朝: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 北陸朝廷
- 'Hokuriku Chotei' (The Imperial Court In The Hokuriku Region)
- 本朝通鑑
- Honcho Tsugan (Complete Mirror of Japan)
- Honchotsugan
- オスマン朝
- Ottoman (Osmanli) dynasty
- 朝顔症候群
- morning glory syndrome
- 北陸朝廷説
- Hokuriku Chotei Theory
- 朝鮮の水軍
- Korea's suigun navy
- 頼朝の申請
- Yoritomo's application
- 朝鮮の正史
- Official histories of Korea
- 日本の朝廷
- Japanese Imperial Court
- (阮朝期)
- (Period during the Nguyễn Dynasty)
- (李朝期)
- Ly Dynasty of Vietnam
- 中国の朝廷
- Chinese Imperial Court
- 後期王朝国家
- Late dynastic nation-state
- 前期王朝国家
- Early dynastic nation-state
- 平知信朝臣記
- TAIRA no Tomonobu Asonki
- 舒明・皇極朝
- The Jomei and Kogyoku Dynasties
- 天武・持統朝
- The Tenmu and Jito Dynasties
- Reigns of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jito
- 朝鮮出兵下準備
- Preliminary preparations for Japan's Invasion of Korea
- (初期黎朝期)
- (Early period of the Lê Dynasty)
- 朝鮮との国交交渉
- Diplomatic talks with korea
- (→九州王朝説)
- (the Kyushu Dynasty theory)
- (梁 (南朝))
- (Southern Liang Dynasty)
- 朝鮮における展開
- Development in Korea
- 朝鮮半島への影響
- Impact on the Korean Peninsula
- - 年中慣例の朝儀
- Conventional chogi held annually
- 李氏朝鮮(大韓帝国)
- Yi Dynasty Korea (The Korean Empire)
- 朝鮮は対馬藩経由で、
- Via the Tsushima Domain--for ships from Korea
- 朝田による会館の接収
- The requisitioning of the Hall by Asada
- 朝鮮出兵における五島勢
- The Goto troops in Japan's Invasion of Korea
- 義朝と常胤の寄進の四至
- Shishi (the northern, southern, eastern, and western boundaries of a tract of land) of the donations of Yoshitomo and Tsunetane
- 吉野朝廷正統論を唱えた。
- It supports the Yoshino court's legitimacy.
- 江華島事件と日朝修好条規
- Ganghwa Island incident and the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity
- 三浦芳聖の主張する北陸朝廷
- Hokuriku Chotei that was claimed to have existed by Yoshimasa MIURA
- 南北朝の争乱での武士の拡大
- The expansion of samurai during the disturbances of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- そのため朝鮮出兵も終息した。
- With this, the dispatch of soldiers to Korea came to an end.
- 信貴山縁起絵巻(朝護孫子寺)
- Shigisan Engi-emaki (The illustrated handscroll of Legends of Mt. Shigi): owned by Chogosonshi-ji Temple
- 源義朝の介入と千葉常胤の反撃
- Intervention by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and counterattack by Tsunetane CHIBA
- 三仏寺(鳥取県三朝町、国宝)
- Sanbutsu-ji Temple (Misasa-cho, Tottori Prefecture, a national treasure).
- 朝鮮の正史以外の重要な歴史書
- Other important Korean historical works not considered official histories:
- 鎌倉時代・南北朝時代 (日本)
- Kamakura period/Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan)
- 武蔵国府、のち朝廷による官営。
- At first it was under the official management of the Musashi kokufu, then later came under the Imperial Court.
- - 元 (王朝)の曾先之の編。
- - Compiled by Xianji ZHEN of the Yuan (dynasty).
- 12世紀前半の定朝様式に属する。
- It is categorized as Jocho style from the first half of the 12th century.
- 日本の朝鮮に於ける優越権を認める
- Japan shall be accepted to have the right of predominance in the Korean Peninsula.
- 乱をようやく収めた代宗朝であった。
- The court of Daizong finally managed to quell the rebellion.
- 摂津源氏の源頼政と河内源氏の源頼朝
- MINAMOTO no Yorimasa of Settsu-Genji and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo of Kawachi-Genji
- 「経房卿、光長朝臣、定長兄弟三人」
- Three brothers of Tsunefusa, Mitsunaga and Sadanaga became Sanji kentai holder.'
- 次の陳朝でも律令法典が制定された。
- The succeeding Trần Dynasty also enacted its own Luli-oriented law codes.
- 暹羅 タイ王国のアユタヤ王朝である。
- Siam was the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Thailand kingdom.
- 「頼朝は恐るべしと雖も遠境にあり。」
- Yoritomo is formidable, but he is in a distant region.
- - 臨時の朝儀(欠巻の第16巻は行幸)
- Special chogi (the missing volume 16 is about 'gyoko' [Emperor's going out])
- 魏博の田弘正が領地を返還して入朝する。
- Hongzheng TIAN of Weibo surrendered his territory and entered the imperial court.
- ロシアと日本の対立の場となった朝鮮半島
- Russia and Japan confronted each other on the Korean peninsula.
- この時代を南北朝時代 (日本)という。
- It is called the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 中国・朝鮮側では「白江」と表記される。
- In China and Korea, it is written as '白江.'
- このためまず朝鮮を攻めることになった。
- Thus, Hideyoshi decided to attack Korea.
- この時代の朝儀の集大成として評価が高い。
- It is highly valued as the compilation of various kinds of 'chogi' (ceremony at Imperial Court) held in those days.
- 義朝は東国に逃れる途中に知多で殺された。
- Yoshitomo was killed at Chita while he was fleeing to Togoku.
- 歴代の王朝が法令によって度量衡を定めた。
- Successive dynasties in China laid down the units of weights and measures by law.
- 朝鮮半島には16世紀初めにもたらされた。
- Yomeigaku was introduced into the Korean Peninsula in the early 16th century.
- これが旧体制における最後の朝議となった。
- This was the last Court Council under the old regime.
- 海上では李舜臣率いる朝鮮水軍に敗北した。
- At sea, the Japanese force was defeated by the Korean Navy led by Yi Sun-sin.
- 唐朝廷は中央政府としての面目を取り戻した。
- The imperial court of Tang saved face as the central government.
- 朝鮮国内でも通商開化を説く意見が登場した。
- Opinions supporting commerce and civilization emerged within Korea.
- (詳しくは江華島事件また日朝修好条規参照)
- (See sections of Ganghwa Island incident and Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity for more details.)
- 使者を追い返し朝鮮への再度出兵を決定した。
- He sent the envoy back and was determined to send troops again to Korea.
- 1474年、朝鮮王朝から室町幕府へ牙符発給。
- In 1474, the Yi-Dynasty issued Gafu to the Muromachi bakufu.
- 伝・源頼朝像・平重盛像・藤原光能像(神護寺)
- Portraits that are supposed to be MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, TAIRA no Shigemori, and FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi: owned by Jingo-ji Temple
- 『本朝書籍目録』では著者は藤原朝隆とされる。
- The author was identified as FUJIWARA no Tomotaka in 'Honchoshojaku mokuroku' (the oldest list of Japanese books in existence written during the Kamakura period).
- 6月5日 大本営を開設し、朝鮮への派兵を開始
- June 5: Imperial headquarters was set up to start dispatching soldiers to Korea.
- 次の阮朝も19世紀前期に律令を制定している。
- The succeeding Nguyễn Dynasty also enacted its own Luli in the early 19th century.
- 李朝八賎のなかには仏教の僧侶も含まれていた。
- Buddhist monks were also included in the eight Senmins of the Yi dynasty.
- 朝鮮が東アジアの水軍大国になることはなかった。
- And Korea was never to be a nation with powerful navy in East Asia.
- 佐藤進一は『南北朝の動乱』においてこう書いた。
- Shinichi SATO wrote in 'The Confusion of the Southern and Northern Imperial Courts' as follows.
- 朝原内親王→酒人内親王→東大寺→横江氏→天龍寺
- Imperial Princess Asahara > Imperial Princess Sakahito > Todai-ji Temple > Yokoe clan > Tenryu-ji Temple
- 朝鮮王朝は1392年李成桂が高麗を滅ぼし建国。
- The Korean Dynasty was established when Seong-gye YI defeated Goryeo in 1392.
- その後10年間外国軍隊の朝鮮駐留はなくなった。
- During the following ten years, no foreign troops stayed in Korea.
- 律令制の形成は北朝を主舞台としていたのである。
- As such, the Ritsuryo system was formed during the Northern Dynasties.
- また朝鮮では最も早く人欲を肯定した人でもある。
- He was the first person to approve of human desire in Korea.
- 朝廷(ちょうてい)とは、天子が政事を行う場所。
- The Imperial Court was a place where an emperor performs political affairs and tasks.
- 県庁は旧生野代官所(兵庫県朝来市)に置かれた。
- The prefectural government was located at the former Ikuno magistrate's office (Asago City, Hyogo Prefecture).
- このような固定された君主の家系を王朝と称する。
- Such a fixed lineage of a monarch is called a dynasty.
- 『本朝文粋』・『群書類従』などに所収されている。
- It was compiled in 'Honcho monzui' (Anthology of waka poems and prose) and 'Gunsho ruiju'(Collection of historical documents).
- 天皇方に参陣した源義朝のみが残り勢力は減少する。
- MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, who fought on the side of the Emperor, was the only survivor and the family power waned.
- 義仲の敵はすでに平氏ではなく頼朝に変わっていた。
- Yoshinaka's enemy was no longer the Taira clan and it was Yoritomo now.
- その結果1876年2月日朝修好条規が調印された。
- As a result, a Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity was signed in February 1876.
- これにより、中国と朝鮮との冊封関係は精算された。
- This caused the vassal relationship between China and Korea came to come to an end.
- そこで朝廷は、まず国防力の増強を図ることとした。
- As a result, the Imperial Court began to build up national defenses.
- 清王朝最後の皇帝溥儀は満州国の皇帝となっている。
- Puyi (溥儀), the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, became the emperor of Manchukuo.
- 倭国軍は、三派に分かれて朝鮮半島南部に上陸した。
- The Wakoku force divided up into three groups and landed on the Korean Peninsula.
- 同年…頼朝が侍所を設置する(武士支配機構の成立)。
- The same year - Yoritomo established Samurai-dokoro (the establishment of samurai governing system).
- だが、清の朝廷はそれでも水軍の再編を行わなかった。
- Nonetheless, the Qing dynasty did not reorganize its navy.
- 高麗にとってかわった李氏朝鮮もこの制を引き継いだ。
- Yi Dynasty Korea, that took over Goryeo, succeeded the system.
- これを奪回するために、千葉常胤は源頼朝を利用した。
- To recapture Soma-mikuriya, Tsunetane CHIBA used MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 結局、大熊朝秀の反乱は失敗し、甲斐国へ逃れている。
- After all, Tomohide OKUMA's rebellion failed and he fled to Kai Province.
- 6月1日早朝、諸道の官軍が人吉に向かって進撃した。
- In the early morning of June 1, the government army advanced to Hitoyoshi from various roads.
- 20日早朝、官軍は開戦以来、最大の兵力を投入した。
- In the early morning of 20th, the government army sent the biggest military force since the start of the war.
- 源頼朝の祖父 源為義の庶子 杉本為国より発祥する。
- The Sugimoto clan came from Tamekuni SUGIMOTO, a child born out of wedlock of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, the grandfather of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 首都漢城占領に先立ち朝鮮国王は首都を捨てて逃亡した。
- Before the capital Hansong was occupied, the King of Korea had given up the capital and run away.
- 最初の段階では同族の上総介常澄、そして源義朝である。
- In the early stage was Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi of the same family, followed by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.
- また日本側も渤海が天皇の徳化により来朝したと捉えた。
- Japan's perception on the envoy dispatched from Bokkai was that they visited Japan because they were impressed by the virtue of the Japanese Emperor.
- それが頼朝の元への関東武士団の結束力の源泉であった。
- It was the origin for the unification of the Kanto region bushidan by Yoritomo.
- 朝廷でおこなわれる儀式次第を定めたのが儀式書である。
- The book on rites defines the procedures of rituals held in the Imperial Court.
- その後の北朝の諸王朝もまた、これらの制度を継承した。
- The following Northern Dynasties continued these systems.
- 宮廷に関係なく、その他朝鮮半島等の地域でも行われた。
- Outside of the Court, this custom was also conducted in areas such as the Korean Peninsula.
- 慶喜は10月24日に征夷大将軍辞職も朝廷に申し出る。
- On November 19, Yoshinobu also proposed to the Imperial Court that he would resign his post of Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians').
- 朝鮮では、この干渉の結果、閔妃など親露派が台頭した。
- In Korea, the intervention encouraged the rise of pro-Russian politicians, such as Queen Min.
- 乱直後、朝廷は、次代の天皇を誰にするかを幕府へ諮った。
- Immediately after the war, the Imperial Court asked the bakufu who the next Emperor would be.
- 朝鮮半島は、三方を海に囲まれ中国ほどの大河を持たない。
- The Korean Peninsular, whose three sides are surrounded by the sea, does not have big rivers like China has.
- 平安時代から南北朝時代_(日本)にかけて置かれていた。
- This system existed from the Heian period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- しかし、平安時代後期の朝廷と政治の好史料となっている。
- However, it is useful as a good reference to know about the Imperial Court and politics during the latter half of the Heian period.
- この時期の歴史書には『扶桑略記』、『本朝世紀』がある。
- History books during this period were 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Brief History of Japan), 'Honcho seiki' (Chronicle of Imperial Reigns), etc.
- 国造制が、遅くとも推古朝頃には、全国的に行われていた。
- The Kuninomiyatsuko (local chief) system was introduced through the whole country no later than the time of Empress Suiko.
- 7月15日早朝、行進隊・奇兵隊は嘉例川街道を攻撃した。
- In the early morning of July 15, Koshin-tai and Kihei-tai attacked the Kareigawa-kaido Road.
- 再び脚光を浴びるのは、清朝の末期になってからであった。
- Yomeigaku attracted attention again at the end of the Qing Dynasty.
- このため10月になって朝鮮からの帰国命令が発せられた。
- The order to return to Japan was issued in November.
- しかし、明に服属する朝鮮に要求に応じる気配はなかった。
- However, the Joseon Dynasty, which had been a tributary nation to Ming, would not follow his order.
- 明・朝鮮連合軍は順天倭城を遠巻きに監視するのみとなる。
- The Ming and Korean forces changed their tactics to just watch Suncheon Waeseong without getting too close.
- 築城を急ぐ日本軍に対して、明軍と朝鮮軍は攻勢をかける。
- The Ming and Korea armies attacked the Japanese army which had been busy constructing the castles.
- 義平の弟の頼朝は伊豆流罪の身となり、河内源氏は四散する。
- Yoritomo, a younger brother of Yoshihira, was banished to Izu, and Kawachi-Genji was scattered in all directions.
- そのため、後に源頼朝から疎まれ、多田の所領を没収される。
- Because of his service with Yoshitsune, Yukitsuna was later shunned by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and his territory in Tada was eventually confiscated.
- 朝鮮では中国から間接的に西洋の技術を採用しただけである。
- In Korea, only technology was indirectly imported from the West through China.
- この義兵は流民も多く、朝鮮の民衆や軍隊も襲う事もあった。
- Such volunteer soldiers included many displaced persons and sometimes attacked Korean people or the army.
- 文禄5年(1596年)9月、秀吉は来朝した明使節と謁見。
- In October 1596, Hideyoshi had an audience with the envoy of Ming who visited Japan.
- 即ち、当時の源頼朝の武家政権は鎌倉幕府の称を用いていない。
- That is, the samurai government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo did not use the name Kamakura bakufu.
- 頼朝の家政機関に端を発し、幕府の一般政務・財政を所管した。
- Originated from Yoritomo's domestic governing institution and was in charge of general government practices and finance.
- 朝廷の大炊寮に貢進して京官官人の常食(月給)に充てられた。
- This was donated to the Oiryo (Bureau of Palace Kitchens under the Ministry of the Imperial Household) and used to pay the Kyokan kanjin's Jyoshoku (monthly salary).
- しかし、後南朝を支持する吉野の民によって神璽を奪還された。
- But the Shinji was later recaptured by the people of Yoshino who supported the Gonancho.
- 「朝は吉、昼は凶、夕は大吉。ただし葬式を忌む」と言われる。
- It is said that 'the morning is good, the afternoon is bad and the evening is excellent. However, funerals should be avoided' on tomobiki days.
- 6月2日 在韓邦人保護を名目として日本軍の朝鮮派兵を決定。
- June 2: A dispatch of Japanese troops to Korea was decided upon the pretext of protecting Japanese living in Korea.
- 以上のように、鎌倉幕府は元々、源頼朝の私的政権に発している。
- As described above, the Kamakura bakufu was originally derived from the private government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 初代頼朝の時は実質的にトップだったが、その後形骸化していく。
- When Yoritomo was the first shogun, it was practically a top rank, but later became a mere façade.
- 秀吉侵攻軍はわずか19日で朝鮮の首都ソウル特別市を落とした。
- The invasion army of Hideyoshi took Seoul Special City, the capital of Korea, in only nineteen days.
- 元来、朝鮮との貿易に経済を依存していた宗氏は対応に苦慮した。
- The So clan had basically been dependent upon trade with Korea and they racked their brains on how to cope with the situation.
- 侵攻に対応が遅れた朝鮮軍は連戦連敗や無血撤退・逃散を重ねた。
- The Korean army, which was late to cope with invasion, repeated a succession of defeats and bloodless retreats fleeing in every direction.
- 近藤好和はそれが変化し始めたのは南北朝時代 (日本)とする。
- Yoshikazu KONDO stated that it began to change from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- これを知り、以仁王の令旨に代わる挙兵の正当性を朝廷に求めた。
- Knowing this, Yoritomo demanded the legitimacy of raising an army from the Imperial Court to replace Prince Mochihito's order.
- もちろん加々美長清は富士川の合戦で、頼朝のもとに馳せ参じる。
- Of course, Nagakiyo KAGAMI ran to the side of Yoritomo on a horse at the battle of Fujikawa River.
- 三国史記と並ぶ三国時代 (朝鮮半島)の歴史を記述した歴史書。
- This history, like Samguk Sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms), chronicles the events of the Three Kingdoms period of Korea.
- 5月 朝鮮政府、甲午農民戦争(東学党の乱)の鎮圧を清朝に依頼
- May: The Korean government requested Qing dynasty to suppress the Donghak Peasant Revolution (the Tonghak Uprising).
- この時点では倒幕派公家は朝廷内の主導権を掌握していなかった。
- At that point, the court nobles of tobakuha had not held initiative in the Imperial Court.
- 朝鮮へ派遣された諸将は八道国割を目標に要衝を制圧していった。
- Commanders dispatched to Korea conquered strategic points in accordance with Hachidokuniwari strategy.
- この大陸侵攻・朝鮮出兵は戦争途中で秀吉の死によって終結する。
- The invasion of the Asian continent and the dispatch of troops to Korea finished upon Hideyoshi's death.
- 朝業は婿として養子になったとも伝わる(「喜連川塩谷系譜」)。
- Tomonari is said to have been adopted as a husband ('Family Tree of the Kitsuregawa SHIONOYA Family').
- 特に泗川城では島津義弘が明・朝鮮軍を大破した(泗川の戦い)。
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU devastated the Ming-Korean force at Shisen-jo Castle (the Battle of Sacheon).
- 商船の到着が大宰府に通達され、大宰府から朝廷へ急使が向かう。
- After the arrival of a merchant vessel was announced to the Dazaifu, officers in the Dazaifu ordered a courier to head for the Imperial Court.
- そのため明・朝鮮連合軍は強襲策を放棄し、包囲戦に切り替える。
- Accordingly, the allied forces of Ming and Korea gave up the attack and switched to a battle of encirclement.
- 慶長元年(1596年)9月、秀吉は再度朝鮮出兵の命をくだした。
- In October 1596, Hideyoshi issued orders to invade Korea again.
- ソウルに日本軍が迫ると李氏朝鮮の宣祖は平壌へ遷都して避難した。
- As the Japanese army approached Seoul, Sonjo, who was the emperor of Yi Dynasty Korea, transferred the capital and fled to Pyongyang.
- 朝廷の有力氏族、大伴氏の姓が付けられ「大伴門」と呼ばれていた。
- The gate was also called 'Otomomon,' named after the Otomo clan, which was a powerful clan in the Imperial Court.
- こうして朝廷は市中にその「武威」をアピールして治安維持を行う。
- The imperial court appealed its 'bui' (military force) to the city and tried to stabilized its security.
- 頼朝の有力御家人、藤原秀郷流の直系を名乗る小山氏も同じである。
- The powerful gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) of Yoritomo and Oyama clans that claimed being the direct descendants of FUJIWARA no Hidesato, faced a similar situation as well.
- 一座(いちざ)とは、朝廷における宮中座次の最上位のことである。
- Ichiza was the term for the highest seat among court positions at the Imperial Court.
- 7月20日 朝鮮政府に対して清軍の撤兵を要求する最後通牒を発令
- July 20: The final notice calling for the Korean government to demand the withdrawal of the Qing troops.
- 対する明・朝鮮軍は道境付近の黄石山城と南原市城で守りを固めた。
- To cope with this attack the troops of Ming and Korea built up defenses at Hwangsoksan and Namwon Castles near the border of the Provinces.
- が、朝廷はこれに対しては断固たる態度で臨み、これを許さなかった。
- The imperial court, however, confronted them with a firm attitude and did not allow this.
- そして実力をもって朝廷にこれを認めさせることがほとんどであった。
- In most cases the imperial court was forced to accept this.
- 崩壊期 - 源頼家時代の頼家将軍就任~源実朝時代の源実朝暗殺事件
- Collapse period: Yoriie's assumption of the shogun in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoriie ~ Assassination of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in the period of MINAMOTO no Sanetomo.
- 没落期 - 源義忠時代の義忠暗殺事件~源義朝時代の平治の乱の敗北
- Fall period: Assassination of Yoshitada in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoshitada ~ Loss of the Heiji War in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.
- 対馬藩の宗氏は中世から対朝鮮の外交、貿易の中継ぎをになってきた。
- The So clan in the Tsushima Domain had assumed the role of coordinating the diplomatic exchanges and trade between Japan and Korea since the Medieval period.
- 更に公重も北朝側に従ったために公重を排除するわけにも行かなかった。
- Furthermore, as Kinshige yielded to the Northern Court, it was impossible to exclude Kinshige.
- 島津らの救援水軍に明・朝鮮の水軍が攻撃に向かって露梁海戦が起きた。
- The Shimazu relief force was attacked by the Ming and Korean navy, and the battle of Noryang occurred.
- 小西行長と宗義調の子義智は、対朝鮮平和的計画進行を秀吉に献策した。
- Yukinaga KONISHI and the son of Yoshishige SO, Yoshitoshi, advised Hideyoshi to proceed with peaceful policies towards Korea.
- 自らを藩師として認めるように強談し、朝廷側もこれをやむなく認めた。
- They used forceful persuasion to acknowledge them as hanshi, and the imperial court yielded to their request.
- また、その一部は京庫納として京都に送られて朝廷の財政に宛てられた。
- Part of this was considered Kyokono and sent to Kyoto to supplement the court's finances.
- しかし、実際には朝廷の検非違使と権限が重複したため、度々衝突した。
- However, in reality, they often clashed with the kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) of the Imperial Court because their authorities overlapped.
- 8世紀末に桓武天皇が皇女の朝原内親王に授与した「親王賜田」の一つ。
- One of the estates ('shinno shiden') granted to Imperial Princess Asahara by Emperor Kanmu in the late eighth century.
- 明治政府は1868年末、王政復古を伝える書契を朝鮮に渡そうとした。
- The Meiji Government tried to hand over a note informing the Korean government about the restoration of imperial rule.
- 天武は遣唐使は一切行わず、代わりに新羅から新羅使が倭国へ来朝した。
- Emperor Tenmu did not send any envoys to the Tang Dynasty, but instead envoys from Silla paid visits to the Imperial Court.
- これは秀吉にしてみれば朝鮮が「服属」の誓約違反を犯したことになる。
- Hideyoshi considered this as the Korean's breaking the pledge of 'submission'.
- 動機は、朝鮮出兵への反発とも、秀吉の支配に対する反発ともいわれる。
- His motivation was said to be his objection to the Korean invasion and/or against the Hideyoshi's rule.
- 朝廷は、義仲に配慮して北陸道は除いたものの、頼朝の要求をほぼ認めた。
- The Imperial Court capitulated to the majority of Yoritomo's requests with the exception of Hokuriku-do out of consideration for Yoshinaka.
- これにより、頼朝は東海・東山両道の支配権を間接的ではあるが獲得した。
- It was through this that Yoritomo indirectly secured power over Tokai-do and Tosan-do.
- そして、短期決戦策を採り、2ヶ月も経たないうちに朝廷軍を打ち破った。
- They adopted a short decisive battle strategy and defeated the imperial court forces in under two months.
- 跡を継いで鎌倉殿となったのは、頼朝の嫡子で当時18歳の源頼家だった。
- It was MINAMOTO no Yoriie, Yoritomo's legitimate child, who was aged 18 at the time, that followed in the footsteps of Yoritomo and became Kamakura-dono.
- 室町時代において日本が朝鮮王朝と行った貿易(日朝貿易)で実施された。
- The system was implemented in the trade between Japan and Yi Dynasty of Korea (the Japan-Korea trade) during the Muromachi period.
- 献策が許されると話し合いで解決しようと朝鮮に渡ったが成果が無かった。
- After their advice was approved, they went over to Korea to solve the problem by negotiation, but failed.
- 幕末から明治初期にかけては朝鮮征伐、征韓などと呼ばれるようになった。
- From the end of the Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period, it was called 'chosen seibatsu' (punitive expedition to Korea) or 'seikan' (punitive expedition to Korea).
- 南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代_(日本)まで内部紛争を繰り返した。
- The clan was subject to repeated internal conflicts from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Warring States period (Japan).
- 尊氏は再び京都を占領し、後醍醐天皇は吉野に逃れ南北朝時代に突入した。
- Takauji again took over Kyoto causing the Emperor Godaigo to flee to Yoshino, and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts started.
- 頼朝没後も御教書は鎌倉幕府の公的意思を通達する手段として用いられた。
- After the death of Yoritomo, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) used Migyosho as the method for passing on information of official intentions.
- 朝廷の正庁たる朝堂院の正門であった応天門などと並んで最重要視された。
- It was considered to be one of the most important gates, along with Otenmon Gate positioned in front of the Chodo-in, the state chamber of the Imperial Court.
- 実際、関東の有力武士団は、朝廷の馬の放牧地「牧」の管理人が多かった。
- The powerful bushidan of the Kanto region had many managers of 'maki' horse pastures for the imperial court.
- しかし成立間もない室町幕府は南北朝の動乱のなか財政的余裕はなかった。
- However the Muromachi Bakufu, which had just been established, did not have sufficient financial ability under the disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- そこで朝廷が宗成を尋問した所、宗成は伊予親王こそ首謀者だと自白した。
- Then, the Imperial court inquired of Munenari and Munenari confessed that Imperial Prince Iyo himself was a ringleader.
- 朝廷では亀山上皇のもとで神領興行の遂行と訴訟制度の整備が実施された。
- In the Imperial court, the execution of Shinryo-kogyo (performances of shinto rituals) and the establishment of a litigation system were realized under the Retired Emperor Kameyama.
- 長井は陪臣の地位ながら老中久世・安藤らから朝廷への周旋を依頼される。
- Nagai was asked to negotiate with the imperial court by roju Kuze and Ando, even though he was from baishin (indirect vassal).
- 7月23日 日本軍が漢城(ソウル)に入城し、朝鮮王宮を勢力下に置く。
- July 23: The Japanese army enters Seoul and puts the Korean royal palace under control.
- 6月1日早朝、照岳道の山地中佐隊に続いて官軍が次々と人吉に突入した。
- In the early morning of June 1, the troop of the government army led by Lieutenant Colonel Yamaji from the Shogaku-do Road charged into Hitoyoshi, which was followed by the other troops one after another.
- ただ朝鮮陽明学は実学・経世致用の思想に影響を与えたことは事実である。
- However, it is a fact that Korean Yomeigaku has influenced the practical learning and ideology of Keiseichiyo.
- 朝廷内では二条家を含む五摂家には他の公家衆に対しての支配力があった。
- In the Imperial Court, the Gosekke (the five regent families) including the Nijo family had control over other Kugeshu.
- したがって、天武朝の初め670年代には成立していたと考えられている。
- Therefore, it is considered that the Ryosei province was established in the 670s, the beginning of the Reign of Emperor Tenmu.
- 藤姓とは、朝業の実家である宇都宮氏が藤原氏の出自であったためである。
- The name FUJIWARA came from the UTSUNOMIYA clan, which was Tomonari's family home and had originated with the FUJIWARA clan.
- 朝鮮水軍を引き継いだ元均も攻撃を渋ったが、ついに7月に出撃を行った。
- Won Gyun, who succeeded the Korean navy, was also reluctant to attacked but, finally in August he did attack.
- しかし、牙符改給は義澄・政元による日朝貿易の再統制には繋がらなかった。
- Even with the renewal of Gafu, Yoshizumi and Masamoto could not take control of the Japan-Korea trade.
- 結政(かたなし/けっせい)とは、平安時代の朝廷にて行われた政務の1つ。
- Katanashi (Kessei) was one of the governmental affairs conducted at the Imperial Court during the Heian period.
- 翌年、元は新興の明王朝に圧迫され、北のモンゴル高原へ後退した(北元)。
- The Yuan Dynasty was threatened by the newly emerged Ming Dynasty, and pressed northward to the Mongolian plateau (to become Hokugen - the successor of the Mongol Dynasty) the following year.
- ちなみに今は清王朝後、朝廷は存在せず、中国共産党が中国を統治している。
- The Imperial Court has not existed in China after the Qing Dynasty, and now the country is governed by the Chinese Communist Party.
- 賎民のなかには李氏朝鮮に敗北した地方豪族(将軍)の子孫も含まれている。
- The descendants of powerful local clans (generals) defeated by the Yi dynasty were also included in Senmin.
- 文禄2年(1593年)になると、朝鮮に明軍が本格的に来援し攻勢に出る。
- In 1593, Ming gave its full support to Korea and went on the offensive.
- 三沢為虎の息子・三沢為朝が鳥取藩池田氏に仕えて因幡三沢氏の祖となった。
- Tametomo MISAWA, a son of Tametora MISAWA, founded the Inaba Misawa clan when he served the Ikeda clan of the Tottori Domain.
- そのため五大老や五奉行を中心に、密かに朝鮮からの撤収準備が開始された。
- Under this situation, preparations for retreat from Korea were commenced in secrecy by the Gotairo (Five Elders) and Gobugyo (five major magistrates).
- 祖承訓は朝鮮の義州から南下をはかり平壌を攻めるが小西行長が奮戦し退けた。
- Zu Chengxun advanced south from Uiju in Korea and attacked Pyongyang, but Yukinaga KONISHI fought hard and drove him back.
- 中国王朝でおこなわれた封建制は君主が貴族に領域支配を名目的に認める制度。
- In the Hoken system operated under Chinese dynasties, a monarchy nominally authorizes the nobility to rule the domain.
- 初日ないし最終日には法会と共に各寺院の得度を朝廷から賜る儀礼が行われた。
- On the first or final day of a Kinomidokyo, a ritual was performed through the Imperial Court, together with a hoe, for those entering into Buddhist priesthood at each temple.
- 更に康治2年(1143年)に介入してきたのが源義朝(頼朝の父)であった。
- It was MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, the father of Yoritomo, who intervened in 1143.
- 同時に令旨を正当とみなしている義仲がいずれ朝廷と対立することを予想した。
- At the same time, he anticipated that Yoshinaka, who regarded Prince Mochihito's order as legitimate, would be confronted by the Imperial Court sooner or later.
- 相馬御厨については最初の段階では同族の上総権介常澄、そして源義朝である。
- Soma-mikuriya were owned by Tsunezumi of Kazusa no Gon no suke (provisional governor of Kazusa Province) of the same clan and were owned by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 通交再開の条件として朝鮮王朝側が一方的に突きつけたものが壬申約条である。
- The Jinshin Yakujo was imposed one-sidedly by the Korean Dynasties as a condition for the resumption of the relationship.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)末期には組織・役職としては消滅したと考えられている。
- They were thought to have disappeared as an organization and post during the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 中国の朝廷は皇帝を中心とし、丞相などの宦官を含めた中国古来の政府である。
- Chinese Imperial Court was the ancient Chinese government which centered on an emperor and involved eunuchs such as Chancellor and the like.
- 現在の日本では約4km、中国では500m、朝鮮では約400mに相当する。
- It is equivalent to about 4 kilometers in today's Japan, 500 meters in China and about 400 meters in Korea.
- 反は皇帝・天皇の殺傷、叛は本朝(本国)を裏切って外国を利することである。
- '反' indicates 'killing or wounding the emperor', while '叛'(another character of 'hon') is 'betraying the court (country) while helping other countries'.
- 薩摩藩が琉球王朝を攻略、支配したことで、琉球を通じての貿易が認められた。
- Having conquered and ruled the Ryukyu Dynasty, the Satsuma Domain was allowed to carry on trade via Ryukyu.
- そのため陽明学の朝鮮史における影響は中国・日本に比して高いとは言えない。
- Therefore, Yomeigaku's influence on Korean history is not as great as it was on those of China and Japan.
- 行朝は関ヶ原の戦いで西軍に属し敗れ改易され、新宮氏の紀伊支配も終焉した。
- Yukitomo fought on the side of the western force in the Battle of Sekigahara but was defeated and punished by being deprived of samurai rank and properties, and the rule by the Shingu clan ended.
- 中世において、寺社は朝廷も幕府も無断で立ち入ることができない聖域だった。
- In the medieval times, temples and shrines were sanctuaries into which neither Imperial Court nor bakufu could enter.
- 9月に入ると明・朝鮮連合軍は蔚山、泗川市、順天へ総力を挙げた攻勢に出た。
- In October, the Ming and Korean allied forces began all-out attacks to Ulsan, Sacheon and Suncheon.
- この憲宗の態度に驚愕した藩鎮側も朝廷に対して恭順な態度をとるようになった。
- Startled by Xianzong's behavior, hanchin began to take a more submissive attitude toward the imperial court.
- そのため、兵農分離の一連の流れと朝鮮出兵の流れの両方として評価されている。
- It is acknowledged that the Expulsion Edict contributed both to the separation of warriors and farmers and to the Korean invasions.
- 豊臣秀吉は西国を平定し、朝鮮や琉球への服属を求めた接触を始めることとなる。
- Since Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI suppressed Saigoku (western part of Japan - especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki), he started to contact Korea and Ryukyu to make them subordinate states.
- 頼朝は宣旨施行のためと称して、源義経・源範頼ら率いる軍を京方面へ派遣した。
- Yoritomo dispatched troops led by MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and MINAMOTO no Noriyori and others to the direction of Kyo in the name of enforcement of the decree.
- 1368年に早くも洪武帝は新王朝建国の報告と朝貢要求を近隣諸外国に発信た。
- In 1368, Emperor Kobu (Shu GENSHO) soon announced the establishment of the new dynasty and requests for tributes to neighboring foreign countries.
- 堂内には定朝様の阿弥陀仏が安置され、壁や柱には華麗な来迎図が描かれている。
- Amida Buddha in Jocho style is placed in the hall, and a gorgeous raigo-zu (image of the descent of Amida Buddha) are painted on the walls or columns.
- 「院宣に背いて頼朝軍と戦うのであれば、宣旨によらず義仲一身の資格で行え。」
- If you fight with Yoritomo's army, disobeying inzen (a decree from the Cloistered Emperor), do it in your own right.
- 1510年に発生した三浦の乱により、日本と朝鮮王朝との通交は断絶していた。
- The friendly relationship between Japan and Korean Dynasties had been severed due to the Sanpo disturbance in 1510.
- 『知信記』(とものぶき)・『知信朝臣記』(とものぶあそんき)とも呼ばれる。
- It has been also known as 'Tomonobu-ki' or 'Tomonobu-asonki.'
- 更に景虎と不和になった大熊朝秀を調略し、反乱を起こさせて越後侵攻を図った。
- Furthermore, maneuvering Tomohide OKUMA who had caused friction with Kagetora, he made Okuma rebel Kagetora, to invade Echigo.
- ちなみに1882年の朝清商民水陸貿易章程では清の宗主権が明文化されている。
- As a side note, Korea-Qing Land and Commercial Sea Activity Treaty singed in 1882 explicitly expressed Qing's suzerainty.
- 「そもそも、朝鮮は日本と日朝修好条規を締結して開国した独立の一国である。」
- In principle, Korea is an independent country that opened the country and concluded a Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity with Japan.'
- 北朝はこれらの制度を背景に国力を増強していき、次第に南朝を圧迫していった。
- The Northern Dynasties enhanced the national power based on the systems to gradually become a threat to the Southern Dynasties.
- 侮蔑を強めるには、中国では倭寇、韓国・北朝鮮ではウェノムなどと表現される。
- To stress the sense of contempt, Wako in China and Wenomu in the South and North Korea are used.
- しかし朝鮮にあって陽明学は一貫してマイノリティーの地位を脱しきれなかった。
- However in Korea, Yomeigaku remained a minority status.
- 1966年1月20日、朝田府連が三木たちの抵抗を押して文化厚生会館を占拠。
- On January 20, 1966, the Asada Furen occupied the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall despite Miki and others' resistance.
- 1189年、頼朝政権は、奥州合戦で奥州藤原氏を滅ぼし、完全に東国を掌握した。
- The Yoritomo administration defeated the Oshu Fujiwara clan in the Battle of Oshu in 1189 and took complete control of Togoku.
- 鎌倉幕府の確立を成し遂げた源頼朝は、1199年(正治1)1月に突然死去した。
- MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who established the Kamakura bakufu, died suddenly in January 1199.
- 後に一度改給され、新符では日本側が左符を、朝鮮側が右符を保管することになる。
- Later, the sets of tallies were renewed, then the left halves were kept by the Japan side and the right halves were kept by Yi-Dynasty this time.
- 具体的には民間には海外進出を禁じ、公的には貿易のルートを朝貢のみに限定した。
- To be specific, in private sectors advancing overseas was prohibited, and an official sector for the trading route was restricted only to choko (paying tribute to the court).
- 魏晋南北朝時代、五代十国時代、南宋時代のように中国が南北の勢力で分割された。
- There were several periods in China when it was divided by the powers of north and south such as Wei-Jin-Nanbeichao periods, Wudai Shiguo period and Southern Sung period.
- まず、朝鮮に入貢を命じ、開かなければ討つ、と脅し対馬国の宗義調に折衝させた。
- First, he ordered that Korea pay tribute to him, threatening that if it did not obey his order, he would attack the country, and sent Yoshishige SO of Tsushima Province to conduct negotiations.
- モンゴルの元朝に服属した後はその日本征討に多大な負担を払って水軍を提供した。
- After the submission to the Yuan dynasty in Mongolia, Goryeo offered its navy for the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan at a huge cost.
- 朝廷の権威が衰え、天下は再び朱全忠・李克用らの藩鎮勢力が合い争う時代となる。
- Authority of the imperial court weakened, and the country entered a period of fighting between the hanchin forces of Quanzhong ZHU and Keyong LI.
- 上皇方に参陣した為義は乱後に死罪となり、為義の子の源為朝は流罪に処せられた。
- Tameyoshi, who fought on the side of the retired Emperor, was executed after the War and his son, MINAMOTO no Tametomo was banished.
- 朝廷の官衙である和歌所・御書所・記録所・院文殿・後院などにおける職員を指す。
- It indicates the staff that worked in Kanga (government office) of the Imperial Court such as Wakadokoro (office of waka), Goshodokoro (office to maintain books in the Imperial Court), Kirokujo (land record office), Infumidono (the retired emperor's documents bureau), Goin and so on.
- 頼朝軍入京間近の報に力を得た院周辺では、融和派が逼塞し主戦派が台頭していた。
- The news that Yoritomo's army was about to enter the capital brightened up the Cloistered Emperor's court, where accommodationists fell into obscurity and the war party gained power.
- 平知信朝臣記(たいらのとものぶあそんき)は、平安時代末期の官人平知信の日記。
- 'TAIRA no Tomonobu Asonki' is a diary written by TAIRA no Tomonobu who was a government official at the end of the Heian period.
- 朝廷側が要求を拒否して使者を追い返したことから延暦寺大衆の動きが激しくなる。
- After the Imperial-Court refused the appeal and sent back the envoy, the movement of daishu of Enryaku-ji Temple intensified.
- ロシア側 黄海の制海権確保の前提に基づき、日本側の上陸を朝鮮半島南部と想定。
- Russia-side: Premised on their capability to maintain naval superiority on the Yellow Sea, Russia assumed that the Japanese would land their forces on the southern Korean Peninsula.
- 7月25日に朝鮮政府から大鳥圭介公使に対して、牙山の清国軍撃退が要請される。
- On July 25, the Korean government requested Minister Keisuke OTORI to expel the Qing troops in Asan by force
- だが、平氏政権・鎌倉幕府初期の段階では検断権そのものは朝廷・院が有していた。
- The right to judge criminal cases was, however, held by the Emperor or the retired emperor, in the period of the Taira clan government through the early Kamakura Period.
- 朝鮮通信使 - 琉球使節 - オランダ風説書・唐風説書 - 漂流民の取り調べ
- Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary); envoys dispatched from The Ryukyu Kingdom to the Edo Bakufu for paying tribute; world information delivered by ships from the Netherlands and world information delivered by ships from the Tang Dynasty - interrogating castaways
- 嘉祥2年(849年)には唐商人53人の来訪が大宰府から朝廷へ報告されている。
- The Dazaifu reported to the Imperial Court that 53 merchants from the Tang Dynasty visited Dazai Korokan in 849.
- 明・朝鮮軍は平壌を抜き漢城に迫ったが、日本軍は碧蹄館の戦いでこれを撃破する。
- The Ming-Korean army occupied Pyongyang and came close to Hanseong, but the Japanese forces defeated them at the Battle of Hekitenkai (ByeogJe Gwan).
- もっとも、秀吉の死は秘匿され朝鮮に派遣されていた日本軍にも知らされなかった。
- However, Hideyoshi's death was kept secret and it was not even informed to the Japanese army which had been dispatched to Korea.
- 和平交渉は徳川家康によって委任を受けた対馬の宗氏と朝鮮当局の間で進められる。
- Peace talks were carried out between the So clan in Tsushima, who was entrusted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and the government of Korea.
- 実際には明・朝鮮水軍は後退せずに海上封鎖を継続しており、海路撤退を妨害した。
- Actually, the Ming and Korean navy did not retreat, but continued the naval blockage and obstructed withdrawal by sea.
- 休戦を挟んで6年に及んだ戦争は、朝鮮・日本・明の三国に重大な影響を及ぼした。
- The war which lasted for six years including a cease-fire period, made a serious impact on Korea, Japan, and Ming.
- このうち明将董一元率いる20万と号する明・朝鮮連合軍が泗川倭城に攻め寄せた。
- Two hundred thousand soldiers of Ming and Korean Allied forces led by the Ming General TON Yi Yuan carried out a siege on Sacheon Waeseong.
- 実朝の暗殺を幕府の混乱・弱体化と見た後鳥羽は、幕府打倒を計画するようになった。
- He saw the assassination of Sanetomo as disorder and weakening within the bakufu and planned to defeat it.
- 時政は、将軍実朝を補佐して執権と呼ばれる地位に就き、政治の実権を握っていった。
- Tokimasa supported shogun Sanetomo, held a post called Shikken (regent) and had real power in politics.
- 光格天皇の頃は朝廷権威の復興を望み、幕府との間に尊号一件が起こるなど折衝した。
- Around the time of Emperor Kokaku, the Imperial Court tried to regain its authority, and negotiations, such as the Songo Case (an effort by the emperor to give an honorary title), were conducted with the Shogunate.
- 尊皇攘夷運動の支柱である水戸学には朝廷権威により幕府専制を抑える思想があった。
- The Mito School, which was at the heart of the Sonnojoi Movement, held a belief that the authority of the Imperial Court should suppress the rise of autocratic Shogunate.
- 長い間続いた南北朝時代 (日本)の中で兵糧確保のために出された半済令であった。
- The Hanzeirei was enforced in order to secure provisions for the army under the long-lasting conflict with the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 源頼朝は下文・下知状・御教書を発給文書の三本柱として武家様文書の基礎を作った。
- Minamoto no Yoritomo established the base of bukeyo monjo (a samurai-style document) which consisted of three kinds of documents; these were the Kudashibumi, Gejijo (a document issued by a vassal of the Shogun for conveying Shogun orders) and Migyosho.
- 関東においては、「武家の棟梁」は、少なくとも頼朝の以前には居なかったと言える。
- It could be said that 'leader of samurai family' did not exist, at least before Yoritomo in Kanto region.
- 『本朝世紀』は鳥羽上皇の命により、信西入道(藤原通憲)が編纂した歴史書である。
- 'Honcho seiki' is a history book compiled by Shinzei Nyudo (FUJIWARA no Michinori) under orders from Retired Emperor Toba.
- 「頼朝軍が入京すれば戦わざるを得ないが、入京しないのであれば西国に下向する。」
- If Yoritomo's army enters Kyoto, I will have to fight, but otherwise, I will leave for the west.
- それまで頼朝は、朝廷が使用していた寿永年号を拒み、治承年号を使用し続けていた。
- Until that time, Yoritomo had refused to adopt the Juei era used by the Imperial Court and had kept using the Jishou era.
- その学風は考証学の一派、浙東学派となって清朝の主要な思潮となっていくのである。
- His approach developed into the Zhedong Xue School, a faction of Koshogaku, which was to form the main trend of thought during the Qing period.
- これにより6月1日朝鮮政府は清の派兵を要請する一方、農民軍への宣撫にあたった。
- On June 1, the Korean government asked Qing to dispatch troops and tried to pacify the armed peasants.
- 西晋が滅亡した後も南北朝時代 (中国)の諸王朝によって律令が制定・公布された。
- After the downfall of the Western Jin Dynasty, each dynasty in China during the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties proclaimed and enacted Luli of its own.
- その後張維の影響を強く受けて、朝鮮陽明学の代表ともいえる鄭斉斗(霞谷)が出た。
- Then, Cheng Chatoo (Hagok), who can be said to have been a leading person of Korean Yomeigaku, appeared under the strong influence of Jang Yu.
- 冠位十二階制は高句麗・百済を通して北朝・南朝両方のものが伝わったとされている。
- It is said that the twelve cap rank system of Northern and Southern Dynasties was introduced via Kokuryo and Paekche.
- すると、朝鮮としても日本側の状況を探りたい事情もあり使者を派遣した(賊探使)。
- The Joseon Dynasty sent their delegates partly because they wanted to find out what was going on in Japan (searching delegates).
- この私的政権は、朝廷から承認されることによって、支配権の正統性を獲得していった。
- The private government acquired legitimacy of its right of control by gaining approval from the Imperial Court.
- 遊庭秘抄(ゆうていひしょう)は、南北朝時代 (日本)に書かれた御子左流蹴鞠の書。
- Yuteihisho is a book of kemari (Japanese ancient Imperial court game like kick-ball) of Mikohidari school that was written during the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan).
- 更に1184年に京を制圧した頼朝方も「器量に堪えたる輩」を広範に招集・動員する。
- In addition, the side of Yoritomo that conquered Kyoto in 1184 extensively gathered and mobilized 'those with high abilities.'
- 訴訟は奉行人(織田家の家臣)の手を経ずに幕府・朝廷に内々に挙げてはならないこと。
- Petitions shall not be submitted informally to the bakufu or the imperial court without consulting bugyonin (magistrate - retainer of the Oda family.)
- 同じ時期に北朝 (日本)を擁する室町幕府が行った半済令(兵粮料所)と対比される。
- Choyobun contrasts with the Hanzeirei (Hyoro-ryosho (grant areas for the support of troops in the field)) administered by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) that held the North Court around the same time.
- 日本では、幕末に朝廷から一般民衆まで熱く論じられ、反体制運動の合言葉ともなった。
- In Japan, it was discussed passionately among people from Chotei Court officials to the general public at the end of the Edo period and became a watchword for the anti-establishment movement.
- 東アジア諸国において、主に国家によって公式に編纂された王朝の歴史書のことである。
- In various countries in East Asia, seishi are history books officially compiled by the ruling dynasties of their respective countries.
- これは、朝廷・院が検断権を有し幕府はそれを委ねられた存在であるという考えによる。
- This is because the right to judge criminal cases was held by the Emperor or the retired emperor, and the enforcement was delegated to the bakufu.
- 源頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開くと、横山党の横山時広は軍功により横山庄の所領を安堵された。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), as a reward for military service Tokihiro YOKOYAMA from the Yokoyama Party received a fief and was approved as the landowner of the Yokoyama-sho estate.
- 特に朝鮮に対しては「服属」を強く求めると共に「征明の先導」(征明嚮導)を求めた。
- It was the Joseon Dynasty that Hideyoshi strongly required 'submission' from and 'the guide for conquest of the Ming' (Seimin kyodo).
- その後延喜3年(903年)の太政官符には朝廷による買上前の貿易が厳禁されていた。
- The Daijokanpu issued in 903, however, showed that the Dazaifu strictly prohibited any prioritized purchase before the Imperial Court.
- 荘園の認定時に荘園領主の使者や荘官、朝廷の使者、国衙の役人が立ちあって立てられた。
- When a shoen was acknowledged, boji was put up in the presence of the envoy of the lord of a shoen, an envoy of the Imperial Court and an official from the kokuga (provincial government).
- 室町幕府の征夷大将軍が北朝(朝廷)に対して特定の事項に関する政治的要請を行うこと。
- One meaning is that of when the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Muromachi bakufu made a political request to the Northern Court (the Imperial Court) on a particular issue.
- 義政は日朝貿易も同様に財源化することを意図し、朝鮮王朝に牙符制の導入を申し入れる。
- Yoshimasa also sought to make the Japan-Yi dynasty trade as a source of revenue and made a proposal to the Yi-Dynasty to introduce Gafusei.
- 南北朝時代は美術史的には過渡期ととらえられ、鎌倉時代に含めて論じられることが多い。
- From the perspective of art history, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts is deemed the transitional period, so its art is commonly mentioned in the art of the Kamakura period.
- 李舜臣の再編によって朝鮮水軍は精強となり、日本軍の撃退に大いに貢献したと言われる。
- It is said that by the Yi's reorganization, the Korean navy became extremely powerful and made a great contribution to fighting off the Japanese navy.
- 朝廷に帰順した地方豪族は、神八井耳命の子孫とされる事がままあり、その一例であろう。
- However, it was often the case that a local gozoku that submitted itself to the Imperial Court was considered as a descendent of Kamuyaimimi no mikoto, and the case of Takeiwa tatsuno-mikoto is probably one such example.
- 一方、室町幕府は朝廷が持っていた京都の市民に対する賦課権を接収することに成功した。
- On the other hand, the Muromachi bakufu successfully took over the right to levy taxes on citizens of Kyoto, a right formerly enjoyed by the Imperial court.
- 元来、朝廷や皇族の所有地であったものが寺院などに寄進されて荘園化されたものが多い。
- Many Ossho were the former territories of the Imperial Court or Imperial Family which became Shoen after being donated to temples etc.
- なお、4日夜から日本公使は警護兵百数十を連れて朝鮮王宮に国王保護の名目で参内した。
- Also Japanese minister with a hundred and several tens of escorting soldiers entered the Korean palace at night on 4th on the pretext of protecting the king.
- これらの制度は、その後の諸王朝も継承してゆき、律令制の基礎を形成することとなった。
- These systems were handed down through subsequent dynasties and formed the basis of the Ritsuryo system.
- もっとも時代が降るのは東京・普済寺の「石幢」で、南北朝時代_(日本)のものである。
- The item dated closest to modern times is the Sekido (stone structure) of Fusai-ji Temple in Tokyo, which dates from Japan's period of Northern and Southern Courts.
- つまり264年間に渡って江戸幕府(徳川将軍家)が保持していた政権を朝廷に返上した。
- Thereby power maintained by the Edo Shogunate (Tokugawa Shogunate Family) for 264 years was returned to the Imperial Court.
- 元々は大和王朝の本拠地である奈良盆地の東南地域が、大和(やまと)と呼称されていた。
- The southeast area of the Nara Basin where the Yamato Dynasty was located was originally called Yamato.
- そして朝廷が任命した国司の政庁がある国衙とは別の場所に置かれるのが一般的であった。
- Then, Shugosho were placed in different places from Kokuga, where the provincial government offices of Kokushi (provincial governors) appointed by the Imperial Court were.
- 翌日解放同盟中央執行委員会は、朝田府連の大会が正規の京都府連大会であると認定した。
- The next day, the central executive committee of the Liberation League approved Asada Furen's meeting as a formal Kyoto Federation meeting.
- そして朝田は、三木、塚本を田中支部から除名するも、府連執行委員会はこれを否決する。
- Then Asada expelled Miki and Tsukamoto from the Tanaka Branch but the Kyoto Federation executive committee rejected it.
- 朝廷・公家は関東と呼び、武士からは鎌倉殿と、一般からは武家と称されることが多かった。
- They were called 'Kanto' by the Imperial Court and kuge (court nobles), 'Kamakura-dono' (lord of Kamakura) by samurai and 'Buke' (samurai family) by general public.
- 朝廷は対応を幕府へ一任し、幕府は回答しないことを決定、西国の防御を固めることとした。
- The Imperial Court entrusted the matter to the bakufu which decided not to respond but instead strengthened the defense of Saigoku.
- (対馬藩の場合は農業適地があまりにも少なかったため、李氏朝鮮から米を輸入していた。)
- (In the case of the Tsushima Domain, lands appropriate for cropping were so scarce that they had to import rice from Yi Dynasty Korea.)
- が、その後も成徳・廬龍もまた朝廷に領地を返還し、ここに河朔三鎮平定も成ったのである。
- However, after his death, Chengde and Lulong also surrendered their territories, and thus pacification of Kasaku Sanchin was accomplished.
- 「朝家の守護」と称された満仲、頼光の流れを汲む摂津源氏は、代々、大内守護(宮中護衛。
- Each generation of the Settsu-Genji--whose bloodline combined those of both Mitsunaka and Yorimitsu, who were called 'Protectors of the Imperial Family'--was appointed Ouchi shugo (Protector of the Great Palace).
- しかし、京より遠い東国においては、朝廷や貴族間における調停などの調整は期待出来ない。
- However, Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) far away from Kyoto had less hope for settlement within the imperial court or among aristocrats.
- 大江家国は大江朝綱の玄孫で大江氏の紀伝道の家学を継いだ1人であったと考えられている。
- It is considered that OE no Iekuni, who was a great-great-grandson of OE no Asatsuna, was one of the successors of Kidendo (the study of the histories), which was kagaku (hereditary learning) of the Oe clan.
- 538年(宣化3年)に百済の聖明王が釈迦仏像や経論などを朝廷に贈り仏教が公伝された。
- In 538, King Seong of Baekje presented the dynasty with a Shaka Buddhist image and the Buddhist scriptures and commentaries, and Buddhism was officially introduced to Japan.
- 同日、日本陸軍先遣部隊の第12師団 (日本軍)木越旅団が朝鮮の仁川広域市に上陸した。
- On the same day, the frontline Japanese troops, the Kigoshi Brigade of the 12th Division, landed on the city of Incheon.
- 明が清にかわると朝鮮国王に「三跪九叩頭の礼」を強いるなど冊封国としての関係を強めた。
- When the Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it forced the Korean dynasty to perform the courtesy of 'nine kowtows' to strengthen the relationship under the vassal system.
- 律令制を導入したのは、日本・新羅・渤海 (国)・吐谷渾・吐蕃王朝などが知られている。
- It is known that Japan, Silla, Balhae, Tuyuhun, and the Tibetan Tubo Kingdom adopted the Ritsuryo system.
- ちなみに、最初に認められた6人は、頼朝と源義経の仲が険悪化する以前に推挙されていた。
- In fact, the first six people had been recommended before Yoritomo got onto bad terms with MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune.
- この間、部落問題研究所の東上高志たちが朝田らを建造物侵入と威力業務妨害の容疑で告訴。
- During this, Takashi TOJO and others from the Institute of Buraku Problem brought an accusation against Asada and others of burglary and forcible obstruction of business.
- 島津義弘の救援軍が近づくのを知ると明・朝鮮水軍は順天の海上封鎖を解いて迎撃を行った。
- Knowing that Yoshihiro SHIMAZU's rescue forces were approaching, the Ming and Korean navy lifted their naval blockade of Suncheon and intercepted them.
- また、泰時は、式目制定に当たって、朝廷の司法権を侵害するものでないことを強調している。
- Also, Yasutoki emphasized it did not interfere with the legal jurisdiction of the Imperial Court when establishing the code.
- 義満以後の室町幕府においても引き続き武家執奏による朝廷への介入が行われることとなった。
- And because of the situation in the later Muromachi bakufu after Yoshimitsu, intervention by bukeshisso still continued.
- 島国日本では隣国の朝鮮と同様に、古代から沿海部に居住する海民が水上兵力として活躍した。
- In Japan, which is an island nation, from ancient times kaimin who lived in the coastal area flourished as armed forces on the water as well as in Korea.
- 14世紀に元を滅ぼした明においては、王朝を脅かす怖れのある海上勢力の禁圧策がとられた。
- The Ming Dynasty that had destroyed Yuan Dynasty during the fourteenth century employed a policy to suppress the marine forces that posed a possibility to threaten the dynasty.
- が、小西軍に属していた五島勢は共に明水軍・朝鮮水軍の海上封鎖を受けて撤退を阻害された。
- However, the Ming and Korean navy's blockade impeded the withdrawal of Konishi's troops, including the Goto troops.
- たまりかねた高麗王朝は1375年頃から新たに強力な戦艦を建造して水軍の増強をはかった。
- Reaching the end of its patience, the Goryeo dynasty tried to enforce its navy by building new powerful battle ships in around 1375.
- 史館員も増員し、遠隔地へ派遣して史料収集を行い、特に南朝関係の史料を広く収集している。
- He increased the number of staff and dispatched them to distant places to collect historical materials, especially materials about the Nancho court.
- そのため、源為義の時期を「在京源氏」、源義朝の時期を「坂東源氏」などと呼ぶこともある。
- Therefore, the period of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi and that of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo are sometimes called 'Zaikyo-Genji' (Genji staying in Kyoto) and 'Bando-Genji (Genji staying in the old Kanto region) respectively.
- 佐藤は、自身に利益のない宣旨を頼朝が施行するはずがないとして、石井良助の論に反駁した。
- SATO refuted this theory of Ryosuke ISHII, insisting that Yoritomo would have never enforced the decree if it had not been advantageous for him.
- 中国においては「王」のモデルは古代周王朝の王であったことからもともと「尊王」と書いた。
- In China, since the rulers of the ancient Chou kingdom were taken as the ideal model for the emperor, the word 'king' was used instead of emperor.
- 朝鮮との国交交渉が進展しない明治政府内で武力による開国を迫るいわゆる征韓論が台頭した。
- The so-called Seikanron (debate on the subjugation of Korea) supporting military pressure to force Korea to open the country emerged in the Meiji government whose diplomatic talks with Korea did not show any progress.
- 8月26日 日本は朝鮮に圧力を掛け親日政権を樹立、共同で清国に対処する方針を採らせる。
- August 26: Japan applies pressure on Korea to have a pro-Japanese government set up and have a policy to work with Japan in take measures against Qing.
- 甲午農民戦争の停戦後、朝鮮政府は日清両軍の撤兵を要請したが、どちらも受け入れなかった。
- After the Donghak Peasant Revolution the Korean government requested both Japan and Qing to withdraw their troops, but neither accepted.
- 天王寺口は本多忠朝ら16,200が展開し、その後方に徳川家康15,000が本陣を置く。
- Tadatomo HONDA troop was deployed at Tennoji-guchi and the headquarters of 15,000 soldiers of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was positioned in its back.
- 御所への立ち入りは藩兵が厳しく制限し、驚いた二条摂政や朝彦親王などにも参内を禁止した。
- The Domain soldiers strictly controlled entry to the palace, even refusing entry to the shocked Regent Nijo and Imperial Prince Asahiko.
- 11月30日早朝、鍋山貞親ら50名余りの社会主義者は、出迎えのため高山のもとに赴いた。
- In the early morning of November 30, about 50 socialists including Sadachika NABEYAMA went to meet Takayama.
- しかし朝鮮の立場は建国以来、明の属国であり、その外交方針をここで変える意思はなかった。
- However, the Joseon Dynasty had been a tributary nation to Ming since its establishment, and it would not change its diplomatic policies.
- 瞬く間に大勢力となった頼朝軍は、同年10月、先祖ゆかりの地である鎌倉へ入り本拠地とした。
- Yoritomo's army became a powerful force within a very short space of time and in October in the same year entered Kamakura - a place associated with his ancestors - and made it his headquarters.
- 当時は南北朝時代 (日本)の内乱期であり、公事や朝儀は振るわず、歌道もその影響を受けた。
- As Japan was in the state of civil war during the Northern and Southern period (Japan), kuji (political operations of the Imperial Court) and chogi (ceremonies at the Imperial Court) were inert at that time and the art of waka poetry was also affected.
- 朝鮮王朝は義澄の提案を受け入れ新符10枚が発給され、これにより散逸した旧符は無効となる。
- The Yi-Dynasty accepted Yoshizumi's requirement and issued new set of ten Gafu, whereby the scattered old Gafu were invalidated.
- 7月には朝鮮の救援要請に答えた明の遼東副総兵・祖承訓が北京市の命令を待たず援軍を発した。
- In August and September, Zu Chengxun of Ming, the Vice Commander of Liaodong, who had answered Korea's request for help, dispatched reinforcements without waiting for orders from Beijing.
- この司祭的豪族は、後にヤマト王権(朝廷)に従属し、領地を献上して県主となったと思われる。
- This priest-gozoku clan then seemed to have served the Yamato dynasty, offered its territories, and became agatanushi, or a territorial ruler.
- この大火に江戸幕府も衝撃を受け、急遽老中松平定信を京都に派遣して朝廷と善後策を協議した。
- Thus fire shocked the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) which promptly dispatched senior councillor Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA to Kyoto to consult with the Imperial Court on how to handle the situation.
- それが変化してくるのは、鎌倉時代も終わった南北朝時代 (日本)、『太平記』の時代である。
- This began to change in the period of 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the Kamakura period ended.
- 「義仲は、法皇が頼朝と手を結んで自分を殺そうとしているのではないかと疑念を抱いている。」
- Yoshinaka has a suspicion that the Cloistered Emperor will join hands with Yoritomo to kill him.
- 明治の日本の朝鮮進出後には永正条約との言い換えが為されたものの、条約としての体裁はない。
- Even though the name was changed to the Eisho treaty after the Japanese invasion to Korea during the Meiji period, it was still not in an appropriate form of a treaty.
- 宗氏はこの要求に屈し、この規則に基づく関係は豊臣秀吉の朝鮮征伐まで継続されることになる。
- The So clan succumbed to these demands and the relationship with Korean Dynasties based on these rules lasted until Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Korean Invasions.
- 朝廷でも北朝 (日本)・光明天皇の貞和2年(1346年)の新制が最後の公家新制となった。
- Likewise, in the Imperial court, the shinsei of 1346 issued by the Emperor Komyo of the Northern Court (Japan) became the last kuge shinsei.
- 御公用丁銀(ごくようちょうぎん):「御公用」の極印が打たれ、毛利氏が朝廷に貢納したもの。
- Gokuyo Chogin: Chogin with '御公用' (Gokuyo) hallmarked and were presented by the Mori clan to the Chotei (Imperial Court).
- 琉球は清との関係存続を嘆願、清が琉球の朝貢禁止に抗議するなど外交上の決着はつかなかった。
- This issue was not diplomatically resolved, because Ryukyu wanted to maintain ties with Quing and Quing protested a ban on tributes of Ryukyu to Qing.
- これらのことから、当時北陸地方・東北地方に南朝方武将の擁立する「朝廷」が存在したとされる。
- Based on these historical sources, the Imperial Court is deemed to have existed in the present Hokuriku and Tohoku Regions at that time, which was backed up by the warlords taking the side of the Southern Court.
- また、良基の執政時代の北朝 (日本)において実際に行われていた官制に則して記述されている。
- Also, this book was written based upon the court official system that was actually implemented during the era of Yoshimoto's administration.
- 河内源氏の本拠地の河内国ではなく坂東を地盤とした義朝は勢力回復を企てて平治の乱を起こした。
- Yoshitomo, based in Bando not in Kawachi Province that was the stronghold of Kawachi-Genji, started the Heiji War in a bid to regain power.
- これによって延暦寺などの有力権門の権益は否定され、朝廷などによる課税も最低限に制限された。
- The law denied the interests of influential families, including Enryaku-ji Temple, minimizing the taxation by the Imperial court and other parties.
- 忠親は後白河院や源頼朝に重用され、日記の現存期間は平氏の興隆から全盛、滅亡の時期にあたる。
- Tadachika was given important posts by Goshirakawa-in (the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa) and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and the diary's existent period stretches from the Taira clan's rise, through its golden days, to its fall.
- 千葉常重によって成立した相馬御厨は伊勢神宮に寄進されたが、藤原親通や源義朝から脅かされる。
- Soma-mikuriya, which was established by Tsuneshige CHIBA, was donated to the Ise-jingu Shrine but threatened by FUJIWARA no Chikamichi and MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.
- 鎌倉時代に書かれた『本朝書籍目録』には全1巻であることが記されているが、原本は存在しない。
- 'Honchoshojaku mokuroku' (the oldest list of Japanese books in existence written during the Kamakura period) states that the note was in one volume, but the original doesn't exist.
- 李氏朝鮮から対馬・宗氏への歳賜米・歳賜豆を嘉吉条約の200石から半分の100石に削減する。
- Reducing the amount of sanshimai (rice given by Korea) and sanshito (beans given by Korea) given by the Yi Dynasty Korea to the So clan in Tsushima from 200-koku (a unit of volume of rice: 1-koku is 180.39 liters), which the amount was determined in the Kakitsu Treaty, to be 100-koku.
- 実際に、平城天皇朝においても、大同元年から中務卿兼大宰帥を務めて、皇族の重鎮となっていた。
- During the era of the Emperor Heijo, he served as Nakatsukasa-kyo (Minister of the Ministry of Central Affairs) cum Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) from 806 and was actually the leader of the Imperial Family.
- 8月15日早朝、西郷は桐野・村田新八・池上・別府晋介ら諸将を従え、和田越頂上で督戦をした。
- In the early morning of August 15, at the top of the Wadagoe Pass, SAIGO, accompanied by military commanders including KIRINO, Shinpachi MURATA, IKEGAMI, and Shinsuke BEPPU, urged the soldiers to fight more vigorously.
- この日の晩、諸将の諌めを押し切り、明朝、西郷は自ら陣頭に立ち、官軍と雌雄を決しようとした。
- In the night of the same day, SAIGO overpowered admonishments by his military commanders and determined to stand at the front and take command of the Satsuma army by himself in the next morning to fight a decisive battle with the government army.
- 蝦夷国は正式な令制国ではなく俗称であり、また琉球国は当初大和朝廷の影響が及んでいなかった。
- Ezo province was not a formal area division under the ryosei system but a common area name, and Ryukyu province was not originally under the influence of Yamato Imperial Court.
- 前述のとおり小西行長は当初は李氏朝鮮、後には明との和平交渉を優先して平壌で北進を停止した。
- As described above, Yukinaga KONISHI put priority on peace talks with Yi Dynasty Korea, at first, and, then, with Ming and stopped any further movements north, stopping at Pyongyang.
- 信長は京都支配を重要視し、村井貞勝を京都所司代として、朝廷に対する交渉や監視を任せている。
- Nobunaga placed importance on the rule of Kyoto, and appointed Sadakatsu MURAI as the Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy) for negotiation and surveillance.
- このとき朝廷側の交渉前面に登場したのは、権大納言でもあった室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義満である。
- In this case, the negotiations' director on the side of the court was Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who occupied the position of 'seii taishogun' (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in Muromachi bakufu and also the position of 'Gon Dainagon' (Provisional Major Counselor) in court.
- 私的な交易は認めず、冊封体制と呼ばれる国家間の公式な朝貢貿易に限定しようとした(海禁政策)。
- It did not authorize private trading but attempted to authorize only the official international tribute trading called sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system) (Kaikin Policy [the policy to forbid private people to trade with foreign countries]).
- 同年の南朝軍の摂津国侵入を阻止できなかったことから高経が道誉の摂津守護職を解いたためという。
- It is said that the above movement was triggered by the fact that Takatsune removed Doyo from the post of the Governor of Settsu Province on the ground of his failure in stopping the invasion of Southern Court's forces into Settsu Province in the same year.
- 同日、中納言・藤原朝方以下43人が解官された(『吉記』『百錬抄』同日条、『玉葉』29日条)。
- On the same day, 43 government officials including chunagon (vice-councilor of state) FUJIWARA no Tomokata were dismissed ('Kikki' and 'Hyakuren sho,' entry of January 19; 'Gyokuyo,' entry of January 20).
- それ以降、明や清との朝貢貿易の利益のため江戸幕府と中国への両属とする体制が幕末までつづいた。
- Since then, the islands had belonged to China and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), who sought benefits from tribute trade with the Ming and Quing dynasties.
- 1884年6月、ベトナムをめぐるフランスとの対立で朝鮮駐留清軍の半数が帰還した(清仏戦争)。
- In June 1884, half of Quing troops stationed in Korea returned because of a confrontation with France over Vietnam (Sino-French War).
- 17日夜10時に児玉熊四郎方を発して可愛岳に登り始め、翌18日早朝、可愛岳の頂上に到着した。
- Departed the residence of Kumashiro KODAMA at 10 PM of August 17, the troop started climbing Mt. Eno and arrived at the summit in the early morning of the next day, August 18.
- 1923年9月1日に起きた関東大震災の2日後、戒厳令下に朝鮮民族が民衆によって私刑を受けた。
- Two days after the Great Kanto Earthquake of September 1, 1923, a series of lynching of Korean people by Japanese nationals occurred under martial law.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)に戦乱が全国に及ぶと、守護大名の力が増大し、国衙も支配するようになった。
- In the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when disturbances of war spread throughout the country, shugo daimyo (military governors) increased their power and started to govern Kokuga.
- 朝業は、堀江山城の山続きの北側500mほどの山頂に新たに川崎城 (下野国)を築き居城とする。
- Tomonari built Kawasaki-jo Castle (Shimotsuke Province) on the mountaintop approximately 500 meters north along the mountainous line of Horieyama-jo Castle.
- これに対し、李氏朝鮮の特権階級であった両班は各地で民衆を組織化し義兵軍を編成して反抗を開始。
- Yangban', traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, organized Korean people at various places, formed a volunteer army and started fighting against the Japanese forces.
- 頼朝は、関東武士団を統率するための侍所を置き、関東武士団の代表=鎌倉殿と称されるようになった。
- Yoritomo established the Samurai-dokoro in order to lead Kanto Samurai Groups and he came to be called the Kanto Samurai Group Representative = Kamakura-dono.
- 1183年(寿永2年) -頼朝が寿永二年十月宣旨により朝廷から間接的に土地支配権を認められる。
- 1183 - Yoritomo was approved to have the control of lands indirectly by Imperial Court according to Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji.
- 同年…頼朝が朝廷から守護・地頭の設置を認められる(文治の勅許:軍事・警察・土地支配権の確立)。
- The same year - Yoritomo received approval from the Imperial Court to appoint Shugo and Jito (the Bunji imperial sanction: the establishment of the military, police and control of lands).
- 興利倭船(こうりわせん)とは、室町時代、日本から朝鮮へ交易のみを目的に訪れた商船のことを指す。
- Koriwasen meant a merchant ship that operated a service from Japan to Korea only for the purpose of trade during the Muromachi period.
- 第二の統一王朝高麗は半島の南北から租税の米穀を首都の開城に廻送するために海上ルートを利用した。
- The second unified kingdom Goryeo used routes on the sea to send tax rice collected from the north and south to its capital Kaesong.
- また、光圀は日本へ亡命した明朝遺臣である朱舜水を招聘し、彼らより歴史の正統性の意味を諭された。
- Mitsukuni also invited SHU Shunsui, a surviving retainer from the Ming Dynasty, who had exiled himself in Japan, and Mitsukuni learned the meaning of historical orthodoxy from him.
- 源義朝の子の源頼朝は後に挙兵して平家(伊勢平氏の平清盛一族)を倒し、源家による鎌倉幕府を開く。
- Later, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, a son of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, raised an army and beat Heike (the family of TAIRA no Kiyomori of Ise-Heishi), and established the Kamakura bakufu ruled by the Gen family.
- なお、半済令が年貢収入の半分を臨時徴収したのに対して、朝用分は1/3の徴収だったとされている。
- While the Hanzeirei was designed to temporarily collect half of the income from nengu (land tax), Choyobun was supposed to be a tax collection of one third.
- 元木泰雄は、頼朝の実効支配地は南関東周辺のみであり、宣旨の効力はさほど発揮されなかったとする。
- Yasuo MOTOKI insists that the decree was not so effective because Yoritomo's effectively dominated areas were limited to around the south Kantou area.
- 「一々の申状、義仲等に斉しからず」(『玉葉』10月2日条)と朝廷を大いに喜ばせるものであった。
- It said 'Each moshijo was not equivalent to Yoshinaka' (一々の申状,義仲等に斉しからず) ('Gyokuyo,' entry of October 26) and the contents pleased the Imperial Court.
- 朝廷でも伏見天皇親政期に越訴奉行が設置され、室町幕府でも初期には越訴方・越訴奉行が設置された。
- The ossobugyo was organized in the Imperial Court during the period in which Emperor Fushimi had the control of the government from 1287 to 1298), and the ossokata and ossobugyo were organized in the early Muromachi bakufu.
- 663年、百済復興に助力するため朝鮮半島へ出兵したが、白村江の戦いで新羅・唐連合軍に大敗した。
- In 663, Prince Naka no Oe dispatched troops to the Korean peninsula to help the Kingdom of Baekje (Kudara) rebuild the country, but the Japanese army was soundly defeated by the Silla -Tang allied forces in the battle of Hakusukinoe, at the mouth of Kum River.
- さらに第七条では日本が朝鮮沿岸の測量権を得て軍艦の周航など軍事的進出を容易にすることとなった。
- Furthermore, Article 7 allowed Japan to obtain a right to make a survey of coasts along Korea, facilitating Japan's military advances including the circulation of warships.
- 武家政権の時代においては、征夷大将軍が主宰する政府(幕府)についても「朝廷」と言うことがある。
- In the period of military government, a bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was sometimes called 'Chotei', too.
- なお中国は朝貢以外の貿易を認めていなかったため、対中貿易を担っていたのは民間の中国商人だった。
- During this time the Chinese government had not approved trade except for paying tributes to the court, so private Chinese merchants undertook the trading between Japan and China.
- このような朝廷の下では、大政奉還後の新政権も徳川慶喜が主導するものになることが当然予想された。
- Under such Imperial Court, it was naturally expected that the new government after Taisei Hokan would be led by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
- 都の鴻臚館で入朝の儀を行ったのち、内蔵寮と交易し、次に都の者と、その次に都外の者と交易をした。
- After the ritual for entering the site of the Court at Koroka of the capital, the envoy traded with the Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses), people living inside the capital then people living outside the capital.
- 結果として、1504年以降朝鮮に通交した日本国王使・王城大臣使の大半は偽使であると見られている。
- It could be concluded that most of the Kings of Japan envoys and the Ojo-daijin envoys dispatched to Korea after 1540 were pseudo envoys.
- 源氏将軍なき後の鎌倉幕府は執権北条氏は、源頼朝の妹の曾孫にあたる頼経を2歳で鎌倉殿として迎えた。
- The regent Hojo clan in the Kamakura bakufu without a shogun of the Minamoto clan origin, accepted two-year-old Yoritsune, a great-grandson of a younger sister of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, as Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura).
- 朝鮮水軍の李舜臣が釜山西方に展開中の日本軍を攻撃し、数千の日本陸軍と水軍が対応の為に拘束された。
- The Korean navy with Yi Sun-sin attacked the Japanese army that was in the process of deploying to the west of Busan, and thousands of troops in the Japanese army and navy had to remain there to deal with it.
- しかし、南北朝時代 (日本)から室町時代を経て私枡がますます隆盛し、宣旨枡も公的な性格を失った。
- During the period of Northern and Southern Courts and the Muromachi period, however, private measures became increasingly prosperous and Senjimasu also lost its public character.
- 信兼追討の背景には、独立性の強い京武者の排除、従属させようとする頼朝の方針があったと考えられる。
- It is thought that Yoritomo's policy of excluding or subordinating the independent samurai in the imperial capital was the reason which underlay the hunt for Nobukane.
- 中国のほか、中国の影響を受けた東アジア一円(日本、朝鮮など)で、その文化とともに取り入れられた。
- Besides China, the whole region in the East Asia (including Japan, Korea) that was influenced by China adopted these units along with Chinese culture.
- 撤退命令を受領した小西行長は11月、明・朝鮮の陸水諸将と交渉や買収で無血撤退の約束を取り付ける。
- Having received the withdrawal order, Yukinaga KONISHI succeeded in December to obtain a promise of bloodless withdrawal through negotiations with and by bribing the Ming and Korean commanders of the army and navy.
- 文禄元年6月15日、葦北を治める肥後熊本城主加藤清正の朝鮮出征中の隙を突く形で佐敷城を占拠する。
- On July 23, 1592, he seized the Sashiki-jo Castle while the castellan of the Higo-Kumamoto area, Kiyomasa KATO, who controlled Ashikita, was away fighting in Korea.
- 以後、経顕が尊氏及びその代理と言える高師直・足利直義・足利義詮らとの間で朝幕交渉を行うことになる。
- After that, Tsuneaki started to negotiate with the Takauji or so called Takauji's deputy group of KO no Moronao, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, about the issues between the Imperial Court and the bakufu.
- 当時の人々は、治天の君をはじめとする朝廷側の上皇・天皇・諸臣が処罰される事態に大きな衝撃を受けた。
- People of the time were greatly shocked by the state of affairs in which the retired emperor, the emperor and the retainers of the imperial faction, including Chiten no kimi, were punished.
- また、幕府機構を見ると、朝廷のそれと大きく異なり、鎌倉殿の家政機関としての性格を色濃く残していた。
- The system of bakufu was very different from that of the Imperial Court, and the Kamakura-dono character of a domestic governing institution remained strong.
- 中世日朝貿易は制限貿易であり、朝鮮王朝から図書と呼ばれる銅製印章を受けた者のみ通交が許されていた。
- The medieval Japan-Korea trade was limited trade, and only the recipients of copper seals called toso (tosho in Japanese) were allowed to have diplomatic relations with the Yi dynasty.
- この戦いに先立つ事8月18日、既に秀吉は逝去していたが、このことは在朝鮮日本軍には秘匿されていた。
- Although Hideyoshi had already died on September 18 before this battle started, this was concealed from the Japanese army in Korea.
- 10月2日から4日にかけて明・朝鮮軍が水陸から順天倭城を攻撃したが、これを撃退する(順天の戦い)。
- From October 31 to November 2, the Ming and Korean armies attacked the Suncheon Waeseong from both land and sea, but the Japanese army fought them off.
- 一、戦、自然も我が勝利と相成り候気鋒相見え候とき、其節朝廷へ申上げきっと尽力の次第これあり候との事
- Article 2 : When the Choshu Domain's victory is near at hand, the Satsuma Domain shall immediately appeal to the Imperial Court to back up Choshu and make every effort to mediate a peace.
- 官物(かんもつ)とは、律令制において租庸調以下、租税として朝廷及び令制国に納入された貢納物のこと。
- Kanmotsu are the tithes that were collected by the imperial court and Ryoseikoku (province) as tax such as Soyocho under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
- 『本朝書籍目録』に10巻の儀式として書名と篇目のみが伝わっており、逸文を含めて一切残されていない。
- Only its title and table of contents were recorded in 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' (Catalogue of books in our country) as Gishiki in ten volumes, but not even a surviving fragment of the book, remained.
- だが、江戸時代に藤原為隆の子孫である坊城俊将が、重隆・朝隆の弟藤原親隆を著者とする説を立てている。
- Nevertheless, during the Edo period, Toshimasa BOJO, who was a descendant of FUJIWARA no Tametaka, advanced a new theory that FUJIWARA no Chikataka, who was a younger brother of aforementioned Shigetaka and Tomotaka, was the author.
- 高麗が李成桂の李氏朝鮮にとってかわられると、中国の正史編纂にならって紀伝体の『高麗史』が作られた。
- After the Goryeo dynasty gave way to the Joseon dynasty founded by Seong-gye YI, the new dynasty studied China's compilation methods for official histories and then produced the biographical annal 'History of Goryeo'.
- しかし、兵の疲労を考慮し、19日は休養日として、20日早朝に二方面から総攻撃を決行する、と決めた。
- By taking consideration of soldiers' fatigue, they agreed in taking a day off on 19th and starting the all-out attack on the two sides in the early morning of 20th.
- 平安時代後期以後、朝廷は社会秩序を維持するための警察・軍事的な裏付け(「検断権」)を次第に失った。
- After the late Heian Period, the Imperial Court slowly lost the power to maintain the social order with the police and the military, losing the right to judge criminal cases, thus samurai maintained the order in place of the Imperial Court.
- 当時李氏朝鮮でも朱子学は形骸化しつつあったが、鄭は陽明学によって儒教を再生することを唱えるに至る。
- In Yi Dynasty Korea, Shushigaku was losing substance but through Yomeigaku, Cheng managed to revive Confucianism.
- なお清の冊封国であったベトナムでは、1802年に阮朝が建てられるとともに一世一元の制が行なわれた。
- In Vietnam, a Sakuho-koku (a kind of vassal state) of Ching, the system of one era per Emperor was introduced when the Nguyễn Dynasty was established in 1802.
- そして、除目が発表された時には頼朝と義経の仲は険悪化しており、義経は事実上御門葉とは認めなかった。
- Also, the relationship between Yoritomo and Yoshitsune was strained at the point that Jimoku was made public, so Yoshitsune wasn't factually acknowledged as a gomonyo.
- 帰国段階で明・朝鮮水軍の妨害を受け、露梁海戦を戦うことになるが、11月末までに全軍帰国を果たした。
- On their way back to Japan, despite the Japanese forces being hindered by the Ming-Korean navy at the Battle of Noryang, all returned to Japan by the end of December.
- 1966年1月28日以降、三回にわたり強制執行がおこなわれたが、朝田府連の抵抗によって中止となる。
- On and after Janurary 28, 1966, the compulsory execution was carried out three times, but was stopped due to resistance from the Asada Furen.
- 江戸幕府に対する朝鮮通信使が派遣されて正式の和平が果たされたのは慶長12年(1607年)であった。
- It was in 1607 that Chosen Tsushinshi to Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was dispatched and formal peace was made.
- そして、義満の朝廷政策に批判的であったとされる息子の足利義持もまた後小松上皇の院執事に就任している。
- And even Yoshimochi, who was Yoshimitsu's son and was allegedly critical about his father's policies against the Imperial Court, also assumed the post of In no shitsushi of the retired Emperor Gokomatsu.
- 鎌倉幕府(かまくらばくふ)は、源頼朝が鎌倉(現在の神奈川県鎌倉市)に創設した武家政権(幕府)である。
- The Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was a samurai government (bakufu) established in Kamakura (currently, Kanagawa City, Kamakura Prefecture) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
- 通常は勧学院に神木を安置するのが慣例であるが、場合によっては御所の前に神木をかざして朝廷を威圧した。
- In Kyoto, they usually enshrined Shinboku at 'Kangakuin' (an educational institution), but occasionally, they held it aloft in front of the Imperial Palace, thereby threatening the court.
- 「自称天皇」の一人・三浦芳聖は、尊良親王が北陸朝廷の天皇であり、自らがその子孫であると主張している。
- Yoshimasa MIURA called himself Emperor (he was just one of those who did the same thing) because, Miura claimed, Imperial Prince Takayoshi had been the Emperor of Hokuriku Chotei and he himself was the Takayoshi's descendant.
- 通常は将軍の意向を受けて朝廷との交渉役にあたる役人が、役職としての武家執奏に申入れを行うことが多い。
- In general, on behalf of the Shogun the official who acted as the negotiator often made a proposal to perform bukeshisso for the post.
- この後、金 (王朝)・モンゴル帝国との戦いまで、宋において軍人勢力が勃興することはなかったのである。
- After this, no military power arose during the Song Dynasty until the war with the Jin (Dynasty) and the Mongolian Empire.
- 土佐藩などの主張で幕府が朝廷に政権を返上し、諸侯会議により幕政改革を推進する公議政体論が主張された。
- Following the opinion of clans such as Tosa, the Shogunate returned the ruling power to the Imperial Court, and the idea of giving political power to the council of representatives from various clans, which would reform the Shogunate system, was recommended.
- 石井進は、本宣旨は頼朝に大きな行政権を与えたのであり、その実質上の効果は極めて大きかったとしている。
- According to Susumu ISHII, this decree gave Yoritomo huge executive power and its substantial effect was extremely profound.
- 嘉吉3年(1443年)の禁闕の変で、三種の神器の1つ『八尺瓊勾玉』は後南朝に持ち去られたままだった。
- 'Yasakani no magatama' (curved jewels), one of the sanshu no jingi (the three imperial regalia), had been carried away and kept by the Gonancho in the Kinketsu incident in 1443.
- なお、藤原頼長の日記『台記』の別記である長承四年二月頼長任大将記は、実はこの『平知信朝臣記』である。
- Furthermore, 'February, 1135 of Yorinaga Nintaisho-ki,' which is a supplement of FUJIWARA no Yorinaga's diary 'Taiki,' is actually this 'TAIRA no Tomonobu Asonki.'
- これに対して朝廷も、僧位・僧官の昇進権を媒介に上級僧侶を組織して、宗教界への支配を強化しようとした。
- On the other hand, the Imperial Court tried to organize the upper-ranked Buddhist monks through the promotion to Soi (rank of Buddhist priests) and Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by the Imperial Court) to strengthen their control over the religious world.
- こうした状況に危機感をつのらせた清朝は直隷・山東からの漢民族の移民を奨励して人口密度の向上に努めた。
- The Qing Dynasty felt increasingly uneasy with this situation and sought to increase the population density in Manchuria by promoting an immigration of ethnic Han from Zhili and Shandong to Manchuria.
- この結果、朱子学は念願の王朝権力との一体化を果たし、思想界に重大な影響を与えることになったのである。
- Consequently, Shushigaku became integrated with Imperial Court power and acquired strong influence on ideological circles.
- 大日本帝国 『清国ニ対スル宣戦ノ詔勅』では朝鮮の独立と改革の推進、東洋全局の平和などが唱われている。
- The imperial prescript of Empire of Japan advocates the cause to promote independence and reform of Korea and peace of the entire East.
- この時またも公使館が全焼し日本人に30数名の犠牲者を出し、日本国内では朝鮮、中国への反感が高まった。
- The legation was completely burned down and more than thirty Japanese people died, provoking antipathy to Korea and China.
- 6月2日閣議は衆議院解散と公使館、居留民保護の名目で朝鮮への混成一個旅団8000名の派兵を決定した。
- On June 2, the cabinet dissolved the house of Representatives and decided to send a mixed brigade consisting of 8,000 soldiers to Korea on the pretext of protecting Japanese residents in Korea.
- また、林羅山は「右僕射源朝臣家康」(右僕射は右大臣の唐名)を「家康を射る」ものであると解釈している。
- Razan HAYASHI also interpreted the phrase '右僕射源朝臣家康 (Ubokuya [Tang name for mister of the right] Minamoto no Ason Ieyasu)' as shooting (射る-iru) Ieyasu (家康).
- 10世紀に朝鮮を統一した高麗は独自の律令を制定したが、これはほぼ唐律令を引き写した内容となっていた。
- Kingdom of Goryeo that unified the Korean Peninsula in the 10th century mostly copied from the Tang Luri in order to establish Luli of its own.
- 江戸時代に入っても、対馬藩にはその権限が引き続き認められ、幕府の対朝鮮外交を中継ぎする役割を担った。
- The Tsushima Domain was allowed to carry authority even during the Edo period, having the honor of coordinating the diplomatic exchanges between the Bakufu and Korea.
- 1184年(寿永3年) - 頼朝が公文所(後に政所と改称)、問注所を設置する(行政・裁判機構の成立)。
- 1184 - Yoritomo established the Kumonjo (later renamed Mandokoro) and Monchujo (the establishment of the system of administration and justice).
- 朝鮮王朝はそうした買い手の付かない物については王朝が買い取ることで興利倭船の早期出港を図ることになる。
- The Korea kingdom facilitated Koriwasen to leave the port early by purchasing the goods for which Koriwa could not find anyone to deal with.
- 丁未約条(ていびやくじょう)とは、1547年に朝鮮王朝と対馬の宗氏の間で結ばれた来航者取締規則のこと。
- Teibi Yakujo were regulations relating to the control of visitors to Japan which were agreed between the Yi-Dynasty and the So clan in Tsushima in 1547.
- 日本から通交する使節はいずれかの牙符を携行し、朝鮮側の保管する片割れと突き合わせることで査証を行った。
- The envoy dispatched from Japan brought any of the halves, that were to be matched with the other half kept by Yi-Dynasty as an endorsement.
- 薩摩藩最高実力者島津久光は兵を率いて上洛し、尊皇攘夷派を取り締まり、朝廷に運動して公武合体を推進した。
- Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, the most powerful man of the Satsuma clan, led forces to Kyoto, suppressed the Sonnojoi group and promoted Kobu gattai by influencing the Imperial Court.
- しかし、義家の晩年に次男の源義親が朝廷に反抗したため義家は苦境にたたされ、河内源氏に陰りが見え始める。
- However, in Yoshiie's later years, MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, his second son, defied Chotei (the Imperial Court), which put Yoshiie in a difficult position, and then, Kawachi-Genji started to weaken.
- 朝廷から変事の吉凶等について、陰陽寮に諮問があった際、六壬神課で占った結果が六壬勘文の形で報告された。
- When inquired by the Imperial court about the fortune of accidents, Onmyoryo reported the results of Rikujinshinka in the form of Rikujin Kanmon (a form of report of the divination practiced by Onmyoji).
- だが、応仁の乱以後は朝廷財政の崩壊とともに朝儀は廃絶し、断絶したまま再興されない公家も少なくなかった。
- However, with the collapse of court finances after the Onin War, Chogi was terminated and many aristocratic families were not reestablished once they had no successors.
- 前年の長徳4年(998年)以来続く疫病に悩まされた朝廷はこの年の1月17日に元号を「長保」と改元した。
- The Imperial Court, annoyed by an epidemic which had continued since 998, the previous year, changed the gengo (an era name) into 'Choho' on January 17.
- 8月3日、事態を重く見た源頼朝は、蜂起した平氏勢力の中の最有力人物である平信兼の捜索を源義経に命じる。
- On September 16, taking the matter seriously, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo ordered MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune to find TAIRA no Nobukane, who was the dominant figure of the Taira clan.
- 姓(かばね)は公(きみ)から真人(まひと)、宿禰などを経て774年(宝亀5年)に朝臣の姓が与えられた。
- The surname was changed from Kimi to Mahito, then to Sukune, and in 774 the surname Ason was given.
- 後、元朝によって南宋が亡ぼされた結果、南北中国の交流が始まり、朱子学は漸く華北にも地歩を築くに至った。
- Later, when the Yuan Dynasty defeated the Southern Song Dynasty, relations developed between northern and southern China and Shushigaku began expanding into northern China.
- 1895年に日本が清に勝利すると下関条約が締結され、日本は清に朝鮮が自主独立国であることを認めさせた。
- When Japan beat China in 1895, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded in which Japan had Korea recognize the independence and autonomy of Korea.
- この機に官軍は総攻撃を仕掛けて薩軍の本拠を一挙に掃討することを決意し、明朝からの総攻撃の準備を進めた。
- The government army decided to make an all-out attack to wipe out the main military base of the Satsuma army all at once, and made preparations for the all-out attack to be started in the next morning.
- これらの事実は、律令施行があたかも一つの王朝の創始(または国家建設)に擬せられていたことを表している。
- All of these things show that the enforcement of the Ritsuryo was likened to the founding of a dynasty (or the establishment of a country).
- 李朝 (ベトナム)期(11世紀)に北宋から事実上の独立を果たし、独自の律令格式を制定するようになった。
- Ly Dynasty of Vietnam (11th century) achieved independence from Northern Song, and it established its own Luli Geshi.
- 665年に唐の朝散大夫沂州司馬上柱国の劉徳高が戦後処理の使節として来日し、3ヶ月後に劉徳高は帰国した。
- In 665, Ryutokuko, who was a Junior Fifth Ranking (Lower Grade) official of Gishu and the head of state of Shiba, came to Wakoku as an envoy to process post-war matters and left after three months.
- 文治二年(1186年)閏七月二十二日(東鏡)源頼朝は平康頼を阿波国の天領麻植(おえ)保の保司に任命した。
- On September 14, 1186, according to Azumakagami (The chronology of the Kamakura bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]), MINAMOTO no Yoritomo appointed TAIRA no Yasuyori as hoshi of Oe no ho, a shogunal demesne in the Province of Awa.
- 平氏滅亡の年であり、源頼朝によって全国に守護地頭が設置された1185年を鎌倉時代の始期とすることが多い。
- The Kamakura period is commonly thought to have begun in A.D. 1185, when the Taira family fell and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo dispatched Shugo and Jito (military governors and estate stewards) all over Japan.
- しかし懐良親王には朝貢貿易を主催する財力も、倭寇を取り締まる海軍力もなく、明の期待に沿えぬまま退場した。
- However Imperial Prince Kanenaga who did not have the financial abilities to host the tribute trade nor the force of the navy to crack down on wako left the status without meeting the Ming expectations.
- 清麻呂の子和気広世などは学者として朝廷に仕え、広世は和気氏出身者のための大学別曹の弘文院を設置している。
- Kiyomaro's son WAKE no Hiroyo served the Imperial court as a scholar, and established Kobun-in, which was a Daigaku-besso (academic facility for nobles) for the members of the clan.
- 藤原為隆は重隆・朝隆・親隆の実兄であり、坊城家にかつてその由来が伝わっていた可能性もあるが、不詳である。
- Since FUJIWARA no Tametaka was a real brother of Shigetaka, Tomotaka and Chikataka, there was a possibility that the history of the book had been handed down in the Bojo family, but the truth remains unclear.
- 幕藩体制においては、朝廷は幕府の制約を受けていたが、権威的秩序、宗教的な頂点の存在として位置づけられた。
- In the shogunate system, the Imperial Court had restrictions put on it by the shogunate, but it was nominally situated at the top of the order of authority and the religious system.
- 近代国家の建設を急ぐ日本では、朝鮮半島を自国の独占的な勢力下におく必要があるとの意見が大勢を占めていた。
- In its rush to establish a modern nation state the opinion that the Korean peninsula should be placed under the exclusive influence of Japan held sway.
- 明・朝鮮軍の総力を挙げた攻勢を撃退した日本軍であったが、既に8月18日に秀吉は死去していた(享年62)。
- Although the Japanese forces fought off the all-out attack from the Ming-Korean forces, Hideyoshi had already died on September 18th (died at the age of 62).
- 時宗が得宗となった前後の1268年、モンゴル帝国第5代大ハーンのクビライが高麗を通して朝貢を要求してきた。
- Around 1268 when Tokimune became Tokuso, Kublai (the 5th Khan of the Mongol Empire) demanded that tributes be brought via Goryeo.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)以後になると、在家役・在家地子とも屋敷年貢化して銭納が一般的な収取形態となっていった。
- From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, zaike-yaku became a kind of a rent just like zaike-jishi, so it became common for zaike-yaku to be paid in cash.
- 北朝(朝廷)は室町幕府への依存なくして成り立たず、北朝自身もこれを認識して積極的に幕府と結びつこうとした。
- The Northern Court was not able to maintain its status without depending on the Muromachi bakufu, and as the Northern Court recognized this, it actively tried to be connected with the bakufu.
- 彼ら海賊衆は14世紀には活動を活発化させ、南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱には南北それぞれの側に分かれて戦った。
- Kaizoku shu increased their activities in the fourteenth century, and during the disturbance period of Northern and Southern Courts, they split into two groups and fought for each court.
- 一方海上についてみると、中国の東方には広大な海が広がるが、歴代の統一王朝は首都を内陸の関中や河南省に置いた
- Meanwhile, in terms of the sea, though there is a vast sea to the east of China, each successive unified kingdom set its capital in the inland Guangzhong or in Hunan Province.
- が、明軍は漢城を捨てずに抗戦の構えを見せた為に、日本軍は冬季の内陸駐屯を避けて朝鮮南岸へ布陣して越冬した。
- However, because the Ming army did not leave Hansong and showed a willingness to fight back, the Japanese army did not stay inland in winter but took up their position on the southern coast of Korea and stayed there over the winter.
- その間朝鮮王朝の圧政に苦しんでいた民衆は景福宮や奴婢の身分台帳を保管していた掌隷院などに放火し消失させた。
- During the battle, Korean people who had been suffering under their tyrannical dynasty burned the Gyeongbokgung Palace and changnye won, which kept the register of slaves, and turned them into ashes.
- なお、秀吉は開戦後も李氏朝鮮が降参するならこれを許し、明遠征への先導役を果たさせる考えを捨てていなかった。
- Hideyoshi still maintained the intention that, if Yi Dynasty Korea would surrender, he would accept it and make it a stepping stone for an expedition to Ming.
- この時期、室町幕府は幼少の将軍を擁して南朝 (日本)側と対峙している状況にあり、危機的状況に置かれていた。
- During this period, the Muromachi bakufu was facing a critical situation in its conflict with the Southern Court (Japan) even though the shogun was still an infant.
- そして、「大庭御厨の濫妨」の翌年の天養2年(1145年)3月、義朝は、その相馬郷を伊勢内宮外宮に寄進する。
- In April 1145, which was the year after 'the disturbance in the Obamikuriya estate,' Yoshitomo donated this Soma-go village to the Inner Shrine and the Outer Shrine of the Ise-jingu Shrine.
- このことから、千葉常胤が、源義朝の傘下に入ることによって千葉常胤は領地の保全を図ったとの見方も可能である。
- Thus, it is also possible to infer that Tsunetane CHIBA was affiliated with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo in an attempt to maintain his territory.
- その惣領制、分割相続制が、嫡男による単独相続に変化するのは主に鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)である。
- That soryo system and divided succession system transformed into a single inheritance by a legitimate son mainly from the end of the Kamakura period to period of Southern and Northern Courts (Japan).
- このため、3カ条の回答で皇位継承を含めた現状の朝廷秩序を支持するとともに暗に義仲討伐の許可を求めたとする。
- Therefore, with his reply consisting of three articles, he indirectly called for the approval for subjugation of Yoshinaka as well as supported the order of the imperial court.
- この事件に隣国下野国の住人藤原秀郷も荷担していたのか、朝廷は下野国衙に秀郷とその党18人の配流を命令する。
- The imperial court ordered the kokuga of Shimonotsuke Province to exile FUJIWARA no Hidesato and eighteen of his party since FUJIWARA no Hidesato, who was the junin (cultivation manor lord) of neighboring province of Shimonotsuke Province may have participated in the assassination.
- 勧賞は第一・頼朝、第二・義仲、第三・行家という順位が決まり、それぞれに任国と位階が与えられることになった。
- As for praise and encouragement, the order was decided, Yoritomo was the first, Yoshinaka second, and Yukiie third, and each was to receive ningoku (place of appointment) and ikai (court rank).
- 信西入道(藤原通憲)が主導した保元年間の大内裏復興、朝儀再興の気運の下に製作が開始されたともいわれている。
- It is said that 'Nenchu-gyoji Emaki' started to be created during the Hogen era (1156-1158) led by Shinzei Nyudo (FUJIWARA no Michinori) under the mood of Dai-dairi (place of the Imperial Palace and government offices) revival and chogi (ceremony at Imperial Court) restoration.
- 九条兼実は、一切要求を認めないとしながら、大衆がやってきた途端に要求を認めるのは「朝政に似ぬ」ものと批判。
- Kanezane KUJO severely criticized 'this is not what Imperial Court government is supposed to do' to accept a demand soon after the daishu came despite the original policy that disallow any demand.
- しかし清朝の対応は遅れ、そうしているうちに日露両国が開戦し、自国の領土で他国同士が戦うという事態となった。
- However the Qing Dynasty Russo-Japanese War erupted before the Qing could mount a coherent response, leading to a situation in which two foreign countries fought on Qing territory.
- 明治政府は12月に黒田清隆を特命全権大使に任命し軍艦3隻などの艦隊をともなって朝鮮に派遣した(砲艦外交)。
- The Meiji Government appointed Kiyotaka KURODA as a plenipotentiary in December and dispatched him to Korea with a fleet including three warships (gunboat diplomacy).
- 日朝修好条規締約後の朝鮮では日本の支援による兵制改革で軍人が失職し、残った旧式軍隊にも給与が遅配していた。
- In Korea after Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity was concluded, military system reform with Japanese support left many solders unemployed, and the remaining soldiers in the old-fashioned military force were not paid on time.
- 中国遼東半島の旅順、大連租借権等の確保と中国東北部および朝鮮における自国権益の維持・拡大を目的とした戦争。
- Each country sought to secure concessions in Lushun and Dalian in China's Liaodong peninsula and maintain and expand their rights and interests in the other parts of Northeastern China and Korea.
- また、10世紀に現れた遼(契丹)や12世紀に現れた金 (王朝)も律令制も採用し、独自の律令を制定していた。
- In addition, the Liao Dynasty (Khitan/Khitai) which was established in 10th century and the Jin (Chin) Dynasty which emerged in 12th century also adopted the Luli System and established their own system.
- 朝鮮半島では、7世紀中葉ごろ、高句麗・百済との緊張が高まっていた新羅により、律令受容の試みが行われていた。
- Around the mid seventh century in the Korean Peninsula, Silla of the three kingdoms of Korea adopted Luli tentatively during the period when the tensions against Koguryo and Baekje ran high.
- これは単に「朝廷の衰微・幕府の驕慢」という皇国史観的な発想で解釈すると事実の見誤りの生じさせる言葉である。
- This expression is misleading if interpreted as 'the decline of the Imperial Court and the arrogance of the bakufu' according to kokoku shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).
- 12月22日、完成直前の蔚山倭城(日本式城郭)を明・朝鮮連合軍5万6,900人が襲撃し、攻城戦を開始した。
- On January 29, 1598, allied forces of Ming and Korea consisting of 56,900 soldiers attacked Ulsan Waeseong (Japanese style castle), just before its completion, and began a siege.
- この時期、豊臣秀吉は明が降伏したという報告を受け、反対に明の朝廷では日本が降伏したという報告を受けていた。
- During this period, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI received a report of the surrender of Ming and, to the contrary, the court of the Ming Dynasty received a report of the surrender of Japan.
- 戦後処理終了後、秀吉はまもなく畿内に大阪城の築城を開始し、また同年5月には朝廷から従四位下参議に任命された。
- Completing the postwar process, Hideyoshi soon began to build Osaka-jo Castle in the Kinai Region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), and in June of the same year, was appointed Jushiinoge (Junior Forth Rank, Lower Grade), Sangi (councilor) by the Imperial Court.
- 中世において朝廷の権威が物理的な強制力を持つものではなかったために牓示の権威が絶対性を持つものではなかった。
- As the authority of the Imperial Court was not backed by coercive power during medieval times, the authority of boji was not absolute.
- 南朝 (日本)の軍事的攻勢や戦乱による収入の途絶の危機を室町幕府の軍事力・経済力によって辛うじて回避していた
- The Southern Court managed to avoid the crisis of losing income due to the military campaign from the Southern Court, with military and economic support from the Muromachi bakufu.
- (逆に当該役人は朝廷や院庁からの幕府への申入れ(公家施行)を受け取って将軍に伝達する立場になる場合もある)。
- (Conversely, sometimes the official acted as the messenger to receive the message [kuge shigyo] from the Imperial Court or In no cho [Retired Emperor's Office], and convey the messages to the Shogun.)
- 中世日朝貿易は制限貿易であり、貿易へ新規参入もしくは拡大を図る者にとって、偽使は一つの有力な選択肢であった。
- Since the Medieval Japan-Korea trade was limited trade, for those who sought to open up or expand their trade, the pseudo envoy was an effective option.
- また、「御牧」とあるので、坂門牧には朝廷の御牧と摂関家の牧が隣接していたか、両方を兼ねていたのかも知れない。
- Since it was 'Mimaki,' Sakamonnomaki was probably a neighbor of the mimaki of the imperial court and the regent family or both who were close by.
- とくにその「本朝部世俗編」では転換期をたくましく生きる武士や民衆(下衆)の生活がいきいきと描き出されている。
- In 'Honchobu sezoku hen' (section describing the secular lives) (本朝部世俗編) the lives of samurai or people who lived through the transition period are vividly described.
- 巻六から巻八までは、「元正受朝賀儀」「正月七日儀」「五月五日節儀」などの毎年の年中行事について記されている。
- Annual events like 'rite of receiving the New Year's Felicitations to the emperor,' 'rite of the seventh Day of New Year' and 'rite of the Tango-no setsu on the fifth day of the fifth month' are stipulated in volumes six to volume eight.
- 朝廷側も、国家鎮護の大寺院の系列とすることで諸国の神宮寺に対する求心力を維持できることから、これを推進した。
- The Imperial-Court promoted the movement to keep centripetal force of Jingu-ji Temples in various countries by joining Jingu-ji Temples to the main temples that were under national protection.
- しかし、成立間もない室町幕府は南朝との戦いにより財政的に逼迫した状況にあり、荘園・公領からの年貢も滞っていた
- However, the newly founded Muromachi bakufu was financially pressed from conducting the battle with the Southern Court, and the land tax from manor and Imperial estate was delayed.
- 南北朝の動乱による武家・公家・寺社の所領をめぐる利益衝突の融和策として天龍寺建立に賛同した副将軍・足利直義。
- Vice-Shogun Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA agreed to Tenryu-ji Temple construction as a reconciliation policy of the profit conflict concerning the territory of the samurai class, the court nobles, and temples and shrines due to the disturbance of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- 日本側では、この提案では朝鮮が事実上ロシアの支配下となり、日本の独立も危機的な状況になりかねないと判断した。
- Japan judged that the Russian proposal would effectively place Korea under the control of the Russians, and would inevitably pose a threat to the Japanese sovereignty.
- その後の五胡十六国時代を経て、中国北部を統一して北朝最初の王朝となった北魏は、律令制の形成に大きく貢献した。
- Northern Wei, which had unified northern China through the Sixteen Kingdoms period and become the first dynasty of the Northern Dynasties, largely contributed to the form of the Ritsuryo system.
- 倭(わ、やまと)は、紀元前から中国各王朝が日本列島を中心とする地域およびその住人を指す際に用いた呼称である。
- 倭 (Wa or Yamato) was the name used by Chinese dynasties to refer to the area centering the Japanese Archipelago and people living there since the days before Christ.
- 政府は、1895年(開国 (李氏朝鮮)504年)11月15日の詔勅を発布し、太陽暦とともに当制度を採用した。
- The government adopted the system, along with the solar calendar, by promulgating the imperial rescript on November 15, 1895 (also can be called the 504th year of 'Kaikoku' [an era name of the Joseon Dynasty, meaning establishment of a country.]).
- 6世紀から7世紀の朝鮮半島では高句麗、百済、新羅の三国が鼎立していたが、新羅は二国に圧迫される存在であった。
- From the 6th century to the 7th century, the Korean Peninsula was comprised of the three kingdoms of Koguryo, Kudara, and Silla, but Silla was constantly under pressure from the other two kingdoms.
- 紀伊国の新宮地方には新宮姓を名乗る一族が存在し、南北朝時代 (日本)から戦国時代 (日本)まで支配を続けた。
- Families that had the Shingu family name in the Shingu district of Ki Province ruled the area from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Sengoku (Warring States) period.
- 征夷大将軍徳川家康と朝鮮側の使節との会見が実現したのは日本軍撤兵から6年後の慶長9年(1604年)であった。
- It was in 1604, six years after the withdrawal of the Japanese army, that an interview of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA took place, who was seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians), with an envoy from Korea.
- 一方、明の朝廷も日本が降伏したという証を要求したが、これも秀吉にとっては到底受け入れられるものではなかった。
- On the other hand, the court of Ming Dynasty required proof of surrender of Japan and this was not acceptable to Hideyoshi.
- この戦いにより島津義弘は「鬼石蔓子」(おにしまづ)と恐れられ、その武名は朝鮮だけでなく、明国まで響き渡った。
- Yoshihiro SHIMAZU was feared as 'Oni-Shimazu' (Shimazu ogre) and his bushi name spread across not only Korea but Ming Dynasty.
- これにより頼朝政権は、全国の軍事権・警察権を掌握したため、この時期をもって幕府成立とする説が有力とされている。
- It was due to this that the Yoritomo administration held the military and police powers throughout the entire country, and it is therefore the prevailing opinion that the bakufu was established during this period.
- 1180年(治承4年) - 頼朝が平家追討のため配流先の伊豆国で挙兵する(頼朝と在地武士との主従関係の成立)。
- 1180 - Yoritomo rose an army in Izu Province, to which he had been exiled, in order to seek and destroy the Taira clan (the master-servant relationship between Yoritomo and local samurai was established).
- 朝廷ではその対策として養老5年(721年)に吉田宜(吉宜)を褒賞して医道を奨励し、内薬司に女医博士を設置した。
- Against this tendency, the court took countermeasures, such as rewarding KICHITA no Yoroshi (called Kichiyoroshi for short) in 721 for his contribution to I-do, and newly establishing the post of 'Nyoi Hakase' (Female Master of Medicine) in Naiyakushi.
- こうして編成された豊臣政権の水軍は、1592年に始まる朝鮮出兵(文禄・慶長の役)大々的に投入されることになる。
- The organized suigun in the Toyotomi administration were sent to dispatch troops to Korea from 1592 (battles of Bunroku and Keicho) on a big scale.
- 日本の文化は常に中国大陸および朝鮮半島を主とする外来文化の影響を受け、仏教が文化全般に多大な影響を与えていた。
- Japanese culture had been always influenced by foreign culture - mainly by that of China and Korea - and Buddhism introduced from them greatly influenced the whole of Japanese culture.
- 封建制(ほうけんせい)とは、中国など漢字文化圏における政治思想において主張された、周王朝を規範とする政治制度。
- The Hoken system is a political system modeled after the Shu Dynasty in China, which was advocated in the political thought of Kanji using nations, such as China.
- 特に千葉常胤にとっては、源義朝は「御恩」を感じるような相手ではないことは相馬御厨での経緯を見れば明らかである。
- It is obvious from the history of Soma-mikuriya that especially for Tsunetane CHIBA, MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was not someone he felt 'obligated to.'
- はじめは同族を中心に形成されていたが、異姓がしだいに加わり、南北朝時代には一族一揆という地域連合になってゆく。
- It formed around the same clan at the beginning, but outsiders began to join and became the regional union or the uprising clan during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- この交流は朝貢貿易の形態を取ったため、渤海からの貢物に対して、日本側では数倍の回賜でもって応える義務が生じた。
- Due to the exchanges being in the form of a tribute trade, Japan was obligated to send return gifts of several times more value after receiving tributes from Bokkai.
- 一方で院宮王臣家や有力な寺社に荘園を寄進して国府の重税から逃れることで財政負担と朝廷からの干渉・介入を防いだ。
- Meanwhile, they evaded heavy taxes imposed by the Kokufu and prevented intervention by the Imperial Court by donating shoen (manor) to Ingu oshinke (a general term for Imperial families and nobilities) and influential temples and shrines.
- 1180年(治承4)の源頼朝挙兵の後、その父源義朝が暴力的に奪い取ろうとしたものを、源頼朝は「本領安堵」した。
- Later the army was mobilized by Yoritomo in 1180, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo did 'honryo-ando' (acknowledged the inherited estate) that his father MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo tried to snatch away by force.
- 義仲は頼朝の軍と雌雄を決する決意をしていたが、7日になって義仲を除く行家以下の源氏諸将が院御所の警護を始める。
- Yoshinaka was ready to fight a decisive battle against Yoritomo's army, but on December 29, Genji warlords under Yukiie, except for Yoshinaka, started to guard In no gosho.
- いっぽう、長州藩の長井雅楽が主導する「航海遠略策」が朝廷・幕府の賛同を得て、公武一和の具体策として急浮上する。
- Meanwhile, a policy that recommended improving Japan's navigational skills to communicate with foreign nations, advocated by Uta NAGAI of Choshu clan, was approved by both the imperial court and the bakufu, and emerged as a tool to unite the court and the shogunate.
- この時朝鮮では幼い国王高宗にかわりその実父興宣大院君が実権を握り、外戚安東金氏の専横と古い体制を打破していた。
- In Korea at this time, not King Gojong, still young, but his father Heungseon Daewongun held onto power trying to do away with tyranny and the old system established by his material relatives, the Kim clan of the Andong district.
- こうした社会の再建のため、魏 (三国)に続く諸王朝は、王土王民の理念による統治を指向するようになったのである。
- In order to rebuild society, the Dynasties following the Wei Kingdom ruled based on the idea of odo omin.
- この時点で前近代的な政治体制である朝廷は終焉を迎えて日本国(あるいは大日本帝国)政府に取って代わったと言える。
- At this point, the Japanese Imperial Court as the premodern political system was ended and replaced by the government of Japanese Nation (or the Empire of Japan).
- しかし、それ以降領有した日本統治時代 (台湾)・日本統治時代の朝鮮などの外地に新たな令制国は設定されなかった。
- However, after that, in Taiwan and in Korea in the age under the rule of Japan, new ryosei province was not established.
- また、明・朝鮮水軍の出撃で順天の海上封鎖が解けたことを知った小西行長は海戦海域を避けて海路脱出に成功している。
- Knowing that naval blockade of Suncheon was lifted because of the sorties of the Ming and Korean navies, Yukinaga KONISHI succeeded to escape by sea avoiding the area of the on-going naval battle.
- 1950年:洋白発行計画があるも、朝鮮戦争による原価高騰によって計画中止となり、資料用を除いて全て廃棄される。
- 1950: Although there was a plan to issue nickel silver 10-yen coins, it was abandoned as the price of the material soared due to the Korean War, and the coins were disposed of, except those preserved for the purpose of documentation.
- これに反対していた後白河上皇が1192年に死去すると、源頼朝は武家政権の始祖として武士に神聖視されることとなる。
- After Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who had opposed this, died in 1192, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo came to be deified by samurai as the originator of a samurai government.
- このように、武力紛争が絶えない幕府の状況は、1219年(承久1)1月の将軍・源実朝の暗殺という最悪の事態に至る。
- The continuing armed conflicts of the bakufu culminated in the assassination of shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in January 1219.
- 1192年(建久3年) - 頼朝が征夷大将軍に任じられる(兵馬の権=全国の武士に対する軍事指揮権を公認される)。
- 1192 - Yoritomo was appointed seii taishogun (Heiba no ken (the right of supreme military power over nationwide samurai) was officially approved).
- しかし室町幕府は朝鮮王朝と同格の存在であり、許可を受けなければならない立場にはなく、自由な通交が認められていた。
- Since the Muromachi bakufu was on an equal footing with the Yi-Dynasty, it need not be allowed to have diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty; therefore, the Muromachi bakufu was permitted to freely have diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty.
- 元 (王朝)においては南宋治下の江南で養成された水軍を活用して、日本や東南アジアに対して積極的な遠征が行われた。
- The Yuan dynasty actively made expeditions to Japan and South East Asia, making use of the navy developed in Jiangan under the reign of Southern Sung dynasty.
- この制度は王朝国家から初期武家政権に至るまでの税制の基本となり、一国平均役などの賦課基準としても用いられていた。
- This system became the basis of the taxation system from the court government to the early military government, and was also used as the taxation standard for Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen and kokugaryoi (provincial land) in a province.
- これによって朝廷は租庸調に代わる安定した財源を確保する一方で、国司による恣意的な徴税に制約を加えることになった。
- This made it possible for the court to obtain a stable income instead of Soyocho and also prevent arbitrary taxation by Kokushi.
- これによって体制は国衙が支配する公領と荘園が対等な権利主体として境界設定などで抗争する後期王朝国家へと変化する。
- The system was thereby changed to the late dynastic nation-state in which koryo (an Imperial demesne) dominated by kokuga and shoen as equal actors of right struggled in border settings and the like.
- 国一揆(くにいっき)は南北朝時代 (日本)、室町時代の領主による領主権の確保を目的とした連合形態(一揆)を言う。
- Kuni ikki refers to an alliance (uprising) made up of feudal lords with the aim of securing their rule in the period of Northern and Southern courts and Muromachi.
- 例えば、南北朝時代 (日本)に武蔵七党と呼ばれた小武士団は、明らかに「兵の家」の出身と言えるものばかりではない。
- For example, all small bushidan that were called Musashi-shichito Parties (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) did not originate from the 'house of tsuwamono.'
- 『愚管抄』によると、北面下臈の平知康・大江公朝が「頼朝軍が上洛すれば義仲など恐れるに足りない」と進言したという。
- According to 'Gukansho' (Jottings of a Fool), hokumen gero (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) TAIRA no Tomoyasu and OE no Kintomo suggested that 'Yoshinaka will be unworthy of fear if Yoritomo enters the capital.'
- 南北朝時代 (日本)中期の貞和年間(1340年代後半)に幕府評定衆の中条挙房が頭人を務めていたと推定されている。
- It is presumed that Morofusa NAKAJO, a member of Bakufu hyojoshu (an organization of bakufu employing the council system), served as its chief in Jowa era in the period of Northern and Southern courts (Japan) (late 1340's).
- その後、明に服属する時期もあったが、黎朝が再度、中国王朝から独立した15世紀には、律令格式が積極的に編纂された。
- After the Trần Dynasty, there were times when Vietnam was ruled by Chinese dynasties, but the Lê Dynasty achieved independence from China in the 15th century and actively compiled and edited its own Luli Geshi.
- 井上清 (歴史家)、藤谷俊雄ら研究所の多数派を占めていた共産党系理事らは朝田・奈良本の間でなされた合意を覆した。
- The Japanese Communist Party related executives including Kiyoshi INOUE (a historian) and Toshio FUJITANI, who accounted for the majority of the Institute reversed the agreement between Asada and Naramoto.
- ところが、南北朝時代 (日本)の康暦元年8月14日 (旧暦)(1379年)に行われた神木入洛は異常な展開を見せた。
- Also, that on August 14 (in the lunar calendar), 1379, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, showed an extraordinary development.
- 義政は日朝貿易権の統制を重要視しており、牙符を極秘裡に私蔵し在京有力守護に対しても王城大臣使の派遣を許さなかった。
- Yoshimasa regarded controlling over the right of Japan-Korea trade as important such that he secretly owned Gafu and did not allow even the influential shugo (military governor) living in the capital to dispatch the Ojo-daijin envoy.
- 日本の美術は、古代以来、中国・朝鮮半島からの影響が大きいが、平安時代の国風文化をはじめ、日本独自の展開も見られる。
- Japanese art has been greatly influenced by Chinese and Korean art since ancient times, but it also developed a culture of its own, including Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) in the Heian period.
- これに対して日本では内藤湖南により魏晋南北朝時代・隋唐時代を封建制の時代とすべきと言う論が出された(唐宋変革論)。
- In response, Konan NAITO in Japan proposed the view that the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the period of Sui and Tang should be regarded as periods of the Hoken system (the Tang-Song Transition Thesis).
- 朝廷では実力による尊攘派の一掃を図り、八月十八日の政変で薩摩藩が会津藩と結託して長州藩や尊攘派の公家らを追放した。
- The Imperial Court planned to oust the Sonjo Group by force, and in the coup of August 18, the Satsuma clan and the Aizu clan joined forces to expel the Choshu clan as well as the court nobles of the Sonjo Group.
- 武士団(ぶしだん)とは主に平安時代後半から、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代 (日本)を中心に室町時代までの武士の集団を指す。
- Bushidan (warrior bands) refers to the group of bushi (samurai) that existed mainly from the late Heian, Kamakura, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (Japan), and lasted until the Muromachi period.
- 元寇で恩賞地配分の対象とされたため細分化され、南北朝時代 (日本)には名前だけを残して荘園としての実態は失われた。
- Kanzaki Manor was divided up to provide land plots which were granted as rewards during the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and by the Northern and Southern Courts period had lost all status as a manor - existing in name only.
- そしてこの注釈書は元朝以来、徐々に科挙に登用され、明朝初期に及び、科挙の使用注釈書は全て朱子学系統のものとなった。
- The commentaries gradually came to be used in the national civil service examination during the Yuan Dynasty, and by the early Ming Dynasty, all the commentaries used in the examination were those of Shushigaku.
- ロシアは日本側への返答として、朝鮮半島の北緯39度以北を中立地帯とし、軍事目的での利用を禁ずるという提案を行った。
- In its reply to Japan, Russia proposed making the Korean peninsula north of the 39th parallel a neutral demilitarized zone.
- 日本軍の王宮占領後、朝鮮では軍用電線の切断、兵站部への襲撃と日本兵の捕縛、殺害など民衆の「義兵」反日抵抗が続いた。
- Since the Japanese troops conquered the royal palace, there had been anti-Japanese resistance in Korea -- cuts of electric cables for military use, attack of logistics on bases, and capture and the murder of Japanese solders, and so forth.
- 7世紀後期、新羅は朝鮮半島の統一と唐の影響を抑制することに成功し、唐律令を参考としながらも独自の律令制を構築した。
- In the late seventh century, Silla succeeded in unifying the Korean Peninsula and restraining the interference of the Tang Dynasty, and although making reference to the Luli of Tang Dynasty, it constructed its own Luli System.
- 平氏政権・鎌倉幕府はその下で権限を行使をする存在とされ、また朝廷・院が独自に警察力・軍事力を行使することもあった。
- The Taira clan government and the Kamakura bakufu were considered as the law-enforcement agency under the control by the Emperor or the retired emperor, who sometimes exercised the police and military forces directly.
- 一方、朝鮮半島では唐と新羅が666年から高句麗攻撃に入っており、2度の攻勢によって668年についにこれを滅ぼした。
- On the other side, on the Korean Peninsula, the Silla-Tang allied forces started to attack Koguryo in 666, and they successfully destroyed it in 668 at the second attempt.
- 5代目塩谷朝義に子が無かったため、宇都宮業綱の次男塩谷朝業を養子に迎え家督を相続させ、源姓塩谷氏の時代は終焉する。
- Because the fifth Tomoyoshi SHIONOYA had no child, he adopted Tomonari SHIONOYA, the second son of Naritsuna UTSUNOMIYA, and had him succeed to the family, whereby the period of SHIONOYA clan of the MINAMOTO family ended.
- 泗川の戦いは島津氏軍が明軍の火薬の暴発事故による混乱に乗じて一斉に突撃し、明・朝鮮連合軍に大打撃を与え潰走させた。
- In the Battle of Suncheon, the troops of the Shimazu clan made a rush by taking a chance in the confusion caused by an accidental burst of gun powder on the Ming side and inflicted large scale damage sending the Ming and Korean forces flying.
- 文禄元年(1592年)3月13日、予定通り、一番隊小西行長、宗義智ら1万8700人を渡海させて朝鮮半島に上陸させた。
- On April 24, 1592, he had the first division including Yukinaga KONISHI, Yoshitoshi SO and 18,700 other soldiers cross the sea and land in the Korean Peninsula as scheduled.
- そのような中で室町幕府が擁する北朝及び有力権門である摂関家や寺社との連携を強化することでこの危機を乗り切ろうとした。
- The Muromachi bakufu made attempts at getting over the crisis by developing stronger partnerships with temples and shrines, influential families such as the Sekken-ke and the Northern Court (Japan), which it had been supporting.
- 一方、召集された側の家系は「朝家の爪牙」として自己をアピールし、その後の時代に「兵の家」としての認識を定着してゆく。
- On the other hand, the family line that was summoned self-promoted as the 'choka no soga' and began to be recognized as the 'house of tsuwamono.' in a later period.
- 慶喜は条約勅許・兵庫開港問題を巡って在京の諸藩士を集めて世論をまとめ、朝廷に条約勅許を認めさせた(兵庫開港は延期)。
- Yoshinobu successfully led the court to give consent by holding a meeting consisting of members of clans based in Kyoto regarding the issue of opening Hyogo port and the permission for that, creating public opinion strong enough to persuade even the emperor (the opening of Hyogo port was delayed).
- 彼らは三国干渉に力づけられて5月25日清朝を宗主国とし、台湾巡撫であった唐景崧を総督とする「台湾民主国」を建国する。
- They were encouraged by the triple intervention and founded 'Republic of Formosa' on May 25 with the Qing dynasty as a suzerain and Tang Ching-sung who had been dispatched as a xunfu, as governor.
- ロシアの軍事介入を極度に警戒した日本は農民軍の北進を恐れ朝鮮最西南端の海南さらに珍島まで追いつめて徹底的に殲滅した。
- Extremely cautious about a military intervention by Russia, Japan drove the armed peasants to Haenam and further to Chindo island to annihilate them totally out of fear of the expansion of armed peasant in the north.
- だが、承久の乱で鎌倉幕府が勝利すると、幕府が日本全国の警察力・軍事力を掌握して、朝廷が持っていた検断権は形骸化した。
- However, the Kamakura bakufu won the Jokyu War and held the police and military forces, so the Imperial Court's right to judge criminal cases became a mere name.
- 戦功の証明として行われたはなそぎによってその後しばらくの間朝鮮に鼻のない人間が多く見られたということが知られている。
- This is known from the mutilation of a person's nose done as evidence of their military exploits, there were many persons in Korea who lost their noses for certain period after that.
- 守護・地頭には、兵糧米の徴収権、在庁官人の支配権などが与えられ、これは頼朝政権が全国的に在地支配を拡げる契機となった。
- Shugo and Jito were given the power of collection for provisions of rice for the army and the control of Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) and so on, which was the opportunity for Yoritomo administration to expand control over local lands across Japan.
- この頃、朝廷においては、後嵯峨天皇以後の皇位を巡って大覚寺統と持明院統の2系統に分立して幕府に皇位継承の調整を求めた。
- During this time, concerning imperial succession after the Emperor Gosaga, the Imperial Court had split into the Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama) and Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu), and requested that the bakufu arrange the affairs of imperial succession.
- 結局、日朝貿易を室町幕府の統制下に置こうという義政の目論見は無に帰すが、牙符制そのものは文禄・慶長の役まで続けられる。
- As a result, Yoshimasa's plan to place Japan-Korea trade under the control of the Muromachi bakufu failed, but Gafusei was observed until Bunroku Keicho no Eki.
- 3代将軍源実朝が暗殺され、その源実朝に子がいなかったことにより源氏嫡流たる将軍家である(河内源氏源義朝流)が途絶えた。
- The third shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo was assassinated and the shogun family of the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan (MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo line with Kawachi-Genji) came to an end because Sanetomo had no child.
- 最初の統一王朝新羅の時代には、清海鎮大使張保皐が中国・日本まで股にかけた東アジアの大海上勢力を築きあげたことが名高い。
- During the period of the first unified kingdom Shilla, Cheonghaejin Ambassador Jang Bogo was famous for building large forces on the sea in East Asia, straddling as far as China, Japan.
- 最初は上洛時に、北条時政が任命され京都の御家人を統率、洛中の警護・裁判を行い、朝廷と幕府の間の連絡の任に当たっていた。
- He took command of gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) in Kyoto and engaged in guarding and judging activities in Kyoto as well as performing a liaison function between the Imperial Court and the bakufu.
- 惟直の死を受けて阿蘇惟時が当主に復帰するが、北朝 (日本)方は惟時の庶子・坂梨孫熊丸を当主に擁立し、阿蘇氏は分裂した。
- Koretoki ASO reassumed the role of head of the clan after Korenao died, but in the Northern Court, Magokumamaru SAKANASHI, an illegitimate child of Koretoki, was appointed to the head of the clan, causing the Aso clan to split.
- そのため、使節供応と回賜のための経費が無視できない規模になった後は、使節来朝に制限を加え、日本側からの遣使は中断した。
- This led to the Japanese government adding a limit to envoy visits to Japan and discontinuing the dispatch of envoys when the expenses for treating them and preparing return gifts could no longer be ignored.
- 『続日本紀』によれば、文武天皇2年(698年)に朝儀の礼、天平20年(748年)に釋奠の礼を定めたことが記されている。
- According to 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), Chogi no rei (ceremonies in the imperial court) was decided in 698, and Shakuten no rei (also referred to as Sekiten no rei; a festival to Confucius and his disciples) was decided in 748.
- 抵抗できないと悟った高経は翌9日朝には自邸を焼き払い、子息の義将・義種ら一族・被官を伴って越前国へと落ち延びて行った。
- Takatsune, who acknowledged that he couldn't resist, burnt down his residence in the morning of the following fourteenth day and escaped to Echizen Province along with his family and retainers including his son Yoshimasa and Yoshitane.
- 明国と冊封関係にあった琉球王朝は慶長14年(1609年、万暦37年)の薩摩藩による侵攻以来、日本と中国に両属してきた。
- The Ryukyu dynasty, which was conferred peerage by Ming dynasty, had belonged to both Japan and China since the invasion of Satsuma domain in 1609.
- つまりこの時期の朝廷は、二条摂政や久邇宮朝彦親王(中川宮、維新後久邇宮)ら親徳川派上級公家によってなお主導されていた。
- That is, the Imperial Court at that time was still led by pro-Tokugawa upper-graded court nobles such as regent Nijo and the Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko (also called Nakagawa no Miya; after Meiji Restoration, he was known as Kuni no Miya).
- だが、いまだに関東を中心に旧幕府の勢力圏が広がっている中で、朝廷が真の意味で倒幕を実現させるまでにはなお時間を要した。
- But as the former Shogunate's sphere of influence was still spreading out of the Kanto region, it took the Imperial Court more time to overthrow the Shogunate in any real sense.
- 1221年(承久3年) - 北条氏を中心とする軍勢が承久の乱で後鳥羽天皇方を破る(全国特に西国掌握の完了、朝廷の掌握)。
- 1221 - The forces mainly consisting of the Hojo clan defeated Emperor Go-Shirakawa's faction (the completion of taking control of the whole of country, especially Saigoku (western part of Japan (especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki) and taking control of Imperial Court).
- 北朝(朝廷)に設けられた役職の1つで将軍からの武家執奏を取次、反対に治天の君・天皇の意向を将軍に伝達する役目を果たした。
- And the other is that it is a post set in the Northern Court (the Imperial Court) that relayed the bukeshisso from the shogun and vice versa, played the role of conveying the intention of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) and the emperor to the shogun.
- これを受け、関白となった秀吉は、1585年(天正13年)10月島津氏と大友氏に朝廷権威を以て停戦を命令(惣無事令)した。
- In response to this, Hideyoshi who had become a chancellor, ordered the Shimazu clan and the Otomo clan to cease fire by authority of the imperial court (sobuji rei - Peace edicts) in October 1585.
- 室町幕府が京都の支配権を確立するにつれて朝廷の徴収代理から、財政基盤の弱かった幕府独自の土倉への課税を行うようになった。
- As the Muromachi bakufu was establishing authority in Kyoto, deputy collecting officials of the Imperial court took on the task of imposing independent taxes on doso for the bakufu that had a weak financial base.
- 源義家の凋落後、「朝家の爪牙」の第一人者となった平正盛は、近国(かつ大国・熟国)の国守を務めると同時に右馬権頭であった。
- After MINAMOTO no Yoshie declined, TAIRA no Masamori, who became the first 'choka no soga' (retainers of the imperial family or household called as fangs and claws of imperial family), served as governor of Kingoku (provinces close to Kyoto) (taigoku (major provinces) and 熟国 back then) as well as being the Uma no gon no kami (Provisional Captain of the Right Division of the Bureau of Horses).
- 元の後退で1368年に成立した新王朝・明は、モンゴルから中華を奪回した王朝としての自負から強烈な中華思想を指向していた。
- The new Ming Dynasty established in 1368 following the retreat of Yuan had a strong Sinocentrism coming from a pretension as a dynasty that was able to recapture the Chinese style from Mongolia.
- 建保元年(1213年)に鎌倉幕府征夷大将軍源実朝の学問所の警備と学友を兼ねた学問所番18名(6名ずつ3番)が設置された。
- In 1213, eighteen guards of gakumonjo (three groups of six) were deployed who would play the roles of not only the guards of the gakumonjo owned by Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the eastern barbarians') of the Kamakura bakufu MINAMOTO no Sanetomo but also fellow students.
- この海戦で日本側が勝利したことによって、清国艦隊は威海衛に閉じこもることとんり、日本海軍は黄海・朝鮮の制海権を確保した。
- The victory of Japan in this naval battle forced Qing squadrons to be confined in Weihaiwei, bringing naval supremacy to Japan.
- 律令は魏晋南北朝時代に発達し、7世紀~8世紀の隋唐期には最盛期を迎え、当時の日本や朝鮮諸国(特に新羅)へも影響を与えた。
- Luli was developed during the Wei-Jin/Southern and Northern Dynasty period, reaching its zenith in Sui Dynasty from the seventh to eighth century, and had an influence on Japan and the kingdoms of Korea (especially Silla) at the time.
- 「日本による遼東半島所有は、清国の首都北京市を脅かすだけでなく、李氏朝鮮の独立を有名無実にし、極東の平和の妨げとなる。」
- Aquisition of the Liaodong Peninsula by Japan not only threatens Beijing City, a capital of Qing, but also undermines the independence of the Joseon Dynasty and hinders the efforts of establishing peace in the Far East.'
- 磐井の乱(527年 - 528年)の後、宣化元年(536年)に博多港のほとりに宮家(遠の朝廷:とおのみかど)を設置した。
- In 536 Yamato Dynasty established a government office called 'To no mikado' (government office located far from the capital) near the Hakata port after the Iwai War (527-528).
- 京都府連執行部内で多数派を形成していた三木一平副委員長、塚本景之書記長ら共産党グループは、朝田の批判を快く思わなかった。
- The Japanese Communist Party faction, including Ippei MIKI, a vice-chairman, and Kageyuki TSUKAMOTO, a general secretary, who accounted for the majority of the Kyoto Federation executives, were offended at Asada's criticisms.
- 宗義智軍や立花宗茂軍が援軍を申し入れるが義弘はこの申し出を断り、島津家の軍勢だけで明・朝鮮の大軍を迎え撃つこととなった。
- Yoshitoshi SO and Muneshige TACHIBANA armies tried to send the supporting army, but Yoshihiro rejected this offer and clashed with huge Ming and Korean army with only the Shimazu clan force.
- 全国統一を達成した秀吉は、文禄元年(1592年)、明の征服を目指して、全国諸大名に李氏朝鮮への出兵を命じた(文禄の役)。
- In 1592 (the first year in the Bunroku era), Hideyoshi, who had unified the nation, ordered 'daimyo' (feudal lords) all over the country to dispatch troops to the Joseon Dynasty (Korea) in order to conquer Ming (the Bunroku War).
- 1189年(文治5年) - 頼朝が源義経とこれを匿った奥州藤原氏を滅ぼす(全国の武士を動員し、対抗しうる武家勢力を排除)。
- 1189 - Yoritomo defeated MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and the Oshu Fujiwara clan who harbored Yoshitsune (eliminated rival samurai forces by mobilizing samurai throughout the nation).
- 上級兵士たちは気に入らない藩師を実力をもって追い出し、自らが支持する人物を藩師に立ててこれを朝廷に認めさせるようになった。
- By force, high-ranking soldiers got rid of the hanshi they did not like, and they set up the ones they supported as their hanshi, and they made the imperial court accept it.
- このようなことに加え、朝廷は宦官によって牛耳られており、綱紀頽廃も甚だしく、社会全体に急速に不穏な空気が醸成されていった。
- In addition, the imperial court was controlled by eunuchs, moral corruption was rampant and signs of disturbance were soon found everywhere in society.
- そのために朝廷の所領についてはともかく、寺社・公家の所領に関しては武家は軍事的実力を背景に下地中分・返還には応じなかった。
- In response, samurai families, supported by their military power, did not accept Shitaji chubun (a physical division of the land) and refused to return territory that had originally belonged to temples, shrines and Kuge, setting aside the Imperial Court's territories.
- 佐藤進一は1965 年の『南北朝の動乱』 の中で、武士を「武芸をもって支配階級に仕える職能人もしくは職能集団」と言い切る。
- Shinichi SATO firmly stated in 'A disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts' published in 1965 that bushi was 'the vocational individual or group that served the ruling class with martial arts.'
- 『政事要略』においては、『儀式 貞観』という引用句があり、続いて『本朝法家文書目録』には『貞観儀式』10巻と記されている。
- The term 'Gishiki Jogan' is cited in 'Seiji yoryaku' (examples of politics in the Heian period) and the term 'Jogan gishiki 10 volumes' is found in 'Honcho hoka monjo mokuroku' (legal book-catalog during Heian-Japan).
- 勘文(かんもん)とは、朝廷から諮問を依頼された学者などが由来・先例等の必要な情報を調査して報告(勘申)を行った文章のこと。
- The term Kanmon means written reports (Kanshin) for various information such as origins/precedents that were submitted by scholars, etc. at the request of the Imperial court.
- 大韓帝国は冊封体制から離脱したものの、満州を勢力下においたロシアが朝鮮半島に持つ利権を手がかりに南下政策を取りつつあった。
- Although the Korean Empire broke away from the tributary system, Russia which held Manchuria under its sphere of influence, took advantage of its interests in Korea to proceed with its southward expansion.
- 9月末から10月初めにかけて明・朝鮮軍は総力を挙げた攻勢をかけ、日本軍の順天城、泗川城、蔚山城を攻撃したがすべて撃退した。
- Despite the Ming-Korean forces waging all-out war and attacking Junten-jo, Shisen-jo and Urusan-jo Castles, which had been established by the Japanese forces, from the beginning of October to the end of October in 1598, the Japanese forces fought them off.
- 主謀者の後鳥羽上皇、そして後鳥羽の系譜の上皇・皇子が流罪に処せられ、仲恭天皇は退位、朝廷側の貴族・武士も多くが死罪とされた。
- The leader, Retired Emperor Gotoba, as well as the retired emperors and imperial princes related to him were sent into exile, while Emperor Chukyo was deposed and many of the nobles and samurai of the imperial faction were executed.
- 鎌倉幕府は、頼朝以来、鎌倉殿の個人的な資質に依拠するところが大きく、その組織も鎌倉殿の家政機関を発展させただけのものだった。
- The Kamakura Bakufu largely depended on the personal character of the Kamakura-dono and the organization only developed to become a domestic governing institution of the Kamakura-dono.
- 武家との連携によって北朝の維持を図ろうとしていた良基はその要望に応じて、官職制度の故実・職掌などを解説するために執筆された。
- In response to Yoshimitsu's request, Yoshimoto, who intended to maintain the Northern Court through cooperation with samurai family, wrote this book in order to explain the ancient practices and official duties concerning the court officials system.
- 日朝貿易を経済的基盤としていた宗氏は事態の打開を図り、1547年に偽日本国王使を派遣した結果、締結されたのが丁未約条である。
- The Teibi Yakujo that was concluded when the So clan, who were economically dependent on Japan-Korea trade, managed to effect a breakthrough in the situation and a pseudo King of Japan envoy was dispatched in 1547.
- 文禄元年(1592年)4月12日、朝鮮に進撃した五島勢は4月14日一番隊の先鋒となって奮戦し、釜山広域市鎮城を即日攻略した。
- The Goto troops, which advanced on Korea on May 23, 1592, fought hard as the vanguard of the first division on May 25, and occupied Busan Metropolitan City castle on the same day.
- 南北朝分裂の時代を経て、室町幕府3代将軍足利義満の時代、1392年にようやく南北両朝は合一し、文化の中心は再び京都へ戻った。
- After the period of separation, the Northern and Southern Courts were at last unified in A.D. 1392, when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA reigned over the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the third shogun, and the center stage of Japanese culture returned to Kyoto.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)や戦国時代 (日本)には九州・瀬戸内海方面の武士や海賊が中国、朝鮮沿岸を荒らしまわり、倭寇と恐れられた。
- During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the period of Warring States in Japan, samurai warriors and pirates from the Kyushu and Inland Sea regions attacked ships along the coasts of China and Korea and were feared as Japanese pirates (called 'wako' in Japanese).
- 源頼朝の元で同じ御家人と呼ばれはしても、下川辺庄司行平、葛西御厨の葛西清重、畠山重忠などは、大規模寄進荘園の在地領主である。
- While being called gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) under MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, Shimokobe no SHOJI Yukihira, Kiyoshige KASAI of Kasai no Mikuriya, and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, were manor heads of donated shoen on a grand scale.
- 頼朝の挙兵直後の勢力はそうした三浦氏、千葉氏、上総氏の一族、そして江戸氏、河越氏、豊島氏、畠山氏ら、秩父氏がベースであった。
- The forces of Yoritomo right after mobilization consisted of such Miura, Chiba, Kazusa, Edo, Kawagoe, Toshima, Hatakeyama, and Chichibu clans.
- 12世紀後半の作と考えられる『信貴山縁起絵巻』(奈良県生駒郡、朝護孫子寺蔵)は寺院の創建にまつわる話を絵巻としたものである。
- 'Shigisan engi emaki' (Ikoma-gun, Nara Prefecture, possessed by Chogosonshi-ji Temple) which is believed to be a creation from the latter half of the 12th century is the emakimono based on the story regarding the foundation of the temple.
- 一方、それは名目であり、実際は朝鮮を自国の影響下におくことや中国の領土割譲など自国権益の拡大を目的とした戦争とする説もある。
- Some suggest, however, that Japan used this cause as a pretext for the war trying to achieve the purpose of putting Korea under control and expanding its own interests by making China give up its territory.
- 明朝の政治・思想に多大な影響を与えた陽明学であったが、その明朝と共に衰退し、清朝では考証学に学問の主役の座を奪われるに至る。
- Yomeigaku deeply influenced politics and thought during the Ming Dynasty; it then declined with the Ming Dynasty and during the Qing Dynasty, Kosho-gaku replaced Yomeigaku as the main school of the academic thought.
- 1966年3月から同年6月にかけて8回の口頭弁論が開かれ、文化厚生会館の管理権をめぐって朝田府連と部落問題研究所が対立する。
- From March, 1966 to June of the same year, eight oral pleadings were held and the Asada Furen and the Institute of Buraku Problem disputed over the custodial right of the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall.
- 朝田らは早速、左京区内の文化厚生会館内に設置されていた府連書記局の明け渡しを要求したが、三木らはこれを拒否、物別れに終わる。
- Asada and other members immediately asked Miki and others to move out of the Kyoto Federation secretariat located in the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall in Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City but they refused and their talk broke down.
- 迎え撃つ日本軍は沿岸部に築いた城の堅固な守りに助けられ、蔚山城の戦い第二次蔚山城の戦いでは明・朝鮮連合軍を撃退し防衛に成功。
- The intercepting Japanese army was helped by the strong defense with castles constructed in the coastal area and, in the second Battle of Ulsan, succeeded by beating back the Ming and Korean forces.
- そのため、加藤清正が捕虜にした李氏朝鮮の2人の王子(臨海君・順和君)の返還と引き替えに釜山周辺の南部へ4月頃までに移陣した。
- Therefore, they moved their camps to the southern areas around Busan by May in exchange of two princes (Prince Imhaegun and Prince Sunhwagun) of Yi Dynasty Korea who had been captured by Kiyomasa KATO.
- 鎌倉幕府をめぐる論争としては、中世における国家という観点から、朝廷と鎌倉幕府の関係を如何にとらえるかという学術上の論争がある。
- Disputes regarding the Kamakura Bakufu include that of how to regard the relationship between the Imperial Court and the Kamakura bakufu from the standpoint of a nation state in the middle ages times.
- だが、皇位継承と徳政実施の過程において幕府との対立が表面化するようになり、朝廷内に再び反幕府の動きを潜在化させる遠因となった。
- However, during the processes of imperial succession and implementation of Tokusei, discord with the bakufu arose and became the underlying cause of a resurgence of the latent anti-bakufu sentiment within the Imperial Court.
- 11世紀半ばになると、朝廷の内裏造営などを目的とした臨時課税を目的に全国に一国平均役を課すことがしばしば行われるようになった。
- In the middle of the 11th century, ikkoku heikin-yaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen [manor in the medieval Japan] and kokugaryo [provincial land] in a province) was frequently imposed across the country as extraordinary taxation to build an inner court of the Imperial Court.
- 王朝国家においては国家が把握する必要を感じたのは民を組織編制して税を請け負う田堵負名層だけとなり、それがすなわち百姓となった。
- In the dynastic nation-state, the tato and fumyo class who organized people and collected tax from them were the only people the state found it necessary to control, and were thus hyakusho.
- その次ぎの武士層の拡大は、鎌倉幕府の崩壊から南北朝時代 (日本)であり、この段階で日本全国が長年に渡る争乱の時代へと突入する。
- The next expansion of the bushi class began from the fall of Kamakura bakufu to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and all Japan entered the period of war that lasted for a long time.
- 南北朝時代には少なくとも旧勢力からは「悪党」と呼ばれる者の増加と参戦があり、例えば赤松円心や、楠木正成は代表的な悪党とされる。
- There was an increase of people called 'akuto' and their participation in wars during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) at least from former powers, and Enshin AKAMATSU and Masashige KUSUNOKI were their representatives.
- 理由として、正史とは一つの王朝が滅びた後、次代の王朝に仕える人々が著すため、最後の君主などは実際以上に悪く書かれる傾向にある。
- This is because seishi are often written by people in service to the dynasty of the time, and after earlier dynasties have come to an end, so there is a tendency to exaggerate the evils of the rulers of the preceding dynasty beyond what is attested in historical records.
- それはこれらの三国が古墳時代以来朝鮮半島の国々を経て日本に伝播してきた漢字、儒教、仏教、律令制などの文化を共有したことによる。
- This is partly because the three countries have shared cultures, including kanji (Chinese characters), Confucianism, Buddhism, the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), which had been introduced into Japan through countries on the Korean Peninsula since the Kofun period (tumulus period).
- 重範の死後、足助氏は南北朝時代 (日本)には南朝 (日本)の宗良親王を支援していたが、後に足助を離れて全国に散り散りとなった。
- After Shigenori's death, the Asuke clan supported Imperial Prince Muneyoshi (of the Southern Court) in the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan), but later the people left the Asuke clan and scattered throughout the country.
- その後、信長は勢いに乗って浅井長政、朝倉義景、三好義継ら敵対勢力をことごとく滅ぼし、畿内周辺を完全に勢力圏に収めたのであった。
- Then, Nobunaga continued with this momentum and destroyed his enemy forces such as Nagamasa AZAI, Yoshikage ASAKURA and Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI to take full control of Kinai and its surrounding area.
- 同時に、頼朝は弟の源範頼・源義経を派遣し、平氏追討に当たらせ、1185年、壇ノ浦の戦いで平氏が滅亡し、6年に渡る内乱が終結した。
- At the same time he sent his younger brothers MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune to search for and destroy the Taira clan which were destroyed in the Battle of Dan no Ura in 1185, ending the civil war which had lasted for six years.
- 銅鐸は後世の釣鐘を扁平に圧しつぶしたような器形で、その祖形は朝鮮半島にあったと推定されるが、日本で独自に発達をとげた銅器である。
- The bronze bell is in the shape of a flattened-out-temple-bell (temple bell itself appeared later in Japan), and the bronze bell is supposed to have had its prototype in the Korean Peninsula, but it developed uniquely in Japan.
- 唐が滅亡した後も唐の正朔を奉じ続けた呉 (十国)に見られるように、唐全体の経済を支える江南地域は比較的朝廷に対して恭順であった。
- As it can be seen in Wu (Ten Kingdoms) that continued to respect Tang's calendar even after the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Jiangnan area, which supported the overall economy of Tang, was relatively obedient to the imperial court.
- なお、平治の乱では、摂津源氏の源頼政は源義朝に対して独自行動をとって義朝の子の義平と戦い、結果的に平家の勝利に貢献したとされる。
- In the Heiji War, MINAMOTO no Yorimasa of Settsu-Genji acted independently from MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and fought against Yoshihira, a son of Yoshitomo and as a result, contributed the victory of Heike
- だが、その後も惟時-惟澄-阿蘇惟村のラインが北朝方、阿蘇惟武(惟村の弟)のラインが南朝 (日本)方について争うなど分裂は続いた。
- However, the clan remained split because the family line including Koretoki, Korezumi, and Koremura ASO allied with the Northern Court, and the family line including Koretake ASO (younger brother of Koremura) allied with the Southern Court and fought against each other.
- そのため国内の混乱にも乗じて私貿易船が横行し、いわゆる「前期倭寇」と呼ばれる、江南沿岸や朝鮮半島への海賊行為も行うようになった。
- This led to the prevalence of private trading ships taking advantage of the domestic confusion, resulting in the emergence of piracy, or so called 'early wako' along Konan coasts and Korean Peninsula.
- その後、大和王朝が奈良盆地一体や河内方面までを支配するようになると、その地域(後の近畿・畿内)もまた大和とよばれるようになった。
- When the Yamato Dynasty ruled the Nara Basin and the Kawachi side, that area (later Kinki and Kinai regions) was also called Yamato.
- 慶応3年12月9日(1868年1月3日)、朝議が終わり公家衆が退出した後、待機していた薩摩藩兵ら5藩の軍が京都御所9門を固めた。
- On January 3, 1868, after the Court Council ended and the participant court nobles left the room, soldiers of Satsuma and other domains who had been waiting outside, went to stand guard at the nine gates of Kyoto Imperial Palace.
- 1156年(保元元)の保元の乱および1159年(平治元)の平治の乱では、源義朝麾下(畠山氏に従属との説もあり)に従軍し活躍した。
- During the Hogen War in 1156, and the Heiji War in 1159, the party followed the troops under MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi's command (some say that the party was subordinate to the Hatakeyama clan) and they fought bravely.
- 天安 (日本)2年(858年)には留学僧円珍が商人李延孝の船で帰朝し、鴻臚館北館門楼で歓迎の宴が催されたと『園城寺文書』にある。
- There is a description in the 'Onjo-ji bunsho' (documents compiled by Onjoji Temple) that a welcome party was held at the guest house in the north part of Korokan when the monk Enchin returned to Japan after studying abroad by a ship owned by the merchant Enko LI (李延孝) in 858.
- 心理面においては明・朝鮮軍が連合軍であるために指揮統制が難しく、一度不測の事態によって混乱すると収拾が難しかったと思われること。
- Looking from the morale perspective, it was difficult to give out commands since the Ming and Korean army was the allied force and was difficult to rally once the confusion occurred due to any unpredicted events.
- その直後の富士川の戦いで平氏軍に勝利した頼朝は、自分を支持する関東武士団の意向を受け、関東内部の平定・経営に重点を置くこととした。
- Immediately after this, Yoritomo defeated the Taira clan army in the Battle of Fujigawa and focused on the stabilization and management of the Kanto region at the wish of the Kanto Samurai Group which supported him.
- 幕府は両統迭立原則を示して仲裁にあたるとともに内外の危機に対応するために幕府は朝廷に対しても「徳政」と呼ばれる政治改革を要求した。
- The bakufu tried to mediate between both parties, suggesting that a principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accession from two ancestries of imperial families) be adopted; at the same time, the bakufu also urged the Imperial Court to undertake a political reform called 'Tokusei ' (virtuous rule) in order to deal with both the internal and external crises.
- 特に京都の土倉は延暦寺及びその傘下であった祇園社の支配を受けていたため、両者からの徴税を度々受けた他、朝廷からも臨時徴税を受けた。
- Due to the fact that doso in Kyoto were under the control of Gion-sha Shrine, which was affiliated with Enryaku-ji Temple, they were often taxed by both and also subject to extraordinary taxation by the Imperial court.
- そのため、軍艦数隻を朝鮮沿岸に派遣し海路を測量させて示威を行い交渉を有利に進めることとし、1875年軍艦雲揚、第二丁卯を派遣した。
- As a result the government dispatched the warships Unyo and Daini Teibo in 1875 and had them sound the sea to the coast of Korea aiming to gain an advantage by demonstrating its strength.
- 宋 (王朝)以後、「聖人、学んで至るべし」と言われるように読書・修養によって人欲を取り除いた後に到達すべき目標とされるようになる。
- After the Song Dynasty, becoming a sage became a goal for people to reach by removing desire through reading and self-cultivation, as can be seen in the phrase 'one should study in order to become a sage.'
- その後も代々改正が加えられ、玄宗 (唐)朝の開元25年(737年)に頒布された『開元二十五年律令』は、東アジア諸国でも踏襲された。
- The Ritsuryo system was revised during the reign of every successive Tang emperor, and 'Kaigen nijugonen Ritsuryo' distributed in 737 during the reign of Emperor Genso was followed in the East Asian countries.
- 実際に朝廷は外交に関しては全く為す術が無く、10月23日に外交については引き続き幕府が中心となって行なうことを認める通知を出した。
- As expected, the Imperial Court had no ability for diplomacy and served a notice to admit that the bakufu would keep on dealing with diplomatic matters on November 18.
- 同6月28日 (旧暦)、姉川の戦いで浅井・朝倉連合軍を破った信長はすぐさま横山城の攻略に着手、時の城主三田村氏は降伏し、落城した。
- On June 28 (old calendar) of the same year, soon after Nobunaga defeated the allied forces of Azai and Asakura at the Battle of Anegawa, he launched an attack on Yokoyama-jo Castle and forced the lord of the castle's Mitamura clan to surrender.
- 新宮行栄の代で堀内氏(新宮堀内家)との抗争に敗れ、その後、新宮は堀内氏が支配したが、堀内氏善の子が新宮姓を称し新宮行朝と名乗った。
- In the generation of Yukihide SHINGU, they were defeated in struggles with the Horinouchi clan (Shingu Horinouchi family); subsequently the Horinouchi clan ruled the Shingu clan, but a son of Ujiyoshi HORINOUCHI used the Shingu family name and gave himself the name Yukitomo SHINGU.
- 所領安堵や武家官位のみならず、公家の官職任免などの人事や家門安堵、寺社に対する政策、勅撰和歌集の撰進など朝廷のあらゆる分野に及んだ。
- Bukeshisso came to cover not only shoryo ando (the act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) and bukekani (official court titles for samurai) but also almost all areas such as Court nobles' appointment and dismissal in the Imperial Court, kamon ando (providing authorization for family lineage), policies to temples and shrines and senshin (the dedicating of entitled documents and poetries) of Chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command).
- しかし豊臣秀吉はあくまで明を征服することを目指しており、朝鮮そのものの侵略が目的ではなく、あくまで明への出兵の途上での戦役であった。
- However, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI absolutely aimed to conquer Ming and invasion into Korea itself was not the purpose and, therefore, it was a war on the way to sending military forces to Ming.
- ただし、刀剣武具の分野に関しては、長大な大太刀の流行など、明らかな「南北朝時代様式」があり、鎌倉時代とは別の時代とされることが多い。
- However, in the field of swords and arms, there obviously existed a style specific to this period, which is exemplified by the long Japanese sword - popular in this period - so that this period is commonly distinguished from the Kamakura period.
- 目的は秀吉の朝鮮出兵(文禄・慶長の役)のための兵力把握や人夫の動員可能数の把握と言われているが、結果として兵農分離の一因ともなった。
- The goal was said to have determine the mobilization capacity of military force and workers to deal with Korean invasions (Bunroku and Keicho battles) by Hideyoshi and it also contributed to the separation of warriors and farmers.
- 頼朝が本宣旨で目的としたのは、東国支配権の確立よりも、義仲に優越して京武者や地域的軍事権力の担い手を組織化することだったとしている。
- What Yoritomo aimed at with this decree was to organize the samurai in the imperial capital and the bearers of regional military authority to keep superior position to Yoshinaka rather than to establish dominion over Togoku, according to MOTOKI.
- 家系としての「兵の家」の形成過程で忘れてはならないのが、10世紀後半に現役武官ではないのに「朝家の爪牙」として動員されたことである。
- What should not be forgotten in a formation process of 'tsuwamono-no-ie' (house of soldiers) as the family line was that 'choka no soga' mobilized in the late tenth century without the presence of a military officer.
- 天竺(インド)・震丹(中国)・本朝(日本)の3国にわたる古今の仏教説話や世俗説話1000あまりを集大成したのが『今昔物語集』である。
- More than 1,000 Buddhism anecdotes now and past or common tales in three countries; India, China and Japan, were compiled into 'Konjaku Monogatari shu' (The Tale of Times Now Past).
- 元の滅亡や南北朝動乱の継続により、日中双方の中央政体が混乱し、唐船に与える名目も喪失したため、寺社造営料唐船の時代は終わりを告げた。
- The age of trading vessels dispatched to Yuan ended because the grounds given to Tosen disappeared under the confusion of the central governments of both Japan and China due to the fall of Yuan as well as continued disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- 新制(しんせい)とは、平安時代中期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて天皇・太上天皇の勅旨に基づいて制定された成文法典(「公家新制」)。
- Shinsei ('kugeshinsei') means a written code established based upon imperial order by Tenno (the Emperor) and Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor) from the mid Heian period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 鎌倉幕府による最初の武家新制は嘉禄元年(1225年)に、朝廷の嘉禄新制に合わせて出されたもので同新制の遵守を目的としたものであった。
- The first Buke shinsei (a code of new law issued by the Kamakura bakufu) was issued by the Kamakura bakufu in 1225 to coincide and comply with Karoku shinsei (new law issued in the Karoku period) issued by the Imperial court.
- これは琉球の帰属問題で日本に有利に働き、明治政府は翌1875年琉球にたいし清との冊封・朝貢関係の廃止と明治年号の使用などを命令した。
- This put Japan in an advantageous position on the issue of the possession of Ryukyu and in the following year, 1875, the Meiji government ordered Ryukyu to abolish its sakuho and tribute relationship with Qing and use the era name of Meiji.
- 第一条で「朝鮮は自主の邦にして、日本国と平等の権利を保有せり」とうたいながらも第十条で片務的領事裁判権を規定する不平等条約であった。
- Although the treaty stated that 'Korea is independent and has rights equal to Japan' in Article 1, but in effect was unequal according to Article 10 providing a one-sided consular jurisdiction in Article 10.
- 中国史上では、隋から唐にかけての王朝で顕著であり、周辺の東アジア諸国では7世紀後期~9世紀頃に、中国由来の制度として広く施行された。
- In Chinese history, the Ritsuryo system was most prominent during the Sui and Tang dynasties, whereas in the surrounding East Asian countries, the system was widely enforced from the latter half of the 7th century to the 9th century as it was introduced from China.
- 古田武彦らの九州王朝説の主張によれば、白村江で戦ったのは畿内ヤマト王権(日本)軍ではなく大宰府に都した九州王朝(倭)軍であるとする。
- According to Takehiko YOSHIDA's theory on the Kyushu Dynasty, the forces that fought in the Battle of Hakusukinoe were not from the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) of the Yamato Kingdom (Japan), but instead belonged to the Kyushu Dynasty (Wa) stationed in the Dazaifu (the local government of Kyushu).
- しかし、日本軍により全羅道西岸が制圧されると朝鮮水軍は制海権を失い、李舜臣も全羅道北端まで後退し、日本水軍は全羅道西岸まで進出した。
- However, the Korean navy lost naval supremacy after the west coast of Jeolla Province was conquered and Yi Sun-sin also retreated to the northern border of Jeolla Province and the Japanese navy advanced to the west coast of Jeolla Province.
- この時の頼朝政権の在地支配は、まだ従来の権門勢家による支配に優越した訳ではなく、地頭の設置も平氏の旧領(平家没官領)に限定されていた。
- The control of local lands by the Yoritomo administration during this time did not excel the traditional control by the great and powerful and the appointment of Jito was limited to territories once held by the Taira clan (Heike Mokkanryo (Land rights confiscated by Kamakura bakufu from the Taira family)).
- なお、開城の攻略まで行動を共にしていた二番隊は鏡道へ進路を転じ、日本軍は北西部の平安道の平壌より北方と全羅道を除く朝鮮全土を制圧した。
- The Second Division, acting with them until the attack on Kaesong, switched their course to Hamgyong Province and the Japanese army occupied all of Korea excluding part of Pyeongan Province in the northwestern area to the north of Pyongyang and Jeolla Province.
- 海戦用の水軍や朝鮮沿岸を西進する作戦を持たなかった日本軍は、陸戦部隊や後方で輸送任務にあたっていた部隊から急遽水軍を編成して対抗した。
- The Japanese army that did not have a navy for fighting on the sea nor a plan to proceed to the west along the coast of Korea, they hastily organized a navy with troops for land combat and troops that had been engulfed in transportation in the rear to cope with the Korean navy.
- 南北朝を統一し、安定政権を築いた足利義満が、正式に明からの冊封を受けることで、15世紀初頭から日明貿易(勘合貿易)が開始するのである。
- The trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China (the tally trade - between Japan and the Ming Dynasty) started from the early 15th century when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who unified the Northern and Southern Courts and established his stable political administration officially received sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) from Ming Dynasty.
- 朝廷の年中行事のほか、鴨川 (淀川水系)の川原で繰り広げられる飛礫合戦、広場での闘鶏、稲荷祭や今宮祭など当時の庶民の姿も活写している。
- In addition to the annual events held at the Imperial Court, it vividly features the common people at that time in stone-throwing fight held around the field of Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system), in cockfighting held in the open space, in Inari Festival, or in Imamiya Festival.
- 史記を継いで前漢王朝一代の歴史書とした班固の『漢書』からは王朝ごとに時代を区切った紀伝体の史書(いわゆる「断代史」)の体裁が流行した。
- With Gu BAN's 'Hanshu' (The Book of Han), a history book about the former Han dynasty that was a successor to the Shiji, histories written in biographical annal format that also demarcated historical eras by dynastic change (what are called 'dynastic histories') grew in popularity.
- 紀元前2世紀-紀元前後ごろの時期には、倭人は定期的に前漢へ朝貢しており、また約100の政治集団(国)を形成していた(『漢書地理志』)。
- In the period from the second century B.C. to around the beginning of the first century, Wajin paid tribute to the Former Han Dynasty on a regular basis and formed about 100 political groups (countries) ('Kanjo Chirishi' (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)).
- ただでさえ少なかった秀吉の縁者である豊臣秀長・豊臣鶴松・大政所・朝日姫らが、天正末期に次々と死去したことは、豊臣政権に大打撃を与えた。
- Hideyoshi originally had few relatives, and as Hidenaga TOYOTOMI, Tsurumatsu TOYOTOMI, Omandokoro, Asahihime (Hideyoshi's younger sister and Ieyasu's lawful wife) and others passed away one after another, it caused heavy damage to the Toyotomi government.
- 1966年1月24日、部落問題研究所が、朝田府連による会館占拠を解くことを求める仮処分命令申請書を京都地方裁判所に提出し、認められる。
- On Janurary 24, 1966, the Institute of Buraku Problem filed an application for a provisional disposition order to the Kyoto District Court to stop Asada Furen's occupation, and the Court approved it.
- しかし、時政の子の義時と北条政子はこの動きに反発し、有力御家人と連帯して、時政を引退させるとともに、平賀朝雅を抹殺した(畠山重忠の乱)。
- However, Tokimasa's son Yoshitoki and Masako HOJO opposed to this move, collaborated with the senior vassals, forced Tokimasa to retire and eliminated Tomomasa HIRAGA (Shigetada HATAKEYAMA Rebellion).
- 百寮訓要抄(ひゃくりょうくんようしょう)は、南北朝時代 (日本)に関白二条良基が室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義満のために執筆有職故実の解説書。
- Hyakuryo Kunyosho was a book on the study of ancient courtly traditions and etiquette which Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) Yoshimoto Nijo wrote for Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians) of the Muromachi bakufu.
- 義満は将軍就任から5年後の応安6年(1373年)に参議、永徳元年(1381年)に内大臣に昇り、朝廷の一員として活動する意向を示していた。
- Yoshimitsu was promoted to Sangi (councilor) in 1373, five years after he was inaugurated as shogun, and to Naidainjin (Minister of the Center) in 1381, and he indicated his willingness to act as the member of the Imperial Court.
- 平安時代の承和 (日本)5年(838年)から南北朝時代 (日本)の貞和3年(正平 (日本)2年/1347年)までの記録が採録されている。
- Records from 838 during the Heian period to 1347 during the Northern and Southern Courts period were compiled in this book.
- しかし少なくとも、南北朝時代 (日本)末期の永徳3年(1383年)頃に本所が正親町三条家から同族の三条西家に譲渡される以前と考えられる。
- But at least, it must have been established before the position of 'honjo' (proprietor or guarantor of manor) was transferred around 1383 from the Ogimachisanjo family to the Sanjonishi family (relatives of the Ogimachisanjo family).
- さらに八月、玄雅がいったん帰朝して家督相続の御礼のために大阪城に伺候したさい、秀吉は抜群の戦功を愛でて「豊臣」の姓を名乗ることを許した。
- In addition, after Harumasa returned to Japan and presented himself at Osaka-jo Castle to express his gratitude for taking over as the head of the family in September, Hideyoshi granted the 'Toyotomi' name in reward for his distinguished military service.
- そして、1180年の源頼朝の挙兵以降、平家は高倉天皇の命として、公卿、受領から「兵士」を徴収、更に権門の諸荘園からも「兵士」を徴収する。
- As a result, the Taira family collected 'soldiers' from kugyo (court nobles), Zuryo, and various manors of an influential families under the command of Emperor Takakura after mobilization of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in 1180.
- 有名なのは南北朝時代 (日本)の武蔵国での「白旗一揆」、同じく「武蔵平一揆」、そして『太平記』に出てくる美濃国の「桔梗一揆」などである。
- The famous ones were 'Shirahata Ikki' (Uprising of the White Flag) in Musashi Province and 'Musashi hei Ikki' (Musashi Hei Uprising) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and 'Kikyo Ikki' (Kikyo Uprising) of Mino Province that appeared in 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace).
- 本郷和人は、頼朝は本宣旨によって権限や優越的地位を得たのではなく、既に実力で獲得していたものに宣旨の追認を受けたのではないかとしている。
- Yoritomo did not acquire authority or superior social position by this decree but acquired ratification by the decree for what he had already earned through his ability, according to Kazuto HONGO.
- そして頼朝が、ある意味勝手に「本領安堵」の下文(くだしぶみ)を出すだけで、それを御恩と奉公ほど、彼らの所領は危ういものであったと言える。
- In addition, their estates became vulnerable as favor and service when Yoritomo submitted the 'honryo-ando' kudashibumi (edict from a senior official in government or military which had the status of a binding official document) almost without consent.
- 明治政府の成立後、国家統治機構の近代化と人材登用を標榜して、公家の官職世襲によって支えられてきた朝廷のシステムを「悪しき遺制」と捉えた。
- After the establishment of the Meiji government, with the aim of the modernization of national management systems and utilizing human resources, the court system of hereditary positions held by the aristocracy was considered as an 'evil old custom.'
- ただし、後白河は北陸道を宣旨の対象地域から除き、上野・信濃も義仲の勢力圏と認めて、頼朝に義仲との和平を命じた(『玉葉』10月23日条)。
- However, Goshirakawa removed Hokuriku-do Road from the area covered by the Senji, acknowledged Ueno and Shinano as Yoshinaka's sphere of influence, and ordered Yoritomo to make peace with Yoshinaka ('Gyokuyo,' entry of November 16).
- 特に幕府・関白を介さず、朝廷から直接水戸藩へ勅書が出された件(戊午の密勅参照)は井伊ら幕閣の警戒感を強め、水戸藩への弾圧は苛烈を極めた。
- Among others, an incident in which the imperial court sent an imperial order directly to the Mito clan (Boshin no Micchoku) made Ii and the cabinet officials of the shogunate stay alert, and they clamped down on the Mito clan severely.
- 3日、早朝の霧に乗じた薩軍の急襲を別働第3旅団は激闘5時間の末、これを退け、追撃して緑川を越えて薩軍の側背を衝き、進んで甲佐を占領した。
- On April 3, the Satsuma army raided the detached 3rd brigade under the cover of fog in the early morning, but the brigade drove back the Satsuma army after a five-hour fierce battle, chased it across the Midori-kawa River, attacked the back side and the flank of the Satsuma army, and seized Kosa after further advancement.
- そのため、翌21日早朝、第1・第2旅団は大津に進入し、次いで薩軍を追撃して戸嶋・道明・小谷から木山に向かい、小戦を重ねて木山に進出した。
- Therefore, in the early morning of the next day, April 21, the 1st and 2nd brigades advanced towards Otsu, then towards Tojima, Domyo, Oyatsu, and Kiyama by chasing the Satsuma army, and advanced to Kiyama through small-scaled battles.
- 源姓塩谷氏の最後の当主・朝義の養子となった竹千代が元服して朝業と名乗り、家督を継いだことで藤姓塩谷氏の歴史が始まる(「秋田塩谷系譜」)。
- Takechiyo, who was the last family head of SHIONOYA clan of the MINAMOTO family and was adopted by Tomoyoshi, went through genpuku (a celebration of one's coming of age), identified himself as Tomonari and succeeded to the family, which started a history of the SHIONOYA family of the Fujiwara family ('Family Tree of the Akita SHIONOYA Family').
- しかし、1月3日毛利秀元等が率いる援軍が到着し、翌4日水陸から明・朝鮮連合軍を攻撃敗走させ2万人の損害を与えて勝利した(蔚山城の戦い)。
- On February 8, however, rescue forces headed by Hidemoto MORI and so on arrived and, on the next day, February 9, attacked and routed the allied Ming and Korean forces and caused 20,000 casualties and won the battle (the Battle of Ulsan).
- 倭寇や女真族との紛争以外本格的な戦争経験がない朝鮮正規軍を、戦国時代 (日本)を経て大量の鉄砲を装備した日本軍が圧倒し連戦連勝を重ねた。
- The Korean regular force, which had never experienced a full-scale war except troubles with 'wako' (Japanese pirates) or the Joshin tribe, was overwhelmed and completely defeated by the Japanese military force, which was equipped with a large amount of guns after the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
- だが、最後の関東申次であった西園寺公宗は建武政権によって処刑されて、後醍醐天皇の家門安堵を受けて親南朝派の弟西園寺公重が西園寺家を継いだ。
- But Kinmochi SAIONJI, who was the last Kanto moshitsugi, was executed by the government of the Kenmu Restoration, and on kamon ando (providing authorization for family lineage) by Emperor Godaigo, the Saionji family was succeeded by Kinshige SAIONJI, who was on the Southern Court side and the younger brother of Kinmochi.
- 魏晋南北朝時代を封建制と捉える立場からは後漢の豪族たちによって使われていた小作農たちを奴隷とみなし、後漢の滅亡によりそれが変化したと見る。
- From the standpoint that the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties was a time of the Hoken system, tenant peasants used by local ruling families were slaves, and the situation changed with the downfall of the Later Han Dynasty.
- 10月9日、後白河は頼朝を本位に復して赦免、14日には寿永二年十月宣旨を下して、東海・東山両道諸国の事実上の支配権を与える(『百錬抄』)。
- Goshirakawa pardoned Yoritomo by reinstating him in his previous position on November 2, and gave Yoritomo the virtual right to rule the provinces along Tokai-do Road and Tosan-do Road by issuing Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji (the imperial decree issued to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo) on November 7 ('Hyakuren sho').
- 明治維新によって、幕府も含めて旧来の朝廷機構は事実上廃止されて(王政復古の大号令)、新しく生まれ変わった行政組織である明治政府が成立した。
- The old Imperial Court system including the bakuhu was virtually abolished by the Meiji Restoration (the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule), and the Meiji Government was established as a newly born political system.
- このため、藩の中には「征夷大将軍の代替わりに伴う大名知行を朝廷が代わりに行ったもの」と誤解する者もあり、大きな抵抗も無く終わったのである。
- For this reason, there were people who misunderstood that 'the Imperial Count acted on daimyo chigyo (fief) instead, which comes with the changeover of Seii Taishogun', so it ended without a great deal of resistance.
- 日本軍は約2ヶ月で全羅道、忠清道を席巻し、京畿道への進出を果たすと、冬を前に朝鮮半島南岸に撤収し、各地に新たな城(倭城)の築城を開始する。
- Having conquered Jeolla Province, Chungcheong Province and advanced into Gyeonggi Province within about two months, the Japanese forces returned to the southern shore of the Korean Peninsula before winter and started the establishment of new castles (Japanese castles) in various places.
- 経顕の活動は10年余りであるがこの時期に朝幕交渉の具体的な手続などが整備され、「武家執奏」の職制と名称が定まり、文書にも登場するようになる。
- Tsuneaki did his duties for about 10 years, and during the period the procedures in relation to negotiations between the Court and the bakufu were established, and the office organization and name of 'bukeshisso' were consolidated, and the word bukeshisso began to appear in documents.
- (ただし、室町幕府は鎌倉幕府と違って北朝(朝廷)と同一の都市(京都)に置かれていたため、六波羅探題のような出先機関を必要とはしなかったが)。
- (However, as the Muromachi bakufu, unlike the Kamakura bakufu, and the Northern Court (Imperial Court) were placed in the same city (Kyoto), the Muromachi bakufu did not need a liaison office, unlike for the Rokuhara tandai.)
- 1203年、重病に陥った頼家は、外祖父時政の手により伊豆の修善寺へ幽閉され、弟の源実朝が次の鎌倉殿・将軍位に就くと、翌1204年に死亡した。
- In 1203 Yoriie became seriously ill, was confined to Shuzen-ji Temple in Izu province by his maternal grandfather Tokimasa and died in 1204, the year after his younger brother MINAMOTO no Sanetomo assumed the position of Kamakura-dono/shogun.
- ところが、年が明けて後光厳上皇の7回忌を巡って興福寺側が帰座の約束を破棄すると、義満は積極的に朝廷に参与して自らが主導する態度を見せ始めた。
- In the next year, however, Kofuku-ji Temple argued over the sixth anniversary of the Retired Emperor Gokogen and broke its promise of shinboku kiza, so Yoshimitsu actively participated in the court administration and began to suggest that he would take the lead in the negotiations.
- 「大日本史」は光圀死後の正徳 (日本)5年(1715年)に藩主徳川綱條による命名で、同時代には「本朝史記」や「国史(倭史)」と呼ばれている。
- Dai Nihonshi' was named by TOKUGAWA Tsunaeda, the domain head, in 1715 after the death of Mitsukuni and it was called 'Honcho shiki' or 'Kokushi (Washi)' by contemporary people.
- 更に929年には下野国衙は秀郷らの濫行(らんぎょう)を訴え、朝廷は下野国衙と隣国五カ国に秀郷の追討官符を出すが秀郷らが追討された形跡はない。
- In 929, the kokuga of Shimotsuke Province made a claim against the violent actions of Hidesato, and the imperial court sent the command to take Hidesato to kokuga of Shimotsuke Province and its neighboring five provinces, but there was no evidence that Hidesato was defeated.
- こうして日本は朝鮮半島の権益を確保できた上、新たに東清鉄道の一部である南満州鉄道の獲得など満洲(中国東北部)における権益を得ることとなった。
- In addition to securing interests in the Korean Peninsula, Japan also acquired concessions in Manchuria (Northeastern China) including the South Manchuria Railways- a part of the Chinese Eastern Railway.
- 5月には摂政二条斉敬以下多くの公卿を集めた徹夜の朝議により長年の懸案であった兵庫開港の勅許も得るなど、慶喜による主導権が確立されつつあった。
- In May, the long-awaited imperial approval to open Hyogo port was given after an all-night meeting of many noble figures, including Nariyuki NIJO, Sessho (regent), allowing Yoshinobu to seize the initiative.
- 律令制の祖形は、古く秦・前漢期まで遡るともいわれているが、厳密に言えば、律令制は中国の魏晋南北朝時代において出現し、徐々に形成されていった。
- It is said that the Ritsuryo system can be traced back as far as the Qin and Western Han periods; but strictly speaking, it emerged and gradually developed in China during the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties.
- 行家は治承・寿永の乱の際に以仁王の平家追討の令旨を全国の源氏に伝え挙兵を促すなど活躍したが、平家滅亡後に甥の源頼朝と対立し、敗れ殺害された。
- Yukiie played an active role in passing on to all Genji people in the country Prince Mochihito's order to hunt down and kill the Heike family and raise an army against the Heike clan during the Jisho-Juei War, but after the fall of the Heike clan he entered a conflict with his nephew, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, as a result of which he was defeated and killed.
- そして朝廷から唐物使(からものつかい)という役人が派遣され、経巻や仏像仏具、薬品や香料など宮中や貴族から依頼された商品を優先的に買い上げた。
- In return, the Imperial Court dispatched an officer called 'karamono no tsukai' (Supervisor of Chinese goods), giving him the privilege to preferentially purchase Chinese goods including scrolls of Buddhist scriptures, statues of Buddha, Buddhist altar fittings, medicines and spices on behalf of the Imperial Court and nobles.
- 今日、歴史学上では初の武家政権及び武家政治の創始は平氏政権にあるとされるが、朝廷から独立した本格的な武家政権が鎌倉幕府であることは間違いない。
- Today, historians consider Taira clan government to have founded samurai government and politics but there is no doubt that the first full-fledged samurai government independent from the Imperial Court was the Kamakura Bakufu.
- 北朝成立翌年の建武 (日本)4年(1337年)より、光厳上皇の院宣とともに兼季の消息・御教書が足利尊氏の執事であった高師直充てに出されている。
- From 1337, the year following the establishment of the Northern Court, Kanesue's shosoku (letters) and migyosho (document of shogunate order) along with the retired Emperor Kogon's inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) were sent to KO no Moronao, who was the steward of Takauji ASHIKAGA.
- もう1つの「武家執奏」の意味として、北朝の勅裁である治天の君の院宣や親政時における天皇の勅旨を室町幕府に伝達する役目を担う公家のことを指した。
- Bukeshisso,' taking the other meaning, indicated the court noble who was in charge of conveying Chiten no kimi's inzen (decree from the retired Emperor) which was the imperial decision by the Northern Court or the emperor's Imperial order at the time of direct imperial rule to the Muromachi bakufu.
- しかし、激しい反論を生み、院政期以降を成立期とする説(戸田芳実など)、南北朝時代 (日本)内乱期を成立期とする説(永原慶二など)が提起された。
- However, his idea invited pointed objections and Yoshimi TODA and his group proposed the theory that the system was established after the period of the government ruled by the retired Emperor, and Keiji NAGAHARA and his group proposed another theory that the system was established in the Northern and Southern Dynasties period (in Japan), the civil war period.
- その後、鎌倉幕府の初代の征夷大将軍として武家棟梁となった源頼朝が河内源氏であったことから、河内源氏から名実ともに武家の棟梁が出ることとなった。
- MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who became the head of samurai families as the first Seii Taishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) of the Kamakura bakufu later, was Kawachi-Genji, therefore, the head of samurai families was chosen from Kawachi-Genji both in name and reality afterwards.
- 当初、朝廷や幕府は祠堂銭を禁止する姿勢を取ったが、後には仏教保護の一環として反対に祠堂銭を徳政令の対象外とするなど、容認・保護の姿勢に転じた。
- The Imperial Court and the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) banned Shidosen at first, but later on accepted it, protecting Buddhism by exempting shidosen from Tokuseirei (ordering a return of sold land and a dissolution of debts).
- 『吾妻鏡』には書かれていない相馬御厨での経緯を見れば、特に千葉常胤にとって、源義朝は「御恩」を感じるような相手ではなかったことは明らかである。
- By looking at the progress of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) not written in 'Azuma Kagami,' Tsunetate CHIBA was especially not the person whom MINAMOTO no Yoritomo felt 'indebted' to.
- 義仲は、頼朝追討の宣旨ないし御教書の発給(『玉葉』閏10月21日条)、志太義広の平氏追討使への起用を要求するが、後白河が認めるはずもなかった。
- Yoshinaka demanded the issuance of an imperial decree or Migyosho (a document for informing people of the decision of Third Rank or upper people) to hunt down and kill MINAMOTO no Yorimoto ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 14), but in no way would Goshirakawa acknowledge the demand.
- 朝鮮では、高麗の金富軾が作った高句麗・百済・新羅三国の紀伝体正史『三国史記』 (1145年) が最初の正史であり、現存する最古の歴史書である。
- In Korea, the first official history was the biographical annal 'Samguk Sagi' ('History of the Three Kingdoms', completed in 1145), which was created by Busik KIM of the Goryeo dynasty and covered the history of the three kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla; it is also Korea's oldest extant history book of any kind.
- この中国情勢の混乱を勢力圏拡大の好機と判断した陸軍大臣の上原勇作は、当時の第三次西園寺公望内閣に対し朝鮮半島に2個師団を新設するよう提言した。
- Deciding that the political confusion in China was a prime opportunity for Japan to expand its power, War Minister Yūsaku UEHARA proposed to the third administration of Prime Minister Kinmochi SAIONJI to create two new infantry divisions on the Korean Peninsula.
- 朝廷内で皇帝に侍る史官が、皇帝および国家の重大事を記録する「起居注」を蓄積し、皇帝が崩御すると、代ごとに起居注をまとめた「実録」が編纂される。
- The chroniclers serving the emperor at court would store up those of the 'collected sayings' of the emperor that touched on matters of critical importance to the emperor or the state, and then for each generation, after the emperor passed away, they would compile and edit a 'veritable record', which contained his collected sayings.
- 尊攘派の擡頭により朝廷・幕府政治の混乱が起きていることを憂えた孝明天皇の意をくみ、久邇宮朝彦親王は極秘に会津藩・薩摩藩に長州藩の追放を命ずる。
- Understanding that the Emperor Komei was worried about the emergence of sonjo party and the resulting confused political circumstances of the imperial court and of the shogunate, Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko secretly ordered the Aizu and Satsuma clans to expel the Choshu clan.
- 1903年8月からの日露交渉において、日本側は朝鮮半島を日本、満洲をロシアの支配下に置くという妥協案、いわゆる満韓交換論をロシア側へ提案した。
- In the negotiation with Russia from August 1903, Japan proposed that the Korean Peninsula under the Japanese control and Manchuria under the Russian control, in a compromise known as the Manchuria-Korea Trade-off.
- 伊藤内閣は6月15日、朝鮮の内政改革を日清共同で進める、清が拒否すれば日本単独で指導するという方針を閣議決定し清に通告し、清がこれを拒否した。
- On June 15, the Ito cabinet decided on its policy in the cabinet meeting that both Japan and Qing would jointly reform the internal system of Korea and, if Qing refused, Japan would solely undertake the instructions, and Qing refused when informed of the decision.
- 石田三成、小西行長らによって進められていた明との講和は決裂し、慶長2年(1597年)には再び、朝鮮出兵が行なわれた(文禄・慶長の役慶長の役)。
- The peace treaty with Ming, which Mitsunari ISHIDA, Yukinaga KONISHI and others promoted, broke down, and in 1597 (the second year of the Keicho era), the second dispatch of troops to Korea was conducted (the Bunroku-Keicho War/ Keicho War).
- 義昭は甲斐国の武田信玄や安芸国の毛利輝元、近江国の浅井長政や越前国の朝倉義景、摂津国の石山本願寺などに信長追討令を下し、信長包囲網を結成した。
- Yoshiaki commanded Shingen TAKEDA of Kai Province, Terumoto MORI of Aki Province, Nagamasa AZAI of Omi Province, Yoshikage ASAKURA of Echizen Province, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple in Settsu Province and others to hunt down and kill Nobunaga and organized an anti-Nobunaga network.
- 1190年(建久元年) - 頼朝が右近衛大将(律令制における武官の最高位)に任じられ治安維持に関する17ヶ条に及ぶ命を受ける(後の大犯三ヶ条)。
- 1190 - Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (the highest rank of military officers in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and given an order relating to security enforcement which consisted of 17 articles (later, Taibon sankajo (three basic rights of shugo, the provincial constable)).
- 義平は変装して平清盛一族(平家)の支配する京都に密かに潜入し、京都に潜む父義朝のかつての郎党と共に清盛暗殺を企てるが失敗し捕らえられて殺される。
- Yoshihira in disguise sneaked into Kyoto which was ruled by the family of TAIRA no Kiyomori (Taira clan) and tried to assassinate Kiyomori with the help of the former followers of his father Yoshitomo hidden in Kyoto, but he failed, and was captured and killed.
- 治承・寿永の乱によって源頼朝が鎌倉殿となり鎌倉幕府を開くと、鎌倉殿に臣従した武士である御家人をこれまでの郡司、郷司、荘官に代えて地頭に任命した。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) as a result of the Jisho-Juei War and established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), shogunal retainers (of the Kamakura bakufu) who were samurai serving kamakura-dono were substituted for the old gunji, goji, shokan and appointed to jito (manager and lord of manor).
- しかし、他の地域については美濃国や土佐国などにわずかに記録が見られるものの、実際には北朝/室町幕府の勢力を前にほとんど行い得なかったようである。
- Although marginal records of the tax have been found from Mino Province and Tosa Province, in other areas the tax was almost never conducted due to the influence of the North Court and the Muromachi bakufu.
- しかし平山武者所季重も熊谷次郎直実も主人を持たない独立した武者であり、平山季重は武者所を名乗るように朝廷や公卿に仕える「侍」であり武官であった。
- However, HIRAYAMA no Mushadokoro Sueshige (Sueshige HIRAYAMA of Mushadokoro - place where Samurai guards of the Imperial Palace are staffed) and Kumatanijiro Naozane KUMAGAI, were masterless independent busha, but Sueshige HIRAYAMA was a 'samurai' and military officer that served the imperial court and kugyo as he called himself as mushadokoro.
- 朝廷の武官は左右近衛、兵衛、衛門の近衛兵六衛府を代表とするが、馬寮も武官の一部を構成し、信濃、関東に多くあった「牧」はその馬寮とつながっていた。
- The military officers of the imperial court were represented by Konoehei Rokuefu (Six Imperial Guards) Sayu Konoefu (the left and right divisions of the Inner Palace Guards), Hyoe (palace guard), emon (Outer Palace Guards), and Meryo (the section taking care of imperial horses) formed part of being a military officer, and many 'maki' connected to meryo that existed in the Shinano and Kanto regions.
- 康定が伝えた頼朝の申状は、「平家横領の神社仏寺領の本社への返還」「平家横領の院宮諸家領の本主への返還」「降伏者は斬罪にしない」と言うものだった。
- Yoritomo's moshijo (a document format for communicating something from a lower person to an upper person) that Yasusada had brought stated that 'The estate of Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples that the Taira clan embezzled will be returned to the main shrine,' 'The estate of ingu (retired emperor, retired emperor who became a priest, imperial lady, grand empress dowager, empress dowager, empress consorts and crown prince) families that the Taira clan embezzled will be returned to the honshu (proprietor or guarantor of the manor),' and that 'Those who surrender will not be subject to execution by decapitation.'
- 朝廷はそれまでの氏姓制度を改め、公地公民制や統一的税制(租庸調制など)を施行し、地方行政機構を改組して中央集権化するなど、律令制の導入を図った。
- The Imperial Court made efforts to introduce a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes by reforming the system of clans and hereditary titles, enforcing the ownership of all lands and serfs by the emperor, and introducing a uniform tax system (taxes in kind or service).
- 1894年5月に朝鮮で、東学教団構成員の全琫準を指導者として民生改善と日・欧の侵出阻止を求める農民反乱である甲午農民戦争(東学党の乱)が起きた。
- In May 1894, the Tonghak Peasant Revolution led by Jeon Bong Jun --a member of the Tonghak religious community-- occurred in Korea, calling for improvement of the people's livelihood and prevention of invasions from Japan and Western countries.
- 辺見は雷撃隊を中心に正義隊・干城隊・熊本隊・協同隊などの諸隊を加えて大塚付近に進み、8日の朝から久木野本道に大挙して攻撃を加え、官軍を撃退した。
- HENMI led the Raigeki-tai troop together with other troops including the Seigi-tai, Kanjo-tai, Kumamoto-tai, and the combined troop, and advanced to the area around Otsuka; on the morning of May 8, he attacked in full force on the main road of Kukino and defeated the government army.
- 李氏朝鮮は階級差別と搾取によって農民が春窮と呼ばれる毎年春に飢える状況が常態となっているほど生産性の低い統治を行っており、国土開発を怠っていた。
- Productivity of governance by Yi Dynasty Korea was so low that such situations called shunkyu (literally, poverty in springtime) in which farmers starved in the spring time because of class discrimination and exploitation and national land development was neglected.
- また、流通経済が発達しなかったため銀などの貨幣による売買が成立せず自給自足が基本の朝鮮民とは物々交換などで食料の調達を行わなければならなかった。
- In addition, as distribution economy had not developed, selling and buying using currency such as silver did not exist and procurement of food had to be conducted by barter exchange with Korean people who had been living by self-sufficient economy.
- しかし、1482年に牙符を所持した日本国王使が朝鮮に訪れることで牙符制が発効し、それを期に王城大臣使の通交は途絶え、偽使勢力は封じ込められている。
- Gafusei came into effect when the King of Japan carrying Gafu visited Korea in 1482; thereafter, the Ojo-daijin envoy stopped and the pseudo envoy powers had been contained.
- 神武天皇から後小松天皇まで(厳密には南北朝時代_(日本)が統一された1392年(元中9年/明徳3年)までを区切りとする)の百代の帝王の治世を扱う。
- It covers the reigns of one hundred emperors, from the Emperor Jinmu to Go-Komatsu (exactly to 1392 when the Nanboku-cho period finished).
- 幕府権力の再強化や雄藩の政権への参加を目的とし、幕府は朝廷の伝統的権威と結び付き、尊皇攘夷(尊攘)運動を押さえ、幕藩体制の再編強化を図ろうとした。
- The Shogunate aimed to re-strengthen its power and to involve the major clans in government by associating itself with the traditional authority of the Imperial Court, and to suppress the Sonno joi or Sonno (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) Movement and strengthen and reorganize the structure of the Shogunate.
- 院政期には大江匡房があらわれて『江家次第』を編録し、前代の藤原公任『北山抄』、藤原実資『小野宮年中行事』と合わせ、王朝儀式書の鏡として重用された。
- 'Gokeshidai' (the Ritual Protocol of the Oe House) compiled by OE no Masafusa in the Insei period was used importantly as a book on rites during the dynasty age together with 'Hokuzansho' (a representative book of ceremonies for the Heian period) by FUJIWARA no Kinto, Ononomiya nenjugyoji (the precedents for annual events of Ononomiya) by FUJIWARA no Sanesuke from the former generation.
- 戦線が膠着状態となる中で義仲の耳に飛び込んできたのは、頼朝の弟が大将軍となり数万の兵を率いて上洛するという情報だった(『玉葉』閏10月17日条)。
- While the war was in a stalemate, Yoshinaka received the information that Yoritomo's younger brother who had become Taishogun (commander in chief) was on the way to the capital with tens of thousands of soldiers ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 10).
- 八代荘(山梨県東八代郡笛吹市八代町)は、久安年間(1145年 - 1151年)に甲斐守藤原顕時が朝廷の承認を得て熊野本宮大社に寄進した荘園である。
- Yatsushiro no sho (Yatsushiro-cho, Fuefuki City, Higashiyatsushiro-gun, Yamanashi Prefecture) was shoen which FUJIWARA no Akitoki, the provincial governor of Kai Province, donated to Kumano-hongu-taisha Shrine in the Kyuan era (1145 - 1151) with the approval of the Imperial Court.
- 武家政権や朝廷のように権力中枢があったわけではなく、各寺社が独立して行動し、また一寺社内でもさまざまな集団がせめぎ合っていたため、「勢力」と呼ぶ。
- It is called 'seiryoku' because there was no center of power as with the military government and Imperial Court, but each religious institution acted independently and even in one institution there were many counteracting groups.
- 朝廷が幕府に対して命じられた公役を御家人・守護・地頭などに転嫁するものと、幕府そのものの運営維持のために幕府が独自に賦課したものという考えである。
- According to this point of view, there were public services ordered by the Imperial court to the bakufu which were shifted onto Gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through the Edo periods), Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward), and taxes and labor imposed independently by the bakufu in order to operate and maintain itself.
- (なお新政府は朝敵となった江戸幕府による債務はその発生時期を問わずに一切の債務引受を拒絶したため、別枠処理された外国債分を除いて全て無効とされた)
- (The new government didn't inherit the debts of Edo bakufu, which became the Emperor's enemy, regardless of the time, and such debts were declared void except for foreign debts).
- 重継の子である江戸重長は1180年に源頼朝が挙兵した時には、当初は伊勢平氏方として頼朝方の三浦氏と戦ったが、後に和解して鎌倉幕府の御家人となった。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised an army in 1180, EDO Shigenaga, the son of Shigetsugu, initially fought against the Miura clan that was allied to Yoritomo as an ally of Ise-Heishi (Taira Clan), but later made peace with the Yoritomo and became a gokenin (shogunal retainers) of Kamakura bakufu (headed by Yoritomo).
- ところが徳川慶喜は山内容堂の進言を受け入れ、前日在京諸藩士の前で大政奉還を宣言しており(14日に朝廷に奏請)、討幕派は大義名分を失うこととなった。
- However, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA had already accepted the way Yodo YAMAUCHI suggested, and had announced the restoration of power to the emperor in front of members of various clans of Kyoto (the petition to the Emperor was made on October 14), and the anti-shogunate group lost the legitimate reason to attack the bakufu.
- 一方、高宗や両班などの旧李朝支配者層は日本の影響力をあくまでも排除しようと試み、日露戦争中においてもロシアに密書を送るなどの外交を展開していった。
- On the other hand, Emperor Gojong and the yangban elite of the former Yi Dynasty insisted on the removal of Japanese influence, and carried out diplomatic maneuvers such as sending secret letters to Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.
- 査読のある学術雑誌において、九州王朝を肯定的に取り上げた学術論文は皆無であり、一般に九州王朝説及び関連する主張は科学的な学説とはみなされていない。
- There are no academic theses that support the theory of the Kyushu Dynasty among the academic journals that conduct peer review, and in general any claims regarding the theory of the Kyushu Dynasty, or anything related to that matter, have not been deemed to be academic theories with any scientific proof.
- 交渉に当たった対馬の宗氏は、これを何とか穏便に済まそうとして、秀吉が求める「朝貢使」の派遣を秀吉の全国統一の「祝賀使」の派遣に置き換えて要請した。
- The So clan in Tsushima, who negotiated between Hideyoshi and the Joseon Dynasty, pursuing a peaceful settlement, required the Joseon Dynasty to send 'celebratory delegates' for the unification of Japan, instead of 'tributary delegates,' which Hideyoshi had required.
- 日本軍最左翼に位置するためあらたに派遣された明水軍が加わり水陸からの激しい攻撃を受けるが防衛に成功し、明・朝鮮連合軍を後退させた(順天城の戦い)。
- Since it was located in the extreme left wing of the Japanese camp, it was attacked fiercely both from sea and land, but he succeeded in defending their position and forced the Ming and Korean forces to retreat (the Battle of Suncheon Castle).
- 豊臣秀吉による1回目の朝鮮半島出兵(文禄の役)の際、梅北国兼は前線基地である肥前国名護屋城へ向かう船を待つ名目で肥後国葦北郡芦北町に留まっていた。
- At the time of the first invasion of Korea by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (Bunroku Campaign), Kunikane UMEKITA was in Ashikita-cho, Ashikita County, Higo Province under the pretext of waiting for the boat for the Nagoya-jo Castle in Hizen Province, which was the frontline base.
- しかし、異文化間の戦争のため明・朝鮮の指揮官は民衆を巻き込んだ籠城に徹し、守将の降伏による無血開城よりも民衆を巻き込んだ落城を選ぶケースが多かった。
- As it was a war between different cultures, however, commanders of Ming and Korea devoted themselves to the tact of holding the castle involving common people and, in many cases, they chose the fall of the castle involving common people rather than bloodless surrender of a defense general.
- さらに、源義朝に至っては東国に下り鎌倉・上総・下総などを本拠として活動していた時期が長く、その後も京都にとどまり河内国の領地との関係が希薄であった。
- Further, since MINOMOTO no Yoshitomo moved to Togoku (the eastern region of Japan) and was active in such provinces as Kamakura, Kazusa, and Shimousa as his stronghold for a long time, and later, he kept staying in Kyoto and had little connection with the manor of Kawachi Province.
- 三浦氏の頼朝挙兵から宝治合戦での滅亡までの間の外戚についても、戦国大名の政略結婚とはまた違った、婚姻関係による共同行動、運命共同体がよく見てとれる。
- The allied activities and a group that shared same fate differed from the political marriage of the Sengoku Daimyo (daimyo of the Warring States Period) the maternal relatives of Miura clan from mobilization call of Yoritomo to its fall in Battle of Hoji could be seen.
- 満州族による王朝である清は建国以来、父祖の地である満洲には漢民族を入れないという封禁政策を取り、中国内地のような目の細かい行政制度も採用しなかった。
- The Qing Dynasty was established by the Manchu, who forbade the ethnic Han from migrating into their native lands through an exclusion policy, and did not adopt specifically delineated administrative policies as they in Manchuria as they had in China.
- 当初、日本が朝鮮の独立を尊重するならば日本が中国を占領してもよいと考えたが、セルゲイ・ヴィッテの登場により極東に艦隊を派遣するなど干渉に乗り出した。
- Originally, Russia took the view that if Japan respected the independence of Korea, Russia would not contend the occupation of China by Japan, but Sergei Yul'jevich Witte changed the policy and Russia began interfering with Japan's affairs by deploying fleets in the Far East.
- 武家執奏(ぶけしっそう)とは、武家政権である室町幕府と公家政権である北朝 (日本)(朝廷)の公武関係(朝幕関係)に関連する用語で次の2つの意味がある。
- Bukeshisso is a term that relates to the Court-Bakufu (the Imperial Court and Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) relationship between the Muromachi bakufu and the Northern Court in Japan (the court noble government), and the term has the two following meanings:
- 公武合体(こうぶがったい)は、江戸時代後期(幕末)に公家(朝廷)の伝統的権威と、武家(幕府)を結びつけて幕府権力の再構築をはかろうとした政策論をいう。
- Kobu gattai is a policy promoted in the second half of the Edo period which aimed to reassert the power of the Shogunate by bonding the traditional authority of the Imperial Court to the Shogunate.
- そのもっとも早い例は、1234年(天福 (日本)2)に常陸大掾氏の一族・烟田(かまた)秀幹が、その相伝の所領4ヶ村を、嫡子朝秀への継がせた譲状である。
- Its earliest example was Hidemoto KAMATA of the Hitachi Daijo clan, who passed his estate of four villages over to his legitimate child, Tomohide in 1234.
- 井伊死後、老中の久世広周(関宿藩主)・安藤信正(磐城平藩主)らが幕政を主導し、失墜した幕府の権力を復活させるため、朝廷との提携(公武合体)を模索する。
- After the death of Ii, Hirokane KUZE (the lord of the Sekiyado clan) and Nobumasa ANDO (the lord of the Iwakitaira clan), both senior councilors, led the government, trying to unite the Imperial Court and the Shogunate (kobu-gattai [integration of the imperial court and the shogunate]), in order to restore the power of the bakufu government.
- 1269年と1271年にもモンゴルから国書が届き、朝廷は返書送付を提案したが、幕府は当初の方針どおり黙殺を選んだ(外交権も幕府が握っていたことを表す)。
- Sovereign messages from Mongol arrived in 1269 and 1271 and Imperial Court suggested replying, but the bakufu chose to ignore them following the original policy (indicating that diplomatic powers were also held by the bakufu).
- それゆえ義満の許で朝廷が運営される状況を見せられた挙句、康暦2年12月15日 (旧暦)(1380年)に実質上の全面敗北のまま帰座に追い込まれてしまった。
- Therefore, Kofuku-ji Temple was forced to sit back and watch the court managed under Yoshimitsu, and on December 15 (by the lunar calendar), 1380, it was forced to return to Nara with their demands almost completely rejected.
- 一、兵士をも上国の土、橋、会、桑も只今の如き次第にて、勿体なくも朝廷を擁し奉り、正義を抗し、周旋尽力の道を相遮り候時は、終に決戦に及ぶほかこれなくとの事
- Article 5 : We will make our forces come into Kyoto and Osaka, so if the clan of Hitotsubashi, Kuwana and Aizu (the allies of Bakufu) continue to commit the sacrilege of utilizing the Imperial Court, reject the implementation of the right, and block the mediation of the Satsuma Domain, we cannot help but fight a decisive battle against bakufu.
- そして義昭は信長を討伐するため、浅井長政や朝倉義景、武田信玄、本願寺顕如、三好三人衆らに信長討伐令を発して信長包囲網を結成し、信長と敵対することとなる。
- In order to defeat Nobunaga, Yoshiaki issued directions to defeat Nobunaga to Nagamasa ASAI, Yoshikage ASAKURA, Shingen TAKEDA, Kennyo HONGANJI, and Miyoshi sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan) to form a league and lay a siege to Nobunaga, and opposed Nobunaga.
- 「宣祖実録(せんそじつろく、ソンジョシルロク)宣祖二十五年壬辰五月條」によると、このとき朝鮮の民衆は既に王や大臣を見限り、日本軍に協力する者が続出した。
- According to 'the record for May of the 25th year of Sonjo in 'Senso Jitsuroku' (literally, factual stories in the era of Sonjo),' The Korean people had already given up on Sonjo and many persons who cooperated with the Japanese army appeared one after another.
- 黒木為楨大将率いる日本陸軍の第1軍 (日本軍)は朝鮮半島に上陸し、4月30日-5月1日、安東(現・丹東)近郊の鴨緑江岸でロシア軍を破った(鴨緑江会戦)。
- The First Troops of the Imperial Japanese Army under the command of General Tamemoto KUROKI landed on the Korean Peninsula and defeated the Russian army on the shores of the Oryokko River near Anton (present Tanton) in an engagement that lasted between April 30th and May 1st (Battle of the Oryokko River).
- 「日本は済物浦条約に基づき、出兵して変に備えさせて、朝鮮での争いを永久になくし、東洋全局の平和を維持しようと思い、清国に協同して事に従おうと提案した。」
- Japan, with an intention to remove conflicts eternally in Korea and maintain peace in the entire East, dispatched troops under the Jemulpo Treaty and proposed Quing to work together to do so.'
- 東アジアに特有の律令制は、各時代・各王朝ごとに異なる部分もあったが、王土王民と一君万民の理念を背景として、概して次の4つの制度が統治の根幹となっていた。
- The Ritsuryo system specific to East Asia, although differing slightly with each period and dynasty, was generally comprised of the following four systems based on the ideas of odo omin and ikkun banmin, which became the basis of government.
- 660年の百済滅亡と、663年の百済復興戦争(白村江の戦い)での敗北により、唐・新羅との対立関係が決定的に悪化し、倭国朝廷は深刻な国際的危機に直面した。
- Due to the fall of Baekche in 660 and Japan's defeat in the Baekche restoration war (the Battle of Hakusukinoe) in 663, antagonism with Tang and Silla worsened irrevocably and the Imperial Court of Japan faced a serious international crisis.
- また、朝鮮半島の史書『三国史記』「新羅本紀」文武王十年(670年)12月条には、「倭国、号を日本に更む。自ら言う、日出づるに近きを以て名を為す」とある。
- In the clause of December, 670 of Shilla Hongi (History of Shilla), 'Samguk Sagi' (History of the Three Kingdoms), a history book of Korean Peninsula, there is a description that says 'Wakoku was renamed Nippon because the land is close to the place where the sun rises.'
- 一説では、時綱が義孝の弟で、結城晴朝と戦って討死した乙畑孫四郎こと塩谷義尾(没年が同じ永禄二年(1559年))、冬綱が孝信、通綱が義通とも言われている。
- One theory states that Tokitsuna was a younger brother of Yoshitaka and was actually Yoshio SHIONOYA, called Magoshito OTSUHATA, who fought with Harutomo YUKI and died (they both died in 1559), and that Fuyutsuna was Takanobu and Michitsuna was Yoshimichi.
- このため秀吉は和平に際し、明の皇女を天皇に嫁がせる事や、朝鮮南部の割譲など、到底明側には受け入れられない講和条件を提示し、明の降伏使節の来朝を要求した。
- Therefore, while negotiating peace, Hideyoshi proposed conditions of peace unacceptable to Ming, such that a princess of Ming marry the emperor of Japan and the cession of the southern part of Korea and required the dispatch of an envoy to surrender from Ming.
- まず1180年(治承4年)に鎌倉の大倉郷に頼朝の邸となる大倉御所が置かれ、また幕府の統治機構の原型ともいうべき侍所が設置されて武家政権の実態が形成された。
- Firstly Okura Palace was located in Okurago in Kamakura in 1180, and the Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers), which was an archetype of governing system of bakufu, was established and formed an actual samurai government.
- そのため、幕府の支配権の及ぶ範囲は主として頼朝傘下の武士に限られ、少なくとも承久の乱までは朝廷側勢力(権門勢家)の支配権を侵害しないことを原則としていた。
- Thus, the extent of the bakufu's control was limited mainly to the samurai under Yoritomo and, in principle, at least until Jokyu War, it did not infringe on the control of Imperial Court forces (the great and powerful).
- すなわち、秦漢時代までを上古(古代)、魏晋南北朝時代隋唐時代を中世、北宋以降を近世、アヘン戦争以降を近代とする四時代区分法を中心に中国史の研究を展開した。
- That is, they developed research on Chinese history focusing on the method dividing the historical ages into four, namely, ancient times up to the Qin and Han dynasties, middle ages up to the Wei and Jin periods in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Sui and Tang periods, recent times from the Northern Song Dynasty and later, and modern times from the Opium War and later.
- 後白河と頼朝の橋渡しに奔走していた平頼盛はすでに逃亡しており(『百錬抄』『玉葉』10月20日条)、親鎌倉派の一条能保・持明院基家も相次いで鎌倉に亡命した。
- TAIRA no Yorimori, who had been scrambling to act as an intermediary between Goshirakawa and Yoritomo, had already escaped ('Hyakuren sho' and 'Gyokuyo,' entry of December 13), and pro-shogunate Yoshiyasu ICHIJO and Motoie JIMYOIN defected to Kamakura one after another.
- 慶応3年12月9日 (旧暦)(1868年1月3日)に勃発した王政復古 (日本)のクーデターは事実上の中央政府が江戸幕府から朝廷へ移っただけに過ぎなかった。
- Osei-fukko (Restoration of Imperial Rule) declared on January 3, 1868 was a coup through which the actual power of central government was shifted from the Edo bakufu to the Imperial Court.
- また漢唐の訓詁学や清の考証学との違いを鮮明にするときは、(宋 (王朝)明)理学と呼び、同じ理学でも朱子学と区別する際には心学あるいは明学、陸王学ともいう。
- In order to highlight its differences with Kunko-gaku (exegetics) during the Kan and Tang dysnasties and Koshogaku (study of old documents) during the Qing dynasty, Yomei-gaku is sometimes called Somin Ri-gaku, which is a general term used to describe Confucian studies during the Song and Ming dysnasties, and among Ri-gaku, Yomei-gaku is further called Shin-gaku, Min-gaku, or Rikuo-gaku to distinguish it from Shushi-gaku (Zhu Xi school).
- もっとも朝鮮側にしてみれば使者は表向きが「祝賀使」であり実態は「賊探使」に過ぎず、秀吉に対して「朝貢」したつもりも「服属」したつもりも無かった訳であった。
- Although the Joseon Dynasty officially sent 'celebratory delegates,' their real intention was to learn about Japan's current situation, and they did not intend to pay 'tributes' or yield allegiance to Hideyoshi.
- それまでの歴史から後鳥羽は、ほどなく義時が討ち取られ、関東武士たちも帰順すると見込んでいたが、幕府側は、頼朝以来の御恩を訴え、御家人の大多数を味方につけた。
- Considering the history so far, Gotoba expected that Yoshitoki would soon be killed and that the Kanto Samurai Group would submit, but the bakufu faction called in its favors since the time of Yoritomo and allied with the majority of gokenin.
- その後幕府により朝敵とされた長州藩の征伐(長州征伐)が行われるが、孝明天皇が死去すると長州は許され、藩論を倒幕に転換した薩摩藩と秘密裏に薩長同盟が結ばれる。
- Although this was followed by the offensive carried out by the Shogunate on the Choshu clan, which was deemed the enemy of the Imperial Court, once Emperor Komei died, the Choshu clan was forgiven, and a Saccho alliance was secretly formed between the Choshu clan and the Satsuma clan, which switched its position to bring the end of the Shogunate rule.
- 前期王朝国家において、田堵負名層は在庁官人として国衙の行政実務に協力する一方で、しばしば一国単位に結集して朝廷への上訴や受領襲撃といった反受領闘争を行った。
- In the early dynastic nation-state, the tato and fumyo class cooperated with kokuga's administrative affairs as local officials but at the same time, they often gathered country by country to appeal to the Imperial Court or to wage anti-zuryo conflicts such as attacks against zuryo.
- 日清戦争は明治維新後近代国家形成をめざす日本と1860年代から洋務運動による近代化を進める中国(清朝)との間で行われた、朝鮮等をめぐる両者の全面戦争である。
- The Japanese-Sino War was a total war over Korea between Japan, aiming at the creation of a modern state after the Meiji Restoration, and China (the quing dynasty), in the process of modernization since the Western Affairs Movement in the 1860's.
- 紀元前から7世紀末まで日本を代表した政権は一貫して九州にあり、倭(ゐ)、大倭(たゐ)、俀(たゐ)と呼ばれていたとする九州王朝説があるが、主張に根拠が乏しい。
- There is a theory of Kyushu Dynasty which says the government representing Japan was located in Kyushu from before Christ to the end of seventh century called Wi or Tawi, but this lacks much evidence.
- その他、8世紀頃に唐周辺に見られた諸国(渤海 (国)や吐蕃王朝)は、自前の律令は制定しなかったが、唐律令制を積極的に受容・改変し、独自の律令制を立てていた。
- Moreover, the neighbouring countries that existed around Tang during the eighth century (ex. Balhae or Tibetan Empire), did not enact Luli that they created from scratch, but positively adapted and altered the Tang Luli to make the Luli System of their own.
- その中で最も東端に位置する蔚山城が未完成のまま、年末から翌慶長3年(1598年)初めにかけて明・朝鮮軍の攻撃を受けるが撃退に成功する(第一次蔚山城の戦い)。
- When Urusan-jo Castle, at the east most edge of Korea, was under construction, the Japanese forces were attacked by the Ming-Korean forces from the end of 1597 to the beginning of 1598; the Japanese fought the enemy off (the first Battle of Ulsan).
- 日本軍は釜山西方の制圧を画策して、第一次晋州城攻防戦(1592年9月、細川忠興指揮の日本軍対金時敏指揮の朝鮮軍)を生起させるが苦戦したうえ、攻城に失敗した。
- Intending to conquer the area west of Busan, the Japanese army caused the first Siege of Jinju (in September 1592, the Japanese army commanded by Tadaoki HOSOKAWA versus the Korean army commanded by Kim Si-min) and, after hard battles, failed in attack on the castle.
- (ただし、後醍醐天皇が元弘の変後に京都に帰還した際にこの人事は無効とされ、その後の北朝も特にこれを取消す措置を取らなかったため名義上は「前右大臣」であった)。
- However, this promotion was nullified by Emperor Godaigo when the emperor returned to Kyoto after the Genko Incident, and even later as the Northern Court did not take measures to restore Kanesue's position, his nominal title was 'former Udaijin.'
- 1400年、朝鮮王朝は興利倭船の入港場を釜山浦・薺浦(慶尚南道鎮海市)に限定するが徹底されず、1407年に居住地領主の行状(渡航証明書)の所持が義務化される。
- Although the Korean kingdom restricted the port to Koriwasen to enter the Busan Inlet (釜山浦) and Jepo (薺浦) (Chinkae City, Gyengsangnam-do (South Gyeongsang Province) 慶尚南道鎮海市) in 1400 but it was not completely observed; and the Korean kingdom required Koriwa to bear gyojo (passport) issued by the lord of their residence in 1407.
- 特に、南北朝時代の南朝方武将楠木正成の忠誠心を朱舜水に示唆された(そもそも日本の正史にとって、北朝と南朝のどちらをとるのかは最大の選択「本朝の大事」だった)。
- SHU Shunsui indicated the idea of loyalty of KUSUNOKI Masashige, a military commander of the Nancho court during the Nanbokucho period (it was 'an important matter of Japan' whether one should side with the Nancho or with the Hokucho as for a historiography in Japan).
- 叙位・任官をはじめとする朝廷の政務儀式、天皇の日常の行動から学問などについての注意が示されており、宮廷における年中行事の研究には欠かせない内容が含まれている。
- Kanpyo no goyuikai contains the instruction on the protocols of government affairs at the Imperial Court such as the conferment of court rank and appointment to an office, the emperor's daily activities, learning and other issues, which are essential to the study of the annual events at the Court.
- 北朝の征夷大将軍足利尊氏は敵味方の立場を超え、菩提を弔うために、夢窓疎石の勧めに従って天龍寺創建を決定した(尊氏が後醍醐天皇の怨霊に悩まされていたともいう)。
- Regardless of the side, Takauji ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of the Northern Court decided to erect Tenryu-ji Temple in order to pray to Buddha for the happiness of the deceased emperor at Muso Soseki's suggestion (it is said that Takauji might be afflicted by the Emperor Godaigo's vindictive spirit).
- 藤原佐世が勅命を奉じて作成した『日本国見在書目録』や藤原通憲が個人蔵書を記した『通憲入道蔵書目録』、滋野井実冬説などがある『本朝書籍目録』などが知られている。
- Well-known mokuroku of this type include 'Nihonkoku Genzaisho Mokuroku' (The Catalogue of Chinese Texts Existent in Japan), which was made by FUJIWARA no Sukeyo on imperial order, 'Michinorinyudo Zosho Mokuroku', in which Fujiwara no Michinori recorded his personal library, and 'Honcho Shojaku Mokuroku' (The Catalogue of Books in Our Country), which is believed to have been made by Sanefuyu SHIGENOI.
- また、6世紀前半には仏教が朝鮮半島より伝来し(日本の仏教の項を参照)、さらに遣隋使・遣唐使の派遣もあって、農業・鍛鉄・建築など多方面にわたって技術が発展した。
- In addition, Buddhism was introduced into Japan from the Korean Peninsula in the first half of the 6th century (cf. the article on Japanese Buddhism) and through dispatches of missions to Sui and Tang Dynasty China technological developments were made in many areas including agriculture, iron working, and architecture.
- また正史をまとめるに当たり、最も参考にするのは前王朝の史官が残した記録であるので、その時点で都合の悪い所が消されていたり、粉飾されていたりする場合もあり得る。
- Moreover, in compiling seishi the most common sources are the records left by the chroniclers of the preceding dynasty, and it is likely that these records were edited as they were often written in order to excise anything that reflected poorly on the dynasty and can exaggerate the dynasty's good points.
- さらに、『朝野新聞』同年11月7日号に「学問ノススメ之評」として転載され、『日新眞事誌』同年11月8~9日号、『横浜毎日新聞』同年11月9日号にも掲載された。
- And the review appeared again on Choya Shinbun newspaper on November 7, Nisshin Shinji-shi on November 8 to 9, and Yokohama Mainichi Shinbun newspaper on November 9.
- 部落解放同盟京都府連合会委員長であった朝田善之助は、「アメリカ帝国主義とそれに従属する日本独占資本」への対決に収斂しようとする共産党系の運動論を強く批判した。
- Zennosuke ASADA, who was a chairman of the Buraku Liberation League, Kyoto Federation, strongly accused the Communist Party of the leaning movement that led to the conclusion of the confrontation against 'American imperialism and its subservient Japanese monopoly capital.'
- しかし攻撃は失敗し、帰路に巨済島で停泊していたところを水陸から攻撃され、朝鮮水軍は幹部指揮官、元均、李億祺、崔湖の戦死と共に壊滅的打撃を被った(漆川梁海戦)。
- However, the attack failed and, when they anchored at Geoje Island on their way back, they were attacked both from the land and sea and the Korean navy suffered catastrophic damage including deaths of senior commanders, Won Gyun, Lee Eokgi, and 崔湖 (the Naval Battle of Chilcheollyang).
- こうして、名実ともに東国の支配権を確立していった頼朝は、1184年、行政を担当する公文所(後の政所)と司法を担当する問注所を置いて、政権の実態を形成していった。
- Thus Yoritomo established the right of government over Togoku in reality and in name, and in 1184 he set up the Kumonjo (later Mandokoro) in charge of administration and Monchujo in charge of justice to form actual government.
- 足利義満の将軍在任期に書かれたと考えられており、遅くても良基が死去した嘉慶 (日本)2年(北朝 (日本)元号/1388年)までには完成していたと考えられている。
- The book is believed to have been written while Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was in office, and therefore it should have been completed by 1338 at the latest.
- 明の征服を企図していた豊臣秀吉は、天正15年(1587年)九州征伐に際し、臣従した対馬の領主・宗氏を通じて「李氏朝鮮の服属と明遠征の先導(征明嚮導)」を命じた。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who had intended to conquer Ming required through So clan who was the feudal lord of Tsushima and rendered homage and service to Hideyoshi on the occasion of the Kyushu Conquest in 1587, 'Yi Dynasty Korea's yielding allegiance to Hideyoshi and guidance for expedition to Ming.'
- 朝用分(ちょうようぶん・朝要分)とは、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)が兵粮と財政収入確保のために自己の支配下の寺社領地などに臨時にかけた課税のこと。
- Choyobun refers to the taxation that the Southern Court temporarily imposed on the territories of temples and shrines under their control in order to secure provisions and revenue during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 日本側では南北朝の動乱が(特に博多を含む九州においては)収まっておらず、当時九州の有力者であった南朝側の懐良親王が明の使者に応じて「日本国王」に封ぜられている。
- In Japan, where disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts had not been contained (in particular in Kyushu district including Hakata), Imperial Prince Kanenaga (Kaneyoshi) of the Southern Court who received a messenger from Ming was sealed as 'King of Japan.'
- 奈良時代和気広虫(出家して法均尼と号する)と弟の和気清麻呂が僧道鏡に対する宇佐八幡宮神託事件で功があって朝廷に進出し、藤野別真人から和気朝臣の氏姓が与えられた。
- In the Nara period, WAKE no Hiromushi (who adopted the name Hokin-ni after entering the priesthood) and his younger brother WAKE no Kiyomaro, who had made achievements in a plot by the Usa Hachiman-gu oracle against the Buddhist monk Dokyo, advanced to the Imperial court and were given the surname Wake Ason by Fujinowake no Mahito.
- そして、実際には「封建王」的存在として朝廷すら支配していた徳川将軍でさえ、将軍宣下と上洛参内の時には天皇を「王」、将軍を「覇者」とする秩序に従っていたのである。
- Moreover, Tokugawa Shogun, who existed as 'feudal king' and even controlled the Imperial Court, however, followed the order calling himself 'supreme ruler' and the Emperor 'king' when he paid a visit to the Imperial Palace.
- 江華島事件後の朝鮮では、急進的欧米化を進めようとする親日的な開化派(独立党)と、漸進的改革を進めようとする親清的な守旧派(事大党)との対立が激しくなっていった。
- In Korea after the Ganghwa Island incident, confrontation escalated between the Enlightenment Party (Independence Party), the pro-Japanese group seeking radial westernization, and the Conservative Party (Serving the Great' Party), the pro-Qing group seeking gradual reforms.
- 明応の政変において足利義材から将軍職を奪った足利義澄・細川政元は、義材を擁する大内義興所有の牙符を無効化しようと図り、1504年、朝鮮王朝に牙符の改給を提案する。
- Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA and Masamoto HOSOKAWA, who deprived Yoshitane ASHIKAGA of the position of shogun in the Meio disturbance, planned to invalidate Gafu owned by Yoshioki Ouchi, who supported Yoshitane, and in 1504, asked the Yi-Dynasty to renew Gafu.
- 日本美術の流れを理解するには、常に中国や朝鮮半島の美術史と対比して考えねばならず、日本の美術が日本人のみの手によって自律的に発達したものと考えることは誤りである。
- Therefore, in order to understand the trend of Japanese art, it should always be compared with the art history of China and Korea, and if you think Japanese developed their art all by themselves, it is wrong.
- そして千葉介常胤、上総介広常、三浦義澄、小山朝政などは、国衙の在庁官人でもあり、それを足がかりとして複数の郡、別符の郷、荘園にまたがる勢力を広げた開発領主である。
- Furthermore, Tsunetane of Chibanosuke (vice minister of Chiba Province), Hirotsune of Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province), Yoshizumi MIURA, and Tomomasa OYAMA were Zaichokanjin of kokuga in addition to being the kaihatsu-ryoshu of multiple districts, beppu villages, and manors.
- 式目の「式」は格式の式という意味もあるが、朝廷で編纂された最後の包括的な式にあたる延喜式を補完するために制定された公家法の形式の1つである式条に由来するとされる。
- The term 'shiki' of the Shikimoku has means shiki of the Kyakushiki code (amendments and enforcement regulations of the ritsuryo law), while it is allegedly derived from shikijo (code), a form of court noble law which was established to complement Engishiki (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) that was the last and comprehensive shiki compiled in the Imperial court.
- 天龍寺船(てんりゅうじぶね)は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)、京都天龍寺造営費捻出のために室町幕府公認の下、元 (王朝)へ派遣された貿易船(寺社造営料唐船)である。
- Tenryuji-bune refers to official trading vessels of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), dispatched to Yuan Dynasty in order to raise funds to build Tenryu-ji Temple during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 特に「南都北嶺」と並び称された南都興福寺と比叡山延暦寺は強訴の常連で、傘下の春日・日吉神人は春日の神木・日吉の神輿を奉じて入京し、朝廷に国司の解任・配流を迫った。
- Especially, Nanto Kofuku-ji Temple and Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, which were praised as 'Nanto-Hokurei' (the South capital and the North mountain), were frequenters of the direct petition; Jinin of Kasuga and Hiyoshi, which were under jurisdiction of the temples, entered Kyoto, serving their mikoshi (portable shrine carried in festivals), and urged the Imperial Court to dismiss or exile Kokushi.
- また大久保達はこれ以降、政治の実権を握る事になったが、いわゆる「征韓論」に対しては大久保らも、交渉決裂に際して朝鮮半島での武力行使の方針自体には反対ではなかった。
- Okubo and other leaders, who held power after this event, also were not against Seikanron and the policy of executing military power in the Korean Peninsula after a breakdown in negotiations.
- その中で力を持ちすぎた者が中央政府である朝廷に謀反人と見なされ、中央から派遣された軍隊(実際には、これも武士たちである)によって討たれる事件が起こるようになった。
- Some of these samurai had so much power that they got killed by the army dispatched by the central government, the Imperial Court (but actually the army consisted of other samurai) for the charge of muhon.
- 源頼朝が鎌倉に武家政権を打ち立てると、頼朝は清和源氏一族内で、特に功績を認めた者だけに源姓を名乗ることを許可し、他の源氏一族が公式の場で源姓を名乗ることを禁じた。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the military government in Kamakura, Yoritomo allowed those who had been credited for their distinguished services among the Seiwa-Genji the permission to use the Minamoto family name, but he prohibited other Genji clans from using the name at formal occasions.
- その政治的基盤及び軍事的・経済的基盤は頼朝が平氏追討などで獲得した関東知行国、関東御領であるが、その本質は鎌倉殿と御家人の封建的主従関係を基礎とする御家人制にある。
- The political, military and economical base was Kanto chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) and Kanto domains which Yoritomo acquired by searching out and destroying the Taira clan and its allies, but the essence was the lower-ranking vassal system whose base was a feudal master-servant relationship between Kamakura-dono and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
- 年中行事歌合(ねんじょうぎょうじうたあわせ)とは、貞和5年12月22日 (旧暦)(1350年1月30日)に北朝 (日本)関白二条良基主催で開かれた五十番歌合のこと。
- Nenjugyoji Utaawase means Gojuban Utaawase hosted by Yoshimoto NIJO, Kanpaku (a chief adviser to the Emperor) of the Northern court (Japan), on February 7, 1350.
- 牙符とは文字を刻んだ象牙を半割りにした割符であり、円周は四寸五分、片面に「朝鮮通信」と篆書体(てんしょ)で刻まれ、反対面には発給年次「成化十年甲午」と彫られていた。
- Gafu was an inscribed ivory tally split into halves, each of which was 13.6 cm round with one of the halves inscribed with 'Korean communication' in Tensho characters and the other half inscribed with the year issued '1474.'
- 後村上天皇の正平 (日本)年間から明徳の和約による北朝との合一直前まで何度か出され、紀伊国・和泉国・河内国など、南朝の勢力が強かった近畿地方南部を中心に適用された。
- Choyobun was imposed a few times from the Shohei era of Emperor Gomurakami until just before the unification with the North Court by the Meitoku Treaty, which was applied mainly in the southern part of the Kinki region where the South Court had influence, such as the Kii Province, Izumi Province and Kawachi Province.
- 8月30日、朝鮮と済物浦条約を調印し、日本人被害者への補償5万円、公使館の損害と日本の出兵への補填金50万円と公使館警護のため若干の軍隊の漢城駐留などを取り決めた。
- On August 30, the Jemulpo Treaty was signed with Korea in which Korea promised to pay 50,000 yen for Japanese victims and 50,000 yen for damaged legation and compensation for dispatching Japanese forces and allowed a small-scale Japanese military presence in Hanseong.
- しかし、新羅が朝鮮半島統一の勢いを駆って侵攻して来る事を恐れ、海岸の防備を固めるなどを怠らず、両国の関係は持統天皇即位後、交流はあるものの、次第に悪化する事になる。
- However, fearing that Silla would invade Wakoku due to the momentum gained in unifying the Korean Peninsula, Wakoku kept reinforcing their defensive measures along the sea coast, and although there was exchange between the two countries, their relations deteriorated after the enthronement of Emperor Jito.
- 同年、源義経・源行家が頼朝政権の内規に違反したことを契機に、頼朝は両者追討の院宣を後白河法皇から獲得するとともに、両者の追捕を名目に、守護・地頭の任免権を承認させた。
- In the same year, when MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and MINAMOTO no Yukiie breached the bylaws of the Yoritomo administration, Yoritomo received an inzen (a decree from the retired emperor) from Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa to seek and destroy both of them and, in the name of this task, had the retired emperor approve his right to appoint and dismiss Shugo and Jito.
- 一般庶民に対しても朝鮮に来港し自由に交易を行うことが許可され、こうして派遣された交易船は興利倭船、交易のみを目的として訪れる日本人は興利倭人もしくは興利倭と呼ばれた。
- Japanese citizens were also allowed to visit Korea and trade freely with the Koreans, and the ship dispatched for them were called Koriwasen and the Japanese citizens who visited Korea only for commercial purposes were called Koriwa.
- 弥生式土器は地理的に中国大陸や朝鮮半島に近い北部九州で最初に出現したもので、他の地方でも縄文式土器に代わって製作されるようになり、北海道を除く日本全国に分布している。
- The Yayoi pottery was made at first in the northern part of the Kyushu region, which is situated close to China and the Korean Peninsula, and then Yayoi pottery began to replace Jomon pottery in other regions as well, so the excavation site of the Yayoi pottery ranges nationwide except for Hokkaido Island.
- 朝鮮出兵における五島勢(ちょうせんしゅっぺいにおけるごとうぜい)では、豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役における、肥前国五島藩(福江藩、現長崎県五島列島)の動きについて述べる。
- Here is the article 'The Goto troops in Japan's Invasion of Korea' about the activities of Goto Domain in Hizen Province (Fukue Domain, the present Goto Islands in Nagasaki Prefecture) in the Bunroku and Keicho War led by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 一族中で生き残った源有綱(戦いの時伊豆国にいた)や源広綱などは源頼光以来の摂津源氏の子孫を伝えたが、幕府を開いた頼朝と比べるならばもはや一御家人の境遇でしかなかった。
- Survivors of the family such as MINAMOTO no Aritsuna (in Izu Province at the time of the battle) and MINAMOTO no Hirotsuna continued the family line of Settsu-Genji from MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, but they were, compared with Yoritomo who established the Kamakura bakufu, only gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate)
- 源義朝が相馬御厨を寄進しえたということは、単なる書類上のことだけではなくて、現地での徴税の請負の意味をもっていた以上、事実上の在地支配を離れて可能であったはずはない。
- He also discusses that since the fact that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo could donate Soma-mikuriya, it was not just a piece of paper and indicated a contract for the local collection of tax, and the donation could not have been made independently from the de facto land ruling.
- これらは大きく分けて征夷大将軍や政所などの幕府機関の運営費や諸行事や施設造営の費用と朝廷から命じられた内裏や寺社の造営や鴨川 (淀川水系)などの堤防工事などがあった。
- Broadly dividing this Kanto-kuji, there were taxes for operating organizations, managing events and building facilities of the bakufu institutions, such as seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and Mandokoro (Administrative Board), and were also services ordered by the Imperial court, such as building of dairi (Imperial Palace), temples and shrines, or construction of embankment along the Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River system), etc.
- 慶長3(1598)年9月末から10月初めにかけて明と朝鮮の連合軍は西から順天倭城(小西行長軍)、泗川倭城(島津軍)、蔚山倭城(加藤清正軍)、に対して同時攻勢を掛けた。
- The Ming and Korean Allied Forces simultaneously attacked Suncheon Waeseong (Yukinaga KONISHI army), Sacheon Waeseong (Sacheon Japanese Castle) (Shimazu army), and Ulsan Waeseong (Ulsan Japanese Castle) (Kiyomasa KATO army) from the west between early to mid-October 1598.
- 1190年、頼朝は常設武官の最高職である右近衛大将に補任されたが、同職には様々な政治的制約も付随していたため、すぐに辞し、より自由度の高い征夷大将軍を望むようになった。
- In 1190 Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards), the highest job of regular military officers, but the post was associated with various political constraints and he therefore soon resigned, hoping to become shogun with the higher degree of freedom that the position afforded.
- 高経放逐の表向きの理由は、興福寺の衆徒が、高経の被官である朝倉高景による興福寺領越前河口荘への押妨を高経が取り締まらず、放置していたため、朝廷へ嗷訴したためと思われる。
- The official reason for Takatsune's expulsion is considered to be the appeal made by the monks of Kofuku-ji Temple to the Imperial Court saying Takatsune didn't take proper action against his retainer Takakage ASAKURA who invaded Kawaguchi no sho in Echizen Province, the territory of Kofuku-ji Temple.
- 内大臣・源雅通は「武士を派遣すれば神輿が破壊される恐れがある」と難色を示し、武士を率いる重盛も後白河の3度に渡る出動命令を拒否して「明朝発向する」と返答する有様だった。
- Naidaijin (minister of the center) MINAMOTO no Masamichi showed unwillingness saying 'If samurai were sent, the mikoshi may be destroyed;' Shigemori who commanded the samurai also refused Goshirakawa's dispatch order three times saying 'I will dispatch them tomorrow morning.'
- この新制は後白河天皇即位という代始めの意味合いとともに、直後に発生した保元の乱によって動揺する社会を沈静化させ、徳政を実行することで朝廷の求心力回復を図ったものである。
- This shinsei not only marked the beginning of a new era ushered in by the enthronement of Emperor Goshirakawa but also aimed at the restoration of centripetal force of the Imperial court by exercising a benevolent rule over the society and allaying the disturbance caused by the Hogen War, which had occurred immediately after the aforementioned event.
- さらに巨大な帝国だった中国諸王朝が中華思想、華夷秩序に基づいて周辺諸国を冊封して朝貢関係を築き、それが経済交流と外交秩序の一定の安定を東アジアにもたらしたことにもよる。
- Another reason is the sovereign-vassal relationship with tributes between Chinese dynasties, great empires, and surrounding countries based on Sinocentrism and Suzerainty, that brought economic exchanges and a certain stability of diplomatic orders to East Asia.
- 公式の場において使われることはないが、現代の中華人民共和国や大韓民国・朝鮮民主主義人民共和国などでは、日本や日本人に対して侮蔑的な意味を込めて「倭」を用いることがある。
- Wa' is no longer used officially but is sometimes used as a contemptuous meaning in the Chinese Republic, Korean Republic and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
- やがて、源頼朝によって幕府が開かれて全国の武士団を統率するようになると、鎌倉幕府が朝廷より社会秩序を維持する検断権が委ねられるようになる(「文治勅許」・「建久新制」)。
- When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu to head samurai groups in Japan, the Imperial Court granted the bakufu the right to judge criminal cases, for the maintenance of the social order (with 'Bunji Imperial permission' and 'Kenkyu law reconstitution').
- また、二条摂政によって翌日朝にかけて行われた朝議では、毛利父子の官位復帰と入京の許可、岩倉具視ら勅勘の堂上家公卿の蟄居赦免と還俗、九州にある五卿の赦免などが決められた。
- A Court Council session was also held by Regent Nijo that night until morning, where it was decided that Mori and his son be reinstated and allowed to enter Kyoto, those Tosho family members (hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) who were punished by the Emperor, including Tomomi IWAKURA, be pardoned and released from home arrest and return to secular life, and that five nobles in Kyushu be pardoned.
- 幕府では井伊直弼が大老に就任し、日米修好通商条約の締結、紀伊藩の徳川慶福(徳川家茂)を将軍後継に決定して将軍継嗣問題の解決を図るなど朝廷の意向を無視した強硬政治を行った。
- Naosuke II was appointed Tairo (Chief Minister) in the Shogunate and drove policies against the wishes of the Imperial Court, such as signing the Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Commerce and arbitrarily naming Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA (Iemochi TOKUGAWA) of the Kii Domain as the next shogun.
- 除目の儀をひそかに覗う、五節舞で五節の帳台の戸を開いて舞姫を見るなどの失態、諸朝議に遅参し、または不参し、あるいはまた文書の奏達に失錯を演じたものにたいしておこなわれた。
- Peeping during the Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials), opening the Gosechi chodai and looking at the Gosechi princesses at the Gosechi no mai Dance (dance performance as part of a harvest festival), being late or absent from various chogi (ceremony at Imperial Court), or making mistakes when officially relaying documents were all activities that led to Meshikome.
- この法令の直後に頼之が近江国守護職六角氏頼(六角氏頼)に対して発給した御教書がある。その中で、この法令に北朝 (日本)後光厳天皇の勅許が付けられている旨が述べられている。
- Immediately following the establishment of the law, a Migyosho was issued to the Omi Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Omi Province) Rokkaku Ujiyori where it was mentioned that the law had been accompanied by imperial sanction authorized by Emperor Gokogon of the Northern Court (Japan).
- 儀式(ぎしき)とは、本来は律令制の朝廷における公務・宮中行事に際しての礼儀作法のことであるが、後にはこうした作法を規定した編纂物・書物のことを「儀式」と呼ぶようになった。
- Gishiki originally meant court rule and customs in official duties and ceremonial functions at the imperial court under the ritsuryo system, and later, compilations and books for prescribing court rule and customs came to be called 'Gishiki.'
- 受職人(李氏朝鮮から官職を授かった日本人)及び受図書人(「図書」と呼ばれる通交許可証を持つ日本人)に対する再審査を行い、実態の伴わない者の資格を剥奪してその人数を減らす。
- Reducing the number of Jushokunin (Japanese given Korean government post by the Yi Dynasty Korea) and Jutoshonin (Japanese given Korean government evidence called 'Tosho' to be granted special privileges in trading) by re-examining them and disqualifying those who were in name, but not in deed.
- 21年の中断を経て、足利義教が1432に再開し、1550までに11次51隻(このうち、幕府所有船は7隻で、朝廷船1隻、残りは守護大名、寺社所有船であった)が渡航している。
- After twenty-one years of interruption, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA resumed the operation in 1432 and eleven fleets or fifty-one ships (seven ships were owned by the bakufu, one was owned by the Imperial Court and the rest were owned by the shugo-daimyo or temples/shrines) visited Ming until 1550.
- 7月16日条約改正交渉の結果、領事裁判権を廃止する日英通商航海条約調印を経て、20日大鳥公使は朝鮮政府に清軍の撤退と朝清間の条約廃棄を3日間の期限で回答するよう通告した。
- After the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was signed on July 16 as the result of negotiation over treaty revisions to do away with consular jurisdiction right, Minister Oshima gave notice to the Korean government requesting the withdrawal of Qing troops and the denunciation of Sino-Korean treaties with a response demanded within three days.
- また、両書には「元々小国だった日本が倭国を併合した」という内容の記述もあり、これは天武天皇が弘文天皇の近江朝廷を滅亡させた壬申の乱を表していると一般的には理解されている。
- Both books mentioned that 'Nippon, which used to be a small country, annexed Wakoku' and this description is generally considered to be the reference to the Jinshin War, in which Emperor Tenmu ruined the Omi Dynasty of the Emperor Kobun.
- 寺社本所領は禁裏御料及び殿下渡領(摂関家所領)とともに保護の対象とされていたが、南北朝の内乱の中で兵粮の確保のために兵粮料所が設置や半済令の対象として武家の押領が相次いだ。
- Along with kinri goryo (private estate of Imperial Palace) and denka watariryo (a collection of estates passed on by inheritance to the Fujiwara house chieftain) (sekkanke shoryo; estate of the Fujiwara regent's line), jisha honjoryo was under the protection of the bakufu, but in the Nanbokucho civil war, hyoro ryosho (land specified for collecting provisions) was settled there for securing provisions or it was embezzled by samurai families as the object of hanzeirei (half-tax decrees).
- 堀河天皇・鳥羽天皇・崇徳天皇の3天皇(つまり白河・鳥羽院政)時代の朝廷における行事・叙位・修法などの諸儀式について詳細に記述してあり、後世有職故実の書物として重んじられた。
- Various ceremonies such as events, investitures, and incantations that happened during the eras of the three emperors, Emperor Horikawa, Emperor Toba and Emperor Sutoku (in other words, the cloistered government period of Shirakawa and Toba) are described in detail and the document is treasured by researchers as a well-written knowledgeable account.
- 寺社勢力(じしゃせいりょく)とは日本中世において、武家政権・朝廷とともに権力を三分した、大寺院・神社(当時は神仏習合のために一体)による軍事・行政・経済・文化パワーである。
- Jisha seiryoku is a term describing the military, governmental, economical and cultural power of temples and shrines (at that time considered equivalent because of syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism), which shared power with the military government and Imperial Court during the Japanese middle ages.
- 鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)になると、僧侶による神道説に対する反動から、逆に、神こそが本地であり仏は仮の姿であるとする神本仏迹説を唱える伊勢神道や吉田神道が現れた。
- From the end of the Kamakura period to the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Ise Shintoism and Yoshida Shintoism appeared; they advanced the Shinponbutsujaku setsu, insisting that their deity was honji while the Buddha was an incarnation, objecting to the Buddhist priests' Shintoism view.
- しかし、源頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開いて「天下兵馬之権」を掌握して武家政権を確立すると、清和源氏-河内源氏の血を引く人物が「武家の棟梁=幕府の長・征夷大将軍」という図式が確立した。
- However, after MINAMOTO no Yoritomo seized 'Tenka heiba no ken' (the power of commanding a national military force) and established military government called Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the scheme under which persons who originated from Seiwa-Genji/Kawachi-Genji became 'Buke no toryo=the head of bakufu/Seii taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians)' became established.
- 国家体制としての律令制は、唐後期までに崩壊していたが、それでも律令格式という法体系は基本法典として存続し、唐以後の諸王朝(北宋・明・清)も律令格式の法形式を継承していった。
- Luli as a ruling and administrative system of a nation, was no longer effective by the end of Tang Dynasty, but a law system referred to as Luli Geshi remained as the essential collective of law codes, and the form of Luli Geshi was succeeded by the dynasties after Tang (Northern Song, Ming, and Qing) as their law enforcement.
- 『続史愚抄』によれば、建武5年8月28日 (旧暦)に朝廷で行われた「暦応」改元の決定は幕府側には伝えられず、足利尊氏ら幕府首脳は9月4日 (旧暦)になって初めて知ったという。
- According to 'Zoku Shigusho' (Historical work published in 1791), the decision to change the name of the era to 'Ryakuo' in the Imperial Court on October 19, 1338 was not conveyed to the bakufu, and it was not until October 25 that the seniors in the bakufu, including Takauji ASHIKAGA knew of the change.
- 往来物は当初は文書作成のための文例集でしかなかったが、次第にその文面の中に社会常識や知識を盛り込んだものへと変化を遂げていき、南北朝時代 (日本)には『庭訓往来』が著された。
- Originally, Oraimono was a collection of model sentences for letter-writing, but later it developed to include social knowledge and common sense, and by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, 'Teikin Orai' was created.
- 20日、義仲は君を怨み奉る事二ヶ条として、頼朝の上洛を促したこと、頼朝に寿永二年十月宣旨を下したことを挙げ、「生涯の遺恨」であると後白河に激烈な抗議をした(『玉葉』同日条)。
- On December 13, Yoshinaka cited Goshirakawa's having encouraged Yoritomo to go to the capital and having issued Juei-ninen Jugatsuno Senji as the two issues that made him harbor a grudge against him, making a bitter protest ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 13).
- 一方、安政条約に明記されながらいまだに朝廷の許可が無いため開港されていなかった兵庫(神戸港)問題を巡って、英国公使ハリー・パークスが主導する英仏蘭米連合艦隊が兵庫沖に迫った。
- Meanwhile, a combined fleet led by Harry PARKES, a British diplomat, arrived offshore of Hyogo (current Kobe Port), which was designated as a port by the Ansei treaty, but was not opened because the imperial court refused to give permission.
- 幕末には経済学者佐藤信淵は土地国有化と海外進出を行う絶対主義国家を論じ、吉田松陰は幽囚録で蝦夷地開拓とともにカムチャッカ半島、朝鮮、台湾、満州等への侵略統治論を展開していた。
- In the closing days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Nobuhiro SATO, an economist argued absolutism of nationalizing lands and finding ways into foreign countries, while Shoin YOSHIDA argued in his book titled yuin-roku (descriptions in prison) reclamation of Ezo and invasion for the control of such as the Kamchatkan Peninsula, Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria.
- 例えば、隋以前に均田制は北朝のみで施行されており、南朝では実施されていなかったので、唐初期において均田制は、おそらく華北を中心に施行されたにとどまっただろうと考えられている。
- For example, as the equal-field system before the Sui period was enforced only in the Northern Dynasties and not in the Southern Dynasties, it is considered that the it was enforced only around the North China in the early Tang Dynasty.
- この戦いで薩長側が掲げた錦の御旗に動揺した幕府軍は大敗したばかりでなく「朝敵」としての汚名を受ける事になり、崩壊が時間の問題であった新政府を結果的には救ってしまう事になった。
- The Shogunate army, unnerved by the Imperial standards used by the Satsuma forces, not only suffered a crushing defeat but were also labeled as the Emperor's enemy, despite in the end being the ones who saved the new Imperial government whose days were already numbered.
- その後の治承・寿永の乱では、行綱が摂津武士を率いて源氏方の一翼として活躍したが、東国武士の棟梁となり清和源氏の嫡流を自認した源頼朝によって多田荘を奪われると多田源氏は没落した。
- Although Yukitsuna commanded Settsu warriors and participated actively in the Jisho and Juei Disturbances on the Genji side, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the head of the eastern warriors and heir of Seiwa-Genji, seized control of Tada Manor, resulting in the fall of the Tada-Genji.
- また、備後国の山内首藤氏は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1351年(貞和7)に、分轄相続によって結束力の薄れた一族11人が、一致団結して足利冬直につくことを誓約した文章が残っている。
- In addition, the Yamauchisudo clan of Bingo Province had an emblem made from a pledge in 1351, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to serve Fuyuji ASHIKAGA by unifying eleven members that became less unified due to divided inheritance.
- 同時に対外的な武力侵攻に対しては貴い血筋と武名、朝廷や権門との親密さを背景に地方に強固な勢力を持つ武門の棟梁に臣従して本領安堵を請い、その保護下に入ることで難を逃れたのである。
- At the same time, they rendered homage and service to a Bumon no toryo, who held great provincial power due to their noble bloodline and close relationship with the Imperial Court and powerful nobilities; they did so in return for honryo-ando (acknowledgement of inherited territories) so that they could get out of trouble under the protection of the Bumon no toryo in the event of military attack.
- 源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の成立以後、元服や移徙などの重要な儀礼の際には椀飯が行われ、とりわけ年始に行われる「歳首の椀飯」は武家政権の最も重要な儀式の1つとして行われるようになった。
- After the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, oban was served at important ceremonies such as Genpuku (coming of age) and Ito (moving), and the 'Saishu no oban' that was served in the beginning of the year became one of the most important ceremonies of the buke (military) government.
- だが、南北朝時代 (日本)を経て、室町幕府が京都を支配して朝廷・院庁の政治機能を吸収するようになると、形骸化していくようになり、有職故実の学問として命脈を保つに過ぎなくなった。
- However, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi bakufu dominated Kyoto and took over the government function of the Imperial Court and Innocho, and Myohodo became a mere name and survived only as a study of historical precedents.
- しかし、幕権強化のために朝廷を利用することは尊王派の怒りを買い、文久2年(1862年)正月、老中安藤は江戸城坂下門外で襲撃され、一命は取り留めたが後に失脚した(坂下門外の変)。
- However, this provoked rage from those who advocated restoring power to the emperor, because the bakufu government still tried to use the emperor to fortify the power of the government, and roju Ando was attacked outside Sakashita-mon Gate, got severely injured, and eventually lost his power (the Sakashitamongai incident).
- 1873年6月の閣議(いわゆる留守政府)において参議板垣退助が交渉の行きづまりを打開するため陸軍一大隊の朝鮮への派遣を主張、西郷隆盛は使節の派遣と自らその職への任命を主張した。
- In a cabinet meeting (of the so-called rusu seifu - government while heads were away) in June 1873, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Sangi (the Councilor), claimed to dispatch a battalion of Army to Korea to resolve the deadlock in negotiations, and Takamori SAIGO demanded that an envoy be dispathced and he be appointed as the envoy.
- 朝廷が班田制と戸籍制度を基礎にした人民の人別支配を放棄し、名田経営を請け負う田堵負名を通じた間接支配への移行により律令制が解体していく過程で、この身分制も次第に有名無実化した。
- As the imperial court was no longer able to maintain control over the population based on the land allotment system and the family registration system and depended more and more on indirect means of control through rich families (called 'tato fumyo' in Japanese) who were subcontracted for the management of farmland, the Ritsuryo system gradually collapsed and the status system itself was reduced to a nominal existence.
- これを憂慮した後白河上皇は、頼朝へ上洛を求めたが、頼朝は逆に東海道・東山道・北陸道の荘園・国衙領を元のように国司・本所に返還させる内容の宣旨(寿永二年十月宣旨)の発給を要求した。
- Concerned by this, Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa requested that Yoritomo come to Kyoto, but instead Yoritomo requested that the issue of the declaration of October in 1183 (Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji) ordering shoen (manors in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in Tokai-do, Tosan-do and Hokuriku-do to be returned to kokushi (provincial governors) and honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor).
- なお、明帝国は日本船の来航を禁止していたので、中国は(ポルトガル居留地マカオを除けば)朱印船渡航先とはならず、朝鮮との交易も対馬藩に一任されていたので、朱印状は発行されなかった。
- Since the Ming Empire forbade Japanese ships from visiting China, Chinese ports (except for Macao inhabited by Portuguese) were not included among the destinations of Shuinsen ships, and shuinsen licenses were not issued to ships that traded with Korea, either, since trading with Korea was entrusted entirely to Tsushima Domain.
- 19日の源氏一族の会合では後白河を奉じて関東に出陣するという案が飛び出し(『玉葉』閏10月20日条)、26日には興福寺の衆徒に頼朝討伐の命が下された(『玉葉』閏10月26日条)。
- At the meeting of the Genji clan on December 12, an idea was put forth that they should depart to the front in the Kanto region, setting Goshirakawa up as the lord ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 13), and on December 19, an order to hunt down and kill MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was given to monk-soldiers of Kofuku-ji Temple ('Gyokuyo,' entry of December 19).
- 更に『本朝書籍目録』に『弘仁儀式』と並んで記載されている『内裏式』及び『内裏儀式』と呼ばれる2種の儀式は伝存しており、なおかつその編纂年代が弘仁年間であったことが明記されている。
- Besides, two kinds of Gishiki called 'Dairi shiki' (Palace regulations) and 'Dairi Gishiki' (Book on outline of ceremonies) which were described together with 'Konin Gishiki' in 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' were extant and they stated that they were compiled in the Konin era.
- これは前々年から前年にかけて発生した正平一統の際に西園寺公重が南朝方に通じたとして失脚して吉野に逃れ、実俊が西園寺家の継承者であることに異論を挟む者がいなくなったことが大きかった。
- The appointment was greatly influenced by the fact that Kinshige SAIONJI had fled to Yoshino after his downfall at the Shohei itto as he had been suspected of having secret connections with the Southern Court, and no one objected to Sanetoshi being the successor of the Saionji family.
- 百姓、すなわち田堵負名層は公領に属する者と荘園に属する者に分かれ、荘園公領間の武力抗争の当事者となった結果、前期王朝国家に見られたような一国単位に結集する闘争形態は急速に消滅した。
- Hyakusho, i.e., the tato and fumyo class, was separated into hyakusho belonging to koryo and hyakusho belonging to shoen, and became parties of armed conflicts between shoen and koryo and as a result, the conflict forms observed in the early dynastic nation-state in which people gathered country by country disappeared rapidly.
- 勅使に屈した幕府をさらに追い込むべく三条実美・姉小路公知ら尊王攘夷派の過激公卿が、長州藩などの勢力を背景に将軍に上洛を命ずる一方、攘夷の勅命を請願するなど、朝政を壟断しつつあった。
- During this period, radical court nobles who advocated Sonno Joi ha such as Sanemi SANJO and Kintomo ANENOKOJI acted as if they were leaders of the country, using the influence of the Choshu clan to further press a government which had already yielded to the imperial messenger, and ordered the shogun to go to Kyoto, while they petitioned the emperor to grant an imperial order to expel foreigners.
- 1885年4月全権大使伊藤博文と李鴻章により天津条約が結ばれ、四ヶ月以内の日清両軍の朝鮮からの撤退と、以後出兵時の事前通告および事態の沈静化後すみやかに撤収すべきことが定められた。
- Plenipotentiary Hirobumi ITO and Li Hung Chang signed the Treaty of Tianjin, which provided that both Japanese and Qing troops will withdraw from Korea within four months and hereafter give a prior notice in dispatching their troops, and call troops home as soon as things have calmed down.
- 幕府の命令を天皇が勅許の形で追認するという形式が取られている(「大法」という言葉には幕府・朝廷両方から出された重要法令の意味もあるとされている)という点でも特異な法令であると言える。
- The law can be said to be unique due to the fact that it was ratified in the form of an imperial sanction by the Emperor that was ordered by the bakufu (The word 'taiho' is also said to imply the meaning, 'a significant law enacted by both the bakufu and the Imperial Court').
- しかし、積極的な主戦論を主張していたロシア海軍や関東州総督のエヴゲーニイ・アレクセーエフらは、朝鮮半島でも増えつつあったロシアの利権を妨害される恐れのある妥協案に興味を示さなかった。
- Fearing that the expansion of Russian interests on the Korean peninsula would be impeded, neither the Russian navy, which advocated war, nor Евгений Алексеев, the governor-general of the Kwantung Leased Territory expressed interest in the settlement.
- 物語ではあるが、『曽我物語』(真字本:まなぼん)に見る頼朝挙兵前の開発領主の姻戚関係を見ると、大庭御厨の濫妨から、石橋山の合戦までの相模近辺の武士団の関係、勢力範囲がよく表されている。
- The relationship of bushidan and range of power of Sagami Province was described in detail from the disturbance in Obamikuriya estate to the Battle of Ishibashiyama Mountain by looking at the matrimonial relation of kaihatsu-ryoshu prior to the mobilization call by Yoritomo in 'Soga Monogatari' (the tale of Soga) (Manabon - a book written only in Chinese characters) despite being just literature.
- これは長年の倭寇対策で船体破壊のための遠戦指向の朝鮮水軍に対して、船員制圧のための近戦指向の日本水軍では装備や戦術の差もあって、正面衝突の海戦をすると日本水軍が不利であったことによる。
- This was because direct naval battles were unfavorable to the Japanese navy because of the differences in equipment and tactics between the Korean navy that was oriented to distant combat (battles with missiles) to break the vessel's body because of their experiences over a long period in coping with wako (Japanese pirates) and the Japanese navy that was oriented to close combat to suppress sailors.
- これらは六国史と呼ばれているが、901年に撰された『日本三代実録』(858年から887年までの30年間の歴史書)を最後に、朝廷による正史編纂事業は行われても完成をみることはなくなった。
- The histories written in this style are called 'Rikkokushi' (The Six National Histories of Japan), ending with the sixth, the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan), which was compiled in 901 (and recorded the events of 858 to 887); after this point, despite working on the compilation of historical records, the Imperial Court was no longer able to bring such histories to completion.
- 一方三条実美ら長州過激派の公家は文久3年8月18日の政変以来、京から追放されたままであり、岩倉ら少数の倒幕派公家は家柄が低かったため影響力はあっても朝廷内の主導権を握れてはいなかった。
- Meanwhile, court nobles belonging to the radical party for Choshu including Sanetomi SANJO had been expelled from Kyoto after a coup on September 30, 1863, and few court nobles of tobakuha such as Iwakura had not been able to hold initiative in the Imperial Court due to their humble family lineage, although they were influential.
- 正徳5年(1715年)には藩主綱條により書名が裁定され、水館の主張する『皇朝新史』と江館の『大日本史』の間で論争があり後者に決定し、同年の光圀忌日には清書本(正徳本)が光圀廟に供えられた。
- Tsunaeda, the family head, chose 'Dai Nihonshi' by staff in Edo over 'Kochoshinshi' by those in Mito as the title in 1715 and offered the book in front of the grave of Mitsukuni on the anniversary of Mitsukuni's death during the year.
- 佐藤は、本宣旨により頼朝は既存の国家権力である朝廷から公権(東国行政権 国衙在庁指揮権)を付与され、この公的権力との接触により一つの国家的存在、すなわち東国国家 鎌倉幕府が成立したとする。
- Owing to this decree, Yoritomo was granted the official authority (the administrative authority of the Togoku region and the right to command the local officials of kokuga) by the Imperial Court, which was the then existing national authority, and this contact between Yoritomo and the public authority caused the formation of other national organizations, namely the Togoku state and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), according to SATO.
- 頼朝はこの和平案を後白河の日和見的態度と見て、中原康定に「天下は君の乱さしめ給ふ(天下の混乱は法皇の責任だ)」と脅しをかけ(『玉葉』10月24日条)、義仲の完全な排除を求めて譲らなかった。
- As Yoritomo found the peace plan to be an opportunistic attitude of Goshirakawa, he made a threatening remark to NAKAHARA no Yasusada, 'The Cloistered Emperor is to blame for the disarray in the country' ('Gyokuyo,' entry of November 17) and was adamant about the total expulsion of Yoshinaka.
- 日清戦争(にっしんせんそう、中国語甲午戦争、第一次中日戦争、英語)は、1894年(明治27年)7月から1895年(明治28年)4月にかけて行われた主に朝鮮王朝をめぐる大日本帝国と清の戦争。
- Japanese-Sino War (Kogo war in Chinese, First Sino-Japanese war in English) is a war fought between the Empire of Japan and the Quing Dynasty over Korean Dynasties from July 1894 through April 1895.
- 『太平記』巻17には、恒良親王に皇位を譲ったとの記述がある(ただし、後醍醐天皇は尊氏との和議を成立させて比叡山を降り、後に京を脱出して吉野において南朝を開いたことで、皇位は無意味化される)。
- Vol. 17 of 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace) says Emperor Godaigo transferred the Imperial Throne to Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi around then; Emperor Godaigo made peace with Takauji ASHIKAGA and went down Mt. Hiei, but afterward, Emperor Godaigo left Kyoto and newly established the Southern Court for himself in Yoshino Province, and so, the transfer of the throne became meaningless.
- 国人領主制(こくじんりょうしゅせい)とは、中世後期の日本(南北朝時代 (日本)・室町時代・戦国時代 (日本))の体制を、直接農民層を支配していた国人領主の動向から把握すべきであるとする考え。
- Kokujin-ryoshu sei was a thesis concerning the structure of Japan during the late medieval period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi period, and the Sengoku period - period of warring states) -- accordingly, the structure should be comprehended through research of movement of kokujin-ryoshu (local samurai lords) who directly ruled the farmers.
- その一方で頼朝は、源義広 (志田三郎先生)が上洛したこと、義仲が平氏追討をせず国政を混乱させていることを理由に、義仲に勧賞を与えたことを「太だ謂はれなし」と抗議した(『玉葉』10月9日条)。
- On the other hand, Yoritomo protested Yoshinaka's having been given praise and encouragement as 'totally irrational,' giving reasons that MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (SHIDA Saburo Senjo) had gone to the capital and that Yoshinaka had disrupted the national administration, instead of searching for and killing the Taira clan ('Gyokuyo,' entry of November 2).
- 中世の朝廷は朝儀に関する有職故実を家学化して、公家の諸家がそれを家職として分掌することで維持され、万が一断絶に至った場合にはそうした家を養子縁組によって再興・継続させる方針が採られていった。
- The court of the middle ages was maintained by establishing Yusokukojitu (precedent cases and stories about court protocol) of Chogi as a Kagaku and the various aristocratic families became in charge of it as Kashoku and if the family had no successor, such families were reestablished by taking members in by adoption.
- この動きを倒幕への準備と見誤った同藩の尊攘派が久光によって鎮圧される事件が発生したものの(寺田屋騒動参照)、久光の朝廷工作により、幕府改革への勅使として大原重徳が遣わされるという事態となる。
- Some members of Hisamitsu's clan who advocated sonjo party (royalists) misunderstood Hisamitsu's action as preparation to overthrow the bakufu, but they were suppressed by Hisamitsu (See the Teradaya incident), and his efforts with the Court worked, and Shigenori OHARA was sent as an imperial messenger to the bakufu.
- 今日においては「朝廷」という言葉が幕府に対応する言葉としてよく使われるが、これは天皇・貴族(公家政権)と武家(武家政権)を対立した存在として捉えるようになった近世以後の考えからの影響が強い。
- Today, 'Chotei' is often used as the word comparable to a bakuhu; this is strongly influenced by the thoughts after the modern times in which the Emperor/aristocrat (the Government of kuge, or the court nobles) and buke (military government) oppose one another.
- 朝鮮独立運動の活動家・李奉昌(イ・ボンチャン)が1932年1月8日、桜田門外において陸軍始観兵式を終えて帰途についていた昭和天皇の馬車に向かって手榴弾を投げつけ、近衛兵一人を負傷させた事件。
- Lee Bong-chang, an activist for Korean independence, hurled a grenade at the horse-drawn carriage of the Emperor Showa when the Emperor was on his way home after the military review of the Japanese Army taken place outside the Sakuradamon Gate, and in the Incident one imperial guard was injured.
- 「秀吉の降伏」を確認した明は朝議の結果「封は許すが貢は許さない」(明の冊封体制下に入る事は認めるが勘合貿易は認めない)と決め、秀吉に対し日本国王の称号と金印を授けるため日本に使節を派遣した。
- After confirming 'Hideyoshi's surrender,' Ming decided by deliberation of the court that 'Ho is allowed but Ko is not allowed' (It is allowed to join the sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system of Ming, but tally trade is not allowed), and dispatched an envoy to Japan to confer the title of the king of Japan and a gold seal on Hideyoshi.
- やがて、南北朝時代 (日本)や戦国時代 (日本)の戦乱によって荘園制が崩壊すると、多くの寺社領が失われ、統一政権では検地の強化によって、一部の朱印地が幕藩体制によって保護されるに過ぎなくなる。
- When the shoen system collapsed in the disturbances during the Nanbokucho period (North and South Dynasties period) and the Sengoku period (Warring states period), many of the jisharyo were lost -- In the Toyotomi administration, kenchi (cadastral surveys) was strengthened, whereby merely a part of shuinchi (estates of temple and shrine confirmed by the shogun and exempted from tax) was protected under the bakuhan system (power structure of bakufu and daimyo domains).
- 列強は清朝の衰退に乗じて「中国の分割」を進めてきたが、中国国内の抵抗を危惧してその動きは未だ緩慢なものであり、戦争による賠償で得たイギリス領香港を例外として、露骨な領有権要求は差し控えてきた。
- The world powers promoted the 'division of China' as the Qing Dynasty weakened, but their efforts were slow for fear of resistance in China and they refrained from making conspicuous demands for territorial rights in China except Hong Kong which was colonized by the United Kingdom as reparations in the Opium War.
- そうした状況の中で、伊豆国に流罪となっていた源頼朝は、同年8月に挙兵し石橋山の戦いで敗れたが、逃亡先の安房国から上総・下総を行軍する間に、関東一円の平氏系の武士団(坂東平氏)らの支持を獲得した。
- It was to be in these circumstances that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who had been exiled to Izu Province raised an army in August of the same year was defeated in the Battle of Ishibashiyama but while marching from Awa Province, to which he had fled, to Kazusa Province and Shimousa Province, he gained the support of a Taira clan lineage samurai group (Bando-Heishi clan) active throughout the Kanto region.
- なお、「本所領」という語には本来は寺社領も含まれているが、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて寺社領を他の本所領と区別するために「寺社領」と「本所領」を併記する用法が出現するようになった
- The term 'honjoryo' originally included the jisharyo, but from the end of the Kamakura period to the Nanbokucho period (Japanese North and South Dynasties period), 'jisharyo' was written separately from 'honjoryo' to distinguish between the jisharyo and the honjoryo.
- 正確な築城年代は定かではないが、古典『太平記』には、南北朝時代 (日本)のに、南朝(吉野朝廷)側の北畠顕家軍に備えて六角氏頼が篭もったという記述があり、そのころには築かれていたと考えられている。
- Although it is unknown when the castle was built, according to an old book 'Taiheiki' (The Record of the Great Peace), Ujiyori ROKKAKU barricaded himself inside the castle preparing for an attack from Akiie KITABATAKE who belonged to the Southern Court (the Yoshino Court) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the castle had already been built at that time.
- さらに、北畠親房の『神皇正統記』の影響を受けており、林羅山父子が執筆していた歴史書『本朝通鑑』の草稿に、大和民族(日本人)を「呉_(春秋)の太伯の末裔である」という記述を発見して憤慨したという。
- As Mitsukuni was influenced by 'Jinnoshotoki' by KITABATAKE Chikafusa, he was furious that he found the description that the Yamato race (Japanese) 'are the descendants of Taihaku in Go (China)' in a draft of 'Honchotsukan' HAYASHI Razan and his son were writing.
- 宋 (王朝)代には磁鉄鉱から永久磁石を作るようになり、羅針盤の発見も済んでおり、永正の航海書にも「磁石の針」との言及があることから、遣明船は原始的コンパスを利用した航海を行っていたと考えられる。
- Judging from the fact that the production of permanent magnets made of magnetite began in the age of the Sung Dynasty, the compass was already invented by that time and the term 'magnetic pointer' is seen in the navigation book written in the Eisho era, it is considered that Kenminsen sailed using a primitive compass.
- この一文は、武士論を正面から展開する中でのものではなく、南北朝時代に武士の家が敵味方に分裂したことに関連してサラッと書かれた一文なのだが、しかしその後の武士・武士団研究に大きなインパクトを与えた。
- This was not included within the main part of the developed samurai theory, but a lightly stated sentence related to how the bushi families split into enemies and allies during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) that left a great impact in later bushi and bushidan studies since that time.
- そして、旧幕府において京都と江戸の警備に当たっていた会津藩及び庄内藩は朝敵と見なされ、会津は武装恭順の意志を示したものの、新政府の意志は変わらず、周辺諸藩は新政府に会津出兵を迫られる事態に至った。
- Accordingly, the Aizu and Shonai clans that took the charges of keeping peace of the cities of Kyoto and Edo became the enemies of the imperial court; Aizu were willing to show allegiance but the new government still took Aizu as the enemy, forcing the surrounding clans to dispatch troops against Aizu.
- 当時の朝廷には政権を運営する能力も体制もなく、一旦形式的に政権を返上しても、公家衆や諸藩を圧倒する勢力を有する徳川家が天皇の下の新政府に参画すれば実質的に政権を握り続けられると考えてのことである。
- As the Imperial Court at that time had no ability and system to come into power, Yoshinobu thought that the Tokugawa family could practically have control over political administration if the family, which had a power to overwhelm Kugeshu (court nobles) and domains, participated in the new government under the Emperor even if the family formally returned the power.
- なお、長慶天皇が弘和3年(永徳3年/1383年)10月に摂津国のある村に出した朝用分免除の綸旨があるが、翌年元中元年(至徳_(日本)元年/1384年)閏9月の同趣旨の命令が院宣の形式で出されている。
- Emperor Chokei issued a Rinji (the Emperor's command) for an exemption of Choyobun for a village in Settsu Province in November of 1383, and in October of 1384 he issued an order of the same effect in the form of an Inzen (a decree from the Retired Emperor).
- 近藤成一は、従来の議論は国家権力が単一であることを前提としているが、その前提を捨てて、国家権力の並存・対立を視野に入れるならば、鎌倉幕府の成立は朝廷から権限を受権したか否かに必ずしも関係しないとした
- Seiichi KONDO mentions that the traditional arguments depend on the assumption that the national authority was unitary, but undermining the assumption and taking the coexistence and the confrontation of national authority into consideration, the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu did not necessarily have a connection with whether it was empowered by the Imperial Court or not.
- それは、京の治安維持に必要な武力が、旧来の武官や、随身だけでは間に合わなくなり、平将門の乱での「朝家の爪牙」の役を果たした「兵の家」が、「家業」として、「武」を請け負いはじめるということでもあった。
- It was because the military force required to sustain peace in Kyoto was not enough with just a military officer and zuijin (a guard) from old, and the 'house of tsuwamono' that served as the 'choka no soga' during TAIRA no Masakado's War started to provide 'mu' as a 'family business.'
- 鎌倉時代に入ると、こうした命令には治天の君による院宣やより簡略化された綸旨が用いられることが多くなったために、寺社に対する仏事や神事の日程や朝廷の使者の派遣の通告などに限定されるようになっていった。
- From the early Kamakura period, kansenji was gradually limited to announcements of the dates of Buddhists or Shintoist rites to temples or shrines and dispatch of Emperor's messengers, because such orders were more and more sent as inzen issued by a retired emperor or as rinji, a more simplified edict.
- 正史とはあくまで「王朝が正当と認めた歴史書」という程の意味であり、信頼性の高い史料であるとは言えるが、歴史事実を引き出すには歴史学の手法にのっとり厳密な史料批判を経て行う必要があることに変わりはない。
- The term 'seishi' or 'official history', then, refers simply to 'those history books that are endorsed by the ruling dynasty as legitimate', so even when it is possible to describe them as highly reliable historical sources, that does not change the fact that they must still be subjected to a rigorous evalation of their historicity in accordance with established historiographical techniques.
- 朝田は三木府連だけでなく、同様に文化厚生会館に事務局を置いており三木と関係の深かった部落問題研究所や全国同和教育研究協議会(全同教)にも、一時府連が会館を管理すると告げ、事務局員を退去させる挙に出た。
- Asada told not only Miki Furen, but also the Institute of Buraku Problem, which was closely tied to Miki and had their office in the Bunkakosei-kaikan Hall, and Zenkoku dowa kyoiku kenkyu kyogikai, the National Research Council for Dowa Education (Zendokyo) that the Kyoto Federation was temporarily in charge of the Hall, dismissing the staff from the Hall.
- 偽使派遣勢力は牙符制の発効を恐れ、1474年の牙符発給を受けた日本国王使を対馬で一時拘束する、あるいは1480年に偽王城大臣使を朝鮮に派遣し、牙符が散逸したとする撹乱情報を伝えるなど、妨害を試みている。
- For fear of having Gafusei come into effect, the powers to dispatch the pseudo envoys attempted to disturb the effectuation by catching the King of Japan envoy who had received Gafu in 1474 at Tsushima, or dispatching the pseudo Ojo-daijin envoys to Korea in 1480 to spread a false rumor that the Gafu were scattered.
- このように明朝に於いて確立した朱子学の権威は、明朝統治下のほぼ全域に亘り巨大な力を持つにいたったのだが、明朝政権下の中でも最も商業の発達していた江南には、明初期以来、朱子学と微妙な距離を置く人々がいた。
- Under the Ming Dynasty, in which it was first established, Shushigaku's influence became very strong in most regions, although in Jian Nang, the dynasty's most commercialized area, some people had kept a slight distance between themselves and Shushigaku since the early Ming period.
- この門葉の顔ぶれを見る限り、門葉たる地位を付与されるためには、血筋上の嫡流庶流や頼朝の血筋との近接性はあまり問題ではなく、あくまで忠勤の目覚ましい清和源氏であることがその要件であったということができる。
- Given the manner in which the members of these monyo were selected, in order to be given the status of monyo, what mattered wasn't the main line or branch of the family blood nor how close one was to Yoritomo's blood but was instead being the faithful Seiwa-Genji, which was the only requirement.
- また、この直後に裏松固禅によって『大内裏図考證』が完成され、その研究に基づいて、古式に則った御所が再建されることになるが、同時に朝廷の動向が世間の注目を集めるようになり、尊号一件などの紛争の遠因となった。
- 'Daidairizukosho' (a historical investigation imperial palace images) was completed by Kozen URAMATSU soon after the incident and it was intended to rebuild the Imperial Palace according to its original appearance based on the study of this document but the drawing of public activity to the activity of the Imperial Court at this time became the underlying cause of disputes such as the Songo Incident.
- 1世紀中葉になると北部九州(博多湾沿岸)にあったとされる倭奴国が後漢へ朝貢している(『後漢書』)が、これは北部九州における倭人の政治集団の統合が進み、その代表として倭奴国が後漢へ遣使したと考えられている。
- In the middle of the first century, 倭奴国, which is thought to have been located in northern Kyushu (the coast of Hakata Bay), paid tribute to the Later Han Dynasty ('Gokanjo' (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty)), which is thought to indicate that Wajin political groups in Northern Kyushu were consolidated and 倭奴国 sent an envoy to the Later Han Dynasty as the representative.
- 対外政策としては明に替わり日本がその中心になる華夷思想を打ち出し、ルソン・琉球国・高山国(当時、台湾に存在すると考えられていた国)・李氏朝鮮などに服属と朝貢を求める武威を背景にした強硬政策を推進している。
- In regards to diplomatic policy, Hideyoshi insisted 'Sinocentrism' in which Japan would be the center instead of Ming and based on military force, applied a hard-line policy that required Luzon, Ryukyukoku, Takasagun (the country believed to exist in Taiwan in those days), Joseon Dynasty and others to yield allegiance and bring tributes to Japan.
- 1544年に発生した蛇梁倭変により、1512年に宗氏と朝鮮王朝の間で締結された壬申約条は破棄され、日本国王使(室町幕府使節)および大内氏・少弐氏の使節を除き、日本からの通交(外交を兼ねた貿易)は禁じられた。
- In the saryan wahen (Coup of Shinryo IWAYA) which occurred in 1544, the Jinshin Yakujo concluded between the So clan and the Yi-Dynasty in 1512 was denounced; thereafter, trading (trade concurrent with a diplomacy visit) from Japan was inhibited except for the King of Japan envoy (the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] envoy) and the envoys from the Ouchi clan and the Shoni clan.
- この後、朝廷から禁裏御守衛総督・摂海防禦指揮に任ぜられた慶喜は、京都守護職松平容保(会津藩主)・京都所司代松平定敬(桑名藩主)兄弟らとともに、江戸の幕閣から半ば独立した動きをみせることとなる(一会桑政権)。
- After the collapse, Yoshinobu, who was appointed as Kinri goshuei sotoku (director-general to guard Imperial Palace) and director of protection of the sea around Osaka, along with the brothers Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan), Kyoto shugoshiki, and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Kuwana clan), Kyoto shoshidai (representative of shoshi), became semi-independent from the cabinet officials of the shogunate (Ichikaiso Government).
- 白村江の戦い(はくすきのえのたたかい、はくそんこうのたたかい)は、663年(天智2)8月に朝鮮半島の白村江(現在の錦江 (韓国)近郊)で行われた倭国(後の日本)と百済の遺民の連合軍と唐・新羅連合軍との戦い。
- The Battle of Hakusukinoe (also known as the Battle of Hakusonko) was a battle that took place between the allied forces comprised of Wakoku (later to be named Japan) and the surviving people of Kudara against Silla-Tang allied forces on August 663 in Hakusonko (the current outskirts of South Korea) on the Korean Peninsula.
- かつての通説によると、鎌倉幕府は、1192年(建久3年)に源頼朝が征夷大将軍(以下、将軍)に任官されて始まったとされていたが、頼朝の権力・統治機構はそれ以前から存続しており、現在ではこの説は支持されていない。
- According to an old popular theory, the Kamakura Bakufu was thought to have started in 1192, when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (hereinafter, shogun), but the power and governing system of Yoritomo had existed before that and now this theory is not believed.
- 相馬御厨も大庭御厨も、本所の伊勢神宮は必ずしも下司となった寄進主(開発領主)を保護出来きれなかった、自分の取り分が確保され、更には増えるのなら、下司職が、源義朝でも、千葉常胤でも構わなかったということである。
- That indicates that honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) Ise-jingu Shrine could not always protect donators, or kaihatsu-ryoshu, who became their local official, and rather, it did not matter to them whether the position of the local official was held by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo or Tsunetane CHIBA, as long as their share was guaranteed and, even more, increased.
- 河内祥輔は東国独立論の存在を否定(平広常の個人的意見でしかないと)する立場から、頼朝の立場を平家政権の支配からの独立とそれに代わる朝廷との関係構築を求めて、一貫して後白河法皇との直接交渉を望んだ点を重視する。
- From the standpoint that denies the existence of the argument about the independence of the Togoku region (and regards it as only a personal opinion of TAIRA no Hirotsune), Shosuke KOUCHI focuses on the fact that Yoritomo consistently desired to negotiate directly with the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa seeking independence from the ruling of the Heike government and the relationship building with the Imperial Court in lieu thereof.
- 平将門の乱以降は、その平将門を滅ぼした天慶勲功者、藤原秀郷、平貞盛、平公雅、そして源経基の子孫達が、「朝家の爪牙」となっていったが、その彼らが兵(つわもの)として認識されるには、一定のプロセスが必要であった。
- After the war of TAIRA no Masakado, people who distinguishingly served in battle, FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Sadamori, TAIRA no Kinmasa, and the descendants of MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, became the 'choka no soga' after defeating TAIRA no Masakado, but a uniformed process was required for them to be considered tsuwamono.
- このため、穀倉院領となった旧勧学田を大学寮に返還することは、財政政策上採るところではなかった朝廷はその代償として、穀倉院から一部学生への学問料支給を行うことで大学寮側からの不満の緩和に努めたと考えられている。
- Under such circumstances, the Imperial court couldn't return the former kangakuden, which was then the territory of Kokuso-in, to Daigaku-ryo and intended to ease the dissatisfaction of Daigaku-ryo by getting Kokuso-in to grant Gakumonryo to selected students in return.
- 李氏朝鮮王朝では日本へ派遣した使節が帰国し、その報告が西人派(正使の黄允吉は戦争が近いことを警告)と東人派(副使の金誠一は日本の侵略はあったとしても先の話と否定)で別れ、政権派閥の東人派が戦争の警告を無視した。
- During the Yi Dynasty Korea, delegates dispatched to Japan returned and the Seijinha group (黄允吉, who was seishi (senior envoy), warned that war would occur in the near future) and the Tojinha group (金誠一, who was the vice envoy, denied saying that invasion by Japan would not be in the near future) made different reports and the Tojinha group, the fraction in power, ignored the warning about the potential of war.
- すでに天養2年(1145年)3月、義朝による寄進があったが、常胤は「親父常重契状」の通り、領主・荒木田神主正富(伊勢内宮神官)に供祭料を納め、加地子・下司職を常胤の子孫に相伝されることの新券を伊勢神宮へ奉じた。
- Although the donation was already made by Yoshitomo in April 1145, Tsunetane offered money for festivals to the feudal lord Masatomi of the Ise priest family, a Shinto priest of the Ise-naiku (inner shrine), in accordance with 'a deed of father Tsuneshige,' and offered the Ise-jingu Shrine a deed stating that kajishi and the position of a local official to manage a shoen estate would be inherited by his children and descendants.
- また、野口実編『千葉氏の研究』に収録されている論文「古代末期の東国における開発領主の位置」において、黒田紘一郎は、源義朝はその段階では棟梁などではなく、同じレベルで領地を奪おうとした形跡があると論じられている。
- In the article 'Kodaimakki no togoku ni okeru kaihatsuryoshu no ichi' (the Position of kaihatsu-ryoshu [local notables who actually developed the land] in Togoku [the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region] in the late ancient times) included in 'Chibashi no kenkyu' (the Study of the Chiba clan) edited by Minoru NOGUCHI, Koichiro KURODA discusses that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was not toryo (head of the clan) at that stage, and that there is evidence that he attempted to capture the territory as a person of the same level.
- 近年の研究では、義経が平氏追討から外されたのは、後年の編纂書『吾妻鏡』が記すような無断任官による頼朝の怒りのためではなく、京都の治安維持に義経が必要であり、法皇や貴族たちの強い反対があったためと考えられている。
- According to recent studies, it is thought that Yoshitsune was dismissed from the army to search out and kill the Taira clan not because Yoritomo resented the appointment of Yoshitsune without his permission (as described in 'Azuma Kagami,' which was compiled in later years), but because Yoshitsune was needed to maintain the security of Kyoto and the Cloistered Emperor and nobles were strongly against it.
- これに対して一介の御家人から室町幕府を創設した足利氏の場合は、南北朝の内乱の中で敵から奪った所領の増加がある一方で恩賞や敵からの略奪による所領の喪失もあり、その御料所の規模は鎌倉幕府のそれよりも遥かに乏しかった。
- On the other hand, the Ashikaga clan, which raised from a mere gokenin to found the Muromachi bakufu, gained the shoryo by depriving the enemies of the shoryo during the Nanbokucho civil war, but lost their shoryo when their shoryo was taken as rewards to the others or was deprived by the enemies -- Consequently, its goryosho (shogunal domain) was far less than that of the Kamakura bakufu.
- 既に河内国の領内を本拠としていないにも関わらず「河内源氏」と呼称し続けることに対しての疑問もあり、源頼朝のように史料上明らかに河内に本拠を構えたことのない人物まで河内源氏と括ることへの違和感があるのは確かである。
- Questions are raised on calling them 'Kawachi-Genji' despite the fact that they were no longer based on the manor of Kawachi Province, and it is, indeed, unreasonable that those who were apparently never based in Kawachi according to historical materials, such as MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, are included in Kawachi-Genji.
- 後続の王朝である清も明の一世一元の制を継承した(※ただし君主交代後すぐに改元が行われた日本と違い、明・清朝は君主交代後もすぐには改元せず、基本的に君主交代が行われた年の翌年の元旦に改元が行われるのが普通であった)。
- The subsequent dynasty Ching took over the system of one era per Emperor from Ming (*However, unlike Japan, where an era name was changed right after monarch replacement, Ming and Ching usually changed the name on New Year's Day of the following year).
- 幕府とは、そもそも将軍の陣所を指す概念であり、源頼朝が右近衛大将に任官したことで、その居館 大倉御所を幕府と称されたことがあるが、それは私邸を指す言葉であり頼朝の開いた武家政権としての鎌倉幕府を指す概念ではなかった。
- Bakufu was originally a concept which referred to a shogun's camp and when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to Ukone no daisho, his house, the Okura palace, was called bakufu, but it was not a word for Kamakura bakufu as a samurai government established by Yoritomo, but a word for the private house.
- 朝鮮王朝建国当初においては対馬以外の地域からも興利倭船が派遣されていたが、入港場の制限・行状所持の義務化・文引制の施行等、通交統制が進み通交経費の増加に伴い、対馬以外の地域から派遣される興利倭船は姿を消すことになる。
- Although Koriwasen were dispatched from regions other than Tsushima at the beginning of the Korea kingdom, as the regulation on the traffic progressed and traffic expenses increased such as restriction on the ports for Koriwasen to enter, requirement for Koriwa to bear gyojo, enforcement of bunin system (require all the passenger to bear passage permission issued by the So clan), Koriwasen dispatched from the region other than Tsushima gradually disappeared.
- 佐竹氏と、千葉介、上総介一族との対立はここに始まり、それが解消するのは、治承4年(1180年)の源頼朝の旗揚げに、千葉介、上総介一族が合流し、富士川の戦いで平家を破ったあと、転じて佐竹氏を攻めて敗走させたときである。
- The conflict between the Satake clan and the families of Chiba no suke and Kazusa no suke started there, and was solved when the families of Chiba no suke and Kazusa no suke joined MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's raising of an army in 1180, defeated the Taira family at the Battle of Fujigawa, and then attacked the Satake clan to put them to flight.
- これは足利義詮政権の下で、貞治2年(1363年)に大内弘世・山名時氏ら有力守護が南朝から北朝(幕府)へ帰順するなど、この時期には北朝の優位がほぼ確定し、全国的にも南北朝の動乱期が収まりつつあることを示すものであった。
- The above showed the fact that after influential shugodaimyo like Hiroyo OUCHI and Tokiuji YAMANA submitted themselves to Northern Court (bakufu) in 1363 when Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA was shogun, the superiority of the Northern Court became apparent and unquiet days of Northern and Southern Courts was ending nationwide.
- 京都と鎌倉を結ぶ東海道の要地に勢力を持った足助氏は朝廷との繋がりも深く、後に源氏将軍家が断絶し承久3年(1221年)に後鳥羽上皇が倒幕の兵を挙げると一族は京方として戦い、足助重秀の子足助重成が討死にした(承久の乱)。
- It also had a close relationship with the Imperial Court because of its power in the key areas of Tokaido connecting Kyoto and Kamakura; and when the Minamoto clan was broken in 1221and Retired Emperor Gotoba staged a rebellion in an attempt to reclaim the throne and overthrow the Kamakura bakufu, it fought together with samurai around Kyoto who were against the shogunate, and Shigenari ASUKE, who was a child of Shigehide ASUKE, died in the battle (the Jokyu War).
- 保元の乱・平治の乱の記事は欠けているが、治承2年(1178年)の安徳天皇誕生、同4年(1180年)の即位、元暦元年(1184年)の後鳥羽天皇の即位と大嘗会の記事は緻密で、忠親が朝儀や政界の情勢に通じていたことが分かる。
- Although it lacks an article on the Hogen War and Heiji War, the articles on the birth of Emperor Antoku in 1178, his enthronement in 1180, and the enthronement and Daijoe (banquet on the occasion of the first ceremonial offering of rice by the newly-enthroned emperor) of Emperor Gotoba in 1184 are precise, which shows that Tadachika was familiar with chogi (ceremony at the Imperial Court) and the political situation.
- 荘園の成立時において、公験を得て正式に承認を受けると、朝廷(太政官弁官局または民部省)から派遣された使者(官使)及び国司から派遣された使者(国使)、荘官3者の立会のもとで荘園と公領などそれ以外の土地との境界を確認した。
- When shoen (manor in medieval Japan) was established and officially authorized by obtaining Kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi (provincial governors) or Gunji (local magistrates) for transfer of the ownership of private property), its boundaries with other lands like koryo (public lands) were confirmed in the presence of an envoy dispatched by Imperial court (either Dajokan Benkan kyoku (Oversight Department: division of the Dajokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) or Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs)) (kanshi), an envoy dispatched by Kokushi (kokushi) and shokan (an officer governing shoen).
- 桂は、「満州問題に対しては、我に於て露國の優越権を認め、之を機として朝鮮問題を根本的に解決すること」、「此の目的を貫徹せんと欲せば、戦争をも辞せざる覚悟無かる可からず」という対露交渉方針について伊藤と山縣の同意を得た。
- Katsura received approval from Ito and Yamagata on the following policies to be negotiated with Russia 'We will recognize the rights of Russia concerning the issue of Manchuria, and we would like to use this opportunity to decisively settle the issue of Korea,' 'If we want to achieve this, we must be prepared to go to war.'
- 8月26日、鎌倉に義経から信兼の子息3人を宿所に呼び寄せて誅した事、信兼が出羽国国司を解官されたとの報告が届き、9月9日、信兼以下平氏家人の京都における所有地を、義経の支配とするよう頼朝から書状が出された(『吾妻鏡』)。
- A report from Yoshitsune stating that he had summoned Nobukane's three sons to his accommodation and killed them and that Nobukane had been dismissed from Dewa no kuni Kokushi (the governor of Dewa Province) reached Kamakura on October 9, and on October 22 a letter was sent out from Yoritomoto to put the land of Nobukane and the men of the Taira clan in Kyoto under Yoshitsune's control ('Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East)).
- 古代中国の春秋時代において、周王朝の天子(王)を尊び、王朝を守るため侵入する夷狄(いてき=周辺諸民族。この時代の夷狄は南方の楚を指していた)を打ち払う、という意味で覇者が用いた標語を、国学者が輸入して流用したものである。
- In the Chunqiu period in China, the leader used the slogan meaning 'To respect (尊) the Emperor (王) and protect Zhou Dynasty, we have to expel the iteki (夷狄 [unfamiliar tribes, at that time the Chu Dynasty to the south of Zhou Dynasty]),' and scholars of Japanese classic literature imported to use it.
- 大韓帝国内でも李氏朝鮮による旧体制が維持されている状況では独自改革が難しいと判断した進歩会は日韓合邦を目指そうと鉄道敷設工事などに5万人ともいわれる大量の人員を派遣するなど、日露戦争において日本への協力を惜しまなかった。
- The Shinpo-kai, which determined that the pursuit of reforms was difficult under systems of the former Yi Dynasty sought political union with Japan and voluntarily collaborated in support of Japan during the Russo-Japanese War; for instance, it reportedly deployed 50,000 people to construct railways.
- 王政に「復古」するといいながらも伝統的な摂政・関白以下の朝廷の秩序を一新することで上級公家を排除し、徳川が新政府の主体となる芽をつみ、天皇親政の名の下、岩倉ら一部の公家と薩長が主導する新政府を成立・宣言する内容であった。
- Although the decree asserted 'restoration' of Imperial rule, it intended to completely change the traditional organization of the Imperial Court including Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku (chief adviser), expel senior court nobles, nip the possibility of the Tokugawa dominating the new government in the bud, and establish a new government to be lead by some of the court nobles including Iwakura and the major members of Satsuma and Choshu Domains under the name of the direct rule by the Emperor.
- 朝廷は新たな公議政体を創設するため、徳川家一門の徳川慶勝と松平慶永、薩摩藩の島津久光、土佐藩の山内豊信、宇和島藩の伊達宗城、広島藩(安芸)の浅野長訓、肥前藩の鍋島直正、岡山藩の池田茂政(慶喜の実弟)ら諸藩に上洛を命じた。
- In order to create a new parliamentary regime, the Imperial Court ordered Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA and Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, members of the Tokugawa clan, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU of the Satsuma Domain, Toyoshige YAMAUCHI of the Tosa Domain, Munenari DATE of the Uwajima Domain, Nagamichi ASANO of the Hiroshima (Aki) Domain, Naomasa NABESHIMA of the Hizen Domain and Shigemasa IKEDA of the Okayama Domain (Yoshinobu's own brother) to come to Kyoto.
- 大内軍は間者を用いて大友軍の動きを調べ、動向を手の内にしたり、虚報を流して大友軍を翻弄したうえ、宇佐郡地頭の佐田氏の主、佐田朝泰の進言を容れ、佐田越えののち4月6日早朝、勢場ヶ原に抜け、大村山に籠もる大友軍の奇襲を図った。
- The Ouchi camp spied out the Otomo camp and embarrassed them, confused the Otomo camp by sending false reports to them -- Then, by taking the advice of Tomoyasu SADA, jito (Steward) in Usa-gun County and the head of the Sada clan, the Ouchi clan went over Sada, and in the early morning on May 28, 1534, went through to the Seiba ga haru field and made a surprise attack on the Otomo camp hidden in Mt. Omure.
- 永原慶二によれば、武士団が成立した12世紀から南北朝時代にかけての在地領主の軍事力は、同族的なイエを単位とするものであり、数十人から200人程度の兵力が単位軍団であり、大地域の軍事的統領はこうしたイエ軍団の連合を組織した。
- Keiji NAGAHARA stated that military power of the bushi lord of a manor from the twelfth century to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when the formed bushidan had a house of the same clan as its unit and the army unit cohort consisted of several dozen to two hundred military forces, and many militaristic conquest of a vast area structured the union of house army.
- ただ、このときの源義朝と、常重から相馬郷の新券(証文)を責め取った下総守藤原親通の利害関係はよく判らないが、元木泰雄は下総守藤原親通が摂関家に従属する位置にあったので、大殿・藤原忠実の権威を利用して押さえたと想定している。
- It is uncertain, however, what interests MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and the Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi, who compelled Tsuneshige to acquire a deed of the Soma-go village, had at that occasion, but Yasuo MOTOKI assumes that since the Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi was in a position dependent of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the regent and the chief adviser to the Emperor), he captured the mikuriya using the authority of his head master FUJIWARA no Tadazane.
- 康安元年(1361年)執事の細川清氏が失脚(康安の政変)、南朝 (日本)へ降伏した後、斯波高経(出家して道朝と名乗る)は、将軍足利義詮の信任を受け、貞治元年(1362年)には子息の義将を執事(後の管領職にあたる)に推薦した。
- After shitsuji Kiyouji HOSOKAWA lost his position (Koan Coup) and surrendered to the Southern Court (Japan) in 1361, Takatsune SHIBA (he called himself Docho after becoming a monk) gained the trust of shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA and recommended his son Yoshimasa to the post of shitsuji (kanrei) in 1362.
- しかも、それは半ば理想的な数字で、天慶4年の御暦奏には天皇の出御もない上に11巻しか奏進されず、正暦4年の御暦奏に至っては朔旦冬至にも関わらず、遂に頒暦の奏進が0巻で櫃の入場がないという事態となった(いずれも『本朝世紀』)。
- But this was a quasi-ideal number and in fact, in the goryakuso in 941, the emperor was not present and only eleven copies of the calendar were presented, and in the goryakuso during 993, Sakutantoji was not celebrated, no copies of the calendar was presented to the emperor and no chest arrived at the court (each according to 'Honcho seiki').
- こうした入港場の制限は興利倭の生活を困窮させるものであり、1427年に倭寇出身の対馬の実力者早田左衛門太郎が慶尚道全域において任意に交易出来るよう朝鮮王朝に請願するが拒絶され、代わりに塩浦(蔚山広域市)のみ入港場に追加された。
- That entry restriction would drive Koriwa into a corner -- In 1427, Saemontaro SODA, who was originally wako and influential figure in Tsushima, made a petition to the Korea kingdom to allow them free trade all over Gyengsangnam-do: In response, the Korea kingdom rejected the petition but added Yeompo, Ulsan-Gwangyeoksi (Ulsan Metropolitan City 蔚山広域市) instead.
- 当初は燈燭料・月料とも呼ばれ、元慶4年(880年)に小野美材が受けた(『古今和歌集目録』)とも、承平 (日本)2年(932年)に橘敏通、その3年後に菅原文時が受けた(『朝野群載』所収藤原為兼申文)のを最古であると言われている。
- It was initially called toshokuryo/tsukiryo and it is said that either ONO no Yoshiki (880) ('Kokin Wakashu Mokuroku' (a list of Kokin Wakashu - A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), TACHIBANA no Toshimichi (932) or SUGAWARA no Fumitoki (three year later) (Fujiwara no Tamekane's letter compiled in 'Choya gunsai' - Collected Official and Unofficial Writings) was the first recipient.
- 3世紀中葉-後期に成立したとされるヤマト王権の王たちも対外的には倭王・倭国王を称したと考えられており、実際に4世紀後期から5世紀末にかけて中国王朝と活発な通交を重ねた諸王も中国に対して倭王または倭国王を称している(倭の五王)。
- It is considered that kings of the Yamato Dynasty, which was supposedly established in mid or later third century, externally called themselves the King of Wa or the King of Wakoku, and in fact, Shoo (princes without imperial proclamation) who were actively involved in friendly relations with Chinese Dynasties from the late fourth to late fifth century called themselves the King of Wakoku (The five kings of Wa).
- 牙符制が導入されるまで日本国王使・王城大臣使に対する査証の手段は存在せず、1450年代から貿易利権を目当てに王城大臣使を名乗る偽使が出現し、1470年代には偽使により「朝鮮遣使ブーム」と呼ばれる偽王城大臣使の大量通交が発生する。
- No endorsement for the King of Japan envoy nor the Ojo-daijin envoy existed until Gafusei was introduced, and from the 1450s, pseudo envoys representing the Ojo-daijin envoy appeared with the intention of acquiring the rights and interests of trading, and in the 1470s, diplomatic boom by pseudo envoys called 'sending of diplomatic missions to Korea boom' occurred.
- 佐竹氏と、千葉氏、上総氏一族との対立はここに始まり、それが解消するのは、1180年の源頼朝の旗揚げに、千葉介、上総介一族が合流し、「富士川の戦い」に平家を破ったあと、転じて常陸に佐竹氏を攻めて敗走させるまで待たなければならなかった。
- The conflict between Satake, Chiba, and Kazusa clans started here and was solved with the mobilization of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in 1180 where Chiba no suke (assistant governor of Chiba Province) and Kazusa no suke clans gathered, defeated Taira clan in 'the Battle of Fujikawa River,' attacked the Satake clan of Hitachi, and made them flee after losing the battle.
- 貞治の変(じょうじ の へん)は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)後期(室町時代初期)の貞治5年(1366年)、室町幕府の執事(のちの管領)であった斯波義将およびその父で征夷大将軍足利義詮側近の有力守護大名であった斯波高経が失脚した事件。
- Joji Incident, which occurred in 1366 during the late Northern and Southern Courts Period (Japan) (the early Muromachi period), was an incident by which Yoshimasa SHIBA, shitsuji (steward, later renamed kanrei) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and his father Takatsune SHIBA, an influential shugodaimyo (territorial lord as provincial constables) and a close aid of seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, fell from power.
- この状態は、平将門の乱(930-931年)から100年後の平忠常の乱(1028-1031年)においても変わらず、それが故に平忠常の乱は近隣数ヶ国が「亡国」となり、朝廷はその復興の為に4年間も官物を免除しなければならなかったほどである。
- This situation did not differ during TAIRA no Masakado's War (930-931) or in the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune (1028-1031) a hundred years later because several neighboring provinces became 'ruined provinces' after the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune and the imperial court had to exempt kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) for four years in order to recover.
- 伊予国大三島(現今治市)の大山祇神社所蔵の源義経奉納と伝わる「赤糸威鎧」(あかいとおどしよろい)、源頼朝奉納と伝わる「紫綾威鎧」、源義仲奉納と伝わる「熏紫韋威胴丸」(ふすべむらさきがわおどしどうまる)はいずれも12世紀の作とみられる。
- The 'Akaito Odoshi Yoroi' (odoshi armor with red strings) that is said to be dedicated by MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, 'Murasakiaya Odoshi Yoroi' (Violet-twilled-threaded Armor) that is said to be dedicated by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and 'Fusube Murasakigawa Odoshi Domaru Armor' that is said to be dedicated by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, all of which are possessed by Oyamazumi-jinja Shrine in Omishima Island, Iyo Province (present day Imari city), are regarded to be the creations of the 12th century.
- 考古学の成果から5世紀ごろから「治天下大王」(あめのしたしろしめすおおきみ)という国内向けの称号が成立したことが判明しているが、これはこの時期に倭国は中華王朝と異なる別の天下であるという意識が生まれていたことの表れだと評価されている。
- The title 'Ame-no-shita Shiroshimesu Okimi' known from archaeological studies to have been established around the fifth century is viewed as evidence of the perception that Wakoku was a different 'tenka' (realm, written with the same characters as 'Ame-no-shita') from the Chinese dynasties.
- 冒頭に天慶2年(939年)作の大江朝綱作の『倭注切韻』序文を冒頭に掲げ(ただし、その意図については不詳)、次に漢詩作成上に注意を必要とする10項目を記し、その後「筆大体」「詩本体」「雑体詩」「詩雑例」というそれぞれ独立した4項目が続く。
- The book starts with the preface of '倭注切韻' written by Oe no Asatsuna in 939 (its purpose is not clear), followed by ten matters to be attended in writing kanshi, which is followed by independent four items of '筆大体,' '詩本体,' '雑体詩,' and '詩雑例.'
- 続く平治の乱では、「多田蔵人大夫頼範」(頼盛の誤伝か)なる人物が藤原信頼・源義朝方として三条殿襲撃に加わり、戦後恩賞として摂津守に任官されたことが『平治物語』にみえているが、その他の史料における所見はなく、多田源氏の動向は詳らかではない。
- According to 'Heiji Monogatari' (The tale of the Heiji), in the Heiji Disturbance, 'Tada kurodo dayu Yorinori (maybe a misunderstanding of Yorimori)' supported the Nobuyori FUJIWARA and Yoshitomo MINAMOTO side to attack Sanjo Palace together, so that he was appointed as governor of Settsu Province as a reward after the war, while it is unclear about the clan at that time as other historical materials do not mention Tada-Genji.
- また後で登場する千葉氏も名馬の保有で有名であり、『平家物語』の中で平山季重が自分の馬は千葉氏から手に入れたものだと自慢したり、鎌倉時代初期に源頼朝周辺に何度も献馬したりするなど、良質な「牧」を管理しているというイメージがあったようである。
- The Chiba clan, which is mentioned later, was also famous for owning meiba and Sueshige HIRAYAMA boasted in the 'Tale of Heike' that his horse was bought from the Chiba clan and donated a horse to associates of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the early Kamakura period, and gave the impression of managing good quality 'maki.'
- 日本政府内では小村寿太郎、桂太郎、山縣有朋らの対露主戦派と、伊藤博文、井上馨ら戦争回避派との論争が続き、民間においても日露開戦を唱えた戸水寛人ら七博士の意見書(七博士建白事件)や、万朝報紙上での幸徳秋水の非戦論といった議論が発生していた。
- While debates continued within the Japanese government between factions including Jutaro KOMURA, Taro KATSURA, and Aritomo YAMAGATA and an anti-war faction including Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, these discussions were mirrored in the public sphere by an pro-war petition circulated by seven professors (Seven Professor's Petition) including Hirondo TOMIZU and an anti-war argument and discussion by Shusui KOTUKU which was published in the Yorozuchoho (a daily newspaper).
- 源頼朝から源実朝までの三代の源氏将軍の時代、鎌倉殿と同族の源氏一門は狭義には河内源氏、広義には清和源氏に広く存在したが、鎌倉殿への忠勤の姿勢を重んじ、同族に対す甘えを許さず、すべての源氏一門が鎌倉殿の親族として処遇されたわけではなかった。
- In the period of three generations of the Genji shogunate family, from MINAMOTO no Yoritomo to MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, the Genji clans that belonged to the same clan of Kamakura-dono existed in the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) in a restricted sense and in Seiwa-Genji in a broad sense, but not all Genji clans were always treated as the family of Kamakura-dono because the loyalty to Kamakura-dono was highly valued and dependence on the family was not permitted.
- このことから、義朝の行為は紛争の「調停」であったとする見方もあるが、その直後の千葉常胤の寄進状には「源義朝朝臣就于件常時男常澄之浮言、自常重之手、康治二年雖責取圧状之文」とあり、千葉常胤にとっては、源義朝もまた侵略者の一人であることが判る。
- Thus, there is a point of view that Yoshitomo's action was 'mediation' in the conflict, but since a deed of donation that was prepared by Tsunetane CHIBA immediately thereafter stated '源義朝朝臣就于件常時男常澄之浮言,自常重之手,康治二年雖責取圧状之文,' it can be inferred that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was also an invader for Tsunetane CHIBA.
- 例えば、後に佐竹義宗が強引に相馬御厨全域を支配したとき、その『源義宗寄進状』には「常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉、是背法令、大非常之上、大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也」と、上総介常澄、千葉介常胤、が共に反抗していることが伺える。
- For example, when Yoshimune SATAKE aggressively dominated the entire region of Soma-mikuriya later, he stated in 'MINAMOTO no Yoshimune's letter of donation' that '常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉,是背法令,大非常之上,大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也,' indicating that Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi and Chiba no suke Tsunetane both rebelled.
- 先述のように現実の社会矛盾が取り繕われ隠蔽されたなかで天皇が多額の公費により巡幸を行っていることを悲しむとともに、米軍占領下での再軍備や朝鮮戦争が進行していた当時の情勢を踏まえ、日本が戦争に巻き込まれそうになった時の対応などを問うものであった。
- In this letter, students expressed sadness for the Emperor's tour on the ground that it was done using a big amount of tax money while social problems were being glossed over and concealed, and based on the situation at the time where Japan's re-militarization was in progress under U.S. occupation and the Korean War was becoming serious, they asked about Japan's attitude if it was on the verge of being dragged into the war.
- ただし、蔵人所成立後は、天文博士らは陰陽頭を通さずに蔵人に対して密奏を提出して、蔵人から天皇に報告するようになった(ただし事の性格上、深夜あるいは早朝に密奏が行われる場合もあり、その場合は天文博士が直接天皇に上奏する事も例外的に認められていた)。
- After kurodo dokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) was established, tenmon hakase and others began to submit misso to kurodo (chamberlain), bypassing Onmyo no kami, and the kurodo mediated the misso to the emperor (due to the nature of the matter, the misso often took place in the middle of the night or in the early morning, in which case the tenmon hakase was exceptionally allowed to report the misso directly to the emperor.)
- モンゴルから国号を改めた元 (王朝)は、1274年(文永11)10月に九州北部を襲撃したが、数日で撤退した(今日では、文永の役における元軍の撤退理由が暴風雨、いわゆる神風が吹いたためとする説は信憑性が低いとされ、威力偵察が主目的であったとされる)。
- The Yuan Dynasty which developed from the Mongol empire, attacked northern Kyushu in October 1274, but retreated after a few days (today, there is little credibility to the account that the reason for the retreat of the Yuan army during the Bunei War was a severe storm, the kamikaze (divine wind), and it is considered that the main reason for the attack was a reconnaissance of military strength).
- 摂海防禦指揮徳川慶喜は、いまだに条約への勅許が得られていないのが原因と考え、老中らに勅許工作と外国艦隊との交渉をおこなわせるが、独断で兵庫開港を決めた阿部正外・松前崇広らに対し朝廷から老中罷免の令が出される異常事態となり、幕府は慶喜への疑念を強める。
- Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who was in charge of protecting the sea around the Osaka region, had senior councilors negotiate with the foreign squadron, while promoting activities to get permission from the emperor, but things became complicated with the order to dismiss the two senior councilors, Masato ABE and Takahiro MATSUMAE, who had decided to open Hyogo port on their own authority, making the bakufu side suspicious of Yoshinobu.
- 平安時代に書かれた『政事要略』によれば、天皇に対しては「御暦」として具注暦2巻と天皇のみに献上される七曜暦1巻(ただし、七曜暦は元日の朝賀の後で天皇に献上されるものであったため、元日に七曜暦のための御暦奏が行われた)、中宮と東宮に具注暦2巻が奏進される。
- According to the 'Seiji yoryaku' published in the Heian period, two copies of guchureki and one copy of shichiyoreki were presented to the emperor (the Goryakuso ceremony was conducted to on the New Year's Day for the shichiyoreki because it was presented after New Year's Felicitations to the emperor) and two copies of guchureki were presented to the chugu and togu.
- 更に平安時代以来官司請負制のもとで暦博士を世襲してきた賀茂氏はその伝統と実績を背景として御暦奏を同氏の専権として主張するようになり、阿倍氏が陰陽頭であっても関与させないことを朝廷に認めさせるようになった(平経高『平戸記』仁治元年閏10月14日・22日条)。
- Besides that, Kamo clan, who had been taking over the post of rekihakase by succession in the government office contract system since the Heian period, thanks to its tradition and its experience, began to claim that goryakuso was its exclusive right and began to get the emperor to agree not to involve Abe clan in goryakuso even if they were Onmyonokami (according to 'Heikoki' by TAIRA no Tsunetaka on December 5 and 13, 1240).
- だが、日本のこの要求はこの列強間の「暗黙の了解」を破棄するものであり、更に清朝が直隷と渤海_(海域)を挟んで向かい合った遼東半島を失う事でその政治的権威が失墜して国内の政情が不安定になるような事態の発生は、各国の対中国政策を根底から揺るがせるものであった。
- Therefore, the Japan's demand for the Liaodong Peninsula broke the 'tacit agreement' among the world powers and also influenced the policy of each country toward China, because if the Qing Dynasty lost the Liaodong Peninsula which was located on the opposite side of the Choku-rei region across Bokkai (marine area), Qing's political power would fall, which might result in a precarious political situation of China.
- 寺社造営料唐船(じしゃぞうえいりょうとうせん)は、14世紀前半(鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて)に、主要な寺社の造営(修復・増築を含む)費用を獲得することを名目として、幕府の認可の下、日本から元 (王朝)に対して派遣された貿易船群のことである。
- Jishazoeiryotosen is a group of traveling vessels that were dispatched to the Yuan Dynasty under authorization of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for the purpose of making profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of major temples and shrines in the first half of the 14th century (from the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts -Japan).
- 『吾妻鏡』によると、鎌倉幕府でも天文道に通じた陰陽師を京都から鎌倉へ招いて征夷大将軍に対して天文密奏を行わせたとされている(こうした場合、朝廷に対する密奏が不可能となるため、密奏宣旨は天文博士などへ昇進するための資格を得る以上の意味はなかったと考えられている)。
- According to 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East; a chronicle of the early history of the Kamakura Bakufu), the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) also invited Onmyoji who was well versed in tenmondo from Kyoto to Kamakura to constitute him the mission as the medium of tenmon misso to seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') (Since the misso could not have been available for the emperor in that situation, it was considered that the imperial decree of the misso meant no more than qualifying a person as tenmon hakase or the like.)
- その後、光圀は父徳川頼房の死去により家督を相続し、公務が多忙となったため事業からは遠ざかっていたが、幕府では寛文2年(1662年)に林鵞峰に命じて編年体の史書『本朝通鑑』の編纂を開始しており、光圀は林鵞峰を藩邸に招いて面談し、編纂方針や正統問題について質問している。
- Then, Mitsukuni succeeded to the family after his father, TOKUGAWA Yorifusa, died and became busy with official duties, so that he stayed away from the enterprise, but the government ordered HAYASHI Gaho to compile a chronicle of Japan, 'Honchotsukan' and Mitsukuni asked HAYASHI Gaho about compiling policy and legitimacy, in person.
- 12世紀に入ると既存の官物率法に代わって、国衙領の公田のみならず、荘園の年貢に対しても一国平均役・御家人役などの形で公租が賦課されるようになり、これらの賦課による貢納物に対しても官物という言葉が用いられるようになり、南北朝時代 (日本)の頃までこの呼称が用いられた。
- In the twelfth century, in place of the previous Kanmotsu rippo, public taxes called Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen manors and provincial lands) and Gokeninnyaku (odd-jobs for vassals) were collected from not only Kokuga owned public fields but also Shoen, and the tithes from these taxes were also called Kanmotsu and this term was used until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
- 大江匡房が康和2年(1100年)に、安楽寺(大宰府にあった菅原道真を弔う寺)に「安楽寺に参ず」(『本朝続文粋』所収)という詩を作り、その中で「累葉廊下の末葉たり」とあることから、少なくても平安時代後期までは菅原氏代々の文章博士によって継続されていたと考えられている。
- As a couplet in a poem titled 'Anraku-ji ni sanzu' (Visited Anraku-ji Temple) (contained in 'Honcho zoku monzui' (Further Anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese) composed by OE no Masafusa in 1100 to Anraku-ji Temple (SUGAWARA no Michizane's mortuary temple located in Dazaifu) had it 'Ruiyo roka no matsuyo tari' (I was the last leaf in a heap of leaves in the hallway), it could be estimated that the school had been kept by generations of the Monjo hakase of the Sugawara clan and at least until the late Heian period.
- 島津家がこの泗川の戦いで明軍を撃退して味方の組織的な撤退を可能にしたこと、また直後の露梁海戦で小西軍の脱出を可能にした(その際に、朝鮮水軍大将李舜臣を討取った)という功績は五大老達から高く評価されており、島津家は文禄・慶長の役に参加した諸大名で唯一の加増に預かった。
- Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) highly regarded the fine deeds of the Shimazu family, who defeated the Ming army and permitted the systematic retreat of its allies and assisted an escape of the Konishi army in the Battle of Noryang (they killed Korean Marine General Yi Sun-sin in the process) which occurred soon after, and the Shimazu family was the only one that was awarded with the estate among various daimyo that participated in the Bunroku-Keicho War.
- 倭寇としても有名な九州北部の松浦党は、外部からは「党」と見られるが、その実ほとんど組織的な共同行動はとらず、南北朝時代に九州探題であった今川了俊の働きかけによって最初の下松浦党の一揆団結が行われるが、1384年(永徳4)の一揆誓約書の署名の順番はクジ引によって決たという。
- Matsuurato in northern Kyushu also famous for wako (Japanese pirates) could be interpreted as 'to' from outside, but it did not have same systemized actions, and unified for the first time during the uprising of Shimo Matsuura Party (Lower Matsuura Party) by Ryoshun IMAGAWA, who participated in the Kyushu Tandai (local commissioner) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but the order of signature of the contract for the uprising was decided by lottery in 1384.
- 千葉介、上総介一族が、頼朝に加担したのは、『吾妻鏡』にいうような、両氏が累代の源氏の郎等であったからではなく、平家と結んだ下総の藤原氏、そして常陸の佐竹氏の侵攻に対して、頼朝を担ぐことによってそれを押し返し、奪い取られた自領を復活する為の起死回生の掛けであったといわれる。
- It is said that the reason why the families of Chiba no suke and Kazusa no suke joined Yoritomo was not because they were followers of the generations of the Genji family as stated in 'Azuma Kagami' (The Mirror of the East); rather, they supported Yoritomo to fight back against the attacks by the Fujiwara clan of Shimosa, who was aligned with the Taira family, and the Satake clan of Hitachi in an attempt to recover their lost territories, which was a revival gamble.
- また、上総権介常澄の子で上総広常の弟に相馬九郎常清がおり、源義朝の寄進した旧来の相馬御厨(北相馬)と、千葉常胤が寄進したときに追加され、かつ千葉氏庶流の名字の地の多い南相馬とが、それぞれ分割支配されて、上総権介常澄の子・相馬九郎常清が源義朝支配地を管理していた可能性もある。
- Further, there was Kuro Tsunekiyo SOMA, who was a son of Kazusa no gon no suke (provisional assistant governor of Kazusa Province) Tsunezumi and a younger brother of Hirotsune KAZUSA, and there is a possibility that the old Soma-mikuriya (Kitasoma [northern Soma]), which was donated by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, and Minamisoma (southern Soma), which was added when Tsunetane CHIBA made the donation and included many regions with surnames of branch families of the Chiba clan, were separately dominated, and that Kazusa no gon no suke Tsunezumi's son Kuro Tsunekiyo SOMA administered MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo's regions of influence.
- 千葉介、上総介一族が、頼朝に加担したのは、『吾妻鏡』が美化して伝えるような、両氏が代々源氏の家人であったからではなく、平家と結んだ下総国の藤原氏、そして常陸国の佐竹氏の侵攻に対して、頼朝を担ぐことによってそれを押し返し、奪い取られた自領を復活する為の起死回生の掛けであった。
- The reason why Chiba and Kazusa no Suke clans supported Yoritomo was not only because they both were the servants of Minamoto clan as beautified by 'Azuma Kagami,' but to repel the invasion of the Fujiwara clan of Shimousa Province and the Satake clan of Hitachi Province by supporting Yoritomo and to recover their stolen estate as a gamble to turn things around from facing a complete defeat.
- これによって辞官納地も有名無実化される寸前になり、16日には慶喜がアメリカ合衆国・イギリス・フランス・オランダ・イタリア・プロシアの6ヶ国公使と大坂城で会談を行ない、内政不干渉と外交権の幕府の保持を承認させ、更に19日には朝廷に対して王政復古の大号令の撤回を公然と要求するまでになった。
- Through this Jikan-nochi became merely nominal, and Yoshimune met minister-counselors of six countries - USA, UK, France, the Netherlands, Italy and Prussia - at the Osaka Castle on the 16th and talked them into admitting noninterference in internal affairs and approving the Shogunate's rights to diplomacy, going so far as to publicly request the Imperial Court to withdraw the Decree of the Restoration of Imperial Rule on the 19th.
- やがて広大な領土支配のため北部と西部方面の辺境地域を藩部とし南のネパール、ビルマ、シャム、越南(ベトナム)、東の朝鮮及び琉球(なお琉球は日本側とも冊封関係にあった)を冊封して清を中心とする国際秩序をアジアに構築、北辺ではシベリアに進出したロシア帝国との間に条約を締結して国境を漸次確定した。
- The dynasty soon established an international order in Asia with Qing as the center by joining northern and western remote regions as its provinces and had its vassal system with Nepal, Burma, Siam, and Vietnam in the south and Korea and Ryukyu Islands (although ryukyu had also a peerage relationship with Japan) in the east, and temporarily defined its northern border by concluding a treaty with the Russian Empire that had advanced into Siberia.
- だが、鎌倉幕府によって地頭が設置されて検断権を掌握し、更に在地勢力に発言権の高まりとともに本所及び荘務権そのものが衰退し、南北朝時代 (日本)に守護請・地頭請あるいは在地の有力者などに一定額の年貢納入義務を引き換えに荘務を請負わせる「請負荘園」の増加によって荘務権は有名無実化することになる。
- However, since the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) had established the jito (estate stewards), who held the right to judge criminal cases, the authority of the shomuken and honjo themselves eroded; and further, as the cases of 'Ukeoi shoen, ' which was the contract system in which the shoen owners entrusted the shomu to Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) or to the locally influential individuals in return for the exemption of the payment of the certain amount of nengu (land tax), increased during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the shomuken virtually lost its substance.
- この法令によって意図されたものとしては、今後の室町幕府の土地に関する基本的原則と所領訴訟に対する姿勢が確立して、結果的には守護領国制が事実上公認されたこと、半済から守られることとなった天皇家や摂関家との関係を強化して後年の義満による朝廷・院政支配への道を開いたことの意味の方が大きいと言える。
- Among the goals in the enactment of this law, the following points can be regarded as more significant than others: First, the basic principles of administration of territories and the basic approach toward litigation over territories were established by the Muromachi bakufu, resulting in the de facto recognition of the Shugo-ryogoku system; second, the relationships with the Imperial family and Sekkan-ke, both of which were exempt from hanzei by this law, were strengthened, clearing the way for Yoshimitsu to rule over the Imperial Court and the Retired Emperor in later years.
- しかし、慶長16年(1611年)に浅野長政・堀尾吉晴・加藤清正が、18年に池田輝政・浅野幸長、19年に前田利長が亡くなると、豊臣家の孤立はいっそう強まり、その焦りからか幕府に無断で朝廷から官位を賜ったり、兵糧や浪人を集めだし、更には前田氏と誼を通じようとするなど、幕府との対決姿勢を前面に押し出し始めた。
- However, when Nagamasa ASANO and Yoshiharu HORIO and Kiyomasa KATO died in 1611, and Terumasa IKEDA andYoshinaga ASANO in 1618, and Toshinaga MAEDA in 1619, the isolation of the Toyotomi Family became stronger and partly from the impatience the Toyotomi Family began to reveal a policy of confrontation to the bakufu such as receiving official ranks from the Imperial Court without permissions from the bakufu, gathering army provisions and ronin (masterless samurai), in addition, trying to enter into the friendly relations with Maeda clan and so on.
- 通説によれば、延喜年間に延喜格式と並行して編纂が行われたとされ、『本朝法家目録文書』及び『本朝書籍目録』によれば、ともに10巻とし、前者には約90条の目録を掲げているが、『北山抄』・『江家次第』・『中右記』などにその逸文とされるものが記載されており、藤原俊憲の『貫首秘抄』でも職事が持つべき書として挙げている。
- It was commonly accepted that Engi Gishiki was compiled in parallel with Engi Kyakushiki during the Engi era -- According to 'Honcho hoke mokuroku monjo' (Catalogue of legalist documents in our country) and 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' (Catalogue of books in our country), Engi Gishiki and Engi Kyakushiki were in ten volumes respectively and ninety items were listed for the former; and such documents as 'Hokuzansho' (Manual of court rules and customs), 'Goke shidai' (Ritual Compendium by the House of Oe), and 'Chuyuki' (The Diary of the Minister of the Right, written by Munetada FUJIWARA) recorded the parts which was considered to be a surviving fragment of the former; and 'Kanju hisho' (also referred to as Kanzu hisho; Secret Notes by Head Chamberlain) written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori recommended the former as a must for Shikiji (Chamberlains).
- 足助氏はその後も御家人として存続したが、4代目惣領・足助重方とその子・足助親重は官位を有し昇殿をも許されるなど朝廷との繋がりは依然として深く、加えて一族の中には有力御家人安達氏との縁戚がおり、弘安8年(1285年)の霜月騒動で一族の足助重房が連座して滅ぼされたことなどから、次第に鎌倉幕府への不満を強めていくこととなる。
- After that, the Asuke clan survived as a vassal of the shogunate, but its relationship with the Imperial Court was still so close that the fourth head, Shigekata ASUKE, and his son Chikashige ASUKE had been given official rank and allowed to enter the denjo room in the palace; moreover, its dissatisfaction with the Kamakura bakufu increased because of problems such as the Shimotsuki Affair in 1285, in which Shigefusa ASUKE was involved and destroyed because, in the Asuke clan, there were relatives of the powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), Adachi clan.
- 延宝4年(1676年)6月には神武天皇から後醍醐天皇までの本紀が清書され、天和 (日本)年間には『新撰紀伝』104巻として完成するが、光圀は南北朝合一の後亀山天皇期まで扱う必要性と内容上の不備を感じ、同年には彰孝館に総裁を置いて機構を改革し、新館を新築して史館員も増員させ、国史以外にも詩文集など編纂事業が拡大していった。
- Honki from the Emperor Jinmu to Go-Daigo was written in June, 1676 and the book was completed as 'Shinsenkiden,' the 104 volumes, between 1681 and 1683 but Mitsukuni felt it was necessity to cover the reign of the Emperor Go-Kameyama and he was dissatisfied with its insufficient contents, so he reformed the compiling organization, created a post for president in Shokokan, built a new building, increased the number of staff and expanded its work to compiling collections of poems.
- 社会不安の高まりと相次ぐ災害に憂慮をした一条天皇及び内覧左大臣藤原道長を中心とした朝廷は、7月11日、内裏の再建を決定するとともに、神仏の信仰を通じた社会不安の沈静化と法規制の強化による秩序の回復を目指して仏神事違例(仏事・神事における違反)と制美服行約倹事(服装の贅沢禁止)に関する審議が行われた(『小右記』・『権記』)。
- The Imperial Court, including Emperor Ichijo and nairan sadaijin (minister of the left who has a right to read and deal with documents before reporting to the Emperor from Daijokan, the Great Council of State) FUJIWARA no Michinaga, was so concerned about growing social unrest and a series of disasters that it decided to rebuild the dairi on July 11 and discussed unconventionality in the Buddhist and the Shinto rituals as well as a ban on luxurious dressing, in order to subdue social unrest through a belief in God and to restore order by reinforcing control. ('Shoyuki' (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke), 'Gonki' (FUJIWARA no Yukinari's diary))
- それでも唐の文化の影響が強まった平安時代初期の延暦11年11月20日 (旧暦)(793年1月7日)、桓武天皇が漢音奨励の勅を出して学生には漢音の学習が義務づけられ(『日本紀略』)、続いて延暦17年2月14日 (旧暦)(798年3月6日)には学生に従来から日本に存在する南朝 (中国)系の呉音を禁じて漢音での発音が義務付けられた(『弘仁格抄』)。
- However, the increasing influence from the Chinese Tang culture of the early Heian period, Emperor Kammu issued a decree to encourage the Han pronunciations of the Chinese characters on January 11, 793, which in effect forced the students learn it ('Nihongiryaku' (Abstract of Japanese History)), and on March 10, 798, students were prohibited from learning Goon, the existing pronunciations from the Southern Dynasty in China were prohibited and were instructed to learn the Han pronunciations of the Chinese characters ('Koninkyakusho' (Regulations in Konin period)).
- 日露戦争(にちろせんそう、露語 ルースカ・イポーンスカヤ・ヴァイナー、1904年(明治37年)2月6日 - 1905年(明治38年)9月5日)は、大日本帝国とロシア帝国(ロシアと同盟していたモンテネグロ(当時はモンテネグロ公国)も宣戦布告するも、実際の戦闘には参加せず)との間で朝鮮半島と満州(中国東北部)南部を主戦場として発生した戦争である。
- The Russo-Japanese War (Русско-японская война in Russian, February 6, 1904 - September 5, 1905) was a war which broke out between the Great Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire (Although Montenegro, [Then known as the Principate of Montenegro] which was in an alliance with Russia declared war against Japan, it did not participate battle.) and was primarily fought on the Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria (northeastern China).
- 第一に、上記に掲げた太閤蔵入地約200万石、第二に、直轄領とした金山・銀山(佐渡国佐渡金山、石見国石見銀山、但馬国生野銀山)から上がる金銀の収益(金銀の収益を背景に、平安時代に発行された皇朝十二銭以来となる国内発行の貨幣(天正大判・天正通宝)を発行)、第三に、商業が発達した都市(大坂、堺、京都、伏見、長崎)を直轄地とすることから上がる収益であった。
- First, by gaining approximately two million koku from the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi; second, by gaining profits of gold and silver from gold and silver mines, which were part of Hideyoshi's directly controlled territories (Sado Gold Mine of Sado Province and Iwami Silver Mine of Iwami Province and Ikuno Silver Mine of Tajima Province) (Hideyoshi issued the new coins, 'Tensho-Oban' and 'Tensho Tsuho' after a long interval since 'Kocho-Junisen' (twelve coins casted in Japan) had been issued in the Heian period; third, gaining profits by directly controlling cities where commerce had developed (Osaka, Sakai, Kyoto, Fushimi and Nagasaki).
- 実弟である源範頼、阿野全成そして義経らはこれに含まれず、頼朝と比較的血筋の近い河内源氏のうちでも新田氏の庶子 山名義範や足利義兼に限られ、逆に、頼朝の4代前の祖先 源義家の弟 源義光を祖先とする甲斐源氏の加賀美遠光、安田義資、また6代前の祖先 河内源氏の祖 源頼信の兄 源頼光を祖先とする摂津源氏の源有綱など限りなく遠縁の者が門葉に列していることが確認できる。
- Yoritomo's own younger brothers, MINAMOTO no Noriyori, Zenjo ANO and Yoshitsune, weren't included in these monyo, while those included were limited to Yoshinori YAMANA, a child born out of wedlock of the Nitta clan, among the Kawachi-Genji that had relatively close blood ties with Yoritomo, and Yoshikane ASHIKAGA; however, those who were distantly related were also included, such as Tomitsu KAGAMI of the Kai-Genji that had descended from MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, the younger brother of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, the ancestor of four generations before Yoritomo, and Yoshisuke YASUDA; and MINAMOTO no Aritsuna of the Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), which was descended from MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, the elder brother of MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the originator of the Kawachi-Genji, the ancestor of six generations before.
- 容易に李氏朝鮮の首都である漢城が陥落すると、日本の諸将は5月に漢城にて軍議を開き、各方面軍による八道国割と呼ばれる制圧目標を決めた(平安道から一番隊小西行長他、咸鏡道から二番隊加藤清正他、黄海道から三番隊黒田長政他、江原道から四番隊毛利吉成他、忠清道から五番隊福島正則他、全羅道から六番隊小早川隆景他、慶尚道から七番隊毛利輝元他、京畿道から八番隊宇喜多秀家他)。
- After Hancheong, which had been the capital of Yi Dynasty Korea, fell easily, Japanese commanders held a war council in June in Hancheong and determined targets of subjugation called Hachidokuniwari (literally, dividing the country into eight routes) by each corps (the First Division of Yukinaga KONISHI and others from Pyeongan Province, the Second Division of Kiyomasa KATO and others from Hangyong Province, the Third Division of Nagamasa KURODA and others from Hwanghae Province, the Forth Division of Yoshinari MORI and others from Gangwon Province; the Fifth Division of Masanori FUKUSHIMA and others from Chungcheong Province; the Sixth Division by Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and others from Jeolla Province, the Seventh Division by Terumoto MORI and others from Gyeongsang Province, and the Eighth Division of Hideie UKITA and others from Gyeonggi Province).
- また朱子学(旧来の思想に対抗して生れたように考えられた)、特に陽明学(後に説明されるように、これは明朝が正式に認めた学問であった朱子学に対抗して生まれ出たように見えた)は、敗戦後の日本に於ける近代思惟・反権力・人間解放などの概念と容易に結びつき、朱子学及び陽明学の中、比較的それらの概念に近似する部分を抜き取り、そこに思想的価値を与えるという試みが盛んに行われた。
- Shushigaku (considered to have arisen in opposition to traditional thinking), and especially Yomei-gaku (as described later, considered to have arisen in opposition to Shushigaku, which was officially authorized by the Ming Court), were easily linked in a defeated Japan to concepts such as modern thinking, antiauthoritarianism and human emancipation; as a result, most scholars have frequently attempted to extract from Shushigaku and Yomei-gaku the elements that are relatively close to these concepts and attempt to attach an ideological value to them.
- また、旧薩摩藩士の心情として、鹿児島属廠の火薬・弾丸・武器・製造機械類は藩士が醵出した金で造ったり購入したりしたもので、一朝事があって必要な場合、藩士やその子孫が使用するものであると考えられていた事もあり、私学校徒は中央政府が泥棒のように薩摩の財産を搬出した事に怒るとともに、当然予想される衝突に備えて武器・弾薬を入手するために、夜、草牟田火薬庫を襲って弾丸・武器類を奪取した。
- Since all the gunpowder, bullets, arms, and making machinery in the Kagoshima arsenal had been constructed or purchased with the money contributed by the then retainers of the Satsuma Domain, the former retainers took it for granted that these things were to be used by the retainers and their descendants in an emergency; therefore, because the Shigakko students got angry with the central government for carrying the domain's property out from there like a thief and for the purpose of being prepared with arms and ammunition for a possible conflict with the central government, they made a night attack on the powder house at Somuta and seized bullets and arms.
- だが、藩主が非世襲の知藩事に変わり(ただし、実際には事実上の改易処分を受けた福岡藩などの例外を除いては、世襲の後継者がそのまま後任とされている)、陪臣である藩士も知藩事と同じ朝廷(明治政府)の家臣(「王臣」)とされる事で、朱子学に基づいた武士道(近代以後の「武士道」とは違う)によって位置づけられてきた主君(藩主)と家臣(藩士)の主従関係を否定することになるものであり、諸藩の抵抗も予想された。
- However, the lord of a domain changed to a non-hereditary Chihanji, (note that in fact, apart from the Fukuoka domain, whose rank changed by the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) successors were of heredity) and since feudal retainers of the domain, who were baishin (indirect vassals) were also considered vassals (vassas of the king)of the Imperial Court (Meiji government), which are the same as Chihanji, it contradicted the relationship between the lord and vassal that was established by Bushido (the way of the samurai) based on Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) so resistance by domains were expected.
- だが、実際に『延喜儀式』が朝廷の儀礼など用いられた事が確認できる記録が無く、逸文の初出も延喜年間より100年以上も経た『北山抄』であり、その後は院政期の書物に限られる事から、延喜年間に編纂されたものの『貞観儀式』(『儀式』)の部分的手直しに過ぎないとする説や、完成したが施行されなかったとする説、未完成に終わったとする説、更には延喜期の編纂ではなく11世紀までに成立した延喜期の儀礼に関する記録が儀式と看做された説などが諸説に分かれている。
- Yet, from the fact that there were no records to prove that 'Engi Gishiki' was practically used in formalities at the imperial court, that its surviving fragment first appeared in 'Hokuzansho' which was written more than one hundred years after the Engi era, and that it only appeared in documents during the period under the rule of Cloistered Emperors, some said that Engi Gishiki was compiled in the Engi era, but just as a partial improvement of 'Jogan Gishiki' ('Gishiki'), some said that it was completed, but did not come into use, some said that it was not completed, and some said that it was not compiled during the Engi era, but records on the formalities in the Engi era established until the eleventh century were considered to be Gishiki.
- その一方で、平安時代中期の著作である『政事要略』が書名を『貞観儀式』とせずに『儀式 貞観』としているのは、当初からこの書名は『儀式』と称されており、『政事要略』は単に脚注として編纂年代である元号の「貞観」を付記したに過ぎないこと、『本朝法家文書目録』は今日では存在が疑問視されている三代儀式の存在を前提に書いており、実際には存在しなかった弘仁儀式を掲げるなど正確性に疑問があるとして、正式な書名は『儀式』であるとする森田悌らの説も存在する。
- On the other hand, Tei MORITA etc. asserted the official book title must be 'Gishiki' arguing that the author of 'Seiji yoryaku,' compiled during the mid-Heian period, used 'Gishiki Jogan' instead of 'Jogan gishiki' in order to add the era name of 'Jogan' in which the book was compiled while acknowledging the title of the book was 'Gishiki' from the very beginning, and that the credibility of 'Honcho hoka monjo mokuroku' is doubtful because it was written on the premise of the existence of Sandai gishiki whose existence is questioned at present and it listed Konin gishiki (ceremony in the manner of the Konin era) which, in reality, did not exist.
- ところが、石塚一石が『本朝書籍目録』の中にある弘仁儀式の篇目に「七月二十五日相撲儀」が含まれているのに対して、相撲節会の開催日が7月25日 (旧暦)に定められたのは、弘仁年間よりも70年も後の仁和年間であり、弘仁年間には7月7日 (旧暦)と定められていた事実(天長元年(弘仁15年/824年)の7月7日に平城上皇が崩御して同日が忌日となったために、従来この日を期日として定められていた宮中行事の期日が変更を余儀なくされた)を指摘し、更に篇目の中に弘仁式逸文に記載された日付と合致しない行事がある事実を指摘して、『弘仁儀式』は散逸したのではなく最初から存在しなかったとする見解を唱えた。
- Nevertheless, Kazushi ISHIZUKA advanced the view that the 'Konin Gishiki' did not exist from the beginning, by pointing out that although the table of contents of the Konin Gishiki in the 'Honcho shoseki mokuroku' included 'Sumai no gi (the Rite of Sumo Wrestling) on July 25 (old calendar),' Sumai no Sechie (Festival of Wrestling) was fixed on July 25 (old calendar) in the Ninna era (885 - 889), about seventy years after the Konin era (810 - 824), and that the Sumai no gi was fixed on July 7 (old calendar) during the Konin era (since ex-emperor Heizei died on July 7 in the first year of the Tencho era (the fifteenth year of the Konin era, 824) and the date became the death day of emperor, the ceremonial functions at the imperial court which had been fixed, had to be fixed on another day), and by further pointing out that the table of contents includes the ceremonial functions, the dates of which did not match those described in a surviving fragment of the Konin shiki (Palace regulations of the Konin era).
- アイスランド、アゼルバイジャン、アラブ首長国連邦、アルジェリア、アルバニア、アルメニア、イエメン、イラン、インド、ウガンダ、エチオピア、エリトリア、オマーン、ガイアナ、ガーナ共和国、カーボヴェルデ、カタール、ガボン、カメルーン、ガンビア、カンボジア、朝鮮民主主義人民共和国、ギニア、ギニアビサウ、キプロス、キリバス、キルギス共和国、クウェート、グルジア、グレナダ、ケニア、コートジボワール、コンゴ共和国、コンゴ民主共和国、コロンビア、サウジアラビア、シエラレオネ、ジブチ、ジャマイカ、シリア、シンガポール、スーダン、スリナム、スリランカ、スワジランド、赤道ギニア、セネガル、タンザニア、チュニジア、トーゴ、ドミニカ国、ドミニカ共和国、ナイジェリア、ナウル、ナミビア、ネパール、ハイチ、パキスタン、バヌアツ、バハマ、パラオ、バーレーン、バルバドス、ハンガリー、バングラデシュ、ブータン、ブルキナファソ、ブルンジ、ベナン、ベネズエラ、ベラルーシ、ベリーズ、ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ、ボツワナ共和国、マケドニア共和国、マダガスカル、マラウィ、南アフリカ、ミャンマー、モーリシャス、モーリタニア、モザンビーク、モルドバ、モロッコ、モンゴル、ヨルダン、ラオス人民民主共和国、リビア、リベリア共和国、ルワンダ、レソト、レバノン
- Iceland, Republic of Azerbaijan, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Albania, Almenia, Yemen, Iran, India, Uganda, Ethiopia, Eritoria, Oman, Gaiana, Republic of Ghana, Republic of Cape Verde, Qatar, Gabonese Republic, Republic of Cameroon, Republic of The Gambia, Cambodia, North Korea, Republic of Guinea, Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Republic of Cyprus, Republic of Kiribati, Kyrgyz Republic, State of Kuwait, Georgia, Grenada, Republic of Kenya, Republic of Cote d'Ivoire, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of Colombia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Republic of Sierra Leone, Republic of Djibouti, Jamaica, Syrian Arab Republic, Singapore, Sudan, Republic of Suriname, Sri Lanka, Kingdom of Swaziland, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Senegal, United Republic of Tanzania, Republic of Tunisia, Republic of Togo, Commonwealth of Dominica, Dominican Republic, Nigeria, Republic of Nauru, Republic of Namibia, Nepal, Haiti, Pakistan, Republic of Vanuatu, Commonwealth of The Bahamas, Republic of Palau, Kingdom of Bahrain, Barbados, Hungary, People's Republic of Bangladesh, Butan, Burkina Faso, Republic of Burundi, Republic of Benin, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Republic of Belarus, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Botswana, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Malawi, Republic of South Africa, Union of Myanmar, Republic of Mauritius, Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Republic of Mozambique, Republic of Moldova, Kingdom of Morocco, Mongolia, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libya, Republic of Liberia, Republic of Rwanda, Kingdom of Lesotho, Republic of Lebanon