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書道: 419 Terms and Phrases

書道
calligraphy
Shodo (calligraphy)
Calligraphy during the Kamakura period
Japanese calligraphy
Chinese calligraphy

書道家
calligrapher

書道教育
Calligraphic education

六朝書道
The six-dynasty calligraphy

書道字典
calligraphy dictionary

書道家。
He was a calligrapher.

書道団体
Shodo Societies

書道研究
Studies of Shodo

戊辰書道会
The Boshin (戊辰) Shodo-Kai association

三楽書道会
The Sanraku Shodo-kai association

泰東書道院
Taito Shodo-in

東方書道会
The Toho Shodo-kai association

蔵書道楽家
bibliophile

書道の達人
someone skilled in penmanship

興亜書道連盟
Koa Shodo Renmei

大日本書道院
Dainihon Shodo-in

大東亜書道会
The Daitoa Shodo-kai association (literally, a calligraphic association in Great East Asia)

書道会の発足
Inauguration of shodo-kai (an association for calligraphy)

嵯峨書道学院
Saga Shodo Gakuin

日本の書道史
Calligraphy history in Japan

書道界の評価
His evaluation within the Shodo arena

日本書道作振会
The Nihon Shodo Sakushin-kai association

六朝書道の勃興
Calligraphy in the six dynasties started and became popular.

学校の書道教育
Calligraphic education in schools

前衛書道の出現
Appearance of avant-garde calligraphy

近代書道史年表
A chronological table of historical events in modern calligraphy

日本の書道団体
Shodo societies in Japan

書学書道史学会
Shogaku Shodoshi Gakkai

職業としての書道
Shodo as occupation

全国大学書道学会
All Japan College Calligraphic Studies

家業は（書道）。
The family business consisted of calligraphy.

書道 (大学寮)
Shodo (Daigaku-ryo)

書道の刊行物の発行
Publications on calligraphy became available.

上田桑鳩…前衛書道
Sokyu UEDA: avant-garde calligraphy

書道の光悦流の祖。
He is the founder of the Koetsu style of calligraphy.

書道普及協会会長。
She is the president of SYODO FUKYU KYOKAI (Association for Popularization of the Japanese Calligraphy).

書道における禅宗様
Zenshu-yo in Calligraphy

日本書道美術院が発足
Nihon Shodo Bijutsuin (Calligraphic art institute in Japan) was inaugurated.

家業は、書道である。
The hereditary academic skill was calligraphy.

書道、茶道、華道、香道
Shodo (calligraphy), Sado, Kado, and Kodo

書道を習うのは楽しい。
Learning calligraphy is fun.

全日本書写書道教育研究会
All Japan Association of Shosha-Shodo Education

全国大学書写書道教育学会
All Japan Association of College Shosha-Shodo Education

家道は書道・笙であった。
The family vocations were calligraphy and Sho (a type of reed pipe).

家業は書道・神楽・鷹匠。
Calligraphy, Kagura (sacred music and dancing performed at shrines) and Takajo (a hawker) were their family businesses.

和歌、書道に秀でていた。
He excelled in waka (classic Japanese poetry, often 31 mora) and calligraphy.

書道団体の離合集散（戦前）
Alignment and realignment of calligraphic bodies (before the war)

5月、「謙慎書道会」結成。
May: 'Kenshin Shodo-kai' (the Kenshin calligraphic association) was established.

家業は（書道）・（神楽）。
The family business consisted of calligraphy and kagura (a musical dance).

書学生　新設　書道を教わる
Shogakusho: Newly introduced; students of calligraphy

5月、「書道同文会」結成。
May: 'The Shodo Dobun-kai association' was established.

六朝書道の盛行と上代様の復興
The six-dynasty style became popular, and the ancient style was restored.

10月、「関西書道会」結成。
October: 'Kansai Shodo-kai' (The calligraphic association in Kansai) was established.

書道では隷書体を得意とする。
He was a proficient calligrapher in the reisho-tai (clerical script).

家業は和歌・蹴鞠・（書道）。
The family business consisted of waka (Japanese poetry), kemari (court-style football) and calligraphy.

家業は書道・和歌・笛・装束。
Their family businesses were shodo (calligraphy), waka (a 31-syllable Japanese poem), fue (Japanese flute) and shozoku (costume).

家業は書道、笙、能楽、神楽。
Family businesses were calligraphy, sho (a wind instrument composed of a mouthpiece and seventeen bamboo pipes of various lengths), nogaku (the art of Noh) and Kagura (sacred music and dancing performed at shrine).

4月、「日本書道連盟」結成。
April: 'Nihon Shodo Renmei' (The calligraphic federation in Japan) was established.

11月、「書道芸術院」結成。
November, 'the Japan Calligraphy Art Academy' was established.

8月、「東亜書道協会」結成。
August: 'Toa Shodo Kyokai' (The Toa calligraphic association) was established.

7月、「謙慎書道会」第1回展。
July: The first exhibition of Kenshin Shodo-kai was held.

書道は在唐中、韓方明に学んだ。
He learned calligraphy from Homei KAN while he stayed in Tang.

書道持明院流の名手でもあった。
He was also a maestro of calligraphy of Jimyoin-ryu (the Jimyoin school).

和様書道の流派世尊寺流二代目。
He was the second head of the Sesonji School of Japanese calligraphy.

「瑞雲書道会」結成（豊道春海）。
'The Zuiun shodo-kai association' was established (by Shunkai BUNDO).

『書道春秋』刊行（比田井天来）。
'Shodo Shunju' (literally, the springs and autumns of calligraphy) was published (by Tenrai HIDAI).

11月、「日満親善書道展」開催。
November: 'Calligraphic exhibition for rapprochement between Japan and Manchuria) was held.

日本の書道は漢字の伝来に始まる。
Calligraphy in Japan started when Chinese characters were brought to Japan.

2004年　書道普及協会を創立。
2004: She established the SYODO FUKYU KYOKAI.

いわゆる有栖川流書道を創始した。
He established what was called the Arisugawa school of calligraphy.

10月、「中部日本書道連盟」結成。
October: 'Chubu Nihon Shodo Renmei' (The calligraphic federation in central Japan) was established.

中林梧竹が渡清（参考：六朝書道）。
Gochiku NAKABAYASHI went to Qing (refer to the item of the six-dynasty calligraphy)

杉岡華邨書道美術館－文化勲章受章者
Nara City Kason Sugioka Museum of Calligraphy: Kason SUGIOKA is an Order of Culture honoree

世尊寺家および、書道世尊寺流の祖。
He was the patriarch of the Sesonji family as well as the Shodo (art of calligraphy), Sesonji school.

六朝書道論（りくちょうしょどうろん）
Rikucho shodo ron

「春興会」（謙慎書道会の前身）結成。
'The Shunko-kai association' (the predecessor of Kenshin Shodokai (the Kenshin calligraphic association) was established.

日下部鳴鶴が渡清（参考：六朝書道）。
Meikaku KUSAKABE went to Qing (refer to the item of effects by Xu Sangeng)

「書道奨励協会」結成（斎藤芳洲等）。
'The shodo shorei kyokai' (an association for promoting calligraphy)' was established (by Hoshu SAITO and others).

4月、楊守敬が来朝（参考：六朝書道）。
April: Yang Shoujing came to Japan (refer to the item of the six-dynasty calligraphy)

7月、『書道』刊行（「泰東書道院」）。
July: 'Calligraphy' was published (by 'Taito Shodo-in').

「戊辰書道会」第1回展（日本美術協会）。
The first exhibition of the Boshin (戊辰) Shodo-kai association was held (at the Nihon Bijutsu Kyokai).

11月、『実用書道』刊行（比田井天来）。
November: Practical calligraphy' was published (by Tenrai HIDAI).

歌道、書道、絵画に優れた才能を発揮した。
He excelled in Kado (the art of tanka poetry), shodo (the art of Calligraphy), and painting.

公家書道の世尊寺流の秘伝の伝授を受けた。
He was initiated into the secret teachings of the Sesonji School of aristocratic calligraphy.

1月、「東方書道院」結成（松井如流等）。
January: 'Toho Shodo-in' (a calligraphic organization) was established (by Joryu MATSUI and others).

4月、「独立書道会」結成（手島右卿等）。
April: 'Dokuritsu Shodo-kai' (Independent Calligraphy Society) was established (by Yukei TESHIMA and others).

書博士（従七位上相当）2名　書道を教える
2 Sho Hakase (equivalent to Jushichiinojo): Taught calligraphy

室町時代は乱世で、書道は和漢ともに頽れた。
In the turbulent Muromachi period, calligraphy in both the Japanese style and the Chinese style declined.

5月、『筆之友』刊行（「書道奨励協会」）。
May: 'Fudeno-tomo' (friends of calligraphic brushes) was published (by 'the shodo shorei kyokai').

5歳より書道を始め、12歳までに五段取得。
She started calligraphy at the age of five and obtained Godan (the fifth rank) before 12 years old.

詩歌管弦、書道に長けていたといわれている。
It is said he was talented in Tanka poetry, music and calligraphy.

1月、「関西書道会」第1回展（大阪・三越）。
January: The first exhibition of 'Kansai Shodo-kai' was held (at Mitsukoshi in Osaka).

漢字書道界における巨星は日下部鳴鶴であった。
A great man in the Chinese character calligraphic world was Meikaku KUSAKABE.

狩野常信に書道を学び能筆家としても知られる。
He learned calligraphy from Tsunenobu KANO and was known as a distinguished calligrapher.

6月、『興亜書報』刊行（「興亜書道連盟」）。
June: 'Koa Shoho' was published (by 'Koa Shodo Renmei').

火袋の文字は当代の書道史の遺品としても貴重。
The letters on the hibukuro (burning place of toro) are valuable as clues to the calligraphy of the period.

羽林家の格式を持ち、書道・神楽を家業とする。
The family rank was the House of Urin, and its family business is Japanese Calligraphy and “Kagura” (sacred music and dancing performed at shrines.)

三跡（さんせき）は、書道の大御所三人のこと。
'Sanseki'refers to three established calligraphers.

2月、「日本書道院」が「日本書芸院」に改名。
February: The name of 'Nihon Shodo-in' (Japan calligraphic society) was changed to 'Nihon Shoge-in' (Japan Calligraphic Art Society).

日本の書道は百済よりの六朝書道から始まった。
Calligraphy in Japan started with six-dynasty calligraphy brought from Baekje.

書道の、書道に関する、または、書道で表された
of or relating to or expressed in calligraphy

『六朝の書道』刊行（西川寧、「東亜研究会」）。
'Calligraphy in the Six Dynasties' was published by (Yasushi NISHIKAWA and the Toa research society).

全部ではないが、源俊頼の書道として伝えられる。
Some of the writing has been believed to be MINAMOTO no Toshiyori's calligraphic works.

良経は和歌や書道、漢詩に優れた教養人であった。
Yoshitsune was a person of culture who was excellent in waka (Japanese poem), calligraphy and Chinese poetry.

4月、『少年少女書道』刊行（「泰東書道院」）。
April: 'Shonen Shojo Shodo' (Calligraphy for boys and girls) were published (by 'Taito Shodo-in').

3月、「泰東書道院」による支那書道視察団出発。
March: A 'Taito Shodo-in' mission to study Chinese calligraphy departed.

11月、「泰東書道院」第1回展（東京都美術館）。
November: The first exhibition of 'Taito Shodo-in' was held (at the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum).

5月、『書鑑』刊行（辻本史邑、「寧楽書道会」）。
May: 'Shokagami' was published (by Shiyu TSUJIMOTO and 'Neiraku Shodo-kai' (The Neiraku calligraphic association).

7月、「大日本書道院」第1回展（東京府美術館）。
July: The first exhibition of 'Dainihon Shodo-in' was held (at Tokyo Prefectural Art Museum).

9月、「興亜書道連盟」第1回展（中国・北京等）。
September: The first exhibition of 'Koa Shodo Renmei' was held (in Beijing, China and in other places).

硬筆・ボールペンなどの書道教育も試みられている。
Shodo education using a hard brush, ballpoint pen, and others are also being attempted.

かな (書道)…高野切第一種、高野切第三種など
Kana (Shodo): Koya-gire (fragment of Kokin Waka Shu Poetry Anthology), First Class, Koya-gire, Third Class, and others

書道は、青蓮院流を学び、有職故実にも詳しかった。
He learned the Shorenin school of calligraphy and was familiar with the ancient customs and manners of the Imperial court and military.

居延漢簡は書道の世界にも大きな発見をもたらした。
Kyoen Kankan led to a great discovery in the world of Shodo (calligraphy) as well.

3月、「書道教育振興会」結成（委員長豊道春海）。
March: 'Association for promoting calligraphic education' was established (chaired by Shunkai BUNDO).

2000年　日本教育書道藝術院にて書道師範を取得
2000: She obtained the title of Shodo Shihan (Master Calligrapher) at Nihon Kyoiku Shodo Geijutuin.

1月、「全国書道大会」開催（諸井春畦、帝国劇場）。
January: 'Zenkoku Shodo Taikai' (the national calligraphic competition) was held (by Shunkei MOROI at the Teikoku-Gekijo theatre)

7月、「日本書道会」結成（野村素軒・渡辺沙鴎等）。
July: 'Nihon Shodo-kai' (Japan Calligraphy Association) was established (by Soken NOMURA, Sao WATANABE, and others).

2003年　日本教育書道藝術院同人会　評議員となる
2003: She became a councilor of Nihon Kyoiku Shodo Geijutuin Dojinkai.

1月、「現代書道二十人展」開催（朝日新聞社主催）。
January: 'The exhibition of twenty great modern calligraphers' was held (sponsored by The Asahi Newspapers).

11月、「日本書道作振会」第1回展（日本美術協会）。
November: The first exhibition of 'Nihon Shodo Sakushin-kai' was held (at Nihon Bijutsu Kyokai - Japan Art Association).

「平安同好会」が「平安書道会」（長尾雨山等）と改名。
The name of 'Heian Dokokai' was changed to 'Heian Shodokai' (the Heian calligraphic association) (by Uzan NAGAO and others).

11月、「書道芸術社」第1回同人展（東京・鳩居堂）。
November: The first members' exhibition of 'Shodo Geijutsu-sha' (an organization for calligraphic art) was held (at Kyukyodo in Tokyo).

11月、「書道博物館」創設（中村不折、東京・谷中）。
November: 'The Shodo Hakubutsukan museum' was built (by Fusetsu NAKAMURA at Yanaka, Tokyo).

2月、『六朝書道論』刊行（井土霊山・中村不折共訳）。
February: 'Rikucho shodo ron' (Discussions on the six dynasty style calligraphy) was published (translated by Reizan IDO and Fusetsu NAKAMURA).

10月、第4回日本美術展覧会（書道が第5科に参加）。
October: The fourth Japan Fine Arts Exhibition was held (calligraphy participated in the fifth category).

その簡明高雅な書法は力強く、和様書道界に清風を注いだ。
The calligraphic style was simple, elegant, and powerful, bringing a breath of fresh air to the calligraphic world using the Japanese style.

6月、「中部日本書道連盟」第1回展（名古屋市美術館）。
June: The first exhibition of 'Chubu Nihon Shodo Renmei' was held (at the Nagoya City Art Museum).

戦後の日本の書道界の大きな出来事は以下のとおりである。
Major events in the calligraphic world in Japan after the war were as follows:

かな書道界における小野鵞堂もまた多くの門人を育成した。
Gado ONO in the kana character calligraphic world also brought up many disciples.

この伝統の下、多くの書道教室・習字教室が存在している。
Many Shodo and Shuji classes exist under this tradition.

書学生（書道_(大学寮)・算道などの学生に対する試験）
Sho gakusei (examinations to students of calligraphy (Daigakuryo), sando and so on)

1999年、日本教育書道藝術院に入学し大溪洗耳に師事。
She entered Nihon Kyoiku Shodo Geijutuin (Japan Educational Calligraphy Art Institute) in 1999 and studied under Senji OTANI.

文政10年(1827年) 父・道正に就き書道を始める。
In 1827, his father Dosei gave him calligraphy lessons.

書の三聖（しょのさんせい）は、3人の書道の名人のこと。
Sho no sansei are three masters of calligraphy.

特に書道は「一流の祖」と言われるほどの能書家であった。
Especially in calligraphy, she was so good that people praised her as a founder of her own school.

書道の伏見院流の祖、京極派の有力歌人としても知られる。
He was known as a founder of the Fushimi-in school of calligraphy, as well as a talented poet in the Kyogoku group.

8月、「全国書道展」（毎日新聞社主催、東京都美術館）。
August: 'Zenkoku Shodoten' (National Calligraphic Exhibition) was held (sponsored by The Mainichi Newspapers, at the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum).

7月、「日本書道美術院再建書展」開催（東京都美術館）。
July:' The exhibition to reconstruct Nihon Shodo Bijutsu-in (Calligraphic art institute in Japan)' was held (at the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum).

明治時代中期ごろから書道会の結成と会報の発刊が始まった。
From around the middle era of the Meiji period, an association for calligraphy was established and a bulletin was published.

6月、「日本書道会」第1回展（渡辺沙鴎、両国・回向院）。
June: The first exhibition of 'Nihon Shodo-kai' was held (by Sao WATANABE at Ecoin Temple in Ryogoku).

前衛書道は、かつて「新派」とか「新傾向」と呼ばれていた。
Avant-garde calligraphy was called 'the new style' or 'the new trend.'

信尋も書道、茶道、連歌などの芸道に通じた教養人であった。
Nomuhiro was also an educated man who was well versed in various arts, such as calligraphy, tea ceremony, and renga (a poetic form, poetic dialogue).

なお、両大学は大学院にも書道に関する専攻を設置している。
Furthermore, both universities have a Shodo related major in a graduate school as well.

三筆（さんぴつ）とは、三人の優れた書道家の呼び名である。
Sanpitsu is the name to call three excellent calligraphers.

和歌や書道に造詣が深く、後桜町天皇などに歌道を伝授した。
He had deep knowledge of waka poems and calligraphy, he taught the art of tanka poetry to people such as Emperor Gosakuramachi.

一方、かな書道界においては小野鵞堂が多くの門人を育成した。
On the other hand, in the world of the kana character calligraphy, Gado ONO brought up many followers.

書道は、養父信尹の三藐院流を継承し、卓越した書家であった。
He took over the Sanmyakuin school of calligraphy established by his adopted father, Nobutada, and was a prominent calligrapher.

書道家・墨絵画家としては雅号の「秀麗」のみで活動している。
She uses only 'Shurei,' as her Gago (pseudonym) in her activities as calligrapher and sumi painter.

和様書道の確立に尽力した、世尊寺流の宗家として評価される。
He was evaluated as the head of the family of Sensoji School, who tried to establish Japanese Calligraphy.

その後家業を姉に任せて、儒学・国学・和歌・書道を能くする。
Afterward he entrusted his elder sister with the family business, and he himself learned Confucianism, Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature), Waka (Japanese poem) and Shodo (calligraphy).

和歌や書道、謡曲、歌詞などに堪能な趣味人としても知られた。
He was also known to have a lot of hobbies, being proficient in waka (traditional Japanese poetry), calligraphy, yokyoku (Noh songs), writing lyrics, etc.

かな書道界でも「難波津会」の啓蒙運動が清新な息吹を注入した。
Enlightening activities by 'Naniwazu-kai' brought fresh air to the kana calligraphic world.

宇多天皇が遣唐使を停めて以来、日本の書道は日本趣味を増した。
After Emperor Uda stopped sending envoys to Tang Dynasty China, increasingly more Japanese taste was introduced into calligraphy in Japan.

昭和23年（1948年）日本美術展覧会（第五科）に書道が参加
In 1948, calligraphy participated in (the fifth department of) The Japan Fine Arts Exhibition.

儒学を藤原惺窩に、書を本阿弥光悦に学び、書道の角倉流を創設。
He learned Confucianism from Seika FUJIWARA and calligraphy from Koetsu HONAMI and founded the Suminokura school of calligraphy.

空海の普段の筆跡を伝えるものとして、書道史上にも重要な作品。
This example of Kukai's ordinary handwriting is highly valuable to the history of calligraphy.

書道の秘伝書「夜鶴庭訓抄」は伊行が娘に書き与えたものである。
The calligraphy manual holding the secret art of calligraphy called 'Yakaku Teikinsho' was what Koreyuki wrote for his daughter.

代々書道の家系であり、その流派は世尊寺流として受け継がれた。
For generations, the family line was shodo(calligraphy) and its school succeeded as the Sesonji school.

有栖川流書道は、この天皇の書風から派生したことでも知られる。
It is known that the ARISUGAWA school of calligraphy was originated through this style of handwriting.

こうした中で書道において、和様の書道が形成されるようになる。
Meanwhile, calligraphy of Japanese style newly appeared in the field of calligraphy.

かな書道における重要な人々はほとんど「難波津会」に属していた。
Almost all important persons in the kana calligraphy world belonged to the 'Naniwazu-kai.'

幼少より書道を好み、父からは漢籍を学んでこれに親しんだという。
He is said to have loved calligraphy from his childhood, and to have spent a lot of time studying Chinese classics under his father.

天台教学の研究に専念し、詩歌・書道・絵画・連歌にも通じていた。
He devoted himself to studying the Tendai doctrine, and also had full knowledge of poetry, Shodo (calligraphy), painting and renga (linked verse).

在唐中、書は張旭に学び、帰朝後、晋 (王朝)唐の書道を弘めた。
During his stay in Tang, Makibi learned Chinese writing from Chokyoku, and spread the calligraphy which originated in Jin (a dynasty of China) across Japan after his return.

また、有栖川流書道を大成させ、五箇条の御誓文の正本を揮毫した。
Moreover, Arisugawa style calligraphy was established and Prince Takahito wrote an original copy of the 'Imperial Covenant Consisting of Five Articles.'

4月、「東方書道会」結成（参考：書道団体の離合集散（戦前））。
April: 'Toho Shodo-kai' (the Toho calligraphic association) was established (refer to the item of 'Alignment and realignment of calligraphic bodies (before the war)').

7月、「戊辰書道会」結成（参考：書道団体の離合集散（戦前））。
July: The Boshin (戊辰) Shodo-kai association was established (refer to the item of 'Alignment and realignment of calligraphic bodies - before the war').

書道は主に毛筆と墨を使い、その特徴を生かして紙の上に文字を書く。
A brush and Sumi (ink) are mainly used to write characters on paper making use of their characteristics in Shodo.

そのため、日本の書道史・国語史の上で重要な研究史料となっている。
For this reason, it is an important research material in the field of history of Japanese calligraphy and Japanese language.

在唐中、書道は柳宗元に学び、唐人は逸勢を橘秀才と賞賛したという。
While Hayanari was in T'ang, he learned calligraphy from Liu Zongyuan, and the people of T'ang praised Hayanari as the genius Tachibana.

また、宣胤は書道・和歌にも巧みで、しばしば揮毫を依頼されている。
Nobutane was also a skillful calligrapher and poet, and was often asked to conduct kigo (write with a brush).

1月、「大東亜書道会」結成（参考：書道団体の離合集散（戦前））。
January: 'The Daitoa Shodo-kai association' (literally, a calligraphic association in Great East Asia) was established (refer to; 'Alignment and realignment of calligraphic bodies - before the war').

教育系団体は独自の検定試験などを行い、書道の普及活動に努めている。
The educational organization is trying to promote Shodo widely holding their own certification examination and others.

1月、「書壇革新協議会」結成（参考：書道団体の離合集散（戦前））。
January: 'Shodan Kakushin Kyogikai' (literally, a council to innovate calligraphic society in Japan) was established (refer to the item of 'Alignment and realignment of calligraphic bodies - before the war').

教養講座（書道教養コース、仏教教養コース、京都の歴史と文化コース）
Continuing Education (calligraphy course, Buddhism course, course in the history and culture of Kyoto)

蘭亭序（らんていじょ）は、王羲之が書いた書道界上最も有名な書作品。
The Ranteijo is the work of calligraphy written by Wang Xi-Zhi and the most famous in the calligraphy world.

古来嵯峨天皇宸翰と伝えるが、現代の書道史では異筆とみなされている。
Since olden times It has been believed to be Emperor Saga's shinkan, but in recent calligraphic history, it is thought to be different handwriting.

尊朝法親王は書道に優れ、青蓮院流から、その別流の尊朝流を創立した。
Cloistered Imperial Prince Soncho was talented in calligraphy, he established another style of calligraphy, the Soncho style out of Shoren-in Style.

米国の抽象画家で、東洋の書道に影響を受けた（1890年−1976年）
United States abstract painter influenced by oriental calligraphy (1890-1976)

そして日下部鳴鶴と西川春洞を中心に今日の漢字書道界の基礎が造られた。
Then the base of the Chinese character calligraphy of today was established by Meikaku KUSAKABE and Shundo NISHIKAWA.

没後、その評価はますます高まり、書道の神として祀られるに至っている。
Such glowing evaluations were heaped upon him after his death, with some people worshipping of him as a deity of calligraphy.

1908年（明治41年）から中華民国北部を旅して書道や篆刻を学んだ。
From 1908, he travelled to the northern part of what is now the Republic of China to learn calligraphy and Tenkoku.

経基は勇猛かつ豪胆な武将であるとともに、文学や書道にも堪能であった。
Tsunemoto was a valiant and daring busho but also a person who was proficient in literature and calligraphy.

同年瑞雲書道会を主宰、1930年〈昭和5年）に泰東書道院を設立した。
In the same year, he was at the helm of the Zuiun Shodokai (a contest for top level calligraphy instructors throughout Japan), and in 1930 established the Taito Shodoin (a group of calligraphers).

書道ノ作興ニ対シ、小生等予テヨリ稽フル処アリシガ今回愈々其ノ機熟シタ。
For some time, we have considered how to make the calligraphic world prosper, and now a suitable opportunity has arrived.

近代書道教育の発展に貢献したのは小中学校の習字教科書の筆者ともいえる。
It can be said that the persons who contributed to the development of modern calligraphy in education were the authors of school textbooks of calligraphy.

大学では、教育学部や文学部を置く大学では書道に関する講義を設けている。
As for the university, Shodo related lectures have been set to those having education and literature departments.

10月、「書道芸術社」結成と『書道芸術』刊行（上田桑鳩・桑原翠邦等）。
October: 'Shodo Geijutsu-sha' (an organization for calligraphic art) was established, and 'Shodo Geijutsu' (calligraphic art) was published (by Sokyu UEDA and Suiho KUWAHARA).

特に聖武天皇の天平年間は奈良文化の最盛期であり、書道の発展が著しかった。
In particular, in the Tenpyo era of Emperor Shomu, the Nara culture became most prosperous and calligraphy developed considerably.

義父母とも将来のために幼い時より踊りや三味線絵画書道を長十郎に学ばせた。
His foster parents made Chojuro learn dancing, shamisen, painting and calligraphy for his future from his childhood.

また、仏像、絵画、書道、寺院建築など、造形芸術の各方面で和様が確立した。
And the Japanese style was established in every field of art and design, such as Buddhist statues, painting, calligraphy, and temple architecture.

六朝書道の主唱者であり、最も多くの門人を擁した明治書道界の啓蒙者である。
Being a main advocate of six-dynasty calligraphy and provided with the largest number of followers, he was a person who enlightened the calligraphic world in Japan during the Meiji period.

現在、日本には書道、および文字にかかわる学会・研究会として次のものがある。
At present, there are the following academic societies and study groups of Shodo and characters in Japan.

また書道・漢詩・平家物語平曲・古琴に優れ、器物、書画の鑑定にも秀でていた。
Furthermore, he was also excellent in Shodo (calligraphy), Chinese-style poems, Heike Monogatari Heikyoku (the music played on Heike Biwa as accompaniment for the recitation of Heike Monogatari (The tale of the Heike)) and Kokin (fretless seven-stringed zither), and also showed excellence in appraisal of utensils, and calligraphic works and paintings.

第一種の書風は21世紀の今日に至るまで仮名書道の手本として尊重されている。
The calligraphy of the first style remains highly regarded as a model of kana calligraphy, and continues to be used as such even today.

寛永元年（1624年）近衛信尋の推挙で将軍家書道師範として江戸に下向する。
In 1624, by Nobuhiro KONOE's recommendation, Shojo moved to Edo so as to be employed as calligraphic instructor of the Shogun family.

明経道の博士家は書道 (大学寮)・音道として事実上統合・家学化していった。
The Hakase family of Myogyodo almost unified it into hereditary learning as Shodo (calligraphy) (Daigakuryo) and Ondo (study of pronunciation of Chinese language).

5月、「三楽書道会」結成（若海方舟等、参考：書道団体の離合集散（戦前））。
May: The Sanraku Shodo-kai association was established (by Hoshu WAKAUMI and others: refer to the item of 'Alignment and realignment of calligraphic bodies - before the war').

6月、「泰東書道院」結成（豊道春海等、参考：書道団体の離合集散（戦前））。
June: 'Taito Shodo-in' (the Taito calligraphic association) was established (by Shunkai BUNDO and others: Refer to the item of 'Alignment and realignment of calligraphic bodies - before the war').

2月、「興亜書道連盟」結成（川崎克等、参考：書道団体の離合集散（戦前））。
February: 'Koa Shodo Renmei' was established (by Katsu KAWASAKI: refer 'Alignment and realignment of calligraphic bodies - before the war').

書道（しょどう）とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、書道について教えた学科。
Shodo was the study of calligraphy under the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education) of Japan's Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).

昭和10年（1935年）前後から「文検習字科」は「文検書道科」に改名された。
From around 1935, 'the category of learning writing with brushes, at bunken' was changed to 'the category of calligraphy, at bunken.'

中国の筆跡は中国の筆跡一覧を、日本の筆跡は日本の書道史の各時代を参照のこと。
Refer the list of Chinese brushstrokes for those in China and each period of Japanese Shodo history for brushstrokes in Japan.

延宝2年（1674年）、京都で北村季吟と会吟し和歌や茶道、書道なども修める。
In 1674, he exchanged poems with Kigin KITAMURA in Kyoto, and studied also Waka (Japanese poetry), tea ceremony, calligraphy, etc.

この影響により巌谷一六・松田雪柯・日下部鳴鶴らを中心に六朝書道が盛んになった。
Affected by this, calligraphy in the six-dynasty style became popular, centered on the efforts of Ichiroku IWAYA, Sekka MATSUDA, and Meikaku KUSAKABE.

高等学校では芸術科に音楽・美術などと並び、書道が選択科目として配置されている。
For high school, Shodo is placed in together with music, arts, and others in the art department as an elective.

「書跡」は宸翰、和漢名家筆跡、古筆、墨跡、法帖等で日本の書道史上の遺品を指す。
Calligraphy work' refers to Imperial letters, examples of handwriting by well-known calligraphers of Japan and China, ancient writings, ink calligraphy, calligraphy copybooks, and any other written works (in Japan) of historical significance by deceased calligraphers.

篆刻家、画家、陶芸家、書道家、漆芸家、料理家、美食家など様々な顔を持っていた。
He was multi-talented, being a Tenkoku artist (a maker of carved stone seals), a painter, a potter, a calligrapher, a lacquer artist, a cook and an epicure.

親王は馬術・囲碁・音楽・弓術・撞球・書道・書画刀剣・木石花卉などを趣味とした。
Imperial Prince Fushimi Sadanaru had hobbies in many fields such as the Japanese horse-back archery technique, Igo (board game of capturing territory), music, the art of Japanese archery, billiards, Shodo (calligraphy), application or collection of art works (calligraphic works, paintings, and swords), gardening enthusiast (trees, stones, and flowing plants), and others.

4月、「大日本書道院」結成（比田井天来等、参考：書道団体の離合集散（戦前））。
April: 'Dainihon Shodo-in' (the Dainihon - literally, great Japan - calligraphic association) was established (by Tenrai HIDAI: refer to 'Alignment and realignment of calligraphic bodies - before the war').

8月、「日本書道作振会」結成（豊道春海等、参考：書道団体の離合集散（戦前））。
August: 'Nihon Shodo Sakushin-kai' (literally, an association of promoting calligraphy in Japan) was established (by Shunkai BUNDO and others: Refer to the item of 'Alignment and realignment of calligraphic bodies (before the war)').

尊円流（そんえんりゅう）とは尊円法親王が起こした書(書道)の流派(書流)である。
Sonen School is a school of calligraphy founded by Cloistered Imperial Prince Sonen.

空海自筆の手紙3通を巻物に仕立てたもので、日本書道史上きわめて貴重な作品である。
3 letters written by Kukai himself were mounted on scrolls; these are extremely important works in the history of Japanese calligraphy

江戸初期における漢詩の代表的人物で、儒教・書道・茶道・庭園設計にも精通していた。
Leading poet (Chinese-style) in the early Edo period and practitioner of Confucianism, calligraphy, tea-ceremony and garden design.

これによって、公家の素養である書道・歌道・香道等の教養を身につけることができた。
As a result of her aristocratic upbringing, she learned those arts considered essential to court nobles, including the arts of calligraphy, waka poetry, and incense mixing.

この頃制作された書道作品としては、『西本願寺本三十六人家集』（国宝）が知られる。
'Nishi-Honganji-bon Sanju-rokunin-kashu' (a national treasure) is famous as a masterpiece of calligraphy created around this time.

西川春洞がこれに拮抗し、今日の漢字書道界の基礎はほとんどこの2人を中心に造られた。
Shundo NISHIKAWA competed with him, and almost all basics of today's Chinese character calligraphy were created centered on these two persons.

絵画・蒔絵・陶芸にも独創的な才能を発揮したが、書道でも寛永の三筆の一人でもあった。
Not only did he showed his creative abilities in pictures, gold and silver lacquer work, and ceramic art, but he was also one of the three best calligraphers in the Kanei era.

また、日本の書道史の上から、那須国造碑、多賀城碑と並ぶ日本三大古碑の一つとされる。
In the history of Japanese calligraphy, it is one of the Japan's Three Ancient Monuments along with Nasu no Kuni no Miyatsuko no Hi (an old monument of local ruling families in Nasu Province) and Tagajo hi (an old monument in Tagajo City, Miyagi Prefecture).

書道の書蹟で、時折元が碑でもないのに拓本になっているものがあるのはこのためである。
This is why rubbings of calligraphy handwriting that was not originally the inscription are sometimes found.

また、中国各地に書法協会が存在し、公教育から離れた立場で書道の発展に貢献している。
Furthermore, calligraphy associations exist in various places of China and contribute to the development of Shodo outside of public education.

光広は和歌にも書道にも秀で、特に古筆の鑑識に長けており、自ら古筆の蒐集もしていた。
Mitsuhiro was excellent at 31-syllable Japanese poems and calligraphy, especially skilled at appraisal of old writings and collected them by himself.

このように『書道芸術』創刊号は「現代書」の進むべき方向性を明らかにするものであった。
In this way, the inaugural issue of 'Shodo Geijutsu' made clear that the direction of 'modern calligraphy' was going to progress.

よって、書道は人間修養の一方法であり、古来、中国では六芸の一つとして尊崇されてきた。
Therefore, Shodo is one method of human improvement and it has been revered as one of Six Arts (rites, music, archery, charioteering, literature, and mathematics) since ancient times in China.

中国独自の書蹟保存・享受法であり、同じ書道文化を持つ日本などではほとんど見られない。
The mokoku is a calligraphy preservation and enjoyment method unique to China, and is rarely seen in Japan and other countries having the same calligraphy culture as China.

この時代の政治的混乱をすり抜けて、書道界ではその後の書を大きく変える書家が登場した。
Calligraphers, who were to significantly change calligraphic works later, appeared in the world of calligraphy, weaving through their ways through the political chaos in the period.

陶芸のほか、彫刻、デザイン、書道、詩、詞、随筆などの分野でも優れた作品を残している。
He produced excellent work in the areas such as sculpture, design, calligraphy, poetry, prose poetry (詞), and essays, in addition to ceramics.

そして第3回展が開催された翌年、8人の書家による新書道会創立という宣言書が発せられた。
Then in the year following the year when the third exhibition was held, a declaration establishing a new calligraphic association was issued by eight calligraphers.

泉涌寺建立の起源にかかわる歴史上重要な文書であるとともに、書道作品としても優れている。
Not only is it a valuable document relating to the history of the establishment of Sennyu-ji Temple, but it is also an amazing work of calligraphy.

これらの文学は、絵画や書道作品のテーマとなり、工芸品のデザインにも大いに影響している。
Such works of literature not only became the theme of paintings and works of calligraphy but also influenced greatly the design of handicrafts.

「大東亜書道会」は戦争を背景にした特殊機関であり、もはや書道のための団体ではなかった。
'The Daitoa Shodo-kai association' was a special institution with the war as the background, not being a body for calligraphy.

明治35年（1902年）には六書協会が展覧会を開き、現代の書道団体の形態に近づいてきた。
In 1902, Rikusho Kyokai (Rikusyo Association) held an exhibition, resembling the forms of present organizations for calligraphy.

紙…大量生産された書道用紙が多く用いられるが、高級なものでは宣紙、和紙なども使用される。
Paper: Massively produced Shodo paper is mostly used and high-quality Senshi (calligraphic paper), Japanese paper, and others are also used.

2002年　第24回日本教育書道藝術院同人会展　会長賞（無鑑査から審査会員へ３階級特進）
2002: At the 24th Nihon Kyoiku Shodo Geijutuin Dojinkai ten (Japan Educational Calligraphy Art Institute Club Exhibition), she received the President's prize (She was promoted from exemption of examination to a member of the examining meeting, jumping two ranks).

成澤秀麗（なりさわ　しゅうれい、1972年（昭和47年）-）は、山形県鶴岡市出身の書道。
Shurei NARISAWA (1972 -) is a calligrapher who came from Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture.

その他、和楽器、唄、書道、香道、華道、詩歌、御所風の遊びに通じていることも必要とされる。
Additionally, the tayu have to be familiar with Japanese musical instrument, songs, calligraphy, incense burning, flower arrangement, Japanese poems and Imperial court-style games.

平安書道会副会長、日本美術協会評議員を務めた他に日本書道学院・日本南画院などに参加した。
Other than serving as a vice chairman of Heian Shodokai and a councilor of Nihon Bijutsu Kyokai (Japan Art Association), he also joined Nihon Shodo Gakuin, The Nippon Nanga-in incorporated Association and so on.

書道を加えた場合、茶道、華道、香道のいずれかを外すことがあるが、それは定かとされていない。
If Shodo is included, either Sado, Kado, or Kodo may be excluded instead but it is not certain.

書道史上、宋風の新書風を移植した功は大であり、その書名は宋朝においても高かったといわれる。
In the history of calligraphy, Shunjo's contribution of transplanting a new calligraphy style based on Songs Style to Japanese calligraphy was great and it is said that his writing style was highly evaluated in Sung.

現在、唯一客観的な書道の技量判定基準を持つ資格として、文部科学省後援の毛筆書写検定がある。
At present, Brush Examinations supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology are the only objective qualification criteria to determine Shodo skills.

毛筆による書道の場合、硯・筆・紙・墨が最低限必要な用具であり、これらは文房四宝と呼ばれる。
Suzuri (ink stone), brush, paper, and Sumi are the minimum instruments required in Shodo done with a brush and they are collectively called Bunboshiho (four stationary goods).

文人にとって書道はもっとも身近な芸であり、これをしない文人はいないといっても過言ではない。
Calligraphy was the most familiar art to Bunjin and it is no exaggeration to say that there was no Bunjin who did not do calligraphy.

日本の書道史の用語で、皇族、貴族らが歌会などで自らの詠歌を一定の書式に則って清書した用紙。
This is a term used in Japanese calligraphy history studies, and it refers to paper that Imperial family members and nobles used to make clean copies of their poems according to certain rules at poem parties.

日本の書道史（にほんのしょどうし）とは、有史以来、現在までの日本における書道の歴史である。
Calligraphy history in Japan covers from ancient times to present day.

大正時代末期、当時のほとんどの書家を結集させた書道団体が誕生し、年1回、大展覧会を開催した。
Towards the end of the Taisho period, a calligraphy-related body where almost all the calligraphers at that time participated in was organized, and they held a big calligraphic exhibition annually.

書道（しょどう）または書（しょ）とは、書くことで文字の美を表そうとする東洋の造形芸術である。
Shodo or Sho is a creative eastern art that expresses the beauty of characters by writing.

角田無幻（つのだむげん、？ - 文化 (元号)6年（1809年））は、江戸時代の書道家。
Mugen TSUNODA (year of birth unknown - 1809) was a calligrapher in the Edo era.

そして清の楊守敬が漢魏 (三国)六朝の碑帖を携えて来日し、日本の書道界に大きな衝撃を与えた。
Then Yang Shoujing in Qing came to Japan bringing inscriptions and copybooks from the six dynasties in the Han and Wei (three dynasties) era, giving a great shock to the Japanese calligraphic world.

特に書道は尊円流を学び、更にこれを発展させて一派を形成し、近衛流、または三藐院流と称される。
He was particularly known for calligraphy, having learned the Sonen school and developed a manner of his own called the Konoe school or the Sanmyakuin school.

この頃から書道界には篆刻が定着し、中国の印譜を通じて次第に鑑賞が行われるようになって行った。
Around that time, tenkoku (seal-engraving) took a firm hold in calligraphy, and through Chinese compilation of seal marks, people gradually started appreciating kanin.

朝野魚養は能書（書道の名人）とされ、空海の書の師ともいうが、伝記のはっきりしない人物である。
ASANO no Nakai is said to have been a master of calligraphy and Kukai's calligraphy teacher, but details of his life are unclear.

有房・有忠父子は歌人・書道家としても有名で、彼らの遺した作品は古筆家の間で重んじられている。
Arifusa and his son, Aritada were also well known as excellent poets and calligraphers, and their works are still highly praised among experts on ancient writing.

11世紀にはかな書道の古典とされる高野切が制作され、12世紀まで多様なかなの書風が展開した。
In the 11th century, Koya-gire, a classic of kana calligraphy, was produced and this allowed a variety of kana calligraphy styles to be developed by the 12th century.

女手の書きぶりでその人の評価が決まることや和歌の流行などから、かな書道の全盛期を迎えるに至る。
A person's worth was evaluated based on how beautifully onna-de characters were written, and waka poems were made widely, leading to the heyday of kana character calligraphy.

しかし父の経信も子の俊恵もともに能書家であり、古筆中には俊頼の書道として伝えられるものが多い。
However, both his father Tsunenobu and his son Shune were good calligraphers, and there are many ancient pieces of Japanese calligraphy said to have been written by Toshiyori.

書風は雄健高雅で、連綿も自然で、筆端には才気が溢れており、円熟した晩年の書道と推測されている。
His calligraphic style is strong and full of energy, but elegant with naturally continuous, flowing lines and displays brilliance in his brush strokes, so it is believed to be written during his late years when his calligraphy was perfected.

また、笛や和歌、書道に秀で、特に笛はキツネが聴きに来るほどの腕前であったとの逸話が残っている。
He was a talented poet, calligrapher, and was good at playing the recorder, there was an anecdote that the music he played with the recorder was good enough for foxes to come and listen.

この時代の書道界は、机上の研究から、小さいながらも一種のジャーナリスティックな世界をも形成した。
Leaving desk study, the calligraphic world in this period formed a kind of journalistic world as well, though quite small.

会名を「日本書道作振会」としたこの団体は豊道春海の尽力により結成し、ここに近代書壇史が始まった。
This body named 'Nihon Shodo Sakushin Kai' (literally, an association for promoting calligraphy in Japan) was organized through efforts of Shunkai BUNDO, starting the history of the modern calligraphic society in Japan.

この時代は江戸幕府の文教政策によって書道界にも革新の風が起こり、唐様・和様に大きな変化があった。
In this period, an innovative air was brought to the calligraphic world as well due to the educational policy of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), drastically changing Chinese and Japanese calligraphic styles.

因みに昭和6年、荃廬61歳のとき書道人の団体の代表となって渡航したが、これが最期の渡航となった。
He made the last visit to China with the representative of calligraphers' association in 1931 when Senro was 61.

『古今和歌集』の平安時代の古写本として高野切と並び貴重なものであり、書道史上も重要な作品である。
As well as Koya-gire (fragments of the Kokin Wakashu), it is a valuable old manuscript of 'Kokin Wakashu' which was made during the Heian period, and an important work in the history of calligraphy.

現在官印は、中国と同じように書道・古美術・考古学などのさまざまな観点から鑑賞の対象とされている。
These days, like in China, kanin are treated as a subject of artistic appreciation through various views such as calligraphy, antiquities, archaeology.

芸術系の書道団体と教育系の書道団体があり、芸術系では日本美術展覧会が全国的な公募展を行っている。
There are Shodo societies consisting of art groups and educational organizations, and the Japan Fine Arts Exhibition of the former is holding exhibitions for publicly chosen pieces nationwide.

平安時代以来の書道は上流社会の人々の間で行われていたが、この時代の書道は一般庶民にまで普及した。
During the Heian period and later, calligraphy was a practice of people only in the upper society, but during this period, calligraphy became popular among common people as well.

しかし、昭和16年（1941年）12月29日、声明書を発して解散し、「興亜書道連盟」に吸収された。
However, on December 29, 1941 the association was dissolved issuing an announcement, being absorbed into 'Koa Shodo Renmei.'

定家の書道は、父の俊成と同じく法性寺流より入ったが、強情な性格をよく表した偏癖な別の書風を成した。
Like his father Toshinari, Sadaie first learned Hosshoji-ryu calligraphic style, but he created his own idiosyncratic calligraphic style, which reflected his stubborn personality very well.

特に書道においては天才的で、その屈曲に激しく線に強みを加えた書風は、のちに「後京極流」と呼ばれた。
Particularly, he was talented in calligraphy and his style which possessed an inflectional and dynamic stroke was later called 'Gokyogoku school.'

経学・歴史・音楽・書道・絵画に優れた才能を発揮して釈奠復興に努めるという優れた才能と実績を有した。
Being a person who had an exceptional talent in keigaku (study of Keisho in Confucianism), music, history, calligraphy, and painting, he strived for the restoration of sekiten (ritual for Confucius) and achieved satisfactory results.

かくて、かなと漢字との調和が日本書道の大きな課題として提示され、これに応じて和様書道が完成された。
Consequently, how to harmonize kana characters and Chinese characters in writing became a big problem in the calligraphy in Japan, and Japanese style calligraphy was completed to solve the problem.

10世紀末ごろの書写と見られる日本の書道史草仮名の遺品であり、『小野道風秋萩帖』の系統に代表される。
This can be found in texts copied in the Sogana style of calligraphy at the end of the 10th century and are represented by texts descended from ONO no Michikaze's 'Akihagi-jo.'

掛軸（かけじく）とは、書道や日本画を裂（きれ）や紙で表装して、床の間などに掛けて鑑賞するものである。
Kakejiku is a Japanese hanging scroll made of paper or cloth on which a Japanese painting or calligraphy is mounted; it is displayed and appreciated in the tokonoma alcove and so on.

書道は、はじめ加茂流を学び、更に近衛家や他に伝わる空海・小野道風らの書に学び独自の境地を切り開いた。
He studied the Kamo style of calligraphy and, after learning the styles of Kukai and ONO no Michikaze, which had been passed down in the Konoe and other families, he went on to develop his own style.

当時のファッションの先端であった呉服商に生まれた光琳は、少年時代から能楽、茶道、書道などに親しんだ。
Korin was born into a family that dealt with kimono fabric, a business on the cutting edge of fashion, and he favored Noh, the Tea Ceremony and Calligraphy.

歌道・有職故実・書道・音楽など多方面に博識な人物であり、弟の野宮定縁などとともに熊沢蕃山に入門した。
He was knowledgeable in a wide range of fields such as the art of versification, Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past), calligraphy, and music, and become a disciple of Banzan KUMAZAWA togther with his younger brother, Sadayori NONOMIYA.

そして書道に関する各種の刊行物が多量に発行されたこともあって、書道の普及、発達が著しい時代であった。
As a variety of publications about calligraphy were made available in large quantities, calligraphy became increasingly more popular and developed considerably as well during this period.

これに伴い写経が盛んになり、また高麗の僧、曇徴が紙や墨の製法を伝えたことにより、書道は急速に発展する。
Then Buddhist scriptures were copied widely, and additionally because Damjing, a priest in Goryeo, brought to Japan the methods of manufacturing paper and ink sticks, calligraphy developed rapidly.

書道は在唐中、韓方明に学んだが、唐の地ですでに能書家として知られ、殊に王羲之の書風の影響を多く受けた。
Although he studied calligraphy under Homei KAN during his stay in Tang, he had already been known as Noshoka in Tang; Kukai was greatly influenced by Xizhi WANG.

書道史上においても、入北宋留学僧や来朝僧らが伝えた、当時の中国で流行していた書風を禅宗様と呼んでいる。
In the context of the history of calligraphy, the calligraphic style passed on by Japanese monks who went to study in Northern Song China and Chinese monks who visited Japan is also known as 'zenshu-yo'.

播州三日月藩土から増上寺の寺侍となったが，素行不良のゆえに追放され、数学、書道の教授と易で生計を立てる。
He was originally a feudal retainer of the Mikazuki Domain of Harima Province and later became terazamurai (samurai who performed administrative functions at temples) at Zojo-ji Temple, but was expelled as a result of his bad behavior, and ended up teaching mathematics and calligraphy, as well as practicing fortune-telling.

戦後は日本書道美術院創立に尽力し、1947年日本美術展覧会に五科〈書部門〉を設置することに力を尽くした。
After the War, he made every effort to found the Nihon Shodo Bijutsuin (Japan Calligraphy Art Academy) and in 1947 devoted himself to set up the fifth department (Calligraphy) in The Japan Fine Arts Exhibition.

書道芸術においても自ら収蔵する名品法書のみならず、中村不折や三井家、羅振玉などの収蔵物を複製し出版した。
There was not only his collection of the copybook printed from the works of old masters of calligraphy but also replicas of Fusetsu NAKAMURA, the Mitsui family and Shingyoku RA's collections in the books he published.

空海、最澄、藤原佐理などの書状は、古文書としての史料的価値とともに、書道史上においても貴重な遺品である。
The letters of such men as Kukai, Saicho, and FUJIWARA no Sukemasa are highly valued both for their value as ancient historical documents and as important documents in the history of calligraphy.

現在も官印は書道と古美術、考古学の観点から蒐集・鑑賞の対象とされ、美術品として現物が取り引きされている。
Even nowadays, kanin are treated as a subject of collection and appreciations from the view point of calligraphy, antiquities, and archaeology, and kanin are dealt as art objects.

川崎克（政治家）が満州と中華民国との親善を目的に昭和14年（1939年）4月、「興亜書道連盟」を結成した。
Katsu KAWASAKI (a politician) established Koa Shodo Renmei in April of 1939 for achieving rapprochement between Manchuria and the Republic of China.

「破墨」という用語は、書道においては、墨線と墨線が交差して、墨をはじいたような効果をだす現象に使用される。
The term, 'haboku' is used to generate an effect similar to shed an ink by crossing ink lines.

意外なことに書道に優れ、北大路魯山人は秀吉の書に対して、新たに三筆を選べば、秀吉も加えられると高く評価した
He was good at calligraphy unexpectedly and Rozanzin KITAOJI evaluated his works highly as Hideyoshi would be chosen if three good chirographers were newly selected.

このときの春風の書道が『太政官給公験牒』（だじょうかんきゅうくげんちょう）であり、園城寺に所蔵されている。
This calligraphy that Harukaze wrote is 'Dajokankyukugencho' now stored in Onjo-ji Temple.

そして離合集散の結果、「泰東書道院」・「東方書道会」・「大日本書道院」の安定した大規模な団体の結成に至る。
Then through many changes, big, stable bodies of 'Taito Shodo-in' (the Taito calligraphic association) 'Toho Shodo-kai' (the Toho calligraphic association) and 'Dainihon Shodo-in' (the Dainihon (literally, great Japan) calligraphic association) have been established.

のちに川村驥山・服部畊石・柳田泰雲・篠原泰嶺が加わり、昭和7年（1932年）4月、「東方書道会」を結成した。
Then later, Kizan KAWAMURA, Koseki HATTORI, Taiun YANAGIDA, and Tairei SHINOHARA participated in the movement, establishing the Toho Shodo-kai association in April of 1932.

現存する中国最古の書論は、後漢時代に著された中国の書家一覧趙壱の『非草書』である（中国の書道史書論を参照）。
The oldest existing theory of calligraphy in China is 'Hisosho' written by Choitsu in the Chinese calligrapher list described in the later term of the Western Han period (refer to the Chinese history and theory of calligraphy).

特に各県に設置されている教員養成系の教育学部では書写教育・書道教育の研究室が置かれ、専門教育が施されている。
Especially in the education department for teacher training, set in each prefecture, a laboratory for Shosha and Shodo education is available to give specialized education.

仮名序で安積山の歌と並んで「手習ふ人のはじめにもしける」と言われたように、古来書道の初学としても用いられた。
As the kanajo says of this poem, alongside the poem of Mt. Asaka, 'people who practice writing with a brush will start from this,' it was a poem traditionally used by those starting the study of calligraphy.

その他、能楽・長唄・一中節・常磐津・清元・地唄・浄瑠璃・小唄・笛・華道・書道・日本画などを学ぶことができる。
One can also learn Nogaku, Nagauta, Icchubushi, Tokiwazu, Kiyomoto, Jiuta, Joruri, Kouta, Fue (flute), Kado (flower arrangement), Shodo (calligraphy) and Nihonga (Japanese painting).

有栖川宮家は歴代、書道・歌道の師範を勤めて皇室の信任篤く、将軍家とも婚姻関係を結び、公武ともに密接であった。
Arisugawa no miya had taught calligraphy and poetry to succeeding generations and had the trust of the Imperial Family; additionally, he had a close relationship with shogun families as there was a marriage relationship between them and they were close to both court nobles and samurai families.

大政翼賛会が乗り出して国策に添う新団体結成を図り、昭和18年（1943年）1月、「大東亜書道会」が結成された。
Taisei-Yokusankai (a political body formed in the war-time situation) tried to form new bodies to meet national policies, and established 'the Daitoa Shodo-kai association' in January of 1943.

遠忠は武勇に優れ、歌道（三条西実隆に師事）や書道にも通じ、文武両道の武将として十市氏の最盛期を築いたとされる。
Totada excelled in martial art as well as being skilled in kado (waka poetry study) (studied under Sanetaka SANJONISHI) and calligraphy, and he led the height of Tochi clan as the busho of both the literary and military arts.

医学のみならず、平安・鎌倉時代の送りカナ・ヲコト点がついているため、国語学史・書道史上からも重要視されている。
Not only in medicine but also in Japanese historical linguistics and calligraphy it has been regarded as highly important, since it includes declensional kana endings and reading guides in the Heian and Kamakura periods.

『談書会集帖』・『書苑』・『書道及画道』・『筆の友』・『書道研究』・『書勢』・『六朝書道論』などが発行された。
'Danshokai Shucho,' 'Shoen,' ' Calligraphy and painting,' 'Fude no Tomo' (Friends of brushes), 'Shodo Kenkyu' (Calligraphic study), 'Shosei,' and 'Rikucho shodo ron' (Discussions on the six dynasty style calligraphy) were published.

尊円法親王は伏見天皇の第6皇子で、その青蓮院流は後に御家流と呼ばれ、江戸時代まで日本の書道の中心的書風となった。
The Shoren-in style by Cloistered Imperial Prince Sonen, the sixth prince of Emperor Fushimi, was called the Oie style later, and became the central calligraphic style in the calligraphy in Japan until the Edo period.

その完成期までの古筆は特に上代様と称され、今日に至ってもかな書道古典の代表として多くの学書者の手本とされている。
Ancient calligraphy up to the complete period is usually called jodaiyo and, because it represents classic calligraphy, it is still used today as a model by many learners.

代々呉服商を営む荒木屋の長子としていったんは家督を相続したが、後に弟兵助に譲り、もっぱら書道の研究に没頭した。
Being the eldest child, for a brief period of time he inherited the role of being family head and running a kimono fabric store (Araki-ya store) which had been run by the family for generations; however, he later handed over that responsibility to his younger brother Hyosuke and immersed himself entirely in the study of calligraphy.

また和歌および書道の上での定家への異常な尊崇から広く分散し、掛け軸などとして諸家に分散しているものも少なくない。
Furthermore, in terms of Teika's waka poems and calligraphy, there is a strangely strong reverence for his work, so they have spread widely, so it is not uncommon to see examples of his work mounted as hanging scrolls (kakejiku) and so forth and distributed to a wide range of different families.

嵯峨天皇は、空海・橘逸勢とともに三筆と称される能書家であり、嵯峨天皇の宸翰と伝えられる書道には以下のものがある。
Emperor Saga is one of the Noshoka (master of calligraphy) called Sanpitsu (the three great calligraphers) along with Kukai and TACHIBANA no Hayanari, and calligraphy products believed to be Emperor Saga's shinkan are as follows:

10世紀半ばは、かなが日本の書道史草仮名から日本の書道史女手へ発展する頃で、『継色紙』では草仮名が使われている。
Around the middle of the 10th century, kana arose as 'sogana' (a cursive style of writing Chinese characters used for their phonetic value) developed into 'onnade' (hiragana syllabary) and the 'Tsugi-shikishi' is written in sogana.

昭和12年（1937年）4月、比田井天来が鳴鶴門の一部の人々と天来直門の人々で組織したのが「大日本書道院」である。
'Dainihon Shodo-in' was established in April of 1937 by Tenrai HIDAI, together with some persons in the Meikaku school and immediate disciples of Tenrai.

「大日本書道院」は日下部鳴鶴門の比田井天来を中心とする団体で、この天来の門弟たちによって現代書への胎動が出現する。
'Dainihon Shodo-in' was organized centered on Tenrai HIDAI, a follower of Meikaku KUSAKABE, and followers of Tenrai started an effort for creating modern-style calligraphy.

開宝蔵の原本は、世界で12巻が確認されており、日本では京都・南禅寺および東京・書道博物館に1巻づつ所蔵されている。
Twelve original books of Kaihozo have been discovered worldwide, among which in Japan each book has been in the possession of Nanzen-ji Zen Temple in Kyoto and the Shodo Hakubutsukan Museum in Tokyo.

模刻（もこく）とは、書道において、書蹟を石や木に模写して彫りつけ、保存・鑑賞・学書用の書蹟「法帖」を制作すること。
Mokoku (模刻) is a calligraphic term meaning to create a 'hojo' (copybook printed from the works of old masters of calligraphy) by reproducing and engraving handwriting on a piece of stone or wood, for the purpose of preservation, appreciation, and learning.

この「難波津会」の運動は、伝来の御家流に修正を加える努力を開始し、今日のかな書道の基底を形成する上に大きく貢献した。
'Naniwazu-kai' started a movement for making efforts to add corrections to the Oie style, largely contributing to forming a bases of today's kana calligraphy.

立泳は継扇足で、足だけで立ち泳ぎをしながら、大きな旗を振ったり、弓矢を引いたり、書道をするといった妙技は有名である。
Treading water swims with tsugi aoriashi, and is famous with exquisite skills such as waving large flag, drawing a bow and performing calligraphy while treading water only with leg.

このようなことを考えると、書道界における模刻の功績は決して軽くはなく、むしろその存在に負うところが多いことが分かる。
From that standpoint, mokoku has made enormous contributions to the world of calligraphy and so much so that the calligraphy world owes much to the existence of mokoku.

詩懐紙（国宝）香川県歴史博物館蔵 - 「懐紙」とは書道用語では漢詩、和歌などを一定の書式に則って書写したもののこと。
Shikaishi (national treasure, Kagawa History Museum): 'Kaishi' means transcription of Chinese poetry or waka (classic Japanese poem) in certain format in the calligraphic sense of the term.

その後書道のテキスト（碑帖）として有名な碑、特に文が有名であったり、書家が有名なものが手本として使われるようになる。
Later, famous monuments, especially ones whose text or writer was famous, were used as copybooks of calligraphy for good examples.

書道史は美術に関する歴史学の一部門であり、本源である中国書道史と、傍系である日本書道史の2つに大別することができる。
History of Shodo is a division of fine art related history and can be roughly divided into two; Chinese history of Shodo, the principle and Japanese history of Shodo, the collateral line.

嘉永4年（1851年）には上山藩の藩校明新館で歴史や四書五経の勉学に努め、また、五十嵐龍渓を師として書道を学んでいる。
In 1851, he studied history and shishogokyo (the Four Books and Five Classics of Confucianism) at Meishinkan (the Kaminoyama domain's hanko), and also learned calligraphy from Ryukei IGARASHI.

さらに、昭憲皇太后に歌道を、明治天皇に書道と歌道を指南したほか、五箇条の御誓文の正本も幟仁親王によって揮毫されている。
In addition, he instructed Empress Dowager Shoken in waka poetry and also instructed Emperor Meiji in calligraphy and waka poetry, and moreover, he wrote the original document of Charter Oath of Five Articles.

私立大学では、大東文化大学では書道学科、四国大学では書道文化学科を開設するなど、書家や教育者の本格的養成に努めている。
For private university, Daito Bunka University has established Shodo Department and Shikoku University, Shodo Culture Department, cultivating Shoka and educators on a full scale.

日本の代表的な展覧会である日本美術展覧会の第五科（書）では、漢字、かな (書道)、篆刻、調和体の4領域が実施されている。
Four fields of Kanji, Kana (Shodo), Tenkoku (seal engraving), and Chowatai (harmony) are carried out in the Fifth Department (Sho) by the Japan Fine Arts Exhibition, a typical exhibition in Japan.

また、みずからはつくらないのものの、詩吟や書道の世界では、漢詩はよむもの・みるものとして基礎的な教養の一部となっている。
Even for those who do not produce Kanshi themselves, in the world of shigin or calligraphy, kanshi is a part of the basic culture as a thing to be read or viewed.

このほか、東京国立博物館に若紫の巻の絵の断簡があり、書芸文化院の春敬記念書道文庫など数箇所に詞書の断簡が所蔵されている。
Adding to these, the Tokyo National Museum possesses Dankan (pieces of a picture scroll) from the chapter Wakamurasaki and several others and the Shunkei Kinen Shodo Bunko of Shogeibunkain possess Dankan of Kotobagaki.

そして巌谷一六・松田雪柯・日下部鳴鶴の3人は、ほどんど日課同様に楊守敬を訪ね書法を問い、これが六朝書道流行の発端となった。
Then the three of Ichiroku IWAYA, Sekka MATSUDA, and Meikaku KUSAKABE visited Yang Shoujing almost like one of their daily jobs to ask for the calligraphic methods, providing the opportunity to make the six dynasty style become popular

書道の面から見ると、江戸時代に国学者高橋道斎によってその価値を全国に紹介され、その後多くの文人、墨客が多胡碑を訪れている。
In a calligraphic aspect, since Dosai TAKAHASHI, a Japanese classical scholar in the Edo period introduced its value, many writers and artists have visited Tago hi.

平安時代前期、10世紀に活動した能書家であり、それまでの中国的な書風から脱皮して和様書道の基礎を築いた人物と評されている。
From the early part of the Heian period into the 10th century, ONO was active as a calligrapher; he is credited with having cast aside the practice of using the Chinese style of calligraphy, which had been the convention up to then, and laying the foundation for the development of a Japanese school of calligraphy.

和歌、連歌、俳諧に優れていて、琴、琵琶、笙が巧みであり、さらに書道、茶道、香道、華道、貝合わせ、囲碁、双六を極めたという。
In addition to koto (Japanese traditional zither), biwa (a Japanese lute), and sho (a traditional Japanese wind instrument resembling panpipes), she was good at waka, renga (linked verse), and haikai (or haiku), and is said to have mastered calligraphy, the tea ceremony, the incense ceremony, flower arrangement, kaiawase (a Heian period game which involved pairing the two parts of clamshells), the game of Go, and sugoroku (a Japanese backgammon).

茲ニ新タナル書道会ヲ創立シ書道ノ健全ナル向上発展ヲ図ルト同時ニ実力本位ニヨリ新進ノ大成ヲ期シ兼テ後進ヲ誘掖センコトヨ欲ス。
Therefore, we will establish a new calligraphic association to make calligraphy develop soundly, to make new calligraphers grow into experts based upon their own abilities and to help our followers.

三道（さんどう）とは、日本における、「茶道」、「華道」、「香道」の三つを指すことが多いが、これに「書道」を加えることも多い。
Sando (three ways) often means 'Sado' (tea ceremony), 'Kado' (flower arrangement) and 'Kodo' (traditional incense-smelling ceremony), and also it often includes Shodo (calligraphy).

幼少より書道の才能があり、わずか8歳にして号を「筑紫山濤」と称し書によって家計を助けており、書の神童と言われたほどであった。
He already had such a great talent for calligraphy that he was regarded as a child prodigy calligrapher when he was very young, and he supported the family income with his calligraphy calling himself Chikushisanto when he was eight years old.

審判（判者）の選定はもっとも神経を使うもので、審美眼はもちろん判定書に必要な書道や文章・和歌の道に優れた老練の人が選ばれる。
The selection of judges was a most delicate process, which would select veterans who not only had an eye for beauty but also had skills in writing, waka, and calligraphy, which was necessary for writing on judging paper.

「美術家の最後の叫びは『自然に帰れ』の一語にあり、余は思ふ、書道に於て漢魏六朝碑に向って所謂る自然の尋ぬべきもの多々なるを。」
Artists' last claim is 'Return to nature,' and I think that, in calligraphy, there are so-called 'many natural things to be found ' in inscriptions on monuments in the six Han-Wei dynasties.

この梧竹の留学と楊守敬の来朝によって、明治維新の初年、御家流を滅ぼした唐様の新派に代わって六朝書道が流行するに至ったのである。
Gochiku, who studied abroad, and Yang Shoujing, who visited Japan, made calligraphy in the six dynasties popular, replacing the new Chinese styles that ruined the Oie style during the first year after the Meiji Restoration.

この他にも篆書や金文など碑しかなかった時代の書の研究が盛んになったこともあり、完全に清の書道界は碑を学ぶ「碑学」主体となった。
In addition, due partly to an increase in research on the calligraphy of the period when only seal scripts, bronze inscriptions, and other monuments were available, the calligraphy world of the Qing Dynasty was completely dominated by 'epigraphy.'

以前師事したことのある京都の青蓮院宮について書道を学び、兼ねて持病の療養をしたいということを口実として、旅券の下付を申請した。
Instead Satondo studied calligraphy under Shorenin-no-miya in Kyoto, in which he had studied under before, and using the excuse that he also wanted medical treatment for his chronic disease, he applied to be issued a passport.

宗家の日野資枝から和歌を、高橋宗直から有職故実を、持明院宗時から書道を、後藤柴山・柴野栗山から儒学を、高芙蓉から篆刻を学んだ。
He learned Japanese poetry from Sukeki HINO, yusoku-kojitsu from Munenao TAKAHASHI, the art of calligraphy from Munetoki JIMYOIN, Confucianism from Saizan (柴山) GOTO and Ritsuzan SHIBANO, and tenkoku (seal-engraving) from Fuyo KO.

律令制度下の教育機関である大学寮に書博士という役職が設置され、後に「書道」と呼ばれる学科が形成されたが、早い段階で衰退している。
An official position called shohakase (the professor of calligraphy) was introduced in the daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system), an educational institution under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and the department called 'calligraphy' was established later, but declined during it's early stage

しかしながら、かな (書道)は明治時代中期に伝来の文化遺産の復古が叫ばれ、多田親愛・大口周魚・小野鵞堂を中心に上代様が復興された。
However, concerning the calligraphic style of writing kana characters, Shinai TADA, Shugyo OGUCHI, and Gado ONO restored the ancient style, based on the movement of restoring traditional cultural heritage during the middle era of the Meiji period.

また、書道の楷書、行書、草書にならって、絵画における「真体、行体、草体」という画体の概念を確立し、近世障壁画の祖とも言われている。
He is also called the founder of the early modern screen paintings as he established the concept of calligraphy painting styles such as Shintai (standard style), Gyotai (semi-cursive style), and Sotai (cursive style).

飛鳥井雅世は、新続古今和歌集の撰者となり、飛鳥井雅親は、和歌・蹴鞠のほかに書道にも秀で、その書流も蹴鞠と同じく飛鳥井流と称される。
Masayo was one of the compilers of Shinshoku Kokin Wakashu (the 21st and final imperial poetry collection), while Masachika excelled at calligraphy in addition to waka and kemari, resulting in inclusion of his school of calligraphy in the Asukai school.

永字八法（えいじはっぽう、えいじはちほう）とは、漢字の「永」の字には、書道に必要な技法8種が全て含まれているという事を表した言葉。
Eiji Happo (the eight basic techniques) is a term to express that the Chinese character '永(ei)' contains all the 八法 (happo or hachiho, eight techniques) that are required in calligraphy.

これに対して一般に普及している段位・級位や師範の認定は、各書道教室や書道会が独自に判定しており、共通した基準に基づくものではない。
While popularized Dan-i and Kyu-i and the certification of a grand master are determined by each Shodo class and Shodo society, without any common criteria.

しかしながら、昭和29年（1954年）の毎日書道展で、「墨象芸術」の名が与えられ、美術評論界などでは「抽象書道」などとも呼ばれた。
However, in the Mainichi shodo-ten (a calligraphic exhibition named Mainichi (literally, everyday), the name of 'bokusho-geijutsu' (literally, ink-based art) held in 1954 was given to such calligraphy, and in the art-reviewing society, it is also called 'chusho-shodo' (abstract calligraphy).

彼らは隷書の走り書きにすぎなかった行書と、それを整えただけの楷書を芸術的に完成させ、中国書道界に衝撃と一大変革をもたらしたのである。
They perfected the artistic aspects of gyosho (cursive style of writing Chinese characters) which had been nothing but scrawled clerical script and kaisho, or just a neat version of gyosho, which brought about the impact and revolution in the world of Chinese calligraphy.

このうち『法華義疏』は聖徳太子の真筆と伝えられるものが御物となっており、現存する書跡では最も古く、書道史においても重要な筆跡である。
'Hokke Gisho' (Commentary on the Lotus Sutra) of the Sangyo Gisho in Shotoku Taishi's own handwriting is kept as an important property and the oldest existing handwritten document, which is also regarded as an important text in the history of calligraphy.

隠元と弟子の木庵性トウ（もくあんしょうとう）、即非如一（そくひにょいつ）はいずれも書道の達人で、これら3名を「黄檗の三筆」と称する。
Yinyuan and his disciples Muyan Xingtao and Jifei Ruyi were all masters of calligraphy, and the three men are collectively referred to as 'Obaku no Sanpitsu' (The Three Master Calligraphers of the Obaku sect).

吉田苞竹・松本芳翠・高塚竹堂・佐分移山・長谷川流石・辻本史邑・黒木拝石の7人が「泰東書道院」を分断して新しい書道会の創立を計画した。
Seven persons; Hochiku YOSHIDA, Hosui MATSUMOTO, Chikudo TAKATSUKA, Izan SABURI, Ryuseki HASEGAWA, Shiyu TSUJIMOTO, and Haiseki KUROKI planned to establish a new calligraphic association by dividing the 'Taito Shodo-in.'

「戊辰書道会」結成から僅か2年後の昭和5年（1930年）6月、日本書道作振会と戊申書道会が統合して新団体「泰東書道院」が結成された。
In May of 1930, only two years after the Boshin (戊辰) Shodo-Kai association was established, a new body of 'Taito Shodo-in' was established by integrating the Nihon Shodo Sakushin-kai association and the Boshin (戊申) Shodo-Kai association.

この出来事は、それまで貧弱な版本を頼りに研究するより他に方法のなかった日本の書道界に大きな影響を与え、特に漢碑や北碑に注目が集まった。
This event greatly affected the Japanese calligraphic world that had been forced to study based only on poorly printed books, and in particular, attention was focused on inscriptions on monuments during the Han period and those from the Northern Wei period.

書道における師承は明らかでないが、804年に入唐し、帰朝に当って王羲之の十七帖、王献之、欧陽詢、チョ遂良などの筆跡や法帖類を持ち帰った。
It is not clear under which master he was trained in calligraphy, but he went to China in 804, and upon returning to Kyoto he brought back with him the Seventeen Books of O Gishi (Wang Xizhi) as well as calligraphy textbooks and works of calligraphy by O Kenshi (Wang Xianzhi), O Yo-Jun and Cho Suiryo (Chu Suiliang).

特に明治時代から昭和初期にかけては、書道用の和紙や障子用の和紙としても原材料のコウゾとあわせて他府県にこの和紙は大量に生産、販売された。
Especially from the Meiji period to the beginning of the Showa period, a large amount of Washi paper was produced and sold as paper for calligraphy and Shoji (sliding door) to other prefectures, along with paper mulberries used as raw materials.

漢字をもとに仮名が考案され、和歌や物語文学が興隆し、和様書道が成立したことなどがその具体的な現れであり、大和絵の出現もこの頃と推量される。
Specifically, kana (Japanese syllabary - alphabet) was devised based on kanji (Chinese characters), waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) and chronicles were described, and wayo shodo (literally, 'Japanese calligraphy') was established, and there was speculation that Yamato-e also appeared around that time.

これらの技法の習得には、色々な教育機関を通じて書家に師事し、古典を中心に学習し、書道展などに出品しながら技量を高めていくのが一般的である。
These techniques are generally acquired by learning from Shoka (calligrapher) through various educational institutions, studying focusing on the classics, and entering products in Shodo exhibitions to heighten one's own skills.

有栖川宮家の歴代当主同様、書道および歌道の達人であり、第五代・有栖川宮職仁親王によってあみ出された、いわゆる「有栖川流書道」を大成させた。
He was an expert at calligraphy and waka poetry like the heads of Arisugawanomiya family in the past, and achieved success in so-called `Arisugawa school of calligraphy' which was developed by the fifth Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito.

また、書道・歌道も歴代当主同様名人とされており、前述の通り和宮の歌道指南をしたほか、父幟仁親王より「有栖川流書道」の奥義相伝を受けている。
He was also known as a talented calligrapher and a poet, like the original head of the successive family, as mentioned before, he taught the art of tanka poetry to Kazunomiya, he received an inheritance of the secret lore of 'Arisunogawa no Miya style calligraphy' from his father, Imperial Prince Takahito.

昭和8年（1933年）天来の教えを受けた上田桑鳩を中心とした若い世代が「書道芸術社」を結成し、機関誌『書道芸術 (書道雑誌)』を発刊した。
In 1933, 'Shodo Geijutsu-sha' (an organization for calligraphic art) was established centered on Sokyu UEDA who learnt under Tenrai, and 'Shodo Geijutsu (Shodo Zasshi) ' (Calligraphic art (a journal of calligraphy), its bulletin, was published.

こうした状況下では、算道は実質上明経道に吸収された書道・音道に代わって成立した紀伝・明経・明法・算の4道の中で最下位に転落することとなった。
Under these circumstances, Sando fell to the bottom among the four studies of Kiden (biographical history), Myogyo (study of classic Confucian writings), Myobo (law), and San (arithmetic); these had been established to replace Shodo and Ondo, which were actually absorbed into Myogyo-do.

恐らくは書道よりも早い段階で明経道に事実上吸収されていき、明経道を独占した中原氏・清原氏が明経道の職に就くまでの暫定的な地位となっていった。
It was most likely absorbed by Myogyodo even before Calligraphy and maintained a temporary place there until the Nakahara clan and the Kiyohara clan got appointments to Myogyodo and were later able to dominate Myogyodo.

「書道芸術社」で現代書の運動に関与した上田桑鳩と大澤雅休は、それぞれ書道芸術院内で、「書の美」と「平原社」のグループを結成し相拮抗していた。
Sokyu UEDA and Gakyu OSAWA both of whom were concerned with movements for modern calligraphy in 'Shodo Geijutsu-sha' established the 'sho-no-bi' (calligraphic beauty) group and the 'Heigen-sha' (literally, plain association) within Japan Calligraphy Art Academy, respectively, competing with each other.

この8人が中心となって昭和3年（1928年）7月に結成したのが「戊辰書道会」であり、日本書道作振会からの分離独立によって書道界は二分された。
Centered on these eight persons, the Boshin Shodo-Kai association was established in July of 1928, separated from the Nihon Shodo Sakushin-Kai association, dividing the calligraphic world in two.

「東方書道会」は解散、「泰東書道院」・「三楽書道会」は休眠状態に入り、「興亜書道連盟」は健在である声明書を発したものの自由が利かなくなった。
In such a situation, 'the Toho Shodo-kai association' was dissolved, 'Taito Shodo-in' and 'the Sanraku Shodo-kai association' became totally inactive, and 'Koa Shodo Renmei' issued an announcement about continuing activities, but could not act freely.

熊野筆は大きく四種に分かれ、一般的に使用される書道用筆、絵画を描く際に使用される画筆、化粧に使用する化粧筆、記念品として作られる誕生筆がある。
The Kumano-fude is broadly divided into four categories, which are generally-used writing brushes for calligraphy, painting brushes for painting, cosmetic brushes for makeup, and birthday brushes as mementos.

日本では昭和からの大規模な書道展の開催により、書道が近代芸術としての地位を確立したことから、その芸術作品としての創作方法も書の技法に加わった。
In Japan, large-scale Shodo exhibitions were held since the Showa period which established Shodo's status as modern art, consequently a creative method as art work is added to Shodo technique.

書道思想の普及、宣伝の新たな方策として、明治時代末期から大正時代にかけて書道の刊行物が発行され、今日の書道界におけるPR運動の先駆けとなった。
From the end of the Meiji period to the Taisho period, publications on calligraphy were available as a new promotion tool to make calligraphic philosophy more popular, constituting an early form of the PR movement in the today's calligraphic world

西川春洞門の豊道春海による大正時代末期の「日本書道作振会」の創立を皮切りに、大規模な書道団体の結成が相次ぎ、その団体による書道展が開催された。
Starting with that, Shunkai BUNDO, a follower of Shundo NISHIKAWA, established 'Nihon Shodo Sakushin-Kai' (an association for promoting calligraphy in Japan) newly towards the end of Taisho period, many calligraphic bodies were established one after another, holding calligraphic exhibitions.

花魁には教養も必要とされ、花魁候補の女性は幼少の頃から禿として徹底的に古典や書道、茶道、和歌、箏、三味線、囲碁などの教養、芸事を仕込まれていた。
Since oiran were expected to be cultured women, kamuro (young girls that were candidates to become oiran) were given a comprehensive education in culture and arts such as classical literature, calligraphy, the tea ceremony, Japanese poetry, the Japanese harp, the shamisen (a stringed instrument), and igo (a Japanese board game like chess).

また、『書道芸術』は昭和12年（1937年）11月号で、仮名交じり文の研究を特集し、手島右卿は仮名交じり文とともに、それの英語表現を報告している。
In November, 1937, an issue of 'Shodo Geijutsu,' studies of mixed writing of Chinese characters and kana characters was dealt with exclusively, where Yukei TESHIMA reported calligraphic styles of English in addition to mixed writing of Chinese characters and kana characters.

家元の存在する分野としては、各種の武術・武道、江戸期の公家家職に由来する有職故実・礼式の類、華道、茶道、書道、盆庭、能、邦楽、日本舞踊などがある。
Iemoto exist in fields including various martial arts, practices and etiquette of the court or military households originating from Edo period court nobility professions, flower arranging, tea ceremony, calligraphy, bontei (tray gardening), noh, traditional Japanese music, and Classical Japanese dance.

しかし書道をはじめとして絵画や彫刻など、日本美術史において日本風が顕著になった平安時代中期から後期にかけての作品に対して広く用いられる用語である。
In fact, 'Wayo' is extensively used for the works including calligraphy, paintings and sculptures produced in the mid to the late Heian period, when the Japanese style became prominent for the first time in the Japanese art history.

コンピュータの発達とともに、コンピュータを使って書作品を加工したりする敷居が下がるのと時を同じくして、デザイン書道と呼ばれるジャンルが確立してきた。
The development of computers has lowered the threshold to process Sho works using computers and at the same time a genre called Design Shodo has been gradually established.

なお、音博士の音道と書博士の書道 (大学寮)は、明経道の学習を補助するための学科であり、平安時代中期には明経道に実質的に統合されたと考えられている。
Incidentally, Ondo (study of pronunciation of the Chinese language) taught by On Hakase (professors of pronunciation of Chinese language) and Shodo (calligraphy) taught by Sho Hakase (professors of calligraphy) were subjects that supplemented the study of Myogyodo, and it is considered that the two subjects were practically integrated with Myogyodo by the middle of the Heian period.

近年の前衛書道の団体としては、この書道芸術院の他に、「奎星会」・「草人社」・「蒼狼社」・「現代書作家協会」があり、その他無所属に比田井南谷らがいた。
The bodies for avant-garde calligraphy in recent years include, in addition to Japan Calligraphy Art Academy, 'Keiseikai,' 'Sojinsha,' 'Sorosha,' and 'Gendaisho-sakka-kyokai' (an association of writers of modern calligraphy), with Nankoku HIDAI and others who did not belong to any of these bodies existing as well.

中でも六朝書風から脱皮して晋唐書風に傾倒した丹羽海鶴が文部省教員検定試験委員（習字科）になり、学校の書道教育の基準を初唐の三大家におくことを提唱した。
In particular, Kaikaku NIWA who devoted himself to the calligraphic style of the Jin and Tang dynasties), riding himself of the six-dynasty style, became an examiner of teacher qualification tests at the Ministry of Education (for the category of calligraphy), and advocated placing the standards for calligraphic education on the styles of the three great calligraphers in the early Tang period.

同時に、香席に飾られたり、手前に使用する道具は美術的要素が高く（香道の道具）、組香（組香）の記録紙には書道の要素が加わることなど、総合芸術といわれる。
Incense burning is regarded as a comprehensive art form because instruments decorated at the Ko-seki (incense ceremony) or used during procedures for burning Koboku have many artistic elements (see 'Accessories used for incense burning' below), and recording paper used in Kumiko (incense combinations; see 'Kumiko' below) have calligraphic elements.

8代将軍の足利義政は為政者としての務めを怠り、茶道、書道、唐物（中国渡来の文物）愛玩などの趣味にふけっていたが、そのため文化の振興には大いに貢献した。
The eighth shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA made light of his duty as a politician, and indulged in his hobbies, such as Japanese tea ceremony, calligraphy, and kara-mono (things imported from China), and ironically, he contributed to the advancement of the culture to a great extent.

井土霊山・中村不折共訳による康有為の『廣藝舟雙楫』の訳本で、大正3年（1914年）2月に刊行され、六朝書道に体系的な論拠を与えるものとして注目を集めた。
This book, a translation by Reizan IDO and Fusetsu NAKAMURA of 'Guang yi zhou shuang ji zhu' by Ko Yui (Kang Youwei), was published in February of 1914, and attracted attention because the book was considered providing a base of the six dynasty style calligraphy.

書道とは、この文字の美的表現法を規格あるしつけのもとに学習しながら、実用として生活を美化し、また趣味として心を豊かにし、個性美を表現していくことである。
Shodo is to learn this aesthetic expression of characters under standardized training, beautify life with actual use, enrich spiritually as a pastime, and express individual beauty.

しかし、これは中国本土では書道に使う「腕枕」（袖を汚さないためと腕の支えとして置く）として使っていた竹を転用した物で、大きすぎて用途に適してない物も多い。
However, many of them are not suited for the use as they are conversion of bamboo used for ude-makura (arm rest to avoid staining sleeve) that is used in Calligraphy, in mainland China.

本阿弥切の書風は、平安時代の仮名書道の最高峰と評される高野切（11世紀に書写された『古今和歌集』の写本）などとは別系統で、他に同筆の遺品は知られていない。
The style of calligraphy of Honamigire belongs to a different lineage from that of Koyagire (a manuscript of 'Kokin Wakashu' transcribed in the eleventh century), considered a supreme achievement of kana calligraphy made during the Heian period, and there are no relics left with the same handwriting.

また、天皇や歴史上の著名人の自筆書状、宮廷儀式関係、物語や和歌集の古写本なども多数収蔵し、歴史資料としてのみならず、書道史上の遺品としても貴重なものが多い。
It also stores many autograph letters by emperors and historical prominent figures, documents related to the ceremonies in the Imperial Court, and a number of items of ancient copies of old tales and anthologies of Waka poems, many of which are not only valued as historical materials but also artifacts of the history of calligraphy.

当時の実力者藤原道長もその書道を重んじ、行成が『往生要集』を道長から借りた際には「原本は差し上げるので、あなたが写本したものを戴けないか」と言われたという。
Even FUJIWARA no Michinaga, who held power at that time, valued his calligraphy, and when Yukinari borrowed 'Ojoyoshu' from Michinaga, he said, 'I give you this original book. I would like to have your manuscript of this book instead.'

簡体字が視覚的に美しくないということで繁体字での書道教育も模索された時期があるものの、政策としての簡体字推進に矛盾することから現在は簡体字の指導で統一される。
There was a time when Shodo education by traditional Chinese was sought due to lack of visual beauty in simplified Chinese, but now the standard is to instruct the simplified characters because the traditional is not consistent with the political measures for promoting simplified Chinese.

また同じく讃岐介在任時の貞観 (日本)9年（867年）に日本の書道史草仮名の最も古い例としての自筆文『藤原有年申文』が国宝として現存（東京国立博物館蔵）する。
Also, in 867, while he was serving as the lord of Sanuki Province, he published 'Fujiwara no Aritoshi moshibumi' (petition by FUJIWARA no Aritoshi), which is the oldest existing so-gana (cursive style writing of Manyo-gana) writing and is currently stored as a national treasure (at Tokyo National Museum).

『栄花物語』で「麗景殿の七宮ぞおかしう、御心掟など少ながらおはします」とあるように幼少から文雅に秀でた人物で、詩歌管弦を始め書道・陰陽道・医術にも通じていた。
As Eiga monogatari (Tale of Flowering Fortunes) described, 'as the seventh prince of Reikeiden, I have at least my mental preparation,' he excelled at bunga (composing poems and enjoyed learning) from the time he was a little boy and was familiar with poetry and also wind and string instruments, calligraphy, onyo do (the Way of Yin and Yang), and medical technique.

戦国時代 (日本)に世尊寺家（能書で名高い）が断絶し、世尊寺行高の門人だった持明院基春が朝廷の書役を務め、以後書道の家として入木道伝授の宗家（持明院流）となる。
During the Sengoku period (period of warring states), the Sesonji family (famous for Nosho - excellent calligraphy) ended, so Motoharu JIMYOIN, a disciple of Yukitaka SESONJI, worked as a cleric in the Imperial Court, and since then the family served as the head family for the initiation of calligraphy.

良尚法親王は天台座主（天台宗最高の地位）を務めた仏教者であるとともに茶道、華道、香道、和歌、書道、造園などに通じた教養人であり、当代文化に与えた影響は大きかった。
Imperial Prince Yoshinao was not only a Buddhist who served as Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai Sect), but also was a cultivated person who was familiar with Sado (tea ceremony), Kado (flower arrangement), Kodo (traditional incense-smelling), waka (a 31-syllable Japanese poem), Shodo (calligraphy), and landscape gardening, and the influence that he had on the culture of the time was great.

そのため写本も多く、平安時代にさかのぼる写本だけで約60種にのぼると言われているが、その中でも最古写本であり、書道の手本としても尊重されているのが高野切本である。
Many written copies were made as a result, to the point that it's said there were about 60 different copies made of it during the Heian period alone; but among all such transcribed copies, the Koya-gire is the oldest, and continues to be revered as a model for calligraphy.

また藤原教長の口伝を藤原伊経が記録した書道秘伝書『日本の書流才葉抄』（さいようしょう、『筆躰抄』（ひったいしょう）ともいう）も安元3年（1177年）頃のものである。
Furthermore, 'Japanese school of calligraphy, Saiyosho' (or 'Hittaisho'), a secret document of Shodo, is recorded by FUJIWARA no Koretsune also around 1177, originally Kuden (oral instruction) of FUJIWARA no Norinaga.

昭高院准后道澄から古今伝授を、また藤木成定から入木道（じゅぼくどう＝書道）伝授を受け、後水尾上皇・徳川秀忠・細川忠興・島津家久に蹴鞠を指導するなど諸芸に秀でていた。
He was initiated into kokin denju (the art of interpreting the kokinshu) by the Shoko-in Dogo JUNGO, and initiated into the art of calligraphy by Narisada FUJIKI, and was exceptionally accomplished instructing such luminaries as Retired Emperor Gomizuo, Hidetada TOKUGAWA, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, and Iehisa SHIMAZU in the game of kemari (an ancient kick-ball game similar to soccer).

また、書道をよくし、奈良時代の書家として聖武天皇とともに有名であり、作品には『楽毅論』（がっきろん）や『杜家立成雑書要略』（とけりっせいざっしょようりゃく）などがある。
She was skilled in calligraphy, she and Emperor Shomu are famous as calligraphers of Nara period, and she created 'Gakki-ron essay' and 'Toka rissei zassho yoryaku'.

儒学の研究を明経と呼ぶ例は奈良時代からあったが、平安時代前期に大学の各学科が「道」（紀伝道・明法道・算道・書道など）と呼ばれるようになると、明経道という呼称が定着した。
From the Nara period, the study of Confucianism was sometimes called Myogyo, but as other departments came to end with the suffix '-do' (the character used was '道' literally meaning 'the way') (such as Kidendo [study of the histories], Myohodo [study of codes], Sando [study of mathematics] and Shodo [calligraphy]) during the early Heian period, Myogyo came to be called Myogyodo.

このような書道史上の価値もさることながら、一般民衆の手になる素朴な書風が書蹟として愛好されるようになり、現在では書作品として臨書されたり書風を模倣されたりすることも多い。
In addition to its value in calligraphy history, its simple calligraphic style created by common people became popular as penmanship and now people often copy it as the work of calligraphy or imitate its calligraphic style.

本阿弥光悦の芸術の重要なテーマは王朝文化の復興であり、その一つとして王朝時代の詠草料紙の復活と「からかみ」を作り、書道の料紙とするとともに、嵯峨本の料紙とすることであった。
The important theme of art of Koetsu HONAMI was reviving the cultures of the dynasty age, one of which was the revival of paper for eiso and the production of 'karakami' as ryoshi for Saga-bon as well as for calligraphy.

長谷川流石・川谷尚亭・吉田苞竹・高塚竹堂・田代秋鶴・松本芳翠・佐分移山・鈴木翠軒の8人を発起人とする昭和3年（1928年）1月の書道会創立宣言書には、下記のように記されてしる。
The declaration of newly establishing a calligraphic association by the eight persons of Ryuseki HASEGAWA, Shotei KAWATANI, Hochiku YOSHIDA, Chikudo TAKATSUKA, Shukaku TASHIRO, Hosui MATSUMOTO, Izan SABURI, and Suiken SUZUKI in January of 1928 included the following description:

川口雪篷（かわぐちせっぽう、文政元年（1818年）- 明治23年（1890年））は、江戸時代後期（幕末）の薩摩藩出身の書家であり、西郷隆盛の知遇を得て、書道と漢詩を教えた。
Seppo KAWAGUCHI (1818 - 1890) was a calligrapher from the Satsuma Domain at the end of the Edo period and being taken under the wing of Takamori SAIGO, he taught calligraphy and Chinese poetry.

毎年1月5日には東京都千代田区にある日本武道館で財団法人・日本武道館が主催する書道事業の行事として全日本書初め大会が約4,000人を集めて催され全国的に各種メディアで放映される。
On January 5th of every year, the All Japan New Year Calligraphy Contest, an event of the calligraphy business hosted by the Nippon Budokan Foundation, which brings together approximately 4,000 participants, is held at the Nippon Budokan located in Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo; this event is broadcast nationwide through various media.

このため模刻本と対することは書道研究の上で避けられない事態であり、そのような時は「模刻」という行為の特性とその行為がはらんでいるリスクを理解した上で、よく考えて使用する必要がある。
For this reason, to face books made by mokoku is absolutely necessary for the study of calligraphy, and the books need to be used after understanding and considering characteristics and risks of the act of 'mokoku.'

楊守敬より啓発を受けた日下部鳴鶴、巌谷一六の六朝書道、また、徐三庚に影響された西川春洞、さらに中林梧竹らの活躍によって、明治末から大正にかけての漢字書道界は華やかな動きを示している。
From the end of Meiji to the Taisho period, Meikaku KUSAKABE and Ichiroku IWAYA, both enlightened by Yang Shoujing, actively supported calligraphy of the six dynasties, and Gochiku NAKABAYASHI in addition to Shundo NISHIKAWA, who was affected by Xu Sangeng, was also active, making movements in the Chinese calligraphic world in this flamboyant era.

昭和15年（1940年）12月、東亜書道新聞社が座談会を催し、書家の参集を求めて書道界の大同団結について意見を交換し、昭和16年（1941年）1月、「書壇革新協議会」の結成に至った。
In December of 1940, Toa Shodo Shinbunsha (a news paper company concerned with calligraphy) held a round-table discussion to gather many calligraphers and to exchange opinions about uniting persons in the calligraphic society for a common purpose, consequently leading to the establishment of the 'Shodan Kakushin Kyogikai.'

その2年後の大正13年（1924年）8月、西川春洞（大正4年（1915年）没）の高弟である豊道春海が当時のほとんどの書家を結集して「日本書道作振会」を創立させるという偉業を成し遂げた。
In August of 1924, in two years after it, Shunkai BUNDO, who was a high-caliber disciple of Shundo NISHIKAWA (who died in 1915), achieved an accomplishment of establishing 'the Nihon Shodo Sakushin-kai association,' organizing almost all of the calligraphers at that time.

しかし、このころ既に、『紙背文書因幡国司解案紙背仮名消息』や『紙背文書虚空蔵菩薩念誦次第紙背仮名消息』など日本の書道史女手の完成を示す文書類が日常に書かれており、女手の全盛期といえる。
However, this was also the period when onnade was at it's height and works such as 'Shihai-monjo Inaba no Kokushi no Gean Shihai Kana Shosoku' and 'Shihai-monjo Koku-zo Bosatsu Nenju Shidai Shihai Kana Shosoku' were being written daily.

『古今和歌集』の現存最古のテキストとして、日本文学史、日本語史の研究資料として貴重であるとともに、その書風は仮名書道の最高峰として古来尊重され、日本書道史上もきわめて重要な作品である。
As the oldest extant text of the 'Kokin wakashu,' it is a vitally important source for students of the history of Japanese literature and the history of the Japanese language, and moreover has been held in great esteem from time immemorial as the most prominent example of calligraphy in kana (a syllabic script), making it a work of tremendous importance for the history of Japanese calligraphy.

その技法には、筆法（筆の持ち方、点画の書き方）、結構法（字形の整え方）、章法 (書道)（全体のまとめ方）があり、それぞれに様々な方法が編み出され、書体や書風などによって使い分けられている。
The technique is Hippo (way of writing) (how to hold a brush, how to write ten-kaku (the dots and strokes that make up a kanji character)), Kekkoho (how to arrange letter shapes), and Shoho (Shodo) (how to entirely organize), and various methods are devised for each to be differently used in writing style, calligraphy style, and others.

岩手大学、新潟大学、筑波大学、東京学芸大学、静岡大学、福岡教育大学などの国公立大学では、書道に関する学科・専攻・学群・コース・領域が置かれ、大学院も併設し、有為な指導者の育成を目指している。
National and public universities such as Iwate University, Niigata University, Tsukuba University, Tokyo Gakugei University, Shizuoka University, and Fukuoka University of Education have Shodo related department, major, faculty, course, field, and also a graduate school to educate capable instructors.

道風は、自分の才能のなさに自己嫌悪に陥り、書道をやめようかと真剣に悩んでいる程のスランプに陥っていた時のこと、ある雨の日散歩に出かけていて、柳に蛙が飛びつこうと、何度も挑戦している様を見た。
There was a time when Michikaze was nurturing a sense of self-loathing regarding his ability, becoming profoundly troubled to the point of considering giving up calligraphy, when, having set out for a stroll one rainy day he noticed a frog trying to jump onto a willow tree only to slide off, and after watching it try time and time again.

式部省の所管で、明経道（経書）、算道（算術）および副教科の音道（中国語の発音）、書道_(大学寮)（書き方）の四学科があり後に紀伝道（通称「文章道」、中国史・文章）と明法道（法律）が加わった。
It was under the control of Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial), and there were two main subjects such as Myogyo-do (Keisho), Sando (arithmetic) plus two auxiliary subjects such as Ondo (pronunciation of Chinese) and calligraphy (Daigakuryo) (the way of writing); later, Kidendo (in vernacular terms, 'Monjodo (Literature)' and Myobodo (law) were added.

小野道風（おののみちかぜ/おののとうふう、寛平6年（894年） - 康保3年12月27日 (旧暦)（967年2月9日）)は、平安時代の代表的な書道家で、「三蹟」（三跡）の一人に数えられる。
ONO no Michikaze (also known as ONO no Tofu) (June 894 – February 9, 967) is one of the foremost calligraphy artists from the Heian period, and is numbered among the 'sanseki' (The Three Famous Calligraphers of Japan).

出口なおと並んで大本の二大開祖の一人である出口王仁三郎は、後の著書道の大本にあるように、厳の御霊（出口なお）を審神者（さにわ）できる者は瑞の御霊である自分しかいない。と述べて出口なおに面会し、信頼を得た。
Onizaburo DEGUCHI, who was one of the two founders of Oomoto along with Nao DEGUCHI, said that it was only him, Mizu no Mitama (motherly, loving and merciful saving manifestation of the main god), who could be Saniwa (person who receives and interprets a divine revelation) for Izu no Mitama (fatherly, strict, and correct creative manifestation) (Nao DEGUCHI), and met Nao DEGUCHI and gained her trust, as described in his later book, Michi no Oomoto (Path in Oomoto).

書道、絵画、茶道に堪能で、特に能書家として高名であり、書を近衛前久に学び、大師流や定家流も学び，独自の松花堂流（滝本流ともいう）という書風を編み出し、近衛信尹、本阿弥光悦とともに「寛永の三筆」と称せられた。
Shojo was proficient in calligraphy, painting and the tea ceremony, and was particularly famous as a good penman, who learned the calligraphy under Sakihisa KONOE, studied calligraphy of the Daishi-ryu and Teike-ryu schools, established a new school of calligraphy which was called Shokado-ryu school (or Takimoto-ryu school), and was, along with Nobutada KONOE and Koetsu HONAMI, given the honorary title of 'Three Brushes of the Kanei Era'

11世紀に入ると、書博士そのものが明経博士を世襲した清原氏・中原氏の一族のための待機ポスト（明経道の職に空きが出来るまで暫時任じられる官職）と化してしまい、学科としての書道は完全に消滅したと考えられている。
In the 11th century, the position of sho hakase became a standby post (a post to which clan members were temporarily appointed until a myogyo-do position became available) for members of the Kiyohara clan and Nakahara clan which inherited the position of Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucian classics), and it is though that shodo completely disappeared as an area of study.

「高野切」などの「切（きれ）」とは美術史、書道史、茶道などの用語で、元来巻物や冊子本であった和歌集、漢詩集などの写本を、鑑賞用とするため切断し、掛軸に仕立てたり、手鑑（でかがみ）と称するアルバムに貼り込んだりしたものを指す。
The 'kire' (or 'gire') from 'Koya-gire' is a technical term used in art history, calligraphic history, and the tea ceremony; it refers to the process of cutting out sections of the original scrolls or booklets of the waka or kanshi (Chinese poem) anthologies and featuring them for aesthetic reasons, for example by integrating them into a kakejiku (hanging scroll) or pasting them into albums called 'dekagami' (literally 'hand mirrors,' collections of handwriting).

御誓文は明治天皇の勅命によって、3月13日 (旧暦)に天皇の書道指南役であった有栖川宮幟仁親王の手で正本が揮毫され、翌3月14日 (旧暦)、京都御所の正殿である京都御所紫宸殿で行われた天神地祇御誓祭という儀式によって示された。
The original of Charter Oath was written by Arisugawanomiya Imperial Prince Takahito who gave the Emperor instructions in calligraphy on royal command of the Emperor Meiji on March 13 (old lunar calendar) and shown in the ceremony, Tenjinchigigoseisai (the gods of heaven and earth festival for oath) held at the main building, Kyoto Imperial Palace Shishinden hall on March 14 (old lunar calendar).

当初は明確な学科の種別はなかったが、一般の官人を育成するために設けられた本科に相当する儒教の講義（後の明経道にあたる）以外には、儒教経典の原典をそのまま筆記するための書道 (大学寮)とそのまま発音するための音道は本科の補完するためのものであった。
Initially there were no clearly defined departments, but the course established to educate general government officials consisted mainly of Confucian lectures (later Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics)), complemented by Shodo (calligraphy), which involved writing down the original Confucian scriptures verbatim (Daigaku-ryo), and Ondo, learning to pronounce them correctly.

「典籍」は経典、物語、和歌集、歴史書などの著作物のことでこの中には高野切本（こうやぎれぼん）古今和歌集のように書道史上貴重な遺品も含まれるが、書道史上の価値よりも文学作品・歴史書などの古伝本・テキストとしての価値が評価されて指定されたものも多い。
Books' refers to various written works like sutras, monogatari (tales), waka poetry anthologies, and history books; among all these books, some works, like for example the Koyagire-bon (copied manuscript) of the 'Kokin wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), are by past calligraphy masters and are considered historically valuable as calligraphy pieces but are still included in the Books sub-category, yet most of the items designated national treasures as books are more highly regarded for their value as ko denpon (ancient books transcribed and still extant) texts of literature or history rather than for their value as calligraphy works.

通常は、各種の武芸である日本武術、江戸期の公家家職に由来する有職故実・礼式、そのほか能楽、歌舞伎、人形浄瑠璃などの芸能、邦楽、茶道、華道、香道、書道、盆庭などをはじめとして、伝統工芸的な手工業、古典園芸など、ひろく技術を伝承する分野においてこうした観念が見られる。
This concept can normally be seen in the various Nihon bujutsu (Japanese martial arts) and the Yusoku kojitsu (traditional protocol of the imperial court and samurai families) or reishiki (etiquette) that are derived from the practices and manners observed by court nobles in the Edo period; it can also be seen in fields where skills are passed down from one generation to the next, ranging from performing arts such as Nohgaku, Kabuki, and Ningyo Joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater), Hogaku (traditional Japanese music), Sado (tea ceremony), Kado (flower arrangement), Kodo (traditional incense-smelling ceremony), Shodo (calligraphy), Bontei (tray garden) to traditional handicrafts and classic gardening.

律令制確立後に大学寮の下に音博士が位置づけられたが、本科（後の明経道）の学生が儒教の教育を受けるために行う最初の課程であった経典の音読を指導するのが役割であった事から、算道・書道_(大学寮)のような独自の学生を保持することは学令などにも記載されていないなど、最初から補助的地位に止められていた。
After the Ritsuryo Legal Codes were established, the Professors of Ondo were positioned within the Daigaku-ryo system, but because their role was to teach the reading aloud of the scriptures during the first course of Confucianism to the students of the main course (later known as Myogyodo, the Confucian department of Daigaku-ryo), their position was only deemed to be supplementary and it was not mentioned within the regulations that they may have their own students like Sando (Mathematics) and Shodo (Calligraphy) Departments.

『うつほ物語』に「万葉仮名にもあらず、日本の書道史女手にもあらず」と記された草仮名が、極めて自然な形で女手と巧みに交用され、また、「悪（あ）」・「盈（え）」・「祈（き）」・「倶（く）」・「致（ち）」・「帝（て）」・「廬（ろ）」など、後世の上代様古筆には余り見慣れない珍しい文字字母が使用されている。
In 'Utsuho Monogatari' (The Tale of the Cavern), sogana, which is described as 'neither manyo-gana (the use of Chinese characters for their phonetic value), nor onnade,' is skillfully mixed with onnade in an extremely natural way and also uses unusual characters, which are not seen in the later jodaiyo kohitsu.

自らが能書家としても知られる唐の太宗 (唐)が王羲之の書道を愛し、その殆ど全てを集めたが、蘭亭序だけは手に入らず、最後には家臣に命じて、王羲之の子孫にあたる僧の智永の弟子である弁才の手から騙し取らせ、自らの陵墓である昭陵 (唐)に他の作品とともに副葬させた話は、唐の何延之の『蘭亭記』に載っている。
The 'Ranteiki' written by 何延之 in Tang says that Taiso (Tang tai zong), who was known as a noshoka (master of calligraphy) and loved Wang Xi-Zhi's calligraphy so much, collected all of his works except for the Ranteijo, and ordered his vassal to steal it from Bensai, who was a disciple of Wang Xi-Zhi's descendant priest CHI Ei, as a last resort and buried it in his own imperial mausoleum Shoryo (Tang) and other Wang Xi-Zhi's works.

流派とは、能（猿楽）、狂言、日本舞踊、棒の手、華道（生け花）、茶道（茶の湯）、包丁式、有職故実、衣紋道、雅楽、書道、日本画、剣術・抜刀術・薙刀術・弓術・砲術・軍学（兵法）などの日本武術などの芸道や日本酒造りなどの分野において、ひとつの体系化された技を継承する集団を指し、開祖の家元・宗家とその門弟により継承される。
Ryuha is a group of people who inherit a certain systematic expertise or technique in the field of sake brewing and Japanese art including: Noh (and its predecessor Sarugaku); Kyogen (traditional short comedic drama); Nihon Buyo (classical Japanese dance); Bo-no-te (Japanese traditional dance); Kado (Japanese flower arrangement); Sado (tea ceremony); Hochoshiki (schools of Japanese cuisine); Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette); Emondo (traditional technique of dressing up for Junihitoe [a ceremonial Robe of a court lady]); Gagaku (Japanese traditional music and dance); shodo (calligraphy); Nihonga (Japanese-style painting); and Japanese martial arts such as kenjutsu (swordplay), battojutsu (the technique of drawing a sword), naginata jutsu (art of using a naginata halberd), kyujutsu (archery), hojutsu (gunnery) and gungaku (art of warfare), and is passed down from the Iemoto or Soke to their students.

文化財保護法第2条第1項第1号では、建築物、絵画、彫刻、工芸、書道、典籍、古文書その他の有形の文化的所産で、日本国にとって歴史上または芸術上価値の高いもの（これらのものと一体をなしてその価値を形成している土地その他の物件を含む。）並びに考古資料及びその他の学術上価値の高い歴史資料を、「有形文化財」と定義している。
Under No.1, Item 1, Article 2 of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, 'tangible cultural properties' are defined as buildings, paintings, sculptures, crafts, calligraphy, classical books, paleography, and other cultural products with tangible forms (including land and other properties that create value by being a part of those products) that possess high historical or artistic value for Japan as well as archaeological artifacts and other historical documents with high academic values.