時代: 1000 Terms and Phrases

• 核時代
• the nuclear age

• 津軽時代
• The Era of Tsugaru

• 時代区分
• Classification of historical periods
• History by period
• periodization

• 江戸時代以後
• Since the Edo period
• After the Edo period

• 源平鼎立時代
• Genpei Teiritsu (the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan confrontation) era

• 山名宗全時代
• The generation of Sozen YAMANA

• 鎌倉時代以前
• Before the Kamakura period

• 平安時代末期
• End of Heian period

• 公家法の時代
• The age of court noble law

• いつの時代にも
• in all ages
• over the ages
• forever and ever

• 平安・鎌倉時代
• Heian and Kamakura periods

• 畿内政権の時代
• Age of Kinai (territories in the vicinity of the capital and under direct imperial rule) administration

• 鎌倉時代の政治
• Political administration during the Kamakura period

• 鎌倉時代の文化
• Kamakura period culture

• 南北朝時代創建。
• Established in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan)

• 江戸時代の豊臣氏
• Toyotomi clan in the Edo period

• 明治時代に子爵。
• The family was given the status as viscount during the Meiji period.

• 南北朝時代の元号
• Era names of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts

• 戦国時代_(日本)
• The Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States)

• 江戸時代までの経過
• Until the end of the Edo period

• 安倍氏（平安時代）
• The Abe Clan (Heian Period)

• 明治時代以降子爵。
• Since the Meiji Period, they held the title viscount

• 鎌倉時代の人物一覧
• A list of famous people in the Kamakura period

• 鎌倉時代の両統迭立
• Ryoto tetsuritsu during the Kamakura period

• 平安時代の両統迭立
• Ryoto tetsuritsu during the Heian period

• 出自から室町時代まで
• From the origin to the Muromachi period

• 葵祭、祇園祭、時代祭
• Aoi Matsuri Festival, Gion Matsuri Festival and Jidai Matsuri Festival (Festival of the Ages)

• 土御門家（室町時代）
• The Tsuchimikado Family (Muromachi Period)

• 安倍氏（南北朝時代）
• The Abe Clan (The Period of The Northern and Southern Courts)

• 明治時代以降は子爵。
• After the Meiji period, the family was given the title of viscount.
• From the Meiji period onwards, the title of viscount was bestowed on the family.
• The family had been given the title of viscount since the Meiji period.
• The family status after the Meiji period was viscount.
• The family status held after the Meiji period was viscount.
• Since the Meiji Period, their title was viscount
• Since the Meiji Period their title was viscount
• Since the Meiji Period, they held the title viscount.
• OK

• 明治時代以降は伯爵。
• From the Meiji period onwards, the family held the title of count.

• 日本の仏教の室町時代
• Buddhism in Japan during the Muromachi period

• 鎌倉時代の経済と社会
• Society and the economy during the Kamakura period

• 室町戦国～安土桃山時代
• Muromachi Sengoku period to Azuchi-momoyama period
• From the Muromachi-Sengoku Period to the Azuchi-Momoyama Period

• 南都焼討 (戦国時代)
• Setting Nanto on fire (Sengoku Period)

• 室町時代は阿波の守護代。
• In Muromachi era Miyoshi clan was shugodai (deputy military governor) of Awa Province.

• 明治時代には侯爵となる。
• The heads of the family became marquis in the Meiji Period.

• 江戸時代の家禄は30石。
• The hereditary stipend was 30 koku in the Edo period.
• Their hereditary stipend during the Edo period was thirty koku.
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) in the Edo Period was 30 koku (approx. 5.4 cubic meters).

• 阿倍氏（古代～奈良時代）
• The Abe Clan (from Ancient Period through Nara Period)

• 江戸時代の石高は50石。
• Their hereditary stipend During the Edo period was fifty koku.

• 後村上天皇時代と南朝衰退
• The Period of Retired Emperor Gomurakami and the Decline of the Southern Court

• 南北朝時代 (日本)の人）
• He was in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts [Japan])

• 江戸時代の家禄は172石。
• The hereditary stipend of the family was 172 koku in the Edo period.

• 江戸時代の家禄は300石。
• The hereditary stipend in the Edo period was 300 koku.
• Their hereditary stipend during the Edo period was 300 koku.

• 江戸時代の家禄は200石。
• The hereditary stipend in the Edo period was 200 koku.
• Their hereditary stipend in the Edo period was 200 koku of rice.
• 'Karoku' (the hereditary stipend) of the family in the Edo period was 200 koku.
• Their hereditary stipend during the Edo period was 200 koku.
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo Period was 200 koku (approx. 36.1cubic meters).
• Their Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo period was 200 koku (approx. 36.1 cubic meters).
• Their Karoku (hereditary stipend) was 200 koku during the Edo period.

• 江戸時代の家禄は182石。
• The hereditary stipend in the Edo period was 182 koku.

• 江戸時代の家禄は350石。
• In the Edo period, the hereditary stipend was 350 koku.

• 江戸時代の家禄は478石。
• The hereditary stipend in the Edo period was 478 koku.

• 江戸時代の家禄は100石。
• The hereditary stipend in the Edo period was 100 koku.
• Their hereditary stipend during the Edo period was 100 koku.

• 江戸時代の家禄は130石。
• The hereditary stipend in the Edo period was 130 koku.
• The hereditary stipend was 130 koku in the Edo period.
• Their hereditary stipend during the Edo period was 130 koku.

• 江戸時代の家禄は500石。
• The hereditary stipend in the Edo period was 500 koku.
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo Period was 500 koku (approx. 90.2 cubic meters).

• 江戸時代の家禄は180石。
• The hereditary stipend in the Edo period was 180 koku.
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo Period was 180 koku (approx. 33.1cubic meters).
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo Period was 180 koku (approx. 32.5 cubic meters).
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) in the Edo Period was 180 koku (approx. 32.5 cubic meters).
• The stipend during the Edo period was 180 koku.
• The karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo period was 180 koku (32.47 cubic meters).

• 江戸時代の家禄は265石。
• Their karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo period was 265 koku (51.41 cubic meters).

• 江戸時代の石高は726石。
• Their stipend during the Edo period was 726 koku.

• 江戸時代の家禄は202石。
• The hereditary stipend during the Edo period was 202 koku.

• 江戸時代の家禄は400石。
• Their hereditary stipend during the Edo period was 400 koku.
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo Period was 400 koku (approx. 72.2 cubic meters).

• 江戸時代の家禄は230石。
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo Period was 230 koku (approx. 41.5 cubic meters).

• 江戸時代の家禄は183石。
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) in the Edo Period was 183 koku (approx. 33 cubic meters).

• 江戸時代の家禄は850石。
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) in the Edo Period was 850 koku (approx. 153.3 cubic meters).

• 江戸時代の家禄は150石。
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo Period was 150 koku (approx. 27.1cubic meters).
• Their hereditary stipend during the Edo period was 150 koku.

• 江戸時代の家禄は390石。
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) in the Edo Period was 390 koku (approx. 70.4 cubic meters).

• 江戸時代の家禄は355石。
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) in the Edo Period was 355 koku (approx. sixty-four cubic meters).

• 江戸時代の家禄は186石。
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo period was 186 koku (approx. 65.1 cubic meters).

• 江戸時代の家禄は187石。
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo Period was 187 koku (approx. 33.7 cubic meters).

• 坂上清澄：鎌倉時代後期の人。
• SAKANOUE no Kiyozumi - lived in the late Kamakura period

• 江戸時代の家禄は、260石。
• The hereditary stipend in the Edo period was 260 koku.

• 江戸時代の禄高は350石余。
• The rokudaka (stipend) for the OGIMACHISANJO family was approximately 350 koku during the Edo Period.

• 江戸時代末に137家あった。
• There were 137 families at the end of the Edo Period.

• 江戸時代の家禄は、200石。
• Their Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo period was 200 koku (approx. 36.1 cubic meters).

• 江戸時代の家禄は1000石。
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo Period was 1,000 koku (approx. 180.4 cubic meters).

• 足利義教時代から応仁の乱まで
• The period from the reign of Yoshinori ASHIKAGA to the Onin War

• この時代の天皇は正親町天皇。
• The Emperor of Japan at the time was Emperor Ogimachi.

• 明治時代に細川姓へ復し、男爵。
• The family changed the surname back to Hosokawa in the Meiji period and was granted a title of baronage.

• 江戸時代初期に創設された新家。
• The family was a Shinke (new family) established in the early times of the Edo period.

• 江戸時代に約460余家あった。
• During the Edo period, there were more than 460 Jigeke.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)の人物一覧
• A list of prominent figures of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts

• 橘成季 － 鎌倉時代の下級貴族。
• TACHIBANA no Narisue: Lower-class aristocrat in the Kamakura period.

• 橘守部－ 江戸時代後期の国学者。
• Moribe TACHIBANA: Scholar of Japanese classical literature, who lived during the latter Edo period.

• 江戸時代の家禄は30石3人扶持。
• The hereditary stipend was 30 koku, a ration for three persons in the Edo period.

• 明治時代以降は子爵を授けられた。
• The family had been given the title of viscount since the Meiji peirod.

• 江戸時代の家禄は、概ね715石。
• The hereditary stipend in the Edo period was about 715 koku.

• 江戸時代には大原家が分かれ出た。
• The family established a branch family, the Ohara family, in the Edo period.

• 室町時代後期から押小路を称した。
• After the latter half of the Muromachi period, they called themselves 'Oshikoji.'

• 室町幕府成立から足利義満時代まで
• The period from the establishment of the Muromachi bakufu to the time of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA

• この期間を弘仁・貞観時代という。
• This period is called the Konin-Jogan Period.

• 毛利氏(安芸国)系譜と室町時代まで
• Genealogy of the Mori clan (Aki Province) and up until the Muromachi period

• 明治時代、東園基愛は子爵を賜った。
• During the Meiji period, Motoyuki HIGASHISONO was bestowed the title of viscount.

• 鎌倉時代から農業生産力が向上する。
• Agricultural production began to increase starting in the Kamakura period.

• 足利義満・義持時代と幕府権力の確立
• The bakufu's grip on power tightens during Yoshimitsu and Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA's reigns

• 両統迭立は第3世代の時代を迎える。
• Ryoto tetsuritsu entered into its third generation.

• 時代によりその範囲が変化している。
• The scope of where the idea of Ezo begins and ends has changed, depending on the period.

• この頃が、三好氏の黄金時代であった。
• This period was the golden age of Miyoshi clan.

• 橘公長 － 平安時代末期の武家貴族。
• TACHIBANA no Kiminaga: Samurai aristocrat in the late Heian period.

• 橘公業 - 鎌倉時代初期の武家貴族。
• TACHIBANA no Kiminari: Samurai aristocrat in the early Kamakura period.

• 桂川水運は大正時代まで連綿と続いた。
• Water transport via the Katsura-gawa River were used continually until the Taisho period.

• 江戸時代の家禄は蔵米30俵3人扶持。
• The hereditary stipend during the Edo period was thirty hyo three fuchi in warehouse rice.

• 江戸時代の家禄は蔵米30俵2人扶持。
• The hereditary stipend during the Edo period was thirty hyo two fuchi in warehouse rice.

• 江戸時代の家禄は171石 (単位)。
• The hereditary stipend during the Edo period was 171 koku (a unit).

• 明治時代以降は子爵の爵位を与えられた。
• From the Meiji period onwards, the family held the title of viscount.

• 明治時代以降は華族となり子爵を賜った。
• The family became a member of house of peers after the Meiji period and was given the status viscount.

• 時代を経て、あつまりて大いなる岩となり
• gathers together to form a big rock with the passage of time

• 戦国時代末期まで北畠氏が伊勢守護となる。
• From that time on, the Kitabatake clan served as Ise no Shugo (provincial constable of Ise Province) until the late Warring States period.

• 明治時代に細川姓へ復し、男爵を授爵した。
• The family changed the surname back to Hosokawa in the Meiji period and was granted a title of baronage.

• 坂上今継：平安時代初期の外記・紀伝博士。
• SAKANOUE no Imatsugu - Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) and Kiden hakase (the professor of the histories) in the early Heian period.

• 室町時代になっても状況は変わらなかった。
• The situation did not change, even after the start of the Muromachi period.

• 江戸時代の家禄は273石、後に260石。
• The hereditary stipend of the family in the Edo period was 273 koku of rice and later reduced to 260 koku.

• この傾向は、室町時代に至って顕著となる。
• This inclination became evident during the Muromachi period.

• 明治時代、唯一の大阪府出身の華族である。
• During the Meiji period, the Minase family became the only Kazoku (nobility) from Osaka Prefecture.

• 鎌倉時代に阿波守護であった小笠原氏の末裔。
• It was a descendant of Ogasawara clan, which was Awa shugo.

• しかし両系統は江戸時代に家名を繋いでいる。
• However, these two lines succeeded to retrieve the family names in the Edo period.

• 戦国甲斐武田氏（信玄・勝頼時代）の主要家臣
• Principal vassales of the Kai-Takeda clan during the Sengoku period (the era of Shingen and Katsuyori)

• （＊室町時代とは区別がはっきりしていない）
• (Note: the Kamakura and Muromachi periods cannot readily be distinguished agriculturally)

• ここでいう穢多は江戸時代のそれとは異なる。
• Eta herein is different from the Eta in the Edo Period.

• 室町時代の山城守護ではなく、侍所にあたる。
• The Kyoto Shugoshoku corresponded not to the Yamashiro Shugo (literally, 'guardians of the Yamashiro area'), but to the Samurai-Dokoro (Board of Retainers) of the Muromachi period.

• 約1万2千年前頃からは縄文時代と呼ばれる。
• The period starting around 12,000 years ago is called the Jomon period.

• これらは中国史の時代区分からの借用である。
• These are taken from the classification of historical periods used in China

• 豊臣政権時代は豊臣姓・羽柴称をともに賜った。
• During the Toyotomi government, they were granted portions of the names from both Toyotomi and Hashiba.

• 江戸時代は八幡宮の神領として自治を許される。
• In the Edo period, Yamazaki was granted autonomy as the domain of the Hachimangu Shrine.

• 江戸時代の西大路家の石高は100石であった。
• The family's hereditary stipend during the Edo period was 100 koku.

• 明治時代に至り、華族に列し、子爵に叙された。
• Since the Meiji period, the family ranked as Kazoku (nobility) and was bestowed the title viscount.

• →地方情勢については戦国時代 (日本)を参照
• For more information on circumstances in the provinces, see the article on the Sengoku period.

• 第二次世界大戦後における南北朝時代を巡る議論
• Debate on the Nanbokucho Period after World War II

• 平安時代に入ってからその状況は一層進展した。
• This tendency was exacerbated further during the Heian period.

• 14世紀頃は南北朝時代 (日本)と呼ばれた。
• The 14th century is called the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan).

• 平安時代に入ると、橘氏の多くは橘朝臣を称した。
• In the Heian period, many of the Tachibana clan members used the name of TACHIBANA no Ason.

• 旧国鉄時代の福知山鉄道管理局の流れを汲む支社。
• Branch office which succeeded operations by the Fukuchiyama Railroad Administration from the Old Japanese National Railway period.

• 室町時代には、足利将軍家に仕える幕臣であった。
• During the Muromachi period, the Matsui clan served as the Shogun's retainer of Ashikaga Shogun family.

• 牛久藩は、山口氏の支配で明治時代にまで至った。
• The Ushiku Domain, under the reign of the Yamaguchi clan, continued until the initial stage of the Meiji period.

• 鎌倉時代、西園寺公経の二男一条実有を祖とする。
• The family was founded during the Kamakura period by Saneari ICHIJO, the second son of Kintsune SAIONJI.

• 室町時代の学問の担い手は主に禅僧や公家である。
• Academic scholarship during the Muromachi period was more or less limited to Zen monks and the nobility.

• これを公家法の時代として区分することができる。
• This can be categorized as the age of court noble law.

• この時代に、細川氏は有力な守護大名へと成長する。
• The Hosokawa clan became a powerful Shugo daimyo in this period.

• - 伊達氏支配時代には家臣の大枝氏が居城とした。
• When the Date clan ruled over Date County, the Oe clan, a vassal of the Date clan, resided in the Castle.

• 中央政界の権力闘争を契機として広がった戦国時代。
• The Sengoku Period (the period of civil war) started by the power struggle among daimyos in the central political world.

• 鎌倉時代には平等院の末寺となっていたようである。
• In Kamakura period, it seems that the temple was categorized as the lowest level temple within the Byodo-in school

• 戦国時代_(日本)頃からは南条氏の家臣となった。
• In the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States), the clan became a vassal of the Nanjo clan.

• なお、隆直の時代に藩校・進徳館が設立されている。
• Takanao did, however, manage to establish Shintokukan, a clan school.

• 南北朝時代に菊池一族は後醍醐天皇の南朝方にあった。
• During the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Kikuchi clan supported the Southern Court of the Emperor Godaigo.

• 鎌倉時代には、早くから源頼朝に従いて御家人となる。
• From the early Kamakura period, the Yamana clan subordinated themselves to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and became gokenin, an immediate vassal of the Shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi throughout the Edo periods.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)には、醍醐寺の荘園が置かれた。
• The manor of Daigo-ji Temple was placed in Maizuru, during the Nanbokucho Period,

• 山科は東海道の街道町であり江戸時代には特に栄えた。
• Yamashina, a post town of the Tokaido, flourished in particular during the Edo period.

• 鎌倉時代には御家人となって駿河国守護に任命された。
• Nobuyoshi became gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate) during the Kamakura period and was appointed to shugo (military governor) of Suruga Province.

• 後に一時期中絶していたが、江戸時代初期に再興した。
• The family was discontinued for a certain period, but reestablished at the beginning of the Edo period.

• 明治時代以降は為量・宣嘉父子の功績が認められ伯爵。
• Since the Meiji Period, they were given the title count in appreciation for the achievements of Tamekazu and his son, Nobuyoshi

• 鎌倉時代、山科実雄の二男、中納言小倉公雄が創設する
• The family was founded during the Kamakura Period by Kino OGURA, Chunagon (Vice-councilor of state), who was the second son of Jitsuo YAMASHINA.

• 大臣家の一つとして鎌倉時代初期にその家格を固めた。
• The family made its kakaku as one of daijinke firmly established at the beginning of the Kamakura Period.

• 春記（しゅんき）は、平安時代の公卿藤原資房の日記。
• The Shunki is a diary written by the court noble FUJIWARA no Sukefusa in the Heian period.

• 3世紀中後半から7世紀頃までは古墳時代と呼ばれる。
• The era from the latter half of third century to around the seventh century is called the kofun period (tumulus period).

• 主に日本の封建時代においてみられた血族集団である。
• Shoke was a blood-relative group which was mainly present during the feudal period in Japan.

• 鎌倉時代後期にはすでにその名が阿波国内で散見される。
• In the late period of Kamakura era the name of the clan had been already seen here and there in Awa Province.

• 戦国時代初期に細川尚春が三好之長に滅ぼされ断絶した。
• The family was ended in the beginning of the Sengoku Period, as Hisaharu HOSOKAWA was eliminated by Yukinaga MIYOSHI.

• 貞観_(日本)時代の武人で清和天皇の信頼が厚かった。
• He was a warrior in the Jogan era (859-877) and highly trusted by Emperor Seiwa.

• しかし、平安時代末に小槻隆職が源頼朝の不興を買った。
• However, during the late Heian period, OTSUKI no Takamoto fell from favor with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.

• 相模国には戦国時代には後北条氏に従った武田氏がいた。
• During the Sengoku period, the Takeda clan, that followed the Gohojo clan, existed in Sagami Province.

• 江戸時代の家禄ははじめ269石余、のちに469石余。
• During the Edo Period, Karoku (hereditary stipend) of the family initially was approximately 269 koku which subsequently increased to 469 koku.

• なお、江戸時代に入って松殿家を再興する動きがあった。
• At the beginning of the Edo period, there was a movement to restore the Matsudono family.

• 平安時代後半頃から蝦夷を「えぞ」と読むようになった。
• '蝦夷' started to be read as 'Ezo' in the late Heian period.

• 紀元前8世紀頃から3世紀頃までは弥生時代と呼ばれる。
• The era from around 8 B.C. to around the third century is called the Yayoi period.

• 単に便宜的に用いられているに過ぎない時代区分である。
• It is a classification of historical periods utilized only because it is convenient.

• それは実力がものをいう戦国時代においても同様である。
• This was same during the Sengoku Period when actual power mattered.

• 戦国時代 (日本)に入ると大内氏傘下の国人領主となる。
• During the Sengoku Period (period of warring states), the clan became Kokujin Ryoshu (local samurai lord) under the Ouchi clan.

• 多禰寺 - 鎌倉時代作の金剛力士像（重要文化財）がある
• Tane-ji Temple - there is a Statue of Kongo-rikishi (designated as an important cultural asset) created during the Kamakura Period.

• 平安時代には桂女という女性の商人が洛中に行商を行った。
• In the Heian period, female traveling merchants called 'Katsurame' peddled in Rakuchu (central Kyoto).

• 河内源氏の名族の一つとして戦国時代には戦国大名化する。
• Being one of the distinguished families of Kawachi Genji, the Takeda clan became sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord during the Sengoku period) during the Sengoku period,

• 以後、稲葉氏の支配によって明治時代を迎えることとなる。
• The Yodo Domain entered the Meiji period under the rule of the Inaba clan.

• 鎌倉時代西園寺公経の四男、四辻実藤によって創立された。
• The family originated with Sanefuji YOTSUTSUJI, the fourth son of Kintsune SAIONJI, in the Kamakura period.

• 江戸時代に水無瀬兼俊の子・桜井兼里によって設立された。
• During the Edo period, the Sakurai family was founded by Kanesato, the son of Kanetoshi MINASE.

• 鎌倉時代になり高辻家からは五条家が分かれ出る事となる。
• The Gojo family branched out of the Takatsuji family during the Kamakura period.

• 鎌倉時代持明院基家の三男参議園基氏によって創設された。
• The Sono family was founded in the Kamakura period by Motouji SONO, sangi (councilor), the third son of Motoie JIMYOIN.

• 江戸時代前期一条昭良の二男・醍醐冬基を祖に創立された。
• During the early Edo Period, it was founded by Fuyumoto DAIGO, who was the second son of Akiyoshi ICHIJO.

• 平安時代中期以降、開発領主による墾田開発が盛んになる。
• After the mid Heian Period, new rice fields were actively developed by Kaihatsu-ryoshu.

• 南西諸島においては、12世紀ごろからグスク時代に入る。
• In the small islands located southeast of the main islands of Japan, the Gusuku period started around the 12th century.

• 京都時代祭行列で維新勤王隊列の鼓笛隊としても知られる。
• They are also known for their role as flute- and drum-players as part of the imperial loyalist troop in the procession of the Kyoto Jidai Matsuri (the Festival of the Ages in Kyoto).

• 明倫館正門 - 江戸時代に藩主牧野宣成が開いた藩校の正門
• Meirinkan Main Gate - main gate of the clan school founded by domain head Fusashige MAKINO during the Edo Period.

• 足利氏との関係は南北朝時代 (日本)の伊勢貞継まで遡る。
• Relations with the Ashikaga clan dates back to the Sadatsugu ISE in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

• 鎌倉時代に石和五郎信光が若狭国大飯郡に源力木山城を築く。
• Nobumitsu ISAWAGORO constructed the Genriki-kiyama-jo Castle in Oi-gun, Wakasa Province in the Kamakura period.

• 江戸時代初期に園基音の末子、壬生基起によって創立された。
• The family originated with Motooki MIBU, the youngest son of Motonari SONO, in the early Edo period.

• 魚名の13代後裔の四条隆季が平安時代末期に四条を名乗る。
• Takasue SHIJO, the 13th generation of Uona, took the name Shijo at the end of the Heian period.

• 藤原基頼（頼宗の孫）を始祖として平安時代末期に成立した。
• This family was founded in the end of the Heian period with FUJIWARA no Motoyori (Yorimune's grandson) as the originator.

• 江戸時代の約270年に渡って日本の支配層として君臨した。
• They formed the ruling class which controlled Japan for the duration of the Edo period: approximately 270 years,

• この時代「豊臣」は本姓としても名字としても使われている。
• During this period, 'Toyotomi' was used as honsei (original name) as well as myoji (family name).

• 江戸時代初期における朝幕関係上、最大の不和確執とされる。
• It is considered the most serious discord or feud between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court in the early Edo period.

• 安倍氏（あべ し）は平安時代の陸奥国（後の陸中国）の豪族。
• The Abe clan was a Gozoku (local ruling family) in Mutsu Province (later Rikuchu Province, and Oshu is another name of Mutsu Province) who lived during the Heian period.

• 吉宗の時代にさらに下記のようにいわゆる御三卿が設けられた。
• In addition, during the Yoshimune era, the so-called gosankyo was established.

• そしてそのまま江戸時代を乗り切り、現在も血筋が続いている。
• This family managed to live through the Edo period and is still in existence today.

• 日野弘資の二男外山光顕を初代として江戸時代中期に成立した。
• The family was founded during the mid-Edo period with Mitsuaki TOYAMA (the second son of Hirosuke HINO) as the first generation.

• 日野俊光の四男柳原資明を祖として鎌倉時代末期に創設された。
• The family was founded at the end of the Kamakura period with Sukeakira YANAGIWARA, the fourth son of Toshimitsu HINO, as the patriarch.

• 後嵯峨天皇の外戚として栄えたが、室町時代初頭には断絶した。
• Being the maternal relative of Emperor Gosaga, the family enjoyed their prosperity, but became extinct during the early Muromachi period.

• 室町時代の園基秀の時に、後花園天皇より「青山」の号を賜る。
• When Motohide SONO was the family head during the Muromachi period, Emperor Gohanazono granted him the name 'Seizan.'

• 中院通勝は江戸時代前期にかけての公家で二条派の歌人である。
• Michikatsu NAKANOIN was a kuge around the beginning of the Edo Period and a kajin (waka poet) of the Nijo school.

• 平安時代にも、両統迭立の状況が2度にわたって発生している。
• Ryoto tetsuritsu occurred twice during the Heian period.

• 鎌倉時代以降の武家台頭に対し、危機感を募らせていた公家層。
• As samurai gained power in the Kamakura period and later, the court nobles' sense of danger against them had increased.

• 室町時代後期の応仁の乱において西軍に属した一色氏は没落した。
• The Isshiki family fell after joining the Seigun (the western army) in the Onin War during the late Muromachi Period.

• 古代に国造が分立した時代には、舞鶴は丹国の領土に入っていた。
• In ancient times, regional administrators were divided, and Maizuru belonged to Ninokuni Province.

• 昭和時代後期に衰退し、現在は花街としては数えられなくなった。
• Shimabara declined in the late Showa period, and as a result, it is not regarded as a hanamachi any more.

• 平野七名家は江戸時代は幕府の代官となり5万石を支配地とする。
• Durint the Edo Period, Hirano Shichimyo family became daikan (local governor) of the Bakufu, and controlled the fief yielding 50 thousand koku of rice.

• 義明の嫡男足利義純 (戦国時代)は国府台で父と共に戦死した。
• Meanwhile, Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, the heir of Yoshiaki, was killed along with his father in the battle at Konodai.

• 江戸時代には家禄700石、摂関家に次ぐ清華家の家格を有した。
• During the Edo period, the family had a revenue of 700 koku and the family rank of Seiga, next to the Sekkan, the regent house.

• この自領化が平安時代末期の平氏台頭の後押しをしたと言われる。
• It is considered that this expansion of their own territory supported the rise of the Taira clan in the late Heian period.

• 鎌倉時代末期、西園寺公相の四男橋本実俊を祖として創設される。
• The family originated with Sanetoshi HASHIMOTO, the fourth son of Kinsuke SAIONJI at the end-Kamakura period.

• 源氏系土御門家…鎌倉時代の村上源氏嫡流の内大臣源通親の末裔。
• The Tsuchimikado family of the Genji clan were the direct descendants of Naidaijin (the minister of the center) MINAMOTO no Michichika of Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan) during the Kamakura period.

• 六角家（ろっかくけ）は、江戸時代に成立した公家の家系である。
• The Rokkaku family is a family of court nobles that were established during the Edo Period.

• 南北朝時代_(日本)に常陸国に下って山内上杉家の家臣となった。
• They went to Hitachi Province, and became a vassal of the Yamanouchi-Uesugi family in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

• 室町時代は三管領の斯波武衛家の分国尾張国で尾張守護代を務める。
• In the Muromachi period, the Oda clan served as Owari Shugodai (the acting Military Governor of Owari Province) in Owari Province which was under control of the Shiba-Buei clan of Sankanrei (three families in the post of kanrei, or shogunal deputy).

• その後、弥生時代になると由良川流域など広範囲で稲作が営まれた。
• Rice was grown across a wide area during the Yayoi Period, including the Yuragawa-river basin.

• 室町時代には近江国の守護大名となった六角氏に客将として仕えた。
• In the Muromachi period, the Gamo clan served Shugo Daimyo (provincial military governors) of Omi Province the Rokkaku clan as a guest samurai.

• しかし、南北朝時代になると、宮方につき、一族の殆どが没落する。
• In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the clan sided with the Southern court and most of the clan members faced their downfall

• 江戸時代の広幡家当主は代々近衛家の猶子となり偏諱を賜っている。
• The heads of the Hirohata family were successively adopted into the Konoe family and granted to use a character from the name of a person in the Konoe family.

• 推古天皇の時代には蘇我馬子の側近として阿倍麻呂が登場している。
• During the time of Empress Suiko, ABE no Maro acted as a close aide of SOGA no Umako.

• 南北朝～室町時代に断絶した家も多く、その家名の復活も図られた。
• Many families had been discontinued in the period including the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period, and the family names of these became targets for restoration.

• 8代武田義統の時代には家督争いも加わりさらに弱体化が進行する。
• In addition, succession disputes arose in the era of the eighth head Yoshizumi TAKEDA and the clan's power further eroded.

• 季衡（右大臣大宮季衡）は鎌倉時代中期の左大臣西園寺公衡の次男。
• Suehira OMIYA (who served as Udaijin, or Minister of the Right) was the second son of Kinhira SAIONJI, who served as Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) during the mid-Kamakura period.

• 地下家であったが、江戸時代後期に師資・師徳は従三位に叙された。
• Although the family was Jigeke, Morosuke and Moronori were bestowed upon Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) during the latter half of the Edo period.

• 当初は、中御門を称していたが、室町時代以後家名を松木と改めた。
• At first, the family used the name Nakamikado, but they changed their family name to Matsunoki after the Muromachi period.

• 平安時代末期、藤原公教（三条公教）の二男滋野井実国から始まる。
• The family line began with Sanekuni SHIGENOI, who was the second son of FUJIWARA no Kinnori (Kinnori SANJO), during the last days of the Heian Period.

• 中院通富は江戸時代末期、国事に奔走し、明治維新後、参与となる。
• In the last days of the Edo Period, Michitomi NAKANOIN devoted himself to the interest of the state and, after the Meiji Restoration, was appointed to sanyo (councilor).

• 高瀬は紀伊藩の医師・学者で光貞時代から明律研究に参加していた。
• Takase was a doctor and a scholar in the Kii Domain, who participated in research on the Ming code since the days of Mitsusada.

• 薬子の変（くすこのへん）は、平安時代初期に起こった事件である。
• The Kusuko Incident is an incident that occurred in the early Heian period.

• 以上のように、江戸時代前期に確立した支配体制を幕藩体制という。
• The control system established in the first half of the Edo period, as described above, is called the bakufu-domain system.

• 大内盛見は、義弘時代の栄華を取り戻すため、北九州方面に進出した。
• Morimi OUCHI advanced into northern Kyushu district in order to restore the prosperity in Yoshihiro's period.

• が、近年、南北朝時代成立の史料により次の見解などが出されている。
• However, the following theories were recently presented based on the historical materials on the establishment of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• 加藤千蔭－ 江戸時代中期から後期にかけての国学者・歌人・能書家。
• Chikage KATO: Scholar of Japanese classical literature, waka poet and master of calligraphy, who lived in the mid to latter Edo period.

• 戦国時代 (日本)の畿内は、将軍と京兆家を中心とした争乱が続く。
• In the Kinai region, the conflicts between Shogun and the Keicho family continued in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).

• 戦国時代以降より桂川水運が盛んとなり、嵯峨周辺に豪商が成長した。
• After the age of Sengoku period (period of warring states), transportation businesses by the Katsura-gawa River began to flourish, giving rise to wealthy merchants.

• 橘氏 (筑後)（たちばなし）は平安時代の筑後国蒲池の領主の一族。
• The term 'Tachibana clan' (in Chikugo) refers to a clan of the feudal lord of Kamachi, Chikugo Province, in the Heian period.

• 戦国時代前半には上総国西部から中部一帯を領有する大勢力となった。
• The clan possessed a wide territory ranging from the west to the central part of Kazusa Province during the early stage of the Sengoku period.

• 陰陽師の宗家としての賀茂氏は、平安時代中期の賀茂忠行にはじまる。
• The Kamo clan who were the head family of onmyoji (diviners) originated with KAMO no Tadayuki in the mid-Heian period.

• 江戸時代末期、明治維新期の橋本実麗（さねあきら）は、国事に尽力。
• From the end of Edo period to the Meiji Restoration, Saneakira HASHIMOTO played an active role in the affairs of State.

• 以後、鎌倉時代を通して坊門家から公卿が輩出されることはなかった。
• But from that point onwards, for the entire remainder of the Kamakura period the Bomon family never again produced anyone who reached the court nobility.

• 室町時代には京都壬生に拠点を置き、越後国鵜川荘などを領していた。
• In the Muromachi period the family's power base was in Mibu village in Kyoto, but they also controlled other territories such as Ukawa manor in Echigo Province.

• 江戸時代中期には霊元天皇歌壇で活躍することとなる中院通躬がでた。
• During the middle of the Edo Period, Michimi NAKANOIN who played an active role in the poetry circles of the Emperor Reigen, appeared.

• 江戸時代には鎌倉公方家の流れを汲む喜連川氏が御所号を免許された。
• In the Edo period, the Kitsuregawa clan, descendants of the Kamakura Kubo family, was awarded the gosho-go.

• 江戸時代末期やがて幕府の財政的な傾きと共に尊皇論が広まっていく。
• At the end of the Edo period, with the financial downswing of the bakufu, sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) gradually spread.

• 平安時代末期、平清盛が武家としては初めての太政大臣に任じられた。
• At the end of Heian period, TAIRA no Kiyomori was appointed Grand Minister for the first time from a samurai family.

• 北朝 - 中国の南北朝時代 (中国)、華北に興った5王朝の総称。
• 'Northern Court' (or Northern Dynasty) is also a general term used to refer to the dynasties of five kings that flourished in northern China during China's Northern and Southern Dynasties period.

• 時代区分名称は、この時期に特徴的に見られた弥生式土器に由来する。
• The term used for identifying this period originated from Yayoi-style earthenware characteristic of this period.

• また、江戸時代における会所については会所 (近世)を参照のこと。
• For Kaisho during the Edo period, please refer to Kaisho (early modern times).

• 三好氏（みよしし）は信濃源氏で鎌倉時代の阿波の守護小笠原氏の末裔。
• Miyoshi clan belongs to Shinano Genji (Minamoto clan) and it is the descendants of shugo (a provincial government) Ogasawara clan in Awa Province in Kamakura period.

• また平安時代末期までは家柄のよい者をさす言葉として用いられていた。
• And until the end of the Heian period, this term had been used for persons from good families.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)には伊達行宗（伊達行朝）が拠り南朝の拠点とした
• During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Castle served as the base of the Southern Court with Yukimune DATE (Yukitomo DATE) residing in the Castle.

• 小野宮流（おののみやりゅう）は、平安時代に始まった有職故実の流派。
• The Ononomiya school was a school of Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past), which dated back to the Heian period.

• 徳川家康の九男徳川義直を家祖とし、江戸時代を通じて尾張藩を治めた。
• It was founded by Yoshinao TOKUGAWA, the ninth son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and governed Owari Domain throughout the Edo period.

• 江戸時代には局務押小路家・官務壬生家に次ぐ地下官人の家格を有した。
• During the Edo period, the family was a low ranked court official family next to the Oshinokoji family that served as the head secretary 'kyokumu' at the Council of State Secretaries, and the Mibu family which served as the head secretary kanmu at the Senior Recorders of the Left.

• 江戸時代の公家の中でも最も困窮していた家の一つとして知られている。
• The family is known as one of the poorest families among the kuge families during the Edo period.

• 江戸時代には、小笠原氏からは五家が大名となった（いずれも譜代大名）。
• In the Edo period, the five families of the Ogasawara clan became fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family).

• 戦国時代になると新田宗家を継承した岩松氏は重臣横瀬氏に下克上される。
• In the Sengoku period (period of warring states), the Iwamatsu clan who succeeded to the head family of the Nitta clan was defeated by a gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) by a senior vassal, Yokose clan.

• この子孫は世良田氏を称したのち江戸時代に入って真船氏を称したという。
• His descendant is said to have called itself the Serada clan, and thereafter called itself the Mafune clan from the Edo period.

• ただし、戦国時代の水野氏の系図は異同が激しく、系譜関係は不明である。
• However, the genealogy records of the Mizuno clan during the Sengoku period are inconsistent and their genealogy is uncertain.

• 以後、九州も南北朝時代 (日本)の争乱に巻き込まれていくことになる。
• After that, Kyushu was also gradually involved in the disturbance in the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

• 江戸時代初期から「巡礼講」が各地で組まれ団体の巡礼が盛んに行われた。
• In the early Edo period, the 'junrei-ko' (pilgrim groups) were organized in many parts of the country, and group pilgrimage became popular.

• 丹後地方では江戸時代中期より絹織物が発達し、丹後ちりめんとして有名。
• In Tango region, silk weaving, known as the Tango chirimen (silk crepe), developed since the middle of the Edo period.

• 厳密に言えば早雲時代の北条家は「伊勢家」と称するのが正しいと言える。
• Therefore, strictly speaking, it would be correct to call the Hojo family in the days of Soun's 'Ise family.'

• 戦国時代_(日本)後期から後北条氏が大きな勢力を振るうようになった。
• The Go-Hojo clan became more powerful during the late Sengoku (Warring States) period.

• 江戸時代には、肥後熊本藩主細川氏の筆頭家老で実質の八代城主になった。
• In the Edo period, they served the lord of the Kumamoto Domain in Higo Province, the Hosokawa clan as Hittokaro (head of chief retainers), and became the lord of Yatsushiro-jo Castle.

• 那珂氏は平安時代末期に那珂郡に本拠地を置き、常陸の豪族として栄えた。
• Based in Naka County at the end of the Heian Period, the Naka clan was a powerful local ruling family in Hitachi.

• 戦国時代 (日本)の山科言継（ときつぐ）は日記『言継卿記』を著した。
• Tokitsugu YAMASHINA wrote 'Tokitsugu-kyoki' (Tokitsugu journal) in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).

• またほぼ同時代に天寿国繍帳（中宮寺）の製作者として秦久麻の名が残る。
• HATA no Kuma is also known for making Tenjukoku shucho (the oldest needlework painting in Japan) in the Chugu-ji Temple in approximately the same period.

• 徳川家康の十一男徳川頼房を家祖とし、江戸時代を通じて水戸藩を治めた。
• The Mito Tokugawa family was founded by Yorifusa TOKUGAWA, the 11th son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and governed Mito Domain throughout the Edo period.

• 近年の研究では、戦国時代に現れる琵琶島氏は八条上杉氏とみられている。
• Research in recent years suggests that the Biwajima clan, which appeared during the Sengoku Period, may be none other than the Hachijo Uesugi clan.

• 江戸時代に広橋総光の三男、衛門府日野西総盛が日野西を称し、再興する。
• During the Edo period, Fusamori HINONISHI, Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards), the third son of Fusamitsu HIROHASHI, reestablished the family as Hinonishi.

• 鎌倉時代初期に日野資実の弟、広橋頼資（よりすけ）によって創立された。
• This family was founded during the beginning of the Kamakura Period by Yorisuke HIROHASHI, who was the younger brother of Sukezane HINO.

• 現存する建物自体は江戸時代のものではない（寺田屋事件の項目を参照）。
• The existing building itself was not created in the Edo period (see the section on the Teradaya Incident).

• 平安末期になると歴史物語・軍記物語などの時代を顧みる文学が芽生えた。
• At the end of the Heian period, literature was born that looked back over the past, such as historical tales and war chronicles.

• この場合でも、各時代の画期をいつにおくかは論者によって大きく異なる。
• Even using this classification, there are considerably different opinions concerning when each of these periods started and ended.

• なお、この時期北海道中西南部・青森県北部においては擦文時代を迎える。
• In this era, life in the middle and southwestern areas of Hokkaido and the northern part of Aomori Prefecture entered the Satsumon period (featured by earthenware with patterns called Satsumon).

• 平安時代の装飾経の代表作で、当時の工芸を現代に伝える一級史料である。
• They are typical works of decorated Buddhist scriptures in the Heian period, best-class historical materials communicating features of artifacts of the times to the present day.

• また、江戸時代後期の学者である頼山陽は薄家の庶家の末裔といわれている。
• It is also said that Sanyo RAI, a scholar in the latter Edo period, was the descendent of a branch family of the Susuki family.

• 長崎警護の役目がある唐津藩時代を除いて幕府の要職に付くことが多かった。
• Except the time in the Karatsu Domain when they served as police escort in Nagasaki, they mainly assumed Shogunate's key posts.

• 室町時代に「九条の里」という傾城局が設置されたのが始まりだといわれる。
• Shimabara is believed to have started with the opening of the 'keisei no tsubone' (courtesan house) called 'Kujo no Sato.'

• 室町時代に北野天満宮の再建の際に残った機材を使って7軒の茶店を建てた。
• In the Muromachi period, seven tea houses were built with leftover materials from the reconstruction of the Kitano Tenmangu Shrine.
• In the Muromachi period, seven teahouses were built with leftover materials from the reconstruction of the Kitano Tenmangu Shrine.

• 但し、高見王の名は同時代の史料に名前が見えないので系譜には疑問も残る。
• However, since the name of the Prince Takami is not found in historical sources from the relevant period, there is some doubt about this lineage.

• ちなみに室町時代の後花園天皇及び後柏原天皇の生母は庭田家の出身である。
• In fact, the real mothers of the Emperor Gohanazono and the Emperor Gokashiwabara in the Muromachi period came from the Niwata family.

• 文禄・慶長年間以後に成立した家々（ほぼ江戸時代のそれと重なる）を指す。
• Shinke refers to families established after the Bunroku and Keicho periods (i.e. a period roughly corresponding to the Edo period).

• 明治時代に華族に列し、明治17年（1884年）大宮以季が子爵になった。
• During the Meiji period, the family was raised to the peerage, and Mochisue OMIYA became a viscount in 1884.

• 江戸時代に入り春日仲見が地下家として再興し、代々久我家諸大夫を勤めた。
• But then in the Edo period Nakami KASUGA revived the family line as a jige (lower-ranking courtier) family, and for generations thereafter family members served the Koga family as high stewards.

• 室町時代の松木宗量（松木宗宣・宗重の孫）の代に家名を「松木」と改める。
• During the time of Munekazu (宗量) MATSUNOKI (or Munenobu MATSUNOKI, grandson of Muneshige) in the Muromachi period, the family name was changed to 'Matsunoki.'

• したがって、紀伝道のみならず相撲の司家として鎌倉時代以来君臨してきた。
• Thus, the family reigned not only as historians, but also as a family of Sumai no Tsukasa since the Kamakura period.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)の北畠親房、幕末の岩倉具視も村上源氏の支流である。
• Chikafusa KITABATAKE, during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and Tomomi IWAKURA, from the end of the Edo period, also belonged to branch families of Murakami-Genji.

• 室町時代になると、室町幕府の設立の経緯から、守護の権力が強大であった。
• From the start of the Muromachi period, provincial constables increased their power based on the background of the establishment of the Muromachi bakufu.

• 北海道・北東北地方においては水田耕作が受容されず続縄文時代に移行した。
• In Hokkaido and the northern Tohoku area, rice cultivation in paddy fields was not acceptable and lives there were like those in the post Jomon period.

• 15世紀後期から16世紀後期にかけての時期を戦国時代 (日本)と呼ぶ。
• The era from the latter half of 15th century to the latter half of 16th century is called the Sengoku period (in Japan).

• 戦国時代には土豪宇津氏が当地に割拠したが、明智光秀の攻撃を受けて滅んだ。
• During the age of Sengoku period the local Uzu clan made its own territory in this area but perished in an attack by Mitsuhide AKECHI.

• 室町時代に二階堂氏・波多野氏と並んで室町幕府評定衆に列した松田氏がいた。
• The Matsuda clan, which was among Hyojoshu (members of the Council of State) of the Muromachi Shogunate along with the Nikaido clan and the Hatano clan, existed in the Muromachi period.

• 鎌倉幕府や江戸幕府、安土桃山時代の政権も、ここを都として厳重に警備した。
• Kamakura bakufu, the government of the Azuchi Momoyama period, and Edo bakufu all placed their capitals in Kyoto City and placed them under heavy guard.

• 家業は装束・衣紋で江戸時代には高倉家（藪家）とともに装束色目を担当した。
• The family business was costumes and clothing, and, in the Edo period, it was in charge of costumes and colors together with the Takakura family (the Yabu family).

• 室町時代に賀茂在方の子在貞・在長（在豊・在成とも）が勘解由小路を称した。
• In the Muromachi period, Arinaga (aka Aritoyo/Arinari), the son of KAMO no Arikata, took the name of Kadenokoji.

• 鎌倉時代中期、勧修寺経俊（吉田経俊）の四男、中御門経継により創設される。
• The family originated with Tsunetsugu NAKAMIKADO, the fourth son of Tsunetoshi KAJUJI (Tsunetoshi YOSHIDA), in the mid-Kamakura period.

• なお、村上源氏の源通具から始まる堀川家（室町時代に断絶）との関係は無い。
• They were not related to the Horikawa family founded by MINAMOTO no Michitomo of the Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan) (that ended during the Muromachi period).

• 柳原資行の3男三室戸誠光（ともみつ）を祖として江戸時代前期に創設された。
• The Mimurodo family was founded during the early Edo period by Tomomitsu, the third son of Sukeyuki YANAGIWARA.

• 江戸時代中期の桜井氏福が竹内式部に師事していたために宝暦事件に連座した。
• During the mid-Edo period, Ujiyoshi SAKURAI studied under TAKENOUCHI Shikibu and was implicated in the Horeki Incident.

• 徳川家康の十男徳川頼宣を家祖とし、江戸時代を通じて紀州藩の藩主であった。
• The Kishu Tokugawa family was founded by Yorinobu TOKUGAWA, the tenth son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and its family heads governed Kishu Domain throughout the Edo period.

• 幕末・明治時代には、明治維新の功臣三条実万・三条実美父子を輩出している。
• Between the end of the Edo Period and Meiji Era, the family produced Sanetsumu SANJO and his son Sanetomi SANJO who made a significant contribution to the Meiji Restoration.

• 日本の歴史における時代区分には様々なものがあり、定説とよべるものはない。
• Periods in Japanese history are classified in various ways, and there is no accepted theory.

• 特に、会所が最も発達した室町時代については、節を設けて詳しく解説したい。
• The following is a detailed explanation of the Kaisho during the Muromachi period, which is when they were developed the most.

• 戦国時代 (日本)に阿波国をはじめ畿内一円に勢力を有する戦国大名となった。
• In Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan) it became a daimyo in the Sengoku period that had the power in and around Kinki region including Awa Province.

• 室町時代には智勇兼備の良将と謳われた三好之長が現れ、管領・細川氏に仕えた。
• In Muromachi period, Yukinaga MIYOSHI, who was dubbed a great commander having both wisdom and courage, appeared and served Hosokawa clan, Shogunal Deputy.

• 江戸時代の書物に光衝が美濃守護に就任したという記述があるが、信憑性は低い。
• Although a book written in the Edo period mentions that Mitsuhira took office as Mino no Shugo (the provincial constable of Mino Province), it is viewed as incredible.

• 中世に約500年間井伊谷の庄を治め、南北朝時代 (日本)は南朝方に属した。
• The Ii clan governed the Iinoyanosyo for approximately 500 years during the Middle Ages, and during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Ii clan belonged to the Southern Court.

• 以後、江戸幕府においての福知山藩（明治時代の府藩県三治制時の名称）となる。
• Thereafter, the clan was named as Fukuchiyama clan (the name under the three-type administration system in the Meiji period) under the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 明治時代に日本海側唯一の海軍鎮守府舞鶴鎮守府が開府し、軍港として繁栄した。
• During the Meiji period, Maizuru Chinju-fu--the only navy base on the Japan Sea side of Japan--opened and flourished as a naval port.

• しかし、戦国時代 (日本)を通して、守護である今川氏とは微妙な関係である。
• However, the relationship between the Ii clan and the Imagawa clan who was the Shugo was a delicate one throughout the Sengoku period in Japan.

• 平城京時代の木簡を見る限り、山代国、山背国と表記は並存しているようである。
• Based on the writings of 'mokkan'－strips of wood used for writing during the Heijo-kyo (Heijo Palace) period, the notations of Yamashiro no Kuni as 山代国 and 山背国 seem to have coexisted with 山城国.

• 特に西洞院家は江戸時代まで続き、分家により同家も含め5家の堂上家を出した。
• The Nishinotoin family in particular survived into the Edo period, and this head family and four branch families became Tosho-ke (the hereditary lineage of court nobles occupying relatively high ranks).

• 甘露寺藤長以降、代々笛・儒道を家業とし、江戸時代の石高は200石であった。
• After Fujinaga KANROJI, the flute and Confucianism were their family business for generations, and they also had 200 koku crop yields during the Edo period.

• 江戸時代後期の橋本実久は議奏を務め、安政の内裏造営のときも御用掛を務めた。
• Sanehisa HASHIMOTO in the late Edo period served as Giso (a position respsonsible for conveying what the congress decides to the emperor), and also worked as a Goyogakari at the time of rebuilding of Kyoto imperial-palace in the Ansei period.

• また、戦国時代 (日本)には生活困窮から伊勢国に下向していた時期もあった。
• Furthermore, during the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), lack of funds forced the family to move away from the capital to Ise Province for a while.

• その後江戸時代後期に北小路俊常、及び分家の北小路俊矩が堂上家に列せられた。
• Toshitsune KITAKOJI and Toshinori KITAKOJI of the branch family were subsequently promoted to join the ranks of Tosho-ke (high court nobility who were allowed to enter the Imperial Palace) during the late Edo period.

• 戦乱が続く時代だったが内外の通商は盛んで、農業・工業ともに技術が向上した。
• Despite being a period of continuous warfare and turmoil, both domestic and overseas trade flourished, and significant technological advances were made in both agriculture and industry.

• 両王子は後世の系図では小倉宮の末裔とされているが、同時代史料に証拠はない。
• Both princes are listed in later genealogies as being descendants of Oguranomiya, but there is no evidence for this in historical records of the day.

• 特定の権門が独占的に徴税権を得る荘園が、時代の節目ごとに段階的に増加した。
• Shoen (manor in medieval Japan), where particular influential families exclusively obtained the power to levy taxes, increased gradually in accordance with each milestone of the time.

• 平安時代、連歌のもととなった歌合が、天皇の御所などでも盛んに催されていた。
• Utaawase which became the origin of renga were actively held at places such as emperor's palace during the Heian period.

• また雲但伊達氏や駿河伊達氏は足利方であった事がこの時代の各史料に見て取れる。
• According to historical records written in this period, the 雲但 Date clan and the Suruga Date clan were taking the side of the Ashikaga clan.

• 平安時代中期には吉冨荘とともに亀岡市域は清和源氏の領地であったと考えられる。
• The Kameoka area and the Yoshitomi-sho is believed to have been the domain of the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) in the mid Heian period.

• 平野七名家の筆頭で、戦国時代の自治都市「平野区」の執政を勤めた由緒ある家柄。
• The Sueyoshi clan was the highest rank of the Hirano Shichimyo families with a long history, which was engaged in the administration of an autonomous city 'Hirano district' in the Warring States period.

• 奥州屈指の大豪族で、伊達政宗の正室を出し、江戸時代も名望大名家として続いた。
• The Tamura clan was a leading Daigozoku (large local ruling family) in Oshu (northern Honshu); one of its members became the lawful wife of Masamune DATE, and the clan continued to flourish as a famous Daimyo family (feudal lord family) during the Edo period.

• 室町時代に入ると『平家物語』が完成し、今日まで広く愛される軍記物語となった。
• The Muromachi period saw the completion of the 'Heike Monogatari' (The Tale of the Heike), an epic account of the Genpei War that has been widely read up to this day.

• 南北朝時代_(日本)の山科教言以後、代々内蔵頭を輩出して朝廷財政を運営した。
• From the time of Noritoki YAMASHINA in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the family produced kuranokami, heads of kuraryo (a kind of finance ministry in the Ritsuryo system), for generations and managed the finances of the Imperial Court.

• 忠吉時代の居城は清須にあり重直の屋敷跡周辺は今も清須市清洲町字大道寺という。
• When Shigenao served Tadayoshi, he lived in the castle in Kiyosu, and in the vicinity of the site of his residence is still called Aza Daidoji, Kiyosu-machi, Kiyosu City, Aichi Prefecture.

• 極端な例としては、南北朝時代 (日本)の中御門宗重（宗雅の曾孫）の例がある。
• An extreme example of this was Muneshige NAKAMIKADO (a grandson of Munemasa), who lived during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

• 荘園整理令（しょうえんせいりれい）は、平安時代に発布された一連の法令のこと。
• Shoen Seiri-rei is a set of acts issued during the Heian period.

• 北朝 (日本) - 日本の南北朝時代 (日本)、京都にあった持明院統の朝廷。
• 'Northern Court' refers to the Imperial Court of the Jimyoin lineage, located in Kyoto, that existed during Japan's Nanbokucho (Northern and Southern Courts) period.

• 8世紀初頭から末にかけては奈良時代と呼ばれ、奈良に都城（平城京）が置かれた。
• The early eighth century is called the Nara period, because the capital (Heijo-kyo capital) was placed in Nara.

• 14世紀頃から16世紀頃までは室町時代と呼ばれ、京都の室町に幕府が置かれた。
• The era from the 14th century to the 16th century is called the Muromachi period, and the bakufu was placed in Muromachi of Kyoto.

• 鎌倉時代中期から酒屋が商業として登場するが、鎌倉幕府によって禁じられていた。
• Sake brewing started as a business in the middle of the Kamakura period, but dealing sake had been banned by the Kamakura bakufu.

• 熊本藩では江戸時代を通じて百姓一揆等が殆ど見られず農民は豊かであったとされる。
• It is believed that those peasants were wealthy in the Kumamoto Domain, and almost no peasants' revolt happened throughout the Edo period.

• 幕府が「将軍を頂点とする中央政府」を意味するようになったのは江戸時代中頃から。
• Bakufu started to mean 'the feudal government headed by a shogun' from around the mid-Edo period.

• これが基となって朝廷に縁を持ち、南北朝時代には光厳天皇が山国郷に一寺を開いた。
• This brought about a relationship between the area and the imperial court, leading to the founding of a temple in Yamaguni-go by Emperor Kogon.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)に於いては南朝方の後醍醐天皇に味方し、新田義貞軍に組した。
• In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, they took sides with Emperor Godaigo of the Southern Court, and jointed the army of Yoshisada NITTA.

• 平安時代に教清の子の蒲生舜清が大隅国の荘園である蒲生院を拠点としたのが始まり。
• In fact, Shunsei GAMO, a son of FUJIWARA no Norikiyo, began to call himself the Gamo clan when he established his base in the Gamo-in Manor in Osumi Province.

• だが、泰重が失った信頼が回復できずに土御門家_(安倍氏)は不遇の時代を迎える。
• However, Shigenori could not regain his credibility, and thus, the TSUCHIMIKADO family (the ABE clan) fell on hard times.

• 久我家は、室町時代、足利義満の代までは源氏長者・淳和院奨学院両院別当を出した。
• The Koga family produced Genji Choja (head of the Minamoto clan) and Betto (Directors) of the Junnain and the Shogakuin until the generation of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in the Muromachi period.

• 南北朝時代_(日本)には南朝_(日本)の廷臣として活躍した四条隆資が出ている。
• In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the family produced Takasue SHIJO, who was active as a courtier of the Southern Court.

• また、江戸時代に霊元天皇の典侍となった松木宗子（敬法門院）が東山天皇を生んだ。
• During the Edo period, Muneko MATSUNOKI (Keihomonin), Emperor Reigen's naishi no suke (a court lady of the first rank), gave birth to a child who would later become Emperor Higashiyama.

• 阿倍氏系土御門家…室町時代の陰陽師安倍有世（安倍晴明の14代目の子孫）の末裔。
• The Tsuchimikado family of the Abe clan were the descendants of the Onmyoji ABE no Ariyo (the fourteenth generation descendant of ABE no Seimei) during the Muromachi period.

• 一時期中絶したが、江戸時代になって中御門資胤の子、清閑寺共房が入って相続した。
• This family was discontinued for a certain period, but, during the Edo Period, Tomofusa SEIKANJI, who was the son of Suketane NAKAMIKADO, inherited it.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)末期に日野時光の三男、准大臣日野西資国によって創設される。
• This family was founded by Sukekuni HINONISHI, Jun-daijin (Vice Minister), the third son of Tokimitsu HINO, at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

• 絵画では東山時代に画僧である明兆・如拙・周文らを経て雪舟が水墨画を完成させる。
• In terms of painting, the Higashiyama period saw the emergence of Sesshu, who surpassed monk-painters like Mincho, Josetsu, and Shubun and perfected the art of ink painting.

• 円融は、のちの鎌倉時代の花園や後醍醐と同様の“中継ぎ”の天皇とされたのである。
• Enyu was an 'interim' Emperor, similar to Hanazono and Godaigo in the later Kamakura period.

• 室町時代になると惣の発達により、徳政令を求める土一揆、徳政一揆などが頻発した。
• With the spread of So (so village) in the Muromachi period, peasant uprisings and Tokusei uprisings demanding an Tokuseirei increased.

• 例えば、室町時代なら、皇族、将軍、公卿、殿上人、僧、同朋衆などがそこにはいた。
• For example, there were imperial family, Shogun, court nobles, courtier, monk, and doboshu (servants of shogun who did various duties and contributed to art) during the Muromachi period.

• 平安時代末期の当主多々良盛房は周防で最有力の実力者となり、周防権介に任じられた。
• A family head in the end of the Heian period, TATARA no Morifusa became the most dominant figure in Suo Province, and was appointed to Suo no Gon no suke.

• また、歴史上天皇家に対して忠節を尽くした人物の子孫もこの時代に華族となっている。
• In addition, the descendants of the persons who had been especially loyal to the Imperial family were also raised to kazoku in this period.

• その子孫である織田瑟々（津田貞秀の長女政江）は江戸時代後期の画家として知られる。
• Shitsushitsu ODA (Masae, the first daughter of Sadahide TSUDA), who was one of his descendents, was known as a painter in the late Edo period.

• その後、毛利氏に従ったが、江戸時代初めに謀反の疑いで当主の吉見広長が誅殺された。
• Later on, the Yoshimi clan had worked under the Mori clan until the family head Hironaga YOSHIMI was killed in the early Edo period for suspicion of plotting a rebellion.

• 鎌倉時代後期に後醍醐天皇が挙兵した元弘の乱では鎌倉の北条氏に従い笠置山を攻めた。
• During the Genko War, a warthat occurred near the end of the Kamakura period in which Emperor Godaigo raised an army, the clan followed the Hojo clan of Kamakura and attacked Mt. Kasagi.

• 昇殿が許された堂上家および殿上人を公家と呼ぶ慣わしは、江戸時代まで継続している。
• Such tradition to call Toshoke and tenjobito which were allowed access to the Imperial Court 'kuge' continued to the Edo period.

• 雄略天皇の時代には秦酒公（さけのきみ）が各地の秦部、秦人の統率者となったという。
• In the reign of Emperor Yuryaku, HATA no Sakenokimi became the leader of Hatanobe and Hatahito (families and followers of the Hata clan).

• その実績もあって、江戸時代の家禄は菅原氏出身の堂上家では最高の300石であった。
• Partly because of this record, the hereditary stipend in the Edo period was 300 koku, the best among the houses of Dojo descended from the Sugawara clan.

• 中原 頼季（なかはら の よりすえ、生没年不詳）は、平安時代末期の貴族・明法家。
• NAKAHARA no Yorisue (year of birth and death unknown) was a late Heian-period nobleman and legal scholar.

• 豊臣姓とは、天正時代に関白となって政権を掌握した豊臣秀吉に与えられた本姓である。
• The surname, Toyotomi, was a honsei (original name of the clan which indicate its lineage) given to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who became Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) and took control of the political power in the Tensho period.

• 江戸時代は御所周辺の公家町ではなく、梅小路に研究所も兼ねた大規模な邸宅を構えた。
• During the Edo period, the family had a grand-scale residence that also served as a research laboratory in Umekoji away from Kugemachi (court noble village) around the Imperial Palace.

• 極官は太政大臣（ただし、江戸時代の太政大臣は摂政・関白経験者に限られた）である。
• Kyokkan (the highest rank appointed) was Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister) (however, Daijo-daijin during the Edo Period was limited to those who experienced Sessho (regent) or Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor).

• 二つの朝廷が対立する南北朝時代 (日本)は1392年まで続き、北朝に統一された。
• The period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), during which two courts simultaneously existed, lasted until 1392, whereupon the Southern Court was unified into the Northern Court.

• 除目（じもく、じょもく）とは、平安時代中期以降、京官、外官の諸官を任命すること。
• Jimoku (aka Jomoku) refers to a ceremony to appoint officials of kyokan (an official of the Capital) and gekan (a provincial official) after the mid Heian period.

• 中世については、中世通じての社会経済体制であった荘園公領制が時代の指標とされる。
• Concerning the medieval period, it is said that the shoen koryo sei, which existed as the social and economical system throughout the medieval period, provides an index for specifying the period.

• そして、国際的地位を確保していく中で日本統治時代 (台湾)や韓国併合を行なった。
• Then, acquiring an international position, Japan ruled Taiwan and annexed Korea.

• この時代の社会原則は自力救済であり、各階層内において連帯の動き＝一揆が浸透した。
• A social principle in this era was self-help, and the move to unite, or ikki (uprising), in each social class prevailed.

• 酒呑鈴木氏などの諸家はその後も徳川氏に従い、江戸時代に至って江戸幕府の旗本となる。
• The Sachinomi Suzuki clan and others continued following the Tokugawa clan, and in the Edo period, they became hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu).

• 細川綱利時代に忠春の子・忠重（忠季）が計6千石を継ぎ、子孫は代々一門首座に列した。
• In the time of Tsunatoshi HOSOKAWA, Tadashige (Tadasue), the son of Tadaharu, succeeded the total of 6000 koku, and his descendant successively ranked as the head of the family.

• 安土桃山時代に豊臣秀吉によって花街が二条万里小路に移されたという（「二条柳町」）。
• The hanamachi was said to have been transferred to Nijo Madenokoji (called 'Nijo Yanagimachi') by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.

• 貞興の兄の子の伊勢貞衡が江戸時代に徳川氏に仕え、その子孫は大身の旗本として続いた。
• A child of Sadaoki, Sadahira ISE served the Tokugawa clan during the Edo period, and their offspring continued to serve as a taishin hatamoto (greater vassal and a direct retainer of the Shogun) family.

• 進氏は戦国時代に入ると尼子氏など伯耆に侵出してきた中国地方の有力者のもとに属した。
• In the Sengoku period, the Shin clan belonged to powerful clans of Chugoku region, such as the Amako clan which had advanced to Hoki.

• 鎌倉時代後半になると、得宗家は北条一門を含む他の有力御家人を圧倒するようになった。
• In the late Kamakura period, the Tokuso family came to overwhelm other gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), including the Hojo clan.

• また阿波国では足利義維の子孫が江戸時代末まで平島（平島公方）と姓を変え続いていた。
• In the Awa Province, the descendants of Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA changed their surname to Hirashima (Hirashima kubo) and continued through the end of the Edo period.

• 壬生家の家格は地下家であったが江戸時代後期に壬生知音・壬生以寧は従三位に叙された。
• The Mibu family had the status of Jige, but Chiin MIBU and Ine MIBU were promoted to the rank of Jusani (Junior Third Rank).

• その後、江戸時代初期に一族の橋本実村（公夏の曾孫）が実勝の養子の形式で家を継いだ。
• Thereafter, Sanemura HASHIMOTO (a great-grandson of Kinnatsu) restarted the family at the beginning of Edo period by becoming the adopted son of Sanekatsu.

• 更に戦国時代 (日本)の遺風を残した過酷な刑罰に対する批判も出てくるようになった。
• Furthermore, there was criticism against the harsh punishments which were left-over relics of the warring states period (Japan).

• 江戸時代は264年間に渡って続き、幕府は朝廷を禁中並公家諸法度などにより統制した。
• The Edo period lasted for 264 years and the bakufu controlled the Imperial Court based on Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles).

• そのさい、国衙領は、百姓名（みよう）が奈良時代の戸に代わって基本単位となっていた。
• At the same time, the base unit of kokugaryo (public lands) became hyakusho-myo (smaller holdings of shoen held by ordinary peasants), replacing ko (smallest social organization unit in provincial administration) used in the Nara period.

• 明治時代になって、摂政・関白は廃止され、同時に摂関政治は完全に消滅する事となった。
• In the Meiji period the posts of regent and chancellor were abandoned, and at the same time, the regency completely disappeared.

• 蝦夷の性格については、後のアイヌとの関係を中心に、江戸時代から学説が分かれている。
• There have been two different theories concerning the characteristics of the Emishi, revolving around the relationship with the Ainu since the Edo period.

• 江戸時代に徳川光圀によって、歴代皇紀（れきだいこうき）という表題が与えられている。
• Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA gave it the name Rekidaikoki in the Edo period.

• 平安遷都は、前時代の旧弊を一掃し、天皇の権威を高める目的があったと考えられている。
• It is thought that the transfer of the national capital to Kyoto was conducted in order to erase outdated thinking and concepts, and enhance the authority of the emperor.

• 光衝は治承・寿永の乱の時代の人物で、鎌倉幕府の成立にともない源頼朝の御家人になった。
• Mitsuhira lived in the period of Jisho-Juei War, and became Gokenin (a Shogunal retainer) of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, with the establishment of Kamakura bakufu (a feudal government headed by Yoritomo).

• 江戸時代に入ると、義光の後継をめぐって争いが起き、長子の最上義康の暗殺事件が起こる。
• In the Edo period, a race for successor of Yoshiaki occurred and the first son Yoshiyasu MOGAMI was assassinated.

• もともとは鴨川の州で、江戸時代初期に護岸工事で埋立てられ、新河原町通と呼ばれていた。
• The land was originally a sandbar on the Kamo-gawa River, but was reclaimed through the bank protection work in the early Edo period and was called Shinkawaramachi-dori Street.
• Its original land feature was a sandbank in the Kamo-gawa River, but, reclamation work was conducted as part of bank protection work during the early Edo period, and the place came to be called Shin-kawaramachi-dori Street.

• 明治時代になると王号を称することを止められ、白川家の当主の資訓王は子爵に叙せられた。
• The family was forced to stop using the title of prince in the Meiji period, and the then head of the family (Sukekuni-o) received the investiture of Count instead.

• しかし、勝頼期には領国の動揺を招いて宗家は滅亡し、江戸時代にはわずかに庶家が残った。
• In the era of Katsuyori, however, the head family was extinguished due to the disturbance inside the territory, and only the illegitimate branch families were in existence during the Edo period.

• 古くは江戸時代に幕府が編纂した『諸州古文書』において甲斐の古文書調査が行われている。
• In the past, investigations of the ancient documents of Kai were conducted when the Edo bakufu compiled 'Shoshu Komonjo' as well.

• 初代・民部卿・倉橋泰吉以降、代々陰陽道を業とし、江戸時代の石高は、150石であった。
• After the first family head, Minbukyo (Minister of Popular Affairs) Yasuyoshi KURAHASHI, Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) was their family business for generations, and they also had 150 koku crop yields during the Edo period.

• 江戸時代前期の寛永年間に、右大臣三条西実条の次男武者小路公種を始祖として創立された。
• This family was founded during the Kanei era during the first half of the Edo period with Kimitane MUSHANOKOJI as the originator, who is the second son of Saneeda SANJONISHI, the Minister of the Right.

• 江戸時代初期に家康の命令で完全に京都に戻り、征夷大将軍宣下の儀式時には祈祷を行った。
• During the early Edo period, the family returned to Kyoto as ordered by Ieyasu to perform prayers at a ceremony where the emperor gave Ieyasu the title of Seii-taishogun.

• 江戸時代後期の当主園基衡（園基持）は華道に精進し、「活花手引」を著した事で知られる。
• Motohira SONO (Motomochi SONO)the family head during the latter part of the Edo period devoted himself to kado (flower arrangement) and he is known for his book 'Ikebana Tebiki' (literally, guide on flower arrangement).

• 吹上大宮御所（昭和天皇時代の御所で、その後、香淳皇后の大宮御所として利用されていた）
• Fukiage Omiya Gosho (the palace was originally the Gosho for the Emperor Showa, and was later used as Omiya Gosho, or Gosho for empresses, for Empress Kojun.)

• 茶の湯・能楽・書院造など今日、文化の原型と考えられているものがこの時代に確立された。
• Many aspects of Japanese culture today considered iconic of Japan, including the tea ceremony, Noh theater, and shoinzukuri (a traditional Japanese architectural style) were created during this period.

• 官庁内部の慣習法は例または行事という言葉で奈良時代からすでに法的に認められてはいた。
• Common law inside the ministries was already accepted as law, since the Nara period, through terms like rei and gyoji.

• 信濃小笠原氏が武家故実に関わるのは小笠原長時、小笠原貞慶父子の時代になってからである。
• It was in the period of Nagatoki OGASAWARA and his son Sadayoshi that the Shinano OGAWARA clan was involved in Buke-kojitsu (Regulations governing the customs of the buke class).

• 和泉上守護家の藤孝の子・忠興が戦国時代末期の当主細川輝経の養子となり奥州家を継承した。
• Tadaoki, the son of Fujitaka of the Shugo family of upper Izumi Province, became an adopted child to Terutsune HOSOKAWA, the family head in the end of Sengoku Period, and inherited the Oshu family.

• 江戸時代末期には長州藩から数々の優秀な志士が現れ、明治維新を成就させる原動力となった。
• Many brilliant patriots appeared from the Choshu Domain during the end of the Edo period, which became the driving force for the success of the Meiji Restoration.

• ただし当初は足利氏を称しており、斯波を名字とするのは室町時代となってからのことである。
• However, it initially called itself the Ashikaga clan and it wasn't until the Muromachi period that it started to use Shiba for its family name.

• 戦国時代末期に明智光秀が亀山城 (丹波国)と城下町を築いたことが近代亀岡の礎となった。
• The construction of Kameyama-jo Castle by Mitsuhide AKECHI at the end of the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) laid the foundation for Kameoka of modern times.

• 上記の織物産業は、鎌倉時代前半に綾織りの織り手がすでに集住していたことが知られている。
• As for the textile industry mentioned above, twill weavers were known to have already settled in Nishijin during the first half of the Kamakura period.

• 戦国時代 (日本)、蒲生茂清が登場し、肝付氏らと結んで内紛で衰退した島津氏と対抗した。
• When the power of the Shimazu clan grew weak from internal conflicts during the Sengoku period, Shigekiyo GAMO banded with the Kimotsuki clan and fought with the Shimazu clan.

• なお早雲の一族が「北条」と名乗るのは、早雲の死後の息子北条氏綱の時代以後とされている。
• It is said that the family of Soun started to call themselves 'Hojo' after Soun's death, in the period of his son Ujitsuna HOJO.

• 江戸時代後期に直弼は老中阿部正弘の死後に大老となり、将軍後継問題では南紀派を後援した。
• At the end of the Edo period, Naosuke became a Tairo after a Roju (senior councillor of the Tokugawa shogunate) Masahiro ABE's death, and as to the issue of the successor to the Shogun, he supported the Nanki group (a group supporting Yoshitomi from the Kishu-Tokugawa family).

• 平安時代以後は「安倍氏」と称して安倍晴明以後は陰陽師の家系として知られるようになった。
• From the Heian period the Abe clan was referred to as '安倍氏,' and came to be known as a family of Onmyoji (oracle) after ABE no Seimei.

• 四条家成の六男藤原実教の猶子となった中納言藤原教成を祖として平安時代末期に創設された。
• The family was established at the end of the Heian period by FUJIWARA no Norinari, the Deputy Chief of the Councilor of State, who was adopted (under yushi, an old Japanese system of adoption) by FUJIWARA no Sanenori, the sixth son of Ienari SHIJO.

• 鎌倉時代の阿野公廉の娘阿野廉子は、後醍醐天皇の寵姫で、後村上天皇の生母となり、准三宮。
• Yasuko (her name is also pronounced Kadoko) ANO, the daughter of Kinkado ANO in the Kamakura period, was favored by the Emperor Godaigo, gave birth to a son who would become the Emperor Gomurakami, and was awarded the rank of jusangu, an honorary rank for those close to Emperor, Empress Dowager, and Empress, conferred on both men and women.

• 平安時代後期の正三位修理職藤原顕季（1055年－1123年）を祖とする和歌の家である。
• The family was founded by Shosanmi-Shurishiki (officer of palace repairs at senior third rank) FUJIWARA no Akisue (1055-1123) during the late Heian period, and the family business was waka (poetry).

• 江戸時代では大宮盛季（1768年‐1835年）が正二位中納言になったのが最高位だった。
• During the Edo period, Morisue OMIYA (1768 - 1835) held the position of Chunagon (Middle Counselor) and was awarded the rank of Shonii (Senior Second Rank), which was the highest rank ever achieved by any member of the family.

• しかし、江戸時代前期に内大臣西園寺公益の次男季光（近衛府大宮季光）が大宮家を再興した。
• During the early Edo period, however, the Omiya family was revived by Suemitsu OMIYA (who was a member of the konoefu, or Inner Palace Guards), the second son of Kinmasu SAIONJI (who served as Naidaijin, or Minister of the Palace).

• 明治時代に華族に列せられ、明治17年（1884年）従三位近衛府高野保建が子爵になった。
• During the Meiji period, the family ranked as nobility; and in 1884, Yasutake TAKANO (Jusanmi -Junior Third Rank, the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) became a viscount.

• 半家（はんけ）とは鎌倉時代以降に成立した公卿の家格で堂上家の中でも最下位の家柄である。
• Hanke (a kind of family status of the Court nobles) is a classification term for the court noble class established subsequent to the Kamakura period being the lowest-ranked family in social standing among Tosho-ke (high court nobility allowed to enter the Imperial Palace).

• 鎌倉時代中期藤原資経（甘露寺資経、吉田資経）の四男、万里小路資通を祖として創設される。
• This family was founded during the middle of the Kamakura Period by Sukemichi MADENOKOJI, the fourth son of FUJIWARA no Suketsune (Suketsune KANROJI, Suketsune YOSHIDA).

• 鎌倉時代末期、太政大臣西園寺実兼の四男右大臣今出川兼季（菊亭兼季）によって創設された。
• It was founded by Kanesue IMADEGAWA (Kanesue KIKUTEI), who was Udaijin (minister of the right) and the fourth son of Sanekane SAIONJI, Daijo-daijin (grand minister of state), in the last days of the Kamakura Period.

• 公家法の時代には、法のあらゆる分野で、慣習法の体系が重要な法的意義をもつようになった。
• In the age of court noble law, the system of common law developed an important legal significance in various areas of law.

• 記録所は後醍醐の親政時代に再興し、建武政権では荘園文書の調査に加えて一般の訴訟も担当。
• The Records Office was revived by Emperor Godaigo during the era of direct Imperial rule; under the Kenmu government, in addition to examining the records for all the shoen, it was also responsible for settling general legal disputes.

• これにより既にこの時代には蝦夷の存在とその支配が進んでいた様子を確認することが出来る。
• From this Johyobun it can be confirmed that the presence of the Emishi and its rule went forward.

• 8世紀末頃から12世紀末頃までは平安時代と呼ばれ、桓武天皇の築いた平安京が都とされた。
• The era from around the end of the eighth century to around the end of twelfth century is called the Heian period, with the Heian-kyo constructed by Emperor Kanmu as the national capital.

• 室町時代には将軍の御所内にもあり、これは、大いに、政治的に、また文化的に、活用された。
• It was also within the gosho (palace) of shogun during the Muromachi period, and this was used for politics as well as cultural purposes.

• 江戸時代牛久藩主であった山口氏は、大内氏分家であり大内義弘の次男・大内持盛の系統である。
• The Yamaguchi clan, who was the lord of the Ushiku domain in the Edo period, is a branch family of the Ouchi clan, and is descended from Mochimori OUCHI, the second son of Yoshihiro OUCHI.

• 後に嘉吉の乱を起こし、応仁の乱にも深く関わるなど戦国時代_(日本)の到来の一因を作った。
• Later, it provoked the Kakitsu War and was also involved in the Onin War, in consequence, causing the arrival of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan).

• 南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると家督争いが起こり、当主・大内弘幸と叔父の鷲頭長広が抗争した。
• In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), a succession dispute arose, and the family head, Hiroyuki OUCHI conflicted with his uncle, Nagahiro WASHIZU.

• 平安時代後期の仁平2年（1152年）に発給された在庁下文に、多々良氏3名が署名している。
• Three people in the Tatara clan subscribed their names in a Zaicho kudashibumi (a letter issued by Zaicho) issued in 1152.

• 舞鶴線は日露戦争を控え着工を急ぐ必要から私設鉄道全盛の時代にも関わらず官営で建設された。
• Maizuru Line was constructed by the Government where railway lines were generally constructed privately at the time, due to the needs to hasten completion because of the coming Russo-Japanese War.

• 江戸時代になると六条付近にうつされて「六条三筋町」と称され、吉野太夫等の名妓が輩出した。
• In the Edo period, it was transferred to the area near Rokujo and was referred to as 'Rokujo Misujimachi,' having produced renowned geisha such as Yoshino-dayu (Geisha Yoshino with the honorary suffix 'dayu' for geisha or courtesans added).

• 初代・権大納言・芝山宣豊以降、代々歌道を業とし、江戸時代の石高は、蔵米100石であった。
• After the first family head, Gon Dainagon (provisional major counselor) Nobutoyo SHIBAYAMA, waka poetry had been their family business for generations, and they also had 100 koku crop yields of rice during the Edo period.

• この内、源信 (公卿)・源常・源融は左大臣となり、平安時代初期に朝廷の一大勢力をなした。
• Among them, MINAMOTO no Makoto (noble), MINAMOTO no Tokiwa and MINAMOTO no Toru became Sadaijin, Minister of the Left and formed a big power of the Imperial court at the beginning of the Heian period.

• 室町時代には春日仲興・春日仲重と二代続けて従三位に昇り公卿を輩出するが、二度に亘り断絶。
• During the Muromachi period, the family turned out great numbers of noblemen, and notably Nakaoki KASUGA and Nakashige KASUGA, representing two generations in a row, ascended as far as the junior third rank at court, but these two generations having passed, the family line died out.

• 戦国時代 (日本)の綾小路俊量（正二位・中納言）（1451年 - 1518年）以降中絶。
• The family ended after Toshikazu AYANOKOJI (Shonii, Chunagon) (1451 - 1518) from the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan).

• 江戸時代中期、学僧でもあり華道家でもあった是心軒一露により華道・松月堂古流が創流される。
• In the mid-Edo period, Ichiro ZESHINKEN, the scholar monk as well as flower arrangement master, founded the old school of Syogetsudo of flower arrangement.

• 平安時代末期摂政関白藤原師実の子藤原経実（1068年-1131年）を祖として創立された。
• It was founded during the last days of the Heian Period by FUJIWARA no Tsunezane (1068-1131), who was a son of FUJIWARA no Morozane, Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), as the founder.

• 降って室町時代に一条兼良は『令抄』を著したが、これも古来の注釈を摘記したものにすぎない。
• Then in the Muromachi period, Kaneyoshi ICHIJO authored the 'Ryosho,' but this also was simply a summary of ancient commentaries.

• 網野善彦は職能民など非農民層に着目し、南北朝時代が日本史の転換期にあたると主張している。
• Yoshihiko AMINO focused on people with occupations other than farmers and suggested that the Nanbokucho period was a transitional time in Japanese history.

• なお、近年の日本史学界においては戦国時代_(日本)の始期をこの事件に求める有力説がある。
• In recent years, in the field of Japanese history there is an influential theory that regards this incident as the beginning of the Sengoku period (period of warring states).

• 鎌倉時代は北条氏の被官的存在だったが、希望より六代後の希世・希秀兄弟が後醍醐天皇に仕えた。
• The Kira clan was hikan (low-level bureaucrat) to serve the Gohojo clan during the Kamakura period, but Mareyoshi and Marehide, who were the brothers of the sixth generation after Maremochi, served the Emperor Godaigo.

• ヤマト王権が勢力圏を拡大すると、奈良時代に丹国は分割され、舞鶴は丹後国加佐郡に入れられた。
• As the Yamato Dynasty expanded its territory, Ninokuni was divided during the Nara Period, causing Maizuru to be incorporated into Kasa-gun, Tango Province.

• 中世には足利氏の一族である一色氏が入封、一時期を除いて室町時代を通じて丹後一国を支配した。
• In the middle ages, the Isshiki clan (a branch of the Ashikaga clan) entered the territory, after which they governed the entire Tango Province throughout almost all of the Muromachi period.

• そして神職における吉田家の優位は江戸時代になって寛文5年諸社禰宜神主法度の制定で確定する。
• During Edo period, predominance of the Yoshida family in Shinto priesthood was settled by the establishment of the shosha neki kannushi hatto (ordinances for shrine priests) in 1665.

• 平安時代の927年（延長5年）に完成した延喜式によると、官営による4つの勅旨牧が置かれた。
• According to the Engishiki, which was completed in 927 during the Heian period, four government-run farms, or Chokushi-maki (勅旨牧), were built.

• 江戸時代から松島（現在の宮城県）、宮島（現在の広島県）とともに日本三景の一つに数えられた。
• Since the Edo period it has been counted as one of Japan's three scenic views, along with Matsushima (current Miyagi Prefecture) and Miyajima (current Hiroshima Prefecture).

• また、古くからある家は旧家、安土桃山時代以降に分家し新たに創設された家は、新家と呼ばれた。
• Besides, a family dated back generations ago was called kyuka (old family), and those which moved out and set up a new branch family after the Azuchi-Momoyama period were called shinke (newly founded family).

• 隆季の子四条隆房は鎌倉時代初頭に正二位、権大納言にまで至り、公卿家としての家格を確立した。
• Takafusa SHIJO, the son of Takasue, was promoted to Junior Chief of the Councilor of State, shonii (Senior Second Rank), at the beginning of the Kamakura period, and established the family status of Kugyo (which means 'court nobility').

• 安土桃山時代の高辻長雅（正二位・大納言・式部省）（1515年－1580年）の代で中絶する。
• The family line ended with the generation of Nagamasa TAKATSUJI (Shonii - Senior Second Rank), Dainagon, Shikibusho) (1515 - 1580) during the Azuchi-Momoyama period.

• 江戸時代には、滋野井公澄・滋野井実全・滋野井公麗と3代にわたって有職故実の大家を輩出する。
• During the Edo Period, three leading figures of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) in successive generations, Kinzumi SHIGENOI, Sanemasa SHIGENOI and Kinkazu SHIGENOI, were produced.

• 室町将軍家をはじめとする足利氏が政権を掌握していた時期であることから足利時代とも呼ばれる。
• The period is sometimes also called the Ashikaga period, so named because during this period it was the Ashikaga clan--the most powerful Muromachi shogunal family--who held the reins of power.

• 寛平の治（かんぴょうのち）は、平安時代中期（9世紀後期）の宇多天皇の治世を理想視した呼称。
• Kanpyo no chi is the name of the rule by Emperor Uda in the mid-Heian Period (late 9th century) which was largely regarded as ideal.

• 桓武（781年～806年）以下数代においては、天皇が直接に政治を行う天皇親政の時代だった。
• Emperor Kanmu (from 781 to 806) and several later generations conducted Tenno shinsei (direct rule by emperors).

• 平清盛の時代に平氏政権の中心となるが、後に清盛は洛中に「西八条邸」を造営して拠点を移した。
• In the days of TAIRA no Kiyomori, Rokuhara became the center of the Taira clan government, however, Kiyomori later constructed his 'Nishihachijo residence' in central Kyoto and moved his base to this residence.

• その後の観応の擾乱では、南朝側に与して足利直冬に従ったが、足利義詮時代には幕府側に帰参した。
• Subsequently, Tokiuji supported the Southern Court and obeyed Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA in the Kanno War; however, in the era of Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, the Yamana clan returned to the side of the bakufu.

• 西港は田辺城 (丹後国)の城下町として発展してきたため、江戸時代より商港として発展してきた。
• The West Port, located in and developed as a castle town of the Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province), and has been developed as a commercial port since the Edo period.

• 南蛮貿易や朱印状貿易、伏見銀座の運営にかかわり、江戸時代は徳川幕府の代官職を務めるなどした。
• The Sueyoshi clan was involved in trading with Spain and Portugal, trading with foreign countries which had a shogunal license called Syuinjo, and operating Fushimi Ginza (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver), and served as a local governor of Tokugawa Bakufu during the Edo period.

• 江戸時代にいたり、大納言岩倉具堯の四男大納言千種有能が、分家して千種を称して家名を再興した。
• At the early times of the Edo period, Ariyoshi CHIGUSA, the Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and the fourth son of Tomotaka IWAKURA, branched off his family and restored the Chigusa family by calling himself Chigusa.

• 平安末期から鎌倉時代にかけて公家の家格が固定化され、家柄によって昇進できる官職が限定された。
• Between the late Heian period and the Kamakura period, kakaku of the kuge was fixed and the government posts one could attain were restricted depending on one's lineage and pedigree.

• これは明治時代の地租改正までに至る福知山藩の土地制度の基礎となったため、松平検地と呼ばれた。
• This formed the basis for the land system of the Fukuchiyama Domain untill the land-tax reform came into force in the Meiji period, and was called Matsudaira's Kenchi (the land survey).

• 家格は半家 (公家)（詳細は祖先にあたる阿倍氏土御門家（室町～明治時代）の項目で解説する）。
• The social standing of the Tsuchimikado family was hange (kuge), kuge of lower rank (and the details have been discussed under the Tsuchimikado Family of the Abe Clan (Muromachi Period to Meiji Period), the ancestors of the Tsuchimikado family).

• 戦国時代 (日本)末期、一時期中絶したが、後に勧修寺晴豊の三男、坊城俊昌が入って再興された。
• During the last stages of the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), this family was discontinued for a certain period, but it was reestablished by adopting the third son of Haretoyo KAJUJI, Toshimasa BOJO.

• 鎌倉時代には、公家社会一般で分家を次々に創出させる傾向が見られたことにも留意する必要がある。
• It is also necessary to note that in the Kamakura period, the Imperial court society in general had a tendency to produce branch families.

• 鎌倉時代に皇統は後深草系統の持明院統と亀山系統の大覚寺統のふたつに分裂する両統迭立が起こる。
• The Kamakura period saw the Imperial line split into two, the Jimyoin line of Emperor Gofukasa's lineage, and the Daikakuji line of Emperor Kameyama's lineage, and this situation is called 'Ryoto Tetsuritsu.'

• だが、南朝の後胤を擁する後南朝勢力は室町時代を通じて出現し、反幕府勢力とも関係して活動する。
• However, Gonancho forces that supported descendants of the Southern Court appeared throughout the Muromachi period and associated with anti-bakufu forces.

• 江戸時代は文化の担い手が庶民にまで拡がり、歌舞伎、俳諧、浮世絵、お陰参りなどが盛んになった。
• During the Edo period, the general public as well came to participate in cultural activities actively, and Kabuki, Haikai (seventeen-syllable verses), Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and Okage mairi (a pilgrimage to the Ise Shrine) became popular.

• 6世紀後半から8世紀初頭までは、ヤマト王権の本拠が飛鳥に置かれたことから飛鳥時代と呼ばれる。
• The era from the latter half of the sixth century to the early eighth century is called the Asuka period, because the core site of the Yamato sovereignty was placed in Asuka.

• 12世紀末頃から14世紀頃までは鎌倉時代と呼ばれ、中央の公家政権と関東の武家政権が並立した。
• The eighth century is called the Kamakura period, and the Kuge (court nobles) government in Kyoto and the military government in Kamakura coexisted during this era.

• 明治時代に至り、公爵毛利元徳の子・四郎が小早川家を再興し、華族に列して男爵の爵位を授けられた。
• In the Meiji period, the son of Prince Motonori MORI, Shiro restored the Kobayakawa family and was in the peerage to become a Baron.

• 鎌倉時代になると、大内一族は周防の国衙在庁を完全に支配下に置き、実質的な周防の支配者となった。
• In the Kamakura period, the Ouchi family completely subjected the local officials of kokuga zaicho (provincial government offices) in Suo Province to its rule, and became a substantial ruler of Suo Province.

• 十三氏は、鎌倉時代も残り、十三秀直の代の（寛喜元年）1229年に安東氏に滅ぼされるまで続いた。
• The Tosa clan remained there during the Kamakura period until they were defeated by the Ando clan in 1229, at which point Hidenao TOSA was the head of the Tosa clan.

• 中央政権の支配も関東以南ほど強くは及んでいなかったが律令制の時代には陸奥国と出羽国が置かれた。
• Although the central government had less control there than in the south of the Kanto region, it set up Mutsu and Dewa Provinces in the area during the era ruled under the ritsuryo system.

• 楠木氏（くすのきし）は、河内国の豪族で、南北朝時代_(日本)に活躍した南朝 (日本)方の武家。
• The Kusunoki clan was Gozoku, a local ruling family of the Kawachi Province, and a samurai family of the Southern Court of Japan.

• 藩祖は九鬼隆季で、戦国時代 (日本)に織田信長に仕えて名を馳せた水軍の将・九鬼嘉隆の孫である。
• The founder of the domain was Takasue KUKI, the grandson of Yoshitaka KUKI who was a general in the navy under Nobunaga ODA and achieved prominence in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).

• 武士階級が天皇・貴族階級と分離し新たな支配体制を求めて幕府を開き、封建政治を始めた時代である。
• As the warrior class separated from the Emperor and the aristocratic class and became a distinct entity in itself, it created the bakufu out of its search for a new method of government; this ushered in the age of feudal government in Japan.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)、後醍醐天皇らが鎌倉幕府を滅ぼして建武の新政を開始し、武家政権は中断する。
• In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, Emperor Godaigo and his people destroyed the Kamakura bakufu and started the Kenmu Restoration, and thus the military government was discontinued.

• 茨木童子（いばらきどうじ）は、平安時代に大江山を本拠に京都を荒らし回ったとされる「鬼」の一人。
• Ibaraki Doji was a Heian-period oni (a mythical creature resembling a demon or ogre) who supposedly went on a rampage in Kyoto from his lair on Mt. Oe.

• また通政は、戦国時代にその所領の維持を図ったのだが、出雲国の尼子晴久の圧迫を受け伊予国へ逃れた。
• Also, Michimasa intended to maintain their shoryo in the Sengoku Period, but fled to Iyo Province, as he was oppressed by Haruhisa AMAGO of Izumo Province.

• 15世紀に「だて」という読み方が畿内で登場し、江戸時代を通じて「いだて」と「だて」が混用された。
• In the 15th century, a reading of 'Date' was first introduced in the Kinai region, and since then, both 'Idate' and 'Date' were used to refer to the same kanji characters throughout the Edo Period.

• 鎌倉時代に入ると多数の守護や地頭が送り込まれたために、その荘園もやがて彼らの物に変わっていった。
• In the Kamakura period, the owner of such manors were changed to Shugo (military commander and administrator) or Jito (manager and lord of manor) because a great number of people assigned as Shugo and Jito were dispatched.

• 南部の桑田郡は国分寺・国分尼寺が建立され、奈良時代には丹波国の中心地となっていたことが知られる。
• A provincial monastery and nunnery were built in Kuwata-gun in the south, and it is known that Kuwata-gun became the center of Tanba Province during the Nara period.

• また明治維新の際には時代祭行列で知られる山国隊が当地の農民により編成され、官軍に参加し活躍した。
• Also Yamaguni-tai, which is now famous for its Jidai Matsuri Parade, was formed by local farmers to participate in the imperial army and played an active role in the Meiji Restoration.

• 測量技術が発達し湖の形が琵琶に似ていることが判った江戸時代中期以降、琵琶湖という名称が定着した。
• After the middle of the Edo period, when land-surveying techniques were developed and the shape of the lake turned out to look like a Japanese lute, the name of the lake became widely known as Lake Biwa.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)の公卿、北畠顕家は船越御所と称され、子孫一門は戸木御所、袰綿御所と称された。
• Akiie KITABATAKE, a high noble in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), was referred to as Funakoshi Gosho, and his descendants were called Heki Gosho or Horowata Gosho.

• このため、真里谷氏は信保の時代に全盛期を迎えたが、小弓公方とは真里谷氏の傀儡政権でしかなかった。
• The Mariya clan subsequently reached its prime in the era of Nobuyasu, but Oyumi-kubo was just a puppet regime of the Mariya clan at the time.

• 信玄期以前においても『吾妻鏡』の史料批判による鎌倉時代の研究や、南北朝・室町期の研究も行われた。
• The study was conducted on the pre-Shingen era based upon the criticism of 'Azuma Kagami' as well as on the Northern and Southern period and the Muromachi period.

• 南北朝時代に10代武田信武が足利尊氏に属して戦功を上げた結果、甲斐国と安芸国の守護に任命された。
• The clan was appointed to the shugo of both Kai Province and Aki Province during the Northern and Southern Court period after the tenth head Nobutake Takeda achieved distinguished war service under Takauji ASHIKAGA.

• 鎌倉時代初期に小槻隆職子孫の壬生家壬生家（小槻姓）と小槻広房子孫の大宮家大宮家（小槻氏）に分裂。
• In the early Kamakura period, the clan split into the Mibu family, the descendants of OZUKI no Takamoto, and the Omiya family, the descendants of OZUKI no Hirofusa.

• その子孫からは多数の堂上家を輩出し、室町時代に足利氏に奪われるまで源氏長者は師房一族が独占した。
• The descendants produced many members of the Tosho-ke and the members of Morofusa monopolized the Genji choja (head of the Minamoto clan) before Asikaga came in power in the Muromachi period.

• それでも、外戚となったことで家領は江戸時代初期の191石余から幕末には341石余に増加している。
• Despite this, however, the family's hereditary stipend increased from 191 koku to 341 koku throughout the course of the Edo period due to the family having become maternal relatives of the emperor.

• 室町時代の清原業忠（正三位・大蔵卿・少納言）（1409年-1467年）は清原氏初の公卿になった。
• Naritada KIYOHARA (Shosanmi - Senior Third Rank), Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury), Shonagon (1409 - 1467) from the Muromachi period became the first kugyo (court noble) from the Kiyohara clan.

• 安和の変（あんなのへん）は平安時代の969年（安和2年）に起きた藤原氏による他氏排斥事件である。
• The Anna Incident was a case of ostracism caused by the Fujiwara clan against other clans that occurred during the Heian period in 969.

• 鎌倉時代後期には、鎌倉幕府は北条氏得宗家による執政体制にあり、内管領の長崎氏が勢力を持っていた。
• In the latter days of the Kamakura period, the government of the Kamakura bakufu was controlled in all but name by the tokuso (head) of the Hojo family; the naikanrei (inner administrator) Nagasaki clan held power at that time.

• これにより、人々の文化や生活に大きな変化が生じ、南西諸島を除いて、次の縄文時代へ移行していった。
• Consequently, the life and culture of the people living in the Japanese islands changed drastically, leading to the beginning of the Jomon period, except for the small islands in the southeast of the main islands of Japan.

• 常照愚草（じょうしょうぐそう）は、戦国時代 (日本)初期の山城国守護職・伊勢貞陸による有職故実。
• Jisho-guso is a Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) written by Sadamichi ISE, the military governor of Yamashiro Province in the early Sengoku Period (the Period of Warring States) in Japan.

• 伝統的権威を求心力とした時代、その重要な要素である血縁や格式が武士の心理において大きく作用した。
• Because it was an age when traditional authority was used as a centripetal force, blood relations and the social standing which were the important elements of traditional authority significantly acted on the psychology of the warriors.

• 初期の会所とよばれた空間は建物の一部だったが、室町時代に独立して、特定の建物に会所の名がついた。
• Spaces called Kaisho in the beginning were part of the architecture, became independent during the Muromachi period and specific buildings became known as Kaisho.

• そして、上洛し、都にあって天下に号令したことから、戦国時代初の天下人といわれ、三好政権を模索した。
• And as he went up to Kyoto and declared his supreme power over Japan, he was called the first tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country) and tried to establish the Miyoshi administration.

• 出羽国米沢藩の上杉鷹山や紀伊国紀州藩の徳川治貞（紀州の麒麟）とともに江戸時代中期の三名君とされる。
• He is counted as the three wise rulers in the middle of the Edo period along with Yozan UESUGI of Yonezawa Domain, Dewa Province and Harusada TOKUGAWA (Kirin [a mythical Chinese animal] of Kii) of the Kishu Domain, Kii Province.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱では、足利将軍家の一門として、北朝 (日本)・室町幕府方として活躍した。
• At the disturbance in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Hosokawa clan actively involved as a family of the Ashikaga Shogunal family, and took the side of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) of the Northern Court (Japan).

• 戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、塩見頼氏は子の塩見信房に横山城を譲り、彼が福知山を統治するようになる。
• During the Sengoku Period, Nobufusa SHIOMI, son of Yoriuji SHIOMI, took over the Yokoyama-jo Castle from his father, and ruled Fukuchiyama.

• 江戸時代初期に八坂神社の門前で水茶屋を営業したのが始まりで以後、花街として発展し正式に許可された。
• Gion Kobu started with the opening of a tea house in front of the gate of the Yasaka-jinja Shrine in the beginning of the Edo period; thereafter, Gion Kobu flourished as a hanamachi and received official approval.

• 楠木氏の一族ではあるが、室町時代に河内守護であった畠山氏に降伏し、その家臣となり、本領安堵された。
• They were originally part of the Kusunoki clan, but after surrendering to the Hatayama clan, whose leader was the Shugo (military governor) for Kawachi Province, they became vassals of the Hatayama clan and were allowed to keep their main domain as their fiefdom.

• 江戸時代を通じて豊臣朝臣を本姓とし続けた大名家は、秀吉の正室・高台院の実家である木下氏だけである。
• The Kinoshita clan was the family home of Kodai-in, the lawful wife of Hideyoshi, and among the daimyo families, this was the only clan which maintained the TOYOTOMI no Ason as its honsei (original name) through the Edo period.

• 『言継卿記』は、戦国時代の京都を中心とする畿内の情勢を知る上で必要不可欠な一級史料として知られる。
• 'Tokitsugu-kyoki' (Tokitsugu journal) is well known as a primary source indispensable to understanding the situation of territories in the vicinity of the capital and under direct imperial rule in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).

• 平安時代には多くが惟宗氏を称するようになったが、秦氏を名乗る家系（楽家の東儀家など）も多く残った。
• Although the majority of the Hata clan branches called themselves the Koremune clan in the Heian period, there remained a number of branches, including the Togi family of Gaku ke (a family which served the Emperor as court musicians), which claimed descent from the Hata clan.

• 鎌倉時代の終わりまで、「吉田家」を称していたが、権中納言・吉田藤長の頃から「甘露寺」を家名とした。
• Although they were called the 'Yoshida family' until the end of the Kamakura period, 'Kanroji' became their family name from the time of a Gon Chunagon (Provisional Middle Counselor) Fujinaga YOSHIDA.

• 水戸徳川家の歴代当主は比較的短命・無子の者が少なく、江戸時代の後半には他家に養子に出した例が多い。
• Relatively speaking, the successive family heads of the Mito Tokugawa family lived a long life and were blessed with children, so many sons from the family were adopted into other families during the late half of the Edo period.

• 戦国時代 (日本)、室町幕府や守護は国内統治権を失い、新たに台頭した戦国大名が多くの国を支配した。
• In the Sengoku Period, the Muromachi bakufu and shugo lost their authorities to rule the nation and daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku period, who newly came to the forefront, ruled many countries.

• 11世紀中後期から12世紀初期にかけて成立し、院政期を通じて発展し、鎌倉時代前後に最盛期を迎えた。
• The Shoen-Koryo system was established in the mid to late 11th century and continued through until the early 12th century, so it was developed through the period of the Cloister government, and peaked around the Kamakura period.

• 南北朝時代_(日本)にも継承されたが、院政の機能が室町幕府に吸収された14世紀末期には形骸化した。
• Although it was still held in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, hyojohajime of Insei became only a name at the end of the 14th century when the Muromachi bakufu took over the government function of Insei.

• 京都市におかれた平安京が、鎌倉幕府が成立するまで政治上の唯一の中心だったことから平安時代と称する。
• The period is named so due to the fact that Heian-Kyo in Kyoto City was the only political center before the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu.

• 慶長8年（1603年）から慶応3年（1867年）までは江戸時代と呼ばれ、江戸に江戸幕府が置かれた。
• The era from 1603 to 1867 is called the Edo period, and the Edo bakufu was placed in Edo.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)には斯波家長、ついで斯波家兼が「奥州総大将」として奥羽での軍事指揮権を発動した。
• During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Ienaga SHIBA and then Iekane SHIBA exercised the right of military command over the Ou region as 'Supreme Commander of Oshu.'

• - 三代当主伊達義広の流れで、鎌倉時代に同国の地頭職に補任されたことにより庶流が土着したものである。
• It originally started when the third family head, Yoshihiro DATE, was appointed as jitoshiki of the Tajima Province during the Kamakura Period, and his descendants remained in the area as a branch family in the Province.

• 明治、大正、昭和33年3月15日の売春防止法施行までは遊廓であり、今でも遊廓時代の建物が残っている。
• Brothels existed through the Meiji and Taisho periods until March 15, 1958 in the Showa period when the Anti-Prostitution Law was enacted, however, some buildings from the brothel days still remain today.

• 明治、大正、1958年3月15日の売春防止法施行までは遊廓であり、今でも遊廓時代の建物が残っている。
• Throughout the Meiji period, the Taisho period and up to the enforcement of the Anti-Prostitution Law on March 15, 1958, Miyagawa-cho was labeled a yukaku (a red-light district); buildings from the yukaku era still remain intact.

• 古墳時代には竹野川流域を中心に繁栄しており、独自の王国が存在したとする説もある（丹後王国論を参照）。
• Some believe that during the Kofun period the province prospered along the Takeno-gawa River and had its own kingdom (see also 'Tango Kingdom Hypothesis').

• 後漢霊帝 (漢)の後裔と言われ、応神天皇の時代に日本に帰化した阿智王（阿智使主）を祖とすると伝わる。
• The Sakanoue clan is said to have been the descendant of Emperor Ling of the Later Han Dynasty, and the ancestor of the clan is said to have been Prince Achi (Achi no Omi), who was naturalized in Japan in the era of Emperor Ojin.

• これらの先進的な施策は功を奏し、人口は明治時代中期以降しばらく、毎年一万の増加を見せるようになった。
• With the success of these innovative measures, for a time after the middle of the Meiji period the population increased by 10,000 every year.

• 親藩（しんぱん）は、江戸時代の藩の分類の一つで、徳川家康の男系男子・子孫が始祖となっている藩を指す。
• Shinpan is one of the classifications of clans during the Edo period, that distinguished the clans forefathers as male descendants through a line of males from Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.

• 第5代藩主・朽木玄綱の時代には享保の大飢饉が原因で享保の強訴と呼ばれる騒動が起こり、藩内は混乱した。
• Under the fifth lord, Totsuna KUTSUKI, an upheaval known as Kyoho's direct petition occurred as a result of the Great Famine of Kyoho, and the domain fell into confusion.

• ただし、宗家の中御門家は室町時代の松木宗宣の代に勧修寺流の中御門家との重複を避けて松木家と改称した。
• In the generation of Munenori during the Muromachi period, the Nakamikado family (head family) was renamed the Matsunoki family to refrain from having the same family name as the family in the Kajuji line.

• 朝廷では徳川時代以前の古例を持ち出し、朱子学を正当とする定信と対抗し、朝幕間の学問的論争に発展する。
• The Imperial Court brought up an old case from before the Tokugawa Period to counter Sadanobu, who justified his opposition with Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism based on the teachings of Zhu Xi and his followers), and so this developed into a scholarly dispute between the Imperial Court and the Bakufu.

• 現存記事の大部分は蔵人頭在職時期のもので、平安時代における蔵人の活動を具体的に記述しているのが特色。
• Most of the currently existing entries in the Shunki were written when Sukefusa served as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), and they are unique in describing concrete activities of Kurodo (Chamberlain) in the Heian period.

• 無縁の空間としての伝統は、形を変えて江戸時代にも変らず、また近代まで、そこかしこに残っていたという。
• The tradition as the space of irrelevance changed its shape but stayed the same during the Edo period, and remains even to the present day.

• 秀清は関ヶ原の戦いの際に細川ガラシャの介錯を務め殉死し、秀清の子孫は江戸時代には熊本藩の家老を務めた。
• At the Battle of Sekigahara, Hidekiyo supported suicide of Gracia HOSOKAWA and committed suicide following her, and the descendants of Hidekiyo served as chief retainer of Kumamoto Domain in the Edo period.

• 平安時代末期、義清は源義仲に属し、都から追い落とした平家軍との戦である備中国水島の戦いで戦死している。
• At the end of Heian period, Yoshikiyo was affiliated with MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, and Yoshikiyo died in the Battle of Mizushima, in Bicchu Province, the battle against the Taira clan fled from the capital.

• 戦国時代 (日本)末期には戦国大名となり将軍家足利氏の弱体化に伴って関東に台頭した後北条氏と対峙した。
• In the late Sengoku period (of Japan), the Utsunomiya clan became daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and confronted the Gohojo clan emerging in the Kanto region as the shogun family, the Ashikaga clan was weakened.

• 戦国時代 (日本)には一族同士の争いの結果、一族（清洲三奉行弾正忠家）の織田信長が勢力を大きく広げた。
• As a result of inter-clan conflicts in the Sengoku period (period of warring state), Nobunaga ODA of the clan (three magistrates of Kiyosu Danjonojo family) wielded his influence greatly.

• 江戸時代には山陰街道が現在の西京区域を横断するように敷かれ、沿道の桂や樫原・大枝は宿場町として栄えた。
• In the Edo period, the Sanin-kaido Road ran across the present-day Nishikyo Ward, and Katsura and the Katagihara and Oe areas along the road prospered as the shukuba-machi (post stations).

• 東港は前述の通り、明治時代より軍港として発展してきた関係から、多くの旧日本海軍関連の遺跡を有している。
• The East port, which has been developed as a naval port since the Meiji period, has many historic sites related to the former Imperial Japanese Navy.

• 戦国時代 (日本)の西洞院時当（ときまさ）（従三位・兵衛府）（1531年 - 1566年）の代で中絶。
• The family was discontinued in the generation of Tokimasa NISHINOTOIN (Sahyoenokami (a leader of the Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards) of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank)) (1531-1566) in the Sengoku Period.

• そして遂に、第4代公方・足利持氏の時代には第6代将軍・足利義教と武力衝突（永享の乱）するまでに至った。
• In the end, during the era of the fourth Kamakura-kubo Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, the conflict resulted in an armed clash (the Eikyo War) with the sixth shogunate Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.

• その後、次男の北条時行が南北朝時代_(日本)の戦乱の中で捕らえられて処刑されたために、家系は途絶えた。
• Later, Takatoki's second son, Tokiyuki HOJO, was caught and executed during the wars that took place in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), resulting in the extinction of the family line.

• なぜならば、幽斎は歌道の達人だっただけではなく、足利義昭時代から公家とも親密な関係にあったからである。
• It was because Yusai had been not only a master of tanka poetry but also a familiar person among the court nobles since the period of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.

• この名称は江戸時代末期に儒学者斎藤拙堂によって付けられたもので、それまで名称は特に決まっていなかった。
• This name was coined by the Confucian scholar Setsudo SAITO in the final days of the Edo period; until that time, there was no established term for such activities and groups.

• 法華一揆（ほっけいっき）とは、日本の戦国時代 (日本)（1532年・天文1年）の京都における宗教一揆。
• The 'Hokke Ikki' is the religious riot which occurred in Kyoto, of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) around 1532, in Japan.

• 平安時代の末期、皇族・貴族内部の権力闘争が、保元の乱・平治の乱といった軍事衝突に発展するようになった。
• The power struggle amongst Imperial family members and the aristocracy during the later Heian period led to military conflicts such as Hogen Rebellion and Heiji Rebellion.

• 頼遠は平安時代からの発祥の地であった、それまでの土岐郡から厚見郡に新築した長森城へと本拠を移転している。
• Yorito transferred his base to Nagamori-jo castle, a new castle in Atsumi County, from Toki county, which had been the birthplace of the Toki clan since the Heian period.

• 近衛兵六衛府： 奈良時代後期に上の五衛府が改組され、左右の近衛府・兵衛府・衛門府からなる六衛府となった。
• Konoehei Rokue-fu (Six imperial guard): The upper Goe-fu (Five imperial guard) was reorganized in the later Nara period, and became Rokue-fu (Six imperial guard), each consisting of the right and left of Konoe-fu (a division of the imperial guard), Hyoe-fu (a division of the imperial guard) and Emon-fu (an order of guards to keep the gates of Heiankyo).

• お茶屋、芸舞妓の増減が激しい上七軒だが、室町時代から続く伝統を大事にしながら新しい方向へ歩みだしている。
• Recently however, the numbers of teahouses, geisha and apprentice geisha bounce, Kamishichiken has taken a new direction while respecting the long standing traditions stemming from the Muromachi period.

• 近江源氏棟梁の佐々木氏が、家を分けて六角氏・京極氏となったが、室町時代に京極氏は有力な守護大名となった。
• The Sasaki clan, the toryo (head of the clan) of the Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan), split into the Rokkaku clan and the Kyogoku clan, and in the Muromachi period, one of them, the Kyogoku clan became dominant Shugo Daimyo (provincial military governor).

• 鎌倉時代前期の源通親は内大臣となり、権勢を振るい「源博陸（はくろく・はくりく＝関白の異名）」と称された。
• MINAMOTO no Michichika, who was in power during an early part of the Kamakura period, became the Naidaijin and was called 'MINAMOTO no Hakuriku (Hakuroku)' (synonym of Kanpaku), because he wielded considerable influence.

• 安芸武田氏は5代武田信光の時代に承久の乱の戦功によって鎌倉幕府より安芸国守護に任じられたことから始まる。
• The history of the Aki-Takeda clan dates back to the time when the fifth head Nobumitsu TAKEDA was appointed to shugo of Aki Province thanks to his distinguished war service during the Jokyu War.

• 平安時代中期、藤原隆家は兄藤原伊周とともに叔父藤原道長と摂関の地位を争って敗れ、出雲国国司に左遷された。
• During the mid Heian period, FUJIWARA no Takaie, together with his elder brother FUJIWARA no Korechika, vied with FUJIWARA no Michinaga for the regent-chancellor post 'Sekkan,' but was defeated and demoted to the governor of Izumo Province.

• 江戸時代264年にわたって、日本の実質上の君主・支配者として武家社会を含む日本社会全体の頂点に君臨した。
• Over a period of 264 years during the Edo period, it topped the whole of the Japanese society, which included the samurai world, practically as the monarch and ruler of Japan.

• 鎌倉時代の六波羅奉行人の系譜をひくと思われる粟飯原清胤が、室町幕府政所執事・引付奉行として活躍している。
• Kiyotane AIHARA, who seems to be a descendant of Rokuhara bugyonin (magistrate in Rokuhara,) worked as 'Mandokoro Shitsuji' (chief of Mandokoro, the Administrative Board) and 'hikitsukebugyo' (a magistrate for court of justice) in the Muromachi bakuhu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun.)

• しかし、鎌倉時代初期の菅原為長(高辻為長)（1158年－1246年）が参議に昇進して公卿の列に加わった。
• However, SUGAWARA no Tamenaga (Tamenaga TAKATSUJI) (1158 - 1246) from the early Kamakura period was promoted to a sangi (councilor) and the family joined the rank of court nobles.

• 藤原氏系土御門家（日野家）…南北朝時代 (日本)の柳原資明（柳原家の祖）の子・土御門保光を祖とする公家。
• The Tsuchimikado family of the Fujiwara lineage (the Hino family) was a kuge founded by Yasumitsu TSUCHIMIKADO, the child of Sukeakira YANAGIWARA (the founder of the Yanagiwara family) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• 大きな特徴は、平安時代までの鎮護国家から離れた大衆の救済への志向であり、国家から自立した活動が行われた。
• One major characteristic of such reforms was the shift away from the mission to protect the state spiritually, which was Buddhism's main goal up through the Heian period, and towards the salvation of the general public, and the Buddhist clergy began taking the first steps towards a burgeoning independence from the state.

• 鎌倉時代の徳政令には、貧窮に苦しむ御家人保護の名目が強く、1297年(永仁5)の永仁の徳政令が知られる。
• Orders for Tokuseirei during the Kamakura period were mainly for protecting poor and suffering vassals, and the most commonly known order is Tokuseirei in the Einin era in 1297.

• 第二次世界大戦後も南朝が正統とされているが、歴史の実態に合わせて再び「南北朝時代」の用語が主流になった。
• The Southern Court was still officially considered the legitimate Imperial Court after the Second World War, but in harmony with the historical reality, the term 'Nanbokucho period' once again came into widespread use.
• The Southern Court is still considered to be legitimate after World War II, but the term 'Nanbokucho period' entered the mainstream again based on the actual situation of history.

• 1999年（平成11年）に国旗及び国歌に関する法律で公認される以前の明治時代から国歌として扱われてきた。
• It has been treated as Japan's National Anthem since the Meiji Period even before it was officially recognized by the Law Regarding the National Flag and Anthem in 1999.

• この時代は、農業生産力が向上するとともに、地域国家内の流通が発達し、各地に都市が急速に形成されていった。
• During this period, the power to produce agricultural products increased, then these products became circulated more actively within each regional nation, and urban areas were rapidly formed in various parts of Japan.

• これらのことは、奥羽における室町時代の旧権威衰退と奥羽における伊達氏の覇権確立を予見させるには十分過ぎた。
• These achievements of the Date clan were a more than enough evidence to foresee the declining power of the old authorities in the Ou region and the establishment of the hegemony by the Date clan in the same region during the Muromachi Period.

• 1600年（慶長5年） - 有馬豊氏により藩が設置される（城下町はこの時代において形成されたと思われる）。
• 1600: A clan was established by Toyouji ARIMA (a castle town seemed to be formed during this period).

• 南北朝時代には駿河国守護今川氏と対立していたが、やがて今川氏が遠江国の守護職を得るとその支配下に置かれる。
• During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Ii clan was in rivalry with Suruga no kuni shugo (provincial constable of Suruga Province) Imagawa clan, but eventually, the Ii clan was put under the control of the Imagawa clan after the Imagawa clan was appointed to the position of shugo of Totomi Province.

• しかし、戦国時代 (日本)における吉見氏の中で最も著名なのは頼興の子である吉見正頼・吉見広頼親子であろう。
• However, the most famous members of the clan in the Sengoku period (Japan) were the father-and-son pair, Yorioki's son Masayori YOSHIMI and Hiroyori YOSHIMI.

• 江戸時代に入って当時の安倍氏宗家の当主であった陰陽頭土御門泰重が度々の不手際による失意から辞意を表明した。
• Onmyo no kami (Director of the Onmyoryo), Yasushige TSUCHIMIKADO, the head of the Soke (head family) of the ABE clan, announced his resignation due to his disappointment in repeated mistakes in policy

• この様な執権職と得宗の関係は、同時代の朝廷における天皇と治天の君との関係に類似しているとも指摘されている。
• It has been pointed out that the relationship between the regent and the head of the Tokuso was similar to that between the emperor and the retired emperor in the Imperial Court during the same period.

• 華族への移行に当たっては、公家出身の家は公家時代の家格と代々の任官状況で華族としての地位を取り決められた。
• In the course of transition to peerage, status as peerage of kuge families was decided according to their kakaku and the record of appointments in generations while they served their governments.

• 初代・大納言梅小路定矩以降、江戸時代の石高は、蔵米50石であったが、明治に至り華族に列し子爵に叙せられた。
• After the first generation Dainagon (chief councilor of state), Sadanori UMEGAKOJI, their hereditary stipend during the Edo period was fifty koku in warehouse rice; later, during the Meiji period, the family ranked as Kazoku (nobility) and conferred upon the title of viscount.

• 紀州徳川家（きしゅうとくがわけ）は、江戸時代に紀伊国・伊勢国を治めた徳川氏の一支系で、徳川御三家のひとつ。
• The Kishu Tokugawa family was one of branches of the Tokugawa family and one of Tokugawa Gosanke (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family), which governed Kii Province and Ise province during the Edo period

• 戦国時代軍旗に「花菱」を多数描くのが煩雑なため、菱形を4つ合わせた「四つ割菱」という略紋が生まれたという。
• It is said that 'Yotsuwari-bishi' (simplified Takeda's family crest), whose pattern is a combination of four diamond shapes, was created during the Sengoku period because it was troublesome to draw 'Hanabishi' on many battle flags.

• 足利義満の保護を受けた観阿弥・世阿弥元清の親子が鎌倉時代から行われていた猿楽・田楽を能楽として大成させる。
• Kanami and his son Motokiyo ZEAMI, who both enjoyed the patronage of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, were able to take the Sarugaku (a style of comedy) and Dengaku (a musical, rhythmic ritual dancing concerned with rice) that had existed from the Kamakura period and perfect them into Noh theater.

• 京都見廻組（きょうとみまわりぐみ）は、江戸時代末期（幕末期）に幕臣によって結成された、京都治安維持の組織。
• Kyoto mimawarigumi was an organization for maintaining public order in Kyoto, which was formed by the shogun's retainers at the end of the Edo Period (end of Edo period).

• 応天門の変（おうてんもんのへん）は、平安時代前期の貞観_(日本)8年（866年）に起こった政治事件である。
• The 'Otenmon no Hen' (the Otenmon gate incident) was a political incident which happened in 866, in the early Heian period.

• これに対して平安時代後期から登場したのが、正室を母とする嫡男によって代々継承されるという後者の存在である。
• But the latter system, which came into existence in the late Heian period, let chakunan of legal wives take over as ujinochoja from generation to generation.

• しかしこれ以来山国隊は郷土の誇りとされ、山国神社の還幸祭と京都時代祭では山国隊姿の行進を見ることができる。
• But thereafter, the Yamagunitai became a source of local pride, which is why figures representing the Yamagunitai can still be seen in the processions for the Yamaguni Shrine Kankosai (festival of re-enshrinement) and in the Kyoto Jidai Matsuri (Kyoto's Festival of the Ages).

• 生駒氏の讃岐統治時代、義兼の孫三好義浄は生駒氏より政所のお墨付きを授かり、以後代々作右衛門を名乗ったという。
• During the period of the rule by Ikoma clan, Yoshikiyo MIYOSHI, the grandson of Yoshikane was given the endorsement of Administrative Board from Ikoma clan, and after that it is said that the family named Sakuemon successively.

• 戦国時代 (日本)の武将である織田信長の家臣、木下藤吉郎秀吉は戦功を上げて織田家でも有数の有力家臣となった。
• Hideyoshi Tokichiro KINOSHITA, who was the vassal of Nobunaga ODA, a busho (Japanese military commander) in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), became one of the powerful vassals in the Oda family by rendering the distinguished service in war.

• 後に仙台城を築いて岩出山城から移り、江戸時代を通じて国主の家格を維持し、仙台藩62万石の大藩として繁栄した。
• He later established the Sendai Castle and moved in from the Iwadeyama Castle, and retained a social status of kokushu (territorial lord) throughout the Edo Period, while his domain, Sendai Domain, prospered as taihan (a large scale domain) of 620,000 goku.

• 宗遠の子伊達政宗 (大膳大夫)の時代に鎌倉公方足利満兼が領土の割譲を求めると、満兼や会津の蘆名満盛と争った。
• Masamune DATE, Daizen no daibu (Master of the Palace Table) and a son of Muneto, opposed to the territorial cession demand by Mitsukane ASHIKAGA, Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region), and fought against both Mitsukane and Mitsumori ASHINA of the Aizu region.

• しかし、松本藩主時代の享保10年（1725年）に6代隼人正忠恒が江戸城中で刃傷事件を起こしたため改易となる。
• However in 1725, Hayato no kami Tadatsune, the sixth generation of this family, had a sword fight in the Edo-jo Castle, and was given the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties).

• 大宰府： 古代から律令制日本の律令制の時代にかけて、九州・壱岐・対馬を所轄し日本の外交・防衛にあたった機関。
• Dazaifu: Authority for defense and diplomacy of Japan with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima from ancient times to the period of the Ritsuryo system's (criminal, administrative and civil codes) Japan.

• 鎮守府海軍 鎮守府： 明治時代に日本の沿岸を五つの海軍区に分け、各海軍区に軍港とともに設置された海軍の拠点。
• Chinju-fu Kaigun Chinju-fu (Navy base): Naval bases located at military ports in each navel area (Japanese coast was divided into five navy areas).

• 特に大名の家は江戸時代に繁栄し、国政の中枢に座り、幕閣の老中・大坂城代・京都所司代・寺社奉行などを歴任した。
• Particularly, the Matsui clan who served as daimyo prospered during the Edo period, and took the central role in the administration of state affairs; they successively assumed various positions such as Roju (member of shogun's council of elders) of the cabinet officials of the Shogunate, Osaka Jodai (the keeper of Osaka-jo Castle), Kyoto Shoshidai (Kyoto deputy), and Jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines).

• 江戸時代に記された軍記物である『甲陽軍鑑』には晴信（信玄）晩年期・勝頼期に関して家臣団の詳細が記されている。
• Details concerning the vassals during the period from the last stage of the Harunobu (Shingen) to the Katsuyori era are seen in 'Koyo Gunkan,' a war chronicle written during the Edo period.

• 大内氏とは対立関係にあり、応仁の乱でも東軍方について参戦、以降戦国時代まで尼子氏らと組んで大内氏に対抗した。
• As the clan was in rivalry with the Ouchi clan, it sided with the eastern forces in the Onin War and continued to confront the Ouchi clan, until the Sengoku period, in alliance with the Amako clan.

• しかし、同時代史料による限り、3代信光は賀茂氏姓を名乗っており、おそらくこれが松平氏の最も古い本姓であろう。
• However, whilst limited to historical records of the day, 3rd generation Nobumitsu assumed the Kamo clan family name and perhaps, this is the oldest original surname of the Matsudaira clan.

• また、室町時代には伊勢詣や西国33ヵ所など寺社参りが流行し、応仁の乱の戦火などは各種都市の発達をもたらした。
• Moreover, during the Muromachi period the pilgrimage to the Grand Shrine at Ise, as well as the pilgrimage to the Thirty-Three Temples in Kinki with a statue of Avalokitesvara, were very much in vogue, and combined with the construction opportunities afforded by the fighting and conflagrations of the Onin War, this contributed to the growth and development of a wide variety of urban areas.

• また、以下の経過は大正時代に黒板勝美東京帝国大学教授が提唱して以来、広く信じられている潮流説に基づいている。
• Furthermore, the progress of the battle given below is based on the now widely accepted tidal theory first proposed in the Taisho period by Katsumi KUROITA, professor at Tokyo Imperial University.

• 明応の政変（めいおうのせいへん）は、室町時代の1493年（明応2年）に起こった足利征夷大将軍廃立事件である。
• The Meio Incident involved the enthronement and dethronement of the Ashikaga seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') and occurred in the Muromachi period in 1493.

• 内蔵は履中天皇の時代に遡るとも言われ、天皇家の財宝を管理する倉庫で律令施行後も中務省の一機関として存続した。
• The Uchikura is thought to have existed around the period of Emperor Richu as a storage place to manage the Emperor's family's treasures and continued to exist as an institution within the Ministry of Central Affairs even after the Ritsuryo system started.

• しかし、応仁の乱によって大きく動揺すると明応の政変を契機としてついに崩壊し、戦国時代 (日本)へと移行した。
• However, the system became shaky due to the Onin War and collapsed with Coup of Meio as the turning point, moving history into the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (in Japan).

• 宇和地方は鎌倉時代中期の西園寺公経のときに西園寺家によってほとんど横領に近い形で所領とされ、自己の荘園とした。
• The Uwajima region became the territory of the Saionji family as almost an usurpation when Kintsune SAIONJI was in the family reign in the mid Kamakura period, and claimed as its shoen (manor in medieval Japan).

• 細川という名字は鎌倉時代13世紀に三河国額田郡細川郷（現在の愛知県岡崎市細川町周辺）に土着したことに由来する。
• The surname Hosokawa originated from the fact that the family settled in Hosokawa-go, Nukata County, Mikawa Province (presently around Hosokawa-cho, Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture) in the 13th century of Kamakura period.

• 江戸時代には、慶安の変を起こした由井正雪が正虎の子という楠木正辰（楠木不伝）に軍学を学び、正辰の娘婿となった。
• During the Edo period, Shosetsu YUI, who was the catalyst of Keian Incident, learned military science from Masatatsu (or Fuden) KUSUNOKI and became the husband of his daughter.

• 戦国時代 (日本)に血統が途絶え、歌道で有名な三条西家から養子をむかえたため、以後水無瀬家も和歌の家となった。
• When the Minase family line ended during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States, 1493-1573), the family adopted a son from the Sanjonishi family, who were famous for their waka poetry; therefore, the Minase family also inherited waka poetry skills.

• 戦国時代まで甲斐武田氏の庶流にして守護代であった跡部氏は、武田氏滅亡の折、主家に叛いて後に徳川氏の家臣となる。
• When the Takeda clan was extinguished, the Atobe clan, a branch family of the Kai-Takeda clan served as shugodai until the Sengoku period, and became a vassal of the Tokugawa clan betraying the master family.

• 室町時代の高辻継長（1414年－1475年）以降は文章博士・大学寮・式部省を経て大納言を極官とするようになる。
• After Tsunenaga TAKATSUJI (1414 - 1475) during the Muromachi period, the highest appointed court position was Dainagon (chief councilor of state), after serving as monjo hakase (professor of literature) and in Daigakuryo and Shikibusho.

• 安倍氏は晴明以後も朝廷に代々公家として仕えていたが、室町時代に他の公家同様氏ではなく家名を称するようになった。
• The Abe clan continued to serve the Imperial Court as court nobles after the time of Seimei but, during the Muromachi period, they began to go by the family name instead of the clan name as was practiced by other court nobles in those days.

• 江戸時代後期の当主の中山愛親（なるちか）は、尊号一件の際に、老中松平定信と対決して正親町公明と共に処分された。
• Naruchika NAKAYAMA, who was the family head during the latter part of the Edo Period confronted Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, roju (senior councillor of the Tokugawa shogunate), on the occasion of the songo ikken (literally, incident concerning honorific title) and was punished together with Kinaki OGIMACHI.

• アイヌ文化は、前代の擦文時代を継承しつつオホーツク文化と融合し、本州の文化を摂取して生まれたと考えられている。
• It is thought that the Ainu culture was born by the fusion of the Okhotsk culture with the culture that succeeded from the previous Satsumon period, whereupon it gradually absorbed the culture in Honshu.

• 平安前期は、前代（奈良時代）からの中央集権的な律令制を、部分的な修正を加えながらも、基本的には継承していった。
• In the early Heian period, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) of centralized governance structure from the former period (the Nara period) was basically continued with partial amendments.

• 戦国時代 (日本)には後北条氏に服属を余儀なくされ、小田原の役においてともに滅亡したが、後に江戸幕府旗本となる。
• In the Warring States period (Japan), the Hitachi-Toki clan was forced to be loyal to the Gohojo clan, and their power declined along with the Gohojo clan in the Siege of Odawara, but later it became Hatamoto (direct retainer) of Edo bakufu.

• 斎藤妙椿は越前国の朝倉孝景 (7代当主)と共にこの時代に守護代が守護の力を凌いだ事例（下克上）として有名である。
• Myochin SAITO's case in this period as well as the case of Takakage ASAKURA (the 7th head of the Asakura family) in Echizen Province are famous as good examples of Gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) when the power of Shugodai (deputy provincial constable) exceeded that of Shugo (provincial constable).

• 戦国時代に入ると、伊予東部の河野氏や、土佐国の土佐一条氏、九州豊後国の大友氏の侵攻に遭って次第に衰退していった。
• However, in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the family suffered consecutive invasions by the Kono clan of the eastern Iyo Province, the Tosa-Ichijo clan of Tosa Province, the Otomo clan of Bungo Province in Kyushu, and the family's influence gradually declined.

• 室町時代の細川氏は、京兆家を中心とした同族連合体とも言うべき集団を形成することで、一族間の内訌の危険を減らした。
• In the Muromachi period, the Hosokawa clan reduced the risk of the internal discord within the family by forming a group so-called a clan alliance, centering on the Keicho family.

• 戦国時代 (日本)に入って伊達氏内部に天文の乱が起こると、最上義守は伊達氏から独立して戦国大名の道を歩み始める。
• When Tenbun no ran (Tenbun Rebellion) occurred in the Date clan in the Sengoku period (Japan), Yoshimori MOGAMI became independent of the Date clan and began to become daimyo (Japanese territorial lord).

• 室町時代に入り、室町幕府の管領家で越前国や尾張国の守護を務める大名斯波氏の被官になり、一部の者が尾張へ移住した。
• In the Muromachi period, the Oda clan became a hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of the daimyo (feudal lord), the Shiba clan which was a Kanryo family (family in the position of the shogunal deputy) of the Muromachi bakufu and which served as Shugo (Military Governor) of Echizen and Owari Provinces and some moved to Owari.

• 平安時代の末（11世紀）に秩父重綱の四男江戸重継が武蔵国江戸郷を相続し、「江戸四郎」を称したのが始まりとされる。
• The clan started when, in the 11th century, Shigetsugu EDO, the fourth son of Shigetsuna CHICHIBU, inherited Edo-go, Musashi Province and called himself 'Shiro EDO.'

• 南北朝時代 (日本)に登場した安倍有世（晴明から14代目、泰親から8代目）はついに公卿である従二位にまで達した。
• ABE no Ariyo who came in during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (he was the 14th generation from Seimei and 8th from Yasuchika) finally made it to Junii (Junior Second Rank) which was a Kugyo (the top court officials).

• 平安時代後期の藤原師実の次男花山院家忠に始まり、家名は家忠が父師実から譲り受けた邸宅花山院（東一条院）にちなむ。
• Established in the late Heian period by Ietada KAZANIN, the second son of FUJIWARA no Morozane, the family was named after the Kazanin palace (Higashi ichijo in) which Ietada inherited from his father, Morozane.

• また、戦国時代_(日本)には本願寺顕如の生母を出した事から、本願寺（一向一揆）と諸大名の仲介役を行った事がある。
• During the Warring States period (Japan), the family intermediated between the Hongan-ji Temple (Ikko-Ikki, a group of Ikko sect followers) and other feudal lords because the real mother of Kennyo HONGANJI had come from the Niwata family.

• 戦国時代の当主三条公頼は山口の戦国大名大内義隆の元に滞在中、義隆家臣の陶晴賢の反乱に巻き込まれ、殺害されている。
• While staying with Yoshitaka OUCHI, Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in Yamaguchi, the family head Kinyori SANJO, involved in the rebellion of Harukata SUE, was killed.

• 室町時代には倭寇と呼ばれる無国籍海上勢力が活動し、14世紀の倭寇は前期倭寇、15世紀の倭寇は後期倭寇と呼ばれる。
• Pirates who held no allegiance to any state, called Wako (Japanese pirates), were active during the Muromachi period; the term 'early Wako' is used to describe such pirates in the fourteenth century, while 'later Wako' refers to Wako of the fifteenth century.

• さらに世界史的には大航海時代を迎えており、ポルトガルやイスパニアなどのヨーロッパ人も東アジアで活動を広めていた。
• Moreover, this period witnessed, in terms of international history, the dawning of the age of exploration, which meant that Europeans, notably the Portuguese and the Spanish, began to be active in East Asia.

• この時代の海戦では非戦闘員の水手・梶取を射ることは戦の作法に反する行為だったが、義経はあえてその掟破りを行った。
• At this point in history, the shooting of noncombatants like navigators or oarsmen in a naval battle was considered against the etiquette of war, yet Yoshitsune dared to break this unwritten rule.

• 紫衣事件（しえじけん）とは、江戸時代初期における、江戸幕府の朝廷に対する圧迫と統制を示す朝幕間の対立事件である。
• The Shie Incident occurred in the early Edo period and was a conflict between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court that shows the oppression and control exercised by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on the Imperial Court.

• 文化の国風化（日本化）の萌芽は、奈良時代から見られていたが、平安初期は唐風文化の影に隠れるかのようになっていた。
• Although the beginnings of Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) were seen in the Nara period, it was hidden under the shadow of Tang-way culture.

• しかし、奈良時代後期（8世紀後期）ごろから、課税から逃れたい人民らの偽籍・逃亡・浮浪が次第に顕著となっていった。
• However, it became apparent that many people who wanted to escape taxation began falsifying the register, escaping and wandering about during the latter stage of the Nara period (the latter stage of the 8th century).

• 『平家納経』（へいけのうきょう）は、平安時代に平氏伊勢平氏と平家の繁栄を願い、厳島神社に奉納された経典類の総称。
• 'Heike Nokyo' is a general term representing the Buddhist scriptures donated to Itsukushima-jinja Shrine by Heike (Taira family [the same character is read Hei or Taira depending on the context]) with prayer for prosperity of the greater Taira family including Ise-Heishi.

• いわゆる四姓、本姓の一つであり、平安時代中期まで代々公卿を輩出したが、その後は橘氏公卿が絶え、以後振るわなかった。
• It is one of the so called 'Shisei' (four major family names particularly in the Heian period) and original names, and the clan had produced many Kugyo (high court nobles) for generations until the mid-Heian period, however, after that, the Tachibana clan stopped holding the position of Kugyo, and after that, the clan had lost its influence.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)、新田義貞を中心に南朝 (日本)に参加した新田一族と異なり、山名時氏は縁戚の足利尊氏に従った。
• Unlike the Nitta family who participated in the Southern Courts, Tokiuji YAMANA obeyed his relative, Takauji ASHIKAGA.

• 大野斯波氏からは斯波満種の子斯波氏種から奥田氏が分かれ、戦国期に堀氏を称するようになり江戸時代に村松藩主となった。
• As for the Ono Shiba clan, the Okuda clan was separated from Ujitane SHIBA, a child of Mitsutane SHIBA, and used the family name of the Hori clan in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), which became the lord of the Muramatsu Domain in the Edo period.

• 江戸時代には庶民に観音巡礼が広まり、関東の坂東三十三箇所や秩父三十四箇所と併せて日本百観音と言われるようになった。
• In the Edo period, the Kannon pilgrimage spread among ordinary people, and together with the Bando Sanjusankasho (Thirty-three Holy Places of Kannon in the Bando region) and the Chichibu Sanjuyonkasho (Thirty-four Holy Places of Kannon in the Chichibu area), the Saigoku Sanjusankasho came to be called the 'Nihon Hyaku Kannon' (hundred Kannon temples in Japan).

• 特に竹林は美しく、平安時代の作品『竹取物語』のモデルは長岡京市もしくは京都府八幡市のどちらかであると言われている。
• Bamboo groves are especially beautiful; the setting for 'Taketori Monogatari' (The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter) is said to have modeled either Nagaokakyo City or Yawata City, Kyoto Prefecture.

• 上記のように、一宮は元々は小野神社であったが、戦国時代 (日本)にそれまでの三宮の氷川神社が並存するようになった。
• As shown above, the Ichinomiya was originally the Ono-jinja Shrine, but during the Sengoku period (Japan) the Hikawa-jinja Shrine (the former Sannomiya) served as the Ichinomiya.

• 江戸時代になって白川家は伯家神道を称して吉田家に対抗するも、寺社法度が制定されて以降は吉田家の優位は動かなかった。
• In the Edo period, the Shirakawa family called itself 'Hakke Shinto' and competed with the Yoshida family, but after Jisha Hatto (Act governing temples and shrines) was enacted, the superiority of the Yoshida family could not be offset.

• 幕末から明治時代にかけての当主岩倉具視は、明治維新の功績によって太政大臣（首相）三条実美に次ぐ右大臣に任じられた。
• Thanks to his contribution to the Meiji Restoration, Tomomi IWAKURA, who headed the family during a transitional period from the end of the Edo period to the Meiji period, was appointed as Minister of the Right, the second highest position following Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister, today's equivalent of the prime minister) Sanetomi SANJO.

• 当時の呼称は「源」または「王」であり、「白川家」や「伯家」「白川王家」と呼ばれるのはもっと時代が下ってからである。
• At that time, however, they were called by the family name 'Minamoto' or 'O', and it was in a later era that they began to be called 'Shirakawa-ke', 'Hakke' or 'Shirakawa oke.'

• 平高棟から17世の孫にあたる南北朝時代の西洞院行時（正三位・参議）（1324年 - 1369年）を祖とする堂上家。
• The Nishinotoin was a family of dojo kuge (nobles occupying relatively high ranks) of which the founder was Yukitoki NISHINOTOIN (Sangi (councilor) of Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank)) (1324-1369) in the Northern and Southern Court period, who was 17 generations after TAIRA no Takamune.

• 大江匡衡の孫に平安時代屈指の学者であると共に河内源氏の源義家(八幡太郎義家)に兵法を教えたとされる大江匡房がいる。
• As a grandson of OE no Masahira, there was OE no Masafusa, who was one of the best acedemia in the Heian Period and reportedly taught the art of warfare to MINAMOTO no Yoshiie (Hachimantaro Yoshiie) of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan).

• 金閣は明治時代に大修理が施されており、その際に詳細な図面が作成されていたことからきわめて忠実な再現が可能となった。
• It was possible to reproduce Kinkaku-ji Temple precisely because a detailed drawing had been created when Kinkaku-ji Temple was repaired greatly in the Meiji period.

• 禁闕の変（きんけつのへん）は、室町時代の1443年（嘉吉3年）9月に京都で起こった後花園天皇内裏の襲撃事件である。
• The Kinketsu Incident was an attack on Emperor Gohanazono's Inner Court in Kyoto that occurred in September 1443 (Muromachi period).

• また、江戸時代には江戸幕府の支援で摂関家の勢力が再興されたが、あくまで名目としての存在で、実権は伴っていなかった。
• In the Edo period, the power of the regent's house was restored with the help of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), but it was only a nominal one, and not given any real power.

• 鎌倉時代には土岐氏は庶流を美濃国内に多く土着させて、家紋にちなんだ「桔梗一揆」と呼ばれる強力な武士団を形成していた。
• During the Kamakura period, the Toki clan made its branch families settle down in Mino Province, where it formed a powerful samurai group called 'Kikyo ikki' which was named after its family crest.

• 戦国時代 (日本)には、守護の細川氏が弱体化した丹波地方にはかつての細川氏の被官であった国人領主がそれぞれ割拠した。
• During the Sengoku period (Japan), local samurai lords, once high ranking officials of Hosokawa clan who was a shugo (military governor) in the area, controlled their own territories within Tanba Province after Hosokawa clan had weakened.

• 室町時代の後半になると関東公方の足利氏が衰微しており、8代松田頼秀は京都に居住していたが、将軍の命で関東に下向した。
• In the late Muromachi period, the Ashikaga clan as Kanto-kubo (Governor-general in Kanto region) declined, and the eighth head Yorihide MATSUDA, who lived in Kyoto, went to Kanto by order of the shogun.

• 葛城氏（かずらきし）は、古墳時代、大和国葛城地方（現在の奈良県御所市・葛城市）に本拠を置いていた有力な古代在地豪族。
• The Katsuraki clan was a powerful local clan who had their base in the Kazuraki region of the Yamato Province (present day Gose city and Katsuraki city, Nara Prefecture) during the Kofun period (tumulus period).

• 戦国時代_(日本)に入り、佐竹義舜が山入氏を滅ぼすことにより佐竹氏の内訌が収まり、それとともに江戸氏の北進は止まる。
• In the Sengoku Period (Warring States Period), the strife ended when Yoshikiyo SATAKE destroyed the Yamairi clan, which incident stopped the Edo clan's northward expansion.

• 「阿倍氏」がいつ頃から「安倍氏」と改めたかには諸説あるが、平安時代初期の延暦〜弘仁年間説が有力であると言われている。
• There are various theories about when '阿倍氏' was altered to '安倍氏,' but the most credible theory is that it happened during Enryaku era through Konin era, which was the early Heian period.

• その初期、古代的な天皇親政を理想とする後醍醐天皇と現状重視の尊氏を中心とした勢力が対立した（南北朝時代 (日本)）。
• In its early years, the period was characterized in particular by the conflict between Emperor Godaigo, who dreamed of reinstituting the ancient custom of direct Imperial rule, and Takauji, who placed more emphasis on preserving the status quo (this being the essence of the Northern and Southern Courts).

• 禁門の変（きんもんのへん）は、江戸時代後期の元治元年7月19日 (旧暦)（1864年8月20日）に起きた事件である。
• The Hamaguri Rebellion (kinmon no hen) occurred on August 20, 1864 (the first year of the Genji era, July 19th in the old calendar) in the final days of the Edo period.

• 覚猷（鳥羽僧正）筆と伝えられ、人々の様子をユーモラスかつ活き活きとした姿で描いた鳥獣人物戯画もこの時代の作品である。
• Choju-Jinbutsu-giga (scrolls of frolicking animals and humans) was drawn during this period which is said to have been drawn by Kakuya (Toba Sojo (high-ranking Buddhist priest)) and shows vivid and humorous pictures of people.

• この日記が広く知られるようになったのは、江戸時代末期に編纂された『丹鶴叢書』の中の13冊として上梓されたためである。
• The diary became widely known when it was published in thirteen volumes in the series 'Tankaku-sosho' compiled in the late Edo period.

• ところが、戦国時代 (日本)における京都の支配は、将軍と対立し幕府政治機構に頼らないまま維持することが困難であった。
• However, during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), it was difficult to maintain rule over Kyoto in opposition to the Shogun without relying on the governing mechanism of the bakufu.

• これによって奈良時代以来の大寺院である東大寺の中に敵対する両者が陣地を築いて睨み合うという異常事態となったのである。
• This meant an abnormal state in which the two hostile camps took up their respective positions within the premises of Todai-ji Temple, a great prestigious temple since the Nara period, and confronted each other.

• 猪熊事件（いのくまじけん）は、江戸時代初期の慶長14年（1609年）に起きた、複数の朝廷の高官が絡んだ一大醜聞事件。
• The Inokuma Incident was a big scandal involving high-ranking officers of the Imperial Court in 1609 the early Edo period.

• 官職秘抄（かんしょくひしょう）とは、鎌倉時代初期の元治2年（1200年）頃に平基親によって書かれた有職故実の解説書。
• The Kanshoku Hisho was a reference book concerning the yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) written by TAIRA no Motochika in 1200 in the early Kamakura period.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)の初期は、南朝 (日本)方として活動しており、北朝 (日本)方の細川氏と対立していた時期もあった。
• In the early period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the clan acted on the Southern Court (Japan), and there was a period that it conflicted with Hosokawa clan on the Northern Court (Japan).

• 経緯の詳細は不明であるが、室町時代に入ると下国（しものくに）と上国（かみのくに）の二家に分かれ対立したと見られている。
• Although the detailed background is unknown, it is supposed that in Muromachi period the clan was divided into two families, Shimonokuni (lower province) family and Kaminokuni (upper province) family and they were opposed to each other.

• 院政時代全国の在地支配層は、こぞって中央の有力者に荘園を寄進してその庇護を受け、院の武者として勢力を拡大しようとした。
• All the families belonging to the local ruling class in Japan in the Insei period (the period of the government by a retired emperor) tried to extend their influence as warriors of the retired emperors, receiving the protection from those powerful figures in the center by donating them their estates.

• 「日本紀略」では「鴨川」「賀茂川」どちらの表記も混在しているが、平安時代には流域により表記を区別していたわけではない。
• In the Nihon Kiryaku (historical books written in the Heian period), the Kamogawa River is written as 鴨川 or 賀茂川, but this does not indicate that people at that time distinguished between the two notations according to the part of the river.

• 宗家の坂上氏は、代々、京都の公家との姻戚関係を維持し、明治時代に東京に移るまでは長宝寺の近くに構えた屋敷に住んでいた。
• The head family Sakanoue clan, successively maintained matrimonial relations with Kuge (Court nobles) and they lived in a mansion near Choho-ji Temple until they moved to Tokyo in the Meiji period.

• ただし、狭義においては戦国時代 (日本)の平田職定（職国12代目の子孫）の子平田職清及びその養子平田職忠の系統を指す。
• In a narrow meaning, the Suino family refers to the family line descended from the twelfth generation descendant of Motokuni, Motosada HIRATA who lived during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States)--Motosada's son Motokiyo--Motokiyo's adopted son Mototada.

• 北朝（ほくちょう）とは、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)に、足利氏を頂点に、全国の多くの武士が支持した持明院統の朝廷である。
• Hokucho (Northern Court) was the Imperial Court of the Jimyo-in line supported by many samurai led by the Ashikaga clan during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• 平氏政権（へいしせいけん）は、平安時代末期（1160年代-1185年）に登場した平清盛を中心とする伊勢平氏による政権。
• The Taira clan administration was the administration by the Ise-Taira clan led by TAIRA no Kiyomori who lived in the late Heian period (1160s to 1185).

• 多々良浜の戦い（たたらはまのたたかい）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の1336年（建武 (日本)3年）に行われた合戦である。
• The Battle of Tatarahama was a battle in 1336 during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

• ヤマト王権の時代になれば、刑法を中心とした法が、中国古代法の影響をうけながら不文法の形で発展していたことが推測される。
• During the royal Yamato era, it is believed that laws centered around criminal law developed as the form of common law while being influenced by ancient Chinese law.

• 尊号一件（そんごういっけん）とは、日本の江戸時代後期に起きた京都の朝廷と江戸の江戸幕府との間に発生した紛議事件である。
• Songo-ikken was a case of dissension between the Imperial Court in Kyoto and the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government, headed by a shogun) in the later Edo period of Japan.

• 「君が代は」の型は『和漢朗詠集』の鎌倉時代初期の一本に記すものなどが最も古いといえる（巻下祝、国歌大観番号775番）。
• We can say that the oldest example of the form of 'Kimigayoha' appears in the version of 'Wakanroeishu (Japanese and Chinese poems to sing)' at the beginning of the Kamakura Period (巻下祝, Kokka Taikan No. 343).

• また、会の内容も晴儀の場でもあったし、儀礼的な遊戯・遊宴にすぎなかったが、この性格は白河天皇の時代以降、大きく変った。
• In addition, the content of the meeting was fancy and just a ritualistic game and party, but this characteristic greatly changed after the period of Emperor Shirakawa.

• 功により豊前国小倉藩39万9千石を経て、忠興の子・3代細川忠利の時代に肥後国熊本藩54万石を領し、幕末まで237年統治。
• As a result of the distinguished services, the family possessed 399,000 koku in the Kokura Domain, Buzen Province, and later at the generation of Tadatoshi HOSOKAWA, the third and son of Tadaoki, they possessed 540,000 koku in Kumamoto Domain, Higo Province and ruled for 237 years, until the end of Edo period.

• 関ヶ原の合戦後に嫡流は零落しまもなく断絶、庶流は江戸時代には外様大名や高家、旗本、尾張藩、明石藩家老などとして存続した。
• After the Battle of Sekigahara, the main branch of the family fell and became extinct, and the branch family lineage survived as tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord), koke, hatamoto, or chief retainer of Owari Domain and Akashi Domain in the Edo period.

• 丹波栗はたびたび幕府や朝廷への献上品としても重宝され、江戸時代になると参勤交代制度により全国に広まったのが起こりである。
• The Tanba chestnut was often used as a tribute to the bakufu and imperial court; it gained nationwide popularity due to the system involving the alternating residence by daimyo in Edo during the Edo period.

• 江戸時代には藍染めをする一般家庭の件数は1500近くもあったともいわれ、町屋360軒のうち25軒が紺屋であったとされる。
• It is believed in the Edo period, as many as 1,500 general households were engaged in indigo dyeing, and twenty-five out of 360 tradesmen's houses were Koya (dye shop).

• 明治時代になると日本は日露戦争を控え、日本海の軍港舞鶴港へつなぐ交通網の普及の必要から比較的早くから鉄道の整備がされた。
• During the Meiji period, Japan had to expand the transportation network connecting Maizuru Port in preparation for the Russo-Japanese War, which started the development of its railroads early on.

• 嶋原の歴史は古く、日本で最初の公許された花街であり室町時代に「九条の里」という傾城局が設置されたのが始まりだといわれる。
• Shimabara has a long history, and is believed to have been the first officially acknowledged hanamachi and have started with the opening of the 'Keisei no tsubone' (a courtesan house) called 'Kujo no Sato.'

• 室町時代には山名氏のもとで伯耆衆の一員になり応仁の乱に参加、その功によって進美濃守は南条氏と共に伯耆守護代に任じられた。
• In the Muromachi period, the Shin clan supported the Yamana clan and became a member of Hokishu (the local clans of Hoki Province); at the Onin War, they fought as Hokishu and made achievements, and as a result, they were appointed as Shugodai (deputy of Military Governor) of Hoki Province as well as the Nanjo clan.

• また戦国時代には再び久我家から源氏長者が出されるようになったが、久我通堅を最後に源氏長者は徳川家に奪われることとなった。
• In the Sengoku period (period of Warring States), the Koga family again produced Genji Choja, but Michikata KOGA was the last person who became Genji Choja as Koga family, because it was then taken by the Tokugawa family.

• 江戸時代において、当今の天皇との血統の遠近に拘らず、代々親王宣下を受けることで親王の身位を保持し続けた四つの宮家をいう。
• In the Edo period, the Seshu-Shinno-ke was the name for the four princely houses that retained the title of Imperial Prince for generations by order of the Emperor regardless of their genealogical distance from the reigning Emperor.

• 欽明天皇の時代には秦大津父（おおつち）が伴造となり大蔵掾に任ぜられたといい、本宗家は朝廷の財務官僚として活動したらしい。
• In the reign of Emperor Kinmei, HATA no Otsuchi became Tomo no miyatsuko (the chief of various departments of the Yamato Court) and was appointed Okura no jo (a financial official), and the heads of family seem to have served as financial officials of the Yamato Court.

• 福知山は、藩が成立する前の戦国時代、光秀の治世の下で地子銭免除や城下町建設、近世的な福知山城の築城などが行なわれている。
• Before Fukuchiyama was established as a domain, during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), Mitsuhide implemented land-tax exemptions, developed the castle town, and constructed the early-modern Fukuchiyama-jo Castle.

• 特に室町時代後期の大宮長興・大宮時元親子と壬生晨照・壬生晴富親子の時期には朝廷や室町幕府を巻き込んだ激しい対立となった。
• In particular, the feud between Nagaoki OMIYA and his son Tokimoto OMIYA on the one side, and Asateru MIBU and his son Harutomi MIBU on the other was intense enough to necessitate the involvement of the Imperial Court and the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).

• 鹿ケ谷の陰謀（ししがたにのいんぼう）は、平安時代の安元3年（1177年）6月に京都で起こった、平家打倒の陰謀事件である。
• The Shishigatani Conspiracy was a plot to overthrow the Taira clan and occurred in Kyoto in July, 1177, during the Heian period.

• 東北地方は弥生時代以降も続縄文文化や擦文文化に属する人々が北海道から南下して住み着くなど、関東以南とは異なる歴史を辿った。
• In and after the Yayoi period, people who belonged to the Jomon culture (an ancient culture in Japan) or the Satsumon culture (an ancient culture in Hokkaido) continually moved southward from Hokkaido to settle in the Tohoku region; therefore, historically the Tohoku region followed a different path from that of the region south of Kanto.

• しかし毛利豊元（48代）・毛利弘元（49代）の時代には山名氏、細川氏、大内氏などの大勢力に挟まれ去就に苦労することになる。
• However, during the generations of Toyomoto MORI (the 48th) and Hiromoto MORI (the 49th), the Mori clan was surrounded by the other powerful clans, such as the Yamana clan, the Hosokawa clan, and the Ouchi clan, which made the Mori clan in difficulty deciding their course of actions.

• そのため時代が進むにつれバスやタクシーの利用者も減少の一途をたどり、各バスやタクシー会社では赤字経営に悩まされる所もある。
• Therefore, use of bus and taxi has been decreasing, with some bus and taxi companies running in the red.

• 戦国時代に入り伊達氏の後継争いから生じた天文の乱では塩松尚義は伊達稙宗派として参戦したが、後に伊達晴宗派に鞍替えしている。
• In the Tenbun War, which occurred from the Date clan's succession race, during the Sengoku period, 塩松尚義 joined war on Tanemune DATE's side, but sided with Harumune DATE later.

• 清原氏は安倍氏の地位を受け継いだが、後三年の役で滅亡し、藤原清衡がその地位を継承して奥州藤原氏による黄金時代を築き上げた。
• The Kiyohara clan succeeded to the position of the Abe clan, but Go Sannen no Eki (the Later Three Years' War) led to their downfall, and FUJIWARA no Kiyohira succeeded the Kiyohara clan, establishing the golden age of the Oshu Fujiwara clan.

• 安土桃山時代には、豊臣秀吉は、大津の船持に大津百艘船を整備し、観音寺の船奉行の支配下に置かれ、特権を与えられて保護された。
• In the Azuchi Momoyama period, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI set up Otsu-hyakuso-sen (a hundred ships in Otsu) for funamochi (owners of boats) in Otsu, put them under the control of the ship superintendent at Kannon-ji Temple and protected them with special privileges.

• 上記が大まかであるのに対して、もっと生活に密着した地域単位として、明治時代に導入された小学校区による地域名もよく使われる。
• Listed above are the general classifications of the area names, but at the same time the area names from the elementary-school districts established in the Meiji period are also widely used.

• 戦国時代 (日本)に、上泉信綱から新陰流を相伝された柳生宗厳（石舟斎）は、永珍（宗珍）から8代目の子孫に当たる人物である。
• Munetoshi YAGYU (Sekishusai), who inherited Shinkage-ryu School of swordsmanship from Nobutsuna KAMIIZUMI in the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States), was a descendant of the 8th generation from Nagayoshi (Muneyoshi).

• 牛久藩を12代にわたって支配した山口氏は、戦国時代 (日本)の西国大名では最強と呼ばれた名門・大内氏の系統と言われている。
• The Yamaguchi clan, who had ruled the Ushiku Domain for twelve generations, was allegedly descended from the distinguished Ouchi clan, arguably the strongest specimen of Saigoku Daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in western Japan) of the Sengoku period (period of warring states).

• それぞれ南北朝時代 (日本)に南朝 (日本)方の武将として転戦したが、南朝の衰微により中央貴族としての子孫は残らなかった。
• All three of these men were heavily involved in battles as military commanders on the side of the Southern Court during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); when the Southern Court fell into decline, they all, as noblemen central to the Southern Court's existence, were unable to leave behind any descendants.

• それまでの日本に存在しなかった個人主義に基づく小説という文学が登場するなど、江戸時代以前とは大きく異なった文化が展開した。
• Culture largely different from that during the Edo period or before developed: For example, the literature called novels based on individualism, had not existed until then in Japan, were introduced.

• 当時多く築造された弥生時代の墓制墳丘墓は大型地域集団の首長墓と見られ、身分差が生じ始めていたことの現れだと考えられている。
• It is considered that many mound-type graves built during the period, a style was one of the grave styles characteristic of the Mayor period, and were for chiefs of these large-sized communities, and it is considered that society started becoming hierarchical.

• 延喜格（えんぎきゃく）は、平安時代の延喜7年（907年）11月_(旧暦)に完成し、翌年12月の宣旨によって施行された格式。
• Engikyaku, a collection of amendments to and enforcement regulations for Ritsuryo (basic national laws), was completed in November 907 (old calendar) during the Heian period and put into force by a senji (written order of the Emperor) in December of the following year (old calendar).

• 醍醐天皇の時代に三善清行が大学頭・文章博士を務めて参議まで至り、延喜3年（903年）頃にはカバネを宿禰から朝臣に改められた。
• In the era of the Emperor Daigo, Kiyoyuki (or Kiyotsura) MIYOSHI was appointed Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature), rising to the position of Sangi (councilor), and the kabane (official status title) of the clan was changed from Sukune to Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) around 903.

• 江戸時代は代々徳川将軍家の衣装調達や衣文道の指導にも当たり、江戸滞在の折には各大名家で有職故実や衣文道の知識を広めていった。
• During the Edo period, the family supplied costumes and instructed the Tokugawa shogunate in Emondo for generations, and, when staying in Edo, worked to spread the knowledge of Emondo and other court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette among the feudal lords.

• 初代・内匠頭（非参議・従三位）・岡崎宣持以降、江戸時代の石高は、蔵米30石であったが、明治に至り華族に列し子爵に叙せられた。
• After the first generation, Nobumochi OKAZAKI was the official architect for the Imperial Building Bureau (Hisangi, Jusanmi - Junior Third Rank), his hereditary stipend during the Edo period was thirty koku, but since the Meiji period, the family ranked as Kazoku (nobility) and was conferred the title of viscount.

• 江戸時代前期に権大納言持明院基定の次男高野保春（1650年‐1712年）が持明院家から分家して高野家を創設したことに始まる。
• The Takano family started during the first half of the Edo period when Yasuharu (1650-1712, the second son of Gon Dainagon (provisional chief councilor of state) Motosada JIMYOIN) branched off from the Jimyoin family.

• その後、外戚の地位を閑院流に奪われて勢力は後退するが、鎌倉時代の源通親は九条家に対抗し後白河天皇・後鳥羽天皇の院政下で活躍。
• Their power later deteriorated because their status as maternal relatives of the emperor was taken over by the Kanin line of the Fujiwara clan; MINAMOTO no Michichika vied against the Kujo family during the Kamakura period, and served successfully under the cloister governments of the Emperor Goshirakwa and the Emperor Gotoba.

• 名家（めいけ、めいか）とは、鎌倉時代以降に成立した公家の家格のひとつで、羽林家と同列で、半家 (公家)の上の序列に位置する。
• Meike (also pronounced Meika) was one of the kakaku (family status) of kuge (court noble) established after the Kamakura period and it was of equal rank to the House of Urin and positioned in a higher rank than hanke (a kind of family status of the Court nobles) (kuge).

• 寺田屋事件（てらだやじけん）とは江戸時代末期の京都郊外の伏見（現在の京都府京都市伏見区）の旅館・寺田屋で発生した事件である。
• The Teradaya Incident can refer to one of two incidents that occurred at the Teradaya inn in Fushimi (present-day Fushimi ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture) in the suburbs of Kyoto at the end of the Edo period.

• また、後三条の妻のひとりに小一条の息子源基平の娘源基子がおり、第2皇子実仁親王 (平安時代)と第3皇子輔仁親王を産んでいる。
• Additionally, one of Gosanjo's wives was Koichijo's son, MINAMOTO no Motohira's daughter, MINAMOTO no Kishi, and she gave birth to his second prince, Imperial Prince Sanehito (Heian period) and third prince, Imperial Prince Sukehito.

• こうした慣習は古代から存在したが、鎌倉時代には訴訟当事者が有利な判決を得るために担当者を宴会に招く事がしばしば行われていた。
• This kind of custom had existed since ancient times, and then, in the Kamakura period, a party to a suit often invited those in charge of the case to a drinking party to receive a favorable sentence.

• 傍系として、常陸国守護小田氏や、三河国の出身で江戸時代には徳川家譜代大名として小田原藩を治めた大久保氏が祖と仰ぐ武茂氏がいる。
• The collateral line of the Utsunomiya clan includes the Oda clan, Hitachi no kuni Shugo (Provincial Military Governor of Hitachi Province) and the Mumo clan regarded as the ancestor of the Okubo clan, which was from Mikawa Province and governed the Odawara domain as a fudai daimyo (feudal lord and hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) in the Edo period.

• 江戸時代に入ると、北近畿には、宮津藩、小浜藩、丹後田辺藩、福知山藩、綾部藩、篠山藩、豊岡藩、出石藩といった小さな藩が分立した。
• In the Edo period, Kitakinki was divided and controlled by small clans such as the Miyazu clan, Obama clan, Tango Tanabe clan, Fukuchiyama clan, Ayabe clan, Sasayama clan, Toyooka clan, and Izushi clan.

• 近世になると、大津は松原や米原市など他の港と対立し、江戸時代には松原、米原、長浜市が「彦根藩三湊」として井伊氏の保護を受けた。
• In the early modern era, Otsu was opposed to other ports such as Matsubara and Maibara City; but during the Edo period Matsubara, Maibara and Nagahama City as `Hikone-han-san-minato' (three ports in Hikone-han) were protected by the Ii clan.

• 進氏は平安時代末期、西伯耆を中心に勢力を誇っていた紀氏、紀成盛を祖とする一族で代々、会見郡から日野郡にかけて権益を持っていた。
• The Shin clan originated from KI no Narimori who had been a member of the Ki clan, a powerful clan at the end of the Heian period; the Ki clan had had its base in West Hoki and the Shin clan was still powerful in West Hoki especially in Aimi County and Hino County for generations.

• 1575年長篠の戦いに敗北、信玄時代からの重臣を失うと一挙に衰退し、1582年織田信長に攻め込まれて滅亡した（天目山の戦い）。
• The clan declined in one stroke when it was defeated in the Battle of Nagashino and lost senior vassals who had served from the era of Shingen, and it was eventually ruined in 1575 by the attack of Nobunaga ODA (the Battle of Tenmokuzan).

• 大乗院の絵仏師としての巨勢家は室町末期までしか確認できないが、江戸時代に入っても巨勢家が大乗院の絵仏師の任にあったと思われる。
• The history of the Kose family as priest painters of Buddhist images of Daijo-in Temple can be traced up to the end of the Muromachi period, but the family probably continued in the same work into the Edo period.

• また一説には五胡十六国時代に氐族の苻氏が建てた前秦の王族ないし貴族が戦乱の中、朝鮮半島経由で日本にたどり着いたと言う説もある。
• A further theory is that the royal family or nobility of the Former Qin dynasty founded by the Fu clan of the Di ethnic group during the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms finally reached Japan in the midst of war by way of the Korean Peninsula.
• Another theory holds that the royal family or the nobles of the Former Qin Dynasity built by the Fu clan during the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms reached Japan through the Korean Peninsula during wars.

• 室町時代、三代将軍である足利義満は、朝廷からの権力簒奪による治天の君を目指し策謀を図り、中国の明から「日本国王」に冊封される。
• In the Muromachi period, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun, hatched a conspiracy to obtain the position of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) by regaining the Imperial Court's power, and obtained sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as 'King of Japan' from Ming, China.

• そのため後醍醐天皇は再び武家権力との対立を深め、吉野に南朝 (日本)を開き南北朝二つの勢力に分かれて全国的な争乱の時代となる。
• For this reason, Emperor Godaigo recreated conflict with the samurai authority again and thus established the Southern Court in Yoshino, which marked the beginning of the nation-wide war between the Northern and Southern Courts.

• よって朝廷の支配との二元的支配から承久の乱を通して、次第に幕府を中心とする武士に実権が移っていった時代とみるのが適切であろう。
• So although at first the bakufu ruled in partnership with the court, it is fitting to consider the Kamakura period the transition during which, as a result of the Jokyu War, the warrior class--and the bakufu in particular--gradually superceded the court in power.

• 王朝政権の接収・大々的な外交の展開といった清盛の構想が実現したのは、平氏が滅亡してからおよそ200年後、足利義満の時代だった。
• Kiyomori's plan to create the court government and develop major trade and diplomacy was finally realized about 200 years after the Taira clan died out, during the period of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.

• 『正倉院文書』その他の資料によると、律令法の公法的部分は、奈良時代においては、継受法とは考えられないほど実際に施行されていた。
• According to 'Shosoin-bunsho' and other sources, during the Nara period, the public law portion of ritsuryo law was in fact enforced as if it was not an adopted law.

• また、室町時代後期以後に「請酒」と呼ばれる小売専門の酒屋や地方からの名酒の流入もあったが、幕府はこれらに対しても課税を行った。
• There had been dedicated sake retailers called 'ukezake,' and reputed sake produced in rural areas had been sold in Kyoto since the late Muromachi period; and the bakufu also imposed taxes on them.

• 戦国時代には越前支配のみならず、隣国若狭国、近江国にも進攻し、領土を広げたが、尾張国の織田信長と対立し、1573年、滅ぼされた。
• During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the clan not only established the dominance in Echizen Province, but also extended its territory over the neighboring provinces, Wakasa and Omi, but the confrontation with Nobunaga ODA of Owari Province led the clan to fall in 1573.

• - 江戸時代には留守氏（水沢伊達家）、白石氏（登米伊達家）、亘理氏（涌谷伊達家）、岩城氏（岩谷堂伊達家）が伊達姓を許されている。
• During the Edo Period, four vassals, including the Rusu clan (the Mizusawa-Date clan), the Shiraishi clan (the Tome-Date clan), the Watari clan (the Wakudani-Date clan) and the Iwaki clan (the Iwayado-Date clan), were allowed to use the family name of DATE.

• しかし時代が進み第二次世界大戦が終わり日本が高度経済成長を向かえると、上記の養蚕業や藍染めなどの文化はほぼ完全に衰退していった。
• However, as time went by, World War II ended, and Japan entered an age of economic growth, the aforementioned sericulture and other cultures such as indigo dyeing vanished almost completely.

• 安土桃山時代に入って明智光秀が丹波統治のため古世地区に丹波亀山城を築き城下町を形成したことによって、亀岡は近代的な発展を遂げる。
• During the Azuchi Momoyama period, Mitsuhide AKECHI built Tanba Kameyama-jo Castle to rule Tanba and developed the castle town in the Kose area, which made way for modern development of Kameoka in recent times.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)、嫡流は北朝に仕えたが、支流の花山院師信とその子花山院師賢は後醍醐天皇の側近で、その子孫は吉野朝廷に仕えた。
• In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the direct descendants of the family served the Northern Court, but Moronobu KAZANIN and his son, Morokata KAZANIN, who belonged to a branch family, were close aides of Emperor Godaigo, and their descendents served the Yoshino Court.

• また、安土桃山時代の天正年間（1573-1591）迄に成立していた65家を旧家、それ以降新規に設立された家を新家と区分している。
• It was also classified in 65 kyuke (literally, old families) whch had been formed by the Tensho era (1573-1591), during the Azuchi-Momoyama Period, and shinke (literally, new family) which was established after that.

• 『平家物語』や『愚管抄』など同時代の文献は、平氏滅亡後に平氏政権に抑圧されてきた貴族社会や寺社層の視点で描かれてきたものが多い。
• Documents written at the same time period such as 'The Tale of the Heike' and 'Gukansho' (Miscellany of Ignorant Views) are often written after the decline of the Taira clan and from the viewpoint of the aristocracy and temple classes that were suppressed under the Taira clan administration.

• 平安時代初期の右大臣藤原園人は、貧民救済を主要政策として精力的に取り組んだが、貧民層の増大が課題となっていたことを物語っている。
• FUJIWARA no Sonohito, Udaijin (Mnister of the Right) in the early part of the Heian period, made positive efforts to rescue the poor, which showed that there was a problematic increase in the number of poor people.

• その大部分は平安時代末期書写の東寺本（宮内庁書陵部に8巻、京都国立博物館に3巻、大谷大学に1巻架蔵されている）に収録されている。
• Most of them are collected in a handwritten copy created in the late Heian period, the Toji-bon (To-ji Temple book); eight volumes of the book are held in the Imperial Household Archives, three volumes in Kyoto National Museum, and one volume in Otani University.

• 平氏政権の崩壊とともに、中央政府である朝廷とは別個に、内乱を収拾して東国の支配権を得た鎌倉幕府が登場し、平安時代は幕を下ろした。
• With the collapse of the Taira clan administration, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to power after sorting out the civil wars aside from the Imperial Court, and the central govenment gained the right to rule the Eastern provinces, leading to the end of the Heian period.

• さらに、太平洋戦争での敗戦をもって近代と現代を区分することもある（以上の詳細→古代、中世日本、近世、近代、現代 (時代区分)）。
• Furthermore, the timing of the defeat in the Pacific War is sometimes used as the end of the modern times and the start of the contemporary period (for more information, refer to ancient times, medieval Japan, the early-modern times, modern times, or the contemporary period).

• 所領の分散防止の観点から武士社会において先行して社会全般において「嫡流継承」の原理が完成するのは鎌倉時代後期に入ってからである。
• The 'chakuryu succession' started among the samurai society first in terms of preventing the shoryo (territory) from being scattered, and it was not until the late Kamakura period that the basis of the system was realized by the whole society.

• 平安時代の末に藤白鈴木氏から出た鈴木重家・亀井重清の兄弟は、源義経に郎党として仕え、陸奥国衣川 (岩手県)で主君を守って戦死した。
• At the end of the Heian period, Shigeie SUZUKI and his brother Shigekiyo KAMEI, who were from the Fujishiro Suzuki clan and served MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune as roto (a retainer), died in a battle in Koromogawa, Mutsu Province (Iwate Prefecture), protecting their master, Yoshitsune.

• しかし1600年の関ヶ原の戦いでは西軍の総大将に祭り上げられ、周防国・長門国の2ヶ国に減封されるも、江戸時代を通じて安泰であった。
• The clan managed to keep themselves in peace during the Edo period, although the Mori clan was arranged to be the supreme commander of the Western Army in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and their territories were diminished to two provinces, Suo and Nagato.

• 昭和30年代から40年代にかけてお茶屋150軒、芸妓、舞妓合わせて600人を数えたが、時代の流れと共に花街の規模は縮小していった。
• From the late 1950's to the early 1960's, Gion Kobu boasted 150 teahouses and more than 600 geisha and apprentice geisha in total; yet Gion Kobu has reduced the scale of the hanamachi as time has gone by.

• また、さいたま市緑区 (さいたま市)宮本の氷川女体神社も元は氷川神社から分かれたものであり、江戸時代以降一宮とされるようになった。
• Additionally, the Hikawa-nyotai-jinja Shrine at Miyamoto, in the Midori ward of Saitama City, was originally separated from Hikawa-jinja Shrine, and subsequent to the Edo period it has been treated as Ichinomiya.

• その後南北朝時代 (日本)には安芸守護であった武田信武が足利尊氏に属して各地で戦功をあげ、石和系武田氏に代わり甲斐国守護となった。
• During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Nobutake Takeda, then the shugo of Aki Province, followed Takauji ASHIKAGA, achieved distinguished war service at various battle fields and became the shugo of Kai Province in place of the Takeda clan of Isawa lineage.

• 戦国時代 (日本)に家系は一時中絶したが、冷泉家から中納言六条有広（冷泉為純の子。1564年 - 1616年）が入って家を継いだ。
• During the Sengoku period (period of warring states), the family ended once, later Chunagon (associate chief of the councilor of state) Arihiro ROKUJO (1564-1616), the son of Tamezumi REIZEI, restored the Rokujo family.

• 江戸時代に中御門流の諸家は全て羽林家となったが、松木・持明院・園の3家は旧家、園家以外の持明院家系の庶家6家は新家として扱われた。
• During the Edo period, all families of the Nakamikado line ranked as Urinke; three of the Matsunoki family, the Jimyoin family, and the Sono family ranked as the Old Family; and six branches of the Jimyoin family line ranked as the New Family.

• 五条家単独で12代横綱・陣幕久五郎に横綱免状を発給して以降、明治時代に吉田司家が西南戦争で西郷隆盛軍に加担してその責任を問われた。
• After the Gojo family independently issued a yokozuna license to Yokozuna Kyugoro JINMAKU, the twelfth, the Yoshida Tsukasa family was held responsible for being involved in Takamori SAIGO's army in the Seinan War during the Meiji period.

• 鎌倉時代末期には蝦夷の反乱が鎌倉幕府を揺るがし、幕府滅亡後には安東氏が十三湊を本拠地に栄えるが、やがて南部氏の興隆により没落する。
• In the closing days of the Kamakura period, a revolt by the people of Ezo had thrown the Kamakura bakufu into turmoil, and after the bakufu's collapse, the Ando clan had created flourishing strongholds out of thirteen ports, but eventually the Ando clan was brought to ruin by the rising fortunes of the Nanbu clan.

• 嘉元2年（1304年）に後深草が62歳で死去、翌嘉元3年（1305年）には亀山が57歳で死去し、両統迭立は第2世代の時代に入った。
• In 1304, Gofukakusa died at 62, and in 1305, Kameyama died at 57, and Ryoto tetsuritsu entered its second generation.

• 鎌倉時代中期から酒屋が全国各地に広まるが、鎌倉幕府は酒が社会に害悪をもたらすとしてこれを禁じる沽酒の禁を出して厳しく取り締まった。
• Sakaya had been spread in many parts of the country since the middle of the Kamakura Period; however, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) imposed strict controls upon Sakaya by putting 'koshu no kin' (the ban on sale and purchase of sake) in force as the government believed that sake has a harmful influence on the community.

• しかし、細川勝元の没後、政元の時代においては、権力集中を図る京兆家としばしば対立し、摂津守護代の薬師寺元一の反乱に関与するなどした。
• However, in the time of Masamoto after Katsumoto HOSOKAWA died, the family often opposed to the Keicho family, which was seeking the concentration of its power, and the family was involved in the rebellion of Motokazu YAKUSHIJI, who was a deputy Shugo of the Settsu Province.

• 安芸国の国人として土着した毛利氏は、一族庶家を輩出し、室町時代中期には庶家同士の争いが起きたものの、安芸国内では屈指の勢力になった。
• The Mori clan, who settled in the Aki Province as kokujin (lords of smaller rural domains in feudal Japan), produced several branch families, although some families fought each other during the middle of the Muromachi period, they became one of the most powerful families in the province.

• 鎌倉時代中期、第8代宇都宮貞綱は元寇の際、鎌倉幕府による討伐軍の総大将として九州に赴き、これに勝利すると鎌倉幕府引付衆に任じられた。
• In the mid Kamakura period, the eighth family head, Sadatsuna UTSUNOMIYA went to the Kyushu region as the supreme commander of the Kamakura bakufu forces when Mongol invaded Japan and after the victory over Mongol, he was appointed to Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) of the Kamakura bakufu.

• 両家ともに信長の末裔ということで、小藩でありながら江戸時代中期の宇陀崩れや明和事件に巻き込まれるまでは幕府から国主並の優遇を受けた。
• Because both families were descendents of Nobunaga, they received preferential treatment like landed daimyo though they had small domains, until they were involved in Uda Disturbance and the Meiwa Incident in the middle of Edo period.

• 奈良時代以降、たびたびの政争に巻き込まれ（「関連項目」を参照）、そのたびに一族から処罰される者を出した事なども影響し、徐々に衰えた。
• After the Nara period, the clan was often involved in political conflicts (refer to the related articles), and every time some members of the clan had to be punished, therefore, the clan gradually declined.

• 伏見の大地震によって倒壊したこともあったが、早くに再建されて豊臣時代には秀吉の繁栄を示すシンボル、そして一大政治都市として発展した。
• Although the castle was destroyed in the great Fushimi earthquake, it was quickly reconstructed, and became a symbol of the prosperity of Hideyoshi in the Toyotomi Period, with the town becoming an important administrative center.

• 南北朝時代(日本)になると、信清の子孫の坊門信行が北朝において公卿に列し、隆清の子孫の坊門清忠は後醍醐天皇の側近となり公卿に列した。
• Once the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) began, however, Nobuyuki BOMON, Nobukiyo's descendant, was ranked among the nobility at the Northern Court, while Takakiyo's descendant, Kiyotada BOMON, became a trusted retainer to the Emperor Godaigo and was ranked among the nobility of the Southern Court.

• 承久の乱（じょうきゅうのらん）は、鎌倉時代の承久3年（1221年）に、後鳥羽天皇が鎌倉幕府に対して討幕の兵を挙げて敗れた兵乱である。
• The Jokyu Rebellion (jokyu no ran) occurred in the third year of the Jokyu era (A.D. 1221) during the Kamakura period; in this armed conflict, Emperor Gotoba raised troops to attack the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) but was defeated.

• （その前の藤原高藤は危篤となった天皇の外祖父である大納言に対する礼遇であるため、実質は奈良時代末期の藤原魚名以来191年ぶりである）
• (As the previous appointment was out of respect for FUJIWARA no Takafuji, the Dainagon (chief councilor of state) and maternal grandfather of the emperor who was in critical condition, it was in fact the first time in 191 years since FUJIWARA no Uona at the end of Nara period.)

• 近世（江戸時代）に入ると、将軍家や大名家は権力を正当化するため、儒教思想を積極的に採用し、歴史の編纂を通じて自らの正当性を主張した。
• Entering the early-modern times (the Edo period), the Shogun family and Daimyo families (feudal lord families) adopted Confucian thought actively to legitimatize their power and compiled their own histories to assert their legitimacy.

• やがて戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、戦国大名らによる大名領国制のもと楽市・楽座などの経済政策が執られ始めると、供御人は急速に減少した。
• When the Sengoku Period (period of warring states) started later on (in Japan), economic measures like Rakuichi-Rakuza (free markets and open guilds) were taken under the daimyo-ryogoku system (the system where daimyos controlled feudal domains) by those including daimyos (Japanese territorial lords) and, as a result, the number of Kugonin rapidly decreased.

• すなわち、泰宗の子の宇都宮貞泰は、南北朝時代 (日本)に四国伊予国に勢力を保ち、南朝の懐良親王と共に城井氏の拠点の豊前国仲津に移った。
• That is to say, Yasumune's son, Sadayasu UTSUNOMIYA maintained his influence in Iyo Province of the Shikoku region during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (of Japan) and then moved to Nakatsu, Chikuzen Province which was the Kii clan's base, together with Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi of the Southern Court.

• 平安時代になると摂関家領の荘園として利用されるようになり、後期には天田郡（あまだごおり）のほとんどが荘園として利用されるようになった。
• In the Heian period, this area acted as the manor of Sekkan-ke (Regent family), and in the latter half of the Heian period, most areas in Amada-gori were used as manor.

• 任命当初は守護代を派遣していたが、後に7代武田信時の時代に元寇に備えて安芸国に佐東銀山城を築き本格的な領土支配に乗り出すようになった。
• The clan initially dispatched shugodai, but the seventh head Nobutoki TAKEDA constructed the Sato Kanayama-jo Castle in Aki Province to prepare for Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) and started to rule the territory in earnest.

• 戦国時代 (日本)の天正7年（1579年）、織田信長の家臣であった明智光秀に丹波一国が与えられ、光秀は一族の明智秀満にこの地を任せた。
• During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in 1579, when Mitsuhide AKECHI, Nobunaga ODA's vassal, was given the whole of Tanba Province, he entrusted this domain to one of his family members, Hidemitsu AKECHI.

• なお、堂上家と同様旧家・新家の区分があったが、桜町天皇（在位1735年 - 1747年）の時代にみだりに新家を立てることが停止された。
• Other than the division into Toshoke and Jigeke, there were other divisions of families into Kyuka (families with a long family genealogy) and Shinke (families established during the Edo period); however, during the reign of Emperor Sakuramachi (1735-1747), it was forbidden to establish a new family without permission.

• 七卿落ち（しちきょうおち）とは、江戸時代の幕末期、1863年（文久3年）八月十八日の政変において、7人の公卿が京都より追放された事件。
• 'Shichikyo-ochi' was an incident where seven nobles were banished from Kyoto in the political turmoil of August 18, 1863, at the end of Edo period.

• この時代の両統迭立は、後嵯峨天皇の第3皇子後深草天皇の子孫である持明院統と、第4皇子亀山天皇の子孫である大覚寺統とのあいだで行われた。
• The Ryoto tetsuritsu in this period was between the Jimyoin line, descendants of Emperor Gosaga's third son, Emperor Gofukakusa, and the Daikakuji line, descendants of fourth son Emperor Kameyama.

• 律令法（りつりょうほう）は律令格式（きゃくしき）などの制定法および平安時代になって律令を基礎にして成立した各種の慣習法をふくめたもの。
• Ritsuryo law includes statutory laws such as; codes and ethics covering conduct, and various common laws established in the Heian period based upon ritsuryo.

• この事件以降、12世紀中葉の平治の乱まで中央の政治抗争は武力を伴わず、死刑も執行されない非武力的な政治の時代が永らく続くこととなった。
• After this incident, until the Heiji War in the middle of 12th century, the non-violent political age continued, during which central political conflicts did not lead to military confrontations or the execution of the death penalty.

• 蝦夷の生活を同時代人が正面から語った説明としては、659年（斉明天皇5年）の遣唐使と唐 (王朝)の高宗 (唐)の問答が日本書紀にある。
• As a description of the Emishi written by someone who lived during the same period in which they were present, a dialogue between a Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) and Gao Zong (Tang Dynasty) held in 659 is found in 'Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan).'

• したがって、少なくとも17世紀半ば、江戸時代前期において、天皇の御世を長かれと祝賀する歌である、とする解釈が存在したことは確かである。
• Therefore, we can say for sure that, at least in the middle of the seventeenth century, namely during the early part of the Edo Period, there was an interpretation that the poem in question was for celebrating the reign of the emperor and wishing his reign would last long.

• 平安時代末期、院政の進展に伴って内裏における陣定に代わって、上皇や法皇が自分の御所内において議定を行って重要な決定を行うようになった。
• At the end of the Heian period, with the development of government by a retired emperor, the abdicated emperor and cloistered emperor came to make important decisions after formulating agreements at their own residence, replacing the reign of the emperor at the Imperial Palace.

• 鎌倉時代以後、朝廷財政の衰微と荘園の拡大、交通の発達によって、内裏や寺社の修繕のために一定の通行料を取る関所が設置されるようになった。
• After the Kamakura Period, due to the decline of the Imperial Court's finance, expansion of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and progress in transportation, checkpoints were set up to take certain tolls to help in the repair of the Imperial Palace, temples and shrines.

• 室町時代以降、武家社会で有職故実の中心的存在となり家の伝統を継承していったことから、時の幕府からも礼典や武芸の事柄においては重用された。
• Since the Muromachi period, because it passed the family tradition down as a key player of yusoku kojitsu in the samurai society, its ceremonies and military arts treated preferentially by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) of the period.

• 特に明治時代から昭和初期にかけては、書道用の和紙や障子用の和紙としても原材料のコウゾとあわせて他府県にこの和紙は大量に生産、販売された。
• Especially from the Meiji period to the beginning of the Showa period, a large amount of Washi paper was produced and sold as paper for calligraphy and Shoji (sliding door) to other prefectures, along with paper mulberries used as raw materials.

• しかしやがて、輸入品や化学染料に押され全国の藍の産地が消え行く中、京都の最後の藍の産地となっていた福知山も大正の時代とともに姿を消した。
• However, as indigo plants disappeared from production areas across the country due to the pervasion of imported goods and chemical dyes, indigo plants also disappeared from Fukuchiyama during the Taisho period, and was the last area producing indigo plants.

• さほど有名ではないが、戦国時代 (日本)に八上城の波多野氏は丹波諸豪族をまとめると、これを率いて山城国など周辺諸国に進出したこともある。
• Though the story is less famous, in the Sengoku period, the Hatano clan at Yakami Castle united the other clans in Tanba and advanced into surrounding provinces like Yamashiro.

• しかし、室町時代になって代々神祇大副（神祇官の次官）を世襲していた卜部氏の吉田兼倶が吉田神道を確立し、神祇管領長上を称するようになった。
• During the Muromachi period, Kanetomo YOSHIDA of the Urabe clan, who inherited the title of Jingi taifu (Senior Assistant Head of the Department of Shinto), established Yoshida Shinto and began to call himself 'Jingi kanrei chojo' (Shinto-in-Chief).

• しかし、安芸武田氏9代武田信実の時代、1541年（天文_(元号)10年）6月に大内氏の命を受けた毛利元就によって銀山城は落城し滅亡した。
• However, in 1July 541 when Nobuzane Takeda was the ninth head of Aki-Takeda clan, Kanayama-jo Castle was ruined by Motonari MORI who was ordered to attack by the Ouchi clan, and the clan extinguished.

• 後嵯峨天皇の腹心であった経任在世中は、従兄弟である経継系よりも羽振りが良かったものの政敵も多く南北朝時代_(日本)初期頃に断絶している。
• While Tsunetada who was a confidant of the Emperor Gosaga was alive, the family was more prosperous than the Tsunetsugu lineage of his cousin, but he also had a number of political opponents, and this led to the family being discontinued around the beginning of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

• これは保元の乱,平治の乱から治承寿永の乱と続く、戦乱の時代により厭世観（末法思想）が強まり、魂の救済が求められるようになったためである。
• And as the Hogen Rebellion led to the Heiji War, which blossomed in turn into the Genpei War (the war between the Minamoto (Gen) and Taira (Hei) clans, known as Jisho-Juei no ran in Japanese for the two eras in which it occurred), this age of wars and rebellions only reinforced a pessimistic view of the world (based on the idea of Mappo, the final and worst age in Buddhist theology), and led to many seeking salvation for their souls.

• 日本では、鎌倉時代に天皇家（当時の呼称では「王家」）が2つの家系に分裂し、治天と天皇の継承が両統迭立の状態にあったことが最も著名である。
• The Imperial family (at that time called 'Oke') during the Kamakura period was split into two family lines and was best known to be in the state of Ryoto tetsuritsu regarding the succession of Chiten (retired emperor who runs the cloistered government) and Emperor.

• そのため、時代の潮流で、賀歌の「我が君」という直接的な表現が、「君が代」という間接的な表現に置き換わったのではないか、と推測されている。
• Therefore, it is surmised that, in line with the trend of the times, direct expression, 'wagakimi,' in the gaka might be replaced with the indirect expression 'kimigayo.'

• 前述のように、実際には外戚の豊臣氏族（高台院側の血筋である木下家）が健在であったので、豊臣氏自体は江戸時代を通じて大名として存続している。
• As mentioned above, the Toyotomi clan of the maternal relative lineage (the Kinoshita family line of the Kodaiin side) was not destroyed and the Toyotomi clan itself, therefore, continued through the Edo period as a daimyo.

• 室町時代、主に足利将軍家の当主及び連枝、鎌倉公方家の一門、或いは鎮守府将軍として南朝方の有力大名であった北畠氏とその一門が御所号を称した。
• In the Muromachi period, the head and his siblings of the Ashikaga Shogunate family, the clan of the Kamakura Kubo (Governor-General of the Kamakura Government) family, and the Kitabatake clan who was a powerful daimyo on the side of the Nancho (Southern Court, or Yoshino Imperial court) who acted as the shogun of the chinju-fu, and its descendants were all entitled to the gosho-go.

• 室町時代後期の1478年に蓮如によって山科本願寺が建てられ、長大な土塁に囲まれた寺院群と寺内町が山科盆地の大きな面積を占めるようになった。
• Since Yamashina Hongwan-ji Temple was founded by Rennyo in 1478 of the late Muromachi period, temples and their precinct towns surrounded by long earthworks started to occupy a large area of the Yamashina Basin.

• 江戸時代は一国を有する大名は出なかったものの一国7藩（丹波亀山藩、園部藩、綾部藩、山家藩、篠山藩（八上藩）、丹波柏原藩、福知山藩があった。
• In Edo period, though there were not any daimyo who governed the whole province, instead there were seven 'domains' (han) in the province; Tanba-Kameyama, Sonobe, Ayabe, Yamaga, Sasayama (Yakami), Tanba-Kaibara, and Fukuchiyama Domain.

• 平安時代までの難解で、大衆への布教が禁じられていた仏教を変革する運動として鎌倉仏教の宗派が興隆し、奈良仏教（旧仏教）の革新運動がすすんだ。
• Events that led to the reforming of the Buddhist faith--which up through the Heian period had remained very abstruse, comprehensible only to a select few, and for which any proselytizing activities towards the masses were prohibited--included the rise to prominence of the Kamakura sect of Buddhism as well as new progress in efforts to reform Nara (i.e., old-guard) Buddhism.

• まず会所の建物そのものの性格からいえば、平安時代、寝殿造りの建築にあった来客と主人が対面するところ、客亭（出居）が、その起源にあげられる。
• From the characteristic of the kaisho building itself, the origin is said to be the Kakutei (lodging) (Idei (guest room or the bedroom of the owner)), where the guest and master of the house met within the shinden zukuri (architecture representative of a residence of a nobleman in the Heian period).

• 南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、北朝 (日本)を擁した室町幕府は、兵粮確保を名目に半済令を出して荘園・公領の年貢半分の徴収権を守護に認めた。
• Upon entering the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Muromachi bakufu, which championed the Northern Court, issued Hanzeirei (order allowing military governors, or Shugo, to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military fund) on the pretense of keeping the army provisioned; the law recognized the authority of Shugo (provincial constable) to levy a half-tax (50% of all rice) annually on all private estates and public territories.

• まもなく5000石を分家に分与して50,000石の三春藩主として江戸時代を通じ大名として存続し、明治維新に及び華族に列し、子爵を授けられた。
• Shortly after that, it became the lord of the Miharu Domain of 50,000 koku, after having shared a stipend of 5,000 koku to its branch families, and survived all through the Edo period as a daimyo, and in the Meiji Restoration, it became as a member of the peerage and conferred the title of viscount.

• 義祐の子・赤松則房の時代には豊臣秀吉の家臣となり、天正11年（1583年）にわずか1万石を安堵されるにすぎない小大名にまで没落してしまった。
• During the time of Norifusa AKAMATSU, the son of Yoshisuke, the clan became a Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's retainer, and it was cast down to be a minor daimyo (feudal lord) with the stipend of only 10,000 koku crop yield as of 1583.

• しかし同じ足利一門でも、斯波氏や畠山氏の家格が高く本家からの独立性が強かったのとは異なり、この時代の細川氏はさほど有力な御家人ではなかった。
• Although the clan was of the Ashikaga clan, the Hosokawa clan in this period was not a powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and the Muromachi through the Edo periods), unlike the Shiba clan and the Hatakeyama clan whose kakaku (family status) were high and were highly independent from the head family.

• 戦国時代 (日本)が始まる1498年には守護の一色義秀が地元豪族に攻められて自殺していることから、強力な施政はできなかったようにも思われる。
• Based on the fact that the Shugo Yoshihide ISSHIKI was assaulted and driven to suicide by a powerful local family in 1498 around the onset of the Sengoku (Warring States) period, apparently the Isshiki clan did not have strong control over the province.

• 江戸時代の彦根藩家は井伊直澄、井伊直興、井伊直幸、井伊直亮、井伊直弼と5代6度（直該が2度。）の大老職を出すなど、譜代大名筆頭の家柄となる。
• During the Edo period, the Hikone domain family became the top fudai daimyo family producing five Tairo (chief ministers) in six terms: Naozumi II, Naooki II, Naohide II, Naohide II, Naoaki II, and Naosuke II, among which Naomori assumed the position twice.

• 世の中が不安定であればあるほど、朝廷から陰陽師への期待が高まるものなのか、安倍氏から名高い陰陽師が登場するのは「乱世」というべき時代である。
• It seems like the more unstable the world becomes, the more the Imperial Court expects from Onmyoji; every time a prominent Onmyoji appears from the Abe clan, it is during the turbulent times.

• また、室町時代に断絶したものの、源頼朝の縁戚として鎌倉幕府と強く結びついた一条家 (中御門流)（同名の摂家とは別家）も持明院家の庶家である。
• The Ichijo family which had strong tie with the Kamakura government being related to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (different from the Ichijo family of regent families) was a collateral family of the Jimyoin family, too.

• 江戸時代の家禄は1355.8石、正保2年（1645年）に300石加増され1655.8石（なお、これは摂家である鷹司家の1500石を上回る）。
• Karoku (hereditary stipend) during the Edo Period was 1,355.8 koku (approx. 244.6 cubic meters) and, in 1645, 300 koku (approx. 54.1 cubic meters) was added to increase to 1,655.8 koku (approx. 298.7 cubic meters) (This exceeded 1,500 koku [approx. 270.6 cubic meters] of the Takatsukasa family, which was Sekke [line of regents and advisers].)

• 治天となった伏見は、亀山の時代に整備された訴訟処理機構をさらに拡充し、家柄にとらわれない人材登用を積極的にめざすなど、政務の振興に努力した。
• When Fushimi became Chiten, he worked diligently for advancement and continued to expand the court management system and actively recruited without bias towards family lineage.

• 上記のような時代区分論は、発展段階史観の影響を少なからず受けており、歴史の重層性・連続性にあまり目を向けていないという限界が指摘されている。
• The theories concerning the classification of historical periods, described above, are significantly affected by the evolution phase concept of history, and it is pointed out that they have a limitation in not taking into account that history is layered and is continuous.

• 神領興行（しんりょうこうぎょう）とは、主に鎌倉時代中期以降に、天人相関思想に基づき、天皇、鎌倉幕府が行った神事の興行を図る政策のことである。
• Shinryo Kogyo was a policy implemented by the Emperor and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a Shogun nominally appointed by the Emperor) mainly in the mid-Kamakura period to promote the performance of Shinto rituals on the basis of tenjin sokan shigo (an idea of correspondence between Heaven and Man).

• しかし、長棟の長男の長時の時代になると塩尻峠の戦いで信濃の領国化を目指す甲斐の武田信玄に大敗し、長時は信濃から追われて府中小笠原氏は滅亡する。
• However, in the period of Nagatoki, the eldest son of Nagamune, it was defeated by Shingen TAKEDA from Kai who was aiming to territorialize Shinano, at the Battle of Shiojiritoge, and Nagatoki was exiled from Shinano and the Fuchu-Ogasawara clan went to ruin.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、名将・赤松円心のもと、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政で守護国を没収されたことなどから新政から離反した足利尊氏に味方した。
• Entering the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, under an excellent military commander Enshin AKAMATSU, the clan supported Takauji ASHIKAGA, who estranged from the Kenmu Restoration, due to being deprived of the province where he ruled as a provincial constable in the Kenmu Restoration carried out by the Emperor Godaigo.

• 江戸時代末期、毛利敬親の時、長州征伐等により幕府から圧迫を受けたが、吉田松陰や高杉晋作、桂小五郎等の有能な人材を輩出し、明治維新を成就させた。
• In the end of Edo period, during the generation of Takachika Mori, the Mori clan suffered the oppression from the Edo bakuhu,including the subjugation of Choshu; however, the clan produced brilliant figures such as Shoin YOSHIDA, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, and Kogoro KATSURA and succeeded the Meiji Restoration.

• 出雲阿国の歌舞伎踊りの時代から始まり、最初は若衆歌舞伎の小屋と茶屋が立ち並び10代の少年が接待をしていたので｢陰間｣と呼ばれていた花街だった。
• The hanamachi originated in the time of IZUMO no Okuni's Kabuki dance, and it was initially called 'Kagema' (male prostitute), for the area was lined with kabuki and tea houses for the 'wakashu' (a teenage kabuki apprentice and also male prostitute), and those boys entertained patrons.
• Miyagawa-cho started during the Kabuki Odori Dance era (these performances were the real start of kabuki and were comprised of vivacious dancing and joyous songs combined with amusing stories) of IZUMO no Okuni, and was first a red-light district called 'kagema' (male geisha) because playhouses for Wakashu Kabuki (young men's Kabuki) and chaya (literally 'teahouse' which refers to places where geisha entertain their guests) stood side by side, where male teenagers entertained guests.

• 南北朝期から室町期にかけ、惣領制が崩壊し有力庶子家・一族が本宗家から独立していった時代であり、松田氏においてもいずれが本宗家かは定かではない。
• From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period, the Soryo system collapsed, and influential non-heir families and clans got independent from the head family, so it is uncertain which family was the head family of the Matsuda clan.

• 金具師松井氏 ； 金具師・松井弥三郎が豊臣秀吉から200石の知行を受け、徳川家康の大御所時代に駿河国駿府に屋敷をたまわり100石を給せられた。
• The chaser Matsui clan: a chaser Yasaburo MATSUI was given chigyo (enfeoffment) 200 koku (36.078 cubic meters of rice) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and later, he was given a residence in Sunpu, Suruga Province as well as 100 koku (18.039 cubic meters of rice) by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who had already retired at that time.

• 家格は名家 (公家)、江戸時代後期の平松時章（1754年 - 1828年）が正二位・大納言に上った以外、歴代当主の極官は正二位・中納言である。
• The social standing of the family was Meika, upper rank of Kuge, and, aside from Tokiakira HIRAMATSU (1754-1828) who became Dainagon (chief councilor of state) of Shonii (Senior Second Rank) in the latter part of the Edo period, the highest office held by the hereditary family heads was Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) of Shonii (Senior Second Rank).

• 南北朝時代 (日本)には北朝 (日本)方の洞院実夏と南朝 (日本)方の洞院実世に分裂したが、実夏の子である6代目の洞院公定の代に再統一された。
• In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the family split to Sanenatsu TOIN of the Northern Court and Saneyo TOIN of the Southern Court; but was reunited in the sixth generation by Kinsada TOIN, the son of Sanenatsu.

• 今日各地方の特産物と呼ばれるものは室町時代が起源であるものも多く、京都の西陣では明から輸入した生糸を利用して高級織物である西陣織がつくられた。
• Many of the products considered specialties of specific prefectures today have their origins in the Muromachi period, including Nishijin silks, luxury items that were made in the Nishijin district of Kyoto from raw silk imported from Ming China.

• 弘仁・貞観文化（こうにん・じょうがんぶんか）とは、日本史において、弘仁・貞観_(日本)年間を中心とする平安時代前期（ほぼ9世紀に相当）の文化。
• Konin-Jogan culture is considered in Japanese history to be the culture that flourished in Japan during the Konin and Jogan era of the early Heian period (about the ninth century).

• 平治の乱（へいじのらん）は平安時代の平治元年12月9日 (旧暦)（1159年1月19日）より発生した、院の近臣らの対立により起きた政変である。
• The Heiji Rebellion (Heiji no ran), which began on January 19, 1159 in Heian period, was a coup d'etat that occurred because of antagonism among the close vassals of the retired emperor.

• この時代には周防をはじめ、長門国・石見国・安芸国・備後国・豊前国・筑前国を領するなど、名実共に西国随一の戦国大名となり、大内家は全盛期を迎えた。
• In this period, the Ouchi family became the greatest daimyo in the Sengoku period in Saigoku (western part of Japan [esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki]) both in name and in reality, along with its territories, such as Suo Province, Nagato Province, Iwami Province, Aki Province, Bingo Province, Buzen Province and Chikuzen Province, and the family reached its height.

• 鎌倉時代、源頼朝による奥州合戦に従軍し、石那坂の戦いで戦功を挙げた常陸入道念西が、頼朝より伊達郡の地を与えられ、中村に変わり伊達朝宗を名乗った。
• During the Kamakura Period, Hitachi-nyudo Nensai, who joined the army of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the Battle of Oshu, was granted Date County from Yoritomo for his distinguished war service in the Battle of Ishinazaka, and later changed his name from Tomomune NAKAMURA to Tomomune DATE.

• 琵琶湖が淀川となって大阪湾に流れる位置から、京都が首都だった時代には、若狭湾で陸揚げされた物資が、琵琶湖の湖上交通で京都や大坂に輸送されていた。
• Goods unloaded at the ports in Wakasa Bay were transported via Lake Biwa to Kyoto and Osaka from the point where the river from Lake Biwa running to Osaka Bay became the Yodo-gawa River during those periods when Kyoto was the capital.

• また、古くから水上交通路としても利用されており、明治時代に鉄道が開通するまでは、京都市・大阪市から東山道・北陸地方への物資輸送に利用されていた。
• Moreover, the lake has been used for water transport since ancient times, and until the railroad opened in the Meiji period it had been used to carry goods from Kyoto City and Osaka City to Tosando and the Hokuriku region.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)が合体した明徳の頃から半世紀の間に、文献に現れた勘解由小路義重、勘解由小路右兵衛督などは、それそれ斯波氏からの一族であった。
• Yoshishige KADENOKOJI and Kadenokoji Uhyoe-no-kami (the chief of an organization called Uhyoefu), who appear in documents in the half a century from the time of Meitoku when the Northern and Southern Courts were combined, were the families from the Shiba clan.

• 昇殿とは天皇の日常生活の場である清涼殿南廂にある殿上へ昇ることで、平安時代は家格・官位に関係なく、廷臣ごとに勅許を得ることでこれを許されていた。
• Entering the Courtiers' Hall in the Imperial Palace' means entering the Courtiers' Hall called Tenjo No Ma in the emperor's private living quarters, i.e., in the south side of the emperor's residence Seiryoden; and during the Heian period, court officials were authorized by imperial sanction to enter the Hall without regard for their family rank and court rank.

• 古今和歌集に限らず、勅撰集に収められた賀歌についてみるならば、「君」の意味するところは、時代がくだるにつれ天皇である場合がほとんどとなってくる。
• Not limited to Kokin-Wakashu, if we look at gaka adopted for Chokusenshu (anthology of poems collected by Imperial command), the word 'kimi' means the emperor in most cases, in more recent years.

• 南北朝時代には信濃小笠原氏の一族の大多数は北朝に属したが、小笠原貞宗の四男で羽場城の築城者とも伝わる小笠原重次郎など、一部に南朝に属した者もいる。
• In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, many families of the Shinano-Ogasawara clan belonged to the Northern Court, but there were some people belonging to the Southern Court such as Jujiro OGASAWARA, the fourth son of Sadamune OGASAWARA, who is said to be the one who constructed Haba-jo Castle.

• 雑賀衆の鈴木氏は、戦国時代 (日本)に紀伊国十ヶ郷（現在の和歌山市西北部、紀の川河口付近北岸）の平井（和歌山市平井）あたりを本拠地としていた土豪。
• The Suzuki clan of Saigashu (a Buddhist sect, Ikko groups) was a local clan, which had its home base situated around the area of Hirai (present Hirai, Wakayama City) of Jikkago, Kii Province (present northwest part of Wakayama City, the north shore around the river mouth of Kino-kawa River) during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).

• 京都市に隣接している立地条件から時代劇を中心としたロケーション撮影が市内各地で行われており、映画との関わりが深い街であるが、市内には映画館がない。
• Since Kameoka City is located near Kyoto City, shooting on location is conducted mainly for period dramas in many parts of the city, giving the city a close bond to cinema; however, there are no movie theaters in the city.

• 鎌倉時代以降、武力で朝家に奉仕する幕府を武家と称するようになると、それに対比して、政務一般をもって朝家に奉仕する貴族一般を公家と呼ぶようになった。
• Since the Kamakura period, bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) that served choka (the imperial family or household) with military power was refered to as buke (samural family), nobles who served choka in governmental affairs came to be called kuge.

• 江戸時代に幸徳井家（賀茂氏の庶流である）が再興し、土御門家（安倍氏のこと）とともに陰陽道の管理を任されたが、土御門氏との争いに負け、再び衰退した。
• The Kotokui/Kadei family (the illegitimate family lineage of the Kamo clan) was rebuilt in the Edo period and was allowed to administer the onmyodo together with the Tsuchimikado family (i.e. the Abe clan), but the family lost a battle with the Tsuchimikado family and went into decline again.

• 終に、明治44年（1911年）に大阪相撲の主催団体大阪相撲協会が吉田司家と和解したことにより、江戸時代以来の横綱免許を巡る混乱に終止符が打たれた。
• Finally, in 1911, because the Osaka Sumo Association, the organizer of Osaka zumo, reconciled with the Yoshida Tsukasa family, an end was put to the disorder over yokozuna licensing that had continued since the Edo period.

• 鎌倉時代に吉田経俊の子・坊城俊定を祖として創設されたといわれているが、俊定の子である坊城定資の長男坊城俊実（俊定の孫にあたる）を祖とする説もある。
• It is said that this family was founded during the Kamakura Period with Toshisada BOJO, who was a son of Tsunetoshi YOSHIDA, but there is another view that the founder was Toshizane BOJO (grandson of Toshisada), who was the eldest son of Sadasuke BOJO, who in turn was the son of Toshisada.

• 宇治川の戦い（うじがわのたたかい）は、平安時代末期の寿永3年（1184年）1月に源義仲と鎌倉の源頼朝から派遣された源範頼、源義経とで戦われた合戦。
• The Battle of Uji-gawa River was a battle that took place in January 1184, at the end of Heian period, between MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, and MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune who were dispatched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Kamakura.

• なお、この時代はまだ「幕府」という名称は武家政権を指す言葉としては定着しておらず、当時の人々は室町政権を「室町幕府」という名詞で呼んだことはない。
• In actuality, the term 'bakufu' to indicate a military government had not yet been established during this period, meaning that no one during the Muromachi period actually called the Muromachi government the 'Muromachi bakufu.'

• 鎌倉時代から京都には酒屋が隆盛をきわめていったが、当時はまだ麹造りは酒屋の職業範囲ではなく、麹の製造から販売までをつかさどる麹屋が別個に存在した。
• Although the sakaya industry had existed in Kyoto since the Kamakura Period, production of koji malt did not fall under the sakaya industry at the time, with the production and sale of kojiya malt being independent.

• しかし、徳川家康が江戸幕府を開いた江戸時代以降、長幼の序を重んじる徳川将軍家により、嫡流の地位は徳川氏の政権下にあって再び重視されるようになった。
• Since the Edo period when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA established the Edo bakufu, however, the position of chakuryu was emphasized again because the Tokugawa Shogun family highly valued choyo no jo (Confucian teaching regarding the relationship between senior and junior).

• 以後、院文殿における院評定が院政の中枢機関として活動するようになり、南北朝時代_(日本)末期に室町幕府によってその政治的権限を奪われるまで続いた。
• Since then, the in-no-hyojo at the In-no-fu-dono became the central organization for the government by a retired emperor until its political authority was deprived by the Muromachi bakufu at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

• 平安時代、1177年（治承1）に焼失して以降は再建されず、その役割は天皇の私的な住まいである内裏や臨時の内裏である「里内裏」へと受け継がれていく。
• However, they were never rebuilt, after the burning down in 1177 in the Heian period, and then their roles were handed down to the dairi, emperor's private houses, and the temporary dairi called 'sato-dairi.'

• 豊臣秀吉時代を出羽国秋田藩52,404石の大名（更に蔵入地26,245石の代官）として生き延び、伏見城築城や文禄・慶長の役の際の杉板供給役を務めた。
• During the era of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, it survived as the daimyo of Akita Domain in Dewa Province with a stipend of 52,404 koku crop yield (in addition, as daikan of the directly controlled land by Hideyoshi, it received a stipend of 26,245 koku crop yield), and took charge of supplying cedar panels for the construction of the Fushimi-jo Castle as well as in the Bunroku-Keicho War.

• 代々幕府の管領に任ぜられることになる京兆家は、頼之の弟でその養子となった細川頼元の後裔を指し、その他の有力な庶家も、多くは頼之の時代に派生している。
• The Keicho family that was successively appointed to bakufu kanrei refers to the descendant of Yorimoto HOSOKAWA, Yoriharu's younger brother who later became Yoriharu's adopted child, and the many of other powerful branch families were also derived in the period of Yoriharu.

• 応仁の乱後に家督争いなどで没落したが戦国時代を乗り切った京極氏の一系統が、佐々木氏以来の家臣・与騎の一部を組み込んで近世大名となり転封を繰り返した。
• After the Onin War, they declined for the conflicts over the succession; however, one branch of the Kyogoku clan survived the Sengoku period; they incorporated some of the vassals and lower-ranking samurai warriors who had served the Sasaki clan, and at last became Kinsei Daimyo; however, their domain was frequently changed by the order of the shogunate.

• 江戸時代においても、かつて将軍家であった足利氏の伝統を重んじた徳川家康は、石高4500石の足利頼氏に10万石の家格を与え、喜連川藩として存続させた。
• Even in the Edo period, considering the background of the Ashikaga Family as the former shogunate, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA granted Kakaku (the family status) equivalent to the yield of 100,000 koku to Yoriuji ASHIKAGA, who had originally been entitled to only 4,500 koku, and allowed the family to continue as the Kitsuregawa clan.

• 江戸時代前期の当主園基任・園基音親子はいずれも娘（壬生院・新広義門院）を後水尾天皇の後宮に入れており、それぞれ後光明天皇と霊元天皇両天皇を出産した。
• Family heads during the beginning of the Edo period, Mototo SONO and his son Motonari SONO sent their daughters (Mibuin and Shinkogimonin) to the Emperor Gomizunoo's kokyu (empress's residence) and the daughters gave birth to Emperor Gokomyo and Emperor Reigen respectively.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)では南朝 (日本)に付くが後に北朝 (日本)に帰順して九州の菊池氏らと戦い、幕府から周防国・長門国・石見国の守護職に任じられた。
• During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), they initially sided with the Southern Court, but afterwards switched their allegiance to the Northern Court and fought against the Kikuchi clan and other Southern Court supporters in Kyushu; the Muromachi bakufu rewarded them by appointing them shugo (a position tantamount to military governor) over the provinces of Suo, Nagato, and Iwami.

• しかし時代が進むにつれ、天皇と濃密な姻戚関係を結んだ藤原氏一族のほか、源氏、橘氏、清原氏、菅原氏といった新興氏族が急速に上流貴族階層を占めていった。
• However as time went by, new clans including the Minamoto clan, the Tachibana clan, the Kiyohara clan, the Sugawara clan as well as the Fujiwara clan who established a deep matrimonial relation with the Emperor, started to rapidly occupy the upper noble class.

• 鎌倉時代後期に河内国で楠木正成らが挙兵すると、第9代宇都宮公綱は討伐軍に参加するが、幕府滅亡後に後醍醐天皇の建武の新政がはじまると雑訴決断所を務める。
• In the late Kamakura period, when commanders including Masashige KUSUNOKI raised his army in Kawachi Province, the ninth family head, Kintsuna UTSUNOMIYA joined the bakufu forces to subdue Masashige, but after the fall of the bakufu, he worked for Zasso-Ketsudansho (agency of Kenmu government to file lawsuits) when the Kenmu Restoration (the new government) led by Emperor Godaigo started.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)の延文期(1356～60)に斯波氏傍流の奥州管領斯波家兼の子、斯波兼頼が出羽国按察使として山形に入部し、山形城を築城し本拠とする。
• In the Enbun era (1356 to 1360) of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kaneyori SHIBA, a son of Iekane SHIBA, Oshu Kanrei (governor of Oshu), which was a branch of the Shiba clan, moved to Yamagata as Dewa no kuni Azechi and built Yamagata-jo Castle as his headquarters.

• 1333年新田義貞が鎌倉幕府を討つ為に武蔵国に入り分倍河原の戦い (鎌倉時代)で鎌倉北条軍に敗れた後、松田一族は相模国の同志軍と共に新田義貞軍に参陣。
• After Yoshisada NITTA entered Musashi Province to defeat the Kamakura Shogunate, and was crushed by the Kamakura Hojo Army at the Bubaigawara War, the Matsuda family joined the army of Yoshisada NITTA along with the partisan army of Sagami Province.

• 康暦の政変（こうりゃくのせいへん）は、南北朝時代 (日本)の天授 (日本)5年/康暦元年（1379年）に室町幕府の管領・細川頼之が失脚した政変である。
• The Koryaku Coup was a coup d'etat that occurred in 1379 (the fifth year of Tenju (Southern)/first year of Koryaku (Northern)) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), in which the Kanrei, or deputy (de facto leader) of the Muromachi Shogunate, Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, was overthrown and lost his position.

• 蝦夷（えみし）と蝦夷（えぞ）は同じ漢字を用いていることから混同されやすいが、歴史に登場する時代もまったく異なり、両者は厳密に区別されなければならない。
• Because 'Emishi' and 'Ezo' are expressed by the same Chinese characters, they tend to be confused with one another; however, these two must be distinguished accurately because the periods in which these peoples appeared are completely different.

• このように、戦国時代に入ると主家を打倒或いは追放して主君の座を奪う者、主家から離反し他家に転ずる者、主家を傀儡化し家政を牛耳る者も現れるようになった。
• In this way, when the Sengoku Period started, there emerged even those who usurped the position of the employer's household, by destroying or expelling the employer's household, who resisted and left the employer's household and changed from one employer to another, and who made the employer's household a puppet and controlled the politics of the family.

• 能運の死後肥後国では下克上が進み戦国時代 (日本)に突入したとされるが、菊池氏の遺領は菊池三家老と言われた赤星氏・城氏・隈部氏等が領するところとなった。
• it is said that after Yoshiyuki's death, Kyushu underwent an agitated period of gekokujo (the revolt of vassals against their lords), then entered the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), and the posthumous territories of the Kikuchi clan was divisively owned by the so called 'three chief retainers of Kikuchi,' the Akaboshi clan, the Jo clan, the Kumabe clan, etc.

• また、上卿三家といわれる世襲家老、松井氏（長岡佐渡、代々八代城3万石の城代）・米田氏（長岡監物）・有吉氏の三家があり、いずれも藤孝時代からの重臣である。
• Also there were three hereditary karo (chief retainer) called the three families of shokei (the top court officials), the Matsui clan (Jodai [the keeper of castle] of Yatsushiro-jo Castle 30,000 koku in Nagaoka, Sado, for generations), the Komeda clan (Nagaoka Kambutsu duty) and the Ariyoshi clan, and all were senior vassals from the time of Fujitaka.

• 鎌倉幕府が滅びると、江戸氏は南北朝時代 (日本)の騒乱において初め新田義貞に従って南朝 (日本)方につき、後に北朝 (日本)に帰順して鎌倉公方に仕えた。
• During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts following the fall of the Kamakura bakufu, the Edo clan took Yoshisada NITTA's side to support the Southern Court, but later switched to the Northern Court's side to serve Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of Kamakura Region).
• With the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu and the ensuing turmoil of the Northern and Southern Court Period, the Edo clan initially allied itself to the Southern Court serving Yoshisada NITTA, but later changed allegiances to the Northern Court and served as the Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region).

• 江戸時代の藤波種忠が勅勘を蒙り、ひとたびは地下人(じげ)に転落したが、孫の藤波景忠（正二位・神祇大副）（1647年-1727年）の代に再び堂上家に復帰。
• When Tanetada FUJINAMI in the Edo period was censored due to Imperial decree, the family was once demoted to Jige (low class nobles); however, at the time of his grandson Kagetada FUJINAMI (Senior Second Rank, Jingi taifu) (1647 - 1727), the family was reinstated in the Tosho-ke.

• 甲斐武田氏では武田信玄が江戸時代から近代にかけて『甲陽軍鑑』の流行により一般においても広く知られ、地元においては郷土史の象徴的人物と位置づけられいった。
• Shingen TAKEDA of the Kai-Takeda clan was widely known by people during the Edo period to early modern times thanks to the popularity of 'Koyo Gunkan,' and he became the symbol of the local history at his birthplace.

• 東儀家（とうぎ け）は、奈良時代から今日まで1300年以上の間、雅楽を世襲してきた三方楽所楽家（宮中・京都、南都・奈良、天王寺・大阪の楽師の家）の家系。
• The Togi family is one of the Sanpo gakuso (organization of transmission of gagaku, ancient court music) Gaku families (families of musicians served in the Imperial court in Kyoto, Nanto in Nara, and Tennoji in Osaka), which has passed down the tradition of gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) for over 1,300 years from the Nara period to today.

• 鎌倉時代まで本姓である小槻氏を称すが、その後は分裂し、それぞれ家名（苗字）である壬生家壬生家（小槻姓）・大宮家大宮家（小槻氏）・虫鹿家・村田家を称した。
• Up to the Kamakura period, the clan went under their original surname Ozuki, but thereafter it was divided into the Mibu, Omiya, Mushika, and Murata families.

• 平安時代を通じて鎮護国家を担う山門（比叡山延暦寺）勢力は教義の教えや体系的な学問にはげむ一方、加持祈祷や僧兵の武力を通じて、政治権力を持つようになった。
• And while on the one hand Enryaku-ji Temple (the main temple of Mt. Hiei, also called 'Sanmon'), which had shouldered the burden of spiritually protecting the state throughout the Heian period, zealously poured considerable effort into teaching its doctrine and promoting systematic study of its precepts, it also acquired political might through its prayers and incantations coupled with the military strength of its sohei (warrior monks).

• 応永の乱（おうえいのらん）は、室町時代の応永6年（1399年）に、守護大名の大内義弘が室町幕府に対して反乱を起こして堺市に篭城して滅ぼされた事件である。
• The Oei rebellion, which broke out in the sixth year of the Oei era (1399) during the Muromachi period, was a revolt against the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) led by the shugo daimyo (feudal lord) Yoshihiro OUCHI, in which he occupied the city of Sakai (modern-day Osaka) which was eventually brought to ruin.

• 治承・寿永の乱（じしょう・じゅえいのらん）は、平安時代末期の治承4年（1180年）から元暦2年（1185年）にかけての6年間にわたる大規模な内乱である。
• The Jisho/Juei Rebellion was a large-scale internal rebellion that lasted for 6 years from 1180 to 1185 during the later Heian Period.

• 農兵隊には荘園時代の古例により四沙汰人を置き、第一陣「西軍」・第二陣「東軍」の2軍が目的別に編成され、両軍が慶応4年1月11日山国神社に集結し出陣した。
• This peasant army had four commanding officers, in accordance with the ancient precedent from back in the days where the region was a shoen (private estate), and was split into two companies, the Western and Eastern Companies, which were composed with different goals in mind; both companies assembled and were formed on February 4, 1868 at Yamaguni Shrine.

• 戦国時代 (日本)後期に入ると上国家湊安東氏に後嗣がなく断絶の危機を迎えたため、詳細は不明であるが檜山下国家の安東愛季が湊家をも継承して安東家を統合した。
• In the latter Sengoku Period (Japan), as the existence of the Minato Ando clan of Kaminokuni family was threatened by the lack of the heir, Chikasue ANDO of the Hiyama Shimonokuni family succeeded to the reign of the Minato family also, and integrated the two Ando families, although the detail is unkown.

• 平安時代の後期になると、経輔の孫の藤原経忠は妻の藤原実子が鳥羽天皇の乳母であったことから院近臣として白河天皇および鳥羽法皇に仕え従二位中納言まで昇進した。
• But in the latter days of the Heian period, FUJIWARA no Jisshi, the wife of Tsunesuke's grandson FUJIWARA no Tsunetada, was wetnurse to Emperor Toba, which led to Tsunetada serving both Emperor Shirakawa and Cloistered Emperor Toba as an In no kinshin (vassal to the retired emperor), reaching Junii (Junior Second Rank) and holding the position of Chunagon (Middle Counselor).

• 戦国時代(日本)になると越後国に下り、八条龍松を上杉房能の養子とするなどして越後への政治的介入を強めたが、その過程で越後守護代長尾氏と対立するようになる。
• Once the Sengoku Period (Japan's Warring States period) began, the family relocated to Echigo Province, strengthening their involvement in local politics in Echigo through such means as arranging to have Ryumatsu HACHIJO adopted by Fusayoshi UESUGI; in the process, however, they came into conflict with Echigo's Shugodai (deputy governor) family, the Nagao clan.

• 鎌倉時代の三斎市から月に6回定期的に開かれる六斎市など定期市や、都市部での見世棚をもった常設の店舗に、特定商品のみの卸売市場、卸売業を営む問屋も発生する。
• Market types ranged from the Kamakura-period Sansai markets, which were held three times a month, to Rokusai markets that were held regularly, six times a month, and in urban areas many types of stores sprang up, ranging from permanent shops with display shelves to wholesale markets and wholesale stores that sold only one specific product.

• 桂庵玄樹は肥後国及び薩摩国に招かれ、現地で朱子学の一派である薩南学派を開くが江戸時代には衰亡南村梅軒は土佐に招かれて、同じく朱子学の一派の海南学派を開く。
• Genju KEIAN was invited to come to both Higo and then Satsuma provinces, leading him to found the Satsunangaku school, a school of Neo-Confucianism, there in the countryside, which fell into decline during the Edo period; Baiken MINAMIMURA was invited to Tosa, where he created the Kainangaku school, which was also a school of Neo-Confucianism.

• これは平安時代の政権が律令に基づいて死刑として処罰した数少ない事例であり、これ以降1156年の保元の乱で源為義が死刑執行されるまで約350年間一件も無い。
• This was one of the rare cases where a government of the Heian period executed someone based on ritsuryo, and after this, the death penalty was not used for about 350 years until the execution of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, which was carried out during the Hogen Disturbance in 1156.

• 律令法は形式、内容ともに主として唐の律令を模範とした法制であって、この時代の東洋で一種の世界法の役割を果たした唐の律令の日本における分枝とみるべきである。
• Ritsuryo law was a legal system modeled mainly upon the Tang ritsuryo in both style and content, and should be seen as a Japan branch of the Tang ritsuryo, which served as world law in the East, at that time.

• 小田原の役で後北条氏の嫡流が滅亡すると、康広の子の小笠原長房 (旗本)は徳川家康の家臣となり、子孫は旗本として存続し、江戸時代の歴代の当主は縫殿寮を称した。
• After the main line of the Gohojo clan went to ruin at the Siege of Odawara, the son of Yasuhiro, Nagafusa OGASAWARA (hatamoto [direct retainer of the bakufu]) became a vassal of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and his descendants continued as hatamoto and its successive heads in the Edo period served as officials of Nuidono-ryo (Bureau of the Wardrobe and Court Ladies).

• 鎌倉時代には陸奥国・下野国・常陸国の他にも出雲国、但馬国、伊勢国、駿河国、備中国、上野国、出羽国、越後国などでも地頭職を得ており、各地に分流が派生している。
• During the Kamakura Period, the Date clan was appointed as jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) not only in Mutsu Province, Shimotsuke Province and Hitachi Province, but also in other provinces including Izumo Province, Tajima Province, Ise Province, Suruga Province, Bicchu Province, Kozuke Province, Dewa Province and Echigo Province, which helped its branch families spread in those areas.

• 戦国時代 (日本)になると各地の所領を武家に横領されたため、経済基盤を確保するために柳原資綱・柳原量光・柳原資定の3代に渡って、所領のある因幡国に下向した。
• During Japan's Sengoku (Warring States) period, some of the family's territories in various locations were confiscated by samurai families; in order to maintain a financial base, therefore, the family moved to Inaba Province, where it had held territory over three generations, from Suketsuna YANAGIWARA to Kazumitsu YANAGIWARA and Sukesada YANAGIWARA.

• 平田家は平安時代末期より代々蔵人所出納を務め、後には世襲してきたが、政務や公事、儀式に必要な知識などを歴代当主が日記の形式で書き残して子孫へと伝えていった。
• From the end of the Heian period, the Hirata family served as secretary 'suino' at the Bureau of Archives for generations; the successive heads of the family recorded things including knowledge necessary for political affairs, public affairs, and ceremonies in a diary to hand down to their descendants.

• 江戸時代前期の吉田兼治（兵衛府）（1565年-1616年）の長男で吉田兼見の養子となった萩原兼従（かねより）（正三位）（1588年-1660年）を祖とする。
• The founder of the family was Kaneyori HAGIWARA (Shosanmi - Senior Third Rank) (1588-1660) who was the eldest son of Kaneharu YOSHIDA (Hyoe-fu - Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards) (1565-1616) during the early stage of the Edo Period and adopted by Kanemi YOSHIDA.

• この内、代々蔵人を勤めた2家は江戸時代後期の弘化4年12月17日 (旧暦)（1848年1月22日）堂上家（半家 (公家)）に列せられた（最後の堂上家昇格）。
• Among them, two families which served as kurodo for generations were promoted to toshoke (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) (hanke [lowest rank for toshoke] [kuge - court nobles]) on January 22, 1848 duging the last stage of the Edo Period (last promotion to toshoke).

• 奈良時代から漸次的に進んでいた文化の日本化が国風文化として結実し、平仮名・片仮名の使用が開始し、『源氏物語』・『枕草子』に代表される物語文学などが花開いた。
• The Japanization of culture that had gradually advanced from the Nara period produced a Japanese-style culture, using hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (another set of Japanese syllabary characters) started and narrative literature, typical examples being 'The Tale of Genji' and 'Makura no soshi' (the Pillow Book), flourished.

• また、鎌倉時代には津軽地方の豪族である安東氏が、鎌倉幕府の執権北条氏より蝦夷管領（または蝦夷代官）に任ぜられ、これら3種の蝦夷を統括していたとする記録もある。
• Another record states that the Ando clan, the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Tsugaru region, was appointed as an Ezo Kanrei (or Ezo Daikan (local governor)) by the Hojo clan, the regent of the Kamakura bakufu, and that it controlled these three Ezo groups in the Kamakura period.

• この時代は、守護大名や守護代、国人などを出自とする戦国大名が登場し、それら戦国大名勢力は中世的な支配体系を徐々に崩し、分国法を定めるなど各地で自立化を強めた。
• During this period, Sengoku daimyo (the daimyo, that is Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who came from the Shugo daimyo, Shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable), or from Kokujin (local samurai) appeared, and the power of the Sengoku daimyo destroyed the medieval control system, raising their levels of independency, for example, by establishing bunkokuho (a law that individual sengoku-daimyo enforced within their own domains).

• 室町時代以降、武家においては次第に惣領制が強化されつつあり、嫡流の家系が宗家・本家を形成し、庶子家が次第に庶家として、宗家の家臣として編入される例もみられた。
• Since the Muromachi period, the soryo system (a system in which the shoryo of a clan were inherited by clan members, but they and their shoryo were ruled by the soryo) was gradually enhanced; the family line of chakuryu formed the soke and honke, and the shoshi-ke (families other than the chakuryu in a clan) as shoke (branch families) were integrated as its vassals, in some cases.

• 戦国時代 (日本)に入ると、政則の子・赤松義村が家臣の浦上村宗に殺されさらにその子・赤松晴政は村宗に傀儡として擁立されるなどして赤松氏は内紛により衰退していく。
• In the Sengoku Period, the Akamatsu clan became deteriorated through the internal conflicts; Masanori's son, Yoshimura AKAMATSU was killed by his own retainer Muramune URAGAMI, and in addition, Muramune utilized Yoshimura's son Harumasa AKAMATSU to set up a puppet administration.

• 江戸時代初期の元和 (日本)（1615年‐1624年）年間に久我晴通の四男岩倉具堯が分家を許され、京都洛北の岩倉村の所領にちなみに岩倉を家名としたのにはじまる。
• The family was founded when Tomotaka IWAKURA, the forth son of Haremichi KOGA, was allowed to have a branch and named the branch Iwakura after his territory in the village of Iwakura in the northern Kyoto during the Genwa (Japan) era (1615-1642) in the early Edo period.

• 時忠は壇ノ浦の合戦後、能登国に流され没落したが、時忠の弟平親宗の子孫（唐橋家）や叔父平信範の子孫（西洞院家・安居院家・烏丸家）は鎌倉時代以降も公家として続いた。
• After the Battle of Dan no ura, Tokitada was exiled to the Noto Province and died there, but the descendants of his brother TAIRA no Chikamune (the Karahashi family) and those of his uncle TAIRA no Nobunori (the Nishinotoin family, the Agoin family and the Karasumaru family) survived as court nobles through the Kamakura period.

• 戦国時代 (日本)の高倉永相（ながすけ）（1530年 - 1585年）は最後の室町幕府将軍・足利義昭とともに二条城で織田信長と対決したが敗北し、信長に投降した。
• During the Warring States period (Japan), Nagasuke TAKAKURA (1530 - 1585) fought against Nobunaga ODA in Nijo-jo Castle under Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, the last Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), but he was defeated and surrendered to Nobunaga.

• 中世以降壬生家は官務に加え修理東大寺大仏長官（または造東大寺次官）・主殿頭、のち室町時代末期に大宮家が断絶したため、壬生孝亮以降は算博士も世襲することとなった。
• From the Middle Ages onwards, the Mibu family held the positions of repair section chief of Todai-ji-Temple Great Buddha, the chief of Tonomonoryo (Palace Custodians and Supply Bureau), and also, from when the Omiya family was discontinued at the end of Muromachi period, sanhakase (a position teaching mathematics and growing mathematicians) after the era of Takasuke MIBU.

• 戦国時代 (日本)に世尊寺家（能書で名高い）が断絶し、世尊寺行高の門人だった持明院基春が朝廷の書役を務め、以後書道の家として入木道伝授の宗家（持明院流）となる。
• During the Sengoku period (period of warring states), the Sesonji family (famous for Nosho - excellent calligraphy) ended, so Motoharu JIMYOIN, a disciple of Yukitaka SESONJI, worked as a cleric in the Imperial Court, and since then the family served as the head family for the initiation of calligraphy.

• 江戸時代末期になり、諸外国が幕府に開国を求めると、尊皇攘夷などの運動が盛んとなり、政情不安の中で、十五代将軍の徳川慶喜は大政奉還を行い、武家政権は終焉を迎えた。
• At the end of the Edo period, as many foreign countries requested the bakufu to open the nation to the world, movements such as Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners), and yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, the 15th Shogun, implemented Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) under the unstable political situation, resulting in the end of the military government.

• 文安の麹騒動（ぶんあんのこうじそうどう）とは、室町時代、京都において酒造工程の一つである麹造りを支配していた座（北野麹座）が室町幕府の攻撃を受けて没落した事件。
• Bunan no Koji Sodo was an incident in which Kitano koji za (a guild in Kitano for producers of koji malt, a kind of mold grown on produce such as boiled rice), who controlled production of koji malt (which is part of the sake brewing process) in Kyoto, was attacked by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) causing its decline during the Muromachi Period.

• 鎌倉時代の守護が国内の軍事警察権を持つにとどまっていたのに対し、室町期の守護は、半済で得た権益を元に、軍事警察権のみならず荘園領主や国衙の権能を吸収していった。
• While provincial constables in the Kamakura period simply had military police powers, those in the Muromachi period gradually absorbed the powers of the lords of manors and the kokuga (provincial government offices) as well as the military police powers, based on the interests obtained in 'Hanzei.'

• こののちも、室町時代において吉良氏や渋川氏とともに、足利一門の名門 御一家として幕府内において一目置かれたが、最早守護大名衆の列からは完全に外された存在であった。
• In addition to the Kira and Shibukawa clans, the Ishibahshi clan was also recognized as a family of pedigree of the Ashikaga family in the Muromachi period, but there was no future for the clan as Shugo Daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords).

• 戦国時代 (日本)の平田職盛・平田職定の日記が残闕は存在しているものの、現存するまとまった形式の日記としては平田職忠が書いた天正11年（1588年）の日記となる。
• Fragments of the diaries of Motomori and Motosada HIRATA during the Sengoku Period exist, but only the diary of Mototada HIRATA of 1588 remains in complete form.

• また、院政開始後最初の評定始は特に文殿始（ふどのはじめ）とも呼ばれ、両統迭立によって院政の継続が不安定な時代になると、院政開始を印象付ける行事として重んじられた。
• The first hyojohajime after the start of the new government of a retired emperor was called 'Fudonohajime' (文殿始) in particular, which is of special note because it marked the start of Insei in the era of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) when it was not easy to keep Insei.

• そこで名主仲間（宮座仲間）は、かつての荘園「山国庄」の時代と同様に天皇から正式に官位を授かることなどで地域の一円禁裏御料化を目指し、宮座の結束強化をはかっていた。
• At this point the council of village headmen (who were also comrades from the shrine organization) began to set their sights on the entire region remaining under the control of the imperial house, arguing that, much like during the days the area was a shoen, 'Yamaguni estate,' they had received an official position and rank from the emperor and should have control over the whole area, thereby aiming to fortify the unity of the shrine organization.

• 本姓は室町時代に幕府の三管領の一つとなった一族であり、越前国・若狭国・越中国・能登国・遠江国・信濃国・尾張国・加賀国・安房国・佐渡国などを領した守護大名・戦国大名。
• It was a family which became one of the Sankanrei (three families in the post of Kanrei, or shogunal deputy) of Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the Muromachi period, and also became Shugo daimyo (Japanese feudal lords who used to be the provincial military governors) and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period, or period of warring states) who ruled Echizen Province, Wakasa Province, Ecchu Province, Noto Province, Totomi Province, Shinano Province, Owari Province, Kaga Province, Awa Province, Sado Province and so on.

• 江戸時代には、大名家及び仙台藩士の他に旗本（駿河伊達氏系）、紀州藩士（駿河伊達氏系）、津山藩士（駿河伊達氏系）、久保田藩士（国分盛重の系統）にも伊達氏が確認できる。
• During the Edo Period, in addition to daimyo and a feudal retainer of Sendai Domain, the Date clan also served as hatamoto (the Suruga-Date clan line), a feudal retainer of Kishu Domain (the Suruga-Date clan line), a feudal retainer of Tsuyama Domain (Suruga-Date clan line) and a feudal retainer of Kubota Domain (descendants of Morishige KOKUBUN).

• 戦国時代 (日本)末期の1575年、織田信長から丹波・丹後進攻の命を受けた家臣の明智光秀と細川幽斎らに侵攻され、旧守護職の一色義道は殺され、一色氏は完全に没落した。
• In 1575, during the end of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), Mitsuhide AKECHI and Yusai HOSOKAWA who were ordered to invade Tanba and Tango by Nobunaga ODA, killed former Shugoshoku Yoshimichi ISSHIKI, leading to the downfall of the Isshiki clan.

• 「神皇正統記」は、南北朝時代に南朝の北畠親房が関東で勢力を集めるために南朝の正統性を神代から記した所で、のちの皇国史観に繋がるイデオロギー的性格の強い史書であった。
• The 'Jinno shotoki' (Record of the Imperial Succession) was a work written by Chikafusa KITABATAKE and argues for the legitimacy of the Southern Court line of succession, that it was unbroken since the age of myth, in an attempt to drum up support for the Southern Court in the Kanto; in later times, it was to have a powerful influence on ideologues trying to promote a historiographic view of Japan as divine and Emperor-centered.

• それと前後して、守護は半済、守護請等で、荘園領主等の権利をも侵食して行き、戦国時代 (日本)になると、守護大名に代わった戦国大名はさらに土地の一円知行を進めていく。
• Around the same time, provincial constables also encroached on other rights, including the power of Shoen-ryoshu using the systems of Hanzei and Shugo-uke, and from the start of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), Daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku Period who turned into Shugo Daimyo further promoted Ichien chigyo (complete proprietorship) of the lands.

• したがって、この「君」は特定の個人をさすものではなく、治世の君（古今和歌集の時代においては帝）の長寿を祝し、その御世によせる賛歌として収録されたものとも考えられる。
• Therefore, we can also understand that this 'kimi' does not mean any specific individual person, but this waka was included as an anthem to celebrate the longevity of the reigning lord (the emperor at the time of Kokin-Wakashu) and was dedicated to his reign.

• これが「上七軒」の由来で、桃山時代に豊臣秀吉が北野で大茶会を開いた折に茶店側は団子を献上したところ大いに誉められて以来、また西陣の結びつきで花街としての繁栄を極める。
• The name 'Kamishichiken' (literally meaning 'upper seven houses') originated from this fact, and Kamishichiken has prospered as a hanamachi, with close ties to Nishijin, ever since Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI held a large tea ceremony in Kitano in the Momoyama period and greatly praised the dumpling cake the tea house served.

• 鎌倉時代は源頼朝と遠縁として、また父が頼朝の父　源義朝と浅からぬ縁があったこと、頼朝の御台所　北条政子の妹を正室としたこともあり、幕府の信望を得て門葉として遇された。
• During the Kamakura period, he was treated as Monyo (meaning a blood relation) having won the trust of the bakufu because he was a distant relative to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, his father had a close relationship with Yoritomo's father (Yoshitomo), and his legitimate wife was a sister of Masako HOJO, who was Yoritomo's wife.

• 江戸時代以降、甲陽流軍学者が信玄の肖像画を珍重し、その中や浮世絵などに盛んに「四つ割菱」の図柄が描かれてしまったために、「四つ割菱」が定紋であるかと思われがちである。
• 'Yotsuwari-bishi' tends to be considered the formal family crest because it was often drawn in Shingen's portraits, which were valued by the scholars of Koyoryu military science, and ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock paintings) during the Edo period.

• ここに、吉野朝廷と京都の朝廷（北朝）が対立する南北朝時代 (日本)が到来し、1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）の南北朝合一まで約60年間にわたって南北朝の抗争が続いた。
• With this, the period of two opposing courts, the Yoshino (Southern) Court and the Court in Kyoto (of the Northern Dynasty), began; the struggles between the Northern and Southern Ccourts were to continue for over 60 years, until the two courts were finally unified in 1392.

• 京都の公家であった左近衛少将・猪熊教利は、「天下無双」とたたえられるほどの美男子で、源氏物語の光源氏や平安時代に浮き名を流した在原業平にもたとえられていた公家であった。
• Sakone no shosho (officer of the Imperial guard department) Noritoshi INOKUMA, a court noble in Kyoto, was renowned for his allegedly 'unparalleled' handsomeness, likened to Hikaru Genji, hero of the Tale of Genji, or ARIWARA no Narihira whose love affairs were well known in the Heian period.

• 明治時代に入ると日露戦争を控え、京阪神と日本有数の軍港である舞鶴港とをつなぐ交通網の普及が急がれた理由から、福知山はその中継地点として軍用鉄道の福知山線の整備がなされた。
• During the Meiji period, the Fukuchiyama Line, which was used as a military railroad, was improved by setting Fukuchiyama as a connecting point; this was carried out due to the fact that expanding the transportation network connecting Keihanshin (Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe area) and Maizuru Port, which was one of the major military ports in Japan, was seen as an urgent issue in preparation for the Russo-Japanese War.

• これが「上七軒」の由来で、安土桃山時代に豊臣秀吉が北野で大茶会を開いた折に茶店側は団子を献上したところ大いに誉められて以来、また西陣の結びつきで花街としての繁栄を極める。
• The name 'Kamishichiken' (literally meaning 'upper seven houses') originated from this fact, and Kamishichiken has prospered as a hanamachi, with close ties to Nishijin, ever since Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI held a large tea ceremony in Kitano in the Momoyama period and greatly praised the dumpling cake served by the teahouse.

• 鎌倉時代には、得宗家は専属の被官である御内人、家政機関（公文所）と所領を持ち、諸国の守護職や、六波羅探題をはじめ幕府の要職の過半を占める北条一門の最上位に位置づけられた。
• In the Kamakura period, the Tokuso family had their own miuchibito (vassals who served as low-level bureaucrats), Kumonjo (office of administration), and territory, and were the most senior family in the Hojo clan, which held the position of shugoshiki (provincial constable) in various provinces and the majority of the most important posts in the bakufu, such as that of head of the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).

• 正中の変（しょうちゅうのへん）とは、鎌倉時代後期の1324年（正中 (元号)元年）に起きた、後醍醐天皇による鎌倉幕府討幕計画が事前に発覚して首謀者が処分された事件である。
• The 'Shochu Incident' occurred in 1324 (late Kamakura period), where a plan to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu by Emperor Godaigo was discovered beforehand and the main perpetrators were executed.

• また、才覚よりも家格を官職就任の最優先の要件とするという見解は、南北朝時代 (日本)の北畠親房による一連の著作とも共通しており、親房は同書の影響を受けたとする見方もある。
• Additionally, Motochika's position to prioritize the family's social standing rather than talent for the appointment of the government posts coincided with Chikafusa KITABATAKE's series of books in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts; some believe that Chikafusa had been influenced by the Kanshoku Hisho.

• 鎌倉時代後期には毛利時親が京都の六波羅探題の評定衆を勤めるが、姻戚関係であった内管領の長崎円喜が執権北条高時に代わり幕府で政権を握っているのを嫌い、料所の河内国へ隠棲する。
• During the late Kamakura period, Tokichika MORI assumed the position of hyojoshu (a member of Council of State) for the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto); however, displeased with the matrimonially related Enki NAGASAKI, the Naikanrei (head of Tokuso Family), holding power in the bakufu instead of the regent Takatoki HOJO, Tokichika lived in seclusion in goryosho (the imperial or shogunate's estate) in the Kawachi Province.

• 宗厳は戦国時代に、松永久秀に仕えたが、その久秀が織田信長と争って滅亡し、さらに豊臣秀吉の太閤検地によって隠田の罪で2000石の所領を没収されるなど、次第に落ちぶれていった。
• Munetoshi served Hisahide MATSUNAGA in the Sengoku period, however his clan gradually dwindled as his master Hisahide was destroyed by Nobunaga ODA, and he forfeited 2,000 koku (360.78 cubic meters of rice) of his territory on charge of hiding rice fields when Taiko Kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey) was held.

• 南北朝正閏論（なんぼくちょうせいじゅんろん）とは日本の南北朝時代 (日本)において南北のどちらが正統とするかの論争（閏はうるうと同じで「正統ではないが偽物ではない」の意）。
• The Nanbokucho-Seijun-ron is a debate on which of the Imperial Courts, Southern or Northern, was the legitimate dynasty during the Nanbokucho period in Japan ('jun' is the same as 'uruu' and means 'not legitimate but also not fake').

• 鎌倉時代に、足利本家の足利義氏 (足利家3代目当主)が三河守護となると、義清の孫細川義季は兄の戸賀崎義宗・仁木実国らとともに三河国へ進出し、細川郷を領して細川二郎と名乗った。
• When Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA (the third head of the ASHIKAGA family) of the Ashikaga head family became Mikawa Shugo in the Kamakura period, Yoshikiyo's grandson Yoshisue HOSOKAWA advanced into Mikawa Province with his older brothers Yoshimune TOGASAKI and Sanekuni NIKI, and ruled over Hosokawa-go, and called himself Jiro HOSOKAWA.

• 室町時代後期になると、小笠原氏の小笠原長清の末裔とされる小笠原頼勝は、福知山盆地の中央部に位置する「横山」と呼ばれた丘陵地に簡素な空堀と土塁だけで出来た福知山城を築きあげた。
• In the latter half of the Muromachi period, Yorikatsu OGASAWARA who is considered to be a scion of Nagakiyo OGASAWARA in the Ogasawara clan, built the simple Fukuchiyama-jo Castle with only an empty moat and earthworks in the hilly area called 'Yokoyama' located in the central part of Fukuchiyama Basin.

• 福知山市を含む周辺地域では縄文時代の始め頃から人が住んでいたといわれ、広範囲において数多くの古墳やその住居跡が出土したことから、かつては多数の有力豪族が居たと考えられている。
• It is said that people lived in the surrounding area including Fukuchiyama City from the beginning of the Jomon period; many influential powerful families are thought to have lived here because many ancient tombs and dwellings were found across a wide area.

• 安倍貞任の子孫を名乗る津軽安東氏・安藤氏、その後裔で戦国大名として活躍した秋田氏、安倍宗任の子孫を名乗る九州松浦党とその後裔である平成時代の総理大臣安倍晋三が特に有名である。
• Particularly famous among them are the Tsugaru Ando (安東 or 安藤) clan who claimed themselves as the descendants of ABE no Sadato, the Akita clan who were descendants of the Tsugaru Ando clan that were active as a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), the Kyushu Matsuura Party who claimed themselves as the descendants of ABE no Muneto, and Shinzo ABE who is a descendant of the Kyushu Matsuura Party and was a Prime Minister in the Heisei era.

• 室町時代に山城国を宇治川を境に上三郡と下五郡に分割して、それぞれに守護代を任ずるようになってからは、上三郡の守護所が宇治槙島に置かれ、下五郡の守護所が淀など数ヶ所に置かれた。
• In Muromachi period, the Yamashiro Province was divided along the Uji River into three upper districts and five lower districts; after an associate shugo (shugodai) was designated to each district the Shugosho in charge of the three upper districts was situated in Uji Makishima, while Shugosho for the five lower districts were placed in several places such as Yodo.

• 江戸時代前期正親町天皇の皇孫で、陽光院太上天皇誠仁親王の第6王子 八条宮智仁親王の三男広幡忠幸が寛文4年（1664年）に源氏の姓を賜り一家を創立し、広幡を称したことに始まる。
• Tadayuki HIROHATA, the third son of Imperial Prince Hachijonomiya Toshihito who was the sixth son of Imperial Prince Sanehito (the Retired Emperor Yoko), and also an imperial descendant of Emperor Ogimachi in the early Edo period, was given the hereditary title of Minamoto and established the family in 1664 by using the surname of Hirohata.

• 平安時代末期に摂津源氏の源頼政の知行国だった伊豆国の小豪族に過ぎなかった北条氏は、伊豆へ流罪となっていた河内源氏の源頼朝の挙兵に従い、頼朝を征夷大将軍とする幕府を成立させる。
• Once a small regional clan from Izu Province, a provincial fiefdom of Yorimasa MINAMOTO of the Settsu-Genji (a branch of the Minamoto clan) in the late Heian period, the Hojo clan followed the army raised by Yoritomo MINAMOTO of the Kawachi-Genji (another branch of the Minamoto clan), who had been exiled to Izu, and formed a bakufu with Yoritomo as the seii taishogun (literally, the great general who subdues the barbarians).

• 江戸時代に庭田重条（にわた　しげなが）（従一位・大納言）（1650年～1725年）の養子大原栄敦（おおはら　ひであつ）（正三位・近衛府）（1704年～1758年）を祖とする。
• Its patriarch was Hideatsu OHARA (Shosanmi - Senior Third Rank), Konoefu (member of the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) (1704 - 1758), adopted by Shigenaga NIWATA (Juichii - Junior First Rank), Dainagon (chief councilor of state) (1650 - 1725).

• 江戸時代も中期に差し掛かると、世の中は平和になる一方で社会が発展するにつれて新たな社会問題も生じ、古い戦国期以来の法体系を継承した従来の幕藩法体系では対応出来なくなってきた。
• By mid-Edo period, while the world became peaceful and as society developed, new social issues emerged that could not be dealt with by the traditional shogunate system of law that succeeded the ancient system after the warring states period.

• 天武系でなければ即位すら出来なかった時代に天智系の光仁天皇（当時は白壁王）の第一皇子として生まれ、立太子は行われなかった（通常、継承順位が高ければ生まれると同時に行われた）。
• At a time when only a Tenmu-descendent prince could ascend the throne, Emperor Kanmu was born as the first prince of Tenchi-descendent Emperor Konin (Prince Shirakabe at that time) but Rittaishi (investiture of the Crown Prince) was not conducted, although it was normally done at the time of birth if the person's order of succession was high.

• 鎌倉時代末期には一族で争いが起こり、正中 (元号)2年（1325年）に北条高時が蝦夷管領を安藤季長から従兄弟である安藤季久に代えると、争乱は幕府への反乱に発展する（蝦夷大乱）。
• In the late Kamakura period, the clan had an internal conflict, and after Takatoki HOJO replaced Suenaga ANDO by Suenaga's cousin Suehisa ANDO as Ezo kanrei in 1325, the conflict resulted in a rebellion against the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun, in this case the Kamakura bakufu) (Ezo War).

• この流れは公家として京都に残り、平安時代末期に平清盛（高望王流）の正室平時子（二位尼）と、その弟で清盛の威勢によって正二位大納言にのぼった平時忠、異母妹の建春門院平滋子が出た。
• Members of this lineage became court nobles and remained in Kyoto; in the late Heian period, the following prominent figures came from this lineage: TAIRA no Tokiko (Nii no Ama), the lawful wife of TAIRA no Kiyomori (from the lineage of the Prince Takamochi); TAIRA no Tokitada, Tokiko's brother, who was promoted to Dainagon (Major Counselor) of Shonii (Senior Second Rank) owing to Kiyomori's influence; and Kenshunmonin TAIRA no Shigeko, their half-sister.

• 勧修寺流藤原宣孝（紫式部の夫）から数えて7代目にあたる鎌倉時代の廷臣・藤原宗隆の子孫である姉小路宗方（宗隆の子）・姉小路顕朝・姉小路忠方の3代がいるが、早いうちに没落している。
• The line descending from FUJIWARA no Munetaka, who was a courtier in the Kamakura Period and the seventh generation descended from FUJIWARA no Nobutaka (the husband of Murasaki Shikibu) of the Kajuji line, ended early after only three generations, the members of this line being Munekata ANEGAKOJI (the son of Munetaka), Akitomo ANEGAKOJI and Tadakata ANEGAKOJI.

• こうした歴史学の発展の一方で、歴史学と国家主義的な歴史観との衝突も発生していた（「神道は祭天の古俗」事件、南北朝時代 (日本)南北朝正閏論と後世への影響、天皇機関説事件など）。
• While history advanced in this way, collisions between history and nationalistic views of history occurred (for example, the incident of 'Shinto is a remnant of the ancient custom of worshiping heaven,' Nanbokucho-Seijunron (an argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), and the incident of the emperor-as-organ theory).

• 豊臣政権末期の政情不安定期に公権力を漠然と公儀と呼ぶ慣習が生まれ、江戸時代に入ると統一政権で諸領主権力間の唯一の利害調整機関となった江戸幕府を指して公儀と呼ばれるようになった。
• Kogi became the general term for official authority in the period of governmental instability in towards the end of the Toyotomi administration, and in the Edo Period, Kogi started to indicate the Edo bakufu which was the only unified authority that mediated the power struggles among the feudal lords.

• 福知山市内からは古くは縄文時代初期のころのものが出土していることから、既にそれ以前にはこの地に人が住んでいたことや、多くの有力豪族がこの地一帯を統治していたことが考えられている。
• Since the oldest finds of the Jomon period were found in Fukuchiyama City, it is speculated that people already lived here and that many influential powerful families ruled the area.

• 鎌倉時代書写の書陵部所蔵の九条家旧蔵本長久元年記5巻・田中穫所蔵本の長暦2年記1巻・尊経閣文庫所蔵の三条西家本永承3年記3巻には、東寺本には収録されていない月日も多く含んでいる。
• The handwritten copies such as the one owned once by the Kujo family and currently by the Imperial Household Archives, Vol. 5 of the Chokyu Gannen Ki (chronicle of the first year of the Chokyu era) in the Kamakura period, the one possessed by Kaku TANAKA, Vol. 1 of the Choreki Ninen Ki (chronicle of the second year of the Choreki era), and the one owned by Sonkeikaku-bunko library, Vol. 3 of the Eisho Sannen Ki (chronicle of the third year of the Eisho era) in the Sanjonishike-bon (Sanjonishi family book) include many entries that are not contained in the Toji-bon.

• その後、江戸時代に地下家として、外記の青山家（中務省史生）・深井家（賛者）、弁官の和田家（弁侍）などが橘姓を称し、中でも深井家は薄家の直系（祖の定基を以継の子とする）とされている。
• Afterwards, in the Edo period, several families, such as the Aoyama family (Shisho [official worker at the Ministry of Central Affaires]) and the Fukai family (Sanja [an assistant to the minor councilor]) working as Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State), the Wada family (bensaburai (弁侍))working as Benkan (Controller of the Oversight Department, division of the daijokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices), used the sei (authentic surname) 'Tachibana,' and among them, the Fukai family is said to have been the direct line of the Susuki family (the family's ancestor, Sadamoto, was said to be Yukitsugu's son).

• 伏見版（ふしみばん）とは、江戸時代初頭に、徳川家康の命により、山城国伏見区の伏見学校の一角に建立された円光寺（現在地は、京都市左京区一乗寺）において開版された木活字版のことである。
• Fushimiban are block printed books printed at the Enko-ji Temple (now Ichijoji, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City), which was established on a corner of the Fushimi School in Fushimi Ward of Yamashiro Province by order of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in the early Edo period.

• 記録所は、平安時代に藤原摂関家から権力を取り戻そうとした後三条天皇が1069年（延久元年）に記録荘園券契所を設置したことに由来し、建武政権における中央官庁の最高機関として設置された。
• The Records Office had its origin in the Heian-era Office of Records for Land Deeds to Shoen established by Emperor Gosanjo in 1069 in an attempt to wrest back control over land ownership from the Fujiwara line of regents and advisors; it was set as the highest and most powerful branch of the central bureaucracy in the Kenmu government.

• 戦国時代 (日本)の初期の蒲生貞秀は、守護の六角高頼をよく補佐し、六角氏の戦国大名化に貢献したが、嫡男の秀行が早世したため、その死後に嫡孫の蒲生秀紀と子の蒲生高郷との間に争いがおきた。
• In the early Sengoku period (Period of Warring States in Japan), Sadahide (貞秀) GAMO strongly supported Shugo (provincial military governors) Takayori ROKKAKU to make the Rokkaku clan one of powerful Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period); however, Sadahide's heir Hideyuki died young and before naming the new heir, Sadahide died, therefore, a conflict arose between Hideyuki's oldest son Hidenori GAMO and Sadahide's son Takasato GAMO.

• だが、有世が“土御門”を名乗ったとする記録は当の土御門家にも存在せず、確実に「土御門」を名乗ったと言えるのは、その曾孫にあたる安倍有宣（室町時代中期-後期）以後であると考えられている。
• However, even the Tsuchimikado family themselves do not have any record which shows that Ariyo used the surname of 'Tsuchimikado,' and it is thought that the first person who used the 'Tsuchimikado' surname was ABE no Nobuari, the grandson of Ariyo, and the later generations (mid- to late- Muromachi period).

• 桑原家（くわばらけ）は江戸時代に五条為庸（正二位・大納言）（1619年－1677年）の四男である桑原長義（正二位・中納言・式部省）（1661年 - 1737年）が起こした堂上家である。
• The Kuwabara family is a toshoke (hereditary lineage of court nobles above a certain rank) established during the Edo period by Nagayoshi KUWABARA (Shonii - Senior Second Rank), Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), Shikibusho (Minister of Ceremonies) (1661 - 1737), who was the fourth son of Tameyasu GOJO (Shonii - Senior Second Rank), Dainagon (chief councilor of state) (1619 - 1677).

• 同年に甘露寺親長から後土御門天皇に献上された原本は全5巻で現存はしていないが、江戸時代に柳原紀光が当時まだ現存していた原本から写本したもの（「柳原本」）が宮内庁書陵部に蔵書されている。
• Although its original five-volume edition that was presented to Emperor Gotsuchimikado from Chikanaga KANROJI does not survive today, the Imperial Household Archives stores a duplicate copy ('Yanagi genpon' (Yanagi's original copy)) that was transcribed from the original edition by Norimitsu YANAGIHARA in the Edo period.

• 本城惣右衛門覚書（ほんじよそうえもんおぼえがき）は、本能寺の変で明智光秀に従軍していた光秀配下の武士 本城惣右衛門が、江戸時代に入って晩年、親族と思われる三人の人物に宛てた記録である。
• The Honjo Soemon Oboegaki is a record sent by Soemon HONJO, a samurai serving Mitsuhide AKECHI during the Honnoji Incident, to three people who are thought to be his relatives, during his late years in the Edo period.

• 戦前は、平安時代の貴族は天皇から政治実権を奪い、京で遊興にふけった退廃的な存在としてとらえられがちだったが、戦後になり橋本義彦らによって平安期の貴族の実態が次第に明らかとされていった。
• Before the war, the nobles in the Heian Period were regarded to have seized political power from the Emperor and to have pursued a life of pleasure in Kyoto, but after the war, Yoshihiko HASHI

• 相模国を本拠地とする平氏土肥氏の分枝で、鎌倉時代初期、源頼朝に仕えた土肥実平の子・小早川遠平が土肥郷の北部・小早川（神奈川県小田原市付近）に拠って小早川の名字を称したのが始まりと伝わる。
• The clan branched off from the Heishi-Dohi clan and it is said to have started when Tohira KOBAYAKAWA, the son of Sanehira DOI, who was serving Yoritomo MINAMOTO, named himself as Kobayakawa from Kobayakawa of the north of the Dohi-go village (around Odawara City, Kanagawa Prefecture).

• 南北朝時代には足利方に従い、時親の曾孫にあたる毛利元春は、足利幕府(室町幕府)が九州の南朝勢力であった懐良親王の征西府を討伐するために派遣した今川貞世(了俊)の指揮下に入り活躍している。
• Motoharu MORI, a great-grandson of Tokichika, supported the Ashikaga side during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, and played an active role under the commander Sadayo (Ryoshun) IMAGAWA, when the Ashikaga bakufu (Muromachi bakufu) dispatched Sadayo for the subjugation of Seiseifu fortress in Kyshu, which was under the power of Southern Court governed by the Imperial Prince Kanenaga.

• 江戸幕府は戦国時代_(日本)の戦乱で衰退した朝廷に対しては、禁中並公家諸法度などで統制する一方、朝廷自体の衰亡は征夷大将軍があくまでも朝廷に任命されている以上、望ましい状況ではなかった。
• Although the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) controlled the Imperial Court, which had been weakened in the domestic wars, by means of the Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto, a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles, a weak Imperial Court was not in the interests of the bakufu because it was the Imperial court which appointed the seii taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians).

• 南北朝時代_(日本)には一族のほとんどが南朝_(日本)方に付くが、それが却って一族の分裂・弱体化を回避する事になり、南北朝合一後に京都に復帰した後も公家社会に留まる事を可能にしたという。
• Most of the family took the Southern Court side in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, but this in fact helped the family avoid to being broken up or weakened, which enabled it to remain part of the nobility on its return to Kyoto after the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• 後に罪を許され、隆家の子の藤原経輔は正二位大納言まで昇進したが、道隆の弟の道長の子孫が藤原北家の嫡流となり摂政・関白を世襲していったため、道隆の子孫はしばらく不遇の時代を送ることになる。
• Their crime was later pardoned, and Takaie's son FUJIWARA no Tsunesuke rose as far as Shonii (Senior Second Rank) at court, holding the position of Dainagon (Chief Counselor), but the lineage of Michitaka's younger brother Michinaga became the principal heir's lineage in the Northern House of Fujiwara clan, securing hereditary control over the positions of Sessho (Regent) and Kanpaku (Chief Advisor) and thus sending Michitaka's descendants into a long age of eclipse and misfortune.

• 清岡家（きよおかけ）は江戸時代に五条為庸（正二位・大納言）（1619年 - 1677年）の次男である清岡長時（従二位・参議・式部省）（1657年 - 1718年）が起こした堂上家である。
• The Kiyooka family is a toshoke (hereditary lineage of court nobles above a certain rank) established during the Edo period by Nagatoki KIYOOKA (Junii - Junior Second Rank), Sangi (councilor), Shikibusho (Minister of Ceremonies) (1657 - 1718), who was the second son of Tameyasu GOJO (Shonii -Senior Second Rank) Dainagon (chief councilor of state) (1619 - 1677).

• 壇ノ浦の戦い（だんのうらのたたかい）とは、平安時代の後期の元暦2年（寿永4年）3月24日 (旧暦)（1185年4月25日）に長門国赤間関壇ノ浦（現在の山口県下関市）で行われた合戦である。
• The battle of Dannoura was fought in the closing days of the Heian period, on April 25, 1185, under the old lunar calendar), and took place in Nagato Province, at Akamaseki, Dannoura (modern-day Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Pref.).

• 鎌倉時代に入ると災害や戦乱などの社会的混乱が貴族社会にも及び始め、遂に承久の乱では朝廷軍が敗北して太上天皇の流罪が行われるなど、貴族社会が存続の危機に差し掛かっていることが明白となった。
• From the beginning of the Kamakura period, social turmoil such as natural disasters and war began to affect the aristocracy, and it was clearly apparent that the existence of the aristocracy itself was threatened when the Imperial Court forces were defeated and the retired emperor was exiled in Jokyu Disturbance.
• From the early Kamakura period onward, social disturbances including natural disasters and civil wars came to affect the nobility as well, culminating in the Jokyu Disturbance in which the Imperial forces were defeated and even Emperor Daijo was condemned to exile; this resulted in clear recognition that the nobility was in a crisis of life or death.

• 摂関政治（せっかんせいじ）とは、平安時代に藤原氏（藤原北家）の良房流一族が、代々摂政や関白あるいは内覧となって、天皇の代理者、又は天皇の補佐者として政治の実権を独占し続けた政治形態である。
• The regency is a form of government during the Heian period where actual power was long monopolized by a deputy or adviser to the emperor from Yoshifusa's line in the Fujiwara family (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan), who was installed as a regent, a chancellor or a nairan (private inspection) from generation to generation.

• 特に戦国時代に入ると、その動きはより顕著となり、庶家の中にも主家に忠実かつ従順な者もいる一方で、主家を圧倒する者や主家の家政を牛耳る者、主家を追放し下剋上を起こす者も登場するようになった。
• When the Sengoku Period started, this movement became more conspicuous, and some shoke were loyal and obedient to the employer's household while some shoke started to overwhelm the employer's household, control the domestic economy of the employer's household, and expel the employer's household and commit Gekokujo (supplanting of a lord by his retainer).

• 更に建武の新政において元弘3年（1333年）、諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化が急速に進んだため、室町時代の法令には初発から寺社領、本所領、武家領の表現が現れる。
• Furthermore, under the Kenmu Restoration regime in 1333, as the positions of honke (nominal landowners) and ryoke (virtual landowners) of manors were abolished in various provinces and Kansha Kaihorei (Order to Release Officially Authorized Shrines) was issued, resulting in rapid progress of proprietorship unification, and such expressions as jisharyo (estates of temples or shrines), honsho ryo (estates of honsho) and bukeryo (estates of samurai families) began to be found in the initial forms of these orders of Muromachi period.

• この竹原小早川家は小早川氏の分家筋にあたるが、元弘の乱以降、足利高氏の下で戦い、室町幕府成立に貢献したこともあり、徐々に勢力を拡大し、室町時代中期には本家・沼田小早川家と拮抗するまでに至る。
• This Takehara-Kobayakawa clan was a branch of the Kobayakawa clan but since the Genko War, they fought under Takauji ASHIKAGA and contributed to the establishment of the Muromachi Bakufu (Shogunate); they gradually increased their power and by the mid-Muromachi period, they were competing against the Nuta-Kobayakawa clan, the head family.

• 室町時代に最初の最盛期を迎えたが、やがて天童氏など同族内の争いが絶えず起こったために衰退し、最上義定の頃の1514年(永正11)には伊達氏と長谷堂城で戦って敗北し、一時は伊達氏の配下になる。
• Although it reached the high watermark in the Muromachi period, it came to decline due to frequent inter-clan conflicts, such as one with the Tendo clan, and Yoshisada MOGAMI was defeated by the Date clan in the battle of Hasedo-jo Castle in 1514 and became under control of the Date clan temporarily.

• 時代が下り、松田元澄の代になり応仁元年（1467年）、応仁の乱が起こると東軍の赤松氏方につき、西軍の山名氏の追い落としに功績があり、赤松氏の被官になり、伊福郷の守護代に相当する地位になった。
• In a later period, in 1467 in the time of Motozumi MATSUDA (松田元澄) when the Onin War occurred, he took sides with the Akamatsu clan in the Eastern army, and made a great achievement to clear off the Yamana clan in the Western army, which made him the Akamatsu clan's vassal, in a position equivalent to Shugodai (deputy military governor) in Ifuku-go.

• しかし、源義忠流清和源氏（源義高 (左兵衛権佐)・源義清 (左京権大夫)及び源義雄の子孫、河内源氏）は現在も、源を今日的な意味の姓としており、江戸時代の資料等にも苗字・姓とも源となっている。
• However, the Seiwa-Genji of MINAMOTO no Yoshitada's line (the descendants of MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka (Sahyoegonza), MINAMOTO no Yoshikiyo (Sakyogonnodaibu) and Kawachi-Genji, the descendants of MINAMOTO no Yoshikatsu) carry Genji as thier surname and the documents published in the Edo period say that both their surname and hereditary title were Minamoto.

• 平安時代あたりから公家や寺社を本所として販売の独占権や関税の免除などの特権を得る座と呼ばれる閉鎖的な商業独占体制は、成長する戦国大名によって自営営業を許す楽市楽座によって廃止の方向へ向かう。
• From about the Heian period onwards, there was an insular, monopolistic system of commerce centered around the za (guilds), under which each za had exclusive rights to sell their products tax-free to specific noblemen and/or temples and shrines, but with the free market, open guild system introduced thanks to the rise of the sengoku daimyo, who started to allow independent (i.e., non-guild) businesses to be created, progress was made towards ending the oppressive guild system.

• 15世紀後半の応仁の乱ないし明応の政変以降は戦国時代 (日本)とも呼ばれ、それまでの「幕府 - 守護体制」が崩壊するとともに、各地に地域国家が並立するようになり、また、荘園公領制が崩壊した。
• Starting in the latter half of the fifteenth century, with the Onin War and the Meio Coup, a roughly hundred-year era known as the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) began; during this period, the bakufu-daimyo system in place up until this point collapsed, and all the various provinces essentially became independent states unto themselves, while the shoen-koryo (private estates and public territory) system of land ownership disintegrated.

• 国司制度は、基本の形式は平安時代になっても律令法と変りはなかったが、国司の職が封禄と化し、任地におもむかない遥任の国司が増加するにつれて、諸国の行政は留守所あるいは在庁官人が行うようになった。
• The basic format of the kokushi (provincial governors) system was not different from that of ritsuryo law even during the Heian period, but when the position of kokushi turned into a salaried one, and yonin, who are kokushi who would not go to their place of appointment, increased, provincial administration was performed by rusudokoro (the center for all local government administration in a province) or zaichokanjin (local district officials).

• 吉良氏は「足利将軍家が滅んだ後は吉良氏が将軍職に」と定められた将軍継承権を有する家であったが、斯波氏も鎌倉時代以降、足利の名字を有し続け、幕府にて高い格式を誇り、引け目はないと主張したのである。
• Although the Kira clan had the succession right determining that 'the Kira clan will become Shogun after Ashikaga Shogun Family falls,' Nobunaga insisted that the Shiba clan was equally high in status in Bakufu, maintaining the family name of Ashikaga after the Kamakura period.

• 公家に由来する華族を公家華族、江戸時代の藩主に由来する華族を大名華族（諸侯華族）、国家への勲功により華族に加えられたものを新華族（勲功華族）、臣籍降下した元皇族を皇親華族、と区別することがある。
• Kazoku is sometimes further divided into the following: Kuge kazoku that originated in kuge (court nobles); Daimyo kazoku (or Shoko kazoku) that originated in the lords of the domains in the Edo period; Shin kazoku (or Kunko kazoku) who were raised to the kazoku class due to their distinguished contributions to the nation; and Koshin kazoku who descended from the class of the Imperial family to the class of the subjects.

• 更に、北条高時の時代になると、御家人の不満や悪党の活動に加えて高時本人が暗愚であった事もあり、幕政は内管領で頼綱の一族である長崎高綱（円喜）・長崎高資父子に牛耳られ、得宗専制体制は崩壊に向かう。
• Furthermore, the Tokuso autocracy system collapsed during the days of Takatoki HOJO due to the foolishness of Takatoki himself, the dissatisfaction and gangster activities of the gokenin, and the fact that the shogunate administration was controlled by Takatsuna NAGASAKI (Enki) and his son Takasuke NAGASAKI, who were Uchi-Kanrei and related to Yoritsuna.

• 鎌倉時代を通じ、主に軍事警察権と東国支配を担当する武家政権（鎌倉幕府）に相対して、政務一般と西国支配を所掌する公家政権（朝廷）が存在しており、両政権がおおむね協調連携しながら政務にあたっていた。
• Throughout the Kamakura period, not only the military government (Kamakura bakufu) which mainly took charge of military and police authorities and the dominion of Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region), but also the kuge government (chotei) which dealt with governmental affairs and ruling of Seigoku (the western part of Japan) co-existed, and the both attended the government in cooporation.

• 江戸に皇居を置き東京とするという構想は、江戸時代後期の経世家である佐藤信淵が文政6年（1823年）に著した『混同秘策』に既に現われており、これに影響を受けて大久保利通も東京奠都を建言したという。
• The concept of placing the imperial palace in Edo and making it Tokyo was a plan that appeared in the Keiseika (intellectuals) that Nobuhiro SATO wrote in 1823, during the last of the Edo period titled 'The Secret Merger Plan,' and it is said that Toshimichi OKUBO was influenced by this and advocated moving the capital to Tokyo.

• また、抹茶の茶道においては、江戸時代に千利休三世の千宗旦の高弟で四天王と呼ばれた山田宗偏を迎えて宗偏流茶道を保護したり、村田珠光の一の弟子と呼ばれた古市澄胤の後裔を迎えて小笠原家茶道古流を興した。
• In tea ceremony of powdered green tea, in the Edo period, it preserved Sohen school with Sohen YAMADA who was called one of the big four and was a leading disciple of SEN no Sotan, SEN no Rikyu the 3rd, and also established the old school of tea ceremony of the Ogasawara family with a descendant of Choin FURUICHI who was called the best pupil of Juko MURATA.

• 室町時代には九条家の家司となるが、明応5年（1496年）に九条家の経営に関するトラブルから唐橋在数（位階・大学寮中務省）（1448年 - 1496年）が九条政基・九条尚経に殺害される事態となった。
• During the Muromachi period, the family served the Kujo family as household managers, but in 1496, trouble occurred in connection with the Kujo family's business, and this led to the killing of Arikazu KARAHASHI (Court Rank, the Bureau of Education, Department of the Imperial Palace, 1448 - 1496) by Masamoto KUJO and his son, Hisatsune KUJO.

• この場合、北海道から北東北にかけての広がりを持った擦文時代を担った人々こそが蝦夷であったとみなし、北海道の蝦夷はアイヌ人に継承され、東北地方の蝦夷と国内に移配された俘囚は日本人に合流したとされる。
• In this case it is thought that the people who lived in the northern Tohoku region and Hokkaido and in the Satsumon period were the pure Emishi, but that those in Hokkaido turned into Ainu while the Emishi in the Tohoku region and the Fushu, who moved into the Japanese territory, became Japanese.

• 初代・中納言・穂波経尚以降、江戸時代の石高は、蔵米30石であったが、11代・穂波経度は、戊辰戦争の時、錦旗奉行・大総督府参謀を拝命、明治2年（1869年）、その勲功により賞典禄100石を下賜された。
• After the first generation of the family, Chunagon, Tsunehisa HONAMI, the hereditary stipend during the Edo period was thirty koku in warehouse rice; however, as the eleventh generation Tsunenori HONAMI was appointed 'Commissioner for Flags' and 'Army General Staff of the Supreme Command' during the Boshin War (1868-1869), Tsunenori was granted an Imperial gift of 100 koku as a special privilege in 1869 in recognition of his services.

• 庶家としては、持明院家の庶家と坊門家の庶家が存在するが、坊門家及びその庶流である白河・高倉・六角の庶家は室町時代には断絶し、松木家・持明院家及び園家をはじめとする持明院家の庶家のみが後世に伝承した。
• Both the Jimyoin family and the Bomon family had collateral branches; however, during the Muromachi period, the Bomon family and its collateral families Shirakawa, Takakura, and Rokkaku were cut off, and only the Matsunoki family, and the Jimyoin family and its collateral families including the Sono family, prevailed.

• 平安時代中期に昇殿の制が始まったことと、公卿となることが出来る家柄が院政期から固定されるようになったことに伴い、公家の中で昇殿を許される家柄である堂上家と許されない地下家（じげけ）の区分が成立した。
• As, in the middle of the Heian Period, the system of shoden (to enter the court) commenced and the family lineage that can become kugyo (court nobility) were fixed since the insei period (during the period of the government by a retired Emperor), discrimination among kuge (court nobles) between toshoke for which shoden was allowed and jigeke for which shoden was not allowed was established.

• 足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇の建武の新政を打倒し、持明院統の光明天皇より征夷大将軍の宣下を受け正式に幕府を開く一方、後醍醐天皇は京都を脱出して吉野に吉野朝廷を開き、北朝と南朝が両立する南北朝時代がはじまる。
• Takauji ASHIKAGA crushed Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration, and after being appointed Shogun by Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin lineage, he formally established his bakufu; Emperor Godaigo, on the other hand, escaped from Kyoto and established a new imperial court at Yoshino, ushering in the Northern and Southern Courts period--the period during which both the Northern and Southern Courts existed simultaneously.

• また、京都扶持衆として直接将軍と結び付き、1438年の永享の乱では幕府より鎌倉公方の討伐命令をくだされているなど、南北朝時代に南朝方であった伊達氏は幕府との接近によって、その地位と勢力を高めていった。
• After becoming a direct retainer of shogun as Kyoto fuchishu, the Date clan enhanced its social status and power by establishing a closer relationship with bakufu, as exemplified in the order from bakufu in the Eikyo War of 1438 to subjugate the Kamakura kubo which the Date clan had supported in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.

• 富国強兵政策が執られた明治時代には、いままで寒村であった東舞鶴（舞鶴市東部）に舞鶴鎮守府が設置され、日本海沿岸の一大軍事拠点となり、軍都として急速に発展し、日本海側有数の都市圏を形成することとなった。
• Under the plan for promoting national prosperity and defense in the Meiji period, Maizuru Chinju-fu (Maizuru navy base) was established in a once-isolated village of Higashi-Maizuru (eastern Maizuru City) and became one of the biggest military base along the coast of the Japan Sea, which contributed to its rapid development as a military city and the creation of one of the leading urban areas of Japan-Sea side of Japan.

• 江戸時代の寛永8年（1631年）に正親町三条貞秀の子で甘露寺豊長の養子となっていた（一説には貞秀の子で甘露寺豊長の養子となっていた甘露寺時長あるいは甘露寺嗣長いずれかの子）中川貞長によって創設された。
• In 1631, during the Edo period, the family was founded by Sadanaga NAKAGAWA, the son of Sadahide OGIMACHISANJO and had been adopted into the family of Toyonaga KANROJI, (said to be the son of Tokinaga KANROJI or Tsugunaga KANROJI, the son of Sadahide and had been adopted into the family of Toyonaga KANROJI.).

• このように、明応の政変は中央だけのクーデター事件ではなく、全国、特に東国で戦乱と下克上の動きを恒常化させる契機となる、重大な分岐点であり、戦国時代の始期とする説が近年の日本史学界では有力となっている。
• Similarly, in recent years there is an influential theory among Japanese historians, that the Meio Incident was not only a coup d'etat in the central government but also a critical turning point, which led to social upheaval and rebellions against the ruling classes, especially in the eastern provinces, and was the initial stage of the Warring States period.

• 鎌倉時代後期には、8代新田義貞が後醍醐天皇の倒幕運動に従い挙兵、源義国流の同族にして北条氏と重代の姻戚の最有力御家人足利尊氏（後の尊氏）の嫡男千寿王（後の足利義詮）を加えて鎌倉を攻め、幕府を滅亡させる。
• In the late Kamakura period, the eighth family head, Yoshisada NITTA, following the movement to overthrow the bakufu by the Emperor Godaigo, raised an army and attacked Kamakura, while adding Senjuo (later Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA), the legitimate son of Takauji ASHIKAGA who was the most dominant gokenin coming from the same family descended from Yoshikuni with a matrimonial relation with the Hojo clan for generations, and overthrew the bakufu.

• 元弘元年（1331年）、足利尊氏、新田義貞らの挙兵によって鎌倉幕府が滅亡した時（元弘の乱）には頼貞は尊氏に味方し、その後の南北朝時代 (日本) でも尊氏とともに転戦して戦功をあげ、美濃守護に任じられた。
• When the Kamakura bakufu was overthrown by the army raised byTakauji ASHIKAGA and Yoshisada NITTA in 1331 (Genko War), Yorisada sided with Takauji, and later distinguished himself in various battle fields in cooperation with Takauji during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), then he was finally appointed as Mino no Shugo (the provincial constable of Mino Province).

• 今日の多く個人主義の日に発達し、ニヒリストさへ輩出する時代に於ては特に緊要重大にして欠くべからず」という論が出され、これを機に南北朝のどちらの皇統が正統であるかを巡り帝国議会での政治論争にまで発展した。
• In these days of individualism, where even nihilists are appearing, this is a matter of great urgency and importance,' which led to a political debate in the Imperial Diet about whether the Southern or the Northern Court was legitimate.

• 江戸時代後期の唐橋在家は有職故実の研究に熱心で、元服について記した『冠儀浅寡抄』、笏についての『畢用録』、老人の装束故実をまとめた『宿徳装束抄』、狩衣について記した『布衣群色便蒙抄』など多くの著書がある。
• In the late Edo period, Ariie KARAHASHI devoted himself to the study of court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette, and wrote many books, including 'Kangi-senka-sho' about the ceremony of attaining manhood, 'Hitsuyo-roku' about scepters, 'Shutoku-shozoku-sho' about the clothes of the old, and 'Hoi-gunshoku-benmo-sho' about informal clothes worn by Court nobles.

• 江戸時代の記録から、鈴木重意（重意）という人物が雑賀城主として数万石を領していたという話がよく取り沙汰されるが、実際に鈴木氏が居住していた十ヶ郷は雑賀城のある雑賀荘からみて川の対岸であり、信ずるに足りない。
• In the documents of the Edo period, a person called Shigeoki SUZUKI (or simply 'Shigeoki') frequently appears as the lord of Saiga-jo Castle with a stipend of several tens of thousands koku of crop yield, however, the Jikkago, where the Suzuki clan was actually settled, was on the opposite shore of the Saiga-so estate, and these descriptions lack the credibility.

• 江戸時代は山科や四宮、そして髭茶屋追分（現在の大津市追分）までが東海道(三条通の開通に伴い、今は旧街道・旧三条通り等と呼ばれる)の街道筋として一続きの町となり、飛脚や参勤交代をはじめ多くの人々が行き交った。
• During the Edo period, Yamashina, Shinomiya, and Higechaya-oiwake (present day Oiwake, Otsu City) constituted a town along the Tokaido Road (it is now called Old Kaido Road or Old Sanjo-dori Street after the opening the Sanjo-dori Street), where there were many travelers including express messengers and parades by daimyos who would alternate their Edo residence.

• 茂山家は江戸時代以来京都で狂言師として活動してきた家であったが、大蔵流の名門としての地位が確固たるものになったのは、江戸後期に9世茂山千五郎正虎（初世千作。1810年生～1886年没）が登場して以降である。
• Although the Shigeyama family had worked as Kyogen performers in Kyoto since the early years of the Edo period, they only succeeded in firmly establishing themselves as a famous Okura-ryu school Kyogen family after Masatora, the 9th Sengoro SHIGEYAMA (the 1st Sensaku, born in 1810 and died in 1886), began performing in the late Edo period.

• 戦国時代 (日本)の皇室衰微期に多くの地下官人が没落し、織豊政権による平和回復によって地下官人の不足を補うために両局が替わりになる地下官人を取立て強力な支配関係を結び、場合によっては金銭的な動きも存在した。
• When the Imperial Court was losing authority during the Sengoku Period (Japan), a large number of the lower ranking officials lost jobs; when peace was restored under the control of Nobunaga ODA and then Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the offices of 'kyokumu' and 'kanmu' recruited the lower ranking court officials due to shortages and formed a strong master-servant relationship with them even by using money in some cases.

• 守護大名や守護代、国人領主が戦国大名になるためには、それは室町時代以前からの庶家や傘下の土豪とのゆるやかな同盟関係のしがらみを絶ち、強固な主従関係により結ばれた家臣団の獲得こそが大きな条件であったといえる。
• In order for shugo daimyo, shugodai, and kokujinryoshu to become a sengoku daimyo, it was necessary to abolish the ties of their loose alliances with shoke and local clans under them that began before the Muromachi period and then to obtain vassal groups with which they were tied based upon a strong relationship of master and vassal.

• 室町時代には朝倉敏景（英林孝景）が守護代甲斐常治とともに主である斯波義敏と対立し、足利将軍家の家督争いなどから発展した応仁の乱では山名持豊(宗全)率いる西軍から細川勝元率いる東軍に属し、越前から甲斐氏を追う。
• During the Muromachi period, Toshikage ASAKURA (Eirin Takakage) came to oppose his lord Yoshitoshi SHIBA with Tsuneharu KAI, and in the Onin War, which broke out from the internal squabble of the Ashikaga Shogun family over the family reign, he switched from the West army lead by Mochitoyo YAMANA (Sozen) to the East army lead by Katsumoto HOSOKAWA, and he expelled the Kai clan from Echizen Province.

• しかし平安時代になるころから地域社会での階層分化が激しく進み、資本となる動産を蓄積し、安定経営を成し遂げた少数の富豪百姓が、経営が破綻して口分田を失った零細百姓層を隷属下に収めていく動きが激しくなっていった。
• However, starting from about the Heian period, the rank differentiation was developed dramatically in regional society, and actions by a small number of rich peasants, who had accumulated movable assets and achieved stable business to enslave poor peasants who had lost their kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) due to failed management became more popular.

• 同じく戦国大名として活躍した毛利元就を出した毛利氏では、鎌倉時代以降毛利氏より輩出された安芸坂氏や福原氏などの庶子の一族が庶家衆として、毛利氏当主の兄弟子弟より構成された一門衆に準ずる地位に位置づけられていた。
• In the Mori clan which produced Motonari MORI who played an important role as a daimyo, similarly to the Takeda clan, a shoshi family such as the Akisaka and the Fukuhara clans produced from the Mori clan since the Kamakura period were positioned next to ichimonshu which included the siblings and children of the family head of the Mori clan, as shokeshu.

• しかし、次第に蝦夷島が安東氏の統制から離れ始め、特に蝦夷において被官であった蠣崎氏が上国守護職に加えて松前守護職を名乗ったことを追認せざるを得なくなるなど、戦国時代 (日本)前期には実質上北出羽の一豪族となった。
• However, Ezogashima began to leave from the Ando clan's control, and as a result, in the earlier Sengoku Period the clan degraded practically to a mere local ruling lord in the northern Dewa Province, as particularly the clan had to echo the fact that the Kakizaki clan, who had been the hikan in Ezo, proclaimed its position of Matsumae shugo (military governor of Matsumae) as well as Kaminokuni shugo.

• 伊達氏も本来は「いだて」であり、室町時代の延元4年（1339年）の文書に「いたてのかもんのすけ為景」、慶長18年（1613年）に支倉常長がローマ教皇に渡した伊達政宗の書簡に Idate Masamune とある。
• In a similar fashion, the Date clan was called the 'Idate' clan at the beginning; the name, 'IDATE no Kamonnosuke Tamekage' appears in the article of 1339 written during the Muromachi Period, and Masamune DATE introduced himself as 'Masamune IDATE' in a letter presented by Tsunenaga HASEKURA to Pope of the Catholic Church in 1613.

• しかし、後醍醐天皇と足利尊氏との間に亀裂が生じ、南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると吉見頼直は北朝・足利方につき、備後国の国人に兵を送る様に要請したところから、源氏の一門として、一定の地位にあったのではないかといわれる。
• However, when a rift in the relationship between the Emperor Godaigo and Takauji ASHIKAGA developed into the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Yoshinao YOSHIMI sided with the Northern Court Ashikaga clan and ordered kokujin (local lords) of the Bingo Province to dispatch their troops; this is the reason why he is believed to have been in a higher position as a Minamoto clan.

• 特に有名なのが、1069年（治暦5年 延久元年)に後三条天皇が全国の荘園を一斉整理する目的で発令した延久の荘園整理令であるが、実はこれを遡る事150年前の醍醐天皇の時代から天皇の代替わりごとに度々発令されている。
• Most renowned is the Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei (an order given in the Enkyu era to consolidate manors) issued in 1069 by Emperor Gosanjo to consolidate all manors together nationwide, but from the days of Emperor Daigo, 150 years prior to this, it had been issued every time the Emperor changed.

• 戦国時代 (日本)においては、相模国の戦国大名である北条氏康が大飢饉の発生に際して北条氏政への家督相続を行い、「代初めの徳政」を行った事例があるなど、「代初めの徳政」が定着していたことをうかがい知ることができる。
• During the Sengoku period (period of warring states), there was a case where the lord of Sagami Province (western Kanagawa), Ujiyasu HOJO, passed the position of family head to Ujimasa HOJO and started 'Tokusei upon family head change' when there was a great famine, suggesting that 'Tokusei upon family head change' was an established practice.

• なお、戦国時代には、出雲国神門郡一窪田・吉野や石見国安濃郡太田北郷等に所領を持ちつつ、国人佐波氏の有力家人となり、雲州商人司に任ぜられた石橋氏の一族と思しき石橋源左衛門尉や石橋新左衛門尉が「島根石橋家」に登場する。
• In the Sengoku Period (period of warring states), having the territories in Hitokubota and Yoshino, Kando County, Izumo Province as well as in Otakitago, Ano County, Iwami Province, Genzaemon no jo ISHIBASHI and Shinzaemon no jo ISHIBASHI, possibly of the Ishibashi clan, both of whom became the influential retainers of the Sawa clan, a local lord, and were appointed as head of merchants of Unshu (= Izumo County), emerged from the Shimane Ishibashi clan.

• 江戸時代には地下の世職は局務（外記上首：押小路家が世襲）・官務（左大史上首：壬生家が世襲）・蔵人所出納（平田家が世襲）が、それぞれ外記方・官方・蔵人方の世襲の諸役人を管掌し、朝廷の各種行事の運営を司った（催官人）。
• During the Edo period, hereditary officials from Jigeke--the Head of Secretaries 'Kyokumu' (leader of secretaries in the Council of State Secretaries, inherited by the Oshinokoji family), the Head of Secretaries 'Kanmu' (leader of Senior Recorders of the Left, inherited by the Mibu family), and the court official at the Bureau of Archivists 'Kurodo dokoro Suino' (inherited by the Hirata family)--were collectively called 'Saikanjin' and respectively managed events and ceremonies of the Imperial Court by supervising the hereditary officials of secretaries, recorders, and staff of the Bureau of Archivists.

• 由緒書きによると、武田家の家宝「楯無」の鎧は神功皇后が三韓征伐の時に住吉大社に武運長久を祈念し得た鎧であり、ゆえあって甲州武田家の所有するところとなった（無論三韓征伐云々の伝記は時代的に合わないので史実ではない）。
• According to its written guarantee of origin, a family treasure of the Takeda family 'Tatenashi-no-yoroi' was the one given to Empress Jingu when she prayed at Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine for long-lasting luck in the battle of Sankan seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), and it later came into the possession of the Koshu Takeda family for a certain reason (needless to say, it is not a historical fact because the age of Sankan seibatsu doesn't coincide with the dates)

• 若狭武田氏は安芸武田氏4代武田信繁 (室町時代)の長男である武田信栄が、室町幕府6代将軍足利義教の命を受けて1440年（永享12年）に若狭守護職・一色義貫を誅殺した功績により若狭守護職を任命されたことによって始まる。
• The history of the Wakasa-Takeda clan dates back to the time when Nobuhide TAKEDA, the eldest son of the fourth head of the Aki-Takeda clan Nobushige TAKEDA (Muromachi period), was appointed to shugo of Wakasa Province after he killed in 1440 the shugo of Wakasa Province Yoshitsura ISSHIKI at the behest of the sixth shogun of Muromachi bakufu Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.

• さらに出雲国の尼子経久、周防国の大内義興、備前国の浦上村宗らの圧迫を受けるようになり、次第に領土を奪われて、政豊の子・山名誠豊の時代には、誠豊が但馬、山名豊時の孫・山名誠通が因幡をかろうじて支配するという状態に陥った。
• Furthermore, the oppression of the Yamana clan by the Tsunehisa AMAGO in the Izumo Province, Yoshioki OUCHI in the Suo Province and Muramune URAGAMI in the Bizen Province began; the only territories they managed to govern were Tanba, during the generation of Nobutoyo YAMANA, the son of Masatoyo, and Inaba, during the generation of his grandson, Nobumichi.

• 南北朝時代_(日本)に紙屋院そのものは廃絶したが、その職人と技術はそのまま京都における製紙業者に引き継がれ、蔵人所を本所として結成した紙座（和紙の製造・販売者による座）である宿紙上座は、その流れを汲んでいるとされている。
• Although Kamiyain was abolished during the period of Northern and Southern Courts, paper manufacturers in Kyoto took over Kamiyain's artisans and technology intact, and Shukushikamiza, which was kamiza (a trading association of paper manufacturers and distributors) with Kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) as its honjo (proprietor or guarantor), is said to have been one of their descendants.

• それ以降は土地のほとんどが荘園として利用されたため主だった中心地はなかったが、戦国時代 (日本)になると丹波平定の命を受けた明智光秀が塩見信房を倒し、その居城であった横山城を大修築し近世型の福智山城（後の福知山城）とした。
• A central place was not established because most lands were used as manors thereafter, but in the Sengoku period (period of Warring States), Mitsuhide AKECHI who was ordered to territorialize Tanba defeated Nobufusa SHIOMI, and established the modern-style Fukuchiyama-jo Castle (福智山城, later written as 福知山城) after repairing the Yokoyama-jo Castle which was the castle where Shiomi dwelled.

• なお、昭和37年（1962年）、三重県上野市（現・伊賀市）の旧家から発見された上嶋家文書（江戸時代末期の写本）によると、伊賀、服部氏族の上嶋元成の三男が猿楽（能）の大成者である観阿弥で、その母は楠木正成の姉妹であるという。
• According to the kamijima-ke bunsho (documents of the Kamijima family; it was the manuscript from the end of Edo Period) found in 1962 from an old house in Ueno city (present day Iga city) in Mie Prefecture, the third son of Gensei UESHIMA is Kanami, the master of sarugaku (form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries) or Noh and his mother is a sister of Masashige.

• 江戸時代の地下官人制度は局務・官務・出納からなり地下官人を統率する催官人と一般の地下官人である並官人、その下で雑用を担当し株の売買によって町人や農民でも身分を獲得することが可能であった下官人の3層構造体制で構成されていた。
• The lower ranking officials during the Edo period were divided into three offices 'Kyokumu,' 'Kanmu,' and 'Suino' with a hierarchy of the class controlling over the lower ranking officials; the class consisting of the general lower ranking officials; and the class in charge of chore which could be attained by townsmen and farmers through purchasing stock.

• その後も義昭は征夷大将軍職を解任されていない事を盾に各地で幕府再建運動を行うが、信長、そして豊臣秀吉による新秩序形成の勢いを前には全くの無力であり、義昭の京都追放の時点をもって室町幕府および室町時代の終期と看做されている。
• Thereafter, using the fact that Yoshiaki had never officially been dismissed from the post of Seii taishogun as a pretext, movements did arise in various provinces to restore the bakufu to power, but against the momentum of the new governmental structure created by Nobunaga and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, such efforts were entirely fruitless, and so the Muromachi bakufu--and the Muromachi period itself--is considered to have ended at the point Yoshiaki was driven from Kyoto.

• 特に律令制に基づいて統治が行われた奈良時代は、古代からの地方首長の末裔である郡司層の首長権に由来する権威を利用しつつ、国司四等官の主催する国衙機構が、戸籍を編纂して朝廷の統治領域全体に個別の人別支配の網を張り巡らしていた。
• Especially in the Nara period when the nation was governed based on the Ritsuryo system, the system of kokuga (the region the provincial governor of the Ritsuryo system ruled), which was managed by kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor), extended individual dominance by person throughout areas ruled by the Imperial court by preparing census while taking advantage of authorities originated from chieftaincy of the Gunji (local magistrates) who were scion of the regional chiefs.

• 戦国時代、出雲国においては京極氏が出雲守護職に補任されてきたが、同氏が室町幕府において三管領に次ぐ四職の家柄にあり、北近江守護職を兼務していたことから、京極氏の庶流である尼子氏が、京極氏の守護代として出雲国を任されていた。
• During the Sengoku Period, in Izumo, the Kyogoku clan helped with the duties of Izumo shugoshoku and the Kyogoku clan was the linage of the fourth post next to the three kanrei in the Muromachi bakufu and also acted as Kitaomi shugoshoku and, therefore, the Kyogoku clan left the Izumo Province to the Amago clan which was shoryu of the Kyogoku clan, as shugodai (deputy of Shugo).

• 盆地という山々に囲まれた閉鎖的な地形をしているにもかかわらず、福知山周辺地域では少なくとも縄文時代から人が住んでいたことなどから古くから道路が整備され、日本海沿岸、山陰地方と京阪神方面をつなぐ交通の要所として栄えた市である。
• Although the area around Fukuchiyama has a basin which is topographically closed and surrounded by mountains, its roads were developed long ago by people who have lived in this area from at least the Jomon period, allowing Fukuchiyama City to flourish as an important place for transportation connecting areas along the Japan Sea and in the Sanin Region with Keihanshin.

• 戦国時代 (日本)に現れた土岐為頼は、房総の覇権をめぐって里見氏と後北条氏とが対立するなかでたくみに身を処し勢力を維持したが、為頼の死後、土岐頼春（義成）の代に小田原の役が勃発、頼春（義成）は後北条氏方に与したために滅亡した。
• Tamerori TOKI, who appeared in the Warring States period (Japan), conducted himself tactfully to maintain his power in the middle of confrontation between the Satomi clan and the Gohojo clan over the supremacy of Boso region, however, after his death, the Siege of Odawara broke out in the era of Yoriharu TOKI (Yoshinari), and the Kazusa-Toki clan lost its power because Yoriharu sided with the Gohojo clan.

• 中世には「山科荘」（やましなのしょう）という荘園があり、これを代々保持していた公家の一流は後に山科家と名乗っていたが、戦国時代_(日本)を代表する教養人として知られた山科言継の代の1548年に室町幕府によってこれを奪われている。
• During the Middle Ages there was a Shoen, or a manor named 'Yamashina no sho,' which had been owned by a noble family for generations, later named Yamashina family, but Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1548 deprived it from Tokitsugu YAMASHINA known as a richly cultured person representing the Sengoku period (Japan).

• 大納言久我通堅の三男・参議久我通廉によって江戸時代当初に創設されたとされるが、その他、東久世家の起源には諸説あり、通廉を通堅の子下津俸庵（下津俸庵）の子とする説や、または、祖秀は久我晴通の孫で、祖秀の孫が通廉とする説などがある。
• It is said that the family was established in the Edo period by Michiyasu KOGA, the Sangi (Director of palace affaires) and the third son of Michikata KOGA who was Dainagon (chief councilor of state), but there are several views on the origin of the Higashikuze family: some say that Michiyasu was the child of Boan SHIMOZU who was the child of Michikata and others say that Motohide was the grandchild of Harumichi KOGA and that the grandchild of Motohide was Michiyasu.

• 江戸時代初頭、四辻公遠の娘・与津子は後水尾天皇の典侍となり、天皇の寵愛を受けて皇子（夭折）と皇女（後の文智女王）を儲けたが、これが徳川和子の入内直前の出来事であったため、江戸幕府の怒りを買い、一時宮中から追放される羽目にあった。
• Yotsuko, the daughter of Kinto YOTSUTSUJI, became a maid of honor of the Emperor Gomizunoo in the beginning of the Edo period and, while in the Emperor's favor, gave birth to a prince (who died young) and a princess (later Bunchijoo), but the births took place shortly before the marriage of the Emperor Gomizunoo to Kazuko TOKUGAWA and thus invoked the wrath of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), with the result that she was temporarily expelled from the court.

• 探題は管領と同じ権限を持ったと思われるが、のちに奥州の有力国人は将軍家と直接主従関係を結ぶ「京都扶持衆」となり、奥州南半には篠川御所、稲村御所など鎌倉公方の分家が入府し、勢力を持っていたため、奥州管領時代のような威勢は無くなった。
• Although Tandai (Local commissioner) is thought to have possessed the same authority as Kanrei did, it was not so influential as in the period of the Oshu Kanrei, due to the facts that the powerful Kokujin in the Oshu region later became 'the Kyoto fuchishu' by entering into the feudal master-servant relationship directly with the Shogun family and that the branch families of the Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) including Sasagawa Gosho (Palace) and Inamura Gosho entered into the southern part of the Oshu region and exercised influence.

• 著名な平氏出身者としては例えば東国に独立政権を樹立しようとして失敗した下総国・常陸国の平将門、時代が下って貴族政権で台頭した平清盛の先祖も東国出身の土着平氏であり、これを倒した源頼朝を支えた坂東平氏も同じ土着系平氏の末裔であった。
• Famous members of the Taira clan included the following: TAIRA no Masakado of Shimousa Province and Hitachi Province, who tried but failed to establish an independent government in Togoku; TAIRA no Kiyomori, who led the aristocratic government; and the Bando-Heishi, supporters of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who had toppled Kiyomori; ironically, both Kiyomori and the Bando-Heishi could trace their ancestry back to the lineage of the Taira clan that was native to the Togoku.

• 将軍足利義満、管領細川頼之時代には武家執奏による朝廷への口入がみられ、応安3年（1370年）に後光厳天皇が自らの皇子緒仁親王への譲位意思を表すると、崇光上皇は正嫡である実子栄仁親王の即位が妥当であると主張し、皇位継承問題が起こる。
• During the rule of Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and constable Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, the Bukeshisso (coordinator for the Northern Court and the Ashikaga government) would intervene with Imperial Court matters, and when in 1370, Emperor Gokogon expressed his wish to abdicate the throne to his prince, Imperial Prince Ohito, retired Emperor Suko claimed that the ascension of his legal child, Imperial Prince Yoshihito was more appropriate and a conflict over Imperial succession occurs.

• しかし、この来目歌がどの程度史実を反映するものかどうかは判然とせず、またここで登場する「えみし」が後の「蝦夷」を意味するかどうかも判然としないため、古い時代の蝦夷の民族的性格や居住範囲については諸説があり確かなことはわかっていない。
• However, it isn't clear how accurately this Kumeuta reflects the history or whether 'Emishi' in this poem means the same '蝦夷' that appeared in later history; instead, there are various theories about the characteristics as an ethnic group of an occupied zone of '蝦夷' in ancient times, but no one knows for sure.

• そこで旧来の法令に欠けている分野を補完する目的で江戸幕府や諸藩の中で明王朝で使われた明律の研究が始められた（中国では既に清の時代に入っていたが、明の法律文献が多く日本に伝来していたことや清律も明律をほぼ踏襲していた事が影響している。）。
• Therefore, in order to supplement the areas lacking in traditional law, research on the Ming code, used in the Ming dynasty, began within the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and various clans (China was already in the Qing period, but many Ming legal documents were introduced in Japan and the Qing code mostly succeeded the Ming code).

• やがて、南北朝時代 (日本)に入ると、北朝 (日本)を擁する室町幕府（武家側）と南朝 (日本)の吉野朝廷（公家側）の対立によって、自己が所属する公権力側を「公儀」と呼ぶようになり、その結果幕府や将軍に対しても公儀が用いられるようになった。
• Eventually, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), due to the conflict between the Muromachi bakufu (buke) which supported the Northern Court and the Yoshino Court (kuge), both sides called their official authority 'Kogi', which led to the use of Kogi towards the bakufu and shogun as well.

• 更に時代が下ると、腐敗した朝廷の口向（経理）を監督するための「御所向御取扱掛」（安永3年設置、奉行が兼務）や京都市街の無秩序な拡大を防止して適正な町割をするための「新地掛」（文化 (日本)10年設置、与力が兼務）などの新たな職掌が生まれ、
• Along with the passage of time, new divisions emerged such as 'Gosho-muke otoriatsukai-gakari' (founded 1774, assumed by Magistrate) responsible for overseeing the corrupted kuchimuke (finance division) of the Imperial court and 'Sarachi-gakari' (founded 1813, assumed by yoriki) responsible for preventing random expansion of the Kyoto urban land and implementing appropriate urban development plans.

• 今日の歴史学界において、江戸時代の朝廷及び地下官人の研究を行う際には、その実態を重視して伝統的な公家名鑑類において定義付けられた「地下官人之棟梁」＝両局という図式は採用せず、「地下官人之棟梁」＝三催という位置付けで行われるようになっている。
• When today's historians refer to the Imperial Court and the lower ranking officials during the Edo period in their research, they customarily adopt the definition of 'the heads of the lower ranking officials = Sansa,' instead of 'the heads of the low ranked officials = Kyokumu and Kanmu,' adopted in the traditional court noble directories, to place the actual conditions first.

• 南北朝時代 (日本)以降は、貢納品の独占販売権を取得し座と同様の活動を行ったが、その特権の源泉であった天皇家の権威喪失とともに聖性を失い、一部には大商人として成功する者が出た反面、被差別民の起源のひとつともなったとする部落の起源論争もある。
• Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kugonin had obtained the exclusive sales rights of the presents and conducted activities similar to those of Za, however, they lost their holiness with the loss of the dignity of the Imperial Family, which was the source of their privileges, some of them succeeded as large-scale merchants, and it is disputed that they were the origin of buraku one of the origins of the discriminated people.

• 間もなく山陰道鎮撫総督西園寺公望から丹波に王政復古(日本)の募兵があり、前年末頃から御所警備などの勤王奉仕策を練っていた山国では、平安時代以来の皇室との関係と郷中復古（禁裏御料回復）の願いから、直ちにこれに応じて自弁による農兵隊が結成された。
• Soon after, imperial loyalist (anti-bakufu) troops recruited by Kinmochi SAIONJI, the general placed in charge of pacifying the Sanindo highway and the surrounding area, appeared in Tanba Province, and in Yamaguni, whose inhabitants had been training to serve the imperial cause, for example by standing guard at the imperial palace in Kyoto, since the end of the previous year (1867), they were also hoping for a restoration of their own hamlet along with a resumption of the ties with the imperial house they had held since the Heian period, desires which quickly prompted them to form, at their own expense, a fighting force of farmers.

• 南朝（なんちょう）は、吉野朝廷（よしのちょうてい）とも称され、南北朝時代 (日本)に京都以南の大和国の吉野（奈良県吉野郡吉野町）、賀名生（同県五條市西吉野町）、摂津国の住吉行宮（大阪府大阪市住吉区）を本拠とした大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇に属する朝廷。
• The Southern Court is also called the Yoshino Court and was the court belonging to Emperor Godaigo of the Daikaku-ji Temple line established in the period of Northern and Southern Courts and based in the Yoshino (present day Yoshino Town, Yoshino County, Nara Prefecture), Ano (present day Nishiyoshino Town, Gojo City, Nara Prefecture) in the province of Yamato, south of Kyoto, Sumiyoshi-angu (Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture) in the province of Settsu.

• 政治的な重要事件に関する記述は役目の地位の問題から多くはないが、その代わり江戸時代の宮中儀式のあり方や日常の宮廷の状況、地下官人制度についての記録は詳細であり、公卿の日記・記録類では多くを見ることが出来ない事務方の動向について知ることが可能である。
• Because of the official status of the Hirata family, the records contain few descriptions about important political events; instead, they contain details of the Imperial Court ceremonies, daily life in the imperial court, and the lower ranking official system during the Edo period, providing movements of the secretaries which cannot be seen in the court nobles' diaries and records.

• 15世紀から16世紀にかけて、渡党を統一することで渡島半島南部の領主に成長していった蠣崎氏は豊臣秀吉・徳川家康から蝦夷地の支配権、交易権を公認され、名実共に安東氏から独立し、江戸時代になると蠣崎氏は松前氏と改名して大名に列し渡党は明確に和人とされた。
• From the fifteenth century to the sixteenth century, the Kakizaki clan, who was growing to become the feudal lord of the southern Oshima Peninsula by unifying Watari-to, was recognized as to the right of dominion and trade in the Ezo territory by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and thus became independent from the Ando clan in both name and reality; and the Kakizaki clan changed its name to Matsumae and was elevated to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), by which Watari-to became Japanese in Edo period.

• 後醍醐天皇の元亨2年（1322年）以後、壷銭を通常の課税とする議論は度々行われてきたが、延暦寺などの反対もあり漸く南北朝時代_(日本)に入って以後、造酒正によって徴税が行われるようになったが、延暦寺などの支援を受けて課税忌避を図る酒屋もあり対立が続いた。
• Since 1322 when Emperor Godaigo was in power, arguments to turn tsubo-sen into a form of regular taxation had arisen many times, but opposition by Enryaku-ji Temple delayed collecting taxes from sake dealers by miki no kami (Chief of the Sake Office) until the period of Northern and Southern Courts, and conflicts continued because some sake breweries refused to pay tax with Enryaku-ji Temple on their side.

• 小槻氏は中世より太政官の諸記録を司り、五位の官務（左大史上首）を世襲したため官務家と呼ばれたが、平安時代末に小槻長業の子の小槻広房と弟の隆職がその職を争い、五位の官務は隆職の子孫（壬生家）、算博士は広房の子孫（大宮家）が世襲することとなり、二流に分裂した。
• The Ozuki family administered the records of Imperial Japanese Council of State from the Middle Ages, and was, due to its inherited position of fifth rank (sadaishi joshu), known as the family of administrative service; when OZUKI no Hirofusa, the son of 小槻長業, and OZUKI no Takamoto, Hirofusa's younger brother, fought over the position, the family was divided into two streams with the position of fifth rank going Takamoto and his descendents (the Mibu family) and the post of sanhakase (a position teaching mathematics and looking after mathematicians) going to Hirofusa and his descendants (the Omiya family).

• その一方で、朝廷では大覚寺統と持明院統が対立しており、相互に皇位を交代する両統迭立が行われており、1318年（文保2年）に大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が即位し、平安時代の醍醐天皇、村上天皇の治世である延喜・天暦の治を理想とし、鎌倉幕府の打倒をひそかに目指していた。
• In the Imperial Court, on the other hand, conflict had arisen between the Kameyama (Daikakuji) and the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) branches of the Imperial line; a system of alternating Emperors from each lineage was in place, and in 1318 Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji lineage became Emperor, taking the Engi and Tenryaku eras, the reigns of Emperors Daigo and Murakami in the Heian period, as his ideal, he aimed in secret to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.

• 1414年には将軍足利義持が琉球王の献上物に対する返礼の書状を贈っており、1441年には足利義教が琉球を薩摩国の島津氏の属国とする事を認めており、さらに幕府には琉球奉行が設置されて貿易の統制を行おうとしており、室町時代には琉球が「日本」として認識されていた。
• In 1414, the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA responded to the tributary gifts sent to him from the Ryukyu Kingdom with an official letter, while in 1441, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA declared the Ryukyu islands to be a vassal state of the Shimazu clan, lords of Satsuma Province; furthermore, the bakufu created the office of Ryukyu Hoko (shogunal magistrate of the Ryukyus) in an attempt to exert control over Ryukyu trade, meaning that it was during the Muromachi period that the Ryukyus began to be seen as part of Japan.

• また価値観の転換や中世史の研究の進歩で、足利尊氏の功績を評価したり、楠木正成は「悪党」としての性格が研究されるようになり、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政は宋学の影響で中華皇帝的な天皇独裁を目指す革新的なものであるなど、南北朝時代に関しても新たな認識がなされるようになった。
• Also, with changes in values and progress in medieval history research, new views regarding the Nanbokucho period such as re-evaluating the achievements of Takauji ASHIKAGA, researching aspects of Masanori KUSUNOKI as an 'Akuto' (rebel), and establishing that Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration was influenced by Sung-period neo-Cunfucianism and was revolutionary because he aimed for a dictatorship, like a Chinese emperor, have come forth.

• 丹後王国論（たんごおうこくろん）は、門脇禎二が古墳時代に丹後地方（今の京都府京丹後市辺り）を中心に、ヤマト王権などと並び独立性をもって存在したとされる勢力『丹後王国』があったと提唱したもの（丹後国は後年に丹波国から分国したものであるため『丹波王国』とも称される）。
• Tango okoku ron is a theory in which Teiji KADOWAKI asserted an existence of 'Tango Kingdom' in and around Tango region (present Tango City, Kyoto Prefecture) during the Kofun period (tumulus period), which is believed to have been independent and rivaled Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) (It is also referred to as 'Tanba Kingdom' because Tango Province was divided from Tanba Province later).

• 明治の歴史学界では、南北朝時代に関して「太平記」の記述を他の史書や日記などの資料と比較する実証的な研究がされ、これに基づいて1903年（明治36年）及び1909年（同42年）の小学校で使用されている国定教科書改訂においては南北両朝は並立していたものとして書かれていた。
• The academic field of history during the Meiji period conducted evidence-based research comparing the 'Taiheiki' with other documents such as historical books and diaries, and based on this, the 1903 and 1909 revisions of national textbooks for elementary schools depicted both the Southern and the Northern Court as being concurrent.

• （藤原良房の権力掌握開始が家父長的権力を有した嵯峨上皇の崩御に始まり、宇多法皇が家父長として背後にあった醍醐天皇の時代に一時摂関政治が停滞し、久しく絶えていた家父長的な上皇の復活である白河上皇が摂関政治に代わる院政を開始した事は偶然では決して片付けられないものである）。
• (It was far from a coincidence that the death of the Retired Emperor Saga, who had patriarchal authority, was the start of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa's taking over power, and that the regency stagnated for a while in the reign of Emperor Daigo, when the Cloistered Emperor Uda was supporting him as a patriarch, and also that the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, in a revival of the patriarchal retired emperor that had disappeared for a long time, started cloistered government in place of the regency.)

• 例示された伊勢貞孝の討伐が象徴的であるが、自前の軍事力を持たない義輝の時代の幕府権力の回復（特に書簡と使者があれば事足りる大名間の調停者としてではなく、軍事力に裏打ちされた畿内の統治者としての権力の回復）は事実上三好長慶の幕府への融和的姿勢により支えられていたものであった。
• As is symbolized by the cited victory over Sadataka ISE, recovery of the Bakufu's power in the age of Yoshiteru, who had no real military force (recovery of power not as a mediator of inter-daimyo (feudal lord) strifes who would need only letters and messengers but as the ruler of the areas surrounding the capital whose position was supported by military force) was virtually supported by the conciliatory posture of Nagayoshi MIYOSHI toward the Bakufu.

• 足利三代木像梟首事件（あしかがさんだいもくぞうきょうしゅじけん）は、江戸時代後期、幕末の文久3年2月22日 (旧暦)（1863年4月9日）に、京都等持院にあった室町幕府初代征夷大将軍足利尊氏、2代足利義詮、3代足利義満の木像の首と位牌が持ち出され、賀茂川の河原に晒された事件である。
• In the incident of Ashikaga-sandai mokuzo kyoshu, heads of the wooden images and the mortuary tablets of the first Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Takauji ASHIKAGA, the second Seii taishogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, and the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were taken away from Kyoto Jito-in Temple on April 9, 1863 in the late Edo period, and were cast to the riverbed of Kamo-gawa river.

• その後も再三にわたって大洪水や大旱魃、大飢饉などが発生して藩は大被害を受け、第3代藩主・九鬼隆直の時代には藩財政が破綻し、藩札発行や倹約令制定、家臣団の給米減封などを中心とした財政改革が試みられたが、その後も大洪水などによる天災や百姓一揆までもが発生し、藩政はすっかり衰退してしまった。
• Thereafter, the domain was repeatedly assailed by flooding, droughts, and famine, and its finances collapsed in the era of Takanao KUKI, the third lord of the domain, who pursued reforms as the issue of a domain currency, reduction in spending on weapons, and a reduction in the amount of rice distributed to vassals, but this was followed by more flooding and even a peasant's revolt, and the administration was severely weakened.

• 義光の4男山野辺義忠は最終的には水戸藩の家老に抜擢され、子孫は代々世臣として藩政に重きをなした（テレビ時代劇「水戸黄門 (パナソニック ドラマシアター)」において大友柳太朗・高松英郎・丹波哲郎らが演じた、水戸藩の口うるさい国家老「山野辺兵庫」は、義忠の子の山野辺義堅をモデルにしている）。
• Yoshitada YAMANOBE, the fourth son of Yoshiaki, was finally promoted to Karo (chief retainer) of Mito Province, and his descendents served as vassals and played an important role in the domain duties ('Hyogo YAMANOBE,' the captious kunigaro [the chief retainer in charge of the fief in the absence of the lord] of Mito Province, who was played by Ryutaro OTOMO, Hideo TAKAMATSU, or Tetsuro TANBA, in the TV historical play 'Mitokomon' (Panasonic drama theater) modeled after Yoshikata YAMANOBE, a son of Yoshitada).

• 吉野の山中にて南朝を開き、京都朝廷(北朝 (日本))と吉野朝廷（南朝）が並立する南北朝時代に後醍醐天皇は、尊良親王や恒良親王らを新田義貞に命じて北陸へ向かわせたほか、懐良親王を征西将軍に任じて九州へ、宗良親王を東国へ、義良親王を陸奥国へと、各地に自分の皇子を送って北朝方に対抗させようとした。
• In the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts, in which the Kyoto Court (Northern Court [Japan]) and Yoshino Court (Southern Court) both stood, the Emperor Godaigo, who set up the Southern Court in the middle of Mt. Yoshino, not only ordered Yoshisada NITTA to dispatch the Imperial Prince Kanenaga and the Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi to Hokuriku region and appointed the Imperial Prince Korenaga Seisei shogun to dispatch him to Kyushu region, but also dispatched other imperial princes of his own to various places such as the Imperial Prince Muneyoshi to the eastern Japan, and the Imperial Prince Norinaga to Mutsu Province, in order to oppose the Northern Court.

• そして、2代将軍足利義詮の時代には幕府内部の権力抗争により細川清氏などの有力守護大名が南朝に降ったり、九州では足利直冬が幕府に反抗したり、後醍醐の皇子である懐良親王が中国の明朝より「日本国王」として冊封を受けて南朝勢力を拡大するなど、南北朝の抗争は3代将軍足利義満が南北朝合体を行うまで続く。
• And then, during the time of the second Shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, a power struggle within the bakufu prompted several influential shugo daimyo, including Kiyouji HOSOKAWA, to defect to the Southern Court, while in Kyushu Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA raised arms against the bakufu and the Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi, Godaigo's son and heir, received an official missive, in which he was called the 'King of Japan,' from the Ming court of China; these and other events served to boost the Southern Court's power and prestige, which allowed the Southern Court to continue its resistance until the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, unified the Northern and Southern Courts (in 1392).

• しかし、文献史学の情報、考古学による発掘の進展などは擦文文化の広がりや実態、続縄文時代から擦文文化への、又擦文文化からアイヌ文化への移行過程がかなり複雑な様相を呈しており、前述の説ほど単純に割り切れるものではない事を浮かび上がらせつつあるため、単純にそのままの形では定説とみなされてはいない。
• However, information in the document-based research and development of archaeological excavations show complexities in the expansion and actual condition of the Satsumon culture and the transition processes from the post-Jomon period to the Satsumon period or from the Satsumon period to the Ainu culture, resulting in more complex factual relationships than the above-mentioned theories, which should not so readily be regarded as the accepted concepts.

• 平安時代の源氏物語に見られるような、貴族階級による願掛けを中心とした神社参詣がその初期形態ではないかとされ、その後仏教の末法思想の流行により、後白河法皇の熊野三山詣でなど浄土信仰を背景とした極楽往生を願う巡礼へと変化し、中世に入ると、戦乱や貧困の中で一般階級による巡礼も行なわれるようになった。
• As depicted in the Tale of Genji set in the Heian period, the initial form was thought to be the shrine visits that the nobility made, which further transformed into Junrei to wish for a peaceful death through Jodo Shinko (belief of a pure land after death) such as the Kumano Sanzan (three shrines in Kumano) visits of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa due to the spread of pessimism in a decadent age, and in the middle ages, Junrei were done by the ordinary public during the age of war and poverty.

• 律令制の衰退によって朝廷自体が天皇家の家政機関としての色彩を強めてくると、内蔵頭には蔵人頭や弁官・近衛府を歴任した四位の殿上人が就任するのが慣例となり、更に院政期には財力を有する有力な受領に移り、室町時代初期には山科家の当主が御厨子所別当を兼務して就任するようになると、以後同家の事実上の世襲となった。
• As the Ritsuryo system declined and the court itself started to function as the institution to manage the Emperor's family's household, it became tradition for the position of Kuranokami (the chief of Kuraryo) to be filled by court officials of the fourth rank that had previously been Kurodonoto (the chief of Kurodo Dokoro) or worked in the Benkan (clerical section) or Konoefu (Imperial palace guards), and then in the period of governments by cloistered emperors became a position for prominent Zuryo (head of provincial government) with strong financial power, and in the early Muromachi period, the Yamashina family held the position together with the position, Mizushidokoro Betto (superintendent of the cooking section for the emperor), and it has been essentially their hereditary post ever since.

• 秀就の子・綱広以降の江戸時代には偏諱を受ける相手は徳川将軍となり（称松平・賜諱の家格とされた）、世子は元服時に将軍諱の下の字（○）を受け、「○元」などと名乗る習わしであった（しかし、「○元」と名乗る場合はむしろ少なくなり、「○広」、「○就」、「○房」、「○親」、「○熙」など他の通字を使用するケースが多くなった）。
• During the Edo period after Tsunahiro, who was Hidenari's son, the Mori clan was granted to use a portion of the first names of the Tokugawa Shogun, and the heirs of the Mori clan used names that employed the last letter of the names of shogun for the half of their names, as 'O元' (However, it was becoming more common to use tsuji, distinctive character used in the names of all of them belonging to a single clan or lineage, such as 'O広,' 'O就,' 'O房,' 'O親,' and 'O熙'.)

• 男鹿半島の領主として確認される安藤孫五郎、安東太の両者や、「市川湊文書」に含まれている寺社修造棟札写に残る寂蔵、安倍忠季、安倍浄宗等が鹿季の南遷と伝えられている時代以前に遡れること、湊家以前の男鹿半島の領主を女川家と伝える伝承があること等から、湊家の成立と伝えられる以前に安東一族が秋田郡に土着していた可能性を指摘する見解
• The theory to point out the possibility that the Ando family had been already settled in Akita Country before the supposed time of the Minato family's establishment, based on such findings; the family's history can be dated back even earlier period than the time of Magogoro ANDO and Andota, both of whom are confirmed as the territorial lords of the Oga Peninsula, and also earlier than the time of the legendary Kanosue's Nansen (provincial capital's relocation to the south), about which Jakuzo, Tadasue ABE, Joso ABE, etc. described in the copy of Jisha shuzo munefuda (ridge tag with history of the reparation and construction of temples and shrines) compiled in 'Ichikawa Minato Monjo' (The letter of Ichikawa Minato), and that there is an oral tradition in which a family called the Onagawa family was the territorial lord of the Oga Peninsula before the Minato family.

• 鎌倉末期から南北朝時代における安東氏の支配領域は、安藤宗季（上記の季久とする説が有力）による譲り状や安藤師季に対する北畠顕家安堵状によると、陸奥国鼻和郡絹家島、尻引郷、行野辺郷、蝦夷の沙汰、糠部郡宇曾利郷、中浜御牧、湊、津軽西浜以下の地頭御代官職となっており、現在の青森県地方のうち八戸近辺を除く沿岸部のほとんどと推定されている。
• It is supposed that, the Ando clan's territory during the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts consisted of the major part of the coastal regions except for the vicinity of current Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture, according to the documents such as a letter of concession by Munenori ANDO (the widely-accepted theory is that it was the same person as the above mentioned Suehisa) and Akiie KITABATAKE's certificate for the land directed to Morosue ANDO, in which it is mentioned that the clan was in charge of Jitoondaikan (deputy military governor) in Kinuka-jima, Shirihiki-go and Ikunobe-go, Ezo no sata of Hanawa County, Mutsu Province and in Usori-go, Nakahama-mimaki and Minato Tsugaru-nishihama of Nukabe County, Mutsu Province, and others.

• 続いて慶長5年（1600年）の関ヶ原の戦いで勝利すると、家康は織田政権時代の天正10年（1581年）に関白左大臣を辞任した九条兼孝を豊臣政権側の反対を押し切って20年ぶりに還任させたものの、その後も家康が菊亭晴季に代わって右大臣となれば秀頼が内大臣となってそのまま関白に就任するだろうという風説が度々流された（慶長7年（1602年）、毛利輝元あて繁沢元氏書簡）。
• Against the opposition of the Toyotomi administration, Ieyasu then reinstated Kanetaka KUJO for the first time in twenty years, who had resigned from Kanpaku and Sadaijin in 1581 during the Oda administration, when he won in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600; afterwards, however, it was often rumored that Hideyori would assume the position of Naidaijin and then automatically Kanpaku when Ieyasu took over the position of Udaijin from Harusue KIKUTEI (from Motouji SHIGESAWA's letter to Terumoto MORI in 1602).

• 京都七口は元来、京都と七道を結ぶ街道の入口として設置されたと考えられ、大原口（小原口・八瀬口→北陸道）・鞍馬口（出雲路口）・粟田口（東三条口→東海道）・伏見口（宇治口・木幡口→南海道）・鳥羽口（→西海道）・丹波口（西七条口・七条口→山陰道）・長坂口（→(丹波道)）の7つと言われているが、これは関所が廃止された江戸時代以後の説で史実に即しているのか疑問を持たれている。
• It is thought that Kyoto nanakuchi were originally set as entrances to the roads connecting Kyoto and seven circuits, and are said to be the Oohara entrance (the Ohara Entrance, the Yase entrance: the Hokuriku road), the Kurama entrance (the Izumo road entrance), the Awata entrance (the Higashi-sanjo entrance: the Tokai road), the Fushimi entrance (the Uji entrance, the Kohata entrance: the Nankai road), the Toba entrance (the Saikai road), the Tanba entrance (the Nishi-shichijo entrance, the Shichijo entrance: the Sanin road) and the Nagasaka entrance (the Tanba road); however, this theory came about after the Edo Period and when such checkpoints had been abolished, so there are doubts surrounding whether these are historical facts.

• この黒板説については、近年になって反論が出され、海事史の金指正三博士は1990年に潮流のコンピュータ解析を行い、合戦の行われた日は小潮流の時期で、8ノットという早い潮流は無く、また大正時代に潮流を調査した場所は最も狭い早鞆瀬戸であり（ここで千艘以上の兵船で戦うことは不可能）、広い干珠島、満珠島辺りの海域では潮流は1ノット以下であり合戦に影響を与えるものではないとした。
• Concerning KUROITA's theory, in recent years objections to it have surfaced; in 1990 the maritime historian Dr. Shozo KANASASHI ran a computer analysis of the tides on the day of the battle, and concluded that there was a neap tide that day, and thus that there could not have been a strong, swift current of eight knots, and moreover pointed out that the tidal study done in the Taisho period had been conducted at the narrowest point of the Kanmon straits (where it would have been impossible for more than 1000 ships to fight), concluding that in the spacious area of sea near Kanju and Manju islands, the tide was under one knot in speed and would have had no influence over the course of the battle.

• ついで江戸時代に入ると漢学者、国学者の双方による律令研究が盛行し、注釈書を残した者に壺井義知（つぼいよしちか）(1657‐1735）、 荷田春満（かだのあずままろ）、稲葉通邦（いなばみちくに）(1744‐1801）、 河村秀穎（ひでかい）、河村秀根（ひでね）、 薗田守良（そのだもりよし）(1785‐1840）、 近藤芳樹などがあるが、依然として研究の中心は解釈学におかれていた。
• Next, in the Edo period, research on ritsuryo by both scholars of Chinese classics and scholars of Japanese classical studies flourished, and Yoshichika TSUBOI (1657 - 1735), KADA no Azumamaro, Michikuni INABA (1744 - 1801), Hidekai KAWAMURA, Hidene KAWAMURA, Moriyoshi SONODA (1785 - 1840), and Yoshiki KONDO are among those who left commentaries, but the center of the research was still on hermeneutics.

• その後、慶長16年3月21日_(旧暦)に後水尾天皇の即位に合わせて14名、4月21日_(旧暦)には19名の公家の一斉昇進が行われて豊臣政権時代に昇進が停滞してしまった公家の昇進人事が一括して行われ、次いで豊臣氏が滅亡した元和_(日本)元年（1615年）に制定された「禁中並公家諸法度」に公家官位と武家官位の完全分離が図られたのも、豊臣政権末期の官位を巡る朝廷の混乱を知る家康にとっては当然の事であったのである。
• Subsequently, fourteen court nobles advanced in rank on May 3, 1611, in conjunction with Emperor Gomizunoo's ascension to the Imperial throne while nineteen nobles on Jun 2, 1611, getting the promotion of court nobles, which had been hindered during the Toyotomi administration, to be awarded all together; it was only natural for Ieyasu to establish, in 1615, the same year as the Toyotomi clan was collapsed, the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and Kyoto nobles), which completely separated the official rank of the court nobles and that of the samurai class, for Ieyasu had witnessed the struggle of the Imperial Court regarding to official ranks at the end of the Toyotomi administration.

• 実際の柳生氏の事項が明らかになるのは、南北朝時代 (日本)の柳生永珍（別名：宗珍、大膳亮柳生永家の子とされる）の頃からで、柳生家の家譜である『玉栄拾遺』によると、元弘3年（1331年）に、南朝 (日本)として、六波羅探題の北条仲時・北条時益の軍勢と戦った永珍は戦功によって、後醍醐天皇から賜った大和国小楊生（大楊生とも）庄の領主となり、柳生氏と名乗った事から始まるとされる（ただし、『玉栄拾遺』の記述自体も伝承の域を出ないという）。
• The first record that mentions the Yagyu clan is about Nagayoshi YAGYU (Muneyoshi YAGYU) who was believed to be a child of Daizen no suke (person who was in charge of meals in the Imperial Court) Nagaie YAGYU in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan); and according to a genealogy of the Yagyu clan 'Gyokuei Shui,' Nagayoshi supported the Southern Court and fought against the forces of Nagatoki HOJO and Tokimasu HOJO who had their base at Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto), and for the achievement in the battles, Emperor Godaigo gave him the possession and status of the lord of Koyagyusho district (or Oyagyusho district) in Yamato Province, ever since then, he called himself the Yagyu clan; however, it is said that the articles in 'Gyokuei Shui' are nothing but folklore.