最: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- ごく最近
- very recently
- in the very recent past
- in the immediate past
- most recently
- 最長労働時間
- Maximum working hours
- 最低就業年齢
- Minimum age for employment
- 最初の律令法典。
- The first Luli law code
- 太夫は最高位の遊女。
- Tayu was a courtesan of the highest rank.
- 日本最古の都市である
- This is the oldest city in Japan.
- 日本人、12歳で最年少。
- He was 12 years old, the youngest Japanese.
- 日本最古の風水都市である
- It is the oldest Feng Shui city.
- 日本式最古の銅鐸とされる。
- The dotaku are considered as the Japanese style's oldest dotaku.
- 日本最古の木造建築である。
- It is the oldest wooden building in Japan.
- 史上最大の45億円を投じた。
- The film cost an all-time high of 4.5 billion yen to produce.
- 最右翼(霧島山・高千穂北麓)
- The right-most flank (Mt. Kirishima and the northern foot of Takachiho)
- 硬貨の中で最も製造枚数が多い。
- It has the highest mintage of any current coin.
- 六曜の中で最も吉の日とされる。
- It is considered as the best day in rokuyo.
- 当時最新鋭の装備を誇っていた。
- They had the most advanced equipments at that time.
- 遊行の最初の日に一度方違えを行う
- One had to practice Katatagae once on the first day when the Hoi-jin Gods moved to the direction.
- 現存数は天正大判の中で最も多い。
- More of these remain than of the other Tensho oban.
- 最終的には敗戦する原因となった。
- Japan's advance into the south caused her to lose the war.
- 幕府の政策意思決定の最高合議機関。
- The supreme council system of policy decision within the bakufu.
- これが日本で最初の民選議院である。
- This was the first popularly-elected parliament in Japan.
- 『晋書』邪馬台国からの最後の入貢。
- According to 'Jin shu' (a History of the Jin Dynasty), the last envoy to pay tribute traveled from the Yamatai Kingdom.
- このように榎本武揚が最大投票を得た。
- As it is shown, Takeaki ENOMOTO obtained the largest number of votes.
- 藤原四家の中では最もふるわなかった。
- Kyoke was the least prosperous among the Fujiwara four families.
- 「閏月の最初が閏8月ではいけない。」
- If the first intercalary month becomes intercalary August, it is unlucky.'
- 最後に葛西氏家臣となった系統である。
- This was the family line that became a retainer of the KASAI at the end.
- これが最初の移配に関する記録である。
- This is the first record of Ihai.
- 養老令では最大の条文数を数えている。
- The Kushiki-ryo had the highest number of provisions of all the laws in the Yoro-ryo.
- この共同体で最上のものは国家である。
- The top of these communities is a state.
- 交渉は最初から日本ペースで進められた。
- The negotiations initially proceeded to Japan's advantage.
- 現在日本最後の一覧の内戦となっている。
- It is the last civil war in Japan so far.
- また清国は、日本に最恵国待遇を認める。
- Qing also treatsJapan as a most-favored-nation.
- 最初は上洛時に、北条時政が任命された。
- At the beginning, Tokimasa HOJO was appointed to the position while he was in Kyoto.
- 賤民階級の中でも白丁が最下級とされた。
- Hakucho (the ordinary person or inferior servant) was placed in the lowest rank of the Senmin class.
- 継嗣の最終決定までに紛争があったケース
- Cases in which disputes occurred before the final decision of heir
- そのためか列国中戦利品が最も多かった。
- As a result, they gained the most spoils of war among the allied nations.
- また「是」の文字の最終2画の足が長い。
- The last two strokes of '是'were long.
- これが旧体制における最後の朝議となった。
- This was the last Court Council under the old regime.
- これは日本法制史上、最後の切腹刑となる。
- It is the last case of Seppuku as a legal punishment in Japanese history.
- 内藤信政ら6名が最初の大番頭に就任した。
- Six people including Nobumasa NAITO were installed as the first oban-gashira (the captains of the great guards).
- そのなかには、片務的最恵国待遇もあった。
- These provisions even included unilateral most-favored-nation treatment.
- その中で最下級に置かれたのが奴婢である。
- Among them, Nuhi ranked as the lowest.
- 聖徳太子創建の日本で最初の本格的な官寺。
- This was founded by Prince Shotoku as the first fully-fledged state-sponsored temple in Japan.
- 伯耆国における中世最後の戦いといわれる。
- It is referred to as the last battle in Hoki Province in the Medieval period.
- 最下層ではないが、脱出の機会がなかった。
- They did not belong to the lowest rank, but there was no opportunity to escape from it.
- 騎射も武士にとって最重要の武芸であった。
- Kisha (to shoot an arrow with riding a horse), too, was a most important military art for warriors.
- 平氏は最初は少数と侮って相手にしなかった。
- The Taira clan first disregarded them because of their small numbers in troops and didn't take them seriously.
- また、日本でも最大級の防砂ダムだとされる。
- It is also said to be the largest bosa-dam in Japan.
- 法皇勅判による判詞は現存最古のものである。
- This is the first 'hanshi' (judgement in a waka contest) made by the cloistered emperor of all that are contained in documents still existent today.
- 最初に賤金貴穀を唱えたのは熊沢蕃山である。
- It was Banzan KUMAZAWA who proposed senkinkikoku first.
- 最初は勘申の元となった宣旨本文を引用する。
- First, the body text of an imperial decree to which kanmon replies is cited.
- 日本最初の合法社会主義政党として知られる。
- It's known as Japan's first legal socialist party.
- 鎌倉幕府の基本法で、日本最初の武家法である。
- It was the fundamental law of Kamakura bakufu and the first bukeho in Japan.
- 最近は供の数が多く、領地や領民の負担となる。
- Nowadays there are many servants and it is a burden for the territory and people of the domain.
- そのため、北陸への出兵が最重要視されていた。
- Therefore, the dispatch of troops to Hokuriku was given paramount importance.
- 最終的に節度使を名誉職にすることに成功した。
- In the end, he succeeded in making setsudoshi into an honorary post.
- 最上階は金色、下階は朱色の八角形をしていた。
- The outer color of the top floor was gold, while that of the floor below was vermilion with the octagonal structure.
- 江戸幕府は日本の歴史で最後の武家政権である。
- The Edo bakufu was the last samurai government in Japanese history.
- 日本の武力南進の最初はフランス領インドシナ。
- Japan's first target was French Indochina.
- また最恵国待遇がないことも特徴の一つであろう。
- Another characteristic of this treaty was that it did not include a description of most-favored nation status.
- なお、この日記は現存する最古の女流日記である。
- Incidentally, this is the oldest woman's diary literature of all still existent today.
- また朝鮮では最も早く人欲を肯定した人でもある。
- He was the first person to approve of human desire in Korea.
- 吉宗が最も心をくだいたのは米価の安定であった。
- He devoted himself the most to stabilizing the price of rice.
- 戦国時代_(日本)における畿内での最大の会戦。
- It was the biggest battle fought during Sengoku period (period of warring states) in Kinai region.
- そして賤金貴穀を唱えたのは佐藤が最初ではない。
- SATO was not the first one to propose senkinkikoku.
- 抗争の原因として最も多いのは家臣間の対立である。
- The most frequent cause of conflict is clash between retainers of the feudal lord.
- 事実、西郷は最後まで山縣の辞任には反対していた。
- As a matter of fact, SAIGO remained opposing YAMAGATA's resignation until the last moment.
- 清王朝最後の皇帝溥儀は満州国の皇帝となっている。
- Puyi (溥儀), the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, became the emperor of Manchukuo.
- 日本における最初の『共産党宣言』の翻訳であった。
- It was the first translation of 'Communist Party Declaration' in Japan.
- 日本列島で最古の窯は大阪府堺市大庭寺窯跡である。
- The oldest kiln in Japan is Obadera ruins of kiln in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture.
- 華族は、公家と大名など最上級の武士に付与された。
- The title of kazoku was granted to the court nobles and the highest ranking samurai such as daimyo (feudal lord).
- これは近代における日中間の最初の武力衝突となる。
- This was the first armed conflict between Japan and china in modern times.
- これは朝鮮半島で最初の近代的な郵便事業であった。
- This was the first modern postal service practiced in Korean Peninsula.
- 第4回衆議院議員総選挙最中に日清戦争が始まった。
- It was in the middle of the fourth general election for the House of Representatives when the Sino-Japanese War broke out.
- 最初の記述は江戸期に出版された通俗小説に見られる。
- The earliest description of the tactics appeared in popular fictions published in the Edo Period.
- 20日早朝、官軍は開戦以来、最大の兵力を投入した。
- In the early morning of 20th, the government army sent the biggest military force since the start of the war.
- 翌672年に古代最大の内戦である壬申の乱が起こる。
- In the following year of 672, the Jinshin War, which was the largest battle fought in ancient times, took place.
- 10世紀には、最後の格式となる延喜式が編纂された。
- In the 10th century, the Engishiki, the last kyakushiki, was compiled.
- 日本で最初の人工港を博多に築き貿易を本格化させた。
- He built the artificial harbor in Hakata for the first time in Japanese history and began trade in earnest.
- 龍門山雲路の砦(大光明院覚乗)……最も西側にある砦
- The Fort of Ryumonzan Kumoji (Kakujo of Daikomyo-in Temple) which was located on the westernmost side
- 土はどこへ来るかというと、各季節の最後の月である。
- As for do (土), it corresponds to the last month of every season.
- 蝦夷についての最も古い言及は、『日本書紀』にある。
- The earliest reference to the Emishi/Ezo (northerners or northeasterners of Japan) was made in 'The Chronicle of Japan.'
- 最後に翌16年に定めた「一門一家制」の制定である。
- Lastly, 'Ichimon-Ikke System (the system that divided the Hongan-ji families into Ichimonshu [clansman, for a legitimate son] and Ikkeshu [the same lineage people as the Hongan-ji Temple, for a second son and younger]) was established in 1519.
- その最初の標的となったのは先述の堅田本福寺である。
- The first target was Katata Honpuku-ji Temple as mentioned before.
- 早朝に平安京を出た旅人の多くが最初の宿泊地とした。
- It was the first stopping place of most of the travelers that started out from Heian-kyo (present day Kyoto) early in the morning.
- 現在、最も信憑性の高いと信じられている升量である。
- And this is the volume that sho is deemed most trustworthy today.
- 薩軍最右翼の大津へは野村忍介指揮の部隊が配備された。
- The troops led by Oshisuke NOMURA were deployed in the right-most flank of the Satsuma army.
- 川村参軍が最初に着手したのは市民生活の安定であった。
- The first operation Sangun KAWAMURA started was to stabilize the lives of the general public.
- 最初のうちは大友氏の内訌等もあり、島津氏優勢に進行。
- In the beginning, the Shimazu clan had the advantage with problems in the Otomo clan, etc.
- 由利案ではこの条文は第一条に置かれ最重視されていた。
- In the Yuri draft it was the first article and was most emphasized.
- 連合軍の最初の正念場は大沽砲台・天津攻略戦であった。
- The first crucial event for the allied forces was the capture of Taku Fort and Tianjin.
- 日本で最初の全国的な戸籍は、「庚午年籍」であるという。
- 'Kogo Nenjaku' is said to be the first national family registration system in Japan.
- 王土王民思想を最も反映していたのがこの土地制度である。
- This system most closely reflected the concept of odo omin.
- 軍団は、一つの国に最低一つ、大きな国には複数置かれた。
- One Gundan was deployed at least in one province, and more than one Gundan was deployed in a larger province.
- 最初に後藤手代が立会い監視の下、地金の精錬が行われた。
- At first, refining of bullion was carried out and monitored in the presence of Goto-tedai (clerks of the GOTO family).
- 観音寺城の中でも石垣、石塁の規模が最大の曲輪跡である。
- It is the Kuruwa with the largest stone walls and stone mounds to be found in Kannonji-jo Castle.
- 信長は最も早くこれを大規模に成し遂げることができた。、
- Nobunaga successfully carried out these policies in large scale earlier than the others.
- 最後に検地を行った地域全体の段別総計と石高合計を記す。
- In the end, the total yield (and that per tan) of the whole kenchi-implemented region was written in kenchi-cho.
- 当時はアメリカと不平等条約改正を交渉中の最中であった。
- This incident occurred while negotiations to redress an unequal treaty between Japan and the USA were underway.
- 1775年(安永4年)以降 - 最低隔年で演習を行う。
- After 1775, the maneuvers were held at least every other year.
- 4月4日には大総督府と徳川家との間で最終合意に達した。
- On April 4th, the grand government general and the Tokugawa family reached a final agreement.
- 最大会派の研究会_(貴族院)に対する対抗勢力であった。
- It was a rival power against the 'Kenkyu-kai' (study group), which was the largest parliamentary group in the House of Peers.
- 大和国は日本における商品経済の最先進地域の一つである。
- Yamato Province was an area with one of the most advanced commodity economies in Japan.
- また丁汝昌提督の最期の希望を聞き届け、清国兵を助命する。
- He also followed the last desire of Commodore Ding Ruchang and saved the lives of solders.
- 最後に神祇事務局が神あげ神歌の儀式を行い群臣が退出した。
- At last Jingi Jimukyoku (Shinto Worship Bureau) held a ceremony of kamiage kami uta (a kind of God's song) and the retainers left there.
- この時代、中国史上最も良く国内が治まった時代と言われた。
- It is said that the country was governed most peacefully during this period in the Chinese history.
- 当時、人口100万人を超える世界最大規模の都市であった。
- At this time, the population of Edo was more than one million, so Edo City was the largest city in the world.
- 昭和20年4月1日 甲飛第16期入隊(最後の予科練生)。
- On April 1, 1945, the 16th group of the Ko-type of the preparatory pilot training course was enrolled (the last students for the preparatory pilot training course.)
- 最初の大幅な改訂は、647年(大化3)の冠位十三階である。
- The first major revision was the thirteen cap rank system in 647.
- 女中の人数は最盛期で1000人とも3000人とも言われる。
- It is said there were 1,000 to 3,000 jochu in O-oku during the peak period.
- もっとも、台湾の場合と異なり、最後まで前者が原則であった。
- However, unlike Taiwan, the former had been operated as a general rule to the end of Japanese administration.
- 最終的には大坂は守られ、紀州勢は堺・岸和田からも撤退した。
- Finally, Osaka was guarded and the Kishu army withdrew from Sakai and Kishiwada as well.
- 戦国時代 (日本)に英主・蘆名盛氏が現われ最盛期を迎えた。
- During the Warring States period (Japan), the wise lord Moriuji ASHINA brought the family to the height of its prosperity.
- 最終的に陸軍は、罹患者・約4万人、病死者・数千人であった。
- About 40,000 solders suffered from the disease and thousands of solders died of the disease.
- 高句麗で最大の古墳は中国集安(しゅうあん)の大王陵である。
- The biggest Kofun in Goguryeo is Daioryo in Shuan City, China.
- 現在のところこれが本書の実在を確認できる最古の記述である。
- This is the oldest record in which we can confirm the presence of the book for now.
- 大沽砲台問題―最も決定的だったのは大沽砲台問題といわれる。
- The Taku Forts problem: The most certain of these was the Taku Fort problem.
- 巻数などの体裁そのままに翻刻された日本最初の『万国公法』。
- The first 'Bankoku Koho' in Japan that had the same format and volume as the original.
- 最初青銅器の銅矛が出現し、後に鉄で生産されるようになった。
- Firstly, hoko made of bronze appeared, and later on, hoko made of iron came to be produced.
- それ以外の伝習隊や撒兵隊などの多くは大隊を最大単位とした。
- For many troops other than the infantry, like Denshutai or sappei-tai troops, battalion was the largest unit.
- この他特記しておかねばならないのが、最恵国待遇の条項である。
- The other provision that should be mention is that regarding most-favored nation status.
- 太夫 (遊郭)(最上位の女郎、宝暦年間の頃には自然消滅する)
- Tayu (yukaku) (The highest ranking prostitute died a natural death during the Horeki era (1753-1764).)
- 律令制が最も法令に則って実施されていたのが、この時期である。
- It was during this period that implementation of the Ritsuryo system conformed closest to the laws.
- 歴代藩主の中で最も有名なのが、幕末に藩主となった直弼である。
- The most famous among the successive lords of the domain was Naosuke who became the lord of domain at the end of Edo period.
- 多くの大寺院が建立され始め、仏教文化の最初の興隆期であった。
- It was the first prosperous period of Buddhist culture and saw the construction of many large temples.
- 最も著名な佐々木氏一族については佐々木源氏などとも呼ばれる。
- The Sasaki clan, the most famous line, is also known as 'Sasaki-Genji.'
- 柳営秘鑑にある徳川最古参の安祥譜代七家の一つであったという。
- It is said to have been one of the seven Anjo fudai families (a fudai daimyo who had been serving Ieyasu since he was in Anjo), which were the oldest among Tokugawa families, and appeared in Ryueihikan (a book describing events, regulations or standards, etc. of the Edo bakufu).
- ある階層は紅く、またある階層は青く、最上階は全て金色である。
- While one floor was colored red, other floor was colored blue, and the top floor was totally colored gold.
- なお、最初の八幡の戦いにも景虎自らが出陣したとする説がある。
- By the way, there exists the theory that Kagetora himself participated in the first battle of Hachiman.
- 乱戦の最中、手薄となった信玄の本陣に政虎が斬り込みをかけた。
- During the confused fight, Masatora rushed with a sword on the Shingen's main military base that had become poorly guarded.
- 朱子学において最も要とされたのが、上記の「格物致知」である。
- In Shushigaku, the above-mentioned 'Kakubutsu Chichi' is considered to be the main point.
- 古事記、日本書紀、万葉集など現存最古の史書・文学が登場した。
- History books and works of literature, which are currently the oldest in existence, such as 'Kojiki' (Records of Ancient Matters), 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) and 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) appeared.
- 頼朝死後に続く幕府内部における権力闘争の最初の事件であった。
- This was the first incident caused by a power struggle started inside the shogunate following the death of Yoritomo.
- 初代倭国造とされる椎根津彦とともに国造の最も古い例とされる。
- He is regarded as one of the oldest Kuni no Miyatsuko along with Shiinetsuhiko, the first Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko.
- アジアで最初の協同組合を規定した画期的な法律として知られる。
- It is known as an epoch-making law that made rules about a cooperative association for the first time in Asia.
- その代表例が姉川の合戦で最も武功をあげた磯野員昌の離間である。
- A typical example was the estrangement of Kazumasa ISONO, who made the greatest military contributions in the Battle of Anegawa.
- しかし日朝両国の思惑は最初から最後まですれ違っていたといえる。
- However, it can be said that the expectations of Japan and Korea were at cross-purposes from beginning to end.
- 紺紙著色金光明最勝王経金字宝塔曼荼羅図(岩手・中尊寺大長寿院)
- The Golden Light of the Most Victorious Kings Sutra, Golden-Lettered Treasure-Pagoda mandala, in ink of various colors on navy blue paper (owned by Daichoju-in Hall of Chuson-ji Temple in Iwate)
- 最近の研究で清(明)は海洋技術が高かったことが示唆されている。
- The latest research suggests that the Qing Dynasty (the Ming Dynasty) had advanced oceanic technology.
- 愛国公党(あいこくこうとう)は、最初の自由民権運動の政治結社。
- The Aikokukoto Party was the first political organization associated under the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
- 最寄駅:西鉄天神大牟田線都府楼前駅(まほろば号が接続している)
- Nearest station: Tofuro-mae Station on Nishitetsu Tenjin-Omuta Line (to which Mahoroba connects)
- - 全ての教皇に関する大司教聖マラキの預言最初の公刊と時代背景
- The first publication of Prophecy of Archbishop Saint Malachi relating to all popes and its historical background
- 容積500万立方メートルで、利根川水系の防砂ダムとしては最大。
- It was the largest bosa-dam built along a river of the Tone-gawa River system, with the capacity of five million cubic meters.
- 法隆寺の西院伽藍は現存する世界最古の木造建築として著名である。
- Saiin Garan (Western Precinct) of Horyu-ji Temple is famous as the oldest wooden construction of all existing in the world.
- 最大の被災地となったのは「丹後縮緬」で知られる峰山町であった。
- The quake struck Mineyama-cho, famous for its 'Tango-chirimen crepe,' the hardest.
- 一座(いちざ)とは、朝廷における宮中座次の最上位のことである。
- Ichiza was the term for the highest seat among court positions at the Imperial Court.
- 権門の中でも最大の家領を有していたのは、御堂流摂関家であった。
- Among the kenmon, the Mido line Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor) owned the biggest karyo.
- 7月20日 朝鮮政府に対して清軍の撤兵を要求する最後通牒を発令
- July 20: The final notice calling for the Korean government to demand the withdrawal of the Qing troops.
- その最たるものが前漢末、劉キンの三統暦にある黄鍾秬黍説である。
- A supreme example is the definition based on the Oshiki Kyosho theory described in the Santo-reki calendar (astronomical system), which was proposed by Liu Xin in the end of Former Han Dynasty (China).
- スギ花粉症は日本で最も多い花粉症で、国民の15%が患っている。
- It is the most prevalent form of hay fever in Japan where it affects 15% of the population.
- この年代は、現在のところ日本出土のものが世界最古とされている。
- The artifacts from Japan are considered to be the oldest ones in the world among the artifacts of this age unearthed so far.
- 常駐外国公使に清朝皇帝が謁見を許可したのはこれが最初であった。
- It was the first time that an emperor of the Qing dynasty admitted a ministry in China to have an audience.
- この時最初に導入されたのが絞柱という懸垂式の処刑器具であった。
- What was introduced for the first time at this moment was an execution equipment in suspending style called Kochu.
- 全8巻構成で、最後の2巻は特に和州吉野郡物産志と題されている。
- They are an eight volume series and the last two volumes have a special title of 'Washu Yoshinogun Bussanshi' (Book of Products of Yoshino County, in Yamato Province).
- 江戸へ再来した西郷は勝・大久保らとの間で最終的な条件を詰めた。
- Saigo re-visited Edo and continued to discuss the final conditions with Katsu and Okubo.
- そして6月10日、澄元も最終的に逃亡した阿波勝瑞城で病死した。
- On June 10, Sumimoto died of illness at the Awa Shozui-jo Castle, where he finally reached.
- 最初の年紀が何としても一番知りたい所であるが、なかなか読めない。
- The first era name is a part which you want to know most, but it is hard to decipher.
- 最終検査に合格した小判は百両単位で包金銀とし勘定所に上納された。
- Koban that had passed final inspection were packed by the hundred ryo (currency unit) to make tsutsumi-kingin (a certain amount of gold coins and silver coins packed and sealed in a piece of Japanese paper) and delivered to kanjosho (financial office in the Edo bakufu).
- 奈良県桜井市の箸墓(はしはか)古墳は最初期の古墳と言われている。
- The Hashihaka Mounded Tomb in Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture, is said to have been the earliest example of kofun.
- 7月、援軍に来た祖承訓率いる遼東の明軍が最前線の平壌を急襲した。
- In August, the army of Ming from Liaodong headed by Zu Chengxun, sent as reinforcements made an assault on Pyongyang at the forefront.
- 郷村断層では、西側が最大80cm隆起し、南へ270cm移動した。
- The Goson Fault was raised a maximum of 80cm on the west side and moved 270cm towards the south.
- 1482年、牙符を携行した最初の日本国王使が通交することで発効。
- In 1482, the Gafu came into effect when the first King of Japan envoy carrying Gafu had diplomatic relations with the Yi-Dynasty.
- 最終的には、公卿と諸侯は総計544名、その他288名が署名した。
- After all, 544 Kugyo and lords as well as 288 the other people signed on it.
- 日本の古墳所在件数が最も多いのは兵庫県で16,577基にのぼる。
- With 16,577 tumulses, Hyogo Prefecture has the largest number of kofun in Japan.
- 山名祐豊 祐豊は中国攻略軍の羽柴秀吉に包囲されている最中に死去。
- Suketoyo YAMANA died while his territory was besieged by Hideyoshi HASHIBA's force, the Chugoku district attacking force.
- その最も典型的な方針転換はいわゆる光緒新政を開始したことである。
- The most typical example of change in policy was the introduction of the New Guagxu Government.
- この刑は世界的に実施例があるが、中国におけるものが最も有名である。
- The evidence shows that this type of penalty existed throughout the globe, while the examples in China are the most well-known.
- 最古級の銅鐸は、縦文様帯と横文様帯を持つ四区袈裟襷文で飾っている。
- The oldest dotaku are decorated with the four-section Buddhist stole-like pattern with vertical pattern lines and horizontal pattern lines.
- オルドワン型石器群は、ヒト科人類による最古の石器群といわれている。
- Oldowan stone tool industry is said to be the earliest stone tool industry used by Hominins (or Hominini).
- 最終的に勝頼は昌幸よりも、一族の信茂が支配する岩殿行きを決意する。
- Finally, Katsuyori rejected Masayuki's proposal and chose to go to Iwadono, which was ruled by Nobushige, a member of his own clan.
- 新政府は開拓のための最初の仕事として箱館裁判所に山川調査を命じた。
- The first assignment set for Hakodate Court by the new government was to explore mountains and rivers in Ezo to reclaim the land.
- あらゆる罪の中でも最も重く斬刑などに処せられる八虐の筆頭であった。
- It was considered the most serious of all crimes, and ranked first in the eight unpardonable crimes, which deserved decapitation.
- 世阿弥自身の直談に拠ったものであり、最も信頼しうる根本資料である。
- This was based on talks held with Zeami himself and is one of the most trustworthy fundamental resources.
- しかし、最近では、このような石器の変遷観は見直されようとしている。
- Lately, however, these views concerning the transition period of the stone tools are being reconsidered.
- 最終氷期の約2万年前の最盛期が過ぎると地球規模で温暖化に向かった。
- After the last glacial period peaked approximately 20,000 years ago, the temperature warming took place on a global scale.
- 哨戒所は大滝平から最初の遭難地点の鳴沢まで合計15箇所設営された。
- 15 patrol posts in total were set up between Otakidaira and Narusawa, which was the first point the disaster had occurred.
- 日本の外交文書における正式名称は、北清事変に関する最終議定書である。
- The formal name in diplomatic documents of Japan is the final protocol concerning the North China Incident.
- これが、明治時代最大級の疑獄事件である開拓使官有物払下げ事件である。
- This was so-called 'disposal of government-owned property by the Development Commission', which was one of the major bribery scandals in the Meiji Period.
- こうして雑賀荘は「雑賀も内輪散々に成て自滅」と評される最期を遂げた。
- In this way, Saigaso was destroyed and described as 'Saiga ruined itself because of betrayals.'
- 日清戦争当時、村田銃の最新型が全軍に行き渡っていたわけではなかった。
- At the time of the Sino-Japanese war, not all the solders carried the latest types of Murataju rifle.
- この日は六曜の中で最も凶の日とされ、婚礼などの祝儀を忌む習慣がある。
- The day is thought to be the worst day in rokuyo and celebrations like wedding are to be avoided on that day as customs.
- 大同団結運動と並んで自由民権運動の最後を飾る運動として知られている。
- It is known as the last campaign of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement as well as the campaign to unite for a common purpose.
- 特に最後に関しては、織田との合戦を考慮していなかったという意味になる。
- The last reason in particular implies that the Takeda clan did not consider a war with the Oda clan.
- 砲艦外交を最大限推し進めながら、実際には戦争をできるだけ回避すること。
- They pushed forward with gunboat diplomacy as much as possible, while actually avoiding war as much as possible.
- 呼出し(宝暦以降では最上位の女郎であったが、文政年間末に自然消滅する)
- Yobidashi (during the Horeki era, they were the highest ranking prostitute, but died a natural death at the end of Bunsei era (1818-1829).)
- この動きは倭国にも伝わり、大化改新最中の倭国内部でも警戒感が高まった。
- The news of their overtures traveled to Wakoku as well, and although Wakoku was in the midst of the Taika Reforms, they grew alarmed.
- 最近になって再び移転構想が出てきているが、まだ具体化には至っていない。
- The relocation plan has been recently revitalized again, but not embodied yet.
- だが発端である荒木残党の引き渡しについては最後まで合意に達しなかった。
- But they did not reach an agreement on the handover of the remnants of the Araki clan which had triggered the conflict.
- もう1本の山田断層は、北側が最大70cm隆起し、東へ80cm移動した。
- The Yamada Fault was raised a maximum of 70cm on the north side and moved 80cm towards the east.
- 現在知られている中で最も古い作者付は、世阿弥の著作中にある記事である。
- The oldest known sakushazuke is the description included within a book by Zeami.
- こうした国際秩序変容に東アジアで最も早く順応したのは明治日本であった。
- During the transition of international order in East Asia, Japan in the Meiji period accepted the situation at earlier stage compared to other nations.
- 三好政権と河内畠山氏が、畿内の覇権をめぐって争った一連の戦いの最終章。
- It was the last battle of the series of battles fought between the Miyoshi's government and the Kawachi Hatakeyama clan, both seeking for supremacy in Kinai region.
- 一国の宰相が文士を招待したのは、明治時代ではこれが最初であったという。
- This is said to be the first time since the start of the Meiji period that the prime minister of the entire nation invited people of letters to such an event.
- 東大寺文書 - 日本に数ある寺院文書のなかでも、最重要のもののひとつ。
- 'Todai-ji Temple archives'-One of the most important sources among the many maintained at the Japanese temples.
- 台湾総督府は日本統治時代の最高統治機関であり、その長官が台湾総督である。
- The Taiwan Sotoku-fu was the highest governing authority in Taiwan during the period of Japanese rule, and it was headed by a Governor-General of Taiwan.
- 直接的に何の利益も生まない欧州派遣を、最初は渋っていた日本政府であった。
- At first, the Japanese Government was reluctant to dispatch fleets to Europe because it would not yield any immediate profit.
- 1969年、最後の頼みの綱だった看板俳優・市川雷蔵が37歳の若さで急逝。
- In 1969, Daiei's top actor and its last hope Raizo ICHIKAWA died young at the age of 37.
- 議政官は政務の重要な案件を審議し、最終的な裁可は天皇が行うとされていた。
- The Giseikan (legislative department) deliberated on the most important government matters before they were sanctioned by the emperor.
- そのうち、8世紀初頭から同中期・後期頃までが律令制の最盛期とされている。
- During that period, the Ritsuryo system was at its zenith from the beginning to the middle and latter half of the 8th century.
- このうち貿易額は対中貿易が最も多く、対オランダ貿易はさほどでもなかった。
- Among these routes, trade with China boasted the highest amount of trade, while trade with the Netherlands was minimal.
- 平安時代前期には空海、最澄が相次いで唐に渡航し、密教が日本に伝えられた。
- In the Heian period's former half, Priest Kukai and Saicho went to Tang-dynasty China one after another, and they brought back Esoteric Buddhism into Japan.
- また歴史的にも日中間の大規模かつ長期に渡る戦争としては最初のものである。
- It is historically the first battle of a large-scale and long lasting war between Japan and china.
- 天正6年(1578年)の上月城の戦いにも参加し、尼子氏の最期を見届けた。
- He also participated in the Battle of Kozukijo Castle in 1578 and witnessed the end of the Amago clan.
- 居村に檀家が無く他村に檀家の多い寺院は、最寄りの寺院に合併したらどうか。
- If the temple has no Buddhist parishioner in the village and many Buddhist parishioners in other village, should the temple be merged with the nearest temple?
- 1911年に本格的輸入機の最後となる大型の急行用機関車60両を輸入した。
- In 1911, 60 locomotives for large express trains, which were the last imported locomotives, were imported.
- しかし籠城を成功させた最も大きな理由は、清朝の不徹底な交戦姿勢にあった。
- The greatest cause of the siege's success was the Qing dynasty's inconsistent attitude toward war.
- 日本の律令法においては、最も古くから存在した規定の1つと考えられている。
- In the Japanese Ritsuryo law system, the Kushiki-ryo law was one of the oldest rules and regulations existed in Japan, as it has been so believed.
- 規模としては最後の西来庵事件以外は小規模、または蜂起以前に逮捕されている。
- These uprisings were relatively small in scale except for the last Xilaian Incident and conspirators were arrested before the planned uprisings could even take place.
- 売春婦は俗に世界最古の職業と言われるが、日本の遊女も古くから存在していた。
- Prostitute is commonly called the oldest profession in the world, and Japanese yujo also existed since old times.
- 襲撃側のうち、最初に駕籠目掛けて斬り込んだ稲田重蔵は河西に斬り倒され即死。
- Juzo INADA, who was the first to attack the palanquin with a sword on the attacking side, was struck down by KAWANISHI and died immediately.
- 西晋の268年には泰始律令が制定され、これが最初の律令法典だとされている。
- In 268, during the Western Jin Dynasty, the Taishi Ritsuryo was established and is considered to be the first Ritsuryo code in history.
- 日本の律令制の最盛期は、8世紀初頭から8世紀中期・後期頃までとされている。
- The Japanese Ritsuryo system is considered to have been at its zenith from the beginning to the middle and the latter half of the 8th century.
- これは被差別部落民が米商の投機買いによる最大の被害者層であったからである。
- This is because people from discriminated communities called buraku were the heaviest sufferers by speculative buying of rice merchants.
- 隊士らは西洋式の兵法をよく吸収して当時最新の兵器を取り扱い、戦果を上げた。
- Those officers gained military achievements by handling the newest weapons absorbing the Western art of warfare.
- 秀吉が最初に築いた居城であり、秀吉の城下町経営の基礎を醸成した所でもある。
- This is the first castle that Hidoyoshi built to live in and where he culminated his thinking on the management of a castle city.
- 北九州の覇権をかけた合戦であると同時に、大友・大内間の最大の戦闘となった。
- It was a battle for hegemony over northern Kyushu and the biggest battle between OTOMO and OUCHI.
- 設置の当初は戊辰戦争の最中で、新潟、佐渡、箱館は新政府の支配の外にあった。
- When these local courts were installed, Japan was in the middle of the Boshin War, and Niigata, Sado and Hakodate did not fall under the control of the new government yet.
- 繁長は余勢を駆ってさらに兵を進めたが、東根で最上勢の猛反撃に遭い撤退した。
- Shigenaga advanced his troops further as he was spurred by his side's victory, but he was obliged to withdraw due to a fierce counter-offensive by the Mogami troops at Higashine.
- 最新式の鋳造機を香港から購入し、贋造が難しい近代的な貨幣鋳造が開始された。
- After buying state-of-the-art minting machines from Hong Kong, a modern way of minting currency was introduced to prevent forgery.
- 八虐においては第4位、家庭内の問題に纏わる問題では最も重い罪とされている。
- Among hachi-gyaku it ranked fourth and was regarded as the most serious crime among the problems involving a family.
- 上記華夷秩序との最も大きな相違点は、主権国家間の法的平等原則の存在である。
- The biggest difference from above-described kaichitsujo is the existence of the principle of legal equality between sovereign states.
- 排水量15,000トン、全長180m、全幅17m、最大速度10.5ノット。
- She had a displacement of 15,000 tons, a length of 180 m, a breadth of 17 m, and a maximum speed of 10.5 knots.
- 先に薩軍最左翼の御船が敗れ、20日夜半には最右翼の大津の野村部隊も退却した。
- At first, the Satsuma army was defeated in Mifune, positioned as the left flank, and in the night of April 20, the Nomura troop in Otsu, which constituted the right-most flank of the Satsuma army, retreated as well.
- 最初に蝦夷「共和国(リパブリック)」という表現を使ったのは、外国人であった。
- The person who used the term Ezo 'Republic' for the first time was a foreigner.
- 歴史上最初の律令は、中国の西晋が268年(泰始4)に制定した泰始律令である。
- The first Luli to be found in history was Qin Shi Luli which was enacted in 268 during the Western Jin Dynasty in China.
- 朝鮮半島で最初に作られた族譜は、1403年に作られた水原白氏の族譜とされる。
- The first zokufu made in the Korean Peninsula is said to be the zokufu of the Suwon Paik clan made in 1403.
- ところが郷安は氏郷存命中から豊臣秀吉の最側近である石田三成と誼を通じていた。
- On the other hand, Satoyasu befriended Mitsunari ISHIDA, who had been the close servant of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, when Ujisato was alive.
- そのため最終的には興福寺側からのどのような無理な要求でも罷り通ったのである。
- Therefore, Kofuku-ji Temple had its own way in the end, whatever unreasonable demands they might make.
- また、台与(ゐよ)(臺與)は、中国風の名(倭與)を名乗った最初の倭王である。
- Toyo was the first king of Wakoku who was named a Chinese-style name.
- 最終的に元田の修訂によって完成されて、松本楓湖の図画を添えて印刷頒布された。
- Finally the compilation was finished with amendments by MOTODA and printed and distributed with drawings by Fuko MATSUMOTO.
- 慶長年間に最盛期であった金銀の産出は寛永年間を過ぎた頃から陰りが見え始めた。
- The production of gold and silver that was in its prime during Keicho era started to deteriorate after Kanei era.
- この行軍における最初の犠牲者であるが、猛吹雪で誰も確認ができなかったという。
- Although they were the first victims of this march, nobody could confirm that in such a blizzard.
- 朝日遺跡(愛知県清須市、春日町、名古屋市にまたがる)最も防御施設が充実した遺跡
- Asahi site (lies across the borders of Kiyosu City, Kasuga-cho and Nagoya City, and has one of the most heavily equipped defensive structures)
- 東京国立博物館所蔵の2口のうちの1口は高さ135センチの日本最大の銅鐸である。
- One of two possessed by the Tokyo National Museum is 135 centimeters in height, the biggest dotaku in Japan.
- キリスト教が伝来して信者を集め、鉄砲などの最新技術が瞬く間に全国へと普及した。
- Christianity was introduced, gathering devotees, and the newest technology, such as guns, spread around the country instantly.
- その後、井伊氏は加増を重ね、最終的にには譜代最高となる35万石を得るに至った。
- After that, Ii clan increased its property and at the end attained 350 thousand goku.
- だが、疫病は治まらず、その最中の6月14日には今度は内裏が火災にあってしまう。
- But the epidemic was not subdued, and there was a fire in the dairi (Imperial Palace) on June 14.
- ところがこの最中、茂山に布陣していた柴田側の前田利家の軍勢が突如戦線離脱した。
- However, in midst of this fighting, the army led by Toshiie MAEDA on the Shibata side, deployed on Mt. Shige, abruptly left the front lines.
- 近年、卑弥呼と同一人物として推定される候補の中では最有力の説となってきている。
- In recent years, among the various historical candidates, it is this woman who is most likely to, in fact, be Himiko.
- 立憲政友会の勢力拡大とともに会員を常時30名を超え、最盛期には47名を数えた。
- As Rikken seiyukai promoted its power, the number of the club members increased to constantly exceed 30, reaching 47 at its peak.
- 万暦に羅王常の協力を得て翻刻し、最終的には4000方近くにまでの印影を集めた。
- In Banreki era, Jutoku KO, supported by Ojo RA, reprinted seals and finally collected nearly 4000 impressions of them.
- 後に榎本らは函館市の五稜郭を占拠し、最後まで新政府軍に抵抗した(→箱館戦争)。
- Later, Enomoto and other defiant former retainers occupied the Goryokaku (five-sided fortification) in Hakodate City and resisted the new government's army until the end (please refer to the Battle of Hakodate.).
- 江戸とその住民を戦火に巻き込まずにすんだことは、江戸開城の最大の成果であった。
- Therefore, two significant elements were accomplished in the surrender of the Edo-jo Castle; the avoidance war and fire upon Edo City and its massive population.
- 現在の滋賀県東浅井郡虎姫町で最大の震度6、滋賀県内全域で震度5〜4を記録した。
- The earthquake measured six on the seven-point Japanese scale in the current Torahime-cho, Higashiazai District in Shiga Prefecture, where it hit the hardest, and five to four in all areas in Shiga Prefecture.
- 河内国など畿内17ヶ所の代官職を与えられた晴元配下の最有力重臣にまで成長する。
- He then became the most powerful senior vassal under Harumoto who was given the post of local governor in 17 places in the Kinnai region, including Kawachi Province.
- このふたつの大事業が東大寺で組合わさったのは、最初から意図されたことではない。
- The combination of these two big projects in Todai-ji Temple was not intended from the beginning.
- その会同の最中、榎本艦隊旗艦開陽丸が、賓客の来訪を歓迎する21発の礼砲を撃った。
- During the meeting, Enomoto Fleet's flagship Kaiyomaru fired a twenty-one-gun salute to welcome the visit of guests.
- 西南戦争は日本最後の内戦となり、士族という軍事専門職の存在を消滅させて終焉した。
- The Seinan War, which is the last civil war in Japan, put an end to the military professional jobs of the warrior class at the conclusion.
- 本議定書はその条件履行の最終確認として、双方全権出席の下、調印されたものである。
- The protocol as the final confirmation of execution of terms was signed under the presence of plenipotentiaries from the both sides.
- 拡散の最遠は、9世紀末から10世紀にかけて操業した五所川原窯で、津軽平野にある。
- The farthest place of the expansion of Sueki production can be seen at Goshogawara kiln in Tsugaru Plain which was in operation from the end of the ninth century to the tenth century.
- また、日本史上最初の条坊制(じょうぼうせい)を布いた本格的な中国風都城でもある。
- It was also the first capital where a Jobosei (street plan of ancient capital) was proclaimed in the history of Japan, and was an authentic Chinese style capital.
- 考古学的調査により、彼らが最初に水稲を持ち込み、いわゆる弥生時代に繋がっていく。
- Archeological research indicates that they first imported paddy rice, which led to, as it is called, the Yayoi period.
- 商人最も数が多く、記録に残る限り65名、さらに婦人2名、琉球出身者1名を数える。
- It had the greatest numbers of merchants, consisting of sixty five members, two ladies, and one who originated from Ryukyu region (current Okinawa area).
- このテンシュは、その他の邸宅と同様に我らの知る限りの最も華美な瓦で覆われている。
- Roof of this Tenshu, like other residences, was covered with the most gorgeous flat tiles among we know.
- 装薬が充填され信管が取り付けられている尖頭砲弾を使用し、当時最強の火力を有した。
- It had the most powerful firing ability of its day, using steeple skull ammunition and a detonation cord loaded with powder charge.
- 最上義光が上杉から庄内を奪還するのは、慶長6年(1601年)4月のことであった。
- Yoshiaki MOGAMI won back the Shonai district from Uesugi in May and June 1601.
- 公儀及び毛利にたいして忠節をつくすので、望みを任せるように本願寺は最善をつくす。
- As he remains faithful to the shogunate and the Mori clan, the Hongan-ji Temple should try its best so that the wish could be realized.
- (「朔旦冬至」とは19年周期の最初の年に11月1日 (旧暦)が冬至となること。)
- (When the winter solstice happens to be the first day of November (in the old lunar calendar) once in 20 years, it is called sakuten toji.)
- 明六社(めいろくしゃ)は、明治時代初期に設立された日本最初の近代的啓蒙学術団体。
- Meirokusha, which was established in the early Meiji period, was the first Japanese modern academic society for enlightenment.
- 最初の印譜は、中国北宋の大観 (宋)年間に楊克一が出版した『集古印格』とされる。
- It is said that the first inpu is 'Shukoinkaku' published by YO Katsuichi in the Taikan era of the Northern Sung Dynasty.
- 訴訟の際には公験の提出が求められ、公験が最も重要な証拠として取り上げられていた。
- For suit, submission of kugen was required, and kugen was taken as the most important evidence.
- 地下家伝は初版成立後、数回の改定・補遺を経て安政年間に最後の改訂が行われている。
- After the first edition was published, the Jige Kaden was revised and supplemented several times, and the last revision was performed during the Ansei era.
- 歩兵隊については、2個大隊(各10個小隊)からなる連隊が最大の編成単位であった。
- Regarding the infantry, the regiment consisting of two battalions (each battalion has 10 platoons is the largest unit of the army.
- この経済構造は児玉源太郎総督の時代に基礎が築かれ、太平洋戦争により最盛期を迎えた。
- This economic structure, founded by then Governor-General Gentaro KODAMA, reached its peak due to the Pacific War.
- 薩軍最左翼の御船へは坂元指揮の諸隊が熊本に入った官軍と入れ替わる形で進駐していた。
- As the government army moved from Mifune to Kumamoto, the troops led by Sakamoto advanced to Mifune in the area that constituted the left-most flank of the Satsuma army.
- しかし、官軍は最右翼の大津と最左翼の御船から薩軍本営の木山を挟撃する情勢になった。
- However, the battle situation became to allow the government army to make a pincer attack on Kiyama, where the headquarters of the Satsuma army was located, from Otsu in the right-most flank and from Mifune in the left-most flank.
- この論文はそのタイトルのため最も注目を集め、民法典論争の象徴ともいえる論文である。
- This thesis is the one that attracted the most attention because of the title, and may be said to symbolize the disputes over the Civil Code.
- 合戦の具体的な経過については、最新の研究がまだ研究者によってまちまちで一致しない。
- Regarding specific progress of the battle, recent researchers have not been able to form a consensus since the conclusions reached would vary.
- 一方連(むらじ)の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力なものを大連(おおむらじ)と呼んだ。
- On the other hand, those among the clans with the kabane of Muraji were called Omuraji.
- 武田軍にて赤備えを最初に率いたのは後代に『甲山の猛虎』とも謳われた飯富虎昌である。
- The person who first led Akazonae in the Takeda army was Toramasa OBU who was also called 'Kozan no Moko (brave tiger in Mt.Kozan) in later generations.
- この戦で伊予における最大拠点を失った長宗我部氏はその後各地で敗戦し毛利軍に屈した。
- The Chosokabe clan, which lost its most important base in Iyo Province as a result of the battle, continued to suffer defeats in various places, and finally surrendered to the Mori army.
- しかし、その最後の当主である塩谷温綱に子が無かったため、直系は明治時代に断絶する。
- However, the last family head, Harutsuna SHIONOYA, had no child and thus the direct line discontinued during the Meiji period.
- 中国における陽明学再評価に最も力があったのは、先に触れた康有為の弟子梁啓超である。
- Liang Qichao, a disciple of the above-mentioned Kang Youwei, was the most influential figure in Yomeigaku's reevaluation in China.
- この戦いは、地方豪族の力も得て、最終的には大海人が勝利、即位し、天武天皇となった。
- Prince Oama won the war with the help of powerful regional clans and acceded to the throne as Emperor Tenmu.
- 幕府・各藩は海防のため、後には倒幕のために、競って西洋の最新兵器を揃えようとした。
- The bakufu and other clans tried to get modern Western weapons, at first to protect the coastlines, and later to overthrow the bakufu.
- この後、最上軍は朝日山城などで抵抗を続けたが敗れ、庄内地方は上杉景勝の版図となる。
- The Mogami's troops were defeated despite their continual resistance at places including Asahiyama-jo Castle; consequently, the Shonai district was incorporated into the territory of Kagekatsu UESUGI.
- 合戦開始当初は両軍互角の状況だったが、次第に数で劣る最上軍が追いつめられていった。
- Although the battle was initially a pitched battle, the Uesugi's allied troops, who outnumbered those of Mogami, gradually drove their opponent into a corner.
- このようなことが最上徳内や間宮林蔵などの農村出身者の活躍に一枚買っているといえる。
- These contributed to the achievements of Tokunai MOGAMI and Rinzo MAMIYA, who were from rural communities.
- なお、世界最古とされる日本の旧石器時代の局部磨製石斧も剝片石器に属する場合が多い。
- Most of partially ground stone axes from the Paleolithic period in Japan, which are considered to be the oldest tools in the world, were categorized as a flake stone tool.
- ちなみに最も多くの死傷者を出したのは日本であった(死者349名・負傷者933名)。
- Japan faced with more casualties than any other country (349 dead and 933 injured).
- 最も注目すべき特徴は、この翻訳が原著よりも一層自然法的性格を強めていることにある。
- Most important feature to be noted is that this translation had strengthened nature of natural law compared to the original text.
- 「正倉院文書」の日付の最も古いものは、大宝 (日本)2年(702年)のものである。
- The oldest date stated in Shosoin Monjo (document collection of the Nara period kept in Shosoin) is 702.
- しかしその後の増補があり、最終的には保延年間(1135~41)の成立と推定される。
- However, it was enlarged in later years, so that the final completion is estimated to be from 1135 to 1141.
- 寶月はこのうち『伊呂波字類抄』による0.6270を最も信憑性の高い数値としている。
- Hogetsu says 0.6270 sho in 'Irohajirui-sho' is most trustworthy.
- この戦いは官軍死傷者221名、薩軍死者73名捕虜4名という長囲戦最大の激戦であった。
- This battle was the fiercest battle in the drawn-out siege with the death toll of 221 in the government army and the death toll of 73 and 4 captives in the Satsuma army.
- 当時、大韓帝国では最も大きな政治結社であり、会員数は80万人から100万人であった。
- At that time, it was the biggest political association of The Korean Empire, and the number of its members was between 800 thousands and one million.
- この臣の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力な者を大臣(おおおみ)と呼び、国政を預けられた。
- The most influential people among the clans with the kabane of Omi were called Oomi, who was put in charge of the affairs of state.
- 二重目以上の窓はすべて華頭窓を配し、最上階には実用でない外廻り縁と高欄を付けている。
- For all windows in the second and third layers, kato-mado (foliate-top window) are arranged, and in the top layer ornamental sotomawaribuchi (long and rod-like dressed lumber put in the part of ceiling surface and wall surface meeting) and koran (banister) are attached.
- しかも当時、日本では石見銀山などで銀が盛産されており、決済手段として最も適していた。
- In addition, silver was mined in large quantities in the Iwami Ginzan silver mine and other places in Japan and used as a means of payment.
- またフィリピンの中央山岳地帯 (ルソン島) にある棚田は、世界最大とも言われている。
- Furthermore, Tanada located in the central mountainous region of the Philippines (the Luzon Island) are said to be the largest in the world.
- ちなみに、最初に認められた6人は、頼朝と源義経の仲が険悪化する以前に推挙されていた。
- In fact, the first six people had been recommended before Yoritomo got onto bad terms with MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune.
- 清洲会議では、それまで重臣筆頭として最大の発言権を持っていた勝家の影響力が低下した。
- In the Kiyosu conference, the influence of Katsuie, who had had the biggest say as a head of vassals, was diminished.
- ただし、たびたび加筆・増補が行われ、最終的には室町時代まで行われたと推定されている。
- Provided, however, that its improvement or enlargement was often made and it is presumed that such revision or enlargement was continuously made until the Muromachi period.
- 勝頼最後の戦となった田野の四郎作・鳥居畑では、信長の大軍を僅かな手勢で奮闘撃退した。
- In Shirotsukuri, Toriibata in Tano, which was the last battlefield of Katsuyori, he bravely fought off Nobunaga's large army with a small number of troops.
- 1640年には江戸城の工事が最終的に完成し、江戸の都市建設はひとつの終着点に達した。
- The reconstruction of the Edo Castle was completed in 1640, marking one end point in the urban development of Edo.
- 1880年(明治13年)、日本陸軍の村田経芳が日本で最初の国産小銃の開発に成功する。
- In 1880, Tsuneyoshi MURATA of theJapanese Army succeeded in developing the first Japanese-made rifle.
- 川中島の戦いの最終戦である第五次合戦は、永禄7年(1564年)、塩崎の対陣とも言う。
- The fifth and final battle of Kawanakajima was fought in 1564, and is also called the confrontation at Shiozaki.
- 政権の最高実力者に対する暗殺という結果は、幕府の権威を大きく失墜させることとなった。
- Due to the assassination of its top official, the authority of the bakufu government crumbled.
- 明六社には最後まで在籍したものの、『明六雑誌』には僅か三本しか論説を発表していない。
- Although he had been a member of Meirokusha until the end, he published only three articles in 'Meiroku Zasshi.'
- 内外に戊辰戦争全体が最低限の流血で乗り越えられたといういわば虚像をも産むことになる。
- The domestic and foreign perspective opinions reached the general misconception of the Boshin Civil War being a less bloody conflict.
- 「一話一言」によれば、正安3年、権大僧都永瑜が建てた高雄の下馬碑が最古であるという。
- According to 'Ichiwa Ichigen' (a book of essays written by Nanpo OTA in the late Edo period), the oldest Geba-hi (a monument with inscription of Geba) was put up in Takao by Gon-dai-sozu Eiyu (Junior Prelate Eiyu) in 1301.
- 関連して武田軍には騎馬の最大の特徴である機動力を生かした作戦がほとんど見受けられない。
- The Takeda cavalry moreover had few tactics drawing on its mobility, albeit one of its greatest traits.
- クビライはその後も何度か日本に使者を出したが全て無視され、最終的に武力侵攻を決定する。
- Kublai continued sending envoys to Japan several times after that, but Japan ignored all of them, and in the end, he decided on a military invasion.
- 条約締結以後、清朝が最後の冊封国朝鮮を維持しようと、朝鮮に積極的に関与するようになる。
- After conclusion of the treaty, the Qing dynasty became positively involved with Korea in order to maintain the last subject state under the tributary system.
- 開拓使による最初の移民政策は、政府募集の移民を送り込んで定住させるというものであった。
- The first immigration policy the Development Commission took was to send immigrants recruited by the government to Hokkaido and made them settled.
- 日本で最初の本格的な私寺であるが、蘇我系王族の強い支援のもと、官寺としての性格が強い。
- Although it was the first full-scale private temple in Japan, it strongly resembled a state-owned temple due to the support it received from the Soga clan-controlled royal family.
- この平信兼追討の最中の8月6日、義経は後白河天皇より左衛門少尉、検非違使に任じられた。
- Yoshitsune was appointed as Saemon no shojo (Junior Lieutenant of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) by the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa on September 19, while he was in the midst of putting down TAIRA no Nobukane.
- 日本列島の旧石器時代の最終に現れたのが、この細石器(細石刃)を使った細石刃文化である。
- What appeared at the end of the Paleolithic period in the Japanese archipelago is the Saisekijin Culture in which saisekki (or saisekijin) was used.
- 全国的には1973年(昭和48年)に多賀城(宮城県多賀城市)で見つかったのが最初の例。
- The example of the first nationwide was the one found in Taga-jo Castle (Tagajo City, Miyagi Prefecture) in 1973.
- 城柵は征夷の最前線基地であり、軍事的に蝦夷を屈服させた地域に軍事拠点として設けられた。
- Josaku acted as outposts designed to exterminate barbarians, and were located as military footholds in the areas that militarily brought northerners into submission.
- 総勢約二万人弱の混成軍であったが、最も多くの派兵をおこなったのは日本とロシアであった。
- It was a mixed army consisting of slightly less than 20,000 soldiers, but Japan and Russia dispatched the most soldiers.
- 彼は弁護士からスタートし、ニューヨーク海事裁判所判事、連邦最高裁レポーターを歴任した。
- He started as a lawyer and experienced a judge in the New York Maritime Court and a reporter of the Supreme Court of the United States.
- 日本最初の翻刻である開成所版『万国公法』は、西周 (啓蒙家)が訓点を施したものである。
- The first reprint edition of 'Bankoku Koho,' the Kaiseijo version had guiding marks for rendering Chinese into Japanese and the guiding marks were put by Amane NISHI.
- この「邪馬台」を「やまたい」と読んだのは国学者の本居宣長が最初であると考えられている。
- Apparently, it was the scholar of Japanese classical literature, Norinaga MOTOORI, who was the first to read '邪馬台' as 'Yamatai.'
- 最終的に義輝と和睦したのは永禄元年(1558年)、六角義賢の仲介を受けてのことである。
- They finally reconciled in 1558, intermediated by the arrangement made by Yoshitaka ROKKAKU.
- 日本語家庭とは家庭においても日本語が使われるというもので、国語運動の最終目標でもあった。
- A Japanese speaking home, in which family members spoke Japanese even at home, was the ultimate goal of the kokugo movement.
- 文献に名の残る日本史上最古の人物である帥升は、史料上、倭国王を称した最初の人物でもある。
- Suisho, who was the first Japanese person in history to appear in literature, called himself the King of Wakoku.
- 藤原宮は、南北約600m、東西約240mにおよぶ日本で最大の規模を持つ朝堂院遺構である。
- The Fujiwara Palace was Chodo-in (the main administration building) remnants which boasts the largest scale in Japan, about 600 meters from north to south and 240 meters from east to west.
- しかし、最近になって一揆勢は佐敷城を15日にわたって占拠していたという説も浮上している。
- However, a current theory has it that the rebel group occupied the Sashiki-jo Castle for 15 days.
- 「武士道」という言葉が日本で最初に記された書物は、高坂昌信著とされる「甲陽軍鑑」である。
- The first book including the word 'Bushido' in Japan was 'Koyo Gunkan (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family)' which is considered to have been written by Masanobu KOSAKA.
- それが養老律令公式令にも反映されており、大宝律令との最大の違いであったと考えられている。
- Such stipulation was reflected in Kushiki-ryo of Yoro Ritsuryo as well, and regarded as one of the greatest difference from Taiho Ritsuryo.
- そもそも『源氏物語』が最初から54帖であったかどうかというそのこと自体がはっきりしない。
- First of all, it is questioned whether 'The Tale of Genji' consisted of 54 chapters from the beginning.
- 社会民主党(しゃかいみんしゅとう)は1901年に結成された日本最初の社会主義政党である。
- The Shakai minshuto is the first socialist party in Japan, which was formed in 1901.
- 特に、日本統治時代最大規模の武力蜂起である霧社事件の際は、鎮圧への毒ガス使用が検討された。
- Especially at the time of Wushe Incident, the largest scale armed uprising under the Japanese rule, the use of poison gas was considered to put it down.
- 外国軍が瀬戸内海を東上して畿内へ上陸した場合、最も逃げやすい土地が大津ということであろう。
- In case that foreign troops came up east through the Seto Inland Sea to land on Kinai region, Otsu would have been the most convenient location to evacuate from.
- しかし、最新の鉱毒防止装置の維持費は、その後も用水利用料増加という形で農民の負担となった。
- However, after that, the peasants kept paying the running costs and costs for new pollution-preventing system in the form of water rate which had kept being raised.
- 宮内省での最終試験に合格すると、太政官に挙送され、式部省での任用試験後に叙位任官を受けた。
- When they passed the final examination at the Imperial Household Agency, they were sent to 'Dajokan' (Grand Council of State), and after the examination at Shikibusho for appointment, they were conferred with ranks.
- 当時最新鋭の銃であるが、国内では専用弾薬の調達が困難で、戦局に影響を与えることはなかった。
- This type of gun was state-of-the-art at the time, but it did not make a significant impact as it was hard for the bakufu to get the bullets specific to the rifles.
- 1985年11月11日、「古都税あっせん会議」は最終和解案を京都仏教会と京都市へ提示した。
- November 11, 1985: The 'Conciliation Council over the Old Capital Tax' submitted the final reconciliation plan to the Kyoto Buddhist Organization and Kyoto City.
- 日本における天文道の最高権威であった天文博士に求められたのは、天文異変の際の対処策である。
- What was required of tenmon hakase (masters of astrology), the authorities on Tenmondo, was to take measures concerning extraordinary astronomical events.
- 変の直後、藤原氏は不比等の娘光明子を、臣下で最初の皇后(光明皇后)に立てることに成功した。
- Immediately after the disturbance, the Fujiwara clan succeeded in making a daughter of Fuhito, Komyoshi (Empress Komyo), the first retainer to become Empress.
- 戦後に破壊された最大の古墳は、1949年に破壊された全長168mの百舌鳥大塚山古墳である。
- The biggest kofun destroyed after World War II was Mozuotsukayama Kofun which was destroyed in 1949, that had the entire length of 168 meters.
- 1871年に新貨条例が出され、「円 (通貨)」を貨幣とする最初の近代貨幣制度が導入された。
- In 1871, New Currency Regulation was issued and the first modern monetary system was introduced to Japan which designated 'yen (currency)' as Japanese currency.
- 右表に明らかなように、実は北京陥落以後の方が投入された兵力は多く、最大71920名に上る。
- As apparent from the table on the right, there were actually more soldiers dispatched after the fall of Beijing and at the peak totaled 71,920 soldiers.
- 日本人は攻撃の激しかった粛親王府防衛を受け持っていたため、各国の中で最も死者率が高かった。
- Since the Japanese were assigned to defend the government of Prince Su which was attacked strongly, they suffered the highest ratio of casualties among the nations.
- ――実際の外交において国際法が最初に活用されたのは、1864年の対プロシア交渉だとされる。
- The first diplomatic negotiation based on international laws was a negotiation with Prussia in 1864.
- その日本での最初の翻刻は江戸幕府の洋学教育機関であり研究機関であった開成所でなされている。
- In Japan the first reprint was conducted at Kaiseijo, which was a school established by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for education of Western studies.
- 「陬麻(奥入)」、「陬磨(原中最秘抄)」須磨、「未通女(奥入)」、「乙通女(河海抄)」乙女
- Suma 陬麻(Okuiri Interpretation),' 'Suma 陬磨(Genchusaihi-sho Commentary),' 'Otome 未通女(Okuiri Interpretation),' 'Otome 乙通女(Kakai-sho Commentary)'
- (占領期に連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により禁止されるも、独立後現代武道として再開された。)
- (During the Occupation, Budo was forbidden by General Headquarters [GHQ], however, it was resumed as Gendai Budo [modern martial art] after Japan became independent.)
- また、葉栗郡地方の有力者が資金を出し合い、犠牲者の最も多かった尾西市に慰霊碑が建立された。
- Furthermore, some of the more influential inhabitants of the Haguri-gun region jointly raised the funds to erect a stone memorial in the city of Bisai, which had more victims of the fire than any other city or town.
- 1584年(天正13年)、豊臣秀吉の治世に、今の大阪の道頓堀川北岸に最初の遊廓がつくられた。
- In 1584, during the reign of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the first yukaku was built at the north bank of the present Dotonbori-gawa River in Osaka.
- 日本でキリスト教の信仰を理由に最高権力者の指令による処刑が行われたのはこれが初めてであった。
- This was the first execution issued by the order of the person in the highest authority in Japan because they believed in Christianity.
- これ以降、7世紀最末期までの間、倭・倭人を代表する/統合する政治勢力は「倭国」を称し続けた。
- From around that time till the very end of the seventh century, the political powers representing and consolidating Wa or Wajin continued to call themselves 'Wakoku.'
- 鵯越は平家本陣である福原・大輪田の泊に最も近かったため、宗盛は安徳天皇を奉じて海上へ逃れた。
- Since Hiyodorigoe was the closest fortress to the headquarters of the Taira clan in Fukuwara, and Owada no Tomari, Munemori followed Emperor Antoku and escaped to the ocean.
- 6世紀末には日本最初の本格的仏教寺院である法興寺(飛鳥寺)の建設が蘇我氏によって始められた。
- In the end of the sixth century, the Soga clan started to construct Hoko-ji Temple (also called Asuka-dera Temple), which was the first full-scale Buddhist Temple in Japan.
- 比叡山や高野山は寺社の中でも最高級の格を持ち、その中立性と不可侵性は中世を通じて尊重された。
- The temples on Mt. Hiei and Mt. Koya had had the highest status among temples and shrines and their neutrality and inviolability had been respected through the medieval period.
- 後白河は義仲の異議を抑えるために御卜を行い、四宮(尊成親王、後の後鳥羽天皇)が最吉となった。
- To contain Yoshinaka's objection, Goshirakawa conducted miura (royal augury), and Shinomiya (the fourth imperial prince, Imperial Prince Takahira, later Emperor Gotoba) turned out to be the best.
- 最初に惣田数と年間可収租税総額を記載して、次に「除田」と「定田」のそれぞれの明細を列記した。
- In the first part, the total number of rice fields and the total amount of the annual tax to be imposed were written, and in the second part, the details of 'joden' (tax-free rice fields) and 'teiden' (taxable rice fields) were written.
- 伊東司令長官は、鹵獲艦船の中から商船康済号を外し、丁汝昌提督の亡骸を最大の礼遇を以て扱った。
- ITO, commander-in-chief, did not seize the merchant vessel and treated his body as courteously as possible.
- 明治維新後も流通したが、明治24年(1891年)12月31日を最後に正式に通用停止となった。
- Although it circulated even after the Meiji Restoration, it was officially forbidden to be used on December 31, 1891.
- 有名な「土用の丑の日」は夏の最終月(土の月、土用)の丑の日(丑は土の五行)ということである。
- The famous 'Doyo No Ushi No Hi' (Midsummer Day of the Ox), occurs in the last month of summer.
- この乱は、島津氏家中最大の内乱であり、最終的には徳川家康の仲介により解決に至ったものである。
- This rebellion, which was the largest revolt within the Shimazu clan, was eventually resolved through the mediation of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 北宋以降も制度に変遷はあったものの、官印を支給する制度は変わらず、最後の清の時代まで続いた。
- Although there were some changes to the system, kanin were still being provided after the Northern Sung Dynasty and lasted until the Qing Dynasty which was the last dynasty of China.
- 火薬入りの火器が日本で使用されたのは、13世紀の元寇襲来の際に登場したてつはうが最初である。
- Tetsuhau (gun), which appeared at the time of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan in the 13th century, was the first firearm with gunpowder that was used in Japan.
- 高清は美濃国の守護代・斎藤利国を頼り、六角征伐の最中の1488年(長享2年)8月に挙兵した。
- Takakiyo asked Toshikuni SAITO, the Mino Province's Shugodai, for help and raised an army in the middle of the Rokkaku subjugation in August 1488.
- 1923年には最長労働時間が1時間短縮、適用年齢が15歳未満から16歳未満へ引き上げられた。
- In 1923, the maximum working hours were shortened by 1 hour and the minimum age eligible for it was raised from under 15 to under 16.
- また最後の総督である安藤は、戦後戦犯とみなされ拘束され、1946年に上海において自殺している。
- Ando, the last Governor-General, was arrested as war criminal after the war and killed himself in Shanghai in 1946.
- その中で台湾の鉄道が最重要政策とされ、また一定規模を有する道路建設も重要項目として整備された。
- The railway was the most important policy, and to a lesser extent highways.
- この条項に対する両国の思惑の違いは、この後も継続し、最終的な決着を見たのは下関条約の時である。
- The misunderstanding between the two countries for this provision had not been solved for years until the Shimonoseki Treaty, and at that time they reached a final settlement.
- その最中の2月4日夜、小根占から帰った西郷は幹部たちを従え、旧厩跡にあった私学校本校に入った。
- On the night of February 4 when the interrogation was being made, SAIGO returned from Konejime and entered the main campus of Shigakko at the site of horse barn, accompanied by the leaders.
- 大宝律令は、日本史上最初の本格的律令法典であり、これにより日本の律令制が確立することとなった。
- The Taiho Ritsuryo was the first full-scale Ritsuryo code in Japanese history and with it, the Japanese Ritsuryo system was consolidated.
- 一ノ谷の戦いで最も活躍したのは地元の多田行綱であるという説まである(神戸市郷土史家・梅村伸雄)
- Furthermore, some scholars expressed the theory that the local samurai Yukitsuna TADA played a most active role in the battle of Ichinotani (a local history researcher of Kobe City, Nobuo UEMURA).
- 中世以降には神国観が広まり、武家政権の正当化する論理となり、最高権力者は「天下人」と呼ばれた。
- Shinkoku kan (view of divine land) which spread in and after the medieval period, then became a logic justifying the samurai government, and a person in paramount authority was called 'Tenkabito' (person becoming the ruler of the country).
- また最古の正史『日本書紀』は朝廷による支配の正当化という目的に沿った潤色が多く加えられている。
- Moreover, 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) was added with many embellishments to justify the government by the Imperial Court.
- 五世紀代の皇位継承争いにおいて軍事的な活躍を見せ、雄略朝には最高執政官を輩出するようになった。
- In the fifth century, the Mononobe clan showed great military performance in the conflict over succession of imperial throne and produced the chief administrator in the era of the Emperor Yuraku.
- 打製石器は人類の最も古い道具の一つと考えられ、アウストラロピテクスが使っていたとする説もある。
- Dasei-sekki is considered to be the earliest tools used by human beings like Australopithecus according to one theory.
- 寛治5年(1091年)に宋商人李居簡が鴻臚館で写経した記述を最後に文献上から消えることとなる。
- The last record of Korokan is the description that 李居簡, a merchant from the Northern Sung dynasty, transcribed a sutra in Korokan in 1091.
- 更に『神木動座之記』(内閣文庫所蔵)という書物によれば、寛弘3年(1006年)が最初だという。
- And 'Shinboku doza no ki' (the book on moving the sacred tree, owned by the Cabinet Library) says the first one was in 1006.
- また、最初に鋳造された元禄二朱金には、裏面右上部に鋳造時期を示す年代印「元」が刻印されている。
- Also on Genroku nishukin which was casted for the first time, year seal 'Gen' was engraved at the upper right portion of the back side showing the casting period.
- このため、正確さよりも政治的思惑が最優先されて歴史書としての価値は大きく損なわれる事になった。
- As a result, the first priority of such histories shifted away from accuracy and towards political calculations, and as such their value as historical sources suffered significant damage.
- 実戦での最初の使用は、薩摩国の島津氏家臣の伊集院忠朗による大隅国の加治木城攻めであるとされる。
- It is said that the first use of guns in battle was seen in the attack on Kajiki-jo Castle in Osumi Province by Tadaaki IJUIN, a vassal of the Shimazu clan from Satsuma Province.
- その後は有力者を輩出できず没落、南北朝時代 (日本)期の高階寛経を最後に、公卿が出なくなった。
- After them, the clan didn't have influential people then fell to obscurity; after TAKASHINA no Hirotsune in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in Japan, no court nobles came from the Takashina clan.
- 清朝は最後の朝貢国朝鮮を失うことのないよう次第に朝鮮の内政外交に積極的に介入するようになった。
- The Qing dynasty gradually started to interfere in domestic administration of Korea in order to keep Korea, the last chokokoku.
- 最終的にフランス軍事顧問団による教育が行われることになり、1866年に伝習隊の編成が行われた。
- The bakufu rikugun was eventually educated by the French military advisory group, and in 1866, Denshutai was organized.
- ただ、当時としては最大規模の鉄砲隊の投入、また騎馬隊を防ぐための馬防柵が活躍したのは事実である。
- Yet the fact remains that the then largest teppo units were deployed and the stockade was instrumental in warding off Takeda's cavalry.
- これを格式(きゃくしき)というが、唐2代皇帝の太宗 (唐)が制定した貞観格式が最初の格式である。
- These additionally issued supplement and bylaws were called '格式,' ('Geshi') first established as Zhenguan Geshi by the second emperor of Tang Dynasty, Taizong.
- 日本の組織的なスギ花粉の調査は、1965年に現国立病院機構相模原病院が開始したものが最初である。
- The first systematic Japanese cedar pollen investigation was begun in 1965 by the current National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital.
- 八代将軍徳川吉宗は、江戸の開幕以降最大の幕政改革を行ない、「江戸幕府の中興の祖」と呼ばれている。
- The eighth shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA conducted the largest-scale reformation of the shogunate government since its foundation, thus earning the title 'Restorer of the Edo bakufu.'
- 702年には、大宝令にもとづいた最初の造籍が行われ、国民1人1人が政府に把握されるようになった。
- In 702, the first family register was created on the basis of the Taiho Code and each member of the nation had been surveyed by the government.
- 明治日本にとって最大の目標は、富国強兵を実現し西欧列強に互することであったことはいうまでもない。
- It is needless to say that the biggest goal of Japan in the Meiji period was to realize fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) and compete with powerful countries in Western Europe.
- その後、年月日と作成者の位署(官職・位階・姓名)を記し、最終的には所管の省の卿の位署が付された。
- After that, the date and the sender's Isho (rank and name in a row) are written, and finally Isho of kyo (minister) of sho (ministry) to which the sender belongs is written.
- 最高は三条実美と岩倉具視の5000石で、木戸孝允、大久保利通、広沢真臣の1800石がこれに継ぐ。
- The highest amount was 5,000 koku given to each of Sanetomi SANJO and Tomomi IWAKURA followed by 1,800 koku given to each of Takayoshi KIDO, Toshimichi OKUBO and Saneomi HIROSAWA.
- 正院(せいいん)とは1871年(明治4年)の廃藩置県後に発布された、太政官職制の最高機関である。
- Seiin was the highest organ of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) system issued in 1871 after the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
- また、それ以上の休暇を必要とする場合には天皇への奏聞を経て最大15日まで認められる場合があった。
- If they needed additional leave, there were some cases where officials were permitted to take maximum of fifteen days off by reporting to the Emperor.
- 当時の唐は至るところで諸民族を征服しており、丁度このころの唐の勢力圏は中華史上最大のものであった。
- At that time, the Tang Dynasty was conquering many territories in various places, and at this point the sphere of Tang's reach of power was the largest in the history of China.
- 遺骸は死後、多くの人の手でわけられ、日本で最初の殉教者の遺骸として世界各地に送られて崇敬を受けた。
- After their death, the bodies were divided by many people to send all over the world as the bodies of the first martyrs in Japan and revered.
- 藤原京(ふじわらきょう)は、飛鳥京の西北部、奈良県橿原市に所在する日本史上最初で最大の都城である。
- Fujiwara-kyo was the first and largest capital in the history of Japan located in Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture, the northwest of Asuka-kyo.
- 最終的に、銅山に全く依存していない数軒のみが賠償を受けることに成功したが、逆に町内の分断を招いた。
- In the end, only a few of them, who had not done any business with the copper mine, managed to get compensation, however it led to division in the town.
- 赤備えを最初に率いた武将は武田氏に仕えた虎昌とされ、以後赤備えは専ら甲斐武田軍団の代名詞とされる。
- The first busho who led Akazonae is considered Toramasa OBU who served Takeda clan, afterward, Akazonae is mostly regarded as an alternative word which means Takeda army in Kai Province.
- 渡航先集計によると交趾(73回)で最も多く、暹羅(55回)、呂宋(54回)、安南(47回)と続く。
- According to voyage destination records, Giao Chi was most often visited by Shuinsen ships (73 times), followed by Siam (55 times), Luzon (55 times) and Annan (47 times).
- 中国最後の王朝であった清朝とイギリスの間に結ばれた条約は、近代国際法に基づいた不平等条約であった。
- The treaty concluded between the Qing dynasty, which was the last dynasty in China, and Great Britain was an unequal treaty based on modern international law.
- 最後の氷河期が終わってから紀元前4000年頃までは、地球の気温は徐々に温暖化していった時期である。
- The temperature of the earth gradually warmed from the end of the last glacial age to approximately 4,000 B.C.
- 3世紀前半が最盛期であった邪馬台国は福岡平野の奴国(当時としては大都市の2万戸)を首都としていた。
- Yamatai-Koku kingdom, that peaked in the first half of the third century, placed its capital in Nakoku with 20,000 families, a big city at that time, in Fukuoka hirano.
- その後現れた武士にとっては騎馬が最重要の武芸であり、騎馬は武士(諸大夫と侍)と郎党にのみ許された。
- For warriors who appeared after that, horse riding was considered the most important military art, and only warriors (Shodaibu and Samurai) and roto (retainer) were allowed to practice horse riding.
- つまり、大田は全体の正確な鉄砲数を把握していなかったといえ、1500丁は考えうる最低数の数といえる。
- This suggests that Ota did not capture the exact number of teppo, and 1,500 therefore is likely to be a minimum figure.
- また、最近では伊邪那美神陵伝説地の一つである安来市伯太町からも経塚鼻遺跡が発掘され話題を呼んでいる。
- The recent discovery of Kyozukabana remains in Hakuta-cho, Yasugi City, a land where legend holds that Izanami no kami was buried, was an event which drew wide public attention.
- 4月12日に薩軍は最後の反撃をしたが、4月15日、植木・木留・熊本方面より撤退し、城南方面へ退いた。
- On April 12, the Satsuma army made the last counterattack, but on April 15, it retreated toward the Jonan area from the areas of Ueki, Kitome, and Kumamoto.
- ただし、この最盛期において律令制がどの程度まで徹底して施行されていたかについては議論が分かれている。
- There are several opinions on how thoroughly the Ritsuryo system was enforced during its peak.
- 常備兵力としての大番は、同様の組織である五番方(小姓組、書院番、新番、大番、小十人)の中で最も古い。
- Oban as a standing force was the oldest force among the similar organization called gobangata (the collective name of five military organizations in the Edo period: kosho-gumi [the page corps], shoinban [the castle guards], shinban [the new guards], oban [the great guards], and kojunin [the escort guards]).
- その年代については議論が存在するが、現在のところ、これは世界規模で見ても最古の土器ということになる。
- Whichever method is right, the initial stage's pottery is the oldest of all ever found in the world.
- そのため、最寄の河川以外からも用水路を延々と引いたり、ため池を築造したりして天水灌漑を行ったりした。
- Thus rain-fed irrigation was conducted either by extending canals to rivers other than the nearest one or by building irrigation ponds.
- それは大久保が批判対象とする旧幕臣を飛び越して一連の政策立案の中心である大隈をその最大の対象とした。
- The above was mainly targeted at Okuma, who was a key person in a series of policy planning, rather than the former retainers of shogun whom Okubo criticized.
- 金純度が最低水準であり、他の小判および分金同様に製造時に表面の銀を溶解する色揚げ操作が行われていた。
- The purity of gold was lowest, and as well as other Koban and Bukin (gold coins), the enhancement of the color which dissolved silver on the surface was operated at the time of manufacture.
- 弘化4年(1847年)10月18日に鋳造が再開され、これ以降大幅に増鋳され万延年間に最盛期を迎えた。
- After the minting was restarted on November 25, 1847, the number of minting was rapidly raised and it experienced its prime during the Manen era (1860 to 1861).
- この裁定と秀次事件における駒姫の死とが重なって、最上義光は秀吉や上杉氏に対して深い憎悪の念を抱いた。
- Yoshiaki MOGAMI had a deep hatred for Hideyoshi and the Uesugi clan, becauase he was infuriated by the decisions made by Hideyoshi and because he was grievously shocked by the death of his daughter Komahime, who was a concubine of Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI and, as instructed by Hideyoshi, executed in the Hidetsugu Incident.
- 最後には及川重秀(光村の子孫)や及川信次(頼家の子)のように、伊達氏や南部氏の家臣となるものも出た。
- Eventually, some of them became retainers of the DATE and NANBU clans, like Shigehide OIKAWA (an offspring of Mitsumura) or Nobutsugu OIKAWA (a son of Yoriie).
- 『日本書紀』の記述を信じるならば、垂仁天皇27年(紀元前3年)に最初の屯倉が設置されたとされている。
- According to the 'Nihonshoki' (the Chronicles of Japan), the first miyake was established in 3 B.C.
- 日本最古の史書といえる『古事記』や『日本書紀』に、矛、剣、刀、弓、捔力(相撲)などの記述が見られる。
- The hoko, swords, bows, grip (sumo) are described in 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters) and 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), which are probably the oldest history books of Japan.
- 実際に都城制が導入された初めての都は、確認できる限り、694年の藤原京が最初であろうといわれている。
- The first capital that actually adopted Tojo system, as far as we can ascertain, was Fujiwara-kyo, which was established in 694.
- 最終的に総工費72万円となった大工事は、西洋の鉄工技術もとりいれられ、七年もの歳月をかけて行われた。
- With Western ironsmith techniques introduced, this big project, which totaled to 720,000 yen in the end, took seven years to finish.
- 1882年に領事館が置かれたものの、開港はさらに遅れ、最終的には1883年1月になって漸く開港された。
- Although the consular office was established in 1882, opening of the port was postponed until much later, and it was finally opened in January 1883.
- 5月7日 (旧暦)、最後の決戦のため豊臣軍は現在の大阪市阿倍野区から平野区にかけて迎撃態勢を構築した。
- On May 7 (the old calendar) the Toyotomi's army made preparations for interception from the present Abeno Ward, Osaka City to Hirano Ward.
- 自宮の増加に伴い、完全去勢の方法も洗練されていき、最終的に清代には、死亡率は1%未満になったとされる。
- Along with the increase in the number of self-extirpated eunuchs, the method of the complete removal of the genital parts was invented and refined, decreasing the death rate to less than 1% by the end of the Qing Dynasty.
- 中国の律令制の最盛期は、唐初~中期とされているが、必ずしも律令制が厳密に施行されていた訳ではなかった。
- It is considered that the Ritsuryo system reached its zenith during the early to mid-Tang Dynasty, although it was not always strictly enforced.
- - 連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ)の指令(SCAPIN-677)により日本の施政権が停止される。
- By the memorandum of the GHQ (the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers), Japanese administrative rights over Karafuto were removed.
- 仏教には、幾つかの宗派があるが最も多いのは浄土真宗で48カ寺、それに次ぐのは曹洞宗の20カ寺であった。
- In Buddhism there are many various sects, the Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) had with 48 the most temples, followed by the Sotoshu sect with 20 temples.
- 元禄8年(1695年)10月29日:元禄の大飢饉(1695年~1696年)の最中、中野の犬小屋が完成。
- On October 29th, 1695, during the great famine of Genroku (1695 to 1696), doghouses in Nakano were completed.
- 1920年、事態を重く見た原敬内閣は部落改善費5万円を計上し、部落改善のための最初の国庫支出を行った。
- In 1920, the Takashi HARA Cabinet budgeted 50,000 yen for buraku (hamlet) improvement cost and did first treasury payment to improve the buraku.
- 清和源氏の武士団を摂津国川辺郡多田(兵庫県川西市多田)に最初に形成した源満仲の三男の源頼信を祖とする。
- MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, the third son of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, is regarded as the founder who formed the samurai group of Seiwa-Genji in Tada, Kawabe-gun, Settsu Province (Tada, Kawanishi City, Hyogo Prefecture).
- 『日本書紀』においては、欽明天皇14年条に登場するのが最古であるが、実際の官制整備は後代のことである。
- The earliest mention of the post is found in the record of the fourteenth year of the reign of the Emperor Kinmei in 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), but it was only in later ages that a government-regulated organization was actually established.
- 8月3日、事態を重く見た源頼朝は、蜂起した平氏勢力の中の最有力人物である平信兼の捜索を源義経に命じる。
- On September 16, taking the matter seriously, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo ordered MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune to find TAIRA no Nobukane, who was the dominant figure of the Taira clan.
- 薩摩藩最高実力者島津久光は兵を率いて上洛し、尊皇攘夷派を取り締まり、朝廷に運動して公武合体を推進した。
- Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, the most powerful man of the Satsuma clan, led forces to Kyoto, suppressed the Sonnojoi group and promoted Kobu gattai by influencing the Imperial Court.
- 更に公家執行の宛先も足利尊氏将軍在任中は高師直・足利直義・足利義詮ら実務の最高責任者宛に出されていた。
- In addition, kuge shigyo were issued to KO no Moronao, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA and Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA who were the chief executive in practical works while Takauji ASHIKAGA was in the shogun's position.
- この河原山城の戦いは伯耆国内での中世最後の戦いと言われるが、戦いに至るまでに次のような経緯が存在した。
- Referred to as the last battled in Hoki Province in the Medieval period, the Battle of Kawarayama-jo Castle developed in the following way.
- 裁判は非公開で行なわれ、大審院(現・最高裁判所)が審理する一審制(「第一審ニシテ終審」)となっていた。
- Trials were undertaken behind closed doors by Daishin-in (Predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan) and appeals by the offenders were not accepted ('the first and last instance').
- 1899年には最大68人を有したが、翌年には内紛から離脱者が相次ぎ、主流派40名は「庚子会」と名乗る。
- In 1899, it had a maximum of 68 members, but the following year some members left from the faction due to internal conflicts, so 40 members in the mainstream faction called themselves a 'Koushi-kai.'
- 最も大きな影響は、民衆の不平不満の矛先が列強よりもむしろ清朝自体に向けられるようになったことであろう。
- The biggest influence was that the people's dissatisfaction was aimed not toward the allied western powers, but the Qing dynasty itself.
- しかし明治日本の最終目標は、個別の外交案件において他国よりも優位に立つことで事足りるものではなかった。
- However the ultimate target of Japan during the Meiji period was not only to have an advantage on each diplomatic negotiation.
- 同日に発せられた王政復古の大号令で、新たに設置された三職(総裁・議定・参与)からなる最初の会議である。
- It was the first meeting to be held by the three offices (president, legislature, councilor) whose posts were newly-established by the Restoration of Imperial Rule announced on that day.
- 老中の最低家禄が2万5,000石であり、これに満たない場合は老中格となり、無城大名は城主格大名とされた
- The minimum karoku (hereditary stipend) of roju (member of shogun's council of elders) was 25,000 koku (1 koku = approximately 180.39 liters) rice crop yields, and, if a daimyo whose position was close to roju, but was receiving less, he was treated as rojukaku; likewise a mujo daimyo (a daimyo without a castle) was treated as joshukaku daimyo.
- 大川親子、岡田親子ともに最初はサラリーマン的立場であった幹部が実質上の世襲オーナー化する例が続いている。
- Toei has continued a style of patrimonial management exemplified by Okawa and his son, followed by Okada and his son taking the helm of the company; they were originally employed as salaried executives but later became actual owners of the company.
- 空海、最澄、藤原佐理などの書状は、古文書としての史料的価値とともに、書道史上においても貴重な遺品である。
- The letters of such men as Kukai, Saicho, and FUJIWARA no Sukemasa are highly valued both for their value as ancient historical documents and as important documents in the history of calligraphy.
- 最初に公布されたものと改正されたものを、それぞれを第1次小学校令、第2次小学校令、第3次小学校令と呼ぶ。
- The one originally issued and the ones later revised were called the First Shogakko Rei, the Second Shogakko Rei, and the Third Shogakko Rei respectively.
- 太政官達第69号により太政官制を廃止し、代わりに創設された内閣制に基づいて成立した日本最初の内閣である。
- It was the first Japanese Cabinet based on the cabinet system founded after abolishing the System of Departments of State by Dajokan tasshi (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) number 69.
- しかし独立協会の主張は次第に守旧派官僚との対立を招き、最終的に高宗の勅令により独立協会は解散させられた。
- However, the Independence Club's insistence caused a confrontation with the bureaucracy of old-guard crony, and finally they were compelled to dismiss following the decree of Gao Zong.
- 現存する最大は、144センチ、45キログラムに達する(滋賀県野洲市野洲町大岩山1881年出土1号銅鐸)。
- The biggest in existence is 144 centimeters in height and 45 kilograms in weight (No. 1 dotaku excavated in Mt. Oiwa in Yasu Cho, Yasu City, Shiga Prefecture in 1881).
- 火は兵士の生活・公道上の単位で、補給の最小単位で、おそらく一つの火で十人分の食事を作ったことに由来する。
- Ka' refers to a minimum unit of supply in the soldier's living and right path, and probably originated from the event that meals for 10 soldiers were made with 1 fire.
- 訳:贈り物や結婚式、宴会などの催し、屋敷の建設などが最近華美になってきているので、今後は簡略化すること。
- Translation: As gifts, events such as weddings or parties and housebuilding have become too luxurious, from now on they should be simplified.
- 律令の条文を丹念に読んでみると、活用可能な耕地は最大限に活用する、という趣旨をくみ取ることも可能である。
- When one reads the articles of the Ritsuryo Codes carefully, one may be able to understand the purpose of making the most use of cultivated land that were available.
- たとえば、新羅王族の慶州金氏の系列では、56代敬順王(新羅最後の王)の3男と4男の子孫が慶州金氏である。
- For example, in the line of the Gyeongju Kim clan of the royal family of Silla, the descendants of the third and fourth sons of the 56th King Gyeongsun (the last king of Silla) is the Gyeongju Kim clan.
- 特に後北条氏は北条氏政の切腹に至り、伊達政宗、南部晴政、最上義光らを帰順させる事に繋がった(奥羽仕置)。
- Especially in the case of the Gohojo clan, it led to seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) of Ujimasa HOJO, and it also caused Masamune DATE, Harumasa NANBU, and Yoshiaki MOGAMI to return to their allegiance to Hideyoshi (Ou shioki or the punishment of Ou).
- 平安京の遷都が延暦13年(794年)であり、平安京の鴻臚館は3つのうちで最も遅くに設立された客館となる。
- Considering the historical background that the national capital was transferred to Heian-kyo in 794, Korokan in Heian-kyo was the latest guest house among the three Korokan.
- この選択は、大名家としての家名存続を最優先と考えていたともされ、「名を売った」第一次とは根本的に異なる。
- They say this choice was made valuing survival of their family name as a daimyo family above everything else, which is fundamentally different from the first choice made for publicity seeking.
- 崩壊の最も大きな原因は、均田制および府兵制を支える主戸(戸籍に登録された戸)が急速に減少したことにある。
- The main reason for the collapse was the rapid decrease in the number of shuko (families registered in the family registry) that sustained the equal-field system and the divisional militia system.
- 後者の条件について、世界最大の温室効果ガス排出国であるアメリカ合衆国が国内事情により締結を見送っている。
- As for the latter condition, the United States of America, which emits the largest amount of gfreenhouse gases in the world, suspends the ratification because of its domestic situation at present.
- 経顕は光厳上皇の側近中最も重んじられた1人であったことが光厳天皇曾孫貞成親王の『椿葉記』に記されている。
- It was written in 'Chinyoki' (an account of the raising to the throne of the Emperor Gohanazono in 1429) by Imperial Prince Sadafusa, who was the retired Emperor Kogon's grandson, that Tsuneaki was one of the most important close aides to the Retired Emperor Kogon.
- これにより身動きのとれなくなっていた最前列の学生15名が浅瀬に落下、うち7名が骨折を含む重軽傷を負った。
- As the students in the front had been stuck between students and officers, fifteen students fell into the shallow water and as a result seven students were injured either slightly or seriously including fractures.
- 最古の部類に入る浦島伝説、羽衣伝説の記述は万葉仮名書きの和歌が入っている点も含めて特筆すべきものである。
- The legends of Urashima and Hagoromo (a robe of heavenly feathers), which belong to the oldest articles, are particularly unique, including Japanese poems written in Manyo-gana (an ancient Japanese writing system using Chinese characters).
- 3月10日には岩鼻陣屋も放棄され、羽生陣屋が新政府軍に落とされると、上野・北武蔵の一揆は最高潮に達した。
- Iwahana Jinya was abandoned on April 2 (表記の変更), and the uprisings in Kozuke Province and in northern part of Musashi Province reached their peaks when Hanyu Jinya surrendered to the new army.
- 原鈐本が伝わる最古の印譜は明代の隆慶 (明)6年(1572年)に出版された、顧従徳の『集古印譜』である。
- The oldest inpu of genkeibon is 'Shuko Inpu' published by Jutoku KO in 1572.
- また、国府の移設場所には様々な説があるが、最終的には現代の酒田市にある城輪柵に移設されたと見られている。
- Although there are various theories as to where its provincial capital was located, it has been concluded that it was located in Kinowa no Ki in today's Sakata City.
- 12月13日には近江において最後まで抵抗を続け馬渕城にたてこもって山本義経が追い落とされる(『玉葉』)。
- On December 24 Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO, who kept up the resistance in the Omi Province and shut himself up in Mabuchi-jo Castle, was finally forced to flee ('Gyokuyo').
- 『続日本紀』等の記事やその銭文が示すとおり、ヤマト王権が発行した最初の貨幣は和同開珎(708年)である。
- As described in the articles including 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), and its Senbun (letters engraved on coins), the first currency issued by Yamato kingship is Wado-kaichin (708).
- 羅列すると、まず、政治史的立場、つぎに、宗教的立場、そして、寺院史的立場、最後に、美術史的立場、となる。
- That is, the first is political history, the second is religion, the third is temple history, and the last is art history.
- 西上作戦では3万の兵力を動員したと言われるように、通説通りと見てもこの戦いにおいては最大動員兵力ではない。
- Even if we follow the standard theory based on the Takeda clan's westward operation in which they apparently deployed 30,000 men, this figure cannot be taken as the maximum number of soldiers they mobilized in the Battle of Nagashino.
- 大宰府に条坊が存在することを最初に想定したのは、のちに九州大学教授となる鏡山猛で、1937年のことである。
- Takeshi KAGAMIYAMA, who later became professor of Kyushu University, was the first person who supposed in 1937 that there had been jobosei in Dazai-fu.
- - ‐1996年(平成8年)に発見されたもので、1つの遺跡からの出土例としては日本最多の39口が出土した。
- 39 dotaku, the most from one site in Japan, were discovered in 1996.
- 第二次世界大戦、太平洋戦争の敗戦後の1947年(昭和22年)、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により解体された。
- In 1947 after the defeat in World War II and the Pacific War, it was dissolved by the supreme commander of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers.
- 池田丸は標高365m、面積は約2700m²で、最南端に位置し、本丸にある御屋形へ通じる城戸口になっている。
- The Ikedamaru was 365 meters tall, had an area of 2,700 square meters, and it acted as the doorway connecting to the residence of important people in the Honmaru.
- 戦国時代に入ると紀北から河内・和泉南部に至る勢力圏を保持し、寺院城郭を構えてその実力は最盛期を迎えていた。
- In the Sengoku period, it was at the height of its prosperity, holding power in the areas from Kihoku to Kawachi Province and south of Izumi Province and having a temple castle.
- 身分制度では最下層だが、彼らには非人化から10年以内であれば脱出(足洗い)の機会が与えられることもあった。
- Though they were at the bottom in the system of rank, occasionally an opportunity to escape (bail out) was given if it was within 10 years after becoming Hinin.
- 摂津源氏・近江源氏・美濃源氏も味方となり、圧倒的優位に立ったと判断した後白河は義仲に対して最後通牒を行う。
- With Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Mino-Genji (the Minamoto clan) rallying around, Goshirakawa thought that he had an overwhelming advantage and gave Yoshinaka an ultimatum.
- また、『今鏡』には藤原南家出身の信西の平治の乱での最期と彼が天文道に通じたことが結びつけて書かれている)。
- In addition, in the book 'Imakagami (The Mirror of the Present)', some connection was stated between the death of Shinzei, a member of the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, in the Heiji War, and his deep knowledge of Tenmondo.)
- また、「壹與(ゐよ)」(「台与」)は、中国風の名「(倭)與」を名乗った最初の倭王であるなどと主張している。
- He also claimed that 'Iyo' (Toyo) was the first ruler of Wa, who assumed the Chinese-style name of '[Wa] Yo.'
- 明治政府は最後まで体面上悪貨鋳造の事実を認めることを拒否したが、複数の藩が贋貨を鋳造していた事実を認めた。
- The Meiji Government refused to admit the fact that they coined bad money until the end for the sake of appearance, but they did admit the fact that several domains had coined counterfeit money.
- その孫の土岐頼康は美濃国・尾張国・伊勢国の3ヵ国の守護に任ぜられて評定衆に連なり、土岐氏の最盛期を築いた。
- His grandchild, Yoriyasu TOKI, became the shugo of three provinces: Mino, Owari and Ise, and became one of the hyojoshu (members of the Council of State) to establish the golden age of the Toki clan.
- 大宰府(倭京618年~695年)は九州王朝の首都であり、日本最古の風水の四神相応を考慮した計画都市である。
- Dazai-fu (618-695 in the city in Yamato) is the capital of the Kyushu dynasty, and it is the oldest city developed adopting Shijin-soo of Feng Shui (geomancy).
- 当時発行された公債のなかで最も巨額のもので、総額1億7390万円に達し、明治23年に全部の処置を完了した。
- Among bonds issued at the time, it was issued in the largest quantity, reaching a grand total of 173 million 900 thousand yen; all payments were completed in 1890.
- 15時頃には3日目に隊列を離れていた最後の生存者村松伍長が古館要吉一等卒の遺体と共に田代元湯で発見された。
- Around 3 p.m., the last survivor, Corporal Matsumura, who had parted from the file since the third day, was found along with the body of Private First Youkichi FURUTACHI at Tashiro Motoyu.
- 比叡山延暦寺とも対立し、最終的にこれを屈服させたものの、僧侶たちが根本中堂を焼き払って自殺する騒ぎとなった。
- He had also conflicted against Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, and finally he brought them to his knees, but caused a huge fuss that priests burned the Konpon-chudo Hall and killed themselves.
- 1896年6月、台湾総督樺山資紀は大阪中立銀行在台分行の設立を認可し、台湾における最初の銀行の設立となった。
- In June 1896, Sukenori KABAYAMA, then Governor-General of Taiwan, authorized the establishment of the branch, which was the first bank in Taiwan.
- そこで、実際には天一神がその方角へ遊行する最初の日に方違えをすれば、その方角にいる5日間は問題ないとされた。
- In fact, if people practiced Katatagae on the first day when Tenichi-jin God moved to that direction, it was considered safe for them to travel in any direction even while Tenchi-jin God stayed in the direction for five days.
- この2つは帯刀・禄の支給という旧武士最後の特権を奪うものであり、士族に精神的かつ経済的なダメージを負わせた。
- These two edicts damaged the warrior class both mentally and economically, since the edicts deprived them of their last privileges as former samurai such as wearing a sword and receiving a stipend.
- 慶応3年12月9日18時頃から 御所内・小御所にて明治天皇臨席のもと、新体制として最初の三職会議が開かれた。
- The first Three Post Meeting of the new system started with the attendance of Emperor Meiji in the Kogosho Room of the Imperial Palace at around 6pm on January 3, 1868.
- その後の五胡十六国時代を経て、中国北部を統一して北朝最初の王朝となった北魏は、律令制の形成に大きく貢献した。
- Northern Wei, which had unified northern China through the Sixteen Kingdoms period and become the first dynasty of the Northern Dynasties, largely contributed to the form of the Ritsuryo system.
- 『解体新書』の開版まで半年という短期間に、江戸での最初の仕事で、しかも日本学術史上記録的な仕事を成し遂げた。
- Within such a short period as only a half year before publishing 'Kaitai Shinsho,' Naotake ODANO accomplished his first work in Edo which became a monumental work in the history of Japanese arts and sciences.
- 一進会(イルチンフェ・いっしんかい)とは、1904年から1910年まで大韓帝国で活動した当時最大の政治結社。
- Isshinkai(イルチンフェ) was a biggest political association of the times which was active in the Korean Empire from 1904 to 1910.
- 通商関係については欧米列強に準ずる待遇(最恵国待遇・協定関税率)をお互いに認め合うなどといった内容であった。
- Regarding trading relations, they approved each other the conditions for commerce (most-favored-nation treatments and agreed tariff rates) which were equal to that for the allied western powers.
- 事実において、地方官において最下級の目 (国司)の子・春澄善縄が文章生から文章博士を経て参議に昇進している。
- As a matter of fact, HARUSUMI no Yoshitada, a son of a sakan (kokushi (provincial governors)), which was the lowest ranked local official, became monjosho and monjo hakase and then was promoted to sangi (councilor).
- 江戸時代には家畜解体業や革細工などの専用の職業が与えられることで、結果的に生活の安定は最低限保障されていた。
- In the Edo period, a minimum of lifestyle stability was guaranteed by being given exclusive occupations such as the slaughter of livestock as well as leather craft and others.
- 管理された森林の成長による二酸化炭素の固定効果を見込むものであり、削減リストの中で最も高いウェイトを占める。
- The anchor effect of carbon dioxide is expected through the growth of well-managed forests and it accounts for the largest part in the reduction list.
- 忠棟の嫡子である伊集院忠真は都城近郊の大川原山で狩りの最中だったが、父が斬殺されたことを伝えられて馳せ戻る。
- While Tadamune's legitimate child, Tadamasa IJUIN, was hunting at Mt. Ogawara near Miyakojiro, he received the message that his father had been killed and immediately rushed back.
- このように衝突には至らなかったが、新羅の大国意識の高揚により、新羅使も779年を最後に途絶えることとなった。
- In this way, although no conflict occurred, envoys from Silla were discontinued after the final embassy in 779, due to Silla's rising sense of national greatness and prestige.
- 降伏後も一部の旧幕府勢力が東北などで抵抗したが、五稜郭の箱館戦争を最後に新政府が勝利し、戊辰戦争は終結した。
- Although some old shogunate forces resisted in the Tohoku region even after the surrender of Yoshinobu, the new government won in the last war, known as the Hakodate War around a pentagonal fortress (goryokaku), and the Boshin Civil War came to an end.
- 8700形以外は当時の最新技術である過熱蒸気を採用していたが、いずれも東海道線や山陽線の旅客列車を牽引した。
- With the exception of the 8700, all models used superheated steam which was the latest technology at the time and were placed in service to pull passenger trains on the Tokaido Line and Sanyo Line.
- 国や地域によって均質・一様でない華夷秩序(の束)に、最終的には取って代わったのが西欧起源の条約体制であった。
- At last, treaty system originated in western countries replaced kaichitsujo (or a batch of such kaichitsujo) that was not homogeneous or uniform depending on country or district.
- 愛知県の朝日遺跡は、弥生時代中期の集落であり、環濠集落のなかでも最も防御施設の発達した集落として知られている。
- The moat settlement discovered at Asahi site in Aichi Prefecture is an example from the Middle Yayoi period, and is known for having consisted of some of the most advanced defensive facilities.
- 最終的には、かつての王宮を塞ぐ形で建てられていることから、反対意見を押し切り、旧・王宮前からの撤去が決まった。
- Finally, over the opposition, it was decided to be removed from the former royal palace because it was built in the way of the old royal palace.
- この時期の鉱毒反対運動は、最大の被害地、毛里田村期成同盟会(のちの毛里田地区期成同盟会)が活動の中心となった。
- In this period, the movement was led mainly by the Morita Village Association (later changed its name to the Morita Area Association) which had been formed by the residents of the most damaged area.
- 筑紫館と大宰府の間は約16キロメートルだが、そこを最大幅10メートルの側溝を完備した直線道路が敷設されていた。
- Tsukushi-no-murotsumi and the Dazaifu was connected by a straight road about 16 km long and was fully equipped with a roadside gutter which was at the maximum ten meters wide.
- 特に慶応2年(1866年)の第2次長州征伐中と同4年(明治元年・1868年)の戊辰戦争中にその最高潮に達した。
- The riots and uprisings reached their peaks twice; the first one was when Edo bakufu implemented the second Choshu Expedition in 1866, and the second one was during the Boshin Civil War in 1868.
- 巻8の高倉天皇から巻15後嵯峨天皇まで(仲恭天皇を除く)は1代1巻で構成され、最後の2巻を後深草天皇にあてる。
- From Emperor Takakura in the eighth volume to Emperor Gosaga in the 15th volume (excluding Emperor Chukyo), one volume is allotted to one emperor, but the last two volumes are allotted to Emperor Gofukakusa.
- なお、8世紀には日本列島最古の地図(行基図)が作られ、日本国内では津軽海峡の存在が認識されていたと考えられる。
- It was believed in the eighth century that the existence of Tsugaru Straits was recognized on the oldest map of the Japanese Islands (gyogi zu) that were developed in the eighth century.
- 違いは、最初から茎を長く作ってあるのが長巻で、通常の茎の長さの大太刀の柄を延長して長くしたものが中巻とされる。
- The difference between Nagamaki and Nakamaki is that Nagamaki originally had a longer nakago (end of the blade) while Nakatsumaki were lengthened by extending the nakago of a long Japanese sword of regular length.
- このうち大阪府の陶邑窯跡群は日本列島最大であり、天皇陵を含むと考えられている百舌鳥古墳群と地理的に近接している。
- Among these ruins of kilns, Suemura ruins of kilns in Osaka Prefecture is the largest in Japan and is located close to Mozu burial mounds which is considered to have the Imperial mausoleum.
- 最近では日本国の国力が世界有数になったため、国策としての海外移民は行われず、集団での移民も見られなくなっている。
- These days, migration to foreign countries is not conducted as national policy and so is a group migration, since Japanese has become one of the world's top countries having great national powers.
- しかし、全部が一度に設置されたわけではなく、順次整備されて最後に庄野宿ができたのは、1624年(寛文元)だった。
- However, they were not established all at once, but were developed one by one, and it was 1624 when the last Shono-juku was completed.
- 中でも最後の百済王義慈王の王子の百済王善光は、持統天皇より百済王氏の氏姓を賜り、百済系氏族の長的な存在となった。
- Above all, Zenko KUDARANOKONIKISHI, who was the prince of Gijio (Uija of Baekje), the last King of Paekche, was given the surname of Kudaranokonikishi by Emperor Jito and became the clan of Baekje ancestry.
- このように、武力紛争が絶えない幕府の状況は、1219年(承久1)1月の将軍・源実朝の暗殺という最悪の事態に至る。
- The continuing armed conflicts of the bakufu culminated in the assassination of shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in January 1219.
- そのため次は分割が進められて、明治22年(1889年)には3府43県(北海道を除く)となって最終的に落ち着いた。
- Therefore, prefecture division was implemented and the number of prefectures finally became three fu and 43 ken (exclusive of Hokkaido) in 1889.
- 槍先形尖頭器は、細石器が多用された時期には一時的に減少傾向をみせるが、縄文土器が出現する前後に最盛期をむかえる。
- The use of lanceolate-shaped point decreased temporarily during the period in which the microlith was widely used, but it reached its peaked around the time when the Jomon were began to be developed.
- 最初の効果は長距離列車の設定であり、東京・下関間の直通列車や、奥羽線経由の上野・青森間直通列車などが設定された。
- The first benefit of nationalization was establishing a long distance service like a direct train service between Tokyo and Shimonoseki, and a direct train service between Ueno and Aomori via Ohu Main Line.
- 1897年の最初の議員互選で多くの落選者を出して以後は衰退し、1899年に多額納税議員系の朝日倶楽部に合流した。
- After many candidates were defeated in the first mutual election of members of Diet in 1897, it declined and in 1899, it was merged into the large taxpaying members of Diet group, Asahi Club.
- そこで、元平はこの機を逃さず、萩藩の家老・毛利広政と共に元次を尋ねて最後の説得を試みたが、これも失敗に終わった。
- Therefore, without losing this opportunity, Motohira visited Mototsugu together with Hiromasa MORI, a chief retainer at the Hagi domain, and tried to persuade him the last time, but failed again.
- その最大動員兵力はおよそ3万と推定されている(ただし3万の兵力を動員できるといっても、理想的な状況の場合である)。
- It has been assumed that the maximum number of soldiers it could deploy was about 30,000 (which of course presupposes an ideal circumstance).
- 扇谷遺跡では、最大幅6メートル、深さ4メートルの環濠か、長径270メートル、短径250メートルでムラを囲っている。
- At Ogidani site, the village was surrounded by a moat measuring 270 m (major axis) by 250 m (minor axis), 6 m wide in its widest section and 4 m deep.
- 日本が最初に締結した日米和親条約や日米修好通商条約はその後に結ばれた西欧列強と締結した諸条約のモデルとなっている。
- The Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan which was the first treaty that Japan concluded, and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan were models for the treaties that Japan later concluded with the powerful countries of Western Europe.
- 明治政府と日本軍が行った最初の海外派兵で、牡丹社事件(ぼたんしゃじけん)、征台の役(せいたいのえき)とも呼ばれる。
- It was the first overseas development of troops by the Meiji government and the Japanese army, which also refers to as botansha jiken (Mudan incident) or seitai no eki (Seitai Campaign).
- 連(むらじ)は、ヤマト王権で使われていたカバネ(かばね)の一つで、家臣の中では最高位に位置していた姓の一つである。
- Muraji refers to one of kabane (hereditary title to denote rank and political standing) used in the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) and also denoted one of the highest ranked titles among retainers.
- 最初の運動は、1890年、栃木県足利郡吾妻村(現在の佐野市吾妻地区)会が足尾鉱山の操業停止を求める決議を採択した。
- The first movement developed in 1890 as the association of Azuma Village, Ashikaga County, Tochigi Prefecture (present Azuma district of Sano City) resolved to ask the company to suspend the operations of Ashio mines.
- が、部落解放同盟が山口県が最も部落解放の進んだ都道府県であることをアピールしている根拠になっているのも理解できる。
- So it is understandable that the Buraku Liberation League is the grounds that Yamaguchi Prefecture calls itself the most advanced prefecture in the respect of Buraku Liberation appealing to other prefectures.
- 真人(まひと)は、684年(天武13)に制定された八色の姓(やくさのかばね)の一つで、最高位の姓(かばね)である。
- Mahito was one of the Yakusa no Kabane established in 684 and was top grade kabane.
- 最後に名田として成立しなかった散田であり、収穫が少なくて耕作民が雑役の負担能力に欠けていたことによるものであった。
- The last type was land called sanden (deteriorated rice fields), not qualified for myoden because farmers lacked the ability to bear zatsueki due to poor harvests.
- しかし最近、年輪年代学や放射性炭素年代測定による科学的年代推定を反映して、古墳時代の開始年代が従来より早められた。
- Recently, however, thanks to scientific dating techniques such as dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating, the start of the Kofun period has been considered earlier than previously thought.
- これに対し加藤は「半開」の国家で議院を設立しても「有司専制」(官僚独裁)に陥るだけだとして、最後まで慎重であった。
- Against this, Kato maintained a cautious stance until the end by insisting that the establishment of parliament in a 'hankai' nation would lead to 'Yushi Sensei' (autocratic government dominated by the bureaucracy of domain clique).
- 日清戦争以降、清朝は「瓜分」(中国分割)の最大危機にさらされていたが、義和団の乱によって勢いに歯止めがかけられた。
- The Qing dynasty faced the greatest danger of 'partition' (division of China) since the Sino-Japanese War but this crisis lessened due to the Boxer Rebellion.
- 現在日中両国で使用されている'international law'の訳語として「国際法」を最初に使用した書である。
- The book adopted the word 'kokusaiho' (国際法) as translation of 'international law' for the first time and the word 'kokusaiho' (国際法) is used both in Japan and China today.
- 最初の6巻で引用された文献のみでも80種をかぞえ、主なものには『五畿内志』、『和州巡覧記』、『和州旧蹟記』がある。
- The books he cited in the first six volumes add up to 80 and the main ones were 'Gokinai shi' (Book on the Gokinai Capital Region), 'Washu Junran ki' (Journey of Yamato) and 'Washu Kyuseki ki' (Historic Scenes of Yamato).
- また、最近の畿内説は、水掛け論に陥りやすい「魏志倭人伝」の解釈より考古学による知見のほうが確実と見なす傾向がある。
- Also, recent Kinai region theory tends to see archaeological findings as more certain than interpretations of 'Gishiwajinden,' which easily fall into barren controversies.
- 朝鮮側はこの突然の条約締結の申し入れに驚き、最初は拒否したが、日本側の提示した条約に対する修正案を出すこととなった。
- Surprised by the sudden offer of conclusion of the treaty, Korea at first refused it, but they decided to propose an amendment to the treaty presented by the Japanese.
- 1937年、日本統治期最後の政治団体である地方自治連盟が解散に追い込まれ、「台湾人」による政治運動は終わりを告げた。
- When in 1937, the Taiwanese Federation for Local Autonomy, which was the last political organization during the period of Japanese rule, was forced to shut down, which incident marked the end of political movements by 'Taiwanese.'
- 開港開市の規定などについては、英仏などの欧米列強は既に最恵国待遇を得ていたので、日本も同じ恩恵に預かることが出来た。
- Regarding opening ports and cities, Japan was able to receive the benefits from most-favored-nation treatment, which the western powers including England and France had already acquired.
- この紫原(むらさきばる)方面の戦闘は鹿児島方面でおこなわれた最大の激戦で、官軍211名、薩軍66名の死傷者を出した。
- This battle fought in the Murasakibaru area was the most furiously fought one in the Kagoshima area, and the government army had casualties of 211 and the Satsuma army had those of 66.
- 天智天皇の死後、壬申の乱を経て政権を奪取した天武天皇は、軍事を政治の最優先項目に置き、専制的な政治を推進していった。
- Following Emperor Tenji's death, Emperor Tenmu, who usurped the throne in the Jinshin War, placed priority on military affairs and implemented an autocratic style of government.
- 1世紀頃には高さが60センチに達し、さらに大型化が進み、2世紀には1メートルを超え、最終的には134センチに達する。
- Around the first century, dotaku with 60 centimeters in height were started to be produced and, further getting bigger, they exceeded 1 meter in the second century and then finally reached 134 centimeters.
- 舒明天皇の没後、妻の皇極天皇、子の天智によって継承され、639年(舒明11)に完成された天皇家最初の仏教寺院である。
- This was the Imperial Family's first Buddhist temple, completed in 639 by Emperor Jomei and, after his death, succeeded by his consort, Empress Kogyoku, and his son, Emperor Tenchi.
- 本法度は、将軍直令による制定・面令による幕府法で最重要視されており、大名統制のための命令・禁止の規範が大半をしめる。
- The code was seen as the most important Bakufu Law as it was created by the enactment of the shogun's direct order, and mainly consisted of codes of order and prohibition for regulating daimyo.
- 李氏朝鮮時代(1392年-1910年)に火事に遭った場合最初に持ち出すのは族譜と言われたほど重要な地位を占めていた。
- Zokufu held such an important position that during the period of Yi Dynasty Korea (1392-1910), that the first thing to save in case of fire was zokufu.
- ロシアの軍事介入を極度に警戒した日本は農民軍の北進を恐れ朝鮮最西南端の海南さらに珍島まで追いつめて徹底的に殲滅した。
- Extremely cautious about a military intervention by Russia, Japan drove the armed peasants to Haenam and further to Chindo island to annihilate them totally out of fear of the expansion of armed peasant in the north.
- またこの地域は庄内平野や酒田市湊を抱えており経済的価値が高く、周囲の上杉氏や最上氏、小野寺氏などが獲得を狙っていた。
- The Shonai district received high economic benefits based on its inclusion of the Shonai plains and Sakata Minato port, so various clans including Uesugi, Mogami and Onodera watched for an opportunity to plunder this area.
- これを除けば現実に使用された印章として確認される最古は奈良時代のものであり、ここから日本の官印の歴史も始まっている。
- Apart from the 'Wa no na no kokuo in,' the oldest seal which has been confirmed to have actually been used, was made during the Nara period and the Japanese kanin history started with it.
- 当時の公家の日記『中右記』は「最下品の者が、第一国に任じられたのは院に近侍しているからだろう」との世評を載せている。
- 'Chuyu-ki', a diary written by a kuge (court noble) at that time, made reference to a rumor that 'the reason for someone with the rank of saigebon (the lowest rank in the nobility) being appointed to the position of Dai-ikkoku might be that he served the Cloistered Emperor closely.'
- これによれば、宮人の准位が最も高いのは蔵司で、以下膳司、縫司、内侍司と続き、これが後宮十二司の位置付けにも影響した。
- According to this, the highest juni among kunin was Kura no tsukasa followed by Kashiwade no tsukasa, Mui no tsukasa and Naishi no tsukasa, which influenced grading of kokyu junishi.
- そのうちで最も規模の大きな東京都府中市武蔵台遺跡では24棟の竪穴住居と多数の土坑が半環状に配置されて検出されている。
- The tateanajukyogun with twenty-four dwellings and many pits arranged in a semi-circle were discovered at the Musashidai remains in Fuchu City, Tokyo, one of the largest remains in scale among these sixty-five remains.
- これは京都の公家衆・堺の町衆などで法華宗の信者が多く、その宗教ネットワークを最大限に利用しようというものだったのだ。
- This was meant to take advantage of the religious network in the Kinai region because many of the Kugeshu (court nobles) in Kyoto and machi-shu (towns people) in Sakai were believers of the Hokke sect.
- 最終的には300万部以上売れたとされ、当時の日本の人口が3000万人程であったから実に10人に1人が読んだことになる。
- Eventually, more than 3 million copies were sold, and we can estimate one out of ten Japanese people read the publication at that time, given the country's population at the time was 30 million.
- 最後には荻原を罷免しなければ殿中で重秀を暗殺すると脅迫したため、家宣も正徳2年(1712年)に重秀をとうとう罷免した。
- Finally he threatened to assassinate Shigenobu if Ienobu didn't dismiss him and Ienobu had to dismiss Shigenobu in 1712.
- 最終的に事態は、天正17年(1589年)に豊臣秀吉によって決着が図られ、沼田周辺の真田領の多くが北条氏に引き渡された。
- The situation was finally saved by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in 1589, and a majority of Sanada's territories around Numata passed to the Hojo clan.
- 最初は上洛時に、北条時政が任命され京都の御家人を統率、洛中の警護・裁判を行い、朝廷と幕府の間の連絡の任に当たっていた。
- He took command of gokenin (immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) in Kyoto and engaged in guarding and judging activities in Kyoto as well as performing a liaison function between the Imperial Court and the bakufu.
- 最初の統一王朝新羅の時代には、清海鎮大使張保皐が中国・日本まで股にかけた東アジアの大海上勢力を築きあげたことが名高い。
- During the period of the first unified kingdom Shilla, Cheonghaejin Ambassador Jang Bogo was famous for building large forces on the sea in East Asia, straddling as far as China, Japan.
- ここに両軍入り乱れた最終決戦が行われ、奮闘虚しく金子元宅はじめ金子軍の武将はことごとく討ち果て毛利軍の勝利と終わった。
- Both sides fought the final battle in disarray, in which Motoie KANEKO and all military commanders (busho) of the Kaneko side, who had struggled in vain, were killed, and the Mori side emerged victorious.
- それも戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、神木動座を行うこと自体が困難となり、文亀元年(1501年)を最後に姿を消すに至った。
- In 'the Sengoku period' (Period of Warring States), Shinboku Doza no Goso itself became difficult, and it came to an end in 1501.
- 伊予守は四位上臈の任じられる受領の最高峰とも言える地位であり、この時点では後白河も義仲を相応に評価していたと見られる。
- Because Iyo no kami was the highest position of zuryo that Shii (Fourth Rank) joro (high-ranking aristocrats) could be appointed, it appears that Goshirakawa properly evaluated Yoshinaka at that time.
- 朱引きは明治以降も存続し、数度の改正を経て、最終的には旧墨引に近い形となり郡区町村編制法施行時に旧東京15区となった。
- The practice of 'shubiki' continued into the Meiji Period; After several revisions the shubiki areas assumed a shape similar to those of sumibiki areas, and the administrative boundaries of the fifteen wards of Old Tokyo were finalized in accordance to the promulgation of the County-Ward-Township-Village Organization Act.
- しかし、奈良盆地に日本列島における最大規模の政治拠点が構築されていたことが纏向遺跡の発掘により次第に解明されつつある。
- However, with excavations at the Makimuku ancient ruins, it has gradually become clear that the largest political stronghold in the Japanese archipelago was constructed in the Nara basin.
- 秋田県東成瀬村の上掵遺跡からは、長さ60.2cm、重さ4.4kgの世界最大級の磨製石斧(緑色凝灰岩製)が出土している。
- The world's largest ground stone ax (made of green tuff) with the length of 60.2 centimeters and weight of 4.4 kilograms was unearthed from the Uwahaba-iseki Remains of Higashinaruse Village, Akita Prefecture.
- ただし、近衛大将との兼務が慣例とされたためにその官位相当は従三位と大幅に上昇しており、馬寮では名目上の最高職であった。
- However, since it was conventional to double as Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), its equivalent official court rank was largely promoted to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), and was the highest in Meryo nominally.
- さらに、私鋳銭を製造しないよう、私鋳銭製造の罪に、大宝律の「徒三年」より厳しい「斬」(五刑の最高刑)が加えられている。
- Moreover, 'zan' (heaviest punishment among gokei [five punishments]), which was more severe than 'zu-sannen' (imprisonment of three years) of the Taiho Code, was added to punishments for manufacture of shichusen (counterfeit money) to prevent it.
- 研究当初は、前・中・後の三期区分だったが、資料の増加や研究の進展によって早期、晩期が加わり、最後に草創期が加えられた。
- In the beginning of the study, there were only three periods, the early period, the middle period, and the end period; however, the earlier period and the last period were added due to the increase in available materials and the progress of research and the incipient period was added lastly.
- 特に領事裁判権の分野では日本側に最も不利な規定となり、結果的にはそれが他の欧米列強にも自動的に適用されることとなった。
- Especially in the field of consular jurisdiction, it turned out to contain the most unfavorable regulations for Japan and was consequently applied to other western great powers as well
- 東宝や松竹よりも低予算で最大限の効果を得ることを旨とし、実際に50年代から70年代にかけて興行成績において勝利している。
- Toei's strategy is to make the biggest possible profit from a smaller budget than those of rivals Toho and Shochiku, and this translated into success at the box office from the 1950s to the 1970s.
- 律令は魏晋南北朝時代に発達し、7世紀~8世紀の隋唐期には最盛期を迎え、当時の日本や朝鮮諸国(特に新羅)へも影響を与えた。
- Luli was developed during the Wei-Jin/Southern and Northern Dynasty period, reaching its zenith in Sui Dynasty from the seventh to eighth century, and had an influence on Japan and the kingdoms of Korea (especially Silla) at the time.
- 殊に真田氏にとっては、武田の旧臣から信濃の独立勢力として認められることが最重要であり、最後まで意地を張り通すことになる。
- Especially for the Sanada clan, it was most important to be recognized as an independent power in Shinano by old retainers of Takeda, so they continued being stubborn till the last.
- 奥書によると、浅羽民部少輔なる人物が宝徳3年(1451年)8月に鎌倉公方足利持氏の最後の日記として書き留めたものである。
- According to the okugaki (postscript), a person called Asaba Minbu shoyu (Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs) scribed the book as the last diary of Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) Mochiuji ASHIKAGA in September 1451.
- 開発も最南部の遼東半島・遼西を除き進んでおらず、こうしたことも原因となって19世紀末のロシアの進出に対して対応が遅れた。
- With the exception of the southernmost areas in the Liaodong peninsula and Liaoxi, most of Manchuria was underdeveloped; Hence, the Qing could not mount a response to Russian expansionism at the end of the 19th century.
- また最近では特に弥生時代末期における特に出雲勢力の鉄の普及によりヤマト王権が勃興したことが考古学的に明らかにされている。
- Furthermore, archaeological studies have proved that the spread of iron from the Izumo region towards the end of the Yayoi Period was the major reason for the Yamato Kingdom's sudden prosperity.
- 魏から女王たちに贈られた品々や位が、西のクシャーナ朝に匹敵する最恵国待遇であり、小領主へ贈られたものとは考えにくいこと。
- Gifts and ranks given by Wei to the queen and her people represented 'most favored nation' treatment, comparable to that given to Kusana in the west, and it is difficult to imagine this in the case of a small feudal ruler.
- 応仁の乱の最中に京極氏は、惣領・持清と嫡子(長男)・京極勝秀が立て続けに病死した為、跡目を決めなくてならなくなくなった。
- In the middle of the Onin War, Mochikiyo, the Kyogoku clan's soryo (heir), and Katsuhide KYOGOKU, the legitimate child (first-born son), had died of illness in quick succession; therefore, the Kyogoku clan had to name the heir.
- 戦争は日本に有利に進んでいき、最終的には日本が勝利することになるが、翌1905年に更なる譲歩を韓国政府に迫る事になった。
- The war progressed in Japan's favor and Japan won at last, which led Japan to demand further concession to the Korean government in 1905.
- 文永の役の理由については南宋への牽制であり、少なくともクビライは最初から日本侵略を望んでいたわけではないと考えられている。
- The reason for Bunei no Eki is considered to have been to warn against the Southern Sung Dynasty, and at least, in the beginning, Kublai did not desire to invade Japan.
- 日本も防衛上最低限の要求として、新規獲得した台湾のすぐ隣にある福建省を他国に租借、割譲することがない旨の約束を取り付けた。
- Meanwhile, Japan requested and obtained an agreement not to lease or cede Fujian Province, a neighbor of newly obtained Taiwan, to any other countries, which was a minimum defense demand Japan could make.
- 天武天皇の頃に使用されたと考えられており(天智天皇のときに使用されたとする説もある)、白鳳文化もこの時期に最盛期を迎えた。
- The era name of Hakuo is thought to have been used around the time of the Emperor Tenmu (another theory is around the time of the Emperor Tenchi), when the Hakuho culture was also at its best.
- なお、彼が処刑された年齢は犯行時15歳であり、現在のアメリカ合衆国最高裁判所の判例で禁止された18歳以下の死刑執行である。
- In addition, he was 15 years old when he was put to death, and it corresponds to an execution for people under 18 year old which is now prohibited by a legal precedent of the Supreme Court of the United States of America.
- 特に日本では、最初に刊行された清朝よりも大きく素早い反応を生みだし、幕末明治維新に及ぼした影響は無視できないものがあった。
- In particularly in Japan, there was larger and quicker response compare to Qing dynasty in China, where this book was first published, and the influence which the book gave to Japan during the end of Edo and Meiji Restoration period is not negligible.
- 五代将軍徳川綱吉の生母・桂昌院はその最たる例で、公家の女子を除いて存命中の女性としては史上空前絶後の従一位に叙せられている。
- The fifth Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA's real mother, Keishoin was the best example and she was granted juichii (Junior First Rank) during her lifetime as the first female of all time other than the females in the noble court.
- しかし最初の生類憐みの令が出された時期に、まだ隆光は江戸に入っていなかったため、現在では隆光の関与を否定する説が有力である。
- However, as Ryuko had still not arrived in Edo by the time the law was issued, the theory that denies his involvement is more convincing.
- ところが高次は吉継が北陸から美濃国へと転進する最中に突如東軍に寝返り、手勢3000名を率いて大津城に籠城し防備を固め始めた。
- However, while Yoshitsugu was changing his course from the Hokuriku area to Mino Province, Takatsugu suddenly switched to the East side, led his 3,000 soldiers to Otsu-jo Castle and fortified the defenses there.
- なお、懲戒免職とされた3名はその後処分の取消を求める訴訟を起こしたが、1974年に最高裁判所 (日本)で原告敗訴が確定した。
- The three teachers who were given disciplinary dismissal filed suit to nullify the action, but in 1974 the plaintiffs lost the case in the Supreme Court.
- 兼実が「王者の沙汰に至りては、人臣の最にあらず」(『玉葉』8月14日条)と言うように、この介入は治天の君の権限の侵犯だった。
- This intervention would have violated the authority of chiten no kimi (supreme ruler) as Kanezane expressed in his words, 'Because this is a matter that the retired emperor should decide, vassals must not dictate what to do' ('Gyokuyo,' entry of September 9).
- 戦国時代の動乱を最終的に収めた江戸幕府は、このような風潮を改め、家臣の主君への従順を教えるため朱子学の道徳を武士に学ばせる。
- The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), after finally settling this upheaval of the Warring States Period, made samurai learn the Neo-Confucianism ethics, to teach the vassals' loyalty to their lords.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)北朝 (日本)の貞和6年(1367年)を最古とするが、四位・五位が揃うのは応永6年(1399年)である。
- The oldest 'Ryakumyo dodai' was found in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Northern Court of Japan in 1367, but it was in 1399 when both Shii and Goi were set.
- 新政府にとって、最大の目標は欧米列強に追いつくことであり、そのためにも旧幕府時代に締結された不平等条約の改正が急務とされた。
- The biggest goal for the new government was to catch up with powerful western countries, and for this reason, they had to solve the problem of the unequal treaty signed in the Shogunate era as soon as possible.
- この書は本来、幕末に将軍徳川慶喜の命でその訳していたもので、ほどなくして起こった鳥羽・伏見の戦いの最中に紛失したものだった。
- Nishi translated the book under the order from Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA but it was lost during the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, which occurred soon after the order.
- 最大の特徴は九州島と韓半島の間に広がる多島海を舞台とした外洋性の漁労活動で、西北九州型結合釣り針や石鋸が特徴的な漁具である。
- The most notable characteristic was open sea fishing in the archipelago that extended between Kyushu Island and South Korean peninsula; the characteristic fishing tool was the assembled fishing needle and Ishinoko (a stone saw) which was unique to northwest Kyushu region.
- 全12巻であるが、最後の2巻は格に該当しない臨時の法令類を唐の『開元留司格』に倣って「臨時格」として末尾に掲げたものである。
- It consists of 12 volumes, of which the last 2 volumes were appendicies of temporary acts 'Rinji-kaku' (lit. temporary codes) by modeling a Kaigen temporary code of the Tang Dynasty in China.
- 「五月丙午(へいご、ひのえうま)」とは、盛夏を意味し、刀剣や鏡などの金属器を造る時、太陽から火を採る最適の日と考えられている。
- Hinoeuma in May' means the midsummer, which is considered the best day to make fire from the sun when metal utensils such as swords and mirrors are made.
- 例えば天智天皇のときには近江令と呼ばれる法令群が策定され、天武天皇のときは最初の律令法とされる飛鳥浄御原令の制定が命じられた。
- For example, during the reign of Emperor Tenchi, a group of ordinances called the Omi Administrative Codes were created, and during the time of Emperor Tenmu, the legal codes of the ancient Japanese state, considered to be the first Ritsutyo Codes, were formulated.
- またテレビ作品においては骨格作りよりも視聴率や映画製作資金の獲得を最優先しており、その状況次第で作品の傾向を変えることが多い。
- The top priorities in regard to the production of TV programs were audience ratings and the procurement of funds for film production rather than the particular framework for a program, therefore, it was often the case that their development was affected by these priorities.
- 秀吉は高松城を水攻めによって包囲していたが、その最中に京都市の本能寺で主君である織田信長が明智光秀に謀反を起こされて落命する。
- Hideyoshi besieged Takamatsu-jo Casle by inundation tactics, during which Mitsuhide AKECHI betrayed and killed his lord Nobunaga ODA in a rebellion at Honno-ji Temple in Kyoto City.
- そのため、班田収受は902年を最後にして行なわれなくなり、同年に醍醐天皇自身は荘園整理を行なうものの、成果を挙げられなかった。
- Consequently, Handen Shuju (a regulation of land ownership) was not conducted after the one in 902, and although Emperor Daigo regulated shoen himself, he could not bring results.
- 『高麗史』の最大の特徴は、歴代の高麗王の記述が天子を意味する「本紀」ではなく、諸侯の歴史をさす「世家」となっていることである。
- The most noteworthy characteristic of 'The History of Goryeo' is that the history of the Goryeo kings is written as a 'history of a lordly family', invoking feudal terminology and a vassal connotation, rather than as an 'imperial chronicle' which would claim Son of Heaven (i.e. Imperial) status for them.
- これらの事件は倒幕を目的とした最初の軍事的行動として、後世から見た歴史的な意味は大きいものの、この時点では無残な結末となった。
- From the current point of view, those incidents are significant because they were the first military actions attempting to overthrow the bakufu, but all of them failed miserably.
- 理由として、正史とは一つの王朝が滅びた後、次代の王朝に仕える人々が著すため、最後の君主などは実際以上に悪く書かれる傾向にある。
- This is because seishi are often written by people in service to the dynasty of the time, and after earlier dynasties have come to an end, so there is a tendency to exaggerate the evils of the rulers of the preceding dynasty beyond what is attested in historical records.
- 朝鮮半島南岸で築城を急ぐ日本軍に対し明・朝鮮軍は反攻を企画し、建設中の城塞群の内最東端に位置する蔚山城に目標を定めて攻撃した。
- The Ming-Korean army planned a counterattack against the Japanese army, which was hurried in building castles on the southern coast of the peninsula, and attacked the easternmost castle being constructed, which was Urusan-jo.
- また、中原氏に対する天文密奏宣旨も元永元年(1118年)の中原師安を最後に途絶え、安倍氏の人物に対してのみ出されることとなる。
- The imperial decrees of tenmon misso to the Nakahara clan ended with the one for NAKAHARA no Moroyasu in 1118, and were subsequently issued only to members of the Abe clan.
- 新貨条例(しんかじょうれい)は、明治4年5月10日 (旧暦)(1871年6月17日)に制定された、近代日本最初の貨幣法である。
- Established on June 17, 1871, the New Currency Regulation was Japan's first coinage act of modern times.
- 頼るところは最早人心のみ」と述べながら、北京陥落後あっさり義和団を切り捨てた清朝・西太后の姿勢は大きな失望を一般民衆に与えた。
- All we can rely on now is the heart of the people,' but she simply cut ties with the Boxers after the fall of Beijing, and commoners lost trust in the attitude of the Empress and the Qing dynasty.
- 物語としての虚構の秀逸、心理描写の巧みさ、筋立ての巧緻、あるいはその文章の美と美意識の鋭さから日本文学史上最高の傑作とされる。
- It is considered to be the supreme masterpiece in the history of Japanese literature due to its excellence of fictional structure, psychological description and plot, as well as its beautiful writing and delicate sense of beauty.
- なお、謎の多い山口の最期を看取った軍医は山形衛戍病院からの応援者、中原貞衛であり、この点も単なる偶然と言い切れない一面がある。
- The army surgeon who was at Yamaguchi's bedside when he died mysteriously was Sadae NAKAHARA, who had come from Yamagata Military Hospital, and it was hardly a coincidence.
- こうして発見された遺体は、最終的に5連隊駐屯所に運ばれ、そこで遺族と面会、確認の後、そこで荼毘に付されるか故郷へ帰っていった。
- The bodies recovered in that way ended up being stored in the fifth Regiment post, where they were cremated or sent home after their bereaved family had met and confirmed them.
- さらに西欧の近代鉱山技術を導入した結果、足尾銅山は日本最大の鉱山となり、年間生産量数千トンをかぞえる東アジア一の銅の産地となる。
- As a result of the introduction of Western modern mining technology, Ashio copper mine became Japan's largest copper producer and became the largest in East Asia which produced thousands of tons annually.
- 蜂起中に困民党メンバーやその同調者が使用したとされる「自由自治元年」という'年号'は、日本史上、最終期の私年号と考えられている。
- The name of the era, 'First year of Free Autonomy' used by the Konminto Party members and their sympathizers, was regarded as a shinengo (private name of a era) in the end term in Japanese history.
- 銅鐸が発見された記録は、『扶桑略記』の天智天皇7年、近江国志賀郡に崇福寺を建立するのに際して発見された記述が最古であろうという。
- The record of discovery of dotaku can possibly track back to the description in 'Fuso Ryakki' (A Brief History of Japan) saying it was found during the construction of Sofuku-ji Temple in Shiga District in Omi Province in the seventh year of Emperor Tenchi's reign.
- 彦根藩井伊氏は幕閣の中枢を成し、酒井氏・本多氏など譜代有力大名が転封を繰り返す中、一度の転封もなく石高も譜代大名中最高であった。
- The Ii clan of Hikone Domain found fame as a key cabinet figure of the Shogunate and was never transferred to other lands while other powerful fudai daimyo such as the Sakai clan and the Honda clan were transferred one after another, and had the largest yield among fudai daimyo.
- 大名間の領土紛争などは全て豊臣政権がその最高処理機関として処理にあたり、これに違反する大名には厳しい処分を下す事を宣言している。
- Conflicts concerning territories between daimyo were dealt with by the Toyotomi administration as a supreme arbitrator, and it was decreed that any daimyo who acts against the edict was to be severely punished.
- そして、これらの郎党を組織して多田庄に武士団を形成したことから、のちに武門として大きく発展した清和源氏一族の最初の拠点となった。
- As he organized his retainers to form an army in Tada Manors, the manors became the first base of Seiwa-Genji which had developed to a prominent samurai clan.
- 世帯の兼業では子や孫に農業ノウハウが受け継がれないので、営農者の世代交代が進まず、営農の主体が高齢化し、最終的に営農放棄となる。
- In these cases farmers cannot pass on their agricultural know-how to their children or grandchildren, so no generation change in farming occurs, farmers grow older and at last they give up farming.
- しかし、実際には奉行のうち最低1名は御内人から選ばれており、得宗及び執権による支配が鎌倉市中にまで浸透していたと考えられている。
- However, in reality, at least one bugyo was selected from Miuchibito (private vassals of the Tokuso, the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), and it is considered that control by the Tokuso and the regent spread even to the city of Kamakura.
- この原則は江戸幕府にも継承され、人身の永代売買を禁じるとともに『御成敗式目』第41条を根拠に譜代下人の年紀は最大10年とされた。
- This principle was inherited by the Edo bakufu, which banned Eitai baibai (buying and selling permanently) of a person, and the Nenki of fudai genin (low-ranked people in the hereditary succession) was set to a maximum of 10 years on the ground of the 'Goseibai-shikimoku' Article 41.
- 最初の鉄道は、車輌もレールも鉄橋も外国製で、トンネル掘削はお雇い外人が指導し、機関車の運転もダイヤの作成もお雇い外国人が行った。
- The first railroad was comprised of all foreign-made trains, track rails, and iron bridges while the tunnel digging, locomotive operation, and making of the timetables were conducted by foreign engineers.
- 一般には正治元年(1199年)に入宋した真言宗の僧俊じょうが日本へ持ち帰ったのが日本伝来の最初とされるが、異説も多く明確ではない。
- Generally, the first introduction of Neo-Confucianism into Japan was said to have occurred through Shunjo, a monk of the Shingon sect who entered Sung in 1199, and brought back Neo-Confucianism to Japan, however, it is not certain, since there are many different opinions.
- 正午頃に開始された天王寺・岡山の戦いは戦国の世最大にして最後の戦いであり、これまでに例を見ない兵力と火力が集中し、大激戦となった。
- The Battle of Tennoji/Okayama, which began at about noon, was the greatest and the last battle in the Warring States period, became a fierce battle using intensively the greatest force of arms and firepower that had been seen before.
- 朱子学が最も重視したのは、古い歴史をもち、勝手な解釈の入る余地の少ない経書そのものではなく、「四書」と呼ばれる四つの書物であった。
- Shushigaku put the most emphasis on studying four particular books of the Classics, known as the Four Books, also known in Japanese as 'Shisho', instead of the Classics as a whole, which had a long history and did not allow for much new interpretation.
- 貴族官僚として陰陽頭に任じられた人物はいるものの、専門官僚として陰陽道・天文道の官に就いたのは晴明が最初であったと考えられている。
- Although some members of the family had been appointed as onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) as aristocratic bureaucrats, Seimei was the first to be assigned a job relating to onmyodo and tenmondo as an expert bureaucrat.
- 恩赦についての規定は律令法以来、様々な法令に規定されてきたが、具体的な範囲や手続などを定めたの法令としては日本最初のものであった。
- Ever since the Ritsuryo law, various laws regulated pardons, but Sharitsu was the first law in Japan that specified limits and procedures of pardons.
- 戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、日本の軍国主義の温床となった寄生地主制を改革するために農地改革を断行し、自作農が多く誕生した。
- After the war, the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) pushed through the farmland reform to reform the parasitic landlord system which had become a hotbed of Japanese militarism, and it turned many farmers into land-owning farmers.
- 下関条約(1895年)によって、最後の朝貢国朝鮮が華夷秩序から離脱したことにより、中国を中心として機能していた華夷秩序は消滅した。
- Kaichitsujp, of which China was the center completely disappeared by conclusion of Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) because the last country, which conducted choko to the Qing dynasty dropped from Kaichitsujo by the conclusion of the treaty.
- また、安政以降改定がなされなかったため、最後の改訂から明治維新で地下という身分が消滅した時点までの当主が判らないという欠点もある。
- It also has the defect that because it was not revised after the Ansei era, it cannot identify the heads during the period from the last revision to the Meiji Restoration, when the status of Jige was discontinued.
- しかし、これは当時の朝鮮には近代的郵便事業が行われていなかったためであり、朝鮮半島に近代的な郵便事業が実施された最初の事例である。
- However, this was because a modern postal service was not practiced in Korea at the time, and this was the first example of modern postal service implemented in Korean Peninsula.
- ただしこの制度は言わば移行期の制度であり、大臣 (日本)や連といった最上級の姓に属する豪族は依然として大徳よりも上位に置かれていた。
- But the system was, as it were, in transition and the highest hereditary titles, such as O-omi and Muraji, were still placed above the rank of daitoku.
- 永仁の徳政令(えいにんのとくせいれい)は、1297年(永仁5年)に鎌倉幕府の9代執権北条貞時が発令した、日本で最初の徳政令とされる。
- Einin no Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order of Einin era) is considered to be the first Tokuseirei in Japan which was issued in 1927 by Sadatoki HOJO, the ninth regent of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- 最初の6条は「神社仏寺」(宗教関係)、次の4条は「過差停止」(奢侈禁止)、最後の1条は「公事催勤」(政務励行)についての規定である。
- The first six clauses are rules about '(Shinto) shrines and (Buddhist) temples' (relations with religions), the next four clauses are about 'kasateishi (prohibition of the luxury beyond one's means or position)' and the last clause is about 'strict enforcement of government affairs.'
- 日本に現存する印章の最古は上述の「倭奴国王印」であるが、これは漢代の中国で作られたものであり、実際に使用されたかどうかも不明である。
- The existing oldest seal in Japan is the above-mentioned 'Wa no na no kokuo in,' which was made in China during the Han Dynasty, but it is not clear if it was actually used.
- このうち、庶政を取り仕切る会計総裁大久保一翁と、軍事を司る陸軍総裁勝海舟の2人が、瓦解しつつある徳川家の事実上の最高指揮官となった。
- Among the newly assigned officials, Ichio OKUBO, the Kaikei Sosai who would manage all phases of government affairs, Kaishu KATSU, the Rikugun Sosai who would control military affairs, these two officials, bacame the actual highest commanders in what remained of the collapsing Tokugawa family.
- さらに最終的には幕藩体制自体を完全解体する廃藩置県というもう一つの革命(こちらの革命は正真正銘無血で行われた)を必要としたのである。
- Finally, the new government needed this evolution the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), which was required the complete dismantling of the current feudal system of the bakufu (The new government achieved this evolution bloodlessly).
- 現存する最古のものは、九条家に伝えられていた鎌倉時代後期に書写されたと見られる写本上下巻(冒頭から巻一神祇官の前半部を欠落)がある。
- The oldest existing copy was a two-part manuscript (which is missing the section from the opening sentence to the start of Volume 1) that belonged to the Kujo Family, and that is believed to have been created during the Kamakura Period.
- 最初の衝背軍は3月18日、長崎を出発して八代に向かった高島鞆之助大佐(後に少将)率いる別働第2旅団(後に別働第1旅団に改称)であった。
- On March 18, the 1st unit of Shohaigun, which was the detached 2nd brigade (later, renamed detached 1st brigade) led by Colonel Tomonosuke TAKASHIMA (later Major General), left Nagasaki toward Yatsushiro.
- 学制(がくせい、明治5年太政官布告第214号)は、1872年(明治5年)8月3日に公布された、日本にて最初に学校制度を定めた教育法令。
- Gakusei (the Education System Order: the Proclamation of the Grand Council of the State No. 214, 1872) is the laws and regulations pertaining to education promulgated on August 3, 1872, which first established the school system in Japan.
- 最大の大きさのものは長軸10.6メートル×短軸7.2メートルで、面積は約72平方メートルで、他の住居の約2倍ないし4倍の大きさである。
- The largest was 10.6 meters at its longest side and 7.2 meters at its shortest, with space of approximately 72 sq.m., or roughly double to quadruple the size of other dwellings.
- 最終的に島津氏は九州の大部分を没収されたが、石田三成と伊集院忠棟による戦後処理の結果、薩摩・大隅国の2国を安堵され九州征伐は終了した。
- Although the Shimazu clan was finally deprived of most of its territories in Kyushu, it was granted the right to rule Satsuma and Osumi Provinces as a result of the post-war actions taken by Mitsunari ISHIDA and Tadamune IJUIN.
- ところが、その最中に親平氏政権派の高倉上皇が死去、続いて2月4日 (旧暦)(1181年3月20日)には清盛自身も謎の高熱を発して死去。
- However, the pro-Taira clan government, retired Emperor Takakura died in the midst, and subsequently Kiyomori himself also died on March 3, 1181 due to misterious high fever.
- その中で、自然と最初の妻である如了とその実妹で実如を生んだ2番目の妻蓮祐の遺した7人の男子の存在は宗門の間で崇敬の対象となっていった。
- In such a situation, the seven sons, the bereaved children of the first wife Nyoryo and her real younger sister Rensuke, the second wife who bore Jitsunyo, naturally became objects of followers' respect.
- この点、日本は鎖国とはいえ完全に国を閉ざしたわけではなく、キリスト教以外はオランダ語を通じて自由に諸外国の情勢や最新の学問を研究できた。
- Despite being under seclusionism, Japan had not closed the country completely, giving people the freedom to learn about the state of affairs of foreign countries as well as the latest studies, excluding Christianity through the Dutch language.
- この時は唐が内戦の最中なので成り立たなかったが、高句麗遠征にて高句麗・百済が唐に対して敵対的になったことで唐と新羅との関係が親密化した。
- Their assistance could not be secured as they were in the midst of a civil war, but the Tang Dynasty and Silla grew close as Koguryo and Kudara turned hostile towards them when the Tang Dynasty sent an expeditionary force to Koguryo.
- だが、最終的には811年(弘仁2)以降、左右近衛府(このえふ)・左右衛門府(えもんふ)左右兵衛府(ひょうえふ)の六衛府制として定着した。
- Finally from 811 onward, the organization was fixed in the rokuefu system which consisted of Left/Right Konoefu (headquarters of the inner palace guards), Left/Right Emonfu and Left/Right Hyoefu.
- 一方、包囲側の明軍も最低でも数万以上と推測される大軍を長期間展開するだけの食糧は無かった上に、島津軍の奇襲によって食料庫を焼失している。
- On the other hand, Ming army with at least several ten thousand soldiers that surrounded the castle lacked food required to move the huge army and lost the food warehouse from the surprise attack of Shimazu army.
- 源姓塩谷氏の最後の当主・朝義の養子となった竹千代が元服して朝業と名乗り、家督を継いだことで藤姓塩谷氏の歴史が始まる(「秋田塩谷系譜」)。
- Takechiyo, who was the last family head of SHIONOYA clan of the MINAMOTO family and was adopted by Tomoyoshi, went through genpuku (a celebration of one's coming of age), identified himself as Tomonari and succeeded to the family, which started a history of the SHIONOYA family of the Fujiwara family ('Family Tree of the Akita SHIONOYA Family').
- その後、21日に天皇と道長の間で最終的な協議が行われ、翌日新制に関する宣旨が下され、それに基づく太政官符が27日付で発給されたのである。
- Subsequently the final discussion was held between the Emperor and Michinaga on July 21, senji (imperial decree) about the shinsei was issued on the next day, and the Daijokanpu was issued on the basis of the senji as of July 27.
- 理由はいろいろ考えられるが、最も大きな理由はマルクス主義の魅力が薄れ、中国史に発展段階論を当てはめることの意義を疑い始めたからであろう。
- Various reasons can be cited, but the biggest reason is that Marxism became less appealing and people are now skeptical about the significance of applying development stage theory to Chinese history.
- また日本国で最初の天守が備えていたと言われており、城内には猪名野神社、上﨟塚砦、鵯塚砦、岸ノ砦、昆陽口砦などが築かれており堅城であった。
- It is said that Arioka-jo Castle was the first castle in Japan that had a keep and in its precincts there are Inano-jinja Shrine, Fort Jorozuka, Fort Hiyodorizuka, Fort Koyaguchi and so on and it was a strong castle.
- たとえば当時の製錬技術で最高の上銀(純銀)とされた地金すなわち灰吹銀は、一割り増しの慶長丁銀で銀座に買い取られ、「一割入れ」と呼ばれた。
- For example,cupellated silver that was the best silver (pure silver) by refining method at that time was bought by keicho-chogin by adding 10 % in ginza, and it was called '10% addition'.
- 中国では『春秋』と言う名作があったために最初は編年体が主流だったが、司馬遷の『史記』以降は紀伝体が主流になり、二十四史は全て紀伝体である。
- Henen-tai prevailed at first because China had 'Chunqiu,' a masterpiece written in henen-tai, but after Sima Qian wrote 'Shiki,' kiden-tai took the place of it and all volumes of Nijushishi (24 dynastic histories) were written in kiden-tai.
- 聖武天皇により諸国に僧寺(国分寺)・尼寺(国分尼寺)を建て、それぞれに七重の塔を作り、金光明最勝王経と妙法蓮華経を一部ずつ置くことにした。
- Emperor Shomu decided to construct provincial monasteries (kokubun-ji) and provincial nunneries (kokubun-niji) in all provinces, each of which had a seven-story pagoda and one copy each of the Golden Light Sutra and the Lotus Sutra.
- 空海、最澄らが伝えた仏教思想や文物は美術の面でも大きな影響をもたらし、密教曼荼羅や、奈良時代には見られなかった本格的密教彫像がつくられた。
- The Buddhist thought and culture, introduced by Kukai, Saicho, and others, had a great influence on Japanese art, so the Mandala of Esoteric Buddhism, and the full-blown Esoteric Buddhism statues, which could not be seen in the Nara period, were made in this period.
- だが、最後の関東申次であった西園寺公宗は建武政権によって処刑されて、後醍醐天皇の家門安堵を受けて親南朝派の弟西園寺公重が西園寺家を継いだ。
- But Kinmochi SAIONJI, who was the last Kanto moshitsugi, was executed by the government of the Kenmu Restoration, and on kamon ando (providing authorization for family lineage) by Emperor Godaigo, the Saionji family was succeeded by Kinshige SAIONJI, who was on the Southern Court side and the younger brother of Kinmochi.
- 窮地に立たされた信長だが、1578年に包囲網の最大勢力上杉謙信が急死し、危機を免れ、1580年の石山本願寺明け渡しによって事実上崩壊した。
- Although Nobunaga faced a predicament, he was saved by the death of Kenshin UESUGI, the strongest leader of the anti-Nobunaga network, in 1578; the anti-Nobunaga network collapsed in 1580, when Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple surrendered to Nobunaga by opnening its gate.
- その後混乱は続き、まずは細川澄之が、続いて細川澄元が討たれて、最終的に政権を奪ったのは本願寺に対して一番の強硬派であった細川高国であった。
- The disturbance continued in which Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA was killed first and then Sumimoto HOSOKAWA was slew, and the one who finally took the administration was Takakuni HOSOKAWA, the toughest hard-liner against Hongan-ji Temple.
- 最終的には筒井氏・越智氏の援軍によって一向一揆は奈良から追われたものの、本願寺は面目を失墜して奈良の永代禁制を受け入れざるを得なくなった。
- In the end, the Ikko-Ikki army was expelled from Nara by the reinforcements of the Tsutsui and Ochi clans, but Hongan-ji Temple lost its prestige and could not avoid accepting the permanent prohibition of entering Nara.
- しかし『日本書紀』の記述では、倒された蘇我氏の歴史は100年にも満たないような新興勢力であり、倒した側は代々の天皇であり最高権力者である。
- However, according to the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan), the history of the overthrown Soga clan is shorter than 100 years, meaning they were an emerging force, and the force that overthrew the Soga clan consisted of emperors for generations, the persons in paramount authority.
- 17世紀前半に、大坂の遊郭を新町(新町遊廓)へ、京都柳町の遊郭を朱雀野(島原遊廓)に移転した他、吉原遊廓を最終的に浅草日本堤付近に移転した。
- During the first half of the 17th century, yukaku in Osaka was moved to Shinmachi (Shinmachi yukaku), and Kyoto Yanagimachi yukaku was to Shujakano (Shimabara yukaku); besides Yoshiwara yukaku was moved to near Nihonzutsumi, Asakusa in the end.
- この分野の国宝指定は歴史が浅く、最初の指定物件は「慶長遣欧使節関係資料」(仙台市博物館蔵、2000年(平成12年)12月国宝指定)であった。
- The timeline for items in this category being named national treasures is still quite short; the first such designation was the collection (owned by the Sendai City Museum) of 'materials related to the Keicho-era mission to Europe' (it was so designated during the December 2000 designations of national treasures).
- 将軍問題は得宗が幕府の頂点にありながらも、その出自の低さ故に自ら将軍になる事の出来ない北条氏が最後まで乗り越える事の出来ない壁となっていた。
- The Hojo clan couldn't get over Shogun issue in the end as Tokuso couldn't become Shogun due to his low status by birth eventhough he was the most powerful lord of the Kamakura bakufu.
- そのため、北部九州から瀬戸内海沿岸にかけて多数の山城や連絡施設を築くとともに、最前線の大宰府には水城という防衛施設を設置して、防備を固めた。
- Because of that, the administration built a large number of yamajiro (castle in a mountain) and facilities for communication from the northern part of Kyushu to the coast of the Seto Inland Sea, and set up a defense facility called mizuki (water fortress) in the front line Dazaifu (local government office in Kyushu region) so that it could reinforce their defenses.
- 同年10月31日、下野新聞が前年ごろから足尾の木が枯れ始めていることを報じ、これら2つが足尾銅山と公害を結びつける最初期の報道と考えられる。
- On October 31 of the same year, Shimotsuke Shinbun (newspaper) reported that trees in Ashio area had been dying since about the previous year; and those two articles are considered to have been the first reports linking the Ashio copper mine and the pollution.
- 規模は、5.3キロ(10里)四方で少なくとも25平方キロあり、平安京(23平方キロ)や平城京(24平方キロ)をしのぎ、古代最大の都であった。
- With its scale being 5.3 km square, at least 25 sq km, it was larger than Heian-kyo (23 sq km) or Heijo-kyo (24 sq km), and was the largest capital in ancient Japan.
- また、これに先立った1585年(天正13年)6月に秀吉が金剛峯寺の僧侶に対して武装放棄を確約させており、これを刀狩の最初とする見方もある)。
- In June 1585, before the edict was issued, Hideyoshi obtained pledges from monks in the Kongobu-ji Temple to disarm, which is regarded by some people as the first attempt at katanagari.
- もっともこの問題がクローズアップされたのが、最後の朝貢国朝鮮をどう捉えるかという清朝と西欧・明治日本の意見衝突の時であった(岡本2004)。
- The problem was mostly concerned at the time of conflict of ideas among the Qing dynasty, Western countries and Japan in the Meiji period about how to consider Korea, which was the last Choko country to Qing (Okamoto 2004).
- 台湾総督府をはじめとする他の外地政庁と異なり、朝鮮総督府は大韓帝国政府の機構を殆どそのまま継承したため、最初から多くの朝鮮人官僚を抱えていた。
- Different from government offices in other overseas territories such as Taiwan Sotoku-fu, Chosen Sotoku-fu took over the most structures of the Korean Empire government as it had been, so it had numbers of Korean bureaucrats from the beginning.
- 17世紀後半から18世紀にかけて活躍した詩人・儒学者の程順則は、琉球における最初の学校明倫堂創設の建議を行うなど、琉球の学問に大きく貢献した。
- Shunze CHENG, who was a poet and Confucian scholar active from the late 17th century to the 18th century, proposed the foundation of the Meirindo school, the first school in Ryukyu, and greatly contributed to learning in Ryukyu.
- 最終的に、元駐清公使フォン・ブラントの意見書(4月8日)を皇帝ヴィルヘルム2世 (ドイツ皇帝)が受け入れて、ロシアと共に干渉することになった。
- In the end, Germany began the coordinated intervention with Russia after obtaining the approval from German Emperor, Wilhelm II.
- 律令編纂に中心的な役割を果たした藤原不比等は、その後、大納言・右大臣へ昇進し、政府の中枢において最大の権力者となり、藤原氏繁栄の基盤を作った。
- FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who played a key role in compiling the Ritsuryo, was promoted to Dainagon (Major Counselor of State) and then to Udaijin (Minister of the Right), becoming the most influential person in the political center and laying the foundations for the prosperity of the Fujiwara clan.
- 「日露戦争で最も儲けた」シフは、ロシア帝国のポグロム(反ユダヤ主義)への報復が融資の動機といわれ、のちレーニンやトロツキーにも資金援助をした。
- Schiff who is said to have 'profited the most from the Russo-Japanese War,' is said to have financed Japan out of retaliation for Russian pogrom (anti-Semitic purges), and is known to have financed Lenin and Trotsky.
- 無論儒教に於いて倫理学的側面は最も重要だったといえるが、だからといって大規模なパラダイム・シフトが起こったわけではなく、その点は注意を要する。
- It should be noted that Yomei-gaku did not cause a drastic paradigm shift, although ethics was undoubtedly the most important element of Confucianism.
- 朝鮮では、高麗の金富軾が作った高句麗・百済・新羅三国の紀伝体正史『三国史記』 (1145年) が最初の正史であり、現存する最古の歴史書である。
- In Korea, the first official history was the biographical annal 'Samguk Sagi' ('History of the Three Kingdoms', completed in 1145), which was created by Busik KIM of the Goryeo dynasty and covered the history of the three kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla; it is also Korea's oldest extant history book of any kind.
- 『大日本国一宮記』は、全国67社の名称、祭神と別称、鎮座地が記載され、最後に 「右諸国一宮神社如此。秘中之神秘也」 との言葉で閉められている。
- 'Dainihonkoku Ichinomiya-Ki' lists the names of 67 shrines of Japan, the names of enshrined gods, the nicknames and the locations; it is closed with the passage 'the above are all Ichinomiya shrine of various provinces, those are the mysteries of extreme secrets'.
- 3世紀半ばの壱与の朝貢を最後に、義熙9年(413年)の倭王讃による朝貢(倭の五王)まで150年近く、中国の史書から倭国に関する記録はなくなる。
- After Iyo's bringing tributes to the court in the middle of the 3rd century, there is no record concerning the Wa state in Chinese history books for nearly 150 years, until the bringing of tributes in 413 by the Wa king San (The five kings of Wa).
- 太政官は解の内容に意見を付す場合もあるが、基本的には「太政官謹奏」の後に解の記述がそのまま奏文として記載され、最後に議政官の署名で締められる。
- Though Daijokan could add any opinion on the document of Soji, it basically had an opening sentence 'Daijokan kashiko mosu' ('The Grand Council has much pleasure in this writing'), being followed by the contents of Ge document, and finally closed by signatures of legislatures.
- それ以下のものは精錬し直して、最上位の一割入れとし、規定の割合に銅を組み合わせて秤量し取組みが行われ箱に入れ封印し、銀見役から常是手代へ引き継ぐ
- Others were refined again and reclassified as top-quality ichiwari-ire, mixing the silver with lead in the statutory proportion, weighed, stored in boxes, sealed and handed from the silver inspector (ginmiyaku) to the jouze-tedai (assistant manager).
- 1946年に連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令により遊郭は廃止され赤線に看板を変えるが、これも1958年売春防止法の施行によりいったんは消滅した。
- In 1946, yukaku were abolished by order of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) and red-light districts appeared instead, but Anti-Prostitution Law went into effect in 1958 and they also disappeared temporarily.
- 〔表面〕「泰始四年(468年)夏の中月なる5月、夏のうち最も夏なる日の16目、火徳の旺んなる丙午の日の正牛の刻に、百度鍛えたる鋼の七支刀を造る。
- (On the front side) 'In May, the middle of summer in 468, at noon on the hottest summer day of Hinoeuma, the steel seven-pronged sword which was forged 100 times was made.
- そのおそらく最初のものは、徳川氏の遺臣を移して北方警備と開墾に従事させようとする榎本武揚の考えで、彼はこの計画を掲げて新政府と箱館戦争を戦った。
- The idea might be first suggested by Takeaki ENOMOTO: He thought of moving surviving retainers of the Tokugawa Clan to Hokkaido and letting them undertake the guard and reclamation of the northern territory, and holding up this plan, fought the Battle of Hakodate against the new government.
- こうして、地方での人民支配が次第に深化していき、670年頃になると地方支配の浸透を背景に、日本史上最初の戸籍とされる古代の戸籍制度が作成された。
- Accordingly, rule over the people was strengthened throughout the country and around 670, against the backdrop of increasing control over the provinces, the ancient family register system, which is considered to be the first family register in Japan, was created.
- 7世紀の終わり頃完成した、古代の都で最大の規模を誇り、条坊制を布いた本格的な中国風都城の藤原京を中心とした天皇や貴族中心の華やかな文化であった。
- Completed around the end of seventh century and being the largest-scaled among the ancient cities, it was a gorgeous, imperial and aristocratic culture around the Fujiwara Capital, which featured genuine Chinese style capital with street plan.
- また世界最大の為替決済市場であったロンドン(シティ)が戦局の進展により活動を停止したこと、各国間での為替手形の輸送が途絶したことなども影響した。
- The shift was also affected by London (the City), the world largest exchange settlement market, being forced to suspend its market transactions due to the development of the state of the war and disruption of the transportation of exchange bills between countries.
- 1190年(建久元年) - 頼朝が右近衛大将(律令制における武官の最高位)に任じられ治安維持に関する17ヶ条に及ぶ命を受ける(後の大犯三ヶ条)。
- 1190 - Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (the highest rank of military officers in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and given an order relating to security enforcement which consisted of 17 articles (later, Taibon sankajo (three basic rights of shugo, the provincial constable)).
- 『実隆公記』(文亀元年3月6日条)には三条西実隆が禁裏の「歴名」を借りて「歴名土代」を沙汰したとする記述が見られる(最古の『歴名土代』の記録)。
- In 'Sanetaka koki' (Sanetaka's Diary – April 3, 1501), there is another description that Sanetaka SANJONISHI ordered 'Ryakumyo dodai' by borrowing 'Ryakumyo' of kinri (the oldest record of 'Ryakumyo dodai').
- 頼綱以降では馬場氏族や山県氏族といった庶流を輩出しており、多田氏の系統は清和源氏一族の最も古い所領である多田の地を200年余りに渡って相続した。
- After Yoritsuna, the lineage of the Tada clan produced collateral branches, such as the Baba and Yamagata clans, and over of more than 200 years the lineage inherited the real estate in Tada, which was the oldest territory of all owned by Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan).
- こうした考えを支持する人々・党派を対外硬派(たいがいこうは)と呼び、明治後期の条約改正から日清戦争・日露戦争、韓国併合の時期に最も盛んであった。
- People or parties who support those ideas were called 'Taigaiko Group' and they were at peak over the period from the revision of treaty in the end of the Meiji Period to the Japanese-Sino War, Japanese-Russo War, and annexation of Korea.
- 大阪と神戸では25日に提出・26日に検勘、長崎では27日に提出・28日に検勘、新潟では8月3日に検勘、最後の函館では8月12日に検勘が行われた。
- In Osaka and Kobe, the money was handed in on the 25th, and went through the authenticity test on the 26th, in Nagasaki, the money was handed in on the 27th, and went though the authenticity test on the 28th, and in Niigata, the authenticity test was on August 3, and lastly, in Hakodate the authenticity test was on August 12.
- 平凡社マイペディアでは、慶応3年8月4日(1867年9月1日)、東海道の御油宿(愛知県豊川市御油)に秋葉神社の火防の札が降下したのが最初という。
- According to 'My Pedia' of Heibonsha, its first appearance was the fire prevention talismans for Akiba-jinja Shrine, which spiraled down on a post station on the Tokaido Way, Goyushuku (Goyu, Toyokawa City, Aichi Prefecture) from heaven on September 1, 1867.
- 折りしも、後藤象二郎による大同団結運動が盛り上がっている最中であり、片岡の他に尾崎行雄や星亨もこれにこうじて民権派の団結と政府批判を呼びかけた。
- Just then, the campaign to unite for a common purpose by Shojiro GOTO was gathering stream, while Yukio OZAKI and Toru HOSHI, as well as KATAOKA, called for unity of the Civil-Right group and to criticize the government in accordance with the campaign.
- だが、最末期には幕府自らが諸色(生活物資)の流通機構を半国営化する「諸色会所」構想を推進した(もっとも、江戸幕府の滅亡によって実現しなかった)。
- However, the bakufu itself promoted a concept of 'shoshiki-kaisho' (daily commodity kaisho) in order to establish semi-nationalized distribution system of shoshiki (daily commodities) in the very last years of the Edo period (although the concept was never put into practice due to the collapse of the Edo bakufu).
- 最大のものは大番役と呼ばれるもので、京都の大番を継承した「京都大番役」と同様に鎌倉にあった将軍御所や幕府機関を警備する「鎌倉大番役」が存在した。
- The biggest one was called Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto), and as well as 'Kyoto Obanyaku' inheriting Oban in Kyoto, there existed 'Kamakura Obanyaku' which guarded a Shogun's palace and governmental institutions in Kamakura.
- 最も有名なものは紀伊国(和歌山県)の那智勝浦町における補陀落渡海で、『熊野年代記』によると、868年から1722年の間に20回実施されたという。
- The most famous example of fudaraku-tokai was the practice in Nachikatsura-cho, Ki Province (Wakayama Prefecture), which is said to have been performed 20 times from 868 to 1722 according to 'Kumano Nendaiki (the Chronicle of Kumano).'
- こうして諸策百出して紛糾したが、最後に桐野が「断の一字あるのみ、...旗鼓堂々総出兵の外に採るべき途なし」と断案し、全軍出兵論が満座の賛成を得た。
- As such, various plans were presented and the discussion degenerated into confusion; at last, KIRINO concluded that 'we should take decisive action, …, the only way for us is to dispatch the whole troops with colors flying' and the whole assembly agreed on the opinion of dispatching the whole troops.
- 北京議定書(ぺきんぎていしょ)とは、1901年9月7日に北京市で調印された義和団の乱における列国と清・義和団との戦闘の事後処理に関する最終議定書。
- The Peking Protocol is a final protocol signed in Beijing City on September 7, 1901, concerning the follow-ups of battles between the powerful countries (Great Powers) and Qing/Boxers in the Boxers Uprising.
- ただし、当時は原因が分かっておらず、これを8月12日に最初に報じた朝野新聞も、足尾銅山が原因かもしれないというような、あいまいな書き方をしている。
- However, at that time the cause was unclear; and in Choya Shinbun, the newspaper that first reported the incident on August 12, reported ambiguously that Ashio copper mine may have caused it.
- 日本軍最左翼に位置するためあらたに派遣された明水軍が加わり水陸からの激しい攻撃を受けるが防衛に成功し、明・朝鮮連合軍を後退させた(順天城の戦い)。
- Since it was located in the extreme left wing of the Japanese camp, it was attacked fiercely both from sea and land, but he succeeded in defending their position and forced the Ming and Korean forces to retreat (the Battle of Suncheon Castle).
- さらに徳川家康・前田利家・毛利輝元・宇喜多秀家・小早川隆景(慶長2年の隆景没後は、上杉景勝)ら、有力大名を五大老に任じて豊臣政権の最高機関とした。
- In addition, Hideyoshi established the supreme organization of the Toyotomi government by appointing the following influential feudal lords as 'Gotairo' (Council of Five Elders): Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Toshiie MAEDA, Terumoto MORI, Hideie UKITA, and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA (Kagekatsu UESUGI after Takakage's death in 1597).
- ただし大量生産される鋳造貨幣というものは質量を一定に製作することは困難で(最大2倍程度のばらつきはある)、質量の基準が開元通寳というわけではない。
- However, mass-produced metallic currency was difficult to be equalized in weight (at worst, the disparity was as large as almost twice) so Kai Yuan Tong Bao could not be said the standard of the weight of currencies.
- これにより5港の開港と領事裁判権、片務的最恵国待遇、関税自主権喪失などを認めさせ(後に英、露、蘭、仏とも)幕府の二百数十年続いた鎖国を終わらせた。
- With these treaties, Japan was made to open five ports, grant consular jurisdiction, recognize one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, and abandon tariff autonomy (later with Britain, Russia, Holland, and France), and forced out of its 200 and several decades old national isolation of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- また、蘭学を奨励し、工藤平助らの提案によって最上徳内を蝦夷地に派遣し、新田開発や鉱山開発さらにアイヌを通じた対ロシア帝国交易の可能性を調査させた。
- He encouraged Western studies, and following the suggestion of Heisuke KUDO, dispatched Tokunai MOGAMI to Ezo to investigate the potential for development of new rice fields or mines and trade with the Russian Empire through the intermediation of the Ainu.
- 貴重な『ヅーフ・ハルマ』は当時最高の蘭塾と評判の高かった緒方洪庵の適塾にも一部しか無く、わざわざ「ヅーフ部屋」と呼ばれる3畳程の別室に保管された。
- There was only one copy of the precious 'Doeff Halma' even in Tekijuku (the school of the Western studies) led by Koan OGATA, which had a reputation as the best Institute for Dutch Studies in those days, and the dictionary was especially kept in a separate room of about three mats called 'Doeff room.'
- 別行動を取った草風隊、回天隊などの旗本子弟の部隊約700人も合流(後の伝習士官隊)、北関東から北陸・会津で戦い、最後は北海道の五稜郭へと転戦する。
- Approximately 700 soldiers of Sofutai (a military unit) and Kaitentai (a military unit), which were troops of hatamoto shitei (children of hatamoto [direct retainers of the bakufu]) and were on separate activity, joined with them (which became Denshushikantai later) to fight together at North Kanto to Hokuriku/Aizu, and finally they fought in Goryokaku in Hokkaido.
- 朝鮮最初の条約が不平等条約であったのは、日本側の砲艦外交の結果でもあるが、国際法や条約体制に関し、朝鮮側が関心を払っていなかったことも要因である。
- The first treaty, which Korea concluded was an unequal treaty due to the gunboat diplomacy of Japan but it is also pointed out that Korea did not pay attention to it.
- 永世禄(えいせいろく)とは、明治初期において王政復古 (日本)及び戊辰戦争に功績のあった者に恩賞として与えられた賞典禄の内、最も上位に属するもの。
- Eiseiroku (a type of premium) was the highest ranked Shotenroku (premium) in early Meiji era, which was awarded to ones with merits for their contribution to the Boshin War and the Restoration of Imperial Rule.
- 西南役(せいなんのえき)、丁丑の乱、十年戦争(鹿児島弁では「じねんのゆっさ」)、私学校戦争とも呼ばれ、明治初期の一連の士族反乱のうち最大規模のもの。
- Also known as Seinan no eki, Teichu no ran, Junen senso (in the Kagoshima dialect, Jinen no yussa), and Shigakko Senso, it was the biggest among a series of uprisings of warrior class broke out in the early Meiji period.
- したがって時代によっては、時の将軍が最も信頼する乳母や側室などが、その将軍の絶対権威のみを背景に、奥向き一切を取り仕切っていた場合もあったのである。
- Therefore, sometime a wet nurse or concubine of the Shogun at that time were trusted to administer the inner part of the house based on the Shogun's absolute authority.
- しかしながら、排出量の上限を最初にどのように公平に割り振るかが問題であり、一律に割り振ると、既に省エネを徹底していた企業が損をするという問題がある。
- However, there is an issue how to assign the upper limits of emissions fairly and impartially, and if assigned uniformly, it can be disadvantageous to enterprises which have already realized the emissions reduction with their efforts.
- この政府案を元に国民の間で広く議論が行われ、4月10日には衆議院議員総選挙が行われた(もっとも、国民の最大の関心は、新憲法より生活の安定にあった)。
- People extensively discussed on the Draft on March 6, and the general election of members of the House of Representatives was held on April 10 (But people's actual greatest concern was their lifestyle stability, not the constitution.)
- 享禄の錯乱の最中であった6月、大物崩れの勝者として細川高国を自害させ、声望を高めた細川晴元であったが、その晴元支持派だった蓮淳の名声も更に高まった。
- In June, in the middle of the Kyoroku War, Harumoto HOSOKAWA enhanced his fame by winning the Battle of Daimotsu and making Takakuni HOSOKAWA commit suicide, which also enhanced the reputation of Renjun who supported Harumoto.
- 翻訳者は当時中国で布教していたアメリカ人プロテスタント宣教師ウィリアム.マーティンで、その訳書は東アジアに本格的に国際法を紹介した最初の書物である。
- The translator was William Martin who was American Protestant missionary, who had been engaged in missionary work in China at that time and the translation was the first book that introduced full-fledged international law to East Asia.
- 特に最後の10帖は「宇治十帖」と呼ばれ、京と宇治市を舞台に、薫・匂宮の2人の男君と宇治の三姉妹の恋愛模様を主軸にした仏教思想の漂う内容となっている。
- Particularly, the last 10 chapters are called the 'Ten Quires of Uji'; the story takes place in Kyo and Uji City, mainly dealing with the romance between two Otokogimi (Kaoru and Nioumiya), and the three sisters of Uji, containing Buddhist thought.
- 同年8月15日の鈴木内閣総辞職時には緊急時のこととて重臣会議は招集されず、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の進駐によって重臣会議の権限は消滅したとされる。
- On August 15th of the same year, at the time of the entire SUZUKI Cabinet resignation, a senior statesmen's conference was not held because it was considered an emergency, and it is assumed the occupation by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) ceased the authority of senior statesmen's conferences.
- 特に長英は投獄後に脱獄し、逃亡の果てに捕り方によって殺害され、三英は逮捕をおそれて自殺、崋山は禁固(蟄居)後に自ら切腹するという悲劇的な最期を遂げる。
- Especially, Choei broke out of prison after he was imprisoned and then was killed after escaping by the capturers, Sanei committed suicide for fear of being arrested, and Kazan met his tragic end by committing suicide by disembowelment after he was sentenced to imprisonment (being confined to his house).
- 当初は苗字帯刀も許されず、例外的に護身用の脇差だけを持つ事が許されたが、三河譜代の黒鍬については、世襲が許され、後には御家人の最下層格の扱いを受けた。
- At first, kurokuwa were not permitted to adopt a surname or wear a pair of swords except for a short sword for self-defense, but those kurokuwa of fudai in Mikawa Province were allowed hereditary succession and were treated as the lowest rank of Gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) later.
- 検田の語も早い時期から行われていたと考えられているが、現存最古の記録は天平9年(737年)作成の豊後国正税帳にある「壱度検田不熟」の文言とされている。
- Although the word kenden was believed to have been used from an early period, the oldest extant record is considered to be that in 'ichido kenden fujuku' (壱度検田不熟, Kenden weren't doing well at first) described in the shozeicho (local financial records) of Bungo Province made in 737.
- これらは最恵国待遇により他の列強にも適用され、以後日本のみならずイギリスをはじめとする西欧列強の清への経済進出と領土分割がより加速されることになった。
- The most-favored-nation treatment forced China to approve other powers of similar conditions, which allowed not only Japan, but also Britain and other western powers to expand economically and divide the territory of Qing later among them.
- 付言すれば、漢民族である袁世凱が衰退した清朝にあって最強兵力を保持し続けること自体が、やがて満漢対立という民族間の軋轢を増す不安定要因となっていった。
- Additionally, Yuan Shikai, who was a member of the Han race, held the greatest military power in the weakened Qing dynasty, and this in itself eventually brought about unrest and confrontation between the Manchu and Han ethnic groups.
- 現行の本文では(a)光源氏と藤壺が最初に関係した場面、(b)六条御息所とのなれそめ、(c)朝顔の斎院がはじめて登場する部分に相当する部分が存在しない。
- The present text doesn't contain the scenes of the first love affair between Hikaru Genji and Fujitsubo (a), of the beginning of love between Hikaru Genji and Lady Rokujo (b), and of Princess Asagao's first appearance (c).
- 最近、土器の焼成失敗品や、強い熱を受けたために器壁が薄くはじけるように割れた土器に注目して、大規模な集落で土器が集中的に生産された可能性が提起された。
- Recently earthenware of firing failure and earthware with a cracked surface from high temperature are being studied and the possibility of intensive earthenware manufacturing in large-scale settlements were raised.
- 日朝間の交渉で挙がった修正項目は、両国の国名をどう記載するか、相手国に赴く使臣の交渉相手とその資格・往復回数、開港場所とその数、最恵国待遇などであった。
- The amendments proposed at the negotiation between Japan and Korea were: the description of the names of both countries; a negotiation partner to the envoy who was going to visit the other country, and his qualifications and number of visits; the place of the opening port and its number; status as a most-favored nation treatment, and others.
- 668年(天智天皇8年)に最初の「令(りょう)」である近江令が制定され、689年(持統天皇3年)の飛鳥浄御原令において初めて体系化されたといわれている。
- The first administrative code ('ryo' in Japanese), the Omi Code, was enacted in 668, and the Asuka Kiyomihara Code enacted in 689 is said to have been the first systematized code.
- 義満が政変を利用して将軍権力を強めていくのも父の貞治の変と同工異曲であり、やがて土岐氏・山名氏・大内氏を討った義満は、室町幕府の最盛期を築くこととなる。
- Yoshimasa strengthened the power of the shogun taking advantage of the coup, as with his father who took advantage of Joji Incident, and eventually led Muromachi bakufu to its height of power by defeating the Toki clan, the Yamana clan, and the Ouchi clan.
- 飛神隊を送り出したあとの飛行場は、本土決戦時の特攻作戦に従事する予定で編成された各地の特攻隊が駐留し、最終的には峰山空要員とほぼ同じ人数に膨れ上がった。
- After the Hishin Squadron left the air base, soldiers who were organized to take part in the tokko (suicide) missions as part of the battle on the homeland moved in to be stationed at the base, and in the end their numbers expanded to be about the same as that of the members of the Mineyama Air Squadron.
- 現在の考古学は箸墓古墳を卑弥呼の墓の最有力候補と見ているから、倭迹迹日百襲媛命(やまとととひももそひめのみこと)は卑弥呼の有力な候補の1つと考えられる。
- According to today's archaeology, the Hashihaka Tumulus is the most probable resting place of Himiko, so Yamatototohimomoso Hime no Mikoto is considered the most likely person to be identified with Himiko.
- 記録上に残る最も古いケースは源定が淳和天皇の猶子になったことであると言われているが、平安時代後期までは猶子と養子の違いは明確ではなかったと言われている。
- The oldest record of Yushi was allegedly the one of MINAMOTO no Sadamu who became the Yushi of Emperor Junna, but the difference between Yushi and Yoshi (adoption) is said to be not so clear until the late Heian period.
- 最も古い定住集落が発見されているのが九州南部で、およそ11000年前に季節的な定住が始まり、10000年ほど前に通年の定住も開始されたと推測されている。
- The oldest sedentary settlement was discovered in the southern Kyushu region; it is assumed that seasonal settlement began approximately 11,000 years ago and permanent settlement throughout the year began by approximately 10,000 years ago.
- 明暦判(めいれきばん)もしくは江戸判(えどばん):裏面に「久・七・新」または「九・七・竹」の極印が打たれ、現存数は慶長大判の中ではこの明暦判が最も多い。
- Meirekiban (also referred to as Edoban): On the back side, the hallmark of '久・七・新' (kyu, seven, shin) or '九・七・竹' (nine, seven, take) is carved, and this Meirekiban has the bigger number of existing coins than any other Keicho Oban types.
- このころ幕府の最長老格となっていた赤松満祐は、義教に疎まれる様になっており、永享9年(1437年)には播磨国、美作国の所領を没収されるとの噂が流れている。
- Mitsusuke AKAMATSU who was treated as the greatest patriarch of bakufu at that time had gotten on the wrong side of Yoshinori, and in 1437, there was a rumor circulating that his territoies in the provinces of Harima and Mimasaka were going to be confiscated.
- 幕府は大目付永井尚志が長州代表を尋問して処分案を確定させ、老中小笠原長行を全権に内容を伝達して最後通牒を行うが、長州は回答を引き延ばして迎撃の準備を行う。
- Naoyuki NAGAI, Ometsuke (chief inspector) of the bakufu, interrogated the representative of Choshu to determine the sanctions, and appointed Nagamichi OGASAWARA as the plenipotentiary to deliver the ultimatum to Choshu, but the Choshu side postponed the reply to prepare for engaging the enemy.
- 一方で、諸大名中最大の石高を持ちながら、関東移封直後で新領地の整備のために九州への出陣止まりで朝鮮への派兵を免れた徳川家康が隠然たる力を持つようになった。
- On the other hand, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had the largest Kokudaka (assessed yield; tax system based on rice, measured by reference to the rated annual yield of the domain) among daimyo, but as he had been moved to Kanto just before, he only headed troops to Kyushu, but was exempt from going to Korea to fight in order to consolidate new territory, came to have latent powers.
- この時日本は沖縄本島を日本領とし八重山諸島と宮古島を中国領とし、日清修好条規に日本の欧米並みの最恵国待遇を追加する案(分島改約案)を提示し一旦はまとまる。
- Japan proposed a plan during negotiations that the Okinawa main island would belong to Japan and the Yeyma islands and Miyako-jima island to China and that Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship be revised with an additional clause to grant Japan a most-favored nation treatment (proposal for divisional rule over the islands and a revision to the treaty), and this proposal was once accepted.
- また、上奏権や建議権が限定付きながら与えられた(最終的には天皇の裁可と国務大臣の副署が必要であったが、建議権を通じた事実上の政策への関与が可能とされた)。
- And the Imperial Diet was also given limited rights to report and make proposals to the emperor (They could participate in politics using the right to make proposal to the emperor even though they needed to obtain approval of the emperor and countersignature of Minister of State when making a final decision.)
- 箸墓古墳の築造年代についても、研究者により多少の前後はあるものの卑弥呼の没年(248年頃)に近い3世紀の中頃から後半と見る説が最近では一般的になっている。
- Opinions concerning the Hashihaka Tumulus differ among scholars, though recently it is widely accepted that the tumulus was created between the mid-third century (which is close to the year of Himiko's death in 248) and the latter half of the third century.
- 日本側からは太政官の最高責任者であった右大臣三条実美・大納言岩倉具視・外務卿澤宣嘉・大蔵大輔大隈重信・外務大輔寺島宗則が出席し、伊藤博文がこれを補佐した。
- From Japan, the highest officials of Daijokan, Minister of the Right Sanetomi Sanjo, chief councilor of state Tomomi IWAKURA, chief of Foreign Ministry Nobuyoshi SAWA, Okura no taifu (senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury) Shigenobu Okuma, and Gaimu-taifu (post of Foreign Ministry) Munenori Terashima attended, and Hirobumi ITO was the assistant.
- 『日本書紀』大化元年七月の条に高句麗や百済の使者に「明神御宇日本天皇」と示したという記事があり、日本における「日本」という国号の最初の使用例となっている。
- An article during July, in 645 of the 'Nihonshoki' (Chronicles of Japan) contains an article where `myojin (a gracious deity) Gyou (the reign of the Emperor) Japanese Emperor' was shown to the envoys from Goguryeo (kingdom of Korea) or Kudara (Baekje, Paekche), which was the first case of country name, `Nihon' (Japan), which was used in Japan.
- 古紙,古着,金物,番傘,屎尿,樽,桶,糠など様々で,江戸時代は最近の研究では,全ての時代の世界の中でも高い水準でのリサイクル社会であったと考えられている。
- The vendors purchased wide variety of things including used papers, used clothes, metal utensils and fittings, coarse oil-paper umbrellas, human waste, used barrels, used wash tubs, and rice bran; according to a recent study, Japan was one of the most advanced society in recycling throughout the history of the whole world.
- しかし、江戸時代江戸時代中期の徳川家宣の治世を経て、幕府は政策を改めて関与を徐々に減らし、19世紀はじめの仙石騒動を最後に、お家騒動への介入は行っていない。
- By the reign of Ienobu TOKUGAWA in the mid-Edo Period, however, the shogunate amended its policy and gradually reduced such interventions and did not intervene in family feuds since the Sengoku family feud in the early 19th century.
- その中で最も東端に位置する蔚山城が未完成のまま、年末から翌慶長3年(1598年)初めにかけて明・朝鮮軍の攻撃を受けるが撃退に成功する(第一次蔚山城の戦い)。
- When Urusan-jo Castle, at the east most edge of Korea, was under construction, the Japanese forces were attacked by the Ming-Korean forces from the end of 1597 to the beginning of 1598; the Japanese fought the enemy off (the first Battle of Ulsan).
- その中でも伊勢平氏は平氏政権樹立の過程で各地の知行国や荘園を獲得して経済的基盤を形成し、最盛期には30ヶ国以上の知行国と500ヶ所以上の荘園を支配していた。
- Among others, the Ise Heishi formed its economic foundation by receiving chigyokoku and shoen throughout Japan in the process of establishing the Taira administration, which culminated in ruling of thirty or more chigyokoku and 500 or more shoen.
- ただ、武田軍は最高幹部級の副将武田信繁・諸角虎定が戦死しているのに対し、上杉軍の幹部に戦死者がいない(上杉軍では荒川長実・志田義時などが討ち取られている。)
- However, while Takeda's forces lost Nobushige Takeda, deputy general, and Torasada MOROZUMI in the fight, both being in the highest echelon class, no echelon of Uesugi's forces was killed in the fight (in Uesugi's forces, Nagazane ARAKAWA and Yoshitoki SHIDA were killed in the fight)
- 貞顕の出家後、泰家と安達氏の憤りを恐れて北条一門に執権のなり手がいない中、ようやく4月24日に引付衆一番頭人北条守時が就任し、これが最後の北条氏執権となる。
- While no person in the HOJO clan wanted to take up the regency, fearing the wrath of Yasuie and the Adachi clan, Moritoki HOJO, the chief of Hikitsukeshu (coadjustors of the high court), was at last appointed to the post on June 3, becoming the last Shikken of the HOJO clan.
- 打製石器は時代に従って、石を砕いただけの礫器から、薄い剥片を用いた剥片石器・石の中央部を利用した石核石器へ移行し、最終的には細石器が用いられるようになった。
- Chipped stone tools changed from small stone tools made just by crushing stones to flake tools using thin flakes and core tools using the center part of a stone, and finally, microlithes came in use.
- 最初の翻訳という性質上仕方ないことであるが、『解体新書』には誤訳も多かったため、のちに大槻玄沢が訳し直し、『重訂解体新書』を文政9年(1826年)に刊行した。
- Not a few mistranslation was found in 'Kaitai Shinsho' although it was naturally unavoidable in any attempt of new translation, so that Gentaku OTSUKI subsequently retranslated it and published 'Jutei Kaitai Shinsho' (re-revised Kaitai Shinsho) in 1826.
- 武士階級も一部処罰されているが、武士の処罰は下級身分の者に限られ、最高位でも微禄の旗本しか処罰されていない(もっとも下記にあるように、武士の死罪は出ている)。
- The warrior class was also partially subject to punishment, although this was limited to the lower classes and in the highest ranks only the vassals were punished (however there was a case of a warrior being sentenced to death, see below.)
- 林忠正による印象派の紹介や、海外留学から帰った黒田清輝らの出展で、明治美術会や洋画家らは混乱しながらもヨーロッパの最新の絵画運動を取り入れ活発な活動を行った。
- The Meiji Art Society, Western-style painters, and their sympathizers were thrown into confusion by the counterforce, but they were active in introducing the newest movement in European painting, which is exemplified by Tadamasa HAYASHI's introduction of impressionists, and by the exhibition of paintings of Seiki KURODA and others who returned from study abroad.
- 泗川は日本軍の策源地であった釜山広域市と日本軍最左翼の順天倭城・南海倭城の中間に位置する為、ここを落とされると西方にいる軍との連絡が分断される可能性があった。
- Since Sacheon City was located midway between Busan Metropolitan City of the supply base of the Japanese army and Suncheon Waeseong and Namhae Waeseong (Namhae Japanese Castle) at the extreme left wing of the Imperial Japanese Army, the communication with the army on the western side would be cut off if the city fell.
- 特に、南北朝時代の南朝方武将楠木正成の忠誠心を朱舜水に示唆された(そもそも日本の正史にとって、北朝と南朝のどちらをとるのかは最大の選択「本朝の大事」だった)。
- SHU Shunsui indicated the idea of loyalty of KUSUNOKI Masashige, a military commander of the Nancho court during the Nanbokucho period (it was 'an important matter of Japan' whether one should side with the Nancho or with the Hokucho as for a historiography in Japan).
- また正史をまとめるに当たり、最も参考にするのは前王朝の史官が残した記録であるので、その時点で都合の悪い所が消されていたり、粉飾されていたりする場合もあり得る。
- Moreover, in compiling seishi the most common sources are the records left by the chroniclers of the preceding dynasty, and it is likely that these records were edited as they were often written in order to excise anything that reflected poorly on the dynasty and can exaggerate the dynasty's good points.
- 前段の「広く会議を興し」については、由利案には「会議」に相当する語はなく、福岡の修正案で「列侯会議」の語があらわれ、これが最終段階で「広く会議」と修正された。
- Regarding the first part 'Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established,' in the Yuri draft there was no word equivalent to 'assembly' and in the revised draft of Fukuoka 'Council by feudal lords' appeared and at the final stage it was revised to 'widely established deliberative assemblies.'
- 観光化に伴うこうした例は地域振興と密着しているため根絶を求めるのは難しく、古墳や景観の保護のためできるだけ環境負荷を最小限に留めるのが今後の課題となっている。
- Such examples and issues are closely related to regional promotion, and since there is no end to this kind of problem, minimizing environmental stress for kofun and landscape protection are future issues.
- 多くの武将が討ち取られたことについては、大輪田の泊に最も近い鵯越口が最初に陥落したために生田・一ノ谷にいた将兵が逃げ遅れたことが原因ではないかと推測している。
- As for the reason why so many military commanders were killed, Kazunori HISHINUMA assumes that the Minamoto clan first took Hiyodorigoe, which was the closest fortress to Owada no Tomari, and therefore, the military commanders who were at Ichinotani and Ikuta, failed to escape.
- さらに、約3万年以前の尖頭器、最終氷期最寒冷期以後の槍先形尖頭器、縄文時代の石槍など、製作ないし使用された年代の相違を考慮し、それぞれを呼び分ける場合も多い。
- In addition, these stone tools are often called by different names considering the difference of the time when these stone tools were made or used, such as those made more than 30 thousand yeas ago called simply 'point,' those appeared soon after the coldest period of the Last Glacial Maximum called 'lanceolate-shaped point,' those of the Jomon period called 'stone spear.'
- また班田収授法の実施が平安時代以降行えなくなった事実のほうこそ公地公民制の崩壊への影響はより大きく、あるいは最初から公地公民制は不徹底だったという説も存在する。
- Also there is a theory that the very fact that enforcement of the Handen Shuju Ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land) could not be carried out after the Heian period had more effect on the collapse of the Kochi-komin Sei, or that the Kochi-komin Sei was not thoroughly carried out from the beginning.
- 1898年(明治31年)6月、明治政府は、日本最初の政党内閣として憲政党による隈板内閣(首相:大隈重信、内務大臣 (日本):板垣退助、ともに首班)を成立させた。
- In June, 1898, the Meiji Government established the Waihan Cabinet (Prime Minister: Shigenobu OKUMA, the Minister of Dometic Affairs (Japan): Taisuke ITAGAKI, both were shuhan [chairman of their respective parties]) organized by Kenseito (a political party in the Meiji period in Japan) as the first party cabinet in Japan.
- 辞書としては、ハルマの『蘭仏辞書』をもとにして、1796年に日本最初の蘭和辞典が稲村三伯・宇田川玄随らによって編纂され1798年『ハルマ和解』として刊行された。
- As for dictionaries, based on Halma's 'Dutch-French Dictionary,' the first Dutch-Japanese dictionary in Japan was compiled by Sanpaku INAMURA, Genzui UDAGAWA and others in 1796 and published as 'Haruma wage' (the Japanese Edition of Halma's Dictionary' in 1798.
- 一ノ谷の戦い以降、源範頼以下主な鎌倉武士は帰東しており、またこの反乱の最中の8月8日に、範頼は平氏追討のために鎌倉を出立し、9月1日に京から西海へ向かっている。
- After the Battle of Ichinotani, MINAMOTO no Noriyori and the main body of the Kamakura warriors had returned to the East, but on September 21, in the midst of this rebellion, Noriyori again left Kamakura and, on October 22, headed from Kyoto for Saikai (the provinces on the western seacoast) to search out and kill the Taira clan.
- しかし、工事の最中に発見された小さな古墳が公にされないまま破壊されている可能性があるほか、2005年には古江古墳が破壊されるなど、小規模の古墳の破壊は今もある。
- However, there have been some cases of minor destruction of kofun such as the incident in which Hurue Kofun was destroyed in 2005, and here is also the possibility that minor kofun are secretly destroyed during construction.
- これは地頭が長期に渡って荘園領主への年貢の納入を怠って最終的に年紀を理由に自己のものとする押領行為を防ぐ措置で、宝治元年(1247年)に追加されたものであった。
- It was a measure to prevent a jito from neglecting the payment of nengu (land tax) to the lord of the manor for lengthy periods of time, and ultimately seizing the land for himself on the ground of Nenki, which was added in 1247.
- 没官は原則として天皇の宣旨によって行われていたが、治承の乱において安徳天皇が平家に連行された最中に行われた平家没官領の没官は後白河法皇の院宣によって実施された。
- Although as a general rule, Mokkan was carried out upon receiving the emperor's special permission, Heike Mokkanryo (Land rights confiscated by Kamakura bakufu from the Taira family) during the time when the Emperor Antoku was kidnapped by the Taira family in Jisho War was carried out upon receiving the permission from the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
- 第4回衆議院議員総選挙の最中に日清戦争が勃発して政治休戦が確立したのを機に、第2次伊藤内閣によって前年に解散に追い込まれた大日本協会復興を模索する動きが現れた。
- As a political truce was called due to the Sino-Japanese war that started during the 4th general elections for the House of Representatives, a move was made to restore the Dainihon Kyoukai (a political association) that had been disbanded by the Second Ito cabinet the previous year.
- 将軍を傀儡として幕政を牛耳り、幕府の要職を名誉職として全国の有力諸大名に与えることで諸大名を懐柔するなど、幕府機能を最大限に利用している点がそれを物語っている。
- The facts that the Miyoshi's government made the most use of the bakufu functions such as by taking control of the shogunate government by placing shogun as a puppet and by controlling daimyo by giving important roles in the government as honory positions clearly show it.
- 大正デモクラシーの波にのって成長し、1917年第一党に復帰、1918年米騒動後、1918年(大正7年)に原敬が首班となって、日本最初の本格的な政党内閣を組織した。
- Riding the wave of Taisho Democracy, the Seiyu Party returned to the leading party in 1917 and after rice riot in 1918, Takashi HARA was nominated as shuhan (the head seat) and organized the first full-fledged party government in Japan in 1918.
- 1936年12月10日に日本競馬会が設立されたのに伴い、1937年1月に倶楽部主催として最後の競馬が開催され、同年5月31日に日本競馬会に統合される形で解散した。
- The Japan Racing Association was founded on December 10, 1936, the last race was conducted by the club in January of 1937, and the club was dissolved and consolidated into Japan Racing Association on May 31 of the same year.
- このため、神社・仏事に帰属されるべき所領(神物・仏物)が僧侶・神官の私物(僧物・仏物)になってしまった状態を元の状態に戻すことが寺社興行における最大の課題となる。
- In such circumstances, the biggest problem in the Jisha Kogyo was to restore the situation that the shoryo which should belong to the shrine or the Buddhist temple (god's belongings, Buddha's belongings) was treated as the private things of the Buddhist monks and the Shinto priests (monk's belongings, Buddha's belongings) to the original state.
- 「飛散開始日」とは、その日の1平方センチメートルあたりの花粉観測数が連続して1個以上になった最初の日をさし、実際には飛散開始日よりも前に少量の飛散は始まっている。
- First day of pollen dispersal' is the first day on which the observed pollen count per square meter exceeds a value of 1, but low-level pollen dispersal begins actually before the first day of pollen dispersal.
- 境内最奥に、高さ50cm程の不動明王像を両脇に従えた長さ8m程度の段瀑が掛かっており、その手前には樹齢300年を越えた「ツキの木(欅)」が神木として祀られている。
- A fall about eight-meter-long accompanied by fifty-centimeter-tall Fudomyoo on its both sides is situated at the penetraria of the precincts and in front of it, an over 300 year-old 'tsuki no ki' (Japanese zelcova) is enshrined as shinboku (divine tree).
- しかし、徳川幕府はもともと武士の争乱の末に政権を奪取しており、「王道」に反する「覇道」にあたるから、朱子学による幕府の正統化の論理は、最初から矛盾をはらんでいた。
- However, the Tokugawa shogunate originally came to power at the end of years of battles among military families and the shogunate corresponded to the 'military government' which was contrary to 'righteous government', therefore the logic for justifying the Tokugawa shogunate was filled with contradiction from the beginning.
- 伝本については、寛文元年(1661年)加藤磐斎『謡増抄』の巻末に附載されて刊行されたものが最も古く、山崎美成『歌曲考』(文政3年、1820年)にも同じ内容が載る。
- Of the surviving copies, the oldest is that appended to the end of Bansai KATO's 'Utaizosho' published in 1661, which contains the same content as Yoshinari YAMAZAKI's 'Kakyokuko' published in 1820.
- このとき、義隆も隆房らの謀反を恐れて、自ら甲冑を着けて居館に立て籠もり、さらに隆房に詰問使を送るなどしたことから、義隆と隆房の仲は最悪の事態を迎えることとなった。
- At that time, Yoshitaka also barricaded himself in his residence with kacchu (armor) on by himself because of the fear of rebellion by Takafusa, and moreover sent questioners to Takafusa, that made the relationship of Yoshitaka and Takafusa worst.
- 江戸時代に入り、1613年(慶長18年)には禁教令も出されたため、最後まで棄教を拒んだ高山右近はマニラに追放され、有馬晴信は刑死し、以後キリシタン大名は存在しない。
- After the Edo period began the Ban on Christianity was issued in 1613, as a consequence of which Ukon TAKAYAMA, who refused to the very last to recant his Christian faith, was banished to Manila, and Harunobu ARIMA was executed; from that point onward there were no more Christian daimyo.
- しかし、最近の考古学研究では、班田収授が飛鳥時代又は奈良時代初期に開始したと見られるのに対し、条里による土地表記の初見が奈良時代中期の天平15年(743年)である。
- In recent archaeology study, however, while handen shuju is considered to have started in the Asuka period or early Nara period, first appearance of land representation using jori was in 743, the mid Nara period.
- 3世紀中葉〜後葉になると、前方後円墳(岡山市都月坂1号墳、桜井市箸墓古墳、兵庫県たつの市御津町権現山51号憤)から最古の円筒埴輪である都月型円筒埴輪が出土している。
- From the middle to the late of the third century, the Totsuki-style cylindrical Haniwa, which are the oldest cylindrical Haniwa, were unearthed from large keyhole-shaped tomb mound (Totsukizaka Ichigo-kofun Tumulus in Okayama City, Hashihaka tomb in Sakurai City, and Mt.Gongen Gojuichigo-kofun Tumulus in Mitsu-cho, Tatsuno City, Hyogo Prefecture).
- 姓(カバネ)の中では、臣、連が一番格式が高いとされ、最も有力な者には更に大臣 (古代日本)(おおおみ)、大連 (古代日本)(おおむらじ)の姓(カバネ)が与えられた。
- Omi and muraji were thought to be the high ranks within kabane, and the highest ranks given to the most powerful individuals were oomi (ancient Japan) and omuraji (ancient Japan).
- 江戸時代初期の小噺に、奈良の大仏と土佐の鯨とが、どちらが大きいかで言い争いとなり、最後に「金(曲尺)より鯨(鯨尺)の方が二寸長い」というオチになるというものがある。
- There is a kobanashi (funny story) in early Edo period that Great Buddha statue of Nara and kujira (whale) of Tosa Province argued who was bigger; in the end, 'the kujira, for the kujira-jaku, was 2 sun longer than the kane, for the kane-jaku' (kane are the generic terms of metals, thus it means the Great Buddha statue in this case).
- そこには三輪山山麓部の纏向遺跡には最古級の前方後円墳である箸墓古墳があり、また天理市の南部に所在する初期ヤマト政権の大王の墓を含むと推測されている大和古墳群がある。
- This area contains Hashihaka tomb, the oldest keyhole-shaped mound and part of the Makimuku ruins at the foot of Mt. Miwa and, to the south of Tenri city, the Yamato tomb group, where the royal tombs of the early Yamato Kingdom are thought to be located.
- しかし、最後の氷期である晩氷期と呼ばれる約1万3000から1万年前の気候は、数百年で寒冷期と温暖期が入れ替わるほどで、急激な厳しい環境変化が短期間のうちに起こった。
- However, the environment had such rapid and severe changes in the short period of time that the cold period changed into the warm period in the several hundred years in the last glacial age called the late glacial stage approximately from 13,000 to 10,000 years ago.
- この計画のネックとなるのが清の存在だったが、清は当時フランスと、ベトナムの覇権を争う清仏戦争の最中であり、一度に双方には派兵できないだろうという予測がなされていた。
- Although Qing was considered as the obstruction of this plan, it was expected that Qing could not afford to send the military to the different fields at the same time during the Sino-French War for hegemony over Vietnam.
- これは現在の播州赤穂駅から少し離れた場所に存在した赤穂鉄道(国鉄赤穂線の開業に伴い廃止)の播州赤穂駅が観光地の最寄り駅として全国的に知られていたことによるものである。
- In case of Banshu Akaho station, the former Banshu Akaho station operated by Akaho raiway company in the place near the present Banshu Akaho station was famous throughout Japan and this is the reason why the present Akho station is prefixed with Banshu.
- この連の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力な者を大連 (古代日本)(おおむらじ)と呼び、臣の姓の氏族の中の有力者である大臣 (古代日本)(おおおみ)と共に国政を預けられた。
- The most influential people among the clans with the kabane of Muraji were called Omuraji (ancient Japan), who were put in charge of the affairs of state along with people called Oomi (ancient Japan), who were the influential people among the clans with the kabane of Omi.
- 風刺文学の最高峰と見なされる『ガリヴァー旅行記』は全編フィクションであるが、英国人船長にして医師のレミュエル・ガリヴァーなる人物の体験談であると、本文は主張している。
- 'Gulliver's Travels,' which is considered to be the best work in satirical literature, is composed of fictions throughout whole volumes, but in the novel it is insisted that the novel is based on the experiences of Lemuel Gulliver, an Englishman, a captain and a doctor.
- 弥生式土器は地理的に中国大陸や朝鮮半島に近い北部九州で最初に出現したもので、他の地方でも縄文式土器に代わって製作されるようになり、北海道を除く日本全国に分布している。
- The Yayoi pottery was made at first in the northern part of the Kyushu region, which is situated close to China and the Korean Peninsula, and then Yayoi pottery began to replace Jomon pottery in other regions as well, so the excavation site of the Yayoi pottery ranges nationwide except for Hokkaido Island.
- 農業生産の向上や商工業及び交通の発達によって貨幣流通が盛んになるにつれて広く行われるようになり、室町時代には最初から銭納を想定した公事に対してもこの名称が用いられた。
- It was widespread, as money became circulating more rapidly due to agricultural production increase, and development of commerce, industry, and transportation; and in the Muromachi period, this name was also applied to kuji which was decided to be paid by money from the beginning.
- 翌天正16年(1588年)1月、最上家の本家にあたり正室の実家でもある大崎氏の内紛に伊達政宗が武力介入すると(大崎合戦)、義光は政宗を討つべく大崎領に援軍を派遣した。
- When Masamune DATE intervened in an internal disturbance of the Osaki clan by using force, which is called the Battle of Osaki in January and February 1588, since the Osaki family was the head house of the Mogami family as well as the family home of Yoshiaki's lawful wife, Yoshiaki sent reinforcements to Osaki's territory.
- 文芸の面では、751年(天平勝宝3年)に現存最古の漢詩集『懐風藻』が編集され、弘文天皇、大津皇子、文武天皇、長屋王などの作品を含む7世紀後半以降の漢詩をおさめている。
- In the field of literature, the oldest existing collection of Chinese poems 'Kaifuso' (Fond Recollections of Poetry) was edited in 751, containing Chinese poems from the latter half of the seventh century and on, including poems by the Emperor Kobun, Prince Otsu, the Emperor Monmu, and Prince Nagaya.
- さらに最近の研究では、後に述べるように義和団の母胎となったと言われてきた白蓮教徒も、官憲の弾圧から逃れるために、その一部がキリスト教に入信していたことも分かってきた。
- A recent study stated that some members of the Byakuren sect, which was the source of the Boxers, became believers of Christianity to avoid the oppression of officials.
- 記録で確認できる最古の例は大坂の役大坂冬の陣の時のことであり、当時江戸城の普請が進行中であったことから、普請と軍役の二重負担に配慮して支給されたものと考えられている。
- The oldest example of Haishakukin that can be confirmed from the record was the one at the time of Osaka Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka) during Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka), at which time, Edo-jo Castle was under construction, therefore it seems that the loan was issued in consideration of the double burden of the construction and the military service.
- 最近になって、国立歴史民俗博物館の研究グループによる放射性炭素年代測定を活用した一連の研究成果により、弥生時代の開始期を大幅に繰り上げるべきだと主張する説がでてきた。
- Recently, there is a theory insisting on moving back to the start date of the Yayoi period dramatically, based upon radioactive carbon dating research results shown by a research group from the National Museum of Japanese History.
- 「天皇(大帝)」は中国古代の宇宙の最高神天帝の名で、道教思想と深い関わりを持つが、天武の施政には道教的色彩が認められ、天武が天皇表記を用い始めたとする説を補強している。
- The 'tenno (great emperor)' is the name of the supreme god of space in ancient China and has a deep relationship with Taoism thoughts, and also during the administration of Emperor Tenmu the Taoism influence was accepted, which supports the theory that the Emperor Tenmu started using the notation of tenno.
- 性器を切断して生殖能力を奪ってしまえば家系が絶える事になり、先祖に対する供養を人倫の最重要項目に置く儒教においては、宮刑は一種の追放刑として認識されていたとの説もある。
- A study mentions that the removal of genital parts to eliminate the virility meant the discontinuation of his family name, which was understood as a total expulsion from his family and severe punishment under Confucianism, which values the service for the dead as its most important, moral act.
- 桓武朝では式家一族は重用され、宇合四男の藤原田麻呂は事実上の臣下最高位であった左大臣にまで昇進し、三男藤原清成の子である藤原種継は長岡京造営の事業を一任されるなどした。
- During the Emperor Kanmu period, family members of Fujiwara Shikike were appointed to important positions; FUJIWARA no Tamaro, the forth son of Umakai, was promoted to Sadaijin (Minister of the left) which was practically the highest position among vassals, while FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, son of Umakai's third son FUJIWARA no Kiyonari, was in charge of building Nagaoka-kyo (Japan's short-lived eighth century capital).
- 時の大審院(現在の最高裁判所)院長の児島惟謙は法治国家として法は遵守されなければならないとする立場から、「刑法に外国皇族に関する規定はない」として政府の圧力に反発した。
- The chief justice of Daishin-in (the predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan), Korekata KOJIMA insisted that Japan was liable for compliance with the law as a law-abiding country, and said 'there was no penal code for criminal cases against foreign imperial families' to resist the pressure of the government.
- しかし、時あたかも藤原氏による権勢拡大の最中で、真人=高貴という原義すら崩れ始めていたことも否めず、氷上塩焼 ・不破内親王のように一種の懲罰として賜姓される例も現れた。
- However, since it was the in the middle of expansion of power by Fujiwara clan, the definition that 'Mahito = noble' was beginning to collapse, and there also appeared a case when Mahito was bestowed as a punishment such as HIKAMI no Shioyaki and Imperial Princess Fuwa.
- この時代の土器は1874年(明治17年)に帝国大学(現・東京大学)の隣地の向ヶ岡弥生町(現・東京都文京区弥生)から出土した壷形土器が学史的には最初の出土例とされている。
- Of all earthen vessels of this period, the crock-shaped vessel, excavated in Mukaigaoka-Yayoi-cho (the present Yayoi, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo Metropolis) next to Tokyo Imperial University (today's Tokyo University) in 1874, was found for the first time in the history of Japanese archeology.
- 史料の吉川家文書には1591年(天正19年)と記されているが、最近の研究においてはこの日付には否定的で翌年の1592年(文禄元年)の誤りではないかとする説が有力である。
- The Yoshikawa family documents, historical material, state that it was executed in 1591, but recent researchers doubt the date and strongly suggest it was executed in 1592.
- 検注帳は荘園によって形式の違いがあるものの、大まかには耕地の一筆もしくは1坪単位の所在地、面積、所定の租税量、名請人などを書き上げ最後に項目ごとにまとめた集計を載せる。
- Although there are differences in methods between different manors, in general, kenchucho records, in regard to a unit of 3.3 sq.m. of cultivated field, the address, dimensions, given amount of tax from the land, and the name of naukenin (cultivator assigned to the piece of land), as well as the tally for each item inserted at the end.
- 1190年、頼朝は常設武官の最高職である右近衛大将に補任されたが、同職には様々な政治的制約も付随していたため、すぐに辞し、より自由度の高い征夷大将軍を望むようになった。
- In 1190 Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards), the highest job of regular military officers, but the post was associated with various political constraints and he therefore soon resigned, hoping to become shogun with the higher degree of freedom that the position afforded.
- これらの農村の膨大な武器がほぼ完全に消滅するのは、大日本帝国が太平洋戦争においてポツダム宣言を受諾し降伏文書に調印した後の、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の占領政策による。
- These cache of weapons in the rural villages were almost completely eradicated under the Occupation policy by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which was carried out after the Empire of Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration for the Pacific War and the Instrument of Surrender was signed.
- その結果、ドイツの憲法体制が最も日本に適すると信ずるに至った(ただし、伊藤はドイツの方式を過度に評価する井上毅を嗜めるなど、そのままの移入を考慮していたわけではない)。
- After the study, Ito believed that the German constitution was the most suitable to model after for Japan's constitution (But Ito reproved Kowashi INOUE who overvalued German system, and thought that they could not introduce German constitution as it was.)
- この儀式は、家族の災いの原因である祖先の霊を呼び寄せ、舞や供物、供銭などでそれをもてなして災いをかけないように頼み、最後に霊を送り届ける一連の過程にそって執り行われる。
- This ceremony carries out the process in the following way; at first, calling the ancestor's spirit that caused the family disaster, then, asking it to stop the torture in exchange of for dance, offerings or money, finally sending it back to its original place.
- 縄文前期から中期にかけては最も典型的な縄文文化が栄えた時期であり、現在は三内丸山遺跡と呼ばれる場所に起居した縄文人たちが保持していたのも、主にこの時期の文化形式である。
- From the early to middle Jomon period was the time when the most typical Jomon culture flourished; the characteristics of this Jomon culture can be observed in the belongings of the Jomon people who lived at the remains called Sannai-Maruyama today.
- 横浜港に入港したエルトゥールル号の司令官オスマン・パシャを特使とする一行は、6月13日に皇帝親書を明治天皇に奉呈し、オスマン帝国最初の親善訪日使節団として歓迎を受けた。
- After arriving at Yokohama Port, the party led by a special envoy Osman Pasha, who was also a commander of Ertuğrul, presented a letter from the Sultan to the Emperor Meiji on June 13 and was welcomed as the first goodwill mission to Japan from the Ottoman Empire.
- 通説では、当時最新兵器であった鉄砲を3000丁も用意、さらに新戦法の三段撃ちを実行した織田軍を前に、当時最強と呼ばれた武田の騎馬隊は成すすべも無く殲滅させられたとされる。
- A standard theory is that Takeda's cavalry which was regarded as the most powerful at that time was overwhelmingly defeated by the Oda forces which were equipped with 3,000 then state-of-art teppo (matchlock guns), and which employed a new tactics of 'sandan-uchi' (in which the gunners were arranged in three lines).
- 1919年、台湾総督明石元二郎は各公営・民営発電所による台湾電力株式会社を設立、より大規模な水力発電所の計画を立案し、当時アジア最大の発電所建設のための調査が着手された。
- In 1919, Motojiro AKASHI, then Governor-General of Taiwan, established the Taiwan Power Plant Company by consolidating public and private power plants, planned the construction of larger scale hydraulic power plants and started the research for the construction of Asia's largest power plant.
- こうして本営が浜町に後退したために、優勢だった薩軍右翼各隊も東方へ後退せざるを得なくなり、関ヶ原の戦い以来最大の野戦であった「城東会戦」はわずか一日の戦闘で決着がついた。
- Since the headquarters were moved to Hamacho, the troops of the Satsuma army in the right flank, which were in an advantageous state in the battle, were also forced to move to the east, bringing an end to the 'battle of Joto', the largest field battle after the Battle of Sekigahara, only in one day.
- この接近時に豊臣方の挑発に乗って始められた、包囲戦における最大の戦いである真田丸の戦い(12月3日 (旧暦)、4日)では、豊臣方が徳川軍を撃退、諸隊に大きな損害を与えた。
- When they were approaching the Toyotomi army, the Tokugawa army was defeated and a number of their troops were damaged badly in the Battle of Sanada-maru (December 3 and 4 [the old calendar]), the greatest battle in besieging Osaka Castle, which was triggered by the provocation of the Toyotomi side.
- 今後一切現金提供を求めないという条文が契約書に盛り込まれたが、工事は1950年の第4次工事まで続き、最終的に古河側は総工費3200万円の4%にあたる119万円を負担した。
- The contract included the clause that the union should not demand money after that, however the works continued until the fourth construction in 1950, and ultimately the Furukawa side paid 1,190,000 yen which was 4 percents of total cost of 32,000,000 yen.
- 語源については、「日本国」を中世の中国語で発音した音が語源とされ、ヨーロッパにはマルコ・ポーロがCipangu(あるいはChipangu)として最初に紹介したと言われる。
- It is said that the word of Zipangu was derived from the pronunciation of 'Nippon koku or Nihon koku' (日本国, literally meaning country of Japan) in Middle-Age Chinese, and was first introduced to Europe by Marco Polo as Cipangu or Chipangu.
- 最初に原料である金属すなわち、銅、錫、鉛、および白目または白鑞(しろめ)(アンチモンまたはビスマスなど)を規定量秤りとり取組みが行われ、坩堝で鎔解されて合金がつくられる。
- First, the prescribed amount of raw materials, that is, copper, tin, lead and shirome (antimony or bismuth), was measured, dissolved in crucibles and made into alloy.
- この「天皇の軍隊の最高幹部がなんら倫理的葛藤なしに天皇の指名した首相を拒否・打倒する」事態については、山本七平・小室直樹・堺屋太一などが社会評論の題材として分析している。
- Shichihei YAMAMOTO, Naoki KOMURO, and Taichi SAKAIYA analyzed the matter that 'the top Army executives of the emperor refuses or dismisses a prime minister who the Emperor designates' as a subject of social criticism.
- 領事裁判権を認め、関税自主権を喪失し、かつ片務的最恵国待遇を課した拙速な不平等条約であり、同様な条約がイギリス・フランス・オランダ・ロシアとも結ばれた(安政五ヶ国条約)。
- The treaty was unequal, granting consular jurisdiction and tariff autonomy to the US, and imposing on Japan a necessity to provide most favored nation status to the US; moreover, similar treaties were concluded with Britain, France, the Netherland, and Russia; eventually those treaties were called the Ansei treaties with five nations.
- 『万国公法』はまず国家には主権というもの備わっていること、主権とは国家という体裁に必要不可欠な要件であることを強調し、書の前半は主権に関する部分に最も紙幅を費やしている。
- 'Bankoku Koho' attaches weight to that each nation has sovereignty and the sovereignty was an indispensable requirement for the appearance of nation and in the first half of the book, spaces were spent most for sovereignty.
- 翻訳とは、原文の大意をつかんだ上で、原文のことばに最も近い自国語を探し出し、それを自然な文章へと改める作業であるが、翻訳の歴史が浅ければ浅いほど、その困難さは増えていく。
- Translation is a work in which the drift of the original is grasped at first and, then, words of the own language that is the closest to it, and the sentences are revised to make them natural ones, but, the shorter the history of translation is, the more such difficulties increase.
- なお、北海道の記録は古く斉明天皇の時代阿倍比羅夫の遠征まで遡り、鎌倉時代には大和民族が住み道南十二館の時代を経、江戸時代には松前藩領や天領となっていた地域に最後に置かれた。
- A record of Hokkaido could date back to the expedition by ABE no Hirafu in the time of Emperor Saimei, and the Yamato race lived there during the Kamakura period, and after the time of Donanjunitate, Hokkaido was finally located in where the Matsumae Domain and the Imperial manor had been in the Edo period.
- 最大の脅威であった信玄が死去したことを知った信長は一気に攻勢に出た。信玄なき今、もはや信長と立ち向かえるほどの余力が残された勢力はなく、なすすべもなく各個撃破されていった。
- Nobunaga, getting the information of Shingen's death, went on an offensive at a breath; nobody could stand up against Nobunaga, and one after another of the network was defeated impotently.
- 248年頃、狗奴国との戦いの最中に卑弥呼が死去し、男王が後継に立てられたが混乱を抑えることができず、「壹與」(壱与)または「臺與」(台与)が女王になることで収まったという。
- It is apparent that although a man was appointed king when Himiko died during the war against Kuna (another state in Japan) around 248, he was unable to resolve the turmoil at the time, which was only cleared up when 'Iyo' (壹與 [壱与]) or 'Toyo' (臺與 [台与}) became a queen sovereign.
- 幕臣勝海舟は早期停戦を唱えて薩長軍を率いる西郷隆盛と交渉、最後の将軍徳川慶喜は江戸城の無血開城し降伏、交戦派と官軍の間の上野戦争を例外として、江戸は戦火を免れた(江戸開城)。
- Kaishu KATSU, a retainer of the Shogun, advocated an early cease-fire with Takamori SAIGO--commander of combined Satsuma and Choshu forces; Consequently, the last Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA surrendered Edo Castle without any bloodshed and spared Edo from the ravages of war with the exception of the Battle of Ueno fought between domain and government forces.
- 高梨高信・高梨忠直らは源義仲傘下として越後から南下した城資茂率いる平家方を破り、その後も源義仲に最後まで従ったと思われ、高梨忠直は京都の六条河原で刑死した記録が残されている。
- Takanobu TAKANASHI and Tadanao TAKANASHI, who were affiliated with MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, won the Heike led by JO no Sukemochi, who had moved south from Echigo, and then seem to have accompanied Minamoto no Yoshinaka to his end, because it is recorded that Tadanao TAKANASHI was executed at the Rokujo-gawara riverbed, in Kyoto.
- 大宝律令の施行は、当時としても非常に画期的かつ歴史的な一大事業と受け止められており、律令施行とほぼ同時に、日本という国号と最初の制度的元号(大宝 (日本))が正式に定められた。
- Even in those days, it was considered that the enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo was an epoch-making and historical project, and almost at the same time, the name 'Nippon' and the first official era name 'Taiho' were formally promulgated.
- 最初に須恵器生産が始まった場所(窯跡)として大阪府堺市南部、和泉市、大阪狭山市、岸和田市、にまたがる丘陵地帯に分布する陶邑窯跡群、福岡県の小隈・山隈・八並窯跡群が知られている。
- Suemura ruins of kilns spread in the foothills extending through southern area of Sakai City, Izumi City, Osaka-sayama City and Kishiwada City, and ruins of kilns at Koguma, Yamaguma and Yatsunami in Fukuoka Prefecture are known as places where Sueki production started first.
- しかし、この合戦での軋轢や当主真衡への一族の不満などから、前九年の役当時には一枚岩であった清原氏内部には次第に不協和音が生まれ始め、最終的には後三年の役を招いたとの評価がある。
- However, studies also suggest that although Kiyohara clan was boasting the ironclad solidarity during Zenkunen War period, the discord and frustration against the head of the clan Sadahira was developed within the clan after the Enkyu Ezo War, causing the Gosannen War that led the downfall of Kiyohara clan.
- 住居の大きさは最大9.4メートル×6.7メートルで、面積62.98平方メートルあり、多くの例が20平方メートルから30平方メートル前後の規模であるので、その2倍の大きさである。
- The size was at most 9.4 by 6.7 meters, with floor area of 62.98 sq.m.--roughly double the size of many others that ranged from 20 to 30 sq.m.
- 源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の成立以後、元服や移徙などの重要な儀礼の際には椀飯が行われ、とりわけ年始に行われる「歳首の椀飯」は武家政権の最も重要な儀式の1つとして行われるようになった。
- After the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, oban was served at important ceremonies such as Genpuku (coming of age) and Ito (moving), and the 'Saishu no oban' that was served in the beginning of the year became one of the most important ceremonies of the buke (military) government.
- 十五里ヶ原の戦い(じゅうごりがはらのたたかい)は天正16年(1588年)8月、本庄繁長率いる上杉景勝・大宝寺義勝連合軍と東禅寺義長・東禅寺勝正兄弟率いる最上義光軍との戦である。
- During the Battle of Jugorigahara, which was fought in September and October 1588, the allied troops of Kagekatsu UESUGI and Yoshikatsu DAIHOJI, led by Shigenaga HONJO, fought against Yoshiaki MOGAMI's troops, which were led by the brothers Yoshinaga and Katsumasa TOZENJI.
- 正安二年(1300年)に成立した度会行忠の『古老口実伝(ころうくじつでん)』に、飛鳥記、大宗秘府、心御柱秘記、神皇実録と共に、「伊勢神宮秘記 数百巻 内 最極書」とされている。
- In 'Koro Kujitsu-den' written by Yukitada WATARAI in 1300, the book is recorded as 'a postscript of Ise-jingu Shrine Hiki (secret record of Ise-jingu Shrine) of several hundred volumes' together with Asuka-ki, Taiso Hifu, Shin no Mihashira Hiki, and Jinno Jitsuroku.
- 以下では最初に翻訳命名されたW.マーチンの『万国公法』とその重訳本を中心に記述し、この本がもたらした西欧起源の国際法がアジア諸国にどのように受容されていったかについても触れる。
- The first part of this article will focus on 'Bankoku Koho', the first translation of the commentary, translated and named by W. Martin and its re-translations to other languages and it will mention how international law originated in Western Europe brought by this book was accepted in Asian countries.
- また福岡市博多区の那珂遺跡群(奴国の遺跡)では3世紀頃の「都市計画」によって造られたとみられる国内最古の「道路(幅7メートル・南北へ1.5キロ以上の直線)」跡が見つかっている。
- In Naka sites (the remains of Nakoku) in Hakata Ward, Fukuoka City, the nation's oldest site of a `road was found (7meters wide, 1.5 kilometers in a north-south direction) assumed to be developed based on `city planning' in the third century.
- 元が最初に送った国書であるが、これに関しては東洋史学者は概ね他の歴代中国王朝の国書と比べて驚くほど低姿勢であると見ているのに対して、日本史学者は高圧的と見る傾向にあると言われる。
- Concerning the first letter sent by the Yuan Dynasty, most scholars of eastern history think that it is surprisingly polite compared to letters by other Chinese dynasties, but scholars of Japanese history are said to have a tendency to see it as authoritative.
- 江戸時代後期になると、側室はたとえ我が子が将軍世子であっても自身の地位は一介の女中のそれと同等にとどまり、我が子が将軍になって初めてお上(おかみ、将軍)の最近親として礼遇された。
- In the late Edo period, the concubines' position were the same as a jochu even if her child became the Shogun's heir, and only after her son became a shogun, she was treated very well as the closest relative of Okami (Shogun).
- ただし西洋式の絵画などを導入した動機の最大のものは建築や都市計画などの設計のためというもので、工部美術学校などがその舞台となり、芸術という概念は政府にもなじみの薄いものであった。
- The Japanese government introduced the Western-style paintings and other culture mainly because it wanted to learn architecture and city planning from the West, and the Technical Fine Arts School and others played a central role in learning, but the government itself was not familiar with the concept of geijutsu.
- 新制そのものの最古は天暦元年(947年)とされているが、中世における新制の基本的要素である「神社仏寺」「過差停止」「公事催勤」の3つの項目が揃った法令としては最初のものであった。
- While the oldest shinsei is considered to have been issued in 947, Chohogannenrei is the first law which contains all of the three fundamental elements of shinsei in the Middle Ages: '(Shinto) shrines and (Buddhist) temples,' 'kasateishi (prohibition of the luxury beyond one's means or position)' and 'strict enforcement of government affairs.'
- また、元からあった平地である今の常盤橋門外から日本橋の北に最初の町人地が設定された(この時と時期を同じくして平川の日比谷入江から江戸前島を貫通する流路変更が行われたと思われる)。
- Additionally, the first townspeople (residential) zone was designated north of the outside of the Tokiwa-bashi Gate and Nihon-bashi bridge (an area designated for the habitation of merchants and artisans) (It is thought that the course of Hira-kawa River stretching towards Hibiya inlet was diverted to pass through Edo Maejima.)
- その範囲は、中央官制・法制・宮廷・身分制・地方行政・金融・流通・産業・経済・教育・外交・宗教政策など多岐に及び、日本をアジアで最初の西洋的国家体制を有する近代国家へと変貌させた。
- The restoration affected all areas of life, such as the organization of the central government, legislation, the Imperial court, the class system, the local administration, the distribution system, industry, education, diplomacy, and religious policy, and effectively converted Japan into the first Western-style modern state in Asia.
- 最大会派研究会_(貴族院)に所属していた岡田良平ら10名の勅選議員が、研究会と原内閣との連携に反発して会派離脱を行い、これに細川護立ら一部の純無所属議員を加えて25名で発足した。
- The Second Independents was established by 25 members including 10 nominated members of the House of Peers such as Ryohei OKADA who had belonged to the largest faction Kenkyu-kai (the House of Peers) opposed the cooperation of the Kenkyu-kai and the Hara Cabinet and left from the faction as well as some members of the Independents including Moritatsu HOSOKAWA.
- つまり、最初に渡来人が来たと考えられている北部九州や大陸系渡来人が移住した可能性のある瀬戸内・近畿地方でさえ、弥生時代初期の遺跡からは渡来系の人と判定される人骨の出土数は少ない。
- In other words, the number of excavated human bones confirmed as immigrants to ancient Japan are very rare in sites from the early Yayoi period, even in northern Kyushu where it is said immigrants to ancient Japan first entered, and in the Setouchi and Kinki region where it is believed continental immigrants to ancient Japan migrated.
- 織田・徳川方の3000丁という量の鉄砲、さらに鉄砲隊を3つに分け、鉄砲の弾込めによるタイムロスをなくす三段撃ち戦法で、最強と呼ばれた武田の騎馬隊を破ったというのが有名な通説である。
- A standard and well-known explanation is that Takeda's cavalry, known as the most powerful, was defeated by the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces which employed as many as 3,000 teppo in the 'sandan-uchi' tactics in which the gunners were arranged in three lines to compensate for the teppo's slow reloading.
- しかし、早々に自社製作を事実上中止した同社とは対照的にTV、アニメを含め徹底した自社製作を貫いてきた歴史が長く、世界最大級の映像コンテンツ企業としてポテンシャルが注目を浴びている。
- However, unlike Toho which practically stopped in-house production, Toei has long engaged in original work including TV programs and animation, and it is seen as having great potential to become one of the largest video-content companies in the world.
- 同様に公家の最高位と言える摂関においても藤原北家九条流更にその中の御堂流によって世襲的に継承され、藤氏長者の地位やそれに付随する勧学院・殿下渡領なども独占的に支配するようになった。
- In the same way, the highest position for the aristocrats, Sekkan, was hereditarily passed among the Mido branch within the Fujiwara clan, Northern house, Kujo branch and this branch monopolized the position as the chief of the Toshi and associated Kangakuin and denka no watari-ryo (the land which the Fujiwara family hereditarily succeeded).
- そして皮肉なことに越後の青苧が江戸時代元禄年間に没落した最大の理由は上杉氏の移封とともに青苧栽培技術が伝来された会津藩・米沢藩両藩産の青苧との競争に敗北した影響が大きかったという。
- And ironically, the aoso in Echigo Province is said to have gotten the finishing stroke during the Genroku era (A.D. 1688 - 1704) of the Edo period in the loss of the competition over aoso with the Aizu domain and the Yonezawa domain, into which the cultivation techniques of aoso were introduced when the Uesugi clan had its territory changed.
- 江戸の国勢調査の最古の記録は、『正宝事録』の註釈として記された元禄六年(1693年)六月十七日の35万3588人であり、徳川綱吉が浮説雑説を唱えた者を探すために行われたものである。
- The earliest extant record of a census conducted in Edo surivives in an annotation in the 'Shoho Jiroku,' (Chronicles of the Shoho Era) which indicates that there were 353,588 people in Edo as of June 17th, 1693 (6th year of Genroku), and it is also said that this was ordered by Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA to root out demagogues.
- 1580年代、急速に領土を拡大していた山形城主最上義光の攻勢がついに庄内にも及ぶようになると、尾浦城主大宝寺義氏は父・大宝寺義増の代からの盟友本庄繁長の支援を受けてこれに対抗した。
- During the 1580s, when the lord of Yamagatajo Castle, Yoshiaki MOGAMI, who was rapidly expanding his territory, launched an attack on the Shonai district, the lord of Ourajo Castle, Yoshiuji DAIHOJI, confronted Mogami's troops with the help of Shigenaga HONJO, who had been an alliance from the days of his father Yoshimasu DAIHOJI.
- 確実に最古のものと言えるのは鎌倉時代の嘉元3年(1305年)の銘がある京都仁和寺所蔵のものと同年に他の所有者の地図から転写されたと推定されている神奈川県の金沢文庫所蔵のものである。
- The oldest ones confirmed are the one with the inscription of the third year of Kaei (1305) in Kamakura period owned by Ninna-ji Temple in Kyoto, and the another owned by Kanazawa Library, Kanagawa Prefecture which is presumed to have been copied from the map owned by someone else in the same year.
- 最古の道中図とされるのは、寛永10年(1633年)から翌年にかけて江戸幕府使番宮城和甫らが幕府に提出した相模国・伊豆国両国の駅路及び山海について記した官撰地図であったとされている。
- It is considered that the oldest dochuzu is the route map of the government compilation on which the post roads, mountains, and seas of the two provinces of Sagami and Izu are described; it was submitted to the government by tsukaiban (government official responsible for inspection of government officials in remote places) Masayoshi MIYAGI and others of the Shogunate government in the period from 1633 to the next year.
- 第二次世界大戦終了後日本を占領した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、国家のための自己犠牲を奨励していた皇民化教育が軍国主義国家形成に果たした役割が大きかったと考え、教育改革に乗り出した。
- The General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which occupied Japan after the Second World War worked on education reform, thinking that Japanization education, which promoted sacrificing oneself for the nation, played a big role in forming the militarism nation.
- 同一方角に長期間在する神(大将軍・金神・王相)については、遊行の最初の日に1回方違えしただけでは有効とは言えないとして、その期間中、以下のような規則で何度も方違えをする必要があった。
- As for the practice of Katatagae for the Hoi-jin Gods who presided over one direction for a long period (such as Daishogun, Kon-jin God, O and So Gods), it was considered to be ineffective to avoid the taboo if people practiced only one Katatagae on the first day when the Hoi-jin gods moved from one direction to another, so that during that period, they needed to practice Katatagae several times according to the following rules.
- 倭の五王の最後の倭武に比定されることの多い、5世紀半ばに在位したワカタケル王(雄略天皇、おおはつせわかたけるのみこと)は、国内において治天下大王の称号を名乗っていたと推測されている。
- King Wakatakeru (Emperor Yuryaku), who is often identified as the last wabu of the five kings of Wa, is surmised to have used the title of amenoshitashiroshimesu okimi within Japan.
- しかし、その藤原南家が藤原仲麻呂の乱で衰退してしまうと、石川氏も平安京遷都後亡くなった正四位上・参議、石川真守(年足の孫、馬子の7代孫)を最後に公卿は出なくなり、歴史から姿を消した。
- However, as the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan entered a terminal decline after FUJIWARA no Nakamaro's Rebellion, the Ishikawa clan also failed to produce other kugyo (court noble) succeeding ISHIKAWA no Mamori (Toshitari's grandchild and the seventh generation of Umako's grandchildren), who was Shoshiinojo (Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) and sangi (Councillor), died after the transfer of the capital to the Heian-kyo, and would vanish from history.
- 確かに徳川氏の記録が伝えるように、後北条氏時代の江戸城は最重要な支城とまではみなされず城は15世紀の粗末なつくりのまま残されていたが、関八州の首府となりうる基礎はすでに存在していた。
- As the records of the Tokugawa clan reveal, the Edo Castle was not regarded as a vital branch-castle in the time of the Gohojo clan and its modest structure that was constructed in the 15th century remained; However, it should be noted that the foundations that would enable Edo to develop into the capital of eight provinces had already been laid.
- 「孤独な者」を意味する名をもつこの2等星は、明るい星の少ない中にあって目立つ星であり、「星」という宿名からもわかるように、中国の天文家にも、最も古くから知られてきた星の一つであった。
- This second-magnitude star, whose name means 'the solitary one,' is in an area with few bright stars and thus seems to stand out; as can be inferred from their naming this as 'Star' constellation, Chinese astronomers have known of this star since very ancient times, and indeed Alphard is one of the first stars to have been discovered by the Chinese.
- しかし、これ以上の戦争の継続は不可能である日本が譲歩し、この調停を成功させたい米国がロシアを説得するという形で事態を収拾し、戦争賠償金には一切応じないという最低条件で交渉は締結した。
- However, the process finally saw progress when Japan, which could not carry on with the war any more, made a concession and the U.S.A., which was keen to conclude the negotiation successfully, persuaded Russia into settlement by the minimum requirements of not answering a war reparation at all.
- 直訴と同一視される場合もあり、実際に両方を混同する要素も含まれているが、本来の性格としては直訴は最高権力者の個人に対して訴えるのに対して、越訴は上級訴訟機関に対して訴えるものである。
- Although an osso was sometimes identified with a jikiso (direct appeal) because they had something in common in fact, originally a jikiso was made to a person in paramount authority, while an osso was made to the upper legal institution.
- 年紀法を明文化した最初の条文として知られているのは、『御成敗式目』第8条(「雖帯御下文不令知行、経年序所領事」)にある「当知行之後、過二十箇年者、任右大将家之例、不論理非、不能改替。
- The first provision known that the Nenkiho is written in is the 'Goseibai-shikimoku' Article 8 ('Territory with no actual enfeoffment over time under the official document').
- 最終時点で、幕府陸軍は歩兵隊8個連隊(一橋徳川家の播磨領で第16連隊が編成されて、計9個連隊であるとも言われる。)と伝習歩兵隊3個大隊を中核に、日本最大の西洋式軍事組織となっていた。
- Eventually, the bakufu rikugun became the largest western-style military organization in Japan, centering on 8 regiments of infantry and 3 battalion of learning infantry (some sais that it should be 9 regiments as the sixteenth regiment was established in the territory of Harima of Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family).
- 青銅器は、最初期のごく一部の例(半島から流入した武器形青銅器などの一部を研ぎ出すことにより製作される事例がわずかに存在する)をのぞき、鋳型に溶けた金属を流し込むことにより生産された。
- Apart from a few examples in the very initial stage (few examples of bronze ware manufactured by grinding weapon type bronze ware imported from Korean Peninsula), bronze ware was manufactured by pouring metal into a mold.
- 次いで佐竹家臣として出羽角館城に1万6000石を与えられたものの、盛重の死後、息子が相次いで病死、最後の当主蘆名千鶴丸も3歳で事故死したために家系は断絶して蘆名氏は名実ともに滅亡した。
- Morishige was granted Kakunodate Castle in Dewa and 16 thousand koku as a retainer of the Satake clan; though, after his death, his sons died one after another and the last head of the clan Sentsurumaru ASHINA died in an accident at the age of three, who was the last of the line, leaving the Ashina clan in ruin.
- これらは六国史と呼ばれているが、901年に撰された『日本三代実録』(858年から887年までの30年間の歴史書)を最後に、朝廷による正史編纂事業は行われても完成をみることはなくなった。
- The histories written in this style are called 'Rikkokushi' (The Six National Histories of Japan), ending with the sixth, the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan), which was compiled in 901 (and recorded the events of 858 to 887); after this point, despite working on the compilation of historical records, the Imperial Court was no longer able to bring such histories to completion.
- 源満仲以来の本拠地である多田に隣接する能勢地方は古くから源氏一族とも関係の深い土地であったと考えられ、能勢氏や地元の伝承などによると源頼光の長子・源頼国が最初に入部し開発したとされる。
- Lying next to Tada, which was the home to the Minamoto clan since the time of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, the Nose region is considered to have been closely related to the Minamoto clan and according to the local and the Nose clan's tradition, MINAMOTO no Yorikuni, the eldest son of MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu, first entered this place and exploited it
- 打ちこわしや一揆そのものは生活苦の改善や新規の徴税や徴兵に反対するものが中心であり、思想的・政治的な背景に欠くもので、最終的には幕府・諸藩・明治政府のいずれかの兵に鎮圧されて終わった。
- Having no ideological and political background, most of the destructive riots and uprisings simply aimed at requiring the relief from hardships of life, and demonstrating their displeasure against the taxation and conscription imposed anew, and all of them ceased in the end when suppressed by Edo bakufu, domains, or the Meiji government.
- この俘囚集団を護送していたのは、防人の護送を担当していた防人部領使であったことが確認でき、彼らが最終的に防人の配備先である筑紫(九州)に送られて同様の任務についていたものと推定される。
- It was confirmed that the guards for Sakimori (soldiers deployed for border defense) escorted this group of subjected barbarians, which suggests that they were sent to Chikushi (Kyushu) in the end, where Sakimori were stationed, to engage in similar work to the Sakimori.
- また、後に衆議院議長を務めた中島の最初の妻は陸奥の実の妹であり、また何の門人でその推挙で大阪で英学校の教師をしていた星亨は何の紹介で陸奥と知り合い、後年政治行動をともにすることになる。
- Also chairman of House of Representatives, Nakajima's first wife was a sister of Mutsu and Toru HOSHI who was ga's disciple and became an English teacher by ga's recommendation in Osaka got to know Mutsu by ga's introduction and later engaged in political activity together.
- この日は儀式の最中に大雨となり、貴族の中には途中で帰ってしまった者が多くいたが、一方民衆は、大仏の縁にすがろうと、開眼の筆に結び付けられていた七町ものながいながい「善の綱」に群がった。
- Since it started raining heavily on this day, many of the nobles went home in the middle of the ceremony while the common people flocked to the very long 'strings of good' seven-cho (approximately 763.63m) in length, which were tied to the ceremony brush, in order to form a relationship with the Great Buddha.
- 沙河では両軍の対陣が続いていたが、ロシア軍は新たに前線に着任したオスカル・フェルディナント・グリッペンベルク大将の主導のもと、1月25日に日本軍の最左翼に位置する黒溝台方面で攻勢に出た。
- While the confrontation across the Saka river continued, the Russian Army took the offensive on January 25 under the command of General Oskar-Ferdinand Grippenberg newly assigned to the front line in the Kokkodai area located on the extreme left wing of the Japanese Army.
- ものの陰陽寮の最高責任者である陰陽頭には就任することなく、寛弘2年(1005年)に85歳で没していることから、陰陽寮及び天文道において強い基盤を持っていた家柄ではなかったとみられている。
- However, he died in 1005 at the age of 85 without becoming onmyo no kami (director of the Onmyoryo); this fact is considered proof that the Abe clan was not a family which traditionally had a strong basis in Onmyoryo and tenmondo.
- 最初の前方後円墳は3世紀前葉~中葉に出現しているのでヤマト王権の成立をこの時期に求める説が有力だが、この時期はまだヤマト王権に先立つ王権の段階(プレ・ヤマト王権)だったとする見解もある。
- As the first keyhole-shaped mounds appeared between the beginning and middle of the third century, the most widely believed theory claims that the Yamato Kingdom was established around this time; however, there is also a theory that this was a different kingdom (the pre-Yamato Kingdom) and that the Yamato Kingdom emerged after this.
- 熊野三山検校は明治元年(1868年)まで存続したが、最後の検校であった宮入道信仁親王が還俗し、明治3年(1870年)に北白川宮を創設して北白川宮智成親王を称したことをもって終焉を迎えた。
- Kumano Sanzan Kengyo continued to exist until 1868; however, when Imperial Prince Miyairido Nobuhito, the last Kengyo, returned to secular life, established Kitashirakawanomiya Palace, and came to be known as Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Satonari in 1870, the post was abolished.
- しかし、時代が下るにつれて徐々に大型化するとともに、つるす部分が退化することから、最初は舌を内部につるして鳴らすものとして用いられたが、徐々に見るものへと変わっていったと考えられている。
- However, dotaku became larger and part for hanging was lost as period went forward, therefore it became an object for viewing whereas originally it was a bell with metal parts hung inside for ringing.
- この時期、日本国外でスペイン人と出会った日本人のうち最も重要な人物は、自身キリスト教の洗礼を受け、1549年のフランシスコ・ザビエル(ナバラ王国出身)一行の来日を手引きしたヤジロウである。
- The most important person who met Spanish people outside of Japan at that period was Yajiro who was christened and helped Francis XAVIER (from the Kingdom of Navarrethe) and party visit Japan in 1549.
- 毛利氏と信長とは、毛利元就の代においては友好的な関係であったが、その後継の毛利輝元は義昭を庇護し(幕府)、さらに最大の反信長勢力である石山本願寺と同盟し、信長への敵対の態度を強めていった。
- The Mori clan and Nobunaga were on friendly terms during the times of Motonari MORI, but his successor Terumoto MORI protected Yoshiaki in the bakufu, and in addition, formed an alliance with Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, which was the largest of the anti-Nobunaga forces, growing more hostile toward Nobunaga.
- しかし信玄没後、信長にとって最大の強敵となっていた上杉謙信が天正4年(1576年)に石山本願寺と講和して信長との同盟を破棄し、翌年には柴田勝家率いる織田軍を手取川の戦いで粉砕するなどした。
- However, Kenshin UESUGI, the biggest enemy of Nobunaga after Shingen's death, conciliated with Ishiyamahongan-ji Temple in 1576 and broke their alliance with Nobunaga, and in the next year, he crushed the Oda army led by Katsuie SHIBATA in the Battle at Tetori River.
- 能の起源について正確なことはわかってはいないが、7世紀頃に中国大陸より日本に伝わった日本最古の舞台芸能である伎楽や、奈良時代に大陸より伝わった散楽に端を発するのではないかと考えられている。
- Although the origin of Noh is not clear, it is generally believed that Noh originated from gigaku (ancient pantomime in which performers wear masks), Japan's oldest theatrical art that was introduced from China during the seventh century, and sangaku (form of theater popular in Japan during the eleventh to the fourteenth century) introduced from the Asian continent during the Nara period.
- 奈良時代末期から平安時代初期に皇親・貴族が所有して家牒・家符・家印などを用いた命令文書で家司などに命じて経営させた初期荘園を「○○家領」「××家田」などと呼称したのが最初と考えられている。
- It was considered that the first example of keryo was of the early shoen which were owned by koshin (the Imperial family) or court nobles who ordered Ie no tsukasa (house stewards) and the like via order documents using a kacho (tag), kafu (code), and iejirushi (house mark showing ownership by the family) to operate the holding from the end of the Nara period to the early Heian period; they were called 'XX keryo' (XX family's holding) or 'XX kaden' (XX family's paddy field).
- これに加えて、各藩が出していた藩札の回収・処理を行って全国一律の貨幣制度を実現する必要性もあった(藩札も最終的には発行元の藩がその支払いを保証したものであるから、その藩の債務扱いとなる)。
- In addition, it was required to call in hansatsu (bills usable only in a particular domain) issued by each domain and introduce a uniform monetary system throughout the country (hansatsu constituted a part of domain's debts since the domain guaranteed its repayment as the issuer).
- 和宮は有栖川宮熾仁親王との婚約がすでにあり、外国人のいる関東へ行かせたくないと難色を示した孝明天皇も、公武合体には基本的に賛成であり、岩倉具視らの進言もあって最終的に家茂への降嫁を認めた。
- It was not easy for the marriage to proceed because Kazunomiya was engaged to Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito, and her brother Emperor Komei did not want to send her to the Kanto region, a place where foreigners lived, but eventually the emperor, who was not opposed to the idea of kobu-gattai, approved the marriage to Iemochi, as recommended by Tomomi IWAKURA.
- 大日本帝国陸軍が陸海軍作戦の統合的な国防方針を策定しようと発案したことがきっかけとなり、明治40年4月4日明治天皇により裁可されたのが最初となり、以後国際情勢の変化などに応じて変更された。
- The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) presented a plan to formulate a comprehensive national defense policy for Army-Navy operations, and it was approved by the Emperor Meiji on April 4, 1904, and was revised in accordance with changes in the international situation, etc.
- 不平等条約における片務的最恵国待遇についても、当初は不平等であるという意識すらなく、「一視同仁」(中国はそれ以外の夷狄を平等に扱う)という儒教的観点から中華が夷狄に与える恩恵と考えていた。
- With regards to one-sided most-favored-nation treatment based on unequal treaties, it was not considered unfair at first but as benefits for iteki given by China based on a thought '一視同仁' (China treats all iteki equally).
- コースの選定は、五ヶ所引廻の方が最終的に受ける刑罰が厳しいため(牢屋敷で行われる刑罰は獄門が最高刑であり、当時の極刑である火刑や磔は刑場で行われた)、罪状の軽重で決められていたようである。
- It appears that the decision on the route depended on the relative gravity of guiltiness as 'gokasho hikimawashi' involved a graver punishment (the severest punishment to be carried out in the prison being beheading, and the gravest type of execution in those days such as burning at the stake and crucifixion being conducted in the execution sites).
- 伊沢は日本内地でも実現していなかった義務教育の採用を上申し、総督府もその提言を受け入れて同年、台北市芝山岩に最初の近代教育を行う小学校(現在の台北市士林国小)を設置、義務教育の実験校とした。
- Izawa proposed to implement compulsory education in Taiwan, which had not been implemented even in Japan, and the Sotoku-fu accepted his proposal and established an elementary school in Zhishanyan, Taipei (today's Shilin elementary school in Taipei) as an experimental school for compulsory education.
- ただし、北九州から出土する最初期の土器を炭素14による年代測定法で調査したところ、紀元前8~9世紀という値が出たとの報告もあり、弥生時代の始期を5世紀ほどさかのぼらせるべきだとの主張もある。
- However, some argue that the Yayoi period should date from a point five centuries earlier, based on a carbon-14 dating report that the earliest earthen vessel of this period excavated in Kitakyushu had been made in the eighth or ninth century B.C.
- 廃藩置県は平安時代後期以来続いてきた特定の領主がその領地・所領を支配するという土地支配のあり方を根本的に否定・変革するものであり、「明治維新における最大の改革」であったと言えるものであった。
- Haihan-chiken fundamentally denied/changed the traditional way of ruling land, under which a specific lord ruled his territory, that had existed since the late Heian period, and was said to be 'the biggest reform implemented in the Meiji Restoration'.
- ところが肝腎の蓮淳は顕証寺陥落の際にもう一つの拠点であった伊勢長島願証寺へと逃走して息子実恵 (浄土真宗)の元に潜伏した(ちなみに前述の本福寺の3度目の破門が行われたのはこの最中であった)。
- Before Kensho-ji Temple fell down, however, the most important figure Renjun ran away to another foothold Ise-Nagashima Gansho-ji Temple, and hid himself in his son Jitsue's place (Jodo Shishu) (by the way, the third excommunication of Honpuku-ji Temple, mentioned above, was done in the course of this event).
- 姉川の合戦における浅井家の被害は甚大で、長政が最も信頼していたと言われている重臣遠藤直経や長政の実弟浅井政之をはじめ、弓削家澄、今村氏直ら浅井家で中心的役割を果たしていた多くの武将が戦死した。
- The damage caused by the battle was so devastating that a number of samurais who played the central role in the Azai clan such as a senior vassal Naotsune ENDO, whom, they say, Nagamasa had trusted the most, Nagamasa's own younger brother Masayuki AZAI, Iezumi YUGE and the Imamura clan were killed.
- 大織冠(だいしょくかん、だいしきかん)は、冠位十二階を改訂し、大化の改新で大化3年(647年)制定(施行は648年にされた)、冠位・官位制度の変遷冠位十三階で新たにもうけられた、冠位の最高位。
- Taishokkan (Daishikikan) was the highest rank which was established in the Taika Reforms in 647 (enforced in 648) by revising the Kan I junikai (twelve grades of cap rank), and which was newly established in the Kan I jusankai (thirteen grades of cap rank) of the cap rank and official rank system.
- 西南戦争以後の財政難と地租改正に対する農民の抵抗に悩まされた明治政府は、当時の日本の工業で最も生産額が多く、かつほとんどが国内消費に回されていて関税の問題も薄い日本酒に対する増税を度々行った。
- The Meiji Government, suffering from economic difficulties that had lingered since the Seinan War as well as peasants' resistance against the land-tax reform, raised tax on sake repeatedly because the sake brewing industry generated higher production value than any other industries in Japan at that time and sake is almost free from problems concerning customs duty as most of it was consumed within the country.
- これは、古河側が鉱毒事件で責任を認めて賠償金(契約書上の文言は「補償金」)を支払った最初の出来事である(それ以前の資金提供は常に「寄付金」「見舞金」「協力金」などの名目で、賠償金ではなかった)。
- This was the first case that Furukawa accepted responsibility for the mining pollution and paid compensation (called 'baishokin,' however, in the contract, it says 'hoshokin' which means the money you give them as they suffer from damage, while 'baishokin' means the money you give them as you hurt them; before that, any monetary provision was not under the name of compensation but either of 'donation,' 'consolatory money 'cooperation money.')
- まず、唐に留学していた「入唐八僧」(「入唐八家」とも、最澄、空海、恵運、円行、常暁、宗叡、円仁、円珍)と呼ばれる僧侶達が帰国した際に持ち帰った書物などを記録した将来目録(請来目録)が作成された。
- The eight Buddhist monks who went to Tang called 'nitto hasso' (also called 'nitto hakke'), namely Saicho, Kukai, Eun, Engyo, Jogyo, Soei, Ennin and Enchin, made a catalogue of imported items (shorai mokuroku) in which they recorded the list of books which they brought back from Tang.
- だが、国防方針の最終決定から首相を排除したことは、逆に政府から国防方針の実行を迫る保証が取れなくなってしまう事を意味し、実際に2個師団増設問題を財政問題を理由に拒絶されるなどの問題点も浮上した。
- To exclude the prime minister from the final decisions on the policy for national defense meant that the implementation of the policy could not be guaranteed by the government and, in fact, adding two more divisions was rejected due to the financial problem.
- 最大会派研究会_(貴族院)の台頭に憂慮を抱いていた朝日倶楽部と庚子会(懇話会の後身)が合同して53名(公爵2名・伯爵3名・子爵7名・男爵5名・勅撰議員17名・多額納税議員19名)にて結成された。
- The Doyokai was formed when the Asahi Club and the Koshikai (which was the successor to the Konwakai), fearing the emergence of a maximal faction, Kenkyukai (in the House of Peers), joined forces to reach 53 members (two Dukes, three Counts, seven Viscounts, five Barons, 17 members by imperial decree, and 19 high taxpayers).
- そのため蓮淳は、17歳になった証如に勧めて法主である証如自らに出陣させ、畿内における『浄土真宗と法華宗の最終決戦』と位置づけることで全畿内の門徒結集を促して、この戦いを大きく盛り上げたのである。
- That is why Renjun recommended Shonyo, the hoshu himself who turned 17, to go for a battle, and positioned this battle as 'the ultimate battle between Jodo Shinshu and the Hokke sect' in Kinai to encourage all the followers in Kinai to participate in this battle, in order to make this battle a big campaign.
- 山岡の下交渉を受けて、徳川家側の最高責任者である会計総裁・大久保一翁、陸軍総裁・勝海舟と、東征軍参謀・西郷隆盛との江戸開城交渉は、田町(東京都港区 (東京都))の薩摩藩江戸藩邸において行われた。
- After preparing for negotiations with Yamaoka, the representatives were gathered at the residence of the Satsuma clan in Edo, located at Tamachi (Minato Ward, Tokyo) to conduct the negotiation for the Surrender of Edo-jo Castle: The highest personnel responsible representing the Tokugawa family side, Ichio OKUBO who was the Kaikei Sosai, Kaishu KATSU who was the Rikugun Sosai, and Takamori SAIGO who was staff officer of the 'expeditionary force to the east.'
- 『八幡愚童訓』によると、この戦いの最中、鎌倉武士団が迎撃の拠点として加護を祈った筥崎宮から兵火によるものか出火し、社殿は焼け落ちたものの御神体その他は唐櫃に納めて運び出し、辛くも避難出来たという。
- According to 'Hachiman Gudokun,' in the middle of the battle, a fire started, probably from firearms, in Hakozaki-gu Shrine, where warriors of the Kamakura shogunate decided as their base for interception and prayed for the gods' help, and it burned down the main building of the shrine, but they managed to save goshintai (object of worship believed to contain the spirit of a god) and other materials by carrying them out in a chest.
- 紀伝体の史書で、本紀(帝王)73巻、列伝(后妃・皇子・皇女を最初に置き、群臣はほぼ年代順に配列、時に逆臣伝・孝子伝といった分類も見られる)170巻、志・表154巻、全397巻226冊(目録5巻)。
- The history book is written about events and consists of the 397 volumes with 226 books, and the first seventy three volumes are honki (about the emperors), next 170 volumes are retsuden (retsuden describes empresses, prince and princesses and courts chronologically while it is sometimes classified as gyakushinden or koshiden) and the last 154 volumes are shi and hyo (five catalogues).
- 幕府財政は一部で健全化し、には江戸時代を通じて最高の税収となったが、年貢税率の固定化やゆきすぎた倹約により百姓・町民からの不満を招き、折からの享保の大飢饉もあって、百姓一揆や打ちこわしが頻発した。
- The government finance got balanced partially, and in 1744 the tax revenues were the highest of the Edo period, but the fixation of rice tax rate and the forced frugality of everyday life negatively affected peasants and citizens, resulting in frequent peasant revolts and destructive urban riots, which were also results of the Great Famine of Kyoho.
- マーティンは国際法について「諸国間に行われ、一国が私することができない」(『万国公法』凡例)と述べ、欧米各国間に存在するこの公的なルールこそキリスト教文明が生み出した最良の成果の一つと捉えていた。
- With respect to international law, Martin said, 'International law is applied among various countries and it cannot owned by a single country' (legend in 'Bankoku Koho') and he understood that these official rules existed among European and American countries were as one of the best results generated by Christian civilization.
- 奴隷貿易を未然に防いだとされるこの事件では、日本の姿勢を批判するペルー政府が「万国公法」に則って賠償を求めたが、日本側も「万国公法に拠」って反論し、最終的にロシアに仲介斡旋を依頼することとなった。
- The Incident was considered to be a successful case that forestalled slave trade, when Peruvian government claimed compensation on 'Bankoku Koho' against Japan, Japan side countered 'based on Bankoku Koho' and finally requested Russia to play mediation role.
- 太政官は、国政の意思決定を行う最も重要な機関であり、太政大臣・左大臣・右大臣・大納言(後に中納言・参議が加わる)による議政官組織とそれを実務面で補佐する少納言・左右弁官局・外記局から構成されていた。
- The Daijokan (Council of State) was the most important decision-making organization of the government and consisted of a legislative department composed of the Daijo Daijin (Grand Minister), Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left), Udaijin (the Minister of the Right), and Dainagon (the Major Counselorof the state) (later, Chinagon [vice-councilor of state] and Sangi [minister] were added), and the departments that assisted them in their work, Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), the Left and Right Benkan's (Controller) Offices, and the Gekikyoku's (Secretarie) Office.
- 反対運動が最も盛んになったのは、1896年の洪水以降で、田中正造の主導の元、10月4日、群馬県邑楽郡渡瀬村 (群馬県)(現在の館林市下早川田町)にある雲龍寺に、栃木・群馬両県の鉱毒事務所が作られた。
- The movement against the pollution gathered pace after the floods in 1896, and October 4, under the leadership of Shozo TANAKA, the mining pollution office of Tochigi Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture was estavlished in Unryu-ji Temple in Watarase Village, Oura County, Gunma Prefecture (present Shimohayakawada-cho, Tatebayashi City).
- その後1919年にアメリカ合衆国が復帰したのを皮切りに、再び各国が金本位制に復帰したが、1929年の世界恐慌により再び機能しなくなり、1937年6月のフランスを最後にすべての国が金本位制を離脱した。
- Later, the countries returned to gold standard system, starting with the United States of America readopting the system in 1919, but as the system again became dysfunctional due to the outbreak of the Great Depression in 1929, all the countries abandoned gold standard system as France being the last one to abandon in June 1937.
- 中世の土地売買には今日の売却に相当する永代売、元金をもって買い戻す本銭返、そして年期売があったが、売主である本主の権限が最も色濃く残された年期売が農民層を中心として広く行われていたと考えられている。
- Medieval methods for selling land included the permanent sale, which corresponds to land sales today, the honsengaeshi, under which those with capital could buy back the sold land, and finally the nenki-uri, but it is thought that the nenki-uri, under which the seller had the most pronounced authority and power, became the most widely used contract, especially among farmers.
- 除目の銓擬(せんぎ)によって人事が決定された後に執筆(しゅひつ)を担当する大臣が空白部分に候補者の位階氏姓名及び年給などの注記を記入する入眼を行って大間書の最後に日付を書き加えて天皇の奏覧を受ける。
- After the personnel was decided through deliberations for Jimoku, a minister in charge of Shuhitsu (writing) conducted Jugan of filling blank spaces with notes such as Ikai, Shisei and pension of candidates, addionally described a date in the last line of Omagaki, and submitted Omagaki to the Emperor for inspection.
- 「米騒動」や「米騒擾」などと呼ばれた約50日間に渡る一連の騒動は最終的に、1道3府37県の計369ヶ所にのぼり、参加者の規模は数百万人を数え、出動した軍隊は3府23県にわたり10万人以上が投入された。
- A series of riots for about 50 days called 'Rice riot' or 'Rice civil disorder' eventually occurred in 369 places of 41 prefectures in total, for which millions of participants were counted, the armies were called out to 26 prefectures in total and more than 100,000 soldiers were put.
- また朝鮮北部での水耕田跡が近代まで見つからないことや朝鮮半島での確認された炭化米が紀元前2000年が最古であり、日本列島のものを遡れないことなどから、稲作は日本列島から朝鮮半島へ伝播した説も出ている。
- Wet-rice fields couldn't be found in northern Korean until the recent period and the oldest carbonized rice found on the Korean peninsula which can't be traced back to rice found in the Japanese archipelago was from 2000 B.C.; therefore, one theory suggests that the rice cropping was introduced to the Korean peninsula through the Japanese archipelago.
- 年輪年代学の成果により、画文帯神獣鏡などの記年鏡の年代も一致したことから、邪馬台国の時代にすでに遺跡の築造が始まっていたとみられ、最盛期が弥生時代終末期~古墳時代であり、邪馬台国の時代と合致すること。
- As the dendrochronological data suggests, because the dates inscribed in mirrors, such as the Gamontai Shinju-kyo Mirror (Mirror with figures of deities and sacred animals which was excavated from Makimuku ruins) correspond with the time of Yamatai, it is apparent that the construction of the original buildings had already begun in the time of Yamatai, and they were in their prime from the late Yayoi period to Tumulus period, which matches the dates of Yamatai.
- 本来の律令制は政務を上から順番に統属関係にのっとった形で処理するため、官僚機構において底辺にちかい部署はただ事務処理を行なうのみであり、その意思決定は上位機構をへて最終的には天皇が裁断するものであった。
- In the original ritsuryo system, governmental affairs were processed in order, from the upper rank, following the line of governance, so departments near the bottom of the bureaucratic organization merely did paperwork, and their decision-making was ultimately done by the emperor through upper organizations.
- 大宰府を日本最初の都城であるとする主張もわずかながら存在しているが、査読のある学術雑誌において肯定的に取り上げた学術論文は皆無であり、一般に九州王朝説及び関連する主張は科学的な学説とはみなされていない。
- Although there is a minor opinion that the Japan's first capital is Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), there has been virtually no academic thesis which takes up this theory affirmatively in the scientific journals with peer review, and in general Kyushu dynasty theory and its related opinions are not considered as scientific theories.
- 推古天皇元年(593年)、聖徳太子が大阪に日本最古の官寺・四天王寺を建立の際、四箇院の一つとして建てられたのが日本での最初とする伝承があり(四箇院とは施薬院に悲田院・敬田院・療病院を合せたものである)。
- Tradition has it that in 593, when the Prince Shotoku erected Shitenno-ji Temple in Osaka, which was the original kanji (state-sponsored temple) in Japan, he erected the Seyaku-in as one of the Shikain (four institutions) which included Hiden-in, Keiden-in, Ryobyo-in and Seyaku-in.
- 封建制に代わる、中国史上の経済制度を特徴づける概念や歴史像はいまだ構築されていないが、最近では階級構造を描き出そうとする従来の方法に代わって、地域社会の中における地主の役割に注目した研究がなされている。
- Concepts and views of history which characterize the economic system in Chinese history have yet to be constructed, but recently, more studies are focusing on the role of landlords in a local community, instead of describing the class structure by conventional methods.
- このように明朝に於いて確立した朱子学の権威は、明朝統治下のほぼ全域に亘り巨大な力を持つにいたったのだが、明朝政権下の中でも最も商業の発達していた江南には、明初期以来、朱子学と微妙な距離を置く人々がいた。
- Under the Ming Dynasty, in which it was first established, Shushigaku's influence became very strong in most regions, although in Jian Nang, the dynasty's most commercialized area, some people had kept a slight distance between themselves and Shushigaku since the early Ming period.
- だが、岩倉による代案が地租の米納復帰と言う江戸時代の年貢への復帰という提案であっために、黒田清隆ら一部の支持を得たのみでこれも否決され、最終的に大隈と伊藤が代案を作成するという結論に落ち着いたのである。
- But Iwakura's alternative plan too was rejected, which gained only a little support from Kiyotaka KURODA and a few others because it suggested to pay land tax by rice which means a return to nengu (annual tribute, land tax) system of Edo Period, so Okuma and Ito ended up drawing another alternative plan.
- 参勤交代などの江戸幕府の公用のために行う大名行列は幕府によって人数が定められており、1万石の小大名でも50人から100人を引き連れることを義務付けられ、102万石の加賀藩では最盛期に4,000人に及んだ。
- Daimyo-gyoretsu which was carried on for public purpose of Edo bakufu such as Sankinkotai had a fixed number of attendants, so even small feudal lords with only ten thousands Goku crop yields were obligated to take fifty to one hundred attendants, and the number of Kaga domain with one million twenty thousands Goku crop yields reached four thousands attendants at its peak.
- しかし、同藩の桂小五郎(のちの木戸孝允)や久坂玄瑞、久留米の神官・真木和泉ら尊王攘夷派は、幕府の権力強化につながるこの策に猛反対し、長井は失脚させられて、以後長州の藩論は尊王攘夷の最過激派へと転換される。
- However, Kogoro KATSURA (later Koin KIDO) and Genzui KUSAKA from the Choshu clan, and people of Sonno Joi ha, such as Izumi MAKI of Kurume, firmly opposed this policy because they thought it would lead to a restrengthening of the bakufu's power, and thus they brought down Nagai, and the Choshu clan returned to the radical Sonno Joi philosophy of restoring power to the emperor and expelling foreigners.
- 井上円了による東洋大学(前述の哲学館(1887年創立)の後身)は、男子専門だった私立学校で、日本で初めて女子の入学を許可(1916年)し、さらに女性教員を世に送り出すなどした、最初の共学の私立大学である。
- Toyo University (successor of the above-mentioned Tetsugakukan, built in 1887) established by Enryo INOUE, was a boys-only private school that became Japan's first coeducational private university; the school admitted girls (in 1916) for the first time in Japan and also produced women teachers.
- 日本最古の明法勘文は、『法曹類林』所収の大宝律令選任令の解釈に関するもので、当時は明法博士の官職が存在していなかったために、律令編纂に関与して令官を兼ねていた大納言藤原不比等と式部卿葛野王が回答している。
- The oldest Myobo kanmon in Japan is the one concerning interpretation of Regulations for selection of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) included in 'Hosoruirin,' and was replied by FUJIWARA no Fuhito, Dainagon (Major Counselor) and Kadono no Okimi, Shikibukyo, who were involved in compilation of Taiho Code and also served as Ryokan, because there was no government post of Myobo hakase in those days.
- 戊辰戦争の際には、すでに鳥羽伏見の戦いの時点で薩摩藩兵とともに東寺や大津を守備するなど、最初から勤王の姿勢を示しており、近藤勇を逮捕する手柄を立てるなど実戦での功績も評価され、賞典禄2万石を与えられている。
- From the beginning of the Boshin War, the Ii Family showed their loyalty to the Emperor by guarding To-ji Temple and the town of Otsu with soldiers of the Satsuma clan at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi and, having achieved great success with the arrest of Isami KONDO, were rewarded with territory worth 20,000 koku.
- 最大の激戦となった第4次の戦いが信濃川と犀川 (長野県)が合流する三角状の平坦地である川中島(現在の長野県長野市南郊)を中心に行われたことから、その他の場所で行われた戦いも総称として川中島の戦いと呼ばれる。
- Because the fourth battle, the fiercest one of them, was fought in the area centering on Kawanakajima (present southern suburb of Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture), triangular flat area where the Shinano-gawa River and the Sai-gawa River meet, the term of the Battle of Kawanakajima is used for totally indicating the battles fought in and around the area.
- 日朝関係は豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役によって破壊され、関係の復旧に意欲を示した徳川家康は対馬国の宗氏を通じて国交回復の交渉を行い、結果寛永13年(1636年)に朝鮮通信使という名の使節の最初の者が送られてきた。
- The relationship between Korea and Japan was destroyed by the Bunroku-Keicho War in the Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI era, but Ieyasu TOKUGAWA began the process of repairing the relationship through the So clan in Tsushima Province and the first Korean delegacy named Chosen Tsushinshi was sent to Japan in 1636.
- また、そのルーツに関しても、黄河流域~山東半島、揚子江流域、満州~朝鮮半島など様々で、渡来の規模とともに今なお議論の対象となっている(最近の遺伝子研究ではおおむねにおいて渡来人は北東アジア起源が有力である)。
- In addition, as to the roots, it is said that they originated from various places such as from the Yellow River basin to the Shandong Peninsula, the Yangzi jiang, or from Manchuria to the Korean Peninsula, and until now still the subjects of discussion are the roots and the scale of torai (one compelling theory is that Toraijin mostly came from the North East Asia according to the latest genetic research).
- これは御鈴廊下を隔てた表向きにおいて、大老や老中といった幕府の機構上の最高責任者がいても、時代によっては将軍が最も寵愛する御側用人がその将軍の権威のみを背景に幕政の諸事万端を司っていたことがあるのと同様である。
- This happened across Osuzuroka, the political administration, although Tairo (chief minister) and roju (senior councilor) were assigned as chief governmental executives, the shogun's favorite sobayonin (lord chamberlain) administrated various government matters based on the Shogun's authority.
- 公家や寺社、諸藩の家臣の所領にも存在するが、最も代表的なのは江戸幕府が旗本の支配を確実にする事と彼らの江戸居住(地方在勤者を除く)を義務付けたために、小禄旗本の知行地(知行所)が集中した関東地方に多く見られる。
- Although this ownership form was also found in territories of court nobles, temples and shrines, and vassals of domains, it was most typically found in Kanto region where chigyo-chi (territories) of the hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with a small stipend (fiefdom) were concentrated, because the Edo bakufu obliged them to live in Edo (except for those assigned to provinces) in order to ensure the control of them.
- また10世紀中葉の承平天慶の乱は、当初平氏一族内の私闘と考えられていたものが、のちに国家への叛逆行為と見なされるようになったものであるが、その最大の要因は平将門が常陸国府を包囲・攻略し、官印を奪ったことによる。
- In another episode, the Johei and Tengyo War in the middle of the tenth century was originally thought as a duel among the Taira family but later came to be regarded as a treason because TAIRA no Masakado surrounded and captured the local government of Hitachi and stole its kanin.
- 札遣いも、藩札、旗本札のほか、日本最古の紙幣として知られる伊勢国の山田端書に類似した発行形態で、吉野郡の自治組織が幕府の許可を得て発行した御免銀札、大寺院や神社が発行した寺社札など、多種多様な紙幣が発行された。
- In addition to Han-satsu and Hatamoto-satsu, various types of paper money were issued here including the Gomengin-satsu paper money substituted silver coin which an autonomous body in Yoshino County issued under the allowance of the bakufu with the similar style to Yamada-hagaki in Ise Province, known as the oldest paper money in Japan, and the Jisha-satsu issued by big temples or shrines.
- ただ、書簡中では若殿輩(わかとのばら)が逸(はや)らないようにこの鰻温泉を動かないとも記しているので、この「立つと決する」は内乱よりは当時西郷が最も心配していた対ロシアのための防御・外征を意味していた可能性が高い。
- Judging from other description in the letter that he would keep staying at Unagi Hot Spring so as not to make his young Lord impetuous, the words 'I will decide to raise the army' might have meant defense and campaign against Russia, which was his biggest concern in those days, instead of starting a civil war.
- その後、大蔵省より明治9年(1876年)6月30日に民部省札の通用・交換を停止するとする通達が出されたものの、回収に時間がかかったために最終的に明治11年(1878年)9月30日を期限として通用・交換が停止された。
- After that, on June 30, 1876, Okura-sho (Ministry of the Treasury) notified that acceptance and exchange of Minbusho-satsu would be halted, but it took a long time to collect, finally, a deadline was set on September 30, 1878, and the acceptance and exchange was halted.
- これに対して自由民権運動の担い手であった立憲自由党・立憲改進党側は彼らを非難する意味を込めて「吏党」と呼んだのが始まりとされている(なお、幸徳秋水はこの言葉を用いた最初の人物は中江兆民であるとする説を唱えている)。
- In response, the Rikken Jiyuto (Constitutional Liberal Party) and the Rikken Kaishinto (Constitutional Progressive Party, who handled the Jiyu Minken Undo, began calling them the 'Rito' in disapproval (Shusui KOTOKU pointed at Chomin NAKAE as being the person to coin the phrase.)
- 15世紀、佐竹惣領家と有力一族である山入氏との間の抗争が繰り返され、その戦いは100年間にも渡ったが、小野崎氏はこの戦いに積極的に参加し、元の国人領主としての立場から様々な曲折を経ながらも最終的に佐竹宗家を支持した。
- In the 15th century, government family of Satake clan repeatedly struggled with the influential family the Yamairi clan, and the struggle continued over 100 years; the Onosaki clan positively participated in this dispute and after many twists and turns as the position of the original local samurai lord, the Onosaki clan finally supported the head family of Satake clan.
- そうした中で新しい国家体制、すなわち律令制の構築が精力的に進められていき、7世紀最末期には新国家体制を規定する大宝律令の編纂がほぼ完了したが、同律令施行直前の701年前後に国号が倭・倭国から日本へ改められたとされている。
- Amid this, the construction of a new state system, the Ritsuryo system steadily advanced and by the very end of the seventh century, Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) which defined the new form of government was completed, and in or around 701just before the enforcement of the ritsuryo, Wa or Wakoku was renamed Nippon or Nihon.
- 戸籍は、律令制の諸制度を実施するために必要な要素であり、最初の戸籍がこの時期に作成されているという事実は、班田収授制が大化の改新時に始まったのではなく、天智天皇以後に始まったことの反映であるとする見解が有力となっている。
- As the family register was an essential element for implementing various elements of the Ritsuryo system, the widely-accepted view is that the rice field allotment system was started after Emperor Tenji's reign and not at the time of the Taika Reform.
- 武士の人口は、参勤交代に伴う地方からの単身赴任者など、流動的な部分が非常に多く、その推定は20万人程度から100万人程度までとかなりの幅があり、最盛期の江戸の総人口も68万人から150万人まで様々な推定値が出されている。
- Estimates for the samurai residing in Edo vastly ranges between two-hundred thousand and one million due to many fluctuating factors such as the unaccompanied assignments of regional samura in accordance to the requirements of the Sankinkotai system, and the total population for Edo during its apex has ranged from 680,000 to 1.5 million.
- 9月26日_(旧暦)、加賀国手取川において朝倉教景(宗滴)・賀州三ヶ寺連合軍が本願寺軍を一旦は破るものの、11月の津幡の戦いでは逆に本願寺側の反撃によって畠山家俊らが討ち死にして潰滅し、賀州三ヶ寺最後の光教寺も陥落した。
- On November 5, around the Tedori River in Kaga Province, the allied troops of Norikage (Soteki) ASAKURA and Gashu Sanka-ji Temples once defeated the troops of Hongan-ji Temple, but in the Battle of Tsubata in November the counterattack by Hongan-ji Temple's side killed Ietoshi HATAKEYAMA and annihilated his troops and Kokyo-ji Temple, the last temple of Gashu Sanka-ji Temples was captured.
- 江戸幕府を全ての武士の頂点とし、最高の統治機関としながらも、各大名がそれぞれの領地においてある程度独立した統治機構(藩)を形成していることと、米などを現物で納めさせて年貢とする石高制をその基礎においていることが特徴である。
- It was characterized with the Edo bakufu as the supreme governing institution at the top of warriors, and yet with each feudal lord which maintained somewhat independent governing structure in its own territory (domain), as well as with the tax system based on annual yield of rice, Kokudaka-sei, whereby tax is paid by rice and other actual goods.
- 特に財産関係の目録は所領などの相論が発生した場合には、文書の存在の有無が判断の最大の決め手になったことから、こうした目録や公験、絵図その他の文書をまとめて保管し、かつ文書目録(具書目録・重書目録)を作成して万が一に備えた。
- As the existence of documents was crucial when disputes occurred concerning territory and belongings, lists of assets, official certificates (kugen) and drawings were kept together with a catalogue of documents (ex. a catalogue of documentary evidences for a judical decision or real estate deeds of transfer).
- さて蓮如には生前に5人の妻を娶り、13人の男子があったが、最後の妻蓮能の子供達は先の「大坂一乱」で排斥され、4番目の妻の子蓮芸は摂津国富田 (高槻市)に教行寺を建てた後に実如に先立って死去、3番目の妻には男子がいなかった。
- Although Rennyo had five wives in his lifetime and left thirteen sons, the children of the last wife Renno were expelled by 'Osaka ichiran' mentioned above, and Rengei, the child of the 4th wife died before Rennyo after he built Kyogo-ji Temple in Tomita, Settsu Province, and the 3rd wife did not have a son.
- 平安時代後期以後は、実質上の最高職である左右馬頭に河内源氏の著名な武者が相次いで任じられた事から馬寮の職は武士の憧れの官職の一つとされた(平安時代末期格式など規定されていた実際の大允・少允の定員は計二十名であったと言う)。
- After the late Heian period, by reason that prominent samurai of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) was successively assigned to Sama no kami and Uma no kami which were substantially the highest post, the post of Meryo was regarded as one of the government posts longed for by samurai (it is said that the full number of Daijo (Senior Secretary) and Shojo (Junior Secretary) was 20 in total as regulated in the Kakushiki code (amendments and enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)) at the end of Heian period).
- これによってフランスは日本との関係を相互的最恵国待遇に引き上げることを同意する代わりに日本はフランスのインドシナ半島支配を容認して、ベトナム人留学生による日本を拠点とした独立運動(ドンズー運動)を取り締まることを約束した。
- According to the treaty, France agreed to give Japan exclusive favors, and in return Japan would recognize France's authority over Indochina and committed to cracking down on the independence movement (also called the Donzu movement) by Vietnamese students within Japan.
- これは、西郷軍の行動が始めから一定の目的に従っていたわけではなく、その時々の官軍の弱点を突くものであり、鹿児島へ向けて出発したものの、最終的に鹿児島突入を決定したのは、米良に到着した後のことであったということも一因であった。
- The following would be a factor of this: From the start, the actions of Saigo's forces were not taken to achieve predetermined objectives, but to attack weak points of the government army on the occasions, and although the forces departed for Kagoshima, it was after they arrived at Mera that they finally decided to rush into Kagoshima.
- しかも、「旧来の歳入を減じない」という方針によって3%という高額な税率が算定されたのである(なお、地租改正の推進派であった木戸孝允はこの高税率を聞くと、農民を幕藩体制よりも酷い状況に追い込むものだとして最後まで反対している)。
- Furthermore, by the policy of 'the tax revenue will be not be below that of the tax revenue that the Edo Shogunate received,' the high tax rate of 3% was calculated; upon hearing this high tax rate, Takayoshi KIDO opposed the rate up to the last minute saying that the rate will drive the farmers into the more dire situation than they faced under the Edo Shogunate government; yet he belonged to people who promoted land-tax reform actively.
- 当時鎌倉にいた日蓮は立正安国論撰述の前年『守護国家論』を撰述したのに続いて、宗教家としての憂慮から政治・宗教のあるべき姿を当時鎌倉幕府の事実上の最高指導者である北条時頼に提示するために駿河国実相寺 (富士市)に籠って執筆した。
- Out of his concern as a religious leader, Nichiren, who lived in Kamakura at the time, wrote the treatise at Jisso-ji Temple (in present-day Fuji City) in Suruga Province, following his 'Shugo Kokka-ron' (Treatise on the Protection of the Nation) published the previous year, to present his arguments on political and religious ideals to Tokiyori HOJO, who was the actual leader of the Kamakura Shogunate government at the time.
- 例えば、『記紀』の記述によると、広開土王碑が伝える朝鮮半島奥深くに侵入しての高句麗との戦闘は一切伝えられていないし、倭の五王の遣使も伝わらない(倭王武の上表文によると5世紀の最も重大な外交問題は対高句麗問題であるにも関わらず)。
- For example, the Kiki does not say anything about the battle against Koguryo in the depths of the Korean Peninsula (mentioned in the Gwanggaeto Stele), or about envoys of the Five Kings of Wa (despite the most important diplomatic issue in the fifth century being a relationship with Koguryo as Waobu's johyobun).
- 惣無事令に違反した北条氏政・北条氏直親子を、天正18年(1590年)、23万人の大兵力を動員して攻略(小田原攻め)、さらに東北の伊達政宗や最上義光らも秀吉に臣従することを誓い(奥州仕置)、ここに豊臣政権のもとに天下統一は成された。
- In 1590, Hideyoshi, with his tremendous military force of 230,000 soldiers, attacked and captured Ujimasa HOJO and his son, Ujinao, who had broken 'Ou Sobujirei' (Attack of Odawara), and Masamune DATE, Yoshiaki MOGAMI and others in Tohoku (the northeast) region pledged allegiance to Hideyoshi (Oshu Shioki (approach to punish the powerful warriors in the area of Oshu, to prevent them from strengthening their power)); and by this the whole country was unified under the Toyotomi government.
- ところが、倉庫令では倉庫内の穀は一定期間(最長で9年)ごとに中身を入れ替えて腐敗を防止する規定があるにも関わらず、不動倉の封印が厳重であったために、封印後は放置された状況となり、各地の不動倉で不動穀が腐敗するという事件が相次いだ。
- However, in various provinces, incidents, in which fudokoku became putrid, occurred one after another; it was because the fudoso was kept sealed so strictly; the warehouses virtually had been left alone for a long time in spite of the fact that there was a regulation that the rice in the husk kept in the fudoso had to be changed regularly (the maximum interval was 9 years) to prevent the putrefaction.
- またこの籠城組の全体的な指導者はイギリス公使クロード・マクドナルドであったが、籠城戦に当たって実質総指揮を担ったのは柴五郎であり(各国中で最先任の士官だったから)、解放後日本人からだけでなく欧米人からも多くの賛辞が寄せられている。
- The general leader of this besieged group was the British envoy Claude MacDonald but the actual leader during the siege was Goro SHIBA (since he was the most senior military officer), and he received much praise from not only Japanese but also European and US parties after the release.
- なお、『河海抄』などの古伝承には、「源氏の物語」と呼ばれる物語が複数存在し、その中で最も優れているのが「光源氏の物語」であるとするものがあるが、現在「源氏物語」と呼ばれている物語以外の「源氏の物語」の存在を確認することは出来ない。
- Moreover, old works of folklore such as 'Kakai-sho Commentary' say there were several tales called 'The Tale of Genji' but the most excellent of them was 'The Tale of Hikaru Genji,' although it is impossible now to confirm the existence of any other work called 'The Tale of Genji.'
- 足高の制によって、役職を退任すれば石高は旧来の額に戻るため、幕府の財政的な負担が軽減できるというのが最大の利点であった(ただし、遠国奉行は出費の機会が他の役職よりも多いことを考慮されて足高の有無を問わずに役料が別個に支給された)。
- The greatest benefit of Tashidaka system was that a financial load of the bakufu would be reduced because an amount of yield was returned to the past amount after retiring from a post under this system (however, taking it into consideration that ongoku-bugyo [the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period] had more opportunities of spending expenses than people at other posts, yakuryo [executive allowance] was supplied separately whether or not tashidaka [wage] was paid).
- 西南戦争が最終局面に入った9月19日、西郷軍では一部の将士の相談のもと、山野田・河野主一郎が西郷の救命のためであることを西郷・桐野に隠し、挙兵の意を説くためと称して、軍使となって西郷の縁戚でもある参軍川村純義海軍中将のもとに出向いた。
- On September 19 when the Seinan War entered in the final phase, after having consulted some high-level samurai and officers in Saigo's forces, YAMANODA and Shuichiro KONO visited Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, a relative of Saigo, as military messengers on the pretext of making an explanation of why they took up arms, concealing the real intention of pleading for SAIGO's life from SAIGO and KIRINO.
- ただし、しばしば喧伝されている「世界最古の長篇小説」という評価は、中村真一郎の説のアプレイウスの『黄金の驢馬』やペトロニウスの『サチュリコン』につづく「古代世界最後の(そして最高の)長篇小説」とする主張もあり、学者の間でも論争がある。
- However, the evaluation of 'the oldest novel in the world,' for which it has generally been considered, is questioned by Shinichiro NAKAMURA, whose opinion is that 'it is the last (and best) novel in the ancient world, following 'The Golden Ass' by Apuleius and 'Satyricon' by Petronius,' but scholars continue to dispute the topic.
- しかし、江戸時代中期に入り港町や宿場町などの発展、換金性の高い綿が栽培され始めるなど農村部に資本主義が流入され、また(これが最も大きいのだろうが)大名への献金が過重になり過ぎて商家の一部がつぶれるなど、城下町の衰退が目立つようになった。
- Since the middle of the Edo period, however, the decline of castle towns had been given stark expression in the development of port towns and post towns, the influx of capitalism into agricultural communities, such as the cultivation of cotton, one of readily redeemable goods, and bankruptcies of the merchants due to the excessive financial contribution to feudal lords (daimyo), (which might be the biggest cause of the decline).
- こうした政策は公家政権では後嵯峨天皇・亀山天皇院政期、武家政権では北条時宗・北条貞時政権(安達泰盛補佐)期にあたる文永・弘安年間に最高潮に達し、いわゆる「弘安徳政」のもとで各種の神領興行が行われたほか、寺院に対しても同様の措置が見られた。
- The policy was culminated in the Bunei era and Koan era which corresponded to the period of the cloistered emperor's governments by Emperor Gosaga and Emperor Kameyama in the imperial court administration, and the period of the government led by Tokimune HOJO and the government led by Sadatoki HOJO (Yasumori ADACHI as an advisor), when various kinds of Shinryo Kogyo were conducted to shrines and similar policies were also conducted to the temples under the so-called 'Koan Tokusei.'
- 総督府技師の八田与一は10年の歳月を費やし、当時東南アジアで最大となる烏山頭ダムを完成させると、1920年には嘉南大圳建設に着工、1934年に主要部分が完成すると嘉南平原への水利実現に伴い、台湾耕地面積の14%にも及ぶ広大な装置を創出した。
- Yoichi HATTA, a civil engineer of the Sotoku-fu, spent ten years to complete the Ushantou dam, the largest in the south east Asia at that time, and started the construction of Chianan Canal in 1920, and, with the completion of the major part in 1934, it became a huge water supply facility to supply water to the Chianan Plain, which covered as much as 14% of the total farming area in Taiwan.
- また、最古の「行基図」とされるものは、延暦24年(805年)に下鴨神社に納められたものであるとされているが、現存しているものは江戸時代の書写に過ぎず、内容も明らかに延暦年間当時の状況の反映でない(延暦期にはなかった加賀国が記載されている)。
- It is said that the oldest 'Gyoki-zu' was the one which was donated to Shimogamo-jinja Shrine in 805, but the existing one is merely a copy which was handwritten in the Edo Period and its contents do not reflect the condition of the period (with the addition of Kaga Province which did not exist at that time).
- こうした規定は鎌倉幕府が御家人に対して課していた御家人役が円滑に行われるためには、惣領に対する族的結合と財政基盤の確保が必要であり、そのために惣領の権限強化を図って御家人の所領分散による窮乏化を最低限に留めるためのものであったとされている。
- These rules were set because, for Gokeninyaku (the posts of retainers), the task the Shogunate set to Gokenin (vassals), to be carried out smoothly, the strong connection of the family toward the heir and assurance of financial base were necessary; and for this, the Shogunate needed to minimize the Gokenin's impoverishment from property dispersion by strengthening the power of the heirs.
- 蘭癖らの舶来趣味に加え、新しい学問である蘭学が一定の市民権を得ていたことを受け、日本の伝統的正月行事に把われることなく、蘭学者たちが親睦を深め、自らの学問の隆盛を願い、最新情報の交換を行う集まりとして、以後も毎年行われるようになっていった。
- In addition to those Ranpeki's pursuit of foreign goods, and the fact that the new academic subject of Rangaku became widely accepted, the party was held from those time, not being tied to traditional Japanese New Year events, but as the place for the scholars to get together and exchange the latest information to increase their knowledge.
- 自由民権運動最中の1880年頃より、東京日日新聞や朝野新聞などで人権の擁護と天皇制の維持の両立のために、制憲のための会議を招集して憲法草案を作成し、天皇の合意を得られた国約憲法をもって憲法とすべしとの論調が張られ、民権家達にも影響を与えた。
- During the Movement for Liberty and People's rights sometime around 1880, the Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper, the Choya Newspaper, and other major newspapers claimed that, in order to simultaneous support both the people's rights and Imperial order, a congress of the people should be convened to formulate constitutions drafts, which would be instituted once it met with the Emperor's approval, and this opinion greatly influenced the populace.
- 言い換えれば、当時相当先進的な内容であった大日本帝国憲法をもってしても自由民権運動の真意がかなえられる事は無く、1945年の太平洋戦争敗北後に、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部が行なった民主化政策でしか自由民権運動の成果は結実しえなかったのである。
- In other words, the then fairly progressive Constitution of the Empire of Japan could not achieve the real aim of the movement and they had to wait to be fully realized in the democratization, which was prompted by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) after Japan's defeat in the Pacific War in 1945.
- 3つの形態に分かれた機構を共通にしようとすれば既に中央政府から派遣された官吏によって統治される形式が採られていた「府」・「県」とは違い、知藩事と藩士によって治められた「藩」の異質性・自主性が「三治一致」の最大の障害となることは明らかであった。
- In unifying three different systems, it was obvious that the different nature of 'han', which were governed by chihanji and hanshi unlike 'fu' and 'ken' that were governed by the government officials, became the biggest obstacle for 'sanchi-icchi'.
- 一般に「川中島の戦い」と言った場合、最大の激戦であった第4次合戦(永禄4年9月9日 (旧暦)(1561年10月17日)から9月10日 (旧暦)(10月18日))を指すことが多く、一連の戦いを甲越対決として区別する概念もある(柴辻俊六による)。
- When the term of 'the Battle of Kawanakajima' is used, it mostly indicates the fourth one (from October 17, 1561 to October 18, 1561), which was the fiercest one of them, and the series of battles are differentiated from the Battle of Kawanakajima (according to Shunroku SHIBATSUJI) as confrontations between Kai and Echigo.
- 国際法上では、個人に対する脅迫もあったか国家に対する圧力のみかという論点よりも、強制に基づく条約調印を無効とする国際慣習法上の規範もしくは規則が1905年当時に存在していたと認識するか否かという論点において、最も大きく議論と立場が分かれている。
- In international law, rather than at the point whether there was also a threat against an individual or there was only a pressure against a state, at the point whether people recognize or not that norms or regulations in the international common law which invalidates conclusion of treaties under threat could exist at the time of 1905, arguments and positions have been separated to the highest degree.
- 和議終了後も蓮淳は証如の求めに応じて石山本願寺に留って成人した証如の補佐役として従来の立場を事実上回復し、天文19年(1550年)に同寺で没するまで蓮淳は証如の名において本願寺の事実上の最高指導者としての地位を保持し続けることになったのである。
- After the reconciliation, Renjun continued to stay in Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple at Shonyo's request and practically recovered the position as he used to be in, as the assistant of Shonyo, who came of age, and until he died at this temple in 1550 Renjun kept the position as the virtual supreme leader of Hongan-ji Temple under the name of Shonyo.
- 台湾では戦後、国共内戦に破れ遷台した中国国民党が、それまで台湾に住む本省人を弾圧(白色テロ、1947年に発生した二・二八事件はその最大規模のものである。)、大陸反攻を国是とし軍事を優先とした政策を実施したため、台湾のインフラ整備は後回しにされた。
- In postwar Taiwan, the Kuomintang Party, which was defeated by communist forces in the Chinese civil war and moved to Taiwan, suppressed the native-born Taiwanese who had been living in Taiwan before the Kuomintang related immigration wave (the White Terror and the 228 incident in 1947 was the largest scale suppression) and developed the military-first policy with the national credo of 'counterattack the mainland,' and as a result, the development of the infrastructure in Taiwan was put on the back-burner.
- その際、木戸孝允は、福岡案第一条の「列侯会議を興し」を「広ク会議ヲ興シ」に改め、「徴士」の任用期間を制限していた福岡案第五条を削除して木戸最終案第四条を新たに組み込み、五箇条の順序を体裁良く整え直すなどして大幅に変更を加え、より普遍的な内容にした。
- At that time, Takayoshi KIDO changed 'setting up a council by feudal lords' in the first article of Fukuoka's draft to 'setting up deliberative assemblies widely' and deleted the article 5 which restricted the term of 'choshi' (official) and added newly the article 4 of Kido's final draft and put the order of the whole five articles in proper order and the contents became more universal by those big changes.
- 物語は、母系制が色濃い平安朝中期を舞台にして、天皇の皇子として生まれながら臣籍降下して源氏姓となった光源氏が数多の恋愛遍歴をくりひろげながら人臣最高の栄誉を極め(第1部)、晩年にさしかかって愛情生活の破綻による無常を覚えるさままでを描く(第2部)。
- The story takes place in the mid-Heian period, when matriarchy was dominant, and describes Hikaru Genji, who, demoted in rank and given the family name of Genji despite his birth as a son of the Emperor, has many love affairs and achieves great glory (Part 1), and ultimately experiences the impermanence of worldly things caused by the collapse of his love life (Part 2).
- 現在の税率は印紙税・物品税などの商工業などからの収入が一定の軌道にのるまでの暫定的な税率で、将来はそこからの歳入と財政支出の抑制によって地租依存度を減少させて最終的には1%にまで引き下げると説明しているからである(地租改正条例第6条、地租条例で廃止)。
- The government explained in writing that the current tax rate is a tentative one until the revenue from trade and manufacture such as documentary stamp tax and commodity tax gets on track and that in the future the tax rate will be lowered as the revenue from trade and manufacture increase and as the financial expenditure is restrained and that ultimately the government is planning to lower the tax rate to 1% (in the article 6 of the Regulation of land-tax reform [1873]; this article was abolished in the Regulation of land-tax, which was established later [1884]).
- 本来は、主典以上の官人個人が諸司に上申する際に用いられたもので、その様式は書出に牒の字を記してから本文を記して、謹牒(つつしみてちょうす)の書止で締めくくり、最後の行に年月日と位署(官職・位階・氏名)を書いて位署の下に「牒」の一文字を入れたものである。
- It was originally used by government officials equal or superior to Sakan to submit a report personally to their superiors, and it was created in a format in which a Chinese character 'cho' (牒) was written at the beginning, the main text was concluded with a phrase 'tsutsushimite chosu,' (謹牒) the date and Isho (rank and name in a row) were written in the last line and a character 'cho' (牒) was inserted below Isho.
- しかし、当時既に開設されていた電信によりいち早く彼らの蜂起とその規模を知った政府は、一部汽車をも利用して警察隊・憲兵 (日本軍)等を送り込むが苦戦し、最終的には東京鎮台の鎮台兵を送り郡境を抑えたため、11月4日に秩父困民党指導部は事実上崩壊、鎮圧された。
- However, the government, getting information on their uprising and its scale instantaneously by telegram that had already been in use at that time, sent a troop of police and military police (Japanese Army) partially by train only to face uphill fights, but finally soldiers in Tokyo Chindai Army (garrison in Meiji period) brought the county boundary under their control, leading the leaders of the Konmin Party to the collapse and subjugation on November 4.
- 最も重い処分となったのは、同学会中央執行委員として学園復興会議の開催に奔走していた(しかし荒神橋でのデモ自体には関与していなかったとされる)文学部生の松浦玲(のちの日本近代史家)で、退学より重い放学処分となった(のち立命館大学文学部に再入学し卒業した)。
- A student of the faculty of literature, Rei MATSUURA, who had made an effort to hold the Gakuen Fukko Kaigi as a member of the central executive committee, was punished most heavily, expelled from the university (heavier than suspension) (Matsuura is considered not to have been involved in the demonstration at Kojin-bashi Bridge; later he entered the same faculty of the same university and graduated, becoming a modern Japanese historian).
- 天保の改革最中の天保13年(1842年)9月の御触書には「百姓の余技として、町人の商売を始めてはならない」という文があり、併せて農村出身の奉公人の給金に制限を設けているが、これはこうした風潮が農業の衰退に繋がる事を危惧した幕府の対応策であったと考えられる。
- An official announcement issued in October and November 1842 in the midst of the Tempo Reforms contained the following sentence: 'peasants must not start business of the townsman as a sideline' and set a ceiling on wages paid for employees who came from farming villages, all of which must have been countermeasures taken by the bakufu for fear that such tendencies would lead to a decline in agriculture.
- 郡山記の成立年代は定かではないが、最も新しい記事が弘化3年(1847年)12月付の十津川村でのものであることや、伴存から門弟の堀田龍之介にあてた弘化4年(1847年)12月27日付の書簡で群山記の構成を伝えていることから、弘化4年頃のことであると見られる。
- It is not exactly clear when Gunzanki was written, but because the latest article was about Totsukawa-mura Village in January 1847 and Tomoari mentioned the construction of the Gunzanki in the latter to his disciple Ryunosuke HOTTA dated on February 1, 1848; it is thought to be around 1848.
- 現存最古の大間書は鎌倉時代に書写された長徳2年(996年)の大間書(東洋文庫所蔵岩崎文庫本「塚本文書」)があり、同年と保元4年(1159年)・享徳2年(1453年)・天文 (日本)20年(1551年)の大間書が『群書類従』・『続群書類従』に採録されている。
- As to the oldest existing Omagaki, Omagaki transcribed in 996 during the Kamakura period ('Tsukamoto Monjo' in the Iwasaki Collection possessed by Toyo Bunko (Oriental Library)) exists, and Omagaki created in 996, 1159, 1453 and 1551 were selected and recorded in 'Gunsho ruiju' (Collection of historical documents compiled by Hokiichi HANAWA) and 'Zoku Gunshoruiju' (Collection of historical documents, second series).
- また朝鮮半島の前方後円墳はいずれも5世紀後半から6世紀中葉という極めて限られた時期に成立したもので、百済が南遷する前は伽耶の勢力圏の最西部であった地域のみに存在し、円筒埴輪や南島産貝製品、内部をベンガラで塗った石室といった倭系遺物を伴うことが知られている。
- All the large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds found in the Korean Peninsula were built in a very limited period of time between the late fifth century and mid sixth century, only in the area that used to be the westernmost part of Gaya's sphere of influence before Baekje moved to the south, and they are known for containing Japanese relics, such as ento haniwa (cylindrical haniwa), shell products made in south islands, and an rock chamber painted with bengara (iron oxide red pigment).
- 発給年月日の下側にこの符を相手先に送付した使人の位署がされ、最後の行に「鈴剋 伝符亦准此(鈴剋(れいこく)・伝符(ともに駅伝制に用いられるもので、転じて駅伝を介して諸国の国司に送られてきた場合)もまた此れ(正規の符の手続)に准ぜよ)」と書かれて締め括られる。
- Below the date of issuance, the rank and name of the messenger who carried the document to the receiver were written, and concluded with, 'Refer to the procedures of the formal fu in cases of reikoku and denfu (relay messenger system, or when a document had been sent via relay messenger to officials in various districts).'
- 最後に残った朝貢国朝鮮に対し、清朝は当初華夷秩序下の「属国」と近代国際法における「属国」とは異なるという主張をしたが、その説得力がないと判断するや、近代国際法的な「属国」へと朝鮮を改変しようと試み、馬建忠や袁世凱を朝鮮に派遣し、直接朝鮮国政に関与しようとした。
- Regarding Korea, the last chokokoku, Qing dynasty insisted that 'zokkoku' of Kaichitsujo and 'subject state' under modern international law were completely different, when the opinion was not accepted, the Qing dynasty tried to change Korea to 'subject state' under modern international law and dispatched Jianzhong MA and Shikai YUAN to Korea to engage directly in politics of Korea.
- それまでの新制は、従来から行われてきた法令の性格を残した「新しい禁制」としての新制に留まっていたのに対し、長保元年令は中世における新制公布の最大の動機である天人相関説に由来する攘災と政治再建のための「徳政」の推進という理念に基づいて定められた最初のものであった。
- While shinsei before Chohogannenrei were no more than a 'new ban' which retained characteristics of the former laws, Chohogannenrei was the first to be established based on the idea of promotion of 'virtuous rule' for eradicating disaster and rehabilitating politics, originating from tenjin sokansetsu (one of ancient Chinese views of the world and political thought, the theory that there is close relationship between human action or political affairs, personnel affairs, and natural phenomenon), which was the main motivation for issuing shinsei in the medieval period.
- また、島地黙雷による女子文芸学舎(現在の千代田女学園の前身、1888年創立)は、仏教を基調とする女子教育の先駆であり、棚橋一郎が創立した東京高等女学校(現在の東京女子学園中学校・高等学校の前身、1903年創立)は、東京府下で最初の、普通科の私立高等女学校である。
- Joshi Bungei Gakusha (established in 1888 and was the predecessor of the Chiyoda Jogakuen) which was created by Mokurai SHIMAJI, was the pioneer in women's education based on Buddhist teachings, and the Tokyo Koto Jogakko (built in 1903 and was the predecessor of Tokyo Joshigakuen Junior High Schools) built by Ichiro TANAHASHI was the first private women's school for comprehensive higher education in the Tokyo prefecture.
- 近江国の旗本札の特徴としては、銀建て、銭建ての札で、紙幣として使用されることが前提のものでありながら、朽木氏の炭切手、伊庭三枝氏の種切手、中山関氏の豆切手、老蘇根来氏の豆手形、大森最上氏の茶切手というように、いずれも商品切手(商品券)の名目をとっている点がある。
- Although assumed to be used as gin-date (payment based on silver) or sen-date (payment based on sen [a unit of currency at that time]) paper money, Hatamoto-satsu in Omi Province was provided with the feature that each piece of the paper money was nominally a stamp for goods (or exchange ticket) such as follows: Sumi-kitte (stamps for charcoal) issued by the Kuchiki clan, Tane-kitte (stamps for seeds) by the Iba-Saigusa clan, Mame-kitte (stamps for beans) by the Nakayama-Seki clan, Mame-tegata (promissory notes for beans) by the Oiso-Negoro clan, and Cha-kitte (stamps for tea) by the Omori-Mogami clan.
- 小判の鋳造は当初、家康の領国貨幣時代は江戸から始まったが、慶長6年(1601年)頃から京都、慶長12年(1607年)から元和 (日本)2年(1616年)頃までは駿河国、さらに、元和7年(1621年)から当時最大の産金を誇った、佐渡国にも金座が設立され鋳造された。
- Casting of Koban started in Edo during the time of Ieyasu's territory currency, then kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) was built in Kyoto around 1601, in Suruga Province between 1607 and 1616 and in Sado Province, which boasted the largest amount of gold mining.
- 1871年(明治4年)7月14日、実質的な最終決済をする参議内閣に薩長土肥一人ずつの参議を供給することとなったため(参議に推された順番で、長州:木戸孝允、薩摩:西郷隆盛、肥前:大隈重信、土佐:板垣退助)、これ以降、薩長土肥出身者が参議の大部分を占めることになった。
- Because on July 14, 1871 it was decided that each domain in the Satchodohi should supply one Sangi (councilor) to the Sangi cabinet, which effectively had the final say of constitutional matters (according to the order in which they were recommended, the members of the Sangi cabinet were Kogoro KATSURA from Choshu, Takamori SAIGO from Satsuma, Shigenobu OKUMA from Hizen, and Taisuke ITAGAKI from Tosa); thereafter, a majority of the Sangi cabinet was made up of people from the Satchodohi.
- 第5条・第6条では決して壮健とは言い難い天皇の体調に配慮しつつも、健康問題を理由としてむやみに大臣との謁見を拒んだり、公務を滞らせる事態を最低限に留めて国務への影響を防ぐこととした(特に森有礼の御用掛任命の際の公務復帰拒否のような事態を防止する点が重要視された)。
- Article 5 and 6 stipulated, with due considerations to Emperor's health which was far from robust, that the Emperor would not immoderately reject audiences with ministers and other duties for health reason which would disrupt the flow of public service, to prevent national services from being affected (This placed importance in avoiding such situation as the Emperor would refuse to return to public service as was seen upon the appointment of Arinori MORI as Goyogakari).
- ところが蓮如の最後の妻でその死後も石山御坊に在住していた蓮能は畠山氏出身で、また摂津・河内の門徒達もその関係により長年畠山氏と友好的な関係を維持してきたためにこの決定に不満を抱き、蓮能の長子で石山御坊の住持であった蓮如の9男で17歳の実賢を擁立して法主交替を求めた。
- However, since Renno, the last wife of Rennyo, who kept living in Ishiyama Gobo after Rennyo's death, was from the Hatakeyama clan and also since the followers in Settsu and Kawachi had long kept a friendly relationship with the Hatakeyama clan for that reason, they were dissatisfied with the decision and asked to change hoshu by backing up Jitsugen at 17, who was the 1st son of Renno, the 9th son of Rennyo and a chief priest of Ishiyama Gobo.
- 最大会派の研究会と協調しながら、立憲政友会の第4次伊藤内閣や西園寺内閣などを攻撃していったが、大正期に入ると、研究会の膨張に対して危機感を抱くようになり、更に1918年に政友会の原内閣が成立して後に研究会が同内閣に閣僚を送り込むと、反研究会路線を強めていく事になる。
- Cooperating with the largest parliamentary group, Kenkyu-kai group, they attacked the 4th Ito Cabinet of Rikken seiyu-kai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) and the Saionji Cabinet, but in the Taisho Period a sense of danger against expanding Kenkyu-kai arose, and furthermore, when the Hara Cabinet of the Seiyu Party (the abbreviated name for Rikken seiyu-kai) was established in 1918 and Kenkyu-kai group sent its members to the Cabinet, they sharpened their anti Kenkyu-kai group stance.
- 刀狩(かたながり、刀狩り)とは、百姓身分の者の帯刀権を剥奪する兵農分離政策で、特に安土桃山時代の1588年8月29日(天正16年7月8日 (旧暦))に豊臣秀吉が刀狩令(同時に海上賊船禁止令)を出して大規模に推進した政策を指す(ただし、刀狩を最初に行なったのは柴田勝家である。
- Katanagari (written as 刀狩 or 刀狩り) was a policy of heinobunri (separating warriors and peasants) which deprived those in the peasant class of their privilege of wearing swords, which highlighted the policy enacted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI through the katanagari edict (at the same time, pirate ship interdiction) issued on August 29, 1588 in the Azuchi-Momoyama period (The first person who executed katanagari was Katsuie SHIBATA.
- 特に当時の欧米を中心とした通貨制度の主流が金本位制であったこと、当時の小判の形状が対外的な運搬・流通などに不便であったことから、代わりに対外決済の分野で最もよく使われていた二分金の贋貨鋳造が盛んに行われ、中には銀貨に金鍍金を施した贋貨とほとんど変わりのないものまで出現した。
- Especially because at the time, the currency system centered around Europe and America was mainly the gold standard system, along with the fact that the shape of the koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) of this period was inconvenient for external transport and circulation, instead, the coining of counterfeit nibukin, which was the most used in the field of external settlement, was done frequently, and even gilded silver coins which were not so different from the forfeit coins appeared.
- 当時、南海電気鉄道は難波駅 - 和歌山市駅間、東武鉄道は北千住駅 - 久喜駅間の営業を行っていたが、和歌山方面には買収対象である関西鉄道の路線、関東北部へは同じく日本鉄道の路線があったため、国有化の対象に一時は含まれたことがあったものの、最終的には予算問題もあって外された。
- Nankai Railway operated between Namba Station and Wakayama City Station, and Tobu Railway operated between Kitasenju Station and Kuki Station, and both were considered for the buyout at one time, but as there were Kansai Railway in Wakayama district and the lines operated by Nippon Railway in Northern Kanto district which were both the buyout candidates, they were excluded from the buyout due to budgetary constraints.
- 刊行物としては創立30周年記念出版の『明治憲政経済史論』(1919年)、50周年記念の『国家学論集』(1937年)、戦後に刊行された『新憲法の研究』(1947年)、100周年記念の『国家と社会』(1987年)などがあるが、最近は機関誌『国家学会雑誌』の刊行が中心になっている。
- Publications are 'Meiji Kensei Keizai Shiron'(Essay on History of Meiji Constitutional Government, Economics)(1919) published to mark the 30th anniversary of the foundation, 'Kokkagaku Ronshu'(Collection of the Science of the Nation)(1937) as the 50th anniversary, 'Shin Kenpo no Kenkyu'(Study on the New Constitution)(1947) published after the war, 'Kokka to Shakai'(Nation and Society)(1987) as the 100th anniversary and so on, but recently major publication is an organ 'Kokkagakkai-zasshi'.
- だが、依然として超然主義を奉じる貴族院_(日本)最大会派の研究会_(貴族院)は伊藤の入党要請を拒絶する会派決議を行ったばかりでなく、1901年北清事変の軍費捻出のための増税案を他の5会派(茶話会・朝日倶楽部・庚子会・木曜会・無所属団)を糾合して否決、伊藤内閣を総辞職に追い込んだ。
- However, the study group (the House of Peers), which is the largest parliamentary faction in the House of Peers (Japan) and which still believed in the doctrine of superiority, not only passed a resolution to refuse Ito's request to join his party, but also rallied five factions (sawa kai, asahi kurabu, koshi kai, mokuyo kai, mushozoku dan) and rejected a tax-increase bill to raise military expenditure for the Boxer Rebellion in 1901, which forced the Ito Cabinet to resign en masse.
- また、若江八人衆も秀次助命のため最後まで奔走した三成に感謝し、慶長5年(1600年)の勃発した関ヶ原の戦いでは石田三成軍の本陣を死守する獅子奮迅の戦いをしている(ただし、藤堂玄蕃は従兄弟の藤堂高虎に仕え、安井喜内は浅野幸長に仕えるなど、必ずしも全員が三成に尽くしたわけではない)。
- The members of Wakae Hachinin-shu were also grateful for Mitsunari who tried his best to save Hidetsugu's life, and in return, they fought to protect the army headquarters of Mitsunari ISHIDA during the Battle of Sekigahara, which started in 1600 (However, not all the members served Mitsunari, as there were exceptions such as Yoshimasa TODO who served his cousin Takatora TODO and Kinai YASUI who served Yoshinaga ASANO).
- そこで平安時代に入ると、朝廷も公廨稲の利息より正税の不足分を補わせる「正税率分」の導入や格式に必要最低限の正税出挙に対する国司の支出義務(農民への強制的な貸付強制と徴収(返済)の義務化)を定めた「正税式数」を規定するなど、中央への上供体制維持を目的とした正税回復政策を取り始めた。
- Thus, in Heian period, Imperial Court began to launch political measures to recover the shozei for the purpose of maintaining the tribute-to-central system, such as introduction of 'shozei ritsubun (the tax system where two-tenth of the tax delivered from the provinces to the Ministry of Finance at Heian-kyo [the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto] were supplied to the tax storage called 'ritsubun-do')' that made up the shortage of shozei with the interest on kugaito and establishment of 'shozei shikisu' in which kokushi's minimum liability for shozei suiko (compulsory loaning to and collecting repayments from peasants) was prescribed in kyakushiki (a kind of law in the ritsuryo system).
- 韓国忠清南道扶余郡松菊里遺跡で最初に注目されたことから、「松菊里型住居」ともよばれる(ただしこの名称は日本国内に限定して使用され、韓国考古学界ではむしろ「松菊里類型」という用語は住居跡の形態のみでなく土器や石器組成を含めた文化総体の名称として用いられることが一般的となっている)。
- It is called 'Shokikurigata dwelling' as it was first recognized at the Shokikuri site in Fuyo District, Sud Chungcheong, Republic of Korea (However the name is only used in Japan, and the term 'Shokikuri type-' are used not only for shape of dwelling, but to whole cultural description including form of earthenware and stoneware in Korean archaeological society.)
- ポスト京都議定書の協議が始まるようになると、温室効果ガス排出量削減の必要性は認めながらも「最も二酸化炭素排出量の多い産業である鉄鋼業では、日本のエネルギー効率は高いことから削減余地が少ない(のだから他国に削減させるべきである)」といった主張が、主に利益団体より出されるようになった。
- When a conference of Post Kyoto Protocol was about to begin, the following claims came out mainly from the interest groups relating to the steel industry: necessity of reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases could be understandable, however, in the Japanese steel industry, which emits the largest amount of carbon dioxide, there was no room for the reduction because the industry's energy efficiency had almost reached the technological limit, therefore further burdens of emissions reduction should be borne by countries other than Japan.
- しかしたとえ『万国公法』を非常に効果的に活用する場面があったとしても、次第にフランス帝国主義が浸透し、最後には天津条約によって清朝がベトナムに対する宗主権を放棄したことにより、完全にフランスの植民地となったという歴史の大勢に変わりはなく、それは後世のわれわれがよく知るところである。
- However, even if there was a chance for effective use of 'Bankoku Koho' it did not affect later history, French imperialism became widespread and after the Qing dynasty gave up suzerainty of Vietnam under the Treaty of Tianjin, Vietnam entirely became a colony of France.
- 壬申の乱(じんしんのらん)とは天武天皇元年(672年)に起きた日本古代最大の内乱であり、天智天皇の太子・大友皇子(おおとものみこ、明治3年(1870年)、弘文天皇の称号を追号)に対し皇弟・大海人皇子(おおあまのみこ、後の天武天皇)が地方豪族を味方に付けて反旗をひるがえしたものである。
- The Jinshin War was the biggest domestic war in ancient Japan and broke out in 672 and Emperor Tenchi's younger brother, Prince Oama (later Emperor Tenmu) launched a revolt taking powerful local clans on his side against Prince Otomo (given the name Emperor Kobun later in 1870) who was a son of Emperor Tenchi.
- 昭和天皇は幣原喜重郎首相が連合国軍最高司令官総司令部に主導されて作成した草案を初めて見た際に、「これで結構だが、これまでも皇室が決して独裁的なものでなかったことを示すために、明治天皇の五箇条の御誓文を加えることはできないだろうか」と述べ、急遽GHQの許可を得て加えられることになった。
- When the Emperor Showa saw the draft of prime minister Kijuro SHIDEHARA led by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) for the first time, the Emperor said 'it is fine, but to show that the Imperial Family has never been dictatorial, it that possible to add Charter Oath of Five Articles of the Emperor Meiji?' and it was added in haste under permission from GHQ.
- この条約の締結にはイギリス公使ハリー・パークスの仲介があったが、この条約には安政条約以来欧米各国が江戸幕府及び明治政府と締結した全ての不平等条約の規定の中でもっとも有利な条件が反映され、その内容は各国が日本と結んだ条約の最恵国待遇の規定によって全ての列強に対して適用されることとなった。
- English Minister, Harry Parks mediated for the conclusion of this treaty, and among all the unfair treaties concluded between the Edo government and the Meiji government with Europe and the North America since the Ansei era treaty, the treaty contained the most advantageous conditions, the contents of which applied to all countries who had made 'Most Favored Nation Treatment' treaties with Japan.
- なお、『秩父事件史料集成』の編纂に参加した歴史学者の色川大吉は、当時の明治政府側の公文書の分析によって、明治政府が西南戦争に準じた「反乱」として認識していた事実を指摘している(なお、取調調書には参加者の最終的な目標が「天朝様(天皇)を倒す」ことであるとする自白があったとする記述がある)。
- A historian, Daikichi IROKAWA, who participated in compiling 'Chichibu Jiken Siryo Hensan (A Collection of Chichibu Incident Data) ', through an analysis of documents of the Meiji Government, pointed out that the incident was taken by the government a 'revolt' equivalent to the Seinan War (the interrogation record included a description of a confession that the final goal of the participants was 'to defeat the Emperor').
- だが、『続日本紀(しょくにほんぎ)』769年(神護景雲3年)10月の記事で大宰府の役人が都に「此府人物殷繁。天下之一都會也。」と報告しているように大宰府は国際交易都市であり、役人程度しか住まなかったという藤原京や平城京などのヤマト王権の首都を凌ぎ、古代日本で最も繁栄していた都市であった。
- As the official of Dazai-fu reported the capital that 'this city is lively with people and blooming as a trading center. It is the most prosperous place in Japan' in the article on October, 769 of 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), Dazai-fu was an international city of commerce, the most prosperous city in ancient times, and was more prosperous than the capital of Yamato kingship such as Fujiwara-kyo or Heijo-kyo, where only officials lived.
- その目的は数種に分類され、旧国内における方位を示すもの(例:東近江市、南丹市、泉南市、南あわじ市、雲南市、阿南市、西予市、日南市、南さつま市)が最も多く、国府を表すもの(例:甲府市、防府市)、地形を表すもの(例:武蔵野市、相模原市、紀の川市)、その他(例:上越市、城陽市、京丹後市)などがある。
- There are three types in terms of the purposes for using old provincial names for names of cities, towns, and villages apart from avoidance of duplication; the first type is to use old provincial names to show direction; (examples: Higashiomi City, Nantan City, Sennan City, Minamiawaji City, Unnan City, Anan City, Seiyo City, Nichinan City, Minami-Satsuma City); this type of names is largest in number; the second type is to use old provincial names to indicate that in the city there existed kokufu or the provincial capital once; (examples: Kofu City, Hofu City); third type is to use the old provincial names to show the topography of the city; (examples: Musashino City, Sagamihara City, Kinokawa City); there are also other type which does not fall into the above three types; (examples: Joetsu City, Joyo City, Kyotango City).
- →中国・インドなどいわゆる開発途上国の排出量が増加しているのは事実であるが、2007年には世界最大の排出国であるアメリカ合衆国に匹敵すると言われる中国ですら人口一人あたりの排出量は約1/4であることの難しさも内包している(逆にいえば一人あたり排出量の多い国の削減幅が足りないという話にもなる)。
- ->It is a fact that the emission amount of developing countries such as China, India and so on is increasing, but in 2007, even in China, which is said to be comparable to the United States of America, the largest emitter in the world, the per capita emission amount is about 1/4 of the United States; this makes things difficult, in other words, the reduction rate of a country whose per capita emission amount is large is not enough.
- 現存する日本最古の史書『古事記』の場合、正史である『続日本紀』に記録がないことや写本の伝存状況などから偽書と疑う大和岩雄(『古事記成立考』(1975年)、『古事記偽書説は成り立たないか』(1988年))や大島隼人(『古事記成立論』(1989年)、『古事記撰録方法の発見』(1994年))らがいる。
- In the case of 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), the oldest history book in Japan, since there is no record on the time of its completion in 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), which is the official history book, and also based on the fact that it is a handwritten copy, it is suspected as gisho by Iwao YAMATO ('Consideration into the completion of Records of Ancient Matters' (1975), 'Is the view that Records of Ancient Matters is gisho, not established?' (1988), and Hayato OOSHIMA ('Discussion about Records of Ancient Matters establishment' (1989), 'Discovery of anthologizing method of Records of Ancient Matters of Japan' (1994).
- その後組織可変が頻繁に行われ、1920年に実施した台北州、新竹州、台中州、台南州、高雄州、台東庁、花蓮港庁および澎湖庁(1926年高雄州より離脱)の日本統治時代の台湾行政区分設置と、その下に置かれた市・街・庄(高砂族の集落には社が置かれた)の地方行政区域で最終的な地方行政区域が確定することとなた。
- After the frequent structural changes, the administrative divisions of Taiwan were confirmed as follows: the administrative regions consisting of Taihoku-shu, Shinchiku-shu, Taichu-shu, Tainan-shu and Takao-shu and Taito-cho, Karenko-cho and and Hoko-cho (independent from Takao-shu in 1926) were established in 1920 with the local administrative regions of shi (city), machi (town) and sho (village) ('sha' for the Takasago Tribe settlement) under each administrative region.
- 特に加賀においては3男蓮綱の松岡寺・4男蓮誓の光教寺・7男蓮悟の本泉寺(初代住持は次男蓮乗)の「賀州三ヶ寺(加賀三山)」を法主の現地における代行として頂点に置き国内の寺院・門徒を統率することが求められていた(この体制を特に事実上の最高執行機関となった松岡寺と本泉寺の両寺院より「両御山」体制も呼ぶ)。
- Especially in Kaga Province, Shoko-ji Temple of the 3rd son Renko, Kokyo-ji Temple of the 4th son Rensei, and Honsen-ji Temple of the 7th son Rengo (the first chief priest was the second son Renjo)--'Gashu Sanka-ji Temples (Kaga Sanzan) [Three Temples in Kaga Province]'--were placed at the top as local representatives of hoshu and required to direct the temples and followers in the province (this system was especially called the 'ryogozan' (two temples) system because of the two virtually highest executive temples, Shoko-ji Temple and Honsen-ji Temple).
- 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ/SCAP)は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
- According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
- 最終的に生存したのは、倉石一大尉(山形)、伊藤格明中尉(山形)、長谷川貞三特務曹長(秋田)、後藤房之助伍長(宮城)、小原忠三郎伍長(岩手)、及川平助伍長(岩手)、村松文哉伍長(宮城)、阿部卯吉一等卒(岩手)、後藤惣助一等卒(岩手)、山本徳次郎一等卒(青森)、阿部寿松一等卒(岩手)、の11人のみであった。
- Final survivors were only 11 persons; Captain Hajime KURAISHI (Yamagata Prefecture), Lieutenant Masaaki ITO (Yamagata Prefecture), Sergeant Major Teizo HASEGAWA (Akita Prefecture), Corporal Fusanosuke GOTO (Miyagi Prefecture), Corporal Chuzaburo OHARA (Iwate Prefecture), Corporal Heisuke OIKAWA (Iwate Prefecture), Corporal Fumichika MURAMATSU (Miyagi Prefecture), Private First Ukichi ABE (Iwate Prefecture), Private First Sosuke GOTO (Iwate Prefecture), Private First Tokujiro YAMAMOTO (Aomori Prefecture), Private First Hisamatsu ABE (Iwate Prefecture).
- 万延二分判(まんえんにぶばん)は万延元年(1860年)4月10日より発行され、2枚の量目では同時に発行された万延小判を上回るが、含有金量では劣る名目貨幣で一両あたりの含有金量では江戸時代を通じて最低のものであり、発行高は万延小判をはるかに凌ぎ、金貨流通の主導権を握り、小判に代わり事実上の本位貨幣的地位を制した。
- Manen nibuban was issued from May 30, 1860 and the ryome of two coins was more than Manen nibuban that was issued at the same time, however it was nominal money having the least content of gold through the Edo period and the issued amount was much more than Manen koban taking initialtive of gold coin distribution and it was positioned as standard coin in effect in place of koban.
- 前述のように最古の行基図とされているのは、延暦24年作成と伝えられているものであるが、原図は既に亡く、現在伝わるものは江戸時代の有職故実研究家藤貞幹(藤井・藤原とも、1732年-1797年)の写しのものであり、かつ延暦24年の実情と不一致の加筆が見られる(これが藤貞幹によるものか、それ以前からのものなのかは不詳)。
- As mentioned above, the version which is considered to be the oldest is said to have been made in 805, but the original version no longer exists and the version which has been handed down to today is the copy made by Teikan TO (FUJII or FUJIHARA, 1732-1797), a researcher of Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) and some additions inconsistent with the realty of 805 are recognized (and it is unknown whether the additions were made by Teikan TO or somebody else before him).
- 呉善花は、著書『韓国併合への道』で「少なくとも民族の尊厳の確保に賭けて大アジア主義を掲げ、国内で最大限の努力を傾けた李容九らを売国奴と決めつけ、国内で表立った活動をすることもなく外国で抗日活動を展開した安昌浩や李承晩らを愛国者・抗日の闘士と高く評価するバランス・シートは、私にはまったく不当なものである」と評価している。
- O Seonhwa placed a mention in her book 'Road to the Japan's annexation of Korea', saying, 'it is completely unreasonable for me that, in a balance-sheet, the persons like 李容九 (이용구) who strived in the country to get back our nation's dignity aimed at Asianism are regarded as betrayers, while the persons like Ahn Chang-ho and Syngman Rhee (I Seung-man) who rolled out their anti-Japanese activities out of Korea without taking any particular actions in the country are praised as a patriot or anti-Japanese warrior'.
- 源氏物語の注釈書においても一般的な注釈を記した「水原抄」に対して秘伝を記した「原中最秘抄」が別に存在するなど、この時代にはこのようなことはよくあることであったため、「源氏物語本文そのものに付いてもそのようなことがあったのだろう」と考えられたらしく、秘伝としての源氏物語60巻説は広く普及することになり、後に多くの影響を与えた。
- As is often the case with commentaries of 'The Tale of Genji' in those days, 'Genchusaihi-sho Commentary,' in which esoterica was written, existed separately in contrast to 'Suigen-sho,' which had general annotations; thus there was the emergence of the idea that 'the text of 'The Tale of Genji' would have had a similar experience,' and 60 chapters of the esoteric 'The Tale of Genji' came to be widely accepted, having a great influence on posterity.
- なお「日本の首領」で三船敏郎、佐分利信、片岡千恵蔵が同じ場面で競演した際には、挨拶の順は1)三船(1920生、戦後デビュー)が二人に挨拶し、2)次に佐分利(1909生、1931デビュー)が片岡に「佐分利でございます」と挨拶して3)最後に千恵蔵(1903生、1927デビュー)が「おう」と返事を済ませて大物同士の挨拶が済んだとされる。
- When Toshiro MIFUNE, Shin SABURI, and Chiezo KATAOKA performed together in the same scene of the yakuza film 'Nihon no Don,' they greeted each other in the following fashion: first, Mifune (born in 1920 and who made his debut after the Second World War) said hello deferentially to the two seniors, then Saburi (born in 1909 and debuting in 1931) introduced himself to Kataoka with the words 'I'm Saburi, sir,' and lastly Kataoka (born in 1903 and debuting in 1927) said to the two juniors, 'Hello, guys.'
- 国内的には主として上記の松方財政の影響、さらには1873年から1896年ごろにかけて存続したヨーロッパ大不況のさなかに発生した1882年のリヨン生糸取引所(同取引所はフランスのみならず、当時欧州最大の生糸取引所のひとつであった)における生糸価格の大暴落の影響により、1882年から1883年にかけて生糸の国内価格の大暴落が発生した。
- Due to domestic influences mainly of the above Matsukata finance and what was more, the influence of the steep fall in the silk market in Lyon Silk Exchange (which was then one of the biggest silk exchanges not only in France but also in Europe) occurring in 1882, the midst of the Great Depression in Europe, which existed from 1873 to 1896, the domestic prices of raw silk fell quite heavily from 1882 to 1803.
- 公式令によれば、最初の行に「○○○(差出官司)移(いす)×××(相手官司)」に始まり、次行に内容を記して、書止には通常は「故移(ことさらにいす)」が用いられるが、法令などによって○○○が所管-被管関係にない×××を指揮監督することが認められている案件に関するものに対しては「以移(もっていす)」を用いて命令文書としての意味合いを持たせた。
- According to Kushiki-ryo, an 'I' document began with a sentence saying 'xxx {name of sender] isu yyy [name of recipient]' in the first line, described the main content in and below the second line, and generally finished with a sentence saying 'Kotosara-ni isu'; if the sender was legally authorized to give orders and instructions to a recipient with whom he did not have a hierarchical relationship, the last sentence of the main content was 'motte isu,' making the 'I' into an order.
- 埼玉県秩父地方は昔から養蚕が盛んであったが、当時の同地方の産業は生糸の生産にやや偏っており、さらには信州(長野県)など他の養蚕地域に比べてフランス市場との結びつきが強く(秩父郡内における最初の小学校はフランスの援助で設立され、そのために当時の在日フランス公使館の書記官が秩父を訪れたほどである)、上述の大暴落の影響をより強く受けることとなった。
- In Chichibu region in Saitama Prefecture sericulture had been thriving business for a long time, however, at that time the industry there was somewhat biased to raw silk production and in addition had been more strongly connected to the French market than other silk-farming regions such as Shinshu (Nagano Prefecture) (the first elementary school in the Chichibu County was established by French aid, therefore, a secretary in a French legation in Japan visited Chichibu) and as a result it had a greater influence of the above-mentioned heavy fall.
- 中には「按するに、虎哥か此の論、孟子の性善良知の説を本とし、終に王陽明か心を師とするの論に帰着す」(加筆者訳:思うにグロチウスのこの論は孟子の性善説・良知の説を基礎として、 最終的には王陽明が説く心即理の説へと到達するものである。〔注:原文の片仮名は平仮名に変換〕)というように、グロチウスの自然法に関する説明は陽明学と同一視する部分すらある。
- This is a part of translator's note: original '按するに、虎哥か此の論、孟子の性善良知の説を本とし、終に王陽明か心を師とするの論に帰着す' (translation by Yasutsugu SHIGENO: the theory of Grotius has theories of Mencius as the ground such as the ethical doctrine that human nature is fundamentally good and human nature that is ability to judge good or bad and the theory finally achieves to the theory of Yangming WANG that considers mind itself is the law); as seen above, among the such notes, there is a part that explains the explanation about international law by Grotius seems the same as Yomei-gaku (neo-Confuciasnism based on teaching of Yangming WANG).
- 第2次山縣内閣期に山縣系官僚出身で平田との結びつきが強かった大浦兼武・小松原英太郎・安広伴一郎が勅撰議員に任命されて茶話会に加入すると、勢力が拡大する方向に向かい、多額納税議員や男爵議員からも加入者を得て、平田が内大臣に立った明治末期から大正初期にかけて最大で67名の議員を擁して桂園時代においては桂太郎を支え、研究会と勢力を競うまでに成長した。
- When, during Yamagata's second term as cabinet head, Kanetake OURA, Eitaro KOMATSUBARA, and Banichiro YASUHIRO, bureaucrats who were all protegees of Yamagata, were appointed to the House of Peers by imperial selection and thereafter joined the Tea Party, the influence of the Tea Party began to grow, and they managed to acquire members from among the large-scale taxpayers and the barons, and during Hirata's tenure as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, from the late Meiji period into the early Taisho period, the group possessed 67 members at its largest; the Tea Party supported Taro KATSURA during the Keien period (1905-1912), and its power and influence grew to rival the Kenkyukai's.
- 清はそれまで広州一港に貿易を限っていたがイギリス(大英帝国)は1840年と1857年のアヘン戦争および第二次アヘン戦争により南京条約(1842年)、天津条約(1858年)および北京条約(1860年)を結び多額の賠償金と香港、九竜半島の割譲、上海など11港の開港と領事裁判権の承認、関税自主権の喪失、片務的最恵国待遇、公使の北京駐在、キリスト教の公認と保護などを清に認めさせた。
- Although the Qing dynasty had allowed foreign trade only at Canton port, Britain (the British Empire) concluded the treaties of Nanjing (in 1482), Tianjin (in 1858), and Beijing (in 1860) after First Opium War and the Second Opium War in 1840 and 1857 to make Qing dynasty pay a large amount of reparations, cede Hong Kong and Kawloon island, open 11 ports including Shanghai, recognize consular jurisdiction, abandon tariff autonomy, grant one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, permit an envoy to stay in Beijing, and officially recognize and protect Christianity.
- この中で日蓮は災害の原因を人々が正法である法華経を信じずに浄土宗などの邪法(邪悪な教え)を信じているからであるとして対立宗派を非難し、法華経だけではなく鎮護国家の聖典とされた金光明最勝王経なども引用しながら、このまま浄土宗などを放置すれば国内では内乱、外国からは侵略を受けると唱え、逆に正法である法華経を中心とすれば(「立正」)、国家も国民も安泰となる(「安国」)と主張したのである。
- In his treatise, Nichiren criticized other competing Buddhist sects, arguing that these sects, including Jodoshu (Pure Land Buddhism), which led people to believe in false teachings (evil teachings) other than the Lotus Sutra, the only true teachings of Buddhism, were the reason for the disasters, that leaving Jodoshu and other heretical sects unattended would lead to a civil war in Japan and invasion by foreign countries and that the only way to provide the nation and the people with peace and security would be to establish the Lotus Sutra as the true religion.
- 明治4年7月14日 (旧暦)(1871年8月29日)に断行された廃藩置県の後始末が済まないうちに、岩倉使節団の計画が持ち上がり最終的に岩倉具視・大久保利通・木戸孝允ら明治政府を主導してきた首脳の多くが加わる一大使節団となったことから、使節団の外遊中の留守を守るとともに廃藩置県の後始末を行うための組織として太政大臣三条実美を筆頭に西郷隆盛・井上馨・大隈重信・板垣退助・江藤新平・大木喬任らによって結成された。
- The Iwakura Mission project came up before the completion of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishement of prefectures) that had been set about on August 29, 1871, in the project Tomomi IWAKURA, Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO and many other leaders of the Meiji government finally joined the great delegation, and therefore the Establishment was organized by Grand Minister Sanetomi SANJO at its head, Takamori SAIGO, Kaoru INOUE, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO and Takao OKI in order to protect the nation and to settle the affairs of Haihan-chiken while the Iwakura Mission was traveling abroad officially.
- 宮内貴久の著物によれば、住居とは生存の拠り所として、最も根本的な施設であり古来より生命や財産を守るための工夫を重ねてきたが天災によって、当時としては不可解な被害(例えば地震)に見舞われていたことから災いの要因を含めた「世界を支配し統括する原理を知りたい」という欲求に晒された結果、住宅に対して、人々が居住生活に求める概念を実体化させて、長い年月を経て培われた知見が規範化され影響力を持ち家相の世界観が生み出されたと述べられている。
- According to a book of Takahisa MIYAUCHI, houses are the most fundamental center of one's existence and from ancient times people have made efforts to protect life or fortune, but natural disasters (eg. earthquakes) were mysterious in those days so they desired to understand 'the principles governing and controlling the world' including factors for disasters, as a result of which the concept of living space materialize, over the years cultivated through knowledge, a standard influencing the construction of a house, from an outlook of the world was produced.
- 太平洋戦争終結後、戦災復興のために各方面より無尽会社でも当座預金の取扱を可能としようとする要請が為されるようになったものの、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は当時、無尽を賭博的でギャンブルの一つであると見ており、これに難色を示したため、政府は当時の銀行並の業務を可能としつつも、無尽の取扱が可能で制度・監督上は無尽会社程度で設立可能な金融機関制度を企画、1951年に相互銀行法が成立し、日本住宅無尽株式会社を除く全社が相互銀行へ転換した。
- After the Pacific War ended, various quarters demanded to make it possible to handle checking accounts even in Mujin companies for war-damage reconstruction, but in those days the GHQ regarded Mujin as gambling and was against it, therefore, while making it possible to do business at a banking level at that time, the government planned a financial institution system where it would be possible to handle Mujin and set up a Mujin company level in the system to supervise, and thereby the Mutual Loan and Savings Bank Act was established in 1951 and all companies except Nihon Jutaku Mujin K.K. shifted to the mutual banking system.
- 地租改正も田畑永代売買禁止令の廃止の方向が定まった明治4年9月に大久保利通(大蔵卿)と井上馨(同大輔)によってその方針(「地所売買放禁分一収税施設之儀正院伺」)が正院に諮られ、使節団出発直前に井上と吉田清成によってその原案が作成されていた(そもそも明治政府が実施した初期の施策で岩倉使節団出発前に構想として存在しなかったのは、出発後に井上と吉田によって初めて構想され、使節団帰国後に政策として形成された最後に相当する秩禄処分のみであったと言われている)。
- The policy of land-tax reform ('Chisyobaibai-houkinbunnitu-syuzeisisetunogi-seiinshi') was presented by Toshimichi OKUBO (Minister of the Treasury) and Kaoru INOUE (Vice-minister of the Treasury) to the Central State Council in October, 1871, when abolition of denpataeitaibaibaikinshirei (a ban on buying and selling fields) was decided, and its draft plan had been already made by INOUE and Kiyonari YOSHIDA just before the delegation's departure (Among early measures of the Meiji government, only Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend) was elaborated by INOUE and YOSHIDA after Iwakura Mission departed and formulated as a policy after the Mission returned to Japan).
- 最終的に徳川家康による領国貨幣とも言うべき慶長小判慶長丁銀が全国統一により公鋳貨幣としての地位を築くことになるが、多額に上る慶長金銀の海外流出などにより地方まで充分に行き渡らなかったため通貨の全国統一を達成するには至らず、依然、各地銀山から発行される極印銀などの領国貨幣が並行して通用し、国内で不足気味の慶長金銀を補佐する役割を果たしていたため幕府も流通を黙認し、また諸国大名が、参勤交代のとき中央貨幣である慶長金銀と交換するための手段としても用いられた。
- Keicho koban (oval gold coin) and keicho chogin (oval silver coin), which can be considered as ryogoku kahei issued by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, eventually established their position as an official currency cast by the government for the unification of the whole country, but were not made sufficiently available in the chiho (regions) because a large amount of Keicho gold and silver flowed out to foreign countries, failing in the nation-wide currency unification, and therefore, ryogoku kahei such as chiho hallmark silver issued by silver mines at various places, were still used in parallel, serving to fill the shortage of Keicho gold and silver, silently allowed to circulate, and used by daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) of various provinces also as a means to exchange with Keicho gold coins, the central currency at the time of Sankin-kotai (daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo).
- 大隈の大蔵卿在任時期は1873年10月25日 ‐ 1880年2月28日であるが、実際には1869年8月15日(旧暦明治2年7月8日 (旧暦))に近代大蔵省創立とともに大蔵大輔に就任して以来事実上の大蔵省の最高責任者であり、大蔵卿退任も伊藤博文が進めた「参議・省卿分離案」によって参議専念の合意が成立したこと(後任大蔵卿佐野常民は大隈直系)によるもので、実際には1881年10月11日の御前会議による参議免官(明治14年の政変)まで大蔵省及び日本財政の責任者であった。
- Okuma served as the Minister of the Treasury from October 25, 1873 to February 28, 1880, but he had effectively been the highest officer of the Ministry of Treasury since he assumed the post of senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury upon the launch of the modern Ministry of Treasury on August 15, 1869, therefore he continued to be in charge of the Ministry of Treasury and the Japanese financial policy until he was dismissed as the councilor during a conference in the presence of the Emperor on October 11, 1881 (Political Change of 1881), however his resignation as the Minister of the Treasury was because an agreement to serve exclusively as a councilor was reached by 'Proposal to Separate Councilor and Minister' promoted by Hirobumi ITO (a successor Minister of the Treasury was Tsunetami SANO, Okuma's direct subordinate).
- また、イネの伝来ルートについても従来は朝鮮ルートが有力視されていたが、遼東半島や朝鮮北部での水耕田跡が近代まで見つからないこと、朝鮮半島での確認された炭化米が紀元前2000年が最古であり畑作米の確認しか取れない点、極東アジアにおける温帯ジャポニカ種(水稲)/熱帯ジャポニカ種(陸稲)の遺伝分析において、朝鮮半島を含む中国東北部から当該遺伝子の存在が確認されないことなどの複数の証左から、水稲は大陸からの直接伝来ルート(対馬暖流ルート・東南アジアから南方伝来ルート等)による伝来である学説が有力視されつつある(従来の説とは逆に水稲は日本から朝鮮半島へ伝わった可能性も考えられている)。
- Furthermore, although the Korean route was traditionally regarded as a likely introduction route for rice, the theory stating that rice-paddy plants were introduced through the direct introduction route from the continent (Tsushima Warm Current route/Southern introduction route from South East Asia) is now regarded as very likely from the several facts that remains of rice-paddy fields were not discovered in the Liaodong Peninsula and northern Korea until sites of modern times, the oldest carbonated rice found in the Korean Peninsula only goes back to 2000 B.C., the only a rice plants grown in a dry field were confirmed from that time, and genetic analysis of temperate Japonica rice (a rice-paddy plant)/tropical Japonica rice (a rice plant grown in a dry field) in Far East Asia shows no evidence of concerned genes from Korean Peninsula nor from North East China (Contrary to traditional theory, there is a possibility that rice-paddy plants had been introduced into Korean Peninsula from Japan.)
- しかし、環濠集落の出現は、未だ戦闘の証拠がほとんどない弥生時代早期にさかのぼること(福岡県江辻遺跡、同那珂遺跡群など)、受傷人骨などの事例から戦乱が頻発したと考えられる前期後半~中期前半、特に中期初頭以降の北部九州ではむしろ環濠集落の事例は少ないこと、しばしば環濠を掘削する際に排出された土を利用して環濠の外側に盛り土をした痕跡のある事例が報告されているが、環濠の外側に盛り土をすることによって、外敵を有利にしてしまう(外敵は、盛り土を矢避けにしたり、盛り土の上から攻撃できる)ことなどから、環濠集落と戦乱とを直接的に関連づける、すなわち環濠集落を防衛集落と考える研究者は最近では少なくなってきている。
- However, recently not many researchers consider moat settlements as defensive and directly related with wars, for several reasons such as; the emergence of moat settlement goes back to earlier Yayoi period when there was very little evidence of battles (Etsuji site and Nakai sites in Fukuoka Prefecture), less moat settlements are excavated from northern Kyushu in the latter half of early period to first half of middle period, especially beginning of middle period when frequent wars were thought to have occurred from the evidence of human bones with trauma, and banks were created outside the moat in some cases using soil dug up to make the moat, which gives an advantage to the enemy (Enemy can use the bank as a shield against arrows and also can attack from the top of a bank.)