普及: 958 Terms and Phrases

• 普及
• diffusion
• spread
• popularization
• promulgation
• familiarization
• dissemination
• spread (broad consumer acceptance)
• prevail
• prevalence
• progress
• propagation
• pervasive
• pervade

• 普及率
• diffusion rate
• rate of spread
• penetration
• pervasion
• service factor
• penetration rate

• 普及版
• cheap popular edition

• 海外普及
• Overseas promotion

• 普及農場
• demonstration farm

• 普及啓発
• public awareness (e.g. publicity and education campaigns aimed at improving the health, environment, etc.)
• 'communication, education and public awareness'
• awareness-raising
• Dissemination and Awareness Raising

• 普及した
• popular
• prevalent

• 普及する
• pervade
• pervasive
• popularize
• prevail

• 普及活動
• outreaching activity

• 普及啓蒙
• public awareness campaign

• 普及時期
• Period of Diffusion

• 普及過程
• diffusion process

• 未普及地域
• non-water supply district
• unserved area

• 知識の普及
• dissemination of knowledge
• the diffusion of knowledge

• 普及させる
• disseminate
• promulgate

• 水道普及率
• population served by water supply as percent of total population

• 給水普及率
• population served as percent of total population
• rate of service pervasion
• water supply pervasion

• 普及、広報
• public awareness campaign

• 勧進の普及
• The Spread of Kanjin

• 考えの普及
• the currency of ideas

• 普及支援課
• Information Dissemination and Policy Promotion Division

• 技術普及課
• Technology and Extension Division

• 普及の背景
• Background of popularization

• 海外への普及
• Spread Overseas

• 普及啓発運動
• awareness enhancing activity
• public awareness campaign

• 下水道普及率
• percentage of sewered population

• 普及している
• prevail

• ～に普及する
• dominate in ~

• 普及に熱心な
• evangelical

• 普及した知識
• diffused knowledge

• 普及啓発活動
• public awareness activity

• 書院造の普及
• Popularization of shoin-zukuri

• 教育普及活動
• Education and Information

• 内観法の普及
• Spread of Naikanho

• 日本での普及
• Popularity in Japan

• 科学知識の普及
• spread of scientific knowledge

• 技術開発､普及
• development and dissemination of technology

• 技術革新の普及
• innovation diffusion

• 農業改良普及所
• Nougyoukairyoufukyuujo

• 下水道普及区域
• sewered area

• 下水道普及人口
• population served by sewer
• sewered population

• 世界の普及状況
• Penetration throughout the world

• 経塚築造の普及
• Spread of the construction of kyozuka (mounds where sutras were buried)

• 九州一円に普及。
• It eventually spread throughout the Kyushu region.

• 浄化槽の普及状況
• dissemination status of Johkasou

• 日本習字普及協会
• Japanese Calligraphy Promotion Organization

• 新技術普及推進室
• New Technology Promoting Office

• 低公害車普及事業
• project for popularizing low-emission vehicle

• 普及率［家電の］
• penetration rate

• 明治以降に普及。
• It has become popular since the Meiji period.

• 海外への柔術の普及
• Jujutsu's spread abroad

• 技術の開発及び普及
• Development and Dissemination of Technology

• 書道普及協会会長。
• She is the president of SYODO FUKYU KYOKAI (Association for Popularization of the Japanese Calligraphy).

• 普及している方法で
• in a pervasive manner

• 和服の普及率の衰退
• Declining prevalence of Wafuku

• 国民参加型の普及啓発
• citizen participation-based public relation activity

• 汚水処理人口普及状況
• dissemination status of wastewater treatment facilities

• 環境教育の充実・普及
• enhancement and dissemination of environmental education

• 薩摩芋の関東への普及
• Spread of sweet potatoes to Kanto

• 全体的に普及すること
• the quality of prevailing generally

• 世界における普及状況
• Penetration throughout the world

• テープレコーダーの普及
• Spread of tape recorders

• 勧進職の普及とその変質
• The Spread and Change of Kanjin Shoku

• コンピューターの普及。
• The spread of computers.

• 英語は全国に普及した。
• English has spread all over the country.

• 更新講習開発普及専門官
• Senior Specialist for the Development and Promotion of Certificate Renewal Course

• 維新後の混乱と地歌の普及
• Confusion after the Restoration and the Spread of Jiuta

• EST普及推進フォーラム
• Forum on Development and Promotion of EST

• イノベーション普及モデル
• innovation adoption model

• 「万国公法」の広範な普及
• Wide-spread dissemination of 'Bankoku Koho'

• 普及する、または拡散する
• spread or diffuse through

• そして、庶民にも普及した。
• Gradually, Tenugui towels became popular among ordinary people.

• (財)環境情報普及センター
• Environmental Information Center

• 印刷物を普及させるメディア
• a medium that disseminates printed matter

• 革命主義の普及を信じること
• a belief in the spread of revolutionary principles

• 関西での蘭学の普及に努めた。
• He worked hard for the spread of Western Studies in Kansai region.

• 支配していて普及している存在
• a dominating and pervasive presence

• 日本酒吟醸酒・純米吟醸酒の普及
• The prevalence of ginjoshu and ginjoshu with no added alcohol

• エネルギーに関する知識の普及等
• Dissemination of knowledge regarding energy

• 普及啓発等の拠点となるセンター
• center developed for conducting outreach activities

• 牛乳や海水浴などの普及も行う。
• He also familiarized milk, sea bathing and so on.

• 理解と知識の普及をもたらす教育
• education that results in understanding and the spread of knowledge

• 啓発や知識の普及と相反する方針
• a policy of opposition to enlightenment or the spread of knowledge

• 別の教えを信じ、普及を手伝う人
• someone who believes and helps to spread the doctrine of another

• 一般にも十分に普及していない。
• Moreover, these recent researchers have not sufficiently circulated the latest discoveries into Japan's general population.

• →　書院造書院造の普及も参照。
• See an article on the spread of Shoin-zukuri style (a style of Japanese domestic architecture that includes a tokonoma).

• 室町時代以降は民間にも普及した。
• Since the Muromachi period, this rite became widespread among ordinary people.

• 低公害車開発普及アクションプラン
• Action Plan for the Development and Diffusion of Low-emission Vehicles

• 1918年、米騒動が全国に普及。
• In 1918, the rice riots erupted throughout Japan.

• 2004年　書道普及協会を創立。
• 2004: She established the SYODO FUKYU KYOKAI.

• 分配、または普及、割り当てる行為
• the act of distributing or spreading or apportioning

• ピンクの花がある普及している潅木
• a spreading shrub with pink flowers

• 電子商取引が急速に普及し始めた。
• Electronic commerce began to spread rapidly.

• これが栽培普及の初端と伝えられる。
• It is believed that the above triggered the spread of wasabi cultivation.

• 明治以降、諸外国に柔術が普及した。
• Since the Meiji period, jujutsu has spread to foreign countries.

• 半乾燥地社会林業普及モデル開発計画
• Social Forestry Extension Model Development Project for Semi-arid Area

• 昔この習慣は日本中で普及していた。
• These customs used to prevail all over Japan.

• 水俣病経験の普及啓発に関するセミナー
• seminar to disseminate the experience of the Minamata disease

• サンマの蒲焼きの缶詰も普及している。
• Canned saury kabayaki is also commonly available.

• 全国の学校に狂言の普及のために巡演。
• He toured around schools throughout the country in order to promote the kyogen.

• 昭和初期に氷削機が普及し、一般化する。
• In the early Showa period, ice shaving machines became common and went mainstream.

• 江戸時代にはいると一般大衆に普及した。
• In the Edo period, Uchiwa fan became popular among ordinary people.

• エコドライブ普及・推進アクションプラン
• Action Plan for the Diffusion and Promotion of Eco Drive

• 平成XX年度省エネ型製品普及推進優良店
• FYXX Stores Receiving Special Commendation for Promoting Energy Saving Products

• 戦後日本では民主主義の理念が普及した。
• After the war, the idea of democracy spread throughout Japan.

• 彼は世界政府という考えの普及に努めた。
• He promoted the idea of world government.

• より人々が楽しめる遊戯として普及した。
• The Hyakunin Isshu Karuta (Ogura Hyakunin Isshu Uta-Garuta) was popularized as a card game which the common people appreciated casually.

• いけばなの広報・普及促進（海外を含む）
• Publicity and popularization of ikebana (including overseas)

• 熱利用エコ燃料の普及拡大についての報告書
• report on the diffusion of eco-fuels for heat generation

• 近世は木割術の発達普及した時代であった。
• The method of kiwari developed and spread in recent times.

• 明示的意図「日本アニメ普及」「ぼろ儲け」
• Stated Intent 'Spread Japanese Animation' 'Make a Buck'

• カダイ諸語の中で一番よく普及している言語
• the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages

• 平安中期に和紙が大量生産されて普及した。
• In the middle of the Heian period, Japanese paper was produced in large volume, and became widely available.

• 下水道普及率99.1％（平成17年度末）
• Sewage coverage: 99.1% (end of fiscal year 2005)

• 京都府南丹農業改良普及センター（南丹市）
• The Nantan Center of Kyoto Prefecture for Improving and Popularizing Agriculture (Nantan City)

• - 九州では例外的に古くから普及している。
• As an exceptional case, natto has been widespread in Kyushu since the old times.

• 経済の成長とともに豪華な段飾りが普及した。
• Deluxe tiered displays have been popularized as the economy has grown.

• （また社会階層により普及の時期は異なる）。
• (The era when ceramic-ware became widely used was dependent upon social class).

• 配給洋服、化学繊維製の衣服などの洋服の普及
• Popularization of western clothing such as allocated western clothing, chemical fiber clothing, etc.

• 一般住宅や寺社建築に関する木割が普及した。
• Kiwari on conventional homes and in the architecture of temples were widespread.

• 彼は、将来についての楽観主義の普及に驚いた
• he was surprised by the prevalence of optimism about the future

• 大学教育普及運動の一環として提供される講座
• a course offered as part of an extension service

• かき氷：もっとも一般的に普及している呼び名。
• Kakigori (literally, shaved ice): Most commonly used name

• 近年娯楽スポーツとして各地に普及しつつある。
• Recently it has been spread as a leisure sport.

• 京都の都市商工業者の間では日蓮宗が普及した。
• The Nichiren sect spread amongst the merchants and traders of Kyoto.

• 日伊両国の学術および文化の普及を目的とする。
• The purpose is to spread the science and culture of both Japan and Italy.

• 篤胤の死後は家学を継承し平田学を普及させた。
• After Atsutane's death, he took over hereditary learning and spread Hirata school.

• そして、明治時代になって普及した語といえる。
• And it became widespread in the Meiji period.

• ドル硬貨はいままで決して米国で普及していない
• the dollar coin has never been popular in the United States

• このため質量の単位としては「匁」が普及した。
• This made 'monme' spread as a weight unit.

• また、木綿栽培が普及したのもこの時期である。
• Also, production of cotton became popular in this period.

• 越中褌が本格的に普及したのは明治末期頃から。
• But the fundoshi spread in a larger scale from the end of the Meiji period onwards.

• 以後、岡山県を中心に普及したが、戦後は衰えた。
• Subsequently, it gained popularity centering on Okayama Prefecture, but it declined after the war.

• 日本以外では、蚊帳が普及しつつある地域もある。
• There are also areas outside of Japan where the use of mosquito nets is becoming widespread.

• 動物の愛護及び管理に関する普及啓発に関する事項
• Matters concerning dissemination and awareness raising with regard to the welfare and management of animals

• また竹田の意志を継ぎ、煎茶道の普及に尽力した。
• Also he respected Chikuden's will and made every effort to popularize green tea ceremony.

• 当時、鏡は姿見として上流階級には普及していた。
• A mirror was widely used to see one's image amongst the upper class at that time.

• また南人では呉澄が出て朱子学を大いに普及させた。
• Additionally, among the Southern people (survivors of the extinct Southern Song Dynasty), Go Cho emerged and widely spread Neo-Confucianism.

• また手拭いなどにも印刷され、極めて普及している。
• It is also printed on towels and is very common.

• 手軽さと比較的良好な食味から広く普及しつつある。
• Frozen Udon noodles are spreading widely for convenience and comparatively good eating quality.

• 米兵が第二次世界大戦の間に普及させた実在しない人
• a nonexistent person popularized by American servicemen during World War II

• 中世において、ミルクはまだ薬として普及していた。
• In the Middle Ages, milk was still popular as a medicine.

• その後、幕末にかけて江戸を中心に大いに普及した。
• After that, many yose theaters opened in and around Edo toward the end of the Edo period.

• そのため、掛軸は仏教の仏画用にまず普及を始めた。
• Therefore, first of all, kakejiku started to spread for Buddhist images.

• 古老によれば、筒袖となって普及したのは大正時代。
• According to old people, it became popular as Tsutsusode (kimono with tubular style of sleeve) in the Taisho period.

• 明治維新で虚無僧が廃止されると民間へも普及した。
• After komuso were abolished by the Meiji Restoration, it spread among ordinary people.

• 鯨肉普及のための一種の広報誌だったとも言われる。
• It is also said that the book was for promoting the sale of whale meat.

• 普及している無煙ロースターは日本企業の特許である。
• The popular smokeless roaster is patented by a Japanese company.

• それが普及するまでには、まだかなりの時間を要する。
• It will take a long time before it becomes widespread.

• - 日本建築学会賞、日本建築年鑑賞、照明普及賞受賞
• - The following awards were given to this building: Prizes of AIJ (Architectural Institute of Japan), Award of the Annual of Architecture in Japan, and Illumination Promotion Award

• 「願以此功徳 普及於一切 我等与衆生 皆共成仏道」
• 'Hope this merit influences widely to mankind to attain Buddhism together'

• 妻子を連れて越後三条に移住し、南画の普及に尽くす。
• He moved to Echigosanjo with his wife and children and worked hard to spread the Nanga.

• ある社会から他の社会へ社会機構（神話と技能）の普及
• the spread of social institutions (and myths and skills) from one society to another

• その後百貨店などで売り出され一般に普及していった。
• Then, it was put up for sale in department stores and the like, and was becoming popular in the general public.

• 前三号の業務に係る技術指導及び成果の普及を行うこと。
• technical guidance pertaining to the operations specified in the three preceding items and dissemination of the results;

• 広告の目的は製品の名を消費者に普及させることにある。
• The purpose of advertising is to familiarize consumers with the name of a product.

• 英語は世界で取り分け最も広く普及している言語である。
• English is by far the most widely-spoken language in the world.

• 児童の保健について、正しい衛生知識の普及を図ること。
• Endeavor to disseminate accurate knowledge on child health;

• また歌舞伎舞踊坂東流の家元としてその普及にも努めた。
• He also put great effort into the dissemination of the art of kabuki buyo as head of the Bando-ryu School.

• タングステン電球が普及するまでは相当数が用いられた。
• Incandescent gas lights were considerably used before the tungsten bulb became prevalent.

• 六朝時代の終わりに石製の硯が登場し、唐代に普及した。
• In the end of Six Dynasties period, a ink stone made of stone appeared and spread in the Tao period.

• 明治時代に入り教育の普及が進むにつれて生産量が増大。
• Production of the Kumano-fude increased as education became widely available after the Meiji era began.

• 自然主義文学の運動も、その普及に一役買ったのである。
• A movement of Japanese naturalism literature played a part in its popularization.

• 私たちは地域ねこ計画の普及イベントに２回参加しました。
• We participated in events to popularize the regional cat plan twice.

• (社)日本建材産業協会省エネルギー建材普及促進センター
• Center for the Dissemination and Promotion of Energy Efficient Construction Materials under the Federation of Construction Materials Industries, Japan

• (財)建築環境・省エネルギー機構断熱普及・促進連絡会議
• Liaison Council for the Dissemination and Promotion of Insulation under the Institute for Building Environment and Energy Conservation

• 科学とマルクス主義者の普及者（1892年−1964年）
• a popularizer of science and a Marxist (1892-1964 )

• この一揆観は、いまだに一般市民レベルでは普及している。
• That view of ikki is still accepted by the common citizenry.

• この5つの家紋が特に普及している主な理由は以下の通り。
• The reasons why these five family crests are especially widely used are listed below.

• 日本でも鎌倉時代以後、禅宗の普及とともに画僧が出現した。
• In Japan as well, from the Kamakura period, gaso started appearing along with the spread of the Zen sect.

• 米国の古生物学者で科学の普及者（1941年−2002年）
• United States paleontologist and popularizer of science (1941-2002)

• 一般家庭にはあまり普及せず、石油ランプが一般的であった。
• However, they did not much penetrate common households, where oil lamps were generally used.

• 主に戦国時代_(日本)の戦国大名の領国において普及する。
• It was widely used in Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in Japan.

• 発泡スチロール容器の普及は納豆の消費拡大に大きく貢献した。
• The popularization of foamed polystyrene containers has helped achieve a dramatic increase in the consumption of natto.

• 上方落語普及と演者の修業の場として活発な活動を行っている。
• These programs play an active role in promoting Kamigata rakugo and in offering a place for rakugo training and education.

• 講道館が外国へと普及する前に、多くの柔術家が海外へ渡った。
• Before Kodokan judo became popular in foreign countries, many jujutsu artists went there.

• 柔道を参考に乱取りを取り入れ、大学合気道などの一部で普及。
• It incorporates randori, referring to judo, and is popular among some university aikido groups.

• 明治時代以降に靴が普及するまで、日本で広く使用されていた。
• Zori were worn widely in Japan until shoes became widespread following the Meiji Restoration in the mid-nineteenth century.

• しかし、現世利益優先の当時の世相のもとでは普及しなかった。
• However, it did not become widespread under the social situation in which worldly interest was prioritized.

• また、地方の在地領主にも普及し同様の形状で築城が行われた。
• Local lords came to use shugosho more frequently, and castles were built in a similar style.

• 年一回の公演および狂言を含めた能楽の普及活動を行っている。
• He gives a performance once a year and promotes nogaku (the art of Noh) including kyogen.

• 主に稲作の伝播に従って、その初期に普及したと見られている。
• The ishi-bocho is believed to follow the spread of rice cropping and to become popular in its early stage.

• テレビの普及によって我々の読書の時間がかなり奪われている。
• The spread of television has considerably deprived us of our time for reading.

• 宗教活動の出来た教派神道を除いて、神葬祭の普及は停滞した。
• As a result, the promulgation of Shinsosai grew stagnant except at Sect Shinto (new religion close to Shinto), which was allowed to engage in religious activities.

• その後、商人に信仰され、日本各地に普及していったのである。
• After that, they were worshiped by merchants, and spread to various places in Japan.

• その後、江戸時代になり銭湯の普及とともに庶民にも普及した。
• After then, during the Edo period when Sento (public bathhouses) became widely used, it spread also among the common people.

• 陶磁器、磁器を使い、凝った絵付けを施した食器が広く普及した。
• Earthenware or porcelain-based tableware with complicated paintings became used widely.

• 戦国時代 (日本)にはさらに文化の民衆化と地方普及が進んだ。
• In the the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the popularization and spread of culture to local regions were accelerated.

• 流派の経営、普及活動及び一門の統率、門下生の教育を旨とする。
• Soke is responsible for activities of management, public relations, governance, and disciple education for the school.

• 当初は貴族などが用いていたが、江戸時代には庶民にも普及した。
• It was initially used by the nobility but its use spread to the common people during the Edo period.

• また、禅宗の普及に伴い、禅宗的故事人物画が水墨で制作された。
• With the prevalence of the Zen sect, paintings depicting Zen history and historical person were painted in ink.

• 江戸時代の江戸の市中においても、うどんは一般に普及していた。
• Udon noodles were popular among ordinary people in the city of Edo during the Edo period.

• また紙のさらなる普及により、印はすべて見やすい朱文となった。
• Besides, because of the wider use of paper, all the seals changed into the easily read shubun-style.

• 近畿では、環濠集落は、弥生前期末に現れ、中期以降に普及した。
• In the Kinki region, moat settlement emerged at the end of the early Yayoi period and spread on and after the middle period.

• キリスト教教義の伝道と普及に関連すること、または促進するさま
• relating to or promoting the preaching and dissemination of the Christian gospel

• 日本固有の葬儀は、仏教伝来以降、急速に仏式のものが普及した。
• Since the introduction of Buddhism to Japan, Buddhist funerals spread rapidly as Japan's funeral rites.

• 近年では回転ずしを中心に、シャリ玉成形機が普及してきている。
• Recently, sharidama forming devices are becoming popular particularly in conveyor belt sushi shops.

• 同時期に発達した版画技術により花体の図が広く全国に普及した。
• Thanks to the development of wood prints technique, paintings of the school's flower arrangement spread throughout the nation.

• おどり普及部 - 創作おどり京炎 そでふれ！の普及活動を担当
• The Odori Fukyu (dance popularizing) Department is in charge of popularizing the 'Kyoen Sodefure!' original dance.

• 情報及び科学的な出版物（著作権があるか否かを問わない。）の普及
• Dissemination of Information and Scientific Publications whether or not Copyrighted

• あるいは、豚カツの普及に伴い、各地で自然発生的に作られ始めた。
• Or as the pork cutlet became common, katsudon spontaneously began to be created in each region.

• 日本的なカレーライスは、日本以外の国でもある程度普及している。
• Japanese-style curry and rice is popular to some extent in countries other than Japan.

• ところが、江戸時代になっても東北地方の藩などに普及しなかった。
• Even during the Edo period, however, it was not popularly used in feudal domains in the Tohoku District.

• それ以後の吟醸酒の展開については「吟醸酒の普及」を参照のこと。
• As to the development of ginjoshu after that, see the section of 'the spread of ginjoshu.'

• 鎌倉時代後期には日本にも禅宗の普及に伴って広まるようになった。
• In the latter half of the Kamakura Period temples with gozan status appeared in Japan as well, corresponding to an increase in the number of believers of Zen principles.

• また化学肥料の普及、使役家畜の消滅も里山の経済価値を失わせた。
• In addition, widespread use of chemical fertilizers and the disappearance of farm animals also decreased the economic value of Satoyama.

• しかし手島堵庵のなどの門弟たちによって『心学』の語が普及した。
• However, the term 'shingaku' (study of nature) was spread by his pupils, such as Toan TEJIMA.

• 辞典の普及に伴い、ヘボン式ローマ字の名で知られるようになった。
• As use of the dictionary became widespread, the Hepburn system of Romanization became known.

• 縄文早期前半には、関東地方に竪穴住居がもっとも顕著に普及する。
• The tateanajukyogun spread most notably in the Kanto region during the first half of the earlier Jomon period.

• そのため守随秤は全国に普及し、日本全国の秤の統一が達成された。
• That is why Shuzui scales spread all over Japan and scales were integrated in Japan.

• 日本では、このうち陽宅風水が家相という形で普及したものである。
• Particularly, in Japan, Yang (bright) Feng Shui spread as the form of Kaso.

• 米国の興行師で、サーカスを普及させた（1810年−1891年）
• United States showman who popularized the circus (1810-1891)

• 相互扶助と兄弟愛を誓約する、一般に普及した秘密の友愛組合の一員
• a member of a widespread secret fraternal order pledged to mutual assistance and brotherly love

• 元々局所化された（民族、言語または文化として）何かの分散か普及
• the dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture)

• ウォシュレット自体が日本以外の国ではほとんど普及していません。
• The bidet-toilet itself has not spread much outside of Japan.

• 1962年、アマチュアの普及発展を目的に、伯国相撲連盟が結成。
• Brazilian Sumo Federation was established in 1962 to develop and spread amateur sumo.

• この方式は江戸時代後期から明治前期にかけて普及したものである。
• This fasteners came to be used widely from the latter half of the Edo period to the first half of the Meiji period.

• その後、江戸時代には庶民の習字手本として民間にも普及している。
• After that, in the Edo period, it became widespread as a text book of calligraphy also among the general public.

• その中の成功事例が全国普及を後押しをしたことは想像に難くない。
• It is easy to imagine that the success case among them triggered the spread to hot springs of all parts of the country.

• さらに茶の栽培が普及すると茶を飲む習慣が一般に普及していった。
• In addition, as the tea cultivation became popular, tea drinking practices spread amongst the public.

• ここでは日本を中心に普及している狭義の「豚カツ」についてふれる。
• The following is a narrow definition of 'tonkatsu,' which has spread in areas centering in Japan.

• もう一つは、急激に普及したコンビニエンスストアでの販売であった。
• The other were the sales at convenience stores that had spread rapidly.

• 明治に活字文化が普及するまでは、日本の標準書体であったといえる。
• It had been the standard calligraphy style of Japan until the Meiji period, when printing became the common practice.

• 特に庶民の間では五三桐は多く普及し、紋付き服の貸し借りができた。
• Especially Gosannokiri was widely used by common people, therefore they could lend or borrow formal kimono with family crests.

• 関西の城下町では早くから町屋が建てられてこれが広く普及していた。
• In castle towns in the Kansai District, merchant houses had been built since early times and had become common.

• また畳の普及も商品流通の必要から、必然的に規格寸法化されていた。
• In addition, the need of commercial distribution inevitably led to the standardizations of tatami.

• 特に近江（滋賀県）では広く帰依し、村々には無碍光本尊が普及した。
• Especially in Omi (Shiga Prefecture), many people believed Rennyo so that 無碍光本尊 was worshiped in many villages.

• 背景には、国学 (学問)の普及による神仏習合への不純視があった。
• Behind the movement was the spread of Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) (study), which regarded mixture of Buddhism and Shinto as impure.

• 個展、国内・海外の普及活動だけでなく、執筆、講演会を行っている。
• Not only holding exhibitions or disseminating Japanese flower arrangement both domestically and internationally, he also writes and gives lectures.

• ジャマイカの歌手で、レゲエを普及させた（1945年−1981年）
• Jamaican singer who popularized reggae (1945-1981)

• 折りしも欧米列強の外圧や幕末の動乱等の時代に至り急速に普及した。
• It spread quickly to coincide with a time when Japan suffered from pressure of the allied western powers and internal disturbances in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate.

• 当時普及し始めていた洋装にも合う髪型として生み出され、流行した。
• This style was invented to suit western closes that began to spread at this time and became popular.

• 「普茶」とは「茶を普く」という意味であり、煎茶普及の一翼を担った。
• Fucha' means 'to spread tea widely,' and fucha ryori contributed to the popularity of drinking green tea.

• ヨーロッパ全般に普及した弓の丈が短い弓で、馬上使用にも適している。
• It is a short bow that spread all over Europe, suitable for the use on horseback.

• 熱した酒を徳利に注ぐ酒燗器も普及したが燗銅壷とは構造が全く異なる。
• Sake warming machines that heat the sake before it is poured into the flasks have become common, but actual 'Kandoko' copper sake warmers are built completely differently.

• 「普茶」とは「茶を普く」という意味であり、煎茶普及の一役を担った。
• As 'Fucha' means ' diffusing tea,' Fucha ryori cuisine contributed to diffuse Sencha (natural leaf tea).

• 日本に仏教が伝来し、普及したころ神道では寺院建築を瓦屋根と呼んだ。
• When Buddhism was brought to Japan and came to be practiced widely, temple buildings were called Kawara-yane (tiled roofs).
• When Buddhism was brought to Japan and became widely practiced, temple buildings were called Kawara-yane (tiled roofs).

• 江戸時代後期以降になると「田の字型」の間取りが広く普及していった。
• In the latter half of the Edo period and later, the floor layout with the shape of the Chinese character 田 came into wide use.

• 社会事業にも従事しながら阿弥陀信仰と念仏の普及に限りなく尽力した。
• He also worked for public works and worked relentlessly for the spread of Amida worship and Nenbutsu.

• 蘭医オットー・モーニケによって伝えられた種痘術の普及に努めている。
• He was committed to proliferation of vaccination taught by a Dutch medical doctor Otto Mohnike.

• この頃、円筒埴輪が盛行し、土師器が畿内でつくられ、各地に普及した。
• At the same time, the Japanese people produced ento haniwa (cylindrical clay figure) figures enthusiastically; as well as Haji pottery made in the Kinai region which led to Haiji pottery production spreading out into the many regions of Japan.

• 名誉の概念の普及も、それゆえ、同じ傾向へ向かう証拠とされるだろう。
• The prevalence of notions of honor may, therefore, be taken as evidence going in the same direction.

• Dデイは、ヨーロッパでの戦争で普及している出来事であると考えられる
• D-day is considered the dominating event of the war in Europe

• テレビが普及したおかげで、諸外国の風景を楽しく眺めることができる。
• The spread of television enables us to enjoy the scenery of foreign countries.

• なお、米国において、缶紅茶は、ごく一般的な飲料として普及している。
• Canned black tea is widespread as a very popular beverage in the United States.

• 教育系団体は独自の検定試験などを行い、書道の普及活動に努めている。
• The educational organization is trying to promote Shodo widely holding their own certification examination and others.

• 寺社に属さない僧侶である聖の教えが広く普及する背景がそこにあった。
• Thus, teaching by hijiri who didn't belong to temples and shrines were widespread.

• このような大阪市の青年団の活動も、地車囃子の普及に一役買っていた。
• Such activities by Youth Groups of Osaka City played a part in the spread of danjiri-bayashi.

• また宗教面では鎌倉新仏教の成立により、民衆へ仏教が普及していった。
• In religion, new schools of Japanese Buddhism called Kamakura New Buddhism were established, becoming widely accepted by general public.

• 全日本煎茶道連盟は、煎茶道の普及発展を目的として結成された社団法人。
• Zen Nihon Senchado Renmei (National Japanese Sencha Association) is an incorporated association founded for the promotion and development of Sencha-do (the way of sencha).

• 枡席は江戸時代の初め頃から歌舞伎や人形浄瑠璃の劇場で普及しはじめた。
• Masuseki gradually became popular in theaters showing kabuki (a kind of traditional drama performed by male actors) and ningyo joruri (a traditional drama performed with puppets) from early in the Edo period.

• 晩年は自作脚本を全集本『狂言百種』として発表し歌舞伎の普及に努めた。
• In his later years, he published his own complete works 'Kyogen Hyakushu' (Collection of One Hundred Kabuki Plays) which included scripts he had written himself, thus endeavoring to popularize kabuki.

• 戦後の伝統芸能不遇の時代から狂言の普及に努め、広く支持を集めている。
• He has been striving to spread kyogen since after the war which was the dark days for traditional performing arts, and received broad support.

• 『万国公法』の普及はその輸入した『万国公法』を翻刻する形でなされた。
• 'Bankoku Koho' became common after the imported 'Bankoku Koho' was reprinted in Vietnam.

• 『源氏物語』は完成直後から広く普及し多くの写本が作られたと見られる。
• It seems that 'The Tale of Genji' circulated widely and was copied into many manuscripts soon after its completion.

• 米国の作曲家、20世紀の音楽の普及を促進した（1896-1985年）
• United States composer who promoted 20th century music (1896-1985)

• この頃から簡易褌としてふんどし黒猫褌が出現し、男児を中心に普及した。
• At that time, kuroneko fundoshi (a kind of jockstrap) appeared as a simple form of fundoshi and became popular especially among boys.

• 海外でもenTeppanyakiの名前で日本料理として普及している。
• 'Teppanyaki' is also popular overseas as Japanese cuisine.

• そのため、良貨を普及するためには悪貨の流通を制限しなければならない。
• Therefore, the circulation of low-quality coins must be restricted to have high-quality coins used more widely.

• 政府の外郭団体として再出発したことにより、武道は飛躍的に発展普及する。
• Martial arts grew and spread significantly with this new start as an extra-departmental organization of the government.

• 数打ちと呼ばれる量産品が生産されて、雑兵にいたるまで普及していたこと。
• Mass produced swords called Kazu-uchi were produced and widespread even to common soldiers.

• インド、パキスタン、ネパールなどの南アジア、東南アジアで普及している。
• It diffused to Southeast Asian nations was well as to South Asian nations such as India, Pakistan and Nepal.

• ヨーロッパ、アメリカ、インド等で能楽を公演して世界各地への普及に貢献。
• He presented the performance of Nohgaku in Europe, the United States, India and other countries and contributed to the promotion of Noh plays in abroad.

• 古墳時代には鉄製短甲が出現し、横矧板鋲留が安定した形式として普及する。
• The Tanko made by iron appeared in Tumulus period, and Yokohagiitabyodome (nailing horizontally long iron plates together) prevailed as a stable form.

• 西ヨーロッパに帰化した東部北アメリカと東アジアの美しいよく普及したシダ
• beautiful spreading fern of eastern North America and eastern Asia naturalized in western Europe

• 電話が一般に普及したために、今日では手紙を書く人々は少なくなってきた。
• The popularity of the telephone has led to fewer people writing letters these days.

• 肝炎に関する啓発及び知識の普及並びに肝炎患者等の人権の尊重に関する事項
• matters concerning public awareness and dissemination of information concerning hepatitis and matters concerning respect of the human rights of hepatitis patients, etc.; and

• 明代までの墨は墨松煙墨（青墨）が普及し、墨油煙墨は特殊な存在であった。
• The ink sticks made from burnt pine were popular until the Ming period, and ink sticks made from lamp soot were rare.

• ふたりの成婚の様子を見るために、当時高価であったテレビも普及し始めた。
• To watch their wedding ceremony, lots of people bought television that had been still expensive in those days.

• カラオケという言葉が普及する以前は「空演奏」と表現されることが多かった。
• Before the word 'karaoke' became common, it was usually expressed as 'kara enso (literally meaning empty performance).'

• 市場では中級品、高級品は国内品、普及品は輸入品と、すみ分けが進んでいる。
• Domestic market has been increasingly divided into a market of middle-grade and high-grade products in which domestic products are prevailing and that of low-grade products in which import products are prevailing.

• 安全醸造の確立する前、すなわち明治時代中ごろまでは一般的に普及していた。
• This technology had been commonly applied to brewing sake until the middle of the Meiji Period when anzen-jozo (safe brewing method) was established.

• 1950年代に英国に現れて、1960年代に米国と英国で普及した美術の流派
• a school of art that emerged in the United Kingdom in the 1950s and became prevalent in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1960s

• 英国と米国でカトリックを普及させるために働いた（1765年−1846年）
• worked to propagate Catholicism in England and the United States (1765-1846)

• 国造本紀は、珍重な書物で一般に広く普及したものではないという指摘がある。
• It has been pointed out that 'Kuni no miyatsuko hongi' was a highly esteemed document and not spread widely.

• 婦人標準服はほとんど普及せず、婦人標準服を考案した人たちの思惑は外れた。
• Standard female clothing did not prevail despite the expectations of the designers.

• 当初は都市部を中心に広まり、次第に農村部や武士まで普及するようになった。
• In the beginning, it was spread mainly in urban areas, and gradually became popular in agricultural communities and among samurais.

• 2006年5月2日、弓道の普及と振興等を図るため国際弓道連盟が創設された。
• On May 2, 2006, the International Kyudo Federation was founded in order to popularize and promote Kyudo.

• エンタツ・アチャコ以降、漫才は急速に普及し、他のスター漫才師も生みだした。
• Since the appearance of Entatsu and Achako, the popularity of manzai has rapidly spread among people and many other forms of manzai-shi have emerged.

• 歩射の正式の的であり、現在の尺二的（小的）が普及するまで一般に使用された。
• An o-mato is a formal mato for busha (to shoot an arrow while walking), and this type had been commonly used until the current style of shaku-ni mato (also known as komato, the regular size mato for kinteki) became popular.

• したがって、麹による醸造法は当時既に全国的に普及していたと見るべきである。
• Therefore, it should be considered that the brewing method of rice malt had been already spread all over Japan in those days.

• まれに魚肉の肉鬆も存在するが、豚肉と牛肉から作った肉鬆がより普及している。
• In rare cases, rou sing made from fish meat is available but that made from pork and beef is more common.

• 木刀にかわって竹刀が普及する事によって、直接打ち合える試合が可能になった。
• With shinai replacing 'bokuto' wooden swords, it became possible for people to directly hit each other in tournaments.

• アイヌ文化の振興並びにアイヌの伝統等に関する知識の普及及び啓発に関する法律
• Act on the Promotion of Ainu Culture, and Dissemination and Enlightenment of Knowledge about Ainu Tradition, etc.

• 主に畿内（関西地方）を中心とした西国において普及している風習の1つである。
• This is one custom spread mainly in the western part of Japan around Kinai (Kansai district).

• この頃になると貴族や上流階級の邸宅には襖がかなり普及していたと判断できる。
• Apparently, around this time, fusuma had spread widely in a residences of aristocracy and the upper-class.

• そのため茶本来の精神に立ち返るべく、煎茶普及の活動に傾注したとも言われる。
• This was said to be why he wanted to return to the basic essence and soul of tea, and devoted himself to spreading the custom of drinking green tea.

• その一方で小学校やホールでの公演も重ね、狂言の一般的普及に大きく貢献した。
• On the other hand, he repeatedly performed at elementary schools and halls and largely contributed to spread kyogen to the public.

• 縄文時代から弥生時代にかけて見られ、縄文草創期に出現し、早期には普及する。
• Ishisaji is a type of stone tool made during the Jomon to Yayoi periods (from about 14,000BC to 300 AD), with the first appearance in the incipient Jomon period and it was widespread in the early Jomon period.

• 一つは World Wide Web のサイトの普及ぶりを説明することだ。
• One is in explaining the popularity of World Wide Web sites,

• より広いグループか領域への普及あるいは伝達（ニュースやお金といったものが）
• the spread or transmission of something (as news or money) to a wider group or area

• ヨーロッパ中で一般的で、どこかほかに植えられる広く普及している丸い葉のニレ
• broad spreading rough-leaved elm common throughout Europe and planted elsewhere

• 缶コーヒーの需要を飛躍的に伸ばした要因に冷温可能な自動販売機の普及がある。
• Factors for the rapidly-increased demand of canned coffee include the spread of vending machines which can perform both heating and cooling.

• また全国規模の講習会と奉奏の徹底は神社における神楽舞の普及に大きく貢献した。
• Furthermore, conducting nationwide workshops and full-scale performances of the dance contributed to popularizing kagura dances among the shrines.

• 江戸時代にもこの風習は普及していたらしく、浮世絵や、黄表紙などに現れている。
• It seems that this custom was also widespread in the Edo period, because it can be seen in Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock print) and Kibyoshi (illustrated book of popular fiction whose cover is yellow).

• 現在では仙台市内において「仙臺すずめ踊り」の祭連を中心に普及が始まっている。
• It is now starting to become popular in Sendai City among practitioners of the 'Sendai Suzume Odori' (Sendai sparrow dance).

• また、日本に五輪塔が普及する切っ掛けとなった五輪九字明秘密釈の著者でもある。
• He is also the author of Gorinkujimyohimitsushaku, which triggered prevalence of gorinto (a gravestone composed of five pieces piled up one upon another) in Japan.

• その後火葬技術が進歩したこともあり、近現代の日本では火葬が飛躍的に普及した。
• After that, along with the progress of cremation techniques, the practice of cremation became extensively widespread in modern and contemporary Japanese society,

• 鎌倉時代に入り、浄土教が流行し称名念仏が盛んになるとともに一般にも普及する。
• In the Kamakura period, when Jodo-kyo (pure land teachings) prevailed and Invocation of the Buddha's Name became popular, it spread widely among ordinary people.

• が、評判を呼び、職人の意匠手引書などにも用いられることとなって広く普及した。
• However, it received a high reputation and became widespread such as for the manuals of design for craftsmen.

• パッテンは、アメリカでアニメの普及に役立つことなら何にでも賛成だったからだ。
• since Patten was in favor of anything that would promote anime in America.

• このアニメ流通のコモンズは、インターネットの広範な普及より数年先に存在した。
• This commons of anime distribution, however, existed several years before the widespread adoption of the Internet.

• 他に最近は、狩衣の襟を着物の打ち合わせ風に仕立てた「女狩衣」も普及している。
• A costume called 'onna kariginu' (female's kariginu) in which the collar of kariginu is tailored in kimono's uchiawase (overlapping) style is also widely used these days.

• 今日車はとても普及しているので、私達は誰でも車を持っていると思い込んでいる。
• Today cars are so popular that we assume everyone has one.

• 着物や袴の下に履く下着として、明治以降の日本の近代化に伴い全国的に普及した。
• In the period of the modern Japanese development since the Meiji period, it became a common in the whole country as underwear to be put under kimono or hakama (pleated loose-fitting trousers).

• ただし、積雪が多い地域や冬の気温が低い地域では瓦葺きはあまり普及しなかった。
• However, in regions with heavy snowfalls and in cold areas, tile roofing was not popular.

• そこで「割」の10分の1を「分」、100分の1を「厘」とする用法が普及した。
• Then, in Japan, 'bu' (分) was widely used as a unit showing a 10th of 'wari,' while 'rin' as a unit showing a 100th of 'wari.'

• これは朱子学の普及に伴い、中国の戦国時代を研究する儒学者によって唱えられた。
• It was advanced by Confucian scholars who studied the period of Warring States in China with the spread of Neo-Confucianism.

• しかし、実利を尊ぶ庶民には、お茶漬けはその利便性から非常に重宝がられ普及した。
• However, ordinary people loved chazuke because it is convenient, so it became very popular.

• また、結成直後から毎年研究会や全国大会を欠かさず開き、煎茶道の普及に尽力する。
• The federation has also held a study meeting and a national conference every year since the founding without missing a single year, and devoted itself to Senchado promotion.

• 木割書は大工の秘伝・家伝であったが、江戸中期ころには木版本などで広く普及する。
• The kiwarisho was a trade secret and kaden (family tradition) of carpenters, but was spread widely by block book during the mid-Edo period.

• まだ普及していない地域においては浄化槽の設置に補助金を出しているところもある。
• Some areas which do not have sewage lines are subsidized for the installation of septic tanks.

• 住居用に書院造の普及し始めた江戸時代以降に住宅に玄関が設けられたとされている。
• It was from the Edo Period that residential houses began to have genkan when shoin-zukuri became popular as a residential house.

• 篤胤が生前に残した多額の借財をすべて返済し、ひたすら古道の普及と顕彰に努めた。
• He cleared off all the enormous debts that Atsutane had accumulated while he had been alive, and worked hard to popularize Kodo (ancient method, ancient moral teachings and the way of learning).

• なお、カキの生食が普及している欧米ではフライで供する料理方法は一般的ではない。
• In Europe, where oyster is generally eaten raw, oyster is not commonly fried in cooking.

• キリスト教が伝来して信者を集め、鉄砲などの最新技術が瞬く間に全国へと普及した。
• Christianity was introduced, gathering devotees, and the newest technology, such as guns, spread around the country instantly.

• しかし「江戸前ずし」の名が普及するとともに「江戸前」があまり使われなくなった。
• However, as the term 'Edomae-zushi' became widespread, 'Edomae' was frequently omitted.

• 特に、軍隊で支給された下着（官給品）であったことで全国に普及する下着となった。
• Ecchu fundoshi became the undergarments that spread all over the country, particularly because they are the undergarments that were provided in the army (as articles supplied at official expense).

• さらに江戸時代に入ると寿司、蕎麦の普及と併せ、広く一般に普及・浸透していった。
• In the Edo period, it became popular among ordinary citizens in keeping with the spread of sushi and soba (buckwheat noodles).

• かつて火鉢や囲炉裏が普及していた時代には、どこの家庭にもある一般的な道具だった。
• When braziers or irori fire places were widely used, Hibashi chopsticks were common tools you could see in any home in Japan.

• 欧米化が普及した今日、床の間や和室のない住宅であっても、西洋館と呼ぶことはない。
• Things in Japan have become increasingly Westernized now and houses lacking tokonoma (the alcove in a traditional Japanese room where art or flowers are displayed) and a Japanese-style tatami room would not be called seiyo-kan buildings anymore.

• 永平寺式の精進料理は、室町時代から江戸時代前期にかけて普及した本膳料理に通じる。
• Shojin ryori of Eihei-ji Temple school are considered to be the origin of Honzen-ryori cuisine, which prevailed from the Muromachi period to the early Edo period.

• 今日、一部で戒名に阿弥陀仏をつけるようになったのは重源の普及によるともいわれる。
• It is said to be due to the influence of Chogen that the posthumous Buddhist name Amidabutsu (Amida Buddha) came to be used today.

• アニメ企業の目標がアニメを普及させて人気を出すことであるなら、吹き替えが必須だ。
• If the goal of an anime company was to publicize or promote anime to the public, then dubbing was a necessity;

• 道光普照国師 -- 孤雲懐奘（1198年- 1280年）曹洞宗の教義普及に尽力。
• Dokofusho kokushi: Koun Ejo (1198 - 1280) promoted to diffuse the faith of Soto sect.

• 日本ではリング状のものが早くから普及したため「避妊リング」と呼ばれることも多い。
• In Japan the ring shaped ones came into use first so they're also often called 'contraceptive rings'.

• その他、屋内用の照明としても普及が見られるが、官公庁や裕福な家庭が中心であった。
• They were also widely used for interior illumination, though mainly in public offices and wealthy households.

• 16世紀中頃から銀山の開発および灰吹法の普及により国内の銀の産出が急増し始めた。
• From the mid sixth century, the silver production in Japan increased rapidly because of silver mine development and the development of cupellation-refining skills.

• 同様に、貨幣経済の拡大は、労役の代わりの金銭納入が普及していくという形で現れた。
• Likewise, the expansion of money economy appeared in the form of popularization of paying dues in cash instead of labor services.

• その後、奈良漬けは江戸時代に入り幕府への献上や奈良を訪れる旅人によって普及した。
• Thereafter, in the Edo period, narazuke became popular as an item presented to the Bakufu (Japanese feudal government) and also owing to the travelers who visited Nara.

• - 1734－1807（享保19－文化4）すぐれた教育者で和算の普及に大いに貢献。
• 1734 – 1807: he was an excellent teacher and contributed greatly to the dissemination of wasan.

• それ以後、醤油とみりん（もしくは糖度の高い酒）を使用したつゆが普及する事になった。
• After that, the soup that used soy sauce and mirin (or sake with high sugar content) became popular.

• この他、高音用の「小絃」、低音用の「大絃」も作られたが、一般的に普及はしていない。
• In addition to these, 'shogen' for high pitched tones and 'daigen' for low pitched tones were made but they have been generally unknown.

• その後股割れズボンを履かなくなったことや、椅子の普及で正座をすることはなくなった。
• Later, as kaidangku pants fell out of fashion and the use of chairs became popular, people ceased to sit in the seiza style.

• なお、鳩摩羅什訳『妙法蓮華経』観世音菩薩普門品第二十五は観音経として普及している。
• Moreover, Kanzeon Bosatsu Fumonhon No. 25 of 'Myohorenge-kyo,' as translated by Kumaraju, has become widespread as the Kannon-gyo sutra.

• 「両截体制」下において、『万国公法』は普及し、政局にも影響を及ぼし始めたのである。
• Under the Ryosetsu system, 'Bankoku Koho' was widely spread and started to affect on political situation as well.

• 定住化の普及した縄文時代全期を通じて出土し、特に早期以降の集落遺跡で多く出土する。
• These stone plates were excavated from the entire Jomon period, when settlement became more common, and a lot of them were found especially in village remains of the earlier period or later.

• 17世紀中期以降、蕎麦切りは江戸を中心に急速に普及し、日常的な食物として定着した。
• Starting from Edo, sobakiri rapidly gained popularity subsequent to the mid seventeenth century and became established as part of the daily diet.

• 日本では、鎌倉時代後期ごろから商品経済が急速に進展していき、貨幣の流通が普及した。
• In Japan, commodity economy progressed from around the latter half of the Kamakura period, and coins became circulated widely.

• 鋭利な刃物の普及により削掛が加わり、紙の普及により、御幣も用いられるようになった。
• Carved wood and strips of paper also became used with the spread of sharp tools and the increasingly widespread diffusion of paper.

• 今はプラスティックのトレーが普及しているが、当時はまだ無かったため皿は必需品だった。
• Now plastic trays are popular, but in those days they did not exist and so dishes were required.

• しかし、ペットボトル入りのお茶の普及などで一般家庭からは急速にその姿を消しつつある。
• However, the chabitsu has been rapidly disappearing from the ordinary household due to the spread of tea sold in plastic bottles.

• 加盟者は、この附属書に従って、生み出された知的財産の可能な限り広範な普及を支援する。
• Subject to the provisions of this Annex, the Members support the widest possible dissemination of Generated Intellectual Property.

• 一枚の布ではあるが様々の形状、大きさのものを包むことができるため広く普及していった。
• It came into wide use regardless of being only a piece of cloth, because it could wrap up things with various shapes and sizes.

• 合気道を一般に普及する上で「健康体操」「レクリエーション」という宣伝も多くなされた。
• In order to promote aikido to the general public, it was often promoted as 'health exercise' and 'recreation.'

• 一般庶民に普及したのは江戸時代（1610年）で、本格的に重箱が製造されてからである。
• Jubako became popular among ordinary people in the Edo period when their commercial production began in 1610.

• 山崎闇斎の門下生の1人であり、闇斎が創設した垂加神道を朝廷に普及することにつとめた。
• He was one of the students of Ansai YAMAZAKI, and he made efforts to prevail Suika Shinto which was founded by Ansai in the Imperial court.

• インド人のシタ―奏者で、西欧においてインドの古典音楽を普及させた（1920年生まれ）
• Indian sitar player who popularized classical Indian music in the West (born in 1920)

• 職業安定局長は、労働力需給に関する専門用語の意義を定め、その普及に努めるものとする。
• The Director-General of the Employment Security Bureau shall define the technical terms concerning the demand and supply of labor, and endeavor to disseminate the same.

• ただし、武家の公式文書は多く御家流で書かれたため、次第に全国のあらゆる階層に普及した。
• However, official documents of samurai families were typically written in the Oie School, which gradually spread throughout the social strata in Japan.

• ただし、百済国内に本格的に仏教が普及するのはそれより1世紀ほど遅れた6世紀初頭である。
• However, it was at the beginning of the sixth century, one century later, that Buddhism was really spread in Baekje.

• 旧石器時代と縄文時代の違いは、土器の出現や竪穴住居の普及、貝塚の形式などがあげられる。
• The main differences between the Paleolithic period and the Jomon period are the emergence of the earthenware, the spread of tateanajukyo (a pit dwelling house) and the style of shell mounds.

• ニジェール＝コンゴ語族に属するアフリカ語群で、セネガルから象牙海岸まで広く普及している
• a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast

• 白木屋 (デパート)白木屋火事と並び、もんぺ着用もズロースを普及させたと言われている。
• Along with the fire at Shirokiya department store, wearing monpe was also a cause of the spread of bloomers.

• 江戸時代に入り、木版画の技術が普及すると、絵入りの歌がるたの形態で広く庶民に広まった。
• In the Edo period (1603-1867), by the technique of wood block print, it began to be printed on uta-garuta (poem cards) with beautiful illustrations and was spread through common people.

• また、国内では国学 (学問)の普及にともなって民族意識がとみに高まった時代でもあった。
• Within Japan, it was a time that ethnic consciousness was rising rapidly together with the spread of Kokugaku (study of Japanese literature and culture).

• しかし、戦後は流通経路の発達に伴って特に信州味噌が全国的に普及し、これを使う家庭も多い。
• But after the war, along with the development of distribution channels, Shinshu miso spread throughout the country and many people use it at home.

• この料理が次第に武家社会において儀礼化していき、やがて一般庶民に普及したものとみられる。
• This dish probably became one of the rituals in the samurai world, and later spread among common people.

• また、別の要因として、この時代、庶民に畳が普及し始めた頃であったことも要因であるという。
• Another factor was that the use of tatami mats began to spread among the common people during this period.

• ナイジェリアでは、テレビドラマやコマーシャルを通じたPR活動を進めた結果、普及が進んだ。
• The spread of mosquito nets in Nigeria has advanced as a result of publicity from television drama series and commercials.

• 竈は簡単な材料で作ることが可能で、使用耐久も長く、修理も比較的簡単なため、広く普及した。
• Kamado became widespread because people were able to make it from simple materials, it was durable for long-term use, and repairing it was relatively easy.

• 昆陽はこれ以後、薩摩芋栽培普及の職務からは離れ、古文書収集・蘭語研究に携わっていること。
• Afterward, Konyo left the duty of the sweet potato cultivation spread, and was involved in the old document collection and research on Dutch language.

• 大阪大学に能楽研究会を設立し死去まで30年以上指導を続けるなど能楽の普及にも力を注いだ。
• He also contributed in propagating Nohgaku (the art of Noh) by founding the Noh study group at Osaka University and instructed Noh for more than 30 years until he died.

• 現在はインターネットの普及も影響して、枡野浩一など歌壇に全く属さない歌人も登場している。
• With the advent of the internet, there are increasing number of poets who do not associate themselves to any tanka circles with Koichi MASUNO being a famous example.

• 理由はこの時期から紙が一般にも普及し始め、公文書にも紙が使われるようになったためである。
• Because paper came into wide use from this period, including official documents.

• 事前に全国で開かれた講習会と当日の奉奏の徹底は神社における神楽舞の普及に大きく貢献した。
• Training sessions held throughout the country and instructions given to ensure perfect performance on that day promulgated kaguramai (Shinto dance and music) among Shinto shrines.

• 近年では大衆店化、チェーン店化しているところを中心に、シャリの自動握り機が普及している。
• In recent years, a machine automatically forming bite-sized balls of shari (vinegared rice) has been prevailing mainly in popularized and chain sushi restaurants.

• 木綿製足袋の普及と同時に、紐止め式からボタン止め式へと足袋を留める方式も変化していった。
• Corresponding to the wide use of cotton-made tabi, buttons instead of laces became to be used to prevent a tabi from slipping off.

• 江戸から発生し、商人などの全国的交流や、出版・教育の普及によって各地に伝えられていった。
• Kasei culture arose in Edo (old Tokyo) and spread to various places along with the nationwide communications among merchants and dissemination of publishing and education.

• 結婚のパレードは民間放送開始から五年目でまだ高嶺の花だったテレビの普及に大いに貢献した。
• The parade of the wedding highly contributed to the spread of the television that had still been an unattainable object in those days, when only five years had passed since commercial broadcasting was launched.

• こうした普及・組織化の活動は15代鵬雲斎汎叟にも引き継がれ、特に海外普及に力を注がれた。
• Such activities for dissemination and systemization were continued by Hoso HOUNSAI, the fifteenth head of the Urasenke school, who has applied his efforts, in particular, to promotion abroad.

• 1980年代後半には、レーザーディスクによるカラオケシステムが現れ、ある程度の普及を見た。
• In the late 1980's, a karaoke system using a laser disk was released and diffused to a certain degree.

• 暖めて飲む方法が広く普及しているという点で中国の紹興酒とともに、日本酒は特異な存在である。
• Sake, together with Shaoxing rice wine of China, is unique in the way of drinking to take it warm is popular.

• 農民が書いた土地証文などの数もしだいに増加し、文字が庶民層にまで広く普及するようになった。
• A growing number of land deeds were written by peasants, which means that literacy was widespread even among the commoner class.

• 吉祥丸が合気道の普及に乗り出し、デパートの屋上で演武会を行うと知った盛平は非常に反発した。
• When Morihei learned that Kisshomaru had decided to hold an enbukai on the rooftop of a department store to promote aikido, he objected strongly.

• しかし多様な文化的理由から、火葬の普及は必ずしも諸手を挙げての賛同を得ているわけではない。
• However, for various cultural reasons, the spread of cremation is not wholeheartedly supported.

• （なお、大岡春卜は狩野派の絵本の出版を通して、その図像・画法の普及に貢献した人物である。）
• (Shuboku OOKA is a person who contributed to the spread of Kano school designs and methods through the publication of picture books created by the Kano school.)

• ついには、それは優勢となり一般的意見となるか、その普及を止めるか、いずれかとなるでしょう。
• At last it either prevails, and becomes the general opinion, or its progress stops;

• しかしながら、ウールなど暖かい素材が増えたことと暖房機の普及により、真冬のみ着る人もいる。
• However, some people wear it only in the middle of winter thanks to the increase of warm wafuku, such as wool-made ones, as well as the spread of heaters.

• 堅固で美しく、しかも異様な雰囲気を醸し出したのですぐに広まり、室町時代の中頃には普及した。
• The solid, beautiful and unusual style caught on rapidly, and was prevalent by the mid Muromachi period.

• 台湾に教育制度を普及させた日本の政策は現在の台湾の教育水準の高さに一定の影響を与えている。
• Japan's policy to spread the education system influenced the high educational standard of today's Taiwan to a certain extent.

• 初めのうち古墳からの出土に限られるが、普及が進んだ後期になると西日本で集落からも出土した。
• Early Sueki is unearthed only from tumuli, but later one can also be found in the remains of a village of western Japan since it was widely used.

• 弓の丈が短い弓で東アジアから中国、モンゴル、ユーラシア全般で普及し、主に騎馬民族が使用した。
• It is the short bow that spread in a broad area of Eurasia from East Asia to China and Mongolia and was mainly used by equestrian people.

• カレーライスが日本に普及するにあたって、大日本帝国海軍が大きな役割を果たしたと言う説がある。
• There is a theory that Imperial Japanese Navy played a significant role in the popularization of curry and rice in Japan.

• 試合を行わない合気道では、各自の技量の向上と世間一般への普及を目的として演武会が開催される。
• In aikido, for which matches aren't held, enbukai is held to improve individual skills and promote it to the general public.

• 江戸期に表千家が果した役割として茶道史上特筆すべきは、6代覚々斎以降の、町方への普及である。
• In view of the history of tea ceremony, it is worthy of special mention that Omote-senke played a role in its penetration into town people since the times of Kakukakusai.

• 平安時代中期に至り末法思想が広まると、それに伴って浄土教信仰を庶民に普及する僧たちが現れた。
• As Buddhist eschatology diffused in the middle of the Heian period, some priests began to propagate 'Jodoshu' (Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) to the public.

• これら遣外使節団などへの参加経験を通じて、福澤は日本に洋学の普及が必要であることを痛感する。
• Through the experiences of participating in the envoys to foreign countries, Yukichi deeply felt that Western learning should be widely accepted in Japan.

• 米国のロック歌手で、初めてロックンロール音楽を普及させたうちの1人（1925年−1981年）
• United States rock singer who was one of the first to popularize rock'n'roll music (1925-1981)

• 20世紀から現在までの日本を全般的に見ると、和服の普及率が衰退していることは疑う余地がない。
• From the twentieth century to the present, the prevalence of Wafuku is undoubtedly declining as a whole.

• ハンバーグ- 肉料理の中では比較的安価なひき肉を用いるため、家庭料理として早くから普及した。
• Hamburger spread early as a home cuisine because it uses ground meat which is cheaper than other meats.

• 鋼材高騰を背景にコスト面で優れていたが、デザイン上難があったため80年代しか普及しなかった。
• While they had a cost advantage under the soaring cost of steel, there were drawbacks in design and they were used only in the 1980s.

• この時代、農業技術が著しく発達し、二毛作や鉄製農具の普及により、農業生産が飛躍的に増加した。
• At this time, the techniques of agriculture remarkably developed and with the spread of a two-crop system and iron farming equipments, the agricultural production also dramatically increased.

• 現在では標準語の普及もあって、異なる方言話者の間でも意思疎通に大きな問題を生じることはない。
• Those who speak in different dialects have no trouble communicating today, thanks to the popularization of the standard dialect.

• 1980年頃には回転ずし屋も持ち帰りすし店も全国に普及し、すし屋は庶民性を取り戻していった。
• By around the 1980s, conveyor belt-using and takeout sushi shops were successful nationwide, which made sushi accessible to ordinary people once again.

• ソースかつ丼の現存・普及している地域に片寄りがあり、その店舗や地域は全国的に分散点在している。
• The presence and prevalence of sauce katsudon is limited to certain regions, and restaurants and areas that serve them are scattered across the country.

• エスニック料理が普及した現在の日本でも、たんにカレーと呼ぶときはカレーライスを指す場合が多い。
• Even today when ethnic foods have become common in Japan, 'curry' in this country mostly refers to curry and rice.

• 農薬が普及するまで全国各地で見られたが、現在は火事の危険などから行われなくなったところが多い。
• It used to be seen throughout the nation until pesticide became widely used and today, most areas have stopped it because of the risk of fire.

• 柔道や空手道等の現代武道だけでなく、各種スポーツ競技の普及により古流柔術は省みられなくなった。
• Few people take notice of koryu jujutsu, because various other sports' competitions become popular, including the modern martial arts, such as judo and karate (the traditional Japanese martial art mainly used for self-defense, whose basic techniques are 'uchi' [arm strikes], 'tsuki' [thrusts] and 'keri' [kicks]).

• また、おぼろ昆布で包んだおにぎりも有名で、コンビニエンスストアで販売されるほどに普及している。
• Additionally, the celebrated onigiri (rice balls) wrapped in oboro konbu has become so popular that it is being sold at convenience stores.

• しかし2002年ごろから、香港、上海市などでバイクや自動車を使っての宅配が急速に普及してきた。
• However, from around 2002, delivery by motorbike and bicycle has spread rapidly in Hong Kong and Shanghai.

• 現在の素麺に近いスタイルの索麺（そうめん）が普及するようになるのは室町時代に入ってからである。
• Somen noodles similar in style to the present-day somen noodles became widely available during the Muromachi period.

• が、結局全国にわたって庶民段階にまで仏教が普及するのは、中世以降まで待たなければならなかった。
• However, after all, it was after the medieval period that Buddhism was spread among common people all over the country.

• しかし、今日では洋風の住まいが普及し、新築の家は、和室と共に床の間のある例も減少してきている。
• However, nowadays, as western style houses have been built widely, those with tokonoma as well as Japanese style rooms have decreased.

• 日本では平安中期以降、女性の救済を説く法華経の普及によって、主に貴婦人たちからの信仰を集めた。
• In Japan from the middle of the Heian period, it was worshipped mainly by noble women in accordance with the prevalence of Hoke-kyo Sutra, which preaches women's relief.

• この様に具体的な実例をもって往生を説く方法は、庶民への浄土教普及にとっても非常に有効であった。
• Using specific actual examples to teach death was extremely effective in spreading the Jodo sect.

• 尊円法親王の書風は「青蓮院流」と呼ばれ、江戸時代に広く普及した和様書風「御家流」の源流である。
• The style of calligraphy developed by Sonen is known as the Shoren-in method, which was widely adopted during the Edo period and is the origin of Japanese style of handwriting, the Oieryu method.

• これ以降、昔の書蹟を模写し法帖化するには、模刻が必ず用いられるというほどに普及することになる。
• Since then, mokoku had become so popular that old works were always copied with this method when creating hojo.

• 日本人の古来の弓術の射撃戦方法論にも無理なく適合できるこの形式の銃が普及したと考えられている。
• This style of gun naturally fit in the tactics for shooting war using traditional Japanese archery and became prevalent in Japan.

• 一般家庭での普及はあるものの、藤原氏流（97家）の使用例は、うち7家のみであるといわれている。
• While fuji-mon design is widely used in general households, it is said that only seven (out of 97) families of the Fujiwara clan lineage use them.

• （有）日本ヴァイオリン研究所大正琴全国普及会が運営し、組織の正式名称は琴伝流大正琴全国普及会。
• The school is operated by Nihon Violin Kenkyusho Taishogoto Zenkoku Fukyukai and the official name of the organization is Kindenryu Taishogoto Zenkoku Fukyukai (Extension Association of Kinden school of Taishogoto).

• また大日本帝国陸軍がカレーライスの普及に貢献したという説があり、根拠としては次が挙げられている。
• There is a theory that the Imperial Japanese Army contributed to the popularization of curry and rice, based on the following facts.

• 普及の地域差は大きく、愛知県では半数の高校に弓道部があるが、東京都、大阪府では10％前後である。
• Popularity varied widely depending on the region; for example, in Aichi Prefecture half the high schools have Kyudo-bu, while in Tokyo and Osaka it was about 10%.

• 京都においては近衛家・鷹司家より殊遇を得ており、たびたび京都と名古屋を往復して茶道普及に努めた。
• At the same time, Rakushisai Soji received a special favor from the Konoe family and the Takatsukasa family in Kyoto, so he had to travel frequently between Kyoto and Nagoya and tried his best to disseminate the tea ceremony.

• また河東節などの浄瑠璃音楽の普及によって、本来の地歌そのものはしだいに演奏されなくなっていった。
• However, with the popularization of joruri music such as Katobushi, jiuta in its original form was gradually played less and less.

• 鰹節や昆布で出汁をとる技術が高度に発達し、砂糖の普及により、甘い和菓子が食べられるようになった。
• The technique to generate soup stock based upon dried bonito or konbu (a kind of kelp) progressed, and as sugar became used widely, sweet Japanese confectionery became available.

• 硯蓋は、江戸時代に出現したもので、卓袱料理や砂糖の普及とも絡んでいると思われる特異な献立である。
• Suzuributa, appeared during the Edo period, and was a peculiar menu, its popularity associated with the spread of Shippoku cuisine (special Chinese cuisine in Nagasaki Prefecture, to which Japanese cooking methods were introduced) and sugar.

• 従って、時間と空間を問わず誰でも称名念仏できるため、幅広い層の民衆に対する念仏の普及に貢献した。
• Therefore, since anyone could recite Buddha's name without regard to time or space, it contributed to the prevalence of Buddhist invocation among people from various walks of life.

• そして、弓矢と槍の中間的な機能を果たした投げ槍（槍先形尖頭器）は弓矢の普及によって消滅していく。
• With the widespread use of bow and arrow, javelins (lanceolate-shaped point), which functioned as a transit tool between the bow and arrows and the spear, ceased to exist.

• しかし、文語としてはさらに普及し、江戸時代には、公文書・実用文などのほとんどをこの文体が占めた。
• However, it commonly used in writing and during the Edo period, almost all official documents and practical writing utilized this style.

• その後、平安後期の阿弥陀信仰の高まりや末法思想の普及にともない、法界寺にも阿弥陀堂が建てられた。
• The later increase in devotion to Amitabha and the spread of pessimism due to decadent-age theory during the latter part of the Heian period led to the construction of an Amitabha hall at Hokai-ji Temple.

• 江戸時代に『玩貨名物記』に代表される名物記が版本で刊行されており、その価値観が大衆へと普及した。
• During the Edo period, many meibutsuki such as 'Ganka meibutsuki' (Record of Named Objects for Appreciation) were published and their senses of values became widespread among the general public.

• 平安時代以来の書道は上流社会の人々の間で行われていたが、この時代の書道は一般庶民にまで普及した。
• During the Heian period and later, calligraphy was a practice of people only in the upper society, but during this period, calligraphy became popular among common people as well.

• 当時としてはむしろ、一般に普及した剣道を、「剣術（剣道）の一流派」と認識していたのかもしれない。
• It seems that Kendo, which was popular among ordinary people, was regarded as 'one of the schools of Kenjutsu (Kendo)' at that time.

• 当時は麻が主流であったが、江戸時代に入り木綿に代り、武士の他に一般庶民にも普及するようになった。
• In those days hemps were mostly used, but later in the Edo period they were replaced by cotton which made fundoshi loincloths popular among the common people beside warriors.

• 喫茶の普及と共に「茶碗」という言葉も広まり、喫茶用途以外の磁器も指す磁器の代名詞として使われた。
• Along with the spread of the tea drinking habit, the word 'chawan' has also spread and it has become a pronoun for porcelain used for other purposes also.

• 火縄銃は、世界的に見ても異常な速度で瞬く間に日本全土に普及し、戦国時代の戦闘の形態を一新させた。
• Use of matchlock guns spread at a high speed that was unusual compared even with world standards, and they became used throughout Japan in quite a short time, completely changing fighting styles during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).

• 香りや味わいは日本酒に近くフルーティで、減圧蒸留の普及もあって初心者にも受け入れやすい焼酎である。
• It has a fruity aroma and flavor like rice wine and is acceptable also for beginners due to the widespread use of vacuum distillation.

• また、演奏中に切れる心配が無いこと、絹製に比較するとかなり安価であることも普及している要因である。
• Other reasons are that players are not required to worry about an incident where ito is broken while playing, and that its price is less expensive compared with the silk product.

• シールによる千社札の普及が、古くからある千社札の伝統や決まりを乱していると批判の対象になっている。
• Prevalence of sticker type senjafuda has become a focus of criticism that it is violating the traditions and rules governing senjafuda.

• また大正・昭和になって茶道具が美術作品として評価されるに伴い、その造形美を表す言葉として普及した。
• Moreover, in the Taisho period and the Showa period items and utensils used in the tea ceremony were evaluated as art work and tea spread and became a word associated with showing the beauty of form and shape.

• さらに東大寺大仏の建立、鑑真招来による律宗の導入などが行われたが、いまだ本格的な普及には遠かった。
• In addition, the Great Buddha of the Todai-ji Temple was constructed and the Ritsu sect was introduced by inviting Jianzhen from China, but Buddhism was not spread very widely.

• 大正８年には弓術は弓道へと改称、武徳会は幾度か射法統一を試みるが普及せず、第二次世界大戦後に解散。
• In 1919 Kyujutsu changed the name to Kyudo, and Butoku-kai tried to integrate the different ways of shooting, but failed, and they dissolved after the World War II.

• これらの出版物は町人・豪農層の人々にも支持を得て、やがて国学思想の普及に多大の貢献をする事になる。
• These publications gained support from townspeople and wealthy farmers, and in due course, contributed greatly to popularization of the study of Japanese classical literature thought.

• その後、江戸に下り1779年（安永8年）日本橋塩町に学舎「参前舎」を設け、石門心学の普及に努めた。
• Later, he went to Edo (then capital of Japan) in 1779 and built a school called 'Sanzensha' in Shiomachi Town, Nihonbashi to familiarize Sekishin Shingaku.

• 宗教・祭祀用具としての機能をもち、近代に西洋よりガラス鏡が伝来普及するまで一般に広く使われていた。
• It functioned as a religious, rites and festivals tool and it had been widely used until modern times in which grass mirrors were introduced from the West and spread.

• 続いて戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、ヨーロッパ製の火縄銃が種子島に伝来し、国産化されて広く普及した。
• After entering the Sengoku period (period of warring state), matchlock guns made in Europe were introduced and domestically manufactured for widespread use.

• レプリカは弟子たちの練習台として、師匠の普及品として、そして、第三者の金儲けのために作られてきた。
• Replicas were made by pupils in practice of their craft, by masters for diffusing their works, and, finally, by third parties in the pursuit of gain.

• ガスコンロの普及以前は家庭で鉄板を調理可能な温度に熱することは効率的ではなく、鉄も貴重品であった。
• Before gas stoves became popular, it had not been efficient to heat up an iron plate to the temperature suitable for cocking in a home and also iron was expensive.

• この自動販売機の普及によって、夏の飲み物であった缶コーヒーは通年商品となり、市場は大きく拡大した。
• As this vending machine came into wide use, canned coffee, that had been considered a summer drink became a year-round product, and this considerably expanded the market.

• その後、白熱電球の発明と配電システムの普及により、屋内用の照明としてのガス灯は廃れていく事になる。
• Later, as interior lighting, they fell into disuse as the incandescent light bulb was invented and the power distribution system became widely available.

• この「鎖国」という言葉は、その際の新造語であり、実際に鎖国という言葉が普及するのは明治以降である。
• While the term 'Sakoku' was newly coined at that time, it was not widely used until the Meiji period.

• 当初フェントンによって作曲がなされたが、洋風の曲であり日本人に馴染みにくかったため普及しなかった。
• At first, Fenton composed the melody, but as it was western style, it was unfamiliar to Japanese people and was not accepted very well.

• 鰻の養殖業者らが中心となって、夏以外の土用の丑の日にも鰻を食べる習慣を普及させようという動きがある。
• There has been an advertising campaign to promote the consumption of eel on the Ox days other than the summer one, which has been carried out mainly by eel mariculturists.

• これを受け、未生斎広甫は嵯峨御流の普及を進め、その結果「嵯峨御流」は全国的に名が知れ渡る様になった。
• Accepting the emperor's offer, Koho MISHOSAI strove to spread the flower arrangement of Saga Goryu, with the result that 'Saga Goryu' became known nationwide.

• 現在は福岡を中心に九州5県に稽古場を開設するなど、一般にも門戸を開き、狂言の普及・指導に努めている。
• Currently, he opens the door to the public including setting up training rooms in five prefectures in Kyushu centering around Fukuoka and is working for dissemination and education of Kyogen (farce played during a Noh cycle).

• 当時は義務教育も普及しておらず、大部分の民衆は文字を書くことはおろか、新聞も読むことが出来なかった。
• In those days, compulsory education was not spreading enough, and most people were unable to write letters, much less to read newspaper.

• 米国のバレリーナで、ツアーやテレビの出演を通してアメリカ・バレエの普及を促進した（1925年生まれ）
• United States ballerina who promoted American ballet through tours and television appearances (born in 1925)

• 1980年頃にはすっかり日本各地で普及するに至り、寿司は家族で訪れるような庶民性も取り戻していった。
• In around 1980, due to such sushi bars and shops completely became popular in various places in Japan and was visited by families, sushi regained the common touch.

• また前田黙鳳は不便な出版事情にあって貧弱な法帖出版から出発して、古典資料の普及にその半生を費やした。
• Starting with shabby publications of hojo (copybooks printed from the works of old masters of calligraphy) in an inconvenient publishing situation, Mokuho MAEDA used the latter half of his life to make classic calligraphic materials more easily available.

• そして書道に関する各種の刊行物が多量に発行されたこともあって、書道の普及、発達が著しい時代であった。
• As a variety of publications about calligraphy were made available in large quantities, calligraphy became increasingly more popular and developed considerably as well during this period.

• 室町時代に入ると、明が日本との貿易決済のために鋳造した永楽通宝が日本国内に広く普及するようになった。
• Entering the Muromachi period, Eiraku-tsuho coins, which the Ming Dynasty minted for payments in trade with Japan, became used widely in Japan.

• 憲兵は一般行政事務として「日本語普及」や徴税も行い、農事改良をし、「所有者のいない」農地を接収した。
• The military police conducted 'Japanese language education' and tax collection as their general administrative works, and requisitioned 'ownerless' agricultural lands for agricultural improvement.

• これが普及したことによって、職場や学校に弁当を持参していく者たちも温かい弁当を食べられるようになった。
• The spread of this type of lunchbox allowed one who brought bentos to their workplaces or schools to enjoy a warm bento.

• 池上米など日本に近い品種の米が導入されたことも、台湾での弁当の普及に大きく関係しているものと思われる。
• It is thought that the spread of Bento in Taiwan is partly because the rice variety such as Chi Shang rice, similar to Japanese rice, was introduced.

• お茶漬けの始まりは、煎茶や番茶が普及し、茶が庶民の嗜好品として定着した江戸時代中期以降と言われている。
• The start of chazuke history is said to have been in the middle Edo period or later when green tea (middle grade tea) and bancha (coarse tea) became popular with common people.

• これらの努力によって茶の湯は、庄屋、名主や商人などの習い事として日本全国に広く普及していったのである。
• These efforts made chanoyu lessons for the village headman, headman and merchants, and became popular across Japan.

• 併せてキューブアイス用のかき氷器が製造され、粉雪状ではなく細かい氷の粒のかき氷が普及するようになった。
• Ice shaving machines for ice cubes were produced resulting in shaved ice, not in the powder snow-like form, but fine chip-like ice.

• しかしながら、室町時代から江戸時代にかけては次第に形式化し、また金箔に代わり金泥による文様も普及した。
• However, from the Muromachi period to the Edo period, the patterns became fixed gradually, and in addition, patterns using kindei (gold paint), instead of kirikane, had become used widely.

• その流れは16世紀の戦国時代に広く地方へと普及していき、やがて国民文化として発展していくこととなった。
• This trend spread widely to local regions in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in the sixteenth century, resulting in the creation of a national culture.

• 寺子屋や藩校の普及により読み書き算盤が広く浸透し、幕府奨励の儒学のほかに本草学などの自然科学が育った。
• Due to the spread of Terakoya (Temple elementary schools during the Edo period) and Hanko (a domain school), reading, writing and arithmetic penetrated widely, and in addition to Confucianism recommended by the bakufu, natural science including herbalism developed.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)に入る頃には、「大紋」といった直垂に家紋が縫いつけられた衣服が武士の間で普及する。
• During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) the clothes, Hitatare (ancient ceremonial court robe) to which Kamon such as 'Daimon' were sewn, became popular among samurai.

• この点についても諸説存在し、全国的に仏壇が普及したのはいつ頃であるのか今後の研究が待たれる状況である。
• In this regard, however, there are many other opinions which are to be further studied including the question about the time when butsudan became nationally popularized.

• 維新後も洋学の普及を主唱、国会開設運動が全国に広がると、一定の距離を置きながら、英国流憲法論を唱えた。
• Even after the Meiji Restoration, he kept advocating the necessity of spreading the Western learning; when the movement towards the establishment of the National Diet was spreading in Japan, he advocated an English-style constitution by keeping a distance from the movement.

• 国民服の日本国民への普及を目的とする、大日本国民服協会は、『国民服』という定期刊行物を出版、配布した。
• The Great Japan National Uniform Association, an organization for spreading the national uniform among the people, published and distributed a periodical 'Kokuminfuku.'

• 今では主食として広く親しまれているが、当初は間食としての普及を視野に入れて開発されたという経緯がある。
• It has attracted widespread popularity as a staple food, but initially it was developed in perspective of spreading as a between-meal snack.

• 特に戦国時代においては、自給自足体制の崩壊とともに支配階層の貨幣に対する需要が高まった事から普及する。
• Especially during the Sengoku period, the system of kandaka became more widespread, since the demand for money increased as a result of the collapse of the self-sufficient structure of society.

• また天保8年(1837年)の一分銀発行以降はこれと区別するため「一分金」の名称が普及するようになった。
• After the issue of ichibu gin silver coin in 1837, the name 'ichibu kin' spread to distinguish from the gin silver coin.

• 登録の対象となるものは、原則として近代以降に普及したもので、生活用品、工業製品などの生活文化財である。
• Livelihood cultural properties, such as living wares and industrial commodities, which became popular since modern times, may be candidates for registry.

• クラークの前任者のホーレス・ケプロンのほうが、日本のカレーライス普及により貢献しているという考えがある。
• Some consider that Horace CAPRON, a predecessor to Clark, made a greater contribution to the prevalence of curry and rice in Japan.

• 当初は大名などの玩具である数寄物であったが、次第に見世物として人気を呼ぶようになり、日本各地に普及した。
• At first, it was owned only by daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and others as a toy of refined taste, but as it was shown to the public and gained popularity, it spread nationwide.

• その後全国で下水道の整備が進められるようになり、2000年の地点では日本の人口の約60％に普及している。
• Later, the maintenance of sewage lines was promoted across Japan and by 2000 it had spread among about sixty percent of Japanese population.

• 特に江戸前期にはまだ麺類としてのそば（そば切り）が一般に普及しておらず、 蕎麦がきとして食べられていた。
• Especially in the early Edo period, Soba was generally eaten as Soba-dumplings (Sobagaki), because Soba-noodles (Sobakiri) had not become popular yet.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、都市の住民に対し、都市計画に関する知識の普及及び情報の提供に努めなければならない。
• National and local governments are obliged to endeavor to propagate knowledge and provide information on city planning to the residents of cities.

• 和紙が普及する奈良時代には、木綿に代わって紙が幣の座を占め、どこの神社も紙の幣帛で飾られるようになった。
• During the Nara period when Japanese paper spread, paper played the role of nusa instead of yufu and a paper nusa began to be used to decorate shrines.

• 事務局長の提案に基づき及び第十条の規定に従って、知的財産の管理及び情報の普及に関する規則を採択すること。
• adopt the rules on Intellectual Property management and the dissemination of information in accordance with Article 10 on the proposal of the Director-General;

• 「本だたみ」と言われる畳み方が一般的に普及しており、着付け方を紹介した本などにも多く取り上げられている。
• As the folding called 'Hondatami' has been widespread, it is frequently introduced in textbooks of Wafuku dressing or the like.

• この徳政令は、当時、普及しつつあった貨幣経済に深刻な影響を与えるとともに、社会に大きな動揺をもたらした。
• The Tokuseirei deeply influenced monetary economy prevalent at the time, bringing great unrest to the society.

• 台湾でも日系のコンビニなどで弁当の具材として見かけることがあるほか、カツ丼に似た「排骨飯」が普及している。
• Also, in Taiwan, they can be found as one of the accompanying dishes in a bento in Japanese style convenience stores, while 'pork chop and rice,' a similar dish to katsudon, has also gained popularity.

• 宮城道雄が開発した楽器はほかにも教育用普及楽器の短箏（たんごと）、試験的に作られた超大型楽器八十絃がある。
• Other instruments developed by Michio MIYAGI are tangoto (short stringed instrument), which was developed for education and promotion purpose, and super-large hachijugen (80-stringed instrument), which was produced on a trial basis.

• 以後いくつもの派に分かれつつ江戸時代には名古屋から九州まで広がり、明治維新後は東日本、北日本にも普及した。
• While separating into many groups, the school spread from Nagoya to Kyushu in Edo period, and even to eastern Japan and northern Japan after the Meiji Restoration.

• 江戸時代中期から醤油が普及するにしたがい次第に利用されなくなり、現在では一般に利用される事はほとんど無い。
• As the use of soy sauce spread from the mid-Edo period, irizake gradually became used less often and is now not generally used.

• 淡々斎はまた各地の寺院・神社にて献茶・供茶を行ったり、海外への普及に取り組んだりと、茶道振興に功が大きい。
• Tantansai is also credited with promoting the tea ceremony through tea offerings at shrines and temples everywhere in Japan as well as engaging in its dissemination activities abroad.

• 「融通円門章」は漢文体で難解なため、その弊を補うために和文形式で書かれた「融通念仏信解章」も広く普及した。
• Since 'Yuzu enmonsho' was written in kanbun, classical Chinese, 'Yuzu nenbutsu shingesho' (document for understanding and mastering Yuzu nenbutsu), which was written in Japanese, were widespread in order to cover the negative effects of the former.

• スカウトされた新渡戸は、殖産局長として台湾でのサトウキビやサツマイモの普及と改良に大きな成果を残している。
• Recruiting Nitobe produced fruitful results as the Chief of the Production Development Bureau of the Governor-General of Formosa to spread and improve the production of sugarcane and sweet potatoes throughout Taiwan.

• また、1960年代後半頃からマイカーの普及が本格化し、自動車の台数が大幅に増加した（モータリゼーション）。
• From the late 1960's, the growing popularity of privately-owned cars dramatically increased, and thus the number of cars accordingly increased substantially (motorization).

• 明治時代にも書簡体として用いられたが、言文一致体の普及や古文教育で取り上げられなかったことなどから廃れた。
• It was also used as for letters in the Meiji period but died out because of the popularization of unifying colloquial and written style and because sorobun was not taken up as part of education in ancient literature.

• 唐人屋敷に出入りを許された唐通事（中国語通訳）、地下役人や奉行所役人、さらに丸山の遊女等を介して普及した。
• These music spread via 'totsuji' (Chinese translators), 'jige yakunin' (lower-ranking officers of the Tokugawa shogunate) and officers of Nagasaki Magistrate's Office, and in addition, via 'yujo' (prostitutes) in Maruyama.

• 印籠の普及期である江戸時代初期には、この根付として、銅製の糸印（いといん）が多く使用されたと言われている。
• In the early Edo period when inro became widespread, as netsuke, apparently itoin (copper seals imported from China around the 16th century) were often used.

• なお、東山御物の称が普及したのは、創元社『茶道全集』（1936年発行）によるところが大きいとする説がある。
• According to a theory, the name 'Higashiyama gyomotsu' became familiar largely due to 'Sado Zenshu' (complete collection of Japanese tea ceremony) published by Sogensha (in 1936).

• また、武家だけではなく農民も和歌を嗜んだと言われており、その背景には寺子屋の普及があったと考えられている。
• It is also said that waka (Japanese poetry) was not only cherished by samura, but also peasants- it is considered that this is a result of the popularization of terakoya (elementary education offered in temples).

• しかし小説や漫画などで女忍、すなわち女性の忍者を意味する言葉として用いられることが多く、これが普及している。
• However, in the world of novels and comics, the word kunoichi is often used to mean nyonin, or female ninja, and this meaning is prevalent.

• こうして山田流箏曲は江戸人の嗜好に合い、以後江戸を中心に東日本に普及して、生田流と肩を並べる大流派となった。
• The Yamada school style fitted the tastes of people in Edo, and thereafter spread through eastern Japan from Edo, eventually becoming a movement akin to the Ikuta school.

• しかし、映画の技術が発達して、音声が入るトーキーが普及するようになって以後は、活動弁士は不要となってしまう。
• However, the technological development of movies produced and popularized the talkie, so katsudo benshi became unnecessary.

• 今日この防災頭巾には丈夫な難燃性合成繊維ものが普及しており、また色彩も目立つ橙黄色のものが主流となっている。
• These days disaster prevention hoods with tough, fire resistant synthetic fiber are common and the colors are mainly bright orange-yellow.

• 「上新鳥の子」は、鳥の子の普及品で、全て機械漉きのため比較的価格が安く均質なため、一般住宅に用いられている。
• Joshin-torinoko is a popular edition of torinoko and because of its low price and homogeneity it is used for conventional homes.

• 大正時代8年(1919年)に弓術は弓道へと改称、弓道含め各武道の普及は日本の内地に留まらず外地にまで及んだ。
• In 1919 the name of Kyujutsu was changed to Kyudo and various martial arts including Kyudo spread not only inland in Japan, but also to foreign countries.

• 馬上で弓矢を撃ち合う合戦形式が中心であった平安 - 鎌倉時代に主に騎乗の上級武将が着用する鎧として普及した。
• This type of armor were mainly spread among the superior warriors on horses from the Heian to Kamakura Period.

• 顕微鏡を医学利用した初めての日本人として知られるとともに、その使用法の教授を徳川家斉等に行い、普及に努めた。
• He was known as the first Japanese who used a microscope for medical purposes and gave lessons to Ienari TOKUGAWA and others how to use microscope and put effort into promoting it.

• また江戸の渡辺崋山邸で出会った和歌山池上村庄屋の南繁信と友好を深め、南家に滞在しつつ尊王思想の普及に努めた。
• In addition, he deepened friendship with Shigenobu MINAMI, the shoya (village headman) of Ikegami Village in Wakayama whom he met in the residence of Kazan WATANABE in Edo, and promoted the thought of reverence for the Emperor while staying with the Minami family.

• 新平はスカウト運動の普及のために自ら10万円の大金を日本連盟に寄付し、さらに全国巡回講演会を数多く実施した。
• He donated a large sum of 100 thousand yen, (roughly about 775 million yen in today's value), from his pocket money to popularize Boy Scout activities, and also held many lecture presentations for promotion throughout Japan.

• 国家が有益になしうることは、多くの試行から得られた経験の中央貯蔵庫、活発な伝播者にして普及者となることです。
• What the State can usefully do, is to make itself a central depository, and active circulator and diffuser, of the experience resulting from many trials.

• POP3 は post-office サーバプロトコルで一番普及はしているけれど、唯一無二ってわけじゃない。
• POP3 is the most commonly used of the post-office server protocols, but not the only one.

• 彼は、翌1884年(明治17年)には『子守教育法』（普及舎、1977年に復刻版あり）という著書も出している。
• In 1884, the following year, he published the book 'Komori Kyoiku Ho'-Methods for Educating Little baby-sitters (from Fukyu-sha Publishing, reprinted edition in 1977).

• 今日では電気式のホットプレートが普及し家庭内でも手軽に鉄板焼きを楽しむことが出来るが飲食店の火力に及ばない。
• Present day, teppanyaki has become enjoyable at home as electric hot plates became popular, but the heating power of electric plates is not comparable with that of restaurants.

• 日本では洋弓銃（クロスボウ）や投石機（カタパルト）などは普及しなかったが、弓を使わず矢を飛ばす方法が存在する。
• In Japan while crossbows and catapults were not used, there was a way to shoot an arrow without using a bow.

• 近年では同時に身長も計測でき、軽量で移動に適した機械が普及し、中国大陸などでも移動身体測定の商売人が見られる。
• In recent years, machines which can simultaneously also measure height, and are lighter for better portability have become common, and it has become possible to see sales people for mobile body measuring even on the Chinese continent.

• 当時の日本ではカラーフィルムが普及していなかったため、フィルターを用いた4色分解によるカラー写真が撮影された。
• Because color film was not well circulated in Japan during this period, Benrido needed to use filters in a four color separation process, to create the photographs.

• ガラスやカーテンが普及するようになって使用は減ったものの、ガラス併用の障子なども作られ消滅することはなかった。
• Due to the spread of glass and curtains, the use of shoji became less popular; however, the creation of shoji used with glass and the like, precluded shoji from becoming extinct.

• 師に当たる僧が弟子の僧侶に対して、印可の一部として自賛の肖像を与えるところから、禅宗の普及と共に多く描かれた。
• In the Zen sect, the teacher priest would give his own portrait to his pupil monk as part of the inka (certification of spiritual achievement), and so, as the Zen sect became popular, many chinzo were depicted.

• また、この書物で説かれた厭離穢土、欣求浄土の精神は貴族・庶民らにも普及し、後の文学思想にも大きな影響を与えた。
• The spirits of onri-edo (abhorring this impure world) and gongu-jodo (seeking rebirth in the Pure Land) preached in this book also spread among the nobility and common people, having a big influence on literary thought later.

• ビデオデッキ普及のおかげで、SFファンやマンガファンはこうした新番組を録画して、友達に見せられるようになった。
• Thanks to the availability of VCRs, science fiction and comics fans could record these new shows and show them to their friends.

• よく弾むゴムまりがおもちゃとして普及して、手でついたり（地面にバウンドさせて）あるいは、空中に打ち上げて遊ぶ。
• As a result, rubber balls became more common as a toy to dribble and throw.

• また、農業生産の向上は、手工業や広い範囲での流通を劇的に進展させ、さらに貨幣経済の普及をもたらすこととなった。
• An increase in agricultural production brought about not only dramatic progress in manual industry and commerce over a wide area but also the development of a monetary economy.

• 日本においては活版印刷が普及せず、寛永期以後は整版が主流となるが、以後も木活字を用いた印刷が細々と続けられた。
• In Japan, the movable-type printing took a considerable time to be widely used, and the wood-block printing was the main current from the Kanei era; however, the wood movable-type printing barely continued.

• 缶コーヒーは限定的な普及状況（世界の普及状況）のため、その飲み方で日本人であるかどうか知られてしまう事がある。
• Due to the limited penetration (Penetration in the world) of canned coffee, Japanese drinking practices sometimes end up identifying a drinking person as a Japanese.

• 一方、一般民衆においては、石田梅岩の石門心学等わずかな例外を除き、学問としての儒教思想はほとんど普及しなかった。
• Meanwhile, among the common people, other than the few exceptions such as the Sekimon-shingaku (popularized blend of Buddhist, Shinto and Confucian ethical teachings) of Baigan ISHIDA, the thought of Ju-kyo hardly spread.

• 茶の湯が中世から近世にかけて流行普及して行き、茶のための独自の建築空間である草庵茶室が造られるようになっていく。
• In accordance with the prevalence of tea ceremony from medieval times to recent times, the tea room in the tea hut, which was the individual architecture for tea ceremony, had been built.

• 人々が金の使い道を求めて吟醸酒の普及、淡麗辛口ブームなどを促進したことは、まだしも僥倖の類いだったかもしれない。
• It might be a kind of good luck that people who sought to use money promoted the prevalence of ginjoshu and the tanrei dry boom.

• また、永田錦心が出て、洗練された都会的で艶麗な芸風を特徴とする錦心流を打ち立て、これが評判となり全国に普及した。
• Kinshin NAGATA also appeared and established the Kinshin-ryu that was characterized by a sophisticated, townish, and glamorous playing style and this created a sensation and penetrated the nation.

• 江戸時代、唐箕が普及する以前は脱穀後、選別する籾を箕などに入れて掲げ、人の手による風で籾殻を飛ばし選別していた。
• Before winnower came into wide use, put on a basket like winnow after grain threshing, paddy was separated from rice husks by wind made by hand in the Edo period.

• 餡の味付けは、古くは塩で味付けした塩餡が一般的であったが、近世以降砂糖の庶民への普及とともに砂糖餡が一般化した。
• Bean paste was commonly flavored with salt in the past, but as the use of sugar became more widespread among people in modern times, sugared bean paste became the norm.

• また、伊地知重貞と『大学章句』を刊行（1481年）して宋学の普及に努めたことから、薩南学派の祖として名を成した。
• He became famous as the founder of the Satsunan School as he was committed to the propagation of Sogaku (Neo-Confucianism) by publishing 'Daigaku shoku' with Shigesada IJICHI in 1481.

• 「淀君」という呼称が広く普及して一般に定着するのは、明治に坪内逍遥の戯曲『桐一葉』が上演された以降のことである。
• The naming of 'Yodo-gimi' was widely spread and generally established after the putting on of the play 'Kiri hitoha' by Shoyo TSUBOUCHI in the Meiji period.

• ただしこのとき普及した三条西家系統の青表紙本は純粋な青表紙本と比べると河内本等からの混入が見られる本文であった。
• Compared with the authentic Aobyoshi-bon manuscript, the ones which were handed down from the Sanjonishi family and in wide circulation at that time contained the texts from the Kawachi-bon and other manuscripts.

• キリスト教徒とその関係者だけに開放されていたYMCAとは違い、一般庶民に開放されたことで、庶民に水泳が普及した。
• Those pools were open to the general public, in contrast to YMCA pools which were open only to Christians and people close to them, and as a result, swimming spread among commoners.

• 人力車には乗客が一人乗りのものや二人乗りのものなどがあるが、日本で普及したのは一人乗りのものが圧倒的に多かった。
• Although jinrikisha can hold one or two passengers, the one-seater jinrikisha was overwhelmingly popular in Japan.

• 現代世界に普及している「拳法」と称するものは、諸説はあるものの一般にはアジア起源のものが多くを占めると思われる。
• It seems that the so-called 'kenpo,' which has spread in today's world, mostly originated in Asia, though there are various theories.

• 昭和20年以降、同じ土壌条件である磐田市寺分、旧豊岡村広瀬地区にも急速に普及し、磐田市は海老芋産地として定着した。
• After 1945, growing ebi-imo rapidly spread in Terabun, Iwata City and the Hirose area of the former Toyooka-mura, which had the same soil conditions, and Iwata city became well-established as a site of ebi-imo production.

• 簡潔で美しいが当時の音楽としては華やかさに足りず、明治に京都の松坂春栄が華麗な手事を補作するまでは普及しなかった。
• Although simple and beautiful, they were not gorgeous enough at the time, and were not popular until Shunei MATSUZAKA in Kyoto complemented gorgeous tegoto in Meiji period.

• 日系企業のコンビニエンスストアが台湾や上海市などに上陸し普及するようになると、現地で日本式のおにぎりが人気を博す。
• In Taiwan and Shanghai City, Japanese-style onigiri has become popular after CVS run by Japanese companies landed and spread.

• インターネットが普及すると、彼らは作品をウェブサイトなどで非常に簡易な手順で全世界に向けて公開できるようになった。
• The spread of the Internet enabled them to publish their work to the whole world through websites in simple steps.

• 最近は、ポリプロピレンなどの新素材による容器（いわゆる弁当箱）が普及し、目にする機会は次第に少なくなってきている。
• Recently, Jubako are not used as often as they used to be because containers (or lunch boxes) made of new materials, such as polypropylene, etc., are in widespread use.

• 組合員の事業に関する経営及び技術の改善向上又は組合事業に関する知識の普及を図るための教育及び情報の提供に関する事業
• Activities related to the education and offer of information for achieving an improvement of the management and technology concerning the business of partner and the dissemination of knowledge concerning the cooperative's activities

• 所属員の事業に関する経営及び技術の改善向上又は組合事業に関する知識の普及を図るための教育及び情報の提供に関する事業
• Activities related to the education and offer of information for achieving an improvement of the management and technology concerning the business of affiliates and the dissemination of knowledge concerning the cooperatives' activities

• 最近では、高級旅館を中心に部屋風呂やの普及が進み、露天風呂つきの客室を売り物にする旅館もみられるようになってきた。
• Nowadays, many high-end ryokan have guest rooms with a bath and some of them feature guest rooms equipped with an open air bath.

• 協会は、金融に係る知識の普及、啓発活動及び広報活動を通じて、資金需要者等の利益の保護の促進に努めなければならない。
• The Association shall endeavor to promote protection of the interests of Persons Seeking Funds, etc. through dissemination of financial knowledge, enlightenment activities, and publicity campaigns.

• この時、家元制度をとらずに特定の藩組織の中でのみ普及していた流派は消滅した（近年、雨後の筍のように復興している）。
• In those days, those schools that were popular within the specific feudal clan structure disappeared (but they have revived like mushrooms after a rain in recent years).

• このことから同文館を単なる通訳養成機関とは見ておらず、国際法普及の拠点と見なしていたことがわかる（佐藤1996）。
• From this, it can be understood that he did not look at Dobunkan as a mere training institute for bringing up interpreters but as a bases for making international law widely understood (Sato 1996).

• そこで宇多天皇から「嵯峨御流」の普及を懇願され、積極的に普及に取り組み、「嵯峨御流」は全国的に知られる事となった。
• Being ardently asked by Emperor Uda, he devoted himself to disseminate 'Saga Goryu' school of flower arrangement, so that 'Saga Goryu' became well-known all over the country.

• この流れはカレーライスの普及と時を同じくしており、食材の牛肉とじゃがいもが日本の家庭に定着するのと軌を一にしている。
• Beaf stew and currey rice became popular at the same time, in sync with a trend that beef and potatoes, which are ingredients of both beaf stew and currey rice, became popular at home in Japan.

• この三書はその粗雑さが欠点として挙げられるが、一書で道学の諸説を閲覧できる便利さから科挙の参考書として広く普及した。
• The drawback of these three books was that they were rough, but the convenience of being able to browse through various Do school theories in one book made them popular as reference books for Kakyo.

• やがて西洋一辺倒の時期が過ぎると、地歌は箏曲、尺八とともに全国に普及した家庭音楽となり、広く愛好されるようになった。
• Once the period of the spread of exclusively Western culture was over, jiuta, along with sokyoku and shakuhachi (Japanese bamboo flute), spread throughout Japan to become home music, and they became popular.

• 現代までの尺八の普及に伴い、こんにちでは本来の胡弓 - 箏合奏よりも尺八 - 箏合奏の方がはるかに普通に行なわれる。
• As shakuhachi grew popular until the present days, an ensemble of shakuhachi and koto is now played more commonly than an original ensemble of kokyu and koto.

• 明治34年（1901年）には白鶴酒造から一升瓶が登場し、大手メーカーでは日本酒が瓶詰めで売られるのが普及していった。
• In 1901, Hakutsuru sake brewery began to sell sake in 1.8 liter bottles and big manufacturers increasingly began to sell bottled sake.

• 歴史書によると、その時に嵯峨天皇は「爾今、花を賞ずる者はこれを範とする」と言われ、華道の普及を進めたと記述が見える。
• There is a description in the book that the Emperor Saga once said, 'From now on, I will respect a person as a mentor who admires the beauty of flowers' and encouraged the flower arrangement.

• 明治の中期頃からゴムが安価になり、よく弾むゴムまりがおもちゃとして普及してからは、正月だけでなく通年の遊びとなった。
• As rubber became cheaper since around the middle of the Meiji period and bouncy rubber ball became common, temari came to be played all year around, not only during New Year Holidays.

• 北魏の孝文帝や「皇帝菩薩」と称された梁 (南朝)の蕭衍など、仏教拡大に熱心な皇帝も現れ、周辺諸国への普及も加速した。
• There appeared emperors who eagerly worked for the spread of Buddhism, such as the Emperor Kobun in the Northern Wei Dynasty and Sho En in the Liang (Southern Dynasty) who was called 'the Emperor Bosatsu' (Bodhisattva), which accelerated the spread in the surrounding countries.

• 又、簡便にした処方として、五倍子粉、硫酸鉄、蠣殻を合わせた粉末を歯に塗るだけのものもあったが、あまり普及しなかった。
• Moreover, as a handy treatment, some teeth were blackened by painting with a powder mixture of fushiko (gallnut powder), iron sulfate, and oyster shell, however, this method was not so popular.

• 日伊両国の学術および文化の研究と紹介を行い、これらの普及を図り、もって両国間の理解と親善に貢献することを目的とする。
• The purpose is to enhance the mutual understanding and friendship between the two countries through research, introduction, and the spread of science and culture of both Japan and Italy.

• 明治時代に日本美術の普及啓蒙に功績のあったアメリカ人アーネスト・フェノロサが長く滞在し、その墓があることで知られる。
• It is known that there is a grave of Ernest Fenollosa, who was an American that was well known for spreading Japanese Art during his long stay in Japan in Meiji period.

• しかし1960年代になると、テレビの普及や、様々なおもちゃの出現により、まりつきはほとんど行われなくなってしまった。
• Entering the 1960s, with the growing popularity of television and introduction of many types of toys, children lost interest in temari balls.

• 実語教（じつごきょう）は、平安時代末期から明治初期にかけて普及していた庶民のための教訓を中心とした初等教科書である。
• Jitsugokyo was a textbook used for elementary education from the end of the Heian Period to the early Meiji period in which precepts for ordinary people were mainly compiled.

• もとは天皇、三后のみに許されていた院号が、臣下にも普及するようになったのは、関白藤原兼家が法興院を称したことによる。
• Ingo, which was originally conferred on only the Emperor and three Empresses: the Empress, the Empress Dowager and the Grand Empress Dowager, began being conferred among subjects when the chief adviser to the Emperor, FUJIWARA no Kaneie called himself as Hokoin.

• 江戸末期には大店の商家でも内風呂を持つようになったものの、本格的な内風呂の普及は第二次世界大戦以降の高度成長期に下る。
• Although large-scale mercantile houses came to have baths at the end of the Edo period, the full-fledged popularization of home baths was seen later, during the period of rapid growth following World War II.

• しかし、ビニール容器入りの煎茶も、1980年代末期以降、缶入りやペットボトルの烏龍茶や緑茶が普及したため少なくなった。
• However, sencha in the vinyl made container has also declined due to the spread of oolong tea and green tea sold in a can or a plastic bottle since the end of the 1980s.

• これを重く見た当時の武道・武術家有志により明治28年（1895年）大日本武徳会が結成され、弓道含め各武道の普及を図る。
• Martial art volunteers, who considered this situation seriously, founded the Dainippon Butoku-kai association in 1895 and tried to spread martial arts.

• 1888年、10世千五郎正重を襲名、1906年、巌谷小波、久留島武彦らとお伽倶楽部を作り、子供への狂言普及に尽くした。
• In 1888, he succeeded to Sengoro Masashige, the 10th and in 1906, he started up Otogi kurabu (Fairy club) with Sazanami IWAYA, Takehiko KURUSHIMA, and so on, by which he worked to promote Kyogen among children.

• この書は御用御書物製本書版以外にも京都書林版・山城屋版などの異本が存在しており、そのことから普及したことがうかがえる。
• It is certain that the book was widely known because there are some alternative versions of this book other than Gyo Goshomotsu Seihonsho version such as Kyoto Shorin version and Yamashiroya version.

• クレジットカード端末を装備している車両の一部で使用できるが、まだ普及率は低く、時間帯によっては利用できない場合がある。
• Debit cards are only accepted in some of the taxies that have a credit card terminal, but its penetration rate is still low and they may not be accepted depending on the hours.

• 近代に入ると、流通の発達や冷蔵設備の普及、冷凍技術の発達に伴い、日本全国津々浦々で新鮮な刺身が食べられるようになった。
• As distribution networks has been grown, the use of refrigerator has been widespread, and the freezing technology has been developed in modern times, fresh sashimi became available for people throughout Japan.

• シチュー- 元来、肉類を時間をかけて煮込む高級なものであったが、高度経済成長期以降、簡便なルウを用いる調理方法が普及。
• Stew was originally a high-class meal cooked by simmering meats for a long time, but after a period of high economic growth, an easier method involving the use of roux became popular.

• ちょうど自家用車が普及し始めた時代であり、駐車場不足により中学校の校庭を駐車場に開放せざるを得ない状況であったという。
• It was the time when people had started owning their own cars, and the village had to use the playground of a local junior high school to compensate for the lack of parking.

• 2004年から県補助事業の地場産品展示・普及等支援事業を活用し、県内の酒蔵が島根県統一ブランド「佐香錦」として製造販売。
• Since 2004, making good use of supported enterprises such as the exhibition and popularization of local products by the prefecture, sake breweries have been produced and sold as a unified brand 'Saka nishiki' for Shimane Prefecture.

• 彼は三味線や胡弓の名手でもあったが、三味線の音楽などではすでに民間の新しい音階である「都節音階」が使われ、普及していた。
• He was a famous shamisen and kokyu (a Chinese fiddle) musician, but the new 'miyakobushi scale' (characteristic Japanese hemitonic pentatonic scale: mi, fa, la, ti, do) was already popularly used for shamisen music.

• 平安時代には貴族や富豪に豪侈品・雅楽の衣装として、安土桃山時代には能装束として用いられ、江戸時代には町人階級に普及した。
• In the Heian period, nihon shishu was treasured by court nobles and millionaires as a luxury item or as a costume for gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music), in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, it was used as costumes for Noh performers, and in the Edo period, it gained popularity among the merchant class.

• 仮名草紙の普及で、のちに西鶴文学が生まれ、挿し絵と文字を組み合わせた印刷本が、庶民の要望に応えて量産されるようになった。
• The prevalence of kana-zoshi led to the literary works of Saikaku IHARA and the printed books with illustration and letters became mass-produced to meet demand.

• 県内最大の生産地である越谷市では地元の研究会がクワイを使った地ビールを世界で初めて作るなどクワイの普及活動に努めている。
• In Koshigaya City which is the biggest producer of arrowhead in the Prefecture, a local research association has produced the world's first beer using arrowhead tubers and they are making an effort to spread the consumption of arrowhead tubers.

• 当時、米相場の乱高下に頭を悩ます吉宗を身近で見て、田沼は日本に貨幣経済を普及させて問題を解決できないか、と考えたという。
• Yoshimune was concerned about the violently fluctuating price of rice, and it is said that Tanuma wondered whether the problem could be solved by promoting a monetary economy in Japan.

• 群集*5の力が急激に大きくなったのはある思想*6が人々の中に普及し、概念の実現のために個人どうしが群れた*7からである。
• The progressive growth of the power of the masses took place at first by the propagation of certain ideas, which have slowly implanted themselves in men's minds, and afterwards by the gradual association of individuals bent on bringing about the realisation of theoretical conceptions.

• 太平洋戦争後、高度経済成長期になると、自動車が普及し、それにあわせて旧街道の舗装・拡張・付け替えが行われるようになった。
• With the arrival of the high economic growth period after Pacific War, old Kaido were paved, expanded and renewed to accommodate the widespread use of cars.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、肝炎の予防に関する啓発及び知識の普及その他の肝炎の予防の推進のために必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The national government and the local governments shall take measures to improve public awareness and disseminate information concerning the prevention of hepatitis and other measures necessary to promote the prevention of hepatitis.

• 現在では最も一般的なエビの調理方法であり、またエビフライの普及により日本が世界的なエビの輸入国となったことも見逃せない。
• Frying is the most prevailing cooking method of prawns at present, and it should be noted that Japan became the largest importer of prawns in the world due to the spread of the fried prawns.

• また最近では特に弥生時代末期における特に出雲勢力の鉄の普及によりヤマト王権が勃興したことが考古学的に明らかにされている。
• Furthermore, archaeological studies have proved that the spread of iron from the Izumo region towards the end of the Yayoi Period was the major reason for the Yamato Kingdom's sudden prosperity.

• 明治時代になると日本は日露戦争を控え、日本海の軍港舞鶴港へつなぐ交通網の普及の必要から比較的早くから鉄道の整備がされた。
• During the Meiji period, Japan had to expand the transportation network connecting Maizuru Port in preparation for the Russo-Japanese War, which started the development of its railroads early on.

• 中国料理では「排骨」と呼ばれる調理法で作られたポークカツレツが普及していて、日本のラーメン店や中国料理店でもよく見かける。
• In Chinese cuisine, pork cutlets cooked in the culinary style called 'Paiku' (pork ribs) are common and they can also be found in ramen restaurants and Chinese restaurants in Japan.

• また明代中期以後、郷約・保甲による郷民同士の教化互助組織作りが盛んになり、王守仁や東林学派の人士もその普及に尽力している。
• Furthermore, since the mid-Ming Dynasty, building of edified mutual aid organizations among villagers through Kyoyaku (agreements and an organization for them in a village) and Hoko (the smallest administrative organ) became popular, and O Shujin and Torin-gakuha jinshi (a person of high social standing and culture) worked on promoting them.

• 国は、使用済自動車の再資源化等に関する研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及その他の必要な措置を講ずるよう努めなければならない。
• The State shall endeavor to promote research and development relating to Recycling, etc. of End-of-Life Vehicles, to disseminate the results, and take other necessary measures.

• 鎌倉仏教の登場などの刺激により、全国の武士や庶民階層への普及が定着していき、以後は日本独自の仏教が発展していくことになる。
• The appearance of Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura Period) triggered the prevalence of Buddhism among samurai and common people all over the country, and Japan's own Buddhism was developed after that.

• この結果、享保の大飢饉以降、関東地方や離島において薩摩芋の栽培が普及し、天明の大飢饉では多くの人々の命を救ったと評される。
• As a result, it is commented that, since the Great Famine of Kyoho, the cultivation of sweet potato spread in Kanto region and solitary islands, and thus a lot of people's lives were saved in the Tenmei Famine.

• ペルシャの詩人、数学者、天文学者で、彼の詩はエドワード・フィッツジェラルドの翻訳によって普及した（1050年−1123年）
• Persian poet and mathematician and astronomer whose poetry was popularized by Edward Fitzgerald's translation (1050-1123)

• 鎌倉時代に普及した仏教（鎌倉仏教）が今日のものの礎となっており、日本の歴史に深く影響を与え、現在にいたるまで信者数も多い。
• Buddhism that was popular in the Kamakura period (Kamakura Buddhism) served as the basis of today's Mahayana Buddhism with profound influence in Japanese history, and has been followed by many people up to the present day.

• そしてそれらの書籍を扱う「貸本屋」の普及や利用により、庶民の中で各々の妖怪の様相が固定し、それが日本全国に広がっていった。
• By the spread and use of 'rental bookstores' that dealt with such books, the appearance of each yokai became established among the general public, and that spread throughout Japan.

• 華美を追求しないものの、女性の美しさを失わない婦人標準服が、大人の女性たちの間で普及するように、政府が努力することとした。
• The outline stated that the government should make an effort to encourage standard female clothes among adult women by recommending the designs of standard female clothes that do not seek splendor, but preserves female elegance.

• 正式名称は二分判（にぶばん）であるが、天保8年(1837年)の一分銀発行以降は「二分金」という名称も普及するようになった。
• The formal name was nibuban, however after the issue of ichibu gin silver coin in 1837, it was also called 'nibukin'.

• しかしながらパーソナルコンピュータ（パソコン）並びにプリンターの普及等の社会環境の変化などから投函のピークは遅くなっている。
• However, due to changes in the social environment, such as the diffusion of personal computers and printers, the peak of posting nengajo has become later each year.

• これらの改変については、本土での空手の普及を後押ししたとの評価がある一方で、空手の伝統的なあり方から逸脱したとの批判もある。
• As for the evaluation of these reforms, some acknowledge that reforms contributed to the popularization of karate in the Japanese mainland but others criticize that reforms resulted in deviation from the traditional way of karate.

• この問題を解決するために、今日のような琺瑯（ほうろう）で表面を加工した鉄製の酒造タンクも開発され、政府もこの普及を推進した。
• In order to dissolve this problem, an iron sake brewing tank whose surface was covered with enamelware like the ones of today were developed and the government promoted spreading this.

• そして、昭和40年代以降、扇風機やクーラー、焜炉の普及に伴い、生活での団扇の実用面は縮小し、その姿は減少の一途を辿っている。
• Uchiwa fan has been loosing its practical role due to the drastic change in living conditions such as the spread of electric fan, air conditioner and stove since 1965

• 江戸時代にはいると、庶民へも広く普及し、涼や炊事、装いや流行、蛍や虫追いなど、日常生活道具として多様な場面で利用されてゆく。
• Becoming popular among ordinary people in the Edo period, Uchiwa fan was used as a daily life tool in various scenes and for various purposes such as in enjoying the cool and in watching fireflies, for cooking, for accentuating one's dress and fashion, and for brushing away insects.

• 各事業に係るツールの開発と制作、若年者を対象としたキャリアカウンセリングに係る企画、研究開発、その成果の普及活動を実施する。
• This program creates tools for other programs, makes plans for career counseling, carries out R&D, and disseminates products.

• 音楽的才能に恵まれ、同門の住蓮とともに六時礼讃に曲節をつけて念仏の信者たちに合唱させ、専修念仏の普及に大きな役割を果たした。
• Blessed with musical talent, he had followers of the nenbutsu chant the Rokuji raisan in a chorus to a tune he had written with his fellow priest Juren, and thus he played a vital role in spreading Senju Nenbutsu (the Single-Minded Recitation of the Nenbutsu).

• 背景には神仏習合の歴史があり、土着の神道と渡来して普及した仏教（特に密教）が混淆して修験道などの多様な信仰を生み出してきた。
• This occurred as a result of the syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism in which the Japanese indigenous Shinto beliefs became mixed with the imported Buddhism (particularly Esoteric Buddhism) to create various religious belief such as Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts).

• 食糧の自給をほとんどしなくなったことや、都会風の蕎麦の食べ方の普及により、地域ごとに特色のあった蕎麦の食べ方は廃れつつある。
• Due to the fact that a self-supporting life style has become virtually non-existent and eating soba in urban fashion has become widespread, the way of eating soba which once had the distinct characteristic of each region is on the brink of obsolesce today.

• 室町時代に入ると、貨幣経済が一層進展し、年貢の銭納または代銭納（銭貨による年貢納入）が畿内を中心に広く普及するようになった。
• In the Muromachi period, the monetary economy developed further, and the payment of the nengu by coins became widely spread mainly in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto).

• 次の弥生中期以降、近畿では環濠集落が普及し、径300から400メートルに及ぶ大規模な環濠を持ち、人々は濠内に集住したらしい。
• After Middle Yayoi period and onwards, moat settlements were spread all over Kinki region, and people lived in large villages that had a surrounding moat of 300 m to 400 m in diameter.

• 小判の通貨としての単位である「両」と区別する意味で「匁」が用いられることになり、一般的に質量の単位としては匁が広く普及した。
• Therefore, 'monme' was used to distinguish 'ryo' for showing mass from 'ryo' as the currency unit of koban (former Japanese oval gold coin), which resulted in the wide spread of monme as a general unit for measuring mass.

• 明治になり、西洋文化の影響で牛肉食が始まり松阪牛の普及に伊勢商人が貢献したように近江商人の活躍があったためともいわれている。
• During the Meiji Period, people started to eat beef under the influence of the western culture and Omi shonin (Omi merchants) reportedly contributed to the spread of beef consumption as Ise shonin (Ise merchants) did to the spread of Matsuzaka beef.

• 第一号ハ及びニに掲げる技術であって、その普及を図ることが特に必要なものの導入に要する資金に充てるための補助金の交付を行うこと。
• Granting subsidies to be appropriated for the funds required for the introduction of technology listed in (c) and (d) of item (i), the dissemination of which is particularly necessary;

• また仮名 (文字)論者としても知られ、明六社の機関誌明六雑誌に、ひらがなの普及が国民全体の知識や教養の向上に役立つと主張した。
• He is also known as a kana (the Japanese syllabary) advocate, and he expressed his opinion in an article on a magazine of Meirokusha (Japan's first academic society), regarding the necessity of spreading hiragana (the rounded Japanese phonetic syllabary) throughout the country to improve the knowledge and culture of entire citizens.

• さらに、大谷婦人会会長や全日本仏教婦人連盟初代会長を務め、また、合唱グループ「大谷楽苑」を結成し、仏教音楽の普及にも尽力した。
• She also served as the chairperson for the Otani Women's Club and the first chairperson for the Japan Buddhist Women's Federation, as well as organizing a chorus group, Otani Gakuen, to spread Buddhist music.

• 新しい警察・司法制度の確立や教育制度や新聞などの普及によって、高札に依存しなくても法令の周知徹底を図る手段が新たに登場した事。
• The new methods for thoroughly notifying general laws to the public without depending on Kosatsu system were developed, by newly founded police and judicial systems, educational system, and the popularized mass media such as newspapers;

• 中華圏では、早くから黒色火薬が発明されて火薬を詰めた擲弾や原始的な手銃が使用されており、10世紀にはかなり普及した兵器だった。
• Within Chinese communities, black gunpowder was invented early on, and grenades in which gunpowder was put or primitive manual guns were used became widely available in the 10th century.

• このことに適した武器として長柄の刺突武器が見直された結果、槍が主力武器とされ、火薬を用いた火器火縄銃の伝来、普及へと変化した。
• After reviewing weapons to replace piercing weapons having a long handle with weapons suitable for group tactics, spears were considered to be a main weapon, which led to the introduction and widespread use of firearms matchlock guns that used gunpowder.

• 更には1970年代頃から急速に多様化したレトルト食品（レトルト・ハンバーグ）の登場・普及により、非常にありふれた料理となった。
• From around the 1970's, rapidly diversified retort foods (retort hamburger patties) were put on the market and were made easily available, hamburger became the most common meal.

• しかしその一方で、鎌倉仏教の普及や、主要寺社の火災による損壊などから、むしろ鎌倉時代後期は、寺社の新築・改築の必要性が増した。
• In the late Kamakura period, however, there were more needs to newly build or rebuild shrines and temples because of the spread of Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura period) as well as damages to major shrines and temples from fire.

• 仏教伝来直後は、物部氏など神道を崇拝する人々によって唱えられた事もあったが、神仏習合の普及以後は一時的に対立は緩和していった。
• After Buddhism was introduced, Shinkoku was taught by the Mononobe clan who believed in Shinto, however the conflict between the belief of Shinkoku and Buddhism were temporarily eased after synchronization of Shinto with Buddhism was introduced.

• しかしながら、他に適当なものがなかったためか、いろは歌が普及する平安後期までは、もっぱら天地の歌が手習い歌として使用されていた。
• However, still Ametsuchi no Uta had been used mainly as a pangram until the late Heian period when The Iroha became popular, probably because there had been no appropriate alternatives until then.

• 近年、ペットボトル入りの緑茶の普及と健康志向の高まりで、水やジュースなどと同じ感覚で屋外や運動中に冷えた茶を飲む例が増えている。
• Recently plastic bottles of green tea have become popular and more people have become health conscious, and as a result, more people drink iced tea outdoors or during exercise just like drinking water or soft drinks.

• そして上総掘りというボーリング技術が19世紀末にかけて爆発的に普及した事で、明治以降には温泉資源を潤沢に利用出来るようになった。
• Thanks to the explosive spread in the use of boring technology called Kazusa-bori around the end of 19th century, a lot of new hot springs became available during the Meiji period.

• もともと影絵ということもあって地味なものだったが、現在はカラーセロファンなどの普及によって鮮やかな色つきの影絵が写るものもある。
• Originally, somato was an inconspicuous entertainment --- after all, it is just a shadow picture play --- but today, some somato show shadow pictures of vivid colors made from colored cellophane paper.

• 最近では緑やオレンジといった、より華やかな色の子鯉も普及してきており、所によっては女の子も含め家族全員の分の鯉を上げる家もある。
• More colorful kogoi, such as green and orange, have recently become popular, and some households hoist carps for all family members, including girls.

• 特に浄土思想の普及や禅宗の伝来の影響によって新しく成立した仏教宗派のことを鎌倉新仏教（かまくらしんぶっきょう）と呼ぶ場合もある。
• Sometimes the Buddhist sects which were newly established by the influence of the spread of Jodo-shiso (Pure Land Buddhism) and the introduction of the Zen sect are especially called 'Kamakura Shin Bukkyo' (Kamakura New Buddhism').

• 東海地方では武士以外に庄屋・名主層にも弓術が普及し、現在でも「お祭り弓」と称して神社において祭礼と結びついた形で保存されている。
• In the Tokai region, besides being popular among the samurai, archery is also popular among Shoya (village headman) and in the Nanushi hierarchy (village headman); even now, it is preserved in the form of the so-called 'Omatsuri-yumi' (archery for the festival), which is related to festivals in the Shinto shrine.

• 平成4年（1992年）に全国的な普及キャンペーンを行い、現在では各地の城でも天守の無料開放などの行事を行うことが多くなっている。
• It conducted a nationwide campaign in 1992, and now has much to do, such as holding free admission to events around the towers in the castle.

• しかし、関東地方に薩摩芋栽培が普及する陰には、昆陽の試作以降、多くの試行錯誤が行われ、多くの名もなき甘藷先生がいたと考えられる。
• However, it is thought that, the spread of sweet potato cultivation to the Kanto region was after Konyo's trial prototype and a lot of trial and error by a lot of nameless sweet potato teachers.

• 中国において『万国公法』の影響は緩慢であったため、その中で使用されている新語彙が中国で普及し、それが日本に伝播したわけではない。
• As the influence of 'Bankoku Koho' worked very slowly in China, it did not occur so that new vocabulary used in it became popular in China and then they were disseminated to Japan.

• 京都大学学術出版会は、京都大学における学術的成果を主として出版活動を通じて公表・普及することを目的とした有限責任中間法人である。
• Kyoto University Press is a middle-natured corporation with the limited liability, aiming to publish and spread the academic fruits in Kyoto University mainly by publication activities.

• さらに、太平の世の課題として火事対策が幕府や藩の急務となり、耐火建築用品として瓦の使用が奨励され、一般にも普及することになった。
• In addition, fire prevention was one of urgent tasks for Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and each domain in peaceful time, therefore application of Kawara tiles was encouraged and spread among general houses.

• 1989年には広島県のセブン-イレブンも販売を開始し、その後販売エリアを拡大し、1998年に全国展開をしたことで急速に普及した。
• In 1989, 7-Eleven, Inc. in Hiroshima Prefecture started selling ehomaki, and later expanded its sales area; as the result of sales expansion to throughout Japan, ehomaki rapidly became popular.

• 現在、雄町でほんとうに米としての力のあるものは赤磐雄町ぐらいになってしまったが、収量が少ないため実用的な普及度がともなっていない。
• Currently, only Akaiwa omachi remains as a powerful rice among the many varieties of Omachi, but since the yield is too small it isn't practical enough for widespread consumption.

• また、それまで主に口承に拠る稽古が主な伝承であったのに対し、楽譜（五線譜、および弦名譜＝タブラチュア譜の一種）の普及にもつとめた。
• Further, he also strived to spread musical scores (music in five-line staff notation and genmeifu - a kind of taburachua music) since Soh music had been handed down orally.

• 江戸時代には教育熱の高まりとともに、寺子屋などで庶民が学ぶ往来物などの教科書でも御家流の書が用いられていたことから、爆発的に普及。
• In response to the growing interest of education, the Oie School explosively spread as it was used in the textbooks for common citizens, such as oraimono (textbooks of letter format), in terakoya (temple elementary school) in the Edo period.

• パソコンによる印刷がそれほど普及していなかった時代には、家庭用の小型の簡易印刷機によって年賀状を作成することがよく行なわれていた。
• Before the period in which printing with a personal computer became popular, the New Year's postcard was often printed by a household type of small, simplified printing machine.

• 明かり障子は書院造様式によって普及し、「書院の明かり障子」といわれたことから、明かり障子に貼る紙は、書院紙と呼ばれるようになった。
• Akari shoji spread along with the shoin style, namely, a residential architecture study-room style, and was said to be 'integral to shoin (a study or drawing room),' paper used was called 'shoingami.'

• そのため知識人層にとって漢文の読み書きが標準的素養であり、政治指導者階層への普及という点で漢文表記が阻害要因となることはなかった。
• Therefore almost all intellectuals could read and write in Chinese, and Chinese did not become a barrier to diffusion of 'Bankoku Koho' among political leaders.

• すなわち「鎖国」などと同様に、明治以降になって普及した後に、それ以前の'蘭癖'的人物もこの語で形容されるようになったものであろう。
• That is, similar to 'sakoku' (national isolation) and other expressions, after it came into wide use in the Meiji period, it came to describe the people who were 'ranpeki-'like before then.

• 奈良時代には細い色糸による組み帯などの男女の礼服として普及、鎌倉時代には武具の一部、安土桃山時代には茶道具の飾り紐として使われた。
• In the Nara period, braided kimono sashes made from fine color threads became popular as a formal dress for men and women; it was used as a part of arms in the Kamakura period, and as a decorative cord for the tea ceremony in the Azuchi-momoyama period.

• これに対して一般に普及している段位・級位や師範の認定は、各書道教室や書道会が独自に判定しており、共通した基準に基づくものではない。
• While popularized Dan-i and Kyu-i and the certification of a grand master are determined by each Shodo class and Shodo society, without any common criteria.

• しかし、浄土思想の普及は、ケガレを忌避する神祇信仰に対し、ケガレから根本的に離脱する方法を提示できる仏教の優位を示すこととなった。
• However, the spread of Pure Land Buddhism showed the predominance of Buddhism, which could present the way to fundamentally flee from muck, while Jingi belief could only evade muck.

• 名前の由来には越中富山の置き薬の景品で全国に普及したことに由来する説や、越中守だった細川忠興が考案者とする説など、複数の説がある。
• Several theories have been told as regard to the name of this fundoshi: it came from a gift from the medicine distributors from Ecchu Toyama region (they distributed medicines across the country, placing medicines at individual homes, and collecting the money for the used amount when they visit next time); it came from Tadaoki HOSOKAWA because he invented this type of fundoshi and his official title was Ecchu no kami (a govonor of Ecchu Province).

• 兵役除隊後、前垂れが陰部を隠し、軽くて清々しいとの使用感や、着脱が容易で布の使用が少ない経済性もあり、若者を中心に全国に普及した。
• After getting discharged from the military service, the adult males, mainly the younger ones, they brought back the fundoshi and made it popularized throughout Japan, as its maedare (front apron) concealed the private parts, it felt light and refreshing in use, it was easy to put on and take off, and it was economical becausethe length of cloth it needed was shorter than the one for the previous style of loincloth.

• 江戸時代に庶民が豊かになったことから、余暇を楽しむゆとりができ、このことにより様々な公家文化が、庶民に普及し文化や風俗習慣になった。
• During the Edo period, common people became rich and began to enjoy an affluent life, promoting court noble culture among them as a culture or manners and customs.

• 又、弦楽器に関しては当初は和琴・楽箏両方の譜面が用意されたが、俗箏でも構わないとされたことから箏での演奏が普及し、現在に至っている。
• Music for stringed instruments was originally written for both the six-stringed wagon and the thirteen-stringed gakugoto but since the use of zokuso (common koto) was permitted, the koto has become more popular.

• 福祉用具の研究開発及び普及の促進に関する法律（平成五年法律第三十八号。以下「福祉用具法」という。）第二十条に規定する業務を行うこと。
• Performing the functions prescribed in Article 20 of the Act on the Promotion of Research, Development and Dissemination of Assistive Products (Act No. 38 of 1993; hereinafter referred to as the 'Assistive Products Act');

• 城という文字は中国では前者の城壁都市を意味していたが、日本においては城壁都市が普及しなかったこともあり、主に後者の意味で使用される。
• The character 城 means a walled city of the former meaning in China, but walled cities were not built in Japan, and were mainly used in the latter sense.

• 江漢は、西洋画法と油彩の技法を駆使して富士などの日本的な風景を描き、それを各地の社寺に奉納することによって、洋風画の普及に貢献した。
• Kokan contributed to spreading Western paintings by featuring traditional Japanese sceneries such as Mt. Fuji while using Western drawing methods and oil-painting techniques, and offering the paintings to shrines and temples in various places across Japan.

• 明治六大教育家（めいじろくだいきょういくか）は、明治期に近代教育を普及するに当たって功績の大きかった6人を特別にまとめて称した称号。
• The term 'the six great educators in the Meiji period' refers to a special, collective title of six great educators who contributed a great deal to promoting the modern education in the Meiji period.

• 平安時代末期から鎌倉時代末期ごろまで、京都から関東、九州まで宣旨升による文献が見いだされているが、どの程度普及したかは明かではない。
• Some documents were written about senji-masu (the standard masu set by the imperial order) from the late Heian period until around the late Kamakura period, in Kyoto, Kanto, and Kyushu regions, but it is not clear to what extent the masu diffused.

• 近年はコンビニエンスストアの弁当のおかずやスーパーマーケット等の惣菜の定番メニュー、ファストフードの具材として、全国に普及している。
• Recently, it is available all over Japan as a standard item of box lunches sold at convenience stores, a prepared food sold at supermarkets and is an ingredient of fast-food.

• 明暦3年（1657年）に起きた明暦の大火によって皮が品不足となり高騰したことから、木綿製のものが急速に普及していったと言われている。
• It is said that the conflagration in 1657 (of the Meireki era) caused a shortage of leather, raising the cost of leather, and making tabi made of cotton used more widely.

• 台湾で抗日武力闘争が発生していた時期、総督府は武力による鎮圧以外にその統治体制を確立し、教育の普及による撫民政策をあわせて実施した。
• During the armed anti-Japanese movement that was taking place in Taiwan, the Sotoku-fu tried to establish a ruling system other than suppression by armed forces and it implemented the policy to pacify the Taiwanese people through the spread of education.

• 明治に入り角倉家から養子に迎えた12代又玅斎直叟の放蕩によって一旦は破産するものの、その後13代円能斎鉄中の普及活動によって復興する。
• Due to dissipation by Jikisho YUMYOSAI, who was an adoptee from the Suminokura family and became the twelfth head of Urasenke school, this school had once become bankrupt during the Meiji era, but was later restored thanks to the dissemination activities of Tetchu ENNOSAI, the thirteenth head of the school.

• 和紙の普及に伴い、奈良時代には木格子の両面に和紙を張った衝立障子が用いられ、平安時代には衾（ふすま）障子が用いられるようになっている。
• In accordance with the prevalence of Japanese paper, tsuitate-shoji, made with a wooden lattice pasted Japanese paper on both sides, had been used in the Nara period, and the fusuma-shoji began to be used in the Heian period.

• 1909年に発表された夏目漱石の「それから」に護謨毬（ごむまり）という語句が出ており、20世紀に入ってから急速に普及したことが伺える。
• In the 'Sorekara' (And Then), a novel written by Soseki NATSUME and published 1909, the word Gomumari comes up, which suggests that the word became common in the 20th century.

• インターネットの普及などにもよって情報伝達の速度はいっそう上昇し、以前では考えられなかった速度で技術開発が進められるようになっている。
• Thanks to the spread of the Internet, the speed of communication became faster and technical development has proceeded at an unprecedented speed.

• 実際、洋服が日本で普及する以前は、日本人は衣服一般を「着物」と呼んでいて、着物という言葉に日本文化と西洋文化を区別する意味はなかった。
• In fact, as the Japanese people used the word Kimono to indicate clothing in general sense before Western style clothing has prevailed, the word Kimono was not used to differentiate the Japanese culture from the Western culture.

• タンポンやナプキンなどの生理用品が普及する以前は、越中褌やもっこ褌が「お馬」と呼ばれ生理帯として長い間使用されてきたという歴史がある。
• Before tampons and napkins became commonly used, women had used Etchu fundoshi and mokko fundoshi loincloths as sanitary towels called 'ouma' for a long period in the history.

• また、これと同時期に民間でも行われた文明開化の動き、肉食の普及や鉄道の開通などとも相まって、新時代「明治」の雰囲気が醸成されていった。
• At the same time, the atmosphere of new era 'Meiji' was created by the civilization and enlightenment of people, the popularization of eating meat, and the opening of the railway.

• 的紙の材質は名の通り紙のものが主流であるが、近年ビニール製のものが開発され、破けにくいなどの利点から学校弓道を中心に急速に普及している。
• The material of matogami is mainly paper, as its name represents, but vinyl ones have been developed recently and they have rapidly become popular especially in school kyudo because of some advantages such as durability.

• ガラス瓶やプラスチック製の液体容器が普及する以前には、酒に限らず醤油、油など液状のものを貯蔵するために広く使われた（醤油徳利、油徳利）。
• Before glass bottles or plastic liquid containers were introduced, tokkuri had been widely used to store liquids such as soy sauce or oil (Shoyu dokkuri, Abura tokkuri).

• 認可協会は、金融に係る知識の普及、啓発活動及び広報活動を通じて、金融商品取引業の健全な発展及び投資者の保護の促進に努めなければならない。
• An Authorized Association shall endeavor to promote sound development of Financial Instruments Business and protection of investors by dissemination of financial knowledge, enlightenment campaigns and publicity campaigns.

• 認定団体は、金融に係る知識の普及、啓発活動及び広報活動を通じて、金融商品取引業の健全な発展及び投資者の保護の促進に努めなければならない。
• A Certified Organization shall endeavor to promote sound development of Financial Instruments Businesses and protection of investors through dissemination of financial knowledge, enlightenment campaigns and publicity campaigns.

• 昭和30年代には教誨師となり、刑務所や少年院での内観普及に尽力し、昭和35年ころには有力な矯正手法として全国各地の矯正施設で採用される。
• From 1955 to 1964, he was a Kyokaishi to spread Naikan therapy at prisons and juvenile reformatories; by 1960, Naikan was introduced as an effective method to correctional institutions across the country.

• 近代日本における財政確立の功労者の一人であるとともに、経済学の教育・普及に尽力した、「官庁エコノミスト」の先駆け的人物として知られている
• He was one of those who did distinguish service to the establishment of national finances of modern Japan, and additionally, he has been known as the first 'government economist' (economist who works at a government agency) who greatly contributed to economics education and its popularization.

• 政府は、労働災害の防止に資する科学技術の振興を図るため、研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及その他必要な措置を講ずるように努めるものとする。
• The Government shall, for the purpose of promoting science and technology contributing to the prevention of industrial accidents, endeavor to promote research and development, to disseminate the results thereof and to take other necessary measures.

• また技術開発の結果普及した匂いの弱い種の納豆では、活動がさほどおう盛ではない菌株が用いられており、環境によっては雑菌が繁殖する余地がある。
• Also, a less active bacterial strain is used for natto with less odor which has become popular as a result of technical development, and such natto may consequently let sundry bacteria grow depending on the environment.

• (蒲焼の誕生には、醤油・みりん・酒・砂糖などの甘み調味料の普及と同時に、生きたウナギをさばく技術がなければ完成しなかったといわれている。）
• (It is said that for the kabayaki to be born and to be completed in its current form, it was necessary for seasoning ingredients, such as soy sauce, mirin, rice wine and a sweetener, such as sugar, to be widely available, along with the technique to fillet live eels.)

• 特に『千鳥の曲』は明治以降、箏曲としては名古屋系のみならず広く生田流各派、さらには山田流にも普及し、ほとんどの流派で演奏される曲となった。
• Especially 'Chidori no Kyoku' diffused as a koto music not only in the Nagoya line but also into various groups in Ikuta school, and even into Yamada school to be played in almost all schools in Meiji period and later.

• 国は、効率的かつ安定的な林業経営を担うべき人材の育成及び確保を図るため、教育、研究及び普及の事業の充実その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as enriching education, research and dissemination projects, in order to develop and secure human resources who play a major role in efficient and stable forestry management.

• 明治28年(1895年)当時の武道家有志により大日本武徳会を結成、弓術も奨励され心身鍛錬を目的として学校教育に取り入れられる等普及を図る。
• In 1895 some volunteers of martial artists at that time organized The Dainippon Butoku-kai association and promoted the spread of Kyujutsu, which was incorporated into school education to discipline the mind and the body.

• 明治23年（1890年）には吉井友実や千家尊福らと神祇院再興運動を進めるが採用されず、また西村茂樹らと敬神・尊王・愛国思想の普及に尽くす。
• In 1890, following an unsuccessful bid by SASAKI, Tomozane YOSHII and Takatomi SENGE to revive the Jingiin (Institute of Divinities), SASAKI worked with Shigeki NISHIMURA to promote piety, reverence for the emperor, and patriotism.

• その国際法を（『万国公法』の訳出を介して）中国に普及することで、西欧を夷狄視する中華思想的思いこみを徐々に是正していこうと考えたのである。
• He intended to correct gradually assumption by Sinocentrism that deemed the western world as iteki by making international law widely understood in China (through translating work for 'Bankoku Koho').

• 江戸後期には松平不昧（松平治郷）の『雲州名物帳』が刊行されるが、これにより同書の「大名物」、「名物」、「中興名物」という格付けが普及した。
• In the late Edo period, Harusato MATSUDAIRA (Fumaiko)'s 'Unshu Meibutsu cho' (Fumai Matsudaira's records about the collection of tea utensils of Izumo Province) was published and after this, the grades of 'O-meibutsu' (great famous objects), 'Meibutsu' (famous objects) and 'Chuko meibutsu' (later famous objects) prevailed.

• 醤油を除き、中国から伝わっていた要素で、室町時代の商工業発達によって普及した（醤油の普及はやや遅れ、関西では江戸時代初期、江戸では中期）。
• With the exception of soy sauce (which had not widely proliferated throughout western Japan until the early Edo period nor spread into Edo itself until the mid-Edo period), these were items that had been introduced from China and then disseminated thanks to the commercial and industrial growth seen during the Muromachi period.

• 材質は真竹であるが、木製の木管尺八やプラスチックなどの合成樹脂でできた安価な尺八が開発され、おもに初心者の普及用などの用途で使用されている。
• The primary material from which shakuhachi are fashioned is still madake bamboo; however, inexpensive shakuhachi made from wood, plastic and other synthetic materials such as plastic have been developed, and are primarily aimed at improving accessibility to the instrument and targeted at beginning students.

• 使用済自動車、解体自動車及び特定再資源化等物品の引取り及び引渡し並びに再資源化等の実施に関し、必要な調査並びに知識の普及及び啓発を行うこと。
• Carrying out the studies necessary as well as dissemination and promotion of knowledge relating to implementation of collecting, delivery, and Recycling, etc. of End-of-Life Vehicles, Dismantled Vehicles and Parts Specified for Recycling, etc.

• 国は、資源の有効な利用の促進に資する科学技術の振興を図るため、研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及等必要な措置を講ずるよう努めなければならない。
• With the aim to achieve advancement of science and technology that will contribute to the promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources, the State shall endeavor to take necessary measures such as promoting research and development and disseminating the results thereof.

• 仏教美術を中心とした文化財の収集、保管、研究、展示を行うとともに、講演会や出版活動などを通じた普及活動を行うことを主たる活動内容としている。
• As the main activities, the museum has been conducting promotional activities through lecture presentations and publications, etc., as well as collecting, preserving, studying and exhibiting cultural properties centered on Buddhist art.

• 平安時代末期、いわゆる末法思想の普及に伴って、来世に阿弥陀如来の西方極楽浄土に生まれ変わろうとする信仰が広がり、阿弥陀堂が盛んに建立された。
• At the end of the Heian period, in accordance with the spread of Mappo-shiso (the 'end of the world' belief), a faith in the rebirth at Saiho Gokuraku Jodo of Amida Nyorai (Amitabha Tathagata) after life and Amida-do Hall (temple hall having an enshrined image of Amitabha) was actively built.

• 一方で洋食で多用される畜産物を生産するためには大量の輸入飼料が必要になり、洋食の普及が食糧の自給率低下をもたらす要因のひとつにもなっている。
• On the other hand, a large amount of imported feed is needed in order to produce livestock products which are often used for Yoshoku, which is one of the reasons for the decrease in the food self-sufficiency ratio.

• 国民皆泳が叫ばれ水泳が学校の教科として取り上げられたことで、幼児～小学生用の水着として全国に普及し、昭和30年代頃まで各地で散見されていた。
• Since swimming practice was widely encouraged as anuniversal movement throughout the nation and swimming lessons were included in the official curriculum of primary schools, this kuroneko fundoshi loincloth became popular across the country as swimming pants for children covering from infants to students of elementary schools and it could be found here and there in Japan until around 1955.

• 先述のように江戸幕府は大奥での着物を事細かに規定し、それが大名家にも普及し、武士階級全体で大奥慣習に準じるようになっていった（江戸中期以降）。
• As mentioned in the above, the Edo bakufu regulated the way kimono were worn in minute detail in the O-oku, and the regulations passed on to daimyo families (feudal lord families), and finally the dress codes of the whole samurai class became pursuant to the codes and conventions of the O-oku (in and after the middle of the Edo period).

• その後、下総国野田（現在の千葉県野田市）と銚子（現在の千葉県銚子市）で造られる関東醤油（濃口醤油）の普及にあわせて醤油を使った蒲焼も登場した。
• Later, as Kanto-style dark soy sauce produced in Noda (present-day Noda City, Chiba Prefecture) and Choshi (present-day Choshi City, Chiba Prefecture) in Shimosa Province became widely available, kabayaki made with soy sauce began to appear.

• 同時にまた雑誌で経済問題を論じるなど、経済学の啓蒙普及活動に務め、当時においては単なる官僚でなくエコノミストとして一般に知られる存在であった。
• In addition, he had some other activities such as having discussion on economic matters on magazines in order for a campaign to promote public awareness of economics, and he was generally known as an economist rather than a government official.

• 大正時代に二十四世観世宗家に入門し、昭和初期に山本能楽堂（大阪市中央区）を建設するなど能楽の大阪での普及に貢献した先代の山本博之の後を継いだ。
• During the Taisho period (1912-1926), Masakazu became a disciple of the 24th generation hereditary head of the Kanze family, and he succeeded Hiroyuki YAMAMOTO who contributed to the diffusion of Noh drama in Osaka such as building the Yamamoto Noh Theatre (located in Chuo-ku, Osaka City) in the early Showa period (1926-1989).

• 南北朝時代 (日本)ごろから、和歌は僧侶や武士を中心に詠まれるようになるが、地方武士にも普及する一方で、形式主義に流れた和歌は衰退していった。
• Since around the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), waka came to be composed mainly by monks and samurai, while the composition of waka spread to local samurai, and some of the waka that lapsed into formalism declined.

• 男爵いもは高知県出身の男爵・川田龍吉が北海道上磯町（現・北斗市）でアイリッシュ・コブラーという品種の芋を試験栽培し、普及させたことに由来する。
• The name Danshaku imo comes from the fact that the Baron Ryukichi KAWATA cultivated a breed of potato called Irish Cobbler at Kamiiso town (present day: Hokuto city) in Hokkaido and popularized the potato.

• 明治初年の衰微期を経て、1876年の岩倉具視邸天覧能以後、徐々に人気を回復しはじめた能楽界にあって梅若実は紅雪とともに観世流の普及につとめた。
• Passing through the declining period of 1868, after the Noh play (performed) with the Emperor in attendance at the residence of Tomomi IWAKURA in 1876, Minoru UMEWAKA and Kosetsu put efforts to develop the Kanze-ryu while the field of Noh was gradually restoring its popularity.

• 書道思想の普及、宣伝の新たな方策として、明治時代末期から大正時代にかけて書道の刊行物が発行され、今日の書道界におけるPR運動の先駆けとなった。
• From the end of the Meiji period to the Taisho period, publications on calligraphy were available as a new promotion tool to make calligraphic philosophy more popular, constituting an early form of the PR movement in the today's calligraphic world

• 農業生産の高まりと宋銭の流入によって商工業が全国的に発展した鎌倉時代中期以後から見られるようになり、南北朝時代_(日本)には全国的に普及した。
• This system started in the mid-Kamakura period when commerce and industries developed nationwide thanks to boosting agricultural production and the circulation of Sung currency and spread throughout the nation in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• しかし当時の日本は貨幣を自給できなかったことや鐚銭の問題もあり、貫高制の普及にともない、それを維持するに十分な貨幣流通量を確保できなくなった。
• However, since Japan at that time did not possess the capacity to self-supply the amount of money required, and also because it was facing the problem of bitasen (extremely low-quality coins), maintaining the sufficient money supply became impossible as kandaka sei became more and more widespread.

• 元々は田舎料理で主に農家などで作られていたものであったが、時期が経つにつれ様々な階層にも次第に普及し、やがて日本人の食卓に欠かせないものになる。
• Originally it was country cooking mainly done by farmers, but gradually spread among various classes of people and became essential on Japanese tables.

• この期間中に剣道を何とか復活させようと愛好者たちが策を練った末に、剣道の要素を取り込んだ撓競技（しないきょうぎ）が生まれ、次第に普及していった。
• During this period, Kendo devotees worked hard to restore Kendo and came up with ideas on the Shinai sport, which incorporated the elements of Kendo, so that it gradually became widespread.

• 大正時代になると自転車が普及し、自転車のハンドルに掛ける道具袋の需要が生まれ、薬屋、牛乳屋、大工、植木屋、酒屋などの職人用カバンの製造を行った。
• In the Taisho period, bicycles became widely used, which created demand for tool bags hung on the bicycle: the company thus manufactured bags for workers, including pharmacists, milkmen, carpenters, gardeners, and sake dealers.

• また、無伴奏が基本であるが、琴や尺八による伴奏を付けることもあり、21世紀初頭には、あらかじめ録音されたコンパクトディスクによる伴奏も普及した。
• Also, ginei is basically unaccompanied, but is sometimes accompanied by koto (a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings) or shakuhachi bamboo flute and during the early 21st century the accompaniment by the recorded compact disc was also widely used.

• 環境の保全に資するものとしての容器包装廃棄物の排出の抑制並びにその分別収集及び分別基準適合物の再商品化等の促進の意義に関する知識の普及に係る事項
• Matters pertaining to the dissemination of knowledge on the meaning of promoting the reduction of waste containers and packaging discharged and sorted collection thereof, and recycling, etc. of waste containers and packaging that conform to the sorting standards, as activity that contributes to preservation of the environment

• 大学は、その活動が産業技術力の強化に資するものであることにかんがみ、人材の育成並びに研究及びその成果の普及に自主的かつ積極的に努めるものとする。
• Considering that their activities contribute to enhancing Industrial Technology Capability, universities shall autonomously and actively endeavor to engage in training human resources and carry out research and disseminating the results thereof.

• 日本イタリア京都会館は、日伊両国の学術および文化の普及を目的として、イタリア文化セミナー・イタリア語講座・イタリア留学支援活動などを行っている。
• With the aim of spreading science and culture of both Japan and Italy, Nihon-Itaria Kyoto-kaikan is conducting such activities as seminars on Italian culture, Italian courses, and support for students who want to study in Italy.

• 摂津国有馬郡名塩村（現・兵庫県西宮市）で作られた和紙は、雁皮に特殊な土を漉き込むことによって虫食いの害を防ぐことができるため、全国的に普及した。
• Japanese paper made in Najio-mura, Arima-gun, Settsu Province (Nishinomiya City, Hyogo Prefecture) was used nationwide because it was made with special soil and fibers taken from the bark of a clove-like bush to prevent it being eaten by bugs.

• 現代日本における処女性重視は近代以前の武家社会における志向（家督の正統継承）と、明治維新以後、キリスト教由来の貞操観念が普及したことに起因する。
• The great stress on virginity held by modern Japanese society comes from the ideology of the samurai society, where the highest importance was attached to inheriting the family's estate properly, as well as the chastity valued by Christianity, which had spread since the Meiji period.

• 幟仁親王は政治から距離を置く代わりに、慶応4年1月17日（1868年2月10日）に神祇官総督に就任したのを皮切りに国家神道や国学の普及に努めた。
• Keeping a distance from politics, Imperial Prince Takahito started to become involved in the dissemination of State Shinto and the study of Japanese classical literature as soon as he assumed the post of the governor general of the Jingikan (the department of worship) on February 10, 1868.

• 彼の、大東流合気柔術を骨子に創始した武術「武産合気 (植芝流)」が一般に広く普及（植芝は普及には否定的だったともいわれるが）した現代武道である。
• His martial art called 'Takemusu Aiki (Ueshiba school),' whose core techniques originated from Daito-ryu Aiki-jujutsu, spread to the public - though Ueshiba himself is said to have been unwilling to spread it - and evolved into the modern martial art called aikido.

• 現在普及している空手は、試合方式の違いから、寸止めルールを採用する伝統派空手と直接打撃制ルールを採用するフルコンタクト空手に大別することができる。
• The currently prevailing karate can be divided into two categories based on the differences in match rules: 'dentoha karate' (traditional-style karate), which adopts the 'sundome' (non-contact) rules, and full-contact karate, which adopts direct-attack rules.

• 一般的に、柔術（古流柔術）は、明治時代に柔道が普及してすぐに衰退したように思われているが、明治時代の項で書かれているように急激なものではなかった。
• Generally, koryu jujutsu is thought to have gone into decline immediately after judo became popular in the Meiji period, but as mentioned above, the decline of koryu jujutsu was not so drastic.

• 前項第一号及び第二号に掲げる事項が基本方針に照らして適切なものであり、かつ、我が国全体の新エネルギー利用等の普及にとって特に有効なものであること。
• The matters as listed in item (i) and item (ii) of the preceding paragraph are suitable in light of the Basic Policy, and also are particularly effective in disseminating the New Energy Utilization, etc. for our entire country.

• 国は、農産物の輸出を促進するため、農産物の競争力を強化するとともに、市場調査の充実、情報の提供、普及宣伝の強化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as strengthening the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products, promoting market research, providing information and encouraging dissemination activities, in order to promote exports.

• 国は、水産物の輸出を促進するため、水産物の競争力を強化するとともに、市場調査の充実、情報の提供、普及宣伝の強化その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take measures such as strengthening the competitiveness of the domestic marine products, promoting market research, providing information, encouraging dissemination activities and other necessary measures to promote exports.

• このことから、武家の家紋も公家と同じく平安後期に生まれたと考えられるが、それもわずか数えられるほどで、爆発的に普及し始めたのは鎌倉時代以後となる。
• Therefore, it can be considered that Buke's Kamon were also created in the latter part of the Heian Period as well as those of Kuge, but only a few Kamon were seen then and its explosive proliferation began after the Kamakura Period.

• 在職期間が短いため目立った政策は見られないが、栗原信近らと殖産興業を推進し、道路整備や河川改修、甲州葡萄の普及などを行っている（後任は中島錫胤）。
• Because his tenure in office was rather short, no remarkable policies could be seen, but he promoted and encouraged new industry with Nobuchika KURIHARA and others, and carried out the maintenances of roads, the improvements of rivers, the recommendations of Koshu grapes, and so on (his successor was Masutane NAKAJIMA.)

• この間、所属する真宗大谷派において学事体制の整備に尽瘁しつつ、仏教学・東洋学の学界において近代的な仏教研究の必要性を説き、その教育・普及に勉めた。
• Around that time, while making efforts to establish an academic work system in Shinshu sect Otani school without thought of himself, he explained importance of modern Buddhist studies in the societies of Buddhist and Oriental studies and strove for its education and permeation.

• そのために『万国公法』等の翻訳普及と、お雇い外国人からの近代国際法の知識吸収を積極的に図り、転じて「万国公法」を周辺諸国に積極的に適用していった。
• Therefore, Japan made efforts for diffusion of 'Bankoku Koho' and other books, actively gathered information on modern international law from hired foreigners and actively applied 'Bankoku Koho' for diplomacy between neighboring countries.

• こうした著作権侵害利用はあるが、でもファンサブ屋、流通屋、クラブを分けて考え、製作、普及、上映が別個に行われていたことを理解しておくことは重要だ。
• Despite these copyright-infringing activities, it is important to draw the distinction between fansubbers, distributors, and clubs with respect to the preparation, propagation, and exhibition of tapes.

• 旗本・御家人の官僚化が進んだ享保年間以降は、民間からの登用が目立ち、しかも彼ら地方巧者は地方書の著者でもあったので、地方巧者という呼称が普及した。
• After the Kyoho era when hatamoto (bakufu retainers) and gokenin (retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) were organized into the bakufu bureaucracy, jikata kosha posts were often granted to ordinary citizens, and due to the fact that these appointees authored guides to domain administration, they were commonly called jikata kosha.

• 現在、一宮巡拝を行っている人々の集りとして「全国一の宮巡拝会」が結成されており、全国一の宮会と連携して一宮巡拝の普及のためのイベントを行っている。
• The 'Zenkoku Ichinomiya Junpai-kai' has now been formed to bring together those undertaking the ichinomiya shrine pilgrimage, and the organization cooperates with the Zenkoku Ichinomiya kai in conducting events to promote the pilgrimage to Ichinomiya Shrines.

• しかし、対象となる魚の種類が鯛かコイに限られていたこともあり、より簡便な刺身が普及するにつれ、室町時代末期にはほとんど刺身と区別がつかなくなった。
• However, because this dish can only be made using tai and carp, the simpler sashimi became more widespread so that by the end of the Muromachi period, uchimi and sashimi had become almost the same thing.

• 廃仏毀釈運動は明治以降、第二次世界大戦の敗戦まで一部の過激な神道家とこれに追随した一部民衆が行ったものの、一部地域を除き、民衆には普及しなかった。
• Since the Meiji period, the anti-Buddhism campaign had been promoted by some radical Shintoists and some people who followed such ideology until the end of World War II, but it eventually failed to prevail among ordinary people except for some areas.

• 一方で御家人層では、元寇後も続けられた異国警固番役の負担、元寇の恩賞や訴訟の停滞、貨幣経済の普及、所領分割などによって没落する者も増加していった。
• Contrastingly, an increasing number of those in the gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) stratum were ruined because of the burden imposed on them by ikoku-keigoban-yaku (a kind of military service imposed on the gokenin in which they had to guard areas other than those they usually guarded), which continued even after the Mongolian expeditions against Japan; delays to the provision of rewards and settlement of lawsuits following the Mongolian expeditions; the gradual emergence of a monetary economy; and the division of their territory.

• 幕藩体制の確立と共に全国に普及、創鋳から30年ほど経った寛文年間頃には、永楽通宝をはじめとする渡来銭をほぼ完全に駆逐し、貨幣の純国産化を実現した。
• Shin-Kanei-bunsen which spread across the country along with the establishment of shogunate system almost completely expelled Torai-sen (coins imported from China) including Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) in around the Kanbun era about 30 years after the first minting, and domestic production of all coins was realized.

• 大原総一郎が丹羽有得を招聘して設立した日本鷹狩クラブは、その早世後、ある時期に鷹狩の伝統の保存・公開普及という目的から外れ、改組・改名されたらしい。
• Nihon Takagari Club (Japan falconry club), which Soichiro OHARA established bringing Yutoku NIWA, seems to have been reorganized and renamed after his death in early life, changing its purpose from preservation, publication, and diffusion of Taka-gari tradition.

• 1594年(文禄3年)、千家再興がかなったことから、少庵の希望で還俗し、弟子らとともに利休流のわび茶の普及に努めた（還俗の時期については諸説ある）。
• In 1594 (there are several theories about the year), the Sen family was reestablished and at the wishes of Shoan, he returned to secular life to disseminate Rikyu-style wabicha (The wabi style tea ceremony).

• オーストラリアのアボリジニ（ブーメランが弓矢の位置を占める）を除き、世界中で狩りはもちろんのこと、時には漁りにも使われ、競技や戦いの場で普及してきた。
• Except for Aborigines in Australia (where the boomerang is used instead of Yumiya), it has been used not only for hunting but also for fishing, for games and fighting all over the world.

• 柔道 (特に現代柔道)、合気道が世に出、全国に普及して以降、これらと区別するため、日本古来の柔術を「古流柔術」という表現を用いて区別するようになった。
• From when judo (especially, the modern judo) and aikido emerged and became popular nationwide, the jujutsu handed down from its origin began to be called 'koryu jujutsu' to make a distinction between itself and the two.

• 現在の煎茶（それまでの煎じ茶とちがい、急須で出せる茶は「だし茶」であるともいわれる）の製法は煎茶の流行とともに普及し、現在の日本茶の主流となっている。
• Unlike the old senji-cha, today's sencha (prepared by placing tea leaves in a kyusu, which is therefore also called 'dashicha') whose manufacturing method has increasingly become prevalent along with the popularity of sencha, has become dominant among various Japanese teas.

• 国は、エネルギーの使用の合理化等の促進に資する科学技術の振興を図るため、研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及等必要な措置を講ずるよう努めなければならない。
• With the aim to achieve advancement of science and technology that will contribute to the promotion of the rational use of energy, etc., the State shall endeavor to take measures to promote research and development and disseminate the results thereof and other necessary measures.

• 今日、三千家が茶道の代表格として語られるのは、流祖である千利休の高名だけでなく、この時期に広く各地の町人富裕層に普及したことも大きな要因となっている。
• Today, the three Senke schools are widely referred to as the representatives of tea ceremony, the main reasons are not only the fame of their originator, Sen no Rikyu, but also the fact that Sansenke's methods were commonly accepted among the rich class town people every where in Japan during that time.

• 日本では集落が発展し、建物が密集する都市が形成されるにつれて火災に弱い短所が嫌われ、都市部や街道沿いの町屋などでは瓦の普及などにより早期に姿を消した。
• In Japan, as communities grew larger and developed into densely-packed urban areas, its flammability was a serious disadvantage, therefore, such roofs disappeared rapidly in urban areas, and town houses along roads to be replaced by tiled roofs.

• そのため、源氏物語を読むに当たって作品世界の中での出来事を主人公である光源氏の年齢軸にして整理することによって理解しやすくすることが広く普及している。
• Therefore, when reading the Tale of Genji, it has been common practice to make it more understandable by arranging the events in the story with the age of the main character, Hikaru Genji, at the core.

• この結果として学会内には、運営について憲法を中心とする国家学・ドイツ学の啓蒙普及を重視する一派と、それに反対し「純学理」を重んじる一派が存在していた。
• As a result, in Kokkagakkai, there were a faction that emphasized spread and enlightenment of the science of the nation and German studies centering on the constitution about management and other faction that emphasized 'jungakuri' against it.

• 荘園制の普及にもかかわらず律令体制下の公領（国衙領）がなお根強く残されていたことから、鎌倉幕府の成立前後までは上皇がかなりの権力を振るう余地はあった。
• Since Koryo (Imperial demesne, or Kokugaryo) under the Ritsuryo system persistently continued even after the spread of the manorial system, there was room for Joko to use considerable power until the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu.

• このように普及した青表紙系本文であったが、あまりにも広く普及し過ぎたために、大筋では同じであるものの細かいところが異なるきわめて多くの写本が存在した。
• This is how the Aobyoshi-bon line manuscripts circulated, but they spread so widely that there were many manuscripts whose outlines were almost the same, but details were quite different.

• 時節柄、直後にはそれほど生産高は伸びなかった（参照「日本酒の歴史昭和時代以降」）が、戦後になって著しく全国へ普及し「酒米の王者」と称せられるまでになる。
• In those difficult times, the amount of production didn't increase immediately (refer to 'History of sake: Showa period and later'), but it became nationally popular after the war and came to be called the 'king of Sakamai.'

• 朱熹の『家礼』は元から明にかけて丘濬『家礼儀節』の改良を経ながら士大夫層の儀礼として流行していたが、明末、宗族という家族形態とともに庶民にまで普及した。
• 'Karei' by Chu His was popular from Yuan to Ming as the Girai (Yili) for the shitaifu class, with improvements through 'Courtesy Among Cultured People and How to Keep Moderation' by Kyu Shun, and by the end of Ming, it spread to the common people along with a form of family called Sozoku (the paternal family group).

• 駆除を手段とした蚊よけが蚊取り線香のみであった時代には重要な役割を果たしていたが、電気蚊取り機の普及以降、線香と共に一般家庭における役割を縮小している。
• During the period when no means other than kayariki were available for extermination of mosquitoes, kayariki played an important role, but their role has been shrinking as well as the use of incense at home, as electric mosquito repellent heaters have become widely used.

• 木炭を使用するため、薪を使う囲炉裏に比べ煙が出ないことから、武家や公家の間で使用されていたものが、江戸時代から明治時代にかけて、町人や庶民にも普及した。
• Since charcoal produces less smoke a fireplace that uses wood, use spread from the samurai and court nobles to townspeople and commoners in the Edo and Meiji periods.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、特定事業の実施について、知識の普及、情報の提供等を行うとともに、住民の理解、同意及び協力を得るための啓発活動を推進するものとする。
• The national government and local governments shall promote activities such as dissemination of knowledge of, and provision of information on, implementation of Qualified Projects, and at the same time, promote enlightening activities to gain understanding, consents and cooperation of local residents.

• のちに、隠蔽性の高い厚手の唐紙が伝来して障子に用いられて普及していくが、襖障子と唐紙障子は混同され併用されて、絹張りでない紙張り障子も襖と称されていく。
• Later, the thick karakami (Chinese paper) which concealed easily was introduced and its application to shoji spread, the difference between fusuma-shoji, and karakami-shoji (paper sliding-door made of imported Chinese paper) became blurred and they were used together so paper covered shoji, other than silk shoji, were also called fusuma.

• 戦前の紙芝居や戦後の漫画産業の振興や昭和40年代（1970年前後）まで続いた貸本屋、テレビ放送の普及などもその認知やある意味での親近感につながっている。
• Pre-war picture-story shows and post-war promotion of comic book industry, rental bookstores that were in existence until about 1970 as well as the spread of television broadcasting had something to do with their recognition, and in a way, their familiarization.

• 醤油が普及する以前は、生姜酢や辛子酢、煎り酒（鰹節、梅干、日本酒、水、たまりを合わせて煮詰めたもの）など、なますで用いられる調味料がそのまま用いられた。
• Prior to the widespread use of soy sauce, seasonings used in namasu, such as vinegar with ginger, vinegar with mustard and irizake (made by boiling down dried bonito flakes, pickled plum, sake (rice wine), water and tamari (rich soy sauce)) were used.

• 後に仏教が普及すると、カヤノヒメが霧の神、暗闇の神、惑わしの神を産んだとされることから、野槌は妖怪変化を産む神とみなされ、野槌自体も次第に妖怪視された。
• After Buddhism spread in Japan, Kaya no Hime began to be considered to have been the mother of the god of fog, of the god of darkness and of the god of worldly desires, therefore, Nozuchi began to be considered to be a god bearing various specters, and Nozuchi itself was gradually considered to be a specter or a govlin.

• これはセルフうどん店の普及率の高さに見られる様に「食事は素早く提供されて、手早く食べられれば良い」と考える、いわゆる「食に短気な県民」が大半だからである。
• This is because most of them are, as we say, 'short tempered about food' and think 'the sooner the food is served and eaten, the better it is' as seen in the popularity of the self-service udon shops.

• 国は、原子力の安全の確保、原子力災害の発生の防止及び放射線障害の防止に関する科学的な研究及び開発を推進するとともに、その成果の普及に努めなければならない。
• The State shall promote scientific research and development concerning the securing of nuclear safety, prevention of the occurrence of a nuclear disaster, and prevention of a nuclear hazard, and endeavor to disseminate the results thereof.

• 古い日用品を発掘しその制作のための技術を復活させ、無名職人による日用の美を世に広め、新しい日用品を制作し普及しようとした「民芸運動」にかかわるようになる。
• He joined the 'Mingei movement,' which aimed to discover old daily necessities and recover the skills to produce them, to promote the beauty of ceramics for daily use produced by unknown artisans, and to produce and spread new daily ceramic necessities.

• 現在の概念にあたる首都は1868年（明治元年）以来、主に「帝都」と称され、1950年（昭和25年）の「首都建設法」制定以降になって「首都」の語が普及した。
• The capital corresponding to the present concept of capital was established in 1868, since then it has been chiefly called 'the imperial capital,' and it was after the enactment of 'Law of Capital Construction' in 1950, that the term 'Capital' spread into general use.

• なお、山形県押出遺跡や長野県大崎遺跡からは、堅果の粉による食品「縄文クッキー」の炭化したものが出土しており、粉食文化が広く普及していることを物語っている。
• Carbonized 'Jomon cookie,' the food made from nut powder, was unearthed from the Oshidashi remains of Yamagata Prefecture and the Osaki remains of Nagano Prefecture, showing that culture of powdered food became widespread in those days.

• 中でも浄土宗西山派の祖・証空は、貞応2年（1223年）に『当麻曼荼羅註』を著し、当麻曼荼羅の写しを十数本制作し諸国に安置して、当麻曼荼羅の普及に貢献した。
• Especially, Shoku, the founder of the Nishiyama school of the Jodo sect, wrote 'the Commentary on Taima Mandala' in 1223, made more than a dozen copies of Taima Mandala and enshrined them in various countries, which contributed the spread of Taima Mandala.

• 馬術には、馬匹と馬場・厩舎等の設備が不可欠であり、乗馬クラブが平成の現在ほど普及していなかった戦後期には、学生馬術が馬術競技を行う主体として重要であった。
• The equestrianism requires horses and facilities, such as riding grounds and stables; in postwar Japan, the riders of universities played an important role to continue the equestrianism, since there were few equestrian clubs, although at present they are many clubs.

• しかし、一般的に普及したのは明治の廃刀令以降と思われ、それまで武士が身に着けていた刀が、一部分の軍用の他には無用の長物となり、保管の対象になってしまった。
• However, it seems that it spread among the general public after the decree banning the wearing of swords was promulgated in Meiji Period, when swords worn by samurai became no longer necessary and went into storage except for those for military use.

• ただし異説もあり、日本には大宝令以前に高麗から渡来した大尺より2尺長い高麗尺が普及していたので、これが大宝令の大尺とされ、唐の大尺が小尺にされたともいう。
• There is also another study that since koma-jaku, which was introduced from the Kingdom of Goryeo and 2 shaku larger than the da-chi, was spread before the Taiho Ritsuryo in Japan; the da-chi of Tang became sho-shaku.

• また、明和期以前は一分判より低額面のものは寛永通寳一文 (通貨単位)銭であったため、この中間を補佐する貨幣の需要が高かったことも流通が普及した要因である。
• Another reason for Nanryo Nishu Gin circulating well was that auxiliary currency in between was much in demand because Kanei Tsuho Ichimon Sen (a coin currency unit) had been the only lower face value than Ichibu Ban (Koban) before the Meiwa era.

• 多色刷りが可能になった背景には、重ね刷りの際の目印となるよう「見当」が工夫されたこと、複数回の刷りに耐えられる丈夫で高品質な和紙が普及したことが挙げられる。
• As to the factors by which multicolor printing was made possible, it is pointed out that 'Kento' (guide marks) were introduced to mark the points for overprinting, and that strong, high-quality Japanese papers that withstood multiple-color printing became available.

• 明治36年頃、北海道で不振であったマダラにかわってスケトウダラの漁が発展したことから卵の加工が始まり、その影響でたらこが普及するようになったと言われている。
• It is said that, the development of Walleye pollack fishing which replaced the Pacific cod fishing that stagnated around 1903 in Hokkaido, led the production of cod roes to begin, and by that, the tarako has become widespread.

• また、草履に似た形状で布や藁を素材とし、後部に足首に固定するための結び紐を付けた履物は草鞋（わらじ）と呼び、古くは労働などの日常作業用の履物として普及した。
• Also, footwear similar to zori and made of cloth or straw, with a strap on the heel to fix it to the ankle was called waraji, and was commonly worn in day to day work.

• この法律は、保険会社等が負う地震保険責任を政府が再保険することにより、地震保険の普及を図り、もつて地震等による被災者の生活の安定に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to promote the dissemination of earthquake insurance by having the governments reinsure the earthquake liabilities of insurance companies, etc. thereby helping to contribute to the stability of the lives of disaster victims of an earthquake, etc.

• 国は、循環型社会の形成に関する科学技術の振興を図るため、研究体制の整備、研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及、研究者の養成その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures, including improvement of research systems, promotion of research and development activities, dissemination of its results, and training of researchers, to promote the development of science and technology towards the establishment of a Sound Material-Cycle Society.

• 土壌汚染状況調査等の適正かつ円滑な実施を推進するため、土壌の特定有害物質による汚染が人の健康に及ぼす影響に関し、知識を普及し、及び国民の理解を増進すること。
• Spread knowledge and promoting public understanding of effects which the soil contamination by any Designated Hazardous Substance has on human health, in order to facilitate the appropriate and smooth implementation of the Soil Contamination Investigation, etc.

• 普茶料理は、中国料理の調理法が日本風にアレンジされながらも伝来し、けんちん汁、のっぺい汁、葛粉を利用した煮物や炒め物、揚げ煮といった料理や調理法が普及した。
• Fucha ryori cuisine was imported from China, although the cooking techniques of Chinese cuisine was Japanized, and food such as Kenchin-jiru soup, Noppei-jiru soup and simmered, sauted or fried food using powdered arrowroot became prevalent.

• 仏教経典を書写する写経は国家仏教中心の奈良時代には官営事業として行われていたが、平安時代には浄土思想が普及し、個人的な祈願成就を目的に行われるようになった。
• During the Nara period when Buddhist deities were believed to protect the nation, Buddhist scriptures were copied as a national project, but by the Heian period when Jodo-shiso (Pure Land Buddhism) prevailed, they were copied by individuals who wished for their prayers to be fulfilled.

• ここでも資料を見ると、アニメ普及を狙う人々が違法にアニメをアメリカに輸入し続けたにも関わらず、アニメ企業は系統的にそうした権利侵害を無視し続けたと思われる。
• Evidence again suggests that anime companies systematically ignored the infringements that were occurring as disseminators continued to import anime illegally into the United States.

• さらに一部の電子マネー（2007年3月時点ではID (クレジット決済サービス)、DCMX、Edy、ICいーカード）しか利用できず、普及にはなお時間を要する。
• In addition, only some types of electronic money (as of March 2007, ID (credit settlement service), DCMX, Edy, and IC E-card) are acceptable, and this means that it will take longer for the electric money system to become familiarized.

• 2000年代中盤頃から、メタボリックシンドロームが話題となるなど健康志向が高まっていることや、エスプレッソなど苦みの強いコーヒーを提供するカフェが普及した。
• From around the mid 2000s, people became health-conscious with topics like metabolic syndrome being talked about and cafes serving bitter coffee like espresso spread.

• その後、江戸時代に入り、商工業の発展や社会に浸透していた文書主義などにより、実務教育の需要が一層高まり、先ず江戸や京都などの都市部に寺子屋が普及して行った。
• Later, in the Edo period, with the development of commerce and trade, and with the rise in importance of documents, the demand for practical education grew, which led to the spread of Terakoya initially in city areas such as Edo and Kyoto.

• 一方、下水については浸水被害の歴史から比較的早くから整備されて来ており、旧福知山市域においては80%の下水道普及率（浄化槽を含む水洗化率は92%）があった。
• On the other hand, owing to its history of flood damage, the city developed a sewage system relatively early, covering roughly 80% of the old Fukuchiyama City area (the usage rate of flush toilet including septic tank was 92%).

• 気候的に米作に適さず、近代まで米食の習慣がなかった沖縄県には現在も雑煮を食べる風習はないが、同じ琉球王国に属する鹿児島県奄美地方においては比較的普及している。
• In Okinawa Prefecture, where the practice of eating rice had not begun until modern times as rice was not produced there due to the climate, there is still no custom of eating zoni today; while zoni is relatively popular in the Amami region of Kagoshima Prefecture, which used to belong to the same Ryukyu Kingdom as Okinawa.

• 1950年代から盛平の弟子たちが積極的に海外普及に努めた結果、欧州・北南米・東南アジアなど国際的に広まり、合気会だけで現在約80ヶ国に支部道場を開設している。
• As a result of the efforts by Morihei's disciples (beginning in the 1950s) to spread it abroad, it spread globally to Europe, the Americas, Southeast Asia, etc., and Aikikai alone has branch training halls in about 80 countries.

• 寿司が普及するにつれて、他のアジア料理店が店内に寿司バーを設け、〇〇チャイニーズ・レストラン＆スシバーとか、コリアン・バーベキュー＆スシバーと名乗ったりした。
• With the popularization of sushi, some Asian foods restaurants have set up a sushi bar, naming themselves '〇〇Chinese Restaurant & Sushi Bar' or 'Korean Barbecue & Sushi Bar.'

• 座布団の成立は鎌倉時代ごろまで遡り、江戸時代中期には現在の形となって庶民にも広く普及したものの、古くは権力者や高僧などの権力の象徴として用いられた経緯がある。
• The origin of zabuton dates back to the Kamakura Period, and they became the shape we know today in the middle of the Edo Period when they became widely used among ordinary people, although prior to that they had been symbols of the power of high priests and other powerful people.

• 当時の日本は米や布などの物品貨幣が一般的であり、社会経済水準が貨幣を必ずしも要していなかったため、畿内とその周辺国以外にはあまり普及しなかったとも考えられる。
• At that time in Japan, rice and cloth were the popular items to exchange as material money, because then-current society of Japan had not reached yet to the economic level to necessiate money currencies, and therefore circulation of money was limited to the Kinai area (countries near Kyoto.)

• 『万国公法』の普及と、上記のような様々な事件・問題の際の近代国際法の強制的な適用と受容が、東アジア国際社会に大きな影響を与えたことは改めて強調するまでもない。
• It is obvious that diffusion of 'Bankoku Koho'and forcible application and acceptance of modern international law on the above mentioned incidents and issues had major impact on international society in East Asia.

• 原理の上ではこれと似た意見が、職人階級ではもうすでに広く普及していて、もっぱらこの階級の意見に従順な人たち、つまりこの階級の成員に重苦しくのしかかっています。
• Opinions similar in principle to these, already prevail widely among the artizan class, and weigh oppressively on those who are amenable to the opinion chiefly of that class, namely, its own members.

• こうした宮型造りの銭湯は昭和40年代頃まで関東近郊で盛んに建てられたが、自宅に作る内風呂が普及し、またビルに建て替えられる銭湯も多くなって、数少なくなってきた。
• Although large numbers of shrine-shaped sento of this kind were built in the suburbs of Kanto up until the period from 1965 to 1974, they became scarce because the home bath prevailed and many sento were remodeled for other uses.

• このため、税制の健全化を図るにはまず酒税の安定が先決であると考え、国家レベルの投資の一環として、安全醸造に普及に、ひいては醸造業の近代化に取り組んだわけである。
• For this reason, the government considered the stability of liquor tax was the most important for restoring fiscal health and tried to spread safe brewing as part of the investment of the government and as a result, a modernization of the brewing industry.

• 「立て簾（たてず）」と「掛け簾」の2種類あり、近年カーテンやブラインド、スクリーン等が普及する中、使い勝手の良さや、見た目の良さにより現在でも根強い人気を持つ。
• There are two types of Sudare, 'tatezu,' which are rested on the exterior surface of the house or the like, and 'kakezu,' which are hung from the eaves, and even though the use of drapes, curtains and blinds has become widespread, Sudare remain very popular due to their ease of use and aesthetic appeal.

• 大学等は、その活動が社会全体における知的財産の創造に資するものであることにかんがみ、人材の育成並びに研究及びその成果の普及に自主的かつ積極的に努めるものとする。
• Universities, etc. shall, in light of the fact that their activities are contributing to the creation of intellectual property in the whole society, endeavor voluntary and positive to develop human resources, disseminate research and the research results.

• 白隠は上記の他いくつかの伝説を採り上げ、偽経といえどもこれだけ霊験があるのだからと、人々に唱えることを推奨し、『延命十句観音経霊験記』をあらわしたため普及した。
• Other than the above, Hakuin also examined several other legends and recommended people to utter this scripture saying that although the scripture is gikyo, it has significant miraculous effects, and as such, with Hakuin's 'Enmei Jikku Kannongyo Reigenki' the scripture became popular.

• 肝炎に関する専門的、学際的又は総合的な研究を推進するとともに、肝炎の予防、診断、治療等に係る技術の向上その他の研究等の成果を普及し、活用し、及び発展させること。
• to promote specialized, interdisciplinary or comprehensive research concerning hepatitis, and to develop, disseminate, and exploit technological improvements concerning prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, etc. of hepatitis, and other research results, etc.;

• こうした浄土教の普及に力があったのは、むしろ既成の教団や寺院から離れ、山林に入り、あるいは遍歴して独自の活動を展開した聖、あるいは上人とよばれた求道者であった。
• In fact, the seekers, so-called hijiri or shonin who had left their religious community or temples, and went into the mountain forest or wandered from place to place resumed their own activities; they spread the Jodo sect the most.

• 特にラジオカセットレコーダー（ラジカセ）が普及すると、これをカラオケ用の装置として使うようになった（多くのラジカセには、マイク接続による拡声器機能が付いていた）。
• Especially when a radio cassette recorder grew popular, it was used as a karaoke device (many of the radio cassette recorders had a loudspeaker function connected to a microphone).

• 広島県はもともと酢の産地であり、その技術がソースの製造にも応用できたことがこれらのソースメーカーの隆盛につながり、お好み焼きの普及にも一役買ったものと考えられる。
• Hiroshima prefecture was the original area producing vinegar and they could apply the technique to the production of the sauce, which, they think, led to the prosperity of the sauce manufacturers and played a role for the spread of okonomiyaki.

• 糖類などを加えた醸造アルコールを大量に加えた日本酒の歴史三増酒の普及とその背景がすたれていくと、かわりの糖類成分として甘酒を四段として打つ酒造家が多くあらわれた。
• Many sake brewers appeared that supplied amazake at the fourth step for sweetness as the historical sanzoshu that had a huge volume of distilled alcohol with additional sugar became popular and its former brewers lessened.

• 前述のように近世、特に石炭が燃料として普及する以前の日本列島における里山の負荷は一貫して高く、村落共同体は里山の植生崩壊を防止する為に様々な規則を作って対応した。
• As mentioned before, the stress on Satoyamas throughout the Japanese archipelago had been heavy until coal began to be used as a fuel, and to cope with this burden, each community set up its own regulations to protect the destruction of Satoyama's vegetation.

• 万国公法（ばんこくこうほう）は、19世紀後半から20世紀前半にかけて近代国際法を普及させたという点で、東アジア各国に多大な影響を与えた国際法解説書の翻訳名である。
• 'Bankoku Koho' is a translated name of a commentary on international law, which gave considerable influences to various countries in East Asia by diffusing modern international law in a period from the second half of the nineteenth century to the first half of the twentieth century.

• また近代以降は大寄せの茶会の普及によって、本来草体である小間の格式が上がってしまい、真体である唐銅の花生や唐物茶入を好んで小間に用いるという逆転現象も発生している。
• In addition, a koma (a small tea room) originally supposed to be sotai (simple) became ceremonial during the modern age due to the spread of large-scaled tea ceremonies, and a reversal phenomenon occurred, where people love to use shintai (true) utensils such as a karakane (Chinese copper) flower vase and karamono tea leaf container in a koma.

• 江戸中期になると売茶翁により、それまで中国文化の模倣の域を出なかった煎茶趣味の世界に独自の方向が示され、さらに煎茶は江戸や京都・大坂を中心に上流階級に広く普及した。
• During the middle of the Edo period, the world of sencha shumi which, at first, had not progressed beyond mimicking Chinese culture, began to show its own style led by Baisao, and it spread widely to the upper class mainly in Edo, Kyoto, and Osaka.

• 円能斎は明治29年まで6年にわたって東京に居を移して協力者を求め、京都に戻ってからも教本の出版や機関誌 「今日庵月報」などの発行を通して一般への茶道普及に尽力した。
• Ennosai, who had moved his residence to Tokyo to live for six years up until 1896 in quest of collaborators, returned to Kyoto and exerted himself for the popularization of Urasenke's tea ceremony through the publication of instructional books and journals of 'Konnichi-an Geppo (literally, monthly journal of Konnichi-an.)

• 私たちの単なる社会的な不寛容は、だれも殺さないし、どんな意見も根絶やしにしませんが、人々に意見を偽らせたり、意見を普及する積極的な努力から手を引かせたりするのです。
• Our merely social intolerance kills no one, roots out no opinions, but induces men to disguise them, or to abstain from any active effort for their diffusion.

• 当時、算術が普及せずにその知識を有する者が少なかったために官位こそは低いものの、及第して官人となった算生の持つ数的処理能力に諸官司から期待されるところは大きかった。
• At that time, arithmetic was not widespread and few people had such knowledge; therefore, although the official court rank of the Sansho was low, once they passed the examination and became government officials, various government officials held great expectations for their mathematical processing abilities.

• こうした西洋の壁画の技法は「フレスコ」と呼ばれるもので、後にキリスト教会などの壁画や天井画にも使われ、ペンキやスプレーが普及した21世紀でも壁画制作に使用されている。
• The technique used to draw such wall paintings in the West was called 'fresco' and was applied in creating wall and ceiling paintings in churches, and so on, in later years, and still in the 21st century, are used for the production of wall paintings although regular-type and spray paints are now available.

• 日常の計算を電卓の普及まで担い続けたそろばんは、いつ導入されたかは不明であるが、毛利重能の『割算書』（1622年、元和８年）ではそろばんを用いた計算が解説されている。
• Although it is not known when the abacus, used for everyday calculations until the time the electronic calculator became widely used, was introduced to Japan, there is an explanation of the method of calculating using an abacus in 'Warizan sho' (the Book of Division) written by Shigeyoshi MORI in 1622.

• 騎射はすぐに中央アジアの遊牧民の間に波及し、フン族、アヴァール人、マジャル人など同様の遊牧民族に次々と取り入れられ、後にモンゴル族にも及び、古代世界に普及して行った。
• Kisha skills soon spread through the nomadic tribes of Central Asia, and spread into other nomadic tribes such as the Hun, the Avar, the Magyar, one after another, later on reaching Mongolia and spreading into society in ancient times.

• 国は、食料消費の改善及び農業資源の有効利用に資するため、健全な食生活に関する指針の策定、食料の消費に関する知識の普及及び情報の提供その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as developing healthy dietary guidelines, broadening the citizens' knowledge of food consumption and providing relevant information, in order to contribute to the improvement of food consumption and effective use of agricultural resources.

• 1870年2月5日、政府から皇族・貴族に対してお歯黒禁止令が出され、それに伴い民間でも徐々に廃れ(明治以降農村では一時的に普及したが)、大正時代にはほぼ完全に消えた。
• On February 5, 1870, government put a ban on tooth black among the royalty and aristocrats; consequently, this practice also faded gradually among the common people (after the Meiji period, it was once popular among farm villages), and in the Taisho period, it almost completely disappeared.

• そして中・下級貴族の間に浄土教が広く普及していくに従って、上級貴族である藤原氏もその影響を受け、現世の栄華を来世にまでという思いから浄土教を信仰し始めたと考えられる。
• As the Jodo sect spread amongst the middle and lower class aristocracy, the Fujiwara clan who were the upper class aristocracy were affected and started to believe in the Jodo sect to take the glory of this life to the next life.

• もともと2代杖信の弟子で西勝寺の皆乗院公道が秋田に茶道を普及していた縁があり、宗震は4回にわたって秋田を訪れ伝道に携わり、それ以来秋田を中心に東北地方に広まっている。
• At the edge of the earlier connections that Kodo KAIJOIN of Saisho-ji Temple who was a disciple of the second head, Joshin, spread tea ceremony in Akita, Soshin visited Akita four times to involve in the promotion and the school has known over the Tohoku region, especially in Akita since then.

• このとき日本は日露戦争を控え、京阪神と日本有数の軍港である舞鶴港をつなぐ交通網の普及が急がれたことから、福知山はその中継地点として福知山線と山陰本線の敷設が行われた。
• At this time, the Fukuchiyama Line and the Sanin Main Line were constructed with Fukuchiyama as a connection; this was due to the fact that expanding the transportation network connecting Keihanshin and Maizuru Port, one of the major military ports in Japan, was an urgent issue in the preparation for the Russo-Japanese War.

• それまで富裕層など一部の限られた人間にしか伝授を許されなかった合気道は戦後、のちに二代目道主となる盛平三男・植芝吉祥丸や弟子達によって一般に公開され普及することになる。
• Aikido, which had until then only been taught to a limited number of people in the wealthy class, was disclosed to the public after the war by Kisshomaru UESHIBA, the third son of Morihei, who later became the second Doshu, and subsequently the practice gained many disciples.

• 名塩でも弥右衛門を名乗り、優れた越前の鳥の子の製紙技術を指導し、さらに改良や普及に尽力して、その業績を高く評価されて名塩鳥の子の始祖と讃えられるようになったと思われる。
• It seems he also used the name Yaemon in Najio, taught the superior technique of torinoko manufacturing in Echizen, and made efforts in improving and disseminating it, so his achievements were highly esteemed and he was admired as the originator of Najio torinoko.

• そこで当時士人の間に流行していた謡曲（鎌倉時代の文）詞章や、全国的に普及していた往来物などの口調を借りて用を足したことから、発生し、慣用し来たったものが、候文体である。
• Under such situations, sorobun was created and was often used in yokyoku (Noh song) (sentences of the Kamakura period) which was popular among the military class and introduced the style of oraimono (primary textbooks in the style of the exchange of letters) which was widespread on a nationwide basis.

• その要因として、17世紀頃までに「印籠」・「根付」のセット普及が、高級武士・公家から茶道・商人・町人までに及び、その粋なファッション表現が昇華されたから、と考えられる。
• The reason is considered that by the 17th century sets of 'inro' and 'netsuke' had spread not only among higher-ranking samurai and court nobles but also among people involved in tea ceremony culture, as well as merchants and townspeople, as an expression of style.

• 鎌倉仏教が普及したとは言え、一般庶民にとっては、現世での辛さを紛らす一種の「神」として信仰していたと言える（無論、どの時代にも熱心な信者がいることを忘れてはいけない）。
• Kamakura Buddhism became widespread, but it is likely that ordinary people believed in it as a kind of 'God' to escape from the suffering in the world, (but it should be remembered, of course, that there are always avid followers in any age).

• そこで、三線の名工で胡弓演奏家としても著名であった又吉真栄が低音用の弦を新たに設けた四弦胡弓を開発し、普及させた（三弦胡弓では１オクターブ上の音を弾いて代用していた）。
• Therefore, Shinei MATAYOSHI, who was an expert of manufacturing Sanshin and was also famous as a Kucho player, developed four-stringed Kucho provided with a string for bass part additionally and made the instrument used widely (with three-stringed Kucho, the scores of these lower tones were played raised by an octave).

• 学連はまたたくまに会員1600名を擁する大組織に成長し、マルクス主義の普及・研究を標榜するとともに労働争議や労働者教育運動（京都労働学校など）への支援を積極的に行った。
• The Gakuren expanded rapidly to have 1600 members, advocated diffusion and studies of Marxism, as well as actively supported labor dispute and educational movement for laborers (Kyoto Rodo Gakko [Kyoto Labor School]) and so forth.

• これに則って江戸時代後期から名声の高かった灘五郷の『桜正宗』から協会系酵母協会1号が、さらに京都伏見の『月桂冠』から協会系酵母協会2号が、それぞれ採取され全国に普及した。
• As a result, the first yeast of the Brewing Society was taken from 'Sakura-Masamune' of Nada gogo, which had been famous since the latter part of the Edo period, and the second yeast of the Brewing Society was taken from 'Gekkeikan' in Fushimi, Kyoto, and they were spread all over Japan.

• この話は450年の事跡ということであるが、他に記載する古資料がないため信憑性は乏しく、『仏祖統紀』撰述の時代に『十句観音経』が普及していたということを示唆するのみである。
• Although the above story is said to have taken place in 450, since there are no other surviving ancient documents mentioning the events, it can only be supposed that 'Jikku Kannongyo' was popular during the period in which 'Bussotoki' was compiled.

• 鎌倉時代にはいって書院造りが普及してから、「唐紙師（かみし）」という襖紙の専門家があらわれ、表具師（布や紙を具地に貼る）は分業化され、その名を引き継いで経師ともいわれた。
• After Shoin-zukuri style prevailed during the Kamakura period, the 'kami-shi,' a specialist in handling fusuma paper, appeared and the work of hyogu-shi (craftsman who pasted cloth or paper on the frame) was divided, kami-shi was also called kyo-ji, taking over its name.

• 絵入源氏物語は長年にわたり少しずつ内容を変えて何度も刊行されているが、最も広く普及したのは1653年に刊行されたものであり、一般には「慶安本・承応三年版」と呼ばれている。
• Eiri Genji monogatari had been published many times over a long period of time, the contents being changed little by little, and the book published in 1653 circulated most widely, which is generally called 'Keian-bon, the third year of Joo era version.'

• だが、中世以降次第に百姓の本分を農とすべきとする、実態とは必ずしも符合しない農本主義的理念が浸透・普及し、明治時代以降は、一般的に農民の事を指すと理解されるようになった。
• However, a principle of agricultural fundamentalism stating that the sphere of hyakusho should be agriculture, which did not always match the reality, was gradually passed through and spread since the medieval period, and the term was begun to be understood generally as a person engaged in agriculture.

• 明治時代に入ると日露戦争を控え、京阪神と日本有数の軍港である舞鶴港とをつなぐ交通網の普及が急がれた理由から、福知山はその中継地点として軍用鉄道の福知山線の整備がなされた。
• During the Meiji period, the Fukuchiyama Line, which was used as a military railroad, was improved by setting Fukuchiyama as a connecting point; this was carried out due to the fact that expanding the transportation network connecting Keihanshin (Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe area) and Maizuru Port, which was one of the major military ports in Japan, was seen as an urgent issue in preparation for the Russo-Japanese War.

• 武徳会は全国に普及、徹底させようとするも、この「中間的妥協案」には弓道界から賛否続出、雑誌・新聞紙上で大論争が展開され、ついには「鵺（ぬえ）的射法」と揶揄されるまでに至る。
• Butoku Kai tried to spread and enforce it nationwide, but this 'intermediate compromise' raised many opinions pro and con from the Kyudo world, and a major debate emerged in magazines and newspapers, eventually mocking it a 'Nue-mato shaho (slippery art of shooting an arrow).'

• 近年では、温水洗浄便座の普及によりパナソニック電工、東芝、日立アプライアンス等、家電品メーカーの参入が盛んであるが、焼き物の製造は出来ず「便座」部分への参入に留まっていた。
• Nowadays, with the popularization of onsui senjo benza, household appliance manufacturers such as Panasonic Electric Works Co., Ltd., TOSHIBA CORPORATION, Hitachi Appliances, Inc. and so on actively enter the market, but they cannot produce the pottery and their entries are limited to the 'toilet seat' part.

• 容器包装廃棄物の排出の抑制及び分別収集の促進の意義に関する知識の普及、当該都道府県の区域内の市町村相互間の分別収集に関する情報の交換の促進その他の分別収集の促進に関する事項
• Matters related to promotion of sorted collection, such as dissemination of knowledge on the meaning of reduction of waste containers and packaging discharged and promotion of sorted collection as well as promotion of exchange of information on sorted collection among municipalities within the area of the prefecture

• 研究所では季刊『禅文化』や『禅文化研究所紀要』発行しているほか、『祖堂集』などの油印本の刊行、『白隠禅師法語全集』『祖堂集索引』等各種研究書を刊行し、禅文化の普及に努める。
• In addition to the quarterly issuing of 'Zen Bunka' (Zen culture) and that of 'Zen Bunka Kenkyujo Kiyo' (Journal of The Institute for Zen Studies), the research institute has made efforts to promote Zen culture through the publication of mimeograph-based books, such as 'Sodoshu,' and also through various books concerning research such as 'Hakuin Zenji Hogo Zenshu' (Complete Collection of Buddhist Sermons by Hakuin Zenji) and 'Sodoshu Sakuin' (Index to Sodoshu).

• また玄奘訳とされている『般若心経』は読誦用として最も広く普及しているが、これは羅什訳と玄奘訳との双方がある経典は、古来前者が依用されていることを考慮すると異例のことである。
• Moreover, although 'Hannya Shingyo,' which is said to be a translation by Genjo, became the most widespread for reading and invocation, this is unusual considering that the Buddhist sutra translated by Raju had since ancient times been used more often than the Buddhist sutra translated by Genjo.

• 当初の案ではその幅員は広い歩道を含め70mから90mで、中央または車・歩間に緑地帯を持つと言う遠大なもので自動車が普及する以前の時代では受け入れられなかったのも無理はない。
• This lofty original plan suggested that the width of a road should be 70 to 90 meters including a broad sidewalk and a green strip be set up between roads or a road and a sidewalk, and it is a matter of course that such plan could not be accepted in those days before the spread of cars.

• 1974年に小型の電動（自動）餅つき機が普及し、一般家庭で古典的餅つき風景を見ることは少なくなったが、自治会や子供会の行事としては今も人気があり、歳末の風物詩となっている。
• In 1974, small electric (automatic) mochi pounding machines started to prevail and the scene of classical mochi pounding became less seen in the ordinary homes, however, the classical mochi pounding is currently still popular as an event held by a neighborhood association or a children's association, and gives a poetic touch to the end of the year.

• また、陶磁器の普及までは木椀を使用しており（九州では陶磁器の普及により木椀を用いる習慣がほとんど失われた一方、東北地方では近代にいたるまで木椀を多用する文化が残っていた。）
• Wooden bowls had been popular until ceramic-ware became widely used (In Kyushu, the custom of using wooden bowls has almost been lost due to the wide use of ceramic-ware, but in the Tohoku region, the culture of using many wooden bowls remained until modern times.)

• おにぎりと言えば海苔だが、板海苔が「浅草海苔」などの名で一般にも普及したのは元禄の頃よりで、栄養もあり、手にごはんがくっ付かない便利さも相まっておにぎりと海苔の関係が出来た。
• Laver comes along with onigiri and a sheet of dried laver has been generally spread from the Genroku era (the end of 17th century) in the name of such as 'Asakusa dried laver,' nutritious and convenient because cooked rice does not stick to the hands, which established a relationship of laver and onigiri.

• 江戸期の人工は100万を越えて紙の需要も大きく、唐紙の普及と大火が相次いだことで、唐紙の需要も急拡大して、関東の紙漉き郷は、江戸市民に日用の紙を供給する重要な役割を果たした。
• During the Edo period, the population was over one million and had a heavy demand for paper, which increased rapidly due to the prevalence of karakami and successive big fires, and consequently, a paper making area in the Kanto region played an important role to provide paper for daily use to the residents of Edo.

• 円融院は文禄３年に没し、法鮮尼と呼ばれたとの説が広く普及しているが、これは「法鮮」銘五輪塔（岡山市徳吉町）や某寺の過去帳に法鮮を「宇喜多氏御前」とすることに基づくものである。
• It is widely believed that Enyuin died in 1594 and was called Hosenni, which is based on the fact that the gravestone composed of five pieces piled up one upon another (Tokuyoshi-cho, Okayama City) has the inscription 'Hosen' engraved and the necrology stored in a certain temple includes the description of Hosen as 'Lady of Ukita clan.'

• 古くは東北地方などで着物の上に纏う山袴として労働、日常生活の作業に用いられていたものであったが、太平洋戦争中に、厚生省によって「モンペ普及運動」として婦人会などで奨励された。
• They were once worn as yamabakama over a kimono for works and daily activities in the regions like Tohoku, but during the Pacific War, Ministry of Health and Welfare started 'Monpe promotion activity' and they were encouraged by Women's Club and such.

• このカップ麺が日本人に受け入れられ、普及したきっかけは、あさま山荘事件の際、機動隊員が寒さの中これを食べている姿がテレビでたびたび放映されたため、とするのが通説となっている。
• That the often broadcast scenes of riot police officers eating this in freezing temperatures in the Asama-Sanso incident in 1972 triggered this Kappumen to be accepted and spread among Japanese people is a popular theory.

• しかしながら、昔は布が高価なものだっただけに、日本人に下着として六尺褌が普及したのは、生地が麻から木綿に代わった江戸時代からであり、古代の日本には六尺褌は存在していなかった。
• However, the rokushaku fundoshi did not exist in ancient Japan because cloth was so expensive, and it did not become common among the Japanese as underwear until the Edo period, when it started to be made of cotton instead of hemp.

• 国は、汚染の除去等の措置に関する技術の研究その他土壌の特定有害物質による汚染により人の健康に係る被害が生ずることを防止するための研究を推進し、その成果の普及に努めるものとする。
• The State shall endeavor to promote research on technologies concerning an Action for Removal, etc. of the soil contamination and any other in order to prevent the harmful effects on human health caused by the soil contamination by Designated Hazardous Substances and to disseminate the results of such research.

• また、678年には高句麗の平原城跡に北原小京（江原道原州市）を、680年には加耶郡に金官小京（慶尚南道金海市）を置いて地方統治の拠点とし、あわせて王都金城の文化の普及に努めた。
• In addition, he established a secondary capital of 北原 (Wonju City, Gangwon Province) at the site of 平原城 Castle in Goguryeo in 678, and another secondary capital of 金官 (Gimhae City, South Gyeongsang Province) in Gaya County in 680 as a base to govern local areas while trying to disseminate the culture of the imperial capital Geumseong.

• 社倉はもともと朱熹の建議で始められたもので、飢饉などに備えて村民が穀物や金などを備蓄し、相互共済するもので、江戸時代には山崎闇斎がこの制度の普及に努めて農村で広く行われていた。
• The prospectus of Shaso storage was started through recommendations of Chu His, it recommended storing grain or gold for famine and so on for mutually relief, and in the Edo period, Ansai YAMAZAKI tried to propagate this system, and it was introduced widely in farming villages.

• また、二毛作の普及などを通じた経済力の伸張を受け、これまでより百姓の一箇所定住の傾向が強まり、百姓たちが連携して地頭や預所への年貢を未進しだしたことが原因とする説も有力である。
• There also is a weighty view asserting that the cause was the fact that the cases where peasants, who strengthened their economic power thanks to the spread of a two-crop system etc. and began to settle at one place, jointly refused to pay nengu to jito or azukedokoro (a deputy of the lord of shoen) increased.

• 上人はこの三十三所巡礼を人々に説くが世間の信用が得られずあまり普及しなかったため、機が熟すのを待つこととし、閻魔大王から授かった宝印を摂津国の中山寺_(宝塚市)の石櫃に納めた。
• Saint Tokudo persuaded people to make the Sanjusankasho junrei (pilgrimage), but it did not become popular due to the lack of trust towards him among the public; thus, he decided to wait for the right time and placed the hoin he had received from Enma Daio in a stone urn at the Nakayama-dera Temple in Settsu Province.

• 但馬強力など枝種は少数あるが、鳥取県ならびに同県酒造組合としては、「幻の酒米」として広範囲に普及することで品種の力が弱くなることを避け、主系統は県内から外に出ないようにしている。
• Although there are several branched varieties, such as Tajima goriki, Tottori Prefecture and the Tottori Japanese Sake Association have endeavored to keep the main lines from leaving the prefecture in order to prevent the power of the variety from being degraded by becoming widespread as 'rare sakamai.'

• 同じ中国内でも上海市等では、日系のコンビニエンスストア等を中心に「弁当」の語源でもある「便当」として普及を狙い、現在では日本のものと似た弁当も売られるようになり一般化しつつある。
• In Shanghai unlike other areas of China, bento is becoming more popular because convenience stores mainly Japanese convenience stores have been selling bento intending to spread it as '便当' which is the origin of a word '弁当' (bento).

• 近年、小型で高性能ながらアイスストッカー付きのキューブアイス用製氷機が出回ってきたことや各種電化製品の普及により、かつては氷を入手するために必須であった氷商への依存度が激減した。
• Recently, the degree of dependence on ice trades, that was indispensable for obtaining ice in the past, drastically decreased because of newly developed small, high performance ice-making machines for ice cubes equipped with an ice stocker and various other electric consumer products.

• 明治になると欧米文化が流入したが上流階級を除き洋装が急速に普及したわけではなく、むしろ身分規制がなくなったことにより庶民が紋服を着用したり、墓石などに家紋を入れるケースが増えた。
• During the Meiji Period, although Western culture was introduced, western clothing did not rapidly become widespread except for among the higher class, and common people instead began to increasingly use Kamon for example, on Mompuku (clothing decorated with one's family crest) and tombstones, thanks for the abolishment of the caste system.

• 本来は竹と木材を鰾（ニベ。ゼラチンの一種）で張り合わせた竹弓だが、現在では合成接着剤で張り合わせた竹弓や、安価な繊維強化プラスチック（ガラス繊維、炭素繊維）製のものが普及している。
• Originally, it was a bamboo bow made of bamboo and wood glued together with isinglass (a kind of gelatin), but today bamboo bows glued with synthetic adhesive or affordable ones made of fiber-reinforced plastic (glass fiber, carbon fiber) are popular.

• なお、江戸時代から遊郭などには手毬歌なるものがあったが、日露戦争や、明治中・後期に話題になった文芸作品に題材を取ったものが多く残るのは、子供の遊びとして広く普及してからと思われる。
• Since Edo period, temariuta has been sung in yukaku (a red-light district), and so on, however many of them remained today are settled on the subject matters of the Russo-Japanese War or popular literally works during the middle and late Meiji period when it became widespread as children's play.

• また「まり投げて見たき広場や春の草」「九つの人九つの場をしめてベースボールの始まらんとす」などと野球に関係のある句や歌を詠むなどしており、文学を通じて野球の普及に貢献したといえる。
• He also composed haiku and tanka that were related to yakyu, such as 'Throw a ball in an open space To see spring grass in the field', 'Nine players take up positions, The ball game is about to begin', and contributed to spreading baseball in Japan.

• 日本の鉄道の旅客輸送のシェアは、昭和30年代、40年代の自動車の普及（モータリゼーション）を経て大幅に低下した後も、約30%を維持しており、世界各国と比較しても最も高い水準である。
• The share of passenger transportation of railways in Japan once dropped drastically through widespread of automobiles (motorization) from 1955 to 1974 but has still maintained about 30%, which is the highest level in the world.

• むしろ、かつては街の中心であったものの、自動車の普及後は街の発展から取り残されて治安の悪いさびれた場所になっていたり、街の核から外れて駅が人の集まらない場所になっている場合が多い。
• Rather, there are many cases where the station used to be the center of the town, but was left behind in the development of the town and thus is now located in a rough area, or the station is located outside of the city center where not very many people gather.

• 素材も三味線とほぼ同じで、現在では棹に紅木 (こうき)、紫檀 (したん)、普及品にはカリン (マメ科) (かりん)が使われ、胴は花梨で、皮はネコまたは犬、弦 (糸) は絹製である。
• Almost the same materials for Shamisen are used; nowadays, for the neck part, koki (literally, red wood) or Shitan (rosewood) is used or quince (Fabaceae) for popular versions, and for the main body, Chinese quince is used, with leather of cat or dog and silk strings utilized as well.

• これは、餅を主体とする雑煮は近世以後に全国的に普及したもので、それ以前においては民衆社会に根ざした正月用の儀礼料理であり、餅主体の雑煮は畿内周辺にしか存在しなかったとするものである。
• This theory argues that zoni (without mochi) was one of the ritual dishes of the New Year among common people, and zoni containing mochi as essential ingredients was eaten only in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) before the early-modern times, and since then it has spread across the country.

• こうして徐々に定着した西洋風の食習慣が高度経済成長期以降、国民所得の増加及び食文化の変化とともに家庭へと普及し、現在では日本の家庭の食卓をかざる惣菜等として定着するにまで至っている。
• Western eating habits began to spread in Japanese households gradually in accordance with an increase in national income and a change in food culture following a period of high economic growth, and Yoshoku is now a daily dish in Japanese households.

• 護身術を中心とした技術体系を持ち、「自己確立」と「自他共楽」、「強さを競わない」などの理念が幅広い層に受け入れられ、現在、海外31カ所に普及しており、会員は世界中で約14万人である。
• It has a system of techniques centered on the art of self-defense and philosophies such as 'self-definition,' 'mutual comfort,' and 'not competing in strength,' which have been accepted by a wide range of people, and it has spread in 31 overseas bases having 140 thousand members worldwide.

• 五匁銀が普及しなかった反省から、銀純度を上げる、額面の代わりに「8枚で小判1両に換える」と表記するなどの工夫がされ発行されたのが明和南鐐二朱銀（めいわなんりょうにしゅぎん）であった。
• Out of regret that Gomon gin silver coins had not circulated, it was Meiwa Nanryo Nishu Gin that was issued by some alterations, such as increasing the silver content and engraving 'Exchangeable to 1 ryo Koban with 8 of these' on it instead of a face value.

• このような伝統と巧みな技術開発により、襖紙産地としての名声を高め、太平洋戦争後の復興需要で、生産量が飛躍的に拡大し、機械抄紙機の普及にともなって、現在に至るまで襖紙の主流を占めている。
• Tradition and these developments of skillful techniques improved the reputation of Echizen as a production area of fusuma paper, and its production rapidly expanded by the increased demand due to revival after the Pacific War, and it has been the mainstream of fusuma paper until now in accordance with the prevalence of power-driven shoshi-ki machines.

• 昭和40年代には、竹不足の解消、機械生産による手づくりをはるかに上回る生産性と低コストから、伝統的な竹に換わってポリピレン（プラスチック）を使用したポリ団扇が登場し、急速に普及していく。
• Aiming at solving the bamboo shortage, as well as pursuing higher productivity and lower cost by the introduction of machine-made method instead of hand-made method, Uchiwa fan made of plastic materials instead of traditional bamboo was developed and became popular in the decade started from 1965.

• 急進的な一派が形成されるためには、ある程度の国際法や世界情勢の知識の普及が不可欠であるが、その知識浸透に寄与したのが『漢城旬報』や『漢城周報』といった雑誌・新聞（近代メディア）であった。
• Korean newspapers and magazines such as 'Hanseong sunbo' and 'Hanseong Jubo' contributed to diffusion of knowledge on world situation, which was essential for formation of progressive parties.

• 日本においては、浄土信仰が普及した平安時代以降、極楽浄土に往生のかなわない衆生は、必ず地獄へ堕ちるものという信仰が強まり、地蔵に対して、地獄における責め苦からの救済を欣求するようになった。
• In Japan since the Heian period, when the Pure Land Faith was widespread, people increasingly believed that the living things who could not be reborn in the Land of Bliss after death inevitably went to Hell, so that they had to hope from Jizo Bosatsu for relief from their suffering in Hell.

• 明治時代に徴兵制度が制定されて、軍隊で着脱が容易で、生地が短く経済的な越中褌が支給され、全国に普及したことから、その後の六尺褌は下着で用いられるよりも祭事や水着等で用いられるようになった。
• With the establishment conscription in the Meiji period, ecchu fundoshi, which were easier to put on and take off and more economical due to their shorter length, were supplied by the army and spread throughout Japan, following which rokushaku fundoshi were more often worn during rites and festivals or as swimwear than as underwear.

• 立命館大学OBで、文化勲章受章者でもある故・白川静立命館大学名誉教授によってなされた東洋文字文化研究の研究成果を広く一般社会に普及させるとともに、さらなる研究を進める目的で設立された研究所。
• This research laboratory was established for making known to the general public the research accomplishments on oriental writing culture by late Shizuak SHIRAKAWA, professor emeritus of Ritsumeikan University, who was also an alumnus of Ritsumeikan University and a recipient of 'order of Culture,' and also for promoting the research in the field.

• また著作や舞台イベントなどで狂言の普及に努める傍ら、日本伝統芸能と現代劇との融合を目指して『藪の中』や『RASHOMON』、『敦 - 山月記・名人伝 -』などを演出し、多大な評価を得ている。
• Along with promotion of Kyogen in his books and stage events, he directed 'Yabu no naka' (In the Bush), 'RASHOMON' (Rasho-mon Gate), 'Atsushi Sangetsuki Meijinden' (The life of a master of the memoirs of the moon over the mountain) and so on, aiming at fusion of Japanese traditional arts and contemporary dramas, and has gained high evaluation for that.

• 日本初の営業用水力発電である琵琶湖疏水の蹴上発電所（発電所は京都市営）から生み出される当時としては大量の電力を背景として、発電コストを低下させ電灯料金も引き下げ、電灯の本格的普及に貢献した。
• Kyoto Dento contributed to the widespread installation of electric lamps by lowering the cost of power generation and the price of electric lamps by drawing on the large amount (for that time) of electricity generated at the Keage Power Plant (run by Kyoto City) on Lake Biwa Canal, which was the first commercial hydraulic power generation in Japan.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、動物の愛護と適正な飼養に関し、前条の趣旨にのつとり、相互に連携を図りつつ、学校、地域、家庭等における教育活動、広報活動等を通じて普及啓発を図るように努めなければならない。
• The national government and local governments shall, in accordance with the purpose of the previous Article, endeavor to achieve dissemination and awareness raising with regard to the welfare and proper care of animals in coordination with each other through educational activities, publicity activities and other similar activities at such places as schools, communities and homes.

• しかし化石燃料や化学肥料の普及によって里山の経済価値が失われると里山の植生はアカマツ林から徐々に変化していった（アカマツは陽樹であるため、他の樹種が侵入してくると次の世代が繁殖出来なくなる）。
• However, a decline of Satoyama's economic value due to the increased use of fossil fuels and chemical fertilizers caused gradual changes in the habitat of Satoyama from its original red pine woods (as the red pine is a sun tree, the invasion of other species impedes its further reproduction).

• これにより閻魔の本地が地蔵菩薩であるといわれ（ここから、一部で言われている「地蔵様 閻魔大魔王」の説が派生したと考えられるが、詳細は不明である）、地蔵のみならず十王信仰も普及するようになった。
• Thanks to the above, the theory that Jizo Bosatsu was the honji of Enma (although it is conceivable that the theory claiming that 'Jizo is Enma Daimao (Great Satan)') was derived from this fact, although the details aren't known; however, not only did faith in Jizo spread but faith in Juo did as well.

• 国は、事業者が行なう安全又は衛生のための教育の効果的実施を図るため、指導員の養成及び資質の向上のための措置、教育指導方法の整備及び普及、教育資料の提供その他必要な施策の充実に努めるものとする。
• For ensuring the effective implementation of safety and/or health education by employers, the State shall endeavor to enrich necessary policies and measures including those for the training of instructors and improvement of their quality, preparation and dissemination of training/education methods, supply of educational materials, among others.

• 寺子屋を世界中に普及させようとしている運動が、国際連合教育科学文化機関が提唱している世界識字教育運動の1つであるユネスコ世界寺子屋運動（World Terakoya Movement）である。
• A movement to establish Terakoya throughout the world as part of improving literacy in the world is the World Terakoya Movement by UNESCO.

• その一方、一般の御家人層では、異国警固番役や長門警固番役などの新たな負担を抱えるとともに、貨幣経済の普及に十分対応しきれず、分割相続による所領の細分化などもあり、急速に階層分化が進んでいった。
• On the other hand, common gokenin had to shoulder new burdens such as Ikokukeigobanyaku (military service imposed on gokenin in the Kyushu area by the bakufu in order to protect themselves against the invasion force of the Yuan dynasty) and Nagato keigoban (guards to protect Nagato Province against an invasion by a foreign country), which made it difficult for them to cope with the emerging monetary economy; moreover, their territories were broken up due to divided inheritance, so the social hierarchy rapidly diversified.

• 生活環境の変化、すなわち殺虫剤や下水の普及による蚊の減少および気密性の高いアルミサッシの普及に伴う網戸の採用、さらにエア・コンディショナーの普及により、昭和の後期にはほとんど使われなくなった。
• Mosquito nets fell almost completely out of use by the latter half of the Showa period as a result of changes to living conditions including decreased numbers of mosquitoes due to pesticides and drainage, the increased use of screen doors that accompanied the popularity of airtight aluminum frames, as well as the diffusion of air conditioning.

• 間仕切りの必要から、柱は丸柱から角柱になり、これまで母屋（身屋：もや）と廂の柱間寸法に大小の別があったが、畳の普及に伴い次第に柱間一間は六・五尺に、応仁の乱以降建物全体を通じて統一されていった。
• The pillar changed from marubashira (a circular pillar or post) to kakubashira for partitioning, and the various dimensions of the bay in moya and hisashi had been integrated gradually into about 2 m in the building as a whole after the Onin War.

• 丹田を始めとする腰や股間の各種ツボを刺激するため、健康下着として注目される一方、着脱に難があり、かさばることから、和服には適しても、洋装中心の現代では実用下着として普及しにくいという側面もある。
• While rokushaku fundoshi attracts attention as healthy underwear because it presses acupressure points on the waist and between legs including tanden (the inner part of the lower abdomen just beneath the navel), it is not likely to be widely used as underwear in this world of Western-style clothing due to its bulkiness as well as the difficulty of putting it on and taking it off, although it is suitable for Japanese-style clothing.

• 対して、古墳時代に入ると規格化された前方後円墳が奈良盆地に発生し、急速に九州から東北まで普及していることから各地の政治勢力に一定の支配力を及ぼしうる政治権力が奈良盆地に成立したと考えられている。
• However, as it has been found that standardized keyhole-shaped mounds first appeared during the Kofun period in the Nara basin and then spread to Kyushu and Tohoku, it is thought that the political power that had influence over those of other areas was established in the Nara basin.

• 国は、林産物の適切な利用の促進に資するため、林産物の利用の意義に関する知識の普及及び情報の提供、林産物の新たな需要の開拓、建物及び工作物における木材の使用の促進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as disseminating the knowledge on the significance of forest products' utilization and providing relevant information, stimulating new demand for forest products, and promoting the use of woods in buildings and structures, to contribute to the promotion of adequate utilization of forest products.

• 農林水産大臣は、水産資源の保護培養に関する事項の指導及び普及その他この法律及びこの法律に基づく命令の励行に関する事務をつかさどらせるため、所部の職員のうちから水産資源保護指導官を命ずるものとする。
• The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries shall appoint guidance officers for the protection of fishery resources from among employees under his/her jurisdiction to cause them to handle office work concerning the guidance and dissemination of matters relating to the protection and culture of the fishery resources or concerning the compliance with this Act and orders based on this Act.

• 室町時代の中期頃から畳が急速に普及し始め、書院（書院造りの座敷、又は居間兼書斎）などの小室には畳を敷きつめるようになったが、会所などの大広間では、周囲に畳を追回しに敷いて、中央は板敷を残していた。
• After around the mid-Muromachi period, the popularity of tatami mats rapidly began to spread and were bedded in small rooms such as shoin (zashiki of Shoin-zukuri or living and study room), but in a large room like kaisho, tatami mats were used in oimawashi (where the long side of tatami is set against the wall), leaving a wood floor in the center.

• 本来は僧侶のみが宿泊する施設であったのだが、平安時代の寺社参詣の普及により、貴族や武士、更には一般の参詣者も宿泊させるようになり、運営者も僧侶から寺院周辺の半僧半俗の経営者（御師）に移っていった。
• Originally, it was a facility in which only priests lodged, but during the Heian period, in which it became common to visit temples, they started to let nobility, samurai and even general visitors lodge, and managers began to change from priests to half-priest and half-common managers (onshi) in relation to particular temples.

• 立命館孔子学院（りつめいかんこうしがくいん、英字表記：The Ritsumeikan University Confucius Institute）は、中国語教育・文化の普及を目的とする私立学校。
• The Ritsumeikan University Confucius Institute is a private school whose purpose is to propagate education in Chinese and culture.

• この場合、官製はがきではなく私製葉書に切手（弔事用、花輪やアシの模様など）を貼って出すことが多かったが最近ではパーソナルコンピュータ、プリンターの普及により、官製はがきを用いることも多くなっている。
• In such a case, not an official postal card but a private mailing card is used with a postal stamp (for mourning, the pattern of a wreath or a reed), whereas the postal card has become common with the diffusion of personal computers and printers.

• 入口を入るとすぐに土間で、そこにせいぜい2部屋がついた長屋とは違い、町屋の間口は2間から3間ほどであったものの、奥行は町屋の普及が関西よりやや低調だった江戸でも20間ぐらいは普通にあったといわれる。
• Row houses were designed to have a doma (a dirt floor space that functions as a foyer and kitchen) directly inside the entrance and two rooms at most, whereas, although the frontage of merchant houses was no wider than approximately 12 to 18 feet, they were usually somewhere around 120 feet deep even in Edo (old Tokyo) where merchant houses were less common than in the Kansai District.

• 「別本」の呼称は池田亀鑑により1942年（昭和17年）に出版された源氏物語の校本である「校異源氏物語」において初めて用いられたもので、後に「源氏物語大成」などにも採用されて広く普及することになった。
• The name, 'Beppon,' was first used in 'Koi Genji monogatari,' a variorum of The Tale of Genji, published by Kikan IKEDA in 1942, and later it also came to be widely used in 'Genji monogatari taisei' (Comprehensive Study of The Tale of Genji), and so on.

• しかし禁令が布かれて百年あまりの日本では長崎で通詞をする人間も読み書きは出来ず、ひとたび失敗をすれば切腹させられかねない状況や、通詞としての価値を下げかねない蘭学の普及に積極的になることはなかった。
• However, after the ban that had continued about 100 years in Japan, even the translators in Nagasaki could not read and write Dutch, and under the circumstance in which only one mistake could lead to Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment), the translators were unenterprising about dissemination of western learning (they also thought western learning would diminish the value of translators.)

• かつて疱瘡にかかった者やその家族の多くは、少しでも疱瘡の苦しみを軽くしてもらおうと、これらの石塔に祈りをささげていたが、種痘の普及により天然痘が激減すると、それにともないこうした風習も廃れていった。
• Many who suffered or had a family member suffer from smallpox in the past prayed to these stone pagodas to ease the suffering from smallpox as much as possible, but when smallpox decreased radically with the spread of vaccination, such customs became obsolete as well.

• 緩行電車でありながら二等車を連結しているのは、関東の京浜東北線同様都市間輸送路線であったことと、まだマイカーが普及していない時代であったことから、電化以前から二等車の需要が高かったことがあげられる。
• The reason why local trains coupled to a second-class car was that the line was, like the Keihin-Tohoku Line in Kanto region, an urban transport line and that demand for second-class cars were high even before electrification since the use of private cars were not common.

• しかしながら、上代様に対する知識の普及に力を傾倒した「難波津会」（なにはづかい）が明治23年（1890年）に三条実美、東久世竹亭、小杉榲邨、高崎正風、大口周魚、阪正臣、田中光顕らによって創設された。
• However, 'Naniwazu-kai' (an association) was established to promote the diffusion of knowledge about Jodai-style in 1890 by Sanetomi SANJO, Chikutei HIGASHIKUZE, Sugimura KOSUGI, Masakaze TAKASAKI, Shugyo OGUCHI, Masaomi BAN, and Mitsuaki TANAKA.

• 唯一の根本的治療である減感作療法（治療の項を参照）に関しては、以前より保険での評価が低いことが普及を妨げているひとつの原因と指摘されていながら、これについても医療行政はなんらのてだてを打っていない。
• Regarding the desensitization therapy - the only effective fundamental therapy (refer to 'Treatment'), the health service also hasn't taken any action although its low assessment by the insurance industry has been identified as a factor inhibiting the widespread use of this therapy.

• 明治初期から日本人移民の多いハワイでは、カレーライスは日常食として普及しており、日本料理店のみならず大衆的なレストランや伝統的なハワイ料理を扱う店のメニューにもカレーライスを名を見つけることができる。
• In Hawaii, where many Japanese immigrants have resided since the early Meiji period, curry and rice is popular as a daily food and can be found even in the menu of restaurants serving traditional Hawaiian foods.

• 都道府県知事は、水産資源の保護培養に関する事項の指導及び普及その他この法律及びこの法律に基づく命令の励行に関する事務をつかさどらせるため、所部の職員のうちから水産資源保護指導吏員を命ずることができる。
• A prefectural governor may appoint guidance agents for the protection of fishery resources from among employees under his/her jurisdiction to cause them to handle office work concerning the guidance and dissemination of matters relating to the protection and culture of the fishery resources or concerning the compliance with this Act and orders based on this Act.

• しかし、哲学普及のために教育者を育成することを目標としていた私立哲学館の井上円了は私立学校にも卒業生に対して無資格で教員となることができるよう、1890年から当時の文部科学省に対して陳情を行っていた。
• However Enryo INOUE of Tetsugakukan (a private university), who aimed to train educators for popularization of philosophy requested continuously from 1890 the Ministry of Education to admit private university students to become a teacher without certification.

• ホットプレートなどを用いて家庭で作ることも出来るが、関西風お好み焼きが一般的な家庭料理として普及している関西と比べると、広島におけるお好み焼きは「プロが焼くもの」「専門店で食べるもの」という要素が強い。
• Okonomiyaki can be cooked on a hot plate in the household, however, compared to Kansaifu-okonomiyaki which is popular as a common home-cooked meal in the Kansai region, Hiroshimafu-okonomiyaki is oriented to be 'professionally cooked' or 'eaten in specialty shops.'

• なお「養殖」と「洋食」をかけた地口（「このウナギはようしょくか？」で論争になる、といった小噺の類）なども、養殖ウナギが日本の食卓に普及するようになった時期に現われたものであり、時代を映していると言える。
• A word play which uses the pun of 'yoshoku' (farm raising) and 'yoshoku' (western-style food) (a type of comic anecdote in which a dispute starts with 'is this eel yoshoku?') appeared during the period in which farm raised eels became more common on the tables in Japan, reflecting the era.

• 環境大臣は、全国センター、地方公共団体、地域協議会その他関係団体と連携を図りつつ、地球温暖化の現状及び地球温暖化対策に関する知識の普及並びに地球温暖化対策の推進を図るための活動の促進に努めるものとする。
• The Minister of the Environment shall endeavor to promote activities for the dissemination of knowledge concerning the current situation of global warming and related countermeasures and for the promotion of global warming countermeasures, in collaboration with the Japan Center for Climate Change Action, local governments, regional councils, and other related organizations.

• さらに読本（よみほん）・挿絵芸術に新機軸を見出したことや、『北斎漫画』を始めとする絵本を多数発表したこと、毛筆による形態描出に敏腕を奮ったことなどは、絵画技術の普及や庶民教育にも益するところ大であった。
• Additionally, he made a great contribution to the spread of painting techniques and education for common people by producing innovation in yomihon (books for reading) and sashie (illustration), publishing many picture books such as 'Hokusai Manga' and showing his ability in the depiction of forms with hair brushes.

• フランスのシャンソンやアメリカ合衆国で流行ったジャズやチャールストン、カルロス・ガルデルが歌うアルゼンチン・タンゴといったポピュラー音楽も蓄音機の普及やラジオ放送の開始などで多くの人が聞くようになった。
• Popular music such as French chansons, jazz music and Charleston which were in fashion in the USA and Argentinian tangos sung by Carlos Gardel became popular in Japan with the spread of gramophones and the start of radio broadcasting.

• 環境大臣は、前条第二項第二号の規定により容器包装廃棄物排出抑制推進員が行う調査により得られた情報その他その普及が容器包装廃棄物の排出の抑制に資することとなる情報の収集、整理及び提供に努めなければならない。
• The Minister of the Environment shall endeavor to collect, organize and provide information obtained through surveys conducted by the officials in charge of promotion of reduction of waste containers and packaging discharged pursuant to the provision of paragraph 2, item 2 of the preceding article and other information whose dissemination will contribute to reduction of waste containers and packaging discharged.

• また四条流を学んだ園部和泉守という庖丁人が三河国松平氏に仕えていたが、松平元康（徳川家康）が天下人となり江戸幕府を創始すると、「四条園部流」が幕府の台所を預かることとなり、江戸時代には各藩へも普及が進んだ。
• When Motoyasu MATSUDAIRA (Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) became ruler of Japan and established the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), 'Shijo-Sonobe School' was charged with being responsible for the cuisine of the bakufu, since Sonobe Izuminokami (a master of kitchen-knife who had learned in Shijo School) had served the Matsudaira clan of Mikawa Province; consequently, that promoted to prevail Shijo School among domains in the Edo period.

• また長野銘醸によれば「元禄の時代より1年たりとも休む事もなく酒造りを継続し、戦後全面的に三倍醸造法が普及する中で、『清酒の技術を冒濱するようなもんはみとめられん』と大反対し、純米酒を守り続け」たとしている。
• In addition, Nagano Sake Brewery Co. Ltd insisted that 'we had continued sake brewing without any interruption, even a year, since the Genroku era (1688 to 1703) and we strongly opposed the method of sanzoshu widespread thoroughly in the postwar period because 'we could not admit others which violate the technique of seishu,' and kept brewing junmaishu.'

• 国は、生物の多様性に関する科学技術の振興を図るため、野生生物の種の特性の把握、生態系の機構の解明等の研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及、試験研究の体制の整備、研究者の養成その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The government shall, for the purpose of promoting science and technology relating to biodiversity, gain an understanding of the characteristics of wildlife species, promote research and development, including clarification of a structure of ecosystem and disseminate the results thereof, develop a system for test and research, train researchers and take other necessary measures.

• 地方公共団体は、裁判外紛争解決手続の普及が住民福祉の向上に寄与することにかんがみ、国との適切な役割分担を踏まえつつ、裁判外紛争解決手続に関する情報の提供その他の必要な措置を講ずるように努めなければならない。
• Local public entities shall, bearing in mind that the widespread use of alternative dispute resolution will contribute to improvement in social well-being, endeavor to provide information on alternative dispute resolution procedures and take other necessary measures while sharing appropriate roles with the government.

• 中期密教は僧侶向けに複雑化した仏教体系となった一方で、かえってインドの大衆層への普及・浸透ができず、日常祭祀や民間信仰に重点をおいた大衆重視のヒンドゥー教の隆盛・拡大という潮流を結果的には変えられなかった。
• While the middle stage of Mikkyo became a complicated system of Buddhism for priests, it couldn't become widespread among Indian people and therefore couldn't change the trend whereby Hinduism, which emphasized daily religious services and folk beliefs, flourished and expanded.

• 「首書源氏物語」の本文と「源氏物語湖月抄」の本文とではどちらが優れているのかといった議論を経て1914年（大正3年）に「首書源氏物語」を底本にした校訂本である源氏物語が有朋堂文庫から出版され、広く普及した。
• In 1914, following a dispute over whether the 'Shusho Tale of Genji' or the 'Kogetsu-sho Commentary of The Tale of Genji' had the better quality text, a revised edition of 'The Tale of Genji' was published by Yuhodo Bunko paperback library and was widely circulated.

• 大正時代から昭和時代初頭、1920年代には、国立醸造研究所を中心として、さらに高度な品質の日本酒の開発が模索され、そうした中でのちに日本酒吟醸酒の誕生として普及する酒の原形を醸造する清酒酵母が造られ始めた。
• In the 1920's, from the Taisho period through the early Showa period, the National Institute of Brewing conducted researches for higher quality sake, and during the course production of sake yeasts for making archetypes of sake which were later developed and spread as Nihonshu ginjo-shu (high-quality sake brewed at low temperatures from rice grains milled to 60 % weight or less) began.

• 1950年代までは、路地で手まり歌を歌いながら毬をつく少女の姿が見られたものだが、路地にも車が入るようになり、また、テレビが普及して、子供が戸外で遊ぶことが少なくなったことから、今ではほとんど忘れられている。
• Up until the 1950s, girls could be seen on alleys bouncing balls and singing temariuta; however, as cars also began to drive through alleys and less children play outside after the spread of television, it is almost forgotten today.

• 1950年代には、日本の吉澤章、高濱利恵、イギリスのロバート・ハービン、アメリカのリリアン・オッペンハイマー、サミュエル・ランドレットらを中心とする国際的な折り紙サークルが形成され、折り紙が世界的に普及した。
• International origami groups were formed mainly by Akira YOSHIZAWA and Toshie TAKAHAMA from Japan, Robert Harbin from the UK and Liliane Oppenheimer and Samuel Randlett from the US, after which, origami spread throughout the world.

• 天保年間に高島秋帆によって西欧の火器用兵術が紹介され、殊に武州徳丸原（ぶしゅうとくまるがはら＝現、東京都板橋区高島平）での公開演練の後は、江戸幕府や西南雄藩において「高島流砲術」として導入され急速に普及した。
• During the Tenpo era, Western firearm strategy was brought by Shuhan TAKASHIMA; after its demonstration conducted in the open military drill held in Bushu Tokumarugahara (present-day Takashimadaira, Itabashi Ward, Tokyo), it was adopted as 'gunnery of Takashima school' by the Edo shogunate and the southwest strong domains, and spread quickly.

• これは、自販機の普及による販売競争激化に加え、1975年に発生したブラジル大霜害の影響で生豆価格が高騰していたことから、極端に低濃度の製品や代替物を使用した粗悪品が市場に流通してしまう恐れが生じたことによる。
• It was caused by an intensified sales competition due to the spread of vending machines and the fears that extremely low-concentrated products or inferior products containing substitute ingredients might be distributed on the market in view of rising prices of unroasted beans due to great frost damage in Brazil during 1975.

• 都道府県知事は、地域における地球温暖化の現状及び地球温暖化対策に関する知識の普及並びに地球温暖化対策の推進を図るための活動の推進に熱意と識見を有する者のうちから、地球温暖化防止活動推進員を委嘱することができる。
• Prefectural governors may delegate persons to serve as climate change action officers who are enthusiastic and knowledgeable concerning the promotion of activities for the regional dissemination of knowledge regarding the current situation of global warming and related countermeasures and for the promotion of global warming countermeasures.

• 戦前までは徴兵検査を受けることで「成人男子に達した証」と社会的に認知されるようになっており、徴兵検査（陸軍身体検査規則）で褌の着用を指導していたことも、疑似「褌祝」として成人男子に越中褌が普及した背景があった。
• Until the end of the war, taking an examination to be drafted was regarded as a proof of becoming an adult man in the society, and people were encouraged to wear fundoshi at the examination (the regulations for physical examination of the army); and thus this helped Ecchu fundoshi to spread across the country, reminding people a 'fundoshi iwai', a rite to wear fundoshi as an adult man.

• そこで、日本食・日本食材の普及・啓蒙を主たる事業とすることに方針を変更し、2007年に農林水産省の外郭組織であるNPO「日本食レストラン海外普及推進機構」を設立し、海外の主だった都市にその支部を発足させている。
• Then, changing its policy to putting emphasis on the spread and enlightenment of Japanese foods and ingredients, the ministry established a nonprofit organization 'Organization to Promote Japanese Restaurants Abroad', an extra-departmental organization of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, in 2007, allowing its branch offices to start work in the main overseas cities.

• 国は、ものづくり基盤技術の水準の向上を図るため、ものづくり基盤技術に関する研究開発の実施及びその成果の普及、技術の指導、技術者の研修、特許権その他の工業所有権に関する指導及び情報の提供等必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to improve the level of core manufacturing technology, the State shall take any necessary measures such as the implementation of research and development concerning core manufacturing technology and dissemination of the results thereof, guidance on technology, training for engineers, and guidance and provision of information on patent rights and other industrial property rights.

• 経済産業大臣は、新エネルギー等の普及の状況、石油の需給事情その他の経済的社会的事情の著しい変動のため特に必要があると認めるときは、総合資源エネルギー調査会の意見を聴いて、新エネルギー等電気利用目標を変更するものとする。
• The Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry shall, when he/she deems it particularly necessary based on the prevalence of New Energy etc., oil supply and demand, and other notable changes in economic and social circumstances, hear the opinions of the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy and change the Use Target for Electricity from New Energy, etc..

• しかし、のちに麺類としてのそばが普及したこと、またそばとそば屋が独自の文化を育む母体となっていったこと、脚気防止のためにそばが好まれたことなどにより、うどんは江戸における麺類の主流としての地位をそばに取って代わられる。
• However, Udon noodles lost its position as the leading noodles by making room for Soba for the following reasons: (1) Soba became popular noodles later, (2) Soba and Soba shops created a unique culture, (3) people willingly ate Soba for fear of contracting beriberi, and so on.

• 職業安定主管局長は、職業に関する調査研究の成果等に基づき、職業紹介事業、労働者の募集及び労働者供給事業に共通して使用されるべき標準職業名を定め、職業解説及び職業分類表を作成し、並びにそれらの普及に努めなければならない。
• The Director-General of the Employment Security Main Bureau shall, based on the results of surveys and research on employment, establish standard job titles to be commonly used in employment placement businesses, recruitment of workers and labor supply businesses, prepare job descriptions and occupational classification tables, and endeavor to disseminate the same.

• 篤胤逝去後に同郷の死後の門人矢野玄道が、大角の依頼により未完の古史伝を完成させたのも奇しき巡り合わせであり、古道普及の為に東奔西走しては門人の拡張や復古神道の教義普及に努め、父であり師でもある篤胤の遺教を普く宣布した。
• Whether it was the gods' plan or not, after Atsutane died, Kanetane (by that time he had changed his name to Daigaku) committed the continuation of Atsutane's 'Koshi-den' (Annotation of Early History) to Harumichi YANO from Iyo Province, who had entered the school after Atsutane had died and eventually completed 'Koshi-den'; besides that, Kanetane worked hard to popularize Kodo by increasing the number of students and teaching the doctrine of the classical Shinto, and succeeded in propagating the thoughts that his father-in-law and his teacher, Atsutane had left.

• 第一号に掲げる技術の有効性の海外における実証（その技術の普及を図ることが我が国への非化石エネルギー、可燃性天然ガス及び石炭の安定的な供給の確保のために特に必要である地域において行われる当該技術の実証に限る。）を行うこと。
• Conducting demonstrations in foreign countries of the effectiveness of the technology listed in item (i) (limited to demonstrations of the technology conducted in regions where the dissemination of such technology is particularly necessary for the purpose of ensuring a stable supply of non-fossil energy, combustible natural gas, and coal);

• ホットプレートなどの普及で、お好み焼きが家庭でも広く一般化し、高度な調理技術を要求されないこともあり、店側の焼き方にとらわれず自由に焼き具合や調味加減ができる面白さも手伝って、カップルや学生、団体客などの需要に受けている。
• With the popularization of electric hot plates, okonomiyaki has widely become common in households because it does not require high cooking skills, can be freely grilled and seasoned as one likes, not having to stick to the way the shops grill the food, and so the demand from couples, students, group customers is high.

• 国は、特定特殊自動車排出ガスの規制に関する国際的な連携の確保、特定特殊自動車排出ガスの排出の抑制に関する啓発及び知識の普及その他の特定特殊自動車排出ガスによる大気の汚染の防止に関する施策を推進するよう努めなければならない。
• The State shall endeavor to promote measures for prevention of air pollution caused by emissions from non-road special motor vehicles and will include ensuring international cooperation in relation to reduction in emissions from non-road special motor vehicles, raising public awareness and diffusing knowledge concerning restraints on emissions from non-road special motor vehicles.

• 国は、国民が製品をなるべく長期間使用すること、商品の購入に当たって容器等が過剰に使用されていない商品を選択すること等により製品等が廃棄物等となることを抑制するよう、これに関する知識の普及その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures, such as the dissemination of related knowledge, so that citizens may prevent or reduce the generation of wastes, etc. from products, etc. through the use of products as long a time as possible, through choosing products for which containers, etc. are not excessively used, and so on.

• 「天下人」という言葉がいつ頃出来上がって、誰が使い始めたかは定かではないが、江戸時代初期の元和 (日本)7年（1621年）より書かれた『川角太閤記』が初めてといわれており、この頃にはすでに普及・定着しつつあったことがわかる。
• It is not certain when the word 'tenka-bito' first became an established word or who started using it, however, it is said that the first book in which this word was mentioned was 'Kawasumi Taikoki' written in 1621, and it is thought that this word had already become a common word among the people of that time.

• この企画が創設された背景に、京炎 そでふれ！の普及のためという目的があり、コンテストに参加した団体は後述するGrand Finaleの総おどりに原則参加という規定がある（高校生以下は時間帯の問題もあり、参加を強制していない）。
• One of the reasons for holding this contest is to make the Kyoen Sodefure! well-known, and there is a rule that, in principle, groups which have participated in the competition have to join the So Odori (a dance festival) for the Grand Finale, which will be explained below (high school and younger students are not forced to join the So Odori due to the late time.)

• 国は、国民が広く知的財産に対する理解と関心を深めることにより、知的財産権が尊重される社会を実現できるよう、知的財産に関する教育及び学習の振興並びに広報活動等を通じた知的財産に関する知識の普及のために必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• National government shall take the necessary measures to promote education and learning on intellectual property and disseminate knowledge on intellectual property through public relations activities, etc. in order to develop a society in which intellectual property rights are respected, through making citizens more aware of and deepening its interest in intellectual property.

• 医療保険者（介護保険法（平成九年法律第百二十三号）第七条第七項に規定する医療保険者をいう。）は、国及び地方公共団体が講ずる肝炎の予防に関する啓発及び知識の普及、肝炎検査に関する普及啓発等の施策に協力するよう努めなければならない。
• Medical insurers (as prescribed in Article 7, paragraph (7) of the Long-Term Care Insurance Act (Act No. 123 of 1997)) shall endeavor to cooperate with the national government and the local governments in taking measures, such as improving public awareness and disseminating knowledge concerning prevention of hepatitis, and the dissemination and public awareness activities concerning hepatitis examination.

• 昭和40年代以降、扇風機やクーラー、焜炉の普及など、生活環境の著しい変化により実用面は縮小するものの、夏場を中心に涼をとる生活の道具、花火など日本の風情を楽しむおしゃれの小道具、炊事の道具、広告の媒体としての利用は今も盛んである。
• Uchiwa fan has been loosing its practical role due to the drastic change in living conditions such as the spread of electric fan, air conditioner and stove since 1965, however, Uchiwa fan now enjoys popularity as a living tool for cooling off in summer, a fashion tool for enjoying the Japanese taste such as fireworks, a kitchen tool and an advertising medium.

• 公益法人金融商品取引業協会（以下この章において「公益協会」という。）は、前条第二項各号に掲げるもののほか、金融に係る知識の普及、啓発活動及び広報活動を通じて、金融商品取引業の健全な発展及び投資者の保護の促進に努めなければならない。
• A Public Interest Corporation-Type Financial Instruments Firms Association (hereinafter referred to as a 'Public Interest-Type Association' in this Chapter) shall endeavor to promote sound development of Financial Instruments Businesses and protection of investors by dissemination of financial knowledge, enlightenment campaigns and publicity campaigns, in addition to what is listed in the items of paragraph (2) of the preceding Article.

• 昭和30年代までは全体的に増加傾向にあったが、昭和40年代以降は、まず高度経済成長期の産業構造の変化にともなう人口分布の変化（大都市への集中）と、自家用自動車の普及により地方中小私鉄の輸送量減少が進み、多くの中小私鉄が廃線となった。
• Passenger transportation volume of railways tended to grow until 1955 to 1964; however, after 1965, many small-and-medium-sized private railways were discontinued because of change in population distribution (concentration of population in large cities) along with change in industrial structures in the high economic growth period, and reduction in transportation volume of small-and-medium-sized private railways in local areas due to the widespread use of private cars.

• なお、遠藤哲夫は著書『ぶっかけめしの悦楽』（文庫版改題『汁かけめし快食學』）で、日本においてこれほどまでにカレーライスが普及したのは、日本の伝統食である「ぶっかけ飯（汁かけ飯）」の系譜にカレーライスが位置づけられたためだと述べている。
• Tetsuo ENDO wrote in his book, 'Bukkake-meshi no Etsuraku' (The Joys of Bukkake Rice) (the title was revised to 'Shirukake-meshi Kaishokugaku' (juice run meal for library) for the pocket edition), that the reason why curry and rice has become so popular is that the dish was regarded as a descendant of 'bukkake meshi' (literally meaning sloshed onto rice).

• 当初は民の抵抗の多かった徴兵制度も、軍人勅諭や教育勅語による国防思想の普及、日清戦争・日露戦争の勝利などを経て、組織的な抵抗はなくなったものの、徴兵忌避の感情は自然の感情であるので、さまざまな徴兵忌避対策が庶民レベルで繰り広げられた。
• The conscription, initially subject to the people's resistance, was eventually accepted and organized resistance ceased thanks to the awareness of the need for national defense prevailing among the people by the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and the Imperial Rescript to Education, and the victories of the Japanese-Sino War and the Japanese-Russo War and so on, but the sentiment of conscription evasion was a matter of natural sentiment so that various measures for conscription evasion were developed among the common people.

• また、同時に踊りの普及チームが発足し、京都地域を中心とする大学やイベントでのおどり披露活動、おどり手を希望する学生や市民へのおどり練習活動、小学校や中学校、地元自治体などへ披露と練習会をセットで行うおどり出前活動などを行うことになった。
• At the same time, a team was formed to popularize the dance, performing the dance at universities and events mainly in Kyoto, teaching students and citizens who were interested in the dance, and visiting elementary and middle schools and local authorities to demonstrate the dance and give lessons.

• しかしながら、彼の指揮の下で1950年に開発された東海道線普通列車用の国鉄80系電車は、短距離向けと見られていた電車が、長距離運転にも優れた特性を発揮するという事実を実証し、その後国鉄の在来線に電車・気動車の普及を進める原動力となった。
• However, 80 series JNR train-cars, which were developed in 1950 under Shima's leadership for local trains on the Tokaido railway line, were initially considered being suited for short-distance use, but it was verified that they also exhibited superior performances in long-distance operations as well, providing, after that, the motive force to promote use of electric train-cars and diesel train-cars in the regular railway lines of JNR.

• 一方で、低年齢層における活字離れや携帯ゲーム機・携帯電話の普及など、ほかの娯楽が増えたことで漫画に興味を持たない・読まない子供が増え、さらに少子化の影響もあってか少年誌・少女誌の売り上げは減少してきており、休刊・廃刊するものも増えている。
• On the one hand, the sales of boys' magazines and girls' magazines have been decreasing as a result of the increasing number of children who are not interested in or do not read comics due to the aliterates in earlier age group and other entertainments such as portable game machines and mobile phones and the low birthrate, then the number of defunct magazines is increasing.

• しかしマルクス・アウレリウスがキリスト教の普及活動に対して行った処罰について、反キリスト教的な教えを処罰するためなら熱心に説かれる言い訳と同じような言い訳を、十分持ち合わせていたことを否定するのは、彼に不公正であり、真理にもとることです。
• But it would be equally unjust to him and false to truth, to deny, that no one plea which can be urged for punishing anti-Christian teaching, was wanting to Marcus Aurelius for punishing, as he did, the propagation of Christianity.

• この附属書は、この協定の実施に当たり、情報及び保護の対象となる事項に関する知的財産を普及し、交換し、利用し、及び保護することについて適用する。この附属書で使用する用語は、別段の定めがある場合を除くほか、この協定の用語と同一の意味を有する。
• This Annex covers the dissemination, exchange, use and protection of information, and intellectual property pertaining to protectable subject matter, in the execution of this Agreement. Unless otherwise provided, the terms used in this Annex shall have the same meaning as in this Agreement.

• 国は、容器包装に関する情報の収集、整理及び活用、容器包装廃棄物の排出の抑制並びにその分別収集及び分別基準適合物の再商品化等の促進に資する科学技術の振興を図るための研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及等必要な措置を講ずるよう努めなければならない。
• The state shall endeavor to take necessary measures, such as collection, organization and utilization of information on containers and packaging, and promotion of research and development and dissemination of the results of such research and development, which is designed to promote science and technology that contribute to promoting the reduction of waste containers and packaging discharged and sorted collection thereof, and recycling, etc. of waste containers and packaging that conform to the sorting standards.

• 食品の安全性の確保に関する施策の策定に当たっては、科学的知見の充実に努めることが食品の安全性の確保上重要であることにかんがみ、試験研究の体制の整備、研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及、研究者の養成その他の必要な措置が講じられなければならない。
• In formulating policies to ensure Food safety, necessary measures, such as establishment of test and research systems, promotion of research and development, dissemination of results thereof and training of researchers, shall be taken in consideration that efforts to improve scientific knowledge are important for ensuring Food safety.

• 国は、インターネットの普及その他社会経済情勢の変化に伴う知的財産の利用方法の多様化に的確に対応した知的財産権の適正な保護が図られるよう、権利の内容の見直し、事業者の技術的保護手段の開発及び利用に対する支援その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• National government shall take necessary measures, such as reviewing the contents of rights and supporting business operators in developing and utilizing their technical means for protection, in order to achieve proper protection of intellectual property rights while precisely responding to the diversified applications of intellectual property along with the dissemination of the Internet and other changes in social and economic circumstances.

• 隠居した当初は、京都富小路の五楽舎に住み、講学の場とするも、門弟の増加により、安永2年(1773年)に五条東洞院に修正舎、安永8年(1779年)には西陣の時習舎、天明2年(1782年)には、河原町に明倫舎を建て、石門心学の普及、宣伝に尽力する。
• When he retired, at first he lived in Gorakusha in Kyoto Tomikoji, and even though he used it as a place for lectures and learning, he built Shuseisha in Gojo Higashinotoin in 1773, Jishusha in Nishijin in 1779 and Meirinsha in Kawaramachi in 1782 because of an increase in the number of his disciples, and he made an effort to spread and propagate Sekimon-shingaku.

• この法律は、適正且つ合理的な工業標準の制定及び普及により工業標準化を促進することによつて、鉱工業品の品質の改善、生産能率の増進その他生産の合理化、取引の単純公正化及び使用又は消費の合理化を図り、あわせて公共の福祉の増進に寄与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to promote Industrial Standardization by enacting and disseminating appropriate and rational Industrial Standards and thereby improve the quality of mineral or industrial products, increase productivity and otherwise rationalize production, simplify and make transactions fair, and rationalize the use or consumption of mineral or industrial products and also contribute to the enhancement of public welfare.

• また、1990年代前半ころ、ビデオカメラ（カムコーダ）が各家庭に普及し始め、そのカムコーダを用いて長柄八幡宮・南長柄八幡宮、そして「キタ」の華麗さを取り入れた平野地車囃子保存会による、派手な親太鼓の演奏を録画して真似る保存会、講・連が増えていった。
• Also, in the early 1990s, as camcorders started to spread amongst families, there was an increase in preservation societies, Ko and Ren, recording the showy performance of the oyadaiko played by Nagae-hachimangu Shrine, Minami Nagae-hachimangu Shrine and Hirano Danjiri-bayashi hozonkai which took in the splendor of the performance of 'Kita' (a part of the Kita Ward in Osaka City).

• 農業へのし尿の利用は、日本を占領した連合国軍のアメリカ軍兵士により持ち込まれたサラダ等野菜の生食の習慣のため、回虫など寄生虫感染防止という衛生上の理由が生じた事や化学肥料など他の肥料の普及などから利用価値が低下し高度経済成長期には取引は行われなくなった。
• The application of human waste to agriculture lost its utility value and disappeared during the high economic growth period, because of the raw diet custom of salad and so on brought by American soldiers of the Allied Forces who occupied Japan, the prevention of parasitic infection such as roundworms and so on for hygienic reasons, and popularization of the other fertilizers such as chemical fertilizers.

• 豊臣政権から徳川氏の政権である江戸幕府に交代してからは次第に禁止令は緩まり、また江戸幕府は自己の権威を京の朝廷の上に置こうとしていた傾向から、同様の菊紋は仏具の金具・彫刻や和菓子の造形、又は暖簾の図柄に用いられるなど、一般人への使用・普及に拍車を掛けた。
• Under the Edo bakufu, during the administration of the Tokugawa clan after the Toyotomi administration, the regulation gradually became tempered and the Edo bakufu tended to present its authority to be higher than that of the Imperial Court in Kyoto, so the usage and prevalence of Kiku-mon among common people had been spurred by ornaments such as clasps and carvings of Buddhist objects, design of Japanese cakes and the design of store curtains.

• 指定管理団体は、私的録音録画補償金（第百四条の四第一項の規定に基づき支払を受けるものに限る。）の額の二割以内で政令で定める割合に相当する額を、著作権及び著作隣接権の保護に関する事業並びに著作物の創作の振興及び普及に資する事業のために支出しなければならない。
• Designated management associations shall spend an amount corresponding to the rate fixed by Cabinet Order which rate shall be 20% or less of the compensation for private sound and visual recordings (limited to the compensation paid and received pursuant to the provisions of Article 104-4, paragraph (1)) for business activities in connection with the protection of copyrights and neighboring rights as well as for business activities for the promotion of the creation of works and for the dissemination of works.

• また三味線音楽が遊里との結びつきも持っていて、どちらかといえば三味線が庶民の楽器として普及したのに対し、箏曲は王朝文学に取材したものが多いなど高雅な精神性を持ち、このため武家では「高尚な音楽」として、箏は武家の娘のたしなみ（アマチュア）としてもてはやされた。
• While shamisen developed as a kind of ordinary people's musical instrument because shamisen music linked with the red-light district, Soh music was regarded as 'music of high spirituality' by samurai families because many pieces were created based on dynastic style literature, and it was praised as an essential achievement for the daughters of samurai families (amateur).

• 政府は、地方公共団体及び民間団体等が温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等のための措置（他の者の温室効果ガスの排出の抑制等に寄与するための措置を含む。）の実施の状況を自ら把握し、及び評価することに資するため、把握及び評価の手法の開発並びにその成果の普及に努めるものとする。
• In order to contribute to the determination and evaluation by local governments and private entities of their own measures for the control of greenhouse gases (including measures to contribute to the control of greenhouse gases by others), the national government shall endeavor to develop methods for determination and evaluation and to disseminate the results of such measures.

• 特に、2000年ごろからインターネットの出前ポータルサイトが普及してきており、中でも夢の街創造委員会が手掛ける「出前館」は、インターネットのない店舗でもインターネットからの受注ができる仕組みを開発し、インターネット出前受注の90%以上の市場占有率を開拓している。
• Especially Demae portal sites on the internet have become popular since around 2000 and especially 'Demaekan' run by Yumenomachi Souzou-iinkai developed the system that the shops without internet can take orders from the internet and accounts for 90 % share of internet Demae orders.

• 都道府県等、動物の愛護を目的とする公益法人、獣医師の団体その他の動物の愛護と適正な飼養について普及啓発を行つている団体等は、当該都道府県等における動物愛護推進員の委嘱の推進、動物愛護推進員の活動に対する支援等に関し必要な協議を行うための協議会を組織することができる。
• Prefectures, etc., non-profit corporations established for the purpose of animal welfare, veterinarian organizations and any other organizations working to disseminate and raise awareness regarding the welfare and proper care of animals may form a council for promoting the appointment of animal welfare promoters in the prefecture, etc. and conducting the necessary deliberations regarding such matters as support for the activities of animal welfare promoters.

• 現在、日本で拳法と名の付く代表的なものには少林寺拳法と日本拳法があり、前者は仏教系新宗教を背景として幅広い層に普及し、後者は大学拳法部を中心にいくつかの団体に分かれて広がってきたが、スポーツ化した一面も持つと言われており、いずれもテレビで技を見せるなどの活動もある。
• Presently in Japan, shorinji kenpo and nihon kenpo are famous - the former has spread among a wide range of people within background of a new religion and the latter has spread among some groups centered on university kenpo teams and turned into a sport in a sense – but both are performing activities such as showing their techniques on TV.

• 国は、農業並びに食品の加工及び流通に関する技術の研究開発及び普及の効果的な推進を図るため、これらの技術の研究開発の目標の明確化、国及び都道府県の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化、地域の特性に応じた農業に関する技術の普及事業の推進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as setting specific goals for the research and development of technology, encouraging closer cooperation among national and local research institutes, universities and private bodies, and promoting the dissemination of agricultural technologies that suit the regional characteristics, in order to effectively promote research and development and dissemination of such technologies in the area of agriculture, food processing and distribution.

• 昆陽の薩摩芋試作が関東における普及に直接繋がったかは、佐藤信淵の指摘（後述「昆陽と佐藤信淵」を参照）に見られるように疑問視する説もあるが、昆陽が同時代に薩摩芋によって名声を得ていたことは事実であり、後世'甘藷先生'と称され、墓所の瀧泉寺（目黒不動）には「甘藷先生之墓」がある。
• Though there is a theory that doubts whether the sweet potatoes made by Konyo for trial purposes led directly to the spread in Kanto, as pointed out by Nobuhiro SATO (refer to the 'Konyo and Nobuhiro SATO' mentioned later), it is a fact that Konyo had gotten fame because of the sweet potatoes in the same period, and was called 'Sweet Potato Teacher' by future generations.

• 国は、水産に関する技術の研究開発及び普及の効果的な推進を図るため、これらの技術の研究開発の目標の明確化、国、独立行政法人、都道府県及び地方独立行政法人の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化、地域の特性に応じた水産に関する技術の普及事業の推進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures for effective promotion of research and development and dissemination of technologies relevant to fisheries such as setting of specific goals for research and development of such technologies, enhancement of coordination with national laboratories, laboratories of incorporated administrative agencies, local governments and local incorporated administrative agencies, universities and private bodies, and promotion of dissemination activities of technologies relevant to fisheries in accordance with regional characteristics.

• これにより大都市では新規参入事業者が増加している反面、既存の中小事業者は地方・大都市の別を問わず、マイカーの普及や公共交通網の拡充、社会事情の変化などによる乗客の減少に加え、業務の性質そのものが収入を増やせず支出を減らせないため、構造的な業績不良に陥り、経営の苦しいところが多い。
• Since this relaxation of the taxi regulations, while the number of new taxi operators has been increasing in large cities, the existing small- and mid-sized operators, regardless whether in large cities or in rural areas, have been in a business slump suffering difficult management because of the decrease in customers due to dissemination of private cars, improvement and expansion of the public transportation net, and change in the social environment, as well as the nature of the business itself that cannot increase the income and decrease the expenses.

• 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所（以下「研究所」という。）は、鉱工業の 科学技術に関する研究及び開発等の業務を総合的に行うことにより、産業技術の向上及びその成果の普及を図り、もって経済及び産業の発展並びに鉱物資源及び エネルギーの安定的かつ効率的な供給の確保に資することを目的とする。
• The purpose of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (hereinafter referred to as the 'Institute') shall be to contribute to the development of the economy and industry and to securing a stable and efficient supply of mineral resources and energy, based on improvements in industrial technology and dissemination of the results thereof, by comprehensively conducting research, development, etc. related to science and technology in mining and industry.

• いずれにしても、昆陽の試作が、幕府（町奉行）が行った本格的な試作であったこと、「蕃薯考」が出版され、栽培の普及を意図したこと、この試作以降、薩摩芋を幕府が救荒作物として考えるようになったことなどから、この試作が、薩摩芋の関東への普及にとって画期的な事件であったと位置づけられている。
• Anyway, because Konyo's trial pieces were the real trial prototype that the shogunate (magistrate of the town) had done, 'Idea of Sweet Potatoes' was published, the spread of cultivation was intended, the shogunate came to regard the sweet potato as an emergency crop after this experimental trial, and this experimental trial led to an epoch-making event for the spread of the sweet potato to Kanto, thus Konyo's status was firmed.

• 永谷宗円生家（ながたにそうえんせいか）とは、元文3年（1738年）、「青製煎茶製法」を開発・普及させたと伝えられる永谷宗円が暮らし、明治まで永谷家が存在していた場所（京都府綴喜郡宇治田原町大字湯屋谷小字空広）に、製茶道具やほいろ跡を保存するため、地元有志の手により昭和35年に建設された施設。
• Located at the place (Koaza Sorabiro, Oaza Yuyadani, Ujitawara-cho, Tsuzuki-gun, Kyoto Prefecture) where Soen NAGATANI, who is said to have invented and promoted 'Aosei Sencha Seiho' ('Blue Method' to produce Sencha, or unfermented green tea) in 1738, used to live and the Nagatani family had lived until the Meiji period, Nagatani Soen Seika (the birthplace of Soen) is a facility which was built by local volunteers to preserve his tools for tea production and the remains of his Hoiro (device to heat and dry tea leaves) in 1960.

• 国は、広く国民があらゆる機会を通じてエネルギーに対する理解と関心を深めることができるよう、エネルギーに関する情報の積極的な公開に努めるとともに、営利を目的としない団体の活用に配慮しつつ、エネルギーの適切な利用に関する啓発及びエネルギーに関する知識の普及に必要な措置を講ずるように努めるものとする。
• The State shall endeavor to actively disclose information on energy for allowing citizens to increase their understanding of and interest in energy through all kinds of opportunities, and shall endeavor to make the necessary arrangements for raising public awareness of appropriate energy use and disseminating knowledge of energy, while considering utilization of nonprofit organizations.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)から室町初期に完成した『庭訓往来』には、「城下に招き居えべき輩」として多くの商人、職人の名を列挙しており、襖障子に関係するものとして唐紙師、経師、紙漉き、塗師、金銀細工師などが挙げられており、襖建具が分業化された職人を必要とするほどに、武士階級に相当普及していた事とが知れる。
• In the 'Teikin-orai' (Epistolary for Home Instruction) completed from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period, many names of merchants and workmen are described as 'people who should stay in the castle town' including masters of fusuma-shoji such as kami-shi, kyo-ji, paper making, craftsmen of lacquer ware and handiworks, and craftsmen of gold and silver handiworks, which shows that fusuma-shoji was widespread in the samurai class and they required specialized craftsmen.

• また、淀屋橋～浜大津では京阪（京阪線）と京都市営地下鉄と京阪（大津線）の3区間の運賃の加算になったばかりか、普通乗車券の連絡運輸が行われなかったため、三条を境にして切符の買い直しを強いられることになり、不便さが増した（ただし、これはスルッとKANSAIやPiTaPaの普及である程度解消された）。
• Even worse, passengers traveling between Yodoyabashi - Hamaotsu had to pay fares for three lines--Keihan (the Keihan Main line), Kyoto Municipal Subway and Keihan (the Otsu Line)--and buy tickets again at Sanjo Station, because no ordinary through-tickets were available (such inconvenience has been solved to a certain extent with the spread of KANSAI THRU PASS and PiTaPa).

• しかし、池田亀鑑の弟である池田晧が普及版の月報において明らかにしたところによれば、校異編において使われている校異の表記方法はいくつかの試行錯誤の末池田晧の提案を池田亀鑑が採用したものであることなどを始めとして、『源氏物語大成』の成立に係わる極めて重要な部分にまでその助力が及んでいることが明らかになった。
• However, according to what Kikan IKEDA's younger brother, Akira IKEDA, revealed in the monthly bulletin of a popular edition, the family cooperated with him even in the quite important work of completing 'Genji monogatari taisei,' for example, Kikan IKEDA tried and failed the way of describing the differences in the book of comparison, and then he finally adopted Akira IKEDA's suggestion.

• イーター機構及び加盟者は、この協定及び情報及び知的財産に関する附属書に従って、この協定の実施により生み出される情報及び知的財産の最大限に広範な、かつ、適当な普及を支援する。この条の規定及び知的財産に関する附属書については、すべての加盟者及びイーター機構に対して平等に、かつ差別的でない態様により実施する。
• Subject to this Agreement and the Annex on Information and Intellectual Property, the ITER Organization and the Members shall support the widest appropriate dissemination of information and intellectual property they generate in the execution of this Agreement. The implementation of this Article and the Annex on Information and Intellectual Property shall be equal and non-discriminatory for all Members and the ITER Organization.

• 兒玉源太郎総督の下で1898年に民政長官に就任した後藤新平は、土地改革、ライフラインの整備、アヘン中毒患者の撲滅、学校教育の普及、製糖業などの産業の育成を行うことにより台湾の近代化を推進し、一方で植民地統治に対する反逆者には取り締まりをするという『飴と鞭』の政策を有効に用いることで植民地支配の体制を確立した。
• In 1898, Shinpei GOTO assumed the post of Chief of Home Affairs under the direction of Gentaro KODAMA, the governor-general, and GOTO established Japan's approach to its rule of Taiwan through the effective use of a 'carrot and stick' policy; that is, he promoted the modernization of Taiwan by carrying out land reform, providing utilities that were essential to people's livelihoods, eradicating opium addiction, making school educational more accessible to all, and developing industries such as sugar manufacturing, while at the same time cracking down on those who opposed colonial rule.

• 国は、国民が海洋についての理解と関心を深めることができるよう、学校教育及び社会教育における海洋に関する教育の推進、海洋法に関する国際連合条約その他の国際約束並びに海洋の持続可能な開発及び利用を実現するための国際的な取組に関する普及啓発、海洋に関するレクリエーションの普及等のために必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures, in order that citizens shall have a better understanding of and deeper interests in the oceans, to promote school education and social education with regard to the oceans, propagation and enlightenment of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other international agreements as well as international efforts to realize the sustainable development and use of the oceans, and popularization of ocean recreation.

• 国及び地方公共団体は、肝炎の早期発見に資するよう、肝炎検査の方法等の検討、肝炎検査の事業評価の実施、肝炎検査に携わる医療従事者に対する研修の機会の確保その他の肝炎検査の質の向上等を図るために必要な施策を講ずるとともに、肝炎検査の受検率の向上に資するよう、肝炎検査に関する普及啓発その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to contribute to the early detection of hepatitis, the national government and local governments shall take measures for the review of hepatitis examination methods or the like, evaluation of hepatitis examination services and the securing of training opportunities for medical personnel involved in hepatitis examination, and other measures necessary to promote the improvement of hepatitis examination quality or the like, and to disseminate information and improve public awareness concerning hepatitis examination and other necessary measures to contribute to improving the rate of hepatitis examination.

• またオランダにも（クロケット）と呼ばれる料理があり、こちらはホワイトソースでできたもののほか、ジャガイモで作られたものもあり、ジャガイモコロッケの起源ではないかとの憶測があるが、フランスからオランダにクロケットが伝播したのが1909年とされ、日本のコロッケの普及時期に比するとオランダ伝来と考えるだけの信憑性は薄い。
• There is a dish called croquette in the Netherlands also, one of which is a white sauce-based type and another which is a potato-based type, and it has been speculated that potato korokke might have originated in that potato-based type; however, it was the year 1909 when croquette was introduced from France to the Netherlands, and it is not likely that potato korokke was brought from the Netherlands to Japan, judging from the period that korokke first appeared and was gaining popularity in Japan.

• 国は、森林、林業並びに林産物の流通及び加工に関する技術の研究開発及び普及の効果的な推進を図るため、これらの技術の研究開発の目標の明確化、国、独立行政法人、都道府県及び地方独立行政法人の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化、地域の特性に応じた森林及び林業に関する技術の普及事業の推進その他必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• The State shall take necessary measures such as setting specific goals for research and development of technology, enhancing the partnerships among laboratories of national, independent administrative agencies, local governments, local independent administrative agencies, universities, and private bodies, and promoting dissemination of forest and forestry technologies that suit the regional characteristics, in order to effectively promote research and development and dissemination of the technologies relevant to the forest and forestry distribution and processing.

• ウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズ（William Merrell Vories、1880年10月28日 - 1964年5月7日）は、アメリカに生まれ、日本で数多くの西洋建築を手懸けた建築家であり、ヴォーリズ合名会社（のちの近江兄弟社）の創立者の一人としてメンソレータム（現メンターム）を広く日本に普及させた実業家でもある。
• William Merrell Vories (October 28, 1880 - May 7, 1964), who was born in the United States, was an architect who designed many western-style buildings in Japan; he was also a businessman responsible for widely popularizing Mentholatum (present-day Menturm) in Japan in his role as one of the founders of W.M. Vories & Company (whose name was later changed to Omi Brotherhood Co., Ltd.).

• 源氏物語の注釈書においても一般的な注釈を記した「水原抄」に対して秘伝を記した「原中最秘抄」が別に存在するなど、この時代にはこのようなことはよくあることであったため、「源氏物語本文そのものに付いてもそのようなことがあったのだろう」と考えられたらしく、秘伝としての源氏物語60巻説は広く普及することになり、後に多くの影響を与えた。
• As is often the case with commentaries of 'The Tale of Genji' in those days, 'Genchusaihi-sho Commentary,' in which esoterica was written, existed separately in contrast to 'Suigen-sho,' which had general annotations; thus there was the emergence of the idea that 'the text of 'The Tale of Genji' would have had a similar experience,' and 60 chapters of the esoteric 'The Tale of Genji' came to be widely accepted, having a great influence on posterity.

• 平民社（へいみんしゃ）は、1903年11月に、日露戦争を開戦しようとする動きに対して非戦論を主張していた『萬朝報』が、社論を開戦論へと転換したときに、非戦論を訴えつづけていた同紙記者の幸徳秋水と堺利彦（枯川）が、非戦論の主張を貫くために朝報社を退社し、あらたに非戦論を訴え、社会主義思想の宣伝・普及をおこなうために開業した新聞社。
• Heiminsha is a newspaper company established by newspaper reporters of 'Yorozu-choho' newspaper company, Shusui KOTOKU and Toshihiko SAKAI (KOSEN), to promote and spread socialist thoughts, who retired from the Choho press company in order to insist their claim of pacifism, when the company, which had been claiming pacifism against the move to the Russo-Japanese War, shifted its policy from pacifism to the theory of making war.

• HDのまま放送しないのはDVDの売り上げ増や、次世代DVDが普及した後にHDリマスター版で再び売り出す事を狙ったものと言われており、故意に画質を落とし放送するのはTBS（および子会社のBS-i）で多用される手法である（その一方で系列局の毎日放送（MBS）や中部日本放送（CBC）制作作品では近年になってHDマスターでの放映を実施している）。
• It is said that they do not broadcast in HD video in an attempt to increase DVD sales, or because they are planning to release the HD remastered versions again after the widespread adoption of next-generation DVD, and the broadcasting of videos which have been intentionally degraded is a method frequently used by TBS (and its subsidiary, BS-i) (on the other hand, works produced by Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc. (MBS) and Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting Co., Ltd. (CBC), which are affiliates of TBS, have been broadcast in the HD master versions in recent years).

• 廃藩置県後、新通貨が整備されて普及するまでは、太政官札・民部省札などといった藩札類似の政府発行紙幣、旧幕府領に設置された府県のいくつかが発行した札、新政府が各地の商業中心地に開設させた為替会社や通商会社が発行した札などと並び、藩札に円銭厘の単位を示した大蔵省印が加印された藩札が、新貨交換比率が設定された寛永通寶銭などの銭貨と共に使用された。
• After Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), and until the new currency had spread and circulated, the government issued the following: Daijokan bills and Minbusho bills (bills issued by the government akin to han bills); bills issued by prefectures placed in the old shogunate's territories; bills issued by exchange companies and commerce companies (companies established in the heart of commerce in various places by the government); han bills with a stamp of the Ministry of Finance showing yen, sen, and ri (units of old currency); and coins with a newly established exchange rate, such as Kanei Tsuho.

• 環境大臣は、地球温暖化対策に関する普及啓発を行うこと等により地球温暖化の防止に寄与する活動の促進を図ることを目的として設立された民法第三十四条の法人であって、次項に規定する事業を適正かつ確実に行うことができると認められるものを、その申請により、全国に一を限って、全国地球温暖化防止活動推進センター（以下「全国センター」という。）として指定することができる。
• The Minister of the Environment may designate no more than one organization in Japan as the Japan Center for Climate Change Action (hereinafter referred to as 'Japan Center for Climate Change Action' upon application by that organization, providing that the organization was established for the purpose of promoting activities to contribute to the prevention of global warming through such means as education concerning global warming countermeasures, that the organization is recognized as capable of appropriately and reliably performing the operations prescribed in Paragraph (2) below, and that it is a corporation under Article 34 of the Civil Code (Law No. 89 of 1896).

• しかしながら鎌倉時代以降の『源氏物語』が古典として重要な教養の源泉であるとされた以後の時代に作成された写本は、証本となしうる信頼できる写本を元に注意深く写しとって、きちんと校合などもした上で完成させることが一般的であったが、それ以前、平安時代には『源氏物語』等の物語は広く普及し多くの写本が作られており、その中には源麗子本等の身分の高い人物が自ら作ったと見られる写本もあった。
• 'The Tale of Genji' after the Kamakura period was treated as an important intellectual source of classic knowledge, and in those days it was a general practice that manuscripts would be copied carefully from a reliable manuscript that could be the shohon (premised book) and completed after collation; however, in the Heian period stories like 'The Tale of Genji' were diffused widely and many manuscripts were made, and among them was a manuscript made by upper-class people such as MINAMOTO no Reishi.

• この法律は、適正かつ合理的な農林物資の規格を制定し、これを普及させる ことによって、農林物資の品質の改善、生産の合理化、取引の単純公正化及び使用又は消費の合理化を図るとともに、農林物資の品質に関する適正な表示を行な わせることによって一般消費者の選択に資し、もつて農林物資の生産及び流通の円滑化、消費者の需要に即した農業生産等の振興並びに消費者の利益の保護に寄 与することを目的とする。
• The purpose of this Act is to improve quality, increase productivity, improve the fairness and simplicity of transactions in, and rationalize the use or consumption of agricultural and forestry products by enacting and disseminating appropriate and rational standards for the products, and to help consumers choose products by enforcing proper quality labeling of them, thereby contributing to their smooth production and distribution, promotion of agricultural production based on consumer demand, and protection of the interests of consumers.

• 基本方針は、製品の種類及び副産物の種類ごとの原材料等の使用の合理化に関する目標、再生資源の種類及び再生部品の種類ごとのこれらの利用に関する目標、製品の種類ごとの長期間の使用の促進に関する事項、環境の保全に資するものとしての資源の有効な利用の促進の意義に関する知識の普及に係る事項その他資源の有効な利用の促進に関する事項について、資源の有効な利用に関する技術水準その他の事情を勘案して定めるものとする。
• The Basic Policy shall provide for targets regarding the rationalization of the use of Raw Materials, etc. for the respective types of products and of By-products, targets regarding the utilization of Recyclable Resources and Reusable Parts for the respective types thereof, matters regarding the promotion of long-term use of the respective types of products, matters pertaining to dissemination of knowledge on the meaning of the promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources that contributes to environmental preservation, and other matters concerning the promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources, by taking into consideration the technical level related to the Effective Utilization of Resources and other circumstances.

• 国は、青少年をはじめ広く国民があらゆる機会を通じてものづくり基盤技術に対する関心と理解を深めるとともに、ものづくり基盤技術に関する能力を尊重する社会的気運が醸成されるよう、小学校、中学校等における技術に関する教育の充実をはじめとする学校教育及び社会教育におけるものづくり基盤技術に関する学習の振興、ものづくり基盤技術の重要性についての啓発並びにものづくり基盤技術に関する知識の普及に必要な施策を講ずるものとする。
• In order to increase the interest and understanding of the youth and other citizens in core manufacturing technology through the use of all kinds of opportunities and in order to promote the establishment of a social sentiment to respect abilities related to core manufacturing technology, the State shall take the necessary measures for the promotion of learning about core manufacturing technology in school education and social education including increasing education in technology in elementary schools, lower secondary schools and other schools, raising awareness about the importance of core manufacturing technology, and disseminating knowledge on core manufacturing technology.

• 国、都道府県、地域保健法（昭和二十二年法律第百一号）第五条第一項の規定に基づく政令で定める市（以下「保健所を設置する市」という。）及び特別区は、教育活動及び広報活動を通じた食品衛生に関する正しい知識の普及、食品衛生に関する情報の収集、整理、分析及び提供、食品衛生に関する研究の推進、食品衛生に関する検査の能力の向上並びに食品衛生の向上にかかわる人材の養成及び資質の向上を図るために必要な措置を講じなければならない。
• The State, prefectures, cities specified by a Cabinet Order based on the provisions of Article 5, paragraph (1) of the Community Health Act (Act No. 101 of 1947) (hereinafter referred to as "cities establishing health centers") and special wards shall take the necessary measures to disseminate the correct knowledge concerning food sanitation through educational activities and PR activities, conduct the collection, compilation, analysis, and provision of information on food sanitation, promote research on food sanitation, enhance inspection capabilities concerning food sanitation, and foster the human resources to be engaged in the improvement of food sanitation and enhance their capabilities.

• 京阪石山坂本線（2007年4月1日よりPiTaPaを導入）や滋賀県内の主要交通事業者である西武グループ系の近江鉄道グループ（鉄道、バスとも）、京阪グループの江若交通、独立系の帝産湖南交通、滋賀交通などは加盟しておらず（協議会すら参加していない）、滋賀県内においてスルッとKANSAIが普及しているとは言いがたい（京阪バスも滋賀県内で運行しているが、滋賀県内の路線を管轄する営業所では一部を除き導入していないため使用できない）。
• The Keihan Ishiyama-Sakamoto Line (introduced PiTaPa on April 1, 2007), Omi Railway Corporation (both railway and bus) of the Seibu Group, a major transportation company in Shiga Prefecture, Kojak Bus Co., Ltd. of the Keihan Group and the independent company Teisan Konan Kotsu, as well as Shiga Kotsu, aren't part of the network (they haven't even joined the association); Surutto KANSAI isn't popular in Shiga Prefecture (although Keihan Bus operates in Shiga Prefecture, Surutto KANSAI is not in service as the system has only been introduced into a few of the business offices in charge of running local transportation).

• 会社及び地域会社は、それぞれその事業を営むに当たつては、常に経営が適正かつ効率的に行われるように配意し、国民生活に不可欠な電話の役務のあまねく日本全国における適切、公平かつ安定的な提供の確保に寄与するとともに、今後の社会経済の進展に果たすべき電気通信の役割の重要性にかんがみ、電気通信技術に関する研究の推進及びその成果の普及を通じて我が国の電気通信の創意ある向上発展に寄与し、もつて公共の福祉の増進に資するよう努めなければならない。
• The Company and the Regional Companies shall, in operating their own businesses, give due consideration to the maintenance of its proper and efficient management and shall contribute to the securement of appropriate, fair and stable provision of nationwide telephone services which are indispensable to the lives of people; additionally, the Company and the Regional Companies shall endeavor, in view of the importance of the role which telecommunications will play for the social and economical progress in the future, to contribute to the innovative advancement and development of telecommunications in Japan through the promotion of research and development concerning telecommunications technology and through dissemination of the results thereof, and thereby promote the public welfare.

• 会社及び地域会社は、それぞれその事業を営むに当たつては、常に経営が適 正かつ効率的に行われるように配意し、国民生活に不可欠な電話の役務のあまねく日本全国における適切、公平かつ安定的な提供の確保に寄与するとともに、今 後の社会経済の進展に果たすべき電気通信の役割の重要性にかんがみ、電気通信技術に関する研究の推進及びその成果の普及を通じて我が国の電気通信の創意あ る向上発展に寄与し、もつて公共の福祉の増進に資するよう努めなければならない。
• The Company and the Regional Companies shall, in operating their own businesses, give due consideration to the maintenance of its proper and efficient management and shall contribute to the securement of appropriate, fair and stable provision of nationwide telephone services which are indispensable to the lives of people; additionally, the Company and the Regional Companies shall endeavor, in view of the importance of the role which telecommunications will play for the social and economical progress in the future, to contribute to the innovative advancement and development of telecommunications in Japan through the promotion of research and development concerning telecommunications technology and through dissemination of the results thereof, and thereby promote the public welfare.

• 都道府県知事は、地球温暖化対策に関する普及啓発を行うこと等により地球温暖化の防止に寄与する活動の促進を図ることを目的として設立された民法（明治二十九年法律第八十九号）第三十四条の法人又は特定非営利活動促進法（平成十年法律第七号）第二条第二項の特定非営利活動法人であって、次項に規定する事業を適正かつ確実に行うことができると認められるものを、その申請により、都道府県に一を限って、都道府県地球温暖化防止活動推進センター（以下「都道府県センター」という。）として指定することができる。
• Prefectural governors may designate no more than one organization per prefecture as a prefectural promotion center for climate change action (hereinafter referred to as 'Prefectural Centers for Climate Change Action') upon application by that organization, providing that the organization was established for the purpose of promoting activities to contribute to the prevention of global warming by means such as education concerning global warming countermeasures, that the organization is recognized as capable of appropriately and reliably performing the operations prescribed in Paragraph (2) below, and that it is either a corporation under Article 34 of the Civil Code (Law No. 89 of 1896) or a specified nonprofit corporation under Article 2, Paragraph (2) of the Law to Promote Specified Nonprofit Activities (Law No. 7 of 1998).

• この過程で、振動を抑制し、乗り心地改善と高速運転に資する「カルダン駆動方式」と高速対応の新型台車、床面シャーシだけでなく側板や天井にも応力を分散させた「全金属製軽量車体」、全車両にモーターを搭載して加速力を高める「全電動車方式」、反応速度が速い上に取り扱いが容易な「電磁直通ブレーキ機構」、制御装置1台を2両の電動車で共用して軽量化やコストダウンを実現する「1C8M方式（MMユニット方式）」など、それ以前の電車とは一線を画する重要な革新的技術が、1953年からわずか数年の間に実用化されて普及した。
• In this process, important innovative technologies, clearly different from those in previous train-cars, as described in the following, came to be practically used only during several years from 1953: The new train-car base supporting high-speeds in addition to 'the Cardan driving method,' which enabled the suppression of vibration and contributed to making passengers feel more comfortable and to enabling high-speed operations, 'all-metal light body train-cars,' which enabled stress to be distributed to side plates and ceilings as well as floor chassis, 'the method of electrifying every train-car,' in which every train-car was equipped with an electric motor to increase acceleration performances, 'the electromagnetic straight brake mechanism,' which provided quick response abilities and allowed it to be handled easily, and 'the 1C8M method (MM unit method),' in which a control unit was shared by two electric power train-cars, contributing to reducing cost and to making the car bodies lighter.

• 日本人の洋装化が一段と進んだこと、敗戦で軍隊で強制されていたことの嫌悪感から旧文化が否定される風潮になったこと、日本の工業化の進展で農村部から都市部に人口の移動が起こり、核家族化が進行して「褌祝」の私的祭事に象徴される褌継承の文化が断絶したこと、女性の社会進出で家事が簡略化されて自家で縫製する機会がなくなったこと、製造販売する業者も少なく店頭に並ばず、入手性に難があったこと、ブリーフ、トランクス等の新しい下着が廉価で出現して、機能性だけでなくファッション性のある下着が若者を中心に普及したことなどである。
• (1) Western clothes became more popular than ever in Japan; (2) there brought about a tendency to deny the previous culture because of the loss of the war, and, to make the matter worse, the fundoshi was something the military forced them to wear; (3) because of the advancement of industrialization, people moved from agricultural communities to urban areas to change the traditional family form to a nuclear family, and thus it made it hard to continue the culture in which wearing fundoshi was often symbolically celebrated as a rite of passage to be a grown-up man; (4) as women were encouraged to participate in society, household chores were simplified and thus the time for sewing fundoshi at home became limited; (5) manufacturers of fundoshi were practically decreased and it made it hard for people to get fundoshi at stores; and (6) new types of undergarments, such as a brief type and a trunks type of underpants, appeared at low prices, those functional, and were seen fashionable, undergarments became popular mainly among young people.

• 国は、海洋に関する科学技術（以下「海洋科学技術」という。）に関する研究開発の推進及びその成果の普及を図るため、海洋科学技術に関し、研究体制の整備、研究開発の推進、研究者及び技術者の育成、国、独立行政法人（独立行政法人通則法（平成十一年法律第百三号）第二条第一項に規定する独立行政法人をいう。以下同じ。）、都道府県及び地方独立行政法人（地方独立行政法人法（平成十五年法律第百十八号）第二条第一項に規定する地方独立行政法人をいう。以下同じ。）の試験研究機関、大学、民間等の連携の強化その他の必要な措置を講ずるものとする。
• The State, in order to promote the research and development and to disseminate the result with regard to the science and technology of the oceans (hereinafter referred to as 'Ocean Science and Technology'), shall take necessary measures including establishing the research systems, promoting research and development, nurturing researchers and technicians, strengthening coordination among such research institutions as the State, Incorporated Administrative Agency (referring to the Incorporated Administrative Agency set forth in the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agency (Act No.103 of 1999), Article 2, paragraph (1); the same shall apply hereinafter), the prefecture, and Local Incorporated Administrative Agency (referring to the Local Incorporated Administrative Agency set forth in the Act on Local Incorporated Administrative Agency (Act No.118 of 2003), Article 2, paragraph (1); the same shall apply hereinafter), universities and private bodies, and executing others.

• この法律において「新エネルギー利用等」とは、石油代替エネルギーの開発 及び導入の促進に関する法律（昭和五十五年法律第七十一号。以下「石油代替エネルギー法」という。）第二条に規定する石油代替エネルギー（以下この条にお いて「石油代替エネルギー」という。）を製造し、若しくは発生させ、又は利用すること及び電気を変換して得られる動力を利用すること（石油に対する依存度 の軽減に特に寄与するものに限る。）のうち、経済性の面における制約から普及が十分でないものであって、その促進を図ることが石油代替エネルギーの導入を 図るため特に必要なものとして政令で定めるものをいう。
• In this Act, the term 'New Energy Utilization, etc.' shall mean, from among production, generation, and utilization of the types of petroleum alternative energy provided for in Article 2 of the Act on the Promotion of Development and Introduction of Alternative Energy (Act No. 71 of 1980; hereinafter referred to as 'Petroleum Alternative Energy Act') (hereinafter in this Article referred to as 'Petroleum Alternative Energy') and the utilization of power obtained from the conversion of electricity (limited to those activities which particularly contribute to the reduction of dependency on petroleum), those activities the acceptance of which is not yet widespread due to constraints from the standpoint of economic efficiency and which are provided for by Cabinet Order to be activities the promotion of which is particularly necessary for furthering the introduction of Petroleum Alternative Energy.