様々: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 様々な
• diverse
• manifold
• various

• 様々の
• different
• varied
• various

• 種々様々
• a great variety of
• all sorts or kinds of
• multifarious

• 様々な解釈
• Various interpretations

• 様々な家紋
• Various Kamon

• 様々な弁当
• Various bentos

• 様々な和室
• Various Japanese-style rooms.

• 種々様々な
• sundry

• 様々な参拝
• Various forms of sanpai

• 様々な醤油
• Various soy-sauce

• 様々な西洋館
• Various seiyo-kan buildings

• 様々である。
• Practices therefore vary from region to region.
• Thus it can be said that there is no consistent rule for serving Donburimono.

• 様々な恐角目
• a variety of dinocerate

• 様々なあんぱん
• Variations of anpan

• 様々な成り立ち
• Various Origins

• 様々な呼ばれ方
• Different names

• 様々なキャベツ
• various cabbages

• 様々な出生の伝説
• Various Legends about His Birth

• 様々な卵かけご飯
• Various types of tamago kake gohan

• 様々な種類がある。
• There are various kinds.

• ～における様々な～
• varying ~ in ~

• 称え方は様々有る。
• There are various ways of chanting it, as described below.

• 様々な流行に乗る人
• a person who subscribes to a variety of fads

• そのほか様々を作る。
• The sushi is topped with any other various ingredients.

• など様々な説がある。
• In addition, there are various other theories.

• 様々な両生ネズミ各種
• any of various amphibious rats

• 現代における様々な試み
• Nowadays, there are various designs.

• 緒の材質は様々である。
• O is made of various materials.

• 台車の様式は様々ある。
• There are various forms of float.

• ヨーロッパ荘園の様々な形態
• Various forms in European shoens

• この他にも様々なが伝わる。
• In addition to this, various anecdotes related to the sword have been known.

• 白い光が様々に形を変えた。
• The white light changed into various shapes.

• 様々な歌詞が生み出された。
• Various lyrics for imayo were created.
• Various lyrics were composed.

• 船に装備される様々な平甲板
• any of various platforms built into a vessel

• また、様々な種類が存在する。
• And there are many kinds of chirashizushi.

• 様々な種類の場面を並べた映画
• a movie that juxtaposes different kinds of footage

• 様々な料理の味付けに使われる。
• It is used for seasoning various dishes.

• 山笠には様々な運行形態がある。
• There are various ways of moving a yamakasa.

• 様々な経歴の戦国大名が登場する。
• Sengoku daimyo (daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period) with various backgrounds appeared.

• しかし、様々な説が出されており、
• However, there are various theories as follows.

• この時も、様々な神々が生まれた。
• Various gods also came into being on this occasion.

• 公事を分類する方法は様々である。
• There are different ways to classify kuji.

• 里山は様々な形で利用されてきた。
• Satoyama has been utilized in various ways.

• 訳者に関しては、様々な説がある。
• There are various theories in regard to the translator.

• 様々な方向性の漫画が揃っている。
• There are various kinds of comics.

• 様々な新世界産森に住むネズミ各種
• any of various New World woodland mice

• 世界各地に様々な形態の屋台がある。
• Street stalls, take on numerous forms and utilitarian types throughout the world.

• 様々な形態で調理されるものを指す。
• It may be cooked in a wide variety of ways.

• 飾り玉には様々なものが用いられた。
• Various materials were used for ornamental balls.

• 名前以外にも様々な派生が見られる。
• Besides the names, many derivations are seen.

• そのため天海には様々な逸話がある。
• Therefore, Tenkai had various anecdotes.

• この他にも様々な歌詞が付けられた。
• In addition, various words were set to the tune.

• 「なぎ」には、様々な漢字表記がある。
• Many Chinese characters are used to describe 'nagi.'

• 形や収納物によって様々な種類がある。
• There are wide variations among shoso in terms of forms and stored materials.

• しかし、様々な論点に異論が存在する。
• However, there are different opinions based on different perspectives.

• ほかに流派ごとに様々な好み物がある。
• Each school has its own favorites.

• この橋には、様々な伝説が残っている。
• This bridge has a rich variety of legends associated with it.

• 世界各地で様々なスタイルで行われる。
• This festival is held in various styles around the world.

• また様々な技法も存在したようである。
• It is seemed that various playing techniques also existed.

• 様々なクロチャワンタケ科の共通の名前
• a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae

• 材質は正絹・木綿・化繊など様々である。
• There are various materials used to make fukusa, such as silk, cotton, or synthetic fibers.

• 世界中の国という国の様々な種類の保護区
• reserve of varying kinds in country after country around the world

• これに対して玄宗は様々な政策を打ち出す。
• Xuanzong came up with various policies for countermeasures.

• 纏は各組により様々な意匠が凝らしてある。
• Design of Matoi is elaborated by each brigade in various ways.

• 実際には様々なものがここに入る（雑能）。
• In fact, various dramas can enter this section. (miscellaneous Noh)

• 調理方法も、地域や家庭などで様々である。
• Cooking methods vary too, depending on the region or household.

• 設置される基準は自治体により様々である。
• The standards for deciding whether to build nokotsudo or not vary from town to town.

• 単純に醤油の色からなど諸説様々存在する。
• There are many other theories such as simply originating from the color of soy sauce, and so on.

• 様々なカビに対して有効な結晶性の抗生物質
• a crystalline antibiotic active against various fungi

• イブキジャコウソウ属の様々なハッカの総称
• any of various mints of the genus Thymus

• オモイカネの案により、様々な儀式を行った。
• The various measures for revival of the sun goddess were planned by Omoikane (the god of wisdom and talent).

• そのため様々な研究・解釈が試みられている。
• Therefore, there have been a lot of studies and commentaries on them.

• 祇園祭の中では様々な郷土芸能も上演される。
• In the Gion Matsuri Festival, a variety of folk entertainments are also performed.

• 大晦日には、様々な年越しの行事が行われる。
• On Omisoka, various events are held to see out the old year.

• このように様々な形で妖怪が伝承されている。
• As described above, yokai has been passed down in various forms.

• 電気と磁気を測定するための様々な方式の総称
• any of various systems of units for measuring electricity and magnetism

• 私擬憲法の内容については、様々な研究がある。
• There were various studies of public ideas for a constitution.

• 様々な栽培品種があり、食用として利用される。
• There are many cultivated varieties and their fruits are edible.

• 子供の遊び道具として様々な趣向をこれされた。
• Many ideas were adopted for use in children's toys.

• 日本の仏教には数多くの様々な宗派が存在する。
• Japanese Buddhism includes many sects.

• 以上があいまって、様々な説が提唱されている。
• For the above reasons, there are various theories.

• この問題は、宗派内でも様々に論議されてきた。
• This issue has been argued in various ways within the school as well.

• 前半は様々な酒に関して薀蓄が垂れられている。
• In the early part, his whole stock of knowledge about various sake was described.

• 様々な人々のために作業できるタイピストの集団
• a group of typists who can work for different persons

• その後、様々な茶書などで構成が微妙に変わった。
• Since then, persons included in the Rikyu shichitetsu varied slightly depending on tea books.

• 様々な料理に、主に付け合わせとして使用される。
• Used in various food mainly as a relish.

• この日本軍派兵には様々な思惑が込められていた。
• There were various expectations held for this dispatched Japanese army.

• この結果、様々な記述に関し虚実が混じっている。
• As a result of these embellishments, fiction is mixed in many of the descriptions.

• 真台子・竹台子をはじめとして様々な種類がある。
• There are a variety of daisu such as shin daisu and take daisu.

• 様々な射法は「五射」（上述）に挙げられている。
• Various styles of shooting are described in 'Gosya' (above).

• このように、念仏には、様々な受け取り方がある。
• As seen from above, there are many ways to interpret Nenbutsu.

• - 形態も多様であり世界的にも様々に変化した。
• There are various forms and they are different around the world.

• 胞子が嚢または子嚢で形成される、様々な子嚢菌類
• any of various ascomycetous fungi in which the spores are formed in a sac or ascus

• 通常加工されて缶詰で販売される、様々な大きな豆
• a variety of large pea that is commonly processed and sold in cans

• 礼銭・一献料はその性質上、様々な別名が存在する。
• The reisen and ikkenryo were, by their very nature, called according to different names.

• ここでは、邪馬台国をめぐる様々な論争を紹介する。
• Various controversies on Yamatai are introduced as follows.

• 温泉は様々な種類の温泉が一度に楽しめ好評だった。
• The spa resort was popular because there were various types of hot spring baths to be enjoyed at once in one place.

• 起源については聖域説や集落説など様々な説がある。
• There are various theories that state that they were originally sanctuaries or settlements.

• 中世の武士達は武芸練達のために様々な稽古をした。
• During medieval times, Japanese warriors used to practice martial arts in a variety of ways.

• くちばしのような鼻先を持つ様々な小型歯クジラ各種
• any of various small toothed whales with a beaklike snout

• 17世紀社会から後に派生した様々な機関のメンバー
• a member of any of various organizations that subsequently derived from the 17th-century society

• 萼の内側が黄色や橙黄色をした、早春の様々な盤菌類
• an early spring variety of discomycete with yellow to orange yellow lining of the cup

• 死者が葬られる埋葬施設には、様々な形状が見られる。
• There are many different shapes of mortuary spaces where the dead are entombed.

• 様々な種類の薬や祈祷を試したが、一向に効果がない。
• He tried out various drugs and theotherapy, but they did not work at all.

• 様々な演出が見られ、周辺には夜店なども出店される。
• Various events are held there, and at night stalls are set up in the vicinity.

• 副業・内職・アルバイトの、収入源・額は様々である。
• The kind of side job and how much was charged differed from person to person.

• こうした本歌取については様々な受け取り方があった。
• There are various reactions to such honkatori.

• 少なくない写本が様々な理由により研究を制約された。
• There were a number of manuscripts that he was restricted from studying for various reasons.

• 日本刀の切れ味については、様々なところで語られる。
• The sharpness of Japanese swords are stated everywhere.

• 江戸時代後期には各地で様々な絣が織られ量産された。
• In the latter half of the Edo period, various Kasuri were manufactured in large volume in each area.

• そして他の状況証拠とあわせて様々に位置が推理された。
• Adding other circumstantial evidence to this research, the location of Kokufu was inferred to be a variety of different places.

• 「しかし、清国は様々な言い訳をしてこれを拒否した。」
• However, Qing refused it with various excuses.'

• 朗詠は、貴族の正式な宴をはじめ様々な場面で歌われた。
• Roei recitation was sung in various scenes including formal feasts.

• 鯨肉には鯨の種類ごとに様々な味わいがあるといわれる。
• It is said that the meat of each type of whales has its own taste.

• 茶席において様々に使われるが、主な用途は以下の通り。
• Kaishi is used for various purposes in the Japanese tea ceremony, and the following are the main purposes of use.

• 「十握剣」「十拳剣」「十掬剣」など様々に表記される。
• Totsuka no Tsurugi (十束剣) is written in various ways such as '十握剣,' '十拳剣,' '十掬剣,' and so on.

• オオゲツヒメの屍体から様々な食物の種などが生まれた。
• Various grains and seeds then appeared from her corpse.

• しかし五七五七七の調子もあり、歌の形態は様々である。
• However, some songs had a tune with 5-7-5-7-7 syllable count, so the style of the songs varied.

• 行商中に学んだ様々な流派のクセが取れなかったようだ。
• It seems that he could not get rid of the ways of various schools which he learnt while he was traveling as a peddler.

• 開拓使は潤沢な予算を用いて様々な開拓事業を推進した。
• The ample budget allowed the Hokkaido Development Commissioners to promote various development works.

• 場面に応じて、刀や望遠鏡など様々な見立てがなされる。
• In the scene, a folded Sensu is used to substitute for various items such as a sword or a telescope.

• したがって一つの曲でも様々に分類づけることができる。
• Accordingly, a single piece can be listed under various groupings.

• そのため弓矢神として現在も様々な神社で祀られている。
• Therefore, it is enshrined at various shrines as the god of Yumiya still now.

• スッポンタケ目の、嫌な匂いのする茶色の傘の様々な菌類
• any of various ill-smelling brown-capped fungi of the order Phallales

• 鋭く尖ったくちばしを持つ様々な南米産のハチドリ類各種
• any of various South American hummingbirds with a sharp pointed bill

• 1校辺りの生徒数は、10人から100人と様々であった。
• The number of students per school varied from 10 to 100.

• 連歌会以外にも、様々な「内々の遊び」・会合が催された。
• There were various 'unofficial entertainments' and meetings held other than renga parties.

• 延べ60本近く製作され、天狗は様々な俳優が演じてきた。
• A total of nearly sixty movies were produced, and various actors played the role of Tengu.

• 芸能を主に、様々な作品の題材として広く採りあげられた。
• It was widely adapted for various works as a subject matter, especially for public entertainment.

• 生存中から様々な挿話、逸話の主人公として知られていた。
• He has been known as a hero in various episodes and anecdotes.

• 伝説中では、田村丸など様々に異なる名をとることがある。
• In these legends, his name is written in several different ways.

• 彼らは産・官・学の様々な分野で後世に及ぶ影響を残した。
• These foreigners would have a lasting influence on various fields, including industry, politics and academia, for generations thereafter.

• 宣旨・下文・御教書など様々な書式によって行われている。
• The bunijno is based on various forms such as imperial decree, kudashibumi (document issued by a superior or office), and migyosho (a document for informing people of the decision of Third Rank or upper people).

• 独特の爽やかな香りのため、様々な香水に使用されている。
• It has a uniquely fresh scent, so it's used in various perfumes.

• 屠蘇器には、漆器、陶磁器、ガラスなど様々な種類がある。
• There are varieties of tosoki, including lacquer ware, ceramics, glassware etc.

• 寛政2年、改印制度ができ、出版物に様々な規制がされた。
• In 1790, the 'Aratame in' approval seal system was established, and various restrictions were enforced for publications.

• 全国の様々な寺院で星まつり・星供の行事が行われている。
• Hoshi Matsuri and Hoshiku services are held at different temples nationwide.

• 日本の茶道では、季節や趣向に応じて様々な茶碗を用いる。
• In a tea ceremony in Japan, various chawans are used depending on the season or the theme.

• 女性の和服に様々な種類の生地が用いられるようになった。
• Since that period, female Wafuku started to be made of various fabrics.

• 江戸時代の祭り文化の発達と共に様々な露天商が発生した。
• Various rotensho (stallholders) appeared in accordance with the development of the culture of festivals during the Edo period.

• 建築物としてみると、実に様々なバリエーションが存在する。
• Observed as architecture, Hoan-den had various variations.

• 山麓から山頂にかけて、様々な野草が自生するお花畑がある。
• There are flower fields with a variety of wild grass spreading from the foot to the top of the mountain.

• また、国内外の様々な作物を育てる試験農場の役目も兼ねた。
• They also played a role in growing various domestic and foreign crops in an experimental farm.

• ある名医が診察し、様々な種類の薬を出来物の口に飲ませた。
• A skilled doctor saw him and gave various drugs to the mouth of the boil.

• 高天原も葦原中国も闇となり、様々な禍（まが）が発生した。
• Darkness descended upon Takamagahara and Ashihara no Nakatsukuni (another world for the country or the location of Japan), and various kinds of maga (evil) occurred.

• 鎌倉幕府成立以降、武士も様々な文書を発給する必要が出た。
• After the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established, people of the warrior class began to find it necessary to issue various documents as well.

• 古文書は時代や差出人と宛所の関係などで様々な種類がある。
• There are various kinds of komonjo depending on when a document was written and who addressed it to whom.

• 唐と同じく、中央官庁においては様々な表記がとられている。
• As with the case of Tang, various names were used at the central government.

• 時代の変化や髪形によって、様々なかんざしが作られてきた。
• Various types of kanzashi were produced according to the change of times and hairstyles.

• その後、公家の間で流行し、様々な家紋が生み出されていく。
• Afterwards, Kamon became popular among Kuge and various Kamon were created.

• 沸と匂いの組み合わせによって以下の様々な働きが現象する。
• The combination of Nie and Nioi causes various effects below.

• 当社が様々なサービスであなたの就職活動をサポートします。
• We will support you in your job search with various services.

• 日本各地に様々な言い伝えや民話・昔話などが伝わっている。
• Various legends, folktales and old stories are passed down in various regions in Japan.

• 老練の客がいるときや、単なる座興など、趣旨は様々である。
• Sumishomo is conducted with various intents such as when one of the guests is experienced, or just for an entertainment.

• 長い耳と短い尾があるウサギ科の様々なせん孔動物のいずれか
• any of various burrowing animals of the family Leporidae having long ears and short tails

• 玄室内に安置される棺は、石棺・木棺・乾漆棺など様々である。
• There are a variety of coffin types, such as stone coffins, wooden coffins and kanshitsu (dry lacquered) coffins.

• 皇室の儀式では天皇及び宮家に関する様々な儀式について記す。
• Various ceremonies associated with the emperor and Miyake (families allowed to be in status of the Imperial Family) are described below.

• 一方で、南宋が滅んだ後の弘安の役については様々な説がある。
• On the other hand, there are various theories about Koan no Eki, which occurred after the fall of the Southern Sung Dynasty.

• さらに弓矢は様々な形で祈祷や民間習俗に取り入れられている。
• Moreover, it has been incorporated into rogation and folkways in various forms.

• 中平銘鉄刀をも含む五本の鉄刀の環頭は、様々な形をしている。
• The ring pommels of five iron swords including the Zhongping iron sword are different each other in design.

• 毘沙門天の姿にははっきりした規定は無く、様々な表現がある。
• There is no clear rule regarding Bisyamonten's figure, so that various expressions exist.

• 日本では、様々な草花で飾った花御堂（はなみどう）を作って、
• In Japan, people make a hanamido (literally, 'blossom temple') decorated with various plants and flowers.

• 祭の規模、山笠の形態、運行方法などは地域により様々である。
• Sizes of festivals, types of yamakasa, and the methods of moving a yamakasa vary from region to region.

• 宿主の表面で粉末状の分生胞子を作るエリシフェ属の様々な菌類
• any of various fungi of the genus Erysiphe producing powdery conidia on the host surface

• ヨーロッパの一般的なブドウ畑で栽培された様々な品種のブドウ
• grape from a cultivated variety of the common grape vine of Europe

• フロリダ州・カリフォルニア州で広く栽培される様々なオレンジ
• variety of sweet orange cultivated extensively in Florida and California

• 様々なウチワサボテンの、丸い、または洋梨型のとげのある果実
• round or pear-shaped spiny fruit of any of various prickly pear cacti

• 年間100万人の利用者が訪れ、様々な大会などが行われている。
• One million people visit annually, and many events are held here.

• 江戸時代には寺子屋などの教材として様々な往来物が執筆された。
• In the Edo period, all kinds of oraimono were made for text books at terakoya (temple elementary school during the Edo period),

• 汁を入れた鍋に野菜や魚介類など様々な材料を入れて煮込むもの。
• Various ingredients such as vegetables and seafood are cooked together in a pot of broth.

• 様々な人々から義侠の士と慕われていたのは事実ではあるらしい。
• It seems to be actual that he was respected by various people as a man of chivalry.

• 禅師はこれを聞いて、古来伝わる様々な業障のはなしを聞かせた。
• When the Zen master hears this, he tells about various stories of Gosho (baggage of evil manners) that have been handed down.

• そのため後世に様々な説があるが、どれも推測の域を出ていない。
• Therefore, there are many theories, though every theory remains a matter of speculation.

• 近世に入ると、軍学者たちにより、様々な分類・分析がなされた。
• Some scholars of military science made various classifications and analyses in modern times.

• 二の丸、三の丸は本丸の副次的な役割を担い、規模は様々である。
• The ninomaru and sannomaru serve as auxiliary areas for the honmaru and widely vary in size depending on the castle.

• 天台の止観という方法に基づき、様々な苦難苦行を積んだという。
• Based on the method called Tendai contemplation, he is said to have conducted various harsh ascetic practices.

• 焼き鳥屋では、焼いた各種鶏肉とともに鶏の様々な部位も供する。
• At yakitori-ya restaurants, various parts of chickens are served along with various kinds of grilled chicken.

• 密教の印信が様々な流派における相伝書の手本であったと言える。
• Injin (mystagogy certificates a Buddhist priest awards his followers) of esoteric Buddhism is viewed as a model of densho of various schools.

• 薄く平たい食用のさやを持つエンドウが実る、様々なマメ科の植物
• variety of pea plant producing peas having thin flat edible pods

• 工房で働いたり様々な雑務を行う労働者が住む竪穴住居群があった。
• There was a tateanajukyo (a pit dwelling house) complex as the residence for workers being engaged in the works at workshop and various miscellaneous duties.

• 様々な陰謀説が議論されており実情は不明である（豊臣秀次参照）。
• The truth of the fact, however, is not known as there were various conspiracy theories (refer to the section on Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI).

• ただし、安土城に残る当時の石垣の積み方は場所により様々である。
• However, stone walls surviving at the site of Azuchi-jo Castle show that the way they were piled up varied by location.

• 鯨肉には様々な部位があって食味が異なり、調理法も分かれている。
• Whale meat is available form various parts of a whale, and the cooking method as well as the taste depends on the portion.

• 「なぎ」という発音が先にあり、あとから様々に漢字が当てられた。
• The pronunciation of 'nagi' preceded and later, various Chinese characters were assigned to it.

• その後は良く知られた昔話として様々な媒体で流通することになる。
• Following this, the story came to be widely known in Japan through various media as a traditional tale.

• この時、男女を問わず人を集め、三日にわたって様々な遊びをした。
• On this occasion, many people, both men and women, gather to celebrate for three days.

• 後世に様々な俗説が創作されたことも評価を低くする結果となった。
• All of these popular beliefs contributed to the establishment of his low public assessment.

• 師の文晁に倣って南画のみならず様々な系統の画派を広く吸収した。
• Following the example of Buncho, Kazan acquired the technique of nanga (a school of painting originating in China) and also learned about various schools of painting.

• 以後、歴代の当主が様々な作品を作り、今日の15代に至っている。
• After that, successive leaders up to the fifteenth of today have created various works

• 固い煎餅状のものから柔らかいカステラ状のものまで、様々である。
• There is a variety of Misomatsukaze, from those that are hard and resembling rice crackers, to those that are soft resembling castella sponge cakes.

• - 略式懐石で、十字に仕切った弁当箱に様々な料理をいれたもの。
• Informal kaiseki (meal served during the doeml tea ceremony) which contains various foods in a crosswise-partitioned lunchbox.

• 特定名称以外にも、特徴的な原料や製法によって様々な分類がある。
• Other than specific name, there are various classifications by characteristic raw materials or manufacturing method.

• 真如苑には、日本の伝統仏教である様々な宗派が訪れることがある。
• In Shinnyoen, there are visitors from various religious sects based on traditional Japanese Buddhism.

• 伝統的では、ないものも含め世界各地で様々なスタイルで行われる。
• Including untraditional ones, festivals are held in various styles around the world.

• このように様々なパターンがあり一概に決まっているわけではない。
• Thus a variety of patterns exist, and they are not fixed definitely.

• あんみつには みつまめと同様、様々なバリエーションが存在する。
• Anmitsu has many variations just like mitsumame.

• これに対し、おからの再利用については様々な研究がなされている。
• Thus, various studies on the reuse of okara are conducted.

• 山笠の飾り方には様々な様式があり、複数を兼ね備えたものもある。
• There are various styles of yamakasa decoration, and some yamakasa combine several styles.

• 自発的な信仰者の洗礼を信じる様々な福音主義のプロテスタント教会
• any of various evangelical Protestant churches that believe in the baptism of voluntary believers

• 様々な能力を持った子供たちのための英国やカナダの大きな中等学校
• a large British or Canadian secondary school for children of all abilities

• 宗教面では、中国から様々な仏教が伝来し、貴族たちの信仰を集めた。
• In terms of religion, various Buddhism sects were introduced from China, and the nobles worshipped them.

• 律令制崩壊後は時代や地域によって様々な里が使われるようになった。
• Various kinds of ri were used by periods and regions after the collapse of the Ritsuryo System.

• 何も混ぜない白飯のほかに、様々な材料を混ぜて味付けした飯もある。
• Besides white rice that has nothing mixed in it, there are meshi dishes seasoned with various ingredients.

• 「水切り」、「石切り」という呼称以外にも様々な呼び名が存在する。
• The game is called by various names other than 'Mizukiri' and 'Ishikiri.'

• 外見は、四角形や六角柱形など様々だが、円筒形がよく好まれている。
• Ryoro comes in various shapes such as square-shaped and hexagonal-column shape, but cylinder shape is favored.

• この変化はさらに、以下のような様々な事象へとつながるものである。
• This change led to various events as stated below:

• そして、様々な美しい殺陣の見得は、この狂言一番の見せ場でもある。
• And various beautiful poses of the sword fight are the highlights of this kyogen.

• 各地から様々な地金や秤量貨幣などが流入して通貨として用いられた。
• Bullions and ingot currencies which came from other regions were used as currencies.

• そのため、それらを防ぐため、幕府は様々な政策を講じることになる。
• Thus the bakufu, to prevent such crime, was taking various political measures.

• 特に江戸時代後期には様々な種類のかんざしがつくられ、髪を飾った。
• Various kinds of kanzashi were produced and especially used during the latter part of the Edo period.

• 皮膚病、婦人病を始め様々な病気や外傷に効果があるといわれている。
• This type of hot spring is believed to be effective for various diseases, including skin diseases, women's diseases and injuries.

• なお、様々なバージョンが存在し、これが正しいというものではない。
• There are other variations of this song, none of which is considered as the correct version.

• 温かいものと冷たいもの、それから種物の種類により様々に分かれる。
• There are hot and cold varieties and, in addition, soba dishes are broken down by various types of other ingredients that are served with soba.

• （様々な種類のまひの治療などで）治療のために体に電気を当てること
• the therapeutic application of electricity to the body (as in the treatment of various forms of paralysis)

• 様々な英国のフォークダンスの総称で、衣装を着けたダンサー達が踊る
• any of various English folk dances performed by dancers in costume

• 様々な通常陸生の両生類で、トカゲに似ており繁殖のときだけ水に戻る
• any of various typically terrestrial amphibians that resemble lizards and that return to water only to breed

• 国家保護と制約から解放されるにつれ、伎楽は様々に形を変えていった。
• As released from the governmental support and restrictions, gagaku has transformed into various ways.

• しかし始めてみるとすぐに実力をつけ、以後様々な漢書を読みあさった。
• When he started, however, he showed marked improvement in learning and began to read widely thereafter.

• 改めて強調するまでも無く、義和団の乱は国内外に様々な影響を残した。
• Obviously, the Boxer Rebellion had various effects within and outside the nation.

• 上記論争は様々な影響を残したが、それ以外にも見逃せない論争がある。
• Except above disputes which gave various impacts, there were other significant disputes.

• このように、隠居には後継者を作るという点で、様々なメリットがある。
• Like these examples, inkyo has many merits from the view point of building up a successor.

• ご飯が寿司飯の場合は、ちらし寿司の一種として様々な名称で呼ばれる。
• If vinegared rice is used, then the dish is considered as a kind of chirashi zushi (vinegared rice with thin strips of egg, pieces of raw fish, vegetables and crab meat arranged on top) and various names are given accordingly.

• 近年、全国的に知られるようになってからは様々な使い方をされている。
• Since it has became well-known throughout Japan in recent years, it has been used in various ways.

• 座布団は概要で述べたとおり、その単純な構造ゆえに様々に応用される。
• As mentioned in the outline, while zabuton are very simple items they are used in a variety of ways.

• 熊手は年々大きくしてゆくものとされ、大小様々なものが売られている。
• Rakes are to be made bigger every year, and a variety of sizes are available.

• また整腸作用のあるアルカリ食品としても優秀で、様々な栄養素を含む。
• Moreover, hoshi-imo is an excellent alkaline food with a virtue of keeping the bowels in good condition, containing various nutrients.

• これらの動きがどのような性格を持つのかについては、様々な議論がある。
• There are many opinions concerning the nature of the above-mentioned movement.

• 「ちゃんこ」の語源には諸説様々な話があり、現在でも特定されていない。
• There are many views on the origin of the word 'chanko,' and it has not been identified now.

• そのことを「大きな節目」と捉え、記念して実施される様々な事業である。
• As it is considered 'an important date,' many events were held to commemorate it.

• なお、この立ち往生については医学的見地から様々な議論がなされている。
• Various discussions have been made from medical viewpoints about his standing death.

• 地歌は非常に曲数が多く、歴史も長いため実に様々な傾向の曲が存在する。
• An extremely large number of songs exists for jiuta, and because of jiuta's long history there are pieces from various trends.

• のちには京都・江戸・近江国柏原などに住しながら様々な人々と交流した。
• Later, while he was living in places such as Kyoto, Edo and Kashiwabara in Omi Province, he communicated with various people.

• 具は、なると、ほうれん草、鶏肉など様々で､「五目うどん」と呼ばれる。
• Gomoku Udon' includes various toppings such as Naruto (a kind of Kamaboko, steamed fish paste), spinach, chicken.

• 衣裳人形は、様々な衣裳で製作され、その姿から身分や職業がわけられる。
• Isho-ningyo dolls are made with a variety of costumes, which can be used to distinguish the position in society and occupation of the doll.

• 宝船にはサンゴ・金銀・宝石など、様々な宝物が積み込まれているという。
• They say there are various treasures such as corals, gold and silver, and jewelry are loaded on Takarabune.

• ビッドしたトリック数しかゲームのポイントを得られない、様々なブリッジ
• a variety of bridge in which the bidder receives points toward game only for the number of tricks he bid

• かたい尾羽と足を支えにして木の幹に登る、北半球の様々な小さい食虫鳥類
• any of various small insectivorous birds of the northern hemisphere that climb up a tree trunk supporting themselves on stiff tail feathers and their feet

• 障害が脳の様々な言語中心を接続している連合神経路にあるとされる失語症
• aphasia in which the lesion is assumed to be in the association tracts connecting the various language centers in the brain

• 先行様々な説があり何が原因で謀反に及んだのか、真相はよく解っていない。
• Since there were so many different views, the real truth of why Murashige ARAKI raised the rebellion is not clear.

• 明治時代および第二次世界大戦後には日本国内で様々な新興宗教が登場した。
• In the Meiji period and after World War II, various new religions emerged in Japan.

• 白は穢れなき心を表し、様々な悩み、迷い、汚れを落とすという意味も持つ。
• The color white expresses a heart without impurities, as well as the elimination of various worries, doubts, and contamination.

• その一方で､旧幕臣子弟への英才教育を目的に、様々な援助活動を展開した。
• On the other hand, he took various supportive actions aiming to provide special education for talented students from the families of former shogun's retainers.

• 幼少時から聡明で仏法を尊んだと言われ、様々な逸話、伝説が残されている。
• His wisdom from his infancy and devotion to Buddhism have been so famous that various related episodes and legends have been handed down.

• 史実と考えられているが、詳しい事情は様々な伝説があってはっきりしない。
• While the story is generally accepted as a historical fact, there are many different versions and the details remain unclear.

• 仏教用語としての、様々な不思議な現象を起こすとされる超人的存在のこと。
• In Buddhist terminology, it is a supernatural existence that causes mysterious phenomena.

• 最近はプラスチック（プラスティックにも様々な種類がある）も用いられる。
• Plastic (there are many kinds of plastic) is also used these days.

• その後、奈良時代に入り中国から様々な文化とともに髪飾りも伝わってきた。
• During the Nara period, hair ornamentation was introduced from China together with various cultures.

• 木製や鼈甲製、現代ではプラスティック製など様々な素材で製作されている。
• In addition to products made of wood or tortoise shell, those made of plastic or other materials are being produced at present.

• そこで、楽曲形式だけではなく、様々な切り口で曲種の仕分けが行なわれる。
• Therefore, the songs are categorized by various ways other than simply their musical forms.

• 長屋には様々な生活物品を貸し出す損料屋（レンタル業に相当）が発達した。
• Thus, there emerged the sonryo-ya (a lender, equivalent to today's renting business), who lent various things necessary for living to people living in nagaya.

• 欧州の影響外で独自に様々な高度な数学、代数学、積分法、幾何が発展した。
• Various and advanced mathematics, algebra, integration method, and geometry were developed independently of European influence.

• ふたは一枚板か、かぶせぶた、円形、四角形など様々のものが作られていた。
• Various types of lids are available such as solid wood, covering lids, round shape lids and square lids.

• 日本画の制作には様々な種類の岩絵具を主として若干の有機色料を併せ用いる
• Nihon-ga are created mainly with a variety of mineral colors and a small amount of organic colors.

• 最近は、様々な薬味やトッピング、また醤油以外の調味料を使う場合がある。
• Recently, various toppings and seasonings other than soy sauce may be used.

• 古典的な楽曲だけではなく、独奏、合奏ともに様々な作曲が試みられている。
• Attempts have been made to compose not only classical-style songs but also new songs as well as solos and ensembles.

• 小さな緑がかった花をつける、フナバシソウ属の様々なざらざらした低木植物
• any of various coarse shrubby plants of the genus Iva with small greenish flowers

• アジア・アフリカ・オーストラリア産の様々な毒のあるコブラ科のヘビ類各種
• any of various venomous elapid snakes of Asia and Africa and Australia

• 宇宙のはたらきで神から発せられ、様々な役割を果たす、神通力または自然力
• a divine power or nature emanating from the Supreme Being and playing various roles in the operation of the universe

• 日本の歴史における時代区分には様々なものがあり、定説とよべるものはない。
• Periods in Japanese history are classified in various ways, and there is no accepted theory.

• この間、国民の間でも憲法改正論議は高まり、様々な憲法改正案が発表された。
• On the other hand, debate on constitutional amendment grew warm also among common people, and they published various revision proposals.

• が、様々な系図に祖先として伝説上の人物を書いたもので正確な内容ではない。
• However, these are not accurate because only the names of legendary people were written as ancestors on various family trees.

• 山車は風流として練りだされたものが増え、全国各地で様々なものが存在する。
• Everywhere in Japan, there exist many kinds of Dashi, while increasing number of Dashi have been elaborated in elegant taste.

• 味噌汁の具（実）には、地方風土により様々な差異があるがここに一例を記す。
• There are various ingredients (mi) of miso soup depending on the areas and some examples follow;

• 今後も、歴史学、考古学、城郭史など様々な観点からの議論の深化が望まれる。
• It is hoped that this issue will be more deeply discussed from historical, and archaelogical view points and through analysis of castle history.

• 茶室は小さな空間であるが、様々なパターンがあり、多様な展開を見せている。
• Being a small space, Chashitsu can have a variety of designs, and a number of types of them were built.

• 様々の神の本地（仏）が定められ、神像が僧侶の形で制作されることがあった。
• The 'honji' (true form of the Buddha) for various gods were decided upon and sometimes images of gods were based on monks.

• それぞれ様々な太さがあり、三味線音楽の種目ごとに使用するサイズが異なる。
• Each string varies in thickness, and the size to use depends on the rendition of shamisen music.

• また他にも、ゴマや抹茶の配合された黄粉など、様々な黄粉が販売されている。
• Additionally, various kinako blends including the kinako/sesame seed blend and kinako/matcha green powder tea blend are available.

• 酢飯に酢締めにしたサバを乗せ、さらにコンブ様々な加工品を重ねた押し寿司。
• This is a kind of Oshi-zushi made through processes of placing mackerel marinated in vinegar over vinegared rice, and placing various kinds of processed food such as konbu (kelp) over the mackerel.

• 具財はこんにゃく、もやし、魚粉、卵など多岐に渡り、店によって様々である。
• The ingredients varied greatly among stores, including konjac (gelatinous food made from devil's-tongue starch), bean sprouts, fish powder and egg.

• 症状としては、軽い頭痛から嘔吐など様々であり、症状は食後すぐから現れる。
• Symptoms appear immediately after ingesting which vary from a light headache to vomiting.

• 端溪の石は細かい彫刻にも向き、様々な意匠の彫刻を施した硯が多く見られる。
• The Duanshi stone is good for fine stone engraving and there are many ink stones engraved in different styles.

• アプリケーションとカットの種類に従い様々な刃と共に使用されることができる
• can be used with a variety of blades depending on the application and kind of cut

• その中で、様々な主体が担っていた所領支配は、武士の手中へと収まっていった。
• In such a trend, territorial control, having been carried out by persons in various social statuses, became conducted by samurai alone.

• 様々な公的行事で雅楽を演奏すること、また演奏者を養成することが職務である。
• Its duty was to play gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music which was introduced from China to Japan) at various public events and to train gagaku players.

• また当事者も、領主と地頭に限らず、預所と地頭、領主と預所など様々であった。
• Shitaji chubun was done not only between the lord of shoen and jito but also between azukedokoro and jito as well as the lord of shoen and azukedokoro.

• また、本文以外の巻首・巻末・頭書などに、様々な教材を載せたものが出現した。
• In addition, various teaching materials were seen at the beginning and the end of a book as well as in the space above the body texts.

• しかし、元和偃武後には各階層において様々なサロンが形成されるようになった。
• After Genna-Enbu (peace after Genna era), however, various salons were created among the people of various classes.

• その人物や説話の形成には様々な氏族や時代の要請が関わっていたことが伺える。
• It tells us that various clans and the needs of the times were involved in the formation of the character and the anecdotes.

• 武道の理念は流派、武道家により様々であり、正反対の考え方さえ存在している。
• The ideal of budo varies from one school to another or from one martial artist to another, and contradictory views exist.

• 上記の焼酎のほか、近年は日本各地で様々な原料を利用した焼酎が造られている。
• Except the shochu above, recently various shochu are produced from various ingredients throughout the country.

• また、様々な成分を少量ずつ含んだバランスの良い泉質となっているものもある。
• Further, some simple hot springs have good quality with small amount of various ingredients contained in proper balance.

• 現在、様々な団地の写真を集めた写真集やWebサイトなどが複数作られている。
• There are now numerous photo books and websites containing various photos of danchi.

• この場合、「毒」とする食品も、言い訳に壊す貴重品にも様々な変形が見られる。
• In those stories, many variations of foods are used as 'poison', and various treasured goods that are destroyed by way of an apology.

• 古代の日本は多民族国家といわれ、古くから様々な地域から民族の流入があった。
• Ancient Japan was considered to be a multi-ethnic nation, and various ethnic groups flowed into Japan from various regions from ancient times.

• この「呼吸力」が具体的に何の力を指しているかについては、様々な言説がある。
• There are many theories as to which specific power this 'breath power' refers.

• 公衆便所は不特定多数の人間が使用するため、様々な問題が発生することがある。
• As the general public uses public restrooms, various problems sometimes happen.

• 小さいゴムまりが弾む間に様々なグループでジャックストーンを投げて拾うゲーム
• a game in which jackstones are thrown and picked up in various groups between bounces of a small rubber ball

• 「一番丸」就航以降は様々な運営主体による汽船が就航し、大津百艘船も増加した。
• After 'Ichibanmaru' went into service, steamships of various operators went into service and the number of water routes was also increased.

• 備の別称は様々あるが、備も含み異なる意味合いで重複して用いられることが多い。
• There are various alternate names for sonae, but it is often used with multiple meanings including sonae.

• 屯田制を北海道に実施するという考えは、明治初年から様々な方面に生まれていた。
• The idea of executing the Tondensei (Duntian system) in Hokkaido had arisen in various lines since the first year of the Meiji period.

• また、めんつゆをかけたり、鰹節をまぶすなど、家庭によって料理法は様々である。
• There are variety of recipes for grilled eggplant depending on a family, by using noodle soup base or sprinkling shaved dried bonito over it before eating, for example.

• 天下は泰平の世にあって、そこかしこで大小様々な宴会が催されているような時代。
• The world is in time of peace, the period of parties in all sizes.

• これにはデジタルメディアであることを利用して、様々な検索機能が付されている。
• Thanks to being digital media, various kinds of search functions were added to it.

• 暗殺説の中でも二条城会見での料理による毒殺、毒饅頭による毒殺など様々にある。
• There are several theories for murder by poisoning including that of poisoning by dishes served in the meeting at Nijo-jo Castle and by a poisonous bun.

• 伝説中の田村麻呂は蝦夷と戦う武人とは限らず、各地で様々な鬼や盗賊を退治する。
• In these legends, Tamuramaro is not always a warrior who wages war against barbarians, but a hero who fights off oni (ogres) and bandits in various areas.

• ただし、様々な事情により位階と官職の相当関係が成立していない事例も発生した。
• However, there were some cases where the equivalent relationship between Ikai and the government post was not established by various reasons.

• 音色は瓶の形状や大きさ、さらには底の水の溜まり具合など様々な条件で変化する。
• The sound quality changes in response to various conditions such as the shape and size of the jar, and the moisture condition at the bottom.

• また他にも様々な異説俗説があり、現在どれが正解かは一概に言えない状況にある。
• Also there are a variety of other theories however now we cannot say for sure which is correct.

• ソースのベースはフォン・ド・ヴォーや中華スープ、煮干しの出汁など様々である。
• The base of the sauce runs the gamut from fond de veau to Chinese chicken soup stock or Japanese soup stock with boiled dried fish.

• 博物館の中にはこの日に入館料を無料にしたり、様々な催し物を開催する所もある。
• Some museums open free, and the others have various special events on November 3.

• 親鸞が帰京した後の東国（関東）では、様々な異義異端が取り沙汰される様になる。
• After Shinran left Hitachi Province, various heresies and misinterpretations of his teachings to arose.

• 仏教界内部からもこの状況を反省し改めるべきだとする活動が様々に行われている。
• From the inside of Japanese Buddhist circles, priests began various activities to think about their past and change the situation.

• また、村おこしとの一環として地域の名物としているものなど、様々な種類がある。
• In addition, Udon noodles eaten as a specialty of the region in village revitalization campaigns are also good examples.

• 日本に生息する種は古くから利用されてきたので、様々な地方名（方言名）がある。
• As the species living in Japan have been used since ancient times, they are known by different names according to the region.

• 様々なパターンがあり、金盥以外にも、料理用のボウル、一斗缶なども用いられる。
• Other than a washtub, there are some variations that use a cooking bowl or an 18-liter drum.

• また1段ごとに色が違うもの、1段ごと四隅に小さな房を付けたもの等様々である。
• The style of displaying the futon varies; each layer with each different color or with small tassels hanging down under its four corners.

• 彼自身、浮世絵だけを学ぶことをよしとしなかったため、様々な画風を学んでいる。
• He studied various painting styles since he thought that it was insufficient to study only the ukiyoe painting.

• ピンクまたは白い花頭をつける、様々なアルメリア属の太陽を好む背の低い常緑植物
• any of numerous sun-loving low-growing evergreens of the genus Armeria having round heads of pink or white flowers

• 三葉の葉と、黄色または紫色の総状花序の花をつける、センダイハギ属の様々な植物
• any of various plants of the genus Thermopsis having trifoliate leaves and yellow or purple racemose flowers

• これには肺結核での喀血のためという説もあるが、様々な疑問点もあり確実ではない。
• Some accounts say that this was because of a tuberculosis-related blood spitting, but there is a lot of doubt and it is not certain.

• 続いて港を開き水運を発展させ稲作、養蚕、採石、製紙など様々な産業を発達させた。
• Following this, he opened a port and developed water transport which, as a result, developed rice cropping, sericulture, quarrying and papermaking and various other industries.

• この「始聴朝政」という大津の政治参加を示す文句については様々なとらえ方がある。
• There are various views about the expression, 'beginning to listen to the Imperial politics,' which suggests Otsu's political participation.

• また後代には、様々な文物が由緒の古さを飾るために義経の名を借りるようになった。
• In later periods, various documents and articles had come to utilize Yoshitsune's name to raise prestige with the long and distinguished history.

• 処々に細字を傍書しているのは、その字体を工夫して様々に改めたことを示している。
• In a number of places there are notes made in minute handwriting, which relate to lettering styles and the like, and indicate that there were multiple revisions.

• 篆刻家、画家、陶芸家、書道家、漆芸家、料理家、美食家など様々な顔を持っていた。
• He was multi-talented, being a Tenkoku artist (a maker of carved stone seals), a painter, a potter, a calligrapher, a lacquer artist, a cook and an epicure.

• また、家康の周囲にいた人間も小栗又一、大久保彦左衛門など本によって様々である。
• There are differences about people around Ieyasu such as Mataichi OGURI, Hikozaemon OKUBO and others, depending on books.

• なお、この建白書の5人はその後、明治の政治において様々な交錯をすることになる。
• Also these five people involved with this petition crossed each other later in the Meiji government.

• 入れる野菜も、地方によってはモヤシを入れたりジャガイモを入れたりと様々である。
• Also, the vegetables used as ingredients for sukiyaki differ by region, like moyashi (bean sprouts), potato and so forth.

• このため、置文・掟・衆議事書 ・契状・式目・新制など名称からして様々であった。
• Due to this, various names were used for the same purpose: okibumi (will and testament), okite (rules), shugijisho (a book for things decided by mass meeting), keijo (deed), shikimoku (law codes in the itemized form, which were used in the medieval Japan) and shinsei (law reconstitution).

• その他にも堤防を利用した物や、必ずしも盛り土の上にない物など様々な形態がある。
• There are additional mounds that come in a variety of shapes including those built on dikes and the ones that were not erected on the elevated earth.

• 様々な工夫を凝らす余地が随所にあるため、非常に多くのバリエーションが存在する。
• There are many kinds of variations because many different ideas are introduced in the process of cooking.

• 棒の長さによる呼び名は流派によって様々であり、杖術も半棒術も棒術の一種である。
• Different schools use different names for the sticks based on their respective lengths, and both Jojutsu and hanbojutsu are considered a subset of Bojutsu.

• 形は様々であるが、宝船やマツ、鶴、カメ、エビなどの縁起物が選ばれることが多い。
• Although it may vary widely in shape, auspicious designs, such as a treasure ship, pine tree, crane, tortoise, lobster, etc. are often selected.

• 親指のみ覆うもの、人差し指・親指を覆うもの、手首まで覆うもの、形状は様々ある。
• There are various types such as the one covering only a thumb, the one covering a forefinger and a thumb, the one covering a whole hand and a wrist and so on.

• 風呂敷自体、様々な大きさのものが作られ強度を上げるため刺子を施すなどもされた。
• Furoshiki were made in various sizes and Sashiko (an old needlework technique) was used to increase strength.

• 地車囃子（だんじりばやし）には摂河泉三地域それぞれの味があり、様々に評価される。
• The danjiri bayashi in each of the three regions, Settsu, Kawachi and Senshu, has its own flavor, and is rated in various ways.

• 4代藩主松浦鎮信 (天祥)が片桐貞昌に学び、また様々な流儀を研究して打ち立てた。
• The fourth lord of the domain, Shigenobu MATSURA (also known as Tensho), founded the school after he studied under Sadamasa KATAGIRI, and after also learning various schools.

• このような『古事記』と『日本書紀』との歴史叙述の違いについては様々な意見がある。
• There are various opinions about the differences in historical description between 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki.'

• この「系図一巻」がどのような内容を持っていたのかについては様々に推測されている。
• There are various assumptions about what contents this 'one volume of genealogy' included.

• 『日本書紀』の文体・用語など文章上の様々な特徴を分類して研究・調査がされている。
• There are various researches which classify various characteristics such as styles and terms of 'Nihonshoki.'

• また、蝉丸に関する様々な伝承は『今昔物語集』や『平家物語』などにも登場している。
• Also, many other tales about Semimaru appeared in 'Konjaku Monogatari shu ' and 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike).

• 光圀は、学者肌で非常に好奇心の強いことでも知られており、様々な逸話が残っている。
• Known as a scholarly and curious person, he left many episodes.

• 弁慶は古くから豪傑の代名詞として用いられており、それに因んだ様々なことばがある。
• Benkei has been used as a byword for a heroic figure, and there have been born various words and phrases attributable to such an impression.

• 様々な説が唱えられており、有名な説の一つに梅毒によって死亡したというものがある。
• There are various views on the cause of his death; one of them was that he died of syphilis.

• この戦いに限った話ではないが、有名な「武田の騎馬隊」の実在には様々な異論がある。
• There are various opinions about the existence of 'Takeda's famous cavalry,' which however is not limited to the Battle of Nagashino.

• 偽書の可能性を疑われる歴史的文書は歴史書に限らず、様々な史料も俎上に載せられる。
• Historical documents suspected of being gisho, are not limited to historical books, various historical materials are also the target of criticism for being gisho.

• 現代では、伝統にこだわらず、様々なバリエーションの水琴窟の制作が試みられている。
• Nowadays, people do not hold on to tradition and they try to create variations of suikinkutsu.

• スポーツとの関係をどうとらえるかは、以下のように、流派、武道家により様々である。
• The manner in which one perceives the relationship between budo and sports varies from one school to another or from one martial artist to another, as follows:

• 古い文献には七宝が良いとされるが、現在では菩提樹など様々な材質の珠が用いられる。
• Although cloisonne enamel was recommended in old documents, beads made from various materials, such as lime tree, are used today.

• 以後、日顕及び日蓮正宗への攻撃材料として様々な側面から日蓮正宗の血脈相承を否定。
• Since then, it has continued to deny Kechimyaku Sojo in various respects, doing so as ammunition for attacking the Nikken and Nichiren Shoshu sects.

• 近世では「村中入会」「村々入会」「他村持地入会」など様々な形態の入会が存在した。
• In modern history, there existed various forms of iriaichi (common land) such as 'Muraju iriai,' 'Muramura iriai,' and 'Hokamuramochiji iriai.'

• しかしこの両説に限らず、仏教公伝の年次については近年も様々な説が提唱されている。
• However, not only these two theories but also various theories on the official introduction of Buddhism have been proposed to date.

• そのため近年は世界的に高い注目度を誇っており、様々な国で翻訳され出版されている。
• Thus, Japanese comics draw great deal of global attention recently and they are translated and published in various countries.

• 形状も様々で、俗に「爆弾」と呼ばれる大きな球形に握り海苔を巻いたおにぎりもある。
• Variously shaped and one type is commonly called 'Bomb,' which shaped cooked rice into a big ball and wrapped in a sheet of dried laver.

• （ちなみに男子には破魔矢・破魔弓が送られ神事としては様々な弓矢がそれにあたる。）
• (For information, Hamaya (ritual arrows to drive away devils) and Hamayumi (ritual bow used to drive off devils) are given to boys, and as a Shinto ritual, various kinds of bows and arrows are equivalent to those.)

• このように斬新さと復古志向が様々に混合され、聴きどころのきわめて多い曲といえる。
• The originalities and the revivalistic intentions are mixed in many ways as described above, the song has many interesting points.

• 父・武光と共に九州における北朝 (日本)勢力と戦い、様々な活躍をして功を挙げた。
• He fought against the Northern Court force in Kyushu together with his father Takemitsu and achieved various feats.

• 装備は槍が主であるが、他にも弓や鉄砲などを奉公人に持たせる事で様々な武器を扱った。
• They were equipped mainly with spears, but other than that they handled various weapons by letting the servants carry guns and bows and arrows.

• 様々な男が集まる吉原で、遊客にわざと喧嘩を吹っ掛けて刀を抜かせようというのである。
• As various men come to Yoshiwara, Sukeroku plots to make the customers draw their swords by provoking a quarrel with them.

• しかし、古史古伝は種類が多く、それらの諸点についての度合いは各書ごとに様々である。
• However, there are many different types of koshi koden, and the degree to which the above points are true widely differs depending on the document.

• オオゲツヒメは、鼻や口、尻から様々な食材を取り出して調理してスサノオに差しあげた。
• Ogetsuhime produced various foodstuffs from her mouth, nose, and rectum, preparing them and offering them to Susanoo.

• 母に似る女性藤壺への思慕が初恋となり、その面影を求めて生涯様々な女性と関係を持つ。
• His deep feelings towards Fujitsubo, who resembles his mother, becomes his first love, and he holds sexual relationships with various women throughout his life as he searches for a woman with his mother's features.

• 天地開闢とともに様々な神が生まれたとあり、その最後にイザナギ、イザナミが生まれた。
• It stated that various gods were born when the heaven and earth were created and Izanagi and Izanami were born in the end.

• 彼らは公家様文書を下敷きに様々な文書を編み出し、それらは武家様文書と呼ばれている。
• They invented various kinds of documents on the basis of the kugeyo-monjo, and these are called bukeyo-monjo (武家様文書, the style of documents used by people of the warrior class).

• 朝廷は様々な加持祈祷を試みたが甲斐なく、諸物価は高騰し、さらに疫病が人々を襲った。
• The Imperial Court tried in vain to depend on various incantations and prayers, and in addition to the rise of prices, a plague killed many people.

• その他、田村麻呂が見つけた温泉、田村麻呂が休んだ石など様々に付会した物や地が多い。
• There are also hot springs that are believed to have been discovered by Tamuramaro and even stones that Tamuramaru is believed to have sat on.

• 徳島藩洲本城代家老稲田家（1万4千石）は、徳島本藩との様々な確執が以前よりあった。
• Before this incident, chief retainer INADA of Sumoto-jo Castle in Tokushima Domain (14,000 koku) had had various conflicts with Tokushima Honpan (the original domain) for some time.

• 規模は様々で、例えば箕輪城は大小三百二もの支城・砦で構築された支城網を誇っていた。
• The scale varied and for example Minowa-jo Castle boasted a shijo-mo consisting of three hundred and two shijo and forts large and small.

• 途中様々な場所で迂回する必要があり、結局90キロメートル（23里）の行程となった。
• They had to go by several roundabout routes, and ended up walking 90 kilo meters.

• これにより、吸収・取捨選択を繰り返し、様々な手が加えられて独特な展開を遂げている。
• As a result, the Japanese culture developed in a unique way through processes of repeated absorption and refusal, and various arrangements.

• 緑に着色したおがくずを積んで山を、天幕を重ねて空を表現するなど様々な技巧を凝らす。
• Various techniques are used to reproduce the scenes, including green-colored sawdust formed in the shape of mountains, or a layered canopy representing the sky.

• 室町時代末期から江戸時代初期にかけて武家独特の様々な家芸を伝える家が成立していく。
• From the late Muromachi period to the early Edo period, samurai families began to transmit their own various iegei.

• 弾左衛門の地位は世襲とされ、幕府から様々な特権を与えられ、その生活は豊かであった。
• The title of Danzaemon was considered hereditary, and a person taking this name was given various privileges and enjoyed a prosperous life.

• 広範囲に分布する植物の属で、そのほとんどは見栄えのする様々な色の花が咲く：センノウ
• large widely distributed genus of plants having mostly showy flowers of various colors: campion

• そのため、宗氏は様々な手段で通交の拡大を図り、朝鮮王朝と軋轢を引き起こすことになる。
• Consequently, the So clan intended to enhance the trade using various measures, but the clan's intent triggered a conflict with the Korean Dynasty.

• また、この内規は公表されなかったために様々な憶測を産み、叙爵に不満を持つ者も現れた。
• Because these rules were not made public, various speculations were circulated and some people became to have frustration with joshaku.

• 酒呑童子とともに京都を荒らした大鬼、茨木童子だが、実は彼らの関係も様々な諸説がある。
• Ibaraki Doji is another legendary figure who raised havoc in Kyoto together with Shuten Doji, and there are various versions of stories that describe his relationship with Shuten Doji.

• 明治期、様々な文物・制度が西欧より移入されたが、博覧会という催しもその一つであった。
• In the Meiji period, products of culture and systems were introduced to Japan from Western in various ways and exhibition was one of them.

• おみくじの吉凶の量の比率は神社仏閣によって様々であり、近年は凶を減らすところもある。
• The ratio of good to bad fortunes in the mikuji varies among temples and shrines however in recent years some temples and shrines are reducing the ratio of bad fortunes.

• 歌はたいていひとつひとつの音節を長く伸ばし、母音に様々な節をつけるよう作られている。
• Songs are usually written so that one syllable is held long and the vowels have various melodies.

• 神社の建築形式は、様々な種類があるが、最古の形式は、神明造、大社造、住吉造とされる。
• There are various architectural styles for shrines; shinmei-zukuri, taisha-zukuri, and sumiyosi-zukuri are considered to be the oldest.

• 様々な浄土への往生があるが、一般的には阿弥陀仏の浄土とされている極楽への往生を言う。
• There are various interpretations of pure lands for rebirth, but it generally means the Buddhist paradise that is considered to be the pure land of Amida Buddha.

• また、祭祀の際には、神霊に対して供物や行為等、様々なものが奉げられ、儀式が行われる。
• At the time of rites and festivals are held, various things including altarage, acts and so on were presented to the divine spirit, and a ceremony was held.

• 醤油原料としても様々な原料が検討され、それぞれ長所・短所がある独特の製品が作られた。
• Various raw materials as raw materials of soy-sauce were considered, and original products with advantages and disadvantages were produced.

• また「浄益社」を設立、海外への日本美術の紹介を行うなどするが、様々な事情により失脚。
• He also established 'Joeki-sha' to introduce the Japanese arts to foreign countries but was ousted due to the various circumstances.

• 一枚の布ではあるが様々の形状、大きさのものを包むことができるため広く普及していった。
• It came into wide use regardless of being only a piece of cloth, because it could wrap up things with various shapes and sizes.

• 館の規模は、1町（約100m四方）- 2町のものから、数十町に及ぶものまで様々あった。
• The towns varied in scale from a few hectare to several dozen hectare.

• 学習指導要領には大和朝廷の表記が見られるが、歴史教科書の表記は前述のように様々である。
• While government course guidelines employ the term Yamato Imperial Court, Japanese history textbook publishers use various different terms such as those mentioned above.

• 琉球内ではそれを不服とし明治政府に様々な嘆願を行い、また清に救援を求める人々もあった。
• However, some Ryukyuans opposed to this order and submitted petitions to the Meiji government, or others sought Qing for assistance.

• 一方で、膨大な人口が農村から江戸に流入して、様々な都市問題を引き起こすことにもなった。
• On the other hand, a massive influx of migrants from rural farming villages to Edo caused various urban problems.

• 律令制崩壊後は、全国一律の尺は維持されなくなり、各地で様々な尺が使われるようになった。
• The official shaku unit was not maintained after the collapse of the Ritsuryo system, and various kind of shaku units were used throughout Japan.

• 朝廷の明経道・明法道博士などの意見も求めたが、幕府・朝廷から様々な反対意見が多かった。
• He invited comments from hakase (teachers) of Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics) and Myobodo (the study of Codes) of Imperial Court, and so on; there were various dissenting opinions from the bakufu and Imperial Court.

• その後、旗の形に留まらずに様々な素材を元にした馬印が考案され、用いられるようになった。
• Subsequently, umajirushi in various shapes, not only in a flag shape, were developed with various materials, and these umajirushi became popular.

• 下位の遊女と一夜を共にするのとは異なり、花魁を揚げるには様々なしきたりが存在していた。
• Unlike spending the night with a lower ranked courtesan, to be with an oiran required a lot of customs and conventions.

• 信長はもはや破綻寸前に陥っていた天皇家の財政を様々な政策や自身の援助により回復させた。
• Nobunaga pulled back the financial situation of the Imperial Family, which was on the edge of bankruptcy, by applying various policies or helping personally.

• そして大化という元号を制定し、様々な改革を行なった（大化の改新の中心人物、乙巳の変）。
• He established a new era--the Taika--and made many reforms during this period (he was a key person in the Taika reforms and Itsushi no hen).

• その子として、大八島国を産み、ついで山の神、海の神などアニミズム的な様々な神を産んだ。
• Izanami gave birth to Oyashima-no-kuni (Great eight islands), and then gave birth to various gods based on animism such as Yamanokami (God of the Mountain), Uminokami (God of the sea).

• また、後世に自分たちを伝えるため「島田魁日記」をはじめ様々な記録や品々を保管している。
• He also kept various records and articles including 'Diary written by Kai SHIMADA' to pass on the Shinsengumi and themselves to future generations.

• 大舎人は内舎人（うどねり）と対になっており､天皇に供奉して宿直や様々な雑用をこなした。
• Otoneri was paired with udoneri (Ministerial equerry) and accompanied the Emperor and kept night watch and performed several odd jobs.

• ただし収容された無宿は元々犯罪者崩れだったため、様々な問題を引き起こすことも多かった。
• However, the homeless who were accomodated there used be criminals, so they often caused troubles as follows:

• しかし個人の持つ要素が多岐に渡り、その組み合わせによっても様々な相互作用が発生しうる。
• However, the characteristics of individuals are varied, and depending on the combination, different mutual effects are produced.

• 江戸時代、宴席の余興に謡や音曲に合わせて、様々な形を切り抜く芸として始まったとされる。
• Kamikiri is said to have begun during the Edo period as a form of entertainment for a party, in which a performer cut a piece of paper in various shapes according to utai (the chanting of a Noh text) or with songs accompanied by shamisen (a three-stringed Japanese banjo).

• 書紀が壬申年（552年）を伝来の年とした理由については、古くから様々な説が唱えられた。
• For the reason why Shoki described 552 as the year of introduction, various theories have been discussed since ancient times.

• このように、股を割ったとき、いかに下がりがきれいに見えるかという様々な工夫が見られる。
• Thus, various ideas have been devised to make the apron of sagari loincloth hang down beautifully when a player or actor spreads his legs to squat.

• 様々な流儀で交流が行われ、槍術や剣術、柔術などで試合方法や試合道具が共通化していった。
• Various exchanges were made between different schools or styles, and the manners of a match or the tools for a match were being made common in sojutsu, kenjutsu, jujutsu, and so on.

• 怖い話・怪談の中には、講談、芝居など様々な文学ジャンルで採り上げられているものがある。
• Some of the scary stories and Kaidan are contained in various categories of literature such as kodan story, play, etc.

• しなやかな体で頭の丸い様々な裂脚類の哺乳動物で、多くは引っ込めることのできる鉤爪を持つ
• any of various lithe-bodied roundheaded fissiped mammals, many with retractile claws

• その一方で、好色ぶりでも知られ、出家後も様々な女性と関係をもって多くの子供を儲けている。
• On the other hand, he had many relationships with different woman after becoming a priest and he had many children.

• 男子学生に混じり様々ないじめや苦労の艱難辛苦を舐めつつ 3 年間で優秀な成績で修了する。
• Being only woman among male students, she experienced various types of bullying and went through hardship and troubles, but she graduated with excellent results in three years.

• そこで倭国は防備を固めるため、様々な防衛施設を建設したことが『日本書紀』に記されている。
• 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) describes that Wakoku had constructed various defense facilities to strengthen the defenses.

• なお様々な理由で参加できない者は炊き出しなどの費用として金銭を支払うなどとする所もある。
• In some communities, those who cannot participate in fushin may be expected to pay for food or something to distribute among the participants.

• 各地で食べられる寿司には様々な種類があり、何れの地域以外ではあまり見られないものも多い。
• Sushi eaten in various places has variety, and many are rarely seen in other regions.

• 中には現代武道になってしまったところもあるが、現代においても様々な形で受け継がれている。
• Some of them have turned into gendai budo, but have been handed down in various forms even in the present day.

• 憲法において「信教の自由」が唱われており、少数でありながらも様々な宗教が信仰されている。
• The Constitution stipulates the 'religious liberty,' and various religions are professed although the number of their believers is small.

• その形や色は様々で、陶器などで精巧に（あるいは素朴に）作られたものは、夏の風物詩の一つ。
• Kayariki (a mosquito repellent stick holder) vary in shape or color, and exquisite (or simple) ceramic kayariki is one of the summer features.

• その中で、支配層は農民を育成するため、年貢による収奪だけでなく、様々な勧農施策を実施した。
• Meanwhile, the ruling class not only exploited farmers by nengu, but also implemented several measures of kanno to cultivate farmers.

• 怪談や怪奇現象の舞台としても殊に著名で、古来より現代に至るまで、様々な話が伝えられている。
• Midoroga-ike Pond is particularly well known as a backdrop for ghost stories and unnatural phenomenon, with various stories having been told about this pond since ancient times to today.

• 戊辰戦争では戦争の様々な事柄や理由において、その原因を遺恨と結びつけて説明される事がある。
• In the Boshin War, the causes of various incidents and reasons are often explained by relating them to revenge.

• 唐物（中国からの輸入品）には紫檀や黒檀製の物、漆器や螺鈿が施された物など様々な種類がある。
• There are various kinds among the karamono (those imported from China), such as those made of rosewood or ebony as well as lacquer ware, and those inlaid with mother-of-pearl.

• 諸事の決定については独立後も昭和天皇の決裁を仰ぎ、様々な事柄について報告していたと伝わる。
• Submitting various matters for the Emperor Showa's approval even after his independent, he informed the Emperor of all kinds of affairs.

• ほのあかりライブ - 様々な楽器演奏者や声楽者を招きろうそくの明かりに囲まれて行うライブ。
• Honoakari Live (concert), the live concert in which invited various instrument players and vocalists perform concert surrounded by the light of the candles.

• 豆の種類や調味料などの違いで、うぐいす豆、富貴豆、ぶどう豆、五目豆など、様々な種類がある。
• Boiled beans vary depending on the type of beans, seasonings, etc and examples of these beans include uguisu beans, Fuki beans (boiled broad beans), Budo beans (boiled soybeans with sweet taste) and Gomoku beans (soybeans boiled with carrot, burdock, lotus root and konnyaku).

• 「よろづのものの上手」（様々な楽器に長けている）で、夕霧や雲居の雁にも手ほどきをしている。
• She was a woman of 'yorozumono no jozu' (being good at various musical instruments), and taught Yugiri and Kumoi no Kari how to play the instruments.

• ただ、オリジナルの説話は少なく、『今昔物語集』など先行する様々な説話集と共通する話が多い。
• However, few original setsuwa tales were included, and many of the tales appear in earlier collections like the 'Konjaku monogatari shu.'

• 後にこの「勧進」のスタイルを基にした様々な「勧進○○」と称されるものが出現することとなる。
• Eventually, words beginning with 'kanjin' emerged, stemming from the activities of 'kanjin.'

• 聖道門（しょうどうもん）は、様々な修行を通して、自力によって成仏することを説く宗旨のこと。
• Shodo-mon (Gateway of the Holy Path) is the religious doctrine preaching to become a Buddha by self-power through various practices.

• 津軽味噌はコクがあり、信州味噌はあっさりとした口当たりを特徴とするなど様々なタイプがある。
• Tsugaru miso has good body, and Shinshu miso has a light taste; there are various kinds of rice miso.

• 大抵は付け合せに温野菜やサラダが用いられ、様々なソース (調味料)類で味付けがされている。
• In general, it is accompanied with heated vegetables or a salad, and seasoned with different kinds of sauces (seasonings).

• 以降、散楽という言葉に集約される雑芸群は、民間に広まった様々な職業芸能に引き継がれていく。
• Since then, various arts collectively called Sangaku were taken over by various professional arts that spread in the society.

• そのうち、大和魂は、机上の知識を現実の様々な場面で応用する判断力・能力を表すようになった。
• Yamato-damashii soon began to signify the judgment and ability to put written knowledge to practical use in different real-life situations.

• そのため、下級領主たちは自らの得分とすべく、様々な名目で地代を荘民から収取するようになった。
• Therefore, to get their shares, the low grade lords collected the land rent under various pretexts from shomin (people of the manor).

• 残党の追捕から逃れた者が落人となって各地に潜んだことから様々な伝承が伝えられるようになった。
• As the remnants of the Taira family who escaped from pursuers hid themselves in many places as Ochudo, various oral traditions were born and have been passed down.

• 簡易屋台でも果物、ガイヤーン、生絞りオレンジジュースなどの飲料など様々なものが売られている。
• Simple street stalls sell a variety of items, such as; fruits, Gai Yang (Grilled Chicken), freshly squeezed orange juice, and many other drinks.

• 角隠しは江戸時代後期～明治初期にかけて広まった風習であり、その由来については様々な説がある。
• Tsunokakushi was a widespread custom from the late Edo period to the beginning of Meiji period, and there are various theories upon its origin.

• 当然様々な場合があるが、公式な決まり手として、投げ・掛け・反り・捻りを中心にしたものがある。
• There are various kimarite as a matter of course, but kimarite are officially classified into some groups such as throw, footsweep, drop, and twisting.

• これは大隈が政治家であるため様々な方面に応援を求めなければならなかったという事情も存在する。
• This happened due to the fact that Okuma, as a statesman, had to ask for support from all kind of fields.

• しかし農家の後継者不足や果樹消費の多角化等、日本のミカン栽培は今なお様々な問題を抱えている。
• However, mikan cultivation in Japan has had many problems to date such as difficulty of finding successors of farms, diversification of fruit consumption and so on.

• 鶏卵やウズラの卵、ネギ、ミョウガ、大根おろし、鰹節など、様々な食品を混ぜて食べることも多い。
• It is often eaten mixed with various foods such as egg of hen or quail, leek, Japanese ginger, grated daikon radish and katsuobushi (small pieces of sliced dried bonito).

• 元々儒教教団はそう言った葬儀に関する様々なしきたりを教授するための人から生まれたものである。
• Originally, the religious group of Confucianism was formed by people who taught various customs regarding funeral ceremonies as above.

• しかしながら、やがて当時盛んになっていた「新日本音楽」に取り入れられ、様々な合奏で使われた。
• However, before long, it became to be played in New Japanese Music (music using Japanese instruments), which were popular at that time, enabling it to be played together with various instruments.

• そのまま酒肴とするほか、近年では酒盗を料理の調味料として使った様々な調理法が考案されている。
• Other than eaten as an accompaniment to a drink, recently various new recipes are invented by using it as a seasoning.

• それらに類する概念は、インドから派生した仏教に、様々な時代や地域で後から付加されたものである。
• Concepts of this kind were added to the original form of Buddhism, which originated in India, over time and according to region.

• これらは様々な料理が供される学校給食で、総合的に利用できる単一の食器として利用されたのである。
• These were used as a single all-round eating utensils at school lunch in which a variety of foods are provided.

• 歌の数は四千五百余首から成るが、写本の異伝の本に基づく数え方があり、歌数も種々様々の説がある。
• The collection consists of more than 4,500 poems, but the exact number of poems differs according to the counting method based on respective handwritten copies.

• 日本書紀の朝鮮関係資料には混乱偽造があると考えられているため、実に様々な意見が提出されている。
• Since it is thought that some historical materials related to Korea in Nihonshoki were confused or forged, there are so many opinions.

• 俵屋宗達と並ぶ江戸初期を代表する大和絵絵師だが、様々な流派の絵を吸収し独自の様式を作り上げた。
• He was one of Yamato-e (traditional Japanese painting) painters representing the early Edo period, equaling Sotatsu TAWARAYA, but he created his own unique style of painting by absorbing various schools' ways.

• 実像と評価は様々であるが、久秀が戦国時代に生きた武将として下克上を体現したことに変わりはない。
• Despite his real character and its various interpretations, the fact remains that he embodied the gekokujo as a busho in the Sengoku period.

• 留学生も帰国後に政治、経済、教育、文化など様々な分野で活躍し、日本の文明開化に大きく貢献した。
• The returned students contributed greatly to Japan's civilization and enlightenment serving in various fields such as politics, economics, education and culture.

• それは日々発生する様々な対外案件に対し効果的な対応をするために他ならなかった（武山2003）。
• The reason was to effectively deal with wide variety of diplomatic issues which happened every day (Takeyama 2003).

• 自然と商業中心の世の中になり、商家の財力は大きく、庶民でも様々な娯楽品を手に入れるようになる。
• Naturally, society became a commerce-centered one and merchants became wealthy while ordinary people also were able to obtain various favorite goods.

• 出される精進料理は、本膳式の本格的なものから、懐石料理風の現代的なタイプのものまで様々である。
• Shojin ryori provided by these Shukubo vary from authentic ones, such as Honzen type cuisine, to modern ones similar to Kaiseki ryori (tea-ceremony cuisine).

• その姿には様々な表現があるが、日本では一般に革製の甲冑を身に着けた唐代の武将風の姿で表される。
• His figure is depicted in various ways, but in Japan he is generally depicted as a leather-armored warrior of the Tan Dynasty period.

• 様々の汚れは妄想により存在するので、妄想を止めれば、そのものが仏の世界なのだという思想である。
• One idea suggests that various dirtiness exists only as a symptom of delusion, and that without that delusion the world of Buddha can be found.

• 形は他にも様々なものが存在する可能性が考えられるが、通常よく見られるのは次のようなものである。
• Though many others are possible, usual shapes are as follows:

• 合宿企画では各部屋に分かれてSFに関連した（あるいは、関連したと称する）様々な催しが行われる。
• The scheme of lodging session is held in each hotel room performing various events associated with SF (or self-proclaimed to be associated with SF).

• - チューインガムや飴、味付けしたピーナッツなど様々であるが、発展途上国でよく見る事が出来る。
• This is often seen in developing countries, and chewing gum, candy, and flavored peanuts are some examples of what is sold.

• 棒手裏剣は単純な形状の武器ではあるが、流派によって長さや重心などに様々なバリエーションがある。
• The bo shuriken is a simply-shaped weapon, but the length, and center of gravity among other factors vary according to the school.

• 現在は、様々な事情で作成が困難であるため、専門の木刀職人に流派独特のものを注文することが多い。
• Artisans specializing in bokuto often make these school-specific weapons to order as today, for various reasons, they are difficult to produce.

• ほうじ茶は、土瓶ややかん、急須（きゅうす）など、その地方や状況に応じて様々な器具で入れられる。
• Hojicha can be brewed using a wide variety of instruments such as a dobin (earthenware teapot), kettle, or kyusu (small teapot), and this can depend on the area or situation.

• これら以外の名称として、飛び切り燗を更に越えた温度に対して煮酒と呼ぶなど様々な表現が存在する。
• Other than these expressions, there are various expressions such as calling temperature of sake higher than that of tobikiri kan (very hot) as 'nizake' (boiled sake).

• 後端は丸いもの、瓦釘のようになっているもの、割ったり巻いたりして輪をつけたものなど様々である。
• The back end of the Hibashi chopstick comes in a variety of forms: rounded shape; copper nail-like shape; one fitted with a ring by splitting or wrapping.

• 城郭、出城としての役割を果たした城もあれば、居館程度の城など様々な支城があったと推定されている。
• There were probably many kinds of subsidiary castles, and some acted as castles and branch castles, and some acted just as residences.

• 夜間にのみ営業し、酒類とともにおでん、焼き鳥やどて焼きなど様々な料理を出して営業する屋台もある。
• Street stall store types: There are stores which operate only at night, serving alcohol along side Oden (a Japanese dish containing all kinds of ingredients cooked in a special broth of soy sauce, sugar, sake, etc.), Yakitori-ya restaurant (grilled chicken restaurant), Doteyaki (sinewy beef cooked in Miso paste and Mirin) and other dishes.

• 現在も題材として古典から新作の題材として笑話・小説・劇などに用いられ、様々な媒体で登紹介される。
• This is used today as a subject in genres ranging from the classics to new works, covering comical stories, novels, and dramas, and appears in various media formats.

• また、過去の様々な経緯により、本店の許可を得ずに「第一旭」を名乗っている店も少なからず存在する。
• Furthermore, due to its past, quite a number of stores use the name 'Daiichi-Asahi' without permission from the main store.

• 特別な射会や催事の余興として、様々な的絵や、異なる寸法の的を繋げた物、板などを用いることがある。
• Special shooting ceremonies and entertainment games in special events sometimes use various matoe, a connection of various sized mato, a board, and so on.

• 数十本の糸を様々な組み方で織る手法は、糸の色彩、糸の太細でそのリズムを変え、多彩な表情をみせる。
• The technique of braiding a dozen threads using various patterns creates different rhythms depending on the color and thickness of the threads, resulting in a wide variety of expressions.

• 水引（みずひき）は贈答品や封筒に付けられる飾り紐のことで、その形や色により様々な使い分けを行う。
• Mizuhiki is a string to decorate gifts and envelopes and varies in shape and color depending on the intended purpose of use.

• しかし中世に到り仏教の影響のもと、この神話には様々な解釈が生み出され、天沼矛の性質も変容していく。
• In the medieval period, however, this myth came to be interpreted in various different ways under the influence of Buddhism, causing changes in the characteristics of Amenonuboko.

• 近代に入ってからも、様々な形で「源氏物語の一部分は紫式部の作ではない」とする理論が唱えられてきた。
• The proposition that 'part of The Tale of Genji was not written by Murasaki Shikibu' has been repeated in modern times.

• 『万国公法』は開成所で刊行された後も諸藩で訓読本や和訳本など、様々なバージョンが翻刻されていった。
• After the publication of Kaiseijo version 'Bankoku Koho,' other versions of books with guiding marks for rendering Chinese into Japanese or translations were reprinted in domains.

• また日置流後に成立した弓術流派も様々な名称のものがあったが、多くは日置流の系譜に連なるものである。
• Moreover, although there were many archery sects with various names established after the Heki school, most of these are related to the system of the Heki school.

• また、手軽に作成できるようになり、本来の用途とは外れた様々な用途に使用されることが増えてきている。
• As it has become easy to make senjafuda, people use them in many ways other than for the original purpose.

• 絵暦と呼ばれるカレンダーの制作も行われ、絵の中に数字を隠すなど様々な工夫を凝らしたものが作られた。
• Picture calendars called Egoyomi, which included works with diverse ideas, such as having hidden numbers in the pictures, were produced.

• この為明治以降瀬田川洗堰建設や巨椋池の宇治川からの離断・干拓、新淀川開鑿等様々な対策を講じていた。
• In an attempt to prevent such floods, various measures have been implemented since the Meiji period such as building Setagawa-araizeki Barrage, the drainage of Oguraike Lake and its isolation from the Uji-gawa River, and the Shin-Yodogawa-kaisaku (new project of cutting the river wider).

• 無門関には48もの公案が無門慧開によって様々な語録から選ばれ、それぞれに頌と評唱が付けられている。
• In Mumonkan, as many as 48 koan were selected by Mumon Ekai from various sources, with sho (words of praise) and annotations added to each of them.

• 公慶は様々な手を尽くしてこの条件に見合うアカマツの大木を探していたが見つからない状態が続いていた。
• Kokei had searched various places for huge red pine trees that would meet the conditions mentioned above, but had not succeeded.

• 日蓮が四箇格言を行ったのは、時代における様々な背景なども考証し検討する必要があるという指摘がある。
• Some critics point out the need to consider various historical aspects in order to study the meaning of Nichiren's Four Criticisms.

• 帯は服飾史においては、「帯びる」「止める」よりも「飾る」機能の発揮によって様々なものが現れてきた。
• In history of clothing, as the 'decorating' function of obi has been developed more than its 'carrying' function and 'fixing' function, wide variety of obi has appeared.

• 歌の最後でスカートで手まりを隠したり、後ろ手に取ったりなど様々な「フィニッシュ」をとることが多い。
• Often, various 'finishing' styles are taken at the end of a song, such as the player hiding the temari under her skirt, or catching the temari behind her back.

• また「挟物」と言って、懐紙・履物・木の葉・土器・短刀など様々な物を串に挟んで的にすることもあった。
• Also, people sometimes make their mato by putting various things such as kaishi (Japanese tissue), a shoe, a leaf, earthenware, and a short sward between two sticks, and such mato are called 'hasamimono.'

• 材質は木、ガラス、磁器が多く、形状は様々であるが、細長くて中央がややくぼんだ枕のような形状が基本。
• Many hashioki are made of wood, glass, or porcelain, and have various shapes; but the basic shape is a narrow form with the center slightly dimpled, like a pillow.

• 握り寿司において飯（酢飯）の握り方は寿司職人の技術が最も発揮されるところであり、様々な技法がある。
• When making Nigiri-zushi, forming of bite-sized rice (vinegared rice) is the highlight for a sushi chef to show his technique, and there are various techniques.

• 「味が薄い」と感じるユーザーも存在するため、微糖ニーズの高まりに合わせて様々な改良が行われている。
• As there are some consumers who feel a 'lack of taste,' various efforts for improvement have been made to respond to increased trace-sugar needs.

• 天の鹿児弓・天之波士弓（あめのはじゆみ）・天之加久矢（あめのかくや）など様々な表記名称が存在する。
• There are various expressions such as Amenokagoyumi, Amenohajiyumi and Amenokakuya.

• 歌詞には古代の素朴な恋愛などを歌ったものが多く、4句切れの旋頭歌など様々な歌詞の形体をなしている。
• Many lyrics are about old simple love affairs and take various forms such as sedoka (an ancient form of waka or tanka which consists of six lines with sound units arranged as six/seven/seven, five/seven/seven) in four phrases.

• 一手部隊の兵員数は概ね2000～5000人で構成されるが、これも備と同様に様々な条件により変動する。
• In most cases the number of members in one te squad was 2000 to 5000, but just as with sonae, the number changes depending on various conditions.

• また現在の神社神道も、格式や儀式や「人格神（尊・みこと）」に重きをおいて、様々なものをそぎ落とした。
• Modern Shrine Shinto, which places importance on formality, ceremonies, and 'humanized divinity (divine prince)' has also abandoned many old beliefs.

• （神社本庁の制度にはない）制外のため、冠にあわせたり、烏帽子に合わせたりなど着用の構成も様々である。
• Because it isn't part of the system laid down by the Association of Shinto Shrines, it is worn in various styles, including with a kanmuri or eboshi.

• しかし、公家一党の支配確立を目指す、後醍醐天皇の政治が様々な混乱を呼ぶとともに武家の不満が集積した。
• However, Emperor Godaigo's policy which aimed at political primacy of the Court nobles caused various confusion, resulting in the accumulation of discontent among samurai families.

• 信憑性はともかく、信長の革新的な様々な政策は、光秀の家臣団にも受け入れがたい点もあったと考えられる。
• Whether that is reliable or not, Nobunaga's various revolutionary policies may have been unacceptable to vassals of Mitsuhide.

• 特に陰陽では相反する要素と考える男女の関係性などを含む様々な側面でも利用されたことは想像に難くない。
• Especially in the philosophy of Onmyo, it is not hard to imagine that term was applied to various aspects of things including the relationship between men and women, which are considered to be of opposite elements.

• 引っ越しや公用・商用の旅、参詣や湯治などの遊行、女性の場合には婚姻や奉公など様々な理由での旅がある。
• There were various reasons for travels, such as house moving, official or commercial trip, visiting temples and shrines, a hot-spring cure, and in cases of women, marriage and live-in domestic service.

• 武射系では、膝を着いて弓を引き、的（敵）を射る射術が基本であり、その他にも様々な体勢の技術が伝わる。
• The Busha groups basically adopted the style of shooting a target (enemy) by drawing their bow in a kneeling position, and transmitted other techniques of various styles.

• これは主要人の邸宅では当時様々な重要行事が執り行われていることが上記絵巻や日記などで記録されている。
• Records in diaries and picture scrolls mentioned above show that many kinds of important annual events took place at dignitaries' mansions at that time.

• ただし近年では風水と絡めて語られることも増え、五方を五街道と解釈する場合もあるなど、様々な説がある。
• In recent years, however, the Goshiki Fudo legend has often been told in conjunction with feng shui and there are various versions with the five directions being sometimes interpreted as Go-kaido Road.

• 伊藤真乗は仏師としても著名であるが、創作した仏像は、様々な所に贈られており、秘仏として扱われている。
• Shinjo ITO is famous as a sculptor of Buddhist images; the statues he made had been given to various places and kept as Hibutsu (Buddhist statues not usually shown to the public).

• 祭礼用の丸木弓の小弓や、御弓始めの神事などでは実際に射るものは長弓であり、大きさや形状は様々である。
• There were various bows in size and shapes such as a short bow of maruki-yumi (bow made from a small sapling or tree limb, often catalpa wood, that had a centered grip), and long bows actually used for festivals and rituals and in the Shinto rituals of Oyumi-hajime (Honorable First Bow).

• その役割は襲で服装にアクセントを加えることであり、季節や状況によって様々なバリエーションが生まれた。
• The role of uchiki was to accentuate costumes with layers of colors, and wide variations were created according to the seasons or the occasion.

• 様々な文献やサイトで端唄とされるものがうた沢とされていたり小唄とされているのはこのような事情による。
• This is why songs and ballads regarded as hauta in some literature and websites are categorized as utazawa or kouta in others.

• 地方により、また店舗や家庭により様々な材料が使用されており、近年では海老や生魚を用いた海鮮巻も多い。
• Various kinds of foodstuffs are used depending on the region, restaurant or home, and Kaisenmaki (seafood sushi roll) using shrimp and raw fish as fillings is often done in these years.

• 油かす（あぶらかす）とは、食肉から油脂を抽出した残滓であり、元の原料や地方により様々な呼び方がある。
• 'Aburakasu' is residue obtained by removing fats from meat and is called by various names depending on the kind of raw material or the region.

• 香典返しの品は、食品や消耗品が多いが、茶・菓子・海苔・砂糖・タオル・寝具・石鹸・食器など様々である。
• Foods or consumables are often given as koden-gaeshi, and typical examples include tea, sweets, dried laver seaweed, towels, bedding, soap and tableware.

• それらの綿毛のような葉と金色の花の球形の頭部のために栽培されるクラスペディア属の様々な植物のいずれか
• any of various plants of the genus Craspedia grown for their downy foliage and globose heads of golden flowers

• 彼らは倭館の関限を超えて居住し、田地を購入して耕作、朝鮮半島沿岸での漁、密貿易など様々な活動を行った。
• They expanded their residential area beyond the boundary of the permitted Japanese settlement, and they had various activities such as the purchase of farming land to grow agricultural products, the fishing at the coastal area of the Korean Peninsular, and illegal trading.

• 1874年（明治7年）からの自由民権運動において、様々な憲法私案（私擬憲法）が各地で盛んに執筆された。
• During the Freedom and People's Rights Movement since 1874, many common people all over Japan published their own ideas for a constitution.

• 両者の勢力関係によって三分の一と三分の二であったりと分割割合は様々であったため、下地分割とも呼ばれた。
• As the ratio of division varied depending on the parties' relative power, like one third versus two thirds, Shitaji chubun was also called Shitaji bunkatsu (division of the land).

• 御陵衛士同志たちは伊勢や西国など、様々な場所に遊説をしているが、そのどれにも藤堂は加わった形跡が無い。
• The Goryoeji went campaigning in various places such as Ise and western areas, but there is no sign that Todo was involved.

• そのために西欧をモデルとして様々な技術や人（お雇い外国人）、制度を移入することで明治維新が進められた。
• For this reason, the Meiji restoration was promoted by importing various techniques, human resources (foreign residents in Japan employed to teach new techniques) and systems, which were modeled from those in Western Europe.

• 法華経系の宗門では、様々な修行の中、この「唱題行」を「正行（しょうぎょう）」と呼び、最も重視している。
• The Hoke-kyo sects call this 'Shodaigyo (唱題行)' as 'Shogyo(正行（しょうぎょう）)' among various kinds of ascetic training and accord it the highest value.

• その姿には様々な表現があるが(後述)、日本では一般に革製の甲冑を身に着けた唐代の武将風の姿で表される。
• Although there are various figures (as below), in Japan it is generally expressed as a warrior figure of the Tang dynasty that dons leather armor.

• この地には真木島氏（槇島氏、牧島氏、槇嶋氏など様々な表記あり）という豪族が根を張り、城郭を築いていた。
• A gozoku (powerful group) called the Makishima clan was deeply rooted there, building a castle.

• 様々な要因により、現在では下記のような「教団への強引で迷惑な勧誘」との意味に折伏の語は用いられている。
• Due to various factors, the word shakubuku is presently used to mean 'forceful and annoying inducement to a religious community' as follows:

• 古来より、この危機的な時期を巡って、死の受入れと死の看取りに関する様々な慣習と文化が生み出されてきた。
• Since ancient times, various customs and cultures concerning the acceptance and saying goodbye at one's death have been created for this critical time.

• 紙と鉛筆さえあれば漫画を描くことは可能であるが、一般的に読まれるものは様々な画材を用いて描かれている。
• Although it is possible to draw comics with just paper and a pencil, generally-read comics are painted with various painting tools.

• こうして様々な近世邦楽をリードし支え、それと同時に更なる改良が加えられ、日本を代表する弦楽器となった。
• Thus shamisen has led and supported various Japanese music of recent times, adding further improvements at the same time, and has become the leading stringed instrument of Japan.

• 三枚に下ろしたニシンにレモンをかけてそのまま口に入れたり、サンドイッチにしたりと様々な方法で食される。
• Pacific herring is cut into fillets, sprinkled with lemon juice and eaten in many ways, including sandwiches.

• このほか、地方・都道府県単位で組織する書作家協会や、書家が主宰する様々な会（社中とも呼ばれる）がある。
• Other than the above, there are calligrapher associations organized by regions and prefectures, and various societies (also called Shachu) presided by Shoka.

• 1974年に東京国立博物館で展覧会が催された、様々な画集に入ることで、日本美術史上での価値が確立した。
• In 1974 his works were included in various collections of paintings which were organized in Tokyo National Museum; thus the value of his works according to Japanese art history became confirmed.

• 「かつサンド」との表記もあるが、どちらの表記を採用するかは、その人・店舗によって様々で、一貫性はない。
• Although sometimes katsusando is spelled with 'katsu' in hiragana and 'sando' in katakana, it depends on persons or restaurants which spelling should be used and there is no rule for the spelling.

• 後には、様々な展開を見せ始め、一般の商品も取り扱うようになって室町時代には問屋へと展開するものもあった。
• As a result of expansion of their business, Toimaru began handling other general goods, and by the Muromachi period, some of them had also started the wholesale business.

• 開拓使は潤沢な予算を用いて様々な開拓事業を推進したが、広大な範囲でなおも全てを完遂するには不足であった。
• Although the Development Commission was allocated with a huge budget to promote various land reclamation projects, the money was still short to complete all the works in an enormous area like Hokkaido.

• 西洋の思想と技術とともに彼らの言語も伝えられ、様々なポルトガル語が外来語としてもたらされることとなった。
• Their language was introduced along with the Western thoughts and technology, and various words of the Portuguese language were brought into Japan as loan words.

• その後も様々なかたちで顔見世の名称で興行が行なわれたが、かならずしも古格を残し伝えるものではないという。
• Various forms of performance subsequently appeared under the name of kaomise although they did not necessarily preserve the older tradition.

• 不審に思った頼光たちがそれを追うと、古びた屋敷に辿り着き、様々な異形の妖怪たちが現れて頼光らを苦しめた。
• being suspicious of the skull, they went after it and reached an old house, where various goblins and bugbears hideous in appearance emerged and frightened them;

• 現世と常世の様々なものが簡単に行き来し、禍や厄災を招かないようにしていて、禁足地になっている場所も多い。
• There are many forbidden places because people are trying not to invite a trouble or disaster caused by various things easily coming and going between utsushiyo and tokoyo.

• 文人画を基本に、大和絵、狩野派、琳派、大津絵など様々な絵画様式を加え、極めて創造的な独自性を持っている。
• His literati works are extremely creative and unique combining many art styles, including the schools of Yamato, Kano, Rin and Otsu (named after the town of Otsu in Shiga).

• 政子については夫や子を殺して天下を奪った悪女とも、慈愛と悲しみに満ちた良妻賢母とも様々に評価されている。
• Masako is known both as a wicked woman who ruled the country by killing her husband and children and also as good wife and a wise mother filled with love and grief.

• また、国府の移設場所には様々な説があるが、最終的には現代の酒田市にある城輪柵に移設されたと見られている。
• Although there are various theories as to where its provincial capital was located, it has been concluded that it was located in Kinowa no Ki in today's Sakata City.

• 様々な由来（後述）が諸説紛々であるためにはっきりしないが、現在では俗説として次の2つが言われることが多い
• While there are various theories (see below) and the actual origin has not been truly identified, at present, the following two theories are commonly cited with regard to the origin:

• 時代が下るとともに酒や酒粕、糀を使用したりと、寿司の発酵を早めるため様々な方法が用いられ即製化に向かう。
• With the passage of time, various methods were used to accelerate the fermentation of sushi like using sake, sake lees, or koji.

• ただし流儀・流派によってはそれより長い、または短い、断面が円形でない、均一の太さではないなど様々である。
• However, there are longer and shorter staffs, or staffs which are not circular in terms of their cross section; this depends on the styles and schools in which the staffs are used.

• この小さく奇妙な形の菓子は、様々な色に着色可能であることから、その大きさに関わらず極めて目を引きやすい。
• Since this little strange looking candy can be colored in a wide range of colors, it is quite conspicuous regardless of its size.

• 昔から「大根おろしに医者いらず」との格言があるように、大根おろしは様々な面から体に良い食品とされている。
• As attested to by the old saying 'Daikon oroshi keeps the doctor away.', daikon oroshi is considered beneficial to many aspects of health.

• 律令の枠内でも様々な名目で大土地所有が可能となっており、貴族層を中心に荘園が存在していたという事実もある。
• Even within the framework of the Ritsuryo system, it was possible under various pretexts to privately own large tracts of land, so that there existed private estates, owned mainly by families of noble rank.

• 唐との戦後処理については様々な見解があるが、いずれにしても倭国がその和平条件を受け入れたことは確かである。
• There are numerous points of views regarding what took place during the processing of post-war matters, but at any rate, it is certain that Wakoku accepted the peace accord.

• 正月の寺社や縁日など大きな行事の場所にはたこ焼き、焼きそば、綿菓子、餅、おもちゃなど様々な屋台が出店する。
• Vendors are active inside shrines and temples during the New Year holiday and on the festival days; there are many types of street stalls selling specialized items: Takoyaki (octopus dumplings), yakisoba (fried soba noodle), cotton candies, rice cakes, and toys.

• スタイル・用途・焼成法・色・等級・産地など様々な分類法があり、分類すると1000を越えるほどの種類がある。
• There are various categorization methods such as by style, purpose, burning method, color, grade and production region, therefore, when classified, there are more than 1000 kinds of Kawara.

• 他にも、切り口を焼く、たたく･砕く、水の代わりに酢やアルコールを使う、延命剤を使うなど、様々な方法がある。
• Besides, there are various methods including burning, dabbing and crushing the cut end, using vinegar or alcohol instead of water and using a life-prolonging agent.

• イザナギ・イザナミは、様々な神々を生み出していったが、火の神カグツチを出産した際に、イザナミは火傷で死ぬ。
• Izanagi and Izanami produced numerous gods, but when Izanami gave birth to the fire god Kagutsuchi, she died from the burns.

• 源氏物語千年紀（げんじものがたりせんねんき）とは、源氏物語の成立千年を記念して実施される様々な事業である。
• The thousandth anniversary of the Tale of Genji refers to various events held to commemorate a thousand years since the Tale of Genji was written.

• 雑誌に掲載された議論については、その目論見通り様々な反響を呼び、各種新聞には多くの投書が寄せられたという。
• It is said that the disputes which were published on the bulletin evoke various responses as expected and many letters were posted on various newspapers.

• 船の大きさは様々で、全長1-2m程度のものから、長いもので船を何連も連ね20-50mに達するものまである。
• The boats vary in size, from one or two meters in length to long series of boats reaching 20 to 50 meters.

• また凍らせて冷凍みかんにしたり、お風呂に入れて食べたり、下記の様に用途に応じて様々な加工品も作られている。
• They are sometimes eaten frozen, or floated on bath water or processed in many different ways to meet a particular usage.

• 形状は地域・時代によって様々であるが、四隅に竹や木で四本柱を建て板を渡したものや茶卓を使用する場合もある。
• While its figure varies according to the area and period of its origin, one example is a board fixed on four corner pillars of bamboo or wood, and another is to use a tea table.

• これらはその土地の気候・風土によって様々な形態があるが、調理用の常設の炉が世界各地に古くから存在している。
• Although the shape varies depending on the climate and natural weather of the region, permanent fireplaces for cooking have been in existence all over the world for a long time.

• ただし広義には、「かけうどん」は温かいつゆをかけるうどんの総称で、以下のように様々な具を載せたものも含む。
• However, in the wide sense, 'Kake Udon' generally means Udon noodles in hot soup broth, including Udon noodles with various toppings as follows.

• しかし、やがてテレビの出現など他に様々な娯楽の要素のものが現れ、寄席離れが顕著になり、閉鎖が相次いでくる。
• However, in the course of time various other entertainments such as TV appeared, significantly reducing the numbers of persons who visited yose and forcing the yose to close one after another.

• 日本では、大正時代から昭和初期にかけ、物資不足解消のため、様々な原料から食品を製造する試みが行われていた。
• In Japan, due to supply shortages, producing food out of various raw materials was attempted from the Taisho period to the early Showa period.

• 帆の下部を広げたり、貨物を取り扱ったり、あるいは係留したりするのに使用される、ほぼ水平の様々な円材かポール
• any of various more-or-less horizontal spars or poles used to extend the foot of a sail or for handling cargo or in mooring

• 鬼童丸の話はこの『古今著聞集』がよく知られているものの、ほかにも武者絵本類や伝承などで様々に伝えられている。
• This 'Kokon Chomonshu' story of Kidomaru is well known but other tales appear in musha-e (prints depicting battle scenes and heroic armored warriors.) books and legends.

• アメリカでは、科学分野に関しては書物によって既知の事柄も多かったが、文化の違いに関しては様々に衝撃を受けた。
• While in the USA, Yukichi saw a lot of things he had learned from books in the science field; on the other hand, he was shocked to find differences in customs and culture.

• その後、江戸の様々な年代で千葉真一扮する伊賀の頭領（名前は半蔵など）が活躍するという内容でシリーズ化された。
• This TV program was later made into a series, in which an Iga leader (often but not always named Hanzo) was actively involved in various incidents that took place during the Edo Period (the role was played by Shinichi CHIBA).

• ---練る飴細工も有名だが、鼈甲飴も溶かした飴を型などに流し込み、様々な形を平面的に作り上げて、売っていた。
• Comparable to popular Amezaiku, which was candy craft made from taffy, Bekkoame candy was made by molding melted candy into various flat shapes and sold.

• 技術としては様々な変遷があるものの、カラオケという装置およびビジネスモデルは井上がセットで生み出したものだ。
• Apart from the twists and turns of technological transition, a set and the business model of the karaoke device was invented by Inoue.

• 出汁を醤油等で味付けしたつゆに、ダイコン、竹輪、コンニャク、ゆで卵など様々な具材を入れて煮込んだ料理である。
• It is a dish made by boiling and seasoning daikon (Japanese radish), chikuwa (fish sausage), konjac, boiled eggs, and so on in soup stock flavored with soy sauce and other seasonings.

• しかし、安定した幕府政治も完璧という訳ではなく、様々な矛盾は当初から内包され、次第に問題化していくことになる。
• In spite of being stable, the politics of the Edo bakufu was far from perfect, so various contradictions inherent in the regime became problematic year by year.

• 大化前代においては、伴造などの豪族に率いられて朝廷（ヤマト王権）に様々な物資あるいは労働力の形で奉仕を行った。
• In the days before the Taika Reforms, shinabe, led by Tomonomiyatsuko and other local ruling families, served the Imperial Court (Yamato sovereignty) by providing various goods or labor.

• 様々な流派の長所を生かして現代弓道の指標とし、特定の流派に所属しないでも弓道の大綱を学ぶ事が出来る様になった。
• The advantages of various schools were utilized as indicators of modern Kyudo, and the fundamental principles of Kyudo could be learned without the need for a participant to belong to a specific school.

• 郷土料理には、地方の特産品を用いていたり、地方独特の地理的・歴史的条件により生まれたものなど様々なものがある。
• Some local cuisine came about due to the use of the local specialty as their ingredients, and others were produced by some geographic and historical conditions peculiar to the community.

• また元の曲と合奏できるように作られた別の曲を合わせる「打ち合わせ」など、三曲合奏とともに様々な合奏が発達した。
• Also, various ensembles developed along with the sankyoku ensemble, such as 'uchiawase,' which combined a separate piece that could be played together with the original number.

• 世界各地の国家覇権による軍事史においては、様々な軍事兵法として用いられその効果は兵法書や絵画などで伝承される。
• In the history of militaries in various parts of the world it had been used by nations in various strategies, and the effects had been transmitted through books on strategy, pictures and so on.

• 宗派によって呼び方は様々あり、この他に仏説摩訶般若波羅蜜多心経、摩訶般若波羅蜜多心経、般若波羅蜜多心経と言う。
• There are various names depending on the sect, so it is also called Bussetsu Maka Hannya Haramitashin-gyo Sutra, Maka Hannya Haramitashin-gyo Sutra and Hannya Haramitashin-gyo Sutra.

• 日本刀の材料・製法を一部変更したものから、日本刀の形態を模した工業刀に至るまで、様々な刀身が試作・量産された。
• Various bodies of blades from the ones with partly changed materials or from production methods of Japanese swords to industrial swords representing the shape of Japanese swords were made as prototypes or in large quality.

• Cupはその後更にビュートシェイプ、ピオニーシェイプ、ロンドンシェイプなど様々な形（シェイプ）の変化を生じた。
• Many variations of cups have been created such as the Bute shape, Peony shape, and London shape.

• 近年から現在に至るまで、妖怪は様々な媒体（マスメディア）で紹介されてきたため、老若男女が知るものとなっている。
• From the recent past to now, yokai have been introduced through various forms of mass media, and therefore they are known among young and old alike.

• 結核菌の吸入か摂取によって感染し、熱と（通常は肺であるが急性期では身体の様々な部分に）小さな病変が現れる伝染病
• infection transmitted by inhalation or ingestion of tubercle bacilli and manifested in fever and small lesions (usually in the lungs but in various other parts of the body in acute stages)

• 久多には花笠踊をはじめとする様々な伝統行事が残っており、国や京都市に文化財として指定・登録されているものも多い。
• In the Kuta area, many traditional events, such as Hanagasa-odori Dance (flower-hat dance), remain, and many of them are designated and registered as cultural assets by the nation or Kyoto City.

• 福知山都市圏は集客力が高く、福知山市が掲げる北近畿の都という名称にあう商業や様々な分野での中心都市となっている。
• The Fukuchiyama urban area has been attracting many visitors; accordingly, Fukuchiyama City has become a center of business and other fields so that the city has become deserved 'the capital of the northern Kinki region', the name it gave itself.

• 古くは平安時代より貴族階級において様々な用途で使われており、現代でも和装の際や和食などの席で使用することが多い。
• It dates back to the Heian period when nobles used it for various purposes, and it is occasionally used as a kimono accessory or as paper napkins during a Japanese style meal.

• そのため、同じひとりの人物を指し示す表現が巻によって、場合によっては一つの巻の中でも様々に異なっていことが多い。
• That is why the characters' names often differ in the volumes where they are mentioned, or even in the same volume, characters are called by several different names.

• 天明の大飢饉など、折からの政情不安により発生した無宿が大量に江戸周辺に流入し、様々な凶悪犯罪を犯すようになった。
• There was a huge influx of homeless people into Edo and its environs due to the Great Tenmei Famine and the resulting political instability, and many of the homeless committed a wide variety of serious crimes.

• 大きさも様々であるが、千両が収納できる一般的なタイプの箱の大きさは縦40cm、横14.5cm、深さ12.3cm。
• Although there were various sizes of boxes, the most ordinary type to store 1000 ryo was 40 cm long, 14.5 cm wide, and 12.3 cm deep.

• また日置流誕生以降、歩射技術が様々に発展したが、その中でも江戸時代に隆盛した通し矢（堂射）は独自の発展を遂げた。
• Moreover, various Busha techniques had developed after the establishment of the Heki school, among which Toshiya (Dosha) (通し矢), which was at it's peak during the Edo Period, developed independently.

• 7世紀に編纂された『日本書紀』から、内安殿など様々な名前をもった殿舎が飛鳥浄御原宮に存在したことが判明している。
• According to the 'Nihonshoki' edited in the seventh century, there were some palace buildings named such as Uchi no Andono in Asuka no Kiyomihara no Miya Palace.

• 様々な特殊訓練を行い、特殊な道具なども所持しており、この道具を「忍具」、逃走術を含む種々の技術を「忍術」と言う。
• They conducted various special trainings and had special tools, the tools are called 'Ningu' and the various techniques including art of escaping are called 'Ninjutsu'.

• 「砂張打物の名人」「いがみ浄益」といわれ、天明の大火以後様々な事情でふるわなかった中川家の中興の人物といわれる。
• Joeki was referred as the 'Master of hammered alloy of copper, tin and lead' and 'Igami Joeki' (the Crooked Joeki because of his slightly crooked handwriting inscribed on his works) and is said to be the person responsible for revitalizing the Nakagawa family which had been on shaky grounds due to the various circumstances after the Great Fire of Tenmei.

• 循環血液中で高いレベルのリポ蛋白質とコレステロールをもたらすリポ蛋白質とコレステロール代謝の様々な疾患のいずれか
• any of various disorders of lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism that result in high levels of lipoprotein and cholesterol in the circulating blood

• 上巻の小町姫と関兵衛の問答・三人の総踊り、下巻の関兵衛の行動・廓話・見現しから最後の立回りと、様々な見せ場が続く。
• From the conversation between Komachi-hime princess and Sekibe, the dancing by all three roles in the first part, Sekibe's behavior in the last part, the talk about pleasure quarters, and identifying himself in the final stylized fight scene, the drama has continuous action.

• 武芸や学問を学ぶことに関しては、最高の環境で生まれ育ち、様々な武術の中から、手裏剣術に熱心で、手裏剣の達人だった。
• As far as education and studying of martial arts are concerned, he was born and raised under the very best circumstance; among many forms of martial arts he was especially interested in and was an expert in shuriken (dirk-throwing).

• 勧学院は、華厳宗に限らず様々な宗派の学僧が、講師受講生として訪れ、まさに八宗兼学の場にふさわしい学舎となっている。
• Kangaku-in, which scholar monks not only from the Kegon sect, but also from a variety of sects visit as instructors and learners, becomes an educational institution appropriate for learning the eight sects of Buddhism.

• いずれも、半島より渡来した要素と縄文文化より受け継いだ要素からなり、地域によって墓地の構成に様々な特色が見られる。
• All were formed with elements passed down from the Jomon culture and elements brought from the Korean Peninsula, and there were various characteristics of grave components in each region.

• 皇室には古代から様々な書籍などが伝えられてきたが、応仁の乱や戦国時代 (日本)の経済的衰微によって多くを手放した。
• In the Imperial family, various books and so on had been inherited from ancient times, but through the economic decline in the Onin War or the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), many of them were lost.

• しかし最近では様々な緩和により加盟店以外の出入りも見受けられる（その場合、割り増しや各種の条件がつく場合もある）。
• In these days, however, as the rules have been relaxed, geisha are seen at some establishments that are not part of the affiliated restaurants (and, in those cases, there may be various conditions such as a premium for geigi's service).

• 日本においては、基本的には弓・矢ともに様々な種類の「竹」を主材とし、その物性（物質の性質）において使い分けている。
• In Japan, both bow and arrow were basically made of various kinds of 'bamboo,' used differently depending on the physical nature of the materials.

• このようなことから、この集落の形成時期から様々な道具を造り、その周辺の地域に供給する集落であったと推定されている。
• From this, it is estimated that various tools were built from the time when this settlement was formed and the settlement provided the tools to the surrounding areas.

• 親指とどの指を合わせるか、手のひらを前に向けるか自分に向けるか上に向けるかなどによって様々なバリエーションがある。
• Because of the existence of many patterns for which fingers and a thumb are put together, in what direction a palm is oriented (outward, inward, upward or otherwise), and so forth, there are many variations of this inso.

• 但し例外として、各大名諸藩で極秘裏に様々な銃器が研究されていたことも事実であり、そのバリエーションは多岐にわたる。
• Exceptionally, however, it was a fact that various firearms were secretly studied in each daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and each clan and the variations were many.

• 『勧進帳』の弁慶の飛び六方（とびろっぽう）や、片手六方、両手六方、狐六方、丹前六方、傾城六方など様々な種類がある。
• There are many kinds such as Tobi roppo (flying exit) by Benkei in 'Kanjincho' (a Kabuki play), Katate (one hand) roppo, Ryote (two hands) roppo, Kitsune (fox) roppo, Tanzen roppo (swaggering walk), and Keisei roppo (courtesan exit).

• ゴマ、抹茶、大豆、蕎麦粉、ラッカセイを生地に混ぜる事もあり、現在ではいわゆる駄菓子から高級品まで様々なものがある。
• Sesame seeds, powdered green tea, buckwheat flour or peanuts may be mixed in the karinto dough and there are various types of karinto with its category ranging from the so-called dagashi to the premium product.

• 日本酒の消費低迷期への様々な要因がこうして蓄積していくあいだに、同時代的に警鐘を鳴らす者が皆無だったわけではない。
• It's not to say that nobody was warned about it while various reasons were piling in the continuing consumer slump of sake as mentioned above.

• 今日でも様々な形で呼ばれているが、そのなかでも「トイレ」と呼ばれる場面が最も多く、広い場面で使用することができる。
• Even today it is called various ways, but among them it is most often called 'toire' and the word can be widely used in many situations.

• 初期のものは、単なる業績のみの記述に留まったが、時代が下るにつれて様々なエピソードが盛り込まれるようになっていった。
• In early times those descriptions were only about their achievements, but later various episodes were also added.

• 屋台を合法的な存在と認める代わりに、屋台に関する様々な規制を明確化し、要綱に合致しない屋台の移転・再配置を明示した。
• In exchange for legalizing the existence of street stalls as a business entity, Fukuoka City would now establish clearly detailed regulations governing the operations of street stalls; the city stated that, 'street stalls businesses, might be moved or repositioned, if the shops did not meet the guidelines.'

• しかし1960年代になると、テレビの普及や、様々なおもちゃの出現により、まりつきはほとんど行われなくなってしまった。
• Entering the 1960s, with the growing popularity of television and introduction of many types of toys, children lost interest in temari balls.

• その後「私」は、私を不安にさせた様々な物事が、爆弾に見立てたレモンによって爆破される様を思い浮かべて、一人興奮する。
• Following this, 'I' imagined how things that made 'me' uneasy had been blown to pieces by the lemon bomb and enters a state of excitement, alone.

• そのような様々な種類の「物語」中から、現代において文学作品と認められうる、現存する「物語作品」が残ったと考えられる。
• It is considered that existing works of monogatari,' which are recognized as literature today,were those that survived among the various kinds of 'monogatari.'

• その後の様々な校訂本においてもこの判断に従うものが多かったが、近年になってこの点について疑問を示す見解が現れている。
• Many various recensions afterwards followed this policy, but in recent years, there has appeared another theory that doubts it.

• 幕府の様々な朝廷政治工作にかかわっていたであろう高家肝煎の吉良義央を東山天皇や基熈も内心では嫌っていた証拠でもある。
• This was evidence that Emperor Higashiyama and Motohiro disliked Yoshinaka KIRA, who supposedly manipulated imperial court politics in many ways as one member of the bakufu.

• 距離（全堂、半堂、五十間など）、時間（一昼夜、日中）、矢数（無制限、千射、百射）を組み合わせて様々な競技が行われた。
• With various distances (the full hallway, the half hallway, or 91 meters) and hours (a whole day and night, or a day) and arrow numbers (limitless, 'Seni,' or 'Hyakui' [One Hundred Shoots]) combined, various events were held.

• 形（型）・演武を実用の観点からどのようなものをよいとするかは流派、武道家などにより様々であり客観的評価が困難である。
• From a practical standpoint, the question of which kind of 'kata' or demonstration is best will vary from one school to another, from one martial artist to another and so on, and it's difficult to make such assessments objectively.

• 釈尊はその生涯40年余りに渡り様々な教えを説いたが、それを要約すると声聞・縁覚・菩薩のために分けてその教えを説いた。
• Shakuson (Shakyamuni) made various preachings during his life of 40 years, which can be summarized into three: for shomon, engaku, and bosatsu.

• インドの「カレー」は野菜や豆など様々な食材を用いるのに対して、イギリスのカレーはまず牛肉を使ったものが知られている。
• While Indian 'curry' uses a range of ingredients such as vegetables and beans, the most known curry in Britain is cooked with beef.

• 「祭」は様々な種類のものが各地で行われているため、ある地域で祭と言っても、どこのどの祭を指しているのか判断しにくい。
• Since various kinds of 'matsuri' are held in various regions, it is difficult to tell that a matsuri in some region indicates which one in which region.

• 花月の名乗り - 自分の名前にある「花」と「月」を様々なもの（花、瓜、菓、火、果）にかけ、我こそは天下の名僧だという。
• Nanori (announcement of one's name) of Kagetsu - He claims that he is a distinguished priest of Japan by playing on words from his name (Kagetsu uses the characters 花 [ka - flower] and 月 [getsu - moon]) using various things (such as flower, gourd, confectionery, fire and fruit, all pronounced 'ka').

• 大日本帝国憲法下の勅語には、帝国議会の開院式に発せられるのをはじめ、「青少年学徒ニ賜リタル勅語」など様々なものがある。
• Various Chokugo were issued under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, such as the one at the opening ceremony of imperial Diet, or the one titled as 'Seishonen gakuto ni tamawaritaru chokugo' (literally, imperial rescript deigned to juveniles and students.'

• 役柄自体は、肉親の情を抑えきる強さと子を思う母の弱さの両方を備えており、演者・演出によって様々な政岡像が描かれている。
• This role has both the strength of suppressing the love between parent and child and the weakness of mother caring for her child so that depends on each actor and interpretation, the image of Masaoka varies.

• 中国の長い歴史的変遷によって文人の性格は大きく変化し、研究者によって様々な解釈がなされ、必ずしも一様とはいいきれない。
• The character of Bunjin has greatly changed through long historical transitions in China, been interpreted variously and not always been identical.

• ケーブル・バックド ボウの構造も、現在の建設技術としての様々な緊張梁（ハイテンション・ビーム）と基本原理は同じである。
• The structure of the cable backed bow also has the same basic principle as various high-tension beams seen in construction techniques at present.

• それが日本に伝わり、宗旨によって考え方は様々であるが、人は死後、魂を清めて仏になる為に中陰の道を歩き、あの世を目指す。
• The idea was imported to Japan and, although there are differences among sects, it is generally believed that a person dies, walks through the path of chuin in order to purge his/her soul, and turns into Buddha, aiming at the other world.

• 生湯葉のほかに、生湯葉を乾燥させた物、半乾燥の状態のうちに巻いたり、結び目を作った物など、様々な種類が市販されている。
• Yuba is available in various forms including dried yuba as well as yuba which has been made into a roll or knot while it was partially dry.

• 役者の芸と能面作家の腕によって、一つの面から深く様々な表情を見せることができ、仮面劇としての能を今日までも支えている。
• A single mask can express various deep emotions due to the skill of the noh performer and the mask craftsman, and this has supported the noh medium of masked theater until today.

• 2003年（平成15年）より京都精華大学と協同で、舞鶴自然文化園の活用による地域づくりなど様々な分野で連携を深めている。
• Since 2003, the municipality has proceeded to strengthen its cooperation with the Kyoto Seika University in many fields, such as regional development, utilizing the Maizuru Natural and Cultural Gardens, etc.

• 以下は、様々な証拠や証言、文書の記述などを参考に各学者・研究者などより出されている復元案の一部または想像図の概要である。
• The following is a part of ideas for the restoration or the summary of imaginary pictures proposed by scholars and researchers, etc. on the basis of various evidences, testimonies, documents and so on.

• さらに江戸時代には大工らの他に左官や桶職人、鍛冶職人など、様々な職種の職人集団により太子講は盛んに営まれるようになった。
• During the Edo period, Taishiko became much more popular as it began to be held not only by carpenters but also by various other groups of people in the same vocations like plasterers, coopers, and smiths.

• 大阪の片田舎で起こったこの惨殺事件は、女と金と仁義と様々な要因が絡んだ事件として、多くの新聞が取り上げ、話題をさらった。
• The cruel murder case, which occurred in rural Osaka, was featured by many newspapers as a story involving various factors such as sex, money, and humanity and justice, and became the talk of the town.

• そのため、その負担はかなり重く、官田の税の納入者への様々な優遇措置も、官田と民田との負担格差を是正する事は出来なかった。
• Therefore, the burden was so heavy that various preferential treatments for kanden-tax payers could not correct the difference in burden between kanden and private estates.

• 伊藤に相前後して参議らから次々に意見書が出され、様々な意見が出される中で1人大隈だけが意見書の提出を先延ばしにしていた。
• Before and after Ito's submission, opinions were proposed by Sangi but only Okuma postponed submission of his opinion.

• 大きさは全長で5cm前後から20cm前後まで大小様々で、円筒形、円錐形、或は紡錘形を基本とし、詳細な形状は一様ではない。
• It varied in size from small to large; around 5 - 20 cm, and also varied in its detailed shape; its basic shape was cylindrical shape, conical shape, or fusiform shape.

• 江戸時代に入り、現在世界遺産に登録されている元興寺境内に様々な産業（筆、墨、蚊帳、晒、布団、刀、酒、醤油等）が発展した。
• In the Edo period, various businesses (such as making brushes, ink, mosquito nets, bleached cotton cloth, futon (Japanese-style bedding), swords, sake liquor and soy sauce) developed on the premises of Gango-ji Temple which is now registered as the world heritage.

• 赤れんが博物館（あかれんがはくぶつかん）は京都府舞鶴市にある、煉瓦について様々な視点からの収集・展示を行っている博物館。
• The World Brick Museum is a museum in Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture that collects and exhibits bricks to show a wide variety of their features.

• 宮廷貴族に取り入り、藤原道長に摩訶止観等を講じ、一条天皇には法華疏を進講したほか、道長家に関係する様々な仏事に関与した。
• As he gained the favor of the Imperial Court and nobles, he lectured to FUJIWARA no Michinaga on the Makashikan (the Mahayana practice of cessation and contemplation) and so on, lectured to Emperor Ichijo on the Hokkesho (annotation of the Lotus Sutra), and he concerned himself with various Buddhist rites relating to the family of FUJIWARA no Michinaga.

• 後述において「○○塚」という表記がまったく同じでも、その建立された意図や意味（場所も別々）が違うものもあり、様々である。
• Some of the mounds having different purposes and significances (in addition, erected at different locations) have the identical name as described later.

• また三浦居住の恒居倭の増加に伴い様々な問題が生じ、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対し強硬な姿勢で臨むようになる（恒居倭の増加節参照）。
• An increased number of kokyowa (Japanese people living on the Korean Peninsula who had no intention of becoming naturalized Koreans) living in Sanpo also caused various problems, and the Korean Dynasties started to take a harsh stance towards them (see the 'Increase in Number of Kokyowa' section).

• すると、現地赴任する国司の筆頭者に、様々な責任やそれに伴う権限が集中するようになり、事実上の国衙行政の最高責任者となった。
• As a result, the kokushi, who was actually dispatched to the appointed province, started to assume various responsibilities as well as powers, which made him virtually the highest ranked officer in the kokuga administration.

• 人が歩く速度は地形や道路の状態によって変わるので、様々な長さの里（36町里、40町里、48町里など）が存在することになる。
• There appeared various length of ri (36 chori, 40 chori, 48 chori and so on) because people's pace of walking was different according to topography and road conditions.

• 上記の漢字表記のほか、奈義・奈癸・奈岐・名義などの地名としての「なぎ」や様々な漢字表記の「なぎ川」や「なぎ山」が存在する。
• Besides the representation in Chinese characters mentioned above, many Chinese characters such as 奈義, 奈癸, 奈岐 and 名義, used to describe 'nagi,' and 'Nagi River' and 'Mt Nagi,' exist.

• しかし、やはりこれでは混乱を招くということで、江戸時代には、様々な里の存在は認めた上で、36町里を標準の里とすると定めた。
• However, as this would cause confusion, 36 chori was fixed as the standard ri in the Edo period with accepting the existence of various ri.

• そのため、日本軍は戦争の進展に応じて様々な軍票や傀儡政権下の中国聯合準備銀行や中央儲備銀行が発行した銀行券も使用していた。
• So, Japanese military, according to the development of the war, used various kinds of military currency, as well as the bank notes issued by Federal Reserve Bank Of China and Central Reserve Bank Of China under the then puppet government.

• 旧来地域の様々な問題を自治的に解決してきた町村を否定して、代わりに中央の命令の伝達と施行しかしない機関を設けたからである。
• It is because the government undervalued the villages and towns which had resolved various regional issues autonomously for a long period of time, but instead established an administrative body which did nothing but relay and enforce the orders of the central government.

• 更には日本の旧来の文化を欧化する中でも守り続けた人々も存在し、着物と洋服を着分けたり、着物しか着ない人などと様々であった。
• Moreover, there were people who kept Japanese traditional culture alive while Europeanization went on; some people wore both kimono and Western clothes and others only kimono.

• 田沼意次が幕政に関与した天明年間には折からの政情不安により無宿が大量に江戸周辺に流入し、様々な凶悪犯罪を犯すようになった。
• In the Tenmei Era when Okitsugu TANUMA involved in the shogunate government, due to political instability that existed at that time, many Mushuku flew in and around Edo and became to commit various atrocious crime.

• また八ッ橋を使った様々な菓子を提供する八ッ橋茶屋では、八ッ橋パフェ、八ッ橋ティーなど八ッ橋の新たなおいしさを提案している。
• Yatsuhashi chaya (Japanese style cafe), offering various sweets made with Yatsuhashi, has created new Yatsuhashi flavors such as Yatsuhashi Tea and Yatsuhashi Parfait.

• 果実の成熟期は9月から12月と品種によって様々で、5-7.5cm程の扁球形の実は熟すにしたがって緑色から橙黄色に変色する。
• Its spheroid fruits of 5 to 7.5 cm mature from September to December depending upon cultivars, and the color changes from green to orange yellow.

• 弓矢が日本の歴史の中で公家や武家にとって重要であったことから、矢筒も様々に変化し、儀礼用や戦いのためのものなど細分化した。
• Since Yumiya had been important for kuge and samurai families in Japanese history, Yazutsu also had changed and segmentalized for ceremonies and for battles.

• また射手座はサジタリウスと言い、ケイロンの番える（つがえる）矢を「サジタリウスの矢」と呼び様々なものの名称に使われている。
• In addition, the Archer is called Sagittarius and the arrow that Cheiron pulls is called 'the arrow of Sagittarius' and used for the names of various things.

• 冠位十二階制は、日本で初めてつくられた冠位制であり、この後の諸冠位制を経て、様々な紆余曲折を経て律令位階制へ移行していった。
• The twelve cap rank system was the first such system established in Japan and, following various court system changes and many twists and turns, developed into the Ritsuryo court rank system.

• 源義経が師事した流派という伝説もあり、様々な人物伝や伝記などの伝承もあるが、どれも具体的な物証などがなく、伝説の域を出ない。
• There is a legend that Yoshitsune MINAMOTO was a follower of this school, and there are many folklores such as stories on various characters and biographies related to the school but none has concrete evidence and do not go beyond being a legend.

• その後、広義門院は皇位継承・人事・荘園処分・儀礼など様々な政務に対し精力的に取り組み、治天の君としての役割を十分に果たした。
• Afterward, Kogimonin energetically worked on various government practices such as imperial succession, human affairs, estate disposal, rituals, and played a role as Chiten no kimi to the fullest.

• しかし、その奉仕の方法として経済的方法のみならず、社会的・政治的権限までも付与してしまったために、様々な弊害を引き起こした。
• However, his service covered not only financial services, but also social and political authorities, which caused various harmful effects.

• しかし、栗饅頭を製造しているメーカーは様々な努力によって甘さを抑え、甘党でない顧客にも食べやすくするなどの工夫を行っている。
• However, the manufactures of Kurimanju make various efforts to reduce the sweetness so that they become more palatable for the customers who don't have sweet tooth.

• 事実、現在の差別問題に関する認識、見解、解放運動のベクトルは様々で、この問題のある一定以上の捉え方は非常に難しいものである。
• In fact, the perspectives regarding those recognition, opinion, liberation movements toward this particular discrimination issue varry so much that it is extremely difficult to go beyond the basic grasp of the matter.

• 『明六雑誌』は特定の意見を発信するというよりも、様々な問題を提起し、知識を紹介して人々の関心を高めること自体が目的であった。
• 'Meiroku Zasshi' aimed to raise awareness of people by proposing various problems and introducing knowledge rather than sending specific opinions.

• 製法は様々であるが、本鍛錬刀と認められないものは原則教委の登録が刀に下りず、所持することは禁じられ、所持許可証が必要となる。
• They have different production methods, and the sword not approved as an authentic forged sword basically cannot be registered by the Board of Education, and carrying is banned and a carry permit is necessary.

• それ以前にも度々朝廷に働きかけを行ってきたとされるが、明治政府の三条実美、岩倉具視らへの様々な働きかけが功を奏したとされる。
• It is said that such requests had been made to the Imperial Court before, but lobbying to the politicians of the Meiji government such as Sanetomi SANJO and Tomomi IWAKURA allowed it to succeed.

• やがてこの寺院で行われる催しに人気が出始めていくにつれ、観衆をより楽しませるために上記のような様々な芸能を取り入れていった。
• With such temple performances becoming popular, it incorporated various arts mentioned above in order to afford more pleasure to spectators.

• 後段に現れる「沙汰」の意味するところについては様々な議論があるが、佐藤進一が提示した「国衙在庁指揮権」とする見解が有力である。
• Although there are a lot of arguments about 'sata' which appears in the latter part, a view presented by Shinichi SATO that it means 'the right to command the local officials of kokuga' is most convincing.

• 実際の価格は店員に直接尋ねて知ることが出来る場合から、会計を終えてもなお単価が幾らであったのか判然としない場合まで様々である。
• There are cases in which you may know the actual price by directly asking a restaurant staff but sometimes you would never know how much the unit price was even after check.

• 後に、子規の言う「写生」は、客観と主観のそれぞれの立場からの見解の対立、結社の中の立場としての対立など様々な形の対立を生んだ。
• The 'literary sketch' which Shiki advocated subsequently caused various divisions, including the difference of opinions based on the objective and subjective perspectives, in addition to the conflicts resulting from the different viewpoints within an association.

• この事件は、幕府が最終的に伊達家の見解を追認して決着したが、事件直後から様々な興味と憶測を生んだ（詳細は神保相茂の項を参照）。
• In consequence, this incident was settled when bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) confirmed after the insistence of Date clan, while this incident drew attention and promoted conjectures in various degree (refer to the section of Sukeshige JINBO).

• 後に武家政権鎌倉幕府を開いた源頼朝、そして室町幕府の足利尊氏の祖先に当たることから後世に英雄視され、様々な逸話が生み出される。
• As the ancestor of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who established the Kamakura bakufu (military government) and Takauji ASHIKAGA who founded the Muromachi bakufu, he was often portrayed as a hero by later generations and there are many anecdotes about him.

• この場合は、恋人関係から上司と部下など組織の役職を含む関係や同僚ないし仲間同士など、様々な人間関係でこの「相性」が気にされる。
• In such a case, 'aisho' is placed importance in terms of various human relationships such as the relationship between lovers and the relationships concerning the organizational roles including those between the boss and the subordinates and between co-workers, as well as the relationship between friends.

• このように『武士道』は今日でも様々な観点より検討されているが一般的には社会と人間との関わり、モラルについての書と見られている。
• In this way, 'Bushido' is reviewed from various aspects today and considered generally as a book about the relationship between society and people as well as about morals.

• 日本や朝鮮、ベトナム、琉球といった中国の周辺諸国は、その中国から様々なスタンスを取ることで安定的な国際秩序を形成維持してきた。
• Neighboring countries of China including Japan, Korea, Viet Nam and Ryukyu has formed and maintained stable international order by taking various stances toward China.

• 各地の銭湯の建築様式は様々であるが、コミュニケーションの場として日常生活に彩りを与える工夫がなされている所に共通点がみられる。
• The architectural style of the sento differs from one region to another, but it's common that many ideas are given to sento so as to add variety to daily life as a place for communication.

• 本如自身も混乱回避のため様々な手段を尽くそうとするが、学林の暴走を止めることはできず、やむを得ず幕府の介入を頼むこととなった。
• Honnyo himself employed various means to avoid the confusion, but could not stop the domineering of Gakurin and was forced to resort to having the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) intervene.

• 火皿を3つ付けたものや、銃身がリボルバーのように回転する物など三連発の火縄銃や水平二連式短銃など、様々なものが試製されていた。
• Various kinds of guns were experimentally produced, such as a triple-barrel hinawaju which had three pans and whose gun barrel rotates like a revolver, a level double-barreled pistol and so on.

• 実の色は赤や黄色、実の形は球形や卵形など多岐に渡り、様々な品種が存在すると思われるが、まとめてシナミザクラとして扱われている。
• There are probably various species which have red or yellow ball or egg shaped fruits, but all of them are considered Shinamizakura.

• 武術（古武道）の様々な流派は、戦国時代 (日本)において形成されたものは少なく、多くがむしろ戦乱の収まった江戸時代に発展した。
• Looking over at the various schools of bujutsu (kobudo), a few of them were formed in the Sengoku Period (Japan), and many were developed during the Edo period rather than the previous one, when the chaos of wars had already been over.

• 特に柔術が盛んだった地方では、一つの村落に幾つもの道場が存在し、集落の若者の大部分が入門していたことが様々な記録に残っている。
• In local areas where jujutsu was especially popular, several practice halls existed in a single village and most young people there became the pupils, various historical records say.

• 懐石料理は茶会以外の場、例えば料亭や割烹などの日本食を扱う料理店をはじめとして様々な飲食店で懐石料理を提供するところが増えた。
• Nowadays, kaiseki ryori is often served at places other than tea parties such as fancy Japanese-style restaurants and kappo-ryotei (fancy restaurants serving mostly Japanese cuisine) which are specialized in Japanese cuisine, and various other restaurants.

• 内臓だけではなく、身も漬け込んだもの、柚子や唐辛子で風味をつけたものなども有り、数多くのメーカーが様々な商品で競い合っている。
• There are many products that use not only guts but also fish meat, or seasoned with Yuzu citron or red peppers, and many makers are competing to sell various products.

• この事は近世大名としての伊達氏・仙台藩にとっては一種の後枷となり、伊達騒動・戊辰戦争に至るまで様々な問題も引き起こす事になった。
• Later on, these circumstances became a source of trouble for the Kinsei daimyo of the Date clan and the Sendai Domain, and caused various problems including the Date riot and the Boshin War.

• そのため、巻数が様々で記録では4巻・10巻・15巻・16巻などと伝えられているが、現存本には17巻・18巻本なども存在している。
• As a result, there are different theories about how many volumes the book came in, but among the existing books, there is a book in 17 volumes and one in 18 volumes, although the record indicates various numbers including 4, 10, 15, and 16.

• 煎茶道の流派により様々だが、茶を飲み終わった後は茶碗を茶托に伏せるのを推奨する流派と、茶托に茶渋が付くとして厳禁する流派がある。
• The manner varies with the schools; a school recommends lying tea bowl upside down on to chataku after finish drinking tea, while other strictly forbids doing so as tea staining will stain chataku.

• また、少年であるヤマトタケルが女装する点に関し、様々な文化圏のシャーマニズムにおいて散見される異性装と相通じるものと指摘される。
• In addition, about Yamato Takeru's dressing himself in female clothing despite being a boy, it has been pointed out that this has something in common with the wearing of the opposite sex's clothes seen in the shamanism of various culture areas.

• 実際には各流派には様々な歴史的経緯の上で、上記(1)・(2)の各種に重点を置いた思想・教えがあり、それが流派の特徴となっている。
• Each school has their own philosophy and teaching methods which emphasize the above (1) (2) varieties from different historical processes that distinguish each school.

• また、キャラクターの性格を用いるもの、既に1 - 3コマ目が充分に不条理であることを再認識させるものなど、様々なパターンがある。
• There are various other patterns; some deal with the personalities of characters, whereas others remind readers of the fact that the first three frames are already absurd.

• 商家の配布用としての需要も急増し、裏面に名入れ、表面には商品や様々なメッセージが織り込まれ、広告媒体としての意義を備えていった。
• With the dramatic increase of demand from merchants for Uchiwa fan to distribute, Uchiwa fan was gradually used as an advertising medium by adding the name relating to the clients on the back side as well as the image of their products and various messages on the front side.

• そのため銘振りを変えたり、中茎の棟を丸棟にしたり肉を持たせたり、隠し鏨を入れたり、化粧鑢を複雑にしたりと、様々な工夫が見られる。
• Various ideas; changing the way of inscribing, making the back of the haft round, making it thick, or inscribing a secret mark, are found.

• 真田隊や毛利隊がどれだけ家康自身に迫ったのかは諸説あり、そのため後世の錦絵や再現イラスト、歴史漫画では様々な想像図が描かれている。
• There are several theories on how closely the Sanada troop and the Mori troop chased after Ieyasu himself, and a variety of drawings on imagination were made on nishikie (colored woodblock prints), illustrated reenactment, and historical manga (comic books) in later ages.

• あまりにも過酷な賠償金請求に対し、やがて国際的な批判と反省が起こり、賠償金を受け取った各国は様々な形で中国に還元することとなった。
• There was international criticism and reflection regarding the severe demands for reparations, and each nation that received reparations returned it in various forms.

• なぜ紫式部はこれほどの長編を書き上げるに至ったのかという点についても直接明らかにした資料は存在せず、古くから様々に論じられている。
• There is no historical material that immediately reveals why Murasaki Shikibu wrote such a long novel, and it has been argued by various people over a considerable period of time.

• 恩赦についての規定は律令法以来、様々な法令に規定されてきたが、具体的な範囲や手続などを定めたの法令としては日本最初のものであった。
• Ever since the Ritsuryo law, various laws regulated pardons, but Sharitsu was the first law in Japan that specified limits and procedures of pardons.

• これが、複式複打法（演奏形態）とよばれる、大人数によって様々な種類の太鼓が合奏のように演奏されるようになる組太鼓のはじまりである。
• This so-called multiple drum and multiple beat technique (performing style), is the origin of the united Japanese drums in which a number of people are playing in concert with a variety of Japanese drums.

• 正倉院御物の「弾弓散楽図」などから推測される限りでは、軽業や手品、物真似、曲芸、歌舞音曲など様々な芸能が含まれていたものとされる。
• What we can guess from 'Dankyu Sangaku zu,' one of the Shoso-in gyobutsu (Shoso-in Treasures), is that various arts such as acrobatics, the conjuring of tricks, mimicry, stunts, dance and music, etc., were included in Sangaku.

• 儒教の長い歴史の間には、古文・今文の争い、喪に服する期間、仏教との思想的関係、理や気の捉え方など様々な論争があって枚挙に暇がない。
• In the long history of Ju-kyo, there is an endless list of various disputes including, the dispute between Kobun and Kinbun, the period of time to observe mourning, relation with Buddhism in terms of thought, and view towards law and Qi.

• 日本に伝わってからは、さらに様々な色や金襴の布地が用いられるようになり、その組み合わせによって僧侶の位階や特権を表すものになった。
• After it was brought into Japan, cloths with various colors or baldachin were used and it became a symbol of the rank or the privilege of the monk in combination.

• 矢じりの形の手裏剣「鏢」（中国式ともいわれる）や、異常に重たい巨大な手裏剣も存在し、術者しだいで様々なものが「手裏剣」に変化する。
• Depending on the practitioner, various things can be used as 'shuriken,' such as the shuriken 'hyo' (also known as Chinese-style), which is shaped like an arrowhead, or unusually heavy and huge shuriken.

• それゆえに幽霊がよく現れる場所、つまり「心霊スポット」としてよく知られ、地元住民やここを通行する人々の間で様々な伝説が語られてきた。
• Therefore, the pass was thought of as a haunted area, or a 'ghostly place', and the local public and the passersby created various legends.

• 尊皇思想に基づき、天皇は親政を行い人民を直接統治するとしたが、政治体制は大日本帝国憲法（明治憲法）が制定されるまで、様々に変化した。
• In accordance with the pro-Emperor principles, the Government rule of a state by the direct administration of the Emperor took effect but the political system underwent numerous changes before the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (the Meiji Constitution) was enacted.

• 夫・後水尾天皇は後に寛永文化といわれる様々な文芸芸術の振興に尽くしたことで知られるが、妻の和子自身もかなりのセンスの持ち主であった。
• Her husband, Emperor Gomizunoo was known for his contributions to promote various arts of Kanei culture, his wife Kazuko, also had quite a talent in the arts.

• また、聖徳太子の父ということで後世様々な説話に引用され、江戸時代には近松門左衛門が「用明天皇職人鑑」という浄瑠璃作品を発表している。
• As the father of Prince Shotoku, he appeared in various stories of the posterity, and Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU in the Edo period, for instance, published a Joruri work 'Yomei Tenno Shokunin Kagami' (The Mirror of Craftsmen of the Emperor Yomei).

• 日程は企業によって様々であるが、盆中日の8月15日を中心とする3～5日間とすることが多く、企業ではこのお盆休みを夏季休業としている。
• Though it depends on the company, most close for three to five days on and around August 15th, the middle of the Bon festival, taking this Bon festival holiday as their summer holidays.

• 弓術の流派には様々な名称のものが伝わるが、古い流派は実体が不明なものが多く、「流」とは称していても今日的な流派と同様のものではない。
• Various names were seen in the schools of Kyujutsu, but the actual activities of many old schools are not known so the name of 'school' did not have the same meaning of today's school.

• 奈良県内各所で江戸時代に建てられ実際に使われていた茅葺などの様々な建築様式の家屋（民家・土蔵）11件（15棟）を移築・展示している。
• Houses (private houses and dozo warehouses [warehouses made of soil]) in various building styles, all of which were built in the Edo period and have been used in various places in Nara Prefecture, eleven items and 15 buildings in total, including thatched roof houses, were disassembled and reconstructed there, and are now exhibited there.

• また、精進料理は極めてシンプルな食材を、多くの制約がある中で調理するため、様々な一次・二次加工が施されてきたことも特徴の一つである。
• Further, as the cooking of Shojin ryori required use of simple foodstuffs under a lot of constraints, the necessity for various primary and secondary processing is also one of their characteristics.

• 単品で食したり、また色んな魚介類を混ぜ食したりと調理法は様々である（実際、調味料を醤油に変えれば、正味日本の刺身になるものもある）。
• There are many preparation methods ranging from the use of a single type of fish to the combination of various types of seafood (there are also varieties that could be considered exactly the same as Japanese sashimi if soy sauce were used as a seasoning).

• また、京の都で鬼の行列を見たという話など、百鬼夜行（夜間に様々な妖怪が列をなして闊歩すること）に類する話が多くの古典資料に見られる。
• Also, there are many stories about Hyakki yagyo (Night Parade of One Hundred Demons) such as witnessing the procession of ogre in Kyoto in many ancient documents.

• 缶コーヒーはコーヒーを加工して作られる様々な二次産品（コーヒー風味の菓子やパンなど）の一つで、工業用コーヒー市場の製品に分類される。
• Canned coffee is one of the various secondary products made from by processing coffee (.coffee-flavored candies and bread) and is categorized as a product of industrial coffee market.

• しかし、様々な神や伝承や怪談や宗教や価値観と結びつき、派生し生まれた結果、詳細の解らない現象を、具体的な形を持ったものの仕業とした。
• However, as a result of becoming associated with various gods, folklores, ghost stories and religious values, and being generated and created, phenomena whose details were unknown were considered to have been caused by something that had a specific shape.

• 産地、材質、形式、彫刻の模様などにより様々な種類の硯があるが、中でも端溪硯（たんけいけん）、歙州硯（きゅうじゅうけん）が有名である。
• Among a variety of suzuri according to the localities, materials, forms and the decoration of the engravings, the famous suzuri are Tankeiken (Duanshi ink stone) and Kyujuken (Shezhou ink stone).

• 江戸時代に庶民が豊かになったことから、余暇を楽しむゆとりができ、このことにより様々な公家文化が、庶民に普及し文化や風俗習慣になった。
• During the Edo period, common people became rich and began to enjoy an affluent life, promoting court noble culture among them as a culture or manners and customs.

• また信越地方の一部では野沢菜漬を細かく刻んだもののみを具材とする「菜っ葉のかす汁」が広く好まれているなど地方により具材は様々である。
• Meanwhile, partly in the Shinetsu Region, 'Kasujiru with nappa (greens),' which contains only fine cut nozawana as an ingredient, is preferable, and thus ingredients are different according to each region.

• 大きさは作る人によって様々だが、一般的に店頭で販売されているものは一片が長さ10～15cm、幅5cm程度の細長く薄い板状をしている。
• Although the size of hoshi-imo varies depending on the person who makes it, the piece generally sold at shops has a long and narrow tubular shape with length around 10-15 cm and width around 5 cm.

• ただし、奢侈禁止令と言ってもその内容や対象は様々であり、全国・全身分に適用する場合もあれば、特定の地域や身分を対象にしたものもあった。
• Meanwhile, details and objects varied according to the law: Some were applied to every person across the country regardless of their status, whereas others were aimed only at certain areas or social classes.

• 現状のままではいずれの宮家も近い将来に断絶してしまうことになり、皇位の補間としての宮家の立場から、宮家の存続をめぐり様々な意見がある。
• If the current situation continues, all the Miyake may discontinue in near future, there are various opinions for Miyake to survive in the view of interpolating the Imperial throne.

• 天正18年（1590年）に徳川家康が関東に移封されたため、豊臣秀勝が甲斐に入部することになると、様々なな武将が短期間で入れ替わりした。
• In 1590, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was transferred to a new domain in the Kanto Region, and Hidekatsu TOYOTOMI took over Kai, whereupon various other warlords came and went in a short period of time.

• 天皇、貴族から下級官人、防人など様々な身分の人間が詠んだ歌を4500首以上も集めたもので、成立は759年（天平宝字3）以後と見られる。
• It is thought that the Manyoshu was completed after 759, with more than 4,500 poems composed by people of different birth from emperors and nobles to lower ranked officials and Sakimori (soldiers garrisoned at strategic posts in Kyushu in ancient times), and so on.

• また様々な説話集も編まれており、その集大成とも言いうる『今昔物語集』などの説話集の存在も、この時代の文化や文学の様子をよく現している。
• Various collections of anecdotes were also compiled and the culture and literature in this period is represented by 'Konjaku Monogatari Shu' (Tales of Times Now Past), which could be said to be a compilation of all the anecdotes from that period.

• 第二次世界大戦後には日本経済の驚異的な躍進から再びその成功を支える社会的基盤に対する関心が高まって様々な日本人論が著されることになる。
• After the World War II, various books on Nihonjin-ron were written again by raising awareness about Japanese social infrastructure that supported marvelous progress in economy.

• これらの表記は近年に至るまで様々な憶測や、ある種野次馬的な興味（紫式部が清少納言の才能に嫉妬していたのだ、など）を持って語られている。
• These descriptions have been brought into conversation with various conjectures and curiosity (Murasaki Shikibu was jealous of the talent of Sei Shonagon, etc.) up until recently.

• 古典文学として上記のようなストーリーとなった七夕説話であるが、長い歴史の中で中国各地の民話として様々なバリエーションを生じるに至った。
• Though the above is the classical story of the tanabata anecdote, various folk stories based on this anecdote were created at many places in China over a long period of history.

• また、塔身・基礎部の大きさの違いをはじめ、塔身に種子 (唯識)、仏像のレリーフを刻む、二重輪郭をとるなど、塔によって様々な形態がある。
• Also, there are various styles depending on the pagodas, including differences in the size of the body and base as well as the inscription of shuji (the characteristic one syllable word to depict the Bodhisattva) (yuishiki [consciousness-only, the basic doctrine of the Japanese Hosso school]) and a relief of Buddha on the body, and having a double outline.

• 修験道（しゅげんどう）とは、山へ籠もって厳しい修行を行う事により、様々な「験」（しるし）を得る事を目的とする日本独特の混淆宗教である。
• Shugendo is a Japan-specific Konko-shukyo (a religion combining Buddhism, Shintoism and other religions) whose objective is to do ascetic practice while confining oneself in the mountains, in order to obtain various shirushi (evidence) which indicate that certain practice levels have been reached.

• 上菓子は、お供え菓子や、茶道の菓子として洗練した発展をとげ、ふだんの菓子も年中行事ごとに様々なものが食べられた経緯から多彩に展開した。
• Jogashi has been finely developed as osonae-gashi (wagashi for offerings) and confectionaries for the tea ceremony, and also various kinds of confectionaries for everyday consumption have been made since people have many types of wagashi which is suited for every annual event.

• 桶算（おけざん）と呼ばれる、酒造りにかかわる様々な予算と収支の管理、日本酒醪の仕込み・醸造・安全の管理、蔵の管理などすべてを請け負う。
• He or she is responsible for okezan, which is the management of budget and accounts for sake brewing, and all processes of sake production such as preparation of main fermenting mash, brewing, safety management, and warehouse management.

• 指南許可を得れば自由に弟子を取って教えて良いとする流派や、免許を発行して良いが、師匠の許可を取る必要があるとする流派など様々であった。
• Every school had different characteristics: in one school if someone was qualified as Shinan-Menkyo, he or she was allowed to take disciples in and to instruct them freely, in another school he or she was allowed to issue licenses but needed to get the shisho's permission beforehand, and so on.

• 商売の手段としては、地面に引いた敷物のうえに商品を並べる簡易なものから、仮設建築としての見世物小屋を集団組織で営むものまで様々である。
• Their business methods vary from simple ones where products are placed on a mat on the ground to show tents built as temporary buildings operated by organizations.

• しかし、公出挙のウェイトが大きくなってくると、地方機関の出挙運用に様々なトラブルが起こるようになり、利稲を確保できない状況も生じていた。
• With the role of Ku-Suiko increasing, however, various troubles occurred in the management of Suiko controlled by local administrative organizations, which caused difficulties in securing Rito.

• 律令の規定がかなりの程度で徹底実施されていたとする説や、依然として慣習法による統治もなされていたとする説など、様々な意見が出されている。
• There are various opinions about the enforcement of the Ritsuryo system, with some theories claiming that the stipulations of the Ritsuryo system were strictly enforced, and others that common law was still used in ruling the country.

• 大正、昭和を経て一時衰退に向かうが、平成に入って様々な分野から技術者・多種多様な素材が参入、現代根付として再び動きが活発になりつつある。
• The popularity of netsuke temporarily declined after the Taisho and Showa periods, but technical experts from various fields, working with a wide variety of materials, entered the netsuke market in the Heisei period and a contemporary netsuke movement emerged.

• 叔父であり義父である上杉謙信との仲については諸説あり、尊敬、思慕の対象であったという見かたから、実は険悪であったという説まで様々である。
• There are various views regarding relations with Kenshin UESUGI, Kagekatsu's uncle and adoptive father, ranging from Kagekatsu respecting and longing for Kenshin to one that such relations were tense.

• 果たして、計画からわずか七年での大仏開眼供養会の際、いかほどに造営計画はすすんでいたのか、その進捗の経過には、様々に推測がなされている。
• There are various conjectures about to what extent the construction project really progressed after the ceremony to consecrate the Great Buddha was conducted seven years after the planning.

• 特に龍安寺の石庭は草木を用いず塀に囲まれた庭に白砂と15個の石組のみで表現した特異なもので、その解釈を巡っては様々な説が唱えられている。
• In particular, the rock garden in Ryoan-ji Temple does not use any plants and it is surrounded by a fence and uses only white sand and 15 stone configurations, that have been various theories on the interpretation of this design.

• 東京の浅草、京都の京の花街、大阪の北新地などでは、芸者（舞妓、芸妓）やホステスが、節分の前後に通常の芸妓衣装ではない、様々な扮装をする。
• Around the time of setsubun, geisha (maiko, geiko) (Japanese professional female entertainers at drinking parties) as well as other hostesses in such places as Asakusa in Tokyo, Kyo no Hanamachi (Kagai) in Kyoto and Kita-Shinchi in Osaka make themselves up in costumes other than their usual attire.

• 埋葬が終わった後、様々な日常品や土製の勾玉や管玉を故意に破損させて石ころと共に、大きく掘られた穴の中に投げ入れるつという祭祀が行われた。
• After the burial was finished, a religious service was performed by throwing intentionally broken various articles for daily use, earthen Magadama (comma-shaped beads) and Kudatama (cylindrical beads) together with pebbles into a large hole dug in the ground.

• その後清風（日扇）の遷化後、在家中心主義と僧侶との位置づけの問題・現世利益の強調など様々な論争を経て、離脱や分派が相次ぐ(分派と影響)。
• After Seifu (Nissen) passed away, there occurred the continuous branching of schools and desertion from various debates concerning the problem of localization between the Zaike dogma and monks and the emphasis of the Genseriyaku (spiritual (material) benefit gained in this world through observance of the Buddhist teachings) (division of schools and influence).

• そして、大陸からの文化の吸収もあり、現代 (時代区分)に至るまで、時代と共に様々な妖怪が人々の生活の中から生み出されてきたと考えられる。
• Furthermore, culture from the continent was adopted, and it is considered that various forms of yokai were created with passage of time in peoples' lives until the modern day (periodization).

• 盛平は弟子達に合気道の理念、理合を説明する際、神道の用語を借りる場合が多く、神秘的・抽象的な表現であったため後代様々な解釈を生みだした。
• Morihei often borrowed terms from Shinto when describing the principles and rationale of Aikido to his disciples, and because this was a mystic and abstract expression it led to various interpretations in later years.

• 「椿い餅、ナシ、柑子やうのものども、様々に筥の蓋どもにとりまぜつつあるを、若きひとびと、そぼれとり食ふ」（源氏物語若菜 (源氏物語)上）
• Young people are eating confectionery like a Tsubai-mochi, a pear and a mandarin orange mixed on the lid of a bamboo basket, frolicking.' (Wakana [Young green] chapter of The Tale of Genji) vol.1.

• - 民芸品や郷土玩具として、日本各地で古くからその地方独自の、様々な仕掛けを持つ玩具があり、現在でもみやげ物として、販売される物も多い。
• From many years ago, local communities all over Japan have produced various toys of their own as a folkcraft, or as a folk toy, equipped with various devices, and even today, many of these toys are sold as souvenirs.

• 様々な生き残っている原稿（時々分岐解析を使用する）の関係に基づいて原文（特に原稿形式の原文）の送信信号の再建を試みる人間主義的な専門分野
• the humanistic discipline that attempts to reconstruct the transmission of a text (especially a text in manuscript form) on the basis of relations between the various surviving manuscripts (sometimes using cladistic analysis)

• 様々な制限があったとしても、各地の府県会が自由民権運動派の政府攻撃の拠点となったことは、府県会自治が空虚な器でなかったことを意味している。
• Even though there were various limitations, the fact that the prefectural assemblies all over the country became the bases for the Jiyu Minken Undo sects to criticize and attack the government means that the autonomy of prefectural assemblies was not a hollow gesture.

• この他にも武田説が出てからは様々な論点から武田説と同様に『源氏物語』が現行の巻の並び通りに執筆・成立されたのではないとする学説が続出した。
• Additionally, after the TAKEDA theory, many opinions such as the TAKEDA theory stating that 'The Tale of Genji' was not written in the present order were advocated from various perspectives.

• 上記'individual'に当てられた様々な訳語はその一端であるが、'individual'の場合、『明六雑誌』の訳語は定着しなかった。
• The above various translations of 'individual' were a part of examples, but those appeared in 'Meiroku Zasshi' were not settled down.

• 柑橘の原種は3000万年前のインド東北部のアッサム州近辺を発祥とし、様々な種に分化しながらミャンマー、タイ王国、中国等へ広まったとされる。
• It is said that origin of citrus was about 30 million years ago in Assam Province of Northeast India, and it became differentiated in many species and dispersed to Myanmar, Kingdom of Thailand and China and so on.

• 最大流派の優位性を生かして大正琴及び属品の価格も他流派より安く設定し、老若男女あらゆる世代が大正琴を楽しめるよう様々な取り組みをしている。
• By making the most of their dominance as the largest schools, it set lower prices for taishogoto and accessories than other schools and makes various efforts so that people of all ages and both sexes can enjoy taishogoto.

• 中世東アジアにおいて倭寇前期倭寇と呼ばれる海上勢力が猛威を奮い、朝鮮王朝は討伐・懐柔・室町幕府への鎮圧要請など、様々な対応を余儀なくされる。
• During the Middle Age, influential maritime forces called zenki-wako (early Japanese pirates) threatened East Asia, and the Korean Dynasty was obliged to take various countermeasures including the dispatch of troops, attempts to conciliate the pirates, and requests for suppression of the pirates sent to the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 戊辰戦争には様々な遺恨が絡んでいたのは事実であるが、真実が定かではない事柄までも怨恨と結びつけた主張や、事実の捏造がなされている場合もある。
• It is true that the Boshin War was intertwined with various types of revenge, but there were some claims that connected unsubstantiated incidents with revenge, and there were even facts that were fabricated.

• そのため、欧化政策など日本が西洋と対等たらんとする様々な政策が行われたが、条約改正自体は半世紀におよぶ不断の努力を必要とした（→条約改正）。
• Because of this, although the government proceeded with various policies such as the Westernization policy in order to be equal to western countries, it took a half century to revise the unequal treaty.

• 後に斉の陰陽家鄒衍により5つの惑星と、さらにその後様々な事象と結び付けられ、陰陽思想と五行説が統合されて観念的な陰陽五行思想として完成する。
• Later, Suen, an Inyoka (a practitioner of the Yin and Yang school of philosophy) from Sei (State of Qi in ancient China), completed the Inyo Gogyo Shiso by combining Yin-yang ideology and Gogyo Setsu (the Five Elements Theory), making a connection between Gogyo, the five planets and various phenomena.

• 戦後は稲作の大規模化・機械化が推し進められ、傾斜に合わせて様々な形をしていた圃場は、農業機械が導入し易い大型の長方形に統一されて整備された。
• As rice cultivation has become more massive and mechanized since the end of the World War II, agricultural fields, each of which used to be shaped differently according to the slope, were improved and unified into large rectangles in which it is easier to introduce farm machines.

• バーミヤーン、キジル、ミーラン、ベゼクリク等の仏教寺院遺跡には、石・土の壁を飾る壁画があり、ローマ、インド、中国など様々な様式の影響がある。
• There are some wall paintings to decorate stone and earthen walls in the remains of Buddhist temples at Bamiyan, Kizil, Miran, Bezeklik, and so on, and we see that they are influenced from various styles such as Rome, India, China and so on.

• たとえば「鬼といふに様々の説ある事」では鬼について、すべての物体は陰陽の2つから成り立ち、陽のなす仕業を神、陰のなす仕業を鬼と解説している。
• In the chapter on 'various opinions about the ogre' for instance, he explains that every object consists of Yin and Yang, and the act of Yang results in a god whereas the act of Ying results in an ogre.

• 以後、大隈（4月17日会計官副知事専任、7月6日大蔵省発足により大蔵大輔に移行）を主導として通貨改革に関する様々な布告が出されることとなる。
• Afterwards, various declarations concerning the currency reform were put out with OKUMA (on April 17 he became a full-time finance office vice prefectural governor, and on July 6, he transferred to Okura no taifu [a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury] due to the establishment of Ministry of finance) as the main leader.

• ことに和服の帯のように幅広のものは、意匠を凝らす余地が存分にあることから、様々な模様が与えられ、帯としての機能を離れ鑑賞物とすらなっている。
• Especially, since obi for traditional Japanese clothes are broad enough to include various designs, obi became ornamental apart from its original functions as obi.

• - 1787－1840 (天明7－天保11) 円理表（様々な関数の 0,1 区間 (数学)の定積分の結果を表にしたもの）完成者として名高い。
• 1787 - 1840: he is renowned for Enri-hyo (the enri chart that charts the results of the definite integral of 0.1 intervals of various functions), which he completed.

• 基本的に様々な種類の餡を中に詰め込んで作ることはできるが、もみじ饅頭など鉄板で焼くものについては手軽に中身を入れられることから特に種類が多い。
• Basically, a wide variety of fillings can be contained in the manju, and manju baked on an iron-cast pan such as Momiji manju has many varieties in particular because it is easy to stuff manju with filling.

• 小説は浮世の様々な形を描くことで意を直接に表現すべきものであるとしてリアリズムを主張し、作為的に善悪の二極を設定する勧善懲悪の物語を批判した。
• It urged realism by insisting that novels should describe a variety of forms in real life in order to depict ideas directly, and criticized stories of poetic justice which deliberately provide two extremes of good and evil.

• この密教は、様々な土地の習俗や宗教を包含しながら、それらを仏を中心とした世界観の中に統一し、すべてを高度に象徴化して独自の修行体系を完成する。
• This esoteric Buddhism embraced the folkways and religions of various areas, integrated them into a Buddha-centric worldview, and highly symbolized everything to establish a unique system of ascetic practices.

• こうして軽重哀楽を様々に幅広く表現することのできる楽器となり、江戸時代に入るとすぐ、石村検校らにより最初の三味線音楽種目である地歌が生まれる。
• In this way shamisen acquired a versatility of expression as an instrument to play a wide range of melodies: light and heavy, sad and merry; and jiuta, the first item of shamisen music, was born by Kengyo ISHIMURA and others at the very beginning of the Edo period.

• 具体的には日本の民間信仰である古神道に、密教や道教の陰陽五行思想などとの習合した様々な信仰において、祈願祈念や感謝や慰霊の記念として建てた碑。
• Specifically, the mound is a monument erected to offer prayers, to express gratitude, or as a memory of memoria service, in various faiths constituted through syncretization of the Ancient Shinto (a Japanese folk religion) with esoteric Buddhism and Inyo gogyo shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Hsing Idea) of Taoism.

• 日本の風俗から外れた、海外の魔物を「妖怪」と呼び習わすのは、こうした日本以外の文化が様々な時代に流入し、ある程度の歴史を持っているからである。
• The reason why overseas demons, that are foreign to the Japanese mode of life, are called 'yokai' is that such non-Japanese cultures flowed into Japan during various periods, and they possess a certain amount of history.

• 福岡県久留米市をはじめとする九州北部一帯では、鶏肉や豚肉のほか牛肉、豚サガリ、ダルム、ヘルツ、センポコ、野菜、キノコなど様々なものが供される。
• In the whole northern part of Kyushu including Kurume City, Fukuoka Prefecture, a wide variety of yakitori is served, such as chicken, pork, beef, pork sagari, darumu, herutsu, senpoko, vegetables, and mushrooms.

• これは、小説家の安藤鶴夫が「たい焼きはしっぽまで餡が入っているのがおいしい」という趣旨の話を読売新聞に書いたところ、様々な賛否があったもので、
• The novelist Tsuruo ANDO, commented in the Yomiuri Newspaper that 'taiyaki tastes much better if the tail is filled with bean paste' and this attracted numerous responses.

• 日本には古来より大弓と呼ばれる2mを超す長尺の弓から半弓に分類される短い弓等、長さ、武芸用途、遊戯用途、植物素材、動物素材、様々な弓があった。
• There were Japanese long bows called Daikyu long bow that was longer than two meters, short bows labeled as Hankyu small-sized bow, and various bows with different lengths, martial or recreation purposes, made from plants or animal were present in Japan from ancient times.

• 王朝国家とは、古代律令国家がいかに中世国家へ移行したかを理解するために提示された概念であり、研究者の立場によって様々な位置づけが試みられてきた。
• As the notion of Dynastic polity was proposed in order to understand how the ancient Ritsuryo-based nation shifted to the medieval nation, varieties of views have been asserted by researchers depending on their standpoint.

• 昭和10年代、日中戦争から第二次世界大戦へ突入していく中で近衛文麿政権により戦時体制が作られ、様々な業種が国家の統制管理に置かれる状況となった。
• During the second half of the 1930s and the first half of the 1940s, as the Sino-Japanese war was developing into World War II, the wartime regime was established by Fumimaro KONOE's government, and various industrial sectors were put under the control of the government.

• 江戸時代に戸籍管理を目的として、仏教宗派のいずれかの寺院か、神社への帰属が義務付けられた事によって様々な習慣が生まれたが、今は希薄となっている。
• In the Edo period, for the purpose of family registration control the public were required to belong to a temple of any sect or a shrine, which gave rise to various customs but those customs have become less common today.

• しかしアロー戦争の後、欧米人たちが中国国内に植民地や租界を設け、貿易や布教のために内地へ進出するようになると様々な問題が持ち上がるようになった。
• After the Arrow War, however, a lot of issues were raised as Europeans and North Americans started to create colonies and concessions and go inland for trading or missionary work of Christianity in China.

• 元々は田舎料理で主に農家などで作られていたものであったが、時期が経つにつれ様々な階層にも次第に普及し、やがて日本人の食卓に欠かせないものになる。
• Originally it was country cooking mainly done by farmers, but gradually spread among various classes of people and became essential on Japanese tables.

• それぞれの編成に面白みがあり、また流派によって後で付けられたパートの旋律が違っていたりするので、同一曲でも様々な編成の演奏を楽しむことができる。
• Each ensemble has fun of its own, and each school of the music adds a different melody part to the original tune, so that one can enjoy various styles of ensembles for even a single tune.

• 天明2年（1782年）に刊行された『豆腐百珍（とうふひゃくちん）』には、100種類の豆腐料理が記述されており、また様々な文学でも親しまれてきた。
• In the 'Hundred Delicacies of Tofu' published in 1782, 100 kinds of tofu dishes were introduced, and tofu was familiar in various kinds of literature.

• 花見や紅葉紅葉にまつわる文化のような行楽の一部として、または野点を主体として庭園（→日本庭園）から完全な野外に至るまで様々な場所で催されている。
• It is presented as a part of a cultural activity related to cherry blossom or autumn leave viewing, as a main event in a garden (Japanese garden) or as an entirely open-air event.

• また琵琶の音色の持つ渋さや重厚感、劇的表現力などを、本来どちらかといえば軽妙な音色を持つ三味線に加えるために様々な工夫がなされたものと思われる。
• It is believed that various measures were tried for adding biwa's subdued, massive, and dramatic tone to the shamisen, which originally had a rather light tone.

• 隠し武器としての使用法は、一般に広く伝わった物ではなく、柔術、剣術などの流派の奥、極意として伝わったため、名称や使用法は流派によって様々である。
• Its use as a camouflaged weapon was not widespread, but was passed down as a hidden, secret technique in judo (a Japanese art of self-defense), and swordplay among others, and therefore the names and usage vary according to the school.

• それらへの対抗策も講じられ、外来種駆除や生態系に配慮した水位操作、内湖の再生など様々な取り組みが行われているが、まだ十分な効果をあげられていない。
• Although various actions--including the removal of introduced species, environmentally friendly operation of water-level control and restoration of lagoons--have been taken to resolve those issues, sufficient results have not been achieved.

• 明和8年（1771年）石州流怡渓派の皆伝を受けた後に、様々な流派を参考にして独自の茶風に達し、享和2年（1802年）に茶事改正の達しを出している。
• After being certified as full proficiency of Ikei-ha group of Sekishu-ryu school in 1771, he attained his own style of tea ceremony using examples from various schools, and issued an order to revise chaji (tea ceremony) in 1802.

• 山科流以外では様々な花の折枝（水戸斉昭夫人有栖川宮吉子女王所用品―徳川博物館蔵）や松に鶴（毛利家伝来品・有栖川織仁親王女貞操院所用品）などがある。
• The designs of schools other than Yamashina include flowers in branches (belongings of Mrs. Nariaki MITO, Arisugawanomiya Princess Yoshiko in the collection of the Tokugawa Museum) and pines and cranes (article handed down in the Mori family; belongings of Teisoin, a daughter of Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito).

• 明治から太平洋戦争敗戦までは、研究の場では江戸時代より様々な論考があったにもかかわらず、学校教育において実在の人物として教えるよう指導されていた。
• Although there had been various discussions on Empress Jingu in the research setting since the Edo period, teachers were directed to teach that Empress Jingu was a real, existing person from the Meiji period until the defeat in the Pacific War.

• 通説では前者を増補改訂して後者が作られたと考えられているが、後者の方が先に書かれて後に様々な事情によって一部が削除したものが前者だとする説もある。
• The standard theory is that the latter text was produced by enlarging, expanding, and revising the former, but there is another theory that it was written first, and that the former text was produced from various sections that had been deleted from the latter.

• このため歴史学者からは、義家は新興武士勢力の象徴ともみなされ、後三年の役の朝廷の扱いも「白河院の陰謀」「摂関家の陰謀」など様々な憶測がされてきた。
• As a result, historians believe that, since Yoshiie represented the new rising bushi class, his treatment by the imperial court over the Later Three Years' War was a 'conspiracy of Shirakawain (Retired Emperor Shirakawa)' or a 'conspiracy of the Sekkan-ke (the five houses of the Fujiwara clan that usually held the regency).'

• また、1989年（平成元年）から1994年（平成5年）にあった南大門金剛力士像の解体修理では、金剛力士像に関する様々な謎が解明されることとなった。
• In addition, the statues of Kongo Rikishi placed in the Nandai-mon Gate, which were overhauled from 1989 to 1994, unveiled the new facts about the statues.

• 武家社会においては、弓射の実利的側面が重視されたのは当然であるが、同時に儀礼的側面も重んじられ、公家の弓射儀礼を基礎としつつ様々な礼式が発達した。
• It is natural in the Samurai world that the practical aspect of Yumiire was emphasized, but high value was placed upon the ceremonial aspect and various codes of etiquette developed based upon Yumiire ceremonies of court nobles.

• 以後、興福寺維摩会など様々な法会の講師や導師をつとめ、承和 (日本)年間（834年－848年）には大堰川の堤防を改築するなど行基の再来と称された。
• Thereafter, he served as an instructor and officiating priest at various religious services including the Yuimae at Kofukuji Temple, and during the Showa era (834 - 848), he reconstructed the Oigawa River embankment, thereby called a second Gyoki.

• こういった活動は、戸外で季節の移り行く様子を楽しむために行われるもので、四季の変化が自然の様々な表情を生み出す日本において、古くから行われている。
• These activities are for people to feel and enjoy the change of the seasons, and have been performed since early times in Japan where the spectacle of nature varies greatly between seasons.

• 『延喜式』では内裏の外周で行う「宮城四隅疫神祭」をはじめ、外国からの賓客の入京・帰国時、行幸や斎宮下向など様々な堺祭が行われたことが記されている。
• 'The Engisiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) describes that, when guests from foreign countries entered the capital and went back to their countries, various Sakai Festivals were held such as for gyoko (Emperor's going out) or for leaving the capital for Saigu, including 'Kyujo Yosumi Ekijin-sai Festival' performed around the periphery of the dairi (Imperial Palace.)

• 福知山市を含む周辺の地域では様々な古墳、石室、土器等が多数発見されていることから、丹波国が形成される以前より多くの人々が住んでいたと考えられている。
• Since various ancient tombs, stone chambers and earthen vessels were found in the surrounding area including Fukuchiyama City, it is believed that many people lived in the area before Tanba Province was formed.

• 政府は、国民の言論と政治運動を弾圧するため、1875年（明治8年）の讒謗律、新聞紙条例、1880年（明治13年）の集会条例など、様々な法令を定めた。
• The government issued various acts to oppress the citizens' speech and political activities such as the Defamation Law, Press Regulations in 1875 and the Public Assembly Ordinance in 1880.

• 日本書紀には詳しい記事があるのに聖徳太子の『古事記』における記事が、系譜のみであることに対しても、そこに意味があるとして、様々な説が唱えられている。
• Various theories have been put forward about why Nihonshoki provides a detailed description about Prince Shotoku while 'Kojiki' contains only his genealogy, suggesting that there must be some meaning to the difference itself.

• 東京は、様式美を重視する傾向があるので様々で、上方とおなじ白の他に、赤の下に白を着る（市村羽左衛門 (15代目)、坂東三津五郎 (7代目)）やり方。
• Tokyo had a tendency to focus greatly on performance beauty and used various colors, including same white as Kamigata, or white under red (ICHIMURA Uzaemon (fifteenth generation) and Mitsugoro BANDO (seventh generation)).

• この項の趣旨とは方向が違うが、鎌倉幕府は将軍の膝元で起きた衝撃的なこの事件を意図的に隠そうとした痕跡のあることが分かり、現在様々な憶測を呼んでいる。
• Although this is off the intention of this section, it has been revealed that there is an evidence that Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) intentionally tried to hide this shocking incident that occurred under shogun's nose, and it is spurring a torrent of speculation now.

• 平安時代を通じて優れた武人として尊崇され、後代に様々な伝説を生み、また戦前までは、文の菅原道真と、武の坂上田村麻呂は、文武のシンボル的存在とされた。
• He was admired as a great warrior throughout the Heian period and became a legendary hero in later periods; before World War II, Michizane SUGAWARA and SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro were regarded as representing, respectively, the best literary and military traditions among the Japanese people.

• 青柳総本家（創業明治12年・1879年）の青柳ういろうは、砂糖（しろ）・黒砂糖（くろ）・抹茶・小豆（上がり）・さくらの他様々なバリエーションを持つ。
• The Aoyagi Uiro of the Aoyagi family (founded in 1879) has variations including Uiro with white sugar, black sugar, green powdered tea, azuki bean (called agari) and cherry blossoms.

• 武士が戦うための技芸であった武芸,兵法を基に、室町時代の終わり頃から剣術や柔術、槍術、弓術、砲術などがそれぞれ様々な流派として技術化、体系化された。
• Based on bugei (a military art) or hyoho (an art of warfare) which had been a practical art for samurai (warriors) to fight with, since around the end of the Muromachi period, kenjutsu (swordplay), jujutsu (classical Japanese martial art, usually referring to fighting without a weapon), sojutsu (the art of spearmanship), kyujutsu (the art of Japanese archery), hojutsu (gunnery), etc. have been evolved technically and systematized as various schools respectively.

• 扇子と手ぬぐいは、落語の表現上抽象性があらかじめ与えられており、状況に応じて、前者は箸や刀になり、後者は財布や証文になるなど、様々な用途で使用される。
• The sensu and tenugui are given a great deal of versatility in rakugo as they are used to symbolize a range of things, for example, the former may be used to represent a pair of chopsticks or a sword, and the latter a wallet or a document.

• 国と県の関係は地域により様々で、複数の国にまたがる県（静岡県・三重県・兵庫県など）と、複数の県にまたがる国（武蔵国・丹波国・肥前国など）の両方がある。
• The relationships between provinces and prefectures are varied depending on which areas they are located; there are prefectures which straddle plural provinces (Shizuoka Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Hyogo Prefecture, and so on) as well as provinces that straddle plural prefectures (Musashi Province, Tanba Provinces, Bizen Provinces, and so on).

• 描かれた景観から制作年代について様々な議論が行われてきたが、今谷明は景観年代を1547年と限定し、永徳筆であることを否定した（『京都・一五四七年』）。
• There were many discussions assessing the age it was produced based upon the painted scenery, Akira IMATANI specified the year of the scenery as 1547, and denied that it is not a work of Eitoku ('Kyoto, in 1547').

• しかし、元来店ごとに様々な個性を持つ食べ物であり、古くからあるお好み焼き店の中にはヘラで強く押えつけたり、専用のおもり（鉄製）で圧縮して焼く店もある。
• However, originally the okonomiyaki has various characters depending on the shops and some shops press it strongly with a spatula or with a weight (iron) for exclusive use from long ago.

• 物忌みをしないことは、真宗門徒の特徴の一つではあるが、「門徒物知らず」は、物忌みをしないことだけでなく、様々な真宗門徒独特のあり方を表した言葉である。
• While not conducting monoimi is one of the characteristics of Jodo Shinshu monto, the phrase 'monto mono shirazu' represents not only not conducting monoimi (confinement to one's house on an unlucky day) but also various unique aspects of Jodo Shinshu monto.

• タイの伝統食文化のケーン（ゲーン）と呼ばれる様々な汁物の中で、香辛料を利かせた料理を外国人が便宜上からタイカレー(Thai curry)と呼んでいる。
• Among a variety of soups called Kaeng (Gaeng), which is a traditional Thai dish, foreigners call those rich in spice Thai curry for the sake of convenience.

• 他にも厩戸王、厩戸皇子、豊聡耳、上宮王、『上宮聖徳法王帝説』での厩戸豊聰耳聖徳法王、上宮聖徳法王、万葉集巻三の上宮聖徳皇子　など、様々な名前で呼ばれる。
• Shotoku Taishi is known by various other names as Umayado no O, Umayado no Miko, Toyotomimi, Kamitsumiyao as well as Umayado no Toyotomimi no Shotoku Hoo written in the 'Jogu Shotoku Hoo Teisetsu,' Jogu Shotoku Hoo, and Jogu Shotoku no Miko written in the Manyoshu Vol. 3.

• 同社は官営鉄道と速度やサービスを競い、大阪～名古屋間のスピード競争に加え、運賃割引や車輌等級別に窓下に色帯を入れるなど、様々なアイデアで旅客を誘致した。
• The company competed with the government owned railway in speed and service such as speed competition between Osaka and Nagoya along with discounted fares and use of color bands below the windows for the class identification and myriad of other ideas to attract the passengers.

• 江戸幕府成立時、徳川氏直参の足軽を全て同心としたため、忍者を祖先とする伊賀同心、甲賀同心、鉄砲組の百人組、郷士の八王子千人同心等、様々な同心職ができた。
• Since all the foot soldiers of the Tokugawa clan's immediate retainers became doshin when the Edo bakufu was established, various sorts of doshin were made; for example, Iga doshin and Koka doshin descended from ninja, a one-hundred matchlock infantry unit, Hachioji thousand doshin of country samurai, and so on.

• 『明六雑誌』の登場と広範な読者の獲得、その論説の地方新聞への転載とそれへの反響としての読者の投稿、これらは様々な問題関心を共有する言論空間を生み出した。
• The appearance of 'Meiroku Zasshi' and its wide readership, reprinting of those articles on local newspapers and readers' letters to them as responses led to create a space of speech which has a common interests against various problems.

• 昭和9年（1934年）様々な流派を代表する弓道家や武徳会弓道部役員が集まり、武徳会本部で射形統一が話し合われ、喧々囂々の議論の末「弓道要則」を制定した。
• In 1934 the representatives of Kyudo-ka from various schools and board members of Kyudo-bu, Butoku-kai, gathered and talked about the integration of shooting styles at the head office of Butoku-kai, and established 'Kyudo-yosoku (the basic art of shooting an arrow)' after clamorous discussion.

• 『宇治拾遺物語』巻一には、瘤取り爺の説話が所収されているが、爺が目撃した鬼として、赤い者や目が一つの者、口がない者など様々な異形な者がいたとされている。
• Volume 1 of 'Uji-shui monogatari' has a folklore of the Old Man with a Wen, and the old man saw various Oni, who are odd-looking, such as a red one, one with an eye or one without a mouth.

• 特に、天台教学を引継いだ日蓮宗各派でも、この十如是を始として十界互具、そして一念三千を仏法の極理としているため、この十如是を様々な角度から検証している。
• In particular, each school of the Nichiren sects which succeeded the Tendai doctrine has studied the junyoze from every angle because they use jukkaigogu (mutual containment of the ten realms) and ichinen sanzen (the three thousand realms contained in one mind) as the fundamental doctrine of the Buddhism based on the Junyoze.

• 現在日本では公衆便所は大型小売店（百貨店、スーパーマーケットなど）、公園、公共施設、鉄道駅など様々な場所にあり、数も多いため容易に見つけることができる。
• Now in Japan there are public restrooms in various places such as large-scale retail stores (department stores, supermarkets and so on), parks, public facilities, railway stations and so on and we can find them easily as the number is large.

• 曲中の器楽部としては、手事の他に「合の手」（あいのて）があり、これは手事ほどの長さを有しない短いものを指し、様々な声楽曲に見られる間奏と同じものである。
• Another part of instrumental music in a piece other than tegoto is 'ainote;' ainote refers to a part which is not as long as tegoto and which is the same as the interlude often found in various vocal music pieces.

• その話を漏れ聞いた猪熊は、俄然興味を持ち、かねてから懇意の飛鳥井雅賢をはじめ、言葉巧みに他の公卿・女官をも誘い出し、様々な場所で乱交を重ねることとなった。
• Hearing a rumor of this affair, Inokuma was keenly interested and glibly tempted other court nobles and ladies including his close friend Masakata ASUKAI, and they repeated promiscuous sexual relations in various places.

• 東大寺の正倉院文書には、写経生の請假解が多数残されており、本人の病気や家族の病気や不幸、衣服の洗濯、氏神の祭祀、田租の納入など様々な理由が付けられている。
• In Shosoin Monjo (document collection of the Nara period kept in Shosoin Treasure House) of Todai-ji Temple, there remain many 'Shokage' by sutra-copying officials, which show different reasons for leave such as sickness of themselves or their family members, deaths of family members, laundry, religious services for their deities, and denso (rice field) tax paying.

• 古紙,古着,金物,番傘,屎尿,樽,桶,糠など様々で,江戸時代は最近の研究では,全ての時代の世界の中でも高い水準でのリサイクル社会であったと考えられている。
• The vendors purchased wide variety of things including used papers, used clothes, metal utensils and fittings, coarse oil-paper umbrellas, human waste, used barrels, used wash tubs, and rice bran; according to a recent study, Japan was one of the most advanced society in recycling throughout the history of the whole world.

• 江戸幕府の崩壊とともに成立した明治政府は、これまで尊皇攘夷を掲げて様々な行動を起こしてきた朝廷や薩摩藩・長州藩などの攘夷派志士が中心となって結成していた。
• The members of the Meiji government which was established by the collapse of the Edo Shogunate were patriot of joi (principle of excluding foreigners) group of Imperial court, Satsuma-han, Choshu-han which supported anti-foreigner policy.

• 曳き山の山車の中には非常に凝ったからくりを持つものもあり、また大きさも普通の神輿サイズからその10倍以上の大きさ（重量で数トン程度）のものまで様々である。
• Some Hikiyama-type Dashi have very elaborate mechanism, and their sizes range from the normal size of portable shrine to more than ten fold that, weighing a few tons.

• 弓術には流派間の違いやその特徴によって様々な射法、様式が存在するが、これらの特徴を弓射の「理念」および「射法」に着目して整理した以下の分類が一般的である。
• In Kyujutsu there are various ways and styles of shooting depending upon differences between schools, while focused on the 'principle' and 'shooting style' of Yumiire, they are generally classified as follows;

• その後も中国からキンカンやコウジ (柑橘類)（ウスカワミカン）といった様々な柑橘が伝来したが、当時の柑橘は食用としてよりもむしろ薬用として用いられていた。
• After that, many types of citrus such as Chinese oranges and koji (citrus, thin skin mandarin oranges) were imported from China, however, they were mainly used as medicine rather than for food.

• しかし、戦国時代の気風が抜けきれず、様々な問題を引き起こしたため、江戸幕府は慶安元年（1648年）に「風紀を乱す」という理由で勧進相撲禁止令を出している。
• However, violence continued in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), causing various problems, and Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) issued an order banning kanjin sumo in 1648 on the basis of 'disorderly conduct.'

• この物語の長者とは仏で、窮子とは衆生であり、仏の様々な化導によって、一切の衆生はみな仏の子であることを自覚し、成仏することができるということを表している。
• This story in which the Choja was Buddha and the poor man was Shujo indicated that all Shujo could realize their being children of Buddha and became a Buddha by Buddha's enlightenment of all kinds.

• 今でも根強い人気はあるが、様々な本格的パスタが食べられるようになった今日では、個人経営の喫茶店の減少とともに、ナポリタンを見かける機会はやや減りつつある。
• Although it is still a firm favorite, Naporitan has less frequently been seen with the decrease in the number of privately managed kissaten now that varieties of authentic pasta is available.

• そのために剪定を施したり、自然の景観に似せるために枝を針金で固定し時に屈曲させあるいは岩石の上に根を這わせたりと様々な技巧を競うのも楽しみの一つとされる。
• Therefore the branches are pruned and fixed with wire to imitate the aesthetic of nature and sometimes the roots are bent or made to creep over rocks and taking up the challenge of using a variety of techniques is part of the fun.

• 適度なやわらかさと粘度があり、これを様々な形を彫刻した木型に押し付けたり、手やへらで整形して細工を施し、着色料やクチナシなどの食用色素で彩色して仕上げる。
• Nerikiri with the appropriate degree of softness and viscosity is made by forcing the mixture into a wooden mold with various carved patterns, elaborating it by hand or with spatulas, and tinting it with food dyes such as artificial colors and gardenias.

• アルコール（エタノール）を摂取すると人はその麻酔作用により酩酊を得、抑制を引き起こすためにストレス (生体)から開放され、様々な快楽に対し抵抗感を無くす。
• When they consume alcohol (ethanol), people become intoxicated due to its sedative effect, get relieved from stress which has restrained them, and stop refraining from various pleasures.

• その際には集められた源氏物語の古写本を始めとする様々な資料と共に河内本を底本にした第一次の稿本にさらに手を入れた全5巻からなる完成原稿が閲覧に供されている。
• On that occasion, the final draft consisting of five volumes in total, which was made by further revision on the first draft based on the Kawachi-bon, was exhibited together with various collections of materials such as old manuscripts of The Tale of Genji.

• 生年に関しては1533年、1540年、1541年、1542年、1543年、1552年、1555年など様々な説があるが1533年説・1541年説が主流である。
• It is said that he was born in 1533, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1552, or 1555, but the theories claiming that he was born in 1533 or 1541 are now widely accepted.

• 漢詩文に優れた才能を見せる一方で、天徳 (日本)四年（960年）の天徳内裏歌合にも出詠しており、様々な歌合で判者（審判）を務めるなど和歌にも才能を発揮した。
• Not only did he show an outstanding talent for Chinese prose and poetry, but he was also such a gifted waka poet that in 960 he contributed a poem to the Tentoku Dairi Uta-awase (Imperial Palace Poetry Contest of the Tentoku era) and served as a judge at various poetry contests.

• 明治維新や文明開化により、様々な西洋の風習が日本に入り、それらはかつての中華文化と同じ様に日本文化と融合して手が加えられ、変化・変質して独特な展開を遂げた。
• Various western customs came into Japan due to the Meiji restoration, but this civilization and enlightenment developed in its own way, having changed by assimilating with Japanese custom, like Chinese culture had in the past.

• 日本の各時代や地域によっても「死者は聖なる存在」「死者は忌み嫌うべき存在」「自然死以外は、悪霊化し、生者に祟る」など様々な見解がとられていたといわれている。
• It is said that there have been different viewpoints throughout the ages in Japan and across different regions including that 'the dead become sacred beings', 'the dead become beings to be abhorred' or that 'people who die of unnatural causes become revengeful ghosts and curse the living.'

• この他にも調理人独自の料理として、スパイダーロールやダイナマイトロール、レインボーロールといった素材ではなく視覚的な名称を伴った様々な巻き寿司が出来ている。
• In addition, various sushi dishes with visual names, such as spider roll, dynamite roll, and rainbow roll, each specific to the sushi chef, have appeared.

• 様々な理由で富士詣が出来ない人々のために神社などにおいて富士塚と呼ばれる縮小版の富士山に見立てた小山が作られ、頂上には実際と同じく鳥居や祠などが設けられた。
• For the sake of those who could not visit Mt. Fuji for various reasons, a mound of dirt called Fujizuka, a miniature of Mt. Fuji, was made in shrines, and so on, and torii and hokora (a small shrine) were built on top of the Fujizuka Mound, just as on the actual mountain.

• 家や家族の様々な幸福や厄除けを願う物であり、角材に祝上棟などと書き込み紅白の古式折り紙や紙製の扇、金箔や銀箔またはそれらに代わる金、銀紙などで装飾された物。
• It is square timber inscribed with the words such as celebration for roof-laying, decorated with old style origami in red and white, a paper fan, gold and silver leaves or their substitute (gold or silver paper), and is used to pray for various forms of happiness and protection against evils, in connection with the house and the family.

• また実用品としての利用が少なくなったとはいえ、夏の風物詩としての価値はなくなっておらず、鑑賞用として現在でも蚊遣豚など、様々な蚊遣器が作成、使用されている。
• Although kayariki has been used less often as a practical item, it still has value as a summer feature; various kayariki with ornamental purpose such as kayaributa have been created and are used even today.

• しかし天保を迎える頃には、もはや三味線の技巧開拓も行き着く所まで行き着き、「手事」も追求され尽くして、盲人音楽家たちは新たな作曲の展開を様々に模索していた。
• However, by the beginning of Tempo era (1830), the development of shamisen technique had been accomplished and 'tegoto' had also been thoroughly sought, where the blind musicians sought a new development of composition in various ways.

• また、呉錦堂財閥や小曽根財閥のように中心的な生産事業を保有せず、統轄司令部としての持ち株会社が、様々な企業に投資することで財閥を形成する多角的投資財閥がある。
• However, there is also the diversified investment zaibatsu, such as Gokindo Zaibatsu and Ozone Zaibatsu, which doesn't have a core production business but is instead a holding company as the controlling headquarters, which invests in various enterprises to form a zaibatsu.

• 食料など様々な物資不足はもとより、衣服も不足し闇市でも入手できない立場の大衆は、1948年から連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の放出衣料による古洋服の着用を始める。
• On top of shortages of basic commodities such as food, common people, who didn't have enough clothes even in the black market, started to wear old clothes released from the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers in 1948.

• 『万国公法』の普及と、上記のような様々な事件・問題の際の近代国際法の強制的な適用と受容が、東アジア国際社会に大きな影響を与えたことは改めて強調するまでもない。
• It is obvious that diffusion of 'Bankoku Koho'and forcible application and acceptance of modern international law on the above mentioned incidents and issues had major impact on international society in East Asia.

• 団子を焼く場合は、磯辺餅に類似した食べ方も見られ、海苔のふりかけをかけたり、板海苔を巻いたり、わさび醤油につけたりして食べるなど、様々なバリエーションがある。
• When a dumpling is roasted, it may be prepared like Isobe rice cake; it may be sprinkled with seaweed seasonings, wrapped with dried seaweed, or dipped into soy sauce seasoned with wasabi.

• こうした広範な森林破壊は木材供給の逼迫をもたらしただけでなく、山林火災の増加、台風被害の激甚化、河川氾濫の増加など様々な災厄を日本列島にもたらすことになった。
• Such an extensive forest destruction not only threatened the supply of timber, but also triggered various disasters in the Japanese archipelago, including increased wildfires, intensified damage by typhoons, and frequent river flooding.

• 事件から遡ること約20年の嘉禎2年（1236年）頃、親鸞が東国から京に帰った後の東国では、様々な異議が生じ、異端を説く者が現れ、東国門徒が動揺するようになる。
• Around 1236 which was about twenty years before the incident, after Shinran left Togoku (present Kanto region) and returned to Kyoto, some priests began to teach different thoughts, and the upset spread among Togoku-monto.

• - 道具塚とは普段使っている生活道具が使用できない状態になったとき感謝を込めて埋めたり、様々な職業の道具を埋め感謝しその職の技術の向上を祈願して建てられた塚。
• - Dogu zuka (grave for tool) is a mound erected to bury old worn tools used in daily life and tools used in various professions in appreciation of their many years of service as well as to pray for improving skills in one's work.

• 一方、日本では、第1次西園寺内閣が様々な国内事情を抱え、帝国議会、軍部、財界の圧力にさらされており、この局面を挽回しようと南清艦隊を動かして清国政府を威嚇した。
• On the other hand, the first Saionji Cabinet in Japan, which was suffered by various domestic circumstances and under pressure from the Imperial Diet, the military and the financial world, mobilized the Southern-Qing Fleet and threatened the Qing government with the intention of recovering from the difficult position.

• 邪馬台国の比定地については、「魏志倭人伝」に書かれている方角表記や距離表記をその通りにたどると、日本列島のはるか南方の海中になるため、様々な解釈がなされてきた。
• The presumed location of Yamatai has been interpreted variously because Yamatai is supposed to be in the middle of the ocean, farther south of the Japanese islands, if you follow the direction and the distances written in 'Gishiwajinden.'

• 戦国時代初期に発生した日置流により歩射を中心とした弓射技術は大きく進歩し、様々な実戦的技術、たとえば遠矢や矢合せ、槍の脇からの射、狭間からの射などが工夫された。
• The Yumiire technique, centered on Busha (歩射), was greatly advanced by the Heki school founded in the early Sengoku Period, and various actual fighting techniques were devised such as Toya flight shooting, Ya'awase (矢合せ), shooting through the side of a spear and shooting through a narrow space.

• 棒の種類や材質・形態は様々で、日本に於いて『太平記』では柏木棒、樫木棒、金棒、鉄棒などが出現し、『義経記』では八角棒・乳切木など、特殊な形態の棒が記されている。
• There are various kinds of materials and forms of staffs in Japan; for example, the 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) describes kashiwagibo (oak bar), kashinokibo (oak bar), iron club and tetsubo (iron bar), while in 'Gikeiki' (a military epic about the life of Yoshitsune), unique sticks such as hakkakubo (octagonal bar) and chigiriki (a rather unique weapon consisting of a short staff and an attached weight) are described.

• 地球温暖化に対してはその信頼性や影響について様々な懐疑論が見られるが、その傾向はいくつかに絞られており、概ね否定できるもの、または信頼性に乏しいと考えられている。
• There are various kinds of skepticism on credibility or influence of the global warming, but the tendencies are limited to a few, and they are deniable in general and have little credibility.

• また、法制面でも国政国務の問題を扱う大日本帝国憲法及びこれに基づいて制定された諸法令と、宮中の問題を扱う旧皇室典範及びその下の様々な皇室令とが対等に分立していた。
• Additionally, from the legal aspect of these institutes, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, which handled the national administration and affairs, as well as various laws and ordinances established based on the Constitution equally coexisted with the former Imperial Household Law, which handled the Court affairs, and various Koshitsu-rei (the Imperial Household's Orders) under the Law.

• お勢の母親のお政からも愛想を尽かされる中、お勢の心変わりが信じられない文三は、本田やお勢について自分勝手に様々な思いを巡らしながらも、結局何もできないままである。
• Osei's mother Omasa was also disgusted with Bunzo, who couldn't believe Osei's change of her mind but could do nothing about it while thinking about Honda and Osei in a self-centered way.

• 現在まで、神籠石が何時頃作られたかも判明しておらず、成立年代は同じであったとしても、これほど様々に状況の違うものを現在的視点から神籠石と総称している可能性は高い。
• It is unclear as to when the kogo-ishi were built, and even if they are of the same era it is probable that we only collectively refer to the wide variety of constructions as 'kogo-ishi' based on the distorting prism of what remains today.

• 前述のように近世、特に石炭が燃料として普及する以前の日本列島における里山の負荷は一貫して高く、村落共同体は里山の植生崩壊を防止する為に様々な規則を作って対応した。
• As mentioned before, the stress on Satoyamas throughout the Japanese archipelago had been heavy until coal began to be used as a fuel, and to cope with this burden, each community set up its own regulations to protect the destruction of Satoyama's vegetation.

• 鎌倉時代までに様々な正規のルートを通さない命令を発するための公文書が作成されたが、人事に関する命令は詔書・太政官符・位記などの正規の公文書の発給手続が守られてきた。
• Various official documents for orders issued off the regular route were created until the Kamakura period, but exceptionally the documents for orders regarding personnel matters were created by sticking to the steps of issuing such regular official documents as an Imperial Rescript, the documents issued by the Daijokan, and the diploma of court rank.

• また、この説についても一介の僧侶が個人的な理由で書いたのか、またはその時代の天皇である白河天皇の庇護下にあった何名かの僧侶によって書かれたのかなど様々分かれている。
• Concerning that assessment, there are various views: that it was written by a single monk for personal reasons, that it was written by several monks under the protection of Emperor Shirakawa, the emperor at the time, etc.

• オリジナルは柄の部分は地中に残っており、刃の部分は回収され、島津家に献上され、近くの神社に奉納されたが、その後も様々な人手を転々と渡って現在は行方不明となっている。
• While the hilt of the original halberd has been left in the ground, the blade, once retrieved and presented to the Shimazu clan, then dedicated to a shrine nearby, is now reported missing after passing into the possession of various people.

• 内容は案によって様々で、抵抗権や革命権（東洋大日本国国憲按）を容認したもの、人民主権、議院内閣制を主張するもの、国民投票で皇帝を廃立する権利を規定したものもあった。
• The contents differed among drafts; some allowed the right of resistance and the right of revolution (Toyo Dai Nippon-koku Kokken-an [Draft of the National Constitution for Great Japan of the East]), some insisted that sovereignty should reside with the people or on a parliamentary system, and some included the right to dismiss an emperor from the throne by national referendum.

• 安土桃山時代ごろ「垂髪（たれかみ）」と呼ばれる真直で長い髪から「日本髪（にほんがみ）」と呼ばれる様々な髪形へと髪型が変遷する際に、髪飾りとしては先ず簪が用いられた。
• Kanzashi came into use as hair ornamentation during the Azuchi-Momoyama period when women's hairstyle gradually changed from long and straight hairstyle called 'tarekami' to various kinds of 'nihongami' (Japanese coiffure).

• 当時の曹洞宗では師僧から弟子に面授される法統（人法）の他に、寺院の住職を継ぐことによって伝えられる法統（伽藍法）があるとされ、両者の混乱から様々な弊害を生じていた。
• In the Soto Sect at that time, other than Hoto (the lineage of sect) that was inherited from a mentor priest to a disciple by means of menju (face to face transmission) (nin-po), there was also another Hoto that was inherited by means of succeeding the position of chief priest of a temple (garan-ho), and under such circumstances, there were a variety of abuses resulting from such confusion.

• よって、教団の枠組みを超え、朱子学・陽明学といった儒教哲学や、漢詩などの文学、水墨画による山水画や庭園造立などの美術などの、様々な文化的な事象に広範な影響を与えた。
• Therefore, it had a wide influence to various cultures such as Confucianism Philosophy including Neo-Confucianism and Yomei-gaku (neo-Confucianism based on teaching of Wang Yangming), literature including Chinese poetry, Sansui-ga (Chinese-style landscape painting) of ink-wash painting and arts including garden making beyond the framework of a religious community.

• 歴史を感じさせる享保雛、草木染の段飾り雛人形、まゆ雛、土雛、木目込み五段飾りのお雛様、慶応から平成までの歴代段飾りのお雛様など、時代を超えて様々なお雛様が見られる。
• Various hina dolls throughout the ages are displayed, such as Kyoho-bina, which has a historical air, a tiered-display of hina dolls of plant dyeing, Mayu-bina (made by painting a cocoon to make it look like a hina doll), Tsuchi-bina (ceramic hina dolls), a five-tier display of wooden hina dolls with Japanese costumes made from cloth with the edges tucked into grooves in the wood, and a tiered-display of successive hina dolls from the Keio era until the Heisei period.

• 国民には、江戸時代の自由の制限をなくし、身分の撤廃を行い四民平等とし、日本全国の行き来の自由を認め、職業の選択の自由や、散髪帯刀の自由など様々なことを改革していった。
• With regard to the citizens, the government lifted various restrictions on freedoms that existed during the Edo period whereby the social standing system was abolished and replaced by one that made all people equal, as well as various other reforms such as freedom to travel across the country, freedom to choose occupations, freedom to have closely cut hair and freedom to carry a sword in belt.

• 焼失した京都御所の修理を行った浅野に対し、後西天皇に対する譲位圧力など幕府の様々な朝廷政治工作にかかわっていたであろう吉良義央を、東山天皇は憎んでいたのかもしれない。
• While Asano was helping to fix the Kyoto Imperial Palace that was previously burned down, but there was a possibility that Yoshinaka KIRA might have been involved in the various political moves of the bakufu towards the Imperial Palace, such as putting pressure on Emperor Gosai for the abdication of the throne, Emperor Higashiyama might have had a hatred towards Yoshinaka KIRA due to this reason.

• この鮪の漬けを鉄火といったが、昨今では鮪の赤身を鉄火と呼ぶようになり、伝統的な鉄火巻きや鉄火丼だけでなく、様々な鮪の赤身を用いた料理に、鉄火という言葉が使われている。
• Although tekka originally meant maguro no zuke (red flesh of tuna soaked in soy sauce), today, the word tekka has extended its meaning to red flesh of tuna itself, and it has been used not only for traditional dishes such as tekka maki (tuna sushi roll) and tekka don (a bowl of rice topped with tuna), but also to various dishes using red flesh of tuna.

• アメリカ側の記述によると、最後に本来ならメニューを持ち帰るべきところを料理その物を懐紙に包んでもって帰り、しかも、様々な料理を一緒くたに包んでいた事に驚いた、という.
• According to a recorded account by one of the Americans, the Japanese guests wrapped their food in kaishi (paper carried inside one's kimono) and returned home with it--a practice that surprised the Americans.

• 館内では世界の歴史的建造物で使用された様々な煉瓦が展示されている他、世界の著名な煉瓦建造物の紹介、および煉瓦窯を再現したシアターで煉瓦の歴史・製法の紹介がされている。
• The museum exhibits a wide variety of bricks that were used in historical buildings around the world, introduces world famous brick buildings, and demonstrates the history and brick manufacturing methods in a theater which uses a brick kiln to reproduce the various kinds of bricks used within them.

• 同時に合奏法が発達して、独奏だけでなく段合わせ、地合わせ、打ち合わせ、本手替手合奏、三曲合奏など、様々な合奏法が編み出され、手事は次第にその中心的部分として発展した。
• At the same time, ensemble methods developed, and not only solos but also various types of ensemble methods such as danawase, jiawase, uchiawase, honte kaede gasso, and sankyoku gasso were created; gradually tegoto developed as a core part of these methods.

• 1190年、頼朝は常設武官の最高職である右近衛大将に補任されたが、同職には様々な政治的制約も付随していたため、すぐに辞し、より自由度の高い征夷大将軍を望むようになった。
• In 1190 Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards), the highest job of regular military officers, but the post was associated with various political constraints and he therefore soon resigned, hoping to become shogun with the higher degree of freedom that the position afforded.

• ちなみに三成の善政を示すものとして、古橋の領民が凶作で苦しんでいるとき、三成は年貢を免訴して領民を助けたり、様々な法令を制定して領内を整備するなどの手腕を発揮している。
• Good government by Mitsunari was exemplified by the exemption of nengu (land tax) to help the people living in Furuhashi who suffered a poor harvest, and enacting a variety of laws and ordinances to improve the inside of the territory.

• もっとも、没官領の実態は没官された者が持っていた職の体系（荘園内の役職とそれに付随する諸権利）であるため、同じ没官領でも本家職から下司・公文まで様々な内容を有していた。
• What really was regarded as Mokkanryo, however, varied from honke shiki (the right which belonged to the head family), geshi (lower ranking officer) to kumon (a local shoen official below the gesu in rank), as it depended on the actual post and responsibility (the post within the manor as well as various rights that came with the responsibility) held by the original owner of the confiscated land.

• 現在でも小笠原流、日置流、本多流、大和流など様々な流派が存在し活動しているものの、大多数の弓道家は流派には所属せず、全日本弓道連盟の定めた射法（射法八節）に従っている。
• Although various schools such as the Ogasawara school, Heki-ryu school, Honda-ryu school and Yamato-ryu school still exist and are active, the majority of Kyudo-ka (those who do Kyudo) don't belong to schools but follow the shooting form (Shaho hassetsu (eight arts of shooting an arrow)) defined by the All Nippon Kyudo Federation.

• 埴輪では千葉県山武郡芝山町の殿部田（とのべた）1号墳や鳥取県東伯郡羽合町の馬ノ山古墳群中の長瀬高浜遺跡から古墳時代中期の様々なスタイルをした家形埴輪が、　出土している。
• Various house-shaped haniwa of the mid Kofun period (tumulus period) were excavated from Tonobeta number 1 mound in Shibayama-cho, Sanbu County, Chiba Prefecture and Nagase Takahama site in Umanoyama burial mounds located in Hawai-cho, Tohaku County, Tottori Prefecture.

• この物語の転輪聖王とは仏で、兵士たちは弟子、種々の手柄により与えられた宝とは爾前経（にぜんきょう＝法華経以前の様々な教え）、髻中の明珠とは法華経であることを表している。
• This story indicated that Tenrinjoo was Buddha, soldiers were disciples, treasures given according to various feats were Nizenkyo (various teachings before Hoke-kyo Sutra) and a brilliant gem in the king's top-knot was Hoke-kyo Sutra.

• 天皇は幼少時から病弱であったとされ、『続日本後紀』には7歳の頃からの様々な病歴が記載され、即位後もしばしば薬（丹薬・石薬）の調薬をして医師並みの知識を有していたとされる。
• The Emperor had been weak since birth, and in the record of 'Shoku Nihon Koki' his medical history since age seven is listed; after his enthronement he often compounded medicines (Tanyaku, Ishiyaku), and his knowledge was as good as that of a doctor in his time.

• 手で投げることを始めとして、西洋のような投石器を使用するもの、日本手ぬぐいを持ってそれに代用するもの、砲丸投のように重量のあるものを投げつけるものなど様々な形態があった。
• Inji had different styles such as slinging by hand, operating a Western style sling, utilizing Japanese towels in place of the sling, or throwing heavy stuff like putting a shot.

• 現存する「物語」として認められる作品以外にも、平安時代には様々な「散逸物語」があったと考えられているが、「物語」の語が捉える範囲そのものが現代と違うことに注意を要しよう。
• Other than the works which are currently recognized as 'monogatari,' there seems to have been various 'lost and dispersed monogatari,' but we have to be careful about the difference between the current definition of 'monogatari' and what 'monogatari' meant in those days.

• ただし、没年には天文18年（1549年）説や天文21年（1552年）説もあり、生年も永正5年（1508年）説、永正8年（1511年）説など様々な要素があって定かではない。
• In this regard, however, there are various factors about the year of his death such as the theory of 1548 and 1552, and also about the year of his birth such as the theory of 1508 and 1511, and they are uncertain.

• 様々な政治上の軋轢があった相手との近い距離のためか、大磯別邸はあまり使用されず、明治40年（1907年）には別邸を新たに国府津に構え、わずか10年で大磯を引き払っている。
• As Ito, who was often in conflict with him on political matters, lived near Okuma's second residence in Oiso, Okuma rarely used the house, and so he settled into another second residence in Kozu, vacating his residence in Oiso just 10 years later.

• 恒居倭の増加に伴い、恒居倭による漁場の占拠、恒居倭の倭寇化、密貿易の恒常化及び恒居倭と朝鮮人の癒着、三浦周辺朝鮮人の納税回避、朝鮮人水賊の活発化など、様々な問題が噴出する。
• The increased population of kokyowa caused various problems such as the occupation of fishing grounds by kokyowa, the pirate-like behavior by kokyowa, the consistent illegal trading accompanied by a collusive relationship between kokyowa and Koreans, tax evasion by some Korean who lived in the vicinity of Sanpo, and the emergence of Korean pirates.

• そのような永続的な衝突を可能にしたほど経済が急速に質量ともに発達していき、それまでの無名の庶民が様々な形で成功を収めることができる経済成長期であったことが時代を支えていた。
• This period was supported by the fact that it was a period of economic growth in which nameless average persons could achieve success in various forms thanks to rapid quantitative and qualitative developments which enabled such endlessly repeated quarrels.

• その一方で、超長期の政権安定、特に前半の百数十年は成長経済基調のもと、町人層が発展し、学問・文化・芸術・経済等様々な分野の活動が活発化し、現代にまで続く伝統を確立している。
• From one point of view, the ultra long-term stable government, especially for the first hundred and dozens of years, enjoyed economic growth, which brought about development of the merchant class, who played active roles in flourishing fields such as studies, culture, art, and business, and accomplished traditions unswerving even today.

• そのため、研究者の間では様々な呼び方があり、「身分解放令」「賎民解放令」と呼ぶ例、中には「解放」の名称を使用せず「賤称廃止令」「廃称令」「廃止令」などと呼称する人々もいる。
• Therefore the edict is called in various names among researchers, some calling it 'edict of emancipation of the class system' or 'edict of emancipation of lower class people' and other calling it without the word 'emancipation' 'edict of abolition of names of lower class people ', 'edict of abolition of status names', or 'edict of abolition'.

• また、明治初期の国家意思形成の不統一性の問題もあり、規制対象を同じくする法令が何度も公布されたり、法令の名称についても、「法」、「条例」、「規則」、「律」など様々であった。
• The early Meiji government internally lacked appropriate means of establishing a uniform direction over state governance, and there were laws and ordinances repeatedly issued with overlapping subjects, using various names for the laws, such as 'act,' 'bylaw,' 'order' and 'code.'

• ただし、ヤマト王権は独自性を持った様々な部族の連合政権的な物だったらしく、ヤマト王権の支配域と当時の大和民族の分布域をイコールで結ぶことは必ずしも適切ではないかもしれない。
• However, it might not be appropriate to think that the range of the Yamato sovereignty's domain and the distribution of the Yamato race at that time were equal because the Yamato sovereignty appeared to be a coalition government of various tribes which had their own sovereignty.

• 単に町を歩いてお旅所（神酒所）と呼ばれる目的地を回るだけのものや、荒々しく揺らしたり神輿同士をぶつけ合ったりするものなど様々で、祭りの中でそれが果たす役割は多種多様である。
• The role that the mikoshi plays in the festival varies tremendously, in some instances, with the mikoshi being simply carried through a town visiting one Otabisho (or Miki-sho meaning a station where the sacred sake is dedicated to god) to the next or, in the other instances, with mikoshi being shaken violently or two mikoshi clashing against one another.

• アートコンプレックス1928の名前は、芝居、音楽、ダンス、など様々なジャンル、芸術性、エンターテイメント性をコンプレックス（複合）したものを発信していきたいということから。
• The name of ART COMPLEX 1928 is used intending to generate and spread complex products of various art genres, such as plays, music and dance, various artistic and entertainment characteristics.

• それらの製品では袋を取り出し、麺の上に置いてから湯を注ぐなど、製品ごとに様々な違いも見られるため、湯を注ぐ前にパッケージに記載された説明書きなどを読んでおく事が勧められる。
• Those products vary such as taking out the bag, putting on noodles, and pouring hot water, thereby it is recommended to read the instructions and others described in a package before pouring hot water.

• しかし、現地での実際においては、地頭は風水害など様々な理由をつけ、年貢を押領することも多く、領主との紛争は訴訟だけでは解決できず、訴訟の結果も実効性を持たないことも多かった。
• At local shoen, however, jito often embezzled nengu on the pretext of natural disasters etc. and many of these disputes couldn't be resolved through litigations alone or the results of litigations were virtually ineffective.

• しかし博多のように「屋台は日本の文化である」といった地域住民や行政の意思により、官民一体となって存続される地域も出始めていて、観光誘致や地域振興として様々な恩恵を齎している。
• However, in some areas such as Hakata, they are beginning to be kept alive by public and private support, with the will of local residents and the belief of government that 'yatai are part of the culture of Japan,' and they bring various benefits regarding tourism and regional promotion.

• 簡易な屋台ではスイカ、パイナップル、パパイヤなどの果物、オレンジ、ココナッツ、ロンガンなどのジュースや豆乳などの飲料、魚のすり身のチップスや焼き鳥など様々なものが売られている。
• Malaysian simple street stalls sell: Fruits such as a watermelon, pineapple, papaya; Juice such as: Orange juice, coconut juice, and longan juice; Beverages such as soymilk; there are other foods such as: fish paste chips and yakitori (grilled chicken).

• ハワイ王国へ集団移住した初めての日本人、いわゆる「元年者」が現地にて労働環境など様々な問題に直面し、それが国際的に報道されたため、政府の命により特命全権公使としてハワイに赴く。
• The first Japanese immigrants in the Kingdom of Hawaii, so-called 'Japanese settlers of 1868,' had faced various problems in the field including labor environment, and after this was internationally reported, the government ordered Kagenori to go off to Hawaii as Envoy Extraordinary.

• 座る際に用いられる他、二つに折って簡易の枕にする・乳幼児を寝かせるための小型敷布団の代用品に用いる・落下物から頭を守る防具として用いる等、単純な道具だけに様々な活用方法がある。
• Zabuton are not only used for sitting, but these simple items are used in a number of ways, including folding in half to make a simple pillow, or as an alternative to a small futon for putting babies to sleep, or as protective gear for protecting the head from falling objects.

• このため、各地に古くから伝わる伝統的な番茶には様々な製法で作られたものがあり、茶の木から葉を摘み取って自然乾燥させただけの薬草茶の様なものから中国茶のような発酵茶まで存在する。
• Because of this, traditional bancha of various regions have differing manufacturing methods, ranging from those like herbal teas which consist only of leaves which have been dried naturally, to fermented teas like those from China.

• その一方で炭供御人、氷室供御人など様々な手工芸品を扱ったため、貢納物を超える生産物は諸国往来権を持つ彼ら自身により流通経路に載せられ、商人としての活動も行っていたと見られている。
• On the other hand, Kugonin handled various handicraft products such as sumi (charcoal) Kugonin and himuro (warehouse for ice) Kugonin and, therefore, it seems that they also acted as merchants because of the fact that their products, in excess of those presented to the Imperial court, were sold in their distribution networks by themselves utilizing their right to travel to various provinces.

• 小荷駄の規模は遠征か防衛か、移動時・戦地における現地調達（収奪、買い上げ）の容易さ、動員兵力の規模、要員として動員される領民の状態など様々な要素を鑑みた結果、決定され編成される。
• The size of konida was decided and organized as a result of weighing various factors such as whether the battle was an expedition or a defense, ease of delivering the goods during transfer as well as at the battleground (either by confiscation or by purchase), size of the mobilized army, condition of the people of the domain mobilized as troop members.

• また、幕臣からも信望が厚かったと言われ、家臣や女性や動物たちに至るまで非常に優しい態度で接する一方、剛毅な一面を持つ人柄が明治以後に旧幕臣たちなどから様々な逸話で伝えられている。
• It is also said that he held great prestige among the shogunal retainers, and various anecdotes told by former retainers from the late Meiji Period tell that he had fortitude and firmness of character, yet he was very kind to everyone, from vassals and women to animals.

• 江戸時代に様々に差別されてきた穢多・非人などの身分及び呼称（とそれに伴う死牛馬取得権など）が1871年（明治4年）8月28日の太政官布告（解放令）で一挙に廃止されることになった。
• Such social status and naming as Eta and Hinin and the like (as well as acquisition rights of carcasses of beasts accompanying them) were to be abolished at once by Dajokan fukoku (proclamation of Kaiho Rei by Grand Council of State) on August 28, 1871.

• 山岳図は、限られた紙の上に雄大な山容を再現するために、様々な画法を用いて工夫がなされているだけでなく、科学性をも兼ね備えている点で、他に類例のないものとして特筆すべきものである。
• To replicate the grand image of the mountains on the limited space of paper, the pictures of them are worthy of mention because not only so many different styles of drawing were used but they are also of a scientific nature, unlike any other books.

• これまでの諸研究では、このような様々な国際関係を束ねたものを朝貢―冊封体制、あるいは朝貢システム、互市体制、華夷秩序と表現することが多い（対象とする時代や研究者によって異なる）。
• According to various studies in the past, package of such various international relations has been often expressed as the choko-sakuho system, goshi system or Kaichitsujo (It differs by the target period or researcher.)

• 『万国公法』は、各国の国内法を説明する際に、君主制や共和制といった政治体制に言及することが多く、それまで君主制しか知らなかった中国に世界には様々な政治体制があることを知らしめた。
• In explaining domestic laws of each country, 'Bankoku Koho' often mentions political systems such as monarchy and republic making Chinese people, who knew only monarchy, know that there were various political systems in the world.

• 地域によって様々な違いがあるが、2～6名程度の人間が乗り込んで内部の太鼓を叩き、その太鼓の音に合わせて掛け声をかけ、数十人～百人以上で担ぎ上げ、練り歩くという形式は共通している。
• The taikodai shows a wide regional variation in the form and the style, but has a common style that two to six men get into the taikodai and beat the drum placed in it, providing the rhythm that guides dozens to more than one hundred men below who shoulder the taikodai and parade through their parishes, shouting a call synchronized exactly with the drum beat.

• これにより、土地に対して重層的にあった中世的な中間権利である様々な職が否定され、耕作者は直接領主に納税することとなり、農村にいた中間搾取者としての武士はほぼ一掃されることとなった。
• As a result, the legitimacy of the positions of a great many medieval-period middleman tax collectors and the like were repudiated, since now cultivators were paying taxes directly to their local lords; at the agricultural village level, Hideyoshi's survey had eliminated nearly all the extortionist middleman warriors who lived off others' effort in one clean sweep.

• その後、縄文時代と弥生時代の差を何に求めるべきかという本質的な論争が研究者の間で展開され、集落の形態や墓の形態、水田の有無、土器・石器など物質文化の変化など様々な指標が提案された。
• After that, the essential subject of the difference between the Jomon and Yayoi periods, was argued between researchers and various indicators were proposed, including forms of settlement, forms of graves, presence or absence of paddy fields and changes in artifacts such as earthenware and stoneware.

• 化粧は歌舞伎舞踊と、ほぼ同じ舞台化粧が原則だが、自毛で結った場合や少女の場合は大人のフォーマルや、民謡舞踊、大衆演劇と同様の厚化粧、バレエと同様な洋風の厚化粧、と、結構様々である。
• The dancers usually apply Kabuki-style stage makeup, but if the dancers are not wearing a wig or are young girls, they apply formal style makeup, with other styles including those similar to folk dancers, travelling performers and ballerinas.

• 廃絶理由として、財源不足、後継者難、真言教団維持優先への路線転換、構想自体の非現実性、実際は朝廷による民衆懐柔のための一時的施設であったとする見方など、様々な理由があげられている。
• Regarding its abolishment, the various reasons cited include revenue shortfalls, a lack of successors, policy change to giving high priority to maintaining the Shingon-shu sect religious group, the unrealistic nature of the concept, the view that the Shugei Shuchiin school was actually a temporary facility to conciliate the people by the Imperial Court, and so on.

• また西京極スタジアム場外エリアをフレンズスクエアと称して観客の再入場を可能にし、選手の撮影会やイベントを行ったり飲食屋台なども出店して、観客動員増加の為に様々な取り組みをしている。
• Besides, the club named the outside area of Nishikyogoku Athletic Stadium 'Friends Square' to permit the spectators to reenter there, and has made use of the area to work on various approaches to increase attendance, such as carrying out a photo session of the players or other events, setting up booths to sell food and drink, and so on.

• 中でも往復書簡を集めた形式の書籍である往来物は特に頻用され、様々な書簡を作成する事の多かった江戸時代の民衆にとっては実生活に即した教科書であり、「往来物」は教科書の代名詞ともなった。
• Oraimono, collection of correspondences were frequently used as textbooks because the public during the Edo period often prepared various letters for practical life and eventually 'Oraimono' became a pronoun for textbook.

• 油小路通（通称新堀川通り）にはパルスプラザ（京都府総合見本市会館）があり、様々な業種による見本市や発表会が頻繁に開催されており、京都の産業を対外的にPRする拠点として重視されている。
• Pulse Plaza (Kyoto Trade Fair Center) is located along the Abura-koji-dori (also known as Shinhorikawa-dori) --it is an important site for public relations activities for informing the public of Kyoto's industries and exhibitions are frequently held by a wide variety of industries.

• 荒田の発生原因には様々な原因があるが、大きく分けると地味の乏しさなど土地本来の条件による場合と洪水による荒廃（「河成（かわなり）」）などの自然災害に由来するものに分けることが出来る。
• The reasons for Koden were various and can be largely divided into cases due to physical aspects of the property itself, such as poor soil, and cases due to natural disasters such as flooding (Kawanari).

• 上代にはいくつの母音が実際に存在したのか、その具体的な音価は何か、なぜイ段・エ段・オ段の一部のみに使い分けが見られるのかなどについて、今後も様々な分野からのアプローチが待たれている。
• In the future approaches from various fields are expected concerning the matters like how many vowels actually existed in ancient Japanese or why only a part of characters with the vowels of イ (i), エ (e) and オ (o) had the distinction of the types.

• 博覧会は元々その開催国の国力を誇示するという性格を有していたが、帝国主義列強の植民地支配が拡大すると、その支配領域の広大さを内外に示すために様々な物品が集められ展示されるようになる。
• Originally exhibitions were held to show off the power of host countries, but as the imperialist powers extended their colonies, they began to collect and display various items to show the vastness of their territories to their nation and the outside the world.

• また様々な竹と木材を張り合わせた積層弓は、日本の軽工業に欠かせない、ゼラチン（にかわ）の発展にも寄与し「にべ」（「にべもない」という語源になっている）と言う特殊な接着剤も生み出した。
• In addition, a laminated bow made by bonding various types of bamboo and wood together, has contributed the development of gelatin (glue) which is important for light industry in Japan, and has created a special bond called 'nibe' (drumfish, the origin of the word 'nibemonai' (flat refusal)).

• 調は、その地域の特産物で、一定量の絹、あしぎぬ、糸、綿、布などの繊維製品、塩、鰒、海藻、堅魚などの海産物や鉄、それに調副物として油、染料、海産物、山の幸など、様々な物品から成っていた。
• Cho were the special local products of an area that consisted of a variety of goods, including fiber products such as silk, thick silk fabric, threads, cotton and cloth, marine products such as salt, abalone, seaweed and katauo (solid dried fish), iron, as well as Cho no sowaritsumono (the subordinate tax to cho [a tax paid by tribute]) such as oil, dyes, marine products and mountain vegetables.

• 近代以降にも、作家としての文才や創作意欲を満たすため、寡婦としての寂しさや無聊を慰めるため、式部の父がその文才で官位を得たように式部が女房になるため、といった様々な説が唱えられている。
• During modern times, various opinions have emerged as follows: to satisfy her literary talent and creative urge as an author; to distract herself from her loneliness as a widow and forget the tedium; to become a court lady and follow in the footsteps of her father, who had obtained his title through means of literary talent.

• また、九州王朝説の支持研究者間でも、白村江の戦いまでを九州王朝の歴史と見る、壬申の乱までを九州王朝の歴史と見る、大化の改新まで九州王朝の歴史と見る 等考え方は様々であり定まっていない。
• Among the researchers who support the Kyushu dynasty theory, opinions are varied and not fixed, some people regard the period until the battle of Hakusukinoe as the history of the Kyushu dynasty while other people regard the period until the Jinshin rebellion or the period until the Taika Reforms as the history of the Kyushu dynasty.

• 1910年になるまで朝鮮語に翻訳されたものは刊行されなかったが、日本がすぐ反応して多くの読者を獲得し、同時に翻刻・和訳・注釈と様々なバージョンが生み出されていったのとは好対照といえる。
• Until 1910 there was no Korean translated version and the fact is opposite to Japan, where people quickly responded to the new thoughts, many became readers of the book and various versions such as reprint, translated and with translator's notes came out.

• 平安期に登場した装束はそれ以降も朝廷・幕府等の儀礼に用いられ、着装法や着装する儀式と装束の相関に様々な時代的変化を経たものの、形状等の基礎的な部分に於いては現代に至っても通底している。
• The costumes that appeared during the Heian period had been used for ceremonies in the Imperial court and bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) since then, and the shape of clothing has essentially been the same until today, though 'how to wear costumes' and 'how rituals and costumes related to each other' had gone through various changes through the years.

• 肉を焼いて食べるという基本的な調理法である為に、起源には様々な説が存在するが、2001年のNHK人間講座で「焼肉は韓国文化と思いがちだが、戦後の日本が生んだ食文化である」と放送された。
• As grilling is a basic cooking method, there are various theories regarding its origin but an edition of Ningen Koza of Japan Broadcasting Corporation in 2001 stated that 'although often believed to be part of Korean culture, yakiniku actually originated in Japan after the World War II.'

• 日本の文化も単純にひとくくりにできるものではなく、様々な要素を含んでおり、古代から中世にいたっては中国を中心としたアジアの近隣諸国、そして明治以降の近～現代では欧米からの影響を受けた。
• The Japanese culture cannot be bracketed simply because it contains various elements, the Japanese culture in a period from ancient times to the medieval period was affected by neighboring countries in Asia around China, and in the period from early modern times to modern times after the Meiji period was affected by western countries.

• 『源氏物語』の巻々が執筆された順序については、「桐壺」から始まる現在読まれている順序で書かれたとするのが一般的な考えであるが、必ずしもそうではないとする見方も古くから様々な形で存在する。
• The order in which the chapters of 'The Tale of Genji' would have been written is generally considered the same as the present order, starting with 'Kiritsubo,' but in this regard there have been various opinions since the old times.

• 日蓮はその中でも「地獄に堕す」などと激しく他宗を論難した人であるが、これは日蓮だけに限ったことではない、という指摘がなされており、近代に至っても様々な角度から論考される問題を含んでいる。
• Nichiren is known to have directed particularly harsh criticisms at other sects, but as some people have pointed out, such criticisms aren't necessarily limited to Nichiren, and that even in contemporary society his religious criticisms raise issues worth studying from various perspectives.

• 中世期の特徴は、土地の支配権および収益権をめぐって、中央貴族や有力寺社、在地領主・地頭・名主など様々な主体が入り組みながら重層的な権利関係を形成している点にあった（これを職の体系という）。
• A feature of the medieval period was that, concerning land-controlling rights and tax-collecting rights, persons in various social statuses, such as nobles in Kyoto, powerful temples and shrines, local ryoshu, jito and nanushi, were related with each other and formed multi-tiered right oriented relationships (this structure called shiki-no-taikei (literally, a job system)).

• が、1937年に日中戦争が勃発すると朝鮮でも戦時体制下で皇民化教育が推進され、日本が敗戦を迎えるまで各種の人的資源の動員や、商行為を通して様々な資源、食品の日本への大量移送なども行われた。
• But in 1937, when the Sino-Japanese War occurred, Japanization was promoted under the wartime regime in Korea, and all sorts of human resources were mobilized and various resources and food were transported in large numbers through business practices to Japan until Japan was defeated.

• その技法には、筆法（筆の持ち方、点画の書き方）、結構法（字形の整え方）、章法 (書道)（全体のまとめ方）があり、それぞれに様々な方法が編み出され、書体や書風などによって使い分けられている。
• The technique is Hippo (way of writing) (how to hold a brush, how to write ten-kaku (the dots and strokes that make up a kanji character)), Kekkoho (how to arrange letter shapes), and Shoho (Shodo) (how to entirely organize), and various methods are devised for each to be differently used in writing style, calligraphy style, and others.

• このような改革には積極的に西洋文明の先進制度が取り入れられ、その過程で、「お雇い外国人」と呼ばれる外国人が、技術指導、教育分野、官制・軍制整備など様々な分野で雇用され、近代国家建設を助けた。
• The developed systems of western civilization were positively adopted in this reform, and in this process foreigners called 'Employed Foreigner' were hired in various areas including technical assistance, education, consolidation of the organization of the central government, and military systems, to help Japan build a modern state.

• この竈の発達により、調理者は裸火による直接的な放射熱に晒されなくてすみ、より高温の炎で調理することが出来るため調理時間の短縮にも繋がり、また調理方法も様々なバリエーションを生むようになった。
• Due to the development of the kamado, cooks did not have to be exposed to direct thermal radiation of an open flame and they could cook at a higher temperature, which shortened the time for preparing food, making various cooking methods available.

• 商家や寺社の配布用としての需要も急増し、裏面に名入れ、表面には商品や様々なメッセージが織り込まれ、その実用面に広告媒体としての意義が備わり、廉価性からマス・メディア媒体としての地位を築いた。
• With the dramatic increase of demand from merchants for Uchiwa fan to distribute, Uchiwa fan gradually became one of the significant advertising mediums by adding the name relating to the clients on the back side as well as image of their products and various messages on the front side, which was abetted by its low cost.

• 現在の立命館大学は、中川がその名跡を譲り受けたもので、大学組織的としての連続性は絶たれたが西園寺は「私塾立命館」の後継として京都法政学校（現・立命館大学）創立にあたり様々な支援を行う事になる。
• Present day Ritsumeikan University was named after Ritsumeikan Private School, the name Nakagawa inherited, and even though Saionji's association with it as an institution of higher learning ended, he contributed in various ways to establish Kyoto Hosei School, an evening law school (present day Ritsumeikan University) as a successor to 'Ritsumeikan Private School.'

• そのため、地域一円を荘園化して山や川などの自然物をもって境界とした荘園や分散した土地を合わせて1つの荘園として扱う場合など様々な形態が存在し、中には数路にわたって多数の荘園を有する者も存在した。
• For this reason there were various types of shoens, for example, they made shoen throughout the regions, drew lines between the shoens with natural objects such as mountains, rivers, and so on, and regarded the dispersed lands as one shoen and so on and some of them possessed many shoens across the roads.

• 戦闘部隊としての戦国時代から江戸時代における足軽の動員は多様な階層からの徴募制が採られており、その召抱える条件も戦時における一時的なものや平時においても雇用され続ける者など様々な待遇が存在した。
• Ashigaru were conscripted from diverse levels of society as combat troops from the Sengoku period to the Edo period, and there were various employment terms which ranged from temporary employment during wartime to continued employment during peacetime.

• 日本では、様々な地域の料理が供されてるにも関わらず、特定の地域の料理のみを供する飲食店（専門店）を除けば、やはり椀や丼などの食器を手に持つことが多く、一方で前屈姿勢で食べることは忌避されている。
• Although a variety of food from a variety of regions are provided in Japan, excluding eating places (specialty restaurant) which provide meals of specific regions, they still often hold eating utensils such as rice bowl or china bowl, on the other hand, they avoid eating in a stooped position.

• 今日の日本は、真に新しい思想をはらみ、世界を包括し、様々な文化を統合した（あるいは文化を持たない）トレンドを生み出すことで、現代美術、ファッション、建築などにおいて他国と競うほどの影響力を持つ。
• Today's Japan is powerful and competitive with other countries in modern art, fashion, and architecture by containing truly new ideas, embracing the world, and creating trends to unify various cultures (or beyond culture).

• 軍事（武芸）や経理（算）、法務（明法）といった朝廷の行政機構を、律令制機構内で養成された官人から様々な家芸を継承する実務官人の「家」にアウトソーシングしていったのが平安時代の王朝国家体制であった。
• The system of the dynasty state during the Heian period outsourced the Imperial Court's administrative organizations such as military affair (military art), accounting (calculation) and legal work (Myobo [law]) to the 'ie' (family) of the official for practical works who had succeeded various iegei (family's specialty) from a government official who was trained in the Ritsuryo-system organization.

• 朝廷や幕府財政の悪化が深刻になると、段銭・半済などの課役免除や禁制制札の発給、関所の新設廃止、座などの商業上の特権付与、訴訟に対する支持など様々な権利を求める人々に対して礼銭を求めるようになった。
• When the financial conditions of the Imperial Court and the bakufu greatly worsened, to present the reisen was required for those who asked for various kinds of privileged rights such as: tax exemption including the tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan) and the hanzei (tax system in which the Muromachi bakufu allowed Shugo, or military governors, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund); issuance of the kinsei seisatsu (notice of banning orders on a street bulletin board); ban on the construction or abolition of a sekisho (checking station); granting of commercial privileges such as the za (privileged guild); or support for a lawsuit.

• 発祥は諸説あるが、江戸時代に浮世絵師が作り始めたとも、同時代に大奥で使われ始めたという説、戦国時代 (日本)後期に山内一豊の妻、見性院 (山内一豊室)により発明されたという説など、様々な説がある。
• There are several theories for its origin: one is that ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) artists started to make it in the Edo period; the other is that it was started to be used in the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside); or that it was invented by Kenshoin (Kazutoyo YAMAUCHI's lawful wife) in the late Sengoku period (period of warring states).

• 主人公のかぐや姫も、垂仁天皇妃である迦具夜比売（かぐやひめ、大筒木垂根王の女）との関係や、赫夜姫という漢字が「とよひめ」と読めることからから豊受大神との関係について論じられるなど、様々な説がある。
• As to the main character Princess Kaguya, people made various suppositions; for example, a relationship with Emperor Suinin's consort Kaguyahime (a daughter of Otsuki no Miko (King Otsuki Tarine)), and a relationship with Toyouke Taijin (Grand Divine Toyouke) was discussed because the name of Kaguyahime written in Chinese characters (赫夜姫) can also be read as 'Toyohime.'

• 山荘は後に加賀家の手を離れ、様々な所有者の手に移り一時は会員制レストランなどに再利用されるが年々老朽化が進み、バブル経済末期には建設業者が買収し、一帯を更地に地上げするマンション開発計画を立てた。
• This villa later left the hands of the Kaga family and its ownership changed several times, once being used as a members-only restaurant, but becoming older year after year at the end of the bubble economy a construction firm bought it as part of a plan to have it demolished and build condominiums in a bid to raise land prices around the area.

• 以後、疫病や災厄対策のために同様の祭事が増やされ、『延喜式』では内裏の外周で行う「宮城四隅疫神祭」をはじめ、外国からの賓客の入京・帰国時、行幸や斎宮下向など様々な堺祭が行われたことが記されている。
• Afterward, similar festivals have increased for prevention of plagues or disasters. 'The Engisiki' describes that, when guests from foreign countries entered the capital and went back to their countries, various Sakai Festivals were held such as for gyoko (Emperor's going out) or for leaving the capital for Saigu, including 'Kyujo Yosumi Ekijin-sai Festival' performed around the periphery of the dairi (Imperial Palace.)

• 日本は古来から様々な職業において「組」と言う徒弟制度や雇用関係があり、的屋も噛み砕いて表現すれば、親分子分（親方子方・兄弟分・兄弟弟子）の関係を基盤とする企業や互助団体、その構成する人々でもある。
• Japan, since ancient times, has groups called 'kumi' that offer employment or apprenticeships in various fields and, simply put, tekiya are businesses and mutual aid societies (as well as the people who found them) based on the traditional Japanese mentor-apprentice system (also referred as the relationship of Oyabun-kobun, Oyakata kokata [father-son], Kyodaibun [brother-brother], kyodai deshi [fellow pupil]).

• 好んで様々な表現形式を試みたが、むしろそれらは後世になってから評価されたもので、当時の時点においては印刷された書籍の表紙や広告美術などが多くの目に触れ、大衆人気というかたちで脚光を浴びたのであった。
• He experimented with various art styles, and although his works were valued as great art by later generations, in his own time his works only became popular among ordinary people because people often saw his works printed on book covers or in advertisements.

• 実朝の代になっても様々な場面で政子が決定的な役割を担っていることも多く、もしこれをそのまま事実であったとするならば、北条氏を含めた東国御家人勢力とは別個に調停者としての政子の個性も認めねばなるまい。
• Even during the reign of Sanetomo, Masako played a decisive role in various occasions, and if this was all true, the unique presence of Masako as an arbitrator should be acknowledged, along with the forces of vassals in the togoku including the Hojo clan.

• 水野の三王朝交替説はその後様々な研究者により補強あるいは批判がなされていくが、現在では万世一系を否定する学者でも水野の唱えるように全く異なる血統による劇的な王権の交替があったと考えるものは多くない。
• Later, Mizuno's changes of three dynasties theory has been reinforced or criticized by various researchers and at present even among the scholars denying the unbroken imperial line, not many think that there was dramatic change of sovereignty with the entirely different blood line as Mizuno advocated.

• 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
• Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.

• 身体を取り締めるものである帯は、生命にかかわる呪術的な力をも有すると考えられ、妊婦のために特別のものが用意されるなどしたほか、様々な伝承において、力帯（ちからおび）やそれに類する装身具が広く見られる。
• Obi, which tighten the body, is thought to have magical power that affects the wearer's life, and not only special ones were prepared for pregnant women, but also, according to various folklore, many kinds of accessories such as chikara obi (power obi) can be widely seen.

• 石は身分によって種類が決まっていて、奈良時代には五位以上は金銀（もちろんめっきであろう）、六位以下は烏油帯（銅に黒漆をかける）を使用したが、高官は唐の影響を受けて次第に様々な材質を使用するようになった。
• The types of stones were determined by social status; gold or silver plating was used for those of goi (Fifth Rank) and higher, a black lacquered sash (black lacquered copper) was used for rokui (Sixth Rank), and officers used a range of materials according to their exposure to Chinese influences.

• 現在伝わる巻名にはさまざまな異名や異表記が存在することから、もし作者が定めた巻名があるのならこのような様々な呼び方は生じないだろうから現在伝わる巻名は後世になって付けられたものであろうとする見解がある。
• There is an opinion that the surviving chapter names came about through posterity because the existent chapters have different names, and if the author had designated the chapter names the other names wouldn't occur.

• 儒（じゅ）の起源については胡適が論文「説儒」（1924年）で「殷の遺民で礼を教える士」として以来、様々な説がなされてきたが、近年は冠婚葬祭、特に葬儀を専門とした集団であったとするのが一般化してきている。
• There have been various theories on the origin of Ju since Koseki (Hu Shih) wrote in his research paper 'The Explanation of Thought of Confucianists' (1924), that they were 'men of the people remaining from Yin who taught courtesy,' but in recent years, it has generally been believed that they were a group who specialized in ceremonial occasions, especially, funeral ceremonies.

• 戦後60年、二世代を経た今、旧仏教、新宗教の二元的括り（くくり）からの視点ではなく、なおも様々な模索をかさねながらも、新時代に即応する「仏教」の一方向、可能性を、この宗団は指し示しているように惟われる。
• Sixty years after the war, through successive generations and seeing religion not from the perspective of categorization into a simultaneously existing Bukkyo and new religion, although the search for direction continues, it is presumed that the religious group of Shinnyoen seems to direct a certain direction or possibility, where 'bulky' should describe the new generation.

• 鎌倉時代（かまくらじだい、1185年頃-1333年）の『土蜘蛛草子』には、九十九神（つくもがみ・妖怪の一種）の原型ともいえる描写があり、その様々な妖怪の描写の中には「五徳と牛が合体したもの」が描かれた。
• There appear the various depictions of what can be called the archetype of Tsukumogami (a kind of specter) in 'Tsuchigumo zoshi' (Tales of the Giant Spider) written in the Kamakura period (circa 1185 – 1333), and in it, there is a depiction of a 'monster, who is half-gotoku and half-cow.'

• 実際には、延喜・天暦期は律令制体制から王朝国家体制へ移行する過渡期に当たっており、様々な改革が展開した時期であり、それらの改革は天皇親政というよりも、徐々に形成しつつあった摂関政治によって支えられていた。
• Actually, the eras of Engi and Tenryaku fell upon the transitional period to the dynasty state from the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and the period when various reforms were carried out and these reforms were supported by not the direct rule by emperors but Sekkan governments which had been gradually formed.

• 院政期仏画の特色としては、描写が繊細で豊かな色彩をもつ傾向があり、截金（切金）はじめ様々な工芸手法を用いたり、貴金属を散りばめたものが多く、きわめて装飾的な表現で描かれたものが少なくないことが挙げられる。
• The features of the Buddhist paintings in the Insei period have a tendency of delicate description with rich colors, common use of various craft methods including saikin (cut gold leaf), and sprinkled precious metals; it is characterized by evident decorative painting touch that was often used.

• 様々な場面で登場していることや、「10束（束は長さの単位で、拳1つ分の幅）の長さの剣」という意味の名前であることから、一つの剣の固有の名称ではなく、長剣の一般名詞と考えられ、それぞれ別の剣であるとされる。
• It is thought to be a general noun for a long sword rather than a proper name for a particular sword, since the term is found in various situations and it literally refers to 'a sword with 10 tsuka long' (tsuka is a unit of length; one tsuka is equal to the length of a fist), therefore the Totsuka no Tsurugi in several myths are considered different from each other.

• 主人公である浜松中納言と継父左大将の娘、大姫との悲恋、そして夢告で亡父が唐土の皇子に転生したと知り、彼を求めて渡唐し、かの地で出会った后との恋と別れ、といった様々な女性たちとのめぐりあいを主題としている。
• The main theme focuses on the love affairs between Hamamatsu Chunagon, the main character and various ladies; such as a tragic love with Daihime, a daughter of his stepfather, Sadaisho, and then, a love and parting with the empress in Tang (China) where he went to see his dead father who visited his dream and telling him that he reincarnated as a prince of Tang.

• 最近では、手軽に作れるシール形式の千社札が急増しており、宗教的な用途以外にも、名札の代わりにしたり、気合を込めるの意味で太鼓の達人のプレイに使用する自作の撥に貼り付けたりと、様々な用途が生み出されている。
• Recently, easily-made sticker type senjafuda have increased and are used other than for religious purposes such as for business cards and some kind of amulet stuck to 'bachi' (drumsticks) of a drum master to inspire himself when he performs.

• またここから派生して、多くのバラエティ番組やお笑いイベントなどでは「大喜利形式」と称し、お笑い芸人やタレント、落語家達が用意された様々なお題に対して、面白い答えを出し合い、互いのお笑いセンスを競っている。
• Also, an item called 'the Ogiri style' was derived from that program and has been popular among many variety programs and Owarai (comedians show) events where comedians, entertainers, and Rakugo story tellers give comical responses to various topics they had prepared in advance and compete with each other on their sense of Owarai.

• しかし、室町時代に入ると、室町幕府は守護に対して刈田狼藉取締権をはじめ、使節遵行権・半済給付権・闕所地処分権・段銭徴収権など、国内の荘園・公領へ統治的・経済的支配を及ぼしうる様々な権限を付与するようになった。
• But early in the Muromachi period, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) granted various authorities to Shugo, which would enable them to exert a range of administrative and economic influences on shoen and koryo in the country, such as the right to control Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the right to enforce the bakufu judicial decisions in land disputes (Shisetsu jungyo), the right to permit hanzei (half payment of tax), the right to confiscate property from criminals or if it is left derelict, the right to collect tansen (a tax on arable land).

• 地蔵盆の時期にあわせ、古い宿場町の面影を残す篠山市古市の旧街道沿いや地区内に色とりどりの提灯、灯篭、竹の行灯「たんころ」をはじめ様々な灯りを点し各所見どころをライトアップし、幻想的風景を浮かび上がらせている。
• Coinciding with Jizo-bon (an event to commemorate Jizo as the protector of children), fantasy scenes are created by lighting up various sites of interest along the old travel road and within the district using different types of lighting such as colorful chochin lanterns (Japanese paper lanterns), lanterns and 'tankoro,' a bamboo andon (paper-covered lamp stand), in Furuichi, Sasayama City, which still retains the characteristics of an old inn town.

• 現代的大衆文化に基づいて著される妖怪図鑑や画集では、雲外鏡は腹に鏡をつけた（腹が鏡になっている）化け狸のような姿の妖怪であるとか、自らの体に様々なものを映し出すことができる、などと解説されることが少なくない。
• Based on the modern mass media culture, picture books of ghosts or collections of paintings of ghosts distort the form of Ungaikyo into, for example, a ghost like raccoon dog disguised as a mirror (a raccoon dog whose body incorporates a mirror), or a ghost that can project various images on its own body.

• また、そのルーツに関しても、黄河流域～山東半島、揚子江流域、満州～朝鮮半島など様々で、渡来の規模とともに今なお議論の対象となっている（最近の遺伝子研究ではおおむねにおいて渡来人は北東アジア起源が有力である)。
• In addition, as to the roots, it is said that they originated from various places such as from the Yellow River basin to the Shandong Peninsula, the Yangzi jiang, or from Manchuria to the Korean Peninsula, and until now still the subjects of discussion are the roots and the scale of torai (one compelling theory is that Toraijin mostly came from the North East Asia according to the latest genetic research).

• しかし、条約改正を目的としていたことや帝国議会開設前に編纂完了をしていたこと等の事情から十分な審議を尽くされなかったため、施行断行派と施行延期派との論争が始まり、延期派から様々な批判が展開されるようになった。
• However, sufficient discussions were not made because the Civil Code was aimed at revising treaties and had completed the compilation before the Imperial Diet was established; therefore, disputes between Seko-danko-ha Group (people who advocated carrying it out) and Seko-enki-ha Group (people who advocated postponing the enforcement) began and the latter developed various criticisms.

• 行事所（ぎょうじしょ）は、9世紀中頃に大嘗祭（だいじょうえ）などに現れ、徐々に恒常・臨時を問わず様々な行事に設けられた機能性を重視したプロジェクトチームであり、必要な物資の調達を含む行事事務全般を取り仕切る。
• The Gyojisho came into existence in the Daijoe (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly-enthroned Emperor) and so on in about the middle ninth century, gradually grew into a functionality-oriented project team in various regular/temporal rites and festivals, and dealt with general affairs of rites and festivals including supplying necessary goods.

• 二刀剣法の技術は、多くの古武道で継承されているが、形は様々で、左手に打刀を持つものや、逆手で扱うもの、珍しいものでは二振りの脇差を使う、二刀小太刀術（柳生心眼流、天道流など）や二丁十手、二丁鎌なども存在する。
• The technique of two-sword fencing has been inherited by many classical Japanese martial arts in various styles, for example using an uchigatana (a type of sword used since the latter Muromachi period) in the left hand or holding a sword with a reverse grip, as well as some curious styles such as two-wakizashi fencing called nito-kodachi jutsu (literally, 'two small-sword fencing,' adopted by the Yagyu Shingan-ryu school, the Tendo-ryu school and others), nicho-jutte (two short metal truncheons), and nicho-gama (two-sickles).

• その要因として、長きに渡った平安な世の中であったこと、武芸より政治的手腕を重視されるようになったこと、乗馬できる人がごく限られていたこと、馬術を教われるほどの財産を所持していない者が多かったことなど様々である。
• As for the reasons, in the long Edo period, there weren't many bloody wars, and the bushi class was required more political ability than the ability for the military arts, what's more, there weren't many equestrians nor rich bushi who could afford to learn the equestrianism.

• インドからイギリスを経由して日本で広く定着したカレーライスであるが、最近ではカレーライスに様々なフライ (料理)等の別の料理を載せて供するという、他国ではあまり見られない日本独自の食文化としての発展が見られる。
• Although the curry and rice has become widely established in Japan since its arrival from India via the United Kingdom, recently a new food culture has developed, in which the curry and rice is served with other dishes such as various fried food; this culture is uncommon in other countries and is unique to Japan.

• 唐時代の琵琶は現在の日本の楽琵琶とほぼ同じ形をしており、音楽理論が整備される中で、調弦法も多数定められ、様々な合奏にも用いられ、記譜法も確立し、宮廷音楽から民間音楽まで、合奏、独奏、歌唱の伴奏と広く愛好された。
• Biwas in the Tang period had almost the same shape as those of present Japanese Gakubiwa Instruments, and musical theory was developed, many tuning systems were defined, musical notation was also established, and the instrument was played in various concerts, ensembles, solo, accompaniment for singing and became very popular from court music to folk music.

• 合気・呼吸力を具体的な技法原理として解明するために、脱力・体重利用・重心移動・腹腰部深層筋・梃子の原理・錯覚や反射の利用・心理操作など様々な側面から説明が試みられているが、実証科学的な研究はまだ充分とは言えない。
• In order to clarify aiki and breath power as concrete technical principles, there have been many attempts to explain them from various angles such as datsuryoku, the use of body weight, the shifting of one's center of gravity, the abdomen and lower back inner muscles, the leverage theory, the use of illusion and reflex, and psychological manipulation, but research from the perspective of empirical science has not been sufficient.

• 既に明治43年（1910年）華屋與兵衛の子孫、小泉清三郎著『家庭鮓のつけかた』には、ハム（またはコールドミート）を使ってコショウをふった巻きずしがあり、江戸前ずし（早ずし）は様々な材料を受け入れやすい素地があった。
• In 'How to make sushi at home' written in 1910 by Seizaburo KOIZUMI, a descendant of Yohei HANAYA, the maki-zushi using ham (or cold meat) seasoned with pepper was introduced, which description means that Edomae-zushi (quick sushi) essentially welcomes various ingredients.

• ちなみに京都では出汁に、魚介出汁をあまり利かさず、シンプルに仕上げる傾向があるのに対して、大阪では、魚介出汁は強めで、様々な隠し味を使い、複雑な味わいに仕上げるなど、同じ関西でも地域によって微妙に出汁の違いがある。
• Meanwhile, soup broth subtly differs region by region despite being located within the same Kansai region; for example, soup broth in Kyoto is flavored simply by putting a little seafood broth, while in Osaka the flavor is more complex, adding lots of seafood broth with various hidden flavors.

• 既に明治43年（1910年）華屋與兵衛の子孫、小泉清三郎著『家庭鮓のつけかた』には、ハム（またはコールドミート）を使ってコショウをふった巻き寿司があり、江戸前寿司（早寿司）は様々な材料を受け入れやすい素地があった。
• 'How to Make Home-Made Sushi' written in 1910 by Seizaburo KOIZUMI who was a descendent of Yohe HANAYA already introduced peppered Maki-zushi using ham (or cold meat) as a filling, and Edomae-zushi (Haya-zushi) had an aptitude for accepting various kinds of foodstuffs.

• 15世紀、佐竹惣領家と有力一族である山入氏との間の抗争が繰り返され、その戦いは100年間にも渡ったが、小野崎氏はこの戦いに積極的に参加し、元の国人領主としての立場から様々な曲折を経ながらも最終的に佐竹宗家を支持した。
• In the 15th century, government family of Satake clan repeatedly struggled with the influential family the Yamairi clan, and the struggle continued over 100 years; the Onosaki clan positively participated in this dispute and after many twists and turns as the position of the original local samurai lord, the Onosaki clan finally supported the head family of Satake clan.

• 近衛尚通の元には合戦当事者を含めた武将やその家臣、僧侶など様々な身分の相手から情報が寄せられて合戦の事情を把握していることが分るのに対して、鷲尾隆康は公家社会の風説を聞いて「恐怖」するのみであったことが知ることが出来る。
• While we can find that Hisamichi KONOE received information from persons of various statuses such as busho including parties of the war and their vassals, and priests, Takayasu WASHIO had just heard rumors in the court noble's society and was 'horrified.'

• ミツガシワやホロムイソウのような寒冷地に分布する植物や、ジュンサイのような各地に自生するような植物、タヌキモやモウセンゴケのような食虫植物、ヌマガヤやイヌノハナゴケといった高層湿原の構成種など、様々な植物が共存している。
• Various plants including those normally found in cold climates such as buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) and rannoch-rush (Scheuchzeria palustris), those that are grown wild in various regions such as water shields, carnivorous plants such as Utricularia japonica and roundleaf sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), and constituents of high moors such as Moliniopsis japonica (Hack.) Hayata and イヌノハナゴケ are coexisting in Midoroga-ike Pond.

• 先の襲津彦伝承に見たような対朝鮮外交を通して、葛城地方に定住することになった多くの渡来系集団が、葛城氏の配下で鍛冶生産（武器・武具などの金属器）を始めとする様々な手工業に従事し、葛城氏の経済力の強化に貢献したとみられる。
• Through the diplomacy that Sotsuhiko had with Korea as described above, it is likely that number of immigrant groups that have been settled in the Katsuraki region contributed in stregthening Katsuraki clan's economic power by being engaged in handycrafts such as smithery (arms and weapons) under the control of the Katsuraki clan.

• 武士の人口は、参勤交代に伴う地方からの単身赴任者など、流動的な部分が非常に多く、その推定は20万人程度から100万人程度までとかなりの幅があり、最盛期の江戸の総人口も68万人から150万人まで様々な推定値が出されている。
• Estimates for the samurai residing in Edo vastly ranges between two-hundred thousand and one million due to many fluctuating factors such as the unaccompanied assignments of regional samura in accordance to the requirements of the Sankinkotai system, and the total population for Edo during its apex has ranged from 680,000 to 1.5 million.

• 日本では歴史上天皇による朝廷の他に、国際的には時に「日本国王」「日本国大君」とも称された征夷大将軍による幕府のような武家政権が存在したことや、東京と京都の両京制などの面から首都の議論があり、様々な首都論・首都認識がある。
• In Japanese history, besides the Imperial Court ruled by the Emperor, existed military governments such as Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun): bakufu was headed by a shogun (a barbarian-quelling generalissimo in official name) who was called at times 'the King of Japan' or 'the Emperor of Japan', and therefore, there are various discussions and understandings as to what a capital is defined as, including both the capital systems of Tokyo and Kyoto.

• 帝国主義に関する点で、義和団はキリスト教集団（宣教師や中国人クリスチャン）との対立の中で彼等の持つ様々な特権（行政上あるいは司法上）に直面して、それらが帝国主義に由来することに自覚的となり反対運動を行ったと前者は論じる。
• The former argued that while the Boxers were resisting Christian groups (missionaries and Chinese Christians) they saw their various privileges (administration or justice) firsthand, became aware that they were derived from the empire doctrine, and started the opposition movement.

• 生命の誕生以来、生物は数十億年の歴史を経て様々な環境に適応して進化し、今日、地球上には、多様な生物が存在するとともに、これを取り巻く大気、水、土壌等の環境の自然的構成要素との相互作用によって多様な生態系が形成されている。
• Since the creation of life, organisms have evolved adjusting themselves to various environments through a several billion-year history. There are now diversified organisms on the earth, and a diversified ecosystem has been formed through interaction with natural components of the environment surrounding organisms, including air, water, and soil.

• 「ちらし寿司」という名称では、主に東日本では江戸発祥の、握り寿司のネタ用の刺身などを寿司飯の上に並べた寿司と指し、西日本では生物を使わず、様々な具材を細かく切ったものを酢飯に乗せた寿司あるいは混ぜ込んだ寿司を指す傾向がある。
• In eastern Japan, the term 'chirashizushi' tends to mean a type of sushi comprising of vinegared rice topped with sashimi slices, i.e. ingredients for nigirizushi (sushi shaped by hand) which originated in the Edo period, while it generally refers in western Japan to a kind of sushi that is made of vinegared rice either mixed with or topped with finely chopped ingredients of various kinds excluding raw foods.

• 複雑化した話では、田村麻呂は伊勢の鈴鹿山にいた妖術を使う鬼の美女である悪玉（あくたま）と結婚し、その助けを得て悪路王（あくろおう）や大武王（おおたけおう）のような鬼の頭目を陸奥の辺りまで追って討つ（人名と展開は様々である）。
• In more complex versions, Tamuramaro marries Akutama, a beautiful oni living in Mt. Suzuka in Ise who practises witchcraft, and with her help, fights against oni leaders named Akuro-O or Otake-O to drive them off to Mutsu (names and details vary).

• 現代では冷蔵庫など食品の保存に便利な装置や輸送面での技術的進歩によりあまり意識されない所ではあるが、かつては食材の鮮度保持や雑菌繁殖予防などで様々な工夫が行われ、その一部は今日ヅケと呼ばれる調理や味付けの技法に生き残っている。
• At one time various kinds of efforts were made for preserving freshness or preventing contamination and so on, but now they are not noticed because of convenient devices for keeping foods such as refrigerators or technical developments of transportation, a part of which remains in the cooking or seasoning technique called zuke (tuna preserved with soy sauce).

• その形態には様々な形態があり、百済手部・百済戸・飼戸のように一定期間ごとの交替制あるいは臨時に召役されるもの、雑工戸・鍛戸のように農閑期に官司において労役させられるもの、筥戸のように毎年一定の製品を貢納したものなどの形式があった。
• There were various forms of zakko, such as Kudarabe, Kudarahe and Shiko who were summoned to serve on a periodic rotating or temporary basis, Zokuko and Kanuchibe who were required to work for government offices in the agricultural off-season, and Hakohe who offered a certain amount of products every year.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)以降、戦陣において歩射が一般化すると、戦国時代初期には歩射弓術を基礎とする日置流が発生し、矢を遠くへ飛ばす繰矢・尋矢（くりや、遠矢とも）、速射をする指矢（さしや、数矢とも）など様々な技法が発展した（五射参照）。
• Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when Busha was generalized in battle, the Heki school based on the Kyujutsu of Busha, was founded in early Sengoku Period and various techniques such as Kuriya (繰矢・尋矢, 遠矢) to release arrow from far away and Sashiya (指矢, 数矢) of Sokusha (quick shooting) were developed (see Gosha).

• 「源氏物語の主題が何であるのか」については古くから様々に論じられてきたが、『源氏物語』全体を一言で言い表すような「主題」については「もののあはれ」論がその位置に最も近いとは言えるものの、未だに広く承認された決定的な見解は存在しない。
• The question of 'what the main theme in The Tale of Genji is' has been argued in various ways since the old times; the 'Mono no Aware' Japanese sentimental theory could be the most possible 'theme' to represent the overall work of 'The Tale of Genji' in one word, but to date there is no decisive view that is widely accepted.

• 大まかには乙音（低音階）、甲音（高音階）、さらには調べ、半音、当り、揺り、止め（極高音）などを様々に組み合わせて、獅子吼に擬して仏の説法とし、悪魔降伏の威力を発揮し、更には山中を駈ける修験者同士の意思疎通を図る法具として用いられる。
• Combined with a variety of sounds such as otsuon (low pitch), kanon (high pitch) as well as shirabe, hanon (semitone), atari, yuri, and tome (very high pitch), it is considered to be a Buddhist preaching, has the power to beat evil spirits, and is even used as a tool of communication between monks who run up mountains.

• ただし、公家社会でも近衛家のように足利将軍家と婚姻を結び、地方の大名・武士と朝廷との間を取り持つことで社会的な地位をある程度まで保った層から家領を武士に奪われて生活に困窮し地方に疎開するだけの人脈も持てずに没落した層まで様々であった。
• In the court nobles' society, there were various members ranging from one like the Konoe family who had a marital relationship with the Ashikaga shogun's family and maintained a social status to a certain extent by coordinating between local daimyo/samurai and the royal court to those who were ruined after being robbed of territory by samurai and becoming poor and having no personal connection to evacuate the province.

• そうした雰囲気もあって、日本統治時代に様々な近代化が行われたことを認めつつも、近代化の萌芽は李氏朝鮮の時代に既に存在しており、日本による統治はそれらの萌芽を破壊することで、結果的には近代化を阻害したとする近代化萌芽論が独立後に現れた。
• Under those circumstances, the modernization germination theory, arguing modernization had already germinated in the Yi Dynasty Korea period, and the Japanese rule destroyed the germination, resulting in the impeded modernization, appeared after Korea's independence in spite of recognizing that the various modernization during the Japanese rule.

• 最初の水素プラズマ運転に繋がる調達、建設／組み立て及び検収の全体計画を図９－１に示す。これは、様々な仮定に基づいて展開された標準シナリオを表している。実際の計画は、サイトに依存する許認可手続きやＩＴＥＲが建設される組織や取り決めに依存する。
• The overall schedule for procurement, construction/assembly, and commissioning that leads up to the first hydrogen plasma operation is shown in Figure 9-1. It represents a reference scenario developed on a number of assumptions. The actual schedule that can be realized will depend on the site specific licensing procedure, as well as the organization and arrangements under which ITER would be built.

• また、多くの楽器で音色技法が発達していおり、特に西洋音楽では現代になってやっと雑音的 (噪音) 要素を取り入れるようになったのに比べ、和楽器では早くから雑音の美が認められ、雑音的な要素までもが様々に取り入れられていることは大きな特徴である。
• Additionally, the techniques for generating various tones have advanced a great deal in most Wagakki, and in particular, while Western music has recently started to introduce noise elements, Wagakki are characterized in that the beauty of noises has been recognized since ancient times, and noise elements have been introduced in various ways.

• 幕府だけでなく、各藩にとっても大きく方針の揺れ動いた時代であるが、方針すら決めかねる程の難題に、頭を痛めるだけで逡巡している立場、先鋭化した立場、個人に至るまで様々な情況に立たされていたが、藩自体の富国強兵策は各藩各層に共通した目標であった。
• Even though it was the period when policies were quite swingy in not only the Bakufu but also in each domain, and the difficulty of the problem, which prevented from determining even the guideline, put people in various situations in which some were troubled and just hesitating while others took radical positions, the measure to enrich and strengthen a country itself was a common goal for each class in each domain.

• 更にこうした一連の遣り取りが内外に伝わると2月28日には横浜居留地の商人たちが会合を開いて明治政府に贋貨によって生じた損害賠償を求める事を決議し、更に一部の商人が今後の回収に期待して暴落した贋貨を買い占めるなど様々な思惑が動き出し始めていた。
• Furthermore, when this series of exchange spread around Japan and foreign countries, people began to move on their various ideas, for example, merchants of Yokohama settlement held a meeting on February 28, and decided to seek compensation from the Meiji Government for the damage caused by counterfeit money, or some merchants started to buy up the counterfeit money which had slumped anticipating the next recall.

• 以前までは、企業間の接待や政財界人の利用、官官接待が毎日のように行われてきたが、現在ではほとんど行われなくなったために、全国の料亭は一般に利用しやすい価格にしたり、スタイルを変えたり、様々なプランやイベントを行ったりし、顧客の誘致をしている。
• Before, ryotei were used almost every day by the receptions among enterprises, politicians, financiers and bureaucrats, however, now these receptions are rare, so ryotei nationwide are lowering prices to be reasonable for common people, changing the style, providing various plans and events to attract customers.

• 様々な日本文化の発祥の源であり、いつの時代でも新しい文化のパイオニアとしてあり続けた日本を代表する寺院に舞台を設け、「東洋と西洋の出会い」をテーマに世界中で親しまれる音楽・新しいパフォーマンスを披露し、コラボレーションを奉納する文化イベント。
• It is a cultural event taking place at temples, the birthplace of various Japanese culture and the symbol of Japan, which has remained a forerunner of the new culture, to present musical and innovative performances emphasizing the 'East meets West' concept and to dedicate artistic collaborations.

• 地域によっては餅を三枚重ねたり、二段の片方を紅く着色して縁起が良いとされる紅白としたもの（石川県で見られる）、餅の替わりに砂糖で形作ったもの、細長く伸ばしたものを渦巻状に丸め、とぐろを巻いた白蛇に見立てたものなど様々なバリエーションが存在する。
• There are many variations of kagami-mochi; in some areas, three rice cakes are stacked up, or one of the two layers of rice cakes is colored red in order to represent kohaku (red and white), which is believed to be a good omen (in Ishikawa Prefecture), or shapes are created out of sugar instead of rice cakes, or rice cakes are shaped long and slender and made into a scroll so as to resemble a coiled, white snake.

• 『万国公法』などの近代国際法は、世界中の主権国家が互いに平等であり（「諸国平行の権」）、それは国家間の様々な権利と義務に基づくのだという「理念」を東アジアに伝えたが、それは華夷秩序における中国の圧倒的な優位を当然とする秩序観とは異質なものであった。
• Modern international law including 'Bankoku Koho' brought a 'principle' to East Asia that all sovereign nations in the world are equal (Right to equality of nations) and the equality is based on wide variety of rights and duties between countries, but the thought is completely different from the point of view of Kaichitsujo, which admits China dynasty to maintain a 10-to-1 advantage.

• この中では単純に西洋の文化・風俗を模倣したものから、或いはそれら文化や風俗を手本としながら日本の既存文化との融合を図ったもの、更には既存文化を西洋風にアレンジしたものなど多岐に渡り、過渡期的には熱病の如き流行となって様々な社会階層に受け入れられていった。
• There were wide variety of ways how the movement took shapes within Japanese society, from the simple imitation of Western culture and customs, to the absorption of those elements as the model cases for fusing with traditional Japanese culture, or rearranging the traditional Japanese culture into Western styles; the movement became an enthusiastic trend during this transitional phase, received by wide variety of people among different social levels.

• 調整がうまくつかないと、様々な作品のヒーロー役が乱立したり、悪人方に回されたのを納得しない子供がやられて死ぬ演技をなかなやかやってくれなかったりするが、中には「切られ役（殺陣）の美学」を持つ子供が、オーバーな臨終のシーンを演じる等といった動きも見られた。
• When it was not adjusted well, some children acted various heroes of different stories freely and evil strangers who wanted to play heroes did not die soon after killed, and also it was seen that children who had 'aesthetics of how to be killed' acted dying scenes exaggeratingly.

• 聖徳太子が生きていた奈良時代から調度や器物には装飾目的として様々な文様が描かれてきたが、平安時代になると次第に調度品に文様を描くことはの視覚的な美しさだけでなく、公家（貴族）といった朝廷に仕える人々が各家固有の他家と区別する目印としての特色が帯びてきた。
• Since the Nara Period, when Shotokutaishi (Prince Shotoku) lived, various designs had decorated furniture and dishes which later were not only for artistic quality, but also to distinguish the property of Kuge who served the Imperial court.

• 以前には評に所属していた見られる郡稲との関係やそれ以前から続く屯倉との関連性については様々な学説が出ており、屯倉や国造領に納められていた租税や出挙、評稲などが大化改新以後に再編される過程で大税と郡稲に統合・分離したと考えられるということ以外には不明である。
• It is not clear, despite the various theories, about its connection to gunto (rice stored in a county) that used to belong to kori (provincial administrative organization), and the relation to miyake (a governing system in Yamato sovereignty [the ancient Japan sovereignty]) that was older than the first, but it can be considered that land tax, suiko and hyoto (rice in kori) stored in miyake and Kuninomiyatsuko-ryo (territory of the heads of local governments) were integrated or separated into taizei and gunto in the process of reorganization after the Taika Reforms.

• 法華経では、遥か昔の大通智勝仏が出世された時、仏法を信じられず信心を止めようと思った人々が、再び釈迦仏の時代に生まれて仏に見（まみ）え、四十余年の間、様々な教えを説いて仮の悟りを示し理解して、また修行により真の宝である一乗の教えに到達させることを表している。
• Hoke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra) indicated that people who had not been able to believe Buddhism and had intended to stop believing when Daitsuchi-sho-butu had been born a long time ago, had been reborn in the era of Sakya-muni Buddha, who for 40-odd years had expounded his various teachings showing tentative enlightenment to make them understand the teachings and train themselves and had lead them to the real treasure, Ichijo teachings.

• 7世紀末まで日本列島を代表する政権は九州にありヤマト王権は一地方政権に過ぎなかったとする説もあるが、埼玉県稲荷山古墳と熊本県江田船山古墳から「ワカタケル大王」と推定される銘の鉄剣が出土していること、様々な考古学的遺物などから成立する余地はないと考えられている。
• There is an opinion that the main political regime of the Japanese Islands until the end of the seventh century existed in Kyushu and that the Yamato Kingdom was only one regional government, but since iron swords believed to be King Wakatakeru's were found in the Inariyama burial mound (Saitama prefecture) and the Eta Funayama burial mound (Kumamoto prefecture), this theory is not thought to be valid.

• どうか私と同じ志（仏教への信仰）をもってここに来た人達には、（様々な考え方の）空か有か（といった瑣末な事）を論じて（志を）滞らせることなく、自分の欲望を忘れて（学問や修行に励み）、後進の人達には世俗の苦労などを超越して悟りの境地を開いて欲しいと願うものである。
• I sincerely wish that those who come here with the same aspirations (faith in Buddhism) will abandon one's own desires (focus on learning and training) without wasting themselves on trivial matters of various thoughts, and those who are to follow will transcend worldly matters and open the path toward revelation.

• この「次弾発射までに時間がかかる」という先込め式最大の問題点を改善するため、火縄銃が用いられた戦国時代 (日本)の日本では、「早合」（装塡を簡便にするための弾薬包）「複数人でチームを組む」「銃身を複数設置する」など、様々な（時には奇天烈な）発想がなされている。
• To improve the most problematic point that 'it takes lots of time to shoot the next bullet' of a muzzle-loader, 'hayago' (cartridge for simplifying the loading), 'to make up a team with several people,' 'to set up some gun barrels' and so on were variously (sometimes bizarrely) contrived during the Sengoku period (Japan) when hinawaju was used.

• ほかにも、前記のような鰻重ねとして二匹分入っている場合、一匹の場合、前記鰻重ねで下層の蒲焼が一匹丸々入っている場合、器に入れる際に大きさを整えるために切り落とした切れ端も含めてひつまぶし同様に蒲焼を細かく刻んだものが敷かれている場合、など様々なランク付けがある。
• Various factors are taken into account in this ranking system: whether two eels are arranged as described above or only one eel is used; and whether a whole eel is placed at the bottom layer when two eels are arranged as described above or a chopped broiled eel is placed at the bottom layer with, just like the Hitsumabushi (Nagoya style Eel on Rice), the edges which are cut off in order to cut the eel into evenly sized pieces included.

• 仏教宗派における罰の概念は様々であるため、そのすべてを網羅して説明するのは難しいが、あえてその理由を挙げると、釈迦仏をはじめとする仏如来は「一切衆生は皆我が子なり」と言われるように、そのような大いなる慈悲心を持つ仏が罰を与えることはない、というのが一般的な解釈である。
• Since there are various ideas of punishment in the Buddhist sects, it is difficult to explain the reason considering all ideas, but if we try to think of the reason, it is a general interpretation that the Buddha who has such a great capacity for mercy as Buddha and Nyorai including Shakyamuni buddha are said to proclaim that 'all living things are my children,' so those who are plenteous in mercy will not give punishment.

• これが傘福と桃の節句を結びつける由縁のようになっているが、本来この風習は観音堂に安産や子供の成長を願って地元の神社に納めたものであり、昔から傘の中には魂が宿るといわれ子どもが健やかに育つことを思い、また様々な願いを形にして61種類の細工が吊り下げられているといわれる。
• That's why Kasafuku is associated with the peach Doll Festival, but Kasafukus were originally placed in local shrines to wish for safe deliveries and children's growth to Kannondo temples by hanging 61 kinds ornaments representing various wishes in each umbrella and wishing for healthy growth of children because it had been said that souls are living in it.

• 名前の由来は様々であるが、漁師が魚を樽に漬け込むことを「へし込む」と言ったことから、「へし込まれた物」が略されて「へしこ」となったという説、または魚を塩漬けにすると滲み出てくる水分のことを「干潮（ひしお）」と呼んだことから、これが訛ったものであるとする説が有力である。
• There are various theories about the origin of the name and two are widely accepted: one says that the verb 'Heshikomu' describes the action of fishers' salting fish in a barrel and the word 'Heshikomareta mono' (things salted in a barrel) was abbreviated to 'Heshiko' whereas the other says that 'Heshiko' is a corruption of 'Hishio,' the name of the juice which comes out when fish are salted.

• 江戸時代の日本最大の豪商、鴻池財閥は、家業以外への進出を禁じた家憲によって、金融業から他の事業へ営業分野の拡大は図らなかったが、明治期以降は同家の名声を欲する財界の要請で、鴻池家が様々な企業の発起人となり、大株主として君臨したことから、投資財閥の性格をもっていたとも言える。
• The Konoike zaibatsu, as the wealthiest merchant in Japan during the Edo period, did not expand its business from finance to other fields due to the family rule that prohibited the business expansion to other than the family business; however, it can be said that the Konoike zaibatsu had the characteristics of an investment zaibatsu because the Konoike family ultimately founded various enterprises in response to requests from financial communities that had tried to acquire the family reputation after the Meiji period, and consequently the family had the status of a major shareholder.

• 従来、留守政府の改革については、「大臣・参議・大輔盟約書」第6条に違反して岩倉使節団の面々を無視する形で留守政府が功に逸って無秩序勝手に行い、その結果様々な矛盾を引き起こして政府内では明治6年の政変を、政府外では士族反乱や農民一揆を引き起こす原因となったとする見方があった。
• Rusu-seifu had been said to carry out reforms in an arbitrary, disorderly and self-serving manner against Article 6 of the 'Treaty of ministers, sangi and taifu,' ignoring members of Iwakura Mission, and as a result to cause various contradictions, the political change in 1873 within the government, and Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and peasant uprisings outside the government.

• （一説に、中大兄皇子が同母妹の間人皇女と不倫関係を持っていた為に乙巳の変から15年以上経過してもなお即位できなかったとの説や、反対に間人皇女（＝中皇命）は中継ぎの大王として即位していたとの説もある。中大兄皇子が（結果的に）晩年にやっと即位した理由については他にも様々な説がある。）
• (There is another theory that Prince Naka no Oe could not succeed to the throne fifteen years after Isshi-no-hen (a Murder in the Year of Isshi), since he had an affair with his real younger sister, Princess Hashihito, or as opposed to this, it was said Princess Hashihito (Nakatsusumera-mikoto) was enthroned as a temporal Emperor. There are various theories concerning the reason why Prince Naka no Oe was finally enthroned in his later years.)

• また、古代天皇の非実在論に基づいている点は津田左右吉の影響を受けており、九州国家の王であった仁徳天皇が畿内を征服して王朝を開いたという説は邪馬台国九州説の発展に他ならず、戦前の抑圧された古代史研究から開放された自由な発想により様々な説を自由に組み合わせてできた学説であるといえる。
• It is said the theory was combined various theories freely by freewheeling thinking released from the studies of ancient history suppressed before the World War II; such as it was influenced by Sokichi TSUDA on the basis of the theory of nonexistence of ancient emperors, and the theory that Emperor Nintoku, the king of Kyushu nation, conquered provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara to start a dynasty was none other than the development of the theory of the Yamatai-Koku Kingdom in Kyushu.

• しかし、恩赦そのものが濫発されたうえ、本来政治とは無関係である寛永寺や増上寺による口添えの存在、しかもその口添えは受刑者の家族しか出来ない事など（独身者には困難である）様々な問題を抱えており、更に個々の受刑者の恩赦の是非は評定所の個別の審議を経たためにその適用基準も曖昧であった。
• This system had various problems, however, including that of pardons granted too frequently; of temples Kanei-ji and Zojo-ji that were supposedly apolitical were allowed to recommend pardons; of recommendations that only the family of a convict were allowed to ask for (thus it was hardly possible for convicts who had no relatives); and of obscure criteria for granting a pardon because the conference chamber discussed the propriety of each case separately.

• 鎖鎌の形態としては、鎌の柄尻に鎖分銅の付いた物が一般的に知られているが、流派によっては片手でも使える様に鎌の頭端部に鎖分銅を取付けたもの、『大鎖鎌』（又は薙鎖鎌）と称する柄の部分が4尺（約120cm）のもの、7尺の八重鎌（薙鎌）に鎖をつけた八重鎖鎌など様々な形の物が確認されている。
• As a form of kusarigama, one having a chain weight at the bottom end of a handle of kama is generally known, but depending on schools, various forms of kusarigama have been confirmed, such as one having a chain weight at the top end of kama so that it may be used with one hand, one having a 4 shaku (about 120cm) length of a handle which is referred to as 'dai-kusarigama (big kusarigama)' (or nagi-kusarigama), and yae-kusarigama which is a 7 shaku (about 210cm) length of yaegama (nagikama) (sickle-weapon) with a chain.

• 贈られた先には様々あるが、一例を挙げると、曹洞宗大本山永平寺、天台宗東北大本山中尊寺、醍醐寺准胝観音堂、タイ国パクナム寺院、コペンハーゲン大学、ウプサラ大学、オスロ大学、バチカンのヨハネ・パウロ6世、ヘブライ大学、武田信玄公菩提寺の恵林寺など、宗派を超えて金色の仏像が送られている。
• There are many places where the statues were given, such as Eihei-ji Temple, Daihonzan (head temple of a Buddhist sect) of the Soto Zen sect, Chuson-ji Temple, Tohoku daihonzan of the Tendai sect, Juntei Kannon-do Hall of Daigo-ji Temple, Paknum Temple in Thailand, Copenhagen University, Uppsala University, University of Oslo, Pope Paul VI in Vatican City, Hebrew University, and Erin-ji Temple, which is an ancestral temple of Shingen TAKEDA, and the golden statues were sent to various places without regard for differences of religion.

• やま（「山」「山車」の表記のほか、車偏に「山」の国字の表記もある）、曳山（ひきやま、曳き山とも）、舁き山（かきやま）、担ぎ山、山鉾、鉾、山笠、祭車、御車、屋台（主に長野県、岐阜県飛騨地方など中部地方）、地車（だんじり・だんぢり。主に関西地方）などと、地方によって様々な呼ばれ方をする。
• Dashi is also called 'Yama' which is described in kanji (Chinese characters of Japanese language) as 'Yama (literally, mountain)' or 'Yama plus Kuruma (literally, vehicle)' and also in kokuji (native script, kana kanji made in Japan) as Yama with radical Kuruma at left, and, more specifically, Dashi or Yama is called Hikiyama, Kakiyama, Katsugiyama, Yamaboko, Hoko, Yamagasa, Saisha, Mikuruma, Yatai (used mainly in Chubu region like Nagano Prefecture, Hida region in Gifu Prefecture, and so on), and Danjiri (used mainly in Kansai region.)

• ゆえに、状況から誰のことを指しているのか判断しなければならない場合も多いだけでなく、同じひとりの人物が巻によって、場合によっては一つの巻の中でも様々な異なる呼び方をされることがあり、逆に同じ表現で表される人物が出てくる場所によって別の人物を指していることも数多くあることには注意を必要とする。
• Therefore, readers often must infer who the character is from the situation; the same character is sometimes called a different name in the work, or even in the chapter, while the same name refers to a different character, depending on the scene.

• これは、ネットいじめ（祭り上げられる）といった悪意の迷惑行為、または社会に対する不安や批判などの発露であり、それに呼応したり尻馬に乗るなどの野次馬や、一過言を持つ人々がインターネット上の様々な場所で、意見や議論を拡散・増大させ、いわゆるネット上の「祭り」といわれる状態に更になっていく様をいう。
• This is an act of malicious nuisance called Internet bulling (to be picked on), or an exposure of uncertainty over or criticism of the society, and also refers to a situation that an expansion and enlargement of opinions or discussions conducted in various Internet sites by routs who act in concert with it or follow it blindly, or people having own opinions, develop to the state called so-called 'matsuri' on the Internet.

• 退位後は冷然院・嵯峨院を造営して財政を逼迫させただけでなく、実子正良親王（仁明天皇）が即位すると「皇室の長」として政治に干渉する場面も多くなり、更に淳和上皇や仁明天皇の反対を押し切って自分の外孫でもある淳和上皇の皇子恒貞親王を皇太子とするなど、朝廷内で絶大な権力を振るって後に様々な火種を残した。
• After the retirement, not only did he order the construction of Reizen In and Saga In, which made the financial situation worse for the Imperial Palace, but he also interfered in politics as the top of the palace after his biological son, Prince Masara (Emperor Ninmyo), became Emperor; moreover, despite the opposition of the emperors Junna and Ninmyo, he set Prince Tsunesada up as the crown prince, who was his grandchild and Emperor Junna's prince, so in subsequent years his autocratic style caused many problems.

• 化粧は額に「位星（くらいほし）」と呼ばれる丸を黒、または赤で入れ、鼻筋を白く塗るのが基本だが、それ以外は、殆ど素顔、口紅を塗るだけの場合から、大人のフォーマルと同様の厚化粧、歌舞伎舞踊と同様の舞台化粧（極稀にお歯黒を付ける場合や引眉する場合がある）、バレエと同様な洋風の厚化粧、と結構様々である。
• Basically they wear makeup called 'kuraihoshi' putting black or red circles on their faces and painting the bridges of their noses with white, but there are many variations of their makeup: the light makeup like just putting some lipstick, the makeup as thick as adult's formal makeup, stage makeup like an actor in the kabuki dance (very rarely, chigo stain their teeth black or paint eyebrows), thick makeup like a ballerina, and so on.

• 勧悪懲悪（かんあくちょうあく）とは、勧善懲悪において、本来であれば悪に値する存在（強盗、殺し屋、闇金、女衒など）が様々な理由（猛悪に対する正義心や義侠心の発露、仲間の裏切りや取り分の相違、権力闘争、あるいは助平心など）によって、悪と対峙する立場になり、結果的に（他方の視点からして）悪を懲らしめる。
• In Kanaku Choaku, someone considered to belong originally to the evil side (e.g. bandit, hired killer, black-market lender, or woman trafficking broker) is put into a position in conflict with evil for many different reasons (e.g. the emergence of a feeling of justice or a chivalrous spirit against a greater evil, a peer's betrayal, a disagreement about the sharing of the spoils, a power struggle, or greed) and consequently punishes the greater evil (from the other's point of view).

• それぞれの語源については諸説があり、「和上同慶」「和を背負う」「和と一緒」「輪を背負う」という意味からきているという説や、「エッサ」は古代ヘブライ語（古代ヘブライ語で「エッサ」とは「運ぶ」と言う意味である）から来ていると言う説、又は単なる「えっさほいさ」といった掛け声であるという説など様々である。
• There are various explanations for the origin of these cries people use when shouldering the mikoshi with one of them being that 'Wasshoi' originated from 'Wajo Dokei,' 'to carry harmony,' 'to stay with harmony,' or 'to carry a wheel,' whereas, 'Essa' was derived from Ancient Hebrew (in which the word 'essa' meant 'to carry'), or they are just cries that go 'Essa, hoisa.'

• しかしながら、近年、様々な犯罪等が跡を絶たず、それらに巻き込まれた犯罪被害者等の多くは、これまでその権利が尊重されてきたとは言い難いばかりか、十分な支援を受けられず、社会において孤立することを余儀なくされてきた。さらに、犯罪等による直接的な被害にとどまらず、その後も副次的な被害に苦しめられることも少なくなかった。
• However, there have occurred various kinds of Crimes unceasingly in recent years, and most Crime Victims, whose rights have not been respected, have been isolated in society without receiving sufficient support. Many of them often suffer from not only direct harm caused by Crimes but also additional harm that arises afterwards.

• いっぽう幕権強化・雄藩連合などの様々な思惑を孕みつつ、文久3年12月に徳川慶喜・松平春嶽・松平容保・伊達宗城（宇和島藩主）・島津久光による参預会議が開催され、神奈川鎖港談判、長州藩の処置、大坂港の防備強化などの議題が話し合われたが、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜の非協力的態度に春嶽・久光らが反撥して帰国したため、早くも翌年3月には崩壊。
• Leaving various ideas, such as reinforcing the power of the bakufu, and the alliance of major clans, as they were, a council meeting was held on December 1863 by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Munenari DATE (the lord of Uwajima clan), and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU to discuss the condition of the port of Kanagawa, the treatment of the Choshu clan, and strengthening the defences of the port of Osaka, but it failed as early as in March 1864, when Shungaku and Hisamitsu became upset with Yoshino TOKUGAWA, a guardian of the shogun, who was not cooperative at all.

• 大和民族とは、日本列島に住んできた人類で構成される民族で、そこでは縄文時代から日本列島に住んできた人々（いわゆる縄文人）と、縄文末期から弥生時代にユーラシア大陸から渡来した人々（いわゆる弥生人）が中心となって形成したヤマト王権が、日本列島各地に散在していた様々な人的集団を勢力下に置き、同化したことにより大和民族が成立していったと考えられている。
• The Yamato race consists of people living in the Japanese archipelago, where the race was formed as the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), composed mainly of people living in the Japanese archipelago since the end of the Jomon Period (Jomon man) and people from the Eurasian Continent (Yayoi people) between the late Jomon period and the Yayoi period, controlling various groups of people which had spread across the Japanese archipelago and assimilating them.

• 裁判では、食文化の一つである（と主張する）どぶろくを、憲法で保障された人権における幸福追求権において、自家生産・自家消費する事の是非に始まって、「酒税法上で設けられた様々な制限が、事実上において大量生産が可能な設備を保有できる大資本による酒類製造のみを優遇し、小規模の酒類製造業が育たないようにしている」という前田側の主張がクローズアップされている。
• This Trial argued the rights and wrongs of in-house production/consumption of Doburoku, which is (insisted as) one of food cultures, in constitutionally-guaranteed right to pursue happiness, and highlighted the Maeda' claim that 'various restrictions in the Liquor Tax Act actually favor only alcoholic liquor manufacturers with large capital that can possess equipment enabling large-scale production and prevent the development of small-scale alcoholic liquor manufacturers.'

• これは小説をはじめ広く知られるエピソードで、それらによればこの際、武市は性根の弱い以蔵が拷問に簡単に屈してしまうと心配したとか、以蔵が軽輩故に他の同士より一層激しく耐え難い拷問に遭うであろうと予想した、また、毒を送られた以蔵はそれを（毒とは知らずに）服んだが死なず拷問に屈して白状したとか、毒を見破って憤りのあまり自白に及んだなどと様々に解釈されている。
• There is an episode widely known through novels and so on that is interpreted in many ways; according to versions of this episode, TAKECHI was anxious that a weak natured Izo may easily give into torture; or that Izo may go under a far more severe torture than his other comrades due to his frivolousness; or that Izo received the poison and drank it (not knowing that it was poison), but did not die and confessed for not being able to withstand the torture; or he confessed in anger in finding out that it was poison.

• イーター機器の調達において、様々な種類の変更が起こりうる。イーター機構により変更がなされる場合や、国内機関により変更が求められる場合もある。これら個々の調達変更の影響は、イーター機構により算出され、イーター会計単位(IUA)に換算される。建設期間におけるこれら影響の累積は、各締約者間で清算されるか、さもなければイーター理事会で合意された方法により補償される。
• Various types of changes are likely to occur during the procurement of ITER components. Some of these changes may be initiated by the ITER Organization, and other changes may be requested by the Domestic Agencies. The impact of each procurement change shall be accounted for by the ITER Organization and valued in ITER Units of Account (IUA). During the course of construction, the cumulative impact will be balanced within each Party or otherwise compensated as to be agreed by the ITER Council.

• その目的や意義は、豊作の「五穀豊穣」を始め、「大漁追福」、「商売繁盛」、「疫病退散」、「無病息災」、「家内安全」、「安寧長寿」、「夫婦円満」、「子孫繁栄」、「祖先崇拝」、「豊楽万民」、「天下泰平」などを招福祈願、厄除祈念として行われるもの、またはそれらの成就に感謝して行われるもの、節句などの年中行事が発展して行われているもの、偉人の霊を慰めるために行われるものなど様々である。
• The purpose and meaning are diversified because some feasts are held for 'the productiveness of grain' for good harvests, and a prayer for good luck charm and prayer for warding off evil such as 'good catch and memorial service,' 'prosperous trade,' 'an attempt to secure protection from a plague,' 'state of perfect health,' 'safety of one's family,' 'peace and longevity,' 'harmonious marriage,' 'fertility and family prosperity,' 'ancestor worship,' 'abundance and joy to all people,' 'universal peace' and so on, some are held in appreciation for accomplishments of such prayers, some are held as a result of development of annual events such as Sekku and so on, or some are held to console spirits of great people.

• 本書を作る過程で池田亀鑑が購入した源氏物語の写本をはじめとする『伊勢物語』、『土佐日記』等の王朝文学に関する様々な資料は、1956年（昭和31年）12月の同人の没後もしばらくの間同人の私邸において亀鑑の次男である池田研二らによって生前に利用されていたほぼそのままの状態で保存管理されていた（同人の住居に付随してコンクリート二階建の書庫があり、そこで整然と保存されていたとされている）。
• After the death of Kikan IKEDA in December, 1956, various materials concerning Heian literature such as the manuscripts for The Tale of Genji, 'Ise monogatari' (The Tales of Ise), 'Tosa Nikki' (Tosa Diary), and so on which he purchased in the process of making this book were preserved and looked after in almost the same condition as he used in his lifetime by Kikan's second son, Kenji IKEDA and others at Kikan's private residence for a while (it is said that there was a two-story concrete library adjoined his residence, and the books were preserved in order).

• 従って、江戸時代以前の本末関係は非常に複雑であり、宗派・法流の枠組みの中で本山が末寺の別当などの役職を補任するという後世に続く強い関係を有するものもあれば、末寺の荘園や布施などによる収入の一部を上納させて本山財政に寄与させる経済的つながりを主体とした関係（特に他宗派寺院・神社を末寺とする場合には、従来の宗派を維持する保障として上納を求めた）、全くの形式的なものに留まる関係など様々であった。
• As a result, the relationship between the head temple and matsuji was complicated; there were various relationships that focused on the head temple's finances by making it matsuji in order to contribute a part of its income from shoen (a manor in medieval Japan) and offerings (particularly, it sought donations for temples of different sects and shrines as a matsuji, as insurance to keep its original school and sect), or as a completely systemized relationship.

• 吸血鬼やゾンビや狼男なども、本来は人であった若しくは遺骸であったものが、様々な宗教的な観念においての邪道な儀式や行いにより、人や遺骸でなくなってしまったものであり、バイオハザードといわれるテレビゲームの中のゾンビの「生物化学兵器として開発された薬としてのウィルスにより、無理やり生き返らされたおぞましい姿の死者」という設定は、ジキルとハイドと、ゾンビといわれる宗教的な観念の存在を、合わせたものとも解釈できる。
• Vampires, zombies, werewolves, etc are creatures which were once human, but not any more due to a perverted ceremony or act with various religious connotations; zombies in a video game called Biohazard are portrayed as 'terrifying-looking dead people who were brought alive with viruses from medicines developed as biochemical weapons' are thought to be a combination of the setting of Jekyll and Hyde with a religious concept called zombi.

• このほか、国立国会図書館が所蔵する資料のうち歴史的な貴重書や浮世絵の画像を公開する「貴重書画像データベース」、国立国会図書館の所蔵する明治期に出版された資料をスキャニングした画像を提供する「近代デジタルライブラリー」、インターネット上の情報を文化資産として保存することを目的とする「WARP（インターネット情報選択的蓄積事業）」（旧称 インターネット資源選択的蓄積実験事業）など、様々な電子図書館コンテンツが公開されている。
• Other than the above, various kinds of digital library content have been made available to the public, including the 'Rare Books Image Database,' which reveals rare historical book and image data of Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) among the materials housed in the NDL; the 'Digital Library from the Meiji Era,' which provides scanned image data of the NDL's materials published during the Meiji period; and 'WARP' (Web Archiving Project) (project of selective accumulation of Internet-based information; formerly an experimental project of selective accumulation of Internet-based information), etc.

• 始期については、従来源頼朝が将軍（征夷大将軍）に任じられた1192年とするのが一般的であるが、頼朝が平家打倒のために挙兵し御家人を統率する侍所を設置した1180年説、寿永二年十月宣旨で東国（東海道および東山道）の支配権を朝廷に公認された1183年説、対立する弟・源義経追討の名目で惣追捕使（後の守護）・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年説、頼朝が上洛し権大納言・右近衛大将に任命された1190年説、また一部では1196年説など様々な考え方がある。
• There are many theories about in what year the Kamakura period truly began, of which the 1192 theory, the year MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was made Shogun (Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians')), is the orthodox view, but in addition, theories include: the 1180 theory, focusing on Yoritomo raising his army and leading his gokenin (lower-ranking warrior vassals) into battle to destroy the Taira clan, and also establishing the Samurai Dokoro (Board of Retainers, which oversaw rewards for service); the 1183 theory, in which the key moment is the official recognition of the shogunate's right to control Eastern Japan (everything along the Tokaido and Tosando highways) proclaimed by the imperial court in the tenth month; the 1185 theory, which focuses on Yoritomo's use of his struggle to destroy his younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune as a pretext to usurp the right to appoint and control the offices of shugo (provincial governor) and jito (estate steward); the 1190 theory, in which it was Yoritomo's visit to the capital and subsequent court appointments to Gon Dainagon (Deputy Major Counselor) and Ukone Taisho (Commander of the Guardsmen of the Right) that is considered the decisive moment; and a handful even believe it wasn't until 1196 that the Kamakura period truly began.