来: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 救急外来
- emergency outpatient service
- 動物由来
- Pigments of Animal Origin
- animal-derived
- 植物由来
- Pigments of Plant Origin
- 鉄砲伝来
- Introduction of Firearms into Japan
- 市名の由来
- The origin of the city's name
- 周恩来歌碑
- Stone monument engraved with a poem composed by Zhou Enlai
- 外来種の影響
- Effects of foreign species
- 蒙古襲来絵詞
- The Moko shurai ekotoba (Illustrated Narrative of the Mongol Invasions)
- Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba
- 来日した禅僧
- Zen monks who visited Japan from China
- 鉄砲伝来諸説
- Various Theories on the Introduction of Firearms into Japan
- 鉱物由来の顔料
- Pigments of Mineral Origin
- 「京都」の由来
- Origin of 'Kyoto'
- 制定後の出来事
- Incidents after the establishment of the constitution
- 倭寇と西洋人来航
- The Wako (Japanese pirates) and the arrival of Westerners
- 高野山 聖衆来迎図
- Shoju Raigo-zu (image of the descent of saint with Amida Buddha) of Mt. Koya
- 法界寺阿弥陀如来像
- Statue of Amida Nyorai in Hokai-ji Temple
- 元興寺薬師如来立像
- Standing statue of Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha)), Genko-ji Temple
- 種子島への鉄砲伝来
- The Introduction of firearms into Tanegashima Island, Japan
- 根来・雑賀衆の敗因
- The reason for Negoro and Saiga shu's defeat
- 釈迦如来立像(重文)
- Standing statue of Shakanyorai (Shakyamuni) (important cultural property)
- 永禄期におきた出来事
- Events during the Eiroku period
- 根来・粉河・雑賀炎上
- Burning of Negoro, Kokawa and Saiga
- 室生寺金堂釈迦如来立像
- Standing statue of Sakyamuni (sage of the Sakyas), Muro-ji Temple
- (社名はこれに由来する)
- (The temple was named after these gods.)
- 1日あたり入山出来る人数
- The number of climbers in a day
- (但し、宿泊は出来ない)
- there are no accommodations for tourists.
- 越前岬から海岸線の到来順。
- They are in order along the coastline starting from Echizen-misaki Cape.
- 本来の書名もはっきりしない。
- The original name of the text is unclear.
- 蘇芳:蘇芳由来の色素で赤紫。
- Suo: A pigment that originates from sappanwood, and exhibits reddish purple.
- これが使節遵行の由来である。
- That was the origin of shisetsu jungyo.
- 通例2時間ほどで下山出来る。
- In general it takes about two hours to go down the mountain.
- 現在の本尊は釈迦如来である。
- Present honzon (principal object of worship) is Shakanyorai (Shakyamuni).
- 滋賀県道201号安土西生来線
- Shiga Prefectural Road 201 Azuchi-Nishorai Line
- 『孟子』に由来する言葉である。
- The word is derived from Mencius.
- 本来は、中世と同じ意味である。
- Chuko carries the same meaning as the 'Middle Ages.'
- それが名の由来との伝承がある。
- A lore says the above is the origin of the name.
- 地名の由来は、法金剛院である。
- The name 'Hanazono' (literally 'flower garden') comes from Hokongoin Temple in the area, which is famous for its flower garden.
- この池が雄琴温泉の由来だという。
- This story is said to be the origin of Ogoto Onsen.
- 以来、多くの観光客を集めている。
- Since then, the line has attracted many tourists.
- 大名は1年ごとに行き来していた。
- Daimyo lived in their lord's place and their own feudal domains each for one year.
- 根来衆も織田方として動員された。
- The Negoro shu was also mobilized by the Oda side.
- 絹本著色五大尊図(岐阜・来振寺)
- Paintings of the Five Guardian Scrolls, colors on silk (Kiburi-ji Temple, Gifu)
- 仏教絵画では来迎図がよく描かれた。
- Raigo-zu (image of the descent of Amida Buddha) was a theme often chosen in Buddhist painting.
- 将来は信輔に関白の地位が譲られる事
- 3) The position of Kanpaku would be given to Nobusuke in the future. And,
- 時に明将解生等が水原より到来する。
- At this time, the Ming warriors including Kaisei arrived from Suwon.
- 以後、ポルトガル船の来航が絶える。
- Thereafter, Portugal stopped sending ships to Japan.
- 鎌倉時代以来、礼服化していった直垂。
- Since the Kamakura period, hitatare had become a full-dress.
- 警察・消防は従来どおり旧町別である。
- There remain individual Police Stations and Fire Stations.
- 「太秦」という地名の由来は諸説ある。
- There are various theories on what 'Uzumasa' was named after.
- 武蔵嵐山・嵐山渓谷 - 町名の由来。
- Musashi Ranzan and Ranzan Valley - origin of town name
- 観音峠は京都縦貫道でバイパス出来る。
- The Kyoto Longitudinal Expressway makes it possible to bypass Kannon-toge Mountain Pass.
- 幕末の戦闘ほど世に悲しい出来事はない
- There is nothing more tragic than the battles at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate
- 市名は「神武天皇橿原の宮」に由来する。
- The city was named after 'the Kashihara Imperial Palace' owned by Emperor Jinmu.
- 古来、「ふたかみやま」と呼ばれていた。
- It was called 'Futakami yama' (Mt. Futakami) in ancient times.
- 6月末、倭軍は再度来攻するが撃退される。
- At the end of June, the Japanese Army again went into Korea, but they were defeated after all.
- 「日本開白以来、土民の蜂起之初めなり。」
- It was the first uprising by ordinary people since Japan was founded.'
- 一 旧来ノ陋習ヲ破リ天地ノ公道ニ基クヘシ
- 4. 旧来ノ陋習ヲ破リ天地ノ公道ニ基クヘシ(Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature.)
- 長宗我部軍が必ず来ることを承知していた。
- He knew that the army of Chosokabe would arrive sooner or later.
- そのほか、大身の武士の家来にも足軽はいた。
- In addition, ashigaru also served as retainers for high-ranking samurai.
- こうして、従来の家内従属性が薄れていった。
- In this way, they also became less slavish to their masters' house than they had been.
- これが、本来の百姓だったと考えられている。
- It is thought that it was the original system of peasants.
- 753年(天平勝宝5) 唐より鑑真が来日。
- 753: Jianzhen came to Japan from Tang Dynasty.
- 本来は両院協議会が開催される予定であった。
- Originally, a joint committee of both Houses was going to be held.
- 木造阿弥陀如来及両脇侍坐像(京都・三千院)
- The wooden seated statue of Amitabha Tathagata (Amida Nyorai in Japanese) and the wooden seated statues of his two attendants flanking him on either side (Sanzenin Temple in Kyoto)
- 1543年に種子島にポルトガル船が到来した。
- A Portuguese ship arrived at Tanega-shima Island in 1543.
- 地名は官職の唐名である『中書省』に由来する。
- The name was derived from 'Chushojo,' the Chinese name for an official rank.
- これらのほとんどは中世の館跡に由来している。
- These places were originally the site of the town Horinouchi in the medieval Japan.
- 同様の由来を持つ地名としては紫野などがある。
- Murasakino was named in the same manner.
- 皇朝十二銭以来の日本で鋳造された銭貨である。
- This is the first coin that was minted in Japan since Kocho Junisen coins.
- 貨幣は従来の宋銭に加えて明銭が併用されていた。
- Ming currencies in addition to the Sung currencies that had already been in use became used additionally.
- だが、粗悪な渡来銭や私鋳銭の流通量は増大した。
- However, the turn-over volume of poor quality of Torai-sen (the importation of currency from China) and Shichusen increased.
- この地区の町名も大部分は近世以来のものである。
- Most of the town names in this area have been also derived since the early-modern times.
- 木造釈迦如来立像(本堂安置)(附 像内納入品)
- Standing wooden statue of Shakanyorai (enshrined in hondo) (attachment: nonyuhin inside the statue)
- 現在の皇室の秋篠宮の宮号の由来の土地でもある。
- It is a land which is the origin of Miyago (reigning name) of Akishinonomiya, a member of present imperial family.
- 市域の一部が上記の一部跡地と重なることに由来。
- The name of Nagaokakyo City originated from Nagaoka-kyo mentioned above because the area of the city partly corresponds to the old capital.
- 従来の墓の規模を遙かに縮小し、簡素化している。
- This is to make the size of a traditional grave smaller and simplified.
- また、天照大神は本来は男性の神とする説もある。
- There is also an opinion that Amaterasu Omikami was originally a male god.
- 往生極楽院阿弥陀堂〔京都市左京区大原来迎院町〕
- Amidado hall (temple hall having an enshrined image of Amitabha) of Ojo Gokurakuin [Ohara Raikoin-cho, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City]
- 日本の名字(姓)の神田も、上記の神田に由来する。
- The family name Kanda also came from Shinden mentioned above.
- 日本の地名としての神田は、上記の神田に由来する。
- The description above explains the origin of the place name Shinden (also referred as Kanda) in Japan.
- 院宮分国制と知行国制とは元来、異なる制度である。
- The ingu bunkoku-sei system and the chigo-koku system were different originally.
- また本来、官物収得権は院宮家のみに認められていた
- The right to acquire kanmotsu was given only to Innomiya families.
- 文面に「充行」の二字が入っていることに由来する。
- The term is derived from the fact that the two Chinese characters '充行' (ate okonai) are included in the text.
- 日本の地名としての寺田は、上記の寺田に由来する。
- Jiden or Terada remaining as geographical names in Japan originated in the jiden or terada described above.
- 内浜の名は御土居の内側に位置したことに由来する。
- The Uchihama was named after its location-- being inside the Odoi earthen walls.
- 北大路とは日本の京都に由来する地名・人名である。
- Kitaoji is the name of the location and person originating from Kyoto.
- その名は京都御所の北方の野であることに由来する。
- The place was named because it was Kitakata no no (field in the north) of the Kyoto Imperial Palace.
- 更に従来の命令とは違って細かい規制が加えられた。
- Furthermore, unlike traditional orders, detailed regulations were added.
- 日本の鉄道は創業以来、官設官営を基本方針とした。
- The basic railway policy in Japan was, from the beginning, to build and administer it by the government.
- その一方、伝来したキリスト教も広がりを見せていく。
- On the other hand, Christianity that came from abroad started to also expand.
- また本来、備は「部隊」程度の意味で用いられていた。
- Furthermore, sonae was originally used merely to imply 'troops.'
- 隋の使者が往来するようになると小墾田宮を造営した。
- After envoys from Sui Dynasty came back and forth, Oharida no Miya Palace was built.
- 三条京阪という地名はバス停の三条京阪前に由来する。
- The location name of Sanjo Keihan derived from the bus stop of Sanjo Keihan mae (front of Sanjo Keihan).
- 干拓地や宇治川河川敷は渡り鳥の飛来地となっている。
- The reclaimed land and dry riverbed of the Uji-gawa River have become a landing zone for migratory birds.
- (木戸当初案)旧来の陋習を破り宇内の通義に従ふへし
- (The first draft of Kido) 旧来の陋習を破り宇内の通義に従ふへし (Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon accepted orders of the whole world.)
- 20日早朝、官軍は開戦以来、最大の兵力を投入した。
- In the early morning of 20th, the government army sent the biggest military force since the start of the war.
- 横波に弱く無事に往来出来る可能性は低いものであった。
- The possibility for the ship to complete a round trip was low because the ship could not handle beam sea well.
- 以来、『君が代』は事実上の国歌として用いられてきた。
- Since then, 'Kimigayo' had been used as the de facto national anthem.
- 平等院鳳凰堂阿弥陀如来像:定朝作で唯一現存する作品。
- The statue of Amida Nyorai in the Hoo-do Hall of Byodo-in Temple: The one and only existing work of Jocho
- また日本側も渤海が天皇の徳化により来朝したと捉えた。
- Japan's perception on the envoy dispatched from Bokkai was that they visited Japan because they were impressed by the virtue of the Japanese Emperor.
- 8月、夷俘の集団が次々と秋田城下に来て降伏してきた。
- In August, one after another band of the Ifu came to the castle town of Akita-jo Castle and surrendered.
- 本尊釈迦如来立像をはじめ、鎌倉時代の仏像が多数ある。
- The temple has many Buddhist images created in the Kamakura period, which include its principal image, Shaka Nyorai ryuzo (standing statue of Shaka Nyorai (Shakyamuni)).
- これらの経緯から伊吹山は古来より歌枕として知られる。
- With these circumstances, Mt. Ibuki has been known as utamakura (a place famed in classical Japanese poetry) since ancient days.
- 酒呑童子(しゅてんどうじ)の最も重要な家来であった。
- He was the most powerful henchman of the infamous Shuten Doji.
- この戦いでは辛うじて元 (王朝)の侵攻を阻止出来た。
- After fierce fighting, bakufu forces were able to repel these two Yuan (dynasty) invasions.
- 宇多以来の路線は律令制への回帰を志向したものである。
- The post-Uda policy was aimed at returning to the Ritsuryo system.
- 朕の新儀は未来の先例たるべし」という発言が知られる。
- Our new principles will form the precedents for tomorrow.'
- 本来の表記は「卑(上部の「ノ」が無い)彌呼」である。
- Her name was originally written '卑彌呼' (卑 without 'ノ,' or 'no').
- 「伺候する」「従う」を意味する「さぶらう」に由来する。
- It is derived from 'saburau', which means 'to attend' or 'to follow'.
- 本来は土塗りの壁によって周囲を囲った倉庫を指していた。
- Originally, doso meant a warehouse surrounded by earth walls.
- つまり、由来のわからない文を為すことを忌んだのである。
- In other words, the East-Asian authors avoided writing anything that had no historical sources.
- また、日本の名字(姓)の寺田も、上記の寺田に由来する。
- Furthermore, Jiden or Terada as a family name also originated in jiden or terada described above.
- ただし、この地区の町名は大部分が近世以来のものである。
- However, most of the town names in this area have been passed on since the early-modern times.
- 京都府内で新市の誕生は2004年の京丹後市以来となる。
- No new city was formed in Kyoto Prefecture until Kyotango City was formed in 2004.
- 元来は寺社めぐりや紅葉などの景観が観光の主体であった。
- The original main purpose of sightseeing was to visit temples and shrines, and to enjoy scenery such as autumn leaves, etc.
- 後の「一献料」という別名はここに由来するとされている。
- The another name of later 'ikkenryo' is said to have originated from this custom.
- (現代表記)旧来の陋習を破り、天地の公道に基づくべし。
- (modern written Japanese) 旧来の陋習を破り、天地の公道に基づくべし。(Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature.)
- 伝来当初は猟銃としてであったがすぐに戦場で用いられた。
- Although right after the introduction the guns were used for hunting, soon they started to be used in battle.
- 11回の来日のうち、主要な出来事を記すと次のようになる。
- Major events occurred in the eleven visits to Japan are as follows:
- 江戸時代の次は本来なら「東京時代」と呼称すべきであろう。
- The period next to the Edo period should be the Tokyo period.
- 大宝律令の田令逸文にその由来を求めることが可能とされる。
- The origin of Jishi Koeki was found in an itsubun (fragments of a document) about a manager of tax officers under the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) system.
- なお籌とは本来は細長い竹べらで作ったクジを表す語である。
- Chu was originally a long, thin bamboo spatula used for a lottery.
- 大和高田市域の築山村・神楽村からも徒歩で村人が往来した。
- People from Tsukiyama Village and Kagura Village in the area of Yamatotakada City also came and went through Mt. Nijo on foot.
- 地名としての堀之内は、中世期のこの堀之内に由来している。
- There are places using the name of 'Horinouchi' nationwide, which originates from the Horinouchi in medieval Japan.
- 名称は、京都の室町通に幕府が置かれていたことに由来する。
- The name 'Muromachi' was taken from Muromachi-dori (street) in Kyoto, which is where the bakufu was based.
- 光厳から将来治天として政務を執る資格を奪う措置であった。
- This was a measure to prevent Kogon from ruling as Chiten in the future.
- 参勤交代における江戸と領地との往来が典型的な形態である。
- The typical form was traffic between Edo and territory in Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo).
- 残っていた僧侶は逃亡し、根来寺はほぼ無抵抗で制圧された。
- The priests who had stayed there escaped and Negoro-ji Temple was taken with almost no resistance.
- 石川郷に三芦城を築城して居住し、それ以来石川氏を称した。
- He constructed Miyoshi-jo Castle in Ishikawa-go district and lived there, when he took the family name Ishikawa.
- 毛利援軍は1兵も来援しなかったが兵糧は補給し続けていた。
- Although not even a single soldier of reinforcement troops of the Mori clan came, provisions had been supplied.
- 吉例の道であり、大名行列の往来は許されなかった街道である。
- This constituted a Kitsurei no michi (festive road), and it was not allowed for processions of daimyo to use this road.
- 律令以前の初穂儀礼に由来するのではないか、とする説もある。
- There is a theory that this system might originate in the etiquette of the first years of rice before the enforcement of the Ritsuryo codes.
- 若於此名主職仁違犯煩申輩出来時者、以本銭一陪可弁沙汰申候。
- If any third party should file complaints about this sale of myoshu rights in the future, I hereby agree to negotiate with the third party to refund the payment in full.
- また、黄砂の飛来が単に季節の風物詩とされているところもある。
- Furthermore, in some areas, the coming of kosa is said to be simply a seasonal charming sight.
- 江戸時代には寺子屋などの教材として様々な往来物が執筆された。
- In the Edo period, all kinds of oraimono were made for text books at terakoya (temple elementary school during the Edo period),
- これは、米で納めるべき年貢を銭で代納する「分銭」に由来した。
- The system originated from 'bunsen,' which was a system of paying nengu (land tax) by coins instead of rice.
- 現代でも名田に由来する地名が残存しており、特に西日本に多い。
- Today they still have some place names which are derived from myoden names, particularly in the Western Japan.
- 会合衆の名前の由来は、寺の集会(しゅうえ)にあったとされる。
- Egoshu owes its name to Shue (gathering) at a temple.
- それが衣笠山の南麓一帯であるこの地の地名の由来となっている。
- The area covering the southern foot of Mt. Kinugasa is named after this story.
- また、巨椋池といえば蓮といわれるほど古来から蓮見が行われた。
- Additionally, lotus flower viewing has been very popular since ancient times whereby, virtually, one cannot mention Ogura-ike Pond without mentioning the lotus.
- 根来寺は信長に対しては一貫して協力しており友好を保っていた。
- The Negoro-ji Temple consistently cooperated and held friendship with Nobunaga.
- 安政元年(1854年)ペリーが再来航し、日米和親条約を締結。
- In 1854, Perry came again, resulting in the conclusion of 'The Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan.'
- 正保4年(1647年)ポルトガル船2隻、国交回復依頼に来航。
- In 1647, two Portuguese ships came to ask the Bakufu to resume trade with Portugal.
- 室町幕府は本来、土倉から土倉役、酒屋から酒屋役を徴収していた。
- The Muromachi bakufu originally collected a tax called doso-yaku from doso and a tax called sakaya-yaku from breweries.
- ただし、真夏の空気に包まれる期間が長い分、台風が襲来しやすい。
- As the period in which the region is covered by the real summer air is long, however, the region tends to have typhoons.
- 朝の出勤前や、夕方仕事が終わってから毎日登山に来る人も数多い。
- A number of people visit and climb the mountain everyday before work in the morning and after work in the evening.
- 『中古治亂記』には、1501年(文亀元年)に、南蛮国から伝来。
- 'Chuko Chiranki' mentions that guns were introduced into Japan in 1501 from Western Europe.
- 寛永元年(1624年)(スペイン)との国交を断絶、来航を禁止。
- In 1624, the Bakufu broke diplomatic relations with Spain, prohibiting the arrival of Spanish ships.
- したがって、必ずしも砂漠由来であるとは限らないとする見方もある。
- Therefore, there is also a view of considering that kosa not necessarily originates in deserts.
- このため、黄砂の飛来と雨が重なると、雨を中性・酸と塩基に変える。
- Therefore, when the flying kosa meets rain, the rain is neutralized because acid and base are produced.
- 従来、撰銭令は撰銭そのものをなくすためのものだと理解されてきた。
- In the past, it was understood that Erizenirei was used to eliminate the erizeni act itself.
- 戦国期には、郎党の中の新しい者、若い者を指すのが、由来とされる。
- This word referred to new or young people among the roto (retainers) in the Sengoku Period.
- 古来周山街道の難所として知られており、その名を広く知られていた。
- Since ancient times, the pass has been famous as a chokepoint of Shuzan-kaido Road.
- 昭和30年(1955年)に北区を分区して以来、現在の境域となる。
- The present boundary of the ward was formed in 1955 when the Kita Ward was separated.
- 昭和30年(1955年)に南区を分区して以来、現在の境域となる。
- The present boundary of the ward was formed in 1955 when the Minami Ward was separated.
- 現在においてはこの規則を遵守すれば誰でも入山出来るようになった。
- Today, anybody who follows the guideline can enter the mountain.
- 北海道三笠市は、この山に因んで名づけられた同名の山が由来である。
- Mikasa City, Hokkaido was named after another mountain of the same name which had been named after this Mt. Wakakusa.
- 温泉街にある旅館では、砂風呂を楽しむことが出来る旅館も存在する。
- A sand bath can be enjoyed in some inns in the hot spring resort area.
- 府中は中世・近世に生まれた地名で、当時の国府・守護所に由来する。
- '府中' (Fuchu) is a place name created in the Medieval and early Modern periods, derived from Kokufu and Shugo-sho (governor's office).
- 時代区分名称は、この時期に特徴的に見られた弥生式土器に由来する。
- The term used for identifying this period originated from Yayoi-style earthenware characteristic of this period.
- 宗教面では、中国から様々な仏教が伝来し、貴族たちの信仰を集めた。
- In terms of religion, various Buddhism sects were introduced from China, and the nobles worshipped them.
- 日本では諸外国が通商を求める出来事や、摩擦・紛争が起こり始めた。
- In Japan, meanwhile, ships from various countries were arriving at its ports seeking to establish trade relations, as a result of which friction and disputes started to occur.
- 物音に目覚めた信長は、家来の喧嘩だと思い、近習に様子を探らせた。
- Nobunaga, who was woke up by sounds, thought that was quarrel of vassals and ordered a kinju (attendant) to check the situation.
- ここでは、1510年(永正7年)に唐(中国)から渡来したという。
- It also mentions that guns were introduced from China in 1510.
- と諸説あり、鉄砲記の伝来年以前とするものもあり、はっきりしない。
- As mentioned above, there are various theories about the time of the introduction of guns into Japan such as some records saying it was before the introduction into Tanegashima Island, thus the precise time is not clear.
- 「天上仙家」や「蓬山」が出てくるなど中国渡来の神仙思想が伺える。
- With the words 'heavenly immortal place' or 'immortal land,' the idea of immortals, Shenxian, from China, is seen.
- 嘉永6年(1853年)マシュー・ペリー率いるアメリカ艦隊が来航。
- In 1853, the United States Fleet commanded by Matthew PERRY came to Japan.
- 何度かの法令改正で、兵員の将来と権利を保障する制度が導入された。
- After several act amendments an institution that would guarantee the future and rights of the soldiers was introduced.
- 現在、日本の各所に通信使来日の際に筆写された行列絵巻が残っている。
- Today, pictures depicting a procession of Tsushinshi remain in various places of Japan.
- 仏教建築としては浄土教の影響を受けた阿弥陀如来堂が多く建立された。
- In Buddhist architecture, a lot of Amidanyorai Halls (Amitabha Tathagata Halls) influenced by Jodo sect were constructed.
- 『雑筆往来』に代表される書簡に用いられる語句・単文を列挙したもの。
- The third group is composed of volumes with a list of phrases and simple sentences for letters, with 'Zohitsu Orai' being a typical example.
- 主人が不都合をしでかした家来を斬る場合も無礼討(上意討ち)という。
- When a lord killed his servant(s) who did something disadvantageous with a blade, it was called Bureiuchi (Joiuchi (killing of an offender)).
- 以来約200年を経過した今日でもそれ以上の残闕本資料が出ていない。
- Even today, with 200 years having passed since then, no more incomplete parts have newly found.
- それに秋田城司による年来の苛政が重なり、夷俘の不満は頂点に達した。
- In addition to this disaster, years of misrule by the lord of Akita-jo Castle had brought the Ifu's frustration to the boiling point.
- 区内の町名は、おおむね近世以来の町界・町名を現代に引き継いでいる。
- Town names in Kamigyo Ward have succeeded most of the borders and names of the towns since the early-modern times.
- 福浦港(ふくらこう)は、石川県志賀町(旧・富来町)にある地方港湾。
- Fukura-ko Port (福浦港 in Chinese characters) is a local port in Shika-machi (former Togi-machi), Ishikawa Prefecture.
- この呼称は間もなく廃れたが西京味噌や西京漬はこの俗称が由来である。
- This alias disappeared after a while, but Saikyo Miso or Saikyozuke (Saikyo Pickles) originated from this alias.
- 新京の周辺地域をおさえる、母方のバックボーンたる渡来人勢力との関係
- a relationship with the immigrants ruling the regions around the new capital, who had a common ancestry with Emperor Kanmu's mother,
- 国分寺に由来すると思われる国分(こくぶ)を国府に変更した例もある。
- Some of the '国分' (Kokubu), which is assumably derived from Kokubun-ji Temple, changed their name to '国府'.
- 名は、翌1334年に定められた「建武 (日本)」の元号に由来する。
- The term 'Kenmu' derives from the era name established the following year, in 1334 (referring to the Kenmu era of unified Japan, not the later Kenmu era of the Northern Court).
- 天武は遣唐使は一切行わず、代わりに新羅から新羅使が倭国へ来朝した。
- Emperor Tenmu did not send any envoys to the Tang Dynasty, but instead envoys from Silla paid visits to the Imperial Court.
- 従来譜代であった下人の奉公形態も、年季契約をもって行うものが現れた。
- The form of service of the genin had been traditionally fudai (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), but there appeared services based on contracts of apprenticeship.
- また東海道の宿場である大津宿(天領)は、物資運送と人々の往来で繁栄。
- And Otsu-juku (a shogunal demesne), a posting station of Tokai-do Road, flourished in transport of goods and traffic of people.
- また脊という字は一般的に「背」を用いるが、本来は「脊」の字が正しい。
- Hanase-toge is usually written as '花背峠,' however originally it had been written as '花脊峠.'
- 椅子が用意され、簡単な飲食等が出来る屋根つきの建物が設置されている。
- Chairs are provided and a roofed building in which quick meal and drink can be taken is provided.
- 京都府の南端に位置し、市名の由来となった木津川 (京都府)が流れる。
- It is located in the most southern part of Kyoto Prefecture, and the Kizu River (Kyoto Prefecture), after which the city is named, flows through the city.
- (福岡孝弟『五箇条御誓文と政体書の由来に就いて』1919年に依る。)
- (Base on 'The origin of Charter Oath of Five Articles and the Constitution of 1868' written by Takachika FUKUOKA in 1919)
- それが日本に来ては、近衛大将の唐名となり、幕下あるいは柳営ともいった。
- When the word came to Japan, it became the Chinese style name of Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), and it was also called Makushita or Ryuei.
- なお、この事件の報が日本本土に伝わった際、元寇の再来との憶測が流れた。
- When news of the Korean attack on Tsushima reached mainland Japan, speculation ran rife that this was the second advent of the earlier Mongol invasions.
- しかし圧倒的な武力で海から山から迫り来る豊臣軍の前に北条氏は降伏した。
- However, the Hojo clan surrendered to the armed forces of Toyotomi that came both from the sea and the mountains with abundant military force.
- 11世紀中葉の後期王朝国家の成立以来、国衙軍制は機能停止してしまった。
- After the latter dynastic nation was established in the middle of the 11th century, the kokuga forces system stopped functioning.
- このうち前三者は倭楽(在来音楽)を、後者は雅楽(海外音楽)を担当した。
- The former three groups played yamatogaku (ancient Japanese music) (pre-existing music) and the latter group played gagaku (foreign music).
- 古来より数え年十五才をむかえた男の子の元服の祭りであると言われている。
- From ancient time, it is believed to be a festival celebrating the coming of age for boys at the age of 15 in the traditional way of counting age.
- しかし、自転車の走行跡が砂地に出来て、走りやすくなっている部分もある。
- However, wheel ruts made by bicycles in the sand make it easy-going in some areas.
- 近世以来、南北朝のいずれが正統かをめぐって南北朝正閏論が行われてきた。
- Starting in more recent years, debate has been raging over which lineage, that of the Southern or Northern Court, is legitimate (called the Nanbokucho seijunron in Japanese).
- Since the start of the modern era, the Nanbokucho-Seijun-ron debate over which of the Imperial Courts, Southern or Northern, was legitimate has continued.
- また根来衆と通称される強力な僧兵武力を擁し、大量の鉄砲を装備していた。
- In addition, it held a strong military force of armed priests which were commonly called Negoro shu and equipped with a large amount of guns.
- またこの時期、根来・雑賀衆は四国の長宗我部氏とも連絡を取り合っていた。
- In addition, Negoro and Saiga shu communicated with the Chosokabe clan in the Shikoku region around this time.
- 同氏には魯の白竜王を祖とする渡来系氏族や、火明命を祖とする別系もある。
- The clan has branch lines such as immigrant clans that derived from King Bailong of Lu, and other lines that derived from Hoakari.
- 寛永17年(1640年)マカオより通商再開依頼のためポルトガル船来航。
- In 1640, Portuguese ships came from Macau to ask the Bakufu to resume trade with Portugal.
- そのため、「在寮期限」到来時には多数の寮生が居住するという事態に至った。
- As a result, many students still lived in the dormitory at the time of the above 'time limit.'
- 呼称の当否は別とし、この変更は朝鮮通信使の来日直前に一方的に通告された。
- Being apart from whether the usage of the term is appropriate or not, this change was informed unilaterally to the Korean side immediately before Chosen Tsushinshi departed for Japan.
- 露田は時期が来たら収公されたが、世業田は子孫代々所有することが許された。
- The bare fields were confiscated when the specified time arrived, but it was permitted to inherit segyoden from generation to generation.
- 『明衡往来』に代表される実際に用いられる形式の書簡を無造作に集めたもの。
- The first group of koorai includes books with letters, which are in forms of practical use, collected without any particular purpose, such as 'Meigo Orai.'
- いずれにしても、「牧」と「武者・武士」の関係をここにも見ることが出来る。
- Nevertheless, the relationship between 'maki' and 'busha and bushi' could be observed here as well.
- しかし、当時は室町幕府の全盛期であったため、これに抗うことは出来なかった
- However, the bakufu was very strong at the time, and temples could not mount an opposition.
- 大峯奥駈とは本来、大峯山寺より奥の「靡」に進むことを奥駈と云われていた。
- It is said that Omine Okugake originally means that people head for nabiki (ascetic practice spot) beyond Ominesan-ji Temple.
- 6世紀中葉には、飛鳥周辺に仏教が伝わって来て、文化の高い所となってきた。
- In the middle of the sixth century, Buddhism was introduced in Asuka which made Asuka become a culturally sophisticated place.
- 1974年にダム湖が出来た際に、湖畔まで源泉を引湯し、温泉街を形成した。
- The source was drawn to the bank of Futstsuno Dam to develop a hot spring resort when the dam lake was completed in 1974.
- ただしこれは、本村(ほんそん)という地名に由来するため、例外的といえる。
- This can be regarded as 'exceptional' because it was from the toponym, '本村' (Honson).
- 「雍州府志」によると、高野村を通ることが高野川の名前の由来だとしている。
- According to 'Yoshu Fushi' (a book describing various aspects of Kyoto in the Edo period), the river was named 'the Takano-gawa-River' because it flowed through Takano-mura Village.
- 本来、巡禮とは日本における各地の神社、寺院を訪ね巡り礼拝することである。
- Originally, Junrei (pilgrimage) meant to travel and visit shrines and temples throughout Japan for the purpose of worship at each location.
- 白村江の戦いののち朝鮮半島を統一した新羅との間にも多くの使節が往来した。
- Many envoys came and went between Silla, the kingdom that had unified the Korean Peninsula after the Battle of Hakusukinoe (Battle of Baekgang).
- その一方で渤海使も交易に比重を置くようになり、来日の頻度も増えていった。
- On the other hand, envoys from Balhae began to put stress on trade and the frequency of their visits to Japan increased.
- 常門吉次の来歴は不明だが、金春流の素人、ないし半玄人であったと見られる。
- Little is known of Yoshitsugu TSUNEKADO's career but it appears that he was an amateur or semi-professional writer of the Konparu-ryu school.
- 『國友鐵砲鍛冶由緒書』、『國友紀行』には1544年(天文13年)に伝来。
- 'Kunitomo Teppo Kaji Yuishosho' and 'Kunitomo Kiko' mention that the introduction of guns into Japan was in 1544.
- 以来、越後国の国人として承久の乱では頼連が北条朝時軍に参加するなどした。
- Subsequently, as Kokujin (local samurai) of Echigo Province, Yoritsura participated in the army of Tomotoki HOJO as part of the Jokyu War.
- 中国の朝廷は皇帝を中心とし、丞相などの宦官を含めた中国古来の政府である。
- Chinese Imperial Court was the ancient Chinese government which centered on an emperor and involved eunuchs such as Chancellor and the like.
- その前書きによると初出版以来8年間で合計約70万冊が売れたとの事である。
- According to the preamble, 700,000 copies were sold during the eight years since the first was published.
- 上流貴族を中心に子弟の家庭教育で行う旧来の風潮を打破するには至らなかった。
- Daigaku-ryo failed to conquer traditional practice of teaching the children of high-ranking noble families at home.
- そのため本人謹慎中は家人及び郎党など家来・仲間が証人を血眼になって探した。
- So, while the warrior himself stayed at home, his family, servants and fellows looked for a witness desperately.
- 需要が増えるにしたがって悪質な私鋳銭や粗悪な渡来銭も流通するようになった。
- As demands for these currencies increased, Shichusen (coins made privately) and low-quality Torai-sen (coins imported from China) became circulated.
- その結果、当荘園に由来する古い地名である「倉垣小杉」への町名変更を行った。
- As a result, the name of the town was changed to 'Kuragaki Kosugi,' an old name based on the manor, Kuragaki no Sho.
- 上洛する際、最も初めに京都の街を見下ろすことが出来た峠として知られている。
- Upon going to the center of Kyoto, this was the pass where one could take the first glimpse of the town of Kyoto.
- 区内東部の単独町名は、おおむね近世以来の町界・町名を現代に引き継いでいる。
- Independent town names in the east part of the Ward have succeeded most of the borders and names of the towns since the early-modern times.
- 区内の東半部の町名は、おおむね近世以来の町界・町名を現代に引き継いでいる。
- The town names in the eastern half of Nakagyo Ward have succeeded most of the borders and names of the towns since the early-modern times.
- 山名は、中腹部にブナの木が多く生えていることに由来していると言われている。
- It is said that the name of this mountain originates from many beech trees that grow in the mountainside.
- 古来、太秦を根拠としていた豪族の秦氏によって開発が進められたとされている。
- In ancient times, Hata clan, a powerful family based in Uzumasa, is said to have developed this area.
- 峠のすぐ近くにあった集落に高野山へ続く街道が通っていたことが由来とされる。
- The name is considered to derive from the road, leading to Mt. Koya, through the settlement near the pass.
- 最終的には339名が逮捕されることとなり「安政の大獄以来の大獄」となった。
- As many as 339 people were arrested at last, this was 'the largest suppression after Ansei no Taigoku (suppression of extremists by the Shogunate).'
- その後、義仲を頼って来た以仁王の子(北陸宮)を推戴し、北陸一帯を平定した。
- Later, Prince Mochihito's son (Hokurokunomiya), who sought out Yoshinaka, was crowned and the Hokuriku area was brought under his control.
- 特に日本では本来儒教が徳目として最も重んじていた「孝」以上に重要視された。
- Especially in Japan, it was emphasized more than 'filial piety' which was essentially honored mostly as a virtue in Confucianism.
- 元来、江戸幕府においては京都所司代・京都町奉行が治安維持の任についていた。
- Originally, Kyoto shoshidai and Kyoto machibugyo (Kyoto town magistrate) held the post to maintain order in the town under the Edo bakufu.
- 及第者は次の除目で京官に任じられた他、将来的には文章博士への道も開かれた。
- Those who passed the exams would be appointed as kyokan (an official of the Capital) in the next jimoku (appointment ceremonies) and it would open the door to monjo hakase for them in the future.
- この六巻の序列をいかように配置するのかについては、従来二説が唱えられてきた。
- As for the order for these six volumes, two opinions have emerged so far.
- 呪術等を用い、色々な芸能を行うことが出来、また特に人形を操っていたとされる。
- They are said to have used magic to conduct various performances, particularly the control of puppets.
- 幕末の頃から温泉宿がいくつか並び、街道を往来する旅人の良い宿場となっていた。
- Since the end of Edo Period, a few hot-spring hotels have stood in a row to be a good posting station for travelers coming in and going out on the road.
- その後、1970年(昭和45年)に新丸太町通が開通して以来、急速に発展した。
- Following this, with the opening of the Shin-marutamachi-dori in 1970, the region underwent rapid growth.
- しかしそれと同時に、従来から営業していた小規模な商店は壊滅的な状態に陥った。
- However, at the same time, small-scale conventional stores collapsed.
- 平清盛一族(平氏)の隆盛は、旧来の勢力である他の貴族や皇族の権益を圧迫した。
- The prosperity of TAIRA no Kiyomori's family (the Taira clan) intruded upon the interests of other aristocrats and Imperial family members who were part of the old regime.
- しかしその所説は必ずしも信用出来るとは限らず、取り扱いには警戒が必要である。
- Therefore, its content cannot necessarily be trusted and it should be used with caution.
- 3月23日、和泉を制圧したのを見届けて秀吉は岸和田城を発し、根来寺に向かう。
- On April 22, Hideyoshi, who saw the conquest of Izumi Province, left Kishiwada-jo Castle for Negoro-ji Temple.
- 『日本書紀』には、欽明天皇の時代に百済の暦博士が来日した記事が記されている。
- 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) states that a reki hakase (master of reki (calendar)) had come to Japan from Paekche during the era of the Emperor Kinmei.
- その後、南北朝時代 (日本)に大番役が廃れ、旧来の大犯三箇条の解釈が変わった。
- Then, Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) was abolished during the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and the conventional interpretation of Taibon Sankajo had been changed.
- そのため、本来個室として運用されてきた部屋を相部屋にせざるを得なくなっている。
- As a result, rooms originally used as individual rooms are being shared by two persons now.
- 古往来は現存するもので約40余りを数えるが、以下の5種類に分類する事が出来る。
- There are around 40 existing koorai, and they can be categorized in the following five groups.
- こうして、律令制以来の国司の職権は、室町期において名実ともに消滅したのである。
- Thus, the authority of kokushi, which had been maintained since the enforcement of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), disappeared both in name and reality in the Muromachi period.
- 保則は来降を許したが、元慶3年(879年)1月、朝廷は討伐の強行を命じてきた。
- Yasunori accepted the Ifu's surrender, but in January of the third year of the Gangyo era (879) the Imperial Court ordered him to suppress the Ifu.
- 江戸時代には幕府より厳しい政令が設けられ、神社の山札がないと入山出来なかった。
- In the Edo period, Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) issued a strict order that people are allowed to enter the mountain only when they had a tablet of the mountain (山札) from a shrine.
- 琵琶湖を往来する船業者の組合・大津百艘船の本拠が置かれ琵琶湖水運の拠点となる。
- The base of Otsu hyakusosen, the union of ship operators traversing Lake Biwa, was established there, and it became the hub of water transport of Lake Biwa.
- その昔、琵琶湖の湖岸沿いにサイカチが植林されていたことに由来するとされている。
- It is said that the origin of the name is that saikachi (Japanese honey locust) had been planted along lakeside of Lake Biwa.
- 昼間の登山だけでなく、ご来光を見るために涼しい夜間に登山することも盛んである。
- A lot of people climb it not only during daytime but also cool nighttime to pray to the rising sun from the summit of the mountain.
- その時期ににサンゴ礁が出来たため良質の石灰岩が産出する場所として知られている。
- Around that time, coral reefs were formed, therefore, it is known as a place where good limestone is produced.
- このため、古来より交通開発が困難であり、交通路が敷かれうる場所も限られていた。
- For this reason, development of transportation facilities has been difficult since ancient times and areas for construction of traffic routes were limited.
- 本来は祇園の「祇」の字は「示」+「氏」と書く(祗園は誤記。wikt祇を参照)。
- Originally, the kanji character '祇' (gi) as in '祇園' (Gion) was formed by combining '示' (ji) and '氏' (shi); however, '祗園' (Gion) today is a misspelling (see wikt, or Wiktionary: '祇').
- 根来・雑賀衆は畠山貞政を名目上の盟主に立て、さらに紀南の湯河氏の支援も受けた。
- Negoro and Saiga shu worked respectfully for Sadamasa HATAKEYAMA as a nominal master and also received the support of the Yukawa clan in Kinan (southern part of Wakayama Prefecture).
- 「諸蕃」の姓氏とは、渡来人系の氏族で、秦氏、大蔵氏など326氏が挙げられている。
- The clans of 'Shoban' were clans of toraijin (people from overseas, particularly from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Asian continental culture to the Japanese) and include 326 clans, among which are the Hata and Ookura clans.
- また、黄砂飛来時に大気中のダイオキシン類の濃度が増加するとの調査結果も出ている。
- There is also an investigation showing that the density of dioxin and dioxin-like particles in the air increased when kosa arrived.
- クンビーラは元来、ガンジス川に棲むワニを神格化した水神で、日本では蛇型とされる。
- Kunbi-ra originally was a water god transformed into a god from crocodiles in the Ganges River and in Japan is considered to be in snake form.
- 金毘羅(こんぴら)は、水神で、天竺霊鷲山の鬼神で、薬師如来十二神将の筆頭である。
- Konpira (金毘羅) is a water god and demon god of Mt. Ryojusen in India, and is the head of the Juni Shinsho (the twelve protective deities) of Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha).
- しかし、期限が到来するとせっかくの墾田も収公されてしまうため開墾は下火となった。
- However, when due, the cultivated land was publicly confiscated and the cultivation declined.
- また、ヨーロッパ人の来航とともに金銀比価の関係から、金銀の輸出入が盛んになった。
- With visits of Europeans to Japan also, import and export of gold and silver became popular because of the exchange ratio between gold and silver.
- 命蓮の生国である信濃国から姉の尼公が、はるばる信貴山まで命蓮を訪ねてやって来る。
- Amagimi, the older sister of Myoren, comes all the way from Shinano Province (now Nagano Prefecture), the birth place of Myoren, to Mt. Shigi to see him.
- 『十二月往来』に代表される1年12ヶ月の月単位に配列して書簡の文例を示したもの。
- The second group consists of those like 'Junigetsu Orai,' which have an assortment of example sentences for letters arranged according to the 12 months of the year.
- しかし、その備を構成する人員の殆どは彼の家来ではなく重臣と同じ大名の家臣である。
- However, the majority of the personnel making up the sonae were not his retainers but they were also the vassals of the same daimyo.
- たいてい来るのは地元の旧知の客ばかりであり、酒屋の主人は客の好みを熟知していた。
- Most of the customers coming to a sakaya were intimate with the shop owner for a long time, and the owner was well-informed about their tastes.
- 本尊の阿弥陀如来(通称頬焼け阿弥陀)と境内の「塩嘗(しおなめ)地蔵」が知られる。
- Well known are the principal image Amida Nyorai (Amitabha Tathagata) (commonly called Hohoyake Amida (Burnt Cheek Amida)) and Shio name jizo (Jizo who licks salt) in the precinct.
- 野迫川村では集落ごとに2、3頭の馬を飼うようになり、高野山との間で往来があった。
- Two or three horses were bred in each district of Nosegawa Village and they traveled to Mt. Koya by horses.
- 作者の善円は、西大寺本堂本尊・釈迦如来像の作者である善慶と同人と推定されている。
- It has been inferred that the sculptor, Zenen was the same person as Zenkei, who was the sculptor of the statue of Shakanyorai which is honzon of hondo of Saidai-ji Temple.
- 江戸幕府成立以来、京都とその周辺の行政は京都所司代及び京都郡代が管轄していたが、
- Since the establishment of the Edo bakufu, Kyoto Shoshidai and Kyoto Gundai were in charge of administration in Kyoto and the neighboring areas.
- こうして次第に平安京の本来の範囲より東に偏った中世・近世の京都の街が形作られた。
- This was how the Heian-kyo gradually shifted from the original ambit to the east, to the medieval/modern ages town of Kyoto.
- 『北條五代記』、『甲陽軍鑑』、『重編応仁記』では、1510年(永正7年)に伝来。
- According to 'Hojo Godaiki', 'Koyo Gunkan' and 'Juhen Oninki', guns were first brought to Japan in 1510.
- 日高郡 (和歌山県)でも3月23、24日頃には上方勢が来襲し、湯河領に侵攻した。
- In Hidaka County (Wakayama Prefecture) the Kamigata army arrived and invaded the territory of the Yukawa clan around April 22 or 23.
- さらに多数の軍船を揃えて小西行長を水軍の将とし、海陸両面から根来・雑賀を攻めた。
- In addition, Yukinaga KONISHI became the commander of navy with many military ships and they attacked Negoro and Saiga from both sides of sea and land.
- 明治13年に来聴した楊守敬が紹介した北碑の資料に啓発され、北碑派の書が流行した。
- In 1880, Yang Shoujing came to Japan and introduced Hokuhi (epitaphs from the Northern Wei dynasty), by which people were enlightened and books of the Hokuhi school became popular.
- また一編、一編が簡潔で、一つの論旨を比喩や故事、時に外来語まで用いて説いている。
- In each chapter, his writing was plain and concise, explaining a main topic using metaphors, events and figures in history, and even foreign words.
- 1478年の畠山氏任命まで、本来、山城国には、名目上の守護しか置かれていなかった。
- Until the time when the Hatakeyama clan was appointed in 1478, only a nominally appointed Shugo had served Yamashiro Province.
- そのため、通信使の来朝は農民達にとっては臨時に重い負担を強いられるものでもあった。
- Therefore, the visit of Tsushinshi to Japan forced farmers to bear a heavy burden additionally.
- 発生地に近いほど、砂塵の濃度は濃く、大きな粒が多く、飛来する頻度も高い傾向にある。
- It is likely that, when an area is located closer to kosa occurrence areas, dust with larger grains falls on the area more frequently.
- 紀伊の地侍は連合して根来衆・雑賀衆などの集団を形成し、宗教を盾に地域自治を行った。
- Jizamurai (local samurai) in Kii formed groups such as Negoroshu and Saigashu and carried out regional autonomy under the cover of religion.
- また、地理や歴史、道徳的な要素を盛り込んだものなど、多彩な形式の往来物が著された。
- Also, there were those that included elements of geography, history, and morals, meaning that various forms of oraimono were written.
- これは奈良時代以来、廃太子の際には何らかの容疑が付けられていることからも示される。
- This theory is also supported by the fact that some suspicions were thrown on the crown princes whenever they were expelled after the Nara period.
- 沙汰人は元来、荘園領主や荘官の代理人として、命令や判決を現地で執行する者をさした。
- The word satanin originally meant a person who executed the order or judgment on site, on behalf of the lord of the manor or the shokan.
- ドライプウェイも夏季は午前3時から通行可能で、ご来光を見る人のニーズに応えている。
- In the summer, the highway is available from 3 a.m., meeting the needs of climbers who come to pray to the rising sun.
- 古来より現在の西京区や右京区を含む地域には、渡来系の一族である秦氏が居住していた。
- An immigrant clan of the Hata clan settled in the area containing the present-day Nishikyo and Ukyo Wards since ancient times.
- これにともない京都府は従来の山城国域に加え丹波国域の桑田郡、船井郡、何鹿郡を併合。
- At this time, Kyoto Prefecture merged Kuwata-gun, Funai-gun and Ikaruga-gun of Tanba Province, in addition to the entire area of Yamashiro Province.
- 文化面では、欧米から新たな学問・芸術・文物が伝来し、その有様は文明開化と呼ばれた。
- In culture, new science, art and other cultural products were brought to Japan, and this state was called civilization and enlightenment.
- これは、東夷と同じく北方の異民族(狄)に対する蔑称に由来していると考えられている。
- This name is probably derived, like Toi, from a derogatory term used for a different ethnic group (狄) in the northern area.
- 相国寺の戦いは激戦で両軍に多くの死傷者が出たものの勝敗を決することは出来なかった。
- In the Battle of Shokoku-ji Temple, many were killed or wounded on both sides, but neither camp achieved a decisive victory.
- しかし、範頼軍に援軍が来るという情報を得た平氏軍は長門国へ撤退する戦略を選択する。
- However, the Taira clan forces obtained information that Noriyori's troops would get reinforcements, so they decided to retreat to Nagato Province.
- 4月25日には日本軍の輸送艦金州丸を撃沈するなど、日本近海を縦横無尽に行き来した。
- The fleet patrolled Japanese territorial waters unchallenged, and sank the IJN transport ship Kinshu-maru on April 25th.
- 根来寺は三日間燃え続け、空が赤く輝く様子が当時貝塚にあった本願寺から見えたという。
- It is said that Negoro-ji Temple had burnt for three days and that red shining sky could be seen at Hongan-ji Temple which was located in Kaizuka in those days.
- 根来・雑賀の鉄砲衆は、その質量両面において戦国時代随一の鉄砲隊だったと言ってよい。
- It can be said that the unit of gun fighters of Negoro and Saiga shu was the strongest both in quality and quantity in the Sengoku period.
- 同年3月、根来・雑賀衆及び粉河寺衆徒は日高郡の湯河・玉置氏の加勢を得て和泉へ出撃。
- In April of the same year, Negoro, Saiga shu and monk-soldiers of the Kokawa-dera Temple made a sortie to Izumi Province, gaining the reinforcements of the Yukawa and Tamaki clans of Hidaka County.
- 渡来僧の中でもうひとり特筆すべきは延宝5年(1677年)に来日した東皐心越である。
- There is another notable priest, Toko Shinetsu, who came from China in 1677.
- しかし、本格的な暦学の伝来は推古天皇12年(602年)の百済僧・観勒の来日による。
- However, the study of the calendar didn't take root in Japan until the twelfth year of the Empress Suiko (602), when the priest Kanroku came to Japan from Paekche.
- 屯田兵に与えられる土地は従来の1.5倍となり、ほかに共同利用の公有地が用意された。
- The land given to a tondenhei became 1.5 times larger than that in the past, and, besides, the public land for shared use was prepared.
- 以来基氏の子孫が鎌倉府の長官(鎌倉公方)となり、関東管領として上杉氏が代々補佐した。
- Since then, Motouji's descendants inherited the top post of the Kamakurafu (Kamakura kubo) and the Uesugi clan supported Kamakura kubo as Kanto kanrei (a shogunal deputy for Kanto region) for generations.
- 日本などに飛来する黄砂の粒子は非常に細かいため、肺の末端にまで到達するとされている。
- The sizes of sand grains of the kosa flying to Japan are so minute that it is said that the grains reach the ends of lungs.
- 片仮名は漢字の一部に由来し(例:伊→イ)、漢文を訓読する際の補助文字として使われた。
- Katakana has been designed from a parts of Kanji characters (example: イ from 伊) and was used as a sub character for reading a text written in China in a Japanese manner.
- 『富士野往来』に代表される書簡のみならず公文書などの他の文書の文例を織り交ぜたもの。
- The fifth group, which has 'Fujino Orai' as an example, includes titles with sentences not only from letters but also from other documents such as official papers.
- しかし、京より遠い東国においては、朝廷や貴族間における調停などの調整は期待出来ない。
- However, Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) far away from Kyoto had less hope for settlement within the imperial court or among aristocrats.
- 明石家さんまと島田紳助の二人が駆け出しの頃、八瀬遊園地に揃って営業で来たことがある。
- Sanma AKASHIYA and Shinsuke SHIMADA came to Yase Amusement Park together to perform a stand-up comedy when both of them had just joined the show business.
- また、武光誠氏は、「えみし」とは本来は「勇士」を表す言葉だったという説を唱えている。
- Incidentally, Makoto TAKEMITSU has a theory that 'Emishi' was originally a word to describe a 'warrior.'
- そこは、院の邸内という、本来ならば身分秩序が守られるべき場であるはずのところである。
- It was the place within the palace of the emperor, where social order was supposed to be protected.
- ここに江戸幕府は事実上「滅亡」し、家康以来続いた260余年の支配に終止符が打たれた。
- This virtually marked the end of the Edo Shogunate which lasted for over 260 years.
- 三河に帰り光秀を討とうと出陣し、熱田神宮まで来たが山崎の戦いの報を聞き、引き返した。
- After coming back to Mikawa Province, he departed to kill Mitsuhide, but when he arrived at the Atsuta-jingu Shrine, he heard about the Battle of Yamazaki and went back.
- 16日、紀州勢が来援し、五城の城兵と合わせて八千の兵力となり、岸和田を衝こうとした。
- On the 28th, the Kishu army arrived to help and tried to attack the Kishiwada army with 8,000 soldiers combined with the five castles' soldiers.
- 符天暦の仕組を巧に用いて「口伝・秘伝」と称して本来あり得ない置閏法の設定などをした。
- Cunningly cheating the system of the futenreki (the Futian calendar table), they concocted a fake Chijun-ho (a calendar technique of setting a leap month and leap day) while insisting that they were following kuden (oral instructions) or secret teachings they had inherited.
- 阿弥陀如来像を大量生産するため、分けて造った部品を組み立てる寄木造の技法が用いられた。
- Parquet technique, which consists of making geometric mosaic patters of wood pieces, is utilized in order to produce statues of Amida Nyorai in large numbers.
- 新羅との関係が特に緊張していた期間(758年-763年)には、ほぼ毎年使者が往来した。
- When there were strong tensions between Shiragi and Bokkai (from 758 to 763), envoys came and went almost every year.
- 日本では、8世紀初頭以来、律令に基づいた土地支配・租税収取が政府によって行われてきた。
- In Japan, land had been controlled by the government under the ritsuryo legal codes in order to collect land taxes since the early eighth century.
- 貿易を掌握し、みずからが多くの渡来銭を抱える有力者は、その価値の低下を恐れたのである。
- This is because those persons who controlled the foreign trade and possessed lots of coins brought from China were afraid that the values of these coins were downgraded.
- また、鎌倉時代には、時代の転換期であり、また蒙古の襲来など、社会情勢が不安定であった。
- Moreover, in the Kamakura period, Japan was at a turning point, and the attacks of Mongolia, for example, made the society unstable.
- 小辺路には道標・宿跡などの交通遺跡を除けば、信仰に関係する遺跡を見出すことは出来ない。
- In fact, on Kohechi, any religious relics cannot be found except for traffic relics such as guideposts and remains of lodgings.
- 古来より、雄岳・雌岳の間に日が沈む様子から、神聖な山岳として、人々から崇められてきた。
- As we can see the sun going down between Odake and Medake, people have worshiped it as a holy mountain since ancient times.
- この「守山」の地名は、比叡山延暦寺の東の関門として、東門院が創建されたことに由来する。
- The name 'Moriyama' derives from the construction of 'Tomon-in' Gate that served as the eastern gate of Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei.
- 山名は、中腹に牛頭天王を祀る山崎天王社(現 自玉手祭来酒解神社)があることに由来する。
- The name of the mountain comes from Yamazaki Tennosha Shrine (now Tamadeyori Matsurikitaru Sakatoke-jinja Shrine) enshrining Gozu Tenno (deity said to be the Indian god Gavagriva) on the mountainside.
- 11世紀前期には、女真族が北部九州に来襲する事変が発生した(1019年、刀伊の入寇)。
- In the first stage of the 11th century, the Joshin (a people lived in eastern China and northern Korea) attacked Northern Kyushu (Toi invasion in 1019).
- これにより既にこの時代には蝦夷の存在とその支配が進んでいた様子を確認することが出来る。
- From this Johyobun it can be confirmed that the presence of the Emishi and its rule went forward.
- 箱式石棺は、板状の石材で遺骸のまわりを箱状に囲いこむもので縄文時代以来の埋葬法である。
- Hakoshiki-sekkan consisted of making an enclosure with stones around the dead body like a box, and is the burial method from the Jomon period.
- その頃種子島に在島していた堺の橘屋又三郎と、紀州根来寺の僧津田算長が本土へ持ち帰った。
- Matasaburo TACHIBANAYA of Sakai and Kazunaga TSUDA, a priest of Negoroji Temple, Kishu Province, who were at the island around this time, took the guns home.
- 「非常に良かった。先輩も良かったし、学生は全国の旧制高校から来ていてとても仲が良かった」
- It was very good. My seniors were good persons, and all of us were good friends as the graduates of the high schools under the old system of education around the nation.
- 砂漠に多く黄土には無い石膏が含まれていることから、黄砂は砂漠由来であるとする見方がある。
- Because lots of gypsum exists in deserts but no gypsum in ocher, there is a view of considering that kosa originates in deserts.
- 古くは、日本では少なくとも7万年前以降の最終氷期には黄砂が飛来していたと考えられている。
- It is considered that kosa fell in Japan in the last glacial period at least 70 thousand years ago.
- 細川氏内臣の三好氏にいたっては阿波撫養の豪族というだけで本来なら政権を執れるはずはない。
- However, as the Miyoshi clan, which was an indirect vassal of the Hosokawa clan, was a mere gozoku in Awa-Muya, it could not normally obtain authority to control the administration.
- また敷地内には必ず「薬師寺」と称し、医薬を司る薬師如来を本尊とする寺が建てられたという。
- In addition, a 'Yakushi-ji Temple' was always built on the grounds of a Fuseya in which a Yakushinyorai (Bhaisajyaguru (Buddha able to cure all illnesses)) was enshrined as a honzon (principal object of worship at a temple, usually a Buddha or Bodhisattva).
- 数多くの巨石遺構、祭祀遺跡も散在するが、これに対しても原則として許可なしに撮影出来ない。
- A number of megalithic remains, ritual sites are scattered in the mountains, but photography is not permitted as a general rule.
- 木津川 (京都府)が流れており、古くは木材運搬用の港として栄えた(木の津・町名の由来)。
- The Kizu-gawa River (Kyoto Prefecture) runs through here, so in the old days this place prospered as a port for lumber transit; the town name 'Kizu' comes from the lumber (in Japanese, 'ki') and the port (in Japanese, 'zu' or 'tsu').
- 桓武期には従来の日本に見られない中国仏教(天台宗、密教)が最澄、空海によって伝来された。
- During his reign, Chinese Buddhism (Tendai sect and Esoteric Buddhism), was introduced to Japan by Saicho and Kukai, respectively, for the first time.
- そもそも死罪は薬子の変以来200年以上行われていなかったが、信西が復活させたものである。
- The death penalty, in the first place, had not been imposed for more than 200 years since the Kusuko Incident (Kusuko-no-Hen), but it was reinstated by Shinzei.
- 降って室町時代に一条兼良は『令抄』を著したが、これも古来の注釈を摘記したものにすぎない。
- Then in the Muromachi period, Kaneyoshi ICHIJO authored the 'Ryosho,' but this also was simply a summary of ancient commentaries.
- 将来の国有化の可能性をにおわせながら、実際は予定線の民間による建設を容認するなどとした。
- Hinting the possibility of nationalization in the future, in fact, the act allowed the construction of planned lines by private sectors.
- その夜根来寺は出火して炎上し、本堂、多宝塔(大塔)や南大門など一部を残して灰燼に帰した。
- On that night, Negoro-ji Temple was destroyed by fire except a part of it such as the Hondo (main hall), Tahoto pagoda (a 'multi-treasure' pagoda) (big pagoda) and Nandai-mon gate (great south gate).
- 根来衆の主要兵力は和泉の戦線に出払っていて、寺には戦闘に耐えうる者はほとんどいなかった。
- The main force of Negoro shu went out to the battle line of Izumi and few people who could fight stayed at the temple.
- が、羽柴秀吉は根来寺の泉南への進出を快く思わず、機会があれば討伐しようともくろんでいた。
- However, Hideyoshi HASHIBA did not feel good about Negoro-ji Temple's progress to the Sennan region and waited for an opportunity to put it down.
- 三刀屋氏もこの例に漏れず、出雲国三刀屋郷を本拠とし、来たるべき戦国時代に備えたのである。
- The Mitoya clan, which was not an exception to this trend, prepared for the forthcoming period of Warring States headquartered in Mitoya-go district in Izumo Province.
- 卒業者は試験の結果によっては官人に登用されたり大学寮や典薬寮に入る資格を得ることが出来た。
- Depending on the results of examinations, graduates from Kokugaku were recruited as local government officials or granted the qualification for entering daigakuryo or tenyakuryo.
- だが、室町期以前のような家来達が所領に在住する地方領主制では、召集するのに時間が掛かった。
- However, in the system in the Muromachi period or before where the retainers lived in their territory, it took a long time for daimyo to call out their retainers.
- 宗教面では従来の神仏混交が改められ(神仏分離)、仏教弾圧(廃仏毀釈)などの動きも見られた。
- In religion, the syncretism of Shintoism and Buddhism was rejected (separation of Buddhism and Shintoism), and moves to oppress Buddhism (Haibutsu-kishaku) were also observed.
- 白河が事実上の政治の中心となったため、本来は平安京の外であった白河が「京白河」と称された。
- Since Shirakawa became the virtual center of mainstream politics, Shirakawa was called 'Kyo Shirakawa', even though it was originally located outside Heian-kyo.
- 現在も残る槇島城や向島 (伏見区)などの地名はそこが池に囲まれた島であったことに由来する。
- Geographical names such as Makishima-jo Castle and Mukaijima (Fushimi Ward) that remain today date back to the time when such places were once islands in the pond.
- 怪談や怪奇現象の舞台としても殊に著名で、古来より現代に至るまで、様々な話が伝えられている。
- Midoroga-ike Pond is particularly well known as a backdrop for ghost stories and unnatural phenomenon, with various stories having been told about this pond since ancient times to today.
- こうした仏教の影響を日本古来の信仰も受けて、本地垂迹説があらわれて神仏習合が進んでいった。
- Japanese traditional religion was influenced by Buddhism, Honji-suijaku setsu (theory of original reality and manifested traces) was introduced, leading to the Syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism.
- この時期には百済から仏教が伝来し、後の飛鳥文化・白鳳文化などの仏教文化へと発展していった。
- In this era, Buddhism was brought to Japan from Kudara (Baekje, Paekche), and Buddhist culture, such as Asuka culture and Hakuho culture in the later era, developed.
- 46.ふたたび渡る紀の川の 水上とおく雲ならで 立てるは花の吉野山 見て来んものを春ならば
- 46. Well beyond the Kino-kawa River we are crossing again, Mt. Yoshino of flowers stands in the clouds; we are going to visit there because it is spring.
- 白河の本来の意志は、皇位継承の安定化(というより自系統による皇位独占)という意図があった。
- The primary intention of Shirakawa was to stabilize the imperial succession (or the exclusive succession by his own blood).
- 摂関政治ではそれが父系から母系に移り、院政で再び父系に移ったと考えることも出来るのである。
- One can say that in the regency, that function moved from the paternal line to the maternal line, and then moved back to the paternal line again in the cloistered government
- 従来の薩長史観では見過ごされがちだが、この三者が幕末において果たした役割を再評価している。
- The three politicians of the government hadn't been considered important by the past historians who had followed the majority viewpoint (appreciating 'Saccho'), however recently the significance of their political works is being reconsidered due to the assistant professor's idea.
- 6月30日 舞鶴軍港・宮津湾・河辺飛行場に敵機動部隊艦載機襲来、銃爆撃で機体・施設に被害。
- June 30: An enemy task force of carrier-based planes attacked Maizuru Military Port, Miyazu Port and Kawabe Air Base, and planes and facilities suffered damages from the combat.
- この時、義興の養子となっていた本庄繁長の子・大宝寺義勝は実父の下に逃れて捲土重来を誓った。
- Subsequently, Shigenaga HONJO's son Yoshikatsu DAIHOJI, who had been adopted by Yoshioki DAIJOJI, was determined to resume his power while taking refuge with his biological father.
- また、本所が支配した土地を「本所」と称することもあり、日本各地の本所地名の由来となっている。
- Besides, some places governed by the honjo were also called 'Honjo,' and this is the reason why there are places named Honjo throughout Japan.
- 1872年外務丞(外務大臣)・花房義質が釜山に来航し、草梁倭館を接収して日本公館と改称した。
- In 1872, Yoshimoto HANABUSA, Minister for Foreign Affairs, arrived in Busan and confiscated Choryang-dong Wakan to rename it as the Japanese diplomatic mission.
- 例えば、生花心得・詩歌・小謡・文書様作法・商売往来・筆を取る方法・筆づかい・十二月異名など。
- Represented in some of these materials were: Appreciation of the art of flower arrangement, poetry, small pieces of song, manners for writing, business know-how, penmanship, brushwork, and synonyms for the names of the months.
- 京都市街の西に位置し、平安時代に貴族の別荘地となって以来、京都の代表的な観光地となっている。
- Arashiyama, located in the west of urban area of Kyoto City, has represented sightseeing areas in Kyoto ever since noble families used this place as a resort area in the Heian period.
- 山頂には愛宕神社 (京都市)があり、古来より火伏せの神様として京都の住民の信仰を集めている。
- On top of the mountain there exists Atago-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City), which has been worshipped by the people of Kyoto as hibuse no kami or gods to protects from fire and theft from a long time ago.
- この際に参加出来たのは公卿全般ではなく、上皇・法皇が認めた特定の公卿並びに院近臣達であった。
- Not all court nobles were allowed to join the decision-making processes, and only specific court nobles and In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) could join.
- 従来はドラマや旧領丹波など一部の地域では遺徳を偲んでいる事などの影響か誠実なイメージがある。
- Traditionally, Mitsuhide has an image of sincere person most probably because of dramas or the fact that in certain areas including Tanba Province which was Mitsuhide's fief, people recall beneficial influence of Mitsuhide.
- 道中の枚方宿では、準備のために七里飛脚や紀州藩士が藩主が到着する数ヶ月前から来宿したという。
- Shichiri-bikyaku (express messengers) and feudal retainers of the Kishu clan reportedly arrived at Hirakata-juku Station, one station along the trip, for preparation several months earlier than the lord would do.
- これに対抗して根来・雑賀衆は中村・沢・田中・積善寺・千石堀(いずれも現貝塚市)に付城を築く。
- As opposed to this, Negoro and Saiga shu built tsukejiro (branch castles) at Nakamura, Sawa, Tanaka, Shakuzenji and Sengokubori (all of them are located in the present Kaizuka City).
- 戦国時代 (中国)、王に代わって指揮を取る出先の将軍が張った陣地を幕府と呼んだことに由来する。
- It originated in China during the period of Warring States; where the general who took command in place of a king was called bakufu.
- 紀伊国では高野山・根来寺・熊野三山などの寺社勢力の力が強く、守護畠山氏の支配力は限定的だった。
- In the Kii Province, the power of temples and shrines, such as Koyasan, Negoro-ji Temple, Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano-Hongu-Taisha Shrine, Kumano-Hayatama-Taisha Shrine and Kumano-Nachi-Taisha Shrine) and so on, was strong and power to control shugo, the Hatakeyama clan, was limited.
- 西大寺に現存する仏像、工芸品などには本尊釈迦如来像をはじめ、叡尊の時代に制作されたものが多い。
- Many of Buddha statues and handicrafts which exist now in Saidai-ji Temple including honzon, the statue of Shakanyorai, were made in Eison's time.
- 新選組とは佐幕と勤王倒幕で袂をわかっただけに、新選組の襲来を恐れていつも刀を抱いて寝たという。
- Goryo-eji broke ranks with Shinsengumi because they were Kinno-Tobaku, people loyal to the emperor with an aim to overthrow the shogunate government, and Sabaku, the Bakufu supporters; which allegedly caused Goryo-eji to always carry swords with him while he slept in case he was ever raided by the Shinsengumi.
- これは、郷土の産物や山や川などの自然、あるいはその由来、古老の言い伝えなどを収めた地誌である。
- These were local reports which were composed of descriptions of local products, natural features such as mountains and rivers as well as their history and legends as told by old people.
- 自玉手祭来酒解神社神輿庫(たまてよりまつりきたるさかとけじんじゃみこしぐら)〔乙訓郡大山崎町〕
- Mikoshiko (repository of portable shrine) of Tamateyori Matsurikitaru Sakatoke-jinja Shrine [Oyamazaki-cho, Otokuni County]
- 安倍氏(阿倍氏)は阿倍比羅夫や阿倍仲麻呂で知られるように大化前代以来の豪族・貴族の家系である。
- The Abe clan (安倍, also written as 阿倍), famed for its members ABE no Hirafu and ABE no Nakamaro, had been a line of local ruling families and nobility since the time preceding the Taika Reforms.
- 当初朝鮮政府は日本人には徴税権・検断権も行使出来なかった為、彼等を統制下に置こうと圧力をかける。
- Since the Korean Government was at first unable to exercise on Japanese the right to collect taxes nor the right to judge criminal cases, it pressured them in an attempt to put them under its control.
- こうした旧来の特権は、明治政府が行う四民平等政策や、近代化政策を行うにあたって障害となっていた。
- These old privileges posed an impediment to the Meiji Government's policies like the equality of all people and modernization.
- なお、665年の遣唐使は、白村江の戦いの後に唐から倭国に来た使節が、唐に帰る際の送唐客使である。
- Note that the mission to Tang China in 665 was a mission to send back to Tang the mission sent to Japan after the Battle of Baekgang.
- そのため、従来郡の下にあった郷などの領域を郡と同等の国衙統治下の単位に引き上げる措置がとられた。
- Therefore, kokuga took the measure of raising the status of the areas formerly placed under a gun, for example, go (villages), to a status equal to that of the gun.
- 奴婢と異なり売買対象にはならなかったほか、戸を構える(家族を持つ)ことも出来たが、姓は無かった。
- Unlike the nuhi, they were not traded and were able to have a family; however, they were not allowed to have a family name.
- ただし、走行跡は自転車一台分の幅しかないため、対向車が来た場合は譲り合うのが暗黙のルールである。
- However, since these ruts are only for one bicycle, there is an unspoken rule of giving the right of way to each other when a bicycle comes from the opposite direction.
- 一方、後者は、治承三年の政変の際に平氏勢力が従来の国家機構の支配権を掌握したことを重視している。
- On the other hand, the second hypothesis emphasizes the fact that the Taira forces grabbed hold of the control of conventional national organizations upon the coup d'etat in 1179.
- 激怒した後陽成帝は、乱交に関わった全員を死罪に処せと命じたが、従来の公家の法には死罪は無かった。
- An infuriated Emperor Goyozei demanded all the participants in the promiscuous relations be sentenced to death, but no traditional law governing court nobles provided for capital punishment.
- 元寇以来の政局不安などにより、諸国では悪党が活動し、幕府は次第に武士層からの支持を失っていった。
- The political situation had been unstable ever since the Mongol invasion, and due to this and other factors, criminals were active in several provinces, while the shogunate gradually found itself losing the support of the warrior class.
- 木棺直葬は、墓坑内に顕著な施設をつくらずに木棺を置いただけのもので、弥生時代以来の埋葬法である。
- The wooden coffin method was to simply place a wooden coffin and make no space in the tunnel; this is a burial method from the Yayoi period.
- しかし清は元来二島の領有を望まず、冊封関係維持のため二島を琉球に返還し琉球王国再興を求めていた。
- However, Qing whisked to maintain the sakufu relationship instead of possessing both islands changed its mind and requested Japan to return the islands to the Ryukyu Kingdom.
- 日本の作品だけでなく、古くから伝来していた中国(宋・元)の絵画で国宝に指定されているものも多い。
- Paintings designated national treasures are not limited to those paintings made in Japan; many (Song- and Yuan-era) Chinese paintings that have been handed down since ancient times within Japanese families have also been designated national treasures.
- こういった時期を経ることで、現代では一揆の本来の意味は忘れられ、理解されがたくなってしまっている。
- As a result of such events, the original meaning of ikki has been forgotten today and become difficult to understand.
- 肯定的立場からは、事実上の国歌として歌われてきた明治以来の伝統を重視するリベラル寄りの意見がある。
- From the affirmative standpoints, there is an opinion on the liberal side which places importance upon tradition since the Meiji Period to sing as de facto, the national anthem.
- これは従来の日本にない新しい歴史観であり、歴史の中に普遍的な法則性を見出そうとする歴史観であった。
- These views of history had not existed in Japan until then, and had the nature of trying to find universal laws in history.
- その下に地頭として平安時代以来の松浦氏、秋月氏、蒲池氏、菊池氏などの元平家方の武家が盤踞していた。
- Below them, there were samurai who were formerly on the Heike side such as the Matsuura clan, the Akizuki clan, the Kamachi clan, and the Kikuchi clan.
- 1688年『庭訓往来図讃』では、頭書に挿絵を509葉用意、それぞれの挿絵に要語略解をも付けている。
- In 1688, the book 'Teikin Orai Zusan' (Home Education Textbook, the illustrated edition) contained 509 illustrations above the sentences, each supplied with simple comments on keywords.
- この時点で俘囚3人が陣営に来て、雄物川以北を朝廷の直接支配が及ばない「己地」となすことを要求した。
- At that point three Ifu visited the base of the imperial forces and demanded that the regions to the north of the Omono-gawa River be out of the direct influence from the Imperial Court and be called 'kochi (己地).'
- - 黒船来航時、船上でマシュー・ペリーに供されたさいに気に入られ、のち対米輸出品目第1号となった。
- Matthew PERRY liked it when it was served on board during the arrival of his black ships, and it became the first item imported to the U.S.
- これによって藤原良房以来700年にわたって継続されてきた藤原氏の摂政関白が中断される事態となった。
- Consequently, the tradition of appointing only the members of the Fujiwara clan to Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku finally came to an end, a tradition which had lasted for seven hundred years since FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa.
- 軍記物語の『平家物語』では「門司関、壇ノ浦はたぎり落ちる汐なれば、平家の船は汐に逢って出て来たる。
- The 'Heike monogatari,' a war chronicle, records that 'Since the tides at Monjigaseki and Dannoura flowed powerfully out, the Taira ships rode the tide and sallied forth.
- 日本では、明治初年に始まる明治維新により、さまざまな改革が行われ、旧来の国制は根本的に変更された。
- After the Meiji Restoration which began in 1868, various reforms were implemented in Japan, and the national polity was radically changed.
- 1888年には従来の内乱鎮圧型の鎮台を改編し、6師団と近衛師団を創設して海外での戦闘能力を高めた。
- In 1888, the conventional garrison --the system effective for claiming domestic conflicts-- was reorganized with the creation of six divisions and Guard Divisions to increase the ability to fight abroad.
- 漢城においては明の経理楊鎬が9月朔日平壌より来り麻貴を促し、出でて日本軍の前進を阻止しようとした。
- At Hanseong, Keiri Yang Hao of Ming, who had arrived from Pyongyang on October 11, prompted Ma Gui to stop the invasion of the Japanese army.
- 絵画と同様、中国からの渡来品の指定も多く、その中には写本だけでなく宋時代の刊本も多数含まれている。
- As is the case with paintings made national treasures, many books so designated were actually imported from China; these importations are not limited only to handwritten manuscripts but also include many printed copies dating from the Song period.
- 鎌倉時代に運送、倉庫、委託販売業を兼ね、後には、一般の商品も取り扱うようになった組織問丸に由来する。
- The term is derived from the name of an organization in the Kamakura period called Toimaru, which was first engaged in transportation operations, warehousing, and commissioned sales, and later became involved in handling general goods as well.
- 特に11世紀には内裏や大寺社の火災が多く、これらの再建を目的とした臨時課税が困難になる状況を来した。
- Especially in the 11th century, a number of fire disasters occurred in dairi (the Imperial Palace), main temples and shrines, and it was difficult to levy extraordinary taxes for their reconstruction.
- 1871年日本で廃藩置県が実施されると、江戸時代以来対馬藩に委ねられていた朝鮮外交権を外務省が接収。
- When the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was carried out in Japan in 1871, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs took over the right of trade with Korea, a right that had long been consigned to the Tsushima clan since the Edo period.
- 正調は大きく分けて絹で納入する調絹(ちょうきぬ)と布で納入する調布(ちょうふ)に分けることが出来る。
- Seicho was mainly divided into two groups; one was called 'Chokinu' in which tax was paid by silk, and the other was called 'Chofu' in which tax was paid by cloth.
- しかし当時の老中首座土屋政直が従来どおり来日を招聘すべしと異論を挟んだため、白石も折れた経緯がある。
- However, there was the background that Masanao TSUCHIYA, the head of roju (member of shogun's council of elders) at that time, insisted on inviting Tsushinshi as in the past and Hakuseki had to make concessions.
- しかしこの計画は幕府内の反対にあい計画は頓挫し、以後幕府滅亡まで通信使来日の計画はのぼらなくなった。
- However, this plan was opposed within the bakufu and failed, and after this, no plan to invite Tsushinshi was compiled until the bakufu system became extinct.
- いずれにせよこの制度改定は、後述の正徳 (日本)度来日の際のような深刻な外交問題には発展しなかった。
- Anyway, this system change did not develop into a serious diplomatic problem as when Tsushinshi came to Japan in the Shotoku era (1711 - 1716), as described later.
- そして「荘」の管理区域を「荘園」と呼称した(元来は中国での呼称だったが日本にもたらされたのである)。
- And the administrative zone of 'sho' was called 'shoen' (it was originally a Chinese name, but brought to Japan).
- かつて、古代的な貴族統治体制を打破したのは武装農民層に由来する武士であるとする説が有力とされていた。
- In the past, it was said to be most plausible that samurai originated in the armed farmers who defeated the ancient aristocratic control system.
- 「職」(しき)とは、元来土地支配上の職務のことであるが、職権に伴う一定の収益権限も「職」と呼ばれた。
- Shiki' originally meant the duty concerning land ruling, but a certain amount of authority on earnings associated with shiki authority was also called 'shiki.'
- 「あすか」の語源については外来語由来説、地形名称由来説などがあるがはっきりとしたことは判っていない。
- It is not clear about the word origin of 'Asuka,' though there are a few theories including the theory that the word came from abroad, and the theory that the word is based on the topography.
- 「西陣」の名は応仁の乱で西軍総大将である山名宗全が堀川よりも西に陣をおいたとされたことが由来である。
- The word 'nishijin' (literally meaning 'a camp in the west') originated from the Onin no Ran (Onin War) in which Sozen YAMANA, the Commander in Chief of the Western Army, set up a camp to the west of Horikawa.
- この三十三の数については、観音菩薩が衆生を救うとき、33の姿に変化することに由来すると言われている。
- The number 'thirty-three' is said to have come from the legend that Kannon Bosatsu (Goddess of Mercy) disguises herself in thirty-three forms when she saves all living things.
- 『平家物語』には、頼政方の五智院但馬や浄妙明秀、一来法師といった強力の僧兵たちの奮戦が描かれている。
- The 'Heike monogatari' depicts the fierce fighting of three mighty warrior-monks on Yorimasa's side, GOCHIIN no Tajima, Akihide JOMYO, and Priest Ichirai.
- それまで日本は幕藩体制の中でバラバラの状況であり、一つの国家と国民という結びつきが出来ていなかった。
- Until then, Japan had been divided into many domains due to the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate, and had not been regarded as a unitary nation of united people.
- これに対し根来・雑賀衆は沢・積善寺・畠中城・千石堀などの泉南諸城に合計九千余の兵を配置して迎撃した。
- Against this, Negoro and Saiga shu lined up more than 9,000 soldiers in total at some castles of Sennan such as Sawa, Shakuzenji, Hatanakajo and Sengokubori.
- 3月17日、太政官から片倉氏家来、角田県に在留していた者600名に対し北海道移住開拓使貫属を命じた。
- On March 17, Daijokan (Grand Council of State) appointed 600 retainers of the Katakura clan, who resided in Kakuda City, as Kanzoku of the Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
- 1853年、浦賀にアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いる黒船来航、翌年には日米和親条約が締結された。
- Following the arrival of the Black Ships by Matthew PERRY of the United States in 1853 in Uraga, 'The Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan' was concluded the following year.
- 黄砂が飛来するときに細菌やカビを吸着し、それが繁殖しやすい気温や湿度となるためではないかとされている。
- The reason is considered that, when kosa came floating, bacteria and mold stuck to kosa particles and multiplied themselves in a condition of an appropriate temperature and humidity for them.
- そのため、本来の法令である律令から独立した法体系が形成されていき、これを本所法(ほんじょほう)という。
- As a result, a legal system independent from the Ritsuryo codes, the primary law, was developed to form a new legal system called honjo law.
- 段銭・棟別銭とは、元来、朝廷・幕府が臨時経費の調達のため、守護に命じて国内に均一に賦課する租税だった。
- Tan-sen and munabechi-sen were originally accounted among land taxes uniformly imposed on people nationwide, which were collected by shugo under the instruction of the Imperial Court and bakufu aiming at raising extra money.
- 田堵には、古来の郡司一族に出自する在地豪族や、土着国司などの退官した律令官人を出自とする者が多かった。
- Many Tato were local powerful clans, who were the descendants of Gunji (local magistrate) during ancient times, or ex-officials such as native provisional governors.
- 別名は、従来の地方行政組織であった郡・郷とは別個に設定され、そのため国-郡-郷という組織体系は崩れた。
- As bechimyo were established independently from existing local administrative organizations, namely gun and go, the governing structure consisted of nation, gun, and go collapsed.
- 北畠顕成の子北畠顕忠が「北畠少弐」を名乗り、奥州岩手郡に下向して滴石御所と名乗った(御所ダムの由来)。
- The son of Akinari KITABATAKE, Akitada KITABATAKE, named himself 'Shoni KITABATAKE,' and then called himself Shizukuishi Gosho when he went down into Iwate-gun in Oshu Province (the origin of Gosho Dam).
- これは商業に従事する神人・供御人を抑制し、本来の神事を興行しようとする重農主義的施策と評価されている。
- This policy is appreciated as embodying physiocracy, restraining the influence of Shinjin and Kugonin engaging in commerce and encouraging the performance of true religious rituals.
- 1894年10月9日全琫準を指導者とする東学農民軍が侵入した日本軍を秀吉軍の再来と受け止め再蜂起した。
- On October 9, 1894, armed peasants in Tonghak led by Jeon Bong Jun regarded the invading Japanese troops as the second army of Hideyoshi and rose against it.
- 中国では、早くより目録学の考え方が発達しており、日本にも奈良時代以前の段階に伝来したと考えられている。
- Bibliography developed in ancient China, and it is thought that it was brought to Japan prior to the Nara Period.
- 翌23日に上方勢の先鋒が雑賀荘に侵入し、24日には根来を発した秀吉も紀ノ川北岸を西進して雑賀に入った。
- On the following day, the 22nd, the vanguard of the Kamigata army invaded Saigaso and on the 23rd, Hideyoshi who came from Negoro entered Saiga by going west along the northern shore of Kino-kawa River.
- 665年に唐の朝散大夫沂州司馬上柱国の劉徳高が戦後処理の使節として来日し、3ヶ月後に劉徳高は帰国した。
- In 665, Ryutokuko, who was a Junior Fifth Ranking (Lower Grade) official of Gishu and the head of state of Shiba, came to Wakoku as an envoy to process post-war matters and left after three months.
- 寺子屋では往来物と称される教科書が使用されていて、『実語教』、『童子教』、『女大学』などがよく使われた。
- There, textbooks called oraimono (primary textbooks in the style of the exchange of letters) were used; moreover, 'Jitsugokyo,''Doshikyo' and 'Onnadaigaku' were commonly used.
- 朝鮮王朝は三浦の状況を、「譬えるなら、腫瘍が腹に出来、すぐにでも崩れそうな状況」と危機感を募らせていく。
- The Korean Dynasty described the situation of Sanpo and said, 'Sanpo is, so to speak, a tumor in the belly, and is about to collapse,' and a sence of crisis grew among them.
- 変動の主な原因としては、降水量の変化や積雪面積・積雪期間、黄砂の飛来経路の変化などが大きいとされている。
- It is said that changes in the amount of rainfall, the amount of snow-covered area, the period when the land is covered by snow and changes of kosa-flying paths constitute the major factors causing these changes concerned with kosa.
- また、グリーンランドやアルプス山脈でも、黄砂由来のものと見られる砂や土壌粒子が観測されたとの報告がある。
- It was also reported that the sand and soil particles considered originating in kosa were found in Greenland and the Alps as well.
- しかしながら、これは従来の饗応、待遇を全面的に変更するものであり、結果として日朝間の外交摩擦に発展する。
- However, the former ways of treating and entertaining the envoy were totally changed in the new system, resultantly leading to diplomatic conflicts between Japan and Korea.
- 作法はすべからく戦場にあるが如く、大将の首級などは敵方から奪還に来襲することも大いにあり得るからである。
- Etiquette was maintained as if on the battlefield; decapitated heads of commanders were highly likely to have been recovered from the enemy side.
- これらの動きにより、領主職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領主など、従来の身分格差に応じた職の体系が崩れだした。
- With the development of the above movement, jito who held ryoshu shiki (rights and responsibilities of the lord of shoen) and the lord of shoen who held jitoshiki (rights and responsibilities of jito) appeared and the traditional role-sharing system based on status began to collapse.
- 名田という用語は、田堵や名主が自らの経営する土地を明示するために、その土地へ名称をつけたことに由来する。
- The term myoden (literally means a named paddy field) comes from the fact that a tato or a myoshu gave a name to the land he operated in order to distinguish his land from other lands.
- 大宰府管内の本来の正税額は約50万束であったが、公営田収入は100万束以上と本来額の2倍にのぼっている。
- Although the original amount of tax from Dazaifu was about 500,000 soku, the income from Kueiden was more than 1,000,000 soku, twice as much as the original amount.
- 登山途中、木々の合間から眺望が出来る箇所がいくつかあり同じく大和三山である畝傍山を傍観できる箇所もある。
- During the way to the mountaintop, a few spots have a view through trees, while there are spots where Mt. Unebi, one of the three Mountains of Yamato, can be viewed.
- この出来事により、小滝は「鳴滝」と呼ばれ、村の方も「鳴滝の里」と呼ばれるようになった、というものである。
- From this event, the small waterfall was called 'Narutaki' and the village began to be called as 'Narutaki no Sato' (the village of Narutaki).
- 普通、京の名前は地名を冠するのが一般的であるため、本来なら「葛野京(かどののみやこ)」としても良かった。
- Usually, the name of the capital was commonly crowned with the name of the place, so it should have been 'Kadono Miyako.'
- 横口式石槨は、本来石室内に置かれていた石棺が単体で埋葬施設となったもので、古墳時代終末期に多く見られる。
- Yokoguchi-shiki sekkaku was originally a stone coffin which was placed in a rock chamber and the stone coffin itself became a mortuary space; many of this type can been seen at the end of the Kofun period.
- 同月上旬、秀吉は木食応其を使者として根来寺に派遣し、応其は拡大した寺領の一部返還を条件に和睦を斡旋した。
- Early in the same month, Hideyoshi dispatched Mokujiki Ogo to the Negoro-ji Temple as a messenger, and Ogo mediated a peace agreement on the condition of returning a part of the expanded jiryo.
- 慶長6年(1601年)、室町時代以来の丹波の旧族、細川忠興の推挙により召し出され、秀氏は旗本家を興した。
- In 1601 Hideuji was allowed to serve the Tokugawa family by the recommendation of Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, a member of a time-honored clan in Tanba (since the Muromachi period), and given the house status of Hatamoto (a direct retainer of the shogun).
- その一環として、松前藩は和人地に境界を引き、東西の端に番所を置いて、和人地と蝦夷地の往来を取り締まった。
- As one part of that policy, the Matsumae clan drew a boundary line in the Wajinchi, established guardhouses at both east and west ends, and supervised coming and going of people between Wajinchi and Ezo area.
- 本来は非公式の会合であり、意思決定も統裁合議制に則って行われていたが、次第に実質上の政策決定期間となった。
- Originally these meetings were informal in nature, and although decisions were made in accordance with the tosai-gogisei (a system under which the role of members was merely to advise the single individual vested with final decision-making power), the Jin no Sadame gradually became a de facto institution for government policy-making.
- 江戸時代に入ると、『庭訓往来』のような既成の往来物に加えて新たな往来物が目的に応じて著されるようになった。
- In the Edo period, on top of the then existing oraimono such as 'Teikin Orai,' new oraimono were introduced with different purposes.
- 以上のように切捨御免は武士の特権としては認められてはいたものの、気ままに実行出来るようなものではなかった。
- As shown above, although Kirisutegomen was admitted as a privilege granted to samurai warriors, it was impossible to use the privilege easily.
- 1348年(正平3年、北朝の貞和4年)、高師直率いる足利軍が吉野に来襲し、皇居、社寺などを焼き払い帰った。
- In 1348, the Ashikaga army led by KO no Moronao attacked Yoshino and burned down the Imperial Palace and temples and shrines, etc. before leaving.
- 地名の由来は、この地に小さな滝があり、ある時、その小滝が、ゴーゴーと凄い轟音をたてていたという故事による。
- The origin of the location name came from the legend that the small waterfall located here made a roaring sound at one time.
- 名前の由来は渓谷上部にある通天湖から流れ出る清流が、光の反射によって瑠璃色の輝石のように見えることに因む。
- The origin of the name came from the clear stream from Lake Tsuten-ko, located in the upstream of the valley, where the reflected light resembles shiny lapis lazuli.
- しかしこれ以来山国隊は郷土の誇りとされ、山国神社の還幸祭と京都時代祭では山国隊姿の行進を見ることができる。
- But thereafter, the Yamagunitai became a source of local pride, which is why figures representing the Yamagunitai can still be seen in the processions for the Yamaguni Shrine Kankosai (festival of re-enshrinement) and in the Kyoto Jidai Matsuri (Kyoto's Festival of the Ages).
- 律令制がほとんど形骸化した10世紀には荒廃して本来京内では禁じられている農地へと転用されることすらあった。
- In the 10th century when the Ritsuryo system became a mere façade, the land was desolated and some areas were diverted to farm lands which was, in general, prohibited in Kyo.
- 1355年(正平10年/文和4年)にも直冬を奉じた山名時氏らが京都侵攻を行うが、維持出来ずに撤退している。
- In 1355, Tokuiuji YAMANA tried to attack Kyoto with Tadafuyu, but could not maintain his attack and had to retreat.
- 作者として挙げられているのは、喜阿弥・観阿弥・観世元雅・金剛権守・金春権守・福来・南阿弥・琳阿弥・山本某。
- Kiami, Kanami, Kanze Motomasa, Gon no Kami KONGO, Gon no Kami KONPARU, Fukurai, Naami, Rinami and Kure YAMAMOTO are listed as authors.
- 元来は、京へ上って労役が課せられるとされていたが(歳役)、その代納物として布・綿・米・塩などを京へ納入した。
- Originally, they were obliged to engage in labor services in the capital (called Saieki), however, they were exempted from labor service if they paid tax by substitutes including cloth, cotton, rice, and salt.
- 「侍」は狭義の、つまり本来の武士であり、所領(知行)を持ち、戦のときは馬に乗る者で「御目見え」の資格を持つ。
- The 'samurai' were the original bushi in a narrow sense, had shoryo (chigyo [enfeoffment]) and when the war happened he rode on a horse and had the entitlement of 'omemie' ([the privilege to have] an audience [with one's lord, a dignitary, etc.]).
- ウジに付した「西漢人」などの記載により、賀夜の渡来系の人の割合は全体の2割、宇都は3割を占めたことがわかる。
- Descriptions of 'Seikanjin' (people from China) and so on attached to Uji showed that the proportion of Immigrants to ancient Japan to the total was 20 percent in Kaya and 30 percent in Uzu, respectively.
- ギリシャ建築風や鉄筋コンクリート造り、レンガ造りの洋風建築から旧来の神社風建築など、意匠を凝らした物が多い。
- Many of them were elaborately designed, ranging from the Hellenized architecture, the ferro-concrete buildings and the Western-style architecture built of brick to the conventional Shinto shrine-style architecture and others.
- これらから、負名体制が本来的に有していた矛盾が国司苛政上訴という形態で現れたと評価する見解が提出されている。
- These views have brought about an opinion that a contradiction intrinsic to the local tax manager system appeared in the form of Kokushi kasei joso.
- 本来、律令の規定によれば、百姓は訴訟権が認められていたが、規定外の機関への訴訟提起(越訴)は禁じられていた。
- Originally under the Ritsuryo codes, farmers had a right of action but were prohibited from bringing a case without going through formalities (a direct appeal to a senior official).
- 湯船は本来は木の浴槽でありながら、そうであることは全く分からないほどに黄褐色の石灰質の析出物が付着している。
- Brownish yellow calcareous deposits adhere to the inside of a bathtub to the extent that people cannot recognize that the bathtub is made of wood.
- ただし、後述するように現在架橋を始めとする整備計画があり、鞆の町並みは近い将来大きく姿を変える可能性もある。
- Note that, as explained later, Tomonoura is today confronted with an issue of the bridge formation and other development plans which may largely change the appearance of the townscape of Tomo in the near future.
- また、以下の経過は大正時代に黒板勝美東京帝国大学教授が提唱して以来、広く信じられている潮流説に基づいている。
- Furthermore, the progress of the battle given below is based on the now widely accepted tidal theory first proposed in the Taisho period by Katsumi KUROITA, professor at Tokyo Imperial University.
- 3人の皇子をあえて並び立たせ、将来複雑な皇位継承争いを引き起こしかねない措置をとった桓武の真意は不明である。
- What the true wishes of Kanmu were by taking such measures that might lead to a complex competition for the Imperial succession by intentionally lining the three princes is unknown.
- 173年 - 倭の女王卑弥呼が、使者を送って、新羅に交際を求める(二十年 夏五月 倭女王卑彌乎 遣使来聘)。
- In 173, Himiko, Queen of Wa, sent an envoy to acquire the friendship of Silla.
- ただし、過去の日食を算定した従来の天文学的計算が正しい答えを導いていたかについては近年異論も提出されている。
- However, some people have recently questioned these astronomical calculations.
- 同時に、大量の大名の随員が地方と江戸を往来したために、彼らを媒介して江戸の文化が全国に広まる効果を果たした。
- At the same time, because a great number of daimyo's attendants traveled back and forth between Edo and the provinces, Edo culture spread nationwide via them.
- しかし、現在の日本各地の地方名の多く(北陸地方、山陽地方、山陰地方、北海道など)は、五畿七道に由来している。
- However, today's many local region names around Japan (Hokuriku region, Sanyo region, Sanin region and Hokkaido) originate from the gokishichido.
- 京都市内の自転車撤去につき、道路上については、従来から京都市が京都市自転車等放置防止条例に基づき行っていた。
- As to bicycles parked on the roads illegally, Kyoto City hitherto had management of removing those bicycles by 'the Kyoto City Prevention Act against Parked Bicycle and Other Vehicles'.
- 天文現象に合理的な規則性を求める科学としての天文学の日本における成立は江戸時代の西洋天文学の伝来以後である。
- Astronomy as a science with the aim of seeking rational regularity was established in Japan only after Western astronomy was introduced in the Edo period.
- その陣容は、山手に根来衆と雑賀三組を先導役として佐久間信盛・羽柴秀吉・堀秀政・荒木村重・別所長治・別所重宗。
- The army of the mountain side consisted of Nobumori SAKUMA, Hideyoshi HASHIBA, Hidemasa HORI, Murashige ARAKI, Nagaharu BESSHO, Shigemune BESSHO with the spearhead army of Negoro shu and the Saiga three groups.
- 異色の指定品としては平等院鳳凰堂本尊阿弥陀如来の頭上の天蓋があり、単独で「彫刻」の部の国宝に指定されている。
- An example of a more unconventional sculpture that was made a national treasure is the sculpture of the reed hood adorning the head of Amitabha Tathagata (Amida Nyorai in Japanese), the principal image in Phoenix Hall of Byodoin Temple, which separate from the sculpture of Amitabha was made a national treasure by itself.
- また朝鮮国内における通交者の滞在費・交易品の輸送も朝鮮側が担っており、こうした負担も無視出来ないものであった。
- Korea had to pay for the living expenses of traders during their stay in Korea and the transportation expenses of commodities, and these financial burdens were too heavy to be ignored.
- しかしながら、研究により同じく麦の病害である黄さび病の胞子も毎年黄砂とともに日本に飛来することが分かっている。
- However, it has also been known through research that spores of strip rust, a disease damaging barley and wheat as well, have flown to Japan together with kosa.
- 鎌倉時代には毎月2通分の往復書簡で季節感や行事を織り込んだ『十二月往来』が著され、後世の往来物の手本となった。
- 'Junigetsu Orai' (Twelve Months Correspondence), which took the form of two letters per month describing the turning of the seasons as well as seasonal events, was composed in the Kamakura period and became a good example for oraimono that followed.
- その一方で国文学界が鎌倉時代以後を本来は同じ意味である「中世」という語で表現する事に対して疑問も出されている。
- On the other hand, Japanese literature also uses the term 'chusei' to refer to the time period after the Kamakura period which has the same meaning as chuko, and the appropriateness of this practice has been questioned.
- 転じて本来なら役職上、現地に下向して執務しなければならない人物の代理として派遣された代官などの役人の事を指す。
- It turned into a government official position, such as a local governor, sent in behalf of an officer who was supposed to leave the capital and work at the place.
- この集落の中を貫く街道は、いわゆる鯖街道の一つとされ、京都と若狭国の中間地であり、多くの旅人が行き来していた。
- The road running through this community was identified as what was known as one of Saba-kaido Roads situated midway between Kyoto and Wakasa Province where many travelers were seen coming and going.
- 794年の平安京遷都以来、天皇の御所が在るため、東京都ではなくこちらが現在も日本の首都であるという意見もある。
- Because the imperial palace has been located in Kyoto since the capital was moved to Heian-kyo in 794, some opine that the capital of Japan is still located in Kyoto, not in Tokyo.
- これは、崇光天皇の皇太子直仁親王(正平一統の際に吉野朝廷に捕えられて廃位)以来三百数十年ぶりの立太子であった。
- It was the first such ceremony in well over 300 years since Emperor Suko's heir Imperial Prince Naohito had been invested in crown princedom (although this prince was arrested by the Yoshino Court on the occasion of Shohei Itto (temporal unification of the Northern and Southern Courts) and dethroned).
- 福岡はこの条文を「従来の鎖国的陋習を打破して広く世界の長を採り之を集めて大成するの趣旨である」と回顧している。
- Fukuoka looked back this provision as 'the aim is to break down evil customs from the past like national isolation and to take and accomplish advantages from the world.'
- 中国や朝鮮半島諸国との通交・人的交流などにより技術や文化を持った多くの人々が渡来し、ヤマト(倭国)へ貢献した。
- Many people who were engaged in technology or cultural activities came over from China and the Korean Peninsula through trade and interaction, contributing to the development of Yamato (Wakoku).
- 信長によって加賀一向一揆は潰滅したが、雑賀惣国や根来衆は未だ健在であり、秀吉はこれに対する敵意を隠さなかった。
- The Kaga Ikko ikki Revolt was destroyed by Nobunaga, but Saiga sokoku and Negoro shu were still alive, so Hideyoshi did not hide his hostile feelings against them.
- 当時、朝鮮は医学先進国であり、内科・外科・鍼・灸などを習得するために倭館に来るものが藩医、町医を問わず多かった。
- Since Korea was the pioneer in the medicine field at that time, a number of doctors, both town doctors and doctors working at a public clinic, came to wakan to study internal medicine, surgery, acupuncture, and moxibustion, and so on.
- 第146段までの前半は(物語成立の)近年に詠まれた歌を核として、皇族貴族たちがその由来を語る歌語りとなっている。
- The first half through the 146th chapter consists of poems composed around the period when the literary work was accomplished, as well as commentaries made by the Imperial family and nobles on the origin of those poems.
- これにより、御家人の在地領主としての地位は、本来の荘園領主である本所ではなく幕府によって保全されることとなった。
- And thus, the status of gokenin as the local lord was secured not by honjo which was originally the lord of shoen, but by the bakufu.
- 事実、東大寺の設置した布施屋では寝具が2組しかなく、とても継続して宿泊出来る環境ではなかったことが分かっている。
- In fact, it is known that the Fuseya established by Todai-ji Temple had only two sets of bedding and had conditions far from capable of accommodating guests for many days.
- 名前の由来は古代からこの付近は製塩業が盛んであり、海水を汲み上げて乾燥させ塩を作り、それを京都まで運んでいた為。
- Its name 'Shiokumi' (scooping salt) originates from manufacture of fine salt around the foot of the pass; since ancient times the people had scooped ('kumi' in Japanese) seawater, made fine salt ('shio' in Japanese) by drying the seawater, and carried it to central Kyoto through the pass.
- 10世紀前期に従来の租税収取体系が変質したことに伴い、権門層(有力貴族・寺社)は各地に私領(私営田)を形成した。
- With the change in the tax collecting system in the 10th century, influential classes (influential aristocracy, temples and shrines) took over private land (shieiden: lands directly governed by such powers) in many places.
- また、公的な軍事力が低下する反面、摂関家は、武力に秀でた清和源氏を家来とするなど、軍事力の分散化が見られ出した。
- Also, military power started to be decentralized, such events such as the regent's house taking the militarily powerful Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) into its service, while the official military force grew weaker.
- 本項目でも統合以後の記述については、本来の記述に従って学科は「紀伝道」・博士は「文章博士」と記述するものとする。
- The names for the subject and the title after their merger used in this section will be 'kidendo' and 'monjo hakase,' respectively, according to their original names.
- 染織は袈裟類のほか奈良国立博物館の刺繍釈迦如来説法図、当麻寺の綴織当麻曼荼羅図など、やはり仏教関連のものが多い。
- Among the works featuring dyeing or weaving, in addition to the varieties of kesa (Buddhist stole) designated national treasures, many of the other works are also connected to Buddhism in some way, like the Shishu Shakyanyorai seppo-zu (embroidery illustrating Sakyamuni Preaching) held by the Nara National Museum and the Tsuzureori Taima Mandala-zu (a type of embroidered mandala) of Taima-dera Temple.
- しかし朝鮮人捕虜を送還するなど対馬藩の必死の努力によって、1607年最初の朝鮮通信使が来日し、国交回復が決まった。
- However, thanks to desperate efforts by the Tsushima clan, including extradition of Korean captives, the first Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary) arrived in Japan in 1607, leading to the recovery of Japanese-Korean diplomatic relations.
- 四天王寺の地の元来の地名は「荒墓邑」(アラバキ?)であり、場所は縄文系説が言われる物部氏の地に立てたと伝えられる。
- The original place name of Shitennoji was presumably 'Arabaki' and it is said to have been the land of the Mononobe clan who were considered as the branch of Jomon culture.
- 物部氏は饒速日命を始祖とする一族であるから、この四天王寺の地は本来、物部発祥の聖地であったと考えてよさそうである。
- Considering the fact that the Mononobe clan consider their founding father as Nigihaya no mikoto, the land where Shitenno-ji Temple is located seems to be originally the holy place where the Mononobe clan started.
- 但し家来に対する管理能力に問題があるとみなされ「家中不取締」として御役御免や閉門といった処分をうけることもあった。
- However, when a lord was considered to have some problems in his ability to manage his vassals, he was sometimes regarded as 'unable to control his house' and given such punishment as retirement or house confinement.
- 王朝の語は、戦前期より、鎌倉時代以降を武家時代と称したのに対し奈良時代・平安時代を王朝時代と称したことに由来する。
- The term 'dynastic' derives from the fact that the Nara period and the Heian period were collectively called Dynastic periods in the pre-War period while the Kamakura period and subsequent periods were collectively called Feudal periods.
- また延暦寺に近かったことから、勝林院・来迎院 (京都市左京区)・三千院・寂光院など多くの天台宗系寺院が建立された。
- Since Ohara was close to the Enryaku-ji Temple, many temples of Tendai sect such as Shorin-in Temple and Raigo-in Temple (Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City), Sanzen-in Temple, Jakko-in Temple, etc. were built.
- 堀川の本来の源流は北区 (京都市)の船岡山東麓だが、現在この付近の水流は暗渠化されており、地表に水流は見られない。
- The Hori-kawa River originates in the east foot of Mt. Funaoka in Kita Ward (Kyoto City), but the river around there is forced to flow underground using a conduit and no water flow can be seen on the ground.
- 同時期に浄土信仰(阿弥陀信仰)も中国から伝来しており、平安中期に末法思想が広がると、浄土信仰が貴族の間で隆盛した。
- In the same period, the belief in the Pure Land (worship of Amitabha) was also introduced from China, and when Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) spread in the mid Heian Period, the belief in the Pure Land flourished among the nobles.
- この事は、容堂が藩内の勤皇志士を弾圧する一方で朝廷に奉仕し、かつ幕府にも良かれという行動を取ったことから来ている。
- This was because of Yodo's attitude in which, although he oppressed kinno (勤皇) activists within his clan, he served the Imperial Court and at the same time took actions for the benefit of Bakufu.
- 713年、靺鞨族や旧高句麗人(狛族)を中心に中国東北部に建国された渤海 (国)とは緊密な使節の往来がおこなわれた。
- Japan carried out rigorous diplomatic missions to Balhae, which had been established in 713 mainly by the Makkatsu tribe and people from former Goguryeo(狛族) in the north-eastern area of China.
- しかし最近、年輪年代学や放射性炭素年代測定による科学的年代推定を反映して、古墳時代の開始年代が従来より早められた。
- Recently, however, thanks to scientific dating techniques such as dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating, the start of the Kofun period has been considered earlier than previously thought.
- 従来、上記の箸墓古墳の築造年代は古墳分類からは3世紀末から4世紀初頭とされ、卑弥呼の時代とは合わないとされてきた。
- It has been said that the Hashihaka Tumulus was created between the end of the third century and the beginning of the fourth century, which does not match the period of Himiko's reign.
- 2月5日午前3時20分に威海衛港内に侵入した日本水雷部隊は清国の「定遠」を大破、「来遠」「威遠」等3隻を撃沈した。
- At 3:20 AM on February 5, the Japanese torpedo boat squadrons invaded Weihaiwei port and totally destroyed the Chinese Dingyuan, and attacked and sunk three warships including the 'Liaoyuan' and 'Weiyuan.'
- が、2月8日には土橋平次・平尉(平丞)兄弟は逃亡、根来寺泉識坊は討ち取られるなど雑賀の内紛は孫一の勝利で決着した。
- But Magoichi won in this internal trouble of Saiga after the Dobashi brothers of Heiji and Heinojo escaped on March 12 and the Senshiki-bo Temple of the Negoro-ji Temple was defeated.
- しかし有岡城は戦国時代 (日本)の城としては珍しい総構えの城で守りが堅く、また夜の暗さで攻め切る事が出来なかった。
- As Arioka-jo Castle was a sogamae castle (castle surrounded with a wall with castle town inside the wall), which was a rare case in the Sengoku Period (Japan), and the defense was tight, however, troops of Nobunaga ODA could not bring down partly because of darkness in the night.
- 本来、国司の最高職は国守だったが、遥任により現地に在住しなかった場合は、介・掾・目のうちから受領が出ていたのである。
- Originally, the highest position of kokushi was kokushu, but when kokushu did not live in his assigned province, a person at the rank of suke, jo or sakan (these ranks were in this order, with suke the highest) was appointed to zuryo.
- また彼らは古代以来の首長層に替わって、出挙を通じて公民を隷属下に収めていき、地方の人民支配の主体ともなりつつあった。
- Also, they took the place of the ruling-class since ancient times, forced the public into a servile position through suikyo (land lease at interest) and became dominant local governors of the people.
- その後仇討ちは武士階級の台頭以来広く見られるようになるが、江戸幕府によって法制化されるに至ってその形式が完成された。
- Later, Katakiuchi became prevalent along with the rise of the samurai hierarchy, and when the practice was legislated by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it took a complete form.
- 国内の公田を名田へ再編成していく過程で、従来の班田図は不必要とされ、新たに国内の公田台帳となる基準国図が作成された。
- In the process of reorganizing Koden into Myoden, former handen maps (map of allotted farmland) were abolished and instead, Kijunkokuzu (standardized map of provinces), a register of Koden, was made.
- 勘合符(かんごうふ)は日明貿易等に用いられた、明と朝貢国間の正式の来貢、通交船であることを証明する明が発行した割符。
- Kangofu was a tally or trading license issued by the Ming dynasty and used in trade, such as the Ming-Japanese trade, to confirm authorized tribute and trade ships between the Ming dynasty and a tributary state.
- この時代には岡崎(白河)の住宅地化が進み、元来白河に含まれていなかった白川の北側もその地域的範疇に含めるようになる。
- In the Kamakura period, housing land development advanced in Okazaki (Shirakawa), and the north side of the Shira-kawa River which was originally not in Shirakawa was included in its geographical coverage.
- これによって奈良時代以来の大寺院である東大寺の中に敵対する両者が陣地を築いて睨み合うという異常事態となったのである。
- This meant an abnormal state in which the two hostile camps took up their respective positions within the premises of Todai-ji Temple, a great prestigious temple since the Nara period, and confronted each other.
- ついに七日目の晩になって、摂津の国から綱の伯母・真柴(伯母ではなく養母が来るという話もある)が綱の屋敷にやってきた。
- In the end, on the seventh day Tsuna's aunt Mashiba (or in some versions, his foster mother) comes to visit him from Settsu Province.
- 藤堂に関しては、試衛館以来の同志である永倉新八・原田左之助が逃がそうと試みたものの、うまくゆかず他の隊士に斬られた。
- Shinpatchi NAGAKURA and Sanosuke HARADA, who had been friends with Todo since they trained together at the Shieikan training hall, tried to save him by letting him get away, but Todo was killed by another member of the Shinsengumi.
- 荒木村重の説得を約束していた荒木久左衛門は織田信長に顔向け出来ないと思ったのか、300兵共々姿をくらましてしまった。
- Kyuzaemon ARAKI who promised to convince Murashige ARAKI, perhaps feeling that he could not face Nobunaga ODA, disappeared into thin air together with 300 soldiers.
- 開港開市の規定などについては、英仏などの欧米列強は既に最恵国待遇を得ていたので、日本も同じ恩恵に預かることが出来た。
- Regarding opening ports and cities, Japan was able to receive the benefits from most-favored-nation treatment, which the western powers including England and France had already acquired.
- しかし、安定期であった江戸時代を通じて形成された、儒教的な「士道」に反発し武士としての本来のありようを訴える人もいた。
- However, some evoked the traditional bushi identity, opposing Confucius morality of the samurai which formed during the stable Edo period.
- そのため、使節供応と回賜のための経費が無視できない規模になった後は、使節来朝に制限を加え、日本側からの遣使は中断した。
- This led to the Japanese government adding a limit to envoy visits to Japan and discontinuing the dispatch of envoys when the expenses for treating them and preparing return gifts could no longer be ignored.
- これらは本来御蔵奉行などの役目であったが、臨機応変に対応するために兵糧を扱う実務者がこれを行うようになったものである。
- Although these duties were originally given to the Okura Bugyo (the magistrate of a storehouse), the person who actually handled the provisions began to perform the work in order to adapt to circumstances.
- 10世紀ごろ、朝廷は律令制に由来する人別支配体制を放棄し、土地課税に基礎をおく支配体制(王朝国家体制)へとシフトした。
- Around the tenth century, the Imperial Court abandoned the system of ruling over people which had originated in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and moved to a system based of taxation of land (the system of the dynasty state).
- 多くは愛宕神社と関連のある山(伝播地名)であるが、その大元の愛宕神社 (京都市)(山城国葛野郡)の名も山名に由来する。
- Most of them are mountains which have certain relation with Atago-jinja Shrine (propagated name) and the name of their origin, Atago-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City) (Kadono-gun, Yamashiro Province), was originated from the name of a mountain.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に付近で討死した者や、江戸時代の一揆で刑罰の一覧された人に念仏をあげたことが命名の由来とされている。
- It is said that Nenbutsu-toge was named from the Buddhist invocation (Nenbutsu in Japanese) given to people who were killed around this mountain pass in the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) (Japan), or whose punishments for a crime of riot were witnessed in the Edo period.
- また、一宮の生母である中納言典侍が皇子誕生以来体調を崩して実家に戻ったままになっていることも天皇の不満を抱かせていた。
- The Emperor was also dissatisfied with the absence of Chunagon Naishi, Ichinomiya's real mother, who had returned to her native home after the birth of the prince and remained there.
- 蝦夷「えみし」についての形式上最も古い言及は『日本書紀』神武東征記中に詠まれている来目歌の一つに愛濔詩として登場する。
- The oldest record of Emishi in form is introduced in Kumeuta (a kind of poem) composed in a 'Nihon Shoki' (Chronicles of Japan) Jinmu tosei (story in Japanese myth about the first generation of the Imperial family) as an Aibishi.
- 根来寺炎上の原因については、根来側による自焼説、秀吉による焼き討ち説と兵士による命令によらない放火または失火説がある。
- As to the reason for the burning of Negoro-ji Temple, there is a theory that the people there set burned it by themselves, and another that Hideyoshi ordered it set ablaze and another that a soldier set fire without any order or by negligence.
- なお、異説として白丁・雑任の子弟に限定されていたのは元来は官人ではなく宮中詩人育成のための学科であったとする説もある。
- Also, there is another theory saying that it was subjects to nurture court poets that were originally limited to sons of hakucho and zonin, not those for officials.
- 根来寺は室町時代においては幕府の保護を背景に紀伊・和泉に八か所の荘園を領有し、経済力・武力の両面において強力であった。
- The Negoro-ji Temple held eight shoen (manor in medieval Japan) at Kii and Izumi Provinces on the background of the support of the bakufu in the Muromachi period and had strong economic and military powers.
- 千石堀城に籠るのは城将大谷左大仁以下根来衆の精鋭千四、五百人、他に婦女子など非戦闘員が四、五千人加わっていたとされる。
- It is said that 1,400-1,500 elite units of Negoro shu including the castle commander Sadahito OTANI (大谷左大仁) and 4,000-5,000 noncombatants including women and children took refuge in Sengokubori-jo Castle.
- 井出原右近・山田蓮池坊らの指揮する根来衆からなる城兵に対し、細川忠興・大谷吉継・蒲生氏郷・池田輝政らが攻撃を担当した。
- Against the castle soldiers of Negoro shu led by Ukon IDEHARA (井出原右近), Hasuikebo YAMADA (山田蓮池坊) and others, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, Yoshitsugu OTANI, Ujisato GAMO, Terumasa IKEDA and others attacked.
- とりわけ承応2年(1653年)、長崎に渡来した独立 (禅僧)は学識深く、書を巧みとし、本国にいたときから著名であった。
- Particularly, Dokuryu, who came to Nagasaki in 1653, was a learned person and skillful calligrapher who had already achieved fame in his home country.
- もっとも薩摩藩や長州藩のように初代藩主以来、明治時代の廃藩置県まで国替えがなかった藩の場合は「藩士」の呼称でも通用する。
- The name 'Hanshi' is also commonly used in the case of domains, such as the Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain, which had not come under provincial rule the time of the first lord until the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in the Meiji period.
- 古今和歌集:延喜5年(905年)に醍醐天皇が紀貫之、紀友則、凡河内躬恒、壬生忠岑等に編纂を命じて出来た最初の勅撰和歌集。
- Kokin Wakashu: Japan's first chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command) in 905 which was ordered by the Emperor Daigo and compiled by KI no Tsurayuki, KI no Tomonori, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, MIBU no Tadamine, etc.
- 『庭訓往来』に代表される書簡形式を採った単語集・知識集で、書簡の形式とともに必要な知識を身に付けさせる事を目指したもの。
- The fourth group represented by 'Teikin Orai' comprises books of words and knowledge in the style of letters, which aimed to spread necessary knowledge as well as the form of letters.
- 鎌倉時代以降の武家政権の時代と比較して、政治の実権が帝王の統治する「王朝」すなわち朝廷にあったことに由来する名称である。
- The term is used to contrast the period with the age of samurai government following the Kamakura period, and the name derives from the fact that political power was held by an imperial dynasty headed by an emperor.
- 長州藩の山縣有朋や伊藤博文が資料などの記述で、足軽扱いされるのは本来の広く一般的に知られる中間と紛らわしいためであろう。
- The class of Aritomo YAMAGATA and Hirobumi ITO of the Choshu Domain is given as ashigaru in historical sources because the term special chugen would have been likely to be misleading and easily mixed up with widely and generally known chugen.
- ナガバオモダカ、キショウブなどの植物や、ブルーギルやオオクチバス、ワニガメ、アカミミガメなどの外来種が問題視されている。
- Foreign species of plants such as grassy arrowhead (Sagittaria graminea) and yellow flags (iris pseudacorus) and freshwater creatures such as bluegills, largemouth bass, alligator snapping turtles and red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta) are viewed as problematic.
- 江戸時代後期ごろ、日本の古典を研究する学問国学のなかから、“外来宗教伝来以前の日本人固有の考え方”という発想が起こった。
- During the latter half of the Edo period, the idea of 'original way of thinking by Japanese people prior to the introduction of foreign religions' arose in the studies of Japanese literature and culture, which emphasized Japanese classical literature.
- 江戸時代に入ると、『禁中並公家諸法度』に基づいて江戸幕府の対朝廷介入は本格化し、皇族の政治介入はほとんど出来なくなった。
- During the Edo period, based on 'Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto (禁中並公家諸法度),' Edo Bakufu began to intervene significantly in the Imperial Court, and as a result it became nearly impossible for a member of the Imperial Family to participate in political affairs.
- また他の一説には、(中国から見て)単に外来語であることを表す目印として先頭の文字を特別なものとしているというものがある。
- It is also said that special characters were used to express a name's foreign origin to a Chinese perspective.
- 『國友鐵砲記』には、1501年(文亀元年)、1510年(永正7年)、1539年(天文8年)、の3回に渡り、南蛮から伝来。
- 'Kunitomo Teppoki' states that guns were introduced three times, in 1501, 1510 and 1539 from Western Europe.
- また織田氏との戦いでは敵対した宮郷などとも関係を修復し、ここに根来・雑賀が共同で羽柴秀吉に対抗するという構図が生まれた。
- In addition, it restored the relationship with the opposing groups such as miyago in the battle with the Oda clan, which led to the pattern that Negoro and Saiga cooperated to oppose Hideyoshi HASHIBA.
- 斡旋案に対し根来衆の間では賛否分かれたが、反対派は夜中に応其の宿舎に鉄砲を撃ちかけ、このため応其は急いで京都に向かった。
- Negoro shu brought on active debate over its pros and cons, but the opposing group shot down the lodgment of Ogo by gun during the night, and as a result, Ogo quickly went to Kyoto.
- これに対して、自治体の財政収入を市外からの来訪者へ負担してもらうのは応益の原則に反しているのではないかとの意見もあった。
- There was also the opinion that imposing taxes on visitors from outside the city may be in opposition to the benefit principle of taxation.
- 更に当時の風習として、「朔旦冬至」の到来や回避を行うため、天体の動きとは無関係に人為的な暦の調整(「改暦」)が行われた。
- It was the custom of the day to manipulate the calendar in order to pretend that 'sakutan toji' came or did not come regardless of the cycle of celestial bodies (which is called 'kaireki').
- また、土御門家の天文道や宿曜道に由来する仏教天文学の抵抗もあり、その本格化は陰陽寮が廃止された明治時代以後のことになる。
- With resistance from Tsuchimikado family's Tenmondo, as well as Buddhist astronomy which came from Sukuyodo (astrology with its roots in esoteric Buddhism), the study was introduced in full after the Meiji period, when the Onmyoryo was abolished.
- これで、従来の荘園に見られた重層的な土地所有関係がすべて解消され、奈良時代に始まった荘園はここで終焉を迎えることとなった。
- Thus, the multilayered land ownership relationships as seen in the traditional shoens were all dissolved and the shoen, which had began during the Nara period, finally ended.
- この場合の家来には武士のみならず中間や下男下女などの武士以外の奉公人も含まれた(理論的には日雇いの奉公人も対象となった)。
- In this case, servants included not only warriors but also non-warrior servants such as Chugen, manservants, and maid servants (theoretically, servants included day workers).
- 当時から日本在来馬は今でいうポニーぐらいの小型のものだっだから、武士は先を争ってその中でも大きくて体力のある良馬を求めた。
- Indigenous horses of Japan from that time were as small as a modern day pony, but bushi sought a good horse that was the biggest and strongest among them.
- 転封という概念が加わり、旧領や大名・旗本の先祖代々の土地に縛られず、幕府の意向により領国そのものを異動させる制度が出来た。
- Added to this was the conceptual system of forced relocation in which the Shogunate moved the territories of feudal lords at its discretion regardless of the former territories or ancestral lands of daimyo or hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu).
- しかし、伝来した火縄銃は、マッチロック式で容易に点火出来る銃であり、従来の物とは比べ物にならないほどの速射が可能であった。
- However, the matchlock guns brought to Japan at that time could be ignited easily, and allowed firing quickly at a speed incomparable with previous guns in Japan.
- 従って、佐原市の名主であった伊能忠敬は領内においては代々「伊能」姓を許されていたが、領外でこれを名乗ることが出来なかった。
- Therefore, Tadataka INO, who was a nanushi (village headman) in present Sawara City, was permitted to use the family name of 'INO' in Sawara, but was prohibited from using the name outside the territory.
- 奈良・京都・大坂への物資や人材の供給源や中継地、あるいは都と東国・北国とを結ぶ要衝として発展し、日本の歴史に関わって来た。
- Shiga has been greatly related with Japanese history by developing as a supply source or a stopping point of materials and/or workforce to Nara, Kyoto and Osaka and as a strategic stop connecting the capital and eastern and northern areas.
- かつての巡礼者が本尊である観音菩薩との結縁を願って、氏名や生国を記した木製の札を寺院のお堂に打ち付けていたことに由来する。
- The name originates from the old custom that pilgrims nailed wooden votive plates inscribed with their names and birth provinces to the main hall of a temple, hoping to make a connection with the principal object of worship, Kannon (Goddess of Mercy).
- 扨又根来法師に、杉房・二王坊・岸和田などといふ者下りて、関東をかけまはつて鉄炮ををしへしが、今見れば人毎に持し、と申されし
- 'Priests of Negoro-ji Temple such as Sugibo, Niobo, and Kishiwada traveled around the Kanto region to teach gun manufacturing but today everyone has a gun.'
- 地名の語源は諸説あるが、江は川あるいは入江とすると、戸は入口を意味するから「江の入り口」に由来したと考える説が有力である。
- Although there are many theories on the etymology of the Edo as a place name, the theory that the Character 'e' [江] refers to a river or mouth of a river, and 'to' [戸] as a gate or theshhold and hence 'entry to a river' has been widely accepted.
- 畠山氏は実権はないものの、秀吉との抗争に当たっては根来・雑賀衆に名目上の盟主として担がれており、上方勢の攻撃対象になった。
- The Hatakeyama clan did not have real power, but since it was held as a nominal head of the battle with Hideyoshi by Negoro and Saiga shu, it was attacked by the Kamigata army.
- この来日の際には、幕府に朝鮮国王直筆の親書、銅鏡が進呈され、また使節団が神君とされる大権現家康が眠る日光東照宮を参拝をした。
- The envoy that came to Japan in this occasion presented to the bakufu a message written directly by the King of Korea and bronze mirrors, and visited Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine where daigongen (Great Avatar) Ieyasu, considered having been Shinkun (a god-like head of Japan), was buried.
- 江戸時代以降は社会の全てを覆うようになり、元来軍人・「武官」に相当する職務であった武士が「文官」として働くことが多くなった。
- After the Edo period bushi spread across all of society, many of them came to work as 'civil officers,' though they were traditionally in charge of duty positions corresponding to warriors or 'military officers.'
- 更にこれを見た非官僚の荘園所有者も政府や官僚との個人的つながりを通じて本来は許されない租税の納付を回避しようとする者もいた。
- Furthermore, considering this, some non-bureaucrats who owned shoens also tried to escape from tax payments, which was not normally allowed, through their personal connections with the government or bureaucrats.
- 地頭請は、収穫量の出来・不出来に関わらず毎年一定量の年貢を納入することとされていたため、地頭側の負担も決して少なくなかった。
- Jitokuke laid it down that a certain amount of nengu must be paid in spite of the success or failure of the crop yields and so the burden of the jito side was not small.
- また、韓国に到達する黄砂の「発生から飛来までの経過日数」と「飛来時に黄砂が分布する平均高度」を調べた韓国気象庁の資料がある。
- Concerning the kosa arriving in South Korea, the South Korean meteorological agency investigated 'the number of days between the occurrence of kosa and its arrival in Korea' and 'the average heights of the arriving kosa.'
- 付近を通る幹線道路のコースを、城下に通じるように付け替えることにより往来が城下を通り、商工業を活性化させる効果を狙っている。
- By realigning nearby main route roads to pass through the joka (castle town), they wished for the traffic to pass the joka and stimulate commerce and industry.
- しかし、室町期以来、村落自治が根付いていたこともあって、江戸幕府及び諸大名は、村落にある程度の自治を付与する民政を選択した。
- Nevertheless, due partly to the fact that self-government had already taken root in village communities, the Edo bakufu government and feudal lords chose to place villages under civil administration, allowing them a certain degree of self-government.
- 加地子は、名主・荘官層の主要な収入源となり、本来の年貢・地子を上回ることも珍しくなく、年貢・地子の数倍に及ぶことすらあった。
- Kajishi was the principal source of income for myoshu/shokan and it was not uncommon to see cases where the amount of Kajishi exceeded that of normal nengu/jishi by several times.
- 義倉が衰退した南宋期の中国において朱熹によって義倉に代わるものとして提唱されたと言われており、日本に朱子学とともに伝来した。
- In the Southern Sung Dynasty China when giso warehouse disappeared, it was thought that Chu His recommended constructing Shaso warehouse as a substitute for Giso, and the Shaso system was brought into Japan along with the doctrines of Zhu Xi (Neo-Confucianism).
- 現在では歌舞伎や時代劇の「勧進帳」で富樫泰家が、「忠臣蔵」’松の廊下’のシーンで浅野長矩が着用している姿を見ることが出来る。
- At present, we can see Yasuie TOGASHI wearing Daimon in 'Kanjincho' (Kabuki (traditional performing art)) and Naganori ASANO wearing one during the scene of 'matsu no roka' (literally, a corridor of pine trees) in 'Chushingura' (period drama).
- とりわけ大津市は京都市中心部から約10kmしか離れておらず、JR大津駅からJR京都駅までは各駅停車でも9分で行き来ができる。
- Especially Otsu is close to Kyoto; it is approximately 10 km from the center of Kyoto City to Otsu City, and it takes only nine minutes from JR Kyoto station to JR Otsu station even by train that stops at every station.
- 太古より神宿る山とされ、三輪山そのものが神体であるとの考えから、常人は足を踏み入れることの出来ない、禁足地の山とされていた。
- As it has been believed since the ancient time that Mt. Miwa holds a god and Mt. Miwa itself is a god, Mt. Miwa was regarded as a mountain which common people are prohibited to enter.
- 上賀茂神社の祭神である賀茂別雷命の祖父にあたる賀茂武角身命が、神武天皇の東征のときにヤタガラスとなって導いたことに由来する。
- It originates that Kamotaketsunomi no mikoto, who was a grandfather of Kamowakeikazuchi no mikoto enshrined in Kamigamo-jinja Shrine, transformed into a sacred crow to lead Emperor Jinmu on a campaign of his great Eastern Expedition.
- 前述のように、大正ごろまで吉野・熊野の山中で木地師の活発な活動があったことから、木地師の道具の轆轤に由来する地名と見られる。
- As explained above, in the mountains of Yoshino and Kumano, many kiji-shi (wood-turners) were doing their business until about the Taisho era, therefore, presumably its name 'Rokuro' originated from a tool of kiji-shi 'rokuro' (potter's wheel).
- 若狭湾に点在する港は古来より良港で、しかも京都にも近いため、鯖(サバ)などの魚介類の水揚げ地(いわゆる鯖街道)とも言われる。
- Harbors dotting the coastline facing Wakasa Bay have been good ones since ancient times, and are situated near Kyoto, so they are said to be the harbors to unload fish and shellfish including mackerel; here is also the so-called 'Mackerel Highway' (the highway on which fish and shellfish - especially the mackerel - are transported) between Wakasa area and Kyoto.
- 東アジアでは古来、歴史的に「天子の住む都」「首都」を意味する普通名詞として京(きょう)、京師(けいし)が多く使用されていた。
- In East Asia, the words 'Kyo' and 'Keishi' have historically been used as common nouns meaning 'city in which the emperor resides' and 'capital' since ancient times.
- 吉野山には古来サクラが多く、山すそから順に 下・中・上・奥の4箇所に約3万本の桜の原種であるヤマザクラが密集する名所である。
- In Mt. Yoshino, there have been many cherry trees since ancient times, and some 30,000 wild cherry trees, the original species of cherry, grow close together in four areas of Shimo, Naka, Kami, and Oku, in order from bottom to top of the mountain, making the mountain a viewing site.
- 礼銭(れいせん)とは、本来は室町幕府において征夷大将軍の任命などの祝い事の際に守護大名や寺社などから献上された祝い金のこと。
- The reisen was originally a gift money presented from Shugo Daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), temples and shrines in celebrations such as the appointment of Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') at the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 皇太子どころか親王ですらなく、王に過ぎない彼の奉書形式の命令書は、本来は御教書と呼ばねばならないが、身分を冒してこう称した。
- But Mochihito, far from being the crown prince, wasn't even an acknowledged imperial prince, and as a mere princeling, his order, issued as a hosho (a document for informing lower-rank people of the decision of upper people such as an emperor or shogun) must in fact be called a migyosho (a document for informing people of the decision of Third Rank or upper people); and for this reason, he exaggerated his social status with the name he gave himself.
- 「室町」という呼称は、3代将軍足利義満が将軍の公邸として造営した室町殿(通称・花の御所、現在の京都市上京区)に由来している。
- The name 'Muromachi' was derived from the Muromachi-dono, which was built by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Ashikaga Shogun, to serve as the public residence of the Shogun (commonly known as Hana no Gosho, this residence is located in what is now Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City).
- 舞鶴は山地が多いため、敷地開削工事には莫大な費用を要したが、1899年(明治32年)末には、土地造成工事がほぼ出来上がった。
- Although the road work for the building site incurred a huge cost due to the mountainous geography of Maizuru, the land reclamation work had been almost completed at the end of 1899.
- 官軍は捜索隊の報告と各地からの急報で初めて薩軍の大挙来襲を知り、各地に増援隊を派遣するとともに三好旅団長自ら迫間に進出した。
- As soon as the government army learned that the Satsuma army were storming in full strength by a report from the reconnaissance party and urgent messages from the respective troops, it dispatched the reinforcements to the troops, while having the Brigadier MIYOSHI advance for Sakoma in person.
- 幕府は自由な民間貿易を厳重に取り締まっていたものの、実際には来航した外国船と日本商人との間に密貿易がおこなわれていたという。
- Although the Bakufu cracked down on free nongovernmental trade, it is believed that Japanese merchants were actually trading illegally with ships from abroad.
- これらは、朝鮮王朝が徴税権を行使出来なかったこと、1429年の時点で恒居倭は宗氏ではなく早田氏が掌握していたことを示している。
- These facts prove that the Korean Dynasty was not able to use their authority of tax collection and kokyowa were under the control of the Soda clan instead of the So clan in around 1429.
- そのため、一揆が原因になることもあるが、政権の転覆を図る反乱、暴動、クーデターなどとは本来ははっきりと区別されるべき語である。
- Therefore, although ikki sometimes caused revolts, riots and coup d'état, all of which occurred through efforts to overturn the regime, the word 'ikki' should essentially be distinguished from those words (revolt, riot, coup d'état).
- 反面、通信使の往来路であると否とにかかわらず、武蔵・相模以西の東海道・畿内・西国の農民には労役の提供や費用の負担が求められた。
- On the other hand, regardless of the route Tsushinshi took, it was requested for farmers in the Tokaido, Kinai, Saigoku regions located to the west of the Musashi and Sagami Provinces to provide physical labor and to bear costs.
- 「ハハキ」とは「蛇木(ははき)」あるいは「竜木(ははき)」であり、直立する樹木は蛇に見立てられ、古来祭りの中枢にあったという。
- The word 'Hahaki' means 'snake tree' or 'dragon tree' and straight trees were originally the center of festivals and were portrayed as snakes.
- これは前代の国学や尊王思想を背景とするもので、根底には『日本書紀』以来続いてきた日本の歴史の独自性を強調する考えが流れていた。
- Kokugaku in the previous period and the thought of revering the Emperor existed in the background of such a move, and the thought of emphasizing uniqueness of Japanese that existed in 'Nihonshoki' and had been maintained thereafter as well existing base.
- 清和源氏は源満仲以来、藤原北家(摂関家)の家司として代々仕え、同家による他氏排斥の際には藤原北家の家司として積極的に関与した。
- Since the time of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, Seiwa-Genji served for generations as keishi of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan (regent family) and actively participated in tashihaiseki (expulsion of other clans from the Imperial Court) by the clan.
- 当時の武家社会の実情に即してかつ簡明ながらも生活に必要な実用的知識を網羅的に収録したこの本は江戸時代まで往来物の定番とされた。
- As 'Teikin Orai' covers and plainly explains the practical knowledge necessary for life in samurai society of the time, this text book served as a standard oraimono until the Edo period.
- このように日本では本来の設置意義と違って朱子学を奉じた支配階層主導による設置も多く行われ、支配階層による義倉との混同が進んだ。
- Unlikely to the initial purpose of the establishment of Shaso, many Shaso warehouses were constructed at the initiative of the dominant class of people who were embracing the doctrines of Zhu Xi (Neo-Confucianism) in Japan and therefore, the mixture with giso warehouses constructed by the dominant class of people was spread.
- 平安時代末期の後白河院政期に成立した絵巻ものであり、かつてはボストン美術館の吉備大臣入唐絵などとともに若狭・酒井家に伝来した。
- This picture scroll was made during the Goshirakawa Insei period (period of cloistered governments) in the last part of the Heian period, and used to be kept by the Sakai family in Wakasa Province along with Kibidaijin Nitto Emaki (scroll depicting the visit of Minister Kibi to Tang China), which now belongs to the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.
- 一般に、南の地域ほど梅雨の到来は早く、沖縄は5月中旬から6月下旬、東北・北陸では6月下旬から7月下旬頃となるのが平均的である。
- In general, baiu comes earlier in the southern region and, on an average, it is from the middle of May to the end of June in Okinawa and from the end of June to the end of July in the Tohoku region and the Hokuriku region.
- 古来その名が良く知られていた峠であり、落ち武者がこの峠を越えて、山の奥の初川集落に逃げ込んで生活していたとの伝説が残っている。
- Since ancient times the pass has been famous and a legend is remained that a defeated soldier fleeing the enemy climbed over the pass to Hatsukawa Settlement deep in the mountain and lived there.
- 京都市への他自治体の合併は、昭和34年(1959年)の久世村(現・南区)、大原野村(現・西京区)の合併以来46年ぶりであった。
- The merger of other municipalities into Kyoto City was the first time in the forty-six years after the merger of the villages of Kuse (the present Minami Ward) and Oharano (the present Nishikyo Ward) in 1959.
- 名前の由来は花の美しい北山の懐にあるので「花の背」とよばれたから、花の都京都の北の背骨に位置するところにあるからなど諸説ある。
- There are various views on the origin of its name 'Hanase' (flower back): some is that the pass was called 'Hana no se' (the back covered with flowers) as it runs through the heart of Mt. Kita which have been famous for beautiful flowers, others is that the pass is located at so-called north backbone of Kyoto which was 'Hana-no-miyako' (the capital city flourishing), and so on.
- 未完成で放棄されたとした従来の定説と異なり、難波宮や他の旧宮、はたまた平城京の建造物までが移築され、かなり完成した姿であった。
- Contrary to popular belief that the Nagaoka-kyo was unfinished and abandoned, the construction of Nagaoka-kyo was nearly complete, as shown in the reconstruction of not only the old palaces such as Naniwa no Miya but also the buildings in Heijo-kyo.
- のち、観応の擾乱で幕府に反抗した尊氏の庶子足利直冬が九州に来ると、九州は南朝・尊氏(幕府)・直冬の3勢力が鼎立することとなる。
- When Takauji's illegitimate child, Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA who revolted against the Shogunate in the Kanno Disturbance entered Kyushu, it was divided among the three equal powers of the Southern Court, Takauji (the Shogunate) and Tadafuyu.
- 後醍醐には正式な前天皇としての上皇の称号と待遇が与えられ、これで後醍醐には将来治天として政務を執る可能性が生じることになった。
- Godaigo was officially given the title and privileges of the retired emperor as the previous Emperor and Godaigo had the possibility of ruling as Chiten in the future.
- しかし、江戸幕府の国防政策により大きな船が作ることが出来なかったため、樽廻船による日本沿海を周回する物資流通が大きく発達した。
- However, since the national defense policy of the shogunate government prohibited the shipbuilding of large vessels, the distribution of goods by taru-kaisen (cargo ships) circulating along the coast of Japan developed significantly.
- またロシアに勝利したことは、列強諸国の日本に対する評価を高め、明治維新以来の課題であった不平等条約改正の達成に大きく寄与した。
- Japan's victory over Russia raised the repute of Japan among the great powers and greatly contributed to Japan's objective to revise the unequal treaties which had been a priority issue for the Japanese government since the Meiji Restoration.
- それはこれらの三国が古墳時代以来朝鮮半島の国々を経て日本に伝播してきた漢字、儒教、仏教、律令制などの文化を共有したことによる。
- This is partly because the three countries have shared cultures, including kanji (Chinese characters), Confucianism, Buddhism, the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), which had been introduced into Japan through countries on the Korean Peninsula since the Kofun period (tumulus period).
- 江戸時代の大名以下の武家の官職は員外の官とされ、同じ官職名でも従来の公家の官職、定員数とは関係の無い別のものとして扱われていた。
- During the Edo period, Imperial posts assigned to buke such as daimyo were regarded as ingai-kan (supernumerary positions), and these positions had nothing to do with traditional posts given to kuge even if they had the same post names; additionally, samurai at these positions were excluded from the prescribed number of personnel of such traditional posts.
- 国歌君が代制定の経緯を初めて研究し、遺作として『国歌君が代の由来』を残した小山作之助も、まずは歌詞についての考察から始めている。
- Sakunosuke KOYAMA, who was the first person to have studied the details of establishing Kimigayo as the national anthem and wrote 'Kokka Kimigayo no Yurai (literally, Origin of Kimigayo, Japan's National Anthem)' as his posthumous work started his study from consideration on words.
- 庭訓往来(ていきんおうらい)とは、往来物(往復の手紙)の形式をとる、寺子屋で習字や読本として使用された初級の教科書の一つである。
- Written in an oraimono (exchange of letters) style, Teikin Orai was an elementary textbook used as a copybook and reader at Terakoya (temple elementary schools during the Edo period).
- 地方行政にあたる国司は、郡司・富豪層に着目し、従来の個別人身支配の代わりに郡司・富豪層の在地経営を通じた支配へと転換していった。
- Kokushi (provincial governors) in charge of local administration focused attention on gunji (district managers) and the rich and powerful class, and changed management of the province to control through local management by gunji (district managers) and persons in the rich and powerful class.
- ところで、王朝国家体制が成立して以来、11世紀中期にかけて、中心的な税目である官物の収納については受領が大きな権限を有していた。
- By the way, in the period from the time when the dynastic nation system was established to the middle 11th century, zuryo had a significant right to collect kanmotsu, a main tax.
- これらは、本来、農民による生産を促進・拡大を意図したものだったが、一方では、支配者にとって租税収入を確保するという側面もあった。
- These were originally intended to promote and enhance production of farmers, and also ensued tax collection for the rulers.
- いわゆる「清凉寺式釈迦如来像」の典型作で、京都・清凉寺にある三国伝来の釈迦像(「三国」はインド、中国、日本を指す)の模刻である。
- It is a representative work of so-called 'statues of Shakanyorai in Seiryoji style' and an imitation of sangokudenrai (literally, transmitted in three countries; 'sangoku' means India, China and Japan) statue of Shakyamuni in Seiryo-ji Temple in Kyoto.
- この待ち伏せによって、新選組結盟以来の生え抜き隊士で元八番隊組長を務めた藤堂平助のほかに、服部武雄・毛内有之助の3名が討死した。
- Three of them were killed in the ambush; Heisuke TODO, who was an original member of the Shinsengumi and was the former leader of the eighth squad, Takeo HATTORI and Arinosuke MONAI.
- 後深草の不満を受けて幕府が介入し、建治元年(1275年)に煕仁(11歳)を皇太子に指名、将来、後深草が治天となることを保証した。
- Due to Gofukakusa's dissatisfaction, the bakufu intervened and in 1275, named Hirohito (aged 11) as Crown Prince and guaranteed Gofukakusa would be Chiten in the future.
- また一面では、本来太田城を守る存在であった水を使って城を攻めることで、水をも支配する自らの権力を誇示しようとしたとも考えられる。
- In another aspect, it can be also thought that he tried to show his power which could also control water by attacking Ota-jo Castle with water which had fundamentally guarded the castle.
- 2月9日、西郷の縁戚川村純義中将が軍艦に乗って西郷に面会に来たが、会うことができず、県令大山綱良と鹿児島湾内の艦船上で会見した。
- On February 9, Vice Admiral Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, a relative of SAIGO, came by warship to see SAIGO but had no chance to see him, then met prefectural governor Tsunayoshi OYAMA on the warship in Kagoshima Bay.
- 他にも度を過ぎて交流を絶ったために外交手段が分からず、黒船来航の際に対応を誤り、不平等条約を結ばされたとする批判的な意見もある。
- From another critical viewpoint, it is suggested that the Bakufu failed to take adequate measures upon the arrival of the Black Ships due to a lack of knowledge involving diplomatic procedures resulting from excessively severing exchanges with foreign countries, and this resulted in the Bakufu being forced to sign an unequal treaty.
- 島尻層泥岩は新第三紀、およそ2,500万年前から200万年前ごろの地層であり、このころにも黄砂が飛来していた可能性を示唆している。
- The Shimajiri Mudstone layer was formed in the Neogene period, or from approx. 25 million years ago to approx. 2 million years ago, suggesting that the kosa might have arrived in this area in that period as well.
- この時期からは、従来あまり顧みられていなかった民俗学や文化人類学などの成果を歴史学へ学際的に反映させる試みが積極的に行われている。
- Stating in this era, the attempts to reflect folklore and cultural anthropology, which had been little considered until then, in history academically have become active.
- 当時、動産・不動産の所有権は、売買などが行われたとしても、本来は元の所有者が保持しているのがあるべき姿だとする観念が存在していた。
- In that period, there was an idea that the right of ownership of movable or immovable property should belong to the original owner of that property even if the property had been sold.
- もともと渡来銭などを持っていない一部の地方大名などは、むしろ領内から悪銭を排除するために撰銭を「公認」する度合いが強いからである。
- This is because some local daimyo who held no Torai-sen were more likely to permit erizeni acts officially to eliminate low-quality coins form their territories.
- 各地の大名は、伝来当初こそこの新兵器の実力を疑問視したが、合戦でその効果が証明されるとこぞって買い求め、自国での量産化に奔走した。
- At first, every daimyo doubted the real power of this new weapon, but as the effectiveness was confirmed through battles, they bought them and made every effort to mass-produce them in their respective territories.
- この説によると、延喜の班田励行は租税の額の確定を目的としたものであり、来るべき土地への課税を前提とした制度改革であったこととなる。
- According this theory, the enforcement of handen was intended to determine the land tax amount and it was a system reform focused on the coming taxation of land.
- 吉野川(和歌山県では紀の川)流域に位置し、大和国と紀伊国を結ぶ交通の要衝として、また吉野山地への入口として古来より重視されてきた。
- Gojo City is located in the area along the Yoshino-gawa River (called the Kino-kawa River in Wakayama Prefecture), and has been thought important as a strategic traffic point connecting Yamato Province with Kii Province, or as an entrance into Yoshino Mountains since ancient times.
- また、その期間の短さから形だけの遷都、本来の目的は山城国で長岡の地は大規模な遷都への準備であり方違えではなかったのかとの説もある。
- Some believe that the transfer of the capital to Nagaoka-kyo was a token gesture due to the short period of time, and that the main purpose of the transfer was to prepare for the major transfer and thus it was a practice of 'kata-tagae' ('changing directions' according to Japanese esoteric cosmology 'Onmyodo').
- また、ヨーロッパとの交易(南蛮貿易)が開始し、火縄銃やキリスト教などが伝来し、それまでの戦術や日本の宗教観念に大きな影響を与えた。
- Trade with European countries (trade with Spain and Portugal) started, and matchlock guns and Christianity were brought to Japan, significantly affecting fighting techniques and religious concepts that Japanese had until then.
- 多くの古墳は築かれてから長い時間が経過したため、上に木が生えている事が多いが、建造当時の木のない状態が多くの古墳の本来の姿である。
- Because such a long time has passed since their construction, most kofun have trees growing on them, but the true state of a kofun at the time of completion was without trees.
- この後黒田孝高が単身有明城に来城したが、同盟関係にあった小寺政職の手前、捕えて牢獄に閉じ込めてしまったのではないかと思われている。
- Later, Yoshitaka KURODA visited the Arioka-jo Castle alone, and it has been understood that he captured and confined in jail Yoshitaka Kuroda with consideration to Masamoto ODERA, with whom he had the alliance.
- また、後に安倍氏の主流となる安倍泰親のように、中国由来の天文学よりも陰陽道の考え方を重視して天文道の解釈を行っていくようになった。
- Additionally, like ABE no Yasuchika who later became the mainstream of the Abe clan, they came to interpret tenmondo with more importance given to onmyodo than to the astronomy which came from China.
- 古来、攻城側は守城側の10倍は必要とされていることからすれば、いかに剽悍な薩摩兵とはいえ、1対3での包囲強襲は無謀な作戦と言える。
- Traditionally, it had been said that the besiegers had to be ten times as strong as the defenders; therefore, the plan to press a siege against the castle with the ratio of 1:3: would have been reckless for the Satsuma soldiers however fierce and cunning they were.
- 儒教は本来合理的な思考を有しており、儒教思想の興隆は合理主義的な歴史叙述、例えば新井白石の『読史余論』『古史通』などとして結実した。
- Confucianism is originally provided with rational thinking, and the state of Confucian thought being widely accepted produced descriptions of history based on something like rationalism: Tokushi Yoron (lessons from History) and Koshitsu (study book about ancient history), both of which were written by Hakuseki ARAI, are such examples.
- 毛利氏に攻められ、難攻不落と讃えられていた今の島根県安来市にあった月山富田城に篭城するが兵糧攻めにあい開城した(月山富田城の戦い)。
- Attacked by the Mori clan, the Amako clan holed up in Gassan Toda-jo Castle, which was praised as impregnable, in the current Yasuki City, Shimane Prefecture, but surrendered after starvation tactics by the Mori clan (Gassan Toda-jo no Tatakai (Battle of Gassan Toda-jo Castle)).
- 初陣の年齢は個人差があるが多くの場合、元服前後の10代前半が多く、親は子供の将来の安寧を願い必ず勝てる戦いに参加させる傾向があった。
- Although the ages for uijin varied from person to person, in many cases the participants were in their early teens around genpuku (coming of age ceremony) and the parents were inclined to send them to a battle that they would doubtlessly win, wishing for their safety.
- 特に最近では住宅の気密化によって本来の役目が失われつつあるため、重さによって掛軸が傷まないよう合成樹脂製の風鎮なども生産されている。
- In particular, the original function of fuchin is being lost due to recent airtight houses, thus synthetic resin is used for producing a fuchin to prevent damage of kakejiku due to the weight.
- しかし受領による国内支配の強化への妥協と見る説と、郡司層が旧来の権利を失った代替として越訴権が与えられたとする見解が提出されている。
- However, some have suggested it was accepted as a compromise measure against Zuryo's growing control over entire Japan, while others have suggested that the Gunji class (local magistrates) was given the right to direct appeals in exchange for their lost conventional rights.
- 本来の律令法における趣旨は勅の手続に違う者に対して適用される罪であったが、後に勅の内容あるいは勅使に抵抗する行為を指すようになった。
- Based on the Ritsuryo law, the original purpose of the Ichoku was to apply the Charge of Ichoku to individuals who went against the procedures contained in an Imperial command, but in later years, the Ichoku changed to mean an act or behavior which signified resistance against an Imperial command or an Imperial envoy.
- 関所の代官は年貢・公事の納入以外で京都に入る商品や往来する人馬から率分に応じた商品あるいは一定の金額を通行税(関銭)として徴収した。
- A local magistrate of a checkpoint collected pro rata goods or a certain amount of money as passenger tax (sekisen, checkpoint charge) from goods coming to Kyoto, and people and cargoes passing up and down, except delivery of land taxes, political operations and ceremonies by the Imperial Court.
- だが、1881年(明治14年)の刑法導入によって、古代以来の中国法系の刑事法制は幕を閉じ、西洋法系の刑事法制に転換される事になった。
- However, with the introduction of criminal law in 1881, the criminal legal system under the Chinese system of law since ancient times ended and shifted over to the criminal legal system under the Western system of law.
- このように、幕府が紫衣の授与を規制したにもかかわらず、後水尾天皇は従来の慣例通り、幕府に諮らず十数人の僧侶に紫衣着用の勅許を与えた。
- Although the bakufu regulated the presenting of Shie, Emperor Gomizunoo followed the previous tradition of giving Imperial decrees, allowing the wearing of Shie by about 15 Buddhist monks without asking for the bakufu's opinion.
- (その前の藤原高藤は危篤となった天皇の外祖父である大納言に対する礼遇であるため、実質は奈良時代末期の藤原魚名以来191年ぶりである)
- (As the previous appointment was out of respect for FUJIWARA no Takafuji, the Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and maternal grandfather of the emperor who was in critical condition, it was in fact the first time in 191 years since FUJIWARA no Uona at the end of Nara period.)
- 日本もこれを「蕃国」高句麗の再来としてその朝貢を歓迎し、また新羅との対抗関係から、渤海との通交をきわめて重視し、遣渤海使を派遣した。
- Japan welcomed this tribute as the second coming of the 'barbarian country' Goguryeo and, highly valuing friendly relations with Balhae in relation to their struggle with Silla, they dispatched envoys.
- なお、当日、日本軍連合艦隊には、4名のイギリス観戦武官が同船しており、元来イギリスの戦法であるT字戦法に関しての補佐・指導を行った。
- Four British military officers were on board ships in the Combined Fleet of the Japanese Navy, and assisted and instructed on the Crossing the T tactics which was originally a British tactic.
- 孫一は事前に信長に連絡して内諾を受けており、織田信張とその配下の和泉衆・根来衆の応援を得て土橋氏の粟村(現和歌山市)の居館を攻めた。
- Before that, Magoichi received an informal consent from Nobunaga and attacked the residence of the Dobashi clan at Awamura (Wakayama City at present), helped by Nobuharu ODA and his followers Izumi shu and Negoro shu.
- この投書が掲載されてから、「物論(ぶつろん)漸く鎭(しづ)まりて爾来(じらい)世間に攻撃(こうげき)の聲を聞かず」という事になった。
- Since those postings, the barrage of criticism ceased, and the situation became quire calm.
- 朝鮮王朝は農本主義を国是としており、本来なら国内で産出することの無い必要最小限の物資の入手を除けば外国との交易を必要としていなかった。
- The Korean Dynasty maintained the government policy that the agriculture should be the base of the country's economy, and they basically had no need to trade with foreign countries except for some materials which were not produced within the country.
- 韓国気象庁によれば、韓国に飛来する黄砂は内モンゴル、ゴビ砂漠、黄土高原などを中心に発生し、発生からおよそ1日 - 8日かけて到達する。
- According to South Korea's weather agency, the kosa coming to Korea is produced mostly in Inner Mongolia, the Gobi Desert, or the Loess Plateau, and reaches Korea in around one to eight days after it is produced in these areas.
- その後、豊臣政権から江戸幕府成立の過程において、佐竹氏や里見氏などの旧来の勢力は転封あるいは改易によって関東の地から姿を消す事になる。
- Later, in the process from the Toyotomi government until the formation of the Edo bakufu, old powers such as the Satake clan and Satomi clan, disappeared from Kanto by relocation or being deprived of their territory.
- しかし、それでは撰銭令は、室町幕府などが自ら大量に所有する粗悪な渡来銭などを市民に押し付けるための、利己的な悪法に過ぎないことになる。
- However, Erizenirei then became that only a bad law to force the general public to use the low-quality Torai-sen, lots of which were held by the Muromachi bakufu and others.
- 現在は市街地を含めた範囲を「鞆の浦」と呼ぶことも多いが、本来「鞆の浦」とは「鞆にある入り江」という意味であり厳密には鞆港のことである。
- Today the place name 'Tomonoura' refers to a wider area including the city area, but etymologically, 'Tomo no ura' means an 'inlet which is located in Tomo,' thus specifically referring to the Tomo-ko Harbor.
- 明確に範囲を定義することは出来ないが、カルスト台地で有名な平尾台の南東に位置し、行橋市、みやこ町、築上町北部にかけて広がる平野である。
- Although its definite scope cannot be defined, this plain lies southeast to Hiraodai Plateau, famous for its karst plateau, and spreads over Yukuhashi City, Miyako Town, and the northern part of Chikujo Town.
- この時の様子を、「山々をさがし、あるいは斬りすて、あるいは兵糧その外、思い思いに取り来ること、際限なし」と『信長公記』には記している。
- Situations at that time are described in 'Shinchoko-ki' as 'continuing without end to search in mountains and cut down people and rob provisions and so on at will.'
- (一方、賀茂氏側も暦道における自己の立場を主張し、鎌倉時代に入ると本来は陰陽頭が中心となる御暦奏の儀式において安倍氏が陰陽頭の場合には
- (Meanwhile, the Kamo clan also claimed their position in rekido: in the Kamakura period, when a member of the Abe clan was onmyo no kami, the Kamo clan insisted that the ceremony of goryaku no so (the annual presentation of the calendar to the emperor), which had been conducted mainly by onmyo no kami, should be conducted by reki hakase.
- この戦が起きたのは、天正15年(1587年)12月の豊臣秀吉による奥羽惣無事令の発令後であり、本来この出兵は認められないはずであった。
- The battle broke out after the proclamation of a cease-fire edict for the Ou region issued by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in December 1587 and January 1588; which means that the allied dispatch of the troops by Uesugi should have been unlawful.
- また、黄砂の観測やモデルによる黄砂飛散の推定結果などから、東南アジアで発生した煤や一酸化炭素が日本に飛来してきていることも分かっている。
- Furthermore, from measurements of kosa and estimates based on a kosa-scattering model, it has also been known that soot and carbon monoxide generated in eastern Asia have flown to Japan as well.
- なお、真弓常忠は先述の「塞の神」について、本来は「サヒ(鉄)の神」の意味だったと述べていて、「塞の神」と製鉄の神がここで結びついてくる。
- Tsunetada MAYUMI explains that the aforementioned 'sae no kami' originally meant 'Sahi (iron) no kami' and here 'sae no kami' and the god of iron production is linked.
- 更に職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
- Moreover, shiki itself became mere tokubunken (the right to share of profits of each shiki) from the one indicating the class difference, and the cases that honke (head family) and ryoke held the shiki containing the feature of local lords and vice versa came to be seen.
- 明治12年(1879年)、京都府に上京区・下京区が設置されると、従来の「区」は、番号はそのままで「組」と改称、下京1 - 32組となる。
- When Kamigyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward were created inside Kyoto Prefecture in 1879, the above-mentioned 'wards' were renamed as 'kumi' without making changes to their numbers, and became Shimogyo kumi Nos. 1 to 32.
- 天武天皇以来の皇統は、以前より盛んだった天武系皇族間での相次ぐ政争によって継承順で繰り上がった天智天皇系の白壁王(光仁天皇)が継承した。
- Although the imperial line had succeeded from Emperor Tenmu, there had been a string of power struggles and Shirakabe no okimi (Prince Shirakabe), a descendent of Emperor Tenchi became Emperor Konin following the order of succession.
- 同後半の黒船来航と日米和親条約締結を契機として、幕府の管理貿易体制(鎖国)は解かれ、結果として幕府の威信は低下し、朝廷の権威が増大した。
- With the arrival of Kurofune (the black ships of Commodore Matthew Perry) and the conclusion of Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan as the turning point, the trade system controlled by the bakufu (Sakoku) was dissolved, resultantly lowering the authority of the bakufu and increasing the authority of the Imperial Court.
- たとえば、唐の均田制を模範とした日本の班田収授法は、刑法や官制などとちがって、従来の土地所有制度と調整しなければ実行しがたい制度である。
- For example, unlike criminal law or rules governing administrative organizations, the ancient farmland allotment and reception law in Japan that was modeled on the equal-field system during the Tang dynasty, was a difficult system to implement without adjustments to the traditional landholding system.
- 近年都心回帰が進み、平成17年国勢調査(2005年)における推計人口が1985年(昭和60年)以来20年ぶりに10万人の大台を回復した。
- As more people returned to the urban areas of Kyoto City in recent years, the estimated population of Nakagyo Ward, according to the national census taken in 2005, exceeded 100,000 for the first time in twenty years (since 1985).
- 細かい砂の粒子や、粒子に付着した物質、黄砂とともに飛来する化学物質(黄砂の形状と成分での説明参照)などにより、さまざまな健康被害が生じる。
- Fine sand grains, the substances stuck to sand grains, and the chemicals coming flying together with kosa (refer to the description of Shapes and components of kosa) inflict various kinds of damage on health.
- 太閤検地では室町期以来、慣行となっていた地下請を継承して、村が一括して年貢を納入する村請(むらうけ)が採用され、江戸幕府も村請を継続した。
- In Taiko-kenchi, the jigeuke, which had been a customary practice since the Muromachi period, was succeeded and the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment), where one village was responsible for the collective tax payment, was applied and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) also succeeded the murauke system.
- この時代までの往来物は公家や僧侶などの知識人によって書かれる事が多く、こうした江戸時代以前の作品をまとめて「古往来(こおうらい)」と呼ぶ。
- Oraimono by this period of history were mainly written by the educated classes, such as nobles and Buddhist priests, and therefore the oraimono before the Edo period are collectively called 'Koorai' (literally, old oraimono).
- 「武者」という言葉なら平安時代中期の『往来物』の、有名な「松影是雖武者子孫(松影はまことに武者の子孫なりと雖も)」という下りにも出てくる。
- The word 'busha' appeared in the famous phrase, '松影是雖武者子孫' (Matsukage was the true descendant of busha), in 'Oraimono' (a textbook for common people) during the mid-Heian period.
- 上記、坐摩神社のある場所も「渡辺」というが、ここも豊臣秀吉によって渡辺の地名ごと現在地に移転させられたもので本来の渡辺津からは離れている。
- The place where Ikasuri-jinja Shrine is located is also called 'Watanabe,' and the name itself was also moved with the shrine from its original location by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and it is separated from the location where Watanabe no tsu was originally located.
- また小辺路で最も南にある峠である果無峠は果無山脈東端の峠であることから、果無山脈伝いに龍神村方面(田辺市龍神村)からの往来があったという。
- Since Hatenashi Pass was the southernmost pass of Kohechi and also the easternmost pass of the Hatenashi Mountain Range, people of Ryujin Village (Ryujin Village, Tanabe City) used some part of Kohechi which went through the Hatenashi Mountain Range.
- しかしジャスコ久御山店、ロックタウン久御山店などの大規模な商業施設がオープンしてからは逆に周辺市町からの来客も発生し、商業面が強化された。
- However, after the opening of large-scale commercial facilities such as JUSCO KUMIYAMA, LOC TOWN KUMIYAMA, people came from surrounding municipalities, and commerce was strengthened.
- 平安時代の律令制の形骸化にともなって次第に本来の領域にとらわれない、鴨川と大内裏・京都御所を中心とする都市になり、経済的に発展していった。
- As the Ritsuryo System (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo Code) declined during the Heian period, the city gradually expanded beyond its original area to become centered around the Kamo-gawa River and the Kyoto Imperial Palace of the Daidairi (Greater Imperial Palace), and developed economically.
- 本来は白川の南側地域のみを指していたが、後に北側地域も含むようになり南側を「南白河/下白河」北側を「北白河」・と称した(『山城名勝志』)。
- It originally referred only to the area on the south side of Shira-kawa River, but later came also to include the area on the north side, with the south side named 'Minami Shirakawa/Shimo Shirakawa' and the north side named 'Kita Shirakawa' (according to 'Yamashiro Meisho Shi' (Annals of Yamashiro's picturesque sites)).
- これらは繁殖力が強く、生態系に悪影響を与えているとされ、事実、メダカやタモロコなど、いくつかの在来種が補食関係の変化により姿を消している。
- It is considered that, since these foreign species have high productive ability, they are negatively affecting the eco-system in that area and, in fact, some of the native species such as killifish and field gudgeon have disappeared due to the changes in predation in the environment.
- 後にこの事を知った後土御門天皇より書写進上を命じられた親長が現在までの出来事を加筆して献上したのが、原本とされたものであったとされている。
- Emperor Gotsuchimikado, who later heard of this episode, ordered Chikanaga to give the copy to the Imperial Court, so he added descriptions until his time to present to the Emperor the copy of Kodaireki, which is said to have been the original edition.
- まず会所の建物そのものの性格からいえば、平安時代、寝殿造りの建築にあった来客と主人が対面するところ、客亭(出居)が、その起源にあげられる。
- From the characteristic of the kaisho building itself, the origin is said to be the Kakutei (lodging) (Idei (guest room or the bedroom of the owner)), where the guest and master of the house met within the shinden zukuri (architecture representative of a residence of a nobleman in the Heian period).
- そして、具体的な法令としては鎌倉時代の御成敗式目(貞永式目)を適用し、必要に応じて「建武以来追加」と呼ばれる追加法を発布して補充している。
- As a detailed law, Goseibai-shikimoku (Joe-shikimoku) of the Kamakura period was applied, and when necessary an additional law called 'Kenmu-irai-tsuika' was issued to supplement the above.
- このことは嵯峨天皇にとって思いがけない出来事であり、嵯峨天皇はひとまずこれに従うとして坂上田村麻呂、藤原冬嗣、紀田上らを造宮使に任命する。
- This was an unexpected event for Emperor Saga, and as a temporary measure, he appointed SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu and KI no Taue as zogushi (palace construction officer).
- 平城上皇と薬子の一行は大和国添上郡田村まで来たところで、兵士が守りを固めていることを知り、とても勝機がないと悟ってやむなく平城京へ戻った。
- When the party of the Retired Emperor Heizei and Kusuko proceeded up to Tamura, in Soekami County, Yamato Province, they realized that their opponent's military defense was so strong, that there was no chance for them to win and they could do nothing but go back return to the Heijo-kyo.
- 鉄砲伝来(てっぽうでんらい)とは、15世紀にヨーロッパから東アジアへ火縄銃型の銃が伝わったこと、狭義には日本の種子島に伝来した事件を指す。
- The term 'Teppo Denrai' (introduction of firearms) generally refers to the introduction of matchlock guns from Europe into East Asia in the 15th century, and in a more limited sense it means the introduction of matchlock guns into Tanegashima Island, Japan.
- 明治維新によって、幕府も含めて旧来の朝廷機構は事実上廃止されて(王政復古の大号令)、新しく生まれ変わった行政組織である明治政府が成立した。
- The old Imperial Court system including the bakuhu was virtually abolished by the Meiji Restoration (the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule), and the Meiji Government was established as a newly born political system.
- 織田信長の中国方面軍の豊臣秀吉が攻めて来ると三木城(三木合戦)、鳥取城、高松城 (備中国)が次々と落とされたが、本能寺の変が起き命拾いした。
- When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI of the force for attacking Chugoku of Nobunaga ODA attacked, Miki-jo Castle (Battle of the Miki-jo Castle), Tottori-jo Castle and Takamatsu-jo Castle (Bicchu Province) fell one by one, but the Mori clan narrowly escaped thanks to the Honnoji Incident.
- だが、徴税体制の中に依然として従来の名体制・職の体系を継承した部分も残されたものの、次第に大名主導による年貢などの負担の平均化が進められた。
- Although a part of myo taisei (local tax management system based on rice land) and the shiki system (system of occupation) was left in the taxation system, averaging of burdens such as tax progressed gradually led by daimyo.
- 特に寺子屋の教師の中に自前の往来物を著す者が多かった事からその総数を把握する事が不可能に近いが、現存するものは約7,000種と言われている。
- It is almost impossible to have a grasp of the total number of oraimono as, in particular, many terakoya teachers tried to write their own oraimono, but existing ones are said to number about 7,000 kinds.
- 命蓮が神通力を行使して、山崎の長者のもとに托鉢に使用する鉢を飛ばし、その鉢に校倉造りの倉を乗せて飛ばし、信貴山に居る命蓮の所まで持って来る。
- Myoren uses his supernatural power to make a bowl used to ask for alms fly to the granary of a rich man in Yamazaki and return to the mountain.
- 国人領主も同様であり一門や庶家、配下の土豪層とは主君と家来というよりは緩やかな同盟関係に近く、国人領主の存在は主君というより盟主に近かった。
- In the case of Kokujin ryoshu, their relationship with clan members, branch families and Dogo under their rule was similar to an alliance, rather than a relationship of master and vassal; in this sense, Kokujin ryoshu were more akin to leaders rather than masters.
- 当時の百姓・班田農民や古来の郡司一族、土着国司子弟の中には、出挙や営田活動により富を蓄積する富豪層が現れており、田堵(たと)と呼ばれていた。
- Some peasants, handen (allotted farmland) farmers, old gunji (a district officer) families, and local kokushi (a provincial governor) scions of that time started to form a wealthy class called tato, and they gained riches by suiko (rice loans in ancient Japan that had to be repaid after the autumn harvest at a substantial rate of interest) and farming activities.
- 慈円は末法思想と「道理」をテーマとして国初以来の歴史を説き起こし、武家が大きな政治権力を握ったことを「道理」観念で合理的に理解しようとした。
- Jien described Japanese history based on Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief) and dori (order), and tried to rationally understand, based on the concept of dori, why samurai came to gain such strong political power.
- ただし、明治時代の初期に数か町が合併して新たに命名された町、寺院境内地など、従来町名のなかった土地に新たに起立した町名なども一部に存在する。
- However, there are some towns that were established by merger of several towns in the early Meiji period and given a new name, or towns that were newly established in areas that didn't have traditional town names such as precincts of shrines.
- 「五番町」の町名の由来は安土・桃山時代、豊臣秀吉が聚楽第を築城する際、かつて平安宮が存在し野原と化した「内野」を開発し武家地として整備した。
- The Heian-kyu Palace once stood here, but the palace site, known as 'Uchino,' was overgrown with weeds, and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, developed and improved Uchino when he built Jurakudai (Hideyoshi's residence and office in Kyoto) near the area, as the samurai residence in the Azuchi Momoyama period, creating the origin of 'Goban-cho.'
- それほどの財力の無い藩では、大きな宿場町を通過する際のみ、臨時雇いで家来の「水増し」を行い、行列の威厳を保ちつつ、経費を節約したといわれる。
- The clans that were not so rich, while cutting costs, reportedly employed 'additional' retainers on a temporary basis to maintain the dignity of the procession only when it passed by major shukuba-machi (post stations).
- 「朝廷」の言葉の由来は、大宝律令が成立し朝廷の政治体制が確立された奈良時代は、政治や会議等は早朝から始められ午前中に開かれていたことによる。
- The Imperial Court is called Chotei (朝廷) which literally means the morning court; the politics, conferences and the like were held before noon from early in the morning in the Nara period when Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) was set up and the political system of the Imperial Court was established,
- さらに、浅野内匠頭が切腹になったのに吉良上野介が無罪になったことの不当性を、本来は幕府に訴えて、裁判により明らかにすべきであると論じている。
- And he went on to say that the judgment by the government was not adequate to make ASANO Takumi-no-kami to kill himself, leaving the other party KIRA Kozuke-no-suke non-guilty; the ideal closing should have been to bring the case to the government to resolve by court.
- 朝鮮はこれら中国産品を、朝貢貿易や国境貿易で入手することができたが、日本は明への入港を拒絶されていたため中国密貿易船の来航を待つしかなかった。
- While Korea was able to obtain those Chinese products through the tribute trade and border trade, Japan could not do anything but wait for the Chinese smuggling ships, as Japan had been denied entry to Ming.
- 往来物(おうらいもの)とは、平安時代後期より、明治時代初頭にかけて主に書簡などの手紙類の形式をとって作成された初等教育用の教科書の総称である。
- Oraimono is a collective term for primary education text books that were compiled from the late Heian period to the early Meiji period, mainly in the form of letters.
- 貴族は支配階級であり、支配階級たる貴族は本来「武」を兼ね備えており、平安時代初期の貴族の「卒伝」の中にも、そうした「武勇の士」は沢山出てくる。
- Aristocrats of the ruling class originally trained in 'martial arts' as well, and there were many 'heroic samurai' that appeared within the 'obituaries' of aristocrats during the early Heian period.
- 名前の由来は盆地であるこの地域の、峠と反対側の尾根から山際を眺めた際、この峠の尾根がV字に凹んでおり、これを狭間と呼んだとの伝承が残っている。
- According to lore, its name is derived from the fact that at one time, its ridge had a deep sag which was called 'Hazama' when it was viewed from the opposite ridge in the basin region.
- その割に、朝晩の通勤時間帯には、加佐地区と西舞鶴地区とを結ぶメイン道路である国道175号線が頻繁に渋滞するため、それを避けるための往来が多い。
- On the other hand, traffic jams occur frequently on National Route 175, the main road that connects Kasa and Nishi-Maizuru regions, resulting in many that try to avoid the route and use the road at the mountain pass instead.
- 「延喜格」の原文は残されていないが、『類聚三代格』や惟宗允亮の『政事要略』にその多くが引用されており、その相当部分の内容を窺い知る事が出来る。
- Although the original text of Engikyaku is lost, many of its passages are quoted in 'Ruiju Sandaikyaku' (a statute book written in the Heian period) and 'Seiji Yoryaku' (examples of political affairs in the Heian period) written by KOREMUNE no Tadasuke to enable present-day students to guess substantial contents of the text.
- 武家の政治体制をどうするかが発見できず旧来の政治を行い、その中での平氏一門の贅沢な暮らしや異様な出世、繁栄の誇示などするだけになったのである。
- Kiyomori did not know how to manage the political system of samurai families and thus carried out old-fashioned politics, showing off the luxurious life style, excessive career success and prosperity of the Taira clan.
- そこで「延久の荘園整理令」では従来の荘園整理令よりも強固に実行するためにそれまで地方諸国の国司達に依存していた職務を全て中央で行うようにした。
- Therefore, in the 'Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei,' for a more solid execution compared to traditional Shoen Seiri-rei, all duties that depended upon the kokushi in provinces were performed centrally.
- 徳川幕府は朝鮮王朝と対馬の宗氏の間に1609年己酉約条を結ばせ交易を再開、また朝鮮通信使と日本国王使の往来によりおおむね対等な関係を構築した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate started trading again with the Korean dynasty by concluding the Giyu treaty with the So clan of Tsushima Island in 1609 and established a relationship of almost equality through mutual visits of Korean messengers and Japanese envoys.
- 根来・雑賀衆は、相手がどれほどの大軍であっても、先陣を切って攻めてくる敵の精鋭さえ撃ち倒してしまえばそれで敵を退けることができると考えていた。
- Negoro and Saiga shu thought that they could stand down enemies if they defeated the vanguard elite troops even against a big army.
- 朝鮮では日本が犯した誤りを恨みながらも建国以来の交隣政策の原則に照らし、制限された範囲内での交渉を許した(1609年(光海君2年)、己酉約条)。
- Korea, while resenting Japanese crimes, permitted the negotiations, referring to its basic policy of being friendly to neighbors, within certain limitations (according to Kiyu yakujo (Treaty in 1609)).
- そのため、知行国からの上進官物は国家へ納付しなければならず、知行国主が獲得しえたのは(本来、受領の収入となるべき)受領の俸料・得分のみであった。
- Therefore, the kanmotsu dedicated by the chigyo-koku provinces had to be delivered to the nation, with only the salary and tax gained by the zuryo (which originally should be zuryo's won income) allowed to be acquired by chigyo-kokushu.
- この間の1年間に弟の後亀山天皇への譲位が行われたと推定する事が出来、事跡に不明な点が多いとされる同天皇の活動について知る貴重な史料となっている。
- It is presumed that Emperor Chokei abdicated the throne to his younger brother Emperor Gokameyama during the same year, making this knowledge valuable historical material showing the activities of the Emperor with many unclear records.
- 逆に守護大名の段階において領国の一円支配を一応は完成させていた武田氏や今川氏、新興の外来勢力である後北条氏・里見氏には見られない現象でもあった。
- By contrast, this phenomenon was not seen in the Takeda and Imagawa clans, which had achieved ichien shihai (integrated rule over whole territory) when they were still in the stage of Shugo daimyo; nor was it seen in the Gohojo and Satomi clans which were a newly emerged foreign power.
- 近年では南北方向には従来の国道1号や国道24号に加えて第二京阪道路、東西方向には京滋バイパスが通っており、現在の新たな交通の要衝であるといえる。
- In recent years, in addition to the conventional National Route 1 and the National Route 24, the Second Keihan Highway runs from north to south, whereas, Keiji By-Pass runs from east to west and, hence, it can be said that Ogura-ike Pond plays a key role in modern transportation.
- その中で東軍配下の足軽骨皮道賢が後方攪乱などのゲリラ戦を試みたが、所詮、盗賊や凶悪人を多く含んだ集団に過ぎず、戦局を打開することは出来なかった。
- Meanwhile, ashigaru (common foot soldier) Doken HONEKAWA of the Eastern camp attempted guerrilla tactics such as harassing the rear, but after all his corps, nothing more than rabble comprising of many thieves and vicious criminals, was unable to break through the stalemate.
- 渡来人(帰化人)は養蚕、機織り、陶磁器、建築などの先進技術や『論語』に代表される中国文化、文筆・出納などの実務技術をヤマト(倭国)へもたらした。
- These 'toraijin' (naturalized citizens) brought advanced technologies such as sericulture, weaving, ceramics, and architecture, as well as Chinese culture from the 'Analects of Confucius,' practical skills such as writing and accounting to Yamato (Wakoku).
- この上申書では、従来からの鉄道国有論に加えて既設私設鉄道の買収を前面に押し出しており、そのためには私設鉄道買収法の制定が必要であると説いている。
- In the written opinion, he stressed the importance of acquisition of existing private railways in addition to his theory of nationalization of railways and insisted, for the purpose, that it was necessary to enact the law to acquire private railways.
- 本来は正規外に中下級身分からの人材登用の役目を担っていた紀伝・文章生が貴族子弟によって独占されて、文章博士以下の世襲が進行するきっかけとなった。
- It triggered the monopoly of kiden no sho and monjosho, which played a role in recruiting talents from the middle- and low-classes through different processes from regular appointments, by sons of the nobles, resulting in their hereditary positions, monjo hakase and below.
- 1764年(宝暦14年)の宝暦度の来日の際、対馬藩の家臣で通詞を担当していた鈴木伝蔵が朝鮮通信使の通詞・中官崔天宗を大坂で殺害する事件が起こった。
- When Tsushinshi came to Japan in 1764 in the Horeki era (1751 - 1764), the incident in which Denzo SUZUKI, a retainer of the Tsushima Domain and an interpreter, killed Cheon-Jong CHOI, an interpreter and a middle-class officer, in Osaka.
- 「侍」という漢字には、元来 「貴族のそばで仕えて仕事をする」という意味があるが、武士に類する武芸を家芸とする技能官人を意味するのは日本だけである。
- The kanji (Chinese character) '侍' originally meant 'to be on hand to work for and serve an aristocrat,' and only in Japan is the word used to refer to ginou kanjin (culturally and academically accomplished palace officials) with military skills who belonged to the bushi class.
- 一方、飛来地側の日本では、春にあたる2月 - 5月の4ヶ月間に年間の約90%が集中し、夏にあたる7月 - 9月は全くと言っていいほど観測されない。
- On the other hand, in Japan where kosa is brought, approx. 90 percent of kosa arriving is concentrated in the four months from February to May corresponding to spring, with almost no kosa observed in July to September corresponding to summer.
- その10世紀初頭の地方社会経済に目を転じると、旧来の郡司の勢力が弱体化しはじめると同時に、王臣子孫も含めた新興勢力・有力農業経営者が台頭を始める。
- When looking at the social situation in districts of the early tenth century, the former gunji (district managers) force weakened simultaneously with the rise of the new power consisting of the posterity of vassals and wealthy farmers.
- 江戸時代に江戸幕府が安定した品質の寛永通宝を発行し、渡来銭や私鋳銭を厳しく禁ずるようになると、鐚銭は見られなくなり、撰銭も行われなくなっていった。
- As the Edo bakufu put Kanei Tsuho (coins) of stable quality into circulation and strongly prohibit Torai-sen and Shichusen, akusen disappeared and Erizeni was not carried out any more.
- 1872年になると、新しい農業・私法政策に取り組む政府は、旧来から存在していた水呑の呼称の禁止及び身分から解放等を規定した法令を大蔵省から発した。
- In 1872, the government was working for new policies of agriculture and private law and the Finance Ministry announced the law including the prohibition of the name, Mizunomi that had existed conventionally and the emancipation of Mizunomi from the position.
- 特筆すべき点としては、天文 (元号)18年(1549年)のフランシスコ・ザビエル来日以来の南蛮貿易によってもたらされた南蛮文化の影響が挙げられる。
- One should remember the impact of European culture, which had occurred through trade with Spain and Portugal since the arrival in Japan of Francisco Xavier in 1549.
- つまり、本来その任にあたる検非違使とは別に、天皇から、武官以外には禁止されていた弓箭を帯びての招集を受け、その任務の間、馬寮より官馬が支給される。
- In other words, being apart from original Kebiishi duty, they were summoned wearing Kyusen (Bow and arrow) that was forbidden for others except for military officers and military horses were supplied by Meryo during their duty.
- 丹後国加佐郡寺社町在旧起においては「蛇島城主光孝天皇二十九代末孫下志万七郎右衛門助景丹波国何鹿郡志万庄より当国に来る時代不知。」という記述もある。
- In the record of 'Zaikyu-ki of Jisha-machi, Kasa County, Tango Province,' there was a description that Shichiroemon Sukekage SHIMOJIMA, the 29th descendant of the Emperor Koko, the lord of the Hebishima Castle came to this province from Shima no sho, Ikaruga County, Tanba Province, but when he came remained unknown.
- この頃になると、職そのものが、本来の身分的な性格から単なる得分権となり、在地領主的な職を本家や領家が直接保持する場合や、その逆の場合が見られてきた。
- Meanwhile, shiki itself shifted from being an expression of an official position to being the right to tax profit, and there were cases where honke or ryoke directly held the shiki of a local lord, or the other way around meaning local lords holding the shiki of honke or ryoke.
- このように、平氏政権は従来の貴族政権と異なり、武力に大きな基盤を有していたことが明らかとなり、学界では日本最初の武家政権とするのが通説となっている。
- This is why the Taira clan administration differs from previous aristocratic governments and it is clear that its main foundation was military power, and the academic field normally considers it as the first bushi government in Japan.
- 本来なら数日で落とせたはずの伏見城に10日以上もの期間をかけたため、西軍のその後の美濃国・伊勢国方面に対する攻略が大きく遅れる要因となったとされる。
- The western army's delay in occupying Fushimi-jo Castle, which was expected to be completed within a few days but in fact took 10 days, is said to have been a factor in the delay of attacking Mino Province and Ise Province, to which the western army was going to proceed after taking Fushimi-jo Castle.
- ほぼ同時に宮中の改革も行われ、旧来の宮中職や女官は廃され、士族を中心とした侍従らが明治天皇を武断的な改革君主にふさわしい天皇に養育することとなった。
- The reform of the Imperial court was implemented at almost the same time, and in this reform, a number of positions from the former imperial court, including court ladies, were abolished, and palace staff mainly consisting of 'warrior class' educated Emperor Meiji so he could become fit for the role of a militaristic reform leader.
- 満州族による王朝である清は建国以来、父祖の地である満洲には漢民族を入れないという封禁政策を取り、中国内地のような目の細かい行政制度も採用しなかった。
- The Qing Dynasty was established by the Manchu, who forbade the ethnic Han from migrating into their native lands through an exclusion policy, and did not adopt specifically delineated administrative policies as they in Manchuria as they had in China.
- 黒船来航・開国以来、尊皇攘夷が高まりを見せ、天皇・朝廷が急速に政治的求心力を備えてくると、幕府の所在する江戸から離れた京都が政治動向の中心となった。
- After the Perry Expedition and the Opening of Japan, the following of Sonno Joi greatly extended their influence, accordingly the Emperor and the Imperial Court rapidly gathered momentum, and the political center moved from Edo to a distant city, Kyoto (the Imperial Court and its vicinity).
- 通信使について当時の日本人らは「朝鮮が日本に朝貢をしなければ将軍は再び朝鮮半島を侵攻するため、通信使は貢物を持って日本へ来る」などという噂をしていた。
- Concerning Tsushinshi, Japanese at that time rumored that 'Tsushinshi brings tributes to Japan, because otherwise, the shogun would invade the Korean peninsular again.'
- 彼らは国司や押領使として勲功を挙げるとともに、赴任した地方に土着して国衙から公田経営を公認されるなど、自らの軍事力を維持出来るだけの経済基盤を築いた。
- Through distinguishing themselves as local governors or oryoshi, establishing themselves in the areas they were transferred to, and being officially permitted by kokuga to manage koden (field administered directly by a ruler), they established enough of an economic foundation to maintain their own military power.
- しかし大内家の周防国守護代陶興房が九州に乗り込んでくると再び劣勢になり、さらには義隆が自身で大軍を率いて攻勢をかけて来ると、頼みの家兼にも見放された。
- However it lost strength again when Okifusa SUE, the Ouchi clan's Shugodai of Suo Province joined the war in Kyushu, and furthermore it was given up by reliable Iekane when Yoshitaka himself launched offensive with a large army.
- 天智天皇が近江宮に遷都して以来の歴史を持つ古都であり、世界文化遺産の比叡山延暦寺や園城寺(三井寺)、日吉大社などの神社仏閣をはじめ史跡が多く点在する。
- It is an ancient capital known since Emperor Tenchi transferred the capital to Omi no miya (Omi Palace), and it is dotted with lots of historical sites including shrines and temples such as Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei as the World Cultural Heritage, Onjo-ji Temple (Mii-dera Temple) and Hiyoshi-taisha Shrine.
- ただし、明治時代の初期に数か町が合併して新たに命名された町、北野天神の社領など、従来町名のなかった土地に新たに起立した町名などもかなりの数が存在する。
- However, there are quite a few towns that were established by merger of several towns in the early Meiji period and given a new name, or towns that were newly established in areas that didn't have traditional town names such as the estate of Kitano Tenjin Shrine.
- これらの山小屋は、昼(10~16)は売店として営業しているほか、ご来光を待つ観光客や登山者のために、一部の小屋では仮眠のための宿泊も可能となっている。
- They are open during daytime (10 to 16) as a stand and some of them also provide accommodations for taking a nap for tourists and climbers who want to pray to the rising sun from the summit of the mountain.
- 7月29日には重盛が死去するが、10月9日の除目で院近臣の藤原季能が越前守となり、仁安 (日本)元年(1166年)以来の重盛の知行国が没収されてしまう。
- Shigemori passed away on September 9 (July 29 in old lunar calendar), but FUJIWARA no Sueyoshi, who was the trusted vassal of the cloistered emperor, became Governor of Echizen Province in Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) of November 16 (October 9 in old lunar calendar), and chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) of Shigemori after 1166 was confiscated.
- が、それ以前については旗本時代以来の本拠が朽木にあったことから、その大名取立てから鹿沼領有までの11年間は江戸幕府における朽木藩が存在したとされている。
- However, as the family's base had been in Kutsuki from the time of hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it is thought that the Kutsuki Domain of the Edo bakufu existed during the eleven-year period after Tanetsuna became daimyo and before he gained Kanuma.
- 一方、私学校設立以来、政府は彼らの威を恐れ、早期の対策を行ってこなかったが、私学校党による県政の掌握が進むにつれて、私学校に対する曲解も本格化してきた。
- On the other hand, when Shigakko was founded, the central government had failed in taking prompt action for fear of the schools' influence; however, as the Shigakko faction became powerful in the prefectural government, the central government began to put a false color on Shigakko.
- そのため、中国北部や西部では、砂漠化しやすい土地でありながら、農耕や牧畜を従来の移動型から土地への負荷(水不足のリスク)が大きい定着型へと変えてしまった。
- Therefore, in the northern part and western part of China, the way of farming and livestock-farming has been changed from the moving type to the stationary type, though use of the stationary type is likely to change areas in these parts into desert.
- なお、正徳の次に来日した享保度の通信使の際には徳川吉宗は名分論には深入りせず、再び大君に復し、待遇も祖法遵守を理由に全面的に天和 (日本)度に戻している。
- When Tsushinshi came to Japan in the Kyoho era (1716 - 1736) after the one in the Shotoku era, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA restored the use of Tycoon, without getting involved in the positioning-of-shogun problem, and also totally restored the treatment of the envoy for the reason that the original rules should be followed.
- 3棟からなる御所と巨椋池を望む庭園、御堂を取り合わせた大規模なものであったが、白河上皇の生存中には完成出来ず、ここを継承した孫の鳥羽上皇の時代に完成した。
- It was a large villa comprised of three buildings of gosho (Imperial Palace), a garden overlooking the Ogura-ike Pond, and mi-do Hall (enshrinement hall), but it was not completed during the lifetime of the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, and it was completed during the period of his grandson, the Retired Emperor Toba, who inherited the villa.
- 従来は杉を中心とする天然木の供給や炭の生産によって生計を立てていたが、高度経済成長期に外材輸入量が増加したことにより、林業中心の産業形態は変容を迫られた。
- In the past, the people in the area earned their living by supplying natural wood or by producing charcoal, which is centered on Japanese cedars, but with the amount of imported lumber increasing in the high economic growth period, they have been forced to change their forest-centered industry.
- アダム・ラクスマンの来航(寛政4年(1792年))、フェートン号事件(文化5年(1808年))やゴローニン事件(文化8(1811年))がそれらの例である。
- Examples of this include the arrival of Adam Kirillovich Laksman (in 1792), the Phaeton Incident (in 1808), and the Golovnin Incident (in 1811).
- 本来ならば桂小五郎(後の木戸孝允)もその場にいたはずだったが、到着が早すぎたので一度本拠地にもどり時間を待っている間に事件が起こってしまい難を逃れている。
- Kogoro KATSURA (later Takayoshi KIDO) should have been there too, but he arrived earlier and then went back to the base to wait a while. His life had been spared because the incident occurred before he came back.
- ヤマト王権はこれらの渡来人や全国各地の豪族たちを徐々に組織化していくとともに(部民制の形成)中央の豪族層を大臣 (日本)・連を頂点として系列化していった。
- The Yamato Kingdom gradually organized these settlers and the regional ruling elite (the formation of the bemin system) and placed the central ruling families in the top oomi and muraji positions.
- 2002年4月に黄砂の発生・飛来地域で行われたエアロゾルの成分分析では、カルシウム鉱物に占める石膏の割合が、東の地域にいくほど増加したという調査結果がある。
- A component analysis of aerosol conducted in April, 2002 at a kosa-producing place and a kosa-falling place showed that the ratio of gypsum included in calcium minerals was larger in more eastern places.
- 朝鮮通信使の見た日本については第11次朝鮮通信使として来日した金仁謙が書いた記録である『日東壮遊歌』に詳しく、例として大阪 について次のように記述している。
- Concerning Chosen Tsushinshi's views of Japan, Ingyom KIM, who came to Japan as a member of the eleventh Chosen Tsushinshi, described in details in 'Nittosoyuka' (Song of a grand trip to Japan) his record of the visit to Japan, and as an example, he described about Osaka as follows:
- 舞姫1人ごとに火取を持つ童女、茵を持つ童女1人、几帳3本を持つ下仕および理髪の女房を先立てて舞殿にはいり来て、舞姫らは茵に座し北向し、西を上にして並び座す。
- The dancers, who were individually led by one warawame holding a hitori (a tool to charcoal fire), another warawame holding a shitone (cushions made of cotton), a maid holding three kicho (a kind of sliding door) and a hairdressing woman, sat down in order on the shitone facing north, starting from west.
- しかし、義仲が受領(従五位下左馬頭・越後守)任官を果たした(『玉葉』八月十日条)のに対し、頼朝には本来の官位復帰すら与えられず、謀叛人の身分のままとされた。
- However, while Yoshinaka was appointed as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) of Echigo no kami (Provincial Governor of Echigo) whose rank was Samanokami (the head of the section taking care of imperial horses) of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)(according to the section of the 10th day of the 8th month in the 'Gyokuyo'), Yoritomo was not even allowed to regain an official court rank, and his social position as a rebel was retained.
- 元和 (日本)・寛永年間には、朱印船貿易をする船は従来より外航に用いられたジャンクやガレオン・さらには和船の特徴を引き継いだ、朱印船を主力とするようになる。
- In the Genna and Kanei eras (1615 - 1644), the shuinsen that inherited features of wasen in addition to those of the junks and galleons, which had been used for sailing over oceans, became used mostly for shuinsen-using trade.
- しかし、鎌倉後期ごろになると、地頭が荘園・公領支配へ進出していったことにより、名を中心とした生活経済は急速に姿を消していき、従来の荘園公領制が変質し始めた。
- However, in the late Kamakura period, since Jito (a manager and lord of the manor) moved into the governance of the manor and public land, the livelihood and economy that had been dependent on the myo rapidly disappeared, and the conventional shoen koryo sei began to change.
- 酒の名所である為に利用し遊びに来る人が多く、また、宇治川に近く、交通便の良い中書島は遊廓であると同時に花街でもあり、祇園甲部に凌ぐほどの名妓を輩出してきた。
- Since it was famous for sake, many people visited and made use of the yukaku there, and being close to the Uji-gawa River with good transportation facilities, Chushojima was both a yukaku and Hanamachi (geisha districts in Kyoto) and produced many famous geishas, almost exceeding Gion Kobu district.
- 嘉応2年(1170年)後白河は福原山荘にて宋人と対面しているが、これは宇多天皇の遺戒でタブーとされた行為であり、九条兼実は「我が朝、延喜以来未曾有の事なり。
- In 1170, Goshirakawa met a person from Song at the Fukuhara mountain retreat, but this was an act that was considered taboo because of Emperor Uda's will and Kanezane KUJO wrote with astonishment, 'This is the most shocking event in Japan since Engi era.
- 地方においても、形骸化していた律令制の官の復権である国司と、鎌倉幕府以来の武家による統治機構である守護・地頭の並立は、当初から新政の矛盾を示すものであった。
- In rural areas, as well, having the position of the provincial governor, working to revitalize the officers of the Ritsuryo system who had become mere empty figureheads, coexisting with the Protectors and jito (estate stewards), who had been part of the system of government by the samurai clans since the founding of the Kamakura bakufu, revealed the contradictions of the new government right from the beginning.
- 暦の問題について、天正11年の1月の京暦の中に雨水が含まれずに本来中気が入ってはならない閏1月にずれてしまうという太陽太陰暦の原則に反した錯誤が生じていた。
- With respect to calendar, an error, which contradicted the rule of the lunisolar calendar had occurred in the Kyo calendar (calendar prepared by the onmyoryo (governmental agency responsible for matters related to the Way of Yin and Yang)), that usui was not included in January 1581 but shifted to the intercalary first month in which chuki should not be included.
- 1959年(昭和34年)、60年には民間の労働者寄宿舎が本学の学生寄宿舎に転用され、従来からの建物が吉田東寮、転用された建物が吉田西寮と呼ばれるようになった。
- In 1959 and 1960, a dormitory for private workers was converted to a dormitory of Kyoto University, and the then- existing building and newly converted building were called Yoshida East dormitory and Yoshida West dormitory respectively.
- 年貢は、官物、ひいては田租に由来しており、荘園租税体系の中心に位置する税目であり、現地の下級荘園領主(開発領主や荘官など)が上級領主へ納入すべき税目であった。
- The nengu came from kanmotsu, eventually denso (rice field tax), and became central items of taxation in the land tax system for shoens and the item of taxation that were paid to high grade lords of the manor by local low grade lords of the manor (kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) or shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor))).
- 本論争は直接的には、この動きを信長の強制と見るか否かを争うものであるが、その論を立脚点とした織田政権の将来構想や本能寺の変の背景に対する考察を含むものである。
- The point of the argument is whether the move was forced by Nobunaga or not, while other issues which could be derived from the main argument include considerations to the grand plan of the Oda administration and the background of the Honnoji Incident.
- 後三条は、宇多天皇以来藤原北家(後三条天皇)を外戚に持たない170年ぶりの天皇であり、外戚の地位を権力の源泉としていた摂関政治がここに揺らぎ始めることとなる。
- Gosanjo was the first Emperor in 170 years whose cognates were not from the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan (Sekkan-ke (摂関家)), and this was another sign that Sekkan seiji, the authority of which was based on the position as being conducted by cognates of the Emperor, was beginning to waver.
- これに対して、義弘は政道を諌めるため関東(関東公方足利満兼)と同心しており、ここで上洛すれば約束を違える事になる、来月2日に関東とともに上洛すると言い放った。
- In response, Yoshihiro declared that he had formed an alliance with the Kanto (the kubo, or shogunal representative of Kanto, Mitsukane ASHIKAGA) to remonstrate with the shogunate's policies, and to go now to Kyoto would violate the terms of that alliance, but said he would be marching on Kyoto together with Mitsukane on the second day of the following month.
- 大阪経済大学助教授の家近良樹が、幕末期の政治状況は従来の薩長と幕府との対立というだけでは説明できないとしてこの「一会桑政権」と呼ばれる歴史概念を主張している。
- For a long time historians had considered that the conflict between 'Saccho' (the alliance between the Satsuma clan and the Choshu clan) and the Shogunate had driven the politics at the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, however, recently Yoshiki IECHIKA, an assistant professor of Osaka University of Economics, proposed the new idea of 'the Ichikaiso Government' for the simple reason that it's impossible to grasp the whole political situation during the tempestuous period from only the past historical point of view.
- 一族や家臣と合議した結果、叔父の伊集院新右衛門は旧領の安堵を請うべきとしたが、元・紀州根来寺の僧で、広済寺住職となっていた客将の白石永仙は徹底抗戦を主張した。
- After discussions with his family and vassals, his uncle Shinemon IJUIN argued that they should secure their lands, but the visiting warrior, Eisen SHIRAISHI, who had been a monk at Kishu (the present-day Wakayama Prefecture) Negoro-ji Temple and was the head monk at Kosai-ji Temple, asserted that they should resist to the last.
- 1995年 - 1998年の春に韓国で行われた疫学調査では、黄砂の飛来時に高齢者の死亡率が2.2%上昇したほか、呼吸器・循環器・眼科の入院率や通院率が上昇した。
- In an epidemiological survey conducted in South Korea between 1995 and 1998, death rate in the higher age range increased by 2.2 percent and the persons who visited or were admitted to hospitals due to diseases related to respiratory organs, circulatory organs or eyes increased, when kosa arrived flying.
- また、日本の南西諸島にはクチャ(学術名島尻層泥岩)と呼ばれる厚さ約1,000mの泥岩層が分布しているが、この層には黄砂由来の粒子が含まれていると考えられている。
- Approx. 1,000m thick mudstone layers called kucha (Shimajiri Mudstone in the scientific name) exist on the Nansei (Southwestern) Islands of Japan, and it is considered that the layers include sand grains that originated in kosa.
- 幕府の役所の下役で一代限り雇用名目の者達のうち、与力は本来は寄騎、つまり戦のたびに臨時の主従関係を結ぶ武士に由来する騎馬戦士身分で「侍」、同心は「徒士」である。
- Among those who worked under the bakufu's office and were nominally hired only in one generation, the '与力' (yoriki, a police sergeant) was originally '寄騎' (yoriki, lower-ranked samurai), that is, they were in the class of cavalry warriors who came from the bushi who established a temporal master-subordinate relationship every time war happened and were 'samurai,' and doshin (a police constable) were 'kachi.'
- 座という呼び名の由来については、公的な場所や市場内における特定の座席という意味に由来するとする説と同業者による集会の場という意味に由来するとする説の2説がある。
- There are two theories about the origin of the name za: one argues that the name originated from a word which represented a specific seat in an official place or a marketplace, and the other maintains that it came from a word which meant meeting place for people in the same industry.
- これらは、長年議論の対象となってきた(「座論争」)が、今日では座とは本来は一定の有資格者が一同に会する場を指し、両方の意味合いを有していたとする説が有力である。
- These theories have been discussed over a long period of time (this discussion is called 'the za debate'), and the current dominant theory explains that the word 'za' originally indicated a place where certain qualified persons gathered all together and thus the word included both the meanings.
- 歌合などでは、小貴族であっても和歌の腕がよければ選ばれて光栄に浴することも出来たので、身分の低い参加者のうちには文字通り命がけの覚悟で歌を練るものもいたと言う。
- Since even minor nobles would be able to have the honor of being selected if they were skilled at waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables), especially utaawase, it is said that some of the people of low birth were desperate to come up with good poems, literally for their lives.
- 日本に仏教が伝来したのは、6世紀中期の欽明天皇のときとされているが、本格的に寺院が建立され、仏教が興隆し始めたのは、6世紀末~7世紀前期の推古天皇の頃であった。
- It is said that Buddhism was brought to Japan in the era of Emperor Kinmei, or in the middle era of the sixth century, and it is in the era of Empress Suiko, or the era from around the end of the sixth century to the first half of the seventh century, that temples were built in earnest and Buddhism started flourishing.
- また915年北東北に2000年来最大の自然災害である十和田湖火山の大噴火が起きるが、この噴火あるいはそれに続く広範囲の自然災害が全く文書で記述されていないこと。
- Additionally, the eruption of the volcano in Lake Towada-ko (the largest disaster in two millennia) occurred in the northern Tohoku region in 915, but nothing about the eruption or a series of natural disasters after it had been documented.
- この頃、個別人身支配から土地課税への転換に伴って、従来からあった租庸調・正税・雑徭・交易物などの税目が消え、新たに官物・臨時雑役などといった税目が出現していた。
- In the wake of the transition from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, former taxes, such as Soyocho, shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse), zoyo (irregular corvee) and trading goods, were abolished and new items of taxation, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and rinji zoyaku (general term for odd-job tasks), were introduced.
- 「近江」が「ちかつあはうみ(都近くの淡水湖)」に由来し、現在も滋賀県が「湖国」と呼ばれることからも窺えるように、県の中央に位置する琵琶湖は本県のシンボルである。
- As it can be guessed from the facts that 'Omi' derived from 'Chikatsu awaumi (a fresh-water lake near the capital)' and Shiga is called a 'Lake Country,' Lake Biwa, which is located in the center of the prefecture, is a symbol of Shiga.
- 史料によれば、平氏政権は支配地域の勢力を武士として系列化し、知行国・荘園に国守護人・地頭などといった従来あまり見られなかった職を置いて、半軍事的な支配を進めた。
- According to historical documents, the Taira clan administration organized the forces in areas under its control as bushi, and established positions such as Province bakufu officers and Jito in their fiefdom and shoen, and developed a semi-militaristic control.
- 元治元年に入ると、孝明天皇を再び長州陣営のものとする為、京都に乗り込もうとする積極策が長州で論じられた(この時の積極的に上洛を説いたのが、来島又兵衛、久坂玄瑞。
- Arriving in 1864, those in Choshu debated whether to adopt a proactive plan to march on Kyoto in a second attempt to win Emperor Komei over to the Choshu camp (at this point, the two arguing for the active advance on Kyoto were Matabe KIJIMA and Genzui KUSAKA.)
- 子母沢寛の著書『新撰組始末記』で紹介されて以来、有名となり、以下の5ヶ条として知られるが、同時代史料にはこれを全て記録した物は現在までのところ発見されていない。
- The rules became famous after Kan SHIMOZAWA introduced them in his book 'Shinsengumi Shimatsuki,' and are known by the following 5 Articles, although no historical materials describing all 5 Articles have been found as of now.
- 蛤御門の名前の由来は、天明の大火(1788年1月30日 (旧暦))の際、それまで閉じられていた門が初めて開門されたので、焼けて口を開ける蛤に例えられた為である。
- The reason it came to be called Hamaguri (Clam) Gate was that during the great Tenmei fire (on January 30, 1788 in the old calendar), the gate, which had until then always remained closed, was opened for the first time, and thus resembled a clam's shell opening in response to being subjected to fire.
- その後、唐僧維躅(ゆいけん)の書に見える「二十年一来」(20年に1度)の朝貢が8世紀ごろまでに規定化され、およそ十数年から二十数年の間隔で遣唐使の派遣が行われた。
- After that, a rule was made before the eighth century for an emperor to send a mission once every 20 years as described in the book written by the Tang priest Yuiken and a mission was sent approximately every dozen to two dozen years.
- 京都市内の町名には「大原来迎院町」のように旧村名、旧大字名に由来する地名(上記例の場合は「大原」)を冠称するものと、「亀屋町」「菊屋町」のような単独町名とがある。
- The town names of Kyoto City are categorized into those using their former village names or former Oaza (large section of village) such as 'Ohara Raikoin-cho' (in this case, 'Ohara' is the former name) and those using an independent name of a town such as 'Kameya-cho' and 'Kikuya-cho.'
- The Town Names of Kyoto City are categorized into those using their former village names or former Oaza (large section of village) such as 'Ohara Raikoin-Cho' (in this case, 'Ohara' is former name) and those using an independent name of a town such as 'Kameya-Cho' and 'Kikuya-Cho'.
- The town's names in Kyoto City are categorized into ones which use the former village name or former Oaza (larger section of village) such as 'Ohara Raikoin-cho' (in this case, 'Ohara') and ones which uses an independent name such as 'Kameya-cho' and 'Kikuya-cho.'
- The town names in Kyoto City are categorized into ones which use the former village name or former Oaza (larger section of village) such as 'Ohara Raikoin-cho' (in this case, 'Ohara') and ones which uses an independent name such as 'Kameya-cho' and 'Kikuya-cho.'
- そのおかげで、この木津の地は疫病の難から救われたといい伝えられており、その疫病とは皮膚病の一種だったようで、それ以来木津温泉は、皮膚病の効能を第一にうたっている。
- Thanks to his advice, people here in Kitsu are said to have narrowly escaped the plague which seemed to have been a kind of a dermatosis; ever since, Kitsu-onsen Hot Spring has publicized itself as being good for dermatosis among other ailments.
- しかし、鎌倉幕府との結びつきが強かったことを理由に新政府に冷遇され、第14代石川貞光の時、陸奥守北畠顕家は古来から石川氏が治めていた領地を結城家や和地氏に与える。
- Nevertheless, the Ishikawa clan was treated coldly by the new government for the reason that it was tied closely with the Kamakura bakufu, and in the time of Sadamitsu ISHIKAWA, the fourteenth head of the family, the Governor of Mutsu Province, Akiie KITABATAKE, distributed the fief traditionally succeeded and controlled by Ishikawa clan to the Yuki family and the Wachi clan.
- 『朝鮮人来聘記』等においても三韓征伐等を持ち出して朝鮮通信使は朝貢使節であると見なしており、当初から日本人が朝鮮通信使を朝貢使節団として捉えていたことがうかがえる。
- In 'Chosenjin Raiheiki' (a document about Koreans who visited Japan to pay tributes), it is described that, referring to 'Sankan Seibatsu' (The Conquest of the Three Korean Kingdoms), Chosen Tsushinshi was an envoy bringing tributes to Japan, suggesting that Japanese considered, from the beginning, Chosen Tsushinshi an envoy bringing tributes.
- 本来であれば早速通信使来日となるのだが、老中松平定信は、1788年(天明8年)に延期要請の使者を、また1791年(寛政3年)には江戸にかえて対馬での招聘を打診した。
- Normally, Tsushinshi should come immediately, but Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, roju, sent a messenger in 1788 to request the postponement of the arrival, and in 1791, sounded out the Korean side about the possibility of visiting Tsushima instead of Edo.
- これ以外で武士の身分を得るには、正統な武士身分の者の郎党となってその家伝来の武芸の伝授を受け、さらに新たに独立の家を起こすに当たって家芸の継承権を得るしかなかった。
- To obtain the samurai status except for this, he had to become a roto of a man with authentic samurai status, receive the instruction of traditional military art in the family and get the right to succeed the iegei, so as to establish a newly independent family.
- 元来は有力貴族や諸大夫に仕える位階六位どまりの下級技能官人層(侍品さむらいほん)を指すが、次第にその中でも武芸を職能とする技能官人である武士を指すことが多くなった。
- Originally, this was a term for the class of low-ranking technical palace officials up to the sixth rank who worked for aristocracy and Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo), but eventually was used to define the bushi, who were technical palace officials with military skills.
- かくして、蔵米知行制に転換した諸藩にあって、本来であれば、知行を与えられる格式を持つ武士に対して、給人という呼称や、給人という格式の家格を、栄誉的に与えたのである。
- Thus, in the domains in which the system had been converted into the kuramaichigyo, the samurai who had status which would have been enforced in the conventional system were honorably granted the designation of kyujin or a social status of Kakaku (family status) of kyujin.
- その「兵の家」が定着していくのは、ちょうど藤原道長の時代からであり、「武」に限らず、貴族社会全般に「家格」と「家業」が固定化の方向へ向かう流れの中での出来事である。
- The time when that 'house of tsuwamono' concept began to settle in society was from the period of FUJIWARA no Michinaga, and 'family blood' and 'family business' started to be fixed in among all aristocratic without being limited by 'mu.'
- 途中文政9年(1826年)に下野国佐野藩に加増転封されるものの、堅田領は従来通りとされ、以後内部問題は堅田藩が、大津など周辺港湾との折衝は大津代官が行う事になった。
- Although the Hotta clan was transferred to Sano Domain of Shimotsuke Province with additional properties in 1826, the estate of Katata was maintained as before and afterwards Katata Domain dealt with internal problems while Otsu Daikan held talks with the surrounding harbor areas including Otsu.
- 理由は「主君であった信長は右大臣を極官として光秀に殺害されており、右大臣は縁起が悪いので出来るならば右大臣は避けて左大臣への昇進をお願いしたい」というものであった。
- That is to say, Hideyoshi hoped to be promoted to Sadaijin instead of Udaijin, if possible, because his master, Nobunaga, was killed by Mitsuhide with the title of Udaijin as his highest rank and thus serving as Udaijin would be a bad omen.
- そもそも御陵衛士と新撰組との間には隊士の行き来を禁止する約束があり、そのことを知らずに新撰組を脱走して御陵衛士に加わろうとした彼らは行き場所を失った形となったのだ。
- There was an agreement between Goryo-eji and Shinsengumi that they would prohibit the exchange of members in the first place, but the previously mentioned ten were ignorant of this fact and attempted to desert Shinsengumi to join Goryo-eji, thus they have no place to go at all.
- 特に嵯峨天皇は文学を重んじて『凌雲集』・『経国集』・『文華秀麗集』の三勅撰漢詩集が編纂され、漢詩作成のために必要な漢文学教育の基礎を中国正史由来の史学教育に求めた。
- In particular, the Emperor Saga valued literature and compiled three imperial anthologies of Chinese poetry called 'Ryounshu' (A collection from above the clouds), 'Keikokushu' (A collection of managing the country) and 'Bunka shureishu' (second imperial kanshi collection), seeking the basis of the Chinese literature education, which was necessary for Chinese poetry making, in the history education based on Chinese historiography.
- しかし、新羅が朝鮮半島統一の勢いを駆って侵攻して来る事を恐れ、海岸の防備を固めるなどを怠らず、両国の関係は持統天皇即位後、交流はあるものの、次第に悪化する事になる。
- However, fearing that Silla would invade Wakoku due to the momentum gained in unifying the Korean Peninsula, Wakoku kept reinforcing their defensive measures along the sea coast, and although there was exchange between the two countries, their relations deteriorated after the enthronement of Emperor Jito.
- 同時期に仙北郡で極めて大規模な城柵として使わたのにも関わらず、記録が全く残っていない払田柵跡にあった施設で中央から監視しに来た人を接待したのではないかとする説もある。
- Another theory maintains that there has been no record of facilities at the site of the Hotta no saku (fort in Hotta), though they had constructed an extremely large fort, because officials sent from the central government to monitor the region were entertained in those facilities.
- 負名は、私出挙により得た50%の利子のうち30%分を公出挙の利子として地方機関に納入すれば残りの20%を正倉管理料、運用請負費用等として自分のものとすることが出来た。
- If Fumyo paid 30% of the total interest of 50% obtained through Shi-Suiko to local administrative organizations as interest for Ku-Suiko, they were allowed to keep the remaining 20% for themselves as a management fee for the Shoso and the cost for undertaking the operation, etc.
- 江戸時代以降、大坂市街地の南にかつて「渡辺村」と呼ばれた被差別部落民の集落があり皮革製造、太鼓製造などを行ってきたが、ここも本来の渡辺津の場所からはかなり離れている。
- After the Edo period, on the south of the urban area of Osaka City, there was a settlement of Burakumin (modern-day descendants of Japan's feudal outcast group) called 'Watanabe-mura Village,' manufacturing leather, drums and such, and this place also was a good distance from the location where Watanabe no tsu used to be.
- 渡来人の豪族秦氏がヤマト王権に税を納める際、用いた絹が「うずたかくつもられた」ことから、朝廷から「うずまさ」の姓を与えられ、これに「太秦」の漢字表記を当てたという説。
- One theory is that the imperial court gave the surname of 'Uzumasa' with kanji characters meaning silk cloth, to the powerful Hata clan, who were immigrants, due to the silk clothes they used to pay as taxes to the Yamato Dynasty piling up in great heap.
- 地名の由来については坂あるいは険し(さがし)などの地形に由来するという説と中国西安(長安)郊外の「巀辥山(さつがつさん)」を「嵯峨山」とも読んだからだという説がある。
- Some say the name comes from 'saka' or 'sagashi' meaning a sloppy terrain; others say Chinese 'Mt. Satsugatsu'--located in the suburb of Xian City (Choan, ancient capital of China)--was read as 'Mt. Saga.'
- これが「上七軒」の由来で、桃山時代に豊臣秀吉が北野で大茶会を開いた折に茶店側は団子を献上したところ大いに誉められて以来、また西陣の結びつきで花街としての繁栄を極める。
- The name 'Kamishichiken' (literally meaning 'upper seven houses') originated from this fact, and Kamishichiken has prospered as a hanamachi, with close ties to Nishijin, ever since Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI held a large tea ceremony in Kitano in the Momoyama period and greatly praised the dumpling cake the tea house served.
- ここに、吉野朝廷と京都の朝廷(北朝)が対立する南北朝時代 (日本)が到来し、1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)の南北朝合一まで約60年間にわたって南北朝の抗争が続いた。
- With this, the period of two opposing courts, the Yoshino (Southern) Court and the Court in Kyoto (of the Northern Dynasty), began; the struggles between the Northern and Southern Ccourts were to continue for over 60 years, until the two courts were finally unified in 1392.
- もともと太上天皇は天皇と同格かつ同等の権限を有するものとされ、最初の太上天皇である持統天皇と文武天皇以来、太上天皇と天皇が共同で執政することは当然のこととされていた。
- Originally, a retired empreor was considered to hold the same and equivalent authority as an emperor, so it was considered natural that the retired emperor and emperor rule together since the first Retired Emperor Jito and Emperor Monmu.
- このような情勢の中で、弘仁11年11月15日 (旧暦)(820年12月23日)の太政官符では、従来の方針を一転して「良家(公卿)子弟」のみに限定する規定が定められた。
- Under such circumstances, daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) issued on December 23, 820 laid down that the then existing policies underwent a complete change, limiting monjosho only to sons from respectable families (nobles).
- 多紀連山は、平安時代末期から中世にかけて修験道行場として栄えたが、1482年(文明 (日本)14年)に大峰山(大和修験道)の僧兵の来襲により、寺院はことごとく焼失した。
- Taki mountain range prospered as the practice place of the mountaineering asceticism from the end of Heian period to the Medieval period, but in 1482, all the temples there were burned to ashes in the attack by armed priests from Mt. Omine (Yamato Shugendo [the ascetic and shamanistic practice in Mt. Omine]).
- 美男子で知られ娘たちから山ほど恋文を送られていた外道丸こと酒呑童子同様、茨木童子も美少年として多くの女性に言い寄られ、将来を案じた母親に弥彦神社に送られることになった。
- Much like Shuten Doji (known in his boyhood as 'Gedomaru,' meaning 'Apostate Boy'), who was famous for his good looks and received huge numbers of love-letters from the girls in the neighborhood, Ibaraki Doji was also said to be a very handsome youth, wooed by many young ladies in his area, leading his mother, anxious over his spiritual future, to send him off to Yahiko-jinja Shrine.
- 『承久記』など旧来の説では、これは「官打ち」(身分不相応な位にのぼると不幸になるという考え)などの呪詛調伏の効果であり、後鳥羽上皇は実朝の死を聞いて喜悦したとしている。
- According to the explanation given in the 'Jokyu ki' (Chronicle of the Jokyu Era) and other ancient sources, this resulted from the curse of 'getting too big for one's breeches' (the idea that if someone rose to an official post beyond what was appropriate for them, disaster would occur); when the retired Emperor Gotoba heard of Sanetomo's death, he was inordinately pleased.
- 下級武士や知識人階級を中心に、「鎖国は日本開闢以来の祖法」であるという説に反したとされた、その外交政策に猛烈に反発する世論が沸き起こり、「攘夷」運動として朝野を圧した。
- The public opinion of foreign exclusionism among low-ranking samurai and intellectuals in particular overwhelmed all over Japan, insisting furiously that the national seclusion had been the fundamental law since the dawn of Japanese history and the opening up of the country was against it.
- 宣長は、日本は古来から独立を保った国という考えを強く持っており、「魏志倭人伝」の卑弥呼が魏へ朝貢し、倭王に封じられたという記述は、宣長の受け入れられるものではなかった。
- Norinaga strongly believed that Japan had been an independent country since ancient times, and therefore to him, the article in the Record of Japan in the History of Wei that described Himiko's tribute to Wei as a fiefdom and appointed her as Queen of Wa was not acceptable.
- また、同じく韓国で2003年、黄砂の飛来する前後に行われた疫学調査では、尿の成分測定で多環芳香族炭化水素(PAH)に属する発ガン性物質が平均で25%増加したと発表された。
- Also in South Korea, it is reported in 2003 that analyses of urine samples in epidemiological investigations conducted before and after kosa arrived showed that carcinogens belonging to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) increased by 25 percent on average when kosa arrived.
- これが「上七軒」の由来で、安土桃山時代に豊臣秀吉が北野で大茶会を開いた折に茶店側は団子を献上したところ大いに誉められて以来、また西陣の結びつきで花街としての繁栄を極める。
- The name 'Kamishichiken' (literally meaning 'upper seven houses') originated from this fact, and Kamishichiken has prospered as a hanamachi, with close ties to Nishijin, ever since Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI held a large tea ceremony in Kitano in the Momoyama period and greatly praised the dumpling cake served by the teahouse.
- また、鳥羽は地方から淀川を経由して京都に物資を運ぶ拠点であり、室町時代には問丸や車借の活躍が見られ(『庭訓往来』など)、江戸幕府の京都代官の史料にも活動の様子が見られる。
- In addition, Toba was a base to transport supplies from provinces to Kyoto through the Yodo-gawa River, where toimaru (specialized wholesale merchants) and shashaku (shipping agent using carts) were active in the Muromachi period (described in 'Teikin Orai' [Collection of letters used for family education] and so on), and historical documents of Kyoto daikan (the regional officer of Kyoto) of the Edo bakufu also wrote about Toba.
- 鎌倉時代後期から、名門武家・公家を始めとする旧来の支配勢力は、生産力向上に伴い力をつけてきた国人・商人・農民などによって、その既得権益を侵食され没落の一途をたどっていた。
- Since the late Kamakura period, old-established ruling powers including celebrated samurai families and court nobles suffered gradual deprivation of their vested interest by kokujin, merchants, and farmers, who had been gaining power along with the enhancement of productivity, and were in a consistent process of downfall.
- 編者として、前半部には嘉吉2年(1442年)、後半部には応永21年(1414年)の世阿弥による署名があり、世阿弥の著書として紹介されたこともあるが、信じることは出来ない。
- The facts that Zeami served as a compiler and that the first half was signed by him in 1442 and the second half in 1414 means that he is sometimes credited as being the author; however, this cannot be believed.
- 通信使接遇には一度に約100万両(1両=1石換算で幕府の直轄領約400万石の1/4に相当する)かかるものであり、もともと白石は来日招聘そのものに反対であった点が注目される。
- To treat a Tsushinshi envoy, one million ryo (assuming that one ryo is equal to one koku (roughly, rice of 180 liters), this amounted up to 1/4 of the four million koku from the land controlled directly by the bakufu) was required, and attention must also be paid to the fact that Hakuseki originally opposed the invitation of the envoy to Japan itself.
- 当時の学問水準より比定の誤りなどが見られるが、平安初期以前の薬物の和名をことごとく記載しておりかつ来歴も明らかで、本拠地である中国にも無いいわゆる逸文が大量に含まれている。
- Although there are some errors in the identification of the medicines by analogy due to the low level of the study at that time, every single Japanese name of the medicines used before the early Heian period is recorded, and the origins and histories of them are revealed, and plenty of so-called itsubun (lost writings), which previously existed but do not exist now even in its home country, China, are included in the dictionary.
- 彼らは、貢納物の原料採取・作業・交易をする場を求めて移動・遍歴することを必要としていたため、関銭・津料などの交通税を免除され、自由に諸国を往来できる権利を得ることとなった。
- Because Kugonin were wanderers seeking places to collect raw materials for their products, to work on their products, and trade them, they were exempted from traffic taxes such as sekisen (tolls) and tsuryo and, therefore, they had the right to freely travel around the various provinces.
- 当時の太政官日誌は都市の書店で一般に発売されていたが、各農村にまで配布されておらず、一般国民に対しては、キリスト教の禁止など幕府の旧来の政策を踏襲する五榜の掲示が出された。
- At that time Daijokan nittshi was available at urban book stores, but not distributed in the rural areas yet and to the general public Gobo no keiji (five edict boards) taking over traditional policies of bakufu such as a ban of Christianity was posted.
- なお「自主の邦」と規定したとはいえ、清は冊封関係において従来から「属国自主」として内政・外交については関与しない立場をとっており、清の宗主権を否定しつくすものでもなかった。
- In addition, the treaty provided for an 'independent state,' but did not completely deny suzerainty of China, because Qing had the conventional stance of 'independence as a subject state'and was not involved in domestic and diplomatic affairs.
- 山鹿方面では第三旅団の先鋒1個中隊の増援を得て24日に転進して来た野村忍介の5個小隊と対戦することになったが、高瀬道を進んだ部隊は薩軍と戦闘をすることもなく高瀬を占領した。
- In the Yamaga area, the group of the 14th regiment was reinforced with a company that spearheaded the 3rd brigade, and fought the five platoons led by Oshisuke NOMURA, which was transferred to there on February 24, whereas the other group of the 14th regiment had pushed through the Takase Road and occupied Takase without fighting the Satsuma army.
- 9世紀中期~10世紀頃になると、従来の律令制(編戸制・班田制など)による統治に限界が見られるようになり、中央政府は租税収入を確保するため、社会の実情に即した国制改革を進めた。
- From the mid 9th century to the 10th century, the conventional administration based on the ritsuryo system (such as henko-sei, the organization of the citizens, and handen-sei, the ritsuryo land-allotment system) faced its organizational limit, and the central government promoted a nation-wide reform of the system to reflect the actual social situations in order to maintain the level of the tax revenue.
- 戦国時代初期の頃は通常農閑期に行われる戦は農民兵たちにとって支給される賃金と陣中食はじめ兵糧、即ち現金収入がある出稼ぎと食い扶持減らしの出来る一挙両得の短期雇用の場であった。
- At the beginning of the Sengoku Period, battles which were usually conducted in off-season for farmers were an opportunity for peasant soldiers for short-term employment with ikkyoryotoku (killing two birds with one stone) where they could obtain wages to be paid and army provisions including a combat ration, in other words, cash income and a decrease in payment for food.
- 家名の中でも特に知行の名前に由来し領主階級であることを示す名字を公称し(ということは苗字私称とは異なり本姓を有し)、打刀(大刀)と脇差(小刀)の2本の日本刀を腰に帯びること。
- If a person was provided with a myojitaito right, he was permitted to officially use a family name that originated in a territorial name, indicating that the family belonged to the territorial lord class (this means using an original name, not a privately given name), and was also permitted to wear two Japanese swords, a uchigatana (a sword worn inside the 'obi ' belt) (a long sword) and a wakizashi (a short sword).
- これらの動きにより、領家職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領家が現れるなど、従来の身分格差に応じた体系が崩れだし、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなった。
- As a result of such movements, jito that held the right of ryoke shiki (as an economical right as a lord of manor) and ryoke that held Jitoshiki appeared, with the conventional structure beginning to collapse and the role of ryoke shiki or jito shiki would greatly change.
- 天武系でなければ即位すら出来なかった時代に天智系の光仁天皇(当時は白壁王)の第一皇子として生まれ、立太子は行われなかった(通常、継承順位が高ければ生まれると同時に行われた)。
- At a time when only a Tenmu-descendent prince could ascend the throne, Emperor Kanmu was born as the first prince of Tenchi-descendent Emperor Konin (Prince Shirakabe at that time) but Rittaishi (investiture of the Crown Prince) was not conducted, although it was normally done at the time of birth if the person's order of succession was high.
- 清国船は年間30艘、交易額は銀6000貫にまで、オランダ船は年間2隻、貿易額は3000貫に制限され、従来は輸入品であった綿布、生糸、砂糖、鹿皮、絹織物などの国産化を奨励した。
- By limiting the annual number of ships from Qing to 30 and the value of trade to 6,000 kan (a unit) of silver, while from the Netherlands the anual number of ships, 2 and the value of trade to 3,000, these regulations encouraged domestic production of hitherto imported goods, such as cotton cloth, raw silk, sugar, buckskin, silk fabric and so on.
- 釜山倭館に来航した対馬藩家老は1867年、明治新政府の成立を興宣大院君政権に通告したが、朝鮮側は日本の新しい主権者が「皇上」と名乗っていることを理由に国書の受け取りを拒否した。
- In 1867, a Karo (chief retainer) of the Tsushima clan who visited Busan Wakan notified the Heungseon Daewongun administration that the new Meiji government had been established, but the Korean government rejected receipt of the Japanese sovereign's message, saying Japan's new sovereign identified himself as 'Emperor.'
- 宇江の2度目の踏査録宇江 2004bは、2002年(平成14年)の踏査の記録で、1度目の踏査とあわせて読むと小辺路の20年を経ての変容をうかがい知ることが出来る点でも興味深い。
- Ue 2004b' was a result of the second exploration by Ue which was conducted in 2002, and it is a very interesting report as well as the report of the first exploration which was conducted twenty years ago, since they give the information of the changes of Kohechi of the twenty years.
- さらに、火縄銃など火器類の流入は、従来、非常時には徴発によってかなりの部分を賄いえていた軍需物資に、火薬など大量消費型の品々を加えることになり、ロジスティクスの重要性が高まった。
- In addition, inflow of firearms such as the matchlock caused an increase of mass-consumption type items such as gun powder to munitions materials, a certain part of which could be procured by commandeering in an emergency, increasing the importance of logistics.
- 清盛は朝廷の内紛に起因する保元の乱と平治の乱で、武功を挙げ政権を獲得したが、平氏政権は平家一門で朝廷の官位を占め、清盛自身は天皇の外戚となるなど、従来の摂関政治と大差は無かった。
- Kiyomori gained political power as a result of his military exploits in the Hogen Revolt and the Heiji Revolt, both of which arose as a result of internal conflicts in the Imperial Court; however, the Taira government was not very different from a traditional regency, as can be seen by the fact that the Taira clan occupied most of the official ranks of the Imperial Court, and Kiyomori himself became a maternal relative of the Emperor.
- ただし、古い氏族に由来する摂関家においても長く「氏的継承」と「嫡流継承」が混在し続ける事になり、ついに五摂家のうちの1つだけが嫡流の地位を占めるという事態は生じなかったのである。
- However, 'clan succession' and 'chakuryu succession' coexisted among the sekkan-ke originating from the old clan, preventing one family of the gosekke from monopolizing the position of chakuryu.
- その一方で炭供御人、氷室供御人など様々な手工芸品を扱ったため、貢納物を超える生産物は諸国往来権を持つ彼ら自身により流通経路に載せられ、商人としての活動も行っていたと見られている。
- On the other hand, Kugonin handled various handicraft products such as sumi (charcoal) Kugonin and himuro (warehouse for ice) Kugonin and, therefore, it seems that they also acted as merchants because of the fact that their products, in excess of those presented to the Imperial court, were sold in their distribution networks by themselves utilizing their right to travel to various provinces.
- これに対応するために与力の嫡子を見習名目で職務に当たらせて給銀だけを与える事で与力の数を事実上水増ししたり、本来は町役人の元締であった町代に事務業務を委任したりするようになった。
- To cope with the realignments, the number of yoriki was effectively padded by assigning children of yoriki to such duties as paid trainees, and the administrative work was outsourced to Machi-dai who used to be the head of town officials.
- この条文を、戦前の研究者尾佐竹猛は、「旧来の陋習」は鎖国攘夷を指し、「天地の公道」は万国公法すなわち国際法の意味であり、この条文は開国の方針を規定したものとして狭く解釈していた。
- Regarding this provision, a researcher before the war Takeki OSATAKE interpreted narrowly that 'evil customs of the past' referred to national isolation as well as expulsion of foreigners and 'the just laws of Nature' meant international public law or international law, and he concluded this provision defined a policy of opening of the country to the world.
- 書名については本来無題、あるいは『能作者』、『謡作者』であったと見られるが、1915年『禅竹集』に吉田東伍が翻刻した際、『能本作者註文』の題で収録して以来、この名が定着している。
- The book was originally untitled or may have been entitled 'No Sakusha' or 'Utai Sakusha' but the name 'Nohon Sakusha Chumon' took hold since it was recorded under this title when it was reprinted in 'Zenchiku Shu' by Togo YOSHIDA in 1915.
- それによると、平均値に比べてヒ素が22倍、マンガンが13倍、クロムが7倍、ニッケルが3倍という高い数値を記録しており、黄砂の飛来時には大気の成分が通常とは異なることを示唆している。
- In the investigation, the amount of arsenic included was 22 times the average value, that of manganese 13 times the average value, that of chromium 7 times the average value and that of nickel 3 times the average value, each quite a high value compared with the average value, were detected, suggesting that the components of the air in the time when kosa is falling are different from those of the ordinary air.
- 延享度の通信使の朝鮮朝廷への帰国報告では、信使の渡来を幕府は諸侯に「朝鮮入貢」として知らせており、それまでの使節もそれを知りながら紛争を恐れて知らぬふりをしていた旨が記されている。
- The Tsushinshi who visited Japan in the Enkyo era (1744 to 1748) submitted a report to the Korean Imperial Court after returning from Japan, and in it, described the following: The bakufu informed lords that Tsushinshi came to Japan 'to pay tributes from Korea' and all of the past envoys knew the fact but acquiesced fearing the disputes that would occur otherwise.
- 頼光が陰陽師(安倍晴明だとする話もある)に相談したところ、「必ず鬼が腕を取り返しにやって来るから、七日の間家に閉じこもり物忌みをし、その間は誰も家の中に入れないように」と言われた。
- Yorimitsu then consults with an onmyoji (a Heian-period sorcerer; in some accounts, the onmyoji he speaks to is none other than the famous ABE no Seimei), who informs Tsuna that 'The oni will definitely come here seeking to recover his arm, so shut yourself away in your house for seven days of ritual confinement, and do not allow anyone else to enter the house during this time.'
- 幸い人的被害はなかったが、国宝の舎利殿(金閣)が全焼し、創建者である室町幕府3代将軍、足利義満の木像(当時国宝)、観音菩薩像、阿弥陀如来像、仏教経巻などの文化財6点も灰燼に帰した。
- Fortunately, no one was hurt, but Shariden (Kinkaku), a national treasure, was completely burned down and six other cultural properties such as a wooden statue of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (national treasure at the time), the third Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the founder of Kinkaku-ji Temple, a statue of Kannon Bosatsu (Bodhisattva of Merciful Godess), a statue of Amitabha Tathagatae and Buddhist canons were also lost in the fire.
- これは為平親王の妃の父が左大臣源高明であり、もしも、為平親王が東宮となり将来皇位につくことになれば源高明が外戚となり権勢を振るうことになりかねず、これを藤原氏が恐れたためであった。
- This was due to the fact that the father of the princess of Imperial Prince Tamehira was Sadaijin MINAMOTO no Takaakira, and the Fujiwara clan feared that if Imperial Prince Tamehira became Crown Prince and assumed the Imperial Throne, MINAMOTO no Takaakira would become a maternal relative and could be placed in a dominant position.
- 一方、城内では水攻めという奇想天外な戦法に動揺し、物資の補給路を断たれて兵糧米が少なくなったことと、小早川隆景、吉川元春ら毛利氏の援軍が来ないことも相まって兵の士気は低下していた。
- At the same time, as the unpredictable inundation tactics stirred the castle, the declining provisions of rice for the army by losing their supply lines, and the fact of not having support troops from the Mori clan including Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and Motoharu KIKKAWA combined to wear down the morale of the troops.
- 18世紀末から19世紀初めには、上方にかわる文化的な中心地ともなり、経済活動や参勤交代を通じた江戸を中心とする人の往来は江戸から地方へ、地方から江戸へ盛んな文化の伝播をもたらした。
- From the end of the 18th century through the beginning of the 19th century, Edo surpassed Kamigata (This is a commonly used term referring to Kyoto and the Kansai region) as a cultural center, and the active traffic of people between Edo and the provinces due to economic activities and the sankinkotai (a system that required feudal lords to reside in Edo every other year) facilitated the active transmission of culture between Edo and the provinces.
- 記録所は、平安時代に藤原摂関家から権力を取り戻そうとした後三条天皇が1069年(延久元年)に記録荘園券契所を設置したことに由来し、建武政権における中央官庁の最高機関として設置された。
- The Records Office had its origin in the Heian-era Office of Records for Land Deeds to Shoen established by Emperor Gosanjo in 1069 in an attempt to wrest back control over land ownership from the Fujiwara line of regents and advisors; it was set as the highest and most powerful branch of the central bureaucracy in the Kenmu government.
- 応永5年(1398年)来日した朝鮮使節から義弘が莫大な進物を受け取っていたことを斯波義将らが「義弘は朝鮮から賄賂を受け取っている」と義満に讒言し、それが義弘に聞こえて激怒させている。
- When a Korean envoy arrived in Japan in 1398 and presented Yoshihiro with a vast number of gifts, Yoshimasa SHIBA slandered him to Yoshimitsu, saying 'Now Yoshihiro is accepting bribes from Korea,' and when Yoshihiro heard of this slander he was furious.
- また『朝鮮人来聘記』や『朝鮮人来朝記』といった当時の資料に、三韓征伐や豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役を持ち出して朝鮮通信使を朝貢使節と見なそうとしている記述があることも併せて論拠としている。
- Citing the Sankan Seibatsu and the Bunroku-Keicho War by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in addition to documents at the time, such as 'Chosenjin Raiheiki' and 'Chosenjin Raichoki' (a document about Koreans who visited Japan), the Korean side points out, as a basis of the argument, that there exist descriptions trying to consider Chosen Tsushinshi as an envoy for paying tributes.
- 藤原秀郷、平高望、源経基らがこの第一世代の武士と考えられ、彼らは在地において従来の富豪百姓層(田堵負名)と同様に大規模な公田請作を国衙と契約することで武人としての経済基盤を与えられた。
- FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Takamochi, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto and so on are considered as the first generation of bushi; in the local lands they signed contracts for farming the koden (field administered directly by a ruler) with kokuga in the similar way as wealthy farmer class (tato fumyo [cultivator/tax manager]) did and got an economic base as warriors.
- 特に、戦国時代初期にあっては、勘合貿易および一種の密貿易である私貿易といった日明間の貿易によって、明から舶来品だけでなく大量の銅銭の導入を図り、貨幣経済の確立をなしとげる段階にあった。
- In particular, the beginning of the Sengoku Period was a stage in which money economy was established, through trade between Japan and Ming such as the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) and private trade, which was a kind of smuggling, by introducing from the Ming, not only import articles but also a large quantity of copper coins.
- 平氏家人打倒を共通の目的として頼朝麾下に集結した関東武士団連合も、本来的には所領をめぐり潜在的な対立関係にあったのであり、敵対勢力の排除や淘汰にともなって徐々に結合が弱まり始めていた。
- Even the association of the Kanto Samurai Group, the gathered troops under Yoritomo's command with the common purpose of defeating Heishi Iebito (server of Taira clan), originally had an adversarial relationship with Yoritomo over shoryo (territory), and their solidarity began to erode as the opposing forces were eliminated or dismissed.
- 月山富田城の戦い(がっさんとだじょうのたたかい)とは1542年-1543年・1565年-1566年に尼子氏の本拠である出雲国の月山富田城(現;島根県安来市)を巡って発生した合戦である。
- The Battle of Gassan Toda-jo Castle was a battle that occurred from 1542 to 1543 and from 1565 to 1566 over Gassan Toda-jo Castle located in Izumo Province (present-day Yasugi City, Shimane Prefecture) which was the base of the Amago clan.
- そのために徳川家康をはじめ臣従した諸大名や石田三成・加藤清正ら譜代の家臣達に次々と官職を授けて本来は公家主体のものであった官位体系に組み込もうとした(武家関白制(ぶけかんぱくせい))。
- To achieve this, Hideyoshi continuously appointed vassal daimyo including Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and hereditary retainers such as Mitsunari ISHIDA and Kiyomasa KATO to government posts, so that he could break into the system of official ranks originally awarded to court nobles (Buke Kanpaku sei).
- 律令法は、大化改新によって支配権を握った畿内および近国の貴族層が、従来のように豪族を媒介として全国を支配するのではなく、官僚機構によって人民の末端にいたるまで統治するための法であった。
- The goal of ritsuryo law was to enable the kizoku (noble) class in Kinai and nearby provinces, who gained power during the Taika Reformation, to govern the people at every level through bureaucracy, instead of ruling the nation through local ruling families like in the past.
- 源満仲以来の本拠地である多田に隣接する能勢地方は古くから源氏一族とも関係の深い土地であったと考えられ、能勢氏や地元の伝承などによると源頼光の長子・源頼国が最初に入部し開発したとされる。
- Lying next to Tada, which was the home to the Minamoto clan since the time of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, the Nose region is considered to have been closely related to the Minamoto clan and according to the local and the Nose clan's tradition, MINAMOTO no Yorikuni, the eldest son of MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, first entered this place and exploited it
- 摂津職は、京に置かれ難波津を管理し、京と西国の間を上下する公使の検査などを本来の任務としたが、天武朝に難波が陪都(副都)とされ、また聖武朝にも難波宮が造営されると、その管理にも当たった。
- Settsu Shiki was situated in the capital and originally served to manage Naniwa no Tsu (Naniwa Port) as well as conduct inspections of envoys traveling between the capital and the west of the country, but later went on to conduct the administration of Naniwa which was made a baito (secondary capital city) during the Reign of Emperor Tenmu and Naniwanomiya Palace which was constructed during the reign of Emperor Shomu
- 援軍として派遣されていた佐賀藩兵と共同で防衛戦を行うも劣勢で、特に庄内藩には領内深くまで攻め込まれ久保田城の支城までが落とされたが、新政府軍の増援が来着したことで優勢となり反撃を行った。
- The Akita Domain, together with the samurai warriors of the Saga Domain deployed as reinforcements, fought a defensive war, but fell behind; the Shonai Domain in particular advanced deep into the Akita Domain and even captured subsidiary castles of Kubota Castle; the Akita Domain, however, prevailed due to the arrival of reinforcements from the new government's forces, and launched a counterattack.
- 1368年(応安元)に出された応安の半済令は、従来認められていた年貢の半分割だけでなく、土地自体の半分割をも認める内容であり、この後、守護による荘園・国衙領への侵出が著しくなっていった。
- The hanzei decree of the Oan era issued in 1368 authorized the shugo to take not only half the customs, which had already been granted, but also half the land, and subsequently the shugo penetrated deep into the manor and the Kokuga's territory.
- ただし、幕府としても本来の趣旨は軍役奉仕であったため、藩財政が破綻して軍役が不可能となることは、参勤交代の趣旨を根底的に否定する事になるため、大名行列の制限を行うなどの措置を採っている。
- But because the bakufu introduced the system for military service, clans' failure to do military service owing to their financial difficulty was detrimental to the foundation of the system, which led the bakufu to take measures such as restricting daimyo-gyoretsu (daimyo's procession).
- 鎌倉時代以降は更に宋銭の私鋳銭などが盛んに作られ、室町時代中後期には最盛期を迎えた(なお、宋銭などの渡来銭そのものも当時の日本の朝廷が発行した銭ではないという意味では私鋳銭と同様であった。
- During and after the Kamakura period, shichusen of Sung currency was also actively minted, and it reached its peak during the mid to late Muromachi period (it should be noted, however, that imported Sung currency itself was considered equivalent to shichusen, since it was not money issued by the Japanese imperial court, and therefore could not be considered official money).
- これは本来伊達氏特有の現象ではなく、この地域の戦国大名家の洞は周辺部にある国人領主たちによる小規模な洞をいくつも包括していく中で自己の洞という形で大名領国を形成していったと考えられている。
- This was not particular to the Date clan, since Utsuro of the Sengoku daimyo families in this region are considered to have developed into daimyo ryokoku (territories ruled by daimyo) by integrating many small-sized Utsuro of Kokujin ryoshu in neighboring regions.
- バブル崩壊後、外国資本が急速に日本経済界を席捲するなかで、江戸時代以来の酒屋の暖簾(のれん)、すなわち今日でいう資本系列の垣根を越えて、合併による生き残りが模索されている最中といってよい。
- After the bubble busted, foreign capital invaded rapidly into the Japanese economic world, and in this trend, they have now been groping for how to survive through M&A, beyond the goodwill of sakaya retained since the Edo period, or beyond the barrier of the capital-based relationships.
- 秀吉もこれに賛同して、晴季と玄以は早速先に引退していた信輔の父・近衛前久(元関白・太政大臣)に対して秀吉を前久の猶子として関白を継がせ、将来的には信輔を後継として関白職を譲る案を提示した。
- Hideyoshi agreed with the recommendation, and then, Harusue and Geni proposed to Nobusuke's retired father, Sakihisa KONOE (former Kanpaku and Dajodaijin), that Hideyoshi be adopted by Sakihisa and be appointed to Kanpaku, and that the position of Kanpaku be given in the future to Nobusuke as Hideyoshi's successor.
- 元来、職制律(在官応直不直条)においては昼の警備を「宿」、夜の警備を「直」と書いて「とのい」と読ませていたが、後世においては、夜の警備を「宿直」もしくは「殿居」と書いて「とのい」と読ませた。
- Originally under the Shikisei-ritsu (Office Penal Laws) (Zaikan Ochoku Fuchoku no jo (在官応直不直条, the article of guarding activities)) the guarding activity during the day was expressed as '宿' and the night activity as '直' and the combination of '宿直' was read as 'Tonoi,' but later it only came to mean the guarding activity during the night, which was described '宿直' or '殿居' and both were read as 'Tonoi.'
- 663年の白村江の戦いで倭国は朝鮮半島での足場が無くなり、676年に新羅が半島から唐軍を追い出して統一を成し得たため、倭国は北路での遣唐使派遣が出来なくなり、新たな航路の開拓が必要になった。
- Japan was unable to send missions to Tang China through the northern route and had to find a new route, because Japan lost its base foot in the Korean Peninsula in the Battle of Baekgang in 663 and Silla drove the Tang army out of the peninsula to unify its country in 676.
- 1834年『庭訓往来具注鈔』という本では、一通の手紙文を数段にわけ、段ごとに割注(漢字かな交じり文・総ふりがな付き)を挿入、最後に必ず「文意」の項を設け、この段全般に及ぶ意味を要約している。
- In 1834, the book 'Teikin Orai Guchusho' (Commentary of Teikin Orai), each letter was broken down into several paragraphs and each paragraph had a let-in note that contained both kanji and kana with all kanji accompanied by furigana, always closing with a section on 'sentence meaning' that summarized the whole paragraph.
- 更に秀吉は実子の不在を理由に新天皇の弟八条宮智仁親王を猶子とし、将来的には正式な豊臣氏の養子として関白を譲る意向である事を天正16年(1588年)の聚楽第行幸の際に後陽成天皇に奏上している。
- Hideyoshi further adopted the new Emperor's younger brother, Imperial Prince Toshihito HACHIJONOMIYA, since he had no biological child, and he reported to the Emperor during the Imperial visit to Jurakudai (Hideyoshi's palace and office in Kyoto) in 1588 that he would officially adopt the prince as a son of the Toyotomi clan and hand over the position of Kanpaku to him in the future.
- 親長が同書を大事にしていた事は、彼の日記である『親長卿記』において、文明8年(1476年)京都で大火があった時に、この本のみを真っ先に抱えて避難したことが書かれていることで知ることが出来る。
- One can see Chikanaga took good care of Kodaireki from his diary 'Chikanaga-kyoki' which says he first grabbed this book while evacuating a big fire which occurred in Kyoto in 1476.
- ManorismやSeigneurialismの語は、それぞれ、農村において代々相続される伝統的な支配地域を表すmanors、seigneuries(日本語では荘園と訳される)に由来している。
- The words 'manorism' or 'seigneurialism' respectively originate from the words 'manors' or 'seigneuries' (they are translated into 'shoen' in Japanese) which express the traditionally dominated region by heredity in villages.
- さらに、他家の同名の女房や、歌人や物語作者として後代にまで名を残した女房については時代の異なる同名の人物とまぎらわしくなることを避けるために、本来の女房名の上に主人の家の名を冠することもある。
- Moreover, in order to avoid being confused with a person of the same name but of a different generation, the master's family name might be prefixed to the original nyobona of a nyobo who shared a name with another family's nyobo or who had made their name as a poet or a novelist.
- 12月2日_(旧暦)には四宮の親王宣下が行われて「朝仁親王」の名が与えられ、翌3年(1683年)2月9日_(旧暦)には中世以来断絶していた立太子式が行われて朝仁親王が正式に皇太子に立てられた。
- On December 30, an imperial proclamation to nominate Shinomiya was issued, renaming him Imperial Prince Asahito, who was officially invested in crown princedom in the ceremony of investiture of the Crown Prince next year, on March 7, 1683, the first such rite after a long interval since the (Japanese) Medieval Age.
- 後嵯峨院政以来整備されてきた朝廷の訴訟処理機構で伝奏や奉行などの役職に就き実務を担う家柄(名家の家柄)を確立させてきた貴族たちは、すでにいずれかの皇統に組織されてそれぞれ主従関係を結んでいた。
- The aristocrats that have established the lineage (lineage of reputable families) of who becomes Tenso, Bugyo, and other practical positions in the court management system of the Imperial Court that had been worked on since the cloistered government of Gosaga, had already tied master-subordinate relationships with one of the Imperial lines.
- 寛永12年(1635年)の参勤交代制度のもとでは、諸大名は1年毎に江戸と自領を行き来し、妻子は人質として江戸に常住しなければならないと同時に、その旅費や江戸の滞在費を全て大名に負担させていた。
- Under the sankin-kotai system established in 1635, daimyo, in addition to residing in Edo and their own feudal domains each for one year, leaving their own families in Edo permanently as hostages, had to pay their own travel costs and living costs in Edo.
- その後、中国正史の知識が公文書作成や一種の政治学として重んじられたこともあり、歴史を学ぶために文章科(文章道)を希望する者の後が絶たず、本来の文章博士が専門とする文学の講義が滞るようになった。
- Later, as a knowledge of Chinese historiography was considered important for making official documents or as a kind of political study, those who wished to join the monjoka (monjodo) kept coming endlessly, becoming an obstacle for the lectures of literature, which was the original specialty of monjo hakase.
- 1429年、日本に来た朴端生は、「日本の農人、水車の設けあり」として、学生の金慎に「造車の法」を精査させて模型を作り、鍍銀(銀メッキ)、造紙(紙漉)、朱紅、軽粉などの製造法を祖国に報告している。
- Seo-saeng BAK who came to Japan in 1429 made Kinshin (金慎), a student under him, investigate 'how to make a water wheel' closely and made him make a model water wheel, saying that 'Japanese farmers use water wheels,' and also reported a silver-gilding method, how to manufacture paper, how to generate vermillion and how to manufacture medicine called keifun.
- 近代以前において馬は最も重要な輸送手段であったから、優れた馬(駿馬)は軍事や行政用として用いられるのが常であり、輸送に用いられた駄馬は人を乗せて早く走らせることの出来ない質の良くない馬であった。
- Since a horse was the most important means of transportation before modern times, swift horses (shunme) were usually reserved for military or government use, and the daba used for transportation were poor quality horses that were unable to run fast while carrying a person.
- この戦いの結果、大坂湾の制海権は織田方のものとなったが、依然淡路島西部の制海権は毛利水軍が握っており、淡路島以西に織田氏の勢力が及んだのは1582年に3月に来島通総が離反した一時期だけであった。
- As a result of this battle, the Oda navy gained naval supremacy of Osaka Bay, but the naval supremacy of the west area of Awaji-shima Island was still held by the Mori navy and it was just for a period of time when Michifusa KURUSHIMA seceded in March 1582 that the Oda clan took control of Awaji-shima Island and westward.
- 「天下の台所」と呼ばれた経済都市の大阪は健在であったが、江戸期以来参勤交代で富裕層の集住に成功して大消費地となった江戸が、東京となって中央集権体制を確立し、税と外貿で富を更に集めるようになった。
- As Osaka, an economic city called the 'kitchen of Japan,' was in good health, Edo succeeded in attracting many wealthy people by Sankinkotai system (a daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo) and became a major consumer area in Edo period, and after changing its name to Tokyo, established a centralized administrative framework, and came to collect more wealth by taxes and foreign trade.
- ※大阪府域局のテレビ大阪(京都支社→京都市中京区烏丸通竹屋町角)も京都市山科区の東南部と山城国のほぼ全域、丹波国および丹後国の一部地域で直接受信可能(但し、本来の放送放送区域は大阪府地域のみ)。
- TV Osaka programs, which is for the Osaka Prefecture area (whose Kyoto branch office is located at Karasuma-Takeya-cho-kado, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City), can in fact be received directly in the southeast area of Yamashina Ward, Kyoto City, in the almost entire area of former Yamashiro Province, and in some areas of former Tanba Province and former Tango Province (however, the original broadcasting area is limited to the Osaka Prefecture area).
- 忠邦はまた、阿片戦争における清の敗北により、従来の外国船に対する異国船打払令を改めて薪水給与令を発令して柔軟路線に転換する一方、江川英龍や高島秋帆に西洋流砲術を導入させて、近代軍備を整えさせた。
- In response to the defeat of Qing Dynasty in the Opium Wars, Tadakuni shifted his foreign policy to more flexible one by amending the conventional edict to repel foreign vessels to the law to provide water and fuel for foreign ships, while he ordered Hidetatsu EGAWA and Shuhan TAKASHIMA to introduce the western style gunnery and the modern military buildup.
- 『日本書紀』の天智天皇10年(671年)紀に「学識頭」という役職が見られ、また『懐風藻』の序文に天智天皇が学校を創設したという記述が見られるため、この時代に大学寮の由来を求める考え方が有力である。
- Because a post named 'Fumi no Tsukasa no Kami' (head of Minister of Education) is mentioned in the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) entry for the year 671, and the preface of 'Kaifuso' (Found Recollections of Poetry) includes the statement that the Emperor Tenchi founded a school, it is generally understood that the origin of Daigaku-ryo dates back to this era.
- 「(西洋諸国において)聘門往来などの盛儀大典あるときは、各国たがいに(国歌の)楽譜を謳奏し、以てその特立自立国たるの隆栄を表認し、その君主の威厳を発揮するの礼款において欠くべからざるの典となせり」
- 'In the case of grand ceremonies held when official diplomats visit (in the Occidental countries), every country plays the musical score (of their national anthem) as an indispensable sign to represent prosperity as an independent country and show the dignity of the sovereign ruler.'
- 1951年9月に日本国との平和条約(サンフランシスコ講和条約)が成立し、正式に日本が独立国に復帰した際以来、日本放送協会のラジオ放送で連日放送終了後にオーケストラによる『君が代』の演奏が始まった。
- Since the Peace Treaty with Japan (Peace Treaty signed in San Francisco) was concluded in September 1951 and Japan came back officially as an independent country, 'Kimigayo' was performed by an orchestra every day at the end of radio broadcasting by Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK).
- 上記史料を総合すると、本宣旨は、東国における荘園・公領の領有権を旧来の荘園領主・国衙へ回復させることを命じる。その回復を実現するため源頼朝の東国行政権を承認するという2つの内容から構成されている。
- Putting the above historical records together, the contents of this decree can be summarized as; the order that required lords of the manor and kokuga (provincial government officers) to restore the territorial rights for shoen and koryo, and the approval of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's administrative authority on the Togoku region in order to make the above restoration come true.
- 藤原京・平城京・平安京などの大規模な首都整備、豪族・貴族の在地から首都への集住強制、納税や官人の往来のための官道整備(→日本の古代道路)などにより、畿内は日本の富が集中する経済地域となっていった。
- Because of a large-scale preparation of the capitals, such as Fujiwara-kyo Palace, Heijo-kyo Palace and Heian-kyo Palace, the compulsion of concentrated dwelling of powerful regional clans and nobles from their local lands into the capitals, and the preparation of the official roads for tax payments and government officials, (refer to the ancient roads of Japan), the provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara (Kinai region) had become an economic area in which the wealth of Japan was concentrated.
- 1347年(正平2年、北朝の貞和3年)正月に楠木正行が四條畷で戦死したのち、南朝では北朝方(室町幕府、足利軍)の来襲を防ぎ得ないのを知り、吉野を引き払い穴太に移った(皇居は総福寺であろうという)。
- In the New Year in 1347, after the death of Masatsura KUSUNOKI in the Battle of Shijonawate, the Southern Court, realizing that it could not keep off the attack by the Northern Court side (Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the Ashikaga army), moved to Anafu (the Imperial Palace is said to be Sofuku-ji Temple) by giving up Yoshio.
- 京都市眺望景観創生条例(きょうとしちょうぼうけいかんそうせいじょうれい)とは、「京都の優れた眺望景観を創生するとともに,これらを将来の世代に継承することを目的とする」(1条)、京都市の条例である。
- The City Ordinances on the Preservation of Vistaed View are ordinances in Kyoto City to 'create Kyoto's surrounding scenery and vistaed views, and preserve them for future generations' (Article 1).
- 気候変動枠組条約の発効以来、毎年開かれている気候変動枠組条約締約国会議(COP) (COP) の第3回目の会合であり、通称、京都会議、地球温暖化防止京都会議、COP3(コップスリー)とも呼ばれる。
- It was the third session of the Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP) which had been held each year since the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change came into effect, and is also commonly referred to as the Kyoto Conference, the Kyoto Conference to stop global warming, and the COP3.
- だが、江戸時代中期以後商品作物の生産が広まってくると都市周辺部の農村など本来は米の生産が可能な地域においてもなし崩しに買納制が行われていき、江戸幕府さえもが事実上の黙認政策を採らざるを得なくなった。
- However, as the production of commercial crops became widely spread during the mid-Edo period, baino-sei was carried out even in suburban villages where rice can be produced, to which the Edo bakufu virtually took an acquiescence policy.
- 門客神とは、神社の門に置かれた「客人神(まろうどがみ)」のことで、「客人神」は地主神がその土地を奪われて、後からやって来た日本神話に登場する神々と立場を逆転させられて、客神となったと考えられている。
- Monkyakujin means 'Maroudogami' (guest god) placed at the gate of the shrine and 'Maroudogami' is usually the local god whose land had been taken away by the later gods that feature in Japanese myths and is placed into the inferior guest god position.
- 近藤成一は、従来の議論は国家権力が単一であることを前提としているが、その前提を捨てて、国家権力の並存・対立を視野に入れるならば、鎌倉幕府の成立は朝廷から権限を受権したか否かに必ずしも関係しないとした
- Seiichi KONDO mentions that the traditional arguments depend on the assumption that the national authority was unitary, but undermining the assumption and taking the coexistence and the confrontation of national authority into consideration, the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu did not necessarily have a connection with whether it was empowered by the Imperial Court or not.
- 邦良も幼い男子を遺しており、彼らも将来は後醍醐の強力なライバルとなり得る立場にあって、後醍醐の「一代主」としての立場は幕府の権威のもとでますます明確となり、彼の倒幕志向もますます強まることになった。
- Kuniyoshi also left a young son, and he was also in a position to be a strong rival of Godaigo in the future, and the position of Godaigo as a 'One-generation-head' was becoming even clearer under the authority of the bakufu and his tendency towards overthrowing the bakufu became stronger.
- それは、京の治安維持に必要な武力が、旧来の武官や、随身だけでは間に合わなくなり、平将門の乱での「朝家の爪牙」の役を果たした「兵の家」が、「家業」として、「武」を請け負いはじめるということでもあった。
- It was because the military force required to sustain peace in Kyoto was not enough with just a military officer and zuijin (a guard) from old, and the 'house of tsuwamono' that served as the 'choka no soga' during TAIRA no Masakado's War started to provide 'mu' as a 'family business.'
- 神仏分離令の主旨は仏教の排斥ではなく、江戸時代までの神仏習合による仏教と神道の混交から両者を分離することであったが、当時の復古的機運は仏教でさえも外来の宗教として激しく排斥する廃仏毀釈へと向かった。
- The gist of this Edict was not to reject Buddhism but to separate Shinto and Buddhism from the syncretism that existed until the Edo period, but this reactionary movement was strongly rejected by the anti-Buddhist movement, who regarded Buddhism as the imported religion.
- この背景には、大学制度の範を唐の制度に求めたものの、儒教による国家統治の原則が確立していた唐とは違い、仏教や古来からの神道が儒教と並立した日本の支配階層においては、儒教理念が唐よりも重視されなかった。
- The reason is that although Daigaku-ryo was modeled on the university system in Tang Dynasty China, unlike in Tang Dynasty China where the rule that a nation should be governed based on Confucianism was already established, in Japan Confucianism coexisted with Buddhism and traditional Shintoism, and the ruling classes in Japan did not pay heed to the philosophy of Confucianism as much as those in the Tang Dynasty did.
- 平成に入ってからは、西日本旅客鉄道のアーバンネットワーク拡大によって大阪都市圏のベッドタウンとしても注目されるようになり、従来からの京都都市圏の性格と合わせて、地方では数少ない人口増加県となっている。
- Since 1989 (the beginning of the Heisei period), Shiga has attracted attention as a bedtown for Osaka urban zone, and owing to the feature of Kyoto urban area as in the past and the expand of the Urban Network of West Japan Railway Company (JR West) has increased its population, which is quite rare in rural areas.
- やがて、文章博士経験者が従来の明経博士経験者に代わって大学頭・侍読・式部大輔などの要職を独占して公卿に昇進する者も登場するようになり、明経道が管轄する儒学に関する事柄にも文章道が関与することもあった。
- Later, as those who experienced monjo hakase, instead of those who experienced myogyo hakase, began dominating important positions such as daigaku no kami, jidoku (imperial tutor) and shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial) and some were even promoted to kugyo, monjodo sometimes became involved in Confucianism, which was under myogyodo's control.
- 京都市内の町名には「大原来迎院町」のように旧村名、旧大字名に由来する地名(前記例の場合は「大原」)を冠称するものと、「亀屋町」「菊屋町」のような単独町名とがあるが、上京区内の町名はすべて単独町名である。
- The town names of Kyoto City are categorized into those using their former village names or former Oaza (large section of village) such as 'Ohara Raikoin-cho' (in this case, 'Ohara' is the former name) and those using an independent name of a town such as 'Kameya-cho' and 'Kikuya-cho,' and all of the town names in Kamigyo Ward uses independent town names.
- 嘉禄元年(1225年)、鎌倉幕府に評定衆が設置されて以来、重要な政務は評定によって決定されたが、13世紀後期に年始の行事の一環として毎年1月中旬の1日に執権・連署以下を召集して評定始を行うようになった。
- Important policies had been decided by the council since 1225 when the hyojoshu was set up in the Kamakura bakufu, and in the late thirteenth century, hyojohajime began as a New Year ceremony convened with a regent, rensho (assistant to regents), and other subordinates on a day of mid-January every year.
- 渋沢らが関わる東京経済学協会が1891年に発表した「鉄道調査報告書」に掲載された佐分利一嗣の論文では、鉄道国有化論に対する反証を一々あげて論じ、「将来の鉄道は、私設民営たるべし」という結論を導いている。
- In their thesis run in the 'The investigative report on railways' published by the Tokyo Economic Association in 1891, Kazuchika SABURI refuted every point of the theory of railway nationalization by indicating the proof of it, and concluded 'The railways in the future should be built and administered by private sectors'.
- どの戦国大名も従来の大名に替わって室町幕府に「郡検断」「軍勢催促」「段銭徴収」等の諸権力を公認されることで各地域の中心勢力を形成し、そして新しい中央政権たる豊臣秀吉の奥州仕置によって既得権益を追認された。
- Each sengoku daimyo formed the central power of influence in each region by being authorized to execute various powers such as 'jurisdiction,' 'demand for military assistance,' and 'collection of Tansen (tax on rice fields)' by the Muromachi bakufu in place of the existing daimyo and then had their vested interests confirmed by Oshu-shioki (repression of the Oshu region) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as the new central government.
- なお、残っている建物こそ少なくても、多くの旧城下町では道の区割りなどに城下町時代の痕跡を残しており、上記のように敵の侵攻を妨ぐように道が区画されていた場合、現在では自動車交通に支障を来していることが多い。
- Although there are few remaining buildings, many previous jokamachi still retain the mark of their jokamachi period in their road division and the like, and since the roads were made to prevent enemy invasion, in many cases, they are limiting automobile transportation.
- ただし、明治時代初期に変更された町名、近隣の二、三町が合併して成立した町名、寺院境内地、畑地など従来町名のなかった地区に新たに起立した町名なども一部に存在し、現行町名のすべてが近世以前からの町名ではない。
- However, there are some town names which had been changed during the early Meiji period, created by the merging of few towns, or given to areas where town names had not originally existed including the precincts of temples or fields, and not all the town names in the present-day derive from the town names before the early modern era.
- 従来伝承されていた『晴豊公記』は、天正10年4月分から同年9月分が欠けていたが、1968年(昭和43年)岩沢愿彦が内閣文庫(現国立公文書館)にあった『天正十年夏記』が『晴豊公記』断簡であることを発表した。
- 'Haretoyo-koki' that had been handed down had missing pages from May to September in 1582, but in 1968 Yoshihiko IWASAWA released 'The Record of Summer in 1582' he found in Naikaku-bunko (literally, 'Library of the Cabinet,' National Archives of Japan now) which was a fragment of 'Haretoyo-koki.'
- 「これらの催しごと(家康の饗応)の準備について、信長はある密室において明智と語っていたが元来、逆上しやすく、自らの命令に対して反対を言われることに堪えられない性格であったので」光秀を折檻し饗応役を解いた。
- With respect to preparation for those events (entertainment for Ieyasu), Nobunaga was talking with Mitsuhide behind closed doors, but because Nobunaga tended to go wild with rage by nature and could not accept that someone oppose to his order, he chastised Mitsuhide and dismissed Mitsuhide from the position of marshal.
- 武断派の武将たちは、今まで数々の戦場(特に文禄・慶長の役)で、大きな戦功を立てたたものが多かった(これが武断派の名称の由来となった)が、その功績に比して政権の中枢で大きな地位を占めているとはいえなかった。
- Although most military commanders of the Budan-ha were the ones who rendered distinguished services in a number of battle fields (especially in the Bunroku-Keicho War) (their name 'Budan' meaning resorting to military means came from this fact), they could not be said to have had high positions in the center of the administration.
- 天福 (日本)2年(1235年)には宣旨を受けていない安倍家氏が客星出現を知らせた功績で天文博士に補されるという本来の天文博士が天文密奏を行うのとは逆の事例も生じている(『明月記』文暦2年3月26日条)。
- There was an incident quite contrary to the usual cases in which tenmon hakase conducted tenmon misso (Article on April 22, 1235 of 'Meigetsuki (Chronicle of the Bright Moon) ') : in 1235, one member of the Abe clan who had not received an imperial decree was appointed as tenmon hakase for his distinguished service in reporting temporarily appearing stars.
- また、子供達の関心を呼ぶために他地域の地理や風物・物産などを織り込んだ往来物も作られ、『日本国尽』・『都名所往来』・『浪花往来』・『中仙道往来』、そして明治維新期には『世界風俗往来』まで作成されるに至った。
- Furthermore, oraimono featuring geography, scenery, and produce of other regions were written to interest children, which include 'Nihonkunizukushi,' 'Miyakomeisho Orai' (Correspondence on Sights in Miyako (present-day Kyoto)), 'Naniwa Orai' (Letters On Sights of Naniwa (present-day Osaka)) and 'Nakasendo Orai,' and in the period of the Meiji Restoration, 'Sekaifuzoku Orai' was composed.
- 0774-4xは宇治市の南部(広野町、大久保町、伊勢田町など)にも用いられており、久御山町の当該区域から119を回すと宇治市の消防本部につながってしまい、本来通話したい久御山町の消防本部につながらなかった。
- Since the area code, 0774-4x, is also used in the southern part (Hirono-machi, Okubo-cho, Iseda-cho, etc.) of Uji City, when dialing 119 from the relevant area in Kumiyama-cho, the phone is connected to the Fire Department of Uji City, but not connected to the Fire Department of Kumiyama-cho which people in Kumiyama-cho want to call.
- だが、やがて「天下布武」を唱えて新秩序形成を目指す信長と旧来の将軍・幕府中心の秩序の再建を目指す義昭は敵対し、1573年に義昭は信長によって京都を追放されて幕府組織は信長の築いた政治機構に解体・吸収された。
- But eventually, Nobunaga, who aimed to create a new system of government consistent with his motto of 'Tenka fubu' (warriors rule all under heaven), and Yoshiaki, who was trying to revitalize the old system of Shogun and bakufu, were bound to become enemies, and in 1573 Yoshiaki was driven out of Kyoto by Nobunaga, and with this, the bakufu system was dismantled and absorbed into a new governmental system created by Nobunaga.
- その後明治13年(1880年)に宮内省宮内庁式部職雅楽課の伶人奥好義がつけた旋律を一等伶人の林廣守が曲に起こし、それを前年に来日したドイツ人の音楽家であり海軍軍楽教師フランツ・エッケルトが西洋風和声を付けた。
- After that, in 1880, Hiromori HAYASHI, who was an itto reijin (literally, first class performer of gagaku) prepared the setting based on the melody composed by Yoshiisa OKU, who was a Reijin (performer of gagaku) belonged to Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) Section, Shikibushoku of Imperial Household Agency and Franz Eckert, who was a German musician came to Japan in 1879 as a teacher for the military band of the Imperial Japanese Navy, added western-style harmony to the setting.
- 彼らがこうした軍事力を発揮出来た背景には、彼らの父祖の世代が受領に任ぜられた際、狩猟文化を背景に持つ俘囚の武芸を学んでおり、それを基礎とした新式の武芸を編み出していたとする議論(下向井龍彦)が唱えられている。
- There has been an argument (by Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI) that these aristocrats were able to demonstrate their military power because, their grandfathers learned barbaric military arts developed based on hunting culture when they were appointed to zuryo, and these aristocrats developed military arts of a new style based on the original style.
- 従来は中央政府に発兵権があったが、国毎に警察・軍事指揮官として押領使(おうりょうし)を任命し、中央からの「追討官符」を受けた受領の命令で押領使が国内の武士を動員して反乱を鎮圧する体制に移行したとする説がある。
- Formerly, the central government possessed the right of mobilizing military personnel, but according to a theory, the system concerned was changed to the following one: An Oryoshi, a police and military command, was appointed to each province, and when instructed by Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) who received an official document instructing the suppression of a rebellion, the Oryoshi mobilized samurai in the province to suppress the rebellion.
- 同年4月以後内裏の修理を理由として天皇が当時恒貞親王が居住していた冷然院内に滞在しており、天皇の警護を名目として院内に滞在していた天皇側の兵が、いつでも皇太子を囲むことが出来る状況下にあったことも挙げられる。
- Furthermore, the emperor's stay from May, 842 within a lot of Reizei-in Palace, where the Imperial Prince Tsunesada was living at that time, by reason of the Imperial Palace's repair also supports the theory, because troops serving the emperor that had been staying in the residence on the pretext of the emperor's guard were ready to besiege the crown prince.
- ところが、水野をはじめとした幕府首脳は幕府権力の保護を受けた株仲間の弱体化や、商取引の制度的基礎になっていたという現実を理解出来なかったために、株仲間を解散させれば、全国的な流通網を動かせると考えたのである。
- However, Mizuno and other heads of the bakufu could not understand the fact that kabunakama got weak due to the protection by the power of bakufu and kabunakama was the institutional basic of trading and thought that they could control the national distribution network if kabunakama were dissolved.
- 江戸幕府による大政奉還を受け、王政復古 (日本)によって発足した明治新政府の方針は、天皇親政(旧来の幕府・摂関などの廃止)を基本とし、諸外国(主に欧米列強国を指す)に追いつくための改革を模索することであった。
- The aim of the Meiji government, which was created by the restoration of Imperial rule after Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the emperor) from the Edo Shogunate, was to establish the basis of direct Imperial rule by the emperor by the abolition of the Shogunate and the positions of Regent and Chief advisor to the emperor, and to investigate ways to reform and catch up with foreign countries (mainly, powerful countries in Western Europe and North America).
- 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の開始すると、この問題を解消するために家門管領の権限を持つ家督の移動の際に、本来は関連性のない家領を家門の経営上必要不可欠なものと位置づけて、家領全体の安堵も合わせて行う方針を打ち出した。
- When Emperor Godaigo started the Kemmu Restoration, in order to solve such problems he made the following policy to stabilize the family estate as well: in transferring the family reign, which had the authority to control the family, the family estate was included as an inevitable factor for keeping the family, although originally the estate wasn't associated with the reign.
- また、町衆主導によって行われたと評価されてきた明応9年(1500年)の祇園祭の再興も本来祇園祭が疫病平癒の祭りであったことを考えると、逆に当時の社会不安の反映が祇園祭再興を促したという側面も考えられるのである。
- Also, the resumption in 1500 of the Gion Festival, which had been acclaimed for the townsmen's initiative behind it, may be considered to have been motivated in part by the social unrest prevailing then, given the history that the Gion Festival had originally been an event of prayer for recovery from epidemics.
- 信長の敵対者である伊賀忍者に守られた逃避行は、後世、光秀方に誅されることを恐れたものとされるが、 本来は信長方に誅されることを恐れて事前に準備されたものだった、ないし、 自己の関与を否定するための演出であった。
- Although it was told later that Ieyasu's runaway trip guarded by Iga ninja (a secret agent (in feudal Japan) highly skilled in stealth and secrecy), who were opponents to Nobunaga was because of Ieyasu's fear against to be killed by the Mitsuhide's side, it was originally prepared in advance based on Ieyasu's fear against being killed by the Nobunaga's side or it was an arrangement to deny his participation in the plot.
- やがて彼らの土地の保証は源氏、平家といった、貴種に連なる上級武家に委ねられ、下級、中級の武士は「給人」と呼ばれて、主君から恩給された土地の見返りに、平時、戦時における主君への軍事的奉仕を行う構造が出来上がった。
- Later, the higher ranking samurai families such as the Minamoto clan or the Taira family, which had relationships with persons of noble birth were entrusted to warrant the local nobles their developed lands, and a system was established in which middle and lower ranking samurai were called 'kyunin' who offered military services to the lord not only in peacetime but also in wartime in exchange for the land which the lord granted them as stipend.
- 惣内部の事案といえども、本来ならば、領主又はその委任を受けた守護・地頭が検断権を行使するのが、前代までの慣習であったが、惣村などの自治性の高い村落は、領主の検断介入を拒否・排除し、自検断を行うようになっていった。
- It was a tradition from the preceding era that lords or a Shugo and a Jito (military governor and estate steward) who were delegated from the lords, exercised the right to judge criminal cases even against cases within communities, but with the increased autonomy, communities rejected and excluded the lord's intervention into trials and started to conduct Jikendan themselves.
- 1443年(世宗 (朝鮮王)25年)朝鮮通信使書状官として日本に赴いた後、成宗の命を受けて作成したもので、日本の天皇家や国王(各時代の権力者)、地名、国情、交聘往来の沿革、使臣館待遇接待の節目などを記録している。
- After being dispatched to Japan as the recorder of travel logs for the Joseon envoy, Shin wrote the book in 1443 under the order of King Seongjong and it records details including those of Japan's Imperial Family, lords (influential people throughout the ages), place names, the state of national affairs, the movements of the diplomatic mission, and rules of the reception met by the envoy, and so on.
- 床屋に怒られた童子は気落ちして近くの小川の橋にもたれてうつむいていると、水面に写る自分の顔がすっかり鬼になってしまっているのに気づき、床屋には帰らずに北の丹波の山に逃げ、やがて酒呑童子と出会い家来となったと言う。
- After being scolded by the irate barber, Doji was feeling despondent and wandered aimlessly down to the bridge over a nearby stream, hanging his head, only to notice that his face, reflected in the water, had completely transformed into that of an oni, whereupon he fled north, without ever returning home to the barber's, into the mountains of Tanba, where he eventually encountered Shuten Doji and became his henchman.
- 律令法において、天皇の地位、権能について規定がないのも、それが国家的祭祀の執行など大化前代以来の宗教的機能をもっていたことと、専制君主的性格をもったことの結果であって、法を超越した存在と考えられていたからである。
- The position and authority of Emperors were not defined in the ritsuryo law, due to their religious functions, such as; their performing of national religious services since the pre-Taika era, and as a result of their despotic nature, this made them above the law.
- 大名行列は本来、戦時の行軍に準じた臨戦的・軍事的な移動形態(帯刀する刀の長さも通常の長さより大きなものでもよいなど)であったが、江戸時代の太平が続くと次第に大名の権威と格式を誇示するための政治的なものに変容した。
- Daimyo-gyoretsu initially referred to a form of military traffic preparing for battles which was based on a march in war time (for example, longer swords than ordinary one were allowed to carry), but as peace in Edo lasted long, it gradually changed to a political thing to show off their authority and social status.
- また、楽市楽座政策をもって彼の先進性と見なす向きもあるが、戦国期に畿内を中心とした土地を大規模な範囲で支配出来たのは信長が最初であるという事情もあり、むしろ経済史の流れに沿っている側面も強いことに注意が必要である。
- The rakuichi-rakuza policy is considered to demonstrate Nobunaga's progressive outlook but there is also the fact that he was the first to achieve wide-reaching territorial control centered around the Kinki region during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), and it is necessary to note that the phenomenon was very important part of economic history.
- 黄砂(こうさ)とは、特に中華人民共和国を中心とした東アジア内陸部の砂漠または乾燥帯の砂塵が、風を伴う砂嵐(砂じんあらし)などによって空に巻き上げられ、春を中心に東アジアなどの広範囲に飛来し、地上に降り注ぐ気象現象。
- Kosa indicates the following weather phenomenon: Dust in inland deserts or dry zones in eastern Asia centered around People's Republic of China, is flung up into the air, for example, by a sandstorm, and is carried and falls over a wide area of eastern Asia centered around spring.
- フランシスコ・ザビエルの日本来航以来、スペインやポルトガルの宣教師の熱心な布教によって、また戦国大名や江戸時代の藩主にもキリスト教を信奉する者が現れたため、キリスト教徒いわゆる切支丹の数は九州を中心に広く拡大した。
- After Francis Xavier came to Japan, the number of Christians increased in Kyushu and other regions due to missionaries from Spain and Portugal ardently propagating Christianity, as well as a number of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) and feudal lords during the Edo period becoming followers of Christianity.
- この権限拡大を背景として、受領たちは租税収取・軍事両面において統治を強化するため、旧来の補佐官で同一階層出自ゆえに一方的に使役しがたい掾(じょう)、目(さかん)に替えて、国内の豪族・有力者らを国衙の体制に組み入れた。
- Through the empowerment of zuryos, they incorporated the local ruling families leading the people into a kokuga government system, instead of the jo (the third-ranking local administrator) and sakan (the fourth-ranking local administrator) who were reluctant to accept the one-sided orders they issued because jo and sakan were also old administrative aides from the same class, in order to strengthen the governance of both tax collection and military affairs.
- しかし、その形式が従来と違い文中に中国皇帝のみが使用する「皇」や「勅」の語があったことで、朝鮮側はそれらは朝鮮にたいし日本を上位におくととらえ、また近代化を進める日本を「仮洋夷」として警戒してその受け取りを拒否した。
- However, the Korean government refused to accept it saying that the note was written in a style that differed from the conventional one and containing words '皇' and '勅'--traditionally used only by Chinese emperors-- suggested that Japan was superior to Korea, and warning that Japan's modernization was based on 'a presumed doctrine of excluding western threats.'
- 武士は当初、「侍」に象徴されるように天皇・貴族の警護や紛争の鎮圧を任とする階層であったが、平清盛の平氏政権を経て鎌倉幕府の成立に至り、旧来の支配権力である朝廷・国司・荘園に対して全国の軍事・警察を担う公権力に発展した。
- Bushi were firstly in the class which guarded the Emperor and aristocrats and suppressed the conflicts as symbolized in 'samurai,' but when the Kamakura bakufu was established through the Taira clan government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, bushi developed into the official authority which were in charge of military affairs and police activities against the Imperial Court, kokushi (provincial governors) and shoen which were traditionally ruling powers.
- 本来、公家という言葉が「おおやけ」すなわち朝廷及び天皇を指していたが、領主制による私的支配に由来する新たな公権力である武家政権成立後に武家である幕府及び征夷大将軍と区別するために公儀という言葉も用いられるようになった。
- Originally, the word 'Kuge' meant 'Oyake' or the Imperial Court and the Emperor, but after the establishment of the 'Buke', or military administration and the new official authority that arose through private management in the manorial system, the word 'Kogi' was used to differentiate from the 'Buke', the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 光秀は次男を連れて洞ヶ峠まで来たが、順慶が来るはずもなかった(この話が拡大して「筒井順慶が洞ヶ峠で日和見を行った」なり、それにちなんで日和見を「洞ヶ峠(を決め込む)」と言うが、記したとおり順慶は洞ヶ峠には来ていない)。
- Mitsuhide, accompanied by his second son, came over to Horaga Toge (Horaga Pass), but there was no possibility for Junkei to come (this episode was dramatized into a story that 'Junkei TSUTSUI took a wait-and-see attitude at Horaga Pass,' which became the origin of the Japanese colloquial expression 'taking a Horaga Toge attitude' meaning opportunism, but as stated above, Junkei in fact did not come to Horaga Pass.
- 所務とは、元来、務めるところという字義どおり仕事・職務を意味する言葉だったが、平安時代の荘園公領制の展開に伴い、荘園や公領の管理職務に付随する権利・義務を表すようになり、鎌倉時代頃には転じて所領等の不動産管理を意味した。
- Originally, the word 'shomu' meant jobs and duties, as suggested by the characters which mean 'work that is related to the place'; however, with the development of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) during the Heian period, the word came to express the concept for the rights and obligations pertaining to the managerial work in shoen (manors) and koryo (the imperial teritories), and further during the Kamakura period, the word was extended to mean the property management of domains such as shoryo.
- 近衛尚通の元には合戦当事者を含めた武将やその家臣、僧侶など様々な身分の相手から情報が寄せられて合戦の事情を把握していることが分るのに対して、鷲尾隆康は公家社会の風説を聞いて「恐怖」するのみであったことが知ることが出来る。
- While we can find that Hisamichi KONOE received information from persons of various statuses such as busho including parties of the war and their vassals, and priests, Takayasu WASHIO had just heard rumors in the court noble's society and was 'horrified.'
- 近衛親子を初めとする五摂家が秀吉の関白就任を容認したのは、天下人である秀吉が相論収拾のために一時的に関白に就任して時が来れば近衛信輔に地位が譲られて再び以前のように五摂家間の持ち回りになるものと解釈されていたからである。
- The five sekke including Nobusuke KONOE and his father accepted the appointment of Hideyoshi to Kanpaku because they had presumed that Hideyoshi, the ruler of Japan, would temporarily assume the position of Kanpaku to settle the dispute and relinquish it to Nobusuke KONOE in due course, and that the position of Kanpaku would be rotated among the five sekke again as it had been.
- また、乾燥地帯が発生地ということは分かっているものの、飛来する砂塵の分析結果から、発生地は砂漠のみであるとする説、砂漠以外の乾燥した地域であるとする説、その両方であるとする説の3つが唱えられている(黄砂の成分・形状参照)。
- Although it is known that kosa originates in dry zones, there are the following three theories about the area where kosa actually originates: One of them limits the area to deserts alone, based on analysis of the dust that comes flying, another attributes the area to dry areas other than deserts, and the last one says that kosa originates in both deserts and dry areas (see the section of Components and shapes of kosa).
- 鎌倉時代に入ると、従来から存在した王朝(朝廷・公家)の法令(公家法・本所法など)以外にも新たに登場した鎌倉幕府によって、右大将家(源頼朝)以来の判例の蓄積や御成敗式目の成立など、武家固有の法令(武家法)が構築されていった。
- As the Kamakura period began, in addition to the currently existing laws and ordinances of the dynasty (the Imperial court and Court nobles), such as court noble law and honjo law (a law to govern manor in the medieval Japan), the newly established Kamakura bakufu instituted Samurai laws which was unique to samurai families by collecting legal precedents after the inauguration of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the udaisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) family, and formulating Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai).
- 「延喜天暦の治」と賞せられる醍醐天皇(延喜の治)・村上天皇(天暦の治)の「善政」とされるものの多くは寛平の治の政策の延長上に過ぎず、従来延喜年間のこととされている奴婢制度廃止令も寛平年中に出された形跡があるとする説がある。
- Most of what was called 'good politics' in the era of Emperor Daigo (Engi no chi) and Emperor Murakami (Tenryaku no chi) and which were highly evaluated as 'Engi-Tenryaku-no-ch' were only extensions of the political measures taken in Kanpyo no chi, and one theory holds that there is evidence that the abolition of slavery was issued in the Kanpyo era, which is generally believed to have been issued in the Enkgi era.
- 特に律令制に基づいて統治が行われた奈良時代は、古代からの地方首長の末裔である郡司層の首長権に由来する権威を利用しつつ、国司四等官の主催する国衙機構が、戸籍を編纂して朝廷の統治領域全体に個別の人別支配の網を張り巡らしていた。
- Especially in the Nara period when the nation was governed based on the Ritsuryo system, the system of kokuga (the region the provincial governor of the Ritsuryo system ruled), which was managed by kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor), extended individual dominance by person throughout areas ruled by the Imperial court by preparing census while taking advantage of authorities originated from chieftaincy of the Gunji (local magistrates) who were scion of the regional chiefs.
- これらを貢納する贄人を初めとする非農業民は、従来「無主」にして「公私共利」の地とされた山野河海の利用により生業をたてていたが、8世紀以降の律令制の解体、荘園公領制の成立とともに、荘園領主による制約を受けるようになってきた。
- Non-agricultural people, including those who presented these items, made their living from the mountains, fields, rivers, and the sea that were originally lands 'not owned by anyone' and were 'beneficial publicly and privately,' however, regulations were initiated by Shoen owners after the disbandment of the Ritsuryo system and the establishment of the Shoen-Koryo system from the 8th Century.
- しかし秀吉の権勢は関白の地位に由来するものではなく、彼本人の政治力によるものであり、また、彼は摂関を征夷大将軍に代わる「武家の棟梁」として位置付けようとしたものであり、旧来の摂関政治の復活とは軌を一にするものではなかった。
- However, Hideyoshi's power did not derive from the status of chancellor but rather his own political influence, and also because he tried to rank the regency as the 'the leading warrior' in place of the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians'), it did not take the same line as a restoration of the old regency.
- 平和が招来されたことにより、大量の兵士(武士)が非生産的な軍事活動から行政的活動に転じ、広域的な新田開発が各地で行われたため、戦国時代から安土・桃山時代へと長い成長を続けていた経済は爆発的に発展し、高度成長時代が始まった。
- Since a large number of soldiers (samurai) shifted their activities from counterproductive military activities to administrative activities due to the rise of peaceful state and new rice fields were cultivated in various places, the economic development which had sustained for a long time from the Warring States period to the Azuchi Momoyama period accerelated explosively, and a high-growth era started.
- 国宝彫刻のそのほとんどを寺社が所有しているが、例外として奈良・奈良国立博物館保管の薬師如来坐像(京都・若王子社旧蔵)、東京・大倉集古館(大倉文化財団)所有の木造普賢菩薩騎象像(伝来不明)、大分・臼杵市所有の臼杵磨崖仏がある。
- Almost all sculptures designated national treasures are owned by temples or shrines, though some exceptions do exist, including the seated statue of Bhaisajyaguru (Yakushi Nyorai, the Healing Buddha) under the care of the Nara National Museum in Nara (formerly in the possession of the Nyakuoji-sha Shrine in Kyoto), the wooden statue of Samantabhadra (Fugen Bosatsu in Japanese) riding an elephant owned by the Okura Shukokan Museum of Fine Arts (of the Okura Culture Foundation; the original owner is unknown), and the Usuki Magaibutsu (the stone-cliff Buddha) owned by the city of Usuki in Oita.
- この年の5月から6月にかけて当時相論で行われていた「三例三答」と呼ばれる手続きに従い、信輔は4度(本来は3度であるが補足として4度目の意見書を出した)、昭実は3度意見書を提出して自己の主張の正当性と相手の主張の誤りを主張した。
- From May to June of the year, according to the procedure of the sanrei-santo (legal proceedings of three questions and three answers, 三例三答) utilized in the soron (legal dispute) at that time, Nobusuke submitted a written statement four times (officially, a written statement should be submitted three times, but he submitted a forth supplementary one), and Akizane submitted three times, in order to insist on the legitimacy of their own statements and the errors of the opponent's.
- そのころ外道丸こと酒呑童子は、恋文の返事が来ないと悲観して死んだ娘のことを聞き、読まなかった恋文の入ったつづらを開けてみると異様な煙が立ち昇って気を失い、気づくと鬼へと変わり果てて寺から逃げて悪の限りを尽くすようになっていた。
- Around that time, Gedomaru (that is, Shuten Doji) heard of a girl who had died of grief due to his failure to send a reply to her love-letter, and upon opening the tsuzura (package) included in her letter--which he had never read--a strange vapor rose from it, causing him to lose consciousness; when he came to, his transformation into an oni was already complete, so he fled from the temple and set his heart on reaching the very limits of evil.
- 本来地名としては西京区(桂川 (淀川水系)の右岸)を指し、左岸は右京区嵯峨野であるが、観光案内等では嵯峨地区を含めた渡月橋(とげつきょう)周辺全域を一まとめに嵐山と称する事が多いため、本記事では渡月橋周辺全域をしての嵐山を扱う。
- The place name originally shows Nishikyo Ward (on the right bank of the Katsura-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system), and the area on the left bank is Sagano, Ukyo Ward, but, because the are around Togetsu-kyo Bridge including the Saga area is collectively introduced as Arashiyama in the tourist information, etc., this article provides explanations of whole area around Togetsu-kyo Bridge as Arashiyama.
- 水系に産する生物、特に魚類については、源伴存の『和州吉野郡群山記』(弘化年間)がイワナ(地方名キリクチ)、アユ、アマゴ(ヤマメ)、ウナギの5種を記載して以来、十津川とその支流に見られる淡水魚について、多くの調査研究が行われてきた。
- As for creatures, especially fish, in the water system, 'Washu Yoshino-gun Gunzanki' written by Tomoari MINAMOTO in the Kowa era (the later Edo period) lists five kinds of fish including Japanese char (locally called kirikuchi), ayu (sweetfish), red spotted masu trout (landlocked masu salmon) and eel; after that, plenty of investigations and studies has been conducted on freshwater fish in Totsu-kawa River and its branches.
- 新撰組はいわば“佐幕派の人斬り集団”(本当は捕縛することが目的なのだが、逃げようとしたり、斬りかかって来る不逞浪士があまりにも多かったため)であり、池田屋事件などで京都に潜伏する過激派尊皇攘夷論者や不逞浪士の取り締まりにあたった。
- Shinsen-gumi may be described as 'a group of pro-shogunate killers' (actually their purpose was to capture, but there were too many lawless roshis who tried to escape, or who tried to attack them with their swords), and they were engaged through the Ikedaya Incident, etc., in controlling Sonno-joi extremists and lawless roshi's hiding in Kyoto.
- バブル崩壊後、平成時代に入ってからは、小売酒販店として酒屋本来の領分である「酒の専門店」として生き残りを図り、販売する品目を限定するかわりに、商品に関する情報を蓄えることで付加価値をつけ、健全な成長を続けている酒屋が各地に存在する。
- Entering the Heisei period (1989 and later) after the bubble economy busted, many retail sake shops still exist in various areas that have continued healthy growth through the following efforts: Trying to survive as 'a shop specialized in liquor' that is the essential function of sakaya as a retail sake shop, and limiting the products to be sold but adding values to the products through accumulating information about the products.
- 梅雨(ばいう、つゆ。黴雨とも)とは、北海道と小笠原諸島を除く日本、朝鮮半島南部、中華人民共和国の華南や華中の沿海部、および台湾など、東アジアの広範囲において見られる特有の気象で、5月から7月にかけて毎年巡って来る雨の多い期間のこと。
- Baiu (called also 'tsuyu' and written also as '黴雨' [meaning 'rain of molds']) is a rainy period from May to July every year which is typical meteorological phenomenon seen in a wide area covering Japan excluding Hokkaido and Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands), the southern part of Korean Peninsula, coastal area of People's Republic of China including south and center China and Taiwan.
- しかし、この来目歌がどの程度史実を反映するものかどうかは判然とせず、またここで登場する「えみし」が後の「蝦夷」を意味するかどうかも判然としないため、古い時代の蝦夷の民族的性格や居住範囲については諸説があり確かなことはわかっていない。
- However, it isn't clear how accurately this Kumeuta reflects the history or whether 'Emishi' in this poem means the same '蝦夷' that appeared in later history; instead, there are various theories about the characteristics as an ethnic group of an occupied zone of '蝦夷' in ancient times, but no one knows for sure.
- しかし外山・佐阿弥・十二次郎・観世元雅越智観世など他の作者付には見られない作者が挙げられ、これらの人物については信用のおける古書を参照しているとも考えることも出来、信頼には検討を要するとは言え、傍証が得られれば重要な資料となり得る。
- However, it includes writers such as Sotoyama, Saami, Junijiro, Kanze Motomasa and Ochi Kanze who do not appear in other sakushazuke and it can be thought that details regarding these individuals is based on credible ancient texts, so although it is important to remain skeptical, this book will become a valuable resource if its content can be corroborated.
- 『高野春秋編年輯録』によると、10月2日に堀秀政が根来に着陣したのを皮切りに、総大将織田信孝以下岡田重孝、松山庄五郎らが紀ノ川筋に布陣、大和口には筒井順慶・定次父子を配し、高野七口を塞いで総勢十三万七千二百二十余人に達したとされる。
- According to 'Koya Shunju Hennen Shuroku' (The Springs and Falls of Mt. Koya), the number of Nobunaga's army reached more than 137,220 in total, led by the general commander Nobutaka ODA with the troops of Shigetaka OKADA, Shogoro MATSUYAMA and others along the Kino-kawa River, Junkei TSUTSUI and his son Sadatsugu at Yamato guchi, and blocking Koya nanakuchi (seven gates of Koyasan), starting from Hidemasa HORI's arrival at Negoro on November 18.
- そこで旧来の法令に欠けている分野を補完する目的で江戸幕府や諸藩の中で明王朝で使われた明律の研究が始められた(中国では既に清の時代に入っていたが、明の法律文献が多く日本に伝来していたことや清律も明律をほぼ踏襲していた事が影響している。)。
- Therefore, in order to supplement the areas lacking in traditional law, research on the Ming code, used in the Ming dynasty, began within the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and various clans (China was already in the Qing period, but many Ming legal documents were introduced in Japan and the Qing code mostly succeeded the Ming code).
- 『鉄炮記』によれば、種子島への鉄砲伝来は天文 (元号)12年8月25日 (旧暦)(ユリウス暦1543年9月23日)の出来事で、大隅国(鹿児島県)種子島西之浦湾に漂着した中国船に乗っていた「五峰」と名乗る明の儒生が西村織部と筆談で通訳を行う。
- According to 'Teppoki' (a history book on the introduction of guns), firearms were first brought to Tanegashima Island on October 3, 1543 by a Chinese ship tossed ashore on Nishinoura Bay of Tanegashima Island, Osumi Province (Kagoshima Prefecture) and a Confucian scholar from Ming onboard, who identified himself as Goho, worked as a translator for Oribe NISHIMURA by using written messages.
- その由来については淡路国に流された淡路廃帝大炊親王(淳仁天皇)のために同国の官物・庸調が廃帝の生活に充てられ、平城京に籠った平城上皇のために大和国の田租・地子イネが生活に充てられたもの、更にその後導入された親王任国を制度の嚆矢とする説もある。
- The theoris on the origin of the ingubunkokusei system describes: One that it started when kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and choyo (taxes in tribute and labor under the ritsuryo system) collected within Awaji Province were used to feed Imperial Prince Oi who had been deported to the province and called Awaji Haitei (deposed Emperor of Awaji); another theory argues that the system began when denso (a rice field tax) and rice collected within Yamato Province was used to feed Retired Emperor Heizei who had confined himself in Heijo-Kyo; a third theory states that the system was established along with shinno nintoku (provinces whose governing posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes) system that was introduced later on.
- 特に、古くからの地域における首長層を再編した郡司層の首長権への精神面での服従構造と、経営の安定性を欠く零細百姓層の経営維持を保証する出挙は、本来古代日本とは異質な社会である唐代中国社会を成立背景とした律令制が、日本で成立する上で重要であった。
- In particular, the structure of mental obedience to the chieftaincy of Gunji (local magistrates), who used to be the chiefs of village community since ancient times, as well as suiko (a kind of official loan system), which was supposed to guarantee the sustainable management of small-hold peasants, were quite important for maintaining the Ritsuryo system in Japan since this system was originally created in the context of Chinese society of the Tang Dynasty, a quite different society from that of Japan.
- 間もなく山陰道鎮撫総督西園寺公望から丹波に王政復古(日本)の募兵があり、前年末頃から御所警備などの勤王奉仕策を練っていた山国では、平安時代以来の皇室との関係と郷中復古(禁裏御料回復)の願いから、直ちにこれに応じて自弁による農兵隊が結成された。
- Soon after, imperial loyalist (anti-bakufu) troops recruited by Kinmochi SAIONJI, the general placed in charge of pacifying the Sanindo highway and the surrounding area, appeared in Tanba Province, and in Yamaguni, whose inhabitants had been training to serve the imperial cause, for example by standing guard at the imperial palace in Kyoto, since the end of the previous year (1867), they were also hoping for a restoration of their own hamlet along with a resumption of the ties with the imperial house they had held since the Heian period, desires which quickly prompted them to form, at their own expense, a fighting force of farmers.
- これは南北朝時代以降、戦場への動員人数が激増して徒歩での集団戦が主体となり、騎馬戦闘を行う戦闘局面が比較的限定されるようになっても、本来の武士であるか否かは騎馬戦闘を家業とするか層か否かという基準での線引きが後世まで保持されていったためである。
- This is because the classification was preserved after ages, where whether he was an original bushi or not depended on whether his family business was part of the cavalry fighting or not, even though fighting by group on foot became mainstream and cavalry fighting became relatively limited at the war scenes after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the number of recruitments to the battlefield dramatically increased.
- なお第十二章と十三章の本来の章題は「五行相刑法第十二」、「五行相破法第十三」で、章題に「五行」の字句を含んでいるが、どちらも相生相剋とは無関係に、十二支に特殊な相互関係である「十二支ニ支の相互関係」と「十二支ニ支の相互関係」の説明となっている。
- Although the titles of Chapter 12 and Chapter 13, 'Gogyosokeiho daijuni' and 'Gogyosohaho daijusan' respectively, include the term 'Gogyo, the explanations are related not to Sojo Sokoku (compatibility between the cosmic dual forces) but to 'the mutual relationship between junishi and nishi,' the specific mutual relationship of junishi.
- 唐の律令の継受も、このような土台のうえに可能となったのであるが、秦・漢以来の歴代の専制主義的法制を集大成した唐の律令と大化前代の日本の法とでは、段階の差が、あまりにはげしかったので、律令法は継受法としての性格を強くもたざるをえなかったとみられる。
- Adopting the Tang ritsuryo was possible based upon such a foundation, but the difference between the Tang ritsuryo, which was a comprehensive compilation of successive despotic legal systems since Qin and Han, and the Japanese law of the pre-Taika era, was so great that ritsuryo law could not avoid becoming, basically, an adopted law by nature.
- 成功(じょうごう)とは、朝廷の公事・行事及び殿舎の営繕、寺社の堂塔修造費用など本来、朝廷の公費で負担すべきところを、任官希望者を募り任料を納めさせるか、または自己負担でそれぞれの事業の功を成らせて、見返りに官職に叙任するという売官制度の一種である。
- Jogo was a system by which those aspiring to a government post would either pay directly to gain an appointment, or pay for expenses that would otherwise have had to be paid from the coffers of the Imperial Court, such as those incurred in carrying out public functions or events for the Imperial Court, building or repairing the palace, or repairing the buildings and pagodas of shrines and temples.
- 中国においては、『周礼』の司徒属人條にて周が「委積法」を行ったことに由来しているとされているが、記録の上で明白なのは、隋の開皇8年(585年)に度支尚書長孫平が定義したもので、諸侯から民衆まで一定額の粟・黍を納めさせて州県に設置された義倉に納められた。
- In China, Shito zokunin jo (司徒属人條, an article of Shito zokunin) in 'Rites of Zhou' talks about its origin that Zhou applied 'Ishi-ho' (委積法, literally, method of goods), and according the definition Sonhei CHO, Takushi shosho (account office) made in the Sui Dynasty (in 585), that was obvious on record, people from the domains to ordinary people were forced to provide a certain amount of foxtail and proso millet and those millets were stored in giso warehouses which were constructed in prefectures.
- また5世紀末から6世紀初めにかけて、それまで首長墓を造営してきた古墳群の多くが衰退し、新興の古墳群が出現していることから、ワカタケル大王の王権強化策は成功したが、その一方で旧来の勢力からの反発を招き、その結果として王権が一時的に弱体化したとの説もある。
- Furthermore, since towards the end of the fifth and the beginning of the sixth centuries many of the old burial mounds where chiefs were entombed went into decline and new types of burial mounds emerged, it is thought that King Wakatakeru's strategy for strengthening sovereignty succeeded, although his power was temporarily weakened by rebellions from the former powers.
- また、奈良県教育委員会の調査報告によれば、小辺路の名は地元ではあまり用いられず、高野山や熊野に由来する「高野道」「高野街道」(野迫川村内)ないし「熊野道」「熊野街道」(十津川村内)と呼ばれることが多く、高野山ないし大師信仰との結びつきの強さも指摘できよう。
- According to the investigation by the Nara Prefectural Board of Education, the locals usually did not call the road 'Kohechi,' instead of it, particularly in Nosegawa Village, they called it 'Koya-michi' or 'Koya-kaido' after Mt. Koya (Temple), particularly in Totsukawa Village, they called it 'Kumano-michi' or 'Kumano-kaido' after Kumano (Shrines), presumably the road reflected local people's strong beliefs not only in Kumano Shrines but also in Mt. Koya Temple and in Daishi (higher priests).
- 『新撰姓氏録』は、平安京および畿内に住む1182氏を、その出自により「皇別」・「神別」・「諸蕃」に分類してその祖先を明らかにし、氏名(うじな)の由来、分岐の様子などを記述するものであるが、主として氏族の改賜姓が正確かどうかを判別するために編まれたものである。
- For the 1182 clans that lived in Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in the current Kyoto) and the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), 'Shinsen Shojiroku' describes the origin of their family names, how the pedigrees branched and other information by classifying the clans, based on the place of origin, into 'Kobetsu' (clans that branched out from the Imperial Family), 'Shinbetsu' (clans the branched out of the family of god) and 'Shoban' (clans coming from foreign lands) to clarify their ancestors; however, it was compiled mainly to determine whether the changed family names of the clans were accurate.
- 南北に長い京都府では従来、京都市を除く12の地域に地方振興局を設置し、地域にあった振興策を策定していたが、社会情勢の大きな変化により、2004年(平成16年)5月に地域の中核都市(宇治・亀岡・舞鶴市・京丹後)に地方振興局を集約、4の広域振興局体制に再編した。
- In Kyoto Prefecture that covers a wide area in the north-south direction, a regional development bureau placed at each of the twelve regions of the prefecture, except Kyoto City, compiled its own development plan, but corresponding to changes in social situations, they were reorganized in May of 2004 into four wide-area development bureaus, each placed in the four core cities of Uji, Kameoka, Maizuru and Kyotango.
- 薩長は、土佐藩、佐賀藩をも巻き込み、開国以来の違勅条約に対する反対論と外国人排撃を主張、実行に移そうとする「攘夷」を、国学の進展などにより江戸時代後期から広がっていた国家元首問題としての尊王論とを結びつけ、「尊皇攘夷」を旗頭に「倒幕」の世論を形成していった。
- Satsuma and Choshu domains, together with Tosa and Saga domains, advocated the 'anti-shogunate movement' based on the 'antiforeign imperialism' insisting that the treaties with the Western powers, which were concluded against the imperial order, should not be accepted in the first place and that foreigners should be expelled out of Japan, and placating those who were about to resort to force for the cause of exclusionism, these domains tried to unite exclusionism with the imperialism on the supremacy of the emperor.
- この動きにより、地頭請、下地中分等を通じた武家の側からのみならず、領家側からの一円知行化が活発となり、領家職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領家が現れるなど、従来の身分格差に応じた職の体系が崩れだし、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなった。
- This development stimulated the proliferation of Shinryo ichien chigyo not only from the samurai side through jito-uke (system under which the jito controls a manor and pays a fixed fee to its owner) and shitaji-chubun (halving of revenue source land) but also from ryoke (lords of manors), resulting in the beginning of breakdown of the traditional system of occupational positions based on status differences, which involved the emergence of jito having a ryoke position and vice versa, and eventually in a major change of ryoke positions and jito positions in manors and public estates.
- 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽身分のものだけでは不十分なケースが多々見られ、こうした場合、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設することがあった。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and its domains were forced to eliminate their 'matchlock infantry' armed with matchlocks and to form a 'musket infantry' or 'musket unit' armed with Western style firearms, however, the number of ashigaru (common foot soldiers) was sometimes not enough to form these infantries or units and, in these cases, new members were recruited to create a musket infantry similar to the ashigaru troops in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
- また、白河天皇は退位後の寛治4年(1090年)頃に旧の覚円の僧房を御所(白河泉殿)とし、続いて永久 (日本)3年(1115年)に白河泉殿を改築して白河南殿を造営、更に元永元年(1118年)にはその隣接地に白河北殿を新造して2つの御所を行き来しながら院政を行った。
- Emperor Shirakawa started to use Kakuen's once-used living quarters as his Gosho (Imperial Palace) (Shirakawa Izumi-dono) around 1090 after his retirement, then in 1115, erected the Shirakawa Minami-dono (South Imperial Palace) rebuilding the Shirakawa Izumi-dono, further in 1118, at the adjoining site, erected the Shirakawa Kita-dono (North Imperial Palace), and conducted the Insei (rule by the Retired Emperor) shuttling between the two Palaces.
- 、長崎の出島への折衝のみを前提としてきた幕府のこれまでの方針に反して、江戸湾の目と鼻の先である浦賀に強行上陸したアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリーとやむなく交渉した幕府は、翌年の来航時には江戸湾への強行突入の構えをみせたペリー艦隊の威力に屈し日米和親条約を締結した。
- In 1853 the shogunate government was forced to change the conventional foreign policy that foreign negotiation should be conducted only in Dejima island in Nagasaki and have talks with Matthew Perry of the United State who landed defiantly at Uraga, in the backyard of Edo, and next year concluded the Japan-U.S. Treaty of Peace and Amity, yielding to the pressure from the Perry squadron in readiness to enter the Edo Bay.
- 符とは、元来官庁が自己の管轄下にある下位の官庁に出す命令文書を指し、太政官以外の官庁でもこれを出すことが出来たが、太政官は原則として他の全ての官庁に対して符が出せたこと、格式のような重要な法令も太政官符の書式を用いて出されることがあったことから、極めて重みを有した。
- Pu (符, also referred as fu) originally indicated the documents of orders and instructions that government agencies gave to their lower rank agencies, which meant that any agencies, including Daijokan, were able to issue it, but because Daijokan, in principle, was able to issue it to all the other agencies and the important laws like Kyakushiki (supplementary laws of Ritsuryo code) were sometimes issued in the form of Daijokanpu, it was taken very seriously.
- 日本で今日のような天文学の研究が開始されるのは、江戸幕府が天文方を設置して以後であるが、初代天文方の渋川春海は『天文瓊統』において、科学的な天文観測とともに天文道以来の天体と占いの関係についての学説に割いている(これは春海が土御門泰福から神道を学んだ影響も大きい)。
- Although it was only after the establishment of tenmonkata (officer in charge of astronomy) by the Edo bakufu that people started to conduct astronomical research in the current style, the first tenmonkata, Harumi SHIBUKAWA, discussed the theory on the relationship between astronomical bodies and divination, which followed the tradition of Tenmondo, as well as scientific observation of the sky in a book called 'Tenmon Keito' (this may stem from the fact that Harumi learned Shinto from Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO).
- 本来、守護には大犯三箇条の義務遂行のため、本人あるいはその代理である役人・使者の国内の公領・荘園への立ち入る権利が認められていたが、鎌倉幕府は国司や領家・本所(権門)との対立を回避するために、国司や領家・本所が守護による干渉を受けない特例地域を設ける事を承認していた。
- Originally not only a shugo but also his officials and emissaries acting as his agents had been empowered to enter domestic koryo and shoen to perform their duties of Taibon Sankajo (three major tasks of peacekeeping), but the Kamakura bakufu agreed to provide special areas in which a kokushi (regional lord), ryoke (lord of the manor), honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor), or kenmon (an influential family) were not interfered with by shugo, in order to avoid a confrontation with them.
- そこで当時院政を敷いていた後水尾法皇と江戸幕府との間で密かに万が一鷹司房子に男子が生まれないままに天皇が崩御された場合の時には小倉実起の娘(中納言典侍・実名不詳)が生んだ第1皇子である一宮が継承するという合意が出来ており、天皇や摂関家などの有力公家の合意を取り付けていた。
- There had been an agreement between Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo, then taking the virtual reins of the court, and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a nominally emperor-appointed Shogun) that, if Emperor Reigen died before Fusako TAKATSUKASA delivered a son, the Emperor's oldest son Ichinomiya born to a daughter (an unidentified Chunagon Naishi (a maid of honor to the Vice-Councilor of State)) of Saneoki OGURA would inherit the throne, and this agreement had won consent of the Emperor and influential noble families including Sekkanke (families qualified for appointment as Prince Regent or Chief Advisor to the Emperor).
- 朝廷内部では長州勢の駆逐を求める強硬派と宥和派が対立し、禁裏御守衛総督を勤める一橋慶喜(徳川慶喜)は退兵を呼びかけるが、京都蛤御門(京都市上京区)付近で長州藩兵が、会津・桑名藩・薩摩各藩の諸隊と衝突、尊皇攘夷を唱える長州勢は壊滅、来島又兵衛、久坂玄瑞、寺島忠三郎らは戦死した。
- Within the Imperial Court, there was a struggle between hard-liners that wanted to destroy Choshu's military force and others who wished to appease them, while Keiki HITOTSUBASHI (later known as Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA), who served as Viceroy and Protector of the Imperial Palace, called on the soldiers to withdraw, but the Choshu soldiers clashed with various groups of samurai warriors from Aizu, Kuwana, and Satsuma clans near Kyoto's Hamaguri Gate (in the Kamigyo ward of modern-day Kyoto); but the forces of Choshu, chanting their Revere the Emperor slogan, were annihilated, and Matabe KIJIMA, Gensui KUSAKA, and Chusaburo TERAJIMA were among those who died in battle.
- 日本など発生地から遠くに飛来する黄砂の粒の大きさは0.5µm(マイクロメートル) - 5µm (0.0005mm - 0.005mm)くらいで、タバコ製品の煙の粒子の直径 (0.2 - 0.5µm) よりやや大きく、人間の赤血球の直径 (6 - 8µm) よりやや小さいくらい。
- The sizes of sand gains of the kosa that comes flying over a long distance from its source place, for example, to Japan are around 0.5 µm to 5 µm (0.0005 mm to 0.005 mm) that is slightly larger than those of grains in smoke from tobacco (0.2 µm to 0.5 µm) and slightly smaller than the diameters of human red blood cells (6 µm to 8 µm).
- 台湾領有については松方、陸奥、伊藤ら日本政府要人も1894年以来、その領有の必要性や目的を意見書「威海衛を衝き台湾を略すべき方策」(伊藤)、「台湾島鎮撫策に関して」(陸奥)などでマレー半島や南洋群島に進出する根拠地、中国大陸に将来版図を展開する際の根拠地とする意見を表明していた。
- Leaders in the Japanese government such as Matsukata, Mutsu, and Ito expressed their opinion in their papers on the aim and necessity for Japan to occupy Taiwan based on its expansion to the Maly Peninsula and the South Sea Island or as a base in the future to conquer territory on the Chinese continent since 1894: for example 'Strategy for occupation of Taiwan by attacking Weihaiwei' (Ito), and 'A measure to pacify the Taiwan Island' (Mutsu).
- だが、実際には『三代実録』には明経・紀伝がしばし併記して記述され、『日本紀略』の応和4年2月25日 (旧暦)(964年4月10日)の講日本紀(後述)において大学寮から「紀伝明経道」学生の出席が命じられた経緯が記されており、この出来事ついて触れた『類聚符宣抄』も同様の記載をしている。
- Meanwhile, in reality, there are some accounts in 'Sandaijitsuroku' in which both myogyo and kiden appear, and there is also a description in 'Nihongi Ryaku' (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) that 'kidenmyogyodo' students were ordered from the daigakuryo to attend lectures on the chronicles of Japan on April 10, 964, and a similar account can also be found in 'Ruijufusensho' (a collection of statute books dating from the years 737 to 1093).
- これは小作制度というよりも中世荘園制度のインドへの導入に近く、従来は古代には収穫物の6分の1、デリー・スルタン朝時代以後でも収穫物の3分の1の徴収であったものが定額かつ高額な地税を現金による納付となり、なおかつ徴収実務は領主・地主に任されていたために、農民は農奴に近い状況に置かれた。
- This was the introduction of India to medieval manorialism rather than the tenancy system and traditionally one-sixth of harvests in ancient times and one-third of them after the Dehli Sultanate period were levied, but the taxes on land were paid with fixed and expensive amounts of cash money and the lords and landowners undertook tax collection work and thus the farmers were put in a situation which was similar to that of serfs.
- 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽隊は既に整理され事実上消滅し、残りも最低定員で末端役人や治安警備担当に振り分けられていたため、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設した。
- At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu and the domains abolished the 'firearm units' which bore matchlock guns and there was a growing need to form western-style infantry units and musket units, but due to the fact that the preexisting ashigaru units had already been disbanded and had virtually disappeared, with those remaining serving as low-level officials and security police, new personnel was recruited and infantry units resembling the ashigaru units of the Sengoku period were created.
- ただし現在でも、一部のコンピュータシステム等の問題(旧字体を使用できない、システム変更に費用がかかる)から「五条」としか表記出来ないもの(例:銀行・郵便の貯金部門)や、固有名詞であるもの(例:「五条」を冠した会社名、駅名である「五条駅」)など、僅かながらも「五条」の表記が残っている。
- However, even now, there are still a few descriptions of '五条' in the cases where only '五条' can be described (examples: banks and the savings department of post offices); this is because of problems related to how computers handle old Chinese characters, and the costs for modifying the system; for proper nouns like a company name that includes '五条,' or station names like '五条 Station' this is still an issue.
- また、三好氏を利用して永禄7年(1564年)には敵対していた政所執事伊勢貞孝を敗死に追い込み、新たな政所執事に義輝の義従兄弟にあたる摂津晴門を起用し、従来将軍の意向が及ばなかった政所を掌握して幕府決裁に対する影響力を強め、義満以来の聡明な将軍として幕府の将軍親政を着実に進めていった。
- In the same year of 1564, Yoshiteru utilized the Miyoshi clan in driving Sadataka ISE, then head of Mandokoro (the government administrative office) who had been hostile to the Shogun, into death in a losing battle; appointed his (Yoshiteru's) cousin-in-law Harukado SETTSU as new head of Mandokoro; strengthened his control of official decisions of the Bakufu through the Mandokoro, previously out of his real authority but now more at his mercy, and thereby steadily achieved direct rule by the Shogun as the wisest leader after Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
- 「三職推任問題」は、本能寺の変の直前の出来事であり、その性質上、信長が即答可能な問題ではないこと、京への立ち寄りの理由の1つは、それへの返答にあったと考えられることは、上記根拠への疑問を投げかける(信長が返答することを阻止するためにこの日程で本能寺を襲ったと解する事は可能ではある)。
- The facts that 'sanshokusuininmondai' occurred immediately before Honnoji Incident and from its nature, it was not a matter for which Nobunaga could answer instantly and it seems that the purpose of making stopover at Kyoto was to give his answer raise a doubt with respect to the above-described grounds (It is possible to interpret that Mitsuhide attacked the Honno-ji Temple in order to prevent Nobunaga from giving an answer).
- 鉄砲の伝来は、初期の火縄銃の形式が東南アジアの加圧式火鋏を持った鳥銃に似ている事や東南アジアにおいても先行して火縄銃が使われていた事などから、種子島への鉄砲伝来に代表されるようなヨーロッパ経由でなく倭寇などの密貿易によって東南アジア方面から持ち込まれたとする説がある(宇田川武久説)。
- Based on the facts that the mechanism of early matchlock guns is similar to that of the choju (guns for bird hunting) of Southeast Asia with a pressurized serpentine arm and the use of matchlock guns in Southeast Asia preceded to use in Japan, some researchers (such as Takehisa UDAGAWA) argue that matchlock guns were introduced into Japan not via Europe, as typified by the introduction of firearms to Tanegashima Island, but through illicit trades with Southeast Asia by wako.
- 主人の軍事行動に当たり家来が手勢を引き連れ参陣し、又は戦場において軍功を挙げた場合(奉公)、主人はこれに対し、その「参陣」「軍功」が単なる私闘・私戦ではなく正当性のある「公戦」におけるものだと認定し、御恩と奉公御恩したり、新領地を恩賞として与えたり(御恩と奉公御恩)すべきものとされていた。
- When vassals participated in military action initiated by their lord with their own soldiers or showed their military exploits on the battlefield (contributing service), the lords were in return required to recognize 'participation' and 'military exploits' of the vassals not for their own private battle or war but for a legitimate 'official battle' in order that they be granted favor and compensated for their service, or receive new territory as a reward (the granting of favor and compensation for service).
- 近年の研究では、従来から言われていた894年(寛平6年)の遣唐使廃止や896年(寛平8年)の造籍、私営田抑制、滝口の武士の設置等に加え、国司に一国内の租税納入を請け負わせる国司請負や、位田等からの俸給給付等を民部省を通さずに各国で行う等、国司の権限を強化する改革を次々と行ったとされている。
- According to recent studies, in addition to the abolition of Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) in 894, register of population, restriction of the private land, and deployment of Takiguchi no Bushi (the guards of the Imperial Palace who were in charge near the palace waterfall) in 896, he seems to have continuously carried out reforms to strengthen the power of kokushi (provincial governors), such as kokushi ukeoi to make kokushi collect all local taxes in their provinces, and making each province pay the salary directly from iden (fields given based on ikai, the court rank) without going through the minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs).
- しかし一般的にはその前年にあたる1867年(慶応3年)の大政奉還、王政復古以降の改革を指すことが多い(日本の歴史学界における明治維新研究では、前段階である江戸幕府崩壊期(天保の改革あるいは黒船来航以後)も研究対象とされるが、維新体制が整う以前の政治状況については幕末の項で扱うものとする)。
- However, the Meiji Restoration generally includes Taisei-hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) and Osei-hukko (the restoration of the Imperial rule) which started in 1867 (according to various academic studies of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, it includes the late Edo Shogunate period (after the Tempo reforms or the Perry Expedition) as the first part of the Restoration, but some political situations prior to the Restoration are mentioned in the article of 'Bakumatsu' (the end of the Edo Shogunate)).
- 既指定物件は近畿地方に集中しており、近畿以外の地区に所在するものは神奈川・高徳院の銅造阿弥陀如来坐像(鎌倉大仏)、東京・大倉集古館の木造普賢菩薩騎象像(本来どこの寺院にあったものか不明)、岩手・中尊寺の金色堂堂内諸像及天蓋、福島・勝常寺の木造薬師三尊像、大分・臼杵市所有の臼杵磨崖仏がある。
- Most of the aforementioned sculptures designated national treasures are concentrated in the Kinki (Kansai) region, but there are some sculptures located outside the Kinki region, including the bronze seated statue of Amitabha Tathagata in Kotokuin Temple in Kanagawa (the Big Buddha of Kamakura), the wooden statue of Samantabhadra (Fugen Bosatsu in Japanese) riding an elephant in the Okura Shukokan Museum of Fine Arts in Tokyo (it is not known at which temple this statue originally resided), the statues and the canopy in the Golden Hall of Chuson-ji Temple in Iwate, the three wooden statues that comprise the Yakushi Triad housed in Shojo-ji Temple in Fukushima, and the Usuki Magaibutsu (the stone-cliff Buddha) owned by the city of Usuki in Oita.
- 神道国教化政策との絡みや、キリスト教を解禁しても直ちに欧米が条約改正には応じないとする懐疑的な姿勢から来る、政府内の保守派の反対のみばかりでなく、宗教界や一般民衆からも「邪宗門」解禁に反対する声が強く紛糾したものの、明治6年(1873年)2月24日禁制の高札を除去し、その旨を各国に通告した。
- The conservatives in the government opposed it because they thought that allowing Christianity could be an obstacle to establishing Shinto as a state religion, and because they doubted Europe and the United States would accept a revision of the unequal treaty immediately even if they lifted the ban on Christianity, but also because the religious world and people opposed it because they considered Christianity as 'Heresy,', but in any case the government lifted the ban on Christianity and announced it to foreign countries on February 24, 1873.
- 754年(天平勝宝6年)1月に6度目の航海のすえに平城京に到着して、戒律や多数の経典を伝えた唐出身の鑑真和尚、大仏開眼供養の導師となったインド出身の菩提僊那、菩提僊那と同時に来日したチャンパ王国(林邑)出身の僧仏哲、唐僧道セン、また、多くの新羅僧ら外国出身の僧侶の活動に負うところも大きかった。
- It also owed to activities of foreign monks such as Ganjin (Jianzhen) wajo from Tang who arrived in January 754 in Heijokyo on his sixth attempted voyage to Japan and introduced the precepts of Buddhism, bringing a large number of Buddhist scriptures, Bodai Senna from India who acted as Kaigan doshi (an officiating priest to consecrate a newly made Buddhist statue or image by inserting the eyes) for the daibutsu, Buttetsu, a monk from the kingdom of Champa (Lin Yi, a former name for Vietnam) who came to Japan at the same time as Tang monk Bodai Senna (Dosen) and a large number of monks from Silla.
- 氷川神社が延喜式に掲載されている古社であり、かつ、氷川神社の主祭神がスサノオになった(=元々主祭神であったアラハバキ神が客人神になった)のは江戸幕府の政治的意図によるものであることからすれば、出雲と氷川の繋がりの話は、大和朝廷による蝦夷(含、渡来人)支配の一過程であると捉えたほうがよさそうである。
- Since Hikawa-jinja Shrine is an old establishment listed in the 'the Engishiki' (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) and the main god of Hikawa-jinja Shrine became Susanoo (in other words, the original main god Arahabaki became the guest god) only because of political reasons of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the story on the link between Izumo and Hikawa may be taken as part of the process of Emishi (including Toraijin [people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese]) control by the Yamato Court.
- そして2年後、秀頼は右大臣に昇ったものの、この年に家康は将軍職も2年後に息子徳川秀忠に譲って将軍職の世襲の意思を表し、同じ年に九条兼孝に代わって一連の問題の発端となった近衛信尹(信輔改め、慶長6年(1601年)左大臣還任)が相論発生以来21年目にして関白に任命されて五摂家による持ち回りが復活した。
- Two years later, Hideyori was elevated to the position of Udaijin, and yet, Ieyasu yielded the position of Shogun to his son, Hidetada TOKUGAWA, showing his determination to pass down the position by hereditary succession; in the same year, in place of Kanetaka KUJO, Nobutada KONOE (whose name had changed from Nobusuke and who had been reinstated to Sadaijin in 1601) was appointed to Kanpaku for the first time in twenty-one years since he had started the soron, having caused a series of troubles thereafter; here, the tradition of rotating the position of Kanpaku among the five sekke was restored.
- 一般的には鎌倉時代の後で、元弘の変や建武の新政も南北朝時代の出来事として扱うが、正確には1336年(延元元年/建武 (日本)3年)に足利尊氏による光明天皇の践祚、後醍醐天皇の吉野遷幸により朝廷が分裂してから、1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)に両朝が合一するまでの期間を指し、室町時代の初期に当たる。
- Events that occurred at or right after the end of the Kamakura period such as the Genko War and the Kenmu Restoration are usually considered part of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but strictly speaking, the term refers only to the span of time between 1336, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised Emperor Komyo to the Chrysanthemum throne, thus leading to a schism in the Imperial Court after Emperor Godaigo departed Kyoto and established his Court at Yoshino, and 1392 when the two courts were again unified; it overlaps with the early Muromachi period.
- また、文部省が京大総長の具状を待たずに分限委員会を開き滝川の休職処分を決定したことは、京大における沢柳事件(1913年 - 1914年)以来、「教授会自治」として認められていた慣行(総長の具状は教授会の同意を必要とするというもの)を無視するものであったうえに帝国大学官制にすら違反する可能性があった。
- The decision for Takigawa's extended leave by the Bungen (change in employment status) board of the Ministry of Education without waiting for an explanation from the President of Kyoto University ignored the tradition of 'Ruling by the Board of Professors' that was established by the Sawayanagi Incident (1913-1914) at Kyoto University (the explanation of the president requires the consent of the board of professors) and may have possibly been against the Imperial University Rules.
- ところが、1793年にインドの植民地化を進めるイギリスは北インドにおいてザミンダーリー制を導入して領主・地主を土地の近代的な土地所有権者と認める一方で、従来現地住民が持っていた土地所有権・耕作権を強制的に剥奪して領主・地主の小作人として所属させ、領主・地主を通じて恒久的に現金を徴税する制度であった。
- However in 1793, the United Kingdom, which tried to colonize India, introduced the Zamindari system in the north of India, admitted the lords and landowners as those who had a modern landownership, but forcibly deprived the traditional local people of landownership and the right to cultivate and made them tenant farmers who belonged to the lords and landowners and systematically collected tax as cash money through the lords and landowners permanently.
- 久野収はこの事件の特色について、「危険思想の内容がもはや共産主義やマルクス主義といった嫌疑にあるのではなく…国家に批判的な態度を取る学者たちの思想内容に及んできた」点にあると回顧しており、言論弾圧の対象が従来の共産主義思想から自由主義的な言論へと拡大することとなった大きな転機であることを強調している。
- Osamu KUNO recollects that the characteristic of this incident was 'Dangerous ideology was not only communism and Marxism, but started to include the content of thinking of academics who took a critical stance against the government' and emphasizes that this was a big step when the target of freedom of speech changed from communism to liberalism.
- 大覚寺統では、すでに後二条には正安2年(1300年)に第1皇子邦良親王が生まれて将来の皇位継承が予定されていたにもかかわらず、亀山が乾元 (日本)2年(1303年)に生まれた自分の皇子恒明親王を偏愛するあまり、邦良に代えて恒明を皇位につけることを後宇多と伏見に約束させて、さらなる皇統分裂の種を蒔いた。
- Although the Daikakuji line already had its future heir apparent for the throne because Gonijo's first son, Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi was born in 1300, Kameyama was partial to his son Imperial Prince Tsuneaki who was born in 1303, and had made Gouda and Fushimi promise to place Tsuneaki instead of Kuniyoshi on the throne, which led to further seeds of Imperial lineage division.
- 武士の起源については、従来は新興地方領主層が自衛の必要から武装した面を重視する説が主流であったが、近年は清和源氏や桓武平氏のような軍事貴族や下級官人層から構成される戦士身分が起源であり、彼らが平安後期の荘園公領制成立期から荘園領主や国衙と結びついて所領経営者として発展していったとみる説が提唱されている。
- As for the origin of bushi, the theory that the class of emerging local lords were armed because of a need for self-defense was traditionally mainstream, but recently a theory proposed that its origin is the warrior status which consisted of the military aristocrats such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) or lower-ranking government officials and they were linked with the owners of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or kokuga from the formation period of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and developed into the managers of the shoryo (territory).
- この説によれば、本来の目的は高明のみならず、あわよくば師輔の子供である藤原伊尹兄弟(高明の義兄弟にあたる)の失脚も狙った計画であったものの、高明夫人(師輔の娘)の没後に高明と疎遠になっていた伊尹兄弟もむしろ高明追放後の昇進に期待をかけて高明排斥に積極的に加担したために、彼らを排する機会を逸したというのである。
- According to this theory, the original goal was to oust not only Takaakira, but if circumstances allowed, to oust the FUJIWARA no Koretada brothers (sworn brothers of Takaakira) who were the children of Morosuke, but because the Koretada brothers, (who were estranged from Takaakira after the death of Takaakira's wife, the daughter of Morosuke) actively participated in casting aside Takaakira, expecting to be promoted if successful, the Fujiwara clan lost the opportunity to cast out the FUJIWARA no Koretada brothers.
- これに対して南インドでは伝統的な村落共同体の影響が強いために、農民の従来通りの土地所有を前提としてより緩やかなライーヤトワーリー制が導入されたものの、5-6割の地租の前に未納を理由とした官の没収もしくは納税のための借金のかたに領主・地主層からなる金融業者の差押を経て北インドと同様の土地支配体制が広がっていった。
- In contrast to this, the influence of the village community was strong in the south of India and though the more loose Raiyatowari system was introduced there on the premise of traditional farmers' landownership, the lands were confiscated by government officials because of non-payment of 50 to 60 percent of land tax, or the lands were seized by money brokers who consisted of the lords and landowners because of tax payments for debts and through these, the land government system spread as in the north of India.
- 編者・成立年代について、平安時代末期の保安 (元号)2年(1121年)、3年に書写された最古の写本(現宮内庁書陵部所蔵)が、小槻氏に永く秘蔵されていたことから、小槻氏によって編纂され、本書収録の最も新しい年次の文書が寛治7年正月19日の宣旨であるため、寛治7年から保安2年までの間に成立したと従来考えられてきた。
- Its oldest manuscript (now kept in the Imperial Household Archives) copied in 1121 to 1122, towards the end of the Heian period, was kept secretly by the Ozuki clan for a long time, with the latest document included there concerned with an imperial decree issued on 23 February, 1093, and therefore, it has been considered that the document was completed between 1093 and 1121.
- 『鉄炮記』には「天文 (元号)癸卯」(1543年)と記されているが、一方でポルトガル側の史料には鉄砲の伝来を記さないものや、イエズス会の『日本教会史』には1542年(天文11年)の出来事、フェルナン・メンデス・ピントの『東洋遍歴記』には1545年(天文14年)の出来事であると記されているなど年代には諸説が存在する。
- While 'Teppoki' records firearms that were introduced into Japan in 1543, several theories about the date exist including some materials from the Portuguese side do not even cover the event and 'Nihon Kyokai Shi' (História Da Igreja Do Japão) compiled by the Society of Jesus mentions that it was in 1542 and the 'Toyo Henreki Ki' (Peregrinacao) by Fernão Mendes Pinto states that it was in 1545.
- 湊川の戦い(みなとがわのたたかい)は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年7月4日((建武 (日本)3年)5月25日 (旧暦))に、摂津国湊川(現・兵庫県神戸市中央区_(神戸市)・兵庫区)で、九州から東上して来た足利尊氏・足利直義兄弟らの軍と、これを迎え撃った後醍醐天皇方の新田義貞・楠木正成の軍との間で行われた合戦である。
- The Battle of Minatogawa was fought on July 12, 1336 during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) in Minatogawa, Settsu Province (modern day Chuo Ward/Hyogo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture) between the forces of the brothers Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA who had traveled east from Kyushu and Yoshisada NITTA and Masashige KUSUNOKI who were loyal to Emperor Godaigo.
- また、皮肉にもこれまで将軍の権威をないがしろにしてきた諸大名も将軍の権威が本当に失われてしまった事でそこに由来していた守護としての統治権そのものの権威までが失われてしまい、配下であった守護代や国人衆による下克上、更には加賀一向一揆や山城国一揆に代表される民衆の一揆からもその領国支配を脅かされるようになっていくのである。
- Moreover, somewhat ironically, the very daimyo that had begun by making light of the Shogun's authority found that when that shogunal authority was truly lost, their own authority and sovereignty as shugo (governors) vanished, and many were overthrown by their deputies or by commoners from their provinces in the phenomenon known as gekokujo (the lower overthrowing the higher); worse yet, peasant uprisings and religious leagues, of which the Kaga Ikko Ikki (a religious league of commoners in Kaga) and a similar Ikki in Yamashiro Province are representative examples, began to threaten the lords' control over their lands.
- 平安時代後期より公家などの文筆に携わる人々が往復書簡(往来)の形式を採った文例集(消息集)に由来している(同じ様な形式のものは、中国伝来とされる『杜家立成』が東大寺正倉院に収められているが、当時の中国の書式を元により整理された形式となっており、往来物が中国のものの影響を受けながらも日本独自に発展していったことが分かる)。
- They derived from boilerplates (shosoku-shu) which were a collection of correspondence from the late Heian period written by those who were engaged in literary work, such as nobles (A similar item called 'Tokarissei,' reportedly from China, is preserved in Todai-ji Temple Shoso-in Treasure Repository, but even this had been arranged from the Chinese original, showing that oraimono developed independently with an influence from China).
- 時代劇等では、大名行列が往来を通り過ぎるときには必ず先導の旗持ちの「下にー、下にー」との声にあわせ百姓、商人などは脇により平伏しているシーンが登場するが、実際にはこの掛け声を使えるのは徳川御三家(なお水戸藩は例外で参勤交代はなかった)だけで、ほかの大名家は「よけろ~、よけろ~」という掛け声を用い、脇に避けるだけでよかった。
- In jidaigeki (historical play), there sometimes is a scene that a standard-bearer calls out 'Shitani, Shitani (Down on your knees, down on your knees) ' when daimyo-gyoretsu goes through a street, letting peasants and merchants prostrate at the side of the street, but actually this call-out could have been used by only Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) (Mito domain was exceptionally having no Sankinkotai), and other daimyo families instead used 'Yokero, Yokero (Step aside, step aside) ', just letting people step aside.
- 発生期の武士の家組織の内部奉公人の中においても武士と同様に戦場では騎馬戦士として活動した郎党や、徒歩で戦った従卒がいたが、室町・戦国期になると武士身分の拡散が大きくなり、狭義の武士同士の主従関係のほかに、本来は百姓身分でありながら狭義の武士の支配する所領の名主層から軍役を通じて主従関係を持つようになった広義の武士としての地侍などが登場する。
- Also among the servants who belonged to the family organization of bushi during the early period, there were the roto who fought as cavalry warriors in the battlefield like bushi or jusotsu (officer's servants) who fought on foot, but in the Muromachi and Sengoku period the samurai status spread increasingly and jizamurai (local samurai), originally coming from the class of farmers, as bushi in a broad sense appeared by having a relationship between lord and vassal through the military service for the class of myoshu (owner of rice fields) of shoryo governed by the bushi in a narrow sense, as well as the master-subordinate relationship of the bushi in a narrow sense.
- だが、銅銭を多く保有して多額の取引を行う大商人には実質上の資産価値の増大に繋がる一方、短陌を外してしまうと銅銭本来の公定価値に戻ってしまう(宋代の公定価値を元にすると、短陌を外した銅銭を全て合わせても77枚分の価値しか有しないために、23枚分の損となる)ために、日常生活において小額の取引がほとんどである庶民にとっては大変不利な制度でもあった。
- However, while it led to the increase in property value of merchant princes who owned a lot of copper coins and carried out trading, it was a very unfavorable system for ordinary people whose trading was mostly with a small amount of money in daily life because if tanhaku wasn't adopted, the value returned to the primary official value of the copper coin (if it was calculated based on the official value in the age of Sung, the total value of coppers without tanhaku would be just the value of 77 coins, thus it resulted in a loss of 23 coins).
- これは、ロシア側へいかなる弱みともなることをも秘密にしようとした日本政府の政策に加え、新聞以下マスコミ各社が日清戦争を引き合いに出して戦争に対する国民期待を否応なしに煽ったために修正がきかなくなっていたこともあり、国民の多くは戦争をしている国力の実情を知らされず、目先の勝利によってロシアが簡単に屈服させられたように錯覚した反動から来ているものである。
- The discrepancy between popular sentiment and government policy is due to the fact that the Japanese Government adopted a stringent policy of secrecy to keep any information that could reveal national weaknesses from falling into Russian hands; The media including newspapers used the example of the Japanese victory in the Sino-Japanese War to fan the flames of war without regard to national sentiment, and inadvertantly built up jingoistic mood which could not be easily reversed; and finally, the majority of citizens were not aware of the true nature of Japan's national strength and erroneously believed that Japan easily defeated Russia in battle.
- 6月5日 (旧暦)の池田屋事件で新選組に藩士を殺された変報が長州にもたらされると、慎重派の周布政之助、高杉晋作や宍戸左馬之助らは藩論の沈静化に努めるが、福原越後や益田右衛門介、国司信濃の三家老等の積極派は、討薩賊会奸を掲げて挙兵し、益田、久坂玄瑞らは大山崎町天王山、宝山に、国司、来島又兵衛らは嵯峨天龍寺に、福原越後は伏見長州屋敷に兵を集めて陣営を構える。
- When word of the July 8 Ikedaya Incident, in which the Shinsengumi forces had assassinated domainal samurai warriors, reached Choshu, the prudence faction, which included Masanosuke SUFU, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, and Samanosuke SHISHIDO, tried to calm the raging debate in the clan, but members of the activist faction, like the elders of the three clans, Echigo (Mototake) FUKUHARA, Uemonnosuke (Kanenobu) MASUDA, and Shinano (Chikasuke) KUNISHI, cunningly created a group designed to destroy Satsuma, against whom there was considerable enmity, and to that end they prepared for battle; Masuda and Gensui KUSAKA began gathering troops at Mt. Tenno and Mt. Takara in the town of Oyamazaki, while Kunishi and Matabe KIJIMA gathered troops at Saga Tenryu-ji temple, and Echigo FUKUHARA at the Choshu estate at Fushimi.
- 京都七口は元来、京都と七道を結ぶ街道の入口として設置されたと考えられ、大原口(小原口・八瀬口→北陸道)・鞍馬口(出雲路口)・粟田口(東三条口→東海道)・伏見口(宇治口・木幡口→南海道)・鳥羽口(→西海道)・丹波口(西七条口・七条口→山陰道)・長坂口(→(丹波道))の7つと言われているが、これは関所が廃止された江戸時代以後の説で史実に即しているのか疑問を持たれている。
- It is thought that Kyoto nanakuchi were originally set as entrances to the roads connecting Kyoto and seven circuits, and are said to be the Oohara entrance (the Ohara Entrance, the Yase entrance: the Hokuriku road), the Kurama entrance (the Izumo road entrance), the Awata entrance (the Higashi-sanjo entrance: the Tokai road), the Fushimi entrance (the Uji entrance, the Kohata entrance: the Nankai road), the Toba entrance (the Saikai road), the Tanba entrance (the Nishi-shichijo entrance, the Shichijo entrance: the Sanin road) and the Nagasaka entrance (the Tanba road); however, this theory came about after the Edo Period and when such checkpoints had been abolished, so there are doubts surrounding whether these are historical facts.
- 従来の学説では院庁において実際の政務が執られたとされていたが、鈴木茂男が当時の院庁発給文書に国政に関する内容が認められないことを主張し、橋本義彦がこれを受けて院庁政治論を痛烈に批判したため近年では、非公式の私文書としての側面のある院宣を用いて朝廷に圧力をかけ、院独自の側近を院の近臣として太政官内に送り込むことによって事実上の指揮を執ったとする見解が有力となっている。
- Earlier theories asserted that political affairs were in fact conducted at Incho, but Shigeo SUZUKI asserted that no details regarding national government could be seen in the documents issued by Incho at that time, and Yoshihiko HASHIMOTO, based on this fact, strongly criticized the view that political affairs were conducted at Incho; consequently, in recent years it has become the prevalent view that the In put pressure on the Imperial Court by using inzen, which had the aspect of a non-official document, and that by placing his aides in positions of general council of state he took virtual control of the government.
- このとき、後三条天皇は院政を開始する意図を持っていたとする見解が慈円により主張されて(『愚管抄』)以来、北畠親房(『神皇正統記』)、新井白石(『読史余論』)、黒板勝美、三浦周行などにより主張されていたが、和田英松が、災害異変、後三条の病気、実仁親王 (平安時代)の立東宮の3点が譲位の理由であり院政開始は企図されていなかったと主張し、平泉澄が病気のみに限定するなど異論が出された。
- Because Jien asserted that Emperor Gosanjo at that time was intent upon initiating insei ('Gukansho'), Chikafusa KITABATAKE ('Jinno-Shoto-ki'), Hakuseki ARAI ('Tokushiyoron'), Katsumi KUROITA, Hiroyuki MIURA, etc., also supported such an assumption; however, there were different views, such as that of Hidematsu WADA, who asserted that the initiation of insei was not intended due to three reasons--disasters/accidents, Gosanjo's illness and Imperial Prince Sanehito's assumption of the position as the Crown Prince--which reasons were limited only to illness by Kiyoshi HIRAIZUMI.
- 元来、半済とは「年貢の半分を納付する」という意味より百姓の年貢の半分を免除することを意味していたが、南北朝時代 (日本)頃から、守護が軍費・兵糧を現地調達するために、荘園・公領の年貢の半分を軍勢に預け置くことが、半済として行われ始め、1352年に最初の半済令が幕府から出された(なお、南北朝・室町時代においても年貢の半分免除の意味で「半済」という言葉が用いられる場合も存在しており注意を要する)。
- 'Hanzei' originally meant 'paying half of the tax' and thus meant, at that time, absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes; however, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Hanzei' was used to mean that half of the customs or taxes on the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government were submitted to the troops in order for provincial constables to cover military expenditure and provisions locally, and the first hanzei law was enforced by the feudal government in 1352 (Note that 'Hanzei' was also used to mean absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes in the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period).
- しかし、そのおよそ2週間後の6月29日に「(「君」とは)『日本国憲法下では、日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴であり、その地位が主権の存する国民の総意に基づく天皇のことを指す』『『代』は本来、時間的概念だが、転じて『国』を表す意味もある。『君が代』は、日本国民の総意に基づき天皇を日本国及び日本国民統合の象徴する我が国のこととなる』(君が代の歌詞を)『我が国の末永い繁栄と平和を祈念したものと解するのが適当』」と変更した。
- On June 29, approximately two weeks after that, however, it was changed as ''Kimi' means the emperor who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, deriving this position from the will of the people with whom resides the sovereign power 'and 'Although 'yo' is originally a temporal concept, it has also a transferred the meaning of 'state'. It is appropriate 'to understand (words of Kimigayo) them as hope for the long-lasting prosperity of Japan, which has the emperor as the symbol of the State and the unity of the people and peace.'
- 爰ニ佐渡判官入道々誉都ヲ落ケル時、我宿所ヘハ定テサモトアル大将ヲ入替、尋常ニ取シタヽメテ、六間ノ会所ニハ大文ノ畳ヲ敷双ベ、本尊・脇絵・花瓶・香炉・鑵子・盆ニ至マデ、一様ニ皆置調ヘテ、書院ニハ羲之ガ草書ノ偈・韓愈ガ文集、眠蔵ニハ、沈ノ枕ニ鈍子ノ宿直物ヲ取副テ置ク、十二間ノ遠待ニハ、鳥・兎・雉・白鳥、三竿ニ懸双ベ、三石入許ナル大筒ニ酒ヲ湛ヘ、遁世者二人留置テ、誰ニテモ此宿所ヘ来ラン人ニ一献ヲ進メヨト、巨細ヲ申置ニケリ
- When Sado hankan (Doyo SASAKI) was defeated, he invited the general to his palace as something of norm, within a kaisho as big as six rooms, a tatami with the enormous family crest was lined up together, and even honzon (the principle image such as Mandala), wakie (scroll), flower vase, incense burner, tea pot, and tray were lined together, and the study room had sanskrit written by Ogishi (Chinese calligrapher), literature written by Kanyu (Confucianism scholar in Korea), sleeping quarter with a pillow smelling of Winter daphne, took the sleeping gear and placed it on donsu (Chinese blanket), and the twelve rooms of the samurai serving far from the lord had hanging birds, rabbits, pheasant, and swan piled up high, and big cylinder that could contain as much as three seki (541 liters) contained sake (Japanese rice wine) and stopped two Buddhist followes, and said, 'try to serve a shot of wine to anyone who visits this lodging.'
- 始期については、従来源頼朝が将軍(征夷大将軍)に任じられた1192年とするのが一般的であるが、頼朝が平家打倒のために挙兵し御家人を統率する侍所を設置した1180年説、寿永二年十月宣旨で東国(東海道および東山道)の支配権を朝廷に公認された1183年説、対立する弟・源義経追討の名目で惣追捕使(後の守護)・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年説、頼朝が上洛し権大納言・右近衛大将に任命された1190年説、また一部では1196年説など様々な考え方がある。
- There are many theories about in what year the Kamakura period truly began, of which the 1192 theory, the year MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was made Shogun (Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians')), is the orthodox view, but in addition, theories include: the 1180 theory, focusing on Yoritomo raising his army and leading his gokenin (lower-ranking warrior vassals) into battle to destroy the Taira clan, and also establishing the Samurai Dokoro (Board of Retainers, which oversaw rewards for service); the 1183 theory, in which the key moment is the official recognition of the shogunate's right to control Eastern Japan (everything along the Tokaido and Tosando highways) proclaimed by the imperial court in the tenth month; the 1185 theory, which focuses on Yoritomo's use of his struggle to destroy his younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune as a pretext to usurp the right to appoint and control the offices of shugo (provincial governor) and jito (estate steward); the 1190 theory, in which it was Yoritomo's visit to the capital and subsequent court appointments to Gon Dainagon (Deputy Major Counselor) and Ukone Taisho (Commander of the Guardsmen of the Right) that is considered the decisive moment; and a handful even believe it wasn't until 1196 that the Kamakura period truly began.
- 「参第二百六十号副 第三坤天式十壱号 至急局百二十三号 スナイトル弾製造器械砲兵支廠江御備附之義伺 一スナイトル弾製造器械一基 但一日六千発製出之分 右砲兵本廠ニ備附之分砲兵支廠江送達同廠ニ於テ右弾製作致候様仕度御達案相添此段相伺候也 十年二月十三日 第三局長代理陸軍大佐福原實 陸軍卿代理 陸軍少輔大山巖殿 伺之通相達候事 二月十三日 砲兵本廠江御達案 一スナイトル弾製造器械一基 右砲兵支廠江備附右弾製作可為致ニ付其廠在来之器械至急同廠江送達可取計此旨相達候事 砲兵支廠江御達案 一スナイトル弾製造器」
- 参第二百六十号副 第三坤天式十壱号 至急局百二十三号 スナイトル弾製造器械砲兵支廠江御備附之義伺 一スナイトル弾製造器械一基 但一日六千発製出之分 右砲兵本廠ニ備附之分砲兵支廠江送達同廠ニ於テ右弾製作致候様仕度御達案相添此段相伺候也 十年二月十三日 第三局長代理陸軍大佐福原實 陸軍卿代理 陸軍少輔大山巖殿 伺之通相達候事 二月十三日 砲兵本廠江御達案 一スナイトル弾製造器械一基 右砲兵支廠江備附右弾製作可為致ニ付其廠在来之器械至急同廠江送達可取計此旨相達候事 砲兵支廠江御達案 一スナイトル弾製造器'