次第: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 次第
• dependent upon
• as soon as
• immediately (upon)
• circumstances
• order
• precedence
• program
• programme
• agenda
• procedure
• status of things
• gradually
• depending on
• gradation

• 次第浜
• Shidaihama

• 次第森
• Shidaimori

• 来次第
• as soon as (he, she, it) comes

• 次第窪
• Shidaikubo

• 次第で
• depending on
• according to

• 式次第
• program of a ceremony (programme)

• 次第に
• gradually (progress into a state)
• in sequence
• in order
• in turn
• little by little
• be contingent on

• 道次第
• Lamrim

• でき次第
• as soon as completed

• 江家次第
• 'Gokeshidai' (The Ritual Protocol Of The Oe House)

• 次第浜橋
• Shidaihamabashi

• ～次第で
• depending on
• contingent

• 様子次第
• according to circumstances
• depending on the state of things
• according to how the situation develops

• 面目次第
• face
• honor
• reputation

• 模様次第
• according to circumstances
• dependent on the state of things

• 本人次第
• being up to the the person himself

• 実力次第
• according to (depending on) one's ability
• if one is good (competent, talented) enough

• 次第書き
• printed program
• printed programme

• 勝手次第
• acting according to one's inclinations

• 気分次第
• according to (depending on) the mood of the moment
• as one's fancy dictates

• 出来次第
• as soon as completed

• 相手次第
• determining an attitude or response according to the opponent
• depending on the other party

• 望み次第
• just as one wishes

• 返答次第
• depending on the answer
• hinging on the reply

• 到着次第
• upon arrival of an item (items)
• as soon as one arrives

• 必要次第
• as necessary (needed)
• if necessary (needed)

• 都合次第
• depending on the (one's) situation (circumstances)
• at one's pleasure

• 呈示次第
• at (upon) presentation
• when presented

• 天気次第
• being dependent on what the weather is like

• 状況次第
• depends

• ～次第の
• be up to ~

• 次第である
• depend

• 場合次第で
• as the case may be

• 君次第だよ
• It's up to you.

• あなた次第
• up to you

• 事と次第で
• if things permit
• under certain circumstances

• 次第に強く
• crescendo

• 次第に弱く
• dim.

• 情勢次第で
• according to circumstances

• 朝の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for morning gongyo

• 夕の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for evening gongyo

• 手当たり次第
• using anything one can lay one's hands on
• haphazardly
• on the rebound
• at random
• indiscriminately

• 便の有り次第
• on the first opportunity

• 話し次第では
• if you make it worth my while

• ～次第である
• be dependent on ~
• hinge on ~
• rest

• 次第に消える
• trail off

• 流鏑馬式次第
• Order of Yabusame demonstration

• 君次第だよ。
• It's up to you.

• 次第に広がる
• spread gradually

• 次第に暗くなる
• fade out

• 勤行次第と荘厳
• Procedure of gongyo and Shogon (to decorate Buddha statues and temples)

• 共通の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure in common

• 平時の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for regular cases

• 機会があり次第
• at the first opportunity

• 機会のあり次第
• at the first opportunity
• on the first occasion

• 都合のつき次第
• at one's earliest convenience

• 手あたり次第に
• at random

• ～次第で決まる
• be contingent on ~

• 次第になくなる
• melt

• 次第にやわらぐ
• melt

• ～の生死は次第
• have the power of life and death over ~

• 手当たり次第の
• random

• 次第に細くする
• taper

• 次第に下落する
• sag

• 次第に細くなる
• taper

• 日にち次第よ。
• It really depends on when.

• 結婚は運次第。
• Marriage is a lottery.

• 次第に明るくなる
• fade in

• 修正会の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for Shusho-e

• 彼岸会の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for Higan-e

• 次第ぎき非常止め
• gradual safety

• 次第に少なくなる
• drop off

• 他人の意志次第の
• precarious

• 次第に小さくなる
• taper

• 次第に消えていく
• swoon

• 住吉大神顕現次第
• Sumiyoshi Okami Kengen Shidai

• - 諸家昇進の次第
• About promotion of the families

• 13日夕の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for the evening of 13th.

• 盂蘭盆会の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for the Urabon-e

• 16日朝の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for the morning of 16th.

• 歳末昏時の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure of Saimatsukonshi

• 年忌法要の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for the annual memorial service

• 祥月命日の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for Shotsukimeinichi.

• 手当たり次第(に)
• anything that one can lay hands on

• 美しさは見る人次第
• Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.

• 地獄の沙汰も金次第
• Money talks
• Money is the key that opens all doors
• Money is the best lawyer in hell
• Even in hell, the extent of one's suffering is determined by money
• Money talks.

• 次第にぼんやりする
• blank

• 風が次第におさまり
• decreased winds

• 手当たり次第の射撃
• potshot

• 君の扱い方次第だ。
• It all depends how you handle it.

• 日にち次第ですね。
• It really depends on when.

• 何か次第である状態
• the state of being contingent on something

• 在家報恩講の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for the Hoonko at the lay believers home

• 彼は次第に出世した。
• He worked his way up.

• 選択は全く君次第だ。
• The choice is all up to you.

• 決めるのは君次第だ。
• It rests with you to decide.

• 決定は君次第である。
• It rests with you to decide.

• 地獄の沙汰も金次第。
• Money is everything.

• 笑いは次第に弱まった
• the laughter died down

• 次第に消えていった音
• The sound faded out

• 1月4日の朝の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for January 4

• ｢地獄の沙汰も金次第｣
• Money talks.

• 天気次第だと私は思う。
• I guess it depends on the weather.

• 風は次第におさまった。
• The wind gradually died down.

• 彼の成功は努力次第だ。
• His success is contingent upon his efforts.

• 彼の答えは気分次第だ。
• His answer depends on his mood.

• 空は次第に暗くなった。
• The sky grew darker and darker.

• 決定するのは君次第だ。
• It's up to you to decide.

• ビジネスは次第に減った
• Business tapered off

• それが次第に調熟された。
• The seed then gradually ripened.

• 議論が次第に熱を帯びる。
• The debate has picked up momentum.

• 男の年齢は気持ち次第だ。
• A man is as old as he feels.

• 男になるのは自分次第だ。
• It is up to us to be men.

• おれたち次第ってわけだ。
• It's up to us,

• 平時の夕の勤行次第と同じ。
• Same as the regular gongyo for evening.

• 平時の朝の勤行次第と同じ。
• Same as the regular gongyo.

• 女は夫次第でよくなるもの。
• A good Jack makes a good Jill.

• 手当たり次第小説を読んだ。
• I read novels at random.

• 彼女は次第に回復している。
• She is getting better by degrees.

• 決まり次第知らせて下さい。
• Please let me know as soon as it is decided.

• 成功はたいてい努力次第だ。
• Success depends mostly on effort.

• 決まり次第教えてください。
• Please let me know as soon as it is decided.

• 事の次第はどうなんですか。
• What's the story?

• 私の幸せはあなた次第です。
• My happiness depends on you.

• 結論は選挙の結果次第である
• The outcomes rides on the results of the election

• 14日・15日の朝の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for the morning of the 14th and 15th

• 14日・15日の夕の勤行次第
• The gongyo procedure for the evening of the 14th and 15th

• 彼が次第に人に心を開きます。
• He opens up to others gradually.

• 分かり次第お電話いたします。
• We will contact you as soon as we know.

• 夕闇が次第に深まっていった。
• The twilight merged into darkness.

• 結果が出次第お知らせします。
• I will give you a call as soon as the decision comes through.

• 報酬はあなたの成功次第です。
• The reward is dependent on your success.

• 彼の呼吸は次第に弱くなった。
• His breathing became faint.

• 彼女の恐怖は次第に収まった。
• Her fears gradually quietened down.

• 勉強するもしないも君次第だ。
• Study or don't--it's up to you.

• 彼女は次第に理解しはじめた。
• She gradually began to understand.

• 空港に着き次第、電話します。
• I'll phone you as soon as I get to the airport.

• 私達の旅行は天候次第である。
• Our trip is dependent on the weather.

• 成功するかどうかは君次第だ。
• It is up to you whether we succeed or not.

• 君を生かすも殺すも僕次第だ。
• It's up to me whether I kill you or let you live!

• 彼は手当たり次第本を買った。
• He bought books at random.

• 規模や量が次第に減少すること
• a gradual decrease in magnitude or extent

• 数の順序を手当たり次第にする
• Randomize the order of the numbers

• 相手次第で我々の態度を決める。
• We determine our attitude on the basis of the other party.

• 君の準備ができ次第出発しよう。
• We will start whenever you are ready.

• 卵黄嚢は次第に血管を発達させる
• the yolk sac is gradually vascularized

• しかし、次第に同制度は衰退した。
• However, this system gradually declined.

• 勅任官待遇(宮中席次第26位)。
• A person given this license was treated as the imperial appointee (the 26th class standing within the Imperial Court).

• 彼は次第に頭角をあらわしてきた。
• He is gradually coming to the front.

• 行くか行かないかは天気次第です。
• Whether we go or not depends on the weather.

• 私たちは雨が止み次第出発します。
• We'll start as soon as it stops raining.

• 試験に受かるかどうかは君次第だ。
• It is up to you whether you pass the examination or not.

• 彼は手当たり次第にＣＤを聞いた。
• He listened to his CDs at random.

• そのことから次第に有名無実化した。
• For this reason, the Itowappu system gradually came to exist only in name.

• 式典次第は、御杣始祭と同様である。
• The order of the ceremony is the same as that of Misoma-hajime-sai.

• 彼女は手当たり次第にＣＤを聞いた。
• She listened to her CDs at random.

• 結果が公表され次第お知らせします。
• I'll let you know the result as soon as it is made public.

• 彼は、状況次第で有罪判決を下された
• he was convicted circumstantially

• 次第に有償とする例が増えてきている。
• The number of such guides who receive financial compensation is gradually increasing.

• 旅行に行けるかどうかは天候次第です。
• Whether we will go on the trip depends on the weather.

• 彼女の気分は次第にいら立ちはじめた。
• Her mood graduated to irritation.

• それは君の腕次第かな。期待してるよ。
• I suppose that depends on how good you are. I'm counting on you!

• 僕は手当たり次第に本を読んだものだ。
• I used to read novels at random.

• 都合のつき次第私に電話をして下さい。
• Please call me at your earliest convenience.

• 仕事の成功はあなた方の努力次第です。
• Our success in this work depends on your efforts.

• 次第に多くの医者が新薬を使い始めた。
• More and more physicians have begun to use the new medicines.

• 彼は評論家として次第に有名になった。
• He became more and more famous as a critic.

• 北海道に着き次第、一筆差し上げます。
• As soon as I get to Hokkaido, I'll drop you a line.

• 君が成功するかしないかは努力次第だ。
• Whether you will succeed or not depends on your efforts.

• このように荘園が次第に発達していった。
• In this way, shoen was gradually formed.

• 右三十六卦及九用次第、家々之説各不同。
• 右三十六卦及九用次第,家々之説各不同.

• 勤行の次第は、平時と年中行事で異なる。
• The procedure of gongyo for regular gongyo and for annual events are different.

• 京都市にも次第に開発の波が押し寄せた。
• There was a wave of development in Kyoto as well.

• 時がたつにつれて空は次第に暗くなった。
• As time went on, the sky grew darker and darker.

• 結果が分かり次第お知らせ申し上げます。
• I will let you know after I have inquired once more.

• 私は手あたり次第に小説を読んだものだ。
• I used to read novels at random.

• 僕は手当たり次第に小説を読んだものだ。
• I used to read novels at random.

• 人々は次第に本来の目的を見失うだろう。
• People will gradually lose sight of the original purpose.

• 次第に多くのつばめを見ることができる。
• We can see more and more swallows.

• 行くべきかどうかを決めるのは君次第だ。
• It's up to you to decide whether or not to go.

• 全部ピーターの気まぐれ次第なのでした。
• it all depended upon Peter's whim:

• 着実にまたは次第に動かすか、または行く
• move or go steadily or gradually

• 先端に向かって次第に細くなる、細長い尾
• an elongate tail tapering to a point

• その後、皇后のあり方は次第に多様化した。
• Afterward, the role of empress became diversified.

• 次第に傭兵的な集団として成長していった。
• Saikashu gradually grew into a group of mercenary soldiers.

• 子供時代のことは次第に思い出さなくなる。
• I recall less and less of my childhood.

• 終わり次第すぐにこの質問用紙を送ります。
• I'll mail this questionnaire as soon as I finish.

• 彼女は私の記憶から次第に薄れかけていた。
• She had begun to recede in my memory.

• 状況は処理が次第に困難になりつつあった。
• The situation was getting difficult to deal with.

• 私たちの運命は皆さんの決定次第なのです。
• Our fate depends on your decisions.

• 行くべきかどうか決めるのはあなた次第だ。
• It is up to you to decide whether or not.

• 彼は歳を取るにつれて次第に頑固になった。
• He became more obstinate as he grew older.

• 以上の次第はすでに見てきたとおりである。
• as has been seen.

• 彼の計画への熱意は次第に大きくなっている
• enthusiasm for his program is growing

• 更に雑役も次第に地税化していくことになる。
• Eventually, Zatsueki became like a property tax as well.

• 次第に独特の形態を成したと考えられている。
• It is considered that it gradually developed a unique form.

• 彼が成功するかいなかは、彼の健康次第です。
• Whether he will succeed or not depends upon his health.

• 彼が成功するか否かは、彼の努力次第である。
• Whether he will succeed or not depends on his efforts.

• 当時私は手当たり次第に小説を読んだものだ。
• I used to read novels at random in those days.

• 読書から楽しみを引き出すのは読者次第です。
• It's the reader that determines whether they extract pleasure from reading.

• 彼女は成長するにつれて次第に美しくなった。
• As she grew up, she became more and more beautiful.

• 僕は彼を見つけ次第、撃つわけにもゆかない。
• I could not shoot him at sight,

• 決心次第では、そのままにしておいてやるよ。
• As you decide, you shall be left as you were before,

• 炎は、燃え上がり、もう一度、次第に弱まった
• the fire flared up and died down once again

• 阿闍梨の位をうけ、また『胎蔵次第』を著した。
• He received the rank of Ajari (master in esoteric Buddhism; a high priest), and wrote 'Taizo Sidai.'

• そのため、次第に両者の関係は冷却化していく。
• Accordingly, relations between them gradually deteriorated.

• 以上、「西宮記」「江家次第」その他に詳しい。
• The above-mentioned process is explained in detail in several books, including 'Saikyuki' (the record of court practices and usage, written in Chinese style by MINAMOTO no Takaaki) and 'Gokeshidai' (the Ritual Protocol of the Oe House).

• このように、次第に近代的な成長を遂げていく。
• In this way, the world was gradually being modernized.

• 結果が公表され次第、私は君にそれを知らせた。
• As soon as the result was made public, I told you it.

• 私は事の次第をすべて知っているわけではない。
• I don't quite know how it happened.

• 彼が成功するかしないかは彼の努力次第である。
• His success depends on his efforts.

• 彼女は次第にこの田舎の生活に慣れてきている。
• She is getting used to this rural life by degrees.

• 成功するかしないかは、自分自身の努力次第だ。
• Whether you succeed or not depends on your own efforts.

• 事の次第がわかるまでは、君はなにもいえない。
• You can't say anything till you know the circumstances.

• 朝廷の衰微とともに次第に縮小・形骸化された。
• With the decline of the Imperial Court the ritual was gradually reduced and lost substance.

• 地獄の沙汰も金次第。 お金は雌馬を進ませる。
• Money makes the mare to go.

• 「おもどりになり次第お渡ししておきますので」
• 'I'll give it to him when he gets back.'

• 手当たり次第集められた消化されない多数の事実
• an undigested mass of facts gathered at random

• 延喜式に式次第が定められた後も、多少変化した。
• The program was changed in a sort of way even after it was included in the Engishiki.

• 次第に一体化し、後期には不可分の関係となった。
• They gradually became one, and by the latter half of the Edo period they became inseparable.

• 車自体は良くも悪くもない。運転する人次第です。
• A car in itself is neither good nor bad; it depends on the driver.

• 私は違う列車に乗ったことが次第に分かり始めた。
• It gradually dawned on me that I had taken the wrong train.

• この結果、キリスト教は次第に信者を獲得していく。
• As a result, Christianity gradually gained believers.

• しかし次第に明確な定義が定められるようになった。
• However, the unit system was specifically defined by degrees.

• 詳細は、下記（平時の勤行次第・年中行事）を参照。
• For details, please refer to article of 'The procedure of regular gongyo' and each event of 'The annual events' below.

• 国家が繁栄するかは多かれ少なかれ国民次第である。
• The prosperity of a country depends more or less on its citizens.

• 日が経つにつれて、天気は次第に悪化しつつあった。
• The weather was getting worse and worse as the day went on.

• 君の最終成績について言えば、最終試験次第である。
• When talking about your last results, it is dependent on the last examination.

• 詳細は当出版社に申し出あり次第お知らせ致します。
• More detailed information will be supplied on application to the publisher.

• ここで、あなたは次第に速く演奏しなければならない
• here you must play accelerando

• 事件の発生は、列強への反感を次第に募らせていった。
• The outbreak of these incidents gradually build up antipathy toward the allied western powers.

• これにより当日の次第・様子を知ることが可能である。
• And the diary shows us how the contest went and what it was like.

• 「北の障子」、「絹障子」（『江家次第』）ともいう。
• Kenjo no shoji are also called 'Kita no shoji' (northern sliding screens) or 'kinu shoji' (silk shoji), according to the 'Gokeshidai' (the Ritual Protocol of the Oe House).

• 次第に彩りを添え、文様を描いたりするようになった。
• Decorations using colorful pictures were starting to be provided on the paper.

• 彼が手術するかどうかは、移植する臓器の提供次第だ。
• Whether he has the operation depends upon the availability of the organ.

• 明るくなりはじめて、物が次第に見えるようになった。
• It began to be light, and things were becoming visible by degrees.

• 私たちの計画は天気次第であることは言うまでもない。
• It goes without saying that our plans depend on the weather.

• そこに含まれる危険について、次第にわかってきたこと
• a growing realization of the risk involved

• 鎌倉時代には、知行国制が次第に公的な認知を得ていく。
• In the Kamakura period, the chigyo-koku system became officially recognized gradually.

• 次第に御教書の使用頻度が増え、下文・下知状は衰える。
• The frequency in which Migyosho were used gradually increased as the use of Kudashibumi and Gejijo decreased.

• 朝廷でおこなわれる儀式次第を定めたのが儀式書である。
• The book on rites defines the procedures of rituals held in the Imperial Court.

• それから病気がだんだん次第に重って、身が弱りまして。
• And the illness was getting serious, and my body gradually weakened.

• このように、次第に密教の影響を受けていくことになる。
• In this way, Nanto Rokushu was gradually affected by the Esoteric Buddhism (Heian Nishu).

• 江戸時代に入ると、庶民の住宅も次第に発達していった。
• Entering the Edo period, the houses of the common people had progressed gradually.

• 室町時代に入り幕府衰退とともに次第に衰退していった。
• With the advent of the Muromachi period, the shogunate fell into decline and along with it, horseback archery subsequently declined.

• 次第に一体化して、幕末までには不可分の状況になった。
• They gradually became united and had become inseparable by the end of Edo period.

• 君を助けるために私は最善を尽くした。あとは君次第だ。
• I have done the best I could to help you. The rest is up to you.

• 手当たり次第に買物をするのはやめたほうがいいですよ。
• You had better stop buying things at random.

• B: 佐藤様、席が空き次第お名前をお呼びいたします。
• B: Thank you, Mr. Sato. I'll call you as soon as a table is available.

• 手術室が使用可能になり次第彼らは手術を予定するだろう
• they will schedule the operation as soon as an operating room is available

• 京都に本拠を置いた幕府は、朝廷の権能を次第に侵食した。
• The bakufu, which placed its core site in Kyoto, gradually eroded the functions of the Imperial Court.

• 江家次第（ごうけしだい）は、平安時代後期の有職故実書。
• 'Gokeshidai' is a collection of the books on 'yusoku kojitsu' (court rules of ceremony and etiquette), written in the later Heian period.

• 特定の決まりはなく、式次第は主催者の裁量にゆだねられる
• There are no specific rules for the program, which is left to the chief mourner's discretion.

• 明治に入り、次第に写真に取って代わられるようになった。
• In the Meiji period, photographs came to replace shunga.

• 当せんにはいくつか方法があり、次第に複雑化していった。
• There were some ways of winning which got complex gradually.

• 明治時代になると温泉の科学的研究も次第に盛んになった。
• During the Meiji period, scientific research of hot springs became vigorous.

• 更に鎌倉幕府が六波羅探題を設置すると次第に弱体化した。
• Furthermore, when the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto), Kebiishi were gradually weakened.

• 古い遺品は京都大学に儀式次第を墨書した中世のものが残る。
• An old fan from the medieval (Kamakura and Muromachi) period is left in the collection of the Kyoto University on which the program of a ceremony was written in black ink.

• 上記のような公地公民論は、次第に疑問視される傾向にある。
• The tendency to doubt the above view on Kochi Komin system is gradually increasing.

• 井上の鹿鳴館外交への風当たりは次第に厳しいものとなった。
• Inoue's Rokumeikan Gaiko increasingly came under intense pressure from the public.

• このため、薄板で自在性が高い杮葺へと次第に移っていった。
• Therefore, kokerabuki with thinner, flexible boards has gradually become more widely used.

• 元久年間（1204~1205）以降次第に行われなくなる。
• In the years following the Genkyu era (1204-1205), 'Kokasagake' archery slowly disappeared.

• このように元来は多種多様であった石帯も次第に固定化する。
• In this way we can see that there were initially various kinds of sekitai, but they became gradually restricted.

• 本来九州系で使われていたものが次第に広まったものである。
• Those that were originally used in the Kyushu school gradually spread.

• しかし、活動的であることから次第に普段着として定着した。
• They gradually obtained popularity as informal clothes because they were suitable for physical activities.

• また、恩恵をうけるも災厄がふりかかるも信仰次第とされる。
• It is also believed that whether to receive a benefit or misfortune depends on the depth of a person's faith.

• 結果次第では、両社に対して2月以来の行政指導が行われる。
• Depending on the results both companies may be put under administrative guidance from February.

• しかし次第に沈静化していき、11世紀40年代には終息した。
• However it became increasingly nominal, ending in the 1040's.

• しかし、次第に天皇の寝所に侍る宮女を意味するようになった。
• Then gradually, it came to mean a lady serving at the Imperial Court who served at the Emperor's bedroom.

• 田中の下で政友会は次第に親軍的な保守色を帯びるようになる。
• Under Tanaka's leadership, the Seiyu Party gradually leaned toward pro-military conservatism.

• このため、紀伝道と文章道の違いが次第に曖昧になっていった。
• Through these changes, the differences between kidendo and monjodo gradually became vague.

• このようにして、次第にその子孫品種などに取って代わられた。
• Thus, the original Kameno-o has gradually given way to its descendant varieties

• 機会を生かせるかは本人次第」という考え方から(来ている)。
• It depends on the owner whether he or she can take advantage of the opportunity, so this doesn't allow the maneki-neko to hold a koban.

• そのため、次第に赤米は雑草稲として排除されるようになった。
• Consequently, akagome was gradually excluded from eating, being considered a weedy rice.

• 彼女の意識は死が近づくにつれて次第にかすかになっていった。
• Her consciousness grew fainter as death approached.

• 彼は映画に夢中になっているので、手当たり次第に映画を見る。
• Since he's crazy about movies, he watches as many movies as he can.

• 音楽は、次第に弱くなって消えた−−ふさわしい結末はなかった
• The music just petered out--there was no proper ending

• 統一した政治勢力をなさず、次第に日本により征服・吸収された。
• They did not have unified political power and were gradually conquered and absorbed by Japan.

• 義弘の手勢は次第に数を減らし森民部丞ひとりになってしまった。
• The number Yoshihiro's soldiers steadily dropped until only one remained, Mori Minbu no jo.

• しかし、中世に入ると施薬院は衰微し、次第に形骸化していった。
• During the middle ages, the Seyaku-in declined and gradually lost its substances.

• だが、次第に僧兵そのものが勢力拡大のための武装集団と化した。
• However, the sohei themselves, aiming to expand their power, gradually developed into armed forces.

• 次第に天皇から将軍家へ、将軍家から家臣へと下賜されていった。
• Gradually, kiri-mon was given from the Emperor to the shogun family as an imperial gift, and then from the shogun family to the vassals.

• そしてこの関で山伏に限って止めるのは、どういう次第かと問う。
• And he asks why they stops yamabushi in particular, at this barrier.

• しかし鎌倉時代以降、次第に着用されることなく廃絶してしまう。
• After the Kamakura period, however, it was gradually not worn and was abandoned.

• 准后宣下は主に次第に内親王及び女王 (皇族)も対象となった。
• The emperor's declaration of Jugo gradually came to be extended to the imperial princes and princesses within the third degree of the imperial kinship.

• その後、その職掌は、次第に民政に重点が置かれるようになった。
• Later, the official duties of saiho shochishi began to shift gradually to civil administration.

• 今日の暑さではとてもではありませんが手も触れかねる次第で！」
• it's far too hot to touch this noon!'

• 次第に土一揆は頻発していき、毎年のように見られるようになった。
• The frequency of the occurrence of tsuchi-ikki gradually became higher, and eventually it occurred almost every year.

• しかし、次第に後白河と清盛との間に対立が見られるようになった。
• However, conflicts between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori became serious.

• 次第に令の重要性が増して、律から独立し行政法的なものになった。
• The importance of Li gradually increased, and it was isolated from Lu to become an administrative law system.

• その後、貨幣経済の進展に伴って、次第に困窮する農民が出てきた。
• After that, as the monetary economy developed, the number of farmers who lived in poverty gradually increased.

• しかし、義稙達は次第に勢力を盛り返し、京に再度迫りつつあった。
• However, Yoshitane and his people gradually regained power and were getting around the capital again.

• そのため1580年、盛氏の死とともに蘆名氏は次第に衰え始める。
• For these reasons, the Ashina clan began their decline after Moriuji passed away in 1580.

• これが、「四無色定」であり、さらに九次第定、百八三昧とつづく。
• These are collectively called 'Shimushikijo' (four concentrations of the formless realm) and are followed by Kushidaijo (Nine Successive Stages of Concentration) and Hyakuhachi zanmai (one hundred eight kinds of samadhi).

• お互いの家系に伝わる宗教的背景を感得し、次第に仏教を研鑚する。
• They were inspired by each other's religious background handed down to each family line and gradually studied Buddhism.

• 導師が引導法の次第に基づいて、秘印明（印）を授け、潅頂を行う。
• The teacher bestows the secret inmyo (sign) and pours water onto the head of the follower in accordance with the rules of Indo.

• 株は次第に大きくなるが、ある程度大きくならないと花はつかない。
• Although the root gradually enlarges, it takes some period of time to grow enough to come into flowers.

• 以後吉沢検校らに受け継がれて、次第にこの傾向が発展していった。
• It was then passed on to Kengyo Yoshizawa, and the development gradually took on this trend.

• 中臣氏と勢力を争ったが、あまり振るわず、次第に衰退していった。
• Having been involved in a battle for power with the Nakatomi clan, and failed in gaining predominance over them, the Inbe clan gradually declined.

• 彼は木の下で立ち止まり、リズムが次第に消えてゆくのにまかせた。
• He halted under a tree and allowed the rhythm to die away.

• 黄砂は上空を浮遊しながら次第に大気中のさまざまな粒子を吸着する。
• Kosa adheres to various particles in the air while floating in the sky.

• そういったことなどを背景として、幕藩体制は次第に動揺していった。
• With these situations as a background, the bakufu-domain system gradually became shaky.

• このため、譜代相伝の下人である譜代下人は次第に姿を消していった。
• As a result, fudai genin, which were the genin from hereditary succession, gradually disappeared.

• このように、次第に荘園公領制の解体が推し進められることとなった。
• The decomposition of Shoen Koryo Sei (system of court-owned lands and private manors) was thus steadily driven forward.

• また、民家も一部は書院造の要素も取り入れ、次第に発展していった。
• Private houses also developed gradually, adopting the features of Shoin-zukuri style in part.

• その後、室町時代になると陸の権力が海にも次第に及ぶようになった。
• After that, during the Muromachi period the power on the land gradually began to reach the power on the sea.

• 次第にはエスカレートしてヒスイや水晶などを縫いつけるようになる。
• The decorations had been gradually escalated, and even jade, crystal, etc. were sewn on uchiki.

• 出来物は次第に弱り始め、10日ほど経つと肛門から怪虫が出てきた。
• The boil gradually became weak and 10 days later, a grotesque worm came out of the anus of the patient.

• 手当たり次第に多くの本を読むよりも、少数の本を精読する方がよい。
• It is better to read a few books carefully than to read many at random.

• これらの人々と神社の神職が儀式次第にしたがい執行するものである。
• These people, along with the priests of the shrine, perform the service according to the ceremony program.

• その言葉通り、その後、男の仕える家は次第に運が向いてきたという。
• As he said, the fortune of the house in which the man served gradually improved.

• 最後に残ったグラスも満たされていくと、次第に会話もやんでいった。
• Gradually as the last glasses were being filled the conversation ceased.

• それは次第に大きくなり、やがて刺すような、激しい痛みに高まった。
• The faint tingling grew stronger till it evolved into a stinging ache that was excruciating,

• このため、土壌が地面に固定されるようになって次第に黄砂の量は減る。
• Therefore, the soil become more fixed on the surface of the land and consequently the amount of kosa decreases gradually.

• 頼政方は次第に人数が減り、兼綱は討たれ、仲綱は重傷を負い自害した。
• The forces with Yorimasa were gradually worn down, with Kanetsuna struck down and Nakatsuna, having suffered mortal injuries, taking his own life.

• しかしながら、宋との貿易が良好になり、次第に大量の宋銭が流入した。
• However, as trade with Sung became prosperous, lots of coins minted in Sung were gradually brought into Japan.

• このとき唱える言葉は、「内裏儀式」・「江家次第」に掲載されている。
• The chanting words on this ceremony are described in 'Dairi Gishiki' and 'Go-ke Shidai.'

• 律令制が整備されると共に、祭の式次第など詳細についても整備された。
• As the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) was established, the program of the festival was also decided in detail.

• 尊氏は傍観的立場を取ろうとするが、次第に師直派に取り込まれていく。
• Takauji tried to take a third-party attitude, but was gradually taken in by the Moronao group.

• 政治的意義を失った真人姓の氏族は、次第に政界から姿を消していった。
• Mahito clans who lost political value gradually disappeared from the political world.

• 藤原仲麻呂は光明皇后の信任を得て紫微令に任じられて次第に台頭した。
• FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, winning the confidence of Empress Komyo, was appointed to Shibi-rei (director general of Shibi institution) and gradually gained political power.

• 院政期以後、鎌倉時代にかけて次第に儀式的な要素を帯びるようになる。
• After the cloistered government period, oban started to hold a more ceremonial aspect during the Kamakura period.

• 次第に将軍の権限を吸収していき、事実上の鎌倉幕府のトップとなった。
• The post gradually absorbed the power of shogun and became the de facto top position within the Kamakura bakufu.

• これが次第に「た」へと変化し、現代では過去時制の形式となっている。
• It gradually turned into 'ta,' which has become a form of past tense.

• 江戸時代にも白隠慧鶴や仙厓義梵などが活躍したが次第に衰えていった。
• In the Edo period, despite the spectacular flowering of Hakuin Ekaku and Sengai Gibon, popularity of gaso gradually declined.

• 英日翻訳ソフトは利用者の使い方次第で翻訳結果を大きく改善出来ます。
• The output of E->J translation software can be improved greatly by the way the user utilises it.

• 依然として存在するが、衰退しつつある、または、次第に絶滅しつつある
• remain present although waning or gradually dying

• 彼は子供のすすり泣きの発作が次第におさまっていく間耳を傾けていた。
• He listened while the paroxysm of the child's sobbing grew less and less;

• 室町時代になると度々課せられるようになり、次第に恒常的税に変貌する。
• In the Muromachi period, this tax was imposed so often that it gradually transpired into a permanent tax.

• また、越後に残ったものは次第に守護上杉家の家臣に組み込まれていった。
• Further, those who remained in Echigo Province had gradually been incorporated in the vassals of the Shugo, Uesugi family.

• もだへこがれ、声もおしまず泣き悲しむ有様は、目も当てられぬ次第なり。
• The scene in which they writhed in agony and wept was a sad plight.

• しかし、民衆に浸透し一般化すると、この弾圧も次第に沈静化していった。
• However, after it spread down to the common people, this suppression was gradually reduced.

• 律令制が解体する10世紀以後、次第に僧尼令の規定は形骸化していった。
• After the 10th century when the ritsuryo system collapsed, the provisions of the Soniryo increasingly became nominal.

• 各国公使は、事の次第を本国に告げ、日本政府に繰り返し抗議を行なった。
• Ministers from various countries made repeated protests against the Japanese government while reporting what was going on to their countries.

• 高家ははじめ吉良家など3家であったが、次第に増加して26家となった。
• Initially, the number of koke families including the Kira family was three, but gradually increased up to 26.

• 鎌倉公方は次第に幕府と対立するようになり、将軍の位も望むようになる。
• The Kamakura Kubo was gradually confronting the bakufu and finally came to desire the shogun post.

• 蔵人所の職掌も次第に分化し、身分の高低が密接に関係するようになった。
• As official duties of the Kurododokoro were gradually specialized, social status became closely related to who was posted where.

• 彼が彼自身であることが灰色の実体のない世界の中に次第に消えていった。
• His own identity was fading out into a grey impalpable world:

• 続群書類従第十六輯に収められた堯智の『古今和歌集陰名作者次第』である。
• It is '古今和歌集陰名作者次第' by 堯智 compiled in the Volume of the Zoku Gunshoruiju (The Collection of Historical Sources, second series).

• 9月（大法会に寄せて、伽藍・仏像、法会の式次第、役僧、舞童、諸道具）、
• September: Buddhist temples, Buddha statues, programs for the Buddhist mass, sextons, dancing children, and various items for the occasion of great Buddhist masses

• 基礎部下の基壇も、次第に返花座などの飾りをもたない方形石の基壇となる。
• Also 'kidan' (platform) under the kiso gradually changed to become a square stone platform without ornament such as 'kaeribanaza' (turned flower seat).

• 発生当初は雑兵用だったが、次第に武将も使うようになり、槍術が発達した。
• When it was first generated, it was for zohyo use (for common soldiers use); however, it gradually became common among busho (Japanese military commanders) for their own use, and the art of the spearmanship was developed.

• 国内旅行は鉄道の発達で国内の移動が容易となり次第に活発になっていった。
• The development of railroads made domestic travel easier, which gradually promoted travelling by Japanese people.

• 次第に、浮世絵は新聞や写真、石版画などの新技術に押されて衰退していく。
• Ukiyoe gradually declined, losing ground to newspapers, photographs, new technologies such as lithographs, etc.

• 式の方法や次第には神社の祭祀のような規定はなく、地域による差異もある。
• Unlike other religious services at the shrines, the method and order of jotoshiki are not clearly defined and vary from region to region.

• 脈動の間隔は次第に短く小刻みになり、いよいよ大音響になってきたのです。
• It grew quicker and quicker, and louder and louder every instant.

• 朝鮮王朝にとってこうした通交は多大な負担であり、次第に制限を加えていく。
• Since maintaining such amicable relations was a heavy burden for the Korean Dynasty, they gradually increased restrictions.

• 明治維新期の1872年に学制が敷かれると、寺子屋は次第に消滅して行った。
• When in 1872, the school system was put in place by the Meiji Restoration, Terakoya gradually ceased to exist.

• しかし、国内の混乱はますます加速する一方で、以後次第に勢力を弱めていく。
• However, the disturbance within its province was increasingly accelerated, and the family gradually weakened its power after that.

• 定信に事の次第を告げて尊号を断念する代わりに典仁親王の待遇改善を求めた。
• He explained what was happening to Sadanobu and demanded an improvement of conditions in return for renunciation of the honorary title.

• が、3代将軍家光以降は上洛も途切れ御殿も次第に老朽化して、廃れていった。
• However, starting with Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun, the Shoguns seldom went to Kyoto, and the palaces became old and ruined.

• このため日本のそれぞれの蒸留所は近年、次第に多様なものへとなっていった。
• Because of this, each distillery in Japan has been recently diversified gradually.

• しかし、次第に凝った華やかな模様の付け下げが作られるようになっていった。
• Later fancy patterns began to be drawn on tsukesage.

• この行事は次第に貴族や武士にも広がり、やがて民間の行事としても定着した。
• This event gradually spread to court nobles or Samurai, and eventually, it was established as a popular event.

• 当初は都市部を中心に広まり、次第に農村部や武士まで普及するようになった。
• In the beginning, it was spread mainly in urban areas, and gradually became popular in agricultural communities and among samurais.

• 飛鳥時代から奈良時代に寺院の法会でさかんに上演されたが、次第に衰退した。
• It was widely played for Buddhist services at temples throughout Japan during the Asuka to Nara periods, but gradually declined in later periods.

• 梅が次第に桜によって駆逐されはじめるのは、平安時代中頃からのことである。
• Around the mid Heian period, Japanese plums came to be endangered by the presence of cherry blossoms.

• 次第に関東でもこちらの「すき焼き」という呼称が定着していったようである。
• Gradually people in the Kanto region began to use the term 'sukiyaki' as well.

• また装束も新調が重ねられる過程で次第に故実に合わないものになりつつある。
• The costumes are also gradually differing from ancient fashion as they are repeatedly renewed.

• 点火された花火は、輝きの持続力が次第になくなるまで周囲に左右されずに進む
• an ignited firework proceeds superior to circumstances until its blazing vitality fades

• その場合お客さまは、請求のあり次第当該金員を当社に返却するものとします。
• In such cases the customer shall immediately return the funds to the Company when billed.

• 次第に在地領主同士の土地争いが増えるに従って、彼らは武装し、武士となった。
• As disputes over land increased among the Ryoshu (feudal lords) of the provinces, they armed themselves and eventually became samurais.

• 北朝はこれらの制度を背景に国力を増強していき、次第に南朝を圧迫していった。
• The Northern Dynasties enhanced the national power based on the systems to gradually become a threat to the Southern Dynasties.

• 彼の真言律宗の布教の影響によって次第に尼への受戒が許容されるようになった。
• Influenced by the missionary works of his Shingon Risshu sect, giving Buddhist precepts to ama had been gradually admitted.

• このようにして、本像について「百済観音」という名称が次第に定着していった。
• In this manner, the name 'Kudara Kannon' became gradually rooted for this statue.

• しかし小間の茶の湯が盛んになるにつれて次第にその座を茶入に奪われていった。
• However, it gradually started to loose its position to chaire as chanoyu (the tea ceremony) in smaller tearooms become popular.

• そしてみんなで手当たり次第の武器を身につけて、こっそり外へ出て行きました。
• and now they all stole forth, armed with such weapons as they could find.

• 社会的混乱から諸国では悪党の活動が活発化し、幕府は次第に支持を失っていった。
• That activated Akuto (a villain of the medieval times) in the respective provinces, and gradually the bakufu lost support.

• 次第に接客用の飯盛女を置く飯盛旅籠と、飯盛女を置かない平旅籠に別れていった。
• Hatago were gradually separated into meshimori hatago where meshimori onna (literally 'woman serving meal', women who were maids servants hired by the inns, although later, often engaged in prostitution) looking after guests were hired and hira hatago where meshimori onna were not hired.

• 剣璽のない異例の践祚だったが、経宗が次第を作成して儀式は無事に執り行われた。
• It was an exceptional accession with no Kenji (ceremony for imperial succession) but Tsunemune set up the order of the ceremony and the ceremony was conducted without any trouble.

• 弘安五年壬午九月　日、血脈の次第・日蓮・日興、甲斐国波木井山中に於て之を写す
• In October (blank), 1282, lineage of Nichiren and Nikko, written at Mt. Hakii in Kai Province.

• 昔からある恐れで、日中が次第に少なくなって真っ暗になるかも知れないというもの
• the antique fear that days would dwindle away to complete darkness

• このような経緯を経て、次第に地頭が荘園・公領への支配を強めていくこととなった。
• Through these processes, jitos gradually strengthened their dominance over shoen and koryo.

• やがて大崎氏は次第に膨張する伊達氏の圧力をまともに受けることとなり、衰退する。
• Before long, the Osaki clan ended up being pressured by the expanding Date clan and declined.

• 冬が終わり春が近づくにつれ、シベリア気団は勢力が弱くなり、次第に北上していく。
• If the winter ends and the spring comes closer, Siberia air mass loses its strength and moves up to the north.

• こうした状況は、政治的中心の周囲に次第に都市が形成されていく過程と理解できる。
• Such situation can be understood as a process in which a city was gradually formed around the political center.

• 院政期から鎌倉時代以降は、次第に院宣の発給が宣旨の発給を上まわるようになった。
• From the insei period (during the period of the government by the retired Emperor) until after the Kamakura period, the number of Inzen issued came to exceed that of Senji issued.

• 中年以降は次第に猿楽の名手として大和国以外でもその芸が認められるようになった。
• In and after his middle age, he gradually came to be recognized as the master of sarugaku even outside Yamato Province.

• 実は文七が粗相をやらかし…と、事の次第を説明し、五十両を長兵衛に返そうとする。
• Uhei explained to Chobei how it happened, and intended to return fifty ryo to him.

• 東松山駅を降りるとやきとり屋が多く点在しているが、売り切れ次第閉店の店もある。
• Although there are many yakitori-ya restaurants near Higashimatsuyama Station, some restaurants close once yakitori is sold out.

• また、鋳型は繰り返し使用するうちに傷み、次第に銭影がぼやけ、銭名が読めなくなる。
• After repeated use of molds, they become damaged, and the impressions on the coins become illegible due to the gradual wear of the impression of the original coin.

• 焼失した平安宮内裏はその都度再建されたが、次第に再建に歳月を要するようになった。
• Whenever the dairi in Heian-kyu palace was burned down, it was reconstructed; but it took a progressively longer time for each reconstruction.

• 領家は次第に、国衙領を支配するようになった同階層の国司との対立を増すようになる。
• The Ryoke gradually became rivals of the Kokushi (provincial governors) in the same class, who were governing the kokuga lands.

• こうして次第に平安京の本来の範囲より東に偏った中世・近世の京都の街が形作られた。
• This was how the Heian-kyo gradually shifted from the original ambit to the east, to the medieval/modern ages town of Kyoto.

• 五月川の深い渓谷と万本の梅が織り成す絶景は次第に遠方にまで知れ渡るようになった。
• The magnificent scenery of the deep valleys surrounding Satsuki River and ten thousand plum trees gradually became known far and wide.

• しかし催馬楽は廃曲が次第に増え、また藤家と源家とでは伝えられる曲に違いがあった。
• However, Saibara started to lose its songs gradually, and also there were differences in songs that were brought down between the To and Gen families.

• 荘官は次第に荘園領主（本所）を軽視していき、本所の権益を奪うようになっていった。
• Shokan began to disrespect the lord of the manor (Honjo) and rob Honjo of their interests.

• 武士化した荘官は、次第に領家を軽視するようになり、領家の支配権は蚕食されていった。
• Gradually, these armed shokan had come to disregard ryoke, encroaching their dominion.

• 俘囚の地位を特別視するようなことは次第になくなり、歴史に記されることもなくなった。
• From this period, the position of the Fushu was no longer perceived as special and thus no longer recorded in history.

• 『立坊次第』（紹運要略）には、天智天皇10年に「同年12月5日帝位に即く」とある。
• 'Ritsubo Shidai' (Joun Gairyaku) says 'he was enthroned on December 5' in the 10th year of Emperor Tenchi.

• 合戦開始当初は両軍互角の状況だったが、次第に数で劣る最上軍が追いつめられていった。
• Although the battle was initially a pitched battle, the Uesugi's allied troops, who outnumbered those of Mogami, gradually drove their opponent into a corner.

• その後、「大倭」と「大和」の併用が見られるが、次第に「大和」が主流となっていった。
• Subsequently both '大倭' and '大和' were used, but '大和' became the mainstream gradually.

• 当初は一両の質量の砂金が金一両であったが、次第に質量と額面が乖離するようになった。
• Initially, gold dust with the mass of 1 ryo was defined as 1 ryo of gold, but gradually the mass and the face value became separated from each other.

• 弘安五年十月十三日、日蓮在御判、血脈次第日蓮日興、甲斐国波木井山中に於いて之を図す
• November 21, 1282, honorable seal by Nichiren, lineage of Nichiren Nikko, written at Mt. Hakii in Kai Province.

• しかし現在では小笠原流とは式次第・射法・矢の本数・笠の形状などにも違いが見られる。
• However, nowadays, the order of demonstration, shooting form, number of the arrows and the shape of hats are also different from those of Ogasawara school.

• 火災が続いたこともあって規模は次第に縮小化され、もとの勧学院の面影は薄れつつある。
• Its property has gradually been diminished due to several fires, and the vestige of the original Kangakuin has been fading.

• しかし、後白河上皇が1192年に死去すると、地頭の設置範囲は次第に広がっていった。
• However, after the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa died in 1192, the practice of appointing land stewards gradually spread to other territories as well.

• これらの「明」は、それについて「明るい」（ことの次第によく通じた）という意味である。
• Therefore, 'Myo' means being 'bright' about those subjects (that those who studied them were familiar with them).

• 一国に1人置かれる国追捕使または国押領使は、次第に特定の家系が世襲するようになった。
• The position of the koku (province)-tsuibushi or koku-oryoshi assigned to each province gradually became hereditary, being monopolized by a specific family line.

• 鎌倉後期ごろから次第に貸付金融が主流となっていき、室町時代ごろに利銭出挙は消滅した。
• The money-lending system gradually became the leading system from around the late Kamakura period, which led to the abolishment of Risen-Suiko in the Muromachi period.

• しかし、明の江南で作られた私鋳銭や、日本国内で作られた私鋳銭も次第に混入していった。
• However, coins minted privately in Konan (Jiāngnán) of Ming and those minted privately in Japan became gradually mixed with the Eiraku-tsuho coins.

• 経済力を獲得した一般百姓は、名田を購入するなどし、名主の支配から次第に逃れていった。
• Having accumulated considerable wealth, these peasants purchased myoden and other properties, thereby gradually achieving freedom from the control of myoshu farmers.

• その後、後ろ盾を失った忠実・頼長の立場は次第に危うくなり、保元の乱へ突入して行った。
• After that, since Tadazane and Yorinaga lost their political support, their position became fragile and it caused the Hogen War.

• この結果、次第に他家の学生を圧迫して、藤原氏による官界支配を強化する原動力となった。
• As a result, these students oppressed the students of other families and became the motive power to strengthen Fujiwara clan's reign over the bureaucracy.

• しかし、戦乱が収まるにつれて次第に平時の服装としても一般的に着用されるようになった。
• However, as the war era was ending, tabi gradually became to be worn as peacetime clothing as well.

• しかしながら、工夫次第では一般家庭でも店に比肩する味を再現することも不可能ではない。
• However, with a bit of ingenuity, it is possible to reproduce the taste of the shops in the household.

• その後次第に着用のルールが定められたと考えられるが、その正確な年月ははっきりしない。
• After that, it is thought that dress codes regarding kosode were decided, however, the exact month and year is not clearly known.

• これが大きな契機となって、次第に酒が本格的に一般大衆にも流通するようになっていった。
• This became a powerful factor to begin full-scale sake distribution among common people gradually.

• しかし円融天皇以降は後院として使われることはなく次第に荒廃、その役割を里内裏に譲った。
• However, after Emperor Enyu, since it was not used as goin, it gradually deteriorated, and its functions were transferred to Satodairi (a temporary palace).

• 家職（かしょく）とは、家によって世襲された職務や職能、官職（及びその昇進次第）を指す。
• Kashoku was a hereditary job or position or official post (and progression pass).

• 住宅では次第に部材も薄くなり、構造的な意義は乏しくなり、もっぱら装飾的な部材になった。
• However, it lost its structural function as material used in houses became thinner and is now exclusively a decorative material.

• 2階建て（各住戸内に階段がある）長屋も次第に増え、各戸にトイレも造られるようになった。
• The number of two-story nagaya (a stair was provided within each dwelling unit) gradually increased, and a lavatory was installed within each dwelling unit.

• 三人の会話の内に、須磨に流された貴公子在原行平と海人の姉妹が恋を結んだ次第が語られる。
• Circumstances surrounding the love between the kikoshi ARIWARA no Yukihira who was banished to Suma and the ama sisters are narrated in their conversation.

• 宝永・正徳 (日本)頃には大柄・大胆だった模様が次第に細く小さくなる傾向が現れ始めた。
• The Hoei and Shotoku eras witnessed a gradual change in the pattern from large and bold to finer and smaller.

• 米を削っていくと次第に白くなっていくことから、精米作業は精白（せいはく）とも呼ばれる。
• Because the rice grains gradually turn white as they are shaved, the rice polishing process is also called 'seihaku' (making white).

• そしてこの「起き上がり」「七転八起」と言う特性から、次第に縁起物とされるようになった。
• These characteristics of a daruma doll, such as 'standing up again' (okiagari) and 'stumbling seven imes but recovering eight' (nanakorobi-yaoki), gradually made it a lucky charm.

• ただし、武家の公式文書は多く御家流で書かれたため、次第に全国のあらゆる階層に普及した。
• However, official documents of samurai families were typically written in the Oie School, which gradually spread throughout the social strata in Japan.

• 正装化と共に威儀を正すために袖は次第に大きくなり、袴もくるぶし丈まで長くなっていった。
• As the hitatare became formal and corrected in a dignified manner, the sleeve became bigger and hakama (pleated and divided skirt made in fine strips) reached down to the height of the ankle.

• 家庭で炭火を扱うことが少なくなるにつれ、茶道の席などを除き次第にその姿を消していった。
• As the chances of using charcoal fires decreased, Hibashi chopsticks gradually disappeared from daily life except for occasions like Japanese tea ceremony.

• このため、摂関家の血をひかない後三条天皇が即位すると、摂関家は次第に勢力を衰退させる。
• Because of that, when Emperor Gosan-jo, who did not have any of the Sekkan house's blood, came to power, the influence of the Sekkan household began to decline.

• 永享元年（1429年）に播磨の土一揆が発生するなど、その支配力に次第に翳りが見え始める。
• Including the occurrence of the peasant uprising in 1429 in Harima Province, the dominance of the clan started to fade gradually.

• これが次第に北へ移動し、比良山系によって止められる形で現在の琵琶湖の位置に至ったという。
• Lake Biwa gradually moved northward until it reached its current position, being blocked by the Hira Mountains.

• 開港後、日本人が次第に多く流入するようになると、これが失策だったことに気づくことになる。
• After opening the ports, there was an influx of Japanese into Korea, and they realized that admitting that provision was a mistake.

• このため、次第に暦道も科学的な暦学から陰陽道的な色を帯びたものに変質していくことになる。
• Therefore, rekido, which was originally a scientific study of the calendar, began to take on the flavor of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang, an occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements).

• 弘安五年十月十三日、日蓮在御判　血脈の次第日蓮日興　甲斐国波木井郷の山中に於て之れを図す
• November 21, 1282, honorable seal by Nichiren, lineage of Nichiren Nikko, this is written in the mountain at Hakii-go Village of Kai Province.

• 大まかに言えば、関西の住宅の方が質が高く、構造や工法が次第に関東にも影響を与えていった。
• Roughly speaking, the quality of such houses was higher in the Kansai area, and their structure and building methods had gradually affected those in the Kanto area as well.

• 河内素麺（大阪府）…近代に至るまで隆盛を極めたが、都市化や環境の劣化に伴って次第に衰退。
• Kawachi somen (Osaka Prefecture): Though flourished until the modern times, gradually declined according to the urbanization and the degradation of the environment.

• ただ、当時の国家主義的な世相を反映して、武道は次第に国家の影響を受けるようになって行く。
• However, reflecting the nationalistic social situation at that time, martial arts came to gradually be influenced by the nation.

• 絵画は次第に洞窟や建物の壁面から離れ、独立した板や布（タブロー）に描かれるようになった。
• Paintings began to be gradually drawn on wooden panels and cloth (tableau) existing separately and independently from the walls of caves and buildings.

• この料理が次第に武家社会において儀礼化していき、やがて一般庶民に普及したものとみられる。
• This dish probably became one of the rituals in the samurai world, and later spread among common people.

• 浅学非才の私ではありますが、何とぞ皆様のお力を賜りたく、ここにお願い申し上げる次第です。
• I may not have much to offer in the way of learning or ability but I want to do whatever I can for us all and humbly ask for your favor.

• 令外官は次第に肥大化していき、胥吏（しょり、実務職員）に多くの民間人を含むようになった。
• Ryoge no kan posts gradually become overabundant and the number of private citizens assigned as Shori (officials responsible for practical works) increased.

• 当該制度は平安時代初期にはじまり、次第に年爵の特典は女院や准后にも与えられることとなった。
• This system started in the early Heian period and later, the privilege of nenshaku was also granted to nyoin (close female relatives of the Emperor or a woman of comparative standing) and jugo (honorable rank next to the three empresses).

• しかし、即位したあとでも政治の実権は常に馬子が握っており、次第に不満を感じるようになった。
• But he gradually became discontent about the fact that Umako continued to remain at the political helm even after his enthronement.

• しかし、室町時代に次第に衰え、本拠地を多摩郡喜多見（現在の東京都世田谷区喜多見）に移した。
• However, the power of the EDO clan gradually waned throughout the Muromachi Period, prompting it to relocate to Kitami of Tama County (Present-day, Kitami, Setagaya Ward, Tokyo Metropolis).

• しかし、次第（四度加行や修法の方法などを記した書物）を読むだけでは、事相の習得は出来ない。
• However, the reading of the shidai (a book which the method of Shidokegyo or esoteric ritual written) alone does not complete training in each realm of the process.

• 高雅な歌詞を持つ気品高い音楽だが、次第に型にはまり過ぎ、江戸時代中期には作られなくなった。
• While being noble music with graceful words, kumiuta gradually fell into mannerism, and was not composed anymore in the middle of Edo period.

• また酒の成分であるアミノ酸が糖と反応して次第に赤みを帯び、そして独特の風味も醸し出される。
• Moreover, the amino acid which is a component of the sake reacts with sugar, gradually forming a red tinge and creating a distinct flavor.

• 子供向けのものが多かったが、次第に大人向けの洒落たものや滑稽なものが書かれるようになった。
• Most were targeted at children; however, in time some adult oriented versions were written which included plays on words and amusing stories.

• また外宮祀官家の渡会氏の祖先にも「天牟羅雲命」の名が見える（『豊受大神宮禰宜補任次第』）。
• Furthermore, the name 'Ame no murakumo no mikoto' is also seen in the ancestry of the Watarai clan, which was a family of Shinto priests recorded in 'Toyouke-daijingu negi honin shidai' (an old historical Japanese record).

• こうした流れは、地頭による一円知行化へと進み、次第に荘園公領制の解体を推し進めたのである。
• The encroachment by land stewards gradually resulted in their monopolization of land and led to the dissolution of the system of manors and imperial territories.

• だが、いざ近くに来たら、最初は単純に思えた計画が、次第にたいへんなことのように思えてきた。
• But, as he approached them, his project, which at first had seemed so simple, began to grow more and more formidable to his mind.

• 富豪層と一般百姓層の格差はますます増大し、一般百姓は次第に富豪の支配下に組み込まれていった。
• The gap between millionaires and common peasants gew larger and larger; the latter gradually came under the former's influence.

• そのため町を堀と塁壁で囲む総構えの構築が増加してゆき、次第に城郭都市化していく傾向をみせた。
• Therefore, construction of Sogamae or surrounding the entire town with a moat and mounds increased and gradually the trend towards wall cities was seen.

• 武田勝頼の代になると美濃に進出して領土をさらに拡大する一方、次第に家中を掌握しきれなくなる。
• Katsuyori TAKEDA further expanded the territory by invading Mino Province, but he gradually lost control over his vassals.

• そして次第に朝廷へ介入し、地頭は国衙領や荘園へ浸食し、武家政権は徐々に全国への支配を強めた。
• The bakufu gradually intervened in the Imperial Court and Jito eroded Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and Shoen, resulting in acceleration of its nation-wide governance by the military government.

• このため次第に領国の実権は朝倉氏や織田氏などの守護代、重臣らに牛耳られるようになっていった。
• Therefore, the real power in its own territories was gradually taken away by Shugodai and Jushin (chief retainer) including the Asakura clan and the Oda clan.

• しかし、このような強権的な支配では各地域の動きは抑えられず、次第に矛盾が大きくなっていった。
• However, such an despotic governance could not suppress the movements in various areas and the conflicts became increasingly larger.

• 古くは11世紀半ばに仁海によって書かれた『仁海僧正自筆長者次第』などがあったといわれている。
• It is said that there existed 'Ningai Sojo Jihitsu Choja Shidai' (the records of the To-ji Choja (chief abbot of To-ji Temple), self-written by Ningai Sojo (the high-ranking Buddhist priest)) in the middle of the eleventh century.

• この二つの儀礼を合揉した「十王経」の主体は、次第に七七斎の方へと力点を移して行くこととなる。
• After combining these two ceremonies, the main pillar of the 'Juo-kyo Sutra' was gradually shifted to the Shichishichisai.
• The main part of 'Juo-kyo Sutra,' combined of these two ceremonies, gradually focused on Shichishichi-sai.

• 奈良時代にさかんに行われていた伎楽も平安時代を経て鎌倉時代になると次第に上演されなくなった。
• It has been often performed in the Nara period, however, gradually declined in the Heian to Kamakura periods.

• 光格天皇の弟である聖護院宮盈仁親王の茶道指南を努め、次第に御所風の流儀に改めるようになった。
• As a coach of the tea ceremony, he served Imperial Prince Shogoinnomiya Einin, a younger brother of the Emperor Kokaku, and gradually changed his style of the tea ceremony to goshofu (imperial palace style).

• 器楽部分である手事は二つの部分に分かれ、前半は最初ゆったりしており、そのあと次第に早くなる。
• Tegoto being an instrumental part is divided into two, where the former half starts slowly and then gradually becomes faster.

• 「鳴く声に」で次第に箏曲的な歌に戻り、胡弓が繊細なトレモロを奏する、短いが美しい間奏となる。
• In the section of 'naku koe ni,' the song gradually returns to a song based on the koto music leading to a short but beautiful intermezzo of a delicate tremolo played by kokyu.

• そして応仁の乱の頃から行われなくなったが、江戸時代（1691年）に再開され、次第に広まった。
• This event was stopped around the time of the Onin War, but was started again in the Edo period (1691) and gradually spread.

• 平安時代以降、妃・嬪(ひん)の号とともに次第に用いられなくなり淳和天皇期に事実上廃止された。
• After the Heian period, the title of fujin became less and less used along with the title hi and hin (consorts of an emperor), and it was virtually abolished in the era of the Emperor Junna.

• 部屋の空気は次第に濃く、重いものになっていき、グラニスの額には、玉のような汗が浮かんできた。
• The atmosphere grew denser and heavier, and beads of perspiration began to roll from Granice's forehead.

• 「彼女がこのワルツが終わり次第まず若い人たちを部屋に入れて、それから私たち食事が取れるわ。」
• 'She's sending in the younger ones first as soon as this waltz is over so that we'll have the table to ourselves.'

• 公家政権の権限は、幕府および守護によって大きく侵されてされていき、次第に有名無実化していった。
• The authority of the kuge government came to be greatly encroached by the bakufu and shugo (provincial constable), and gradually became little more than a mere name.

• 御家人の心は次第に幕府から離れていくようになり、御家人達武士全体の不満がくすぶる結果となった。
• Consequently, the hearts of the gokenin gradually began to drift further and further away from the bakufu; these actions by the Tokuso provoked a smoldering dissatisfaction among the gokenin and among all warriors.

• 米騒動は移出の取りやめ、安売りの哀願から始まり、要求は次第に寄付の強要、打ちこわしに発展した。
• Initially, the rice riots started to ask to cancel the transportation of rice and to sell it cheap, but gradually led to the enforcement of donation and grew into Uchikowashi (it refers to an act where people destroyed residences of privileged merchants or officials who were involved in misgovernment).

• だが、貴族院内に親政友会の会派である交友倶楽部が形成され、次第に貴族院にも勢力を伸ばしていく。
• However, Koyu Club, a pro-Seiyukai parliamentary group, was formed in the House of Peers and accordingly Rikken seiyukai gradually expanded its influence into the House of Peers.

• 11世紀中期頃から荘園の増加が著しくなり、従来、国衙が支配していた公田が次第に減少していった。
• From the middle of eleventh century, a number of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) increased remarkably, and subsequently Koden (territories administered directly by a ruler) which was originally controlled by Kokuga decreased gradually.

• 一方、阿倍内親王の皇位継承に批判的と見られていた橘諸兄親子の勢力は次第に衰退することとなった。
• On the other hand, the power of TACHIBANA no Moroe and his father, who were considered to be critical to the succession of Imperial Princess Abe to the Emperor, declined gradually.

• その中で次第に家臣団が支配下の領主群から、大名家の奉公集団への性格を強めることになっていった。
• Under these circumstances, the nature of Kashindan changed from a group of ryoshu (feudal lords) to a group of employees serving a daimyo family.

• そのため、本来なら一代限りの契約であった主従関係が、次第に世襲・固定化されていくようになった。
• Consequently, the master-and-servant relationship, which is originally an agreement for just one generation, gradually became hereditary and fixed.

• 『童子教』・『実語教』などが教科書として用いられたが、次第に往来物が教科書の中心となっていく。
• Books like 'Dojikyo' and 'Jitsugokyo' were originally used for textbooks, but eventually most textbooks were replaced with Oraimono.

• 良賤間の通婚も次第に黙認されるようになり、中には賤民と結婚して租税を免れようとする者も現れた。
• Marriages between ryomin and senmin gradually became tolerated and some ryomin even sought to be exempted from taxes by marrying senmin.

• 室町時代に京都で最初に七福神信仰がおこり、それが次第に日本各地に拡がっていったといわれている。
• It is assumed that the first shichifukujin faith started in Kyoto during the Muromachi Period, and then it had gradually spread all over Japan.

• 次第に市内の花街の元置屋や近隣の写真館などもサービスを行うようになるなど、広がりを見せている。
• Gradually, since former Okiya houses (a tea house and lodging house where maiko and geisha live) in Hanamachi (geisha districts in Kyoto) and neighborhood photo studios began to offer the same services, the services have been spreading.

• 守護大名の権限強化と惣村・郷村の自立とによって、荘園は次第に解体への道を進んでいくこととなった。
• The shoens gradually collapsed with the aggrandizement of shugo-daimyo and the independence of sosons and gosons.

• 戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、戦国大名による一円支配が強まり、惣村の自治権が次第に奪われていった。
• In the Sengoku period (the Warring States period), the governance of entire region by the warring lords became stronger, and gradually the soson's autonomy was usurped.

• 元寇以来の政局不安などにより、諸国では悪党が活動し、幕府は次第に武士層からの支持を失っていった。
• The political situation had been unstable ever since the Mongol invasion, and due to this and other factors, criminals were active in several provinces, while the shogunate gradually found itself losing the support of the warrior class.

• しかし、大内裏の衰微に従い次第に荒廃し、ついには鬼や盗賊が住むといわれるほどに荒れ果てたという。
• The area around the gate, however, gradually fell into ruin as the power of the daidairi declined, in the end becoming so run down that oni (demons) and thieves were believed to live in the area.

• しかし、国民各層にはその考え方が次第に浸透して行き、自由民権運動の気運が高まるきっかけとなった。
• However, the idea slowly seeped into every class of people and triggered the rise in the momentum toward Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).

• 中国においても、唐代以後は小尺は使われなくなり、大尺は清末まで次第に伸びて36cmほどになった。
• In China, the xiao-chi was not used after Tang Dynasty period, while the da-chi was used and gradually elongated to 36 centimeters by the end of Qing Dynasty.

• この時代の前期には引き続き院政が行われていたものの、政治・文化の中心は次第に鎌倉へ移っていった。
• In the former half of the Kamakura period, the nominal rule of the cloistered emperor still continued in Kyoto, but Kamakura gradually replaced Kyoto as the center stage of Japanese politics and culture.

• これまでむしろ積極的に関与していた裁判についても自粛するようになり、次第に教案は減少していった。
• They abstained from court trials that they were actively involved in, and their teaching plan gradually lessened.

• 上記のような西洋館に刺激されて、次第に各地域でも地元の職人による西洋館が建てられるようになった。
• Stimulated by the seiyo-kan buildings described above, seiyo-kan buildings began to be built by local craftsmen in various regions.

• 特に室町幕府の将軍を接待する「御成」が盛んになってからは次第に宴会料理の形式が整えられていった。
• Especially, after becoming 'onari' for receiving the Muromachi Shogunate, it gradually developed into a feast.

• 式はあっという間で、左右からは紳士淑女に礼を述べられ、正面では牧師がにこやかに笑っている次第だ。
• It was all done in an instant, and there was the gentleman thanking me on the one side and the lady on the other, while the clergyman beamed on me in front.

• 娘の喜びをたたえていた目は次第に困惑した恐怖の色合いを強めていき、頬からは火照りが消えていった。
• The glad look in the girl's eyes slowly changed to a bewildered horror.

• まず畿内・近畿周辺において、耕地から住居が分離して住宅同士が集合する村落が次第に形成されていった。
• First, villages in which residences separated from cultivated lands gathered together gradually formed in parts of the Kinai region (the provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and around the Kinki region.

• 2 中等学校下等科　修業年限：3年制　修業年齢：14～17歳　進路先：高等教育3.6/修了次第入学
• 2 Middle school, lower division term: 3 years, age: 14-17 years old, future course: higher education 3, 6 right after completion of the course

• 反キリスト教運動が広がりを見せる中で、各地のグループが次第に統合していき、義和拳となったのである。
• As the anti-Christianity movement spread, groups from various areas merged together, becoming the Giwa Martial Art.

• この頃から藩内ではたびたび大洪水が起こって収入が激減し、それによって藩財政は次第に悪化していった。
• An income drastically decreased due to frequent occurrence of great floods within the domain from around this time, and as a result, the finance of the clan became worse gradually.

• 平安時代後期以後、朝廷は社会秩序を維持するための警察・軍事的な裏付け（「検断権」）を次第に失った。
• After the late Heian Period, the Imperial Court slowly lost the power to maintain the social order with the police and the military, losing the right to judge criminal cases, thus samurai maintained the order in place of the Imperial Court.

• 一、戦、自然も我が勝利と相成り候気鋒相見え候とき、其節朝廷へ申上げきっと尽力の次第これあり候との事
• Article 2 : When the Choshu Domain's victory is near at hand, the Satsuma Domain shall immediately appeal to the Imperial Court to back up Choshu and make every effort to mediate a peace.

• しかし中津は義満と次第に対立し、至徳 (日本)元年/元中元年（1384年）6月に摂津国に退去した。
• However, Chushin came to have different opinions from Yoshimitsu and left from Kyoto to Settsu Province in June 1384.

• しかし、漫才など他の人気大衆芸能の誕生、大衆メディアの発達などに追いつけず、次第に衰微していった。
• It gradually went into decline, however, due to the advent of other popular entertainments like manzai (comic dialogue) and the development of mass media.

• だが、その性質上どうしても内容が仏教的なものに限られてきてしまうため、次第に義太夫節に圧倒された。
• However, since the contents of sekkyo eventually focused on the Buddhism topics because of its characteristic, Gidayu-bushi (music in Gidayu ballad drama) gradually became more dominant.

• 当せん者はお守りが貰えただけであったが、次第に金銭が副賞となり賭博としての資金収集の手段となった。
• Originally a winner got only an Omamori (a personal amulet), but later money was also given and it was developed into a gamble to collect funds.

• しかし室町時代の末期に織田信長が相撲を奨励したことで、蹴鞠の人気は次第に収束していったといわれる。
• However, in late Muromachi period, because Nobunaga ODA encouraged sumo wrestling, it is said that the popularity of kemari was gradually brought to an end.

• 平安時代中期を過ぎると次第に職掌を作物所（つくもどころ）や木工寮・修理職に奪われ形骸化していった。
• After the mid Heian period, official duties were gradually replaced by posts such as Tsukumodokoro (the post responsible for procuring furnishing goods for the Imperial Court), Mokkoryo (Bureau of Carpentry), and Shurishiki (Office of Palace Repairs), and gradually became a mere facade.

• はじめ位は低かったが、その位は次第に高まり、平安時代中期以降、皇后は女御から昇進する慣例となった。
• The rank of Nyogo was low at first but gradually raised, and after the middle of the Heian period, it became customary that Kogo (empress) was promoted from Nyogo.

• 武家政権が出現した頃には、天皇家は次第に権力を失いつつあり、権威だけを保有する方向に向かっていた。
• As the samurai government came to prominence, the Imperial family was gradually losing its power, to the extent that they had authority but no power.

• 大型地域集団は次第に政治的な結合を強めていき、倭国連合と呼びうる政治連合体を2世紀初頭頃に形成した。
• The large-sized communities were gradually united and a political confederation that could be called a union of Way nations was established during the early second century.

• 996年小槻奉親が左大史（大夫史）に任命されたのを皮切りに次第に左大史に任ぜられることが多くなった。
• After OZUKI no Tomochika was appointed to the position of Sadaishi (Taifu no shi (senior recorder of Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)) in 996, many other members of the Ozuki clan were appointed to the position.

• しかし、詫び証文を書いたことが水口藩主の耳に達せば、事と次第によれば公用方の断罪も逃れられなくなる。
• If the signed apology were to become known to the lord of the Minakuchi domain, Koyokata would be doomed to be convicted according to the circumstances.

• 騒動は次第に米問屋から炭坑へと場所を移し、9月12日の三井三池炭鉱の騒動終了まで、50日間を数えた。
• The riots gradually moved from rice warehouse merchants to coal mines and it took 50 days until the riot in Mitsui Miike coal mine ended on September 12.

• しかし小領主のため、次第に財政が悪化して、江戸時代中期以降は領民に御用金を課すことも少なくなかった。
• Due to the small size of the domain, however, financial conditions gradually declined; from the middle of the Edo period onward goyokin (the money the government charged temporarily on farmers and merchants) was imposed on the people of the domain for a number of times.

• 比叡山にある本坊と北山の別院とはしばらくの間、並立していたが、次第に北山の別院が主体となっていった。
• Honbo (main bo) on Mt. Hiei and betsuin at Kitayama were both operated at the same time for a while, but gradually betsuin at Kitayama became the main temple.

• 江戸時代以降も将軍や諸大名は御伽衆を召し抱えたが、政治の実権が重臣に移るにつれ、次第に勢力は衰えた。
• After Edo Period, shogun and territorial lords still had otogishu, however, as political power passed into the hands of chief retainers, power of otogishu had gradually weakened.

• そうしてその時、軽い風が北東から吹いていたので、その船は私たちから次第に遠去（とおざ）かっていった。
• and as there was a light wind from the north and east the bark began to draw slowly away from us.

• 武田信玄の「甲州法度次第」の第20条に「天下戦国の上は、諸事をなげうち武具の用意肝要たるべし」とある。
• In Article 20 of 'Koshuhatto no shidai' (bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own territory) for the Koshu area) enforced by Shingen TAKEDA, it is set forth as 'Since the world is in the warring state, give priority to preparation of arms and armors to other matters.'

• これについては、公営田の施行が次第に拡がったとする見解と、公営田の施行は限定的だったとする見解がある。
• It is interpreted in two ways: one is that Kueiden became popular and the other is that Kueiden was conducted in a limited way.

• これに苦悩した信輔は次第に「心の病」に悩まされるようになり、文禄元年（1592年）に左大臣を辞任する。
• Disturbed by this, Nobusuke was increasingly suffering from 'mental illness' and resigned from Sadaijin in 1592.

• ところが戦乱が相次いだことで経営は不安定であり、次第に京都の商工業から挙がる税収に依存するようになる。
• However, the Muromachi shogunate came to count more and more on tax revenues from the merchants in Kyoto rather than from goryosho, due to the poor and unsteady business performance of goryosho caused by a wave of wars.

• 13世紀に入ると、絹・布が持っていた貨幣価値を銭貨が駆逐し、次第に年貢も銭貨で納められるようになった。
• After the 13th century, the currency value that silk or cloth had had was driven away by coins and nengu (land tax) was also gradually paid in coins.

• だが、次第に年貢の未進・下地中分や半済の進行によって荘園からの収入が途絶える事態が生じるようになった。
• However, the revenues from shoen had gradually decreased because of the nonpayment of tribute, shitaji chubun (physical division of the land), and the introduction of hanzei (the system in the Muromachi period where the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] allowed military governors, or Shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund).

• しかしながら、室町時代から江戸時代にかけては次第に形式化し、また金箔に代わり金泥による文様も普及した。
• However, from the Muromachi period to the Edo period, the patterns became fixed gradually, and in addition, patterns using kindei (gold paint), instead of kirikane, had become used widely.

• しかし、下克上を旨とする戦国時代の気風は文化をも覆い、次第に豪壮を旨とする桃山文化の発露への布石となる。
• However, the general atmosphere of the sengoku jidai, which made gekokujo a principle covered culture also and became preparations for the manifestation of Momoyama culture which made 'splendid' a principle.

• こうした社会状況を受けて、9世紀前期（藤原冬嗣執政期）から土地課税を重視する傾向が次第に強まっていった。
• In response to these social conditions, since the early part of the ninth century (during the period of administration of FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu), there was a growing tendency to put emphasize on the tax on land.

• このような幼帝の即位は、天皇が次第に実権を失っていたことを示すもので、こうした政治体制を摂関政治という。
• The enthronement of such a young Emperor shows that the Emperor gradually lost his actual power, and this form of government is called Sekkanseiji.

• 平安京（京都）は、関東地方を基盤とする鎌倉幕府や江戸幕府の成立によって行政府としての機能を次第に失った。
• Heian-kyo (Kyoto) gradually lost its function as government administrator, by the formation of the Kamakura bakufu or Edo bakufu based in the Kanto Region.

• 元寇以来、得宗専制に走った鎌倉幕府は次第に他の御家人を圧迫するようになり、社会に不満が溜まるようになる。
• After the Mongol invasions of Japan of 1274 and 1281, the Kamakura Bakufu, which turned to the tokuso (the title held by the head of the mainline Hojo clan, who monopolized the position of regents of the Kamakura shogunate) dictatorship, gradually began to oppress the other Gokenin (Shogunal retainers), resulting in increasing dissatisfaction among people.

• しかし独立協会の主張は次第に守旧派官僚との対立を招き、最終的に高宗の勅令により独立協会は解散させられた。
• However, the Independence Club's insistence caused a confrontation with the bureaucracy of old-guard crony, and finally they were compelled to dismiss following the decree of Gao Zong.

• 王権形成が進み古墳時代に入ると、首長層は共同体の外部に居館を置くようになり、環濠集落は次第に解体される。
• Once Wakoku had advanced its sovereignty by early Kofun (tumulus) period, chiefs began placing their residences outside the village, and moat settlements were gradually dismantled.

• 北部九州の勢力が奈良盆地勢力を制圧し、奈良盆地へ東遷したとする見解もあるが、次第に支持を失ってきている。
• Although some scholars expressed the opinion that a powerful force in the northern part of Kyushu lorded over the Nara Basin, and subsequently moved their capital into the Nara Basin; this theory gradually lost academic support.

• 債務者を発見次第直ちに債務者が持つ債権額相当分の財産（主として動産）のみを差し押さえることになっていた。
• A kojichi allowed creditors to attach a debtor's properties (mainly movable properties) equivalent to the total amount of credit only, whenever and wherever they found such debtors.

• このため、家康の勢力が諸大名の中でも特に抜きん出ることとなり、家康は次第に天下の権を掌握するようになる。
• This allowed Ieyasu to gain prominence among other feudal lords, and Ieyasu gradually came to hold the power to control the nation.

• 先般城塞等ノ儀ニ付相達候次第モ有之候処、各地方旧城郭ノ内別紙陸軍省所轄ヲ除ノ外総テ当省ノ所轄ニ被仰付候。
• A notice has recently been issued regarding castles etc., and among castles in each region, all castles other than those to be managed by the Department of War as in Supplement have been directed to be managed by Okura-sho.

• 日本の場合、江戸時代までは二つの方法が併存していたが、次第に炊干法が優勢となり、湯取法は廃れてしまった。
• In Japan, the two methods coexisted until the Edo period, but eventually the takiboshi method became dominant, and the yutori method became outmoded.

• 当初は大名などの玩具である数寄物であったが、次第に見世物として人気を呼ぶようになり、日本各地に普及した。
• At first, it was owned only by daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and others as a toy of refined taste, but as it was shown to the public and gained popularity, it spread nationwide.

• 片側は持ち手で（ちょうど耳かきのようになっている）、そこから先端に向って次第に細くなっていく形状である。
• One side of kogai is a handle (which looks like an ear pick) and the other side gradually tapers off to a point.

• しかし栽培や収穫に手間がかかることから次第に農家が敬遠したため、ついには一部の品種を絶滅させてしまった。
• However, farmers gradually became unwilling to produce those vegetables because it took a lot of work to cultivate and harvest them, which resulted in the extermination of some of the varieties.

• また、大奥においては事細かに婦人の着物を規定したため、次第に身分によって着用される柄が固定化していった。
• Further, in the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo-jo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her female servants reside), codes on women's costume, namely kimono became regulative in minute detail, and the patterns of kimono permitted to the class she belonged became fixed little by little.

• そのため酉の日に立つ市には江戸市中からの参詣者も次第に多くなり、そこでは社前で辻賭博が盛大に開帳された。
• For this reason, the fairs on Tori no hi gradually attracted more visitors to the shrine from the city of Edo, and tsuji-tobaku (open-air gambling) was run on a grand scale there in front of the shrine.

• 本来は非公式の会合であり、意思決定も統裁合議制に則って行われていたが、次第に実質上の政策決定期間となった。
• Originally these meetings were informal in nature, and although decisions were made in accordance with the tosai-gogisei (a system under which the role of members was merely to advise the single individual vested with final decision-making power), the Jin no Sadame gradually became a de facto institution for government policy-making.

• 次第に、これに定数ができた後も定員外の者が続労銭を納め、「労」を銭で購入する機会が提供されるようになった。
• Even after the number of posts was determined, the following chances were introduced: supernumerary courtiers bought 'labour' by paying shokurosen (money paied for getting an official rank).

• しかし、戦国時代には諸大名により所領が次第に侵蝕されていき、豊臣秀吉の太閤検地によりそれが決定的となった。
• However, they were gradually deprived of their lands by the daimyo during the Sengoku period (period of warring states) and finally they lost all lands through taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi) conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.

• 鎌倉中期の元寇を契機として、幕府権力が西国へも浸透していき、在庁官人による国衙行政は次第に弱まっていった。
• Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) during the mid Kamakura period triggered the invasion of the power of the Kamakura bakufu towards the western regions and the administration of kokuga by zaichokanjin gradually weakened.

• しかし同家は次第に本家（足利義詮系統の京都将軍家）の足利氏と将軍位などをめぐって対立する姿勢を見せ始める。
• The family, however, began to show its opposition to the Ashikaga head family (the Kyoto shogunate family whose forefather was Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA) over the shogunate's succession and so on.

• 当初は平家が源氏を圧倒していたが、次第に形勢が逆転し、源家の頼朝軍が壇ノ浦の戦いで平家を滅ぼして勝利した。
• Initially, the Taira clan overwhelmed the Minamoto clan, but the tide gradually turned, and Yoritomo's forces of the Minamoto family defeat the Taira family in the Battle of Dannoura and won the war.

• ともあれ、いさかいを起こしながらも、一応同盟を結んだ両家は次第にともに共謀して反信長に結束することになる。
• At any rate, the two families entered into an alliance as best they could even through they had an argument, but ended up conspiring together against Nobunaga.

• 8世紀以降、上半身を覆う服を指す言葉として「衣」よりも「袍」の字のほうが次第に多く書物に現れるようになる。
• After the eighth century, '袍' gradually began to appear more frequently than '衣' in documents as the word indicating clothing for the upper half of the body.

• その結果、明治末になるとそれらは書き言葉として次第に確立し、一般の文章にも大きな影響を与えるようになった。
• As a result, in the late Meiji period they gradually became established as the written language, and came to greatly influence Japanese general writing.

• 12世紀を通じてこれらの学派は激しく対立したが、南宋になると、新学優位から次第に道学優位へと傾いていった。
• These schools were in serious conflict throughout the twelfth century, but in the Southern Song Dynasty, predominance of New learning gradually shifted to predominance of the Do school.

• 『江家次第』によると、「北御障子（賢聖の障子）は、近頃の慣行では、公事の日を除いて取り外している」とある。
• In the 'Gokeshidai' (the Ritual Protocol of the Oe House), there is a description that 'according to recent customs, Kita no mishoji (also called Kenjo no shoji) is removed except on the days of public matters.'

• 江戸時代中期から醤油が普及するにしたがい次第に利用されなくなり、現在では一般に利用される事はほとんど無い。
• As the use of soy sauce spread from the mid-Edo period, irizake gradually became used less often and is now not generally used.

• 以後、実質は仲麻呂支配下にあったとは言え次第に重要性が低下し、760年の光明皇太后の死によって廃止された。
• Since then, its significance faded gradually though it was still under Nakamaro's charge, and was abolished when the Empress Dowager Komyo died in 760.

• そこでオリヴァはゲニミードの家を訪ね、ゲニミードとエリーナに、オーランドゥが命を救ってくれた次第を話した。
• Thither then Oliver went, and told to Ganymede and Aliena how Orlando had saved his life;

• しかし、朝廷の彼らに対する処遇は必ずしも彼らが期待したほどではなく、彼らの間には次第に不満が蓄積していった。
• However, the Imperial Court did not treat these individuals as well as they expected; therefore, their discontent grew.

• 聖職者の保有する荘園は、隣接する在俗領主の荘園よりもはるかに広大な農奴地を持っており、次第に拡大していった。
• The shoens owned by the clericals had much wider serf lands than that of neighboring secular lords and gradually widened.

• 太閤検地によって土地に対する重層的な権利関係が解消されると、刈田狼藉という行為も概念も次第に消失していった。
• Once the multilayered relation of the rights to land were dissolved as a result of Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), both the act and concept of karita-rozeki gradually disappeared.

• 次第に、「姓」・「氏」や「部」は、王権によって序列化・統制され、私的な集団から公的な制度へと編成されて行く。
• The dynasty gradually made 'kabane,' 'uji,' and 'be' incorporated into a hierarchy, and these private groups were organized in a public system.

• 9世紀頃から律令法制と社会実情が次第に乖離していき、同世紀末には律令規定に基づく地方統治が困難となってきた。
• In ninth century, the Ritsuryo system gradually detached itself from the actual social situation and governmental administrations reign over the locals became more difficult.

• 主に旧石器時代から縄文時代にかけて使われており、弥生時代に入って金属器が使われるようになると次第に減少した。
• It was mainly used from the Paleolithic era to the Jomon period, but as metal tools came into use in the Yayoi period, the number of the stone tools decreased.

• 器形や装飾も中期の呪術的で装飾過剰なものから次第に洗練されたものになり、製作者の美意識の変化がうかがわれる。
• In these stages, the shape and the decoration of the earthen vessel gradually became more sophisticated than the shamanistic, too decorative ones in the middle stage, and this suggests that the vessel-maker's sense of beauty changed.

• さらに徳川家康も天下人を目指して、伊達政宗らと無断婚姻を行なうなど、豊臣政権は次第に衰退の兆しを見せてゆく。
• In addition, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA aimed to be 'tenkabito' (a person becoming the ruler of the country) and entered an unauthorized marriage with Masamune DATE; thus, showing signs of the TOYOTOMI government's decline.

• この系統も十国の荊南や南唐を中心として教勢を張ったが、その後は次第に衰退し、宋代にまで伝わることがなかった。
• This lineage also had influence around Jingnan and the Southern Tang, both of the Ten kingdoms, but gradually declined and disappeared before the Sung period.

• 僧が業平夫婦を弔っていると、次第の囃子に乗り、里の女(実は業平の妻の霊)が現れ、業平の古塚に花水を手向ける。
• While the monk is performing a Buddhist rite for Narihira and his wife, a village woman (actually the spirit of Narihira's wife) appears accompanied by a shidai (musical accompaniment performed by the hayashi [musical ensemble] used for the entrance of characters) and offers flowers and water to Narihira's barrow.

• この時代は日本の文化全体が中国の強い影響を次第に脱して和風化が進んだ時代であり、仏画にもその傾向が見られる。
• That was the time when the culture in Japan as a whole gradually got away from the strong influence from China and Japanization made progress and this trend is seen in Buddhist paintings from this period.

• だが、秀吉の死後関ヶ原の戦い以降は次第に天下の実権は徳川家に移り、関白職は再び五摂家の任ぜられる職となった。
• However, after Hideyoshi's death from the Battle of Sekigahara on, real power was transferred to the Tokugawa family, and the job of Kampaku was again given to the five regent families.

• はじめは自然物を使用・あるいは加工した形態のものが次第に神殿の建設など複雑な構造を持つものに変化していった。
• Early altars consisted of natural objects or man-made items and later, with the construction of shrines, became more structurally complicated.

• 国衙領は、鎌倉幕府が成立すると次第に守護・地頭の勢力の下に置かれるようになっていったが、室町時代にも残存した。
• After the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established, kokugaryo was gradually placed under the control of shugo (provincial constable) and jito (manager and lord of the manor), but still remained in the Muromachi period.

• 以後、守護は国内の所領紛争へ介入する権限を獲得することとなり、次第に国内の荘園・国衙領への支配を強めていった。
• Since then, the Shugo acquired the right to intervene in disputes over territory within their province and gradually increased their domination over shoen (manor) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).

• 対策文は、中国の故事を引用した内容空疎なものであり、次第に形式化していったが、試験自体は室町時代まで行われた。
• Taisakumon drew Chinese historical events and was poor in content, and was gradually becoming formalized, but the test itself continued until the Muromachi period.

• しかし、次第に大王 (ヤマト王権)の子弟を指すようになり、天皇の成立とともに皇子の字があてられるようになった。
• However, it gradually came to refer to the children and younger brothers of Okimi (great king) of the Yamato sovereignty, and upon the establishment of the emperor, 皇子, the character of Miko, started to be used for the naming.

• 奈良期から平安期における遊女の主たる仕事は、神仏一致の遊芸による伝播であり、その後遊芸伝承が次第に中心となる。
• The main work of yujo from the Nara through the Heian periods was to spread the art for amusement in synthesis of Buddhism and Shinto, and later it gradually came to spread the art for amusement only.

• しかし、安定した幕府政治も完璧という訳ではなく、様々な矛盾は当初から内包され、次第に問題化していくことになる。
• In spite of being stable, the politics of the Edo bakufu was far from perfect, so various contradictions inherent in the regime became problematic year by year.

• 一世を風靡した高芙蓉の古体派は幕末になると次第に変容し、中には古体派の風を逸脱し独自色を打ち出す者も出現する。
• The Kotai school of Fuyo KO which had been a dominant influence, changed gradually at the end of the Edo period, so that there appeared people who departed from the style of the Kotai school and highlighted their own uniqueness.

• 甲斐・信濃は家康に、上野は北条にそれぞれ「切り取り次第」（自力で勢力を伸ばすという意味）とし、相互に干渉しない
• Ieyasu should be allowed to seize territories freely in Kai and Shinano while Hojo should be allowed to do the same in Kozuke, extending their power in their respective areas without interfering with each other.

• しかし獄舎の中では貴重な水を手ぬぐいに浸して額を冷やし、不動明王の霊咒を唱えて看病すると、次第に素直になった。
• However, he came to open his mind, after Shinjo looked after him, when he was sick, by cooling his forehead with a towel soaked with water valuable in a jail, and chanting ryoju of Fudo Myoo.

• が、次第に新羅の圧迫を受け、538年には都を熊津から泗ビへ移すことを余儀なくされるなど、逼迫した状況にあった。
• However, he had gradually been oppressed by Silla and the situation became tight as he was forced to change the capital from Ungjin to Shibi in 538.

• 2人に碁が好きかと尋ねられた昨庵は、下手の横好きなどと謙遜して答え、話を交わす内に次第に2人と馴染みとなった。
• When the two men asked Sakuan if he liked playing Igo, he answered in a humble manner saying he is crazy about it though he is no good, and gradually became familiar with them as he conversed with them.

• しかしながら、このころから筆者である書家たちの古典研究が盛んになり、次第にその影響が現われてくるようになった。
• However, starting around in this era, the calligraphers constituting the authors earnestly studied classic styles, and the effects began to gradually appear.

• 次第に格式を重んじる書院の茶から、俗世間を超越した遊びの空間、茶のための専用の狭い空間を使うことが多くなった。
• Gradually the place for the tea ceremony had been changed from Shoin to a space for pleasure standing aloof from the world or a small room exclusively for tea ceremony.

• 半済はあくまで限定的かつ臨時に認められていたが、次第に適用地域が拡がっていき、かつ定常的に行われるようになった。
• Hanzei was admitted temporarily and in a limited way, but the admitted areas gradually increased and so constantly admitted.

• しかし、奈良時代後期（8世紀後期）ごろから、課税から逃れたい人民らの偽籍・逃亡・浮浪が次第に顕著となっていった。
• However, it became apparent that many people who wanted to escape taxation began falsifying the register, escaping and wandering about during the latter stage of the Nara period (the latter stage of the 8th century).

• 但し、これらの任務には定員が定められるようになり、次第に定員外の者については銭を納めて労にかえることが許された。
• However, once the capacities for the department and the military were determined, those beyond the capacity were gradually allowed to replace labor with money.

• 国司や領主などの支配層は、田堵負名による名田経営を強化するために、現地での支配権・管理権を次第に付与していった。
• The ruling class, including territorial governors and manorial lords, granted tato farmers various rights to rule and manage land in villages in order to strengthen the myoden system supported by these farmers.

• 後に女御、更衣を指して御息所という呼称が用いられることはなくなり、次第に皇太子妃や親王妃を指す語として定着した。
• Later, the meaning of Miyasundokoro which was nyogo and koi faded out, and then Miyasundokoro became the name for crown princess and Imperial Princess.

• しかし、1515年八上城を築いて根拠とした波多野氏が次第に勢力を増大させていくにしたがって内藤氏の勢いは衰える。
• The power of the Naito clan waned as the Hatano clan, which built Yakami-jo Castle in 1515 as its base, gradually expanded its power.

• 戦国時代に入ると、伊予東部の河野氏や、土佐国の土佐一条氏、九州豊後国の大友氏の侵攻に遭って次第に衰退していった。
• However, in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the family suffered consecutive invasions by the Kono clan of the eastern Iyo Province, the Tosa-Ichijo clan of Tosa Province, the Otomo clan of Bungo Province in Kyushu, and the family's influence gradually declined.

• しかし、鉄道や道路などの陸運網が発達していくにつれ、利用価値が次第に薄れていき、運河としての機能を失っていった。
• As the land transportation network including railroads and roadways developed, the Nishitakase-gawa River gradually lost its usefulness and function as a canal.

• 米価格が高騰することにより、地主や商人は米を投機へまわすようになり、次第に売り惜しみや買い占めが発生しはじめた。
• As the rice price soared, landlords and merchants started to speculate in rice and gradually withholding of rice and the buyout occurred.

• 他藩の志士たちは天狗党の目的が水戸藩内の対立優先に傾いて来た頃から次第に離れ始め、約500名が天狗党と決別した。
• As the goal of Tenguto gradually came to be the conflicts within the Mito Domain, the royalists from other domains began to left and resulted in 500 people in total leaving Tenguto.

• 集治監に少なからず思想犯が収容されたことから、次第に世間の注目を浴びるようになり、強制労働的な使役は廃止された。
• Since many ideological offenders were locked up in Shujikan, it gradually attracted public attention, which resulted in the abolition of forced labor.

• これは、算博士の職掌が次第に算生の教育よりも中央の財務・経理官人としての職務に移りつつあったことの反映であった。
• This reflected the gradual shift of the official duties of San hakase to those of central government officials of finance and accounting, rather than those of Sansho educators.

• また土佐藩では武市瑞山が率いる土佐勤王党（前年に藩執政吉田東洋を暗殺）が弾圧され尊攘勢力は次第に後退していった。
• Sonno-Joi forces gradually waned in the Tosa clan as the Tosakino Party, a loyalist clique of Tosa led by Zuisan TAKECHI, was suppressed (Toyo YOSHIDA, an administrator of the clan, was assassinated the year before).

• 源平藤橘や物部、大伴と呼ばれる氏族が全盛期を誇った頃、何千という名字が生まれ、その後次第に家紋が用いられ始める。
• When Shizoku, such as Minamoto, Taira, Fujiwara, Tachibana, Mononobe, and Otomo clans were in flourishing, thousands of Myoji were created and then Kamon gradually came into use.

• しかし、明治政府の方針は「更なる洋装化」であり、次第に皇后への拝謁など特殊な条件下でしか着用されなくなっていく。
• However, the Meiji government's policy of 'further Westernization of clothing' meant that the costume was gradually worn only at special occasions, such as an audience with the Empress.

• 『江次第抄』によれば、初め再拝するのは詔命を欽ぶ意で、後に舞踏するのは恩恵にあずかるのをよろこぶ意であるという。
• According to 'Goshidaisho' (a commentary book written by Kanera ICHIJO on 'Koke Shidai,' which is a classic rule book about ceremonial and public functions), bowing twice in the beginning indicates respect for the Imperial edict, and the following dance expresses joy for receiving a favor.

• 時代を経ると次第に束帯へと変化していき、それに伴い、官人の勤務服から儀式の際の式服や正装へと地位の昇格が起きた。
• Over time chofuku gradually changed into sokutai, and with the change, chofuku came to be regarded as more important than before changing its role from the normal working clothes for government officials to the ceremonial dress and formal attire.

• 庶民の着物は江戸幕府のあい続く倹約令により、次第に裏地や裾など目立たない部分への贅沢に目が向けられるようになる。
• In the meantime, kimono fashion of common people gradually took a direction to obscure part of the kimono such as linings and hems due to the spate of thrift orders by the Edo bakufu.

• こうして光崎検校の多面的な試みの内に、実に一世紀半ぶりに、箏曲は次第に地歌三味線から離れ、独自の再発展が始まる。
• With Mitsuzaki Kengyo's multifaceted experiments, koto music gradually left jiuta shamisen to start its unique development after one and a half centuries.

• 中途から乱暴を始めて、世に出る機会をうしなって、次第に零落して、ついにふたたび頭をもたげることが出来なくなった。
• but he had run wild, misused his opportunities, gone down, and never risen again.

• 私はあなたがこのお家にお入りになるのを見たので、跛（びっこ）を引きながら、あなたの後を追っかけて伺った次第です。
• and when I chanced to see you go into this house, as I came hobbling after you,

• 日本書紀持統天皇2年11月条に書かれている「古くは『日嗣』と呼ばれた」との注釈が付けられている「皇祖等之登極次第」
• Tokyoku Shidai of the Founders of the Imperial Family' noted as 'referred to as 'Hitsugi' in old days' in the article of November, 688 in Nihonshoki

• だがこのような両頭政権には､一度両者間の協調関係に亀裂が生じると、次第に崩壊してしまうという脆弱性を内在していた。
• However, such a diachy possessed the risk of gradual decline in power if there would be a problem with the cooperative relationship between the two families.

• が、守護が所在した守護所はしばしば国衙の近隣に営まれ、国衙・守護所両者の機能が次第に一体化する傾向が見られ始めた。
• However, the shugosho (provincial administration) where Shugo resided was often built near-by the Kokuga property; so, the Kokuga and Shugo began to develop a tendency in the gradual integration of their functions.

• 天正8年（1580年）に本願寺が織田信長と和睦してから、雑賀では次第に鈴木孫一と土橋若大夫が対立するようになった。
• After the reconciliation of the Hongan-ji Temple with Nobunaga ODA in 1580, Magoichi SUZUKI and Wakatayu DOBASHI in Saiga had gradually increased conflicts.

• 鎌倉時代に禅宗と共に位牌が持ち込まれると次第に浄土真宗以外の各宗派で用いられるようになり、江戸時代には一般化した。
• In the Kamakura period, the Zen sect had introduced ihai which became gradually adopted by the other sects except Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land sect) and became common in the Edo period.

• 正装の一つであり、当初は背中・両袖の3カ所に家紋を入れる慣例であったが、次第に廃れて今では紋を入れないことも多い。
• As it is a formal dress, at first kamon (crest) had been drawn on the back and sleeves, however that custom has fallen into disuse, at present homongi with kamon is rarely seen.

• そうしたことから二人は親交を深めるようになり、江戸では次第に「團十郎の助六は大口屋を真似たもの」という噂が広まる。
• This led to their forming a good relationship, and the rumor gradually spread in Edo that 'Danjuro's Sukeroku was modeled after OGUCHIYA.'

• 明治時代以後は文明開化・富国強兵をテーマにしたものも現れ、次第に国民教化の手段として用いられるようになっていった。
• After the Meiji period, the Sugoroku with such themes as bunmei kaika (civilization and enlightenment), and fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) appeared and it was used as means to tighten the people.

• 人間がこの病気に侵されると、高熱が10日間ほど続いて苦しんだ後、腹に出来物ができ、次第にそれが口のような形になる。
• When a human is affected with this disease, he or she suffers a high fever for about 10 days, which is followed by getting a skin boil which gradually develops into the mouth shape.

• 公家も本膳料理の形式を取り入れつつ、独自の式典料理として「有職料理」の形式が次第にまとまっていった物と考えられる。
• It is considered that while court nobles were taking the style of honzen ryori, the style of 'yusoku cuisine' was gradually formed as a unique ceremonial cuisine.

• 最近は、ポリプロピレンなどの新素材による容器（いわゆる弁当箱）が普及し、目にする機会は次第に少なくなってきている。
• Recently, Jubako are not used as often as they used to be because containers (or lunch boxes) made of new materials, such as polypropylene, etc., are in widespread use.

• 江戸時代には「木崎ヶ原合戦」などの合戦を叙した曲が作られて次第に盛んになり、やがて武士だけでなく町民にも広まった。
• These biwas gradually became popular in the Edo period as songs derived from fights such as 'Kizakigahara gassen' were composed, and they spread through not only samurai but also townspeople.

• その他、室町時代後期には有力守護の赤松政則が叙せられるなど次第に足利氏以外の有力大名の叙位も見られるようになった。
• Furthermore, in the late Muromachi period, Masanori AKAMATSU, a powerful Shugo (provincial constable), was granted the rank, and gradually, dominant daimyo (feudal lord) other than the Ashikaga clan began to be granted the rank.

• 問注所は次第に形骸化していったが、政所では15世紀後半より財政再建などで実績を挙げた伊勢氏の事実上の世襲となった。
• While Monchujo gradually became a mere façade, shitsuji of Mandokoro effectually became the hereditary post of the Ise clan, which achieved a remarkable result in fiscal reconstruction in the late 15th century.

• 11世紀に入ると、ある家系が特定の官職を世襲する「家業の継承」または官司請負制が貴族社会内で次第に確立されていった。
• In the 11th century, the 'family business takeover' or the hereditary government office system, in which certain families inherited certain government positions, was gradually established in the aristocratic society.

• 江戸時代初期は、軍役を担う兵としての要素が強かったが、中期後期になると次第に官僚、役人としての意味合いが強くなった。
• Although they mainly served as soldiers playing military roles during the early Edo period, they gradually became bureaucrats and lost most of their military function during the mid-to-late Edo period.

• ポルトガルとの交易は次第に中国のジャンク船との貿易に圧迫され、1592年に朱印船貿易が年に約10隻の割合で始まった。
• Trade with Portugal was gradually overwhelmed by trading with junk ships from China and in 1592 trading by ships with a shogunal charter for foreign trade began at the rate of 10 ships a year.

• つまり理念的にはあらゆる人がつまり理念的にはあらゆる人が努力次第で聖人となる道が開かれた。で聖人となる道が開かれた。
• That is, theoretically, anybody can become a sage with enough effort.

• 決定を受けて慶喜は大坂城へ退去したが、山内容堂・松平春嶽・徳川慶勝の仲介により辞官納地は次第に骨抜きとなってしまう。
• Accepting the decision, Yoshinobu moved to Osaka-jo Castle, but the decision was not executed because of the intervention of Yodo YAMANOUCHI, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, and Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA.

• 7世紀中頃から終わりにかけて、南インドでその基本形が成立し、次第に施護訳にみられるような完成形態に移行したとされる。
• It is believed that from the middle to the end of the seventh century, the basic form of sutras was established in Southern India, and gradually changed to its complete form, as seen in translations by Sego.

• しかし、宣明暦があまりにも長く使用されていたために、次第に民間に流布するようになり、さらには出版されるようになった。
• However, because the Senmyo Calendar was used for quite a long period, the calendar began to be distributed among the general public, and also published.

• 9世紀になり、日本が次第に中国と距離を置き、自国の表現方法を生み出し始めると、今度は非宗教的な美術に重点が置かれた。
• While Japan kept some distance from China in the ninth century, Japanese people started to create their own means of expression in the ninth century and then an emphasis was placed on nonreligious art.

• この動きを被官化というが、こうして守護は、土地の面でも人的面でも、国内に領域的かつ均一な影響力を次第に及ぼしていく。
• This movement is called Hikanization, but in this way the Shugo expanded their local and centralized influence within the provinces, in the realm of land as well as of people.

• そしてその間、様々な範囲と種類の産業界の会社が、次から次へと次第に普通の管理法から科学的管理法へと切り替えていった。
• And during this time the employees of one company after another, including a large range and diversity of industries, have gradually changed from the ordinary to the scientific type of management.

• 室町時代・戦国時代 (日本)・安土桃山時代を経て江戸幕府成立に至る過程で、次第に武士が公権力を担う領域は拡大し続けた。
• In the formation process of the Edo bakufu through the Muromachi, Sengoku, and Azuchi-Momoyama period, the area where the bushi were in charge of the official authority gradually and continuously increased.

• 平安時代中期ごろに律令制が崩壊し、荘園・国衙領を支配単位とする体制が確立していくと、勧農の内容も次第に変質していった。
• Around the middle of the Heian period, the ritsuryo governmental system collapsed, a system whereby shoen and kokuga region were governing units was established and the contents of kanno gradually changed.

• しかし、奈良盆地に日本列島における最大規模の政治拠点が構築されていたことが纏向遺跡の発掘により次第に解明されつつある。
• However, with excavations at the Makimuku ancient ruins, it has gradually become clear that the largest political stronghold in the Japanese archipelago was constructed in the Nara basin.

• 昔はさしも大切に仕えた地方の神が、次第に軽ぜられてのちついに絶縁して、いつとなく妖怪変化の類に混じた経路を語っている。
• This story tells us how local gods once treated very respectfully were gradually made light of, finally got abandoned, and transformed into a kind of mixture with specters over time.

• やがて、その旋回運動は激しくなり、次第に巫女は一種のトランス状態に突入してやがて神を自分の身に宿す（憑依）ことになる。
• Before long, her whirling motion increases in intensity until she is thrown into a trance to embrace the ingression of gods ('hyoi' in Japanese, meaning 'spirit possession').

• 武道は政府・武道団体幹部によって「国力増強・国威発揚」を狙って次第に政府管理下に組み込まれ始め、そして利用されてゆく。
• Martial arts were thus gradually incorporated under government management for 'enhancement of the national strength and enhancement of the national prestige,' and were put to use.

• それが、王朝国家体制のもと、次第に密教僧や歌学者、各神社の神人に移り、仏教思想を基盤とした神話の再解釈が行われ出した。
• Under the system of the dynasty state, however, the interpreters of Nihonshoki gradually shifted to Esoteric Buddhist monks, pundits of waka poem studies, and the jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) of each shrine, and initiatives to reinterpret mythologies based on Buddhist philosophy started.

• 中世以降、五位蔵人は次第に名家 (公家)と呼ばれる堂上家が経る職となり六位蔵人が五位蔵人となることはなくなっていった。
• From medieval times onwards, the position of Goi no Kurodo gradually became a position occupied by Tosho-ke (hereditary court nobles) known as Meika (important families), and the practice of Rokui no Kurodo (Sixth Rank Kurodo) rising to Goi no Kurodo died out.

• そして彼の凝らした眼に、士官の、細い、屈強な咽喉がビールを飲むにつれ上下に動き、その頑丈な顎が次第に傾くのが、映った。
• And then he saw the thin, strong throat of the elder man moving up and down as he drank, the strong jaw working.

• しかし、それに伴って現れた私信である直状形式の御内書などが次第に広く用いられるようになり、御教書はやがて使われなくなる。
• However, as Gonaisho (an official document) adopted the style of Jikijo (a private document) and came to be more wildey used, Migyosho gradually fell into disuse.

• しかし、これらは次第に考慮されなくなってきており、平成の大合併期には、強引な名称決定に論争が起きた事例も少なくなかった。
• However, these conditions have not come to be considered gradually, and at the time of big consolidation in Heisei period, controversies occurred in many cases in which municipality names were forcibly decided.

• 一、万一敗色に相成り候とも、一年や半年に決して潰滅致し候と申す事はこれなき事に付き其間には必ず尽力の次第これあり候との事
• Article 3 : Even if worst comes to worst, the total destruction of the Choshu Domain would not come in a year, or at least half a year, so the Satsuma Domain shall make every effort to help Choshu during this period.

• 当初は尼崎城に陸揚げされ有岡城に届けられていたが、次第に織田信長軍の砦が築かれると、尼崎ルートの補給路は使えなくなった。
• At the beginning, provisions were landed to Amagasaki-jo Castle and sent to Arioka-jo Castle, but as forts of troops of Nobunaga ODA were constructed one by one, the supply route via Amagasaki became inoperable.

• そこへ三五郎が源五兵衛を連れて座敷に上がるが、源五兵衛はなす術もなく、「女房となろうが妾となろうが、お勝手次第」と言う。
• Then Sangoro brings Gengobe to the room, however, Gengobe does not know what to do and just says: 'I don't care whether you are becoming his wife or whether you are becoming his mistress.'

• すると座席を恒常的に仕切ることができるようになり、明和のはじめ頃（1760年代後半）から次第に枡席が現れるようになった。
• The advent of the wooden floor allowed the seats to be divided permanently, which resulted in the gradual appearance of masuseki from the late 1760s.

• さらに、豊臣秀吉が関白宣下を受けて以降、次第に有力な一門や家臣が従二位に昇り、二位以上に昇る武士も登場するようになった。
• Furthermore, since Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI had received an imperial proclamation to become kanpaku (chief advisor to the Emperor), and powerful families and their vassals were promoted to junii, some samurai were ranked equal to or higher than nii (Second Rank).

• 「クモ」「クミ」「クニ」などは「籠る」「組む」の意味で、浮脂のように漂っていたものが次第に固まる様子を表したものという説
• One theory is that 'Kumo,' 'Kumi,' or 'Kuni' used in his name means 'seclude,' or 'assemble,' symbolizing the way something drifting like floating grease gradually sticks together.

• こうして貴族による荘園・公領支配は次第に失われていき、室町中期の15世紀後半までに荘園公領制はほとんど崩壊してしまった。
• In this way, the control of Shoen (manors) and Koryo (public lands) by Kizoku was gradually lost, and the Shoen Koryo sei had almost collapsed by the latter half of the fifteenth century, the middle era of the Muromachi era,

• このように、戦国期の流動的な権力状況の中心原理を、下剋上ではなく、主君押込めによって捉え直す考えが次第に主流となっている。
• In this way, the mainstream view on the central principle underlying the unstable political situation during the Sengoku Period gradually shifted from thinking it was gekokujo to people simply taking power for themselves via shukun oshikome.

• また、当初は現地の有力武士が任じられる事が多かった守護の人選も次第に足利将軍家の一族や譜代、功臣の世襲へと変更されていく。
• Moreover, originally the shugo were often selected from the powerful samurais in the local area, but the change was gradually made to select from the descents of the Ashikaga shogun family, the Fudai (hereditary vassals) or the meritorious retainer.

• 後に興福寺から迫害を受けた日本達磨宗の一派と合同したことをきっかけとして、道元の入寂後、次第に禅宗を標榜するようになった。
• Triggered by joining one of the Nihon Daruma sect groups that were persecuted by Kofuku-ji Temple, after Dogen's nirvana they gradually began to proclaim themselves as one of the Zen sects.

• 進物にも熨斗鮑を添付するのが正式であるが、次第に簡略化して熨斗鮑を図案化した物を印刷した熨斗紙で済ませることが多くなった。
• Formally shinmotsu (gifts) were usually accompanied by noshi abalone, but as a result of gradual simplification, noshigami (wrapping paper for a present) with painted stylized noshi abalone have come to be used instead of the real thing.

• 矢の重さ…朝方は四匁二三分（15.8～16.1g）、次第に軽くして夕方には三匁七八分（13.9～14.3g）にしたという。
• The weight of an arrow - Starting with a heavy one (from 15.8g to 16.1g) in the morning, Kanzaemon decreased the weight of an arrow gradually, and in the evening, he used a lighter one (from 13.9g to 14.3g), they say.

• 特に平曲は鎌倉時代以来、当道座の表芸であったが、江戸時代には次第に沈静化し、代わって地歌、箏曲を専門とする者が一般化した。
• Especially, heikyoku which had been the typical profession in todoza since the Kamakura period became less popular among the blind, but the popularity subsided in the Edo period and instead the blind specialized in jiuta and so music was more common.

• 文部大臣の認可も得たが、次第に連合国軍最高司令官総司令部からの調査が活発となり、以下の理由で解散を命じる空気が漂い始める。
• They were approved by the Minister of Education, but the surveys by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers gradually became vigorous, and for the following reasons there emerged an atmosphere in which dissolution was ordered.

• その後次第に両者は一つの大きな神意のもとに動かされていることを相互に実感し、一つの路線を歩むようになったと伝えられている。
• It is said that both of them then gradually realized mutually that they were run by the will of one powerful God, and they came to walk one path.

• 中世に入ると、貴族や寺社などの都市領主層が次第に没落し、武士が政治社会の実権を握っていく時代とする認識は古くから存在した。
• It has been long recognized that during the middle ages, the urban lord class such as the nobility and the temples and shrines had gradually declined, and the samurai class had extended their real power in the political and social spheres.

• 9世紀～10世紀ごろ、律令制の解体にともなって、律令上の租税体系である租庸調制も次第に崩壊し、官物・雑役へと変質していった。
• Around the 9th or 10th century, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and the Soyocho tax system collapsed and as a result, the taxes due changed into kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zatsueki (odd-job tasks).

• 「天皇の歴史というものを知ることによって、自分自身の中に皇族はどうあるべきかということが次第に形作られてくるのではないか。」
• I believe that I would gradually find the ideal image of the Imperial family by learning the history of the emperor.'

• 武田氏の甲州法度之次第には、「喧嘩はどの様な理由があろうと処罰するが、喧嘩を仕掛けられても、我慢した者は処罰しない」とある。
• Koshu Hatto no Shidai (the Laws of the Province of Kai) of the Takeda clan laid down that 'both parties to a quarrel leading to violence were to be executed regardless of their reasons; however, those who were involved in quarrels, but who kept their patience were not to be punished.'

• しかし、1990年代以降の研究では、墾田は律令政府が企図していた農地拡大政策に沿ったものとする評価が次第に有力となっている。
• However, the research after the 1990's has gradually strengthened another theory that konden was in line with the policy of expanding agricultural land, a policy which was undertaken by the Ritsuryo Government (an ancient Japanese government of centralized governance).

• 泰欽門下からは、雲居道斉、霊隠文勝の師弟が出て活躍したが、次第に衰退に向かい、ついに北宋末には、その系統は断絶してしまった。
• Ungo Dosai (雲居道斉) and his disciple Reiin Bunsho (霊隠文勝) of the Taikin lineage flourished, but it gradually declined and disappeared finally at the end of the Northern Sung period.

• 切腹の際、本来は実際に短刀で腹を切るのであるが、次第に形式化して切る形だけとなり、後には小刀が扇子で代用されるようになった。
• When committing Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment), a short knife should be in fact plunged into the abdomen, but it has gradually become a ritualistic thing, and eventually, a Sensu substituted as a short knife for Seppuku.

• しかし、将軍ないし大将軍という場合には幕府の主宰者を指す性格が強くなり、征夷大将軍以外の用例としては次第に使われなくなった。
• However, the titles shogun and daishogun were used more increasingly to refer to the head of the shogunate and were used is declining frequency, except in the case of 'seii taishogun.'

• 「これが意味することは、よくできる人が、次第に能力の乏しい人にあわせて足並みを落とし、非効率的になっているということである。
• 'Under this plan the better men gradually but surely slow down their gait to that of the poorest and least efficient.

• よって朝廷の支配との二元的支配から承久の乱を通して、次第に幕府を中心とする武士に実権が移っていった時代とみるのが適切であろう。
• So although at first the bakufu ruled in partnership with the court, it is fitting to consider the Kamakura period the transition during which, as a result of the Jokyu War, the warrior class--and the bakufu in particular--gradually superceded the court in power.

• 石見吉見氏は木部・津和野・吉賀地方の在地領主を被官化しつつ次第に勢力を拡張し、隣接する強豪益田氏と拮抗する有力領主に成長した。
• The Iwami-Yoshimi clan expanded its power by putting local lords under its control in Kibe, Tsuwano and Yoshika regions, developing into an influential lord equally matching in strength with the Masuda clan, a powerful lord in neighboring regions.

• 後の統計は集計値の他に推計値を載せるようになり、大正9年（1920年）の国勢調査まで、この誤差問題は次第に大きくなっていった。
• Since estimation values came to be posted besides total values in the following statistics, the problem of errors became large gradually until the national census in 1920.

• またテレビ作品においては骨格作りよりも視聴率や映画製作資金の獲得を最優先しており、その状況次第で作品の傾向を変えることが多い。
• The top priorities in regard to the production of TV programs were audience ratings and the procurement of funds for film production rather than the particular framework for a program, therefore, it was often the case that their development was affected by these priorities.

• こうした中で、御内人のトップである内管領が次第に権力を持ち始め、弘安期には内管領の平頼綱と有力御家人の安達泰盛が拮抗していた。
• Meanwhile, the Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family), who was the top of the Miuchibito, gradually began to gain power, and during the Koan period Uchi-Kanrei TAIRA no Yoritsuna and a senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI became opposed to one another.

• 経済的に向上するに従って、住宅の質も次第に上がり、土間を台所や作業場などに使い、床を造り食事や就寝に使う部屋が造られていった。
• Corresponding to economic advancement, the quality of these houses had been improved gradually: Dirt floors came to be used only for kitchens and workspaces, and raised floors were built for rooms for eating food and for sleeping.

• 室町時代後期には、寺院の書院や武家住宅に押板や棚、書院を備えるものが造られるようになり、次第に書院造の形式が整えられていった。
• By the end of the Muromachi Period, temples with shoin, and samurai residences with oshi-ita, tana and shoin were being built, and the style of shoin-zukuri was gradually formed.

• 日本語の古典的な文体である文語は主に平安時代までに完成したものであるが、中世以降、次第に話し言葉との乖離が大きくなっていった。
• The bungo, classic style Japanese, had completed in large part by the Heian period, but gradually became more and more different from the spoken Japanese.

• しかし浮世絵などで使われていた日本独特の空間表現や色彩感覚が、次第にヨーロッパの芸術家に取り入れられ「～イスム」となっていく。
• However, the spatial expression and sense of color peculiar to Japan art, which were used in ukiyoe and other works, were gradually adopted by artists in Europe, resulting in 'Japonaiserie' developing into 'Japonism.'

• 内豎は元々内裏の雑務や警備を担当する童子や中小役人の事を指していたが、次第に組織化されて内豎所という統率機関が設置されていた。
• Naiju' originally meant the middle and low ranked court officials and government officials who were in charge of miscellaneous affairs and guard in the Imperial Palace, which were gradually organized into a leading agency 'Naijusho' (内豎所) to be established.

• そういった次第で、彼女にとって目新しい状況がそうすることを許したのか、すなおな態度で、ロミオが聞いたことにうそはないと言った。
• So with an honest frankness which the novelty of her situation excused she confirmed the truth of what he had before heard,

• ところが、藤原氏が勧学院を創設したのを機に各氏が大学別曹を創設するようになると、次第に大学寮の存立基盤が揺らいでいくようになる。
• Triggered by the foundation of Kangaku-in (a boarding school) by the Fujiwara clan, many clans followed suit and founded Daigaku-besso (an academic facility for nobles, or boarding schools), and the basis of the existence of Daigaku-ryo was gradually beginning to be shaken.

• その結果、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなり、次第に荘園公領制の解体が推し進められることとなった。
• As a result, the nature of ryoke shiki (rights and responsibilities of the lord of shoen) and jito shiki at shoen/koryo changed substantially and the collapse of shoen koryo sei was prompted.

• 戦国時代に入り、戦国大名による一円支配が強化されるに従って、惣村の自治的性格が薄まっていき、土一揆の発生も次第に減少していった。
• The Sengoku period was one in which, along with the strengthening of governance of the entire region by the warring lords, the soson's predisposition toward self-government was weakened, and gradually the occurrence of peasants' uprisings decreased.

• 戦国大名の中で織田信長の勢力が次第に強大になり、足利義昭を奉じて京都に上洛したことで、信長による政権の運営が始まることになった。
• Among the daimyos of the age of civil war, Nobunaga ODA's powers gradually became extremely strong, and by obeying Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA and arriving in Kyoto, government by Nobunaga began.

• その後、次第に「京の都」（きょうのみやこ）、「京」（きょう）、「京都」（きょうと）が都市の固有名詞のようになり、定着していった。
• Kyo-no-Miyako,' 'Kyo' and 'Kyoto' later gradually became the proper nouns used to refer to the capital and their usage was established.

• その後も、仏印了元や大梅法英らの禅匠を輩出し、北宋代には、臨済宗と比肩する勢いを有していたが、北宋末には、次第に衰退していった。
• After that, the Zen masters such as Butsuin Ryogen (仏印了元) and Daibai Hoei (大梅法英) appeared one after another and it had an influence as strong as the Rinzai sect in the Northern Sung period, but it gradually declined towards the end of the Northern Sung period.

• また国民の関心が欧米文化に傾倒するに伴い、紋服などもを着用することが少なくなり、国民の間で家紋は次第に縁遠いものとなっていった。
• Accordingly, with the increasing interest in Western culture, people had seldom put on Mompuku and as a result have become less familiar with Kamon.

• 日蓮宗の特徴は、最初に小さな法華堂を建立し、次第に結構を整えて、本堂、御影堂、庫裏、客殿、総門、三門、五重塔、宿坊など建立する。
• As for the characteristics of the Nichiren sect, a small hokkedo is built at the beginning, and other structures such as a main hall, a goeido, a kuri, a kyakuden (guest hall), a somon gate, a sanmon gate, five-story pagoda, shukubo (monks' living quarters), etc., are gradually added.

• 嵯峨上皇は、最初の源氏である嵯峨源氏の祖であることから、次第に淳和院別当の職と源氏が結び付けられて考えられるようになっていった。
• Because the Retired Emperor Saga was an ancestor of Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan) as the first Minamoto clan, the idea that the post of Junnain Betto would be connected with the Minamoto clan was gradually accepted.

• 東アジアから喫茶の習慣が伝わった当初は、把手のないカップが主流であったが、次第に把手付きのものが増え、やがてこれが普通となった。
• When the habit of drinking tea was brought from East Asia, the cups were normally without handles, but gradually cups with handles have spread and become common.

• 大正時代頃には進学率の上昇などを背景に、都市を中心に洋風の文化が次第に浸透し、デパートに代表される消費文化、大衆文化が成立した。
• In around the Taisho period, Western culture gradually penetrated mainly in cities against the backdrop of the increasing advancement rate, and a consumer-driven culture typified by department stores, and popular culture were established.

• が、――有難いことに、そんな風にしてしばらく日を経ているうちに、次第に彼の恐迫観念は消えていって、また普通の彼にかえったのです。
• Gradually, as time passed, his fears appeared to die away, and he renewed his former habits,

• 藤井高尚「松の落葉」によれば、「江家次第」立后の条に「師子形二」「師子形（二）御帳南面左右（一）」（（一）（二）は返り点）とある。
• According to 'Matsu no ochiba' (a book on Shinto) written by Takanao FUJII, in the section of investiture of the Empress in 'Gokeshidai' (the Ritual Protocol of the Oe House), it is described that 'Two Shishi-shaped guardian dogs shall be placed on the left and right sides in front of the south face of the chodai.'

• さらに深まった状態として「心のあらゆる動きが全く止滅した状態（滅尽定）」があるとしており、以上9の段階を「九次第定」と数えている。
• Further, there is the ultimate stage in which 'the movement of mind stops completely (metsujinjo),' and these nine stages are collectively called 'Kushidaijo.'

• しかし、戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、守護や守護代が次第に武力を以って他の被官国人を滅ぼし、または臣従させることで戦国大名と化した。
• However, with the onset of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in Japan, the shugo and shugodai in turn forcefully oppressed the hikan in the provinces and in addition, through a feudal vassal system there was a power shift to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).

• 「砂の壁」の中に入ると、急激に周りを飛ぶ砂の量が増え、（昼間であれば）次第に周囲が黄み・赤みを増しながら暗くなり、風も強まってくる。
• Entering within 'a sand wall,' the amount of sand flying around increases suddenly, and (when it is daytime), the surrounding area becomes darker while becoming more yellowish and reddish and the wind becomes stronger as well.

• 班田収授は、奈良時代最末期になると、浮浪・逃亡する百姓の増加や、そうした百姓を荘園が受け入れたことを背景として、次第に弛緩し始めた。
• Handen Shuju was gradually relaxed in the late Nara period due to an increasing number of peasant wandering around or escaping, and the existence of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) accepted those peasants.

• こうしてなし崩し的に公領に虫食い状に発生した新立荘園、つまり国免荘（こくめんのしょう）は、次第に公領からの租税徴集を圧迫していった。
• In this way, newly-established shoen, namely, kokumen no sho (a shoen allowed exemption from rice tax or other tributes), had been vermicularly spreading within koryo, strangling the tax collection from koryo.

• 問注所は当初、訴訟・裁判事務全般を所管したが、訴訟事案の増加に伴い、次第に事案が滞り始め、事務処理の迅速化が求められるようになった。
• As the Monchujo, which at first was responsible for lawsuits and judicial affairs in general, could no longer cope with the increasing number of lawsuits, much faster handling of the cases was called for.

• 戦国時代 (日本)には、各地の戦国大名が領国の一円知行を強めた結果、多様な主体が銘々に設置する関所は否定され、次第に減少していった。
• During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), the sengoku (warring) daimyo ruling the various parts of Japan intensified their complete proprietary control over their own domains, and as a result the barrier stations that had been erected by all the various influential players lost their significance, and gradually fell into decline.

• 太政官日誌には「御誓文之御写」が勅語と奉答書とともに掲載されたほか、その前後には天神地祇御誓祭の式次第と御祭文や御宸翰が掲載された。
• The copy of Charter Oath' was in the Daijokan nittshi with Ordinance and response paper, and also the program of Tenjinchigigoseisai, saimon and shinkan were put on before and after the article.

• 内部に舌（ぜつ）をもつ個体があることから、その原型は打ち鳴らす楽器であったと思われるが、次第に形式化し、祭器となったものと思われる。
• Some bronze bells have a reed inside, so the prototype seems to have been a kind of wind instrument, but the bell seems to have gradually lost its use as a musical instrument and to have become an implement for Shinto rituals.

• 此れより已外（いげ）諸の大小乗経は次第不定（しだいふじょう）なり、或は阿含経より已後に華厳経を説き、法華経より已後に方等般若を説く。
• Concerning various sutras of Mahayana and Hinayana other than this, their histories are definitely confirmed and there is a possibility that Shaka preached Kegon-kyo Sutra after Agon-kyo Sutra or he preached Hodo-kyo Sutra and Hannya-kyo Sutra after Hoke-kyo Sutra.

• すると、天下普請による大坂城再築や、福山城 (備後国)など一部の譜代大名を除いて城は築かれなくなり、櫓も次第に実戦から離れていった。
• Then a castle was no longer built except for a few cases, such as reconstruction of Osaka-jo Castle by tenka fushin, Fukuyama-jo Castle (Bingo Province) and castles of some hereditary feudal lords, and yagura gradually became apart from the actual battles.

• 当初は毒にも薬にもならぬ人物と思われ、大王に擁立されるが次第に横暴な面が目立つようになり、最終的には厩戸と蘇我氏によって暗殺される。
• At the beginning, he was thought to be good for nothing and was helped to the throne, but his autocratic manner became increasingly accentuated and finally he was assassinated by Prince Umayado and the Soga Clan.

• 名器を並べて観賞し、茶の産地を飲み当てる茶は、その流行のなかから次第に茶をたてて飲む行為そのものに、精神的意義を認めるようになった。
• In the first style of tea ceremony, the place where the tea was produced was guessed while enjoying beautifully made tea cups, but later the action of drinking the tea itself came to be valued mentally through its prevalence.

• 有職故実書の中でも、源高明の『西宮記』、藤原公任の『北山抄』、大江匡房の『江家次第』の三書は「後世の亀鑑」と仰がれ別格扱いであった。
• Among books on yusoku kojitsu, the three books 'Saikyuki' written by MINAMOTO no Takaakira, 'Hokuzansho' written by FUJIWARA no Kinto, and 'Goke-shidai' written by OE no Masafusa were respected as 'kosei no kikan' (a paragon for the future generation) and treated as special cases.

• この頃には平曲は次第に下火になり、それに加え地歌三味線、箏曲、胡弓等の演奏家、作曲家としてや、鍼灸、按摩が当道座の主要な職分となった。
• Around this time, Heikyoku became gradually unpopular and the main jobs of Todo-za became the players or composers of jiuta shamisen (traditional Japanese shamisen music), sokyoku (koto music), kokyu (Chinese fiddle), acupunctures, and masseurs.

• 長和は当初は佐幕派であったが、次第に新政府側に傾いてゆき、明治天皇が東京へ行幸するときには天皇の奉送や京都守衛などで功績を挙げている。
• Nagakazu who was on Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun) at the beginning gradually leant toward the new government side, and when Emperor Meiji visited Tokyo, he rendered distinguished service in sending off the Emperor and in guarding Kyoto.

• だが三国干渉、続く乙未事変と露館播遷によって日本の朝鮮半島への影響力はむしろ低下し、戦時中の政府と民党の協調関係は次第に崩れていった。
• However, the Triple Intervention, followed by Itsubi Incident and Rokan Hansen (Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation), rather weakened Japan's influence on the Korean Peninsula, and cooperative relationship between the government and minto during the war was gradually disrupted.

• 家格に基づいて、1家もしくは少数の家の家督継承者の相対的に安定した家職及び官職昇進次第が保証された制度が公家社会各層において確立した。
• A system of relatively stable Kasho and position promotion path for the head of one or several families depending upon the family class became established as a system for every layer of the aristocracy.

• 幕府の外護を背景として、大名達の支援を得て、鉄眼道光らに代表される社会事業などを通じて民間の教化にも努めたため、次第に教勢が拡大した。
• As background for the protection of the government (the shogunate), it was supported by Japanese feudal lords and made efforts to civilize people through social works by monks such as Doko TETSUGEN, so that it gradually extended its influence.

• このことがきっかけになり山根徳太郎を指導者とする難波宮址顕彰会の努力により発掘・調査が進み、奈良時代の宮の遺構が次第に明らかになった。
• That discovery jump-started the excavation and study by Naniwakyushi Kenshokai (Association of honoring publicly for Naniwa-kyu Palace site) under the leadership of Tokutaro YAMANE and, little by little, the remains of the palace in the Nara period became unraveled.

• その内に息子を想う母の念の力か、次第に母にも蜘蛛が見えるようになり、寝床にいる蜘蛛を押さえつけたが、逆に蜘蛛の糸に捕えられてしまった。
• After a while, maybe because of the mother's deep worry for her son, she gradually became able to see the spider; she held the spider down in the bed, but on the contrary, she was caught in the spider's thread.

• 元和偃武後の寛永13年（1636年）には寛永通宝を本格的に鋳造し、寛文年間以降、全国的に流通し始めると永楽銭は次第に駆逐されていった。
• After the Genna-Enbu (peace after Genna era) in 1636, the bakufu minted Kanei-tsuho (pronounced as kan-ei-tsuho) in earnest and Eiraku-sen was gradually driven out when the new coins started to circulate in the entire country in and after the Kanbun era (1661- 1672).

• そうしたなかで、御前沙汰などでの意見は将軍の裁決に重大な影響を与えるようになり、次第に将軍の私的顧問としての性格も有するようになった。
• Under such circumstances, their opinions at Gozensata meetings began to have a serious influence on the Shogun's decisions and they gradually established themselves as private consultants of the Shogun.

• 本貫地に祀られている神を、「産土神（うぶすながみ）」と称するため、本貫を（うぶすな）と訓み、次第に「氏神（うじがみ）」と同意語となった。
• Since the deity enshrined in honganchi was called 'Ubusunagami' (guardian deity of one's birthplace), Hongan was also called Ubusuna, and gradually became a synonym of 'Ujigami' (guardian god or spirit of a particular place in the Shinto religion).

• 当初は有力守護大名による衆議によって政治を行っていた義教だが、長老格の三宝院満済、山名時煕の死後から次第に指導力を発揮するようになった。
• Yoshinori, at first, handled the affairs of state by public discussion of dominant shugo guardian feudal lords but he gradually started to show leadership after the death of Mansai SAMPOIN and Tokihiro YAMANA who were regarded as patriarchs.

• だが、次第に見識よりも天皇との血筋関係が任官において重要視されるようになると、式部卿である親王に代わって式部大輔が実質的な長官となった。
• However, as the blood relationship with the Emperor became more important in appointment than the political discernment, the Shikibu no Taifu (Senior Assistant Minister) came to be recognized as the substantial Secretary instead of the Imperial Prince appointed to the Shikibu-Kyo.

• しかし、義満・頼之による守護抑制政策は、次第に反頼之派を増やすこととなり、頼之の専断は義詮政権における斯波高経の権勢の再来のようになる。
• However, the policy of controlling shugo's authority implemented by Yoshimitsu and Yoriyuki gradually led to the increase of anti-Yoriyuki groups and the arbitrary behavior of Yoriyuki became similar to that of Takatsune SHIBA during the age of shogun Yoshiakira.

• しかしながら、次第に京都以外の土地でも高い技術を持った造り酒屋があちこちで生まれ、その製品が京都の酒よりも安い値段で京都市場に流入した。
• However, sake breweries with high skills gradually appeared everywhere outside of the Kyoto area, and the products from such breweries entered the Kyoto market at the lower prices than the sake brewed in Kyoto.

• 明治後半から、心情を主題にした社会風刺的な歌が演歌師によって歌われるようにもなり、次第に演説代用から音楽分野へとシフトするようになった。
• As enka singers also began to sing social satire songs on sentiment after the late Meiji period, enka songs gradually went beyond the substitute for speech to enter the music sector.

• だが、天長元年7月7日（824年8月5日））に平城上皇が崩御したのを機に節会が7月16日 (旧暦)に期日変更されてからは次第に衰微した。
• However, due to the death on August 9, 824 of Retired Emperor Heijo, the dates of Sumai no Sechie events were shifted to July 16 and subsequently faded away.

• 1960年代までは自宅での日常着として和服を着る男性も多くいたが（1970年代までの漫画での描写からも伺える）、次第に姿を消していった。
• Until the 1960s, a lot of men wore Wafuku as informal wear at home, which is proved by cartoons until the 1970s, but their population gradually decreased.

• 現代音楽音楽の観点からは次第にクラシック音楽との違いが希薄になり、箏曲に限らずこうして創作される邦楽系の曲群を「現代邦楽」と呼んでいる。
• Gradually the distinction between what was viewed as classical and what was viewed as modern music blurred, and 'modern Japanese music' came to mean all music composed in this way (rather than just new sokyoku).

• さらに、うどんが温かさを保つために太くなっているのに対し、ひやむぎは、より冷たい状態で食べるため次第に細くなっていった という説がある。
• Furthermore, there is a theory stating that while udon noodles are thick in order to retain heat, hiyamugi noodles gradually became thin because they are eaten at cooler temperature.

• そのため、馬を奉納できない者は次第に木や紙、土で作った馬の像で代用するようになり、平安時代から板に描いた馬の絵で代えられるようになった。
• Therefore, those who could not dedicate a horse began substituting with statues of horses made from wood, paper, or clay, and from the Heian period, it was substituted with a picture of a horse drawn on a board.

• 武家社会の時代に入っても、鎌倉時代には政務機関として機能していたが、室町時代になると次第に形骸化が進み、単純に格式を表わす職名になった。
• When it came to the age of the warrior government, during the Kamakura period, Daijokan still functioned as an organ of government, but during the Muromachi period, the Daijokan gradually lost its essential power to become just a nominal title to indicate rank in the government.

• 中世以後、次第に家格が定められると、位階に関係なく昇殿できる家柄（堂上家）と地下人のままの家柄（地下家）に厳格に分けられるようになった。
• When the family ranks were gradually defined after the middle ages, the families were clearly divided without regard to the official ranks: Toshoke, the families permitted to enter the Imperial Palace; and Jigeke, the families held the status of Jigenin.

• 平安時代の律令制の形骸化にともなって次第に本来の領域にとらわれない、鴨川と大内裏・京都御所を中心とする都市になり、経済的に発展していった。
• As the Ritsuryo System (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo Code) declined during the Heian period, the city gradually expanded beyond its original area to become centered around the Kamo-gawa River and the Kyoto Imperial Palace of the Daidairi (Greater Imperial Palace), and developed economically.

• そして、城下町を形成して屋敷を与え、家臣または家臣とその妻子を住まわせることで背信を防いだり、次第に武士の土着化を防ぐようになっていった。
• Sengoku daimyo constructed castle towns, giving residences to their vassals and families inside the towns in order to prevent revolts and indigenization.

• 当初は有力な公民に対する賦課として行われる形式を採っていたが、11世紀中期の官物率法の成立を機に次第に土地に対する賦課へと変質していった。
• Originally it was a tax on prominent citizens, but with the establishment of Kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute) in the middle of the 11h century, it transformed into a tax against land.

• また寛永期を過ぎると金銀の産出に陰りが見え始めたのに対し、人口が次第に増加し経済が発展して幕府の支出が増大したため財政難に陥るようになる。
• As the outputs of gold and silver began to decline after the Kanei era, in spite of the increase of expenditure due to the economic development and the population growth, the shogunate government got into financial trouble.

• 具の工夫次第で容易、かつ手軽に作れるため家庭でも作られ、雛祭りなどのごちそう、あるいは祭などハレとケの日の手作り料理として親しまれている。
• With a little imagination concerning ingredients, one can make chirashizushi easily and conveniently at home, and because of this it has become a popular family dish prepared during ordinary times and on special occasions such as Hinamatsuri (Girl's Festival held on March 3) and various other festivals.

• というのは、日本の彫刻の大部分は宗教と密接につながっており、伝統的な仏教が次第に力を持たなくなった日本社会においては彫刻は衰退していった。
• Sculptures in Japanese society, where traditional Buddhism was losing its power, were waning; most of Japanese sculptures were related to religions.

• しかしながら、日本においては科挙制度が取り入れられなかったためか儒教の価値が定着せず、学問の主体は、実学的な紀伝道に移り、次第に衰退した。
• However, perhaps due to the fact that Kakyo system was not adopted in Japan, Ju-kyo values did not take root, and it gradually faded as the subject of the learning shifted to practical Kidendo (the study of the histories) learning.

• その後、生田流系の箏曲は箏曲独自の作曲が次第に下火になり、幕末に至るまで、厖大な数の地歌曲にパートとして合奏、参加することで発展していく。
• While the original style of sokyoku went into gradual decline towards the end of the Edo period, sokyoku of the Ikuta school style prospered as a result of its contributing the koto parts for an enormous number of jiuta songs.

• これらは保守的な弓道家の間へも次第に浸透し、比較的安価で手入れが容易な事から現在では学生や初心者をはじめ、広く一般に使われるようになった。
• It began to influence even the conservative kyudo athletes, and its cost friendly and easy management allowed bows to be widely used by students and beginners.

• だが、徴税体制の中に依然として従来の名体制・職の体系を継承した部分も残されたものの、次第に大名主導による年貢などの負担の平均化が進められた。
• Although a part of myo taisei (local tax management system based on rice land) and the shiki system (system of occupation) was left in the taxation system, averaging of burdens such as tax progressed gradually led by daimyo.

• しかしながら、平安中期から後期になると、ある官職を特定の家系が相伝する「官司の家職化」が進行していき、内官の解由状は次第に形骸化していった。
• However, in the middle to the latter half of the Heian period, the trend of an office position monopolized by members of a specific family progressed, making geyujo for naikan gradually ineffective.

• 太政官布告として布告された本法は、その後も長らくこの状態を保っていたが、時間の経過につれ、次第にこの規定の実効性が喪失していくこととなった。
• This act introduced as edict of Grand Council of State remained intact for a long time after that, but lost its effectiveness gradually as time went by.

• しかし急速な革新に対する反発は次第に高まり義介の定めた行持に従わない者が続出するなどして、ついに文永9年（1272年）2月に義介は退任する。
• However, repulse against the rapid restructuring arose gradually, and those who did not practice the activities decided by Gikai appeared one after another, compelling Gikai to resign in the period of March to April of 1272.

• 竹は火を入れ焦がす事により、竹の繊維・維管束の主成分セルロースの結合が次第に強くなって行き、最終的にグラファイトをした天然の炭素繊維になる。
• By heating and scorching the bamboo with fire, the binding of cellulose, which is the main component of fiber and vascular bundles of the bamboo, becomes gradually stronger and transforms into a natural carbon based fiber with graphite in the end.

• 平安中期～後期頃から、ある官職を特定の家系が相伝する「官司の家職化」が進行していき、勘解由使の存在意義は次第に薄れていったとする見解がある。
• One theory asserts that the significance of Kageyushi gradually waned in the middle to late Heian period because official posts increasingly became 'family business,' in other words, a certain post was exclusively inherited by a member of specific family.

• この時、正門外で突然毎日新聞社の車が「君が代」を流したため、これに反発した学生の中から反戦歌「平和を守れ」の歌声が流れ、次第に大合唱となった。
• At this time, someone on board a vehicle for the Mainichi Newspapers played 'Kimigayo' (Japan's national anthem), and some students who were offended by it started to sing an antiwar song 'Heiwa wo mamore' (maintain peace) and many students joined forces with them.

• もっとも、律令制以前及び初期の世習では継承者の能力についても問われたが、世襲が固定化されると能力と継承資格との関係は次第に希薄となっていった。
• And yet, before the Ritsuryo system and in early Seshu the competence of successors also mattered, but as hereditary was established, the competence became less related to qualification of the successors.

• だが次第に質量と額面が乖離するようになり鎌倉時代には金一両は5匁、銀は4.3匁となり、鎌倉後期には金一両が4.5から4.8匁へと変化している。
• But as times went by, the weight of ryo became far apart from the value of ryo; in Kamakura period 1 ryo of gold was equivalent to 5 monme and that of silver 4.3, then in the late Kamakura period, 1 ryo of gold turned to be 4.8 monme from 4.5.

• 続いて寛元元年（1243年）頃に55代厳海までの師資・称号・俗姓・仁限・忌日などを記した選者不明の『東寺長者并高野検校等次第』1巻が著された。
• There is also 'To-ji choja Narabini Koya Kengyo To Shidai' (records of the To-ji Choja (the chief abbot of To-ji Temple), Koya Kengyo and Others), by an unknown author and compiled in or around 1243, describing the masters, disciples, titles, secular surnames, Jingen and kinichi (death anniversaries) of past Choja up to Gonkai, the fifty-fifth Choja.

• 東寺長者補任（とうじちょうじゃぶにん）とは、東寺長者次第（とうじちょうじゃしだい）とも呼ばれ、東寺の歴代の長者人事について記録した文書のこと。
• To-ji Choja Bunin (records of To-ji Choja (the chief abbot of To-ji Temple)), which is also called To-ji Choja Shidai, is a set of documents describing the personnel affairs of past To-ji Choja.

• しかし末法思想はあくまでも仏法の衰退、つまり仏の教えが時代を経て次第に通用しなくなる事のみを指しており、そこに世情不安や天変地異は含まれない。
• However, Mappo shiso solely points to the decline of Buddhism, namely it is the prediction that Buddhism would lose its influence over time and it does not relate to social unrest and natural catastrophe.

• 室町時代の一条兼良はこの三書を、『西宮記』は古礼、『北山抄』は一条天皇の時代以降の儀式、『江家次第』は後三条天皇の時代以後の儀式と記している。
• Kaneyoshi ICHIJO of the Muromachi period recorded that 'Saikyuki' is about old ceremonial styles, 'Hokuzansho' is about ceremonies during and after the era of Emperor Ichijo, and 'Goke-shidai' is about ceremonies during and after the era of Emperor Gosanjo.

• 讃岐国香西氏→丹波国守護代、能登国遊佐氏→河内国守護代など）ことが多くなり、次第に世襲化していくと、守護に代わって実質的統治者になっていった。
• Sanuki Province Kozai Clan: Tanba Province Shugodai; Noto Province Yusa Clan: Kawachi Province Shugodai; etc.) increasingly often, and as the positions became hereditary, they replaced the Shugo as effective rulers.

• 6世紀に中国から伝来し、日本では初めは、朝廷の公事を行うときに、備忘のため式次第を笏紙（しゃくがみ）という紙に書いて笏の裏に貼って用いていた。
• Shaku was introduced from China in the sixth century, and it was first used in Japan during the Imperial Court ceremony, wherein a sequence of the ceremony was written down as memos on a piece of paper called shakugami pasted on the back of the shaku.

• 室町時代中期に入ると、皇室の権威は次第に低下していったが、それに伴い皇位継承紛争は見られなくなり、直系男子がすんなりと皇位継承するようになった。
• In the middle of the Muromachi period, the authority of the Imperial Palace was gradually lost, however, there was no dispute concerning Imperial succession, the male Imperial member of the direct Imperial line succeeded smoothly to the throne.

• ところが、多聞山城は強固でしかも松永軍の士気も高かったために2年にわたる睨み合いを続け、あるいは畿内の各地で衝突を続け、次第に小康状態に陥った。
• However, as Tamonyama-jo Castle was a solid fortress and the troops of Matsunaga were high in morale, the battle fell into a two-year stalemate, accompanied by minor collisions here and there in the areas surrounding the capital and followed by a gradual calming-off process.

• こうして、地方での人民支配が次第に深化していき、670年頃になると地方支配の浸透を背景に、日本史上最初の戸籍とされる古代の戸籍制度が作成された。
• Accordingly, rule over the people was strengthened throughout the country and around 670, against the backdrop of increasing control over the provinces, the ancient family register system, which is considered to be the first family register in Japan, was created.

• 一方神社では社家が荘園を分割支配して安定した収入確保を図ろうとするが、次第に自己の家領として私物化して場合によっては第三者に譲渡する例も現れた。
• On the other hand, in the shrines, shake (hereditary priest at a shrine) divided and ruled the shoen to secure stable income, but gradually privatized the shoen as its own karei (hereditary land), even sold the shoen to the others in some cases.

• それが次第に蔓延するに及び、ついにその影響が天台の檀那流の一派である慧光房流に波及し、神聖であった玄旨帰命壇が淫祠的な傾向を帯びたともいわれる。
• As it gradually penetrated, this influence finally reached the Ekobo school which was one of the Tendai sect Danna schools while holy Genshi Kimyo-dan tended to be evil.

• 徳川時代に入ると、文化の東漸にともない次第に関東へも洗練された先進的な上方文化が移入され、化成期になって漸く江戸特有の文化が開花を見るに至った。
• Since the Edo period began, with spreading culture eastward, refined and developed Kamigata Bunka was also brought to Kanto gradually, and finally in the Kasei era the own culture of Edo flowered.

• 元々は田舎料理で主に農家などで作られていたものであったが、時期が経つにつれ様々な階層にも次第に普及し、やがて日本人の食卓に欠かせないものになる。
• Originally it was country cooking mainly done by farmers, but gradually spread among various classes of people and became essential on Japanese tables.

• この期間中に剣道を何とか復活させようと愛好者たちが策を練った末に、剣道の要素を取り込んだ撓競技（しないきょうぎ）が生まれ、次第に普及していった。
• During this period, Kendo devotees worked hard to restore Kendo and came up with ideas on the Shinai sport, which incorporated the elements of Kendo, so that it gradually became widespread.

• 院政期になり北面武士・追捕使・押領使・各地の地方武士団が成立すると、質を重視する院は次第に防人軍団の規模を縮小し、大宰府消滅とともに消えていった。
• When Hokumen no Bushi (Northern Guard), Tsuibushi (Pursuit and Apprehension Agents), Oryoshi (Suppression and Control Agent) and regional samurai groups formed during Japan's period of cloistered imperial rule, the cloistered emperors who emphasized the quality of troops gradually reduced the sizes of sakimori legions, and the system eventually vanished along with the Dazaifu.

• 最上氏もやがて伊達氏の傘下に組み込まれ傀儡化されたが、次第に独立を果たし、最上義光の時に出羽に領国を広げ、庄内地方をめぐり上杉氏と激しく抗争した。
• The Mogami clan before long came under the umbrella of the Date clan, becoming a Kairai (Puppet); however, it gradually recovered its independence, and expanded its territory to Dewa province under Yoshiaki MOGAMI, which caused a fierce conflict with the Uesugi clan over the Shonai region.

• しかし次第にこの原則は崩れ、財政難などから、藩主の庶子は、養子縁組先がないと、家老はおろか給人級の家臣として分家させられることも珍しくなくなった。
• However, over time this rule came to be broken and for financial or other reasons, it was not rare for an illegitimate child of a lord not adopted by a family to be appointed as a Karo or forced to leave the master's family, generating a branch family with territory.

• 宮廷での権力闘争に幻滅し、次第に外国勢力の力を借りてでも韓国の近代化を成し遂げようとする方向に傾いていきつつあった一部開化派の人々が設立した団体。
• It was an organization founded by a part of Kaika group which was tired of the struggle for power in the court and heading to the direction to accomplish the modernization of South Korea even if it needed foreign countries' supports.

• 均田制の根幹となる百姓への耕作地の支給は、次第に実施されなくなり、それに伴って租庸調制が立ち行かなくなったため780年に税制は両税制へと移行した。
• Allotment of cultivated lands to the peasants which had been the basis of the equal-field system, was gradually neglected, leading to the zuyongdiao system becoming neglected and, in 780, being replaced with the liangshui system.

• 院政期には大江匡房があらわれて『江家次第』を編録し、前代の藤原公任『北山抄』、藤原実資『小野宮年中行事』と合わせ、王朝儀式書の鏡として重用された。
• 'Gokeshidai' (the Ritual Protocol of the Oe House) compiled by OE no Masafusa in the Insei period was used importantly as a book on rites during the dynasty age together with 'Hokuzansho' (a representative book of ceremonies for the Heian period) by FUJIWARA no Kinto, Ononomiya nenjugyoji (the precedents for annual events of Ononomiya) by FUJIWARA no Sanesuke from the former generation.

• 『公事根源』には『年中行事歌合』から引用されたと見られる記述も見られるものの、『江家次第』や『建武年中行事』が出典と考えられる記述も存在している。
• While some descriptions seem to have been cited from 'Nenjugyoji Utaawase' are seen in 'Kuji kongen,' there also exist descriptions whose authority are considered to be 'Koke Shidai' and 'Kenmu Nenjugyoji.'

• 事件は天皇の譲歩に終わったものの、基経が想像するよりは英明な人物であったから、菅原道真を重用するなど、次第に「親政」色を強めてゆくことに成功した。
• Although the affair was settled by Emperor's concession, the Emperor was smarter than Mototsune believed he was, and he changed the government into the 'Shinse' style; for example, he appointed SUGAWARA no Michizane to a position of trust.

• それまでの仏教の主流が「鎮護国家」を標榜した国家や貴族のための儀式や研究に置かれていたものが、次第に民衆の救済のためのものとなっていったのである。
• Although mainstream Buddhism had emphasized ceremonies and study for the nation and nobles under the name of 'nation protection,' it gradually changed to emphasize salvation of the common people.

• 天満宮の「第二文芸館」（同じく吉本の買収後「天満花月吉川館」）を皮切りに順次吉本に買収された事により、次第に漫才中心の興行内容にシフトしていった。
• Starting with the 'Daini Bungei Kan Theater' (later 'Tenman Kagetsu Yoshikawa Kan' after its takeover by Yoshimoto Kogyo) in Tenman-gu, these were purchased one after another by Yoshimoto Kogyo and gradually shifted to stand-up comedies.

• はじめは、特別な紋ではなかったが徳川家が征夷大将軍となり徳川幕府を開くにあたり、次第に他家の三つ葉葵に限らず葵紋の使用がはばかられるようになった。
• Initially, the aoi-mon was not a special crest, but other families gradually started to avoid using the aoi-mon, including the Mitsuba-aoi, when the Tokugawa family became the Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and established the Tokugawa shogunate.

• しかし、その後、伝統的なコミュニティーが失われていくにつれ、次第に町内の道路すべてが水をふくんでしっとりとぬれているという状態はなくなっていった。
• However, as traditional communities collapsed, a scene where all roads in the district are moist with water is seldom seen.

• とはいうものの、この合祀政策は、博物学者・民俗学者で変形菌の研究で知られる南方熊楠ら知識人が言論によって強い反対を示すことによって次第に収束した。
• Nonetheless, the shrine merger policy was gradually brought to an end by fierce opposition from intellectuals including Kumagusu MINAKATA, a natural historian and ethnologist known for his studies in slime mould.

• 締約者の貢献の種類と相応した国内機関に求められる役割は、事業の関心が移り変る段階に従い、次第に変化する。そのために運営システムの採用が必要である。
• The nature of the contributions of the Parties, and correspondingly the specific roles of their Domestic Agencies, may evolve in the different phases in the interest of the project. Therefore, adaptations of management systems may be necessary.

• 付家老は、本藩（本家）と支藩（分家）の両方から、家禄を受けている場合と、出仕先の支藩からのみ家禄を受けて、支藩に次第に取り込まれていく場合とがある。
• Some Tsuke-garo officers earned their stipend from both the main domain (honke=main family) and the branch domain (bunke=branch family), whilst others earned theirs only from the branch family where they were sent, being gradually taken into the branch domain side.

• ヤマト王権が成熟し、大王家を中心として有力氏族の職掌や立場が次第に確定していく中で、各有力者の職掌や地位を明示するために付与されたと考えられている。
• It is believed that they were given to powerful clans to show their ranks and official duties as they began solidifying their positions in relation to Royal Family when Yamato sovereignty became stable.

• 建国当初の鋳造高は、年間70,000貫ほどであったが、次第に増鋳されて行き、神宗朝（1067年 - 1085年）には、6,000,000貫に達した。
• Although mint output at the founding days was 70,000 kan annually, it grew gradually and at the time of the Shenzong Dynasty (1067 to 1085) it reached 6,000,000 kan.

• 徳川時代中期以降になると、文化の東漸にともない次第に関東へも洗練された先進的な上方文化が下り、化政期になって漸く江戸特有の文化が開花を見るに至った。
• Since the middle of the Tokugawa period, refined and advanced Kamigata culture spread gradually east and culture specific to Edo flowered in the Kasei era

• 料理そのものは次第に日本化していったが、既存の精進料理にはない鮮やかさやにぎわいがあり、現在の普茶料理は、見た目が鮮やかな独特のものに進化している。
• Although it was gradually Japanized, Fucha ryori cuisine was brilliant and lively compared with traditional Shojin ryori and contemporary Fucha ryori cuisine has developed to be unique, and one that has brilliant appearance.

• 正徹に師事して冷泉派の歌人として知られる一方、1433年（永享5年）、「北野社万句」の座に列するなど、連歌作者として次第に時代を代表する存在となる。
• While he studied under another Buddhist priest called Shotetsu and was known as a poet of the Reizei School, he gradually became a renga poet of the time by for example attending the 'Kitano-sha manku' (10,000 linked verses event at Kitano-jinja Shrine) in 1433.

• この他にも上方では新八橋流、藤池流なども生まれたが、それら各流間の差異は大同小異であり、次第に「生田流系」とでも呼ぶべき一つの流れに収束して行った。
• Shin-yatsuhashi school (New Yatsuhashi school) and Fujiike school also were established in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area), but the styles taught in these schools were very similar and gradually integrated into what should be called the 'Ikuta School Style.'

• こういう次第で、キャピュレット卿が開いた宴会に、若いロミオはベンヴォリオと、２人の共通の友人であるマーキューシオといっしょに、仮面をつけて出席した。
• To this feast of Capulets, then, young Romeo, with Benvolio and their friend Mercutio, went masked.

• さまざまな社会的身分の高さによって、多数者から身を守られた人たちは多数者の意見を無視することもできたのですが、そうした身分の違いは次第に平準化され、
• As the various social eminences which enabled persons entrenched on them to disregard the opinion of the multitude, gradually become levelled;

• 彼女はそのことで心を痛めていたので次第に激昂し、妹の擁護を続けるつもりでいたが、メアリー・ジェーンは踊り手が皆戻ってきたのを見て、平和的に介入した。
• She had worked herself into a passion and would have continued in defence of her sister for it was a sore subject with her but Mary Jane, seeing that all the dancers had come back, intervened pacifically:

• しかし、奈良時代に入ると三世一身法や墾田永年私財法により、人民による土地の私有が認められると、土地の公有という公地公民の原則が次第に形骸化していった。
• When Sanze-isshin Law and Konden Einen Shizai Law were enacted to permit people to privately own lands in the Nara Period, the Kochi Komin principle of the public ownership of the lands gradually became a dead letter.

• 次第は、射手、諸役ともに神拝がおわって馬場に行き、馬場をひととおり見て回り、射手は馬場末にあつまりならび、ウマを立て、諸役はそれぞれ所定の位置につく。
• Then, after the archers and officials finish praying to God and go to the riding course to look around it, they gather at the end of the riding course and line up the horses, while the officials take their places.

• その形態は、冒頭の次第もしくはワキの名乗から道行などまでのワキを中心とする段を演じた後、前場の残りの部分を略し、待謡以降を演奏するといったものである。
• The style of 'Han-Noh' shortens 'Maeba' scenes after initial 'shidai' (one of component parts of a Noh play) or 'dan' (a section) including 'nanori' (announcement of one's name) and 'michiyuki' (going on a road) of 'Waki' (supporting actor), and performs scenes after machi-utai (a song sung by a waki in the middle of a noh play).

• ところが、8世紀30年代ごろから藤原氏議政官が複数現れるようになると、藤原氏議政官が増加の一途をたどるのに対し、他氏族の議政官は次第に減少していった。
• However, as more than one person from the Fujiwara clan became Giseikan officers from about 730s, the number of Giseikan officers from other clans gradually diminished, corresponding to the increase in the number of Giseikan officers from the Fujiwara clan.

• しかし、813年頃の出雲国「荒橿の乱」、875年の「下総俘囚の乱」、883年の「上総俘囚の乱」などのように、俘囚による騒乱が次第に発生するようになった。
• However, uprisings by the Fushu gradually emerged, as seen in 'Arakashi no Ran (rebellion)' arose in Izumo Province in 813, the 'Shimousa-Fushu no Ran (rebellion)' arose in 875 and the 'Kamiusa-Fushu no Ran (rebellion)' in 883.

• 中世の中期（鎌倉時代中期・後期）ごろから、商品流通の活発化とそれに伴う貨幣経済の進展が次第に顕著となっていくと、地子を貨幣で納入する事例が増えていった。
• From around the middle of the medieval period (the mid or late Kamakura period), as commercial distribution became more active and the money economy accompanied with it gradually became pronounced, more and more jishi was paid in money.

• 基本的に室町幕府もこの制度を引き継いだが、次第に右筆の中から奉行人に任じられて発言力を増大させて、奉行衆（右筆方）と呼ばれる集団を構成するようになった。
• The Muromachi bakufu basically took over the system, and some people worked as Yuhitsu were appointed to be Bugyonin (a magistrate) increasing their influences in the government and formed a group called Bugyoshu or Yuhitsukata.

• 一、兵士をも上国の土、橋、会、桑も只今の如き次第にて、勿体なくも朝廷を擁し奉り、正義を抗し、周旋尽力の道を相遮り候時は、終に決戦に及ぶほかこれなくとの事
• Article 5 : We will make our forces come into Kyoto and Osaka, so if the clan of Hitotsubashi, Kuwana and Aizu (the allies of Bakufu) continue to commit the sacrilege of utilizing the Imperial Court, reject the implementation of the right, and block the mediation of the Satsuma Domain, we cannot help but fight a decisive battle against bakufu.

• 江戸期になり平和な時代が訪れると、城は防衛の役目を終え政庁へと変化していったので、天守の役目も終わり、城は次第に御殿や二の丸・三の丸が拡充されていった。
• With the dawning of the Edo period, peace came and the defensive role of castles was gradually changed to the role as government offices; thus, the role of Tenshu was also finished, and Goten and Ninomaru/Sannomaru were gradually expanded in castles.

• 戦後も日本の大衆音楽は「流行歌」によっていたが、新世代の台頭と1953年の藤山一郎の引退により音楽性が揺らぎ始め、次第に今の演歌に近い曲が出現し始めた。
• Although 'hit songs' continued to lead the Japanese popular music after the war, because of the rise of a new generation and the retirement of Ichiro FUJIYAMA in 1953, their musical characteristics began to crumble and songs similar to the current enka gradually began to appear.

• 後に仏教が普及すると、カヤノヒメが霧の神、暗闇の神、惑わしの神を産んだとされることから、野槌は妖怪変化を産む神とみなされ、野槌自体も次第に妖怪視された。
• After Buddhism spread in Japan, Kaya no Hime began to be considered to have been the mother of the god of fog, of the god of darkness and of the god of worldly desires, therefore, Nozuchi began to be considered to be a god bearing various specters, and Nozuchi itself was gradually considered to be a specter or a govlin.

• 後半は「千鳥の部」と呼ばれることもあり、まず箏、胡弓共に千鳥の鳴き声の暗示で始まり、次第にテンポを速くし、描写から離れて純音楽的展開を見せ、盛り上がる。
• The latter half is also referred to as 'chidori no bu' (chidori section), in which both koto and kyokyu start an indication of a chirp of a chidori, gradually pick up the tempo, and show a pure musical progress to the climax departing from a depiction of a scene.

• しかし、戦国大名による権力の一元化が進んだ戦国時代 (日本)になると在地の武士たちは城下町へ集住させられるようになり、堀之内・土居は次第に消滅していった。
• However, in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), when authority was unified by the influential daimyo (Japanese territorial lord), samurai who had lived in their own town were obliged to live in a group in a castle town established by their lord, with the result that Horinouchi and Doi were gradually extinguished.

• しかしながら東洋の再評価の立場や独自のアイデンティティを模索することは次第に「西洋は行き詰まり東洋こそが中心たるべき」との大東亜思想に近づくこととなった。
• However, the position to reevaluate the East and search for it's own identity gradually approached the Great East Asian idea, 'the West is a dead-end and the East should be the center.'

• 興上一期弘法の付属をうけ日蓮日興と次第日興は無辺行の再来として末法本門の教主日蓮が本意之法門直受たり、熟脱を捨て下種を取るべき時節なり（日蓮宗宗学全書1）
• By this entrustment of Nichiren's lifetime preaching, Nikko directly inherited the Buddhist teachings by the head of the sect Nichiren, and it is time that you should stop learning by yourself and spread the teachings to people as the second coming of Muhengyo Bosatsu (Boundless Practices) in Mappo (latter days of Buddhism) (Nichiren Shu Shugaku Zensho (the Complete Works of Nichiren Sect), volume 1).

• 涅槃宗は当初これらの智顗説に反論を呈したが、智顗の聡明なる智慧と実践力のもとに涅槃宗は次第に反論する機会を失い、天台宗に併合されることになったといわれる。
• Although Nehan Sect initially objected to these Chigi's interpretation, they were overpowered by his wisdom and energy and lost their power, finally merging into the Tendai sect of Buddhism.

• 領家は次第に、国衙領を私領化するようになった国司と対立するようになり、自らの荘園をさらに権門勢家や大寺院に寄進し、保護を求める代わりに一定の税収を納めた。
• Ryoke became increasingly more opposed to kokushi (provincial governors) who privatized Kokugaryo, and donated their manors to kenmon seika (powerful houses and influential families) or large temples to seek protection while paying regular tax yields in return.

• 国内支配に大幅な権限を有した受領と、名経営や私領経営などを通じて経済力をつけてきた郡司・田堵負名層との間には、次第に経済的・政治的矛盾が生じるようになった。
• Gradually, economical and political contradiction became serious between zuryo, who had big authority for ruling provinces, and gunji/tato fumyo class, who had economic power gained through the management of myoden or private estates.

• しかしながら、次第に年寄の上層部が家老として、分化するようになり、年寄と呼称される役職は、家老そのものではなく、家老に次ぐ役職である場合が一般化していった。
• However, over time, the upper class officers in Toshiyori posts came to be distinguished as Karo officers, and generally, most Toshiyori did not become Karo itself but the next post down.

• 当初は自発的な参勤であったが、次第に制度として定着していき、3代徳川将軍家・徳川家光の時代の寛永12年（1635年）に武家諸法度の改定によって義務付けした。
• In the beginning, daimyo's sankin-kotai was voluntary, but it gradually became established as a system, and the 1635 edition of Buke Shohatto, issued in the era of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun, made it obligatory.

• 古くは「らせいもん」と漢音読みしたが、次第に読み・表記ともども揺れるようになり、謡曲「羅生門」発表以降は羅生門（らせいもん、らしょうもん）の表記が定着した。
• In ancient times, the name used to be pronounced 'raseimon,' following the pronunciation of the Han period in China, but its reading and spelling gradually fluctuated, and after the yokyoku 'Rashomon' was announced, it settled as 羅生門 and pronounced raseimon or rashomon.

• 当初は、西洋建築の正しい知識を持たない職人が造った奇妙な建築と見られてきたが、第二次世界大戦後の明治建築再評価の中で、次第に高く評価されるようになってきた。
• Although it was initially considered strange architecture made by carpenters with no knowledge of authentic Western architectural techniques, it has gradually become highly regarded within the re-evaluation of Meiji architecture since the end of the Second World War.

• その世相の中、一部の弓術家らは各々自宅道場を開く等、根強く弓術の存続に力を注ぎ、やがて武士道の再認識がされるなど次第に庶民の間で武術・武道が見直され初めた。
• In spite of such this, some Kyujutsu-ka stove greatly to survive and opened training halls in each house, so that martial arts began to be revalued gradually among the common people, and this included a revaluation of Bushido (the spirit of the samurai).

• 《信長記》十五馬験之事に、〈永禄（1558‐70）ノ比マデハ馬験ト云事ナカリキ、元亀（1570‐73）ノ比ヨリ初リ、次第ニ長ジテ今ハシルシノ要トス〉とある。
• The 'Nobunaga-ki' (Record of Nobunaga) says, 'There had not been the term 'umajirushi' until the Eiroku era (from 1558 to 1570), and then some symbols were gradually developed from the Genki era (from 1570 to 1573) and now they are used as a main symbol,' in the Section 15: Umajirushi.

• 手事は、はじめのうちは音楽的にはわりと単純なものであったが、次第に長大、複雑なものとなり、18世紀後期、大阪の峰崎勾当らにより高められ、手事物が完成された。
• In the beginning, tegoto was a rather simple form of music; gradually it became longer and more complex, and it took a complete form around the eighteenth century as the result of enhancement by people like Koto (the third title of the official ranks within the Todo-za (the traditional guild for the blind)) MINEZAKI in Osaka.

• 明治以降も盆栽は粋な趣味であったが、培養管理には水やりなど手間と時間が必要なために、生活環境の推移によって次第に愛好者は時間的余裕のある熟年層が多くなった。
• Even after the Meiji period, bonsai was a stylish hobby, however as time and effort were required for managing cultivation and watering, due to the changes in lifestyles, it gradually became a hobby of older generations who had the spare time.

• ジャポニズムによって切り開かれた東洋美術への関心は、次第に中国伝統美術にも注がれはじめ、争奪の的となり、さらには多くの模造品（贋物）が作られるようになった。
• The interest in oriental art gradually shifted from Japonism to traditional Chinese art, and this became the target of a scramble, and many fake objects (replica) were created.

• 定員は元和期には28名を定員とした（25名説もある）が、次第に増員されて文化 (日本)年間には50名前後、幕末に入ると一気に急増して最大で112名に達した。
• The number of such officers was believed to be 28 (or 25, according to some sources) in the Genna era and was gradually increased to around 50 in the Bunka era, shooting up to 112 in the last years of the Edo Period.

• しかし治承・寿永の乱において目立った活躍がなかった大和源氏は、これ以降は地方豪族の域を出ることができず、中世を通じて次第に纏まりを失い、諸国に拡散していった。
• However, Yamato-Genji didn't demonstrate much military prowess in the Jisho-Juei War, and subsequently they just continued as a powerful regional clan; throughout the middle ages they gradually lost their unity and spread out to other districts.

• 告別式の式典は礼拝そのものであるため、その式次第は基本的に通常の日曜日の礼拝と同じであり、故人が地上で行う最後の礼拝と意味付けるキリスト教諸教派の一覧もある。
• As the ritual of Kokubetsushiki is a worship itself, the program is basically the same as a usual Sunday worship, and it indicates one aspect of the various denominations of Christianity which regard the worship as the last one observed on earth for the deceased.

• 江戸初期には三十三間堂の軒下（長さ約120m）を射通す「通し矢」が次第に盛んとなり、「天下総一」をかけて各藩腕利きの藩士が藩の威信と己の命を懸けて競い合った。
• At the beginning of the Edo Period, 'Toshiya,' a competitive sport of shooting at a target through Nokishita (about 120m long) of Sanjusangendo, gradually became popular and the sharp shooters of feudal retainers from each domain competed in order to be called 'Tenka-soitsu (the best shooter in Japan)' by staking their domain's prestige and their lives.

• 料理そのものは次第に日本化していったが、既存の精進料理には無い鮮やかさや賑わいがあり、現在も作られている普茶料理は、見た目が鮮やかな独特のものに進化している。
• Dishes themselves have gradually been incorporated into Japan, and fucha ryori today has been developed into distinctive dishes having vivid colors, which conventional vegetarian cuisine does not have.

• 当初、守護の多くは在地の有力者が任じられていたが、次第に足利氏一門と交代させられて、その地位を保持していたのは、播磨国の赤松氏（赤松則村）などごく僅かだった。
• At first, many Shugo were chosen from powerful locals, but it soon came to be filled by rotation by members of the Ashikaga clan, and only a very few, such as the Akamatsu clan (Norimura AKAMATSU) of Harima province, were able to hold onto the position.

• 当初、幕府方として後醍醐天皇の企てを阻止する側に加わっていた足利尊氏は次第に倒幕の志を秘めるようになり、一門の重鎮　吉良貞義に相談の上、朝廷側への寝返りを決行。
• Takauji ASHIKAGA, who at first stood for the Bakufu to thwart an Emperor Godaigo's plan, gradually began to conceal his intention to overthrow the Shogunate, and after he consulted Sadayoshi KIRA, a grand person of the family, he went over to the side of the Imperial Court.

• 初等中等教育機関は当初、台湾人と日本人を対象としたものが別個に存在し、試験制度でも日本人が有利な制度であったが、統治が進むにつれ次第にその差異は縮小していった。
• Though elementary and secondary schools were initially separated for Taiwanese and Japanese and the Japanese received a privileged treatment in examination, the difference was gradually becoming smaller as the Japanese rule progressed.

• したがってこれを、歴劫迂廻（りゃっこう・うえ、迂回とも書く）といい、漸（ようや）く次第して成仏する教えであるということから漸教（ざんきょう）というようになった。
• Therefore, this practice is called Ryakko ue (written as 歴劫迂廻 or 迂回; 'ue' means a detour), and it came to be called Zankyo (gradual teaching) because it is the teaching of becoming a Buddha little by little and by degrees.

• しかし、陵墓に対する「墓＝死＝穢れ」といったイメージが貴族たちに嫌われたことから、次第に忌避されるようになり、陵墓の所在が不明確になっていく理由のひとつになった。
• Due to negative images about mausoleums (graves = death = uncleanliness), nobles came to avoid mausoleum rituals, causing the locations of imperial mausoleums to be forgotten.

• しかし、城や天守などが火災などで焼失することが多かったが、多くの藩は次第に財政難に陥ったり、武家諸法度などの幕府による締め付けもあって再建が許された例は数少ない。
• However, castles and castle towers were often burnt out, but they were rarely reconstructed because most domains ran into fiscal difficulties or were restricted by the bakufu according to Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households).

• その頼朝の政権構想には、先行モデルとして平家政権・木曾義仲・奥州藤原地方政権の3パターンがあり、それらの比較検討から次第に鎌倉政権のイメージが練られたと思われる。
• That same Yoritomo's plan for a new government used as models the three governments of the Taira family, KISO Yoshinaka, and the provincial government of the Oshu Fujiwara clan, and it is thought that the form of the Kamakura government was molded out of comparative consideration of these.

• 主要部分は祭神である住吉三神の由来と鎮座について述べた「住吉大神顕現次第｣で、これに加えて大社の神域、神宝、眷属神、各領地の四至や由来などが詳細に述べられている。
• The most important part of this letter was 'Sumiyoshi Okami Kengen Shidai' (origin of manifestation of the great gods of Sumiyoshi), which described the origin and enshrinement of Sumiyoshi Sanjin (Sumiyoshi three deities), and in addition to the above, the letter gave a detailed description of the holy precincts of the Shrine, its sacred treasures, Kenzokushin (ancillary deities), its boundaries, and the origin of individual territories.

• 当初は信長と協調関係にあったが、将軍権力の抑制を図る信長の一連の動き（永禄12年（1569年）1月に信長が出した殿中御掟等）により次第に信長と対立するようになった。
• At first, he was in a cooperative relationship with Nobunaga, but gradually came into conflict with him because of Nabunaga's attempts to control the Shogun's power, such as Denchu on okite (regulations for the shogunal residence) issued by Nobunaga in 1569.

• 元来は有力貴族や諸大夫に仕える位階六位どまりの下級技能官人層（侍品さむらいほん）を指すが、次第にその中でも武芸を職能とする技能官人である武士を指すことが多くなった。
• Originally, this was a term for the class of low-ranking technical palace officials up to the sixth rank who worked for aristocracy and Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo), but eventually was used to define the bushi, who were technical palace officials with military skills.

• しかし、新羅が朝鮮半島統一の勢いを駆って侵攻して来る事を恐れ、海岸の防備を固めるなどを怠らず、両国の関係は持統天皇即位後、交流はあるものの、次第に悪化する事になる。
• However, fearing that Silla would invade Wakoku due to the momentum gained in unifying the Korean Peninsula, Wakoku kept reinforcing their defensive measures along the sea coast, and although there was exchange between the two countries, their relations deteriorated after the enthronement of Emperor Jito.

• 幕府が政治的に影響力を及ぼすことができたのは、当初は将軍任国である関東と将軍所領のみであったが、次第にその範囲は拡大し、承久の乱で全国的な支配権を確立するに至った。
• The regions over which the Kamakura Bakufu could exert a political influence were at first only the ningoku (place of appointment) of shogun, which was the Kanto region and the territories of the shogun, but gradually the regions expanded and after the Jokyu War, nationwide sovereignty was established.

• 農耕文化の発達（→農耕民族・農業）に伴う人の定住化とともに、次第に土と石を組み合わせるなどして炉も常設化・大型化していったが、その過程でこの竈になったと考えられる。
• The more people became permanently settled following the development of a culture based on agriculture (see the articles of Agricultural people or Farming) the larger and more permanent fireplaces became by combining mud and stones, and others, in the process of which the cooking furnace was formed.

• 呼び名の由来については後述の通りだが、小売店等では春に「おはぎ」、秋に「ぼたもち」として販売していることも珍しくはなく、ぼたもちとおはぎとの区別は次第に薄れている。
• The origins of the names are different from each other as described below, but at present, most people often confuse them, as some shops sell it labeling 'ohagi' in spring or labeling 'botamochi' in fall, although in spring it should be called 'botamochi' and in fall it should be called 'ohagi'.

• 「幾夜寝覚めぬ須磨の関守」で次第に早くなり、間奏部で最後の盛り上がりを見せ、もう一度「幾夜寝覚めぬ」が一回目とは違う旋律で現れ、「須磨の関守」でしだいに静かになる。
• Gradually picking up the tempo in the section of 'ikuyo nesamenu suma no sekimori,' the final climax is played at an intermezzo, 'ikuyo nesamenu' appears again on a melody different from the first time, and then the sound gradually becomes in 'suma no sekimori.'

• 京都においては、朝廷や御所や寺院の用をはたす商工業者や芸能者に限り、家格や家業に箔をつけさせるため、金品次第により守、介、掾などの受領名を授け、特権的立場を与えた。
• In Kyoto, only merchants, traders and performers, who had businesses with the Imperial Court, Gosho (Imperial Palace) and temples, were granted the Zuryomei such as Kami (Governor), Suke (Vice Governor) and Jo (Provincial Governor), and a privileged position to increase their prestige for the social standing and family business.

• このような活躍の中で、次第に足軽大将の地位も向上し、戦国時代後期における足軽大将の家禄は、おおよそ200石から500石程度で中級の武士として認められる存在になった。
• Due to their achievements, the position of Ashigaru taisho gradually rose, and in the late Sengoku Period they were provided with an annual stipend of 200 to 500 koku, and regarded as the middle-class warriors.

• 太陽が地平線の奥深くに潜りこむにつれて輝きはいや増し、オーケストラが騒がしいカクテル・ミュージックを奏でる中、人々の声が織りなすオペラもまた次第にキーを上げてゆく。
• The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun, and now the orchestra is playing yellow cocktail music, and the opera of voices pitches a key higher.

• 室町時代に入り、明が日本との貿易用に鋳造した永楽通宝などが日本国内で流通するようになると、明の江南で作られた私鋳銭や、日本国内で作られた私鋳銭も次第に混入していった。
• As the Muromachi period began and Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) minted in China during the Ming Dynasty for trade with Japan were circulated in Japan, Shichusen minted in Konan (Jiangnan) China and Shichusen minted in Japan were gradually mingled together.

• 元弘の変が失敗に終わったあとも、幕府の追及を逃れた後醍醐の皇子護良親王、楠木正成らのゲリラ的抵抗運動は続き、規模的にも地域的にも次第に純然たる叛乱へと拡大していった。
• After the Genko Incident ended in failure, guerilla like resistance continued under Godaigo's son, Imperial Prince Moriyoshi and Masashige KUSUNOKI, and gradually the size and region increased until it was a true insurrection.

• その対策として発行された万延小判の品位の低さなどにより諸物価が高騰、開国策・不平等条約への批判が噴出し、外国人排斥の攘夷思想が次第に隆盛し、各地で異人斬りが横行する。
• In responce to the situation the government issued Manen oval gold coins, but the low quality of the coins led to steep inflation, triggering severe criticism of the unequal treaty and opening of the country and a growing anti-foreigner movement, provoking the rampant killing of Westerners in many places in the country.

• 日蓮の法華経に対する純粋な姿勢も、室町時代に入ると宗派が勢力を拡大していく過程の中で、他宗派との妥協や他宗派の信者からの施しを平気で受けるなど、次第に変質していった。
• During the Muromachi period, while expanding its influence, the attitudes of the believers of the Nichiren sect had gradually deviated from the founder's pure belief in the Hokekyo, and the Nichiren followers started to compromise with other sects or to receive offerings from the believers of other sects without hesitation.

• 荼枳尼天は後々に性愛を司る神と解釈されたため、日本では鎌倉時代から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて、真言密教立川流 (密教)という密教の一派が次第に形成され興隆を極めた。
• Dakiniten later came to be deemed as a goddess governing sexual love, which resulted in Tachikawa School of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism being gradually founded from the Kamakura period until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and flourished in Japan.

• 中院流と他の法流の違いを四度加行を例として挙げれば、十八道は、詳しくは十八道念誦頸次第（じゅはちどうねんじゅくびしだい）といい、18種類の印契・真言で構成されている。
• The difference between Chuin and other schools in Shidokegyo practice as an example, the Juhachi-do, which actually is named Juhachido-nenjukubi-shidai, consists of 18 types of mudra (symbolic hand gestures) and shingon (mantras).

• 同時に合奏法が発達して、独奏だけでなく段合わせ、地合わせ、打ち合わせ、本手替手合奏、三曲合奏など、様々な合奏法が編み出され、手事は次第にその中心的部分として発展した。
• At the same time, ensemble methods developed, and not only solos but also various types of ensemble methods such as danawase, jiawase, uchiawase, honte kaede gasso, and sankyoku gasso were created; gradually tegoto developed as a core part of these methods.

• これに対して親王宣下を受けた親王が後に出家した場合には入道親王と呼称していたが、後にその用例の区別は次第になくなり、広く僧籍にある親王の意味で用いられるようになった。
• However, in the case where a Shinno who was ordered to become a Shinno by the emperor later became a priest, he was called a Nudo Shinno, but the usage of this distinction later gradually disappeared, and it became used in a broad sense as the meaning of Shinno who had renounced the world.

• いつごろまで経済的優遇が実体を伴っていたかは不明であるが以後、時代が下るにつれ、次第に経済的優遇としての准后から身分上の優遇を目的とした称号へと転化することとなった。
• It is unknown as to what extent economically favorable treatment was of any substance, but since then and in more recent years its meaning gradually transformed from Jugo as an economically favorable treatment into a title intended for preferential treatment in status.

• しかし、1990年代に黄砂現象の実態が詳しく分かるようになったことで、黄砂の実態把握には、数十年という長期間の監視体制を整える必要があることが次第に明らかになってきた。
• However, since the reality of kosa phenomena became known in details in 1990s, it became gradually clear that, to grasp the reality of kosa phenomena, it is necessary to deploy a monitoring system for a long period of several tens of years.

• 当初、半済は戦乱の激しい3国（近江国・美濃国・尾張国）に限定して認められていたが、守護たちは半済の実施を幕府へ競って要望し、半済は次第に恒久化され、各地に拡がっていく。
• Initially, the hanzei was granted only in the three provinces where fierce battles had raged (Omi Province, Mino Province, and Owari Provice), but the shugo competed to demand the granting of hanzei, and the right was gradually perpetuated, spreading throughout the land.

• 非人（ひにん）は、主に、(1)日本中世の特定職能民・芸能民の呼称であり、次第に被差別民の呼称となり、(2)江戸時代には、穢多（えた、長吏）とともに賎民身分の呼称である。
• The term Hinin is used to describe mainly (1) persons who worked in special occupations or as entertainers in feudal Japan; however they gradually became victims of discrimination, and (2) in the Edo Period, Hinin as well as Eta (Chori) were described as people of the lower classes.

• 観光ボランティア組織では、あくまでも無料で行いたいと考えているが、ツアーの一部に組み込まれつつある状況にあっては、「ボランティア」の文字が次第に重荷になってきつつある。
• Tourism volunteer groups would like to be able to operate free of charge but as they become part of tour itineraries, the label of 'volunteer' is becoming gradually more difficult to justify.

• 平和な時代が続き、庶民が次第に力を蓄え武士以上の豪奢な着物を着用するようになると、江戸幕府は士農工商身分確定のために躍起となって次々と禁令を発したのは先述の通りである。
• As aforementioned, common folks were gradually empowered as peace continued, some of them wore more gorgeous kimono than the bushi class, Edo bakufu shogunate tried vehemently to ban luxurious kimono one after another in order to fix class distinctions.

• 律令制が確立した当初において、政治意思決定に天皇が占める位置は絶対的なものとされていたが、9世紀ごろから貴族層が実質的な政治意思決定権を次第に掌握するようになっていった。
• At the beginning of the time when the Ritsuryo system was established, the position of the Emperor in the political decision making was to be unquestioned but from around the ninth century, the noble hierarchy gradually started to have the right of decision making.

• 当初、新政府内では公家や旧大名が中心を占めていたが、東京へ遷ったことも一つのきっかけとして、次第に三条実美、岩倉具視、木戸孝允、大久保利通らの発言権が大きくなっていった。
• In the beginning the court nobles and the former feudal lords had the power in the new government, gradually a group of people such as Sanetomi SANJO, Tomomi IWAKURA, Takayoshi KIDO, Toshimichi OKUBO started having a voice in politics, and one of the reason for this was the moving of the Imperial Palace to Tokyo.

• だが、中世以降次第に百姓の本分を農とすべきとする、実態とは必ずしも符合しない農本主義的理念が浸透・普及し、明治時代以降は、一般的に農民の事を指すと理解されるようになった。
• However, a principle of agricultural fundamentalism stating that the sphere of hyakusho should be agriculture, which did not always match the reality, was gradually passed through and spread since the medieval period, and the term was begun to be understood generally as a person engaged in agriculture.

• 反対に貞観式では序文（現在は『類聚国史』所収）に式とは別に儀式次第を作成することが明記されており、「貞観儀式」（もしくは単に「“儀式”」）がそれにあたると考えられている。
• In contrast, Joganshiki (Palace regulations of the Jogan era) stated in the preface (presently contained in 'Ruiju kokushi' - Classified National History) that the prescription of rules and customs was provided separately from shiki (Regulations) -- 'Jogan Gishiki' (or, simply 'Gishiki') was considered to be that prescription.

• しかし江戸時代には武家諸法度発布による天守などの無許可造営の禁止、必要ないとのことでの中止、災害による亡失、藩の財政難という経済的な理由等により次第に建築されなくなった。
• However, the building of tenshu gradually became less common for the following reasons: the building of tenshu without permission was prohibited following the enactment of Buke shohatto (Laws for the Military Houses); the building of tenshu became unnecessary; some tenshu were destroyed in natural disasters; and the construction of tenshu put too much of a burden on a domain's finances.

• かつては富裕層のステイタスとして蒔絵や木画などで美しく装飾されるものが多かったが、やはり山田検校以来、装飾は最低限に抑え、音色を重視するシンプルなものが次第に多くなった。
• Although many products were decorated with makie (Japanese lacquer sprinkled with gold or silver powder) or mokuga (wood painting) in the past in order to show the status of wealthy people, simple products which emphasized tone quality rather than decorations gradually increased since the era of Yamada Kengyo.

• 西洋近代を告げるルネサンスにおいては自然回帰運動が起き、芸術の世界では具象をありのままに捉えようとする近代的パースペクティヴが発展し、写実性を求める動きが次第に強まった。
• A movement pursuing photorealism was gradually intensified with the back-to-nature movement launched during the Renaissance which brought the modernization of Western culture, as well as with the modern perspective developed in the world of art which attempted to depict figures as they were.

• 大宝律令では「小事を奏宣す」官と位置づけられ、侍従を兼任して天皇に近侍する秘書官的な役職であったが、侍従の職務の方が繁雑であったため次第に下僚である外記に職掌を奪われた。
• As Shonagon was defined as the official position to 'report minor matters to the emperor and announce the emperor's messages on minor matters' in the Taiho ritsuryo legal code, Shonagon functioned like private secretaries closely attending the emperor while concurrently holding the position of chamberlain, but the duties of chamberlain were so complicated that their duties of Shonagon were gradually absorbed by their subordinates Geki.

• しかし、秀吉は全権を譲らず、太閤（※本来、太閤とは子弟に関白を譲った人物を指す）と呼ばれつつ豊臣宗家直轄領と軍権を掌握しつづけたので、次第に二重政権の矛盾が表面化してきた。
• However, Hideyoshi did not hand over all of his authorities, and he continued to rule the direct control territory of the head family of Toyotomi and the military power although he became to be called Taiko (father of the Imperial adviser) (*Taiko refers to the person who passed over his position of Kanpaku to his successor), and consequently, the contradictions derived from this dualism of power came up to the surface.

• 隆備ははじめ佐幕派であったが、禁門の変で御所の警備を務めた頃から次第に官軍側に与するようになり、慶応4年（1868年）1月には西園寺公望を通じていち早く新政府側に帰順した。
• Takamoto initially supported the shogun, but began to lean towards the government army side after serving as a guard of the old imperial palace during the Hamaguri Rebellion, and, in January 1868, he quickly took the side of the new government with the help of Kinmochi SAIONJI.

• 宗厳は戦国時代に、松永久秀に仕えたが、その久秀が織田信長と争って滅亡し、さらに豊臣秀吉の太閤検地によって隠田の罪で2000石の所領を没収されるなど、次第に落ちぶれていった。
• Munetoshi served Hisahide MATSUNAGA in the Sengoku period, however his clan gradually dwindled as his master Hisahide was destroyed by Nobunaga ODA, and he forfeited 2,000 koku (360.78 cubic meters of rice) of his territory on charge of hiding rice fields when Taiko Kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey) was held.

• 某等別紙奉建言候次第、平生ノ持論ニシテ、某等在官中屡及建言候者モ有之候処、欧米同盟各国へ大使御派出ノ上、実地ノ景況ヲモ御目撃ニ相成、其上事宜斟酌施設可相成トノ御評議モ有之。
• The contents of the attached petition is what we were always thinking and what have been expressing while we were serving as government officials; after a group of ambassadors were sent to Europe and America to observe the situations overseas, we would like to discuss setting up a place for discussion using what was observed overseas as examples.

• また智顗が分類した五時説を日蓮が採用しつつも、次第不定で前後していることを既に認知していたという事実があることを、大乗非仏説及び経典成立史の観点から留意しなくてはならない。
• From the viewpoint of the thesis that the Mahayana teachings do not stem from the historical Buddha as well as the history of scriptures, attention also should be paid to the fact that even Nichiren admitted the history of sutras was not confirmed while he adopted the Fivefold Periods thesis which Chigi had determined.

• 下級の武士や町人においては次第にこれが礼装もしくは最礼装として扱われるようになり、明治の勲章着用規定によって男子の第一礼装の際に紋付小袖を用いることが定められるにいたった。
• And montsuki kosode began to be worn as the formal - sometimes the most formal - attire among low-level samurai and merchants, and finally during the Meiji period it was established as the top formal attire in the provision for wearing decorations.

• 安土桃山時代になると、正親町天皇・後陽成天皇などによって南都や天王寺の楽人の一部に京都移住が命じられるようになり、四散していた京都の楽人も次第に京都へ帰還するようになった。
• When the Azuchi-Momoyama period started, part of the gakunin were ordered by the Emperor Ogimachi and the Emperor Goyozei to move to Kyoto and the scattered gakunin also gradually returned to Kyoto.

• ただ、後の江戸時代よりも主従関係が未だルーズであり、待遇に不満があれば主君を見限って自ら致仕して牢人となり、実力次第でよりよい待遇を求めて別の大名家に仕官する者たちもいた。
• However, since the master-servant relationship was a loosing one, compared with the later Edo period, it was possible that a samurai dissatisfied with his status would abandon his master and became 牢人 at his own discretion, and depending upon his ability, seeking better treatment, it was also possible to find a position in another daimyo family.

• 律令制では、祈年祭などの祭事に朝廷から奉幣をする神社が延喜式神名帳などにより多数定められていたが、律令制の衰退などにより次第に少数の特定の神社にのみ奉幣されるようになった。
• Under the Ritsuryo system, offerings were given by the Imperial court for Kinen-sai and other festivals to many shrines listed in the Engi-shiki Jimmyo-cho; but that number has been reduced to a special few shrines after the decline of the Ritsuryo system.

• 宮中、豊明殿では宴会があり、お召しにあずかった者は宮中席次第一階ないし第三階第二十七の者ならびに勲一等雇外国人および伯、子、男爵ならびに大日本帝国駐剳各国大使、公使であった。
• There was a banquet in the Imperial Court and Homeiden State Banquet Hall, and people who were invited to the banquet included 1st class standing of the imperial court or the 3rd rank No. 27 as well as the First Order of Merit foreigners, count, viscount and baron, as well as ambassador and minister-counselor of each country staying in the Empire of Japan.

• 往来物は当初は文書作成のための文例集でしかなかったが、次第にその文面の中に社会常識や知識を盛り込んだものへと変化を遂げていき、南北朝時代 (日本)には『庭訓往来』が著された。
• Originally, Oraimono was a collection of model sentences for letter-writing, but later it developed to include social knowledge and common sense, and by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Teikin Orai' was created.

• 住吉三神の由来について述べた「住吉大神顕現次第」は全体の6割を占めるが、主に『日本書紀』から住吉三神と関係の深い、神代、仲哀天皇、神功皇后の部分を引用した文で構成されている。
• Sumiyoshi Okami Kengen Shidai' (origin of manifestation of the great gods of Sumiyoshi) describing the origin of Sumiyoshi Sanjin accounts for 60% of the book, mostly consisting of the sections on the age of the gods, Emperor Chuai, and Empress Jingu cited from 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) that were closely related to Sumiyoshi Sanjin.

• 元老には、皇室儀制令（大正15年皇室令第7号）第四章第二十九条において、宮中席次第一階第四（枢密院議長の次位）と定められ、「元勲優遇ノ為大臣ノ礼遇」を与えられた（元勲優遇）。
• In Article 29, Chapter 4 of Koshitsu Giseirei (Act that sets the ceremonies of the Imperial Court, crests of Imperial family, banners, seating arrangement in Imperial ceremonies, etc) (Taisho 15 nen Koshitsurei Dai 7 go [No. 7 of the Imperial family's Act in 1926]), it was specified that Genro should occupy the fourth seat in the first rank (next to that of chairman of the privy council), handled 'in the same way as for ministers because Genkun should be treated favorably' (favorable treatment of Genkun).

• つまりそれと同じような理由で、ハルクハー氏は次第に医院をさびれさせていって、私がその医院を買うまでに一年に千二百人からあった患者が三百人ほどもないくらいにまで減ってしまった。
• Thus as my predecessor weakened his practice declined, until when I purchased it from him it had sunk from twelve hundred to little more than three hundred a year.

• もっとも、本来、天皇の生母への優遇措置であった女院の地位に至る要件が時代がくだるとともに次第に多様化したことから、すべての女院が上皇と同じ待遇を受けることができたわけではない。
• However, because the requirements to get the status of nyoin, which was originally the good treatment for real mother of emperor, gradually diversified as time passed, not all nyoins were able to receive the same treatment as that of Joko.

• そもそも、奥羽は鎌倉府の管轄ではあったが、幕府と鎌倉府の対立が次第に深まると伊達氏は幕府直属の京都扶持衆となり、1413年の応永の乱では鎌倉を牽制している（伊達持宗の乱とも）。
• Originally, the Ou region (Mutsu Province and Dewa Province) was placed under the direct control of Kamakura-fu, but the Date clan became a member of Kyoto fuchishu, a direct retainer of Muromachi bakufu, amid a deepening confrontation between Muromachi bakufu and Kamakura-fu, and strategically maneuvered Kamakura-fu in the Oei War of 1413 (also called a Rebellion of Mochimune DATE).

• しかし、この合戦での軋轢や当主真衡への一族の不満などから、前九年の役当時には一枚岩であった清原氏内部には次第に不協和音が生まれ始め、最終的には後三年の役を招いたとの評価がある。
• However, studies also suggest that although Kiyohara clan was boasting the ironclad solidarity during Zenkunen War period, the discord and frustration against the head of the clan Sadahira was developed within the clan after the Enkyu Ezo War, causing the Gosannen War that led the downfall of Kiyohara clan.

• だが、開国の反動から攘夷鎖国への傾向が出てきたことを背景に、1863年（文久3年）から、幕府は同法令の本格施行を強め、その結果、生糸輸出が減少するなど次第に実効が現れていった。
• However, supported by the trend toward expulsion of foreigners and national isolation arising in reaction to the opening of Japan to the world, the bakufu promoted full-fledged enforcement of the law from 1863, and as a result it began to produce material results slowly such as the decreased exports of raw silk thread.

• 更に院政期において公家社会が再編される中で官職昇進次第や極位極官が出自によって決定される傾向が強まっていくと、古代からの貴族諸氏は一門に分化して中世的な「家」へと変質していく。
• Furthermore, as the aristocratic society was restructured during the cloistered government, promotion path to official positions and the final achievable position/rank became determined more by birth, and the aristocratic clans from the ancient times differentiated into each mon and transformed into the 'Ie (family, house)' of the middle ages.

• 、石田友治らによって言論雑誌『第三帝国 (雑誌)』が刊行され、またには東京大学の吉野作造により民本主義による政治が提唱された事を背景に、次第に普通選挙運動が活発になっていった。
• With the publication of the political magazine 'Daisan Teikoku' (The Third Empire) by Tomoji ISHIDA and others and the proposal of government founded on democracy by Sakuzo YOSHINO of Tokyo Imperial University, the movement calling for popular elections began to grow.

• 朝廷が班田制と戸籍制度を基礎にした人民の人別支配を放棄し、名田経営を請け負う田堵負名を通じた間接支配への移行により律令制が解体していく過程で、この身分制も次第に有名無実化した。
• As the imperial court was no longer able to maintain control over the population based on the land allotment system and the family registration system and depended more and more on indirect means of control through rich families (called 'tato fumyo' in Japanese) who were subcontracted for the management of farmland, the Ritsuryo system gradually collapsed and the status system itself was reduced to a nominal existence.

• その後も日本国内では、しばらく日本を指して「倭」と呼ぶこともあったが、奈良時代中期頃（天平勝宝年間）から同音好字の「和」が併用されるようになり、次第に「和」が主流となっていった。
• Even after that, 'Wa' was sometimes used to refer to Japan domestically, but since the mid-Nara period, '和,' which has the same pronunciation but has a positive meaning, came in use along with 倭 and gradually became the mainstream.

• 実際には、刃傷事件4か月後の元禄14年7月の内蔵助の実筆の手紙（お家再興嘆願を依頼された遠林寺の僧侶祐海への手紙）に「吉良殿つつがなきところは、大学様ご安否次第と存じ候」とある。
• In Oishi's letter written in August, 1701, 4 months after the raid (sent to a Buddhist priest at Enrin-ji Temple, Yukai who was asked for the entreaty of the restoration of the Asano clan), it says that 'Kira's safety depends on Daigaku's safety.'

• また、10世紀に入ると次第に刑部省の地位が低下するようになり、強窃二盗（強盗・窃盗）と私鋳銭に関する裁判権は検非違使に、その他の犯罪に関する裁判権は太政官に移されることになった。
• In the 10th century, the position of Gyobusho declined and the jurisdictions of robbery and counterfeit coinage were transferred to Kebiishi and the other crimes were transferred to Daijokan.

• 元禄時代に入ると、人々の生活は次第に華やかなものになっていき、家紋をもっていなかった人々も家紋を必要とする機会が生まれ、豊臣秀吉の吉例によって「五三の桐」紋が下層庶民に好まれた。
• During the Genroku era life gradually became more extravagant so, people without Kamon were offered the opportunity to have Kamon; for example, lower-class people favored 'Gosan no Kiri' according to the time-honored custom of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.

• かつて、「年男」は室町幕府や江戸幕府では、古い儀式に通じた者が任じられていたが、一般の家では、主として家の家長がその任にあたり、次第に長子や奉公人、若い男性が当たるようになった。
• In the old times, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Edo bakufu used to appoint a man well versed in old rituals as toshi-otoko while in ordinary households, the head of a family used to take on the role, which gradually shifted to the eldest son, a servant or a young man.

• 旧暦の元旦から6日頃まで、静かな夜に社前の海上に現れたというもので、最初に1個現れた火が次第に数を増して50個ほどになり、それらが集まってまた1個に戻り、明け方に消え去るという。
• From New Year's Day to the day six in an old lunar calendar it appeared above the sea in front of shrine gate at quiet night, where firstly the one fire appeared and it gradually increased to about fifty and they aggregated into one fire again and disappeared at dawn.

• 蹴鞠競技はその後、中国本土では次第に廃れていき、宋 (王朝)代にはチーム対抗の競技としての側面が薄れて一人または集団で地面に落とさないようにボールを蹴る技を披露する遊びとなった。
• Subsequently the kemari game in mainland China gradually became phased out, in the Song Dynasty, team competitions were few, and it became a one-man play or group play in which the ball was kicked to keep the ball from falling to the ground.

• 庶民の間では、芸事や趣味の道が次第に洗練されたものになり始め、『風姿花伝』のように芸の道を人間の道と重ね合わせて修行のありようを考えるという視点も、この武家階級の時代の産物である。
• Among ordinary people, their accomplishments and hobbies began to be refined, and the following perspective was also a product of the era of the bushi class arms: they had the insight into practice by superposing their accomplishments on their lives as expressed in 'Fushikaden.'

• 藤原京の頃を頂点として、次第に政事庶務の中心が朝堂院から周辺官衙に移っていき、平安京の頃にはその規模は縮小され、朝賀や即位、饗宴など、主に朝廷の盛典、儀礼に用いられるようになった。
• After the peak period of Fujiwara-kyo (the Fujiwara Palace; the ancient capital of Fujiwara), the center of political and general affairs had gradually shifted from the chodoin to the kanga (government office) around them, and by the time of Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto), the scale of the chodoin had been reduced; as such, the chodoin came to be used mainly for rituals and ceremonies of the Imperial Court such as Choga (New Year's greetings or well-wishes offered by retainers to the Emperor), enthronement and a banquet.

• 10世紀初頭に律令制回帰を志向する藤原時平が太政官首班に就き、902年に発布された延喜の荘園整理令により、勅旨田の新設は禁止されることとなり、以後、勅旨田は次第に見られなくなった。
• In the early tenth century, FUJIWARA no Tokihira who was oriented to return to laws and the ordinance system took a post as the leader of the Grand Council of State, and Chokushiden gradually disappeared after being prohibited from being newly established in accordance with a Decree Restricting the Expansion of Private Estates in the Engi era promulgated in 902.

• しかし征韓論政変によって参議から下野した板垣退助らが自由民権運動を開始し、それが次第に議会開設の国民運動として発展すると、政府は大日本帝国憲法を発布し、議会と内閣制度を発足させた。
• However, when Taisuke ITAGAKI and others, who resigned from the post of Sangi (councilor) after the political change of Seikanron (debate about the subjugation of Korea), started the Jiyuminken Undo (the Freedom and People's Rights Movement), that movement developed gradually into a movement by the people to establish the Diet, and the government promulgated the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and established the Diet and the cabinet system.

• それら神々を祀る神社は、神を磐座や禁足地より降臨させ祭り事を執り行う臨時のものであったが、次第に禁足地に対して拝殿が、そして神そのものが常駐するという本殿が造営されるようになった。
• Shrines to enshrine such Kami were a temporary place where Kami descended from Iwakura (dwelling place of a god, usually in reference to a large rock) or Kinsokuchi (tabooed land,) and ritual ceremonies were performed, but gradually, Haiden (a hall of worship) was built as a substitute for Kinsokuchi and Honden (a main shrine) was built to let Kami reside there.

• 次第に神社が建てられるようになり、祭りも社殿で行われるようになったが、古い形の神社は、建物の中に玉垣を設けて常盤木（常緑樹、つまり榊など）を立てて神の宿る所とし、祭るものであった。
• While shrines were built and festivals were held on the premises later, ancient shrines had tamagaki within the building and placed tokiwagi (evergreen such as sakaki) where a divine spirit resides and was enshrined.

• だが次第に、千回も練習したときのように、ふたたび自分の話は疑念を差し挟む余地のないものに見えてきて、どんな刑事弁護士でさえ信じてくれるにちがいない、という気持ちもよみがえってきた。
• But gradually, as he began to rehearse his story for the thousandth time, he saw again how incontrovertible it was, and felt sure that any criminal lawyer would believe him.

• その一方で、鎌倉時代には地頭による侵食を受け、室町時代には守護（守護大名）によって蚕食されるなど、武士の進出に伴って次第に解体への道を進み、戦国時代 (日本)頃までにほぼ形骸化した。
• The system, however, was encroached on by Jito (lords of the manors) in the Kamakura period and by Shugo Daimyos (provincial constables) in the Muromachi period, and thus gradually dismantled in accordance with the rise of samurais and almost became a mere formality by the time of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan).

• 労働者の労働基本権日本における労働基本権すらなかったこの時代、厳しい抑圧と、苦しい生活に喘ぐ一般庶民の怒りの矛先は、次第に高所得者、とくに米問屋や商人に向けられるようになっていった。
• In times like that when there were not even basic labor rights in Japan, the common people who struggled against hard suppression and living directed their anger to high-income people, especially rice marketers and merchants gradually.

• 弘仁元年（810年）の薬子の変をきっかけに蔵人所が設置されると、従来は後宮の内侍司を通して伝えられていた天皇の勅旨の太政官への伝達が、次第に蔵人所の職事によって行われるようになった。
• When the kurodo dokoro was founded after the Kusuko Incident in 810, the shikiji at the kurodo dokoro gradually assumed the role of conveying the imperial edict to the Daijokan -- the order had conventionally been conveyed by naishishi (also referred to as naishi no tsukasa; messengers from the palace attendants) at kokyu (the women's quarters of the Imperial Palace).

• 江戸で「人形」と言えば市松人形を指すほどだったが、子供のおもちゃとしては壊れやすいことから、次第にセルロイド製の人形やソフトビニール製の人形に追われ、観賞用へと用途が変化していった。
• When people referred to 'doll' in Edo, they almost always meant Ichimatsu ningyo, but it was gradually replaced by dolls made of celluloid and soft vinyl and came to be used for ornamental purpose.

• 『本願寺作法之次第』という本願寺に伝わる書籍には政元の山科本願寺参詣のためだけに蓮如の指示で精進料理ではなく戒律的に問題のある魚料理に献立を変更したいきさつが載せられている程である。
• A book handed down in Hongan-ji Temple, 'Hongan-ji saho no shidai' (The Orders of Manners in Hongan-ji Temple), writes about the situation where the menu was changed from a vegetarian dish to a fish dish which was problematic in terms of the doctrine, under Rennyo's instruction only for Masamoto's visit to Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple.

• ある人間の目に見える達成は、したがって、他人のそれと比較され、評価の裁定は習慣的に、承認された活動目的への与えられた行動指針の直接的な収穫ではなくて、不公平な個人的な比較次第となる。
• The visible achievement of one man is, therefore, compared with that of another, and the award of esteem comes habitually to rest on an invidious comparison of persons instead of on the immediate bearing of the given line of conduct upon the approved end of action.

• 戦前は、平安時代の貴族は天皇から政治実権を奪い、京で遊興にふけった退廃的な存在としてとらえられがちだったが、戦後になり橋本義彦らによって平安期の貴族の実態が次第に明らかとされていった。
• Before the war, the nobles in the Heian Period were regarded to have seized political power from the Emperor and to have pursued a life of pleasure in Kyoto, but after the war, Yoshihiko HASHI

• 平安最末期に関東武士全体を代表する鎌倉殿という地位が登場すると、御恩と奉公に基づく主従関係は、次第に排他的（鎌倉殿以外の主人を持たない）かつ永続的なものとなり、一層強固になっていった。
• Towards the end of the Heian period when the position heading all samurai in the Kanto region, called Kamakura-dono, was introduced, the master-servant relationship based on goon and hoko gradually became exclusive (not allowed to have any master other than the kamakura-dono) and permanent, making the relationship stronger.

• 尾張国の戦国大名織田信長が、農民の子から足軽になった羽柴秀吉（豊臣秀吉）を家臣に登用したように、実力次第では出世が可能になるのも、戦国大名の家臣団において見られたひとつの傾向であった。
• Within the Kashindan under a Sengoku daimyo, however, there was a trend to give promotions based on abilities; this was seen in the case of Hideyoshi HASHIBA (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) who had been born from a peasant family, became an ashigaru (common foot soldier) and was promoted to a vassal by Nobunaga ODA, a Sengoku daimyo in Owari Province.

• 畿内では古墳時代後期（6世紀中ごろ）に前方後円墳が衰退するとともに、埴輪も次第に姿を消していったが、なおも前方後円墳を盛んに築造した関東地方においては埴輪も引き続き盛んに作られ続けた。
• In Kinai region, the Haniwa were disappeared as large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds declined in the late Tumulus period (around the middle of the sixth century), however, in Kanto region, where large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds were built vigorously, the Haniwa still continued to be made.

• だが、これによって衆議院を敵に回した山縣の政権運営は次第に困難になり、北清事変後に憲政党が解党して伊藤博文らと立憲政友会を結成すると、政友会潰しを策して伊藤博文を後継に推して辞任した。
• But this gradually made YAMAGATA's government control difficult by making enemy of the House of Representatives, and after dissolution of the Constitutional Party and formation of Rikken seiyukai with ITO etc. after the Boxer Rebellion, he recommended ITO as his successor and resigned to aimed for dissolution of the Seiyu Party.

• 次第に本百姓の分家や隷属民の '自立' 化が進み、17世紀の半ば以降には、村請制村落が確立していき、(1)田畑や(2)家屋敷地を所持する高持百姓が本百姓であると観念されるようになった。
• Gradually, hon-byakusho was branched and subordinate people became 'independent,' and in the middle of the 17th century and thereafter, villages of the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) were established and a farmer called takamochi-byakusho (a person managing a farm by employing farm workers) who possessed (1) a field and (2) a house and land came to be recognized, as hon-byakusho.

• しかし、このころ既に、『紙背文書因幡国司解案紙背仮名消息』や『紙背文書虚空蔵菩薩念誦次第紙背仮名消息』など日本の書道史女手の完成を示す文書類が日常に書かれており、女手の全盛期といえる。
• However, this was also the period when onnade was at it's height and works such as 'Shihai-monjo Inaba no Kokushi no Gean Shihai Kana Shosoku' and 'Shihai-monjo Koku-zo Bosatsu Nenju Shidai Shihai Kana Shosoku' were being written daily.

• アロー戦争以後清朝の外交を担ってきた総理衙門が清朝官庁内で次第に地位低下したことに不満を覚えた諸外国が、清朝が外交を重視するよう求めた結果、総理衙門を廃止し外務部をつくらせるに至った。
• After the Arrow War, various foreign nations felt frustrated with the falling social status of Zongli Yamen, which had become burdened with the diplomacy that the Qing dynasty placed great importance on, and as a result Zongli Yamen was abolished and replaced with the Foreign Office.

• ただ、次第にこの運用はあいまいになり、学僧が還俗しないまま方技に任命され、四等官上位職（特に頭・助）に転任または兼任を命じられて、行政官としても実働することも見られるようになっている。
• This practice, however, became increasingly lax, with some scholar monks being appointed as hogi without leaving the priesthood and who subsequently transferred or held an additional post of a senior Shitokan position (particularly kami and suke) while working as administration officers.

• また守護は、当初は国司の業務や地頭の権限への介入を禁じられていたが、応仁の乱以後の地方定住と権力の拡張の結果次第に領主化して室町後期には地方支配も進み、この頃の守護は守護大名と呼ばれる。
• At first, it was prohibited for shugo to intervene in the tasks of Kokushi and the authorities of Jito, however, as a result of settlement in local areas and expansion of authorities after the Onin War, they gradually became feudal lords and cemented their grip in local areas by the late Muromachi period; shugo in this period are especially called shugo-daimyo (Japanese territorial lords).

• しかし、9世紀・10世紀ごろになると、律令制を支えていた人民把握システム（古代の戸籍制度・計帳の作成や班田収授法の実施など）が次第に弛緩していき、人別的な人民支配が存続できなくなっていた。
• In the ninth and the tenth centuries, however, the citizen management system (including the ancient family registration system, the creation of the yearly tax registers, and the implementation of the law of periodic reallocations of rice fields) which supported the ritsuryo system began to collapse, so that the governance on a single-person basis became difficult to maintain.

• だが、本来は京都市民の代表であった町人身分の町代が次第に町奉行所において地位を固めるようになると、京都の司法・行政に大きな影響力を与えた公家や寺社などとも関係を結んでいくようになってきた。
• Machidai, a townsman who originally represented the Kyoto citizens, gradually built up a position in the Kyoto city magistrates' office, and also formed relationship with the court nobles, temples, and shrines, which were quite influential in legislature and administration of Kyoto.

• 特に東国では武士身分の下級貴族が多数、開発領主として土着化し、所領の争いを武力により解決することも少なくなかったが、次第に武士団を形成して結束を固めていき、鎌倉幕府樹立の土台を築いていった。
• Especially in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan), many lower-ranking nobles from the samurai class were indigenized as kaihatsu-ryoshus and they often solved land disputes by force, but they gradually became closely united by forming groups of samurai and laid down the foundation for the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• しかし、次第に外国人好みの美人画が不足していったことから、明治末期から大正にかけて局部を書き換えた春画や、複数の春画を切り張りして一枚の美人画に仕立て上げたものを輸出するようになっていった。
• However, from the end of the Meiji period to the Taisho period, when bijinga (beautiful women's pictures) that foreigners liked gradually became out of stock, the shunga, which was partly repainted around genitals and collaged to make a woman's picture were exported.

• ただし、その権限は自らの政治力に依存するところが大きく、中世に入り公家政権の政治力が低下し、領家職に武家が進出するようになると、直務支配が貫徹された一部を除いては次第に「不知行」化していく。
• However, their authority to collect taxes depended largely on their own political power, so when the power of the Kuge (court noble) Government decreased and samurai families made advances into ryoke-shiki (proprietorships), their influence weakened and with the exception of a few cases of maintaining all of their rights, the nobles were unable to control their land and stop it from falling into fuchigyo (losing land property).

• すると老人は、お兄さまは悪いお人で、オーランドゥへの衆望をかねてからねたんでいたが、今また彼が公爵の宮殿で勝利を得たことを聞きつけ、今夜にも寝室に火を放って焼き殺そうとしている次第を話した。
• And then the old man told him how his wicked brother, envying the love all people bore him, and now hearing the fame he had gained by his victory in the duke's palace, intended to destroy him by setting fire to his chamber that night,

• メアリー・ジェーンが小節ごとに装飾音のある冒頭のメロディーを再び演奏していたので、彼女の曲も終わりに近づいたに違いないと彼は知り、その終わりを待つ間に彼の心のうちの憤りも次第に消えていった。
• He knew that Mary Jane must be near the end of her piece for she was playing again the opening melody with runs of scales after every bar and while he waited for the end the resentment died down in his heart.

• しかし、郡司・百姓層の要求が多分に自利的であることに藤原道長を首班とする太政官も次第に気付き始め、1110年代後期～1120年代にかけて国司解任に至る事例は約5割から約2割へと激減していった。
• However Daijokan headed by FUJIWARA no Michinaga became aware that some claims of Gunji and farmers are rather selfish and thus claims that won dismissal of the Kokushu dramatically dropped from about 50% to 20% during the period between the latter half of the 1110's and the 1120's.

• しかし、守護 京極政経の代に入ると、政経は守護代 尼子経久と次第に対立を深め、政経が経久を追放すると、その翌年には尼子経久が奇襲を持って主家を攻め、主君より領土と実権を奪い、出雲守護となった。
• However, when the generation of shugo, Masatsune KYOGOKU started, Masatsune gradually deepened confrontation against shugodai (the deputy of shugo), Tsunehisa AMAGO and, when Masatsune expelled Tsunehisa, Tsunehisa AMAGO made a surprise attack on the employer's household the following year, usurped the territory and the authority from his master, and became shugo of Izumo.

• もともとは、ヤマト王権の時代に有力豪族の子弟をさして広く「みこ」と称されており、しかし、次第に大王 (ヤマト王権)の子弟を指すようになるにつれ、大王の女子を「ひめみこ」と呼称するようになった。
• Originally, the children of Gozoku (local ruling family) were widely called 'Miko' in the period of Yamato sovereignty, and while the naming came to refer to the children of Okimi (great king of Yamato sovereignty), the daughters of Okimi came to be called 'Himemiko.'

• 約1.8リットルの液体が入る瓶は「一升瓶」と呼ばれており、酒類の他、油脂食用油脂や醤油などにも用いられてきたが、近年はペットボトルに移行する傾向にあり、業務用のものを除き次第に廃れてきている。
• In Japan, the glass bottle of the capacity of about 1.8 liters has been called 'Isshobin' (1 sho glass bottle) and it has been used for alcohol, cooking oil, soy sauce, and so on, but today, it tends to be replaced with the plastic bottle of the size other than 1.8 liters, so 1.8 liter glass bottle is, except for that for business use, fading away.

• 次第に一乗院・大乗院などといった有力な門跡が自己の発言力の増大のために国内の武士や名主などを御家人などと称して自己の衆徒に組み入れ、自院の学侶に率いさせて寺内や奈良の町の検断などに従事させた。
• Gradually the influential monzeki (temple formerly led by the founder of the sect, or the temple in which resided a member of nobility or the Imperial Family), such as Ichijoin Temple and Daijoin Temple, incorporated warriors and myoshu (owners of rice fields) as gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods) in order to strengthen their influence, and put them in charge of duties such as trials in the temple and the city of Nara lead by Gakuryo.

• こうした動きに対し、親鸞の関東における門弟の系譜を継ぐ佛光寺7世の了源（1295年-1336年）など他の法脈は、佛光寺や専修寺などを根拠地として、次第に本願寺に対抗的な立場を取ることになった。
• Against his movement, Ryogen (1295-1336), the seventh head-priest of Bukko-ji Temple, who succeeded the lineage of Shinran's disciples in Kanto region, and other Homyaku gradually took an opposing stance against Hongan-ji Temple, having Bukko-ji Temple and Senju-ji Temple as their bases.

• 四条流庖丁式の次第が記述され、まな板の名所・寸法などから記載が始まり、続いて具体的な料理法や、箸・膳の飾り方なども記載されており、当時の日本料理の素材や調理法を知る上で貴重な史料となっている。
• Since the book contains a description of the ritual of the kitchen-knife method in Shijo School as well as descriptions starting with the naming and size of each place on the cutting board, followed by specific recipes, and decoration methods for chopsticks and eating utensils, it is now considered as a valuable historical source of information on materials and the art of cooking of the Japanese cuisine of those days.

• その次第を詳細に見れば、「聲譜～四聲論」（天巻所収）「十七勢～六志」（地巻所収）「二十九種對」（東巻所収）「文三十種病累、十種疾」（西巻所収）「論文意」（南巻所収）「論對属」（北巻所収）となる。
• In detail, the word order of the above sentence was firstly 'seifu to 4 seiron' which appeared in the volume of Heaven, secondly '17 sei to 6 shi' in the volume of Earth, '29 tai' in the volume of East, '30 contents of peirui and 10 shitsu' in the volume of West, 'meanings of articles' in the volume of South, and 'rontaizoku' in the volume of North.

• その後、一色義直が第八代将軍・足利義政の信任を受けるが、1467年の応仁の乱では細川勝元の東軍に与した若狭武田氏との反目から山名宗全の西軍に与して敗れたため、次第に衰退の一途をたどるようになる。
• Then, Yoshinao ISSHIKI gained the confidence of the eighth-generation shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, but in the turmoil of the Onin War in 1467 the Isshiki clan belonged to the Western army led by Sozen YAMANA because the clan was opposed to Wakasa-Takeda clan, which belonged to the Eastern army led by Katsumoto HOSOKAWA; this resulted in the defeat of the Western army, and thereafter the clan gradually weakened.

• しかし最澄が帰国して一年後に空海が唐から帰国すると、自身が唐で順暁から学んだ密教は傍系のものだと気づき、空海に礼を尽くして弟子となり密教を学ぼうとするも、次第に両者の仏教観の違いが顕れ決別した。
• When Kukai returned from Tang one year later after Saicho had returned, Saicho recognized that the Esoteric Buddhism he had learned in Tang from Jungyo was collateral and asked Kukai with the utmost courtesy to take him in as a disciple in order to study Esoteric Buddhism, but he eventually parted from Kukai due to their differences in views on Buddhism.

• 日蓮の法華経に対する純粋な姿勢も、南北朝時代 (日本)の戦乱や室町時代に入ると宗派が勢力を拡大していく過程の中で、他宗派との妥協や他宗派の信者からの施しを平気で受けるなど、次第に変質していった。
• Nichiren's pure worship of Hoke-kyo (Lotus Sutra) gradually changed as the wars continued during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and other sects expanded their influence during the Muromachi period; he compromised with other sects and did not hesitate to receive charity from believers of other sects.

• 中国では、さまざまな宗派が乱立していく中で、「一体どの仏典が仏教の一番肝心な教えなのか」という論点が仏教者の間で次第に唯一最大の関心事となっていったことは、ある意味、時代の必然であったと言える。
• Considering the social situation that too many sects were founded in China, it was natural that 'which Buddhist scripture was the most important in Buddhism' had gradually become the sole biggest problem among Buddhist.

• 間仕切りの必要から、柱は丸柱から角柱になり、これまで母屋（身屋：もや）と廂の柱間寸法に大小の別があったが、畳の普及に伴い次第に柱間一間は六・五尺に、応仁の乱以降建物全体を通じて統一されていった。
• The pillar changed from marubashira (a circular pillar or post) to kakubashira for partitioning, and the various dimensions of the bay in moya and hisashi had been integrated gradually into about 2 m in the building as a whole after the Onin War.

• 上記のように、穢れは元々仏教により日本にもたらされた観念であるが、次第に天皇を神聖視する神道の考えと結びつき、被差別民は神聖な天皇の対極に位置する穢れた民と見なされるようになったという説がある。
• There is a theory that though Kegare was a notion which had been originally brought into Japan with Buddhism as mentioned above, it was gradually syncretized with the concept of Shinto in which the Emperor was seen as holy, and as a result, the discriminated were thought to be Kegare people who were at the opposite end of the Emperor.

• しかし、甥の白河天皇が即位すると、「後三条天皇の遺言」を盾に白河天皇の異母弟・実仁親王 (平安時代)、輔仁親王を東宮に推す夫・俊房と、自分の子孫を天皇に据えたい白河天皇は次第に対立するようになる。
• However after his nephew, Emperor Shirakawa succeeded to the throne, there was conflict starting to build up between husband, Toshifusa, who took advantage of 'Emperor Gosanjo's will' and strongly recommend Emperor Shirakawa's half younger brother, Imperial Prince Sanehito (Heian period) and Imperial Prince Sukehito to become Crown Prince, and Emperor Shirakawa who wish to let his grandchild to succeed to the throne.

• 一方、律令的戸籍制度も次第に行われなくなり、 10世紀には、地方豪族で実力を蓄えた者は、有力な貴族の家人となり、その氏姓を侵すようにさえなり、いわゆる冒名仮蔭（ぼうめいかいん）の現象が一般化した。
• On the other hand, family registration system based on the ritsuryo system was gradually phased out; in the tenth century, people who became strong among powerful local clans became the retainers of the influential nobles and invaded clan names and hereditary titles; in essence, the phenomenon of so-called Bomei Kain (misrepresentation of one's clan name and hereditary title) became quite commonplace.

• しかし地歌や浄瑠璃などの三味線音楽や箏曲の発展と共に次第に下火となり、波多野流は断絶、前田流は江戸時代中期に名古屋の荻野検校によって中興し、この流派のみがこんにちまで名古屋と仙台に伝えられている。
• However, they had gradually cooled down as Shamisen music and sokyoku (koto music) such as Jiuta (a genre of traditional songs with samisen accompaniment) and Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) developed, and the Hatano-ryu was put to an end while the Maeda-ryu was restored by Kengyo OGINO in Nagoya in the middle of the Edo period, and only this school has been handed down to the present in Nagoya and Sendai.

• 明治時代以降、軍隊や官庁、学校などから次第に西洋風の服が採用されるようになり、今日では日常的には洋服を着用し、晴れの日やめでたい日（「ハレとケ」）など和服を着る、といったスタイルが多くなっている。
• After the Meiji period, western-style clothing was gradually adopted in the military, authority and schools, and in many cases, many present-day Japanese people adopt a style of wearing European clothes on a daily basis, and wearing traditional Japanese clothes on celebration days and festive days.

• しかし、橘氏が次第に衰退し、参議橘恒平を最後に公卿を輩出しなくなったこともあり、ついに氏爵の推挙は大納言橘澄清の女より生まれた藤原時姫（藤原兼家正室）所生の大納言藤原道隆に委ねられることとなった。
• However, the decline of the Tachibana clan led Sangi (Councilor) TACHIBANA no Tsunehira to become the last kugyo (court noble) in his clan and the authorization was delegated to Dainagon (Major Counselor) FUJIWARA no Michitaka, the son of FUJIWARA no Tokihime (the lawful wife of FUJIWARA no Kaneie) who was the daughter of Dainagon TACHIBANA no Sumikiyo.

• 本願寺は依然として雑賀衆などの支援を集めつつ強勢を保ったが、次第に敵中に孤立していき、1580年、ついに正親町天皇の勅命を引き出した信長に屈して石山本願寺を退去し、領主権力としての本願寺は消滅した。
• Hongan-ji Temple retained its predominance by gaining support from Saikashu, but gradually it was isolated in the midst of enemies, ultimately succumbing to Nobunaga, who withdrew imperial command from the Emperor Ogimachi and left Ishiyama Honganji Temple in 1580, whereby Hongan-ji Temple as seigniory was extinguished.

• ところが本居宣長など国学や神道を研究する人々は漢学（からまなび）こそ古来日本以来の精神を毒しているとこれを排する動きが強まり、「皇漢学」という呼び名も次第に廃れて国学と漢学は分離されるようになった。
• However, there was a strong movement to reject kangaku, as those who studied kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) and Shinto such as Norinaga MOTOORI claimed that it was kangaku which was corrupting the Japanese spirit, which had been cultivated since ancient times, and the name 'kokugaku' fell into disuse and became separated from kangaku.

• 戦国時代に入ると、武士の官途を担っていた室町幕府の統制が崩れ、次第に有力大名が時下に朝廷に献金し猟官運動を行うことが盛んになり、西国一の有力守護大内義隆が従二位に叙せられる異例の叙位がなされている。
• As the Sengoku Period (the Period of Warring States) started, regulation of the Muromachi bakufu which had been responsible for conferring ranks and titles collapsed, then gradually the powerful daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) actively contributed money directly to the Imperial Court to seek office, resulting in an unprecedented appointment and Yoshitaka OUCHI, the most powerful shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), was granted junii.

• ドラマなどではこれは幸右衛門のその場の機転のようになっているが、『小野寺書状』によると吉良家臣は弓の使い手が多いという情報を事前につかんでいたので弓は発見次第に弦を切るよう事前に決めていたとしている。
• A TV series makes it out like it was Sawaemon's spontaneous idea; however, according to 'Onodera Shojo,' they had previously received information that a lot of Kira's retainers were good at shooting arrows, and therefore they decided to cut off bowstrings as soon as they found them.

• これは天文道及び天文密奏が次第に実際の星の動きを見て占うという中国由来の上天思想的な解釈から日本独自に発達していった占いの技法である陰陽道的な解釈へと変化していく状況を示した事例であると考えられてる。
• That was considered to be an example of a transition of tenmondo and tenmon misso from the prediction originated from China, which was made according to the actual movement of stars based on 上天思想, to the divination based on Onmyodo, which was a divination technique originally developed in Japan.

• また頼富本宏は、円仁･円珍・安然など天台密教（台密）が興隆すると修法のテキストにあたる次第類の中に「胎蔵界」と言う表現が用いられるようになり、両界曼荼羅・胎蔵界曼荼羅の語が使われるようになったとする。
• Motohiro YORITOMI further asserts that with the development of Tendai Esoteric Buddhism (Daimitsu) thanks to Ennin, Enchin and Annen, the term of 'Taizokai' (the Womb Realm) was widely used in the text for prayer and austerities and as a result, the terms of Ryokai-mandala and Taizokai-mandala came into use.

• わずか30名の修習生にしぼって閉鎖的に方技（技官）の育成を続けた結果、9世紀の平安時代初期には、次第に陰陽寮の技官人材が乏しくなったと見られたことや、公家の勢力争いの激化にともなう役職不足も見られた。
• As a result of Onmyoryo's policy to continue exclusive development of only 30 selected trainees to become hogi (gikan), the number of gikan in Onmyoryo and the number of posts in that office gradually decreased, while a power struggle among court nobles intensified during the early Heian Period of 9th century.

• 後三条の子息の白河天皇は、子息堀河天皇・孫鳥羽天皇がいずれも幼少で即位し、父・祖父として後見役となる必要があったことから、次第に権力を掌握するようになり、最終的には専制君主として朝廷に君臨するに至った。
• Emperor Shirakawa, who was the son of Gosanjo, needed to become a conservator for his son, Emperor Horikawa, and his grandson, Emperor Toba, since they both were enthroned in their childhood, gradually came into power, and finally, he came to reign over the Imperial Court as an absolute monarch.

• しかし、次第に創価学会側からの教義の変更が相次ぐようになり、1970年代後期の昭和52年路線問題を経て、1991年11月28日に、日蓮正宗宗門は、当時の第67世法主日顕の名前で創価学会を破門処分にした。
• However, the Soka Gakkai side gradually continued to insist on the change of doctrine, and after going through various issues in 1977, Nichiren Shoshu Sect excommunicated Soka Gakkai on November 28, 1991, in the name of the sixty seventh Hoshu at that time, Nikken.

• しかし、天台宗が円仁・円珍（814年 - 891年）らの後継者に恵まれ、密教化を経て真言宗とともに平安時代にその地位を高めていったのに対し、法相宗の側はこれといった後継者を得ず、次第に衰勢に傾いていく。
• However, the Tendai sect had an advantage in that they had successors such as Ennin, Enchin (814 – 891) and so on and came to heighten their status by becoming Mikkyo with the Shingon sect, while Hosso sect of Buddhism did not have quality successors which gradually led to their decline.

• 飛鳥時代末期には文武天皇により『大射禄法』が定められた辺りを皮切りに、朝廷の間で次第に弓射に関する礼射、礼法が整理され、また同時に技術も体系化、単なる射術から『弓術』として成立していったものと思われる。
• At the end of the Asuka Period, since the establishment of 'Taisha-rokuho' by Emperor Monmu, Reisha and rules of decorum for Yumiire began to be gradually organized and the technique was also systematized and established as 'Kyujutsu' at the same time, based on the simple technique of shooting.

• しかし次第に茶入と同時に用いられるようになることで、書院飾りに適した豪華な蒔絵が施されるようになった（室町時代とされる蒔絵の棗も現存しているが、これは本来は茶器ではなかった可能性を想定する必要がある）。
• However, as natsume gradually became to be used with chaire, it began to have gorgeous makie (Japanese lacquer sprinkled with gold or silver powder) decoration suited for shoin kazari (decoration of shoin [one of Japan's most important residential architectural styles, established in the Momoyama era] rooms and buildings) (The natsume with makie decoration considered to be made in the Muromachi Period has been preserved, but this needs to assume the possibility that originally it was not used as a tea utensil.)

• 石は身分によって種類が決まっていて、奈良時代には五位以上は金銀（もちろんめっきであろう）、六位以下は烏油帯（銅に黒漆をかける）を使用したが、高官は唐の影響を受けて次第に様々な材質を使用するようになった。
• The types of stones were determined by social status; gold or silver plating was used for those of goi (Fifth Rank) and higher, a black lacquered sash (black lacquered copper) was used for rokui (Sixth Rank), and officers used a range of materials according to their exposure to Chinese influences.

• しかしながら、明治6年（1873年）7月13日に旧暦盆の廃止の勧告を山梨県（他に新潟県など）が行うということもあり、1.は次第に少数派になりつつあり、全国的に3.（月遅れのお盆、旧盆）がもっぱらである。
• However, since Yamanashi Prefecture (as well as Niigata Prefecture and other prefectures) recommended abolishing the lunar Bon festival on July 13th, 1873, (1) has gradually become minor and (3), Tsukiokure no Bon, or Kyubon, has become more common nationwide.

• だが、西園寺家当主の個人的関係（大覚寺統側との不仲）から次第に持明院統よりの態度を取るようになると大覚寺統は申次を無視して幕府との直接交渉を展開するようになり、14世紀に入ると急速に求心力を失っていく。
• However, when Kanto moshitsugi gradually sided more with Jimyoin-to due to a private relationship of the head of the Saionji family and Daikakuji-to (the head was on bad terms with Daikakuji-to), Daikakuji-to came to communicate with the bakufu directly, and Kanto moshitsugi came to lose its power rapidly as the 14-th century started.

• このうち、巫女が布教の行脚中において舞を披露していく中で、次第に芸能を主としていく遊女へと転化していき、そのうちに遊女が巫以来の伝統の影響を受けて男装し、男舞に長けた者を一般に白拍子とも言うようになった。
• Afterwards, shrine maidens traveled on foot to propagate religion and performed the dance, then it changed gradually to the performing arts of prostitutes who were influenced by the tradition of a shrine maiden disguising as a man, who excelled in dancing like a man were generally called shirabyoshi.

• だが、次第に「祖法」化してしまい、田畑永代売買禁止令のように御定書制定の翌年には実質上廃止された法令が、御定書に載せられているがために有効な法律とされて明治4年（1871年）まで存続するなどの弊害もあった。
• But it gradually became progenitor law and produced negative effects like denpataietaibaibaikinshirei (a ban on buying and selling fields [of rice and other crops]), which was abolished in effect the year after the enactment of Kujigata-osadamegaki but remained in force until 1871 since it was described in Kujigata-osadamegaki.

• の南鐐二朱銀発行以降、次第に両を基軸とする、分、朱の単位をもつ計数銀貨が増加し始め、1837年の一分銀発行に至って、丁銀のような秤量銀貨を凌駕するようになり、銀貨は小判の通貨体系に組み込まれることになった。
• After the issue of Nanryo Nishu silver coins in 1772, the amount of circulation of denomination silver coins with the unit of ryo (a base unit), bu and shu, began to increase, and in 1837, when Ichibu gin silver coins were issued, these coins came to surpass that of the currencies by weight, such as chogin, so silver coins were incorporated in the currency system of gold coin (koban).

• 応仁の乱（1467年）以降、戦乱に明け暮れる世の中になったが、一方では能、茶道、華道、庭園、建築、連歌など多様な芸術が花開いた時代で、それらは次第に庶民にも浸透し、今日まで続く日本的な文化を数多く生み出した。
• After the Onin War (1467), it was the age of the civil war, but also the age when various arts such as Noh play, tea ceremony, the art of flower arrangement, a garden (landscape gardening), architecture, and renga (a linked poem) were in full bloom, and these arts gradually spread among common people creating many varieties of Japanese culture which have continued until now.

• 中世前期は人々が畏れ忌避した業務に携わっていた非人であるが、中世後期に人々の感覚が次第に「畏れの忌避」から「穢れの忌避（蝕穢）」に変遷すると共に、非人に対する捉え方も畏怖視から卑賤視へと変遷していったとされる。
• In the early feudal period, Hinin engaged the tasks which people feared and evaded; however, in the later feudal period, as the people's perception of those tasks gradually changed from 'evasion of fear' to 'evasion of impurity,' they could also change in their perspective on Hinin from fear to contempt.

• 仙台市一番町 (仙台市)に1935年（昭和10年）創業した阿部蒲鉾において、旧仙台藩主伊達氏の家紋「竹に雀」のササに因んで「笹かまぼこ」と呼ぶようになってから、旧仙台藩地域で次第に名称が統一されていったという。
• The Abe Kamaboko Company, which had started a business in Ichiban-cho, Sendai City in 1935, called it 'sasa kamaboko' after the family crest 'take ni suzume' (sparrows with bamboo) of the Date clan, the former lord of the Sendai Domain; subsequently, the name was gradually unified in the area of the former Sendai Domain.

• 京都に成立した室町幕府は本来、御料所などからの収入に財政基盤を置いていたが、南北朝時代 (日本)の中で南朝 (日本)方によって占領されたり、自軍の武将への恩賞に宛てられるなどして次第に縮小していく傾向にあった。
• The Muromachi bakufu, established in Kyoto, had originally put its financial base on the income from goryosho (land owned by the Emperor or bakufu) and others, however, the financial base gradually scaled down with the occupation of the goryosho from the Southern Court (Japan) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and with the appropriation of the goryosho for rewards allocated to their military commanders.

• マホニーがあの大きな船の一つに乗って海に出て行くのはけっこういけてるなと言ったが、僕だって高いマストを眺めていると、学校ではあまり薬にもならなかった地理が次第に眼下に実体化していくのが見えた、いや、心に描けた。
• Mahony said it would be right skit to run away to sea on one of those big ships and even I, looking at the high masts, saw, or imagined, the geography which had been scantily dosed to me at school gradually taking substance under my eyes.

• しかし、次第に蝦夷島が安東氏の統制から離れ始め、特に蝦夷において被官であった蠣崎氏が上国守護職に加えて松前守護職を名乗ったことを追認せざるを得なくなるなど、戦国時代 (日本)前期には実質上北出羽の一豪族となった。
• However, Ezogashima began to leave from the Ando clan's control, and as a result, in the earlier Sengoku Period the clan degraded practically to a mere local ruling lord in the northern Dewa Province, as particularly the clan had to echo the fact that the Kakizaki clan, who had been the hikan in Ezo, proclaimed its position of Matsumae shugo (military governor of Matsumae) as well as Kaminokuni shugo.

• 大名行列は本来、戦時の行軍に準じた臨戦的・軍事的な移動形態（帯刀する刀の長さも通常の長さより大きなものでもよいなど）であったが、江戸時代の太平が続くと次第に大名の権威と格式を誇示するための政治的なものに変容した。
• Daimyo-gyoretsu initially referred to a form of military traffic preparing for battles which was based on a march in war time (for example, longer swords than ordinary one were allowed to carry), but as peace in Edo lasted long, it gradually changed to a political thing to show off their authority and social status.

• 1980年代以降世界中に広がったグラフィティ（落書き）も、建物の所有者の了解を得ない器物破損である一方、若者のさまざまな主張や趣味を表現しているものともいえ、次第に壁面全体を大きく使うものが現れるようになっている。
• While graffiti (doodling) which spread on a global scale in the 1980s and later considered damage to property without the owner's approval, it can be said that the graffiti demonstrates young people's views and interests, and gradually, a pictures drawn on an entire surface of a wall began to appear.

• 特に恩賞方などで事務を担当していた法曹官僚である奉行人が次第に奉行衆（右筆方）として幕政に深く関わってくると、本来恩賞方の下級官僚でしかない彼らが将軍の意向で御前沙汰の一員に加えられて恩賞方衆と呼ばれるようになる。
• When the bugyonin (magistrate, who originally took charge of the office work in the Onshogata) gradually took part in administration as the bugyoshu (group of magistrate, also called yuhitsukata), despite their low ranking in the Onshogata, they were included among the members of Gozensata in accordance with the shogun's instruction and called Onshogatashu (members of the Onshogata).

• 下官人は江戸後期の朝儀再興に伴う人手不足を補うために増員され、『地下次第』によれば延享5年（1746年）には73名であったものが、寛政8年（1796年）には110名、嘉永2年（1849年）には170名に増加している。
• Shimokanjin was increased to meet the manpower shortage caused by imperial ceremony restoration during the latter half of the Edo period: According to 'Jige Shidai' (Records of Jige), they were 73 in 1746, increased to 110 in 1796 and to 170 in 1849.

• 浦賀は見物人でいっぱいになり、勝手に小船で近くまで繰り出し、上船して接触を試みるものもあったが、幕府から武士や町人に対して、十分に警戒するようにとのお触れが出ると、実弾砲撃の噂と共に、次第に不安が広がるようになった。
• Uraga filled with spectators, some of whom boarded small boats to get closer to the ships, while others even tried to climb aboard and make contact with the sailors, but once the Shogunate had issued an order to the samurai and merchant classes that expressed the need for caution, eventually a sense of fear spread, with the rumors of live artillery.

• さらに言えば、これ以前からあった仇教事件のような列強の司法への介入、山東巡撫の更迭要求等のいくつもの列強の圧力、すなわち「累朝の積憤」（積もり積もった怒り。剛毅の言）が次第に清朝を「宣戦布告」へと追いやったと言える。
• Furthermore, what drove the Qing dynasty to the 'proclamation of war' was the ongoing interference in the administration of justice such as the previous Kyukyo Incident, and oppression by powerful western nations demanding Shandong Province's junbu (government official title that existed from Ming to Qing dynasty) be handed over (this was described by Gangyi as the 'build up of anger over generations of reign').

• 当初、京都、鎌倉といった風雅な街並みが残る観光地、又は浅草などの人力車の似合う下町での営業が始まり、次第に伊豆伊東、道後温泉といった温泉町や「無法松の一生」にちなむ門司港、有名観光地である中華街などに広がっていった。
• Such businesses initially started in tourist spots with elegant townscapes such as Kyoto and Kamakura, or in downtown areas like Asakusa in Tokyo where jinrikisha blend in well with the scenery, and gradually spread to hot-spring resorts such as Ito Onsen in the Izu area and Dogo Onsen, and the port of Moji, which appears in the movie 'Muhomatsu no issho' (Wild Matsu the Rickshaw Man), and to famous Chinatowns.

• しかし、この原則は、次第に崩れていき、町奉行所の与力組頭（筆頭与力）のように、一代抱席でありながら、馬上が許され、230石以上の俸禄を受け、惣領に家督を相続させて身分と俸禄を伝えることが常態化していたポストもあった。
• However, this rule of thumb waned over time and there were some posts (eg. a town magistrate's police chief) who were granted single generation kakaeseki status, but were also permitted to ride on horseback, received stipends of over 230-koku and were allowed to pass on their status to successors.

• さらに出雲国の尼子経久、周防国の大内義興、備前国の浦上村宗らの圧迫を受けるようになり、次第に領土を奪われて、政豊の子・山名誠豊の時代には、誠豊が但馬、山名豊時の孫・山名誠通が因幡をかろうじて支配するという状態に陥った。
• Furthermore, the oppression of the Yamana clan by the Tsunehisa AMAGO in the Izumo Province, Yoshioki OUCHI in the Suo Province and Muramune URAGAMI in the Bizen Province began; the only territories they managed to govern were Tanba, during the generation of Nobutoyo YAMANA, the son of Masatoyo, and Inaba, during the generation of his grandson, Nobumichi.

• 第2次世界大戦前までは古代・中世の社寺建築が研究の中心であったが、第二次世界大戦後は民家、江戸時代の社寺、明治以降の近代建築と次第に対象が広がっている（明治以降、旧植民地に日本人建築家の残した作品も対象になっている）。
• Until World War II, studies focused on ancient and medieval shrine and temple architecture, but since the War, the scope of research widened to include shrines and temples of the Edo period and modern structures from and since the Meiji period (studies during and after the Meiji period included the study of structures left behind by ex-colonies that were constructed by Japanese architects).

• 更に大工職を巡る相論や作事請負権を特権化させて反対に雇主に高い賃金を要求したことによって賃金の高騰や作業の遅滞・忌避が行われるようになり、永正7年（1510年）に室町幕府が大工職の撤廃を命じると次第に解体されていった。
• In addition, conflicts arose regarding Daikushiki and the contracting right for work was abused as a special privilege, which led to a steep rise of wages due to demanding high wages to the employer and led to delay and refusal of work, so the Muromachi bakufu (feudal government) ordered abolishment of the Daikushiki system, which was then gradually breaking down.

• しかし、1970年代半ばにおこった地酒ブームなどを通じて、次第に清酒へ高い品質を求める消費者が増え始めたため、アルコール添加量が少なく糖類などを添加していない本醸造酒や、元来の日本酒である純米酒などの生産が増え始めた。
• However, through the jizake (local sake) boom which occurred in the mid-1970s, consumers who looked for seishu of higher quality gradually increased, which caused the increased production of honjozoshu (a sake brewed with rice of polishing ratio not exceeding 70 % as main material and distilled alcohol of as auxiliary material not exceeding 10 % of rice by weight) with less added alcohol and no added sugar and of junmaishu which was the original Japanese sake.

• 50年以上わたる南北朝の争いは、途中南朝が優勢に立って北朝を一時解体に追い込んだ事（正平一統）もあったものの、次第に北朝を擁立した足利尊氏が開いた室町幕府が全国の武士を掌握するにつれて北朝側優位の流れが固まりつつあった。
• The conflict that continued for more than fifty years between the Northern and the Southern Court was gradually ended with the dominant position favoring the Northern Court, as Takauji ASHIKAGA gradually established the Northern Court and opened the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) and controlled the Samurai all over Japan, although the Southern Court once was in the dominant position and nearly took the political power from the Northern Court (Shohei Itto).

• 1927年に地方競馬規則が公布され、公認競馬以外の競馬が地方競馬として行われるようになって以降は、同法が施設や主催者など競馬開催のための要件を細かく規定していたために、近代競馬形式による祭典競馬は次第に姿を消していった。
• After 1927 when the Rules Related to Regional Horse Racing were promulgated, races other than those officially sanctioned were treated as local horse races, and modern-style saiten keiba gradually disappeared because the Rules stipulated the required conditions regarding the facilities and organizer in detail.

• 本来地歌および胡弓楽において発生したもので、もともと独奏曲であったものの前後に声楽部分を付属させ、楽曲形式として手事物の体裁を整えたものと、声楽曲の中の短い間奏部分が次第に発達して長大となったものの二種類があると考えられる。
• Originally, tegoto developed from jiuta and kokyugaku and can be divided into two types; one which was shaped into tegotomono as a style of composition by sandwiching a solo with vocal parts, and one in which a short interlude in a vocal music piece gradually developed and became a long interlude.

• 奴隷は前時代の私奴婢・部曲の流れを汲み、唐代までは荘園内の労働において重要な役目を担っていたが、宋代になると佃戸による耕作の方が所有者・管理者の負担が軽く、次第に佃戸に切り替えられたり、奴隷の雇傭者化が進むことになっていった。
• Slaves were in the tradition of shinuhi (privately-owned slave) and buqu (a serf) and until the Tang dynasty they had played an important role in the labor service in shoens, but in the Sung dynasty the cultivation by denko cost less for the owners and the managers and gradually the labor was charged to denko and slaves progressively became employees.

• 特に単独の代表者は置かれず、「特務委員」後に「常務委員」と呼ばれる複数の議員による合議制（1916年の研究会規則では9名の常務委員を設置）であったが、次第に山縣有朋の側近である清浦奎吾が同会の指導者として浮上してくる事になる。
• The faction had no specific single representative but adopted council system (nine standing committees were to be appointed according to Kenkyukai regulations in 1916) organized with multiple members called 'Tokumuin' (special committees) or later called 'Jomuin' (standing committees), but later, Keigo KIYOURA, a aide to Aritomo YAMAGATA, gradually became influential as a leader of Kenkyukai.

• 天下の儀、何様にも信長に任置かるるの上は、誰々によらず、上意を得るに及ばず、分別次第に成敗をなすべきの事（天下の政治は何事につけてもこの信長に任せ、誰にも限らず、将軍の上意も得ずに信長の分別により成敗を加えることができること）。
• 天下の儀,何様にも信長に任置かるるの上は,誰々によらず,上意を得るに及ばず,分別次第に成敗をなすべきの事 (Since the affairs of tenka (the realm) have in fact been put in Nobunaga's hands, he may take measures against anyone whomsoever according to his own discretion and without the need to obtain the shogun's agreement.)

• 「風のまはるに随って、魚のこぞる様に上を下へとなみより、焦熱、大焦熱のほのほにむせび、おどり上り飛び上り、悲しみの声煙につれて空に響き、獄卒の呵責の攻めも是なるべし。肝魂を失ひ、二日共更に見る人なし。哀れなる次第中々申し足らず。」
• As wind chopped about, they moved up and down like a fish jumps and heaved because of very hot flame and jumped up and voice of sorrow sounded to the sky going up with smoke and it was like jailer's torture. They lost their guts and nobody observed for two days. Misery could not be expressed sufficiently.'

• この半済令の対象地は兵粮料所と呼ばれて当初は激戦地の8ヶ国に限定されていたが、南朝 (日本)側がこれに対抗して朝用分制度を導入したこともあって次第に広がりを見せて全国的な半済へと至り、兵粮料所は事実上守護領に編入されることとなった。
• The territory to which this Hanzeirei applied, or in other words the territory called hyoro-ryosho, was initially limited to the eight provinces involved in the fiercest fighting, but the Southen Court, to counter this move, introduced their own system of separating out a portion of rice for use by the court and its adherents, so that Hanzeirei gradually spread until it eventually covered the entire country, until the hyoro-ryosho were in actuality absorbed into the territories of each shugo.

• こうした経緯も含め、藤原良房は仁明朝期頃から次第に権勢を強め、文徳天皇が東宮だった頃に嫁がせていた娘、染殿后藤原明子 (染殿后)（あきらけいこ）がちょうど天皇即位の年にようやく産んだ、第四皇子惟仁親王（のちの清和天皇）を立太子させる。
• Given the situation, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa started to enhance his political power during Emperor Nimmyo's reign; he let his grandchild, his fourth prince, Korehito (later called Emperor Seiwa), whose mother was Some dono no kisaki (Empress) FUJIWARA no Akirakeiko (Empress Some dono) (Akira Keiko) become the crown prince, married while the Emperor was the crown prince, and finally had Prince Korehito in the same year as the Emperor's enthronement.

• 豊臣方の真田信繁・毛利勝永・大野治房などの突撃により幕府方の大名・侍大将に死傷者が出たり、家康・秀忠本陣は大混乱に陥るなどしたが、兵力に勝る幕府軍は次第に混乱状態から回復し態勢を立て直し、豊臣軍は多くの将兵を失って午後三時頃には壊滅。
• Charges by Nobushige SANADA, Katsunaga MORI, Harufusa ONO and so on on the Toyotomi side killed and injured daimyo, officers and soldiers on the bakufu side and put the headquarters of Ieyasu/Hidetada in a great confusion, however, the bakufu army surpassing in forces, gradually recovering from chaos, regained its balance, while the Toyotomi army, having lost many officers and soldiers, was destroyed at about 3:00 pm.

• 一、伴天連其知恵之法を以　心さし次第に檀那を持候と被思召候へは　如右日域之仏法を相破事曲事候条　伴天連儀日本之地ニハおかされ間敷候間　今日より廿日之間に用意仕可帰国候　其中に下々伴天連に不謂族（儀の誤りか）申懸もの在之ハ　曲事たるへき事
• 1. The missionaries held temples' supporters with their wits as they desired and destroyed the Buddhist law, therefore, they should not be allowed in the land of Japan, and should prepare to leave and return to their country within twenty days from this day, and also those who harm the missionaries during this period shall be punished.

• 不規則な小銃射撃のような拍手喝采もまたピアノのところまで彼女に付き添い、その後それは、メアリー・ジェーンがスツールに着席し、そしてジュリア叔母がもはや微笑みを消して室内にはっきりとした声を響かせるために半ば向き直ると、次第にやんでいった。
• An irregular musketry of applause escorted her also as far as the piano and then, as Mary Jane seated herself on the stool, and Aunt Julia, no longer smiling, half turned so as to pitch her voice fairly into the room, gradually ceased.

• こうした次第で、私たちを導く完成された規則は、キリスト教の創始者が、ただ部分的に与えただけで、是認し強制しようというつもりはなかったのですが、それをキリスト教の教説の中に見つけ出そうという試みに固執するのは、大きな誤りだと私は思うのです。
• And this being so, I think it a great error to persist in attempting to find in the Christian doctrine that complete rule for our guidance, which its author intended it to sanction and enforce, but only partially to provide.

• 9世紀末頃より、租庸調・雑徭・正税などといった律令制に基づく税体系が解体され始め、まず地方（国衙）レベルの徴収において官物と臨時雑役に分けた賦課・徴収が行われるようになり、次第に中央（朝廷）レベルでも同様の徴収が行われるようになっていった。
• Since the end of the 9th century, the tax system had been based on the Ritsuryo system, with Soyocho (taxes on rice, labor or alternative goods, and textile goods or alternative money), Zoyo (irregular corvee), and Shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouses), however, this system was gradually dismantled, and at the local (kokuga) level, dual taxation consisted of Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and Rinjizoyaku began to be imposed and collected, and gradually this way of taxation extended to the central (Imperial Court) level.

• 実頼の子孫は、次男の関白太政大臣藤原頼忠（廉義公）と養子の右大臣藤原実資（3男藤原斉敏の子）が大臣になったものの、師輔の子孫の九条流が摂家嫡流になったため次第に傍流に追いやられ、白河天皇院近臣として活躍した藤原経平・藤原通俊以後衰退していった。
• Although the second son and the adopted son of Saneyori, Kanpaku Daijo-daijin (Chief Adviser to the Emperor and Grand Minister) FUJIWARA no Yoritada (aka. 'Rengiko') and Minister of Right FUJIWARA no Sanesuke (the son of FUJIWARA no Tadatoshi, the third son of Saneyori), respectively, became Daijin (ministers), the descendants of Saneyori were gradually sidelined because the Kujo line, descendants of Morosuke, was authorized as a legitimate line of Sekke (line of regents), and Saneyori's descendants, after the reign of FUJIWARA no Tsunehira and FUJIWARA no Michitoshi, who flourished as heavyweights of the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, faded into obscurity.

• 高野山内で伝法灌頂を受法する場合、中院流の次第をもとにした四度加行（しどけぎょう）を高野山にある高野山真言宗の寺院（高野山大学で行う場合の加行道場（大菩提院）などもある。また、高野山以外の地域に所在する高野山真言宗寺院で行う場合もある。）で行う。
• To earn denpo-kanjo (the consecration for the Transmission of the Dharma) at Mount Koya, the Shidokegyo (Four Trainings) based on the Chuin School is conducted at a Shingon temple in Mount Koya (or at the kegyo dojo [Daibosatsuin Temple] when held at Koyasan University or even at Koyasan Shingon temple located outside Mount Koya).

• 後南朝は次第に勢力を失い、応仁の乱において小倉宮の末裔（『大乗院寺社雑事記』には小倉宮の子孫との記述あり）と称し、岡崎前門主という人物の息子が山名宗全により洛中の西陣に迎えられた（これを「西陣の南帝」と呼ぶ）との記録を最後に、歴史上にあらわれなくなった。
• The Gonancho forces gradually lost their power, and during the Onin War were labeled in historical records as descendants of Oguranomiya (in the 'Daijoin temple and shrine records of miscellaneous matters' they are listed as offspring of Oguranomiya), while the son of Zenmonshu (Gatekeeper) OKAZAKI being welcomed in the capital's western district (this son was called 'The Southern Emperor of the western district') by Sozen YAMANA is the last historical mention of them; after this point, they no longer appear in historical records.

• しかし8世紀末以降、律令による編戸制、班田収授法による公民支配が次第に弛緩していくのと並行して郡司層による民の支配と編成の機構は崩壊し、新たに富豪と呼ばれる土着国司子弟、郡司、有力農民らが出挙によって多くの公民を私的隷属関係の下に置く関係が成立していく。
• However, after the late eighth century, as henko-sei (the organization of the people) by the Ritsuryo and domination over the citizens by Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land) gradually loosened, the mechanism of domination and organization of people by the gunji class collapsed, and there were established relations in which children of native kokushi who were newly called the rich and powerful class, gunji, influential farmers and other people turned many citizens into their private slaves by suiko (government loans made to peasants).

• 豊臣政権から徳川氏の政権である江戸幕府に交代してからは次第に禁止令は緩まり、また江戸幕府は自己の権威を京の朝廷の上に置こうとしていた傾向から、同様の菊紋は仏具の金具・彫刻や和菓子の造形、又は暖簾の図柄に用いられるなど、一般人への使用・普及に拍車を掛けた。
• Under the Edo bakufu, during the administration of the Tokugawa clan after the Toyotomi administration, the regulation gradually became tempered and the Edo bakufu tended to present its authority to be higher than that of the Imperial Court in Kyoto, so the usage and prevalence of Kiku-mon among common people had been spurred by ornaments such as clasps and carvings of Buddhist objects, design of Japanese cakes and the design of store curtains.

• 聖徳太子が生きていた奈良時代から調度や器物には装飾目的として様々な文様が描かれてきたが、平安時代になると次第に調度品に文様を描くことはの視覚的な美しさだけでなく、公家（貴族）といった朝廷に仕える人々が各家固有の他家と区別する目印としての特色が帯びてきた。
• Since the Nara Period, when Shotokutaishi (Prince Shotoku) lived, various designs had decorated furniture and dishes which later were not only for artistic quality, but also to distinguish the property of Kuge who served the Imperial court.

• （親王の邸宅は後に藤原兼家が住んだ東三条殿であった） また『江家次第』によれば、ある時蕃客（渤海の使者）が参入した時、親王が鴨毛の車に黒貉の皮衣を八重重ねで纏っていたので使者たちが大いに恥じたと言われ、風雅を愛する一方で豪気な一面も持ち合わせていたらしい。
• (The residence of the Imperial Prince was later the Higashi sanjo dono where FUJIWARA no Kaneie lived.) Also, according to 'Goke shidai,' when foreigners (envoys from Bokkai) broke into his residence, Imperial Prince wrapped an ox-drawn carriage made with duck's feathers with eight layers of badger's fur, so the envoys were very ashamed, and it revealed that he seemed to love elegance, but also had a strong and brave character.

• しかし、発掘される遺跡の増加に伴い当然のことながら青銅器の出土例も増え、「銅鐸文化圏」の地域で銅矛や銅剣が、「銅矛文化圏」内で銅鐸が出土するといったこと（特に有名な例が吉野ヶ里での出土）が多くなり、この仮説は成り立たなくなり次第に論じられる事は少なくなった。
• However, the more cases of excavation of bronze wares there were naturally along with increased excavations of ruins, the more situations where dohoko and doken were found in 'the dotaku cultural area' and where dotaku were discovered in 'the dohoko cultural area' (well-known example: the Yoshinogari Ruins) there were, which proved the hypothesis was not true as it was less and less often discussed.

• 後に領主は国という形態が自己組織化の圧力もあって、次第に極大で各々の民衆の想像を絶するほどの政治的システムに変化する過程で取り込まれていったが、その多くは幾らかの自治権を保持し続け、地域の様々な産業に関与、地域の繁栄も困窮も領主の腹一つで決まる部分も根強く残った。
• As states gradually changed into bigger political systems beyond the average person's understanding, feudalism was disolved by the pressure to organize; however, many lords partially preserved their autonomies and engaged in various industries in their regions, so there was a deep-seated aspect that prosperity or poverty in a region depended upon a feudal lord.

• これらの主張は経済の実情を分析した上での理論展開がなされていたが、国産品推奨・外国製品排斥を主張する余り、次第に「ランプ亡国論」・「鉄道亡国論」・「牛乳大害論」・「蝙蝠傘四害論」・「太陽暦排斥論」・「簿記印記無用論」といった一種のトンデモ論に堕してしまったのである。
• Although these assertions were theoretically developed through the analysis of the actual economic situation, his excessive demand for the use of domestic products and the exclusion of foreign goods resulted in a sort of meaningless claims, including 'a theory that lamps will destroy our country,' 'a theory that railroads will perish our country,' 'the curse caused by milk,' 'the four curses caused by umbrellas,' 'boycott of the solar calendar,' and 'a theory about uselessness of bookkeeping.'

• そうした位置づけのうえで、涅槃は一日一夜の説法なので法華の八年間に摂したため、法華と涅槃とを分けず「法華涅槃時」としたが、華厳経から法華経までは次第不定に説かれたのに対して、涅槃経は経典の内容や場所から判断して唯一、釈迦が入滅の時に至って説いた教法である、としている。
• Based on this standpoint, Chigi further asserted that, rather than separating Nehan (nirvana) and Hoke, he classified them together in the 'Hoke-Nehan period' because Nehan was preached only for one day and one night, while Hoke was preached for 8 years; judging from the content and the place of preaching while the period of preaching from the Kegon-kyo and Hoke-kyo sutras were unknown, however, the Nehan-gyo Sutra are the only teachings that Shaka preached when he was dying.

• 公儀に対し奉り、忠節の輩に、御恩賞・御褒美を加えられたく候と雖も、領中等之なきに於ては、信長分領の内を以ても、上意次第に申し付くべきの事（将軍家に対して忠節を尽くした者に恩賞・褒美をやりたくても、将軍には領地が無いのだから、信長が分国の中で都合をつけることにすること）。
• 公儀に対し奉り,忠節の輩に,御恩賞・御褒美を加えられたく候と雖も,領中等之なきに於ては,信長分領の内を以ても,上意次第に申し付くべきの事 (Should it happen that the shogun wishes to recognize or reward those who have given loyal service to kogi [the public authority, i.e., the shogun] without there being estates available for that purpose, Nobunaga will allot such, if must be, from his own domains, as the shogun may require.)

• この中では、箸による食事を見直す動きもみられ、またランチプレートが耐熱性のある合成樹脂（メラミン樹脂やポリカーボネートなど）で、保護者の間に内分泌攪乱化学物質に対する漠然とした不安が広まるにつれ使用しないよう求められるなどしていったため、次第にこの問題は終息していった。
• In this situation, there was a move to reconsider using chopsticks at meal, while parents asked for stop using the lunch plates, because free-floating anxiety that heat-resistant plastic (melamine resin or polycarbonate) lunch plates might produce endocrine disrupting chemicals spread among parents, therefore, this problem gradually came to an end.

• 悪党は南北朝時代 (日本)にも活動しているが、内乱が終わった14世紀後半、悪党活動によって荘園公領の支配体系が弱体化し、守護や国人らによる本所一円地（荘園）への侵略が進むとともに、本所側の対抗力が衰えてしまうと、本所の支配を侵す悪党という実態は、次第に見られなくなった。
• Akuto were also active in the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but when the civil war ended in the late fourteenth century, the manor and public land system was weakened due to akuto activities, and when the countervailing power of honjo weakened as invasion of honjo-ichienchi (manor) by shugo and kokujin (local samurai) increased, the picture of akuto invading honjo's rule gradually disappeared.

• だが、次第に内容が形式化していった事は否めず、旧儀が再興されたと言われている延久3年の勧学会でも3月15日の未の刻より亥の刻までと、本来の3日（実質2日）がかりの行事がわずか半日で終了している（形式化が進んだ以後の勧学会は更に時間も内容も削られていったと考えられている）。
• However, it can't be denied that the content of Kangakue was gradually formalized, and even in the Kangakue held in 1071, which is said to be a Kangakue in which old customs were revived, an event was only held for half a day, from 2 p.m. through 10 p.m., even though originally, it should be held for three days (actually, two days) (it is believed that as the formalization advanced, the period and content of Kangakue was reduced, too).

• 戦国時代 (日本)になると、戦国大名の一円支配が進み、自検断は表向き次第に消滅もしくは縮小していったが、江戸時代以降も村や町（ちょう）といった公認共同体は事実上それに近い自治権を、あたかも自検断権を放棄しているかのごとき建前に立った、政権との妥協と黙認の上に、保持し続けた。
• In the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), ichien shihai (rule the whole territory) by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) was developed in the Sengoku period and officially Jikendan seemed to disappear and become reduced, however, after the Edo period, authorized communities such as villages and towns (cho) virtually kept possession of their autonomy similar to Jikendan under the compromise and tolerance of the government, standing on the premise that as if they waived their right to judge criminal cases.

• しかしやがて憲法が施行され、内閣総理大臣の「内閣総理大臣臨時代理内閣総理大臣「臨時兼任」と「臨時代理」」や「内閣総理大臣臨時代理内閣総理大臣「臨時兼任」と「臨時代理」」が制度として定着すると、この三條による総理兼任の背後事情は次第に過去の特別な例外として扱われるようになった。
• However, once the constitution was put in force and the position such as 'provisional double duty' or 'provisional duty' settled down as a system, the background of the double duty of SANJO had gradually come to be treated as a special exception in the past.

• また、日本の経済成長が進み、水泳パンツが廉価で入手できるようになったことや、国民所得が上昇したことで、個性を求めて、ファッション性のある水着が求めらるようになり、臀部が露出する褌は恥ずかしいと、下着と同様、1960年代頃（昭和30年半ば頃）から、褌は若者から次第に廃れて行った。
• Furthermore, because cheap swimming trunks became available with the progress of Japan's economic growth, and because Japanese people, with increased national income, started to want fashionable swimwear as an appeal of their individuality, and in 1960s young people gradually ceased to wear fundoshi, ashamed of exposing their buttocks.

• 後醍醐天皇の勅令によって鎌倉幕府が倒され、足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇から離反して室町幕府を開き南北朝時代 (日本)が到来すると、京に幕府を持ち北朝 (日本)を支持する足利将軍家は次第に公家風の志向をもつようになり、3代征夷大将軍足利義満のころからは陰陽師が再び重用されるようになった。
• When the (Japanese) Nanbokucho Period (period of North and South Courts) came as Takauji ASHIKAGA started the Muromachi bakufu, breaking away from Emperor Godaigo after the Kamakura bakufu was overthrown by the order of that emperor, the Ashikaga Shogunate family, having the feudal government in Kyoto and supporting the North Court, gradually began to adopt the court noble-like lifestyle and onmyoji once again began to have influence around the time of the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.

• しかし、前述の菅原氏や大江氏など優秀な学者を代々輩出した一族や給料学生以外の学生でも勧学院より同じような学問料が支給された藤原氏（主として藤原北家日野流・藤原南家・藤原式家）などによる文章博士や文章生の世襲や文章博士による門人の推挙による一種の学閥化の風潮が次第に見られるようになった。
• However, there came the trend of forming kinds of academic cliques as the families which produced excellent scholars, such as the above mentioned Sugawara clan as well as the Oe clan and families like the Fujiwara clan (mainly Hino Line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), which were able to receive similar education at Kangakuin (educational institutions) despite their not being kyuryo gakusei, started to pass down monjo hakase and monjosho and monjo hakase began recommending their followers to the positions.

• しかし、経典などでは釈迦が観音に向かって「善男子よ」と呼びかけ、また「観音大士」という言葉もあることから、本来は男性であったと考えられているが、観音経では「婦女身得度者、即現婦女身而為説法」と、女性には女性に変身して説法するともあるため、次第に性別は無いものとして捉えられるようになった。
• Because Shaka calls Kannon 'zennanshi, a man who believes Buddhism' in Sutras and there is a word 'Kannon Daishi,' it was originally regarded as a male; however, in Kannon-gyo Sutra it gives a sermon with a feminine appearance to women (婦女身得度者、即現婦女身而為説法) so that gradually it has been assumed to have no sexuality.

• それでも明応7年（1498年）頃より京都の住民に対する地子銭徴収が次第に増加していったこと、永正5年（1508年）以後の酒屋役徴収の強化命令が幕府から出されている事から、この時期に京都の人口回復が軌道に乗り出したと考えられ、明応9年の祇園祭の前後数年間が京都の本格的な復興期と考えられている。
• Yet, considering that the sum of jishi sen (miscellaneous taxes imposed on fields and houses under the manorial system) collected from Kyoto residents from around 1498 and the issuance of a Bakufu order for a more strict collection of sakaya yaku (taxes imposed on sake breweries by the Muromachi Bakufu) in 1508, the population of Kyoto presumably began to increase steadily again; the few years before and after the Gion Festival in 1500 are regarded as the phase of the real recovery of the city.

• 晩年は後二条天皇の長子（自らの嫡孫）である皇太子邦良親王の即位によって大覚寺統が早期に一本化する事を望んでいたと言われ、中継ぎに甘んじない後醍醐天皇との父子仲は次第に疎遠になっていき、その結果院政停止・天皇親政に至ったと推測されているが、院政停止は後宇多院自身の希望ともいわれ、なお考証を要する。
• In his later years, it is said he wished the Daikaku-ji Imperial line to be unified after the enthronement of Emperor Gonijoin's eldest son (his own child), Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi, however Emperor Godaigo did not like to be in power temporarily, and the relationship between him and his father, Emperor Godaigo, gradually became fragile, as the result, it is presumed the cloistered government was stopped and the Emperor started the directly ruled government, but there is another theory that retired Emperor Gouda stopped his cloistered government by his own will, and more study is needed to determine the truth of the matter.

• 韓国で新しい体制が整い次第、我々の影響力を行使して、これらのことを説得することを進言する。（それが暫定的な性格であろうが）(1) 李承晩の残酷で野蛮な弾圧行為を受け苦しんだ全ての日本人全員の人質を解放し (まだ刑が確定していない人質も含む) (2) 日本の漁船を公海上で拿捕する習慣をやめさせる事。
• I therefore recommend strongly that as soon as new regime is in control in Korea (whether or not it be of interim character) we use all our influence to persuade it (1) to release and return to Japan all repeat all Japanese fishermen hostages (including those who have not completed their sentences) who have suffered so cruelly from Rhee's uncivilized and oppressive acts and (2) to cease practice of seizing Japanese fishing vessels on high seas.

• しかし、18世紀の末頃から江戸幕府が蝦夷地の直接支配に乗り出し始めると次第に拡大し、東は1800年には野田追（のだおい、現八雲町）、1864年には同長万部（おしゃまんべ、現長万部町）など、後の胆振国山越郡にあたる地域に広がり、西では1865年に後の後志国小樽郡に相当する小樽内（おたるない、現小樽市）に達した。
• But from the end of 18th century, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) began to control directly the Ezo area, Wajinchi expanded gradually, and in the eastern area, the scope of Wajinchi reached Nodaoi (present Yakumo town) in 1800, and Oshamanbe (present Oshamanbe town, later Yamakoshi County, Iburi Province) in eastern area of Ezo in 1864, and within Otaru area corresponding to later Otaru County, Goshi Province (present Otaru City) in western area in 1865.

• 通説によれば、延喜年間に延喜格式と並行して編纂が行われたとされ、『本朝法家目録文書』及び『本朝書籍目録』によれば、ともに10巻とし、前者には約90条の目録を掲げているが、『北山抄』・『江家次第』・『中右記』などにその逸文とされるものが記載されており、藤原俊憲の『貫首秘抄』でも職事が持つべき書として挙げている。
• It was commonly accepted that Engi Gishiki was compiled in parallel with Engi Kyakushiki during the Engi era -- According to 'Honcho hoke mokuroku monjo' (Catalogue of legalist documents in our country) and 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' (Catalogue of books in our country), Engi Gishiki and Engi Kyakushiki were in ten volumes respectively and ninety items were listed for the former; and such documents as 'Hokuzansho' (Manual of court rules and customs), 'Goke shidai' (Ritual Compendium by the House of Oe), and 'Chuyuki' (The Diary of the Minister of the Right, written by Munetada FUJIWARA) recorded the parts which was considered to be a surviving fragment of the former; and 'Kanju hisho' (also referred to as Kanzu hisho; Secret Notes by Head Chamberlain) written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori recommended the former as a must for Shikiji (Chamberlains).

• 61歳で、東山に通仙亭を開き、また自ら茶道具を担い、京の大通りに喫茶店のような簡素な席を設け、禅道と世俗の融解した話を客にしながら煎茶を出し、茶を喫しながら考え方の相違や人のあり方と世の中の心の汚さを卓越した問答で講じ、簡素で清貧な生活をするが為に次第に汚れていく自己をも捨て続ける行を生涯つづけようとしている。
• Reaching the age of 61, he built the Tsusentei retreat in Kyoto's Higashiyama district, and taking it upon himself to bear the burden of assembling the requisite tea utensils, he created a seated establishment, much like a regular tea-house, along the capital's main thoroughfare, where he would entertain guests with a conversation that fused elements of Zen with commoner culture as he served them green tea, and as they drank it, he would engage them in excellent dialogues and give lectures on different worldviews, people's ways of being and the tainted hearts of the worldly, encouraging them to continuously abandon their besmirched selves and embrace an ascetic life in order to gradually achieve a simple lifestyle of honorable poverty.

• そのために試験も次第に形式的なものとなり、天元 (日本)2年（979年）に方略試を受けた大江匡衡は、事前に出題博士であった菅原文時から問題の出題箇所の通告を受けた（『江談抄』）とされ、更には11世紀に入ると十上制（一定回数試験を受けても合格できなかった者に対して特別に合格を認める制度）さえ導入されるようになっていった。
• Following this, the examination gradually became superficial: it is said ('Godansho' (an ancient journal)) that OE no Masahira, who took the horyakushi exam in 979, had been informed what would be on the exam from his examiner, SUGAWARA no Fumitoki, while in the 11th century, even the jujo system (a system in which those who could not pass the exam after taking it a certain number of times would be granted special acceptance) was introduced.

• なお、近代以降については、写真、グラフィックアートなど、現代（第二次世界大戦以降）においては（日本に限った現象ではないが）、パフォーマンス、ハプニング、ビデオアート、ランドアート、コンセプチュアル・アートなど、さまざまな表現形態が「美術」の文脈で語られ、「美術」とそうでないものとの差異は次第にあいまいになってきている。
• Incidentally, various styles of expression have come to be included in 'art' - from the modern age, photographs, graphic arts, and others, and in the present age (after World War Ⅱ), performing arts, happenings, video art, land art, and conceptual art, which are seen in other countries as well - so that the boundary between 'art' and others gradually becomes ambiguous.

• 足助氏はその後も御家人として存続したが、4代目惣領・足助重方とその子・足助親重は官位を有し昇殿をも許されるなど朝廷との繋がりは依然として深く、加えて一族の中には有力御家人安達氏との縁戚がおり、弘安8年（1285年）の霜月騒動で一族の足助重房が連座して滅ぼされたことなどから、次第に鎌倉幕府への不満を強めていくこととなる。
• After that, the Asuke clan survived as a vassal of the shogunate, but its relationship with the Imperial Court was still so close that the fourth head, Shigekata ASUKE, and his son Chikashige ASUKE had been given official rank and allowed to enter the denjo room in the palace; moreover, its dissatisfaction with the Kamakura bakufu increased because of problems such as the Shimotsuki Affair in 1285, in which Shigefusa ASUKE was involved and destroyed because, in the Asuke clan, there were relatives of the powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), Adachi clan.

• 「侘び・寂び」に対する理解も次第に変質し、美しい石灯籠を「完璧すぎる」とわざと打ち欠いたり、割れて接いだ茶碗を珍重するなど、大衆には理解し難い振る舞いもあって、庶民の間で「茶人」が「変人」の隠語となる事態も招いた（禅の極端化にも共通する過度の精神主義であるし、「粋な自分」を誇示する、本来の茶道とは外れた行為でもある）。
• The understanding of 'wabi (taste for the simple and quiet) or sabi (quiet simplicity)' gradually changed, behavior, like breaking a beautiful stone lantern for being 'too perfect,' treasuring a tea bowl that was repaired after being cracked, became incomprehensible for the masses that it made locals to call 'chajin' (a man of tea) as 'henjin' (abnormal man) (it had a close resemblance to extreme Zen and excessive spiritualism and was a behavior far removed from the original sado).

• その後、守護の職務内容が次第に明確化されていき、1232年（貞永1）に制定された御成敗式目において、守護の職掌は、軍事・警察的な職務である大犯三ヶ条の検断（御家人の義務である鎌倉・京都での大番役の催促、謀反人の捜索逮捕、殺害人の捜索逮捕）と大番役の指揮監督に限定され、国司の職権である行政への関与や国衙領の支配を禁じられた。
• Later, the job responsibilities of Shugo were clarified, and in Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai) that was enacted in 1232, the duties of Shugo were limited to the military and police duties of Taibon-sankajo (enforcing the obligation of the gokenin, an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods, to provide security in Kamakura/Kyoto, investigating and apprehending rebels, and investigating and apprehending murderers) and command supervision of Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto), and it was forbidden for them to rule Kokugaryo or get involved with government, which was the privilege of the Kokushi.

• すると陰陽寮の「正式な陰陽師」においてもこの風潮に流される者が続出し、そのふるまいは本来律令の定める職掌からはるかにかけ離れ、方位や星巡りの吉凶を恣意的に吹き込むことによって天皇・皇族や、公卿・公家諸家の私生活における行動管理にまで入り込み、朝廷中核の精神世界を支配し始めて、次第に官制に基づく正規業務を越えて政権の闇で暗躍するようになっていった。
• As a result, a steady stream of the 'official onmyoji' in Onmyoryo subsequently began to go along with the flow of the times and their actions were far from their duties as prescribed by the original ritsuryo and by arbitrarily indoctrinating lucky and unlucky directions or aspects of stars, they intruded into controlling private activities of the Emperor/Royal family and kugyo/kuge (court noble) and started to manage the inner space of the nerve center of the Imperial Court, working behind the scenes in the shadow of the administration going beyond the normal duties based on the official system.

• 畿内の中小豪族や地方豪族では、旧来の延長上の氏神信仰が行われてきたが、平安時代後期に荘園公領制が成立して、父子間の所領・財産継承が行われるようになると、各氏族の氏神崇拝の従来のあり方が崩れていき、次第に「家」単位での所領経営が行われるようになるとそれぞれの所領の地縁神もしくは出身地の産土神を氏神とするようになり、その混同が進行するとともに各地に新たな氏社が成立するようになった。
• In small or medium scaled powerful families in the Kinai area and among local powerful families, ujigami was believed to be an extension of the conventional belief, however, in the late Heian period when the shoen-koryo system (a manor and public territory system) was established and the handing down of territories and properties between fathers and children became common, the conventional manner of ujigami worship in each clan collapsed and, when territory management by 'family' as a unit gradually became common, chien-gami god (the locally connected god) of each territory or ubutsuchi-gami god (soil producing god) of one's home town was worshipped as ujigami and, as this confusion advanced, new ujigami were established in various places.

• これらのグループは、1924年10月に大同団結する（『三科（三科造形美術協会）』）も、間もなく1925年には瓦解し、1925年の『造形』（浅野、神原、岡本、矢部、吉田、吉邨、作野金之助、吉原義彦、斎藤敬治、飛鳥哲雄（1895年-1997年）、牧島貞一ら）、1926年の『単位三科』（中原、大浦、仲田定之助、岡村蚊象（山口文象、1902年-1978年）ら）といったグループの動きを経て、次第に次のとおり分裂していった。
• Although these groups united for a common purpose in October 1924 (as 'Sanka' [Sanka-Zokei-Bijutsu-kyokai]), they soon collapsed in 1925 and gradually split (as below) after the movements of the groups such as 'Zokei' (Asano, Kanbara, Okamoto, Yabe, Yoshida, Yoshimura, Kinnosuke SAKUNO, Yoshihiko YOSHIHARA, Keiji SAITO, Tetsuo ASUKA [1895 - 1997], Teiichi MAKISHIMA, and others) in 1925 and 'Tan-i Sanka' (Nakahara, Oura, Sadanosuke NAKATA, Bunzo OKAMURA [Bunzo YAMAGUCHI, 1902 - 1978], and others) in 1926.

• ある特定の補助的文書については、イーター協定が効力発生次第イーター理事会が権限を有することを、交渉団は認める。イーター交渉の枠内において、既に行われたこれらの文書の準備作業は、イーター移行措置の規約に規定されている組織の準備活動の一環として、必要に応じ、共同でさらに進められることになる。本共通理解の記録の完結性を期すために添付された以下の案文は、イーター機構の将来の加盟者の共通認識を反映するものであると考えられ、予想される更なる詳細化、明確化の対象となるものであるという見解を交渉団は共有する。
• The Negotiators note that certain subsidiary documents will fall under the prerogative of the ITER Council as and when the Agreement will have entered into force. The preparation of these documents already made in the frame of the ITER Negotiations will be jointly carried further forward, as necessary, as part of the organizational preparations provided for under the Terms of the Reference of the ITER Transitional Arrangements. The negotiators share the view that the following draft texts attached for completeness to this record of Common Understandings are considered to reflect the common views of the prospective Members of the ITER Organization, subject to the further elaboration and precision foreseen: