚芳ら外交使節団が条約改正のために横浜から欧米各国へ出発した(随員中に宮内大丞村田新八もいた)。
- On November 12, 1871, Sanjo and Saigo were entrusted with the duty of Rusu-naikaku (the acting cabinet while the heads of government are away), because a group of ambassadors, namely the ambassador who is the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary Tomomi IWAKURA, vice ambassadors Takayoshi KIDO, Toshimichi OKUBO, Hirobumi ITO and Naoyoshi YAMAGUCHI went to Europe and the North America for revision of a treaty (Kunai-taijo (a post in the Imperial Household Ministry), and Shinpachi MURATA was one of the attendant).
- のみならず「日本の統治政策は同時代に欧米諸国の行った異民族統治とは異質で、善政である」「植民地という言葉は諸外国が異民族統治に対して行った悪政に使われる言葉である」という認識から、双方を一緒に植民地という言葉で形容することへの批判がある。
- Furthermore, there is criticism of using the word colony for both, based on the recognition that 'the Japanese governing policy was different from the rule of different ethnic groups by Western countries in the same era, and was good politics,' and 'colony is the word to express the misrule conducted by foreign countries to rule different ethnic groups.'
- 日本の初等・中等教育の歴史教科書においても、「脱亜論」を「日本が欧米列強に近づくためにアジアからの脱却を唱えた物で、日本がアジアの1ヵ国であることを否定している」と定義付け、「日本人がアジアを蔑視する元となった論文」と教えていることが多い。
- In the history textbooks for elementary and secondary education in Japan, 'Datsu-A Ron' is defined as 'a theory to urge Japan to get closer to European and American powers by disassociating from Asia and to deny Japan is a country in Asia' and it is taught at most schools as 'the thesis which causes Japanese to disrespect other Asian countries.'
- これにつき『福沢諭吉書簡集』の編集委員であった西川俊作は「この短い(およそ2,000字の)論説一篇をもって、彼を脱亜入欧の「はしり」であると見るのは短絡であり、当時の東アジア三国のあいだの相互関連を適切に理解していない見方である」と指摘する。
- For this, Shunsaku NISHIKAWA, a staff writer of the 'Fukuzawa Yukichi Shokanshu' (Collection of letters of Yukichi FUKUZAWA) pointed out that 'Judging Fukuzawa as the 'initiator' of the 'Datsu-A Nyu-O' (Leave Asia, Enter Europe) movement from a part of this short (about 2000-character) editorial is too shortsighted and it is a view from someone who does not properly understand the relationship among the three countries of East Asia at that time.'
- この日本の日常生活において用いられる用品は、布の袋に緩衝材となる綿やスポンジ等を入れて作られているが、欧米に見られるクッション程に弾力性は求められず、主に床面や畳に直に置かれ、その上に座る事で体温が床面によって奪われるのを防ぐために用いられる。
- The products used in everyday life in Japan are made by filling cloth bags with cushioning material such as cotton or sponge, and they do not need to have the elasticity often seen in Western cushions, as they are mainly put directly on the floor or tatami and serve to prevent the sitter from becoming cold when sitting on the floor.
- 近年の欧米で、キリスト教徒として留まったままでキリスト教の枠組みから外れて宗教的探求をする運動があり、ニューエイジと呼ばれているが、それらの人々によって悟りの概念が取り入れられ、イエス・キリストをある種の悟りを得た存在としてとらえる場合もある。
- The West has a contemporary movement in which participants remain Christians but at the same time seek Universal Truth outside the framework of Christianity; the movement is called New Age, and the participants accept the concept of enlightenment and sometimes regard Jesus Christ as the existence who attained a sort of enlightenment.
- その目的は、西郷と共に下野した不平士族たちを統率することと、県内の若者を教育することであったが、外国人講師を採用したり、優秀な私学校徒を欧州へ遊学させる等、積極的に西欧文化を取り入れており、外征を行うための強固な軍隊を創造することを目指していた。
- SAIGO founded the schools to lead the band of fuhei shizoku (former samurai with gripes), who left the government as he did, and to educate the youth in the prefecture; moreover, with the goal of forming a strong army to go on a foreign campaign, he positively introduced Western culture by employing foreign instructors and sending capable students to Western countries to study.
- 一例として、仙台市博物館保管の「慶長遣欧使節関係資料」は1966年(昭和41年)に「絵画の部」の重要文化財に指定されていたが上述の文化財保護法改正に伴って「歴史資料の部」に移され、2001年(平成13年)に歴史資料としては最初の国宝指定を受けている。
- As one example, 'materials related to the mission to Europe in the Keicho era,' kept at the Sendai City Museum, was designated as an important cultural property in the paintings section in 1966, but with the above-mentioned revision of the Law for the Protection for Cultural Properties it was moved to the historical resources section; in 2001, it became the first historical resource to be designated as a national treasure.
- 外相井上馨による交渉(明治15年(1882年) - 明治21年(1888年)):鹿鳴館の建設による欧化政策、裁判所に外国人判事を採用など→ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードや谷干城、国粋主義者の反発、ノルマントン号事件に対する不首尾もあり、井上辞任。
- Negotiations conducted by Foreign Minister Kaoru INOUE (1882 - 1888): Measures to Europeanize such as construction of Rokumeikan Hall and installment of judges from foreign countries at the court were proposed but due to objections raised by Gustave Emile BOISSONADE, Tateki TANI and the nationalist group in addition to the unfortunate handling of the Normanton Incident, Inoue resigned.
- このため、慶応3年5月13日(1866年6月25日)に欧米諸国は江戸幕府と改税約書を結び、内外貨幣の等価交換とその安定化のために万延年間に定められた現行の貨幣水準を当面維持し、将来的には国際水準に見合った貨幣制度を導入することを約束させられたのである。
- For this reason, on June 25, 1866, Western countries and the Edo bakufu concluded a kaizeiyakusho, promising to maintain the current currency level fixed during the Manen era (end of the Edo period) for the moment for the equivalent exchange of domestic and overseas currency and it's stabilization, and that in the future Japan would adopt a currency system that corresponds with the international level.
- 洋食の中には、明治時代以降に西洋料理を習得した料理人が、必ずしも西洋料理のレシピに則らず、日本人消費者の好みに合うよう作り上げた「創作料理」的なものも少なくないため、母体となる欧米には見られないチキンライス、オムライスのような料理も少なからず存在する。
- Many cooks, who learned western cuisine after the Meiji period, established 'creative cuisine' such as chicken rice and rice omelets without following the traditional western recipes, matching the tastes to Japanese consumers' preference, which can not be found in Western countries.
- しかしかつて尊皇攘夷運動の活動家であった政府内の保守派は「神道が国教である(神道国教化)以上、異国の宗教を排除するのは当然である」、「キリスト教を解禁しても直ちに欧米が条約改正には応じるとは思えない」とキリスト教への反発を隠さず禁教令撤廃に強硬に反対した。
- Conservatives in the government, however, were once advocates for the revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians movement, and strongly opposed the abolishment of the Ban on Christianity without hiding their hostility to Christianity, saying that 'Shinto is the state religion (to establish Shinto as a state religion), so the religion from other countries should be removed' and that 'Europe and the U.S. are unlikely to immediately agree to revise treaties after lifting the ban on Christianly.'
- 外国人にはこうした日本固有の芸道観念が興味深くうつるらしく、ドイツ人の哲学者オイゲン・ヘリゲルが、東北大学に在任中、洋弓(アーチェリー)とは違った日本の弓道の修業の仕方に感銘を受けて『弓と禅』をあらわしたのを嚆矢として、欧米世界にさまざまに紹介されている。
- This idea of Geido, which is peculiar to Japan, seems to interest foreigners, such that when German philosopher Eugen Herrigel was at Tohoku University, for example, he was so impressed by how different the practice of Kyudo (Japanese archery) was from that of western-style archery that he wrote 'Zen in the Art of Archery,' a book that has been introduced to the Western World through various means.
- 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
- Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
- 西欧のフューダリズムで複数の契約関係や、短期間での契約破棄・変更がみられたのと同様、日本でも実際のところ戦国時代 (日本)まで主従関係は流動的なものであり、「二君にまみえず」という語に示されるような主君への強い忠誠が求められたのは、江戸時代に入ってからである。
- Similar to the Western feudalism, under which multiple contractual relationships and dissolution/alteration of contracts were seen, in Japan, the master-and-servant relationship was fluid and unshaken loyalty as shown in the saying ' A faithful retainer will never serve two masters' was not required until the Edo period.
- 当時、三菱の海運事業「郵便汽船三菱会社」(国有会社であった「日本国郵便蒸気船会社」と三菱商会が合併して設立された)が大規模な値下げ攻勢で勢力を広げ、欧米系の船会社に握られていた日本の航海自主権を取り返したが、一方で日本国内の中小の船会社も追い出されてしまった。
- At that time, Mitusbishi's marine transportation business 'Yubin Kisen Mitubishi Kaisha' (which was established with the merger of a government-owned marine transportation company 'Nipponkoku Yubin Jokisen Kaisha' and Mitsubishi Shokai) extended power by offering huge discounts and deprived western companies of Japan's navigation autonomy, but at the same time, they squeezed out other small-and-medium-sized shipping companies in Japan.
- また1580年から1640年までスペイン王がポルトガル王を兼ねたため(ポルトガルの歴史参照)、ポルトガル・イエズス会と密接な関係にある天正遣欧使節の一行も、ポルトガルから陸路スペインに入って各地を訪問、1584年11月にはマドリードでフェリペ2世に謁見している。
- Since the King of Spain also served as the King of Portugal from 1580 to 1640 (see the History of Portugal), the Tensho era mission to Europe, which was closely related to the Society of Jesus, entered Spain by land from Portugal and visited various places, and was presented to Felipe the Second in Madrid in November 1584.
- 井上馨は度々ヨーロッパを視察して、現地では日本人が「見た目」によって半未開の人種として実は「珍獣扱い」されているという事実に気づいていた(事実、欧米での初期日本研究は文化人類学・民族学の範疇に属しており、自分たちとは違う人種として研究対象とされていたのである)。
- Kaoru INOUE actually noticed the fact that Japanese were treated as 'exotic beasts' as half undeveloped species judged from the appearances in Europe as he visited there many times (in fact, the early study of Japan in Europe and America fell into the categories of cultural anthropology and ethnology, and they were considered as the research object as the different race).
- また、維新政府は西洋の諸制度を研究するため岩倉具視を正使、大久保利通・木戸孝允・伊藤博文らを副使とする岩倉使節団を欧米へ派遣するが、「留守政府」と呼ばれた日本残留組の西郷隆盛・井上馨・大隈重信・板垣退助・江藤新平・大木喬任らの手によって、次々と改革は進んでいった。
- Also, the restoration government dispatched the 'Iwakura Mission,' of which Tomomi IWAKURA was the chief envoy, and Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO, and Hirobumi ITO were the vice envoys, to Europe and the United States, whereas the members of the 'Rusu-Seifu' (the temporary government while heads of the government were away) like Takamori SAIGO, Kaoru INOUE, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO, Takato OKI, advanced many reforms one after another.
- このような中で片岡健吉を代表とする高知県の民権派が、今回の混乱は国辱的な欧化政策と言論弾圧による世論の抑圧にあると唱えて、①言論の自由の確立②地租軽減による民心の安定③外交の回復(対等な立場による条約改正実現)を柱とした「三大事件建白」と呼ばれる建白書を提出した。
- Amidst these situations, the Civil-Right group in Kochi Prefecture submitted a petition called 'the three biggest petitions' focusing on 1) establishment of free speech, 2) restoring mental balance of civilians by reducing a land tax, and 3) recovery of diplomacy (realization of revision of a treaty on an equal footing), saying these unrests were because of a policy of Europeanization as national disgrace and oppression of public opinions.
- しかし欧米や日本の研究者の中には、欧州の瞬発式メカが日本に伝えられて改良発展したものが、オランダによって日本から買い付けられて東南アジアに輸出され、それらが手本となって日本式の機構が東南アジアに広まったとする説をとる者も少なくなく、宇田川説を否定的にみる意見も多い。
- On the other hand, other researchers in Japan, Europe and America doubt UDAGAWA's theory, pointing out that the instantaneous mechanism of European guns was first introduced to and improved in Japan and then Dutch purchased and exported Japanese guns to Southeast Asia, resulting in the spread of the Japanese-style mechanism in Southeast Asia.
- 基本的には6つの音(左手の親指、人差し指、中指、薬指と右手の親指と人差し指を使用)から構成され、4度と5度音程を組み合わせた20世紀以降の西欧音楽に使用されるような複雑なものであるが、調律法が平均律ではないので協和音と不協和音というより、むしろ澄んだ音色に聞こえる。
- Basically, it is composed of six sounds (using the left thumb, index finger, middle finger, ring finger and the right thumb and index finger), which is complicated by the mixture of the fourth and fifth intervals used in Western music since the twentieth century, but it sounds clear as opposed to consonant or dissonant because the musical tuning is not equal temperament.
- なぜなら、明治時代前期の欧化政策以来、政府は数々の優遇措置をもって国民に洋酒を紹介し、国産洋酒の生産や消費を促してきたわけだが、その延長線上にやってきたのは結局「そろそろ舌になじんだころだろうから本場、外国産の洋酒をどんどん買ってくれ」というべき状況だったからである。
- This was because the government had introduced foreign liquors with various preferential treatments and promoted to produce and consume foreign liquors made in Japan since the Westernization policy in the early part of the Meiji period, which finally resulted in the situation that 'buy foreign liquors made in foreign countries because you have already gotten used to the taste.'
- 19世紀、欧米列強のアジア侵略に対抗するため、清朝は、朝鮮やベトナム、琉球などの冊封国を保護国あるいは併合することによって中国皇帝を中心としたアジアの伝統的な国際関係をそのまま近代的国際関係へと移行させて清の地位と影響力を保持しようとし、冊封国に対して保護国化を強めた。
- In the 19 century, in order to resist the invasion of the western powers in Asia, the Qing dynasty tried to shift the traditional international relationships in Asia to the modern ones with the Qing emperor in the center intactly to maintain the influential status by means of changing the subordinate countries under the tributary system, such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu, to protected states, or merging them, thus promoted to make its subordinate countries protectorates.
- 神戸事件(こうべじけん)とは慶応4年1月11日 (旧暦)(1868年2月4日)、神戸(現・神戸市)三宮神社前において備前藩(現・岡山県)兵が隊列を横切ったフランス人水兵らを負傷させたうえ、居留地(現・旧居留地)予定地を検分中の欧米諸国公使らに水平射撃を加えた事件である。
- Kobe Incident was an incident that occurred on February 4, 1868, in which in front of Sannomiya-jinja Shrine of Kobe (present-day Kobe City), a troop of the domain of Bizen (present-day Okayama Prefecture) injured French sailors who had crossed the array of the troop, and shot horizontally to the Minister-Counselors from Western countries who were inspecting the place which was supposed to be the settlement site (present-day Former Foreign Settlement).
- このように日朝修好条規、朝鮮修信使の制度ができるまでは、明治初期の1872年頃までの当時の開化派とされた朴珪寿でさえ、彼を含めた朝鮮政府の共通認識は「欧米人は通商によって利益を追求する人倫を欠いた禽獣であり、日本人もまた同様である(倭洋一体)」のようなものだったのである。
- Before the Treaty of Ganghwa (Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity) and the system of the post-1868 embassy from Korea, even Gyu-su PARK who was one of the most civilized at that time around up until 1872 and the common view of the Korean government including his was 'Europeans and Americans are animals without humanity who are only after profit from trade and Japanese are the same (Wayo Ittai ron theory to consider Japan, European countries and the USA as one).'
- また、かつてのさっぱりとした日本食と異なり、食生活の欧米化が進んでバターやオリーブオイルなどを多用する油っこい料理を日常的に食するようになっていた日本人にとって、それらと食卓で合わせる日本酒として、またある意味で白ワインの代替品として、淡麗辛口が好まれたという理由もある。
- In addition, there was another reason, Japanese had already been used to having oily dishes using much butter and olive oil which were different from plain Japanese dishes as a result of the Westernization of diet, and that they favored tanrei dry sake to drink on the table with those dishes as an alternative to wine in a certain sense.
- 特に当時の欧米を中心とした通貨制度の主流が金本位制であったこと、当時の小判の形状が対外的な運搬・流通などに不便であったことから、代わりに対外決済の分野で最もよく使われていた二分金の贋貨鋳造が盛んに行われ、中には銀貨に金鍍金を施した贋貨とほとんど変わりのないものまで出現した。
- Especially because at the time, the currency system centered around Europe and America was mainly the gold standard system, along with the fact that the shape of the koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) of this period was inconvenient for external transport and circulation, instead, the coining of counterfeit nibukin, which was the most used in the field of external settlement, was done frequently, and even gilded silver coins which were not so different from the forfeit coins appeared.
- 最も一般的な説では江戸時代のももんじ屋などでひっそり続いていた焼肉文化が明治維新後に西欧のバーベキューの影響を受けて変化し、更に世界各国に存在する肉を焼く料理(ヨーロッパのステーキ、北米のバーベキューなど)の影響をも受けて変化したのが現在の日本料理の焼肉であるとされている。
- The most generally accepted theory is that the yakiniku culture that had revolved around establishments such as the Edo period restaurant Momonji-ya underwent changes due to the influence of Western European barbeque following the Meiji Restoration, and developed further as a result of exposure to grilled meat dishes from around the world (European steak, North American barbeque, etc.) to become modern Japanese yakiniku.
- 西欧列強の強い干渉によって清朝は鎮圧を行おうとしたが、義和団の「扶清滅洋」(清を扶〔たす〕け洋を滅すべし)、あるいは「興清滅洋」(清を興〔おこ〕し洋を滅すべし)という清朝寄りのスローガンに対し、さきの毓賢同様同情を示す大官が複数おり、徹底した弾圧には至らなかった点も原因である。
- The Qing dynasty tried to suppress them due to strong interference by the powerful western European nations, but there were several high officials, like the former Ikunen, who were sympathetic to the Boxers' pro-Qing slogan, 'Support Qing, destroy the foreigners' and 'Revive Qing, destroy the foreigners'.
- この条約の締結にはイギリス公使ハリー・パークスの仲介があったが、この条約には安政条約以来欧米各国が江戸幕府及び明治政府と締結した全ての不平等条約の規定の中でもっとも有利な条件が反映され、その内容は各国が日本と結んだ条約の最恵国待遇の規定によって全ての列強に対して適用されることとなった。
- English Minister, Harry Parks mediated for the conclusion of this treaty, and among all the unfair treaties concluded between the Edo government and the Meiji government with Europe and the North America since the Ansei era treaty, the treaty contained the most advantageous conditions, the contents of which applied to all countries who had made 'Most Favored Nation Treatment' treaties with Japan.
- 全29条から構成され、貿易における日本への待遇を欧米と同様とする(第9条)、日本に領事裁判権を認める(第22条)、条約改訂は批准書交換より10年後にのみ提議出来、半年以内に合意が成立しなければ、自動的に10年間延長されてその期間改訂出来ない(第26条)、など、日本に有利な内容であった。
- It consists of 29 articles which were in favor of Japan, for example, the Article 9: To treat Japan the same as other western countries in commerce, the Article 22: To accept Japanese consular jurisdiction, the Article 26: The revision of the treaty can be proposed only after ten years from the exchange of the instruments of ratification, and if agreement is not reached in a half year after the term of revision started, the treaty is automatically extended for another 10 years and it cannot be revised during the period.
- 18世紀には、主にロシア、イギリス、フランスなど帝国主義時代の欧米列強が日本へも接近し、日本人漂流民の返還のために蝦夷地へ来日したアダム・ラクスマンの来航(寛政4年(1792年))といった諸外国が通商を求める出来事や、1811年(文化8)のゴローニン事件といった摩擦・紛争が起こり始めた。
- In the 18th century, the allied western powers of imperialism such as Russia, England and France approached Japan thus some issues and disputes started to occur such as the arrival of Adam Kirillovich Laksman who came to Ezo to return Japanese castaways in 1792 and the Golovnin Incident of 1811.
- ――清朝を貿易従事といった理由から出国し、帰国しないで海外に居を定めた華僑について、清朝は積極的な保護をしてこなかったが、西欧諸国が貿易を立国の根本に据え、海外の商人を積極的に保護していることを知るようになると、清朝も「万国公法」によって華僑の保護に乗り出すようになった(茂木2000)。
- Traditionally Qing dynasty had not provided protections for Chinese who lived abroad for purposes such as trade; however, the Qing dynasty came to know that western countries set commerce as foundations of a country and actively protected merchants in foreign countries, then the Qing dynasty also started providing protection for Chinese abroad based on 'Bankoku Koho' (Motegi 2000).
- しかし西欧列強の海外進出と共に、キリスト教的価値観を共有しない諸国家との関係を探るうち、「文明国」という国際法的な意味での国家概念を捻出し、キリスト教的か否かよりも「文明国」か否かが国家承認の要件と見なされるようになり、次第にキリスト教色を薄め、国際法被適用資格は抽象化・一般化していった。
- In accordance with overseas advance of western powerful countries, western powerful countries created a new term 'civilized nation' as a concept of a state based on international law for building relations with countries which did not share Christian values, to be recognized as a state, it was necessary to be recognized as a 'civilized nation' rather than being a Christian country, therefore the conditions to be protected by international law became abstract and generalized.
- 神道国教化政策との絡みや、キリスト教を解禁しても直ちに欧米が条約改正には応じないとする懐疑的な姿勢から来る、政府内の保守派の反対のみばかりでなく、宗教界や一般民衆からも「邪宗門」解禁に反対する声が強く紛糾したものの、明治6年(1873年)2月24日禁制の高札を除去し、その旨を各国に通告した。
- The conservatives in the government opposed it because they thought that allowing Christianity could be an obstacle to establishing Shinto as a state religion, and because they doubted Europe and the United States would accept a revision of the unequal treaty immediately even if they lifted the ban on Christianity, but also because the religious world and people opposed it because they considered Christianity as 'Heresy,', but in any case the government lifted the ban on Christianity and announced it to foreign countries on February 24, 1873.
- このEU指令下では、京都議定書策定以前から技術のみに依存するのではなく化石燃料を使わない方法で化石燃料由来排出量を減らしてきた北欧諸国などは京都議定書の目標値が緩く設定されており(p.84)、例えばスウェーデンは +4%が認められているなど、具体的な成果を挙げている国については相応の評価がされている。
- Under the EU directive, Scandinavian countries, which have reduced the amount of emissions generated from fossil fuel by not only depending on technology but also lessening use of fossil fuel since the time before the formulation of Kyoto Protocol, are evaluated for their emissions reduction achievements and allowed to have lower reduction targets (p.84) in the Kyoto Protocol, for example, Sweden's target is +4%.
- 日本の達成が難しいと囁かれ始めた 2007年頃になって、京都議定書自体が欧米諸国による政治的な圧力であるという陰謀論(そもそも根拠が示されていない、既に支持を失った議論を蒸し返しているなどの理由により懐疑論にもなり得ていないもの)が、一部評論筋や個人の論評などで、にわかに唱えられはじめるようになった。
- Around 2007 when it was whispered that it seemed unlikely for Japan to achieve the goal, some critics or individuals began to claim a conspiracy theory that Kyoto Protocol itself was a political pressure from Western countries (it is a groundless theory and is far from even being skepticism because it is based on the issue which was once discussed and consequently lost its supporters).
- だが、伊藤の盟友である井上馨外務大臣 (日本)が進めた条約改正案にあった「外国人裁判官」制度と鹿鳴館に代表される欧化政策が内外の反感を買い、自由民権運動による三大事件建白書や大同団結運動、保守中正派(天皇親政派)と見られた谷干城農商務大臣の辞任を招くなど、政府批判が一気に高まった(「明治20年の危機」)。
- However, the policy of Europeanization represented by Rokumeikan and 'a foreigner judge' system, which was included in the amendment of the treaty promoted by Ito's sworn ally Kaoru INOUE, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan), antagonized inside and outside Japan, and criticism of the government was mounted rapidly due to the petition of three major affairs by democratic-rights movement, the movement to unite for a common purpose and the resignation of Tateki TANI, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, who was thought to be a member of conservative political party (direct rule by the emperor party) ([The crisis of the 20th year of the Meiji era]).
- 京都議定書を採択した「第3回気候変動枠組条約締約国会議」(京都会議)や国際連合軍縮会議、国際電気通信連合全権委員会議、国際捕鯨委員会科学委員会及び総会、絶滅のおそれのある野生動植物の種の国際取引に関する条約(ワシントン条約)締約国会議、世界遺産委員会、アジア欧州会合(ASEM)など重要な国際会議が行われている。
- Many significant international conferences were held at this hall, including: The 3rd Conference of the Parties (COP) (Kyoto Conference) of The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which adopted the Kyoto Protocol, The United Nations Conference on Disarmament, The Plenipotentiary Conference of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), The Annual Meeting of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and its Scientific Committee, The Conferences of the Parties of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Washington Convention), The World Heritage Committee Session, and The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM).
- 国内的には主として上記の松方財政の影響、さらには1873年から1896年ごろにかけて存続したヨーロッパ大不況のさなかに発生した1882年のリヨン生糸取引所(同取引所はフランスのみならず、当時欧州最大の生糸取引所のひとつであった)における生糸価格の大暴落の影響により、1882年から1883年にかけて生糸の国内価格の大暴落が発生した。
- Due to domestic influences mainly of the above Matsukata finance and what was more, the influence of the steep fall in the silk market in Lyon Silk Exchange (which was then one of the biggest silk exchanges not only in France but also in Europe) occurring in 1882, the midst of the Great Depression in Europe, which existed from 1873 to 1896, the domestic prices of raw silk fell quite heavily from 1882 to 1803.
- 1613年(慶長18年)に、セバスティアン・ビスカイノの協力でサン・フアン・バウティスタ号を建造した仙台藩が、ルイス・ソテロや支倉常長等の慶長遣欧使節団をヌエバ・エスパーニャ経由でスペインに派遣し、常長等は1615年1月にマドリードでフェリペ3世 (スペイン王)に、同年11月にはバチカンでローマ教皇パウルス5世 (ローマ教皇) に謁見する。
- In 1613, with the help of Sebastian VIZCAINO, the Sendai clan built a ship named San Juan Bautista and dispatched the Keicho era mission to Europe including Luis SOTELO and Tsunenaga HASEKURA to Spain via Nueva Espana, and Tsunenaga and others were presented to Felipe the Third (King of Spain) in Madrid in January of 1615 and in November of the same year, they were presented to the Pope Paulus the Fifth at the Vatican in Rome.
- 92% (-8%) - オーストリア、ベルギー、ブルガリア、チェコ、デンマーク、エストニア、フィンランド、フランス、ドイツ、ギリシャ、アイルランド、イタリア、ラトビア、リヒテンシュタイン、リトアニア、ルクセンブルグ、モナコ、オランダ、ポルトガル、ルーマニア、スロバキア、スロベニア、スペイン、スウェーデン、スイス、イギリス、(欧州連合15か国)
- 92% (-8%) - Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italia, Latvia, Principality of Liechtenstein, Republic of Lithuania, Luxemburg, Principality of Monaco, Holland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (European Union 15 countries)
- 連合艦隊は、東郷平八郎司令長官の優れた戦術、二人の参謀(秋山真之、佐藤鉄太郎)による見事な作戦、上村彦之丞将軍率いる第二艦隊(巡洋艦を中心とした艦隊)による追撃、鈴木貫太郎の駆逐隊による魚雷攻撃作戦、下瀬火薬(世界最強火薬)、伊集院信管、新型無線機、世界初の斉射戦術、世界最高水準の高速艦隊運動などによって、欧州最強と言われたバルチック艦隊を圧倒、これを殲滅した。
- The Combined Fleet overwhelmed and annihilated the Baltic Fleet which was said to be the strongest in Europe through the superior tactics of the commander Heihachiro TOGO, the outstanding strategy of his two staff officers (Saneyuki AKIYAMA and Tetsutaro SATO), the pursuit of the enemy by the Second Fleet (a cruiser fleet) under the command of General Hikonojo KAMIMURA, torpedo operations with destroyers led by Kantaro SUZUKI, and the use of Shimose gunpowder (What was then the world's most powerful gunpowder), Ijuin fuse, cutting-edge radio sets, the invention and application of volley tactics, and the deployment of the world's fastest fleet in battle among several other factors.
- 外国からイメージされた「日本」の文化は、特に欧米圏では、キリスト教文化とは全く系統の異なる文化への好奇心(エキゾチズム)から、ある一面が誇張され、あるいは中国などと混同され、ステロタイプ(ステレオタイプ、紋切り型)化されて伝わる傾向があり、日本人から見れば「偏った認識」と思われるものが多く見受けられた(現在でも、日本に「忍者」がいないので驚いたという外国人旅行者は少なからずいる)。
- Especially in the European and American block, the culture of 'Japan' as imagined by foreign people was likely to be exaggerated in some part or being mixed with China and being stereotyped, due to curiosity (exoticism) about a culture of which the ancestry was completely different from that of Christian culture, and many 'perception biases' from the Japanese viewpoint were seen (even now, there are many foreign travelers who are surprised to know that Japan has no 'ninja' (professional spy in feudal Japan highly trained in stealth and secrecy)).
- 特に、1887年に条約改正や欧化政策に対する反発から伊藤に対して宮内大臣を辞任を要求する意見が宮中側近側より出た際には、天皇は伊藤の辞任を認めず、引き続き宮内大臣の職と憲法草案作成の職務にあたるように指示し、宮中側近側にあった農商務大臣谷干城が条約改正案反対の上奏を行おうとした際には元田による谷への謁見の勧めにも関わらず、「機務六条」の原則を理由に外務大臣の職務を犯すべきではないとしてこれを受け入れずに、谷の更迭を許した。
- Especially when supporters of his close advisors in the Imperial court demanded Ito to resign from the Imperial Households Minister in 1887 in protest against the revision of the treaty and his Europeanization policy, the Emperor did not accept Ito's resignation and, instead, ordered him to continue to serve as the Imperial Households Minister and to work on the draft constitution, and also when Tateki TANI, the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce on the side of Emperor's close advisors in the Imperial court, attempted to report against the proposal for revision of the treaty to the throne, the Emperor would not see Tani against Motoda's advice, saying he should not violate the duties of the Minister of Foreign Affairs according to the principles of 'Kimu rokujo' and allowed to remove Tani.
- この法律による改正後の特定機器に係る適合性評価の欧州共同体及びシンガポール共和国との相互承認の実施に関する法律(以下「新法」という。)第二条第八項第六号又は第七号に係る国外適合性評価事業に関し新法第五条第二項の規定による調査を行う者についての新法第十四条第一項の規定による指定及びこれに関し必要な手続その他の行為は、この法律の施行前においても、新法第十五条から第十七条まで、第十八条第一項、第二十三条第一項及び第二項並びに第四十条第四項の規定の例により行うことができる。
- Relevant to the overseas conformity assessment business as prescribed in Article 2 paragraph (8) item (vi) and item (vii) of the Act for Implementation of the Mutual Recognition between Japan and the European Community and the Republic of Singapore in Relation to Conformity Assessment of Specified Equipment revised by this Act (hereinafter referred to as "the new Act"), the designation pursuant to the provisions of Article 14 paragraph (1) of the new Act, related procedures and other necessary actions with regard to the person who conducts the evaluation pursuant to the provisions of Article 5 paragraph (2) of the new Act may be conducted according to the provisions of Article 15 through Article 17, Article 18 paragraph (1), Article 23 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2), and Article 40 paragraph (4) of the new Act even if prior to the enforcement of this Act.
- Relevant to the overseas conformity assessment business as prescribed in Article 2 paragraph (8) item (vi) and item (vii) of the Act for Implementation of the Mutual Recognition between Japan and the European Community and the Republic of Singapore in Relation to Conformity Assessment of Specified Equipment revised by this Act (hereinafter referred to as 'the new Act'), the designation pursuant to the provisions of Article 14 paragraph (1) of the new Act, related procedures and other necessary actions with regard to the person who conducts the evaluation pursuant to the provisions of Article 5 paragraph (2) of the new Act may be conducted according to the provisions of Article 15 through Article 17, Article 18 paragraph (1), Article 23 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2), and Article 40 paragraph (4) of the new Act even if prior to the enforcement of this Act.
- この法律の施行の際現に存する端末機器(電気通信事業法(昭和五十九年法律第八十六号)第五十三条第一項に規定する端末機器をいう。以下この条において同じ。)であって、この法律による改正前の特定機器に係る適合性評価の欧州共同体及びシンガポール共和国との相互承認の実施に関する法律(以下「旧法」という。)第三十一条第一項第一号に掲げるもの(旧法第三十二条第一項の規定により表示が付されていないものとみなされたものを除く。)は、電気通信事業法第五十三条第二項の規定により表示が付されている端末機器とみなす。この場合において、同法第五十四条(同法第六十二条第一項の規定により読み替えて適用される場合を含む。)の規定は、適用しない。
- Terminal equipment (terminal equipment prescribed in Article 53 paragraph (1) of the Telecommunications Business Act (Act No. 86, 1984); hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) which exists at the time of the enforcement of this Act and listed in Article 31 paragraph (1) item (i) of the Act for Implementation of the Mutual Recognition between Japan and the European Community and the Republic of Singapore in Relation to Conformity Assessment of Specified Equipment prior to the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as "the former Act") (excluding that regarded not to have the mark affixed pursuant to the provision of Article 32 paragraph (1) of the former Act) shall be regarded as terminal equipment to which the mark has been affixed pursuant to the provision of Article 53 paragraph (2) of the Telecommunications Business Act. In this case, the provision of Article 54 of the same act (including the case where the provision of Article 54 of the same act shall be deemed to be replaced pursuant to the provision of Article 62 paragraph (1) of the same act) shall not apply.
- Terminal equipment (terminal equipment prescribed in Article 53 paragraph (1) of the Telecommunications Business Act (Act No. 86, 1984); hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) which exists at the time of the enforcement of this Act and listed in Article 31 paragraph (1) item (i) of the Act for Implementation of the Mutual Recognition between Japan and the European Community and the Republic of Singapore in Relation to Conformity Assessment of Specified Equipment prior to the revision by this Act (hereinafter referred to as 'the former Act') (excluding that regarded not to have the mark affixed pursuant to the provision of Article 32 paragraph (1) of the former Act) shall be regarded as terminal equipment to which the mark has been affixed pursuant to the provision of Article 53 paragraph (2) of the Telecommunications Business Act. In this case, the provision of Article 54 of the same act (including the case where the provision of Article 54 of the same act shall be deemed to be replaced pursuant to the provision of Article 62 paragraph (1) of the same act) shall not apply.
- 我輩がハイカラと云ふ言葉を書き始めた為めに、今日では大変に世間に行はれて居るが、此のハイカラと云ふ言葉を書いたのは、全く此のフルベツキ先生の話のピストルに対照させる為めで有ッた、即ち横浜毎日新聞に掲げたる当世人物評中に、「山縣有朋、鳥尾小弥太、谷干城などは保守主義の武断派、攘夷党の日本党、頑冥不霊なるチヨム髷党、ピストル党であるが、大隈重信、伊藤博文、西園寺公望等は進歩主義の文治派で、開国党の欧化党、胸襟闊達なるハイカラ党、ネクタイ党、コスメチツク党で有る」と書いたのが起因で、外のチヨム髷党、ピストル党、コスメチツク党、ネクタイ党などは少しも流行しなかッたが、唯此のハイカラと云ふ一語だけが、馬鹿に大流行を来した、今日では最早や我輩が発明したと云ふ事を知らずに用ひて居る者も多く、一の重要なる日本語となッて仕舞ふたが、然るに実は我輩が此のハイカ(p18/p19)ラと云ふことを書いた起因を申すと、全く此の時のフルベッキ先生の話を胸中に蓄えて居て、それを五六年の後に至って新聞の上に現はした結果で有る。
- The word haikara I began to write has been used very often today in our society and the reason I wrote this word is to contrast it with a pistol in Verbeck's story, that is to say, I wrote in my Tosei Personal Criticism in the Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun that 'Aritomo YAMAGATA, Koyata SHIMAO, Tateki TANI and so on belong to a conservative budanha (party of hawks), Nippon Party of Jyoiha (exclusionists sect), stubborn/unwise Party of hawks, Chiyomumage Party or Pistol Party, while Shigenobu OKUMA, Hirobumi ITO, Kinmochi SAIONJI and so on belong to a Liberal Party of doves, Oka (Westernization) Sect of Kaikoku (opening of Japan to western countries) party, free-spirited Haikara Party, Necktie Party or Cosmetic Party', which became the origin of the word haikara, and among them this word alone has become extremely popular, but today many people use it without knowing that I invented the word, which has become one important Japanese word, however, I originally wrote this word haikara (pp.18-19) in the newspaper five or six years after the interview with Mr.Verbeck.
- アイルランド、アルゼンチン、アンティグア・バーブーダ、イギリス、イスラエル、イタリア、インドネシア、ウクライナ、ウズベキスタン、ウルグアイ、エクアドル、エジプト、エストニア、エルサルバドル、オーストラリア、オーストリア、オランダ、カナダ、大韓民国、キューバ、ギリシア、グアテマラ、クック諸島、コスタリカ、サモア、ザンビア、スイス、スウェーデン、スペイン、スロバキア、スロベニア、セイシェル、セントビンセント及びグレナディーン諸島、セントルシア、ソロモン諸島、タイ王国、チェコ、中国、チリ、ツバル、デンマーク、ドイツ、トリニダード・トバゴ、トルクメニスタン、ニウエ、ニカラグア、ニジェール、日本、ニュージーランド、ノルウェー、パナマ、パプアニューギニア、パラグアイ、フィジー、フィリピン、フィンランド、ブラジル、フランス、ブルガリア、ベトナム、ペルー、ベルギー、ポーランド、ボリビア、ポルトガル、ホンジュラス、マーシャル諸島共和国、マリ共和国、マルタ、マレイシア、ミクロネシア、メキシコ、モナコ、モルディブ、ラトビア、リトアニア、リヒテンシュタイン、ルーマニア、ルクセンブルグ、ロシア連邦、(欧州連合)
- Ireland, Argentine, Antigua and Barbuda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Israel, Italia, Indonesia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Uruguay, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, El Salvador, Australia, Austria, Holland, Canada, Republic of Korea, Cuba, Greece, Guatemala, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Samoa, Zambia, Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, Slovakia, Slovenia, Republic of Seychelles, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Czech Republic, China, Republic of Chile, Tuvalu, Denmark, Germany, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, Niue, Republic of Nicaragua, Republic of Niger, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Panama, Independent State of Papua New Guinea, Republic of Paraguay, Republic of the Fiji Islands, Republic of the Philippines, Finland, Brazil, France, Bulgaria, Vietnam, Peru, Belgium, Poland, Bolivia, Portugal, Honduras, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Republic of Mali, Marta, Malaysia, Micronesia, Mexico, Monaco, Maldives, Latvia, Lithuania, Principality of Liechtenstein, Romania, Luxemburg, Russian Federation, (European Union)