易: 1000 Terms and Phrases
- 不易層
- invariable stratus
- isothermal layer
- 難易二道
- The two divisions of difficult and easy paths
- 日明貿易
- Japan-Ming trade
- Trade between Japan and Ming Dynasty China
- 日元貿易
- Trade between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty
- 日宋貿易
- Trade between Japan and the Song Dynasty
- Nisso Boeki (Japan-Sung Trade)
- 簡易分析
- simplified analysis
- abbreviated analysis
- 簡易水道
- small water supply system
- small water system
- small water-supply system
- small-water supply system
- 簡易防湿
- simple exclusion of moisture
- 北村易子
- Kitamura Yasuko (h) (1954.3.1-)
- 日明貿易へ
- Proceeding with trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China
- 簡易旅客駅
- simple passenger station
- 朱印船貿易家
- Shuinsen trading family
- 簡易精神療法
- brief psychotherapy
- 広域簡易水道
- small water system for wide area supply
- 統合簡易水道
- integrated small water system
- 容易有効水分
- readily available moisture
- 簡易水質項目
- common water quality item
- 簡易浸水型枠
- flat submerged formwork
- 簡易水道事業
- small water utility
- 簡易専用水道
- private water supply facility
- 簡易測定方法
- simplified analysis
- 磁化容易方向
- easy direction of magnetization
- 保守の容易さ
- ease of maintenance
- 木津簡易裁判所
- The Kizu summary court
- 少年易老学難成
- As young people get old quickly and it is difficult to achieve in studies, you have to study hard in your youth.
- 改易の主な理由
- Major reasons for applying kaieki
- 全容易有効水分
- total readily available moisture
- 日本貿易振興会
- JETRO
- Japan External Trade Organization
- 簡易水道事業債
- small water utility bond
- 簡易組立式車庫
- prefabricated garage
- 貿易交渉委員会
- Trade Negotiation Committee
- Trade Negotiations Committee
- 難易度によるもの
- Classification by difficulty of performance
- 易林本の節用集。
- Japanese-language dictionary in 'Ekirin-bon'
- 及び、白居易など
- Also included are Kyoi HAKU and the other disciples.
- 朱印船貿易の終末
- The end of Shuinsen trading
- 勘合貿易の上表文
- Johyobun during the tally trade
- 易田は倍給する。
- In the case of Yakuden (fields not much fitted for growing crops), an area twice that of kubunden should be supplied.
- 倭館における交易
- Commerce in wakan
- 簡易圧力容器指令
- Simple Pressure Vessels Directive
- 輸出貿易調査機構
- British Export Trade Research Organization
- 体力が向上し易い。
- We can easily gain physical strength.
- 人目に付き易い高さ
- visible hight to draw public notice
- 全国簡易水道協議会
- National Small Water Utilities Council
- 無水源地域簡易水道
- small water system without water sources
- 米国国際貿易委員会
- ITC International Trade Commission
- 簡易印刷機による作成
- Creation by simplified printing machine
- 経済・貿易・対外関係
- Economy, trade and external relations
- 貿易取引、異国被下銀
- For Trade (Ikokukudasaregin [Chogin used for trade with Korea and as present for Joseon Missions and Missions from Ryukyu, current Okinawa Prefecture])
- 公共下水道(簡易な)
- small sewerage system
- 簡易水道等施設整備費
- 'capital arrangement expenses for small water system, etc.'
- 江戸時代の大名家の改易
- Kaieki applied to Daimyo families in the Edo period
- Kaieki Sanction Imposed on Daimyo Families during the Edo Period
- 簡易弾性波測定器強震計
- strong motion seismograph
- 簡易テクニカルサービス
- small scale technical service
- 朝鮮王朝との国交と貿易。
- Diplomatic relations and trade between Japan and the Korean royal dynasty
- 安易な放鳥は危険である。
- Hocho without much consideration can be harmful.
- 日明貿易の際使用された。
- It was imposed on the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China.
- 簡易メール転送プロトコル
- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
- WTO (世界貿易機関)
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- 貿易と環境に関する委員会
- Committee on Trade and Environment
- 江戸時代に改易に遭った大名
- Daimyo that were subjected to kaieki during the Edo era
- 南蛮貿易でもたらされたもの
- What was brought to Japan through nanbanboeki
- 簡易ファイル転送プロトコル
- TFTP trivial file transfer protocol
- 簡易フリーボルテックス設計
- simplified free vortex design
- 忠直改易時に将軍家に戻った。
- When Tadanao was deprived of samurai status and forfeited the family territories, it was returned to the Shogun family.
- このため安中藩は改易となる。
- Because of this incident, he was deprived of the Annka Domain for punishment (kaieki).
- - 簡易的な粕製甘酒の材料。
- Simple amazake ingredients made from sakekasu.
- 自由貿易について定めた条項。
- The provision regulated on free trade.
- 簡易認証およびセキュリティ層
- Simple Authentication and Security Layer
- 日本貿易振興機構(ジェトロ)
- JETRO Japan External Trade Organization
- 貿易の技術的障害に関する協定
- Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
- 簡易形系統安定化装置(中部)
- LSC Local System Stabilizing Controller
- サービスの貿易に関する一般協定
- General Agreement on Trade in Services
- GATS
- 交易に用いられるもの (1件)
- Items used in relation to trading (1).
- 福山藩は無嗣により改易となる。
- His rank changed due to the extinction of their family line.
- 簡易ネットワーク管理プロトコル
- Simple Network Management Protocol
- 脳卒中易発症高血圧自然発症ラット
- stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat
- SHRSP
- (1671年騒動により改易断絶)
- (In 1671, the clan was deprived of its position, privileges and properties due to the Date Sodo and its family line was extinguished)
- (1699年騒動により改易断絶)
- (In 1699, the clan was deprived of its position, privileges and properties due to the Date Sodo and its family line was extinguished)
- アユタヤからも交易船が長崎に来た。
- Trading ships from Ayutthaya also came to Nagasaki.
- 日朝修好条規付録及び貿易規則の交渉
- The negotiation of the subsidiary agreements of Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity and trade regulations.
- 通交船や交易量の制限を定めたもの。
- This treaty was designed to restrict the amount of trading ships and trading amounts.
- 屋台(やたい)は、移動式の簡易店舗。
- A street vendor's stall (Yatai in Japanese) is a simple mobile store.
- 関ヶ原にて西軍に所属して改易となる。
- In the Battle of Sekigahara, as he belonged to the West squad, he underwent Kaieki sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties).
- この易学は口伝であるため書物がない。
- This art of divination, kuden (oral instruction), has no script.
- 関ヶ原合戦で敗れた大名家の改易・減封
- Kaieki or genpo applied to Daimyo families that lost in the Battle of Sekigahara
- Depriving and Diminishing Territories of Daimyo Defeated in the Battle of Sekigahara
- 釜山・江華港を貿易港として開港する。
- To open Busan Port and Ganghwa Port as trading ports.
- 平安時代には日宋貿易の拠点となった。
- Kanzaki Manor was a center of trade between Japan and Song Dynasty China during the Heian period.
- 中には朱印船貿易を行うものも現れた。
- Some of the merchants ventured into foreign trade using ships with a shogunal charter called Shuinsen.
- 世界貿易機関を設立するマラケシュ協定
- Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization
- アンズの近縁種であり、容易に交雑する。
- It is closely related to the apricot and crossbreeds easily.
- 戊辰戦争による除封改易はこの一家のみ。
- The punishment of jofu (kaieki) was given only to this family.
- 技よりも筋力やスピード重視に陥り易い。
- We're inclined to emphasize muscle strength or speed rather than skills.
- 女性用の衣服も簡易化の一途をたどった。
- Female clothes were continuously simplified.
- 以下、江戸時代の改易について叙述する。
- Kaieki in the Edo period is described below.
- 日朝間の貿易は無関税にするという通告。
- It was a notification that taxes would not be imposed on trade between Japan and Korea.
- 次に条規附録及び貿易規則に関する交渉。
- The second stage was to negotiate the affiliated provisions and trade rules.
- 以降長崎貿易はあまり振るわなくなった。
- Trade in Nagasaki then became sluggish.
- 李氏朝鮮との日朝貿易や南海貿易と並ぶ。
- The Japan-Ming trade can equal the Japan-Korea Trade (trade between Japan and Yi Dynasty Korea) and the trade between China and countries in the southern sea (Indochina, Malay and etc).
- 簡易生命保険の積立金の運用に関する法律
- Law Concerning Operation of Postal Insurance Reserve Funds
- 簡易オブジェクト アクセス プロトコル
- Simple Object Access Protocol
- GATT(関税と貿易に関する一般協定)
- GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
- 尚長には嗣子が無く、結局は改易となった。
- Naonaga had no heir and the family was ultimately deprived of the privilege.
- 昭和初期頃より登場し、簡易褌と呼ばれる。
- It became used since the beginning of the Showa period, being called 'kani-kon' (literally, 'a simple fundoshi loincloth').
- 足利義満は倭寇を取り締まり朝鮮との交易。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA brings the Wako under control and begins dealings with Korea
- 技の改良や誤った伝承の修正が行われ易い。
- We can easily improve the skills and correct the inappropriate ways they've been handed down.
- また燃焼が安定していることから扱い易い。
- Also, it is easier to handle since burning is stable.
- 当時としてはかなり平易な文章だといえる。
- The Fukuzawa's writing style was very simple in those days.
- 南宋滅亡までの歴史を編年体で簡易に略述。
- It provides a simple chronological summary of historical events up to the downfall of the Southern Song dynasty.
- それにともない、お題も平易なものになった。
- At the same time, their themes became easier and easier.
- 請西藩 - 改易(1万石)、藩重臣は死罪。
- Jozai Domain: kaieki (forfeit of properties and the warrior class), (10 thousand goku); the high-ranking retainers were sentenced to death.
- ただし、易林本の節用集では、与謝郡とある。
- However, in the Setsu-yo-shu derived from the Ekirin-bon, the offices are described as being in Yosa-gun.
- 流鏑馬より難易度が高く、より実戦的である。
- Kasagake is more difficult than Yabusame and closer to actual combat.
- そして御牧藩は改易されてしまったのである。
- As a result, he was punished by being deprived of his fief, and the Mimaki Domain became extinct.
- 貿易の制限を行ったり、禁止してはならない。
- They cannot restrict nor prohibit trade.
- 易林本の節用集では、十市郡に府と記載ある。
- According to the Japanese dictionary written by Ekirin, the capital is located in Toichi no kori.
- こうして、褌は容易に入手できるようになった。
- Thus, it has now become easy for us to obtain fundoshi loincloth.
- 長崎地方は古く中国大陸との貿易の歴史がある。
- The Nagasaki region historically traded with the Chinese continent in olden times.
- こうした一方で、新羅は民間交易に力を入れた。
- Meanwhile, Silla concentrated on private sector trade.
- これにより交易は再開され倭館も再び開かれた。
- This allowed the both parties to restart trading, and the wakan was reopened.
- 古いタイプの石瓦は、重く、製造も容易ではない。
- Old type stone roof tiles are heavy and not easy to make.
- 南蛮貿易で潤った当時の華やかさをうかがわせる。
- This indicates the pomp of that time where people made money through trades with Spain and Portugal.
- 『易経』の「聖人南面而聴天下、嚮明而治」より。
- Meiji was named after the clause in I Ching (The Book of Changes), 'Looking to south, the saint listens to the world and, facing towards light, he governs.'
- が、1597年、突然改易され備前国配流となる。
- In 1597, however, he was suddenly dismissed and exiled to Bizen Province.
- 改易後、存続を許された事例も減俸として含めた。
- The cases where a family was permitted to exist after kaieki sanction are included in the list as cases of diminishing territory.
- 貿易が官営から私営に移行していることが窺える。
- It is inferred that by those days the management of trade had already been transferred from the government to a private organization.
- ちなみにこれにより年間の貿易船数も制限された。
- Incidentally, this ordinance also restricted the number of trading ships annually.
- 伊勢平氏を実行部隊として日宋貿易に力を入れた。
- He put his efforts into trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China, placing Ise-Heishi in charge.
- 住吉社船以来、実に10年ぶりの貿易船となった。
- It was the first trading ship in ten years after Sumiyoshi-jinja zoeiryotosen.
- 親指全周を固めないため、親指の太さに合わせ易い。
- It does not reinforce around the thumb and is easy to adjust for the size of thumb.
- 持ち運びの容易にできる据え置く形式のものもある。
- Nure-en, which are portable and can be installed easily, are also available.
- しかし高次は城を死守し、容易に城攻めは捗らない。
- However, Takatsugu defended the castle to the last and the siege made poor progress.
- その交易港はホイアン(会安)及びダナンであった。
- Its trading ports were Hoi An and Da Nang.
- 当時は女王が支配し、南シナ海交易の要港であった。
- Ruled by a queen at that time, the Patani Kingdom was the location of an important trading port in the South China Sea.
- 勘合貿易が行われるようになると倭寇は沈静化する。
- With the start of the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty), wako lost momentum.
- 織田信長・豊臣秀吉は基本的に南蛮貿易を推奨した。
- Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI basically promoted nanbanboeki.
- 交易場所は平戸港と長崎港に限られるようになった。
- The sites where foreign trade could be carried on became restricted to the Hirado port and Nagasaki port.
- 本格的な食事を提供する屋台から、簡易屋台まで様々。
- Street stalls in Thailand are of various types, from fully equipped street stalls serving conventional meals, to simple street stalls.
- さらに義隆は細川氏とも争って明との交易を独占した。
- Further, Yoshitaka also competed with the Hosokawa clan, and monopolized the commerce with Ming.
- (9) 下駄箱:個別に簡易な錠前がつくことが多い。
- (9) Shoe cupboard: Each unit can be locked with a simple lock in many cases.
- 代わりに比較的容易な水彩を教えるのが一般的である。
- Instead, it is common to teach water painting as it is relatively simpler.
- 松前藩の松前氏は蝦夷地で北方貿易をおこなってきた。
- The Matsumae clan in the Matsumae Domain had engaged in trade between the northern part of Japan and the Northern Song Dynasty China in Ezo (inhabited area of Ainu).
- 次に無関税貿易により、著しい貿易不均衡が起こった。
- Next, tariff-free trade caused remarkable trade imbalance.
- 鎖国は貿易の権限を幕府が制限・管理した政策である。
- Seclusionism was a policy by which the Bakufu controlled and managed the authority of trade.
- また、倭館には貿易のために対馬藩士が常駐していた。
- At that time, persons from the Tsushima Domain stationed at the Wakan for trade.
- 『占事略决』は、比較的平易な漢文で記述されている。
- 'Senji ryakketsu' was written in relatively simple kanbun (Sino-Japanese).
- そこで長崎との白糸の交易の船主となって、富を築いた。
- There, he became the owner of a ship for trading silk with Nagasaki, and made a fortune.
- 北宋や沿海州などとも独自の交易を行っていた様である。
- Also, it is thought that it independently traded with foreign countries such as the Northern Song Dynasty and Enkaishu (Russian Maritime Provinces).
- 現在では入手、加工が容易な木材を使用したものが主流。
- Currently, wooden materials which are easy to get and process have become mainstream.
- カラザが気になる場合には、取り除くことも容易になる。
- It is also easy to remove a chalaza if it is not desired.
- しかし財政難に悩む諸藩による密貿易は続けられていた。
- However, such domains suffering from financial difficulties continued illegal trade.
- 一方、日本の商人はポルトガル商船との交易を歓迎した。
- However, merchants in Japan welcomed trade with Portuguese coming aboard their merchant ships.
- このようにして鎖国体制が成立し、南蛮貿易は終了した。
- The national isolation policy was established in this way, consequently ending nanbanboeki.
- 一揆の発生は幕府よりの改易、取り潰しの理由となった。
- The bakufu would demote or expel an official if an uprising broke out.
- 中国貿易では一億枚単位の取引さえ普通に行われていた。
- In trade with China, transactions of using a unit of 100 million coins were not unusual at that time.
- また、理解を容易にするため文章が添えられることも多い。
- In many cases, to facilitate understanding, instructions in writing are added to the diagram.
- 宮津藩京極家は改易され、替わって本庄家が藩主となった。
- The Kyogoku family forfeited all property as well as their status as warrior class, and instead, the Honjo family became the domain lord.
- 真理そのものの姿で容易に現れない大日如来が説いた教え。
- A teaching of Dainichi Nyorai (Mahavairocana), who seldom reveals himself, in the form of shinri (literally the truth) itself.
- タレが食材にのり易くなり、食材の臭みを除く効果がある。
- By doing so, sauce can penetrate better and also the smell of the food can be removed.
- 密貿易が恒常化し恒居倭と朝鮮人との間に癒着が進行する。
- Illegal trading became normalized, and collusive relationships between kokyowa and Korean people were accelerated.
- 船は警戒を受けるが、結局上陸を果たし、交易に成功する。
- Although the vessel was alerted, they were eventually allowed to land and succeeded in trade.
- 干支は60年の周期で単純に繰り返すので簡易に計算できる。
- The Oriental zodiac repeats itself every 60 years and the years can be calculated easily.
- 宮津藩は、その後改易となったが、子孫は高家として栄えた。
- After that the Miyazu domain experienced punishment by removal of samurai status and expropriation of territories, but the descendants flourished as Koke (distinguished families officially selected by Edo Bakufu).
- 関ヶ原の戦いにおいて秀信は西軍方に属したため改易された。
- Hidenobu was punished by being deprived of his fief because he took the part of the 'western' army in the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 堺市の町を一大貿易港として整備するなど精力的に活動した。
- He acted energetically and made achievements including developing the town of Sakai City as a big trading port.
- この多くは勘合貿易を通じて日本に持ち込まれたものである。
- Most of them were imported through the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) to Japan.
- 同僚との縁から浄土教学や易学、日蓮宗や法華経などを研鑚。
- He started to study the Jodo Sect, art of divination, Nichiren school of Buddhism, and Hokekyo (Lotus Sutra) with an influence of his colleague.
- そのほか、彼は自身で竹を切って作った簡易な道具も用いた。
- In addition, he was using simple bamboo utensils he made by himself.
- 強力な握力、腕力、腹筋、体幹が必要となり、難易度は高い。
- It requires a strong grip, brute strength, and muscular abdominals and trunk, and the degree of difficulty is high.
- なかには石見国浜田藩のように、藩ぐるみで密貿易に関った。
- Some domains, including the Hamada Domain of Iwami Province, were concerned with illegal trade involving the whole domain.
- 「今より以後、旧制を革易し、一世一元、以て永式と為す。」
- From now on, the old system will be revolutionaries and will practice assigning one era name to the reign of each Emperor permanently.'
- 大寺社が相手では平氏も容易には手が出せず、数日が過ぎた。
- The great temples and shrines made formidable opponents and as such the Taira were unable to resolve the matter easily, and so several days passed.
- 貿易船は翌徳治2年(1307年)にも再航した模様である。
- The trading vessel seem to have traveled again in 1307.
- その目的は塩味を付けるとともに洗浄を容易にするためである。
- The purpose of this is to create a salty taste as well as to make the act of washing easier.
- 木津簡易裁判所 京都府相楽郡木津町大字木津小字南垣外110
- Kizu Summary Court - located at 110, Koaza Minamigaito, Oaza Kizu, Kizu-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto Prefecture
- その政権の基盤は奥州で豊富に産出された金と北方貿易である。
- Its political power based on gold which was mined abundantly in the Oshu region and trade between northern part of Japan and Northern Song Dynasty China.
- このことは逆に仏僧と国家権力が容易に結びつく原因ともなる。
- In contrast, this easily led to the link that was established between the Buddhist priests and national authority.
- その奥深い教えである故に容易に明らかにできない秘密の教え。
- A secret teaching that cannot be easily disclosed because of its profoundness.
- 崩しを行わないで技を掛けようとしても技は容易に掛からない。
- The techniques do not easily succeed when they are used without this kuzushi (balance breaking).
- 平凡社東洋文庫が手に入れ易い(木村紀子訳注、2006年)。
- Heibonsha, Toyo bunko can be procured relatively easily (translated and noted by Noriko KIMURA, 2006).
- 筑紫館はまた外国商人らの検問・接待・貿易などに用いられた。
- Moreover, Tsukushi-no-murotsumi was used for various purposes such as inspection of foreign merchants, entertainment and trade.
- 交易とは違うが、天候不順により海外へ難破した者も数名いた。
- Although not associated with the trade issue mentioned above, there were some people who ended up staying overseas after being shipwrecked due to bad weather.
- 長崎は幕府の天領として幕府の直接管理で貿易がおこなわれた。
- Nagasaki was regarded as a shogunal demesne, where trade was carried on under the direct control of the Bakufu.
- 小田原合戦の後に国替えをめぐって秀吉と対立し、改易となった。
- After Odawara Campaign, he conflicted with Hideyoshi regarding transference between domains and was punished by being deprived of his fief.
- 淡路守>【寛永元年9月藩主就任-慶安元年8月20日自殺改易】
- Governor of Awaji Province> 'appointed as the lord of the domain in September, 1624 - suicide on 20 August 1648, and Kaieki (punishment by removal of samurai status and expropriation of territories)'
- その実態は、交易を通じての経済的権益であると推定されている。
- And it is supposed that the clan's reality was the entity of economic interests nurtured by trading.
- 日本では箸でも容易に切れ、和風の味付けがなされることも多い。
- It is easily cut into bite-sized pieces even with chopsticks, used in Japan, and often flavored in Japanese style.
- 平清盛の宋 (王朝)との貿易以降、日宋貿易が盛んに行われた。
- After trading with the Sung by TAIRA no Kiyomori, the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China was performed actively.
- 濡縁は、外側軒下に造られる、壁や雨戸がない簡易なものである。
- Nure-en is a simple Engawa which is built under eaves and has no walls and no rain shutters.
- 元来、朝鮮との貿易に経済を依存していた宗氏は対応に苦慮した。
- The So clan had basically been dependent upon trade with Korea and they racked their brains on how to cope with the situation.
- 貿易が開始されると、朝鮮側の米輸出過多となり米価が高騰した。
- After starting trade, Korean rice was exported excessively, and price of rice soared.
- 他方清との間ではその冊封を受けず限られた貿易のみを容認した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate did not have a Sakuho relationship with Qing dynasty and allowed limited trade.
- また大友義鎮は同時にキリスト教を保護し南蛮貿易を盛んにした。
- Yoshishige OTOMO protected Christianity and promoted trade with Spain and Portugal.
- 今後は国際貿易港たる舞鶴港を中心とした産業育成を急がれている。
- In the future industrial development should be hurried with Maizuru Port as an international trade port in center.
- しかし渤海王大仁秀治世に日本との関係に変化が生じて交易が減退。
- But there was a shift in the relationship between Japan and the Balhae Kingdom during the rule of Emperor Dae Jung-sang of the Balhae Kingdom and the trade between two countries declined.
- しかし幕府の対応は混乱し、赤松討伐軍は容易に編成されなかった。
- Responses by bakufu, however, confused and the punitive force to attack the Akamatsu clan was not easily organized.
- その後、徳川家康からアイヌ交易独占権を認められ、大名に列した。
- Afterwards, the Matsumae clan was approved by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA of the monopolistic trade right with the Ainu and ranked as daimyo (Japanese territorial lord).
- 第九款 通商については、各々の人民に任せ、自由貿易を行うこと。
- Provision 9 - free trade should be allowed, and left to the people of both countries.
- 結果、「銅にしては高いが銀にしては安い」価値で交易されていた。
- As a result, the copper of Japan was exchanged at 'a high rate for copper, but low rate for silver.'
- ベルナルディーノ・デ・アビラ・ヒロンはスペインの貿易商人である。
- Bernardino de Avila GIRON was a Spanish trading merchant.
- リウマチや喘息の患者が安易に入浴することは時として不適切である。
- Sometimes it is not appropriate for the patients of rheumatism and asthma to bathe in sulfur hot springs without careful consideration.
- 大太刀の柄を延長して取り回し易くした「中巻き」から発展したもの。
- It was evolved from 'Nakamaki (literally 'medium roll')' that became easier to handle by extending the Tsuka of Odachi.
- しかし、秀氏父子は徳川家康に赦されて、改易を免れることができた。
- Although the West Army lost, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA (the leader of the East Army) forgave Hideuji and Hirotsuna, and they avoided the punishment of kaieki (forfeiture of status and possession).
- 南蛮貿易に関係のない内陸部などでもキリシタン大名は増えていった。
- The number of Christian daimyo continued to increase, even in landlocked regions and other areas unconnected the trade with Spain and Portugal.
- 貿易・海外進出に関し先行する日本にとって有利なものとなっている。
- It was advantageous to Japan, which was leading trade and advancing into overseas markets.
- 対馬藩の宗氏は中世から対朝鮮の外交、貿易の中継ぎをになってきた。
- The So clan in the Tsushima Domain had assumed the role of coordinating the diplomatic exchanges and trade between Japan and Korea since the Medieval period.
- つまり外交だけでなく貿易の権限を幕府が制限・管理した体制である。
- In other words, Japan's national isolation indicated a regime in which the Bakufu restricted and controlled not only authority of diplomacy, but also controlled trade.
- 豊臣政権時代より領内の騒擾を理由とした大名改易のケースが現れた。
- From the time of the Toyotomi government, cases of daimyo kaieki (punishment of a feudal lordship by seizing its territory) for a riot within the daimyo's territory began to be seen.
- 「愛瀰詩烏 毗儾利 毛々那比苔 比苔破易陪廼毛 多牟伽毗毛勢儒」
- (Translation: Although people have said that a person of the Emishi is equivalent to 100 soldiers, they were vanquished easily without resisting.)
- 西日本では交易が活発化し、その活動は朝鮮・中国に及んだ(倭寇)。
- In western Japan, trade was actively conducted with activities extended to Korea and China as well (wako (Japanese pirates)).
- これら扇は、日宋貿易における日本の重要な輸出品の一つでもあった。
- Such fans were important exports from Japan in the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China.
- 中世には朝鮮半島や大陸との交易で栄え、日本海交易が発達していた。
- During the Medieval Period, these Sanshin-shichiso flourished through trading with the Korean Peninsula and the Chinese continent when the Japan Sea Trade was active.
- 分かり易い筋といなせな鳶の者の生活が描写された世話物の傑作である。
- It is a masterpiece of the sewamono drama with a simple plot in which the everyday lives of dashing firemen are described.
- 国内観光は新幹線や高速道路網の整備により国民の移動が容易になった。
- As for domestic tourism, developed network of Shinkansen and expressways has made travelling easier.
- しかし近年では一般化し、全国の食料品店でも容易に入手が可能である。
- However, it is now commonly found in food stores across the country.
- 日本海側でも有数の国際貿易港の舞鶴港を中心に重厚長大産業から成る。
- It is an area of heavy industries centering around Maizuru Port, which is one of the Japan's leading international trade ports on the Japan Sea side.
- 個別事業では和田埠頭整備促進を含む、舞鶴港貿易振興事業費に2億円。
- Among the individual projects, \0.2 billion was budgeted for the Maizuru Port trade promotion project including the promotion for the construction of Wada Warf.
- しかし、結局大崎氏は、小田原参陣に呼応しなかったため、改易された。
- However, the Osaki clan was finally deprived of its status because it did not respond to an order to participate in the Odawara offensive.
- 関ヶ原の戦いで西軍に属して戦ったため、改易されて高野山へ送られた。
- Since he sided with the 'western' army in the Battle of Sekigahara, he was punished by being deprived of his fief and exiled to Mt. Koya.
- この後、海外交易の抑制政策は明と次の清によって基本的に維持された。
- After this, the policy to restrict trading on the sea was maintained by the Ming dynasty and the following Qing dynasty.
- 反対に近い地方では夫役や大量のかさばる品物などが収取され易かった。
- In contrast, the owner of a shoen who lived nearby it tended to want the shoen residents to offer bueki or a huge amount of bulky goods and the like.
- それ以外にも領内を大洋に接する諸藩でも密貿易を度々おこなっていた。
- In addition to these domains, a number of other domains with territories facing the ocean frequently traded illegally as well.
- この貿易において、日本の銅は国内よりも非常に高値で明に輸出された。
- In this trade, the copper of Japan was exported to the Ming at an extremely higher price than the domestic price.
- しかしながら、宋との貿易が良好になり、次第に大量の宋銭が流入した。
- However, as trade with Sung became prosperous, lots of coins minted in Sung were gradually brought into Japan.
- 家康の頃はキリスト教は禁止されてはいたものの貿易は推奨されていた。
- In Ieyasu's era, Christianity was banned but trade with Portugal and Spain was not prohibited.
- 実際にはこうした行動が比較的容易である分野とそうではない分野がある。
- In some fields, however, such an action is not easy in reality, while in other fields it is relatively easy.
- この頃から簡易褌としてふんどし黒猫褌が出現し、男児を中心に普及した。
- At that time, kuroneko fundoshi (a kind of jockstrap) appeared as a simple form of fundoshi and became popular especially among boys.
- 当初の駅弁はおにぎりと沢庵を竹の皮に包んだような簡易なものであった。
- Initial Ekiben was quite simple as it included only rice balls and takuan (pickled radish) wrapped in a bamboo sheath.
- 簡易印刷機の代表的なものとしては理想科学工業のプリントゴッコがある。
- A typical simplified printing machine is Print Gokko (the brand name of small, silk-screen printer) by Riso Kagaku Corporation.
- 貿易自由化された輸入ウィスキーの消費はこの後十年で約20倍になった。
- 10 years later, the amount of consumption of whisky which was imported by trade liberalization became about 20 times larger.
- 木綿や麻などの普段着の和服は、一般家庭で容易に洗濯できるものが多い。
- Most informal Wafuku made of cotton or hemp can be easily washed in the ordinary household.
- また、その製法技術は、日本海交易により福岡からもたらされたとする説。
- There are various theories about how the manufacturing method came to the region, such as a theory suggesting that it was introduced from Fukuoka via Japan Sea Trade.
- 現在では簡易型の5列5個毬1やガラスショーケースに入ったものもある。
- Currently, there are simplified versions with five rows of five plus one mari, or ones available in a glass case.
- そこで、諸仏は修行が容易であるように、人々を浄土に引接して化益する。
- That is why each Buddha leads one to Jodo and provides these Buddhist benefits in order to make it easier to do ascetic training.
- また所領を分割相続することを分封、所領を没収されることを改易という。
- Also, there were measures to divide their territories to succeed ('bunpo'), and to confiscate their territories ('kaieki').
- 首府マニラが新大陸とのガレオン貿易の要港で、中国船の来航も多かった。
- Its capital, Manila, was the strategic port of the galleon trade with the New World, and many Chinese ships arrived there.
- そのため、大久保は朝鮮よりも制圧が容易に思われた台湾出兵を企画する。
- Therefore, Okubo planned to send troops to Taiwan, which seemed to be easier than Korea to conquer.
- また豪族の配下の人々に受け入れられ易かったのだろうと考えられている。
- It might be also easy to be accepted by people under the local ruling family.
- 「イサキヨシ」は和訓で、『周易』の訓にあることを示すものとみられる。
- The last portion 'イサキヨシ'denotes its Japanese reading and '易' may suggest that this reading goes back to 'Zhouyi' (The Book of I-Ching, the first book ever written in Chinese).
- 国内旅行は鉄道の発達で国内の移動が容易となり次第に活発になっていった。
- The development of railroads made domestic travel easier, which gradually promoted travelling by Japanese people.
- 桐箱に入れると持ち運びに容易である事と、比較的複数生産が可能であった。
- It was easy to carry when kakejiku was put into paulownia box, and producing more than one kakejiku at one time could be relatively easy.
- そのときには南岸に小低気圧が頻繁に発生し易くなるのも、また特色である。
- On such occasion, it is also one of the characteristics that small low-pressure systems tends to be spawned frequently.
- この改易は、同年の内に起こった大久保長安事件の余波のひとつでもあった。
- This Kaieki (forfeit rank of Samurai and properties) was one of the purges in the aftermath of the Okubo Nagayasu Incident, which took place in the same year.
- しかし1608年、幕命により改易され伊賀上野藩20万石は廃藩となった。
- However in 1608, he was deprived of his status as the lord of Ueno Domain by the Shogunate's order, and the Ueno Domain with 200,000 koku was demolished.
- これまで漢文でしか解釈されなかった般若心経も口語でわかり易く解釈した。
- He interpreted Hannya Shingyo (Heart Sutra), which was previously explained only in kanbun (Sino-Japanese), colloquially in plain language.
- 特に開国後の貿易開始に伴う経済の困難と西洋の学問の流入に関心を抱いた。
- He was especially interested in economic difficulties and inflow of western learning associated with the initiation of trade after Japan opened its country.
- 映画や漫画などでは、安易に用いると手を抜いていると思われる手法である。
- When used casually in movies or manga, productions can be considered to be corner-cutting.
- 博多はこれらの発祥だという説がある(詳細は博多日宋貿易の項目を参照)。
- A theory suggests that Hakata was the birthplace of these foods in Japan (Refer for details to the section of the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in Hakata).
- また福島正則は広島城無断修築を咎められた幕法違反により改易されている。
- Also, Masanori FUKUSHIMA was subjected to kaieki for violation of the Shogunate law when he tried to repair Hiroshima-jo Castle without permission.
- 5代徳川綱吉の時代には廃絶政策は譜代大名に向けられ27家が改易された。
- During the time of the fifth shogun, Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the target of the Daimyo abolishment measure shifted to Fudai Daimyo (a daimyo of a hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), and as a result, 27 families were subjected to kaieki.
- しかし、牙符改給は義澄・政元による日朝貿易の再統制には繋がらなかった。
- Even with the renewal of Gafu, Yoshizumi and Masamoto could not take control of the Japan-Korea trade.
- このため、18世紀以降、倭館交易は衰退するが、断絶することはなかった。
- As a result, wakan trade had dwindled after the 18th century, although it was not terminated.
- 今では稲葉幸蔵と名も改め、易者平澤左膳に身を装して鎌倉滑川に潜んでいる。
- Now he changed his name to Kozo INABA, and disguised himself as a fortune-teller Sazen HIRASAWA and lives in Kamakuranamekawa.
- 市街地周辺の簡易水道については、順次上水道への統合計画が進められている。
- With respect to the simple water-supply system to areas surrounding the urban region, a plan is being pushed forward to gradually integrate the city water system.
- 果無山脈は遺産にも緩衝地帯にもあたらないが、熊野古道から容易に眺望しうる
- The Hatenashi mountain range is neither a world heritage nor a buffering zone, but Kumano-kodo Road has an easy view of the Hatenashi mountain range.
- 享保10年、江戸城中において乱心し毛利師就に斬りかかったため改易となる。
- He went mad and attacked Morotaka MORI with a sword in 1725 and was given the sanction of 'kaieki.'
- 安定感とコシのある、容易に燗崩れしない、丹念な造りの味に用いられる表現。
- This expression is used for an elaborately created taste that gives the feeling of stability and koshi and is not disturbed by warming sake.
- 稽古の成果を確認する意味で試合・競技を見据えて稽古する方が熱が入り易い。
- There is more enthusiasm in aiming to win the game or competition in order to see the results of training.
- その試合規則で有用な技術が重視され、それ以外の技術はおろそかになり易い。
- Useful skills in the rules of the game are emphasized, but the other skills are likely to be neglected.
- 西洋音楽や明清楽の音階の要素を箏の方が容易に取り入れることができること。
- So (koto) was more receptive to accommodating the elements of Western musical scales and Ming and Xing-era Chinese music (as popularized in Japan before the first Sino-Japanese War).
- 明治初期の『貿易備考』には、近江国の桐生、出雲国の意宇の名をあげている。
- In the 'Boeki biko' (remarks on trade) published in the beginning of the Meiji period, Kiryu in Omi Province and Ou in Izumo Province are listed.
- 白居易の詩「琵琶行」は有名であり、楊貴妃もよく琵琶を演奏したと言われる。
- It is said that the poem 'Biwako' (a biwa song) by Haku Kyoi (Bai Juyi) was very popular and Yang Guifei often played the biwa, too.
- このため、寝具や家具は設置や収納が容易に出来るように工夫が施されている。
- Therefore, bedding and furniture are designed to be taken out and put in easily.
- 五山は幕府の保護を受け、日明貿易を行う足利義満の外交的顧問役でもあった。
- The Gozan temples enjoyed the patronage of the bakufu, and in fact served as advisors and diplomats for Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in the trade between Japan and Ming China.
- 行朝は関ヶ原の戦いで西軍に属し敗れ改易され、新宮氏の紀伊支配も終焉した。
- Yukitomo fought on the side of the western force in the Battle of Sekigahara but was defeated and punished by being deprived of samurai rank and properties, and the rule by the Shingu clan ended.
- 結果、必要物資の供給及び密貿易の停止が朝鮮側から宣言される事態となった。
- As a result Korea declared a suspension of the supply of necessary goods and illegal trades.
- 薩摩藩が琉球王朝を攻略、支配したことで、琉球を通じての貿易が認められた。
- Having conquered and ruled the Ryukyu Dynasty, the Satsuma Domain was allowed to carry on trade via Ryukyu.
- その一方で渤海使も交易に比重を置くようになり、来日の頻度も増えていった。
- On the other hand, envoys from Balhae began to put stress on trade and the frequency of their visits to Japan increased.
- 貿易量を少しでも増やすべくオランダ船のトン数は徐々に増えていったという。
- To increase the amount of trade as much as possible, it is believed that the tonnage of ships from the Netherlands gradually increased.
- 鎖国体制下では民間貿易は厳禁され、管理貿易が以下の四ヶ所でおこなわれた。
- Under seclusionism, nongovernmental trade was strictly prohibited, while controlled trade was allowed via the following four routes.
- このうち貿易額は対中貿易が最も多く、対オランダ貿易はさほどでもなかった。
- Among these routes, trade with China boasted the highest amount of trade, while trade with the Netherlands was minimal.
- 1494年には金・朱紅の公貿易禁止、1498年には銅の公貿易も禁止する。
- In 1494 they prohibited the public trade of gold and shubeni and in 1498 they prohibited the public trade of copper.
- 中国から博多へ向かっていた交易船が何らかの理由で沈没したものと思われる。
- A trading ship bound for Hakata from China is believed to have sunk for some reason.
- 「あざい」と読んでいる易林本『節用集』では朝倉氏も「あざくら」と読んでいる
- In 'Setsuyoshu' (one of Japanese-language dictionaries and notation of characters), Ekirinbon edition (edition compiled by Ekirin), the clan's surname is read as 'Azai,' however, this reading is similarly applied to that of the Asakura clan as 'Azakura.'
- 直勝の曾孫である当時の掛川藩主・井伊直朝が精神病だったために改易となった。
- The great-grandchild of Naokatsu and the lord of Kakegawa Domain during this period, Naotomo II, had a mental illness; this resulted in the Ii family's' Kaieki (forfeiture in rank of Samurai and properties).
- ふくらみとコシのある、容易に燗崩れしない、丹念な造りの味に用いられる表現。
- This expression is used for an elaborately created taste that gives fukurami (fullness) and koshi and is not disturbed by warming sake.
- また呉 (三国)には今文孟氏易を伝えた虞翻、『国語注』を遺した韋昭がいる。
- Additionally, in Go (Three Kingdoms), there was Gu Hon who passed along Moshi's divination in Kinbun and I Sho who left 'Annotation of Kokugo' (history book on Chinese Spring and Autumn Period).
- 鴻臚館(こうろかん)は平安時代に設置された外交および海外交易の施設である。
- Korokan was a facility established in the Heian period for diplomacy and overseas trade.
- しかし唐以来、漸次南方の沿岸に海外から交易に訪れる外国の海上勢力が増した。
- However, during and after the Tang dynasty, the influence of foreign vessels visiting the southern costal areas for trade gradually increased.
- ちなみに1882年の朝清商民水陸貿易章程では清の宗主権が明文化されている。
- As a side note, Korea-Qing Land and Commercial Sea Activity Treaty singed in 1882 explicitly expressed Qing's suzerainty.
- これらの交易物などは、正倉院宝物でも、その一端をうかがい知ることができる。
- One can discover a fragment about these traded goods from treasures in Shosoin.
- 開国・貿易開始以降、内外の金銀比価が違ったために発生した金貨が大量に流出。
- After opening the country to start trading with foreign countries, a lot of gold coins flowed out of the country because of the difference in the value of gold and silver between Japan and its trading partners.
- また正式の通交使節との公貿易では、大蔵経など朝鮮の書籍も日本に輸出された。
- In the public trade with the formal missions for friendship, a lot of Korean books including Daizo-kyo Sutra (the Tripitaka) were imported into Japan.
- 並行して、キリスト教の制限と貿易の管理強化をすすめ、社会の安定化に努めた。
- In parallel, the bakufu made efforts to stabilize society through restricting Christianity-related activities and strengthening the control of trade.
- 大内義興は勘合貿易を掌握して勢力を伸張、一時は中国九州7カ国に覇を唱えた。
- Yoshioki OUCHI increased his power by holding complete control of the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) and for a certain period assumed the leadership in seven countries in Chugoku and Kyushu.
- 近世の倭館交易では日本側は銀、硫黄、金、その他南方物産を朝鮮側に輸出した。
- In the Modern Period wakan trade, Japan exported silver, sulfur, gold, and other products of the south seas to Korea.
- 天地盤を作成するときに「式盤」と呼ばれる簡易な器具が使用されることがある。
- When making Tenchiban, a simple tool called 'Shikiban' (a tool used in the process of making Tenchiban) is sometimes used.
- 実際、干支は暦法に依存せずに60の周期で単純に繰り返すので簡易に計算できる。
- In fact, since the Oriental zodiac cycle just repeats itself in cycles of 60 days without associating itself to any calendar, the calculation is very simple.
- 江戸時代以降は五街道を初めとする交通網が発達し、参詣が以前より容易となった。
- After the Edo period, Go-kaido Roads (five highways) and other traffic networks were developed to make pilgrimage easier than before.
- 更に義満が日明貿易を始めると貿易そのものや抽分銭による収益も幕府収入となる。
- Furthermore, when Yoshimitsu initiated trade between Japan and Ming, profit by Chubunsen (抽分銭) also became the income of Bakufu.
- カリスマ性を持った人気者だった枝雀の穴は、容易に埋められるものではなかった。
- It was not easy to fill the gap left by charismatic Shijaku who was very popular.
- リノレン酸は酸化し易いため、同食用油の開封後は早めに消費する事が勧められる。
- Since linolenic acid is easily oxidized, once cooking shiso oil is opened, quick use is recommended.
- またこの後の豊後国大友氏の改易事件などとともに, 事件後の処罰は苛烈だった。
- Those who took parts in Umekita Ikki were severely punished, including the Otomo clan of Bungo Province which was deprived of their fief.
- 大久保忠隣や本多正純のように幕府内部の権力闘争に敗れて改易された大名もいた。
- Furthermore, there were Daimyo such as Tadachika OKUBO and Masazumi HONDA who were subject to kaieki because they lost the power struggle inside the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
- この築堤工事の途中、甲賀衆の担当部分が崩れたため、甲賀衆が改易流罪となった。
- In the middle of this construction of the bank, the part under Kogashu's responsibility broke, so that Kogashu was punished with Kaieki (forfeit rank of Samurai and properties) and exile.
- 具体的には民間には海外進出を禁じ、公的には貿易のルートを朝貢のみに限定した。
- To be specific, in private sectors advancing overseas was prohibited, and an official sector for the trading route was restricted only to choko (paying tribute to the court).
- 貿易も比例して大きくなり、やがて中朝貿易よりも日朝貿易は大きくなるのである。
- In proportion with the increase of Japanese people, the scale of trade between Japan and Korea became larger than that between China and Korea.
- なお、オランダ東インド会社は出島使用料年額銀55貫に応じ唯一交易を許された。
- The Dutch East India Company of the Netherlands was the only company permitted to carry out trade in exchange for paying an annual rental fee to use Dejima for 55-kan (obsolete unit of currency/weight; 1 kan = approx. 3.75 kg, 8.3 lb) of silver.
- 1411年(応永18)貿易を一時停止するが、6代将軍足利義教時代に復活する。
- They stopped trading temporarily in 1411, but the trade between two countries was resumed in the period of the sixth Shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
- 1510年には朝鮮側が制裁として貿易統制を加えたことによって三浦の乱が発生。
- In 1510, the Sanpo War erupted after the Korean Government imposed trading control as sanctions.
- さらに対馬から交易船が到着すれば、倭館滞在者が急増したことは言うまでもない。
- Needless to say, the number of its residents would jump after arrival of the trading ships from Tsushima.
- 1605年には、やはり西笑承兌により、『吾妻鏡』と『周易』が出版されている。
- In 1605 Jotai SAISHO also published 'Azuma kagami' (a chronicle of the Kamakura bakufu from 1180 to 1266) and 'Shueki' (the first book in China written in the Zhou Dynasty period) were published.
- そこで、貿易商人が博多に長く滞留することなく、船を早く回航する必要が生じた。
- Therefore, trading merchants had to navigate ships constantly without staying in Hakata long.
- 「国中に五経の書及び仏経、白居易集七十巻があり、皆中国から得たものである。」
- The Five Classics texts of Confucianism, Buddhist scriptures, and seventy volumes of Juyi BAI's poems, all of which had been obtained from China, were possessed all over the country.'
- 各家ともに分封、転封、改易はあったが、ともに明治維新を迎え、華族に列せられた。
- Each family experienced division, transfer, and deprival of their domains, but both families survived through the Meiji Restoration and raised to their peers.
- その時期については室町時代の勘合貿易とする説、その後の慶長年間とする説がある。
- In one theory, it is assumed that the time is the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) in the Muromachi period, and in another theory, the later Keicho era.
- 戦国時代 (日本)より長崎市を有し、南蛮貿易を通じた豊かな経済力を誇っていた。
- The domain included Nagasaki City from the Sengoku, or Warring States, period (Japan) and enjoyed a strong economy thanks to trade with Europe.
- リクシャワーラーのほとんどは簡易な宿舎に住み、仕送りをするために節約している。
- Most rickshaw wallahs live in makeshift dorms, trying to save money to send home.
- 簡易印刷機登場前は一般的な方法だったため、版画用の木も葉書サイズの物があった。
- Before the emergence of the simplified printer, it was a common technique, and postcard-size woodblocks for printing were available.
- 殷協律は白居易が江南にいたときの部下であり、長安からこの詩を贈ったものである。
- When he was in Jiangnan, Juyi BAI had a subordinate, In Kyoritsu; later when Juyi BAI moved to Changan, he sent the above poem to In.
- 久留里藩改易ののちは久留里藩主・土屋家と同族の土屋家が藩主である土浦藩に移る。
- After the Kaieki (forfeit rank of Samurai and properties) in the domain of Kururi, he moved to the domain of Tsuchiura, headed by the same Tsuchiya family, who was the lord of the domain of Kururi.
- 易しく作れるがおねば(粘り気のある汁)が出易く、炊き粥にくらべると味が落ちる。
- It is easy to make but it tends to produce more oneba (sticky paste), and it is not as flavorful compared to takigayu (cooked thin rice porridge).
- 更に、荘園領主の居住地から遠い地方では金銭や軽貨など運搬が簡易な物が望まれた。
- The owner of a shoen who lived far away from it wanted the shoen residents to bring money or other light freight that was easy to transport.
- 改易(かいえき)とは、律令制度では現職者の任を解き新任者を補任することをいう。
- In the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), the term kaieki referred to removing someone from their current post and appointing someone new to that position.
- 室町幕府は勘合符を掌握することで日明貿易を統制下に置き、幕府の財源としていた。
- By grasping kangofu, the Muromachi bakufu placed the Japan-Ming trade under control and made it as a source of revenue.
- 元山は単に貿易の要所としてだけでなく、対ロシアの拠点としての機能も重視された。
- Wonsan was considered as an important site not only for trade, but also as a foothold against Russia.
- また開国後の貿易で日本への米輸出による米価高騰と食糧危機が民衆を圧迫していた。
- Also rice exports to Japan due to trade after opening of the country caused soaring rice prices and food crisis and put people's lives under pressure.
- しかし、対中国貿易において圧倒的に輸入超過であり、徐々に金銀が流出していった。
- However, Japan's trade with China showed an overwhelming excess of imports and gold and silver gradually flowed out of Japan.
- 足利義満は明徳の和約を遂げ、また日明貿易を行い明皇帝から日本国王に冊封された。
- Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA completed the Meitoku treaty to unify the Northern and Southern Courts, conducted trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China and was awarded the title of King of Japan by the emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
- 「辰」=「竜」、「巳」=「蛇」だから、蛇と深い関わりがあると容易に想像がつく。
- Since 'Tatsu' means 'dragon' and 'Mi' means 'snake,' it is easy to imagine that it has a strong relation with snakes.
- これらの禅僧の往来の多くは、日元間を交易する商船に便乗することが都合良かった。
- It is convenient for many of these priests to come and go on board merchant ships that carried on trade between Japan and Yuan.
- これにより左右よりも天地の大きさの変動が激しい筆写体の再現が容易になるのである。
- This made it easy to reproduce scribal types of which the vertical size changed more drastically than the horizontal size.
- 丹後半島は古代より大陸との交流が盛んな所で、京の都と大陸との交易ルートにあたる。
- Exchanges with the continent of Asia were carried out actively in the Tango Peninsula, and Ine-cho was located along the trade route between the capital Kyoto and the Continent.
- 細川氏と大内氏が実権を巡り衝突(寧波の乱)して、以後大内氏が貿易の実権を握った。
- The Hosokawa and Ouchi clans clashed over who would hold true authority over the trade (in what was called the Ningbo Turmoil); following this, the Ouchi clan managed to seize de facto control over the China trade.
- 義弘は本拠が大陸と近い地理を活かして李氏朝鮮との貿易を営み巨万の富を蓄えていた。
- Making the most of the close proximity of his seat of power to mainland Asia, Yoshihiro also worked to build trade relations between the Ouchi and the Joseon dynasty in Korea, thereby amassing a vast fortune.
- 1980年代からの日米貿易摩擦の中で1991年にオレンジの輸入自由化が始まった。
- Amid the Japan-US trade conflicts from the '80s, import liberalization of orange started in 1991.
- そのため、日本との貿易決済用銭貨として永楽通宝が鋳造されることとなったのである。
- As a result in China, Eiraku-tsuho was minted as an instrument to settle the trade with Japan.
- 『周易』では李鼎祚が王弼注の義理易に反対して鄭玄を始めとする漢代象数易を伝えた。
- With regard to 'Zhouyi,' Ri Tei So (li ding zuo) opposed the Giri-eki (ethics and philosophy divination) with annotation by Wang Bi, and preached Shosu-eki (graphic and mathematical divination) by Jo Gen (Zheng Xuan) and others from the Han Dynasty.
- 南蛮貿易によるキリシタン文化の影響も受け、大胆で派手な柄行き・色使いの物が多い。
- They were influenced by the Christian culture imported through Nanban-Boeki (trade with Southern Barbarians) and thus there are many bold and gaudy design kosodes.
- こうした国際色豊かな酒の交流は、江戸時代初期の朱印船貿易へと引き継がれていった。
- Those exchanges of sake among various countries continued to the trading by shogunate-licensed trading ship in the beginning of the Edo period.
- 琉球王国と中国(福州)との貿易により琉球にもたらされ、三線(サンシン)となった。
- It was brought to Ryukyu through trade between the Ryukyu Kingdom and China (Fuzhou), and became sanshin.
- 大坂の役以後、戦争が無くなると、世嗣断絶と幕法違反による改易が主なものとなった。
- During the war-free period after the Siege of Osaka, kaieki was mainly applied as punishments for the extinction of a family line or breach of the Shogunate law.
- 文禄4年(1595年)に改易されたが、捨扶持として1000石が義綱に安堵された。
- In 1595, Yoshitsuna was ordered 'kaieki', but he was recognized and guaranteed 1000 koku as Sutebuchi alms.
- その後延喜3年(903年)の太政官符には朝廷による買上前の貿易が厳禁されていた。
- The Daijokanpu issued in 903, however, showed that the Dazaifu strictly prohibited any prioritized purchase before the Imperial Court.
- しかし、子孫は秀吉の死後江戸幕府を開いた家康に冷遇されまもなく改易処分となった。
- However, his descendants were treated coldly by Ieyasu, who had established the Edo bakufu after Hideyoshi's death, and shortly after that, they were punished by being deprived of their fief.
- その観念は容易に抜き難く、現在でも東京では、うどんより蕎麦の方が優勢なままである。
- That idea is hard to eliminate and soba remains dominant over udon in Tokyo at present.
- 平安時代中期になると、草仮名をさらに簡略化して記号化された平易な平仮名が誕生した。
- Entering the middle era of the Heian period, simpler hira-gana characters, simplified and symbolic versions of so-gana characters, were generated.
- またこのような天観の変化によって『易経』を中心として新しい宇宙生成論が展開された。
- Additionally, such change in the view towards the sky led to the development of a new forming theory of the universe centered around 'I Ching.'
- 「壱岐焼酎」は世界貿易機関のTRIPS協定に基づく産地表示の保護指定を受けている。
- 'Iki shochu' has been designated as a protected production area based upon an Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization
- また、名誉住職を設けることで、住職の交代を容易にして人事を活発化させる目的もある。
- Another purpose of establishing the honorary post is to activate personnel by making it easy to replace the chief priest.
- 1900年~2099年までの冬至の日の数学的な簡易な求め方は、下記のとおりである。
- The following is an easy mathematical way of determining the day of Toji between 1900 and 2099.
- また、転び易い、長時間起立出来ない、歩行で疲れるといった子供が昔と比べ増えている。
- Today there are a lot more children who fall over quite often, cannot remain standing for a long time, or easily tire when walking.
- 琉球王国は明(1644年滅亡)の冊封を受け東アジア諸国との交易により繁栄していた。
- The Ryukyu Kingdom was in a sakukfu relationship with the Ming Dynasty (that fell in 1644), and trade with East Asian countries flourished amongst the islands.
- 義政は日朝貿易も同様に財源化することを意図し、朝鮮王朝に牙符制の導入を申し入れる。
- Yoshimasa also sought to make the Japan-Yi dynasty trade as a source of revenue and made a proposal to the Yi-Dynasty to introduce Gafusei.
- この偽使の派遣により、壬申約条による交易の制限は事実上有名無実化されることになる。
- In fact, the trading restrictions imposed by the Jinshin Yakujo became a mere scrap of paper due to the dispatch of gishi.
- 朝鮮王朝にとって公貿易は利益を産み出すものではなく国庫を圧迫する要因となっていた。
- For the Korean Dynasty, the public trade was not a source of benefits, and it was rather a great strain on the national treasury.
- その一方で一部に誤りが見られるものの、簡略平易な解説書として後世まで参考にされた。
- Although some mistakes are seen in this book, it was referred by posterity as a simple and easy-to-understand instruction manual.
- 糸印の本来の用途は、日明貿易における生糸輸入時の信証に利用したとする説が有力である。
- A reliable theory is that itoin was originally used as seal of approval when trading raw silk in Japan-Ming trade.
- 一部の宗派では輪袈裟という、簡易型の袈裟を僧侶の他、在家信徒も法会参列時に使用する。
- In some sects, a simplified-type kesa called wagesa is used by laypersons when taking part in a Buddhist mass.
- 古田重然の弟古田重府は、織部改易の折に難を逃れて豊前小倉の萱野伝左衛門に身を寄せた。
- Shigefu (重府) FURUTA, a younger brother of Juzen FURUTA (a founder of the Oribe school), took refuge at Denzaemon KAYANO in the Kokura Domain, Buzen Province when the Oribe family was punished by being deprived of its fief.
- 小堀本家は近江小室藩1万石余りを預かる大名であったが、7世政方のときに改易となった。
- The original branch of the family were feudal lords, the Omi Komuro Domain with a fief of 10,000 koku, but they were dismissed during the time of the seventh-generation master, Masamichi KOBORI.
- 刀身は「頑丈さ」よりも「隠し易さ」を優先しており、他の日本刀に比べると細く折れ易い。
- The blade gives priority to 'how easy it is to hide' over 'how strong,' it is so, it is thinner and easier to break compared to other Japanese swords.
- 17世紀前半の朱印船貿易時代の伊勢商人が持ち込んだ伊勢うどんをルーツとする説がある。
- A theory suggests that the noodles originated in Ise Udon, which was introduced there by Ise merchants who engaged in the trade by shogunate-licensed trading ships called Shuinsen in the first half of the seventeenth century.
- 投光器 夜間になんらかの照明器具によって矢道や的場を照らし、的や矢をわかり易くする。
- A floodlight or some kind of illuminator: It is used at night to light up the yamichi and the matoba to make a mato and an arrow easier to recognize.
- 西洋との交流は厳しく制限されたものの、長崎の出島を通じてオランダとの交易が行われた。
- Even though exchanges with western countries were strictly restricted, trades with the Netherlands were implemented through Dejima in Nagasaki.
- 卵かけご飯はこれらの栄養価が含まれているため簡易な朝食としては優れた料理とも言える。
- Tamago kake gohan containing these nutritions may be an excellent dish for easy breakfast.
- バテレン追放令をだすなどキリスト教を禁ずる一方でヨーロッパとの交易は盛んに推進した。
- While he forbid Christianity, which was symbolized by 'Bateren Tsuihorei' (an edict expelling the European missionaries), he earnestly promoted commerce with Europe.
- これが御成敗式目と呼ばれる法典(武家法)であり、平易で実際的な法令と評価されている。
- This was a legal code (Bukeho (the law system for the samurai society and the military government)) called Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai) and was praised as a simple yet practical decree.
- 当時中国では銀が不足していたため、朱印船の主要な交易相手である中国商人は銀を欲した。
- There was a shortage of silver in China during that period, and Chinese merchants, who were the main trading partners of Shuinsen desired silver.
- 制限貿易で、1401年(応永8)から1549年(天文18)まで19回に渡り行われる。
- This trade was a restricted trading, carried out 19 times from 1401 to 1549.
- 8世紀には、地中海貿易が壊滅したことで、農村の自給自足体制が急速に確立されていった。
- As the Mediterranean trade collapsed during the eighth century, the self-sufficient system in villages came to be rapidly established.
- これらの中国銭は、中国(北宋・元 (王朝)など)との貿易を通じて日本にもたらされた。
- These Chinese coins were brought to Japan through trade with China (Northern Sung Dynasty or Yuan).
- 介護の際、下着の交換が容易で、患者や介護者の肉体的負担を減らすことから用いられている。
- T-jitai are used because, when someone takes care of a patient, they can make it easy to change the undergarments and can relieve the physical load on a patient and a caregiver.
- しかし豊臣政権・江戸幕府と長崎は中央政権直轄領となり、貿易利潤を喪失することとなった。
- However, under the Toyotomi regime and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the domain no longer benefited from the profits of this trade because Nagasaki became a demesne of the central government.
- 明治の開国を通じ神戸が国際貿易港として発展し、大阪・京都も都市の近代化が進んでいった。
- After the opening of Japan to the world in the Meiji era, Kobe had been developed as an international trade port and modernization of the cities in Osaka and Kyoto had also advanced.
- 呉を炊くと、大豆中のサポニンが激しく泡立つため、お釜から呉が容易に吹きこぼれてしまう。
- Because the saponin contained in soybeans foams intensively when go is boiled, the go will easily boil over.
- そして、文禄4年(1595年)2月8日、塩谷義綱には豊臣秀吉により改易が言い渡される。
- On March 18 in 1595, Yoshitsuna SHIONOYA was ordered by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to accept 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties).
- 明は中国人の日本渡航を禁止しており、これら中国人は密貿易で渡来し、在住する者であった。
- Ming forbid voyage to Japan, and these Chinese people arrived while trading in secret and lived in Japan.
- 数ヶ月後に結ばれた条規附録や貿易規則で定められた関税自主権などもスムーズに承認された。
- Tariff autonomy, which was prescribed in the affiliated provision and trading rules concluded several months later, was also approved smoothly.
- 鎖国(さこく)は、江戸幕府が日本人の海外交通を禁止し、外交・貿易を制限した政策のこと。
- National Isolation ('Sakoku' in Japanese) refers to the policy of seclusion by which the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) prohibited Japanese citizens from going abroad, while imposing restrictions on diplomatic exchanges and trade with foreign countries.
- 日明貿易(にちみんぼうえき)は、日本の室町時代に日本が中国の明王朝に行った貿易を指す。
- The Japan-Ming trade indicates the trade carried on between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China in the Muromachi period.
- 政界から引退して福原の山荘へ移り、日宋貿易および瀬戸内海交易に積極的に取り組み始めた。
- He retired from the political scene and moved to his mountain retreat in Fukuhara to start actively participating in Japan-Song trade and Seto Inland Sea trade.
- 貿易を掌握し、みずからが多くの渡来銭を抱える有力者は、その価値の低下を恐れたのである。
- This is because those persons who controlled the foreign trade and possessed lots of coins brought from China were afraid that the values of these coins were downgraded.
- それら水の供給は市の公営企業(福知山市ガス水道部)の上水道および簡易水道より供給される。
- The water is supplied through the city water system and simple water-supply system by the public company of the city (Fukuchiyama City Gas & Water Department Business Division).
- そのため、学校・学部さえ問わなければ、華族は帝大卒の学歴を容易に手に入れることができた。
- Therefore, kazoku could easily take a degree from Imperial University, if they were not choosy about specific universities or specific departments.
- 『粉乳』は保存性に優れるため輸送や保管が容易だが、ミルク本来の風味とはギャップを生じる。
- Although 'powdered milk' is easily transported and stored due to its high storage stability, it is unlike the essential flavor of milk.
- 王弼は費氏易に注して『周易注』を作り、何晏(かあん)は『論語集解』を作った(正始の音)。
- For example, Wang Bi wrote 'Annotation of Zhouyi' which was an annotation for Hi-shi Eki (Mr. Hi's divination) and Ka An (He Yan) created 'The Collected Annotations of the Analects of Confucius' (sound of Seishi - academic traditions starting from Seishi era).
- 9月1日南関東直下地震に際して難民の休息所、簡易診察所を多数開設し社会奉仕活動を行った。
- He carried out social service activities by founding a great number of hospices and small clinics for refugees when the Great Kanto Earthquake occurred on September 1, 1923.
- そのため技術的な難易度が高いが、格式としては流鏑馬より略式となり、余興的意味合いが強い。
- Because Kasagake targets are more diverse, Kasagake is more difficult; however, it is less formalized than Yabusame and more entertaining.
- また、南蛮貿易によりもたらされたヨーロッパのレベックやヴィオールに起源を求める説もある。
- In another theory, it is considered that Kokyu originates from the Rebec or Viol brought to Japan from Europe through trade with Spain and Portugal.
- そして延喜9年(909年)には唐物使に代わって大宰府の役人に交易の実務を当たらせている。
- The Dazaifu entrusted the business relating to trade to the officers of the Dazaifu instead of karamono no tsukai in 909.
- 朝鮮側の雇用が前提とはいえ、日本の商船が開港地以外での沿岸貿易が許される余地があること。
- Although the employment of Korean people was a prerequisite condition, it was possible for the Japanese merchant ships to exercise coastal trade at places other than the cities where ports were opened.
- 平氏一門は知行国支配と日宋貿易で財を増し、10数名の公卿、殿上人30数名を占めるに至る。
- The Taira clan's fortune steadily grew thanks to their management of the provinces in which they were enfiefed and to Japan's trade with Song China, until there were over 10 Taira family members among Kugyo (the top court officials), as well as more than 30 tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace).
- さらに清盛は大宰大弐に就任することで日宋貿易に深く関与することになり、経済的実力を高めた。
- And through his position as second-in-command (Daini) of Dazaifu (an important outpost in Kyushu), Kiyomori also became a major participant in the Japanese trade with Song China, and thus increased the economic might of the Taira as well.
- 16世紀末、琉球貿易により堺市に中国の三弦がもたらされ、短期間の内に三味線へと改良された。
- At the end of the sixteenth century, Ryukyu trade brought Chinese sanxian into Sakai City, and it was improved in a short period to become shamisen.
- 敷地面積が比較的取りやすいため、個人宅に1人〜2人立ちの簡易道場を造る弓道家も少なくない。
- Because it's relatively easy to obtain the floor space, many archers build simple dojo for one to two persons in their own homes.
- 易次は叔父の易正との所領争いに敗れて居城を奪われたため、三河国に移り松平氏の家臣となった。
- Yasutsugu, having been defeated in a territorial dispute against his uncle Yasumasa and stripped of his residential castle, moved to Mikawa Province and became a vassal of the Matsudaira clan.
- 百姓・町人の間での身分移動は比較的容易であり、武士の下層(足軽)との身分移動も多くあった。
- Status was relatively flexible between peasants and townsmen, with status mobility also existing between those classes and low-ranking samurai (ashigaru (foot soldier)).
- ただし、秀吉は南蛮貿易の実利を重視していたため、この時点では大規模な迫害は行われなかった。
- However, since Hideyoshi placed emphasis on the actual profit that he could receive from Japan's trade with Spain and Portugal, a great persecution was not executed at this point.
- すなわち長崎に入る異国船の数を制限し、かつ貿易額そのものにも制限を加えるというものである。
- It limited the number of foreign ships coming into Nagasaki as well as the amount of trade itself.
- 貿易に関係のないポルトガル人とその妻子(日本人との混血児含む)287人をマカオへ追放した。
- 287 Portuguese, including their families (half-Japanese half-Portuguese children were also contained), whose jobs were irrelevant to trade were banished to Macau.
- これは対馬藩が山がちで耕作に向いておらず、朝鮮との貿易なくては窮乏が必至となるためである。
- This was because the land of the Tsushima Domain was mountainous and not fitted for farming and was forced to remain in a poor state without trade with Korea.
- 貿易の際に、許可証である勘合符を使用することから勘合貿易(かんごうぼうえき)とも呼ばれる。
- Japan-Ming trade was also called the tally trade, because Kangofu (certificate to show that the ship is lawfully registered by Ming) was used in the trade.
- この頃、日宋貿易につながる海上交通ルート・瀬戸内海は、海賊の跋扈が大きな問題となっていた。
- Around this period, the Seto Inland Sea, part of the sea route in trade between Japan and Song, was infested with pirates.
- こうした交易の制限を巡る軋轢が繰返される中、宗氏は不満を募らせ三浦の乱の一因となっていく。
- Dissatisfaction was growing at the So clan due to a number of conflicts over the trade restrictions, and that became one of the triggers for the Sanpo War.
- 簡易屋台でも果物、ガイヤーン、生絞りオレンジジュースなどの飲料など様々なものが売られている。
- Simple street stalls sell a variety of items, such as; fruits, Gai Yang (Grilled Chicken), freshly squeezed orange juice, and many other drinks.
- 南蛮貿易や朱印状貿易、伏見銀座の運営にかかわり、江戸時代は徳川幕府の代官職を務めるなどした。
- The Sueyoshi clan was involved in trading with Spain and Portugal, trading with foreign countries which had a shogunal license called Syuinjo, and operating Fushimi Ginza (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver), and served as a local governor of Tokugawa Bakufu during the Edo period.
- 1990年代に世界貿易機関の勧告により、ウィスキーの酒税が下がる一方で焼酎の酒税は上昇した。
- In the wake of a WTO recommendation issued in the 1990s, the tax rate for whisky was lowered while the rate for shochu was raised.
- これ以後は幕藩体制が確立して改易、転封は減少して大名は固定化されるようになり、幕末に至った。
- The shogunate system was established afterwards and accordingly, the application of kaieki and transfers decreased, and the allocation of Daimyo was fixed until the end of the bakufu.
- さらに、天正19年(1591年)に義勝が改易された後、庄内を与えられたのは上杉景勝であった。
- When Yoshikatsu was punished by being deprived of his fief the Shonai district in 1591, the district was given to Kagekatsu UESUGI.
- 現在の博多から箱崎の海岸が貿易の中心となり、大宋国商客宿坊と名を変えた鴻臚館での貿易は衰退。
- As a result, with the transfer of the trade center from the present Hakata to the coast of Hakozaki, trade at Korokan, the name of which had already been changed to the Daisokoku shokyaku shukubo (lodgings in a temple for visitors from the Great Song Dynasty), declined.
- これにより松前藩が和人地を直接支配領域とし、あわせて蝦夷地との交易をも管理することになった。
- Due to this reason, the Matsumae clan placed Wajinchi under its direct control area, and besides, came to manage the trade with the Ezo area.
- それ以降、明や清との朝貢貿易の利益のため江戸幕府と中国への両属とする体制が幕末までつづいた。
- Since then, the islands had belonged to China and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), who sought benefits from tribute trade with the Ming and Quing dynasties.
- 対馬藩はこの中国産品の中継貿易によって巨額の利益を上げ、藩の禄高は実質10万石以上とされた。
- The Tsushima clan made huge profits from this relay trade of Chinese products, with its stipend was estimated as over 100,000 koku (approximately 18 million liters of crop yield).
- 私的な交易は認めず、冊封体制と呼ばれる国家間の公式な朝貢貿易に限定しようとした(海禁政策)。
- It did not authorize private trading but attempted to authorize only the official international tribute trading called sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system) (Kaikin Policy [the policy to forbid private people to trade with foreign countries]).
- 幕府が派遣する使節には博多や堺市などの有力日本商人が随行し、その間で私的な貿易が行われていた
- Missions dispatched by the bakufu were accompanied by influential Japanese merchants from Hakata and Sakai City, and private trade was conducted among them.
- しかし、いい結果が得られなかったため、入手が容易になりつつあった黒糖を使用したと言われている。
- However the result was not desirable, therefore it is said that confectioners used unrefined sugar, which was becoming available at that period, as a substitute for water and mineral deposits.
- 追号の「貞明」は、『易経』にある「日月の道は貞(ただ)しくして明らかなり」の一文を出典とする。
- The posthumous title, 'Teimei (貞明),' was taken from one sentence of the source text, 'Ekikyo (I Ching [Yi Jing] or The Book of Changes).': 'The path ways of the sun and the moon (or times of days and months) are firm adherence to one's principles (Tei, [貞]) and clear (mei, [明]).'
- このため、筒井氏は家臣の多くを改易し、伊賀の土豪をも潰していかざるを得なかったといわれている。
- It is said that because of this transfer, the Tsutsui clan had to dismiss many of their subjects and dissolve local clans of Iga.
- また日本酒は、朱印船貿易により東南アジア各地に作られた日本人町やその国の王族などへ輸出された。
- In addition, sake was exported to Japanese quarters and royal families in various places in Southeastern Asia through the trading by shogunate-licensed trading ship.
- 天竜寺船、勘合貿易により中国との往来は絶えることはなく、銅銭が大量輸入され、唐物が珍重された。
- Since the coming from and going to China were never discontinued due to Tenryuji-bune (Heavenly Dragon Ship) and the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty), a large amount of copper coins were imported, and karamono (things imported from China) were highly esteemed.
- この場合には後継者がいても改易され、捕らえられた場合には「不忠」を理由に処刑される事もあった。
- When this occurred, kaieki was applied even though there was a successor, and when those who had run away were captured, they were sometimes executed because they were 'not loyal.'
- 都の鴻臚館で入朝の儀を行ったのち、内蔵寮と交易し、次に都の者と、その次に都外の者と交易をした。
- After the ritual for entering the site of the Court at Koroka of the capital, the envoy traded with the Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses), people living inside the capital then people living outside the capital.
- その際、大名たちの歓心を得るために、布教の見返りに南蛮貿易や武器の援助などを提示した者もいる。
- In order to win favor with these daimyo, and in return for permission to proselytize, some missionaries agreed both to support Japan's trade with Spain and Portugal and to provide them with weapons.
- 一方、松平忠輝は総大将を務める天王寺合戦で遅参したことが理由の一つとなり、翌年に改易となった。
- On the other hand, Tadateru MATSUDAIRA was given kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) the next year partly because he arrived late for the Battle of Tenniji in which he was a supreme commander.
- さらに第七条では日本が朝鮮沿岸の測量権を得て軍艦の周航など軍事的進出を容易にすることとなった。
- Furthermore, Article 7 allowed Japan to obtain a right to make a survey of coasts along Korea, facilitating Japan's military advances including the circulation of warships.
- この時期と前後して4世紀半ば(350年頃)からヤマト王権(倭国)は朝鮮半島との交易を開始した。
- Around this time, in the middle of the fourth century (around 350), the Yamato Kingdom (Wakoku) began trading with the Korean Peninsula.
- 遣明船には博多や堺などの有力商人も同乗し、明政府の許可を得た商人との間で私貿易が行われていた。
- Powerful merchants in Hakata and Sakai, etc. also got on Kenminsen, carrying on private trades with merchants who had obtained permission from the Ming government.
- 肥前国神崎荘の預所となった忠盛は、大宰府の関与を排除して日宋貿易にも直接介入するようになった。
- When he became the Azukari dokoro of Kanzaki no sho (imperial estate) in the Hizen Province, he eliminated the influence of Dazaifu (the governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima under the ritsuryo system) and became directly involved in trade between Japan and Song.
- 興利倭船(こうりわせん)とは、室町時代、日本から朝鮮へ交易のみを目的に訪れた商船のことを指す。
- Koriwasen meant a merchant ship that operated a service from Japan to Korea only for the purpose of trade during the Muromachi period.
- 逆に大作といわれるネタや人情噺などのうちで特に難易度の高い作品を「大ネタ」と俗称することもある。
- In contrast, within the category ninjo-banashi, or of those performances which are considered masterpieces, works which are particularly difficult to perform are commonly called 'oneta.'
- 標準貨幣は永楽通宝であったが、室町幕府は貨幣を鋳造せずに日明貿易で明銭を輸入して流通させていた。
- The standard currency in use during the period was the Eiraku tsuho (Chinese Ming-dynasty copper coins); the Muromachi bakufu never minted its own coins, instead importing these Ming copper coins by means of Japan's trade with Ming China and then having them circulate.
- 大陸との貿易の推進を図る義満にとっても朝鮮と強いつながりを持つ義弘の存在は目障りなものになった。
- To Yoshimitsu, who was trying to plan how to proceed in forging trade links with mainland Asia, the existence of someone like Yoshihiro, possessing as he did such a strong bond with Korea, must have been quite obtrusive.
- 平家台頭後は日宋貿易に熱心だった平清盛が肥後守に就任するなど、平家による肥後国統制が強化される。
- After the rise of the Taira family, TAIRA no Kiyomori, who was enthusiastic about the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China took the post of the Governor of Higo Province, thus the Taira family's controlling over Higo Province was strengthened.
- そこで同じように凝固反応を起こし、入手の容易な硫酸カルシウム(すましこ)への転換が進んでいった。
- Subsequently, there was an accelerated shift to calcium sulfate--which caused a coagulation reaction in a similar manner and was easy to obtain.
- 侍にとって印籠や扇子を持つことは一種のファッションであった為、取調べを逃れることが容易であった。
- Since, for a samurai warrior to carry an Inro (pill case) or a Sensu with him was fashionable, it was easy to flee from investigations.
- 日本国外への輸出は、江戸時代初期に朱印船貿易によって東南アジアに輸出されていた多くの実績がある。
- In history, sake was exported to Southeastern Asia through the trading by shogunate-licensed trading ship in the early part of the Edo period.
- 譜代・親藩の中には、改易処分のあとに許されて、その子孫が旧知とほぼ同じ待遇で、復帰した例もある。
- Also, there were some cases where Fudai and Shinpan (hereditary daimyo and relatives of the Tokugawa family) were forgiven after receiving the kaieki decision, and their descendents returned to the original positions to receive almost the same stipend.
- その勢に辟易して、官軍は皆四散し、牙営に在つた三好少将や野津少将は、周章狼狽、所を失つて逃げた。
- Shrunk back from his momentum, the government army scattered, and Major General MIYOSHI and Major General NOZU at the leaders' office were panic-stricken and fled, losing their staying places.
- しかし、京・畿内を中心とした地域の外では、稲や布などを物品貨幣とする交易が広くおこなわれていた。
- However, outside of the area around Fujiwarakyo and Kinai, trade based on material currencies such as rice plant and cloth was widely conducted.
- このため正徳 (日本)5年(1715年)に海舶互市新例(正徳長崎新令)を定めて貿易量を制限した。
- The Bakufu then enacted the Kaihakugoshi Shinrei (or the Shotoku-Nagasaki Shinrei) in 1715 in an effort to control the amount of trade.
- 岡本は、樺太移住者に無税の条件と当面の食糧供給などの厚遇を用意したが、定住は容易に進まなかった。
- OKAMOTO provided hospitality of tax-free condition and food supply for the Sakhalin settlers; nevertheless, the settlement did not progress easily.
- 朝鮮王朝は倭寇に防備情報が漏れることを恐れており、密貿易のみならず癒着そのものも問題視していた。
- The Korean Dynasty worried about a leakage of their defensive preparations to wako, and they regarded the collusive relationships as a serious problem.
- これによって、貿易再開の見込みが絶たれ、東アジアでは倭寇(後期倭寇)による密貿易が中心となった。
- Thereby the possibility of resuming the trade was thwarted, with the result that the illegal trade carried on by wako (late wako) became the key trade in East Asia.
- しかしながら、琉球人はポルトガル船がマラッカを攻撃して占拠したことを知っていて、交易を拒否した。
- However, having known that Portuguese ships attacked and occupied Malacca, people in Ryukyu refused to trade with the Portuguese.
- 倭寇は朝鮮半島や中国沿岸部、東南アジアにわたる東アジア地域で活動し、海賊行為や密貿易などを行った。
- The Wako were active throughout East Asia, along the coasts of China and the Korean peninsula to Southeast Asia, and were involved in acts of piracy and smuggling.
- ただし、改易に際して信包の四男織田信当は幕府から3000石を与えられて、旗本として召し抱えられた。
- At the time of dismissal and deprivation of the position, Nobumasa ODA, the fourth son of Nobukane, was given 3000 koku and employed as hatamoto by the bakufu.
- しかし、版籍奉還後の藩知事にも藩主同様の世襲が認めれていたことから、事実上の改易であったと言える。
- This was generally considered to be kaieki because the governor position could be hereditary like the lord position even after lands and people were returned to the Emperor.
- しかし、棚田は山の上と下で農作業時期が微妙に違うため、平地の集落に比べて農業機械の共有化がし易い。
- In the case of Tanada, however, the timing of farm operations differs slightly between the upper part and the lower part of a mountain, so it is easier to share agricultural machines than in lowland villages.
- 中世日朝貿易は制限貿易であり、朝鮮王朝から図書と呼ばれる銅製印章を受けた者のみ通交が許されていた。
- The medieval Japan-Korea trade was limited trade, and only the recipients of copper seals called toso (tosho in Japanese) were allowed to have diplomatic relations with the Yi dynasty.
- 従って穴が開いたとしても容易に捨てたり買い換えたりするわけにいかず、修理しながら使っていたのである。
- Therefore, as people in those days could not afford to easily throw it away or replace it even if it got a hole, they repaired it over and over to continue to use it.
- 簒奪の為の準備の一つであるとの説がある(ただし、貿易の利便性を高める為、冊封を受けたとの説もある)。
- There is a theory that says this was in preparation for usurpation (another theory says that sakuho was received in order to enhance convenience of trading).
- 尾やひれなど、焦げ易い部分には厚めに塩をまぶし(これを「飾り塩」ないし「化粧塩」と言う)焦げを防ぐ。
- Additional salt is sprinkled on easily-burnable portions such as a tail and a fin of the fish to keep them from burning, which is called 'kazarijio' or 'keshojio' ('kazari,' 'kesho' and 'jio' mean 'ornament,' 'makeup' and 'salt,' respectively).
- 同じ保存食であるインスタントコーヒーの簡便性がさらに高められ、屋外でも容易に消費可能である点が特徴。
- It is higher in convenience than instant coffee which belongs to the same preserved food category and is characterized by easy outdoor use.
- 代わって摂津国中島藩から稲葉紀通が4万5700石で入るが、慶安元年(1648年)8月に改易となった。
- Norimichi INABA took over the domain with 45,700 koku from the Nakajima Domain in the Settsu Province, but was punished by Kaieki (removal of samurai status and expropriation of territories) in August 1648.
- 反面、武蔵国は六浦や品川湊などの良港を抱え、西国や内陸部に広がる「内海」との交易を活発に行っていた。
- Having good ports such as Mutsuura and Shinagawa Minato Port, on the other hand, Musashi Province was actively engaged in trade with provinces in the west and the 'inland sea' stretching over the internal region.
- 宗旦好みは幅67cm高さ50cmほどと小振りの真塗りで、琉球貿易により到来した唐物の卓を象ったもの。
- Sotan konomi is rather small (67 cm wide and 50 cm high) and varnished with black lacquer; it was modeled after a Chinese table which was brought through the Ryukyuan trade.
- 簡易的な手話の様を呈する「身振り語」や、嶋原で用いられてきた伝統的な「廓言葉(なます言葉)」がある。
- There are some more dialects of Kyo language, such as 'miburi language' (gesture words) similar to a simplified sign language, as well as 'namasu language' (Red-light district language), a traditional language spoken in Shimabara, a famous amusement area.
- 他に鳴子や庭に敷き詰められる砂利・玉砂利等も、簡易ながら同等の効果を得られる建造物として挙げられる。
- Such constructions that produce similar effects with simple mechanism include clappers as well as gravel and pebbles spread all over the garden.
- 雪月花(せつげつか、ゆきつきはなとも)は、白居易の漢詩「寄殷協律」の一句「雪月花時最憶君」による語。
- Setsugetsuka (or pronounced as Yuki Tsuki Hana (Snow, the Moon and Flowers)), is a word from the phrase, 'Setsugetsuka no toki mottomo kimi wo omou (I remember you especially when snow, the moon or flowers are beautiful)' in an old Chinese poem, 'In Kyoritsu ni yosu (A poem sent to In Kyoritsu)' composed by Juyi BAI.
- その骨子は輸入規制と商品の国産化推進であり、長崎に入る異国船の数と貿易額に制限を加えるものであった。
- The main points were import restrictions and promotion of domestic production, while limiting the number of foreign ships coming to Nagasaki and the amount of trade.
- またシベリア鉄道が全線開通するとヨーロッパに配備されているロシア軍の極東方面への派遣が容易となるの。
- Furthermore, the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway would easily enable the Russian military to rapidly deploy their forces to the Far East.
- こうして日朝交易から締め出された勢力の一部は明人海商と結びつき、倭寇後期倭寇の一役を担うようになる。
- Thus some influential people who were excluded from the Japan-Korea trade began to have relations with maritime merchants of Ming, and they eventually took part in the koki wako (late wako).
- 恒居倭のなかには倭館の関限を超えて居住する、漁業や農業に従事する、密貿易を行う、倭寇化する者もいた。
- Some kokyowa breached the limitation of wakan to live there, engaged in fishery or agriculture, conducted illegal trade, or became wako (Japanese pirates).
- 室町時代に入ると、明が日本との貿易決済のために鋳造した永楽通宝が日本国内に広く普及するようになった。
- Entering the Muromachi period, Eiraku-tsuho coins, which the Ming Dynasty minted for payments in trade with Japan, became used widely in Japan.
- 江戸時代以前の大手メジャーは、政商として商圏を国際的に拡大し、多方面にわたる貿易に乗り出していった。
- The major sakaya having existed in the Edo period or before started expanding their business internationally as seisho, advancing into various trade fields.
- 越中褌は六尺褌と比較して着脱が容易で生地も少ない経済性が官給品として軍隊で採用されたものと推測される。
- It can be guessed that Ecchu fundoshi were adopted as articles supplied at official expense because they were easier to put on and take off and they were economical for being made from less cloth than Rokushaku fundoshi.
- 越中褌は簡易なものであることから、戦前では市中で販売されるよりも自家で縫製して使用するものが多かった。
- As Ecchu fundoshi was easy to make, it was made at home rather than bought at store up until 1945.
- 実際にこれらの資料は、博多にいた実山が堺や京都に立ち寄った際に収集したものであろうと容易に推測される。
- In fact, it is easily presumed that Jitsuzan, living in Hakata, collected these materials when he stopped at Sakai or Kyoto.
- 享保10年に兄忠恒が改易となったが、名門と言うことで忠穀に7000石が与えられ家名の存続を認められた。
- Although his older brother, Tadatsune, was given the sanction of 'kaieki' in 1725, Tadayoshi was granted 7,000 koku and were also allowed to maintain their family name as a special case because their family was renowned.
- 鹿児島で生産される「薩摩焼酎」は、世界貿易機関のTRIPS協定に基づく産地表示の保護指定を受けている。
- 'Satsuma shochu' produced in Kagoshima, has been designated as a protected production area based upon an Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization
- これによって龍笛・篠笛など他の横笛とは異色の、能楽独特の高音(「ヒシギ」)を容易に発することができる。
- Thanks to this 'throat (nodo),' a high pitched sound (Hishigi) peculiar to Noh music can be easily made as distinct from other flutes such as dragon flute and Japanese transverse bamboo flute.
- ただし床下にもぐりこむときは狭い所でも動き易くするため、また刀自体を盾代わりとするために背負っていた。
- However, when they crawled under floor, they carried a sword on the back to move easily in the narrow space and used it as a shield.
- したがって、琉球がさかんに貿易をしていた15世紀頃にタイ王国やマラッカから原型が渡来した可能性がある。
- Therefore, there is a possibility that the origin of Kucho was brought to Okinawa from the Kingdom of Thailand or Malacca in the fifteenth century when Ryukyu actively conducted trade with these areas.
- その他の説として、南北朝時代に元 (王朝)から禅僧の往来や貿易によって伝えられたもの、という説がある。
- There are other theories that somen was transferred from the Yuan Dynasty through exchanges of zen monks and trading in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 刷了後の印刷物を纏めておく、ハトロン紙やクラフト紙による簡易包装のことを、帯あるいは帯掛けと呼ばれる。
- A simple wrapping using brown paper or kraft paper to put together the printed materials after printing is called obi or obikake.
- しかし、改易によって大量の浪人が生じて社会不安につながり、浪人による反乱未遂事件(慶安の変)が起きた。
- Meanwhile, however, there were many ronin because of kaieki, and this caused social unrest to grow and finally resulted in a rebellion (Keian Incident).
- 1873年に対外強硬派の大院君が失脚し、王妃閔妃一派が権力を握っても、日朝関係は容易に好転しなかった。
- The hard-liner Daewongun was disgraced in 1873, and the Empress Myeongseong group assumed authority, but relations between Japan and Korea did not turn better.
- 対馬藩は江戸幕府から朝鮮外交担当を命じられ、釜山に新設された倭館における朝鮮交易の独占権も付与された。
- The Tsushima clan was appointed in charge of diplomacy with Korea by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and was also bestowed the exclusive right for commerce with Korea at the newly-established wakan in Busan.
- 1510年には三浦の乱が起こり一旦は関係が断絶するが、1512年に壬申約条が結ばれ再び貿易は行われる。
- Although the relationship was once severed following the Sanpo disturbance that erupted in 1510, Jinshin Yakujo (immigration rule where the Korean Dynasties warned the So clan) was concluded in 1512 and trading was resumed.
- 同年に藤原秀衡が鎮守府将軍になるが、日宋貿易の輸出品である金の貢納と引き換えに任じられたと推測される。
- The same year, FUJIWARA no Hidehira became Chinjufu shogun (Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North and the courtly title of the Fourth Rank) but was assumed to have received the position in exchange for donations of gold, which was an export in Japan-Song trade.
- 当時の日朝貿易における日本側の輸出品は胡椒・丹木・朱紅・銅・金等であり、朝鮮側の輸出品は綿布であった。
- In the trade between Japan and Korea of those days, Japan exported pepper, tanboku (sacred tree), shubeni (scarlet pigment), copper, and gold, while Korea exported cotton cloth.
- 彼らは倭館の関限を超えて居住し、田地を購入して耕作、朝鮮半島沿岸での漁、密貿易など様々な活動を行った。
- They expanded their residential area beyond the boundary of the permitted Japanese settlement, and they had various activities such as the purchase of farming land to grow agricultural products, the fishing at the coastal area of the Korean Peninsular, and illegal trading.
- 朝鮮王朝建国期において倭寇前期倭寇が猛威を奮っており、朝鮮王朝は交易の利を持って倭寇の沈静化を図った。
- Since the first phase wako (Japanese pirates) fiercely raided coasts when the Korean kingdom was founded, the Korean kingdom used the profits made by the trade in suppressing the wako.
- 白色度の高いものにはハマグリが用いられるが、加工の易さからカキ (貝)、ホタテガイの貝殻も用いられる。
- Clamshells are used to realize a higher whiteness degree, but materials like oyster and scallop shells are also used because they work easily.
- 米糊の添加は、器物に下地を付ける作業とその硬化管理を容易にすることができ、作業性をあげるメリットがある。
- It is beneficial to add rice glue because application of foundation to the artifact and its cure control are made easier and as a result workability is improved.
- その反面、陸から200mもないので素人のゴムボートですら渡船が容易であり、一大釣りスポットと化している。
- On the other hand, being located in less than 200 m from the main land, the island can be easily reached by rubber boats and has become a big fishing site.
- 勘合貿易で倭寇と区別 博多、堺市、坊津(鹿児島県南さつま市坊津町)から出航し、寧波で勘合符を照査させる。
- Licensed trade missions--to be distinguished from smuggling and piracy by Wako--set sail from Hakata, Sakai, and Bonotsu (today's Bonotsu-machi, Satsuma City, Kagoshima Prefecture), and goods were checked and inspected upon arrival in Ningbo, China.
- しかし、孫の最上義俊の代に御家騒動が起こり、江戸幕府の命により改易とされ、大名としての最上氏は滅亡した。
- However, a family dispute occurred during the time of Yoshitoshi MOGAMI, a grandson of Yoshiaki, and the Mogami family was deprived of its status by the order of the Edo Bakufu, resulting in the fall of the Mogami clan as a Daimyo.
- これにより、納豆とタレ袋を分離するフィルムを廃して通気性を向上させると共にタレとの混合を容易にしている。
- Through this arrangement, the film that would otherwise separate the natto and the bag of sauce is eliminated, thus improving the permeability and making it easier to mix the sauce with the natto.
- 前漢末には揚雄が現れ、儒教顕彰のために『易経』を模した『太玄』や『論語』を模した『法言』を著作している。
- Yo Yu (Yang Xiong) emerged at the end of former Han, and wrote 'Taigen' imitating ' I Ching,' and 'Hogen' imitating 'Taigen' and 'The Analects of Confucius' for public recognition of Confucianism.
- 播州三日月藩土から増上寺の寺侍となったが,素行不良のゆえに追放され、数学、書道の教授と易で生計を立てる。
- He was originally a feudal retainer of the Mikazuki Domain of Harima Province and later became terazamurai (samurai who performed administrative functions at temples) at Zojo-ji Temple, but was expelled as a result of his bad behavior, and ended up teaching mathematics and calligraphy, as well as practicing fortune-telling.
- 今でいえば八月下旬で、残暑厳しい折ではあるが、そのために乳酸菌の発酵が容易だったなどのメリットもあった。
- Although the season corresponds to the present-day end of August when the lingering summer heat is intense, there were such benefits as fermentation of lactic acid bacterium was easy because of that.
- また、地方では、祭礼の際に行われる簡易の芝居を、それぞれの地方名を冠した俄として伝承している地域もある。
- In some regional parts of Japan, a simplified play performed at festive occasions is handed down through the generations as 'such-and-such niwaka' prefixing it with the region's name.
- 戊辰戦争後、明治新政府により1家(請西藩)が改易され、会津藩、仙台藩など22家が減封の処分を受けている。
- After the Boshin War, the new Meiji government subjected one family (Jozai clan) to kaieki and 22 families, such as the Aizu and Sendai clans, to genpo.
- そのために、徳川家康、徳川秀忠、徳川家光の三代の時代に外様大名82家、親藩・譜代大名49家が改易された。
- As a result, during the three Tokugawa generations of Ieyasu, Hidetada, and Iemitsu, 82 Tozama Daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord) families and 49 Fudai and Shinpan (hereditary daimyo and relatives of the Tokugawa family) families were subject to kaieki.
- 関ヶ原の戦い以降、江戸時代を通じて外様大名127家、親藩・譜代大名121家の計248家が改易されている。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara through the Edo period, a total of 248 families consisting of 127 Tozama Daimyo families and 121 Shinpan and Fudai Daimyo families were subject to kaieki.
- また、同法の画期的な部分は次回来航期限を定めた信牌交付や長崎の行政改革による貿易管理の強化の部分にある。
- One of the revolutionary points of this law was to issue Shinpai (信牌) (port-entry permit) which set the next port entry due date and the enhanced trading management through administrative reforms in Nagasaki.
- 禁教令の徹底などを目的に1630年代の鎖国令によってオランダとの交易を除き西欧諸国との関係も途絶させた。
- It also broke relations with western countries except for Holland by issuing a national seclusion order with an aim to put a complete ban on Christianity.
- 日明貿易には、両国により正式の渡航船であることを証明する勘合符が用いられたことから、勘合船とも呼ばれた。
- These ships were also called Kangosen since both governments issued a certificate called Kangofu in order to prove the visiting ships were lawfully registered ships for Nichi-Ming trade.
- しかし懐良親王には朝貢貿易を主催する財力も、倭寇を取り締まる海軍力もなく、明の期待に沿えぬまま退場した。
- However Imperial Prince Kanenaga who did not have the financial abilities to host the tribute trade nor the force of the navy to crack down on wako left the status without meeting the Ming expectations.
- しかし18世紀になって日本でも絹生産の技術が向上すると、中国産品の輸入が減少し、釜山交易に打撃を与えた。
- However, advancement of Japanese silk production technology in the 18th century diminished the imports of Chinese products, which had devastating effects on Busan trade.
- 信長の弟織田信包は豊臣政権下で伊勢国津城主として、ある程度優遇されたものの、秀吉の不興を被り、改易された。
- Nobukane ODA, a younger brother of Nobunaga, was given favorable treatment as the lord of Tsu-jo Castle in Ise Province under the Toyotomi regime, but fell into disgrace with Hideyoshi and was punished by being deprived of his fief.
- 成長して、当地の当主である丹羽長重に仕えるが、関ヶ原の合戦で長重が西軍につき改易、七郎左衛門も浪人となる。
- He grew up serving Nagashige NIWA, the family head in the district, but his master sided with the West Army during the Battle of Sekigahara, and being deprived of his samurai status and having his family territories forfeited, Shichirozaemon became ronin.
- 橙(みかん)は代々続くようにと子孫繁栄を願った物を、燃やし易くする為に踏み潰す事が縁起上良くないとされる。
- Daidai (bitter orange) is believed to bring descendants prosperity, so if people trample daidai to burn them quickly, it is considered as bad luck.
- 史的には誤用であるが「活弁をする人」という意味を表現する上で分かり易く、今後は広く用いられる可能性が高い。
- Historically speaking, katsubenshi is an incorrect name, but the name is highly likely to become common in Japan from now on because this word makes it easy to specifically describe silent movie narrators.
- 強いて類別すれば、条規そのものは日米和親条約にあたり、付録及び貿易規則・公文は日米修好通商条約に該当する。
- If it must be classified, the stipulation itself corresponded to the Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan, while the Appendix, and trade regulations and official documents corresponded to the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan.
- 日本は当時、国内各地で大量に金銀(特に銀)を産出する国であったため、交易においてもその潤沢な金銀を用いた。
- Japan produced a large amount of gold and silver (especially silver) during this time, using these abundant resources for trade.
- 室町幕府も当初は訴訟処理機関として問注所を設置したが、記録文書の管理や簡易訴訟のみを取り扱うにとどまった。
- At the beginning, the Muromachi bakufu established the Monchujo also as a body that dealt with lawsuits, but its function remained only to manage the recordings and summaries of lawsuits.
- しかし、交易の発展にともない豆毛浦倭館は手狭になり、交通も不便であったので、朝鮮側に再三移転要求を行った。
- However, since its space became insufficient as the commerce had been thriving, combined with its poor transportation conditions, the Japanese-side repeatedly asked the Korean government for its relocation.
- 蝦夷は平時には交易を行い、コンブ・ウマ・毛皮・羽根などの特産物を日本にもたらし、代わりに米・布・鉄を得た。
- In times of peace, trade was carried out between the Emishi and Japan; Emishi offered their specialties such as seaweed, horses, fur pelts and feathers, and in return they obtain rice, cloth and iron.
- 刊本に文明 (日本)本(文明6年(1474年)頃成立)・黒本本・天正18年本・饅頭屋本・易林本などがある。
- The printed editions included Bunmeibon (edition in Bunmei era, compiled in 1474), Kuromotobon (literally, edition of black book), Tensho 18 nen bon (edition in 1590), Manjuyabon (literally, manju [bun stuffed with azuki-bean paste] shop edition) and Ekirinbon (edition compiled by Ekirin).
- 幕府はこれらの莫大な造営費用を確保するために、新たな財源として、貿易船による収入という手段に注目していた。
- To obtain a huge amount of revenue to cover these building expenses, the bakufu paid attention to the income brought about by trading vessels as a new revenue source.
- 東福寺造営料唐船の如く、この船は(新安沈船)は東福寺(現京都市東山区)造営を名目とした貿易唐船と見られる。
- Like the Tofuku-ji zoeiryotosen (a group of traveling vessels that were dispatched to the Yuan Dynasty in order to make profits to cover the costs of repair and construction on Tofuku-ji Temple), this ship (the wrecked ship found in Shinan, South Korea)is considered to have been a trading vessel to be dispatched for the purpose of building the Tofuku-ji Temple (Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City).
- 1624年にスペイン船の来航が禁止され、1639年にポルトガル船の来航が禁止され、平戸での交易を禁止した。
- Then Spanish ships and Portuguese ships were prohibited from visiting Japan in 1624 and in 1939, respectively, prohibiting their trade at Hirado.
- しかし、松本藩主時代の享保10年(1725年)に6代隼人正忠恒が江戸城中で刃傷事件を起こしたため改易となる。
- However in 1725, Hayato no kami Tadatsune, the sixth generation of this family, had a sword fight in the Edo-jo Castle, and was given the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties).
- しかし関ヶ原の戦いで丹羽氏は西軍に付き改易、浪人となったために剃髪して大津市に移り住み、竹細工職人となった。
- However, the Niwa clan sided with the West Army in the Battle of Sekigahara, and was deprived of samurai status and the family territories forfeited, so Seigen became ronin (masterless samurai), shaving his head, and moved to Otsu City to be a bamboo-ware artisan.
- 平和な時代が始まったため刀剣の国内需要は低下したが、明への重要な貿易品としての生産も行われるようにもなった。
- Domestic demand for swords decreased since the era of peace started, but production for important exports to Ming also started.
- 当時に行われた偽銘は、中茎、銘の研究が進んだ今日においては中茎を見るだけでも比較的容易に見破ることが出来る。
- Since the research on the haft and signature was advanced, it is relatively easy to identify the sword with Gimei created in the ancient times even with a glance of the haft.
- その後も、改易された大名(家取り潰し)が切腹させられた例は浅野長矩など極めて例外的であることは注目に値する。
- Subsequent extremely rare examples, such as those of daimyo including Naganori ASANO, who committed seppuku after having their domains confiscated are particularly worthy of attention.
- 城を守るのは知将・清水長左衛門尉宗治で、3000余りの兵が立てこもり、容易には攻め落とせる状況ではなかった。
- Chozaemon no jo Muneharu SHIMIZU, a resourceful man, was in charge of the castle with about 3,000 soldiers inside, which made it a difficult castle to conquer.
- 中世日朝貿易は制限貿易であり、貿易へ新規参入もしくは拡大を図る者にとって、偽使は一つの有力な選択肢であった。
- Since the Medieval Japan-Korea trade was limited trade, for those who sought to open up or expand their trade, the pseudo envoy was an effective option.
- 貿易規則そのものには穀物の輸出入及び港税が不当に低く抑えられていることを除けば、さして問題となる箇所はない。
- Except for the unfairly low tariff on the export and import of grains and on the ports, there were no points that caused a problem in the trade regulation itself.
- このため武家諸法度違反で相当数の大名が改易・減封処分を受けたが、この処罰は親藩・譜代・外様の別なく行われた。
- Through these inspectors, a great number of feudal lords (daimyo) were punished for violation of Laws Governing Military Households, and deprived samurai status with forfeit of the territories or curtailed their fief, but this punishment was imposed without extenuation of the classification of daimyo, that is, family daimyo (shinpan), hereditary vassal daimyo (fudai daimyo), or outside daimyo (tozama).
- そうした中勃発した島原・天草一揆は、キリスト教禁止の徹底と、幕府による管理貿易である鎖国の完成へとつながる。
- In such a situation, the occurrence of Shimabara/Amakusa uprisings led the bakufu to the complete prohibition of Christianity and the complete national isolation that allowed only bakufu-controlled trade.
- それに対し宗氏にとって通交の制限は受け入れられるものではなく、両者の間に確執が生まれる(交易の制限節参照)。
- However, such restrictions were unacceptable to the So clan, which gave rise to a feud between the two sides (See the section on the trade restriction).
- また、大化改新直前に藤原鎌足が僧旻より『周易』を習い、更に天智天皇を誘って南淵請安の塾に通ったとされている。
- Also, it is said that FUJIWARA no Kamatari was taught on 'Shueki' (Classic of Changes) by the monk Min just before the Taika Reforms, and also attended the private school of MINABUCHI no Shoan, bringing the Emperor Tenchi along with him.
- 皇太子時代、チャクリー王朝からタイ国民の蛋白質不足について相談を受け、養殖の容易なティラピアを50匹寄贈した。
- Asked about protein shortage spreading among Thai people by the Chakkri Dynasty, he donated 50 tilapias, a kind of freshwater fishes having characteristics of easily cultivable.
- 彼は交易に携わる傍ら、明国の宗室や廟の音楽に造詣が深かったが、それらの音楽を長崎で一族郎党を率い演奏していた。
- Though he was engaged in trade, he well versed himself in music played in the Imperial Court or mausoleum halls in Ming, and he played these pieces of music with his family and followers.
- 娯楽性も強いが漢語が散りばめられ、会話文主体で平易な滑稽本や草双紙などと比べ文学性の高いものと認識されている。
- Despite its entertaining tendency, Yomihon texts often included words of Chinese origin, and as such, it is considered literature of higher quality in comparison to Kokkeibon (comical and humorous stories) and Kusazoshi (illustrated books).
- 地元住民の車は榎峠よりも、比較的走行が容易な京都府道・兵庫県道109号福知山山南線の穴裏峠を越えることが多い。
- Local people tend to cross over Anaura Pass on Kyoto and Hyogo Prefectural Road 109 Fukuchiyama Sannan Line which is relatively easier to drive.
- 前者は本能寺の変後の消息は不明だが、後者の存保は1586年、戸次川の戦いで戦死してしまい、改易とされてしまう。
- Yasunaga, the former, was unaccounted for after Honnoji Incident, and Masayasu, the latter, died in the battle of Hetsu-gawa and was forfeited his rank of samurai and properties.
- その後、交通機関の発達で山王を離れての活動が容易になり、多くの芸人は吉本興業や松竹芸能と契約するようになった。
- Later, it became easier for entertainers to work in places other than Sanno due to the development of public transportation, and many of them signed a contract with Yoshimoto Kogyo or Shochiku Geino.
- この時代に隆盛した学問は老荘思想と『易』に基づく玄学であるが、玄学の側からも儒教の経書に注を作るものが現れた。
- The learning which flourished in this period was Xuanxue (Neotaoism) based on the thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi and 'I Ching' (Classic of Changes), and some wrote annotations for Ju-kyo Keisho from the Xuanxue side.
- 安易な興行を繰り返し、関係者が後継者育成の努力を怠ったことが、大きなツケとなってここに跳ね返ってきたのである。
- Repetition of easy performances, and lack of efforts by people in the business to foster capable successors, were the large bill that came due.
- しかし髻(まげ、もとどり)の中にある宝珠だけは、みだりに与えると諸人が驚き怪しむので容易に人に授与しなかった。
- However, he did not recklessly grant gem he held in his Mage/Motodori (hair bundled up on the top of the head) not to cause all people to be surprised and be suspicious.
- 世界的には馬上での弓はその取り回しのし易さから短弓が用いられるが、日本では例外的に長弓の和弓が使用されてきた。
- While in foreign countries Tankyu is used because of it's advantage on horseback, Wakyu of Chokyu has been used in Japan as an exception.
- 教科書としては、子部五行類の『新撰陰陽書』・『黄帝金匱経』・『五行大義』・『周易』・『難儀』などが用いられた。
- The textbooks they used were books classified as Shibu-gogyo, such as 'Shinsen Onmyosho,' 'Kotei kingi kyo,' 'Gogyo Taigi,' 'Zhou Yi' (I Ching (Book of Changes)) and 'Nangi.'
- 一見双方平等のようであるが、貿易に関する力量がすでに異なっていたため、朝鮮側にとって著しく不利なものであった。
- It seemed an equal treaty at a glance, but the ability to trade was already different, so it was remarkably disadvantageous to Korea.
- 両事変後、朝鮮において日本は経済的に進出し、90年代朝鮮の貿易で日本は輸出の90%以上、輸入の50%を占めた。
- Since the two incidents that occurred in korea, Japan had promoted an economic presence, and Japanese exports amounted to more than 90% and Japanese imports accounted for 50% in Korean trade during the 1890's.
- 義満は1392年に南北朝合一を行い、1399年(応永6)には独自に私貿易を行っていた大内義弘を応永の乱で討つ。
- Yoshimitsu accomplished the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts in 1392, and then defeated Yoshihiro OUCHI in the Oei War in 1399 who had individually carried on private trade.
- 1510年、交易上のトラブルもあり朝鮮側に不満を募らせた日本人は、対馬からの援軍も加えて大規模な反乱を起こす。
- In 1510, the Japanese became discontented with the Korean side, partly due to troubles in trade, which caused a big-scale insurgence, with reinforcements from Tsushima.
- 平安後期になると、官符よりも簡易な形態の官宣旨(かんせんじ)や院政下での院宣が主流となり、官符は廃れていった。
- In the late Heian period, Kansenji (simplified Kanpu) and Inzen (decree of cloistered government) under Insei (the cloistered government) became popular and Kanpu fell into disuse.
- また朝鮮国内における通交者の滞在費・交易品の輸送も朝鮮側が担っており、こうした負担も無視出来ないものであった。
- Korea had to pay for the living expenses of traders during their stay in Korea and the transportation expenses of commodities, and these financial burdens were too heavy to be ignored.
- この交流は朝貢貿易の形態を取ったため、渤海からの貢物に対して、日本側では数倍の回賜でもって応える義務が生じた。
- Due to the exchanges being in the form of a tribute trade, Japan was obligated to send return gifts of several times more value after receiving tributes from Bokkai.
- これに基づく価格を估価(こか、沽価)と呼び、租税の物納や日本国外との貿易の価格や交換の基準としても用いられた。
- The prices based on the law were called koka, which were used as standards for calculating taxes paid in kind, prices in trading and conversion rates for goods.
- 嘘のような話ではあるが、現代でも著名な落語家が弟子に自分の紬を着せて着易くなってから取り上げたという逸話がある。
- It is unbelievable, but there is also a recent episode that a well-known rakugoka (commic storyteller) let his apprentice wear his pongee and took it back later when it was soft enough.
- 鎌倉時代に入ると、遣唐使を廃止して以来、途絶えていた大陸との交流が開始され、宋 (王朝)との交易が盛んとなった。
- During the Kamakura period, the intercommunication with China which was interrupted since the abolishment of Kentoshi (Japanese envoy to China in the Tang Dynasty) began and trade with the Sung (dynasty) became active.
- とはいえ、現代の銃に比して先込め銃は単体では連射に向かないものであることは上記のプロセスなどからも容易に窺える。
- However, a muzzle-loader is not appropriate for serial shooting compared to present-day guns, which is easy to understand as mentioned above.
- 初期の松前藩の収入は、藩主・家臣ともにアイヌとの交易にあったため、松前藩は他の日本人とアイヌとの取引を禁止した。
- Revenue of the Matsumae clan including the lord and retainers in its early days, was from the trade with Ainu, therefore, the Matsumae clan prohibited the trade between other Japanese and Ainu.
- 江戸時代初期は交易国であったイギリスやポルトガルなどからもキリスト教が伝えられたため、禁止令も徹底されなかった。
- Since Christianity was also brought from England and Portugal which were trading countries in the early Edo period, the ban was never completed.
- 日本経済の発達に伴い交易量が増大した結果、朝鮮王朝はこうした負担に耐えられなくなり、交易の制限を図るようになる。
- Since the number of trade transactions increased because of the development of the Japanese economy, the Korean Dynasty was no longer able to manage such financial burdens, and they finally began to restrict the trading activities.
- しかし対馬は土地が痩せ島内で過剰人口を吸収できず、交易従事者のみならず三浦に定住する日本人(恒居倭)が出現する。
- However, since Tsushima had such poor land that it could not absorb the surplus population within the territory, some Japanese people as well as people involved in trading began to settle in Sanpo, and these people were called kokyowa.
- これらは秋田城が独占していた対北海道蝦夷貿易がこの地区の新興階層の手に移行したことを示唆しているとする人もいる。
- According to some, this shows that trade with the Emishi in Hokkaido, which Akita-jo Castle had monopolized, was taken over by the emerging class of people in these regions.
- 安土桃山時代には、日本各地はもとより東南アジア諸国との南蛮貿易に進出する酒屋もあらわれ、豪商として育っていった。
- In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, some sakaya advanced into trade with Spain and Portugal through eastern Asian nations as well as various places in Japan, growing into wealthy merchants.
- 一応、『続群書類従』には簡易な系図が挙げられているものの裏付となる資料も乏しく、系図は必ずしもはっきりしていない。
- Although a simple family tree was more or less taken up in the 'Zoku Gunshoruiju' (Second series Collection of the Japanese historical materials compiled in the Edo period), it is not necessarily certain without enough supporting documents.
- また、二年前(1971年)にはウィスキーの貿易自由化が発表され、前年(1972年)にはワインブームが始まっている。
- In addition, two years before (1971), trade liberalization of whisky was announced and in the previous year (1972) a wine boom began.
- インターネットが普及すると、彼らは作品をウェブサイトなどで非常に簡易な手順で全世界に向けて公開できるようになった。
- The spread of the Internet enabled them to publish their work to the whole world through websites in simple steps.
- 義政は日朝貿易権の統制を重要視しており、牙符を極秘裡に私蔵し在京有力守護に対しても王城大臣使の派遣を許さなかった。
- Yoshimasa regarded controlling over the right of Japan-Korea trade as important such that he secretly owned Gafu and did not allow even the influential shugo (military governor) living in the capital to dispatch the Ojo-daijin envoy.
- さらに宣教師や商人によって日本人が奴隷として奴隷貿易事件が発生し、ここに至って豊臣秀吉はバテレン追放令を発布した。
- In addition to that, a slave-trade incident occurred in which missionaries and merchants sold Japanese people into slavery, which finally made Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI decide to issue the order expelling Jesuit missionaries.
- 室町時代末期、日朝・日明貿易の実権が大名に移り、力を蓄えさせたと共に、室町幕府の支配の正当性が薄れる結果になった。
- Towards the end of the Muromachi period, the real power of the trade between Japan and Korea and that between Japan and the Ming moved to daimyo, making daimyo gain power and making weaker the validity of the control by the Muromachi bakufu.
- 博多には平安時代の日宋貿易以来、北宋から渡来した商人が居を構える「唐房」あるいは「大唐街」と呼ばれる街域があった。
- Since the start of trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty during the Heian period, there had been a residential area called 'Tobo' or 'Daitogai,' residential areas in which merchants from Northern Sung Dynasty resided.
- そのため、身分は水呑百姓であっても、例えば交易業や養蚕業を経営し、富豪と呼ぶべき実態の者も少なくなかったのである。
- Therefore, among the people whose positions were Mizunomi Byakusho, there were many rich men who engaged in, for example, trade and sericulture.
- また全体が陶製やガラス製のもの(最近のガラスパイプなどとは形状が違う)もあり、中には竹や木でできた簡易煙管もあった。
- Furthermore, some kiseru were made out of ceramics or glass (different in shape from the current glass pipe), and there were simple kiseru made of bamboo or wood as well.
- 学問を好み、譲位後、院伺候衆であった唐橋在熙や高辻福長に命じて、『孟子』『貞観政要』『白居易』等の進講をさせている。
- She loved to study, after her enthronement, she asked Arihito KARAHASHI and Tominaga TAKATSUJI who were Inji (In no tsukasa served closely to the Emperor) to teach 'Moshi' (The Book of Mencius), 'Jogan Seiyo' (a book written about Taiso, the second Emperor of Tang Dynasty in China) and 'Haku Kyoi' (Bai Juyi (Chinese poet between 772 and 846).
- 清の中国支配が始まり、清国との貿易で長崎には多くの清国商人が渡来し、彼らが清国の戯曲や民謡といった民間音楽を伝えた。
- After the Qing dynasty began in China, many Qing merchants came to Nagasaki for trade and they introduced the people's music, such as Qing plays and minyo.
- 竹紙の薄く、また空気を通さず、唾で容易に張り付くといった性質を利用したものであり、淡竹や黒竹のものが使用されている。
- Chikushi made from henon bamboo or black bamboo is used for the flute because it is thin, provides an airtight seal, and can easily be pasted onto the flute with saliva.
- 壺井栄の小説『二十四の瞳』に描写されるようにそれは目の覚めるような銀色をしており、またメンテナンスの容易さもあった。
- The lunchbox was bright silver as described in the novel 'Twenty-Four Eyes Trailer' written by Sakae TSUBOI, and furthermore maintenance was easy.
- これは、弓兵を集団で訓練し運用する事を容易にし、また規格を統一する事で弓具を大量生産する為の名残であると考えられる。
- It is thought that, this facilitates the training of archers in group, and because of the unified standards, bow and arrows, could be mass-produced.
- そのため、正統な日本料理店に認証を与える制度「日本食レストラン推奨制度」を日本貿易振興機構(JETRO)がはじめた。
- Therefore, the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) has started 'The system of recommending Japanese restaurants,' a system to certify legitimate Japanese restaurants.
- 1924年(大正13年)、東京・神田の簡易食堂「須田町食堂」が、初めて廉価(8銭)でカレーライスをメニューに載せる。
- In 1924, 'Sudacho shokudo' (Sudacho Restaurant), a simplified restaurant in Kanda, Tokyo, put the first-ever low-price curry and rice on the menu (eight sen - one sen is 1/100 of one yen).
- このため、第二次世界大戦前は寒天が日本の重要な貿易品であったが、第二次世界大戦中は戦略的意味合いから輸出を禁止した。
- This made kanten one of the major export items before World War II, but, during the war period the exportation of kanten from Japan was banned for strategic reasons.
- また、弦を掛ける弓の両端が弦を縛り付ける形から現代に通じるシンプルな凸型形状になり、弦の掛け外しが容易になっている。
- The ends of the bow changed from the bowstrings being tied around the bow to a protruding shape to make it easier to hook and unhook the bow string.
- 末期養子(大名が危篤になってから養子を願い出ること)が禁止されていたため、多くの大名家が世嗣断絶により改易となった。
- Since it was prohibited for a Daimyo to apply for an adoption of a son after becoming seriously ill, many Daimyo families suffered kaieki as a result of the extinction of lineages.
- このため明国官憲の監視が及ばず、中国商船は合法的に来航できる東南アジア諸港で日本船との出会い貿易が行われたのである。
- As a result, Chinese trading ships met and traded with Japanese ships in ports at Southeast Asia where they could travel legally and outside the watchful eyes of the government authorities of the Ming Dynasty.
- 多くの大名が改易、もしくは仏教か神道への改宗を余儀なくされ(強制改宗)、キリスト教の禁教と迫害の時代に入っていった。
- Many daimyo were forced to relinquish their samurai status and forfeit their hereditary territories, or were compelled to profess faith in Buddhism or Shinto (compulsory conversion), ushering in a period of anti-Christian edicts and persecution of Christianity.
- 1547年の丁未条約を以って交易が再開されるが入港地は釜山浦一港に制限され、これが近代倭館へと続いていくことになる。
- In 1547, the trade was restarted under the Treaty of Tenbun, but the Pusanpo port was the only permitted entrance port for Japanese ships, and this led to the latter-day wakan.
- 中島飛行機は第二次世界大戦中に急速に発達した財閥で、軍用機の生産から鉱山・貿易・水産などの非飛行機部門にも進出した。
- Nakajima Airplane was a zaibatsu that grew rapidly during World War II and later expanded its business from military aircraft production to non-aircraft businesses such as mining, trade and commercial fishing.
- 民衆を意味する百姓は、『論語』・『易』など戦国時代_(中国)に現在の形に編集されたと推定される書物から、頻見される。
- The term 'hyakusho' that indicates common people is often found in books that are considered to be edited in the Zhanguo Dynasty (China) into the current form, such as 'Rongo Analects' and 'Eki' (I ching).
- 勘合符(かんごうふ)は日明貿易等に用いられた、明と朝貢国間の正式の来貢、通交船であることを証明する明が発行した割符。
- Kangofu was a tally or trading license issued by the Ming dynasty and used in trade, such as the Ming-Japanese trade, to confirm authorized tribute and trade ships between the Ming dynasty and a tributary state.
- なお引用にあたってはおもに参考文献にあげた『謡曲大観』を参照しているが、読解の容易から適宜漢字変換、句読点を追加した)
- Although the quotations were referenced from the 'Yokyoku Taikan' (a complete anthology of Noh plays), some characters have been converted into modern Chinese characters and punctuation marks have been added for readability.
- 義俊は家中の信望を失っており、1622年(元和 (日本)8年)、最上氏は騒動を理由に幕命により改易されることとなった。
- Yoshitoshi lost the confidence of his family members and the Mogami clan was deprived of his fief for the reason of the trouble by the order of the bakufu in 1622.
- 平安末期の平氏政権期から鎌倉時代にかけて日宋貿易が行われ、鎌倉仏教とともに精進料理や文人画などの中国文化が流れ込んだ。
- The trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China was implemented during a period from the Taira clan government in the late Heian period to the Kamakura period, and Chinese culture such as vegetarian dishes and literati painting were imported along with Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura period).
- 結局、日朝貿易を室町幕府の統制下に置こうという義政の目論見は無に帰すが、牙符制そのものは文禄・慶長の役まで続けられる。
- As a result, Yoshimasa's plan to place Japan-Korea trade under the control of the Muromachi bakufu failed, but Gafusei was observed until Bunroku Keicho no Eki.
- こうした市中の混乱が、源義仲の活動(1180年挙兵、1183年上洛)を容易にする遠因となっていたことも考えられている。
- This chaos is believed to have been a factor in making MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's operations (raising of an army in 1180 and advancement to Kyoto in 1183) easier to carry out.
- 日中関係史において、元寇による関係悪化(13世紀)と日明貿易(15世紀)の間の時期をつなぐ、半官半民的な交易船である。
- In the history of the relationship between Japan and China, those vessels were semi-official trading ships that likened to the period when relations worsened due to the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan (13th century) and the period when Japan and the Ming dynasty in China started trade (15th century).
- しかし、その後の江戸幕府は禁教政策に加え、西国大名が勢力を伸ばすことを警戒したので海外との貿易を制限するようになった。
- However, after that, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), being afraid that daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) in western Japan would expand their power, and imposed restrictions on foreign trade in addition to the ban of Christianity.
- 例えば、鶴の基本形は4つのとがった「カド」を持っており、動物を折る場合ならこれらを頭や足に当てることで創作が容易になる。
- For example, the crane base has four angular corners, which are applied to a head and legs to facilitate the creation of animal models.
- このように楷書体や平易な行書体程度の漢字を使って日本語のかなの部分に当てはめて書き記したものを真仮名(まがな)と呼んだ。
- The kaisho-tai (square or block style of writing) style or simple gyosho-tai (semi-cursive style of writing) style Chinese characters used for recording kana portions of Japanese language were called magana.
- この「新聞」を浮世絵の題材に取り上げて、平仮名しか読めない大衆も絵と平易な詞で理解できるようにしたものが錦絵新聞である。
- Nishiki-e-shinbun featured this 'shinbun' as its subject matter and worked out its expression for even the general public who could only read hiragana (one of the two types of phonograms of Japanese language) to be able to understand the shinbun through pictures and easy words.
- 北近畿の各市や舞鶴港と京阪神双方へのアクセスが良く、経営の三要素の「人、物、金」のうち「人」と「物」の移動が容易である。
- Due to the ease of accessibility to each city in Kitakinki, Maizuru Port and Keihanshin, it allows for two factors, 'people' and 'goods,' from the three factors governing business 'people,' 'goods' and 'money,' to move about easily.
- その他、寛文7年(1667年)に改易となった上野国安中藩の藩主や紀州藩の附家老であった紀伊国新宮城主もこの一族であった。
- The lord of the Annaka Domain in Kozuke Province, who was punished by the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) in 1667 and the lord of Shingu-jo Castle in Kii Province, who was tsukegaro (karo assigned directly by the shogun when the sons of the Tokugawa became daimyo) of the Kishu Domain were also from the same family.
- 古くから酒米として全国的に高い評価を得てきた在来種「八反」には、収量性が低く、脱粒性も易、粒も小さいなどの難点があった。
- Hattan,' as a local variety that had been highly accepted nationwide as sakamai since the old times, had weak points such as low yield and small grains that fell off easily.
- また朝鮮半島からの遣日本使を迎え入れ、逆に遣新羅使、遣渤海 (国)使を派遣するなど外交的・貿易的なつながりを持っていた。
- Japan had a diplomatic and commercial relationship by accepting envoys to Japan from the Korean Peninsula, and sending Kenshiragi-shi (Japanese envoy to Shilla) and Ken-Bokkaishi (Japanese envoy to Balhae).
- この日本側の措置に東莱府使は激怒して、10月には日本公館への食糧等の供給を停止、日本人商人による貿易活動の停止を行った。
- Toraifu side was so angered by these acts that they stopped supply of food etc. to Nihon Kokan and also prohibited the trading activities by Japanese traders.
- しかし当時、密貿易に関わる倭寇も含め、このような国境沿岸の貿易商にとっては、国籍はそれほど意味をもたなかったと思われる。
- At that time, however, nationality may have hardly mattered to such traders, including the wako involved in smuggling, along the coasts on national borders
- 明治時代になると、日本には西洋式数学が導入されることとなったが、算額奉納の風習は、この導入を容易にしたとも評価されている。
- The culture of dedicating mathematical puzzles is appreciated as having served as a catalyst for introducing Western-style mathematics into Japan in the Meiji Period.
- 当時、相続に関して父母の遺言は絶対的な効力を持っており、幕府や朝廷の法廷でも容易にそれを覆すことはできなかったほどである。
- In those times, the will of parents regarding inheritance had absolute effectiveness and even the court at the bakufu or Imperial court could not easily upturn that decision.
- 試合・競技を中心に考えて取り組む傾向が強くなり、試合・競技以外の技術がおろそかになったり、技術が本来のものから変質し易い。
- Those who tend to concentrate only on the game or competition tend to neglect the skills other than those of the game or competition, and their skills are likely to change from those that are essential.
- 温かい汁でうどんを食べる場合、強い腰がある麺よりも腰が弱めで柔らかい麺の方が汁と絡み易くなることに気付き主流になっていった
- There is also a theory that soft and inelastic noodles have come to be used exclusively, because cooks noticed that such noodles mixed easier with soup broth than elastic noodles, when Udon noodles were served with warm soup broth.
- 勢いよく、一気にすすりこむ食べ方が好まれるが、のどを詰まらせ易いため、個々人がちょうど良い速度を体得することが重要である。
- It is preferred to slurp fast in one gulp, but it is important to learn a good speed for eating it from experience because the rice may get stuck in your throat.
- これらの原因が、白居易の『新豊折臂翁』に謡われる兵役を逃れるために自らの臂を折った翁のように、兵役拒否を生むことになった。
- These factors caused people to refuse to go into military service, just like the old man described in Juyi BAI's 'Shinpo Seppio' (old man with a broken arm in Shinpo), who broke his own arm in order to avoid his military service.
- また臨時的収入として勘合貿易による収益があり、後に五山などの禅寺に対する保護と見返りとした献金や分一銭なども収入に加えた。
- The bakufu also made extra income by the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming Dynasty) and further augmented the income by counting the money donated by Zen temples (temples belonging to the Zen sect) such as gosan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government) in exchange for its protection over such temples, and buichi-sen (a commission for issuance of a debt cancellation order).
- 至本は貿易の成否に関わらず、帰国時に現金5000貫文を納めることを約して、予定通り翌康永元年(1342年)8月に元へ渡航。
- Shihon promised to offer 5,000 kanmon regardless of the outcome of the trading, and sailed to Yuan in September 1342 as scheduled.
- しかし、伝来した火縄銃は、マッチロック式で容易に点火出来る銃であり、従来の物とは比べ物にならないほどの速射が可能であった。
- However, the matchlock guns brought to Japan at that time could be ignited easily, and allowed firing quickly at a speed incomparable with previous guns in Japan.
- 法然は、如来が称名一行を選び取られたのは、余行は難劣であるのに対して称名は最勝にして至易なる行だからであるといわれている。
- According to Honen, the reason why Amida tathagata chose the sole act, Shomyo, was that while other deeds were difficult and inferior, Shomyo was the easiest and best deed.
- この中では根付のような関係する工芸文化も存在し、この根付は明治時代の交易に関連して海を越え、イギリスにまで愛好者を増やした。
- There was related craft culture such as netsuke (miniature carving attached to the end of a cord hanging from a pouch), and the netsuke attracted more fans in the UK after the introduction to overseas in connection with trading in the Meiji period.
- 男系継承を固守するよりも女系を容認した方がはるかに容易な場合もあったのに、時の朝廷や幕府は常に男系継承の維持を選択してきた。
- Sometimes, accepting female-line, rather than sticking to male-line succession, was much easier; the imperial court or Bakufu (Japanese feudal government) chose to maintain male-line succession.
- 打根を投擲武器として使用した場合には、打矢と同じように羽が付いていて安定して飛行するため、手裏剣に比べて容易に相手に刺さる。
- When used as a throwing weapon, the feathers on an uchine stabilized flight, making it more accurate than a shuriken.
- 同事件においては隠居していた前当主義央が殺害されたばかりか、騒動の責任を問われてた、嫡孫の当主義周は、改易の憂き目にあった。
- In this incidence, not only the former head of the household of Yoshinaka who had been retired was killed, but also Yoshimasa, the family head, had a hard time receiving the punishment of Kaieki (forfeit to rank of Samurai and properties), as asked to take responsibility for the disturbance.
- 酒母造りの際には、タンクの蓋は開け放しの状態になるから、空気中からタンク内にたくさんの雑菌や野生酵母が容易に入り込んでくる。
- During sake mash-making, as the cover of the tank is left open, a lot of undesirable bacteria or natural yeast in the air easily enter into the tank.
- 野点は、主に気温や天気の面から屋外で過ごし易い春または秋の、天気が良くさりとて日差しが強すぎない時期に行われる催し物である。
- Nodate is held mostly in spring and autumn when the climate and temperature is mild, the weather is good and the sun is not too strong for such an outdoor event.
- 日朝貿易を経済的基盤としていた宗氏は事態の打開を図り、1547年に偽日本国王使を派遣した結果、締結されたのが丁未約条である。
- The Teibi Yakujo that was concluded when the So clan, who were economically dependent on Japan-Korea trade, managed to effect a breakthrough in the situation and a pseudo King of Japan envoy was dispatched in 1547.
- また、東南アジア貿易が盛んであった時には、木材の品質もよく造船技術も優れていたシャムのアユタヤで大量の船が注文・購入された。
- During the time when the trade with Southeast Asia countries flourished, numerous ships were ordered and purchased in Ayutthaya in Siam, due to the excellence of the construction and the quality of Thai wood.
- 幕府は自由な民間貿易を厳重に取り締まっていたものの、実際には来航した外国船と日本商人との間に密貿易がおこなわれていたという。
- Although the Bakufu cracked down on free nongovernmental trade, it is believed that Japanese merchants were actually trading illegally with ships from abroad.
- また交易目的だけではなく、三浦の乱や蛇梁倭変の講和のような重要な交渉時にも、有利な交渉を目論み偽の日本国王使を派遣している。
- The So clan dispatched false royal envoys for purpose of trading, and additionally, they sent such envoys in order to gain more advantages in important negotiations such as the peace negotiations of the Sanpo War and the Saryang Incident.
- 元や明ではすでに銅銭の信用が低下しており、貿易を独占するような権門や大商人たちはこれを安い元手できわめて容易に入手していた。
- In the Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, the credibility of copper coins had been degraded, and the influential families and the merchants engaging in large-scale trade who monopolized oversea trade could get these coins by selling inexpensive things and quite easily.
- 貿易の回数が限られていたために臨時収入的なものに留まったが、1回の貿易で他の税収の数年分の収益を挙げる事もあったとされている。
- Due to the limited numbers of trade activities, they remained as income of a temporary nature, but it is said that there were cases where income from a single trade was as great as the other tax income of several years.
- 天の川は一年中見ることができるが、天の川銀河の中心方向が夏の星座であるいて座にあるため、夏の天の川は比較的光が強く確認し易い。
- You can see the Milky Way throughout the year, and the light of the Milky Way in summer is relatively strong and easy for you to find out, since the center of the Milky Way is situated in the direction of the Archer, a summer constellation.
- 南学では魏晋の学風が踏襲され、『毛詩』「三礼」の鄭玄注以外に、『周易』は王弼注、『尚書』は偽孔伝、『春秋』は杜預注が尊ばれた。
- In the south learning, a method of learning from Gi Shin was adopted, and annotation by Jo Gen such as 'Mao shi,' 'Sanrai' (three classical texts on rites), as well as annotation by Wang Bi for 'Zhouyi,' Gikoden for 'Shosho,' and annotation by To Yo for 'Shunju' were honored.
- 昭和8,9年頃に1人の真言僧が「易学を教えてほしい、代わりに真言密教を呈上するので」と訪ねてきたことにより真言密教と結縁した。
- Around 1933 or 1934, he had a connection with Shingon Esoteric Buddhism after a Shingon Buddhist visited him and said, 'Please teach the art of divination in exchange for Shingon Esoteric Buddhism.'
- 同番組では衝撃力、攻撃範囲、扱い易さの3つを兼ね揃えた武器が最強としており、扱いやすく威力の高い武器として刀剣類をあげている。
- In this program, they defined a weapon with the impact strength, target area, and handiness as the strongest, and named swords as weapons which are easy to handle and have strong power.
- 衣服を毎日洗濯する習慣や水などのない時代、半年に一度、雑菌の繁殖し易い夏を前に新しい物に替える事で疫病を予防する意味があった。
- When there was no habit of or water available for washing closes everyday, this event had significance for the prevention of plagues by the semiannual replacement before summer when bacteria were likely to be developed.
- 建設現場やイベント会場、山頂といった場所や、災害時の避難所などには公衆電話ほどの四角い小さな簡易の便所が設置されることがある。
- Small and square simple toilets like a public phone booth are sometimes set up at construction sites, event sites, mountain tops, emergency evacuation areas, and so on.
- 大名における実例はないものの、一般の武士における改易の理由として多いものに当主・隠居の欠落(出奔・無断脱藩)によるものがある。
- Although we have no examples of Daimyo being subjected to kaieki, one of the most common reasons for the kaieki of ordinary samurai was the running away (flight or escape from one's domain) of the current or former heads of households.
- 町人資本による印旛沼・手賀沼の干拓事業、さらに長崎貿易を推奨し、特に俵物など輸出商品の開発を通じて金銀の流出を抑えようとした。
- He proceeded land reclamation of Inbanuma Pond and Teganuma Pond by investing merchant capital, and encouraged foreign trade in Nagasaki, but at the same time promoted product development such as roasted sea cucumbers and dried abalones (tawaramono) for the purpose of reducing the export of gold and silver from Japan.
- 特に江戸時代江戸時代初期の騒動では、求めに応じた幕府が審理にもとづいて大名家に介入し、改易や減封、転封などの処置を下している。
- Especially during the early Edo Period, the shogunate accepted such appeals and intervened in such households, implementing measures such as seizure of property, domain and rank, reduction of domain and revenue, transfer of domain, and so on.
- 至本は貿易の成否に関わらず、帰国時に現金5000貫文を納めることを約し、予定の通り翌康永元年(1342年)8月に元へ渡航した。
- Shihon was promised 5000 kanmon (approximately 50,000 yen) on his return regardless of the outcome of trade; he sailed to Yuan in September 1342, the following year, as scheduled.
- 九州探題や守護・国人のような大勢力に対しては外交と公貿易を兼ねた通交が許可され、それら通交使節を派遣する船は使送船と呼ばれた。
- Such powers as Kyushu tandai (the Military Governor of Kyushu), shugo (provincial governor appointed by the shogun), and kokujin (native chieftains, certain local powers) were authorized to have traffic for both diplomatic and commercial purposes, and the ships which brought those envoys were called Shisosen (envoy sending ship).
- 徳川家康はスペインとの貿易に積極的姿勢を見せ、京都の商人田中勝介を当時スペイン領のヌエバ・エスパーニャ(メキシコ)に派遣した。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA adopted the posture of actively promoting trade with Spain, and sent Shosuke TANAKA, a merchant in Kyoto, to Nueva Espana (present Mexico) that was a territory of Spain at that time.
- 当時の私船(民間貿易)は、倭寇に代表される手荒い貿易方法で、元 (王朝)の衰退を惹起させる程のもので看過できないものであった。
- The private ships in those days (partaking in private foreign trade) as typified by the wako (Japanese pirates) carried out trade in such a rough way that it caused a weakening of the Yuan dynasty which could not be overlooked.
- 公営田制の主要な目的は、百姓らから直接、調・庸を徴収することを廃し、交易によって調・庸を調達することにあったと評価されている。
- It is evaluated that the major aim of Kueiden was to abolish collecting Cho or Yo directly from farmers and to gain Cho and Yo by commerce.
- そうすると、従来の伝統的方法よりもはるかに容易に、また原材料・人件費などのコストも無駄なく安価に、日本酒を製造することができる。
- In this way, sake can be produced at a lower cost without wasting raw materials and labor cost in comparison to the traditional brewing method.
- Then, Japanese sake is able to be produced far easier than in the conventional traditional method and without any waste of and inexpensively as to materials and costs such as the personnel expenses.
- そうすると、従来の伝統的方法よりもはるかに容易に、また原材料・人件費などのコストも無駄なく安価に、日本酒を製造することが出来る。
- Compared with the traditional ways, this method makes it possible to make sake much more easily at lower costs using original materials and labor efficiently.
- 着付けも普通の和服に比べて比較的安易で、かつ安価であることから、民族衣装として、手頃なお土産物や通販などで外国人にも人気がある。
- Because the yukata is easier to wear than other kimono clothing, in addition to being inexpensive, it enjoys high popularity among foreigners as an ethnic costume and a reasonable souvenir or an article for mail order.
- 寛文7年(1667年)三代信濃守元知が乱心して妻女である山形藩水野氏水野監物忠善(当時は岡崎藩主)の娘を殺害したため改易となる。
- In 1667, the third generation, Shinano no kami (Governor of Shinano Province), Mototomo went mad and killed his wife, the daughter of MIZUNO kenmotsu Tadayoshi of the Mizuno clan in the Yamagata Domain (at the time of this incident, he was the lord of the Okazaki Domain), and was given the sanction of 'kaieki.'
- 凝灰岩は、火山灰火山砂などが堆積してできた岩石であり、石質は非常にもろく、容易に発掘でき、白・青・黄・渋茶などの色目をしている。
- The tuff is a rocky pile of volcanic ash and sand, and it is very fragile and easy to dig out, and it has various colors such as white, blue, yellow and tan.
- 寝殿造で多用された簡易間仕切りの衝立てにも縁取りとして軟錦は使用され、また畳の繧繝縁(うげんべり)などの縁取にも使用されている。
- The zenkin was also used as a hem for a screen (a free-standing, single-panel wooden screen), a simple partition which was often used in the rooms of Shinden-zukuri style (architecture representative of a nobleman's residence in the Heian period), and used as a hem for tatami such as ugen-beri (a hem made of silk fabrics colored in one color with sequential layers from light to dark).
- その後、材料調達・運搬の容易さ、原野という参照項の手近さ、選定方法の確立、未成木の植栽方法の定式化によってこの方法は伝えられた。
- Later, this method succeeded because of the availability of material supply and transport, closeness of the field as a reference, the establishment of selection methods, and the formularization of cultivation of immature trees.
- 明治時代になり鎖国が解けると、日本には洋算が導入されるようになったが、この導入を容易にしたことにも算額を奉納する風習が貢献した。
- When yosan, or western mathematics, was introduced to Japan after opening the country during the Meiji period, this practice of dedicating sangaku also contributed to the smooth introduction of a new type of mathematics.
- 中国との貿易で日本から乾物が中国へと持ち込まれ、中華料理の材料となったものも多い(俵物三品 ふかひれ、干しアワビ、干しなまこ)。
- As part of trade between China and Japan, Japanese desiccated foods were a commodity brought into China (Three types of desiccated foods were often used as an ingredient in Chinese food: shark fin, dried abalone and, dried sea cucumber).
- が、慶長5年(1600年)9月の関ヶ原の戦いにおいて、三成ら豊臣方(西軍)は敗れ、三成ら主だった者はことごとく処刑、改易された。
- However, at the Battle of Sekigahara in September, in 1600, the Toyotomi-side (the western army) including Mitsunari was defeated, and the main leaders including Mitsunari were executed or punished by being deprived of their domain.
- ただし、改易の処分を受けても後に許され、大名本人または子孫や一族の者が小大名や旗本に取り立てられ家名が存続することも少なくない。
- Note, however, many Daimyo were forgiven after receiving the kaieki decision and continued their family line as they or some of their descendents were appointed as feudal lords or direct vassals of the shogun.
- 特筆すべきは検索が容易な平安前期の史書で特に先例を調べるのに便宜を図っており、原文主義をとって余計な文章の改変を一切排している。
- It is worth noting that the book provides convenience for referring the precedents in the texts of the early Heian period in particular which are easy for searching, and unnecessary modifications to the text were all avoided true to the original text.
- 貧困層は、富豪層の影響下に入ることで、偽籍・逃亡・浮浪をより容易なものとし、人別支配に基づく課税制度は破綻を迎えるようになった。
- Since the poor were under the influence of the millionaires, the former could falsify the register, escape and wander about more easily than before, which lead to the downfall of the individual-based tax system.
- そのため国内の混乱にも乗じて私貿易船が横行し、いわゆる「前期倭寇」と呼ばれる、江南沿岸や朝鮮半島への海賊行為も行うようになった。
- This led to the prevalence of private trading ships taking advantage of the domestic confusion, resulting in the emergence of piracy, or so called 'early wako' along Konan coasts and Korean Peninsula.
- 兵役除隊後、前垂れが陰部を隠し、軽くて清々しいとの使用感や、着脱が容易で布の使用が少ない経済性もあり、若者を中心に全国に普及した。
- After getting discharged from the military service, the adult males, mainly the younger ones, they brought back the fundoshi and made it popularized throughout Japan, as its maedare (front apron) concealed the private parts, it felt light and refreshing in use, it was easy to put on and take off, and it was economical becausethe length of cloth it needed was shorter than the one for the previous style of loincloth.
- しかし7世小堀政方は田沼意次のもとで大番頭や伏見奉行の要職を務めたが、伏見騒動によって天明8年(1788年)改易されることになる。
- However, Masamichi KOBORI, the seventh head of the clan, was engaged as an obanto (head of the Imperial Guards) and Fushimi Bugyo (municipal administrator of Fushimi) under Okitsugu TANUMA, and was dismissed during the Fushimi Riot that occurred in 1788.
- しかし、元禄2年(1689年)2月2日_(旧暦)に突然改易され、大名である喜多見氏は滅びた(分家の刃傷事件に連座したともされる)。
- Yet, on March 22, 1689, Shigemasa suffered kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties), which incident resulted in the downfall of the Kitami clan (one theory holds that he was held responsible for one branch family's involvement in a sword fight).
- パソコンによる印刷がそれほど普及していなかった時代には、家庭用の小型の簡易印刷機によって年賀状を作成することがよく行なわれていた。
- Before the period in which printing with a personal computer became popular, the New Year's postcard was often printed by a household type of small, simplified printing machine.
- 北海道・東北・北陸・南九州では ラッカセイをまく(大豆よりも回収し易く、殻ごと撒くため地面に落ちても食べられる、等の利点がある)。
- In Hokkaido, Tohoku, Hokuriku and Minami-Kyushu (Southern Kyushu), people throw unshelled peanuts, which have the advantage of being easy to collect, and even those thrown on the ground can be collected and eaten.
- 食欲増進などに製剤としてそのまま(赤酒リモナーデ)、もしくは他剤と配合して飲み易くする為、高血圧などの食事療法にも用いられている。
- To work up an appetite, it is consumed as is (red wine mixed with lemonade) as a medicine, or it is mixed with other preparations to make it easier to drink, so it is also used in diet for hypertension and so on.
- 朱印船(しゅいんせん)は、16世紀末から17世紀初頭にかけて日本の支配者の朱印状(海外渡航許可証)を得て海外交易を行った船を言う。
- The Shuinsen was a ship that carried out foreign trade by receiving the Shuinjo (the permit to travel to foreign countries) of the Japanese ruler between the end of the sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.
- その調達方法については諸説あるものの、租や正税・地子交易を用いた現地における調達や雑徭による製作によって入手したと考えられている。
- There are various theories regarding collection method; collection at the local area using So, Shozei (rice tax) and Jishi trade (trade between tax [rice] and specialty goods), and labor for production with Zoyo are considered possibilities.
- 米の品種改良や農業技術の進歩に伴い農作物(特に、江戸時代の税の柱であった米)の収穫量が増え、農民でも現金収入を得る事が容易になった。
- Improvement in rice varieties and development of agricultural technologies had increased crop yields (especially rice which was the mainstay of the tax in the Edo period) and made it easier for peasants to earn cash.
- 1592年に始まる文禄・慶長の役によって日朝の国交は断絶し、戦争直後対馬藩が送った貿易再開を求める使者が帰ってこないことが多かった。
- The Bunroku-Keicho War beginning in 1592 severed the diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea, and just after the war, there were many envoys who were dispatched to Korea by the Tsushima clan to ask for trade resumption but they never returned to Japan.
- 中世日朝交易は、通交使節による進上と回賜、朝鮮王朝による公貿易、日朝双方の商人による私貿易の三つの形態が組み合わさったものであった。
- The medieval trade between Japan and Korea consisted of three trading styles: shinjo (courtesy visits with gifts) by trading envoys and kaishi (luxurious return gifts), the public trade by the Korean Dynasty, and private trade by Japanese and Korean merchants.
- しかし、外国との貿易港である舞鶴西港は、商港でありながら漁港でもあるため、近年海運の主役となっている大型コンテナ船の就航が難しかった。
- However, the Maizuru Nishi Port, port for foreign trade, functions not only as a commercial port but also as a fishing port; therefore, there was difficulty in operating service for large-scale container vessels which have recently played a leading part in marine transportation.
- なお、信包の長男織田信重は伊勢国林藩1万石を領有する大名であったものの、父の死後に弟織田信則と遺領の相続争いをおこして、改易となった。
- Nobushige ODA, the first son of Nobukane, was a daimyo with a fief of 10,000 koku in Hayashi Domain, Ise Province, but after the death of his father, he made a dispute with his younger brother over inheritance of his father's territory and was punished by being deprived of his fief.
- なお、関ヶ原の合戦後、織田長益の長男織田長孝は美濃国野村藩1万石の大名に取り立てられたものの、その子織田長則のときに無嗣改易となった。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, Nagataka ODA, the first son of Nagamasu ODA, became a daimyo of Nomura Domain, Mino Province with a fief of 10,000 koku, but his son Naganori ODA was deprived of his fief because he had no children.
- しかし、幕府もこの風聞を信じて近隣の諸藩に出兵を命じたため、同年8月20日、紀通は福知山城にて鉄砲自殺して果て、稲葉氏は改易となった。
- The shogunate, however, took the rumor seriously, and ordered several neighboring domains to send troops, with the result that Norimichi committed shot himself dead in the Fukuchiyama-jo Castle on August 20, 1648, and the Inaba clan was punished by Kaieki (removal of samurai status and expropriation of territories).
- また千代田高女(武蔵野大学の前身)や武蔵野女子学園を創設、また盲人教育、少年保護、保育所、簡易宿泊所やあそか病院などを設立し活躍した。
- He also founded Chiyoda Girls School (former Musashino University) and Musashino Girls' School, and he was also active in education for the blind, protection of youths, and foundation of day-care centers, hostels and Asoka Hospital.
- 商売の手段としては、地面に引いた敷物のうえに商品を並べる簡易なものから、仮設建築としての見世物小屋を集団組織で営むものまで様々である。
- Their business methods vary from simple ones where products are placed on a mat on the ground to show tents built as temporary buildings operated by organizations.
- 戦前は改姓や養子縁組が容易に行えたため、改姓に際する問題はなかったが、戦後の民法改正によって改姓の際に家庭裁判所の許可が必要となった。
- Before the World War II, it was a simple matter to change one's family name or adopt a child, and there were no problems involved in the process, but after the World War II, the civil law was revised and the permission of a family court became necessary in order to change one's family name.
- 南蛮貿易により日本にもたらされた唐辛子は、文禄・慶長の役の日本軍によって朝鮮半島にももたらされ、キムチ等の韓国・朝鮮料理の礎を築いた。
- Red pepper, brought to Japan through trade with Spain and Portugal, was introduced to the Korean Peninsula by the troops of Japan in the Bunroku-Keicho War and established the basis of Korean cuisine such as kimchi.
- 12回にわたる交渉の結果、8月24日(旧暦7月6日)、細目に当たる修好条規付録(11款)と章程にあたる貿易規則(11則)が定められる。
- As a result of negotiations over 12 times, details for subsidiary agreements of the Treaty of Amity (11 provisions) and the precise rules of trade regulations (11 rules) were established on August 24.
- その後、豊臣政権から江戸幕府成立の過程において、佐竹氏や里見氏などの旧来の勢力は転封あるいは改易によって関東の地から姿を消す事になる。
- Later, in the process from the Toyotomi government until the formation of the Edo bakufu, old powers such as the Satake clan and Satomi clan, disappeared from Kanto by relocation or being deprived of their territory.
- 朝鮮王朝は農本主義を国是としており、本来なら国内で産出することの無い必要最小限の物資の入手を除けば外国との交易を必要としていなかった。
- The Korean Dynasty maintained the government policy that the agriculture should be the base of the country's economy, and they basically had no need to trade with foreign countries except for some materials which were not produced within the country.
- 地子交易(じしこうえき)とは、律令制において国司が公田から得た地子稲を中央に上供する際に運搬に便利なように軽貨に交換(売買)すること。
- Jishi Koeki refers to the exchange (buying and selling) of rice as a land tax that was collected from koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) by a provincial governor under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code); rice was exchanged for light commodities that were easier to carry and submit to the central government.
- かかる事態においては黄衣を着た春日大社の神人が現地に派遣され、春日大社の榊に四手をかけた簡易な仕立の神木を問題の田畠の中央部に立てた。
- In such a case, the shrine's jinin in 'koe' (yellow vestments) was dispatched to the manor, and simplified Shinboku, which was made up of the shrine's sakaki and 'shide' (a hanging), was stood at the center of the paddy or the field in question.
- この事件をきっかけに寧波に近い双嶼や、船山諸島など沿岸部で日本人商人との私貿易、密貿易が活発化し、倭寇(後期倭寇)の活動となって行く。
- This incident led to increased private trade and smuggling with Japanese merchants at coastal areas such as Shuangyu near Ningbo and the Zhoushan Islands, as well as activities of wako (koki wako [the 16th-century wako pirate-traders]).
- これらの中国銭は、中国(北宋・元 (王朝)など)との貿易を通じて日本にもたらされたが、日本でもこれらの貨幣を私的に鋳造する者が現れた。
- These Chinese coins were brought into Japan through trade with China (during the Baisong, Yuan Dynasty, for example) and such coins also came to be privately minted in Japan.
- 振り仮名があるニュースの絵説きは漢字をあまり知らない層でも容易に読めたため、「新聞」の面白さを一般大衆に知らしめることとなったのである。
- Explanatory captions including furigana for the prints of the news was easily readable for those who did not know Chinese characters well and, therefore, nishiki-e-shinbun let the general public know the interestingness of 'shinbun'.
- 一時期、駿府藩が設置された時期があるが、駿河大納言徳川忠長の改易以後は藩は廃止され、幕府の直轄都市として駿府城代・駿府町奉行が置かれた。
- Although the domain of Sunpu was established and maintained for a certain time period, the domain was abolished after kaieki (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) of Tadanaga TOKUGAWA, Suruga Dainagon (chief councilor of state), and Sunpu Jodai (keeper of castle) and Sunpu machibugyo (town magistrate of Sunpu) were posted as a city under direct control of the bakufu.
- こうしたことに加え、南蛮貿易による異文化との接触や朝鮮陶法の伝播などにより、文化は新たな時代を向かえ“桃山文化”と呼ばれることになった。
- In addition to the above, through contact with different cultures via trade with Spain and Portugal, the spread of manufacturing techniques of Korean pottery, etc., culture entered a new era and came to be referred to as the 'Momoyama culture.'
- 蚊遣器(かやりき)は、蚊取り線香を燃やす際、その上や中で香を燃やすことで線香を安定して燃焼させ、灰の飛散を防いで後処理を容易にする道具。
- Kayariki (a mosquito repellent stick holder) is a device to steady a burning repellent stick and to facilitate the post-cleaning of it, keeping ashes from flying off, by burning a mosquito repellent stick in or on it.
- しかし、これらの荘園整理令に際し、公領と荘園を識別して一国平均役を課することを容易にするため、荘園を一つの領域に統合する措置が行われた。
- However, following these orders, the government took measures to integrate shoen into one domain in an attempt to differentiate between koryo and shoen, facilitating the levy of Ikkoku heikinyaku.
- 同後半の黒船来航と日米和親条約締結を契機として、幕府の管理貿易体制(鎖国)は解かれ、結果として幕府の威信は低下し、朝廷の権威が増大した。
- With the arrival of Kurofune (the black ships of Commodore Matthew Perry) and the conclusion of Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan as the turning point, the trade system controlled by the bakufu (Sakoku) was dissolved, resultantly lowering the authority of the bakufu and increasing the authority of the Imperial Court.
- 最終的には貿易の主導権を巡り細川氏と大内氏は争い、大永3年(1523年)には寧波で衝突(寧波の乱)し、大内氏は貿易を独占することになる。
- The Hosokawa clan and Ouchi clan competed to seize the initiative of trade, clashed at Neiha in 1523 and finally the Ouchi clan monopolized the trade.
- 積極的な海外貿易推進者であった戦国大名の分国法「大内氏掟書」には自分への貢納銭は撰銭し、庶民は撰銭するななどと虫のいいことを記している。
- 'Ouchi-shi Okitegaki' (collections of laws and regulations established by the Ouchi clan), a bunkokuho (the law individual Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) enforced in their own territories) of a Sengoku daimyo who promoted oversea trade actively, includes the following rather selfish description: The erizeni act shall be carried out for the coins paid as taxes but it is not permitted for the general public to carry out the erizeni act.
- 具の工夫次第で容易、かつ手軽に作れるため家庭でも作られ、雛祭りなどのごちそう、あるいは祭などハレとケの日の手作り料理として親しまれている。
- With a little imagination concerning ingredients, one can make chirashizushi easily and conveniently at home, and because of this it has become a popular family dish prepared during ordinary times and on special occasions such as Hinamatsuri (Girl's Festival held on March 3) and various other festivals.
- 天王山にいた黒田・秀長・神子田の隊は、中川・高山両隊を側面から襲うべく接近してきた松田政近・並河易家両隊と交戦し、一進一退の攻防が続いた。
- Kuroda's, Hidenaga's and Mikoda's corps, positioned on Mt. Tennozan, fought against the corps of Masachika MATSUDA and of Yasuie NAMIKAWA having approached Nakagawa's and Takayama's on the flank, and a seesaw match ensued.
- 越境してきた密偵はたとえ幕府関係者であろうと厳しく断罪し、情報の漏洩防止に努め、密貿易によって外貨を蓄え続け、幕府に勝る軍事力を獲得した。
- Any spies entering its territory were severely punished, even if they were related to Bakufu, and thereby the clan endeavored to avoid the leakage of information, continued to accumulate foreign currency through secret trade with overseas countries, and acquired military power exceeding that of Bakufu.
- 1980年代後半になって、にがりで作られた豆腐の味が見直され始め、最近ではスーパーなどで容易ににがりを使った豆腐が入手できるようになった。
- In the latter half of the 1980s, the taste of tofu made with bittern was again viewed with favor, and now tofu made with bittern is easily available at supermarkets, etc.
- 又、殆どが成人女性用に仕立てられる為、装束の重量や小忌衣や裳の長さの点で後述の略装束よりも舞の難易度(手振り・裳の捌き方など)が高くなる。
- Furthermore, the majority of authentic costumes are made for female adult sizes, the weight of the whole costume and the lengths of the jacket and skirt make performance more challenging (e.g., hand movements and moving smoothly with the skirt) than with informal costumes.
- 会社側は金を払って諸問題の経決や経営診断などを専属でやってもらいたいと文明に申し出たが、営利の為の易は禁ずるという家訓により断ったという。
- It is said that the company offered Fumiaki an exclusive contract for the service of solving problems and determining business conditions but he declined the offer because of his family's kakun (family percept) that divination is not allowed for the pursuit of profit.
- 切腹の際の装束は、着衣は白無地の小袖・浅黄色の無紋麻布製の裃で襞は外襞、小袖は首を打ち落とし易い様に後襟を縫い込んでいる物と決まっていた。
- The clothing worn during seppuku consisted of a plain white kosode (a kimono with short sleeves) and a light yellow linen kamishimo (ceremonial costume) with outer pleats and no family crest, and the back of the collar of the kosode was sewn in such a way that made it easy for the kaishakunin to behead the seppukunin.
- これらは保守的な弓道家の間へも次第に浸透し、比較的安価で手入れが容易な事から現在では学生や初心者をはじめ、広く一般に使われるようになった。
- It began to influence even the conservative kyudo athletes, and its cost friendly and easy management allowed bows to be widely used by students and beginners.
- 竜頭山を取り込んだ広大な敷地には館主屋、開市大庁(交易場)、裁判庁、浜番所、弁天神社のような神社や東向寺、日本人(対馬人)の住居があった。
- In its large premises including Ryuto-zan mountain, there were the house of the manager, Kaiichi-daicho (trade hall) (also called Koekiba), a courthouse, Hama bandokoro (guard house for the coast), shrines such as Benten-jinja Shrine, Toko-ji Temple, and residences for Japanese (Tsushima people).
- 当時朝鮮貿易に大きな利権を持っていた対馬の早田左衛門太郎は1426年、慶尚左右道各地で任意に交易できるようにして欲しいと朝鮮政府に訴えた。
- In 1426, Saemontaro SODA from Tsushima, who had great interests in the foreign trade of Korea at that time, pleaded to the Korean Government for free trade at any place in left and right sided provinces of Gyeongsang.
- 1426年、対馬の有力者早田氏が慶尚道全域で任意に交易できるよう要求したのに対し、拒絶する代償として塩浦(蔚山広域市)を入港場に追加した。
- In 1426, when a local magnate in Tsushima called the Soda clan requested free trade everywhere in Gyeongsang Province, the Dynasty rejected their request but in return they granted the clan additional permission of entry to the Enbo, a port located in Ulsan Metropolitan City.
- 村井章介は、この船は博多を拠点とする貿易商人が主体となったもので、東福寺や幕府は多くの荷主の中の一つに過ぎなかったのではないかと推測する。
- Shosuke MURAI suggests that trading merchants based in Hakata were main sponsors for this ship and that Tofuku-ji Temple and the bakufu were only the shipper.
- 験(げん)を担いで、または鉄火という言葉を掛けた洒落として、博打の合間には、手軽に食べられる簡易食の、「鉄火巻」が好まれたという逸話もある。
- There is an anecdote that uses a word play, in which tekka-maki (literally means rolled tekka or tuna sushi roll) was a preferred food for good luck because it could be eaten as a simple meal between gambling matches.
- アンティーク着物は日本人が日常的に着物を来ていた頃に制作されたものであり、縫製や染めが丁寧であったり、着易いように工夫されていることが多い。
- Antique Kiomono were made when Japanese people wore kimono everyday, so most of them were well sewed, dyed, and devised for putting on easily.
- 胡渭は『易図明弁』を著し朱子学が重視した「太極図」や「先天図」「河図洛書」といった易学上の図が本来、儒教とは関連性がなかったことを証明した。
- Ko I wrote the 'Clarification of Figures used in Eki-kyo' and proved that the figures of art of divination such as 'the figure of Taiji,' 'Senten-zu' (the innate figure), and 'Katoraku-sho' (pictures of legend good omens, which were thought to be related to Eki-kyo), which were valued in Neo-Confucianism, were originally not related to Ju-kyo.
- 基本的に枕を倒した場合の得点は低く(流派によってはマイナス点)、形が精美かつ難易度の高い形になった場合の得点は高くなるように設定されている。
- Basically, the game is designed so that a player gets a low score when he or she knocks down the pillow (may get minus point depending on school), and gets a high score when he or she is able to form a shape which looks fine and difficult.
- またこの間、オランダが日本貿易を独占するため、スペインなどの旧教国に日本植民地化の意図があり、危険であると幕府に助言したことも影響している。
- In addition, during the riot, in order to monopolize trade with Japan, the Netherlands advised the shogunate government that it would be dangerous for Japan to trade with Catholic countries such as Spain because they intended to colonize Japan.
- 戦後は稲作の大規模化・機械化が推し進められ、傾斜に合わせて様々な形をしていた圃場は、農業機械が導入し易い大型の長方形に統一されて整備された。
- As rice cultivation has become more massive and mechanized since the end of the World War II, agricultural fields, each of which used to be shaped differently according to the slope, were improved and unified into large rectangles in which it is easier to introduce farm machines.
- さらに三浦周辺の地方官吏や辺将(朝鮮王朝の地方武官)に止まらず朝鮮王朝中央高官の中にさえ、商人に便宜を図り密貿易に関与する者が出現している。
- In addition to local officials and hensho (local governors) around Sanpo, some higher-ranked officials of the central government of the Korean Dynasty began to provide merchants some assistance and participate with them in the illegal trading.
- 中世の倭館交易では日本側は銅、硫黄、金を輸出したが、南方物産である赤色染料のスオウ、コショウなどのスパイス類も琉球経由などで朝鮮に転売した。
- In the Medieval Period wakan trade, Japan exported copper, sulfur, and gold, and also resold the products of the south seas like sappanwood, a red dye, and spices like pepper to Korea via the Ryukyu Islands.
- 嘉吉条約(かきつじょうやく)とは、日本史での室町時代、1443年(日本暦嘉吉3年)に朝鮮王朝と対馬国の宗貞盛との間で結ばれた貿易協定である。
- Kakitsu Treaty was a trade agreement concluded between Korean Dynasties and Sadamori SO of Tsushima Province in 1443, the Muromachi period in Japan.
- これについても兼実は「夷狄(いてき)」の秀衡を任じたことは「乱世の基」であると非難しているが、これらの施策により日宋貿易は本格化していった。
- Kanezane also wrote regarding this and argued that promoting the 'barbarian' Hidehira was 'the cause of more troubled times,' but these actions led to further developments in Japan-Song trade.
- 日本では屋台は祭りの軽食や、あるいは夜の簡易酒場といった位置づけになりがちなのに対し、東南アジアでは屋台は庶民の生活により密着した存在である。
- Japanese people tend to subcategorize street stalls in Japan as a light meal for festivals, or a simple night time bar; but street stalls in Southeast Asia are businesses which are more closely intertwined with the daily lives of common people.
- また、オホーツク海高気圧が5月前半に出現した場合に、北東気流の影響を受け易くなるため、関東以北の太平洋側で低温と曇雨天が長続きすることがある。
- If Okhotsk anticyclon appears in the first half of May, as it tends to be influenced by northeast airstream, on the Pacific side from the Kanto region to the north, low temperature and cloudy or rainy weather continues for a long period of time.
- 周防・長門・石見・豊前・和泉・紀伊の6カ国の守護を兼ね貿易により財力を有する強大な大内氏の存在は将軍専制権力の確立を目指す義満の警戒を誘った。
- The Ouchi clan had become so powerful - simultaneously shugo of six provinces, Suo, Nagato, Iwami, Buzen, Izumi, and Kii, and possessing great wealth thanks to their trade - that they were bound to put Yoshimitsu, who was aiming to establish a system of despotic rule by the Shogun, on his guard.
- 信長の次男織田信雄は豊臣政権下で織田氏ゆかりの清洲城主として100万石を領し、内大臣にまで昇るものの、小田原の役後の国替えを拒み、改易された。
- Nobukatsu ODA, the second son of Nobunaga, had a fief of 1,000,000 koku as the lord of Kiyosu-jo Castle in connection of the Oda clan under the Toyotomi regime and became a minister of the center, but was punished by being deprived of his fief because he refused transference between domains after the Siege of Odawara.
- 伊藤家家伝の易学で武田信玄の兵法『甲陽軍鑑』をベースとする「甲陽流病筮鈔(びょうぜいしょう)」を口伝により6人兄弟姉妹の中でただ一人受け継ぐ。
- Among his six brothers and sisters, he was the only person that the art of divination 'Koyoryu byozeisho (Selections on Divination of Illness of Koyo-ryu school)' based on 'Koyo Gunkan,' the art of warfare of Shingen TAKEDA was handed down by word of mouth as had been passed down for generations to the family.
- 髪飾りとして使うものは中央が印籠継ぎで分かれており、髪への挿入が容易になるものもある(髷の中で合わせるので、特にこのタイプを中差しともいう)。
- Products used for hair ornaments consists of two pieces connected by inrotsugi placed in the center and users can easily insert it into mage (this type of product is also called nakasashi because it is connected inside mage).
- 江戸時代、大名家が改易されると、何らかの重い罪を受けての場合は大名は斬首(島原の乱の松倉勝家)または切腹(元禄赤穂事件の浅野長矩など)となる。
- In the Edo period, when a Daimyo family became subject to kaieki, they were beheaded (Katsuike MATSUKURA in the Shimabara War, for example) or were forced to carry out Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) (Naganori ASANO in the Genroku Ako Incident, for example) if they committed a serious crime.
- 結局、日本の交渉担当者は「関白降表」という偽りの降伏文書を作成し、明側には秀吉の和平条件は「勘合貿易の再開」という条件のみであると伝えられた。
- At last, the person in charge of negotiations for Japan prepared a false instrument of surrender titled 'Kanpaku kohyo' (literally, letter of surrender by Kanpaku) and it was reported to Ming that Hideyoshi's only condition for peace was 'restart of the tally trade' (between Japan and the Ming Dynasty).
- これを受け三条は「貿易の催進を要する為、彼我共に輸出入税を徴するなし。是通商章程中の要旨なり」(句読及び強調、加筆者)と使節団に訓示している。
- In response to this, Sanjo instructed the envoy 'In order to promote trade, export and import duties will not be imposed on both sides. This is the point of the provision of trade (punctuation and emphasis were improved by a writer).'
- 徳川幕府は朝鮮王朝と対馬の宗氏の間に1609年己酉約条を結ばせ交易を再開、また朝鮮通信使と日本国王使の往来によりおおむね対等な関係を構築した。
- The Tokugawa shogunate started trading again with the Korean dynasty by concluding the Giyu treaty with the So clan of Tsushima Island in 1609 and established a relationship of almost equality through mutual visits of Korean messengers and Japanese envoys.
- 朝鮮はこれら中国産品を、朝貢貿易や国境貿易で入手することができたが、日本は明への入港を拒絶されていたため中国密貿易船の来航を待つしかなかった。
- While Korea was able to obtain those Chinese products through the tribute trade and border trade, Japan could not do anything but wait for the Chinese smuggling ships, as Japan had been denied entry to Ming.
- 遣明船は1536年(天文 (元号)5)には大内義隆が貿易を再開し、貿易は1551年(天文20)に義隆が家臣の陶晴賢の謀反で滅亡するまで続いた。
- Kenminsen ships once again became dispatched in 1536 when Yoshitaka OUCHI resumed trade which continued until 1551 when Yoshitaka was overthrown in a rebellion by his vassal Harukata SUE.
- 養老5年(721年)に「節を制し度を謹しみ、奢侈を禁防するは、政を為すに先とする所にして百王不易の道なり」と唱えて位階に応じて蓄馬を規制した。
- In 721, raising horses was regulated according to rank by stating that 'exercising abstention and moderation and prohibiting luxury are the first things for governance and the way how a king keeps his strong authority.'
- 旋律といっても、祭囃子用の篠笛は演奏と作成の容易さを優先して指孔が等間隔に開けられているものが多く、邦楽の音階にも洋楽の音階にも当てはまらない。
- The shino-bue that is played for matsuri-bayashi (Japanese music for festivals) has finger holes that are equally spaced, making it easier to make as well as to play; however, the musical scale of the shino-bue does not conform to that of Japanese or Western music.
- 室町時代に軽工業の発達から生活道具が大量に出回り、臼や釜や鍋などから、桶や壷が、安易に消費されるようになり、これらも九十九神として描かれている。
- As household utensils, such as mortars, pots, pans, tubs and jars, became popular in the Muromachi period thanks to the development of light industry, they were also painted as Tsukumogami.
- その中でも丹国は、のちのヤマト王権に並ぶ独立性を持っていたとする説(丹後王国論)があるように、大陸との交易により力を備えていたと考えられている。
- In particular Ninokuni is thought to have secured power through trade with the Chinese continent; one theory (Tango Kingdom theory) says that the kingdom was as independent as Yamato Dynasty, which was established later.
- その先祖は江戸時代初期に漁村(大村藩の密貿易の港兼用)代官所の手代(算盤方)として郷士格村役人の家より出仕、後に勘定方藩士として取り立てられた。
- His ancestors from a family of goshi, or village officer, status had served as (accounting) clerks in the local government of a fishing village (also a smuggling port of the domain of Omura) at the beginning of the Edo period, and were later promoted to accounting officer status.
- 競技として試合・組手だけを行っていると、形(型)・演武はおろそかにされ易くなるので、形(型)競技・演武競技も同時に行えばそれを防ぐことができる。
- If we only hold the game and 'kumite' (sparring), the 'kata' and demonstration skills are likely to be neglected, and so by holding 'kata' or demonstration competition at the same time we can prevent them from being neglected.
- 昇格には非常に長い年月を要し、実際にはそのままで検校まで進むことは容易ではなかったため、幕府は当道座がこれらの盲官位を金銀で売ることを公認した。
- However, in reality it took so many years to be promoted, and because it was not easy to reach the rank of kengyo, bakufu allowed the blind to sell and buy the ranks with money.
- 高広の子京極高国は、寛文6年(1666年)、江戸幕府に悪政・一族不和等の不行跡を咎められ、改易となった(宮津藩主京極家自体は高家旗本として存続)。
- Takakuni KYOGOKU, the child of Takahiro, was condemned by the Edo bakufu in 1666 for misconduct such as misrule and discord within the families, and was deprived of the privilege (the House of Kyogoku as lord of the Miyazu han existed as Koke-Hatamoto).
- 特筆すべき点としては、天文 (元号)18年(1549年)のフランシスコ・ザビエル来日以来の南蛮貿易によってもたらされた南蛮文化の影響が挙げられる。
- One should remember the impact of European culture, which had occurred through trade with Spain and Portugal since the arrival in Japan of Francisco Xavier in 1549.
- 人吉盆地で生産される米焼酎は特に「球磨焼酎」とよばれ、世界貿易機関の知的所有権の貿易関連の側面に関する協定に基づく産地表示の保護指定を受けている。
- Rice shochu produced in the Hitoyoshi Bonchi basin is especially called 'Kuma shochu' and its origin is labelled because of the designation as protected production area based upon an Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization.
- これらの宗派では、それまでの宗派と違い、難しい理論や厳しい修行ではなく、在家の信者が生活の合間に実践できるような易しい教え(易行)が説かれている。
- Unlike conventional sects, these sects preached a simple teaching ('igyo', literally 'easy progress') which could be practiced by lay believers in their spare time instead of difficult theories and severe ascetic practices.
- 侘(わび、侘びとも)とは、動詞「わぶ」の名詞形で、その意味は、形容詞「わびしい」から容易に理解されるように「立派な状態に対する劣った状態」となる。
- The meaning 'wabi,' the noun form of the verb 'wabu,' is better understood from its adjective form 'wabishii' (wretched); that is, it means 'an inferior state as opposite to splendor.'
- 価値の低下した銭は、流通と交易の現場から忌避されるようになり、宋銭が大量に流入する12世紀後半まで、日本国内での銭の流通は限定されたものとなった。
- Degraded coins became gradually avoided in the market of distribution and trading of commodities, and thus circulation of the coins inside Japan became limited in quantity before the latter half of 12th century when a lot of Sung dynasty currency from China entered Japan.
- 携行を容易にするため、両端を刃とする2本の棒手裏剣を中央でハサミのように留め、携行時は閉じて棒状、使用時は開いて十字にする、という形式も見られる。
- In order to make it easy to carry, there are pairs of bo shuriken with blades on both sides, secured in the middle like scissors, to close into the shape of a stick when carried and open into a cross when used.
- また塩は糖の吸収を促進し甘味を感じ易くする効果があるため、カクテルにある「ソルティ~」の様に経験的に甘味を引き出すために用いられてきたモノもある。
- In addition, salt increases sugar absorption and causes one to be more sensitive to sweetness; salt has been empirically used to increase sweetness as shown in the names of cocktails with the word 'salty.'
- 室町時代には日明貿易によって引き続き中国文化が持ち込まれ、この時期に輸入された織物や陶器、書画などは、現代に残る伝統工芸品の技術に流れ込んでいる。
- In the Muromachi period, Chinese culture continued to be brought in by the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China, and textiles, earthenware, and calligraphic works and paintings which were imported during this time fed into techniques of traditional crafts remaining in the modern age.
- また、蘭学を奨励し、工藤平助らの提案によって最上徳内を蝦夷地に派遣し、新田開発や鉱山開発さらにアイヌを通じた対ロシア帝国交易の可能性を調査させた。
- He encouraged Western studies, and following the suggestion of Heisuke KUDO, dispatched Tokunai MOGAMI to Ezo to investigate the potential for development of new rice fields or mines and trade with the Russian Empire through the intermediation of the Ainu.
- しかしながら、主として軍事的な理由においてソウル特別市まで上る事を朝鮮側から拒否され、釜山広域市に貿易目的で設立された倭館で返礼の儀式が行われた。
- However, the Korean side did not permit the envoy to come up to Seoul Special City mainly for military reasons, and a ceremony for the return call was held at Wakan (consular office) in Pusan Metropolitan City.
- 特に対馬は倭寇の一大拠点と目されており、対馬守護であった宗氏に対してもこうした協力が要請され、宗氏もそれに応え日朝交易に積極的に参加をしていった。
- Since Tsushima was considered one of the most important bases of the wako pirates, the So clan, who was the governor of Tsushima Province, was requested to cooperate with the Korean Dynasty, so the So clan responded to that request and eventually began to undertake active participation in the trade between Japan and Korea.
- 足利義満は、応永8年(1401年)に僧の祖阿と博多商人の肥富を派遣し、明との交易を申し入れ、明の使者から「永楽の勘合符」を得て、勘合貿易が始まる。
- Kango trade started in 1401 when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA proposed to start the trade with Ming by dispatching a Buddhist monk Soa and a merchant in Hakata Koitomi and received 'Eiraku kangofu' from the envoy of Ming.
- 後に公田そのものが官務を世襲した小槻氏の事実上の所領と化して、そこから地子稲及び地子交易で得られた物資が太政官の経費として捻出されるようになった。
- Later on, Koden became territories of the Ozuki clan who took over the official position, and rice taxes from these territories, as well as commodities obtained through Jishi Koeki were spent as expenses for the Daijokan.
- 南蛮貿易が始まるとヨーロッパからガレオン船と呼ばれる竜骨 (船)を使った現在我々が普通に見る船底が尖った波の揺れに強い船が入港されるようになった。
- When nanbanboeki started, ships with a keeled bottom, called galleon ships, with a now ordinary V-shaped bottom resistant to waves, began to enter ports in Japan.
- 最初の例は1872年(明治5年)京都で上演されたサミュエル・スマイルズ作中村正直訳の『西国立志編』が原作の『鞋補童教学』『其粉色陶器交易』であった。
- Their first examples were 'Kutsunaoshi Waranbe no Oshie' (literally, 'Teachings by a Child Repairing Shoes') and 'Sonoirodori Toki no Koeki' (literally, 'The Color and the Trade of Earthenware') presented in Kyoto in 1872, and their original was 'Saigoku Risshihen' (a translation from Self-Help written by Samuel Smiles) by Masanao NAKAMURA.
- 斯波義将は義満の没後も将軍足利義持を補佐し、朝廷から義満に対する太上天皇の尊号を追号する事を拒否したり、勘合貿易の廃止を提言するなど影響力を持った。
- Yoshimasa SHIBA assisted the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA even after the death of Yoshimitsu, and he was so influential that he declined to accept the offer by the Imperial Court to give the posthumous title of Emperor Daijo (a Japanese Emperor who abdicated in favor of a successor) to Yoshimitsu and offered suggestions to abolish the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty).
- 結果、和泉国・紀伊国・周防国・長門国・豊前国・石見国の6カ国を領する守護大名となり、李氏朝鮮とも独自の貿易を行うなどして大内氏の最盛期を築き上げた。
- As a result, he became a shugo daimyo with the territories of six provinces, such as Izumi Province, Kii Province, Suo Province, Nagato Province, Buzen Province and Iwami Province, and built the height of the Ouchi clan's prosperity, along with the trading with Yi Dynasty Korea on its own accord.
- 一方、勝敗を意識して、難易度の高い型を選ぶ、同じ型でもより見栄えのするように演武する弊害、いわゆる「華手(ハナディー)」の問題なども指摘されている。
- However, at the same time an adverse effect--the so-called 'the problem of 'hanadee' (flamboyant kata)'--is pointed out, whereby practitioners select high-level kata, or even if they select the same kata they demonstrate it in a flamboyant way in order to win competitions.
- 法制上、泡盛自体は日本全国で製造することができるが、「琉球泡盛」という表示は世界貿易機関のTRIPS協定に基づいて沖縄県産の物のみに認められている。
- Legislatively, Awanori itself is allowed to be produced throughout the country, but labeling it as 'Ryukyu Awamori' is only allowed on products from Okinawa Prefecture based on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization.
- 1月に、いわゆるガイアツに押し切られた形でウィスキーの貿易自由化が行なわれ、飲用に供するすべての酒は数量や取引金額の制限なく輸入できるようになった。
- In January, trade of whisky was liberalized by pressure from foreign countries, so called Gaiatsu, which enabled all liquors for drinking to be imported without any limit of quantity and transaction amount.
- また相手の側背面などの死角から相手に正対し、かつ自分の中心線上に相手を補足することにより、最小の力で相手の重心・体勢を容易にコントロールし導き崩す。
- Additionally, by facing the opponent from a blind spot such as the side or the back, and capturing the opponent along the line extending from one's center, the opponent's center of gravity and posture can be controlled and led to collapse with minimal force.
- 温室効果ガス削減が容易ではない国は少ない費用で削減が可能となり、削減が容易な国は対価を求めて大量の削減が望めるという、2つの効果を念頭に置いている。
- Two effects are taken into consideration, that is, the countries which have difficulty in reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases can realize it at low cost, whereas the countries not having difficulty in reducing the emissions can achieve remuneration for the emissions reduction in large quantities.
- 不平等条約的性格が看取されるのは、この時貿易規則とは別に、宮本小一から趙寅熙に渡された公文(「修好条規付録に付属する往復文書」)の中においてである。
- The character as an unequal treaty can be seen in the official document ('the correspondence attached to the appendix of the treaty of amity') which was handed over from Okazu MIYAMOTO to In Hee CHO, apart from the trade regulations.
- 抜け道もいくつか存在し、薩摩藩の支配下にあった琉球を通じた中国、東南アジアとの仲介貿易、松前藩を介したアイヌ・ロシアとの交易などがおこなわれていた。
- There were several loopholes, for example, intermediary trade with China and Southeast Asia through Ryukyu under the control of Satsuma Domain and trade with Ainu and Russia through the Matsumae Domain.
- 大宰大弐を務めた時は日宋貿易に深く関与し、安芸守・播磨守を務めた時は瀬戸内海の海賊を伊勢平氏勢力下の水軍に編成して瀬戸内海交通の支配を強めていった。
- He was deeply involved in Japan-Song trade when he was Dazai no daini (the next seat position of Dazaifu), and he organized the pirates in the Seto Inland Sea as a naval force under the Ise Heishi (Taira clan) when he was governor of the Aki and Harima Provinces and strengthened his control over Seto Inland Sea transportation.
- 後述の天龍寺船派遣(1342年)の際に日元間の貿易船が10年間途絶していたとあることから、この住吉社船が鎌倉時代における最後の寺社造営料唐船である。
- A record says that trading ships had been suspended for ten years before the Tenryu-ji zoeiryotosen mentioned later was dispatched in 1342, indicating that this Sumiyoshi-jinja zoeiryotosen was the last Jishazoeiryotosen during the Kamakura period.
- このとき文部省令の「小学校教則大綱」によって「唱歌ハ平易ナル歌曲ヲ唱フコトヲ得シメ兼テ美感ヲ養ヒ徳性ノ涵養ニ資スルヲ以テ要旨トス」と目的を定められた。
- On this occasion the 'Fundamental Principles of Elementary School Rules' of the Monbusho Order ruled that 'the goal of shoka is enabling students to sing plain songs, and at the same time to cultivate a sense of beauty and to develop virtue.'
- 当初は舞鶴西港に発着していたが、増大する輸送力に対応するため、1990年(平成2年)舞鶴東港に国内貿易の拠点埠頭として整備されたのが、前島埠頭である。
- Initially, the ferry arrived at and departed from Maizuru-Nishi Port (Maizuru West Port); Maejima Wharf was constructed in Maizuru-Higashi Port (Maizuru East Port) in 1990 as a core wharf for domestic trade and to cope with increased transportation occurring in Maizuru-Nishi Port.
- これは、一旦世襲親王家として定めると、世代を経て皇統との血縁関係が離れていっても容易にこれを解消することができず、弾力ある運用が難しくなるためである。
- This was necessary for the resilience of the Meiji system - if the rights of the Seshu-Shinno-ke were accepted under the law, they could not have been easily rescinded, even as the blood line diverged from the reigning imperial line over the generations.
- 昭和5年(1930年)には縦型精米機の登場などによって精米技術が飛躍的に発達し、吟醸酒を造るのに欠かせない高い精米歩合が容易に実現されるようになった。
- The rice polishing technique was rapidly developed such as an appearance of a vertical-type rice-milling machine in 1930, and the high ratio in rice polishing which was necessary for brewing ginjoshu became possible easily.
- 日本人が蝦夷地に出ることは禁じられたが、アイヌが和人地に出ることは禁止されず、江戸時代の前半には、交易船を仕立てて和人地に出るアイヌも珍しくなかった。
- Although Japanese were prohibited to go to Ezo area, but Ainu were not prohibited to go to Wajinchi, and in the first half of Edo era, it was not rare that Ainus went to Wajinchi by preparing trade ships.
- 第9則 指定された開港場以外において密貿易を行い、その地の官僚に摘発された時は、日本の管理官に引き渡し、日本側は没収した金品を全て朝鮮側に交付すべし。
- Regulation 9 - If illegal trade at a site outside the appointed ports was exposed by the government officials of the area, the criminal would be given over to the officer of the Japanese administration, and Japan should return all of the confiscated money and goods to Korea.
- また座頭相撲など見せ物に就く者たちもいたり、元禄頃から官位昇格費用の取得を容易にするために高利の金貸しが公認されたので、悪辣な金融業者となる者もいた。
- Also, some blind people worked in the show business such as zato sumo or became unscrupulous moneylenders because high interest money lending business was officially approved around the Genroku era to help the blind to get money for the promotion of the official court rank.
- 南蛮貿易(なんばんぼうえき)とは、日本の商人とスペイン、ポルトガルの商人(南蛮人)との間で16世紀半ばから17世紀初期にかけて行われていた貿易である。
- Nanbanboeki indicates trade that was carried on between merchants in Japan and those in Spain or Portugal during the era from around the middle of sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.
- 寿司職人も比較的安易に養成されている傾向があり、一例としてニューヨーク・タイムズ紙(2007年7月29日)は韓国人が主催する「寿司教室」を紹介している。
- Sushi chefs tend to be relatively easily trained and, for example, The New York Times (July 29, 2007) introduced 'Sushi Lessons' managed by Koreans.
- 鮫鞘には雨天下で湿ると締まりすぎて刀が容易に抜けなくなることがあるという欠点があったが、その装飾上における特長はこれを看過するに足るものだったのである。
- One of the disadvantages of samezaya was that it shrinks when wet in the rain, making it difficult to draw the sword, but the art of decoration went beyond the inconvenience.
- 家庭で作る場合はすり身の代わりに、入手が容易く同じ原材料を用いた魚肉練り製品の半片を代用とすることがあり、日本の正月の御節料理には欠かせない一品である。
- When you prepare it at home, instead of using minced fish, boiled fish-paste products called 'hanpen', which is easier to acquire and made from the same raw material, can be used, but anyhow datemaki is essential to 'osechi' Japanese special dishes prepared for the New Year.
- 宮津藩京極家は改易、丹後田辺藩京極家は但馬へ転封となる中、峰山藩京極家は丹後の所領を幕末まで守り通し、京極高知の丹後藩の伝統を伝える存在として知られた。
- While the Kyogoku clan of the Miyazu Domain was punished by being deprived of their fief and the Kyogoku clan of the Tanabe Domain of Tango Province was transferred to Tajima, the Kyogoku clan of the Mineyama Domain kept their territory until the end of the Edo period, and passed down the tradition of the Tango Domain established by Takatomo KYOGOKU.
- 改易の理由は、太閤検地の為に派遣された浅野長政に石高不正を訴えられたことや、浅野長政の2男・浅野長重と宇都宮家の養子話のこじれがあった等と言われている。
- It is said that the reasons for his dismissal were fraudulent crop yield accused by Nagamasa ASANO dispatched for Taiko-kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi) and a trouble on adoption of Nagashige ASANO, the second son of Nagamasa ASANO by the Utsunomiya clan amongst others.
- マルコ・ポーロの東方見聞録に登場する黄金の国ジパングのイメージは、奥州藤原氏(後に安東氏)による十三湊大陸貿易によってもたらされたと考える研究者もいる。
- Some researchers believe that the image of the golden country of Jipang, which is mentioned in 'The Travels of Marco Polo,' was brought about through trade with the Asian continent through the port of Tosaminato by the Oshu-Fujiwara clan (later the Ando clan).
- 卵かけ御飯等とともに食べる際には、小片のまま米飯を包むようにしたり、かき混ぜ易くするために一辺が1センチ程度になるように手で揉みつぶしてふりかけられる。
- When eating it with tamago kake gohan (rice with a mixed raw egg put on), a small portion of rice is wrapped by Ajitsuke nori or Ajitsuke nori is rubbed in one's fingers with pieces about 1cm by 1cm sprinkled over and stirred with rice.
- 日本は開国したため国外との貿易が発展し、絹糸(生糸)と絹製品の輸出額は全輸出額のうち大きな割合をしめ、世界的に日本は絹の生産地とみなされるようになった。
- As Japan opened the country and trade with countries abroad grew, the export of silk yarn and silk products accounted for a major part of the total amount of export; Japan began to be regarded as the world's silk supplier.
- 現在日本では公衆便所は大型小売店(百貨店、スーパーマーケットなど)、公園、公共施設、鉄道駅など様々な場所にあり、数も多いため容易に見つけることができる。
- Now in Japan there are public restrooms in various places such as large-scale retail stores (department stores, supermarkets and so on), parks, public facilities, railway stations and so on and we can find them easily as the number is large.
- 国内での単なる排出量削減を除く植林活動や、国外での活動、削減量の国家間取引など、温室効果ガスの削減をより容易にするための規定で、柔軟性措置とも呼ばれる。
- The term refers to provisions to ease the reduction of greenhouse gases such as tree planting activities, activities abroad, International Emissions Trading and so on, except for merely domestic activities of emissions reduction, and is also called flexibility mechanisms.
- しかいながら、偽使(守護大名や国人が将軍の名前を詐称して勝手に交渉すること)の横行や日朝貿易の不振により、必要性が減殺したためだと説明されることもある。
- However, it was also explained that the envoys were not dispatched, because gishi actions (the actions in which shugo daimyo or kokujin negotiated with the Korean side using the name of shogun without getting permission) were rampant and because such a mission became unnecessary since trade between the two nations had became sluggish.
- 三浦の乱以前には、九州・中国地方の諸勢力も朝鮮王朝から図書を受け通交していたが、三浦の乱を境に通交権は宗氏に集中し、日朝貿易の独占が行われるようになる。
- Before the Sanpo War, other local powers in the Kyushu and the Chugoku regions received tosho (a bronze seal which was required for trading with Korea) and also practiced amicable relations with the Korean Dynasty, but after the Sanpo War, the trading rights placed only in the hands of the So clan, which allowed the clan to monopolize the Japan-Korea trade.
- 積荷木簡の中には「綱司」(交易船長の意)という字を記すものが110点あり、その多くは「綱司私」と記され、商人の私的交易品が多く含まれていたことが伺える。
- 110 pieces of the Tsumini mokkan have the mark 'Goji' (meaning the captain of a trading ship) on them and the most of them have 'Goji shi' (items for the private use of Goji), suggesting that many private trading goods for merchants were included.
- その後、公家・武家・寺院に権力が分散し、税の畿内集中が弱まることもあったが、室町幕府や南朝 (日本)が置かれたり、貿易により兵庫や堺が伸張して富を集めた。
- Thereafter, although the power was dispersed in court nobles, samurai families and temples, and the concentration of taxes in Kinai region was sometimes weakened, wealth was taken in with the establishment of the the Muromachi shogunate government and the South Court (Japan) as well as the expansion of Hyogo and Sakai by trade.
- 1720年(享保5年)に著された「大明律例訳義」は人道・恤刑思想を重視して正確かつ平易(当時の日本で使われている用語に置き換えた)を旨とした全訳書である。
- Authored in 1720, 'Daiminritsureiyakugi' is a complete translation based on accuracy and simplicity (translated into terms used in Japan at that time), with a focus on thoughts on humanity and merciful punishment.
- 南北朝時代 (日本)の動乱を経て、それまで伝統的であった公家文化と、新興の武家文化の融合が特色で、明との勘合貿易、禅宗を通じて大陸文化の影響も受けている。
- Characteristically it is a fusion of the traditional culture of nobility and the new-risen culture of the samurai class through the upheaval in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and it is also influenced by continental culture through Kango trade with the Ming (dynasty) and Zen sect (Buddhism).
- 国家の経済を貿易に頼る琉球王国は明のほか、朝鮮、マラッカ王国やパタニ王国、安南やアユタヤー王朝などの東南アジアにも及ぶ広範囲で独自の中継貿易を行っていた。
- In addition to Ming China, on whom the Ryukyu Kingdom was dependent economically and for trade, the kingdom was also involved in a unique form of transit trade throughout a wide swathe of East Asia, including Korea, the kingdom of Malacca (modern-day Malaysia), the Pattani Kingdom, and the kingdoms of Annam (today's Vietnam) and Ayutthaya.
- これは周代におこなわれたという井田制の解釈と密接に関連しており、実在を疑う向きさえある井田制の性格があまりはっきりしない以上決着をつけることは容易でない。
- This is closely related to the interpretation of the Jinghu system which was applied in the Zhou period and the nature of the Iden system, whose existence is questionable, is unclear.
- この措置によって東南アジアで朱印船と競合することが多かったオランダ東インド会社が莫大な利益を得、結局は欧州諸国としては唯一、出島貿易を独占することになる。
- Due to this measurement, the Dutch East India Company that often competed with Shuinsen gained a huge profit, and it monopolized the Dejima trading post among European nations.
- しかしその直後に義満は後継者不指名のまま急死し、四代将軍となった足利義持や幕府重臣により先例無しとして太上法皇位の追号も取りやめられ、朝貢貿易も停止された。
- However, immediately afterward, Yoshimitsu died suddenly without assigning the successor and the posthumous title of Daijo Hoo and tribute trade were halted by Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, the fourth shogun and senior vassals of the bakufu, since they were historically unprecedented.
- そのため、調理法から衛生面まで基準を設け、本物の「日本食」を提供するレストランを認定する制度をJETRO(ジェトロ/日本貿易振興機構)や農林水産省は設けた。
- Therefore, JETRO (the Japan External Trade Organization) and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries have established a system to certify the restaurants that offer genuine Japanese dishes, based on the criteria set not only for the cooking methods but sanitation.
- 明は日本と国交を結ばないまま滅亡し、明に代わって中国を支配するようになった清は、すでに日本が鎖国を取ったため貿易は行うが、正式な国交を持とうとはしなかった。
- Ming was ruined without having diplomatic relations with Japan and Qing, which began to control China after Ming, because Japan adopted a national isolation policy, conducted only trade, but had no official diplomatic relations.
- 長崎貿易の決済には金銀が多用されたが、この結果、日本の国内通貨量のうち金貨の4分の1、銀貨の4分の3が開幕から元禄までの間に海外に流出したと新井は計算した。
- Since a lot of gold and silver were used in the trade between Holland and Japan, Arai estimated that a quarter of gold coins and three quarter of silver coins circulated in Japan went overseas between the beginning of the Edo period to the Genroku era.
- 彼らの目的は、強硬な取締りを行った辺将を討取り、朝鮮王朝の行なった交易の制限、恒居倭に対する検断権・徴税権の行使といった倭人抑圧政策の変更を迫る事にあった。
- Their objectives were to defeat Hensho who abused their powers, and to persuade the Korean Dynasties to change their repressive policy over the kokyowa, such as trade restrictions, or the execution of the right to judge criminal cases and the power to levy taxes over the kokyowa.
- 元和 (日本)・寛永年間には、朱印船貿易をする船は従来より外航に用いられたジャンクやガレオン・さらには和船の特徴を引き継いだ、朱印船を主力とするようになる。
- In the Genna and Kanei eras (1615 - 1644), the shuinsen that inherited features of wasen in addition to those of the junks and galleons, which had been used for sailing over oceans, became used mostly for shuinsen-using trade.
- 琵琶湖の重要港湾かつ東海道53番目の宿場だった大津宿を中心に、膳所藩の城下町だった膳所、比叡山の門前町坂本 (大津市)、湖上交易の拠点だった堅田などからなる。
- Centered around Otsu-juku, which is an important port of Lake Biwa and used to be the 53rd posting station of Tokai-do Road, it consists of Zeze, the castle town of the Zeze Domain, Sakamoto, a temple town of Mt. Hiei, and Katata, a hub of lake-borne trade.
- キリスト教は1549年(天文 (元号)18年)にフランシスコ・ザビエルによってカトリックが日本に伝えられて以来、貿易などを通して信者(キリシタン)が増加した。
- Since 1549, when Catholicism was firstly introduced to Japan by Francis Xavier, the number of Christians increased, stimulated by trade and other factors.
- こちらはエンザロ・ジコのような石組みに土を塗る方式以外にも煉瓦を利用している地域もあるようで、従来からある煉瓦を流用した簡易炉を竈風に組み直す活動も見られる。
- In some areas, people use brick as well as spreading mud on a stone frame like in Enzaro Jiko, and there seems to be some examples of retrofitting existing simple fireplaces to use as kamado.
- 柔帽子・控え無しの三ツガケは、弦を掛ける感触が掴み易く且つ手首が自由な事から、初心者が弓を引き始める頃、または未経験者が体験的に弓を引く際に使わせる事もある。
- Mitsugake without yawaraka boshi and hikae is sometimes used when a beginner starts to draw a bow or when an amateur experimentally does so because the feel of setting a string is easy and the wrist can move freely.
- 担ぐことによって足場状態の影響を受けにくいという面があり、段差や階段等の高低差のある場所や山間部等の坂路の多い地域においても比較的容易に運行することができる。
- Shouldering the taikodai, free from street conditions, makes it relatively easier to manipulate it in festival parades even through rough streets with bumps and steps or through many ups and downs of roads in mountain-ridged areas.
- 系譜に理由の記載は無いが、この2年後に本家である宇都宮氏も改易された事実とあわせて考えると、豊臣政権内の政争に巻き込まれたものと考えられているが定かではない。
- There is no description of the reason in the family tree, but two years later the UTSUNOMIYA clan, a head family, was also ordered 'kaieki', which suggests they were involved in political strife in the TOYOTOMI administration, but this isn't clear.
- また、客が店内のカウンターで立ったまま食べる(立ち食い)・簡易椅子に腰掛けて食べるスタイルの営業形態を基本とした蕎麦屋『立ち食いそば・うどん店』も多数存在する。
- Additionally, there are numerous stand-up-eating soba/udon noodle shops where customers eat at the counter standing or sitting down on inexpensive folding chairs.
- しかし慶長18年(1613年)1月8日、重政の嫡子・山口重信と大久保忠隣の養女との婚姻を幕府に届けなかったとして、私婚禁止違反であるとして幕命により改易された。
- Things, however, changed on February 27, 1613 when Shigemasa was punished by being deprived of his fiefs under an order of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for violating a ban on private marriages on the ground that he had not registered marriage between his legitimate child, Shigenobu YAMAGUCHI, and Tadachika OKUBO's adopted daughter at the bakufu.
- この性質に着目して、着火した蚊取り線香をガラス繊維の網で両端から挟み込み固定することで、傾斜や振動に対応し、蚊取り線香を容易に持ち運び可能にしたものも存在する。
- To take advantage of this property, a portable kayariki that can be used on a slope or in a place with vibrations is available; clipping an ignited repellent stick by glass fiber nets on both sides.
- この料理は、下ごしらえに少々手間が掛かるものの、非常に食べ易い状態になっているため、児童や老人等の咀嚼力が弱い人でも食べることができ、また栄養があり消化も良い。
- This dish, taking a little time for preparation, is a food so easy to chew that even those who have a little masticatory strength, like young children or elderly people, can easily eat it and is also rich in nutrition and easy to digest.
- また、城砦としての防衛能力を重視した場所は必ずしも交通の便が良いところではなく、交易都市の色彩を強めるにつれ城が放棄され陣屋などに行政中心が移ったケースも多い。
- Additionally, places that placed an emphasis on defensive ability as a castle retreat were not in places with good transportation, and as they started to increasingly become trade cities, Jinya instead of castles became the center of government.
- この頃、個別人身支配から土地課税への転換に伴って、従来からあった租庸調・正税・雑徭・交易物などの税目が消え、新たに官物・臨時雑役などといった税目が出現していた。
- In the wake of the transition from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, former taxes, such as Soyocho, shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse), zoyo (irregular corvee) and trading goods, were abolished and new items of taxation, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and rinji zoyaku (general term for odd-job tasks), were introduced.
- 16世紀末期から17世紀初頭の南蛮貿易及びキリスト教布教活動の際、関西以西にイエズス会の修道士によって、また江戸にフランシスコ会の修道士によって伝わったとされる。
- During trades with Spain and Portugal, and Christian missionary work from the end of the 16th century through the beginning of the 17th century, ojiya was believed to have been introduced to the Kansai region and parts west by the Jesuits and to Edo by the Franciscan monks, respectively.
- 寛永11年(1634年)、近江膳所藩より菅沼定芳が4万1,000石で入るが、第2代藩主・菅沼定昭が嗣子無くして慶安元年(1648年)に死去し、菅沼氏は改易となる。
- In 1634, Sadayoshi SUGANUMA from the Zeze Domain in Omi Province took over Kameyama with assigned revenues of 41,000 koku, but the second lord, Sadaakira SUGANUMA had no heir and died in 1648, and consequently, the Suganuma clan forfeited their territories.
- 北朝では後漢の古文学が行われ、『周易』・『書経』・『毛詩』「三礼」は鄭玄注、『春秋左氏伝』は後漢の服虔(ふっけん)の注、『春秋公羊伝』は後漢の何休の注が尊ばれた。
- In the Northern Dynasty, Kobun learning of later Han was practiced, and 'Zhouyi,' 'Shujing,' 'Mao shi,' and 'Sanrai' honored annotations by Jo Gen, 'Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan,' the annotation by Fukken of later Han, and 'Shunju Kuyo-den,' the annotation by Ka Kyu of later Han.
- 流祖織田長益は織田信長の弟で、本能寺の変の後まず信長の次男織田信雄に仕えて小牧・長久手の戦いの和議を成立させ、信雄改易後は豊臣秀吉に、秀吉没後は徳川家康に仕えた。
- The founder of the Uraku school, Nagamasu ODA, was the younger brother of Nobunaga ODA, and after the Honnoji Incident, Nagamasu first served Nobukatsu ODA, who was the second son of Nobunaga, and realized the compromise of the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, and after Nobukatsu was punished by being deprived of his fief, Nagamasu served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and after Hideyoshi died, Nagamasu served Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
- 特徴としては、平仮名・片仮名の発明で中古日本語の表記が容易になったことによる、和歌・日記・物語文学の隆盛、官衣束帯の登場(官服の国風化)、寝殿造の登場などがある。
- It is characterized by the following: the prosperity of waka, diaries, chronicles, which occurred because description of ancient and medieval Japanese became easier following the invention of hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries); the appearance of Kan-i-sokutai (official uniform in aristocratic culture), and the appearance of Shinden-zukuri style (architecture representative [characteristic] of a nobleman's residence in the Heian period).
- こうした大量の銅は、宗氏が新たに入手したものではなく、朝鮮王朝が交易の制限を強化していく中、対馬・博多において大量に過剰在庫となって溜まっていたものと考えられる。
- This large amount of copper was not mined by the So clan, and it is thought that a large amount of copper had been accumulated as excess stock in Tsushima and Hakata due to the trade restrictions imposed by the Korean Dynasty.
- 天龍寺船(てんりゅうじぶね)は、日本の南北朝時代 (日本)、京都天龍寺造営費捻出のために室町幕府公認の下、元 (王朝)へ派遣された貿易船(寺社造営料唐船)である。
- Tenryuji-bune refers to official trading vessels of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), dispatched to Yuan Dynasty in order to raise funds to build Tenryu-ji Temple during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
- 戦国時代は粗悪な数打物の大量生産を招来したが、一方で原料を生産する鉄鋼業は国内におけるたたら技術の進歩、南蛮貿易による鉄砲の伝来によって急速な進歩を遂げる事になる。
- The Sengoku period (period of warring states) gave rise to mass production of inferior Kazu-uchi mono (mass products), but on the other hand, the steel industry which produced the material made a rapid advance in Tatara (bellows) technology and with the arrival of guns by trading with Westerners.
- 中期以降でも、少なくともインスタントラーメンよりは調理は簡便ではあるが、これの調理に必要な水や燃料・簡易焜炉(カセットガスコンロなど)といった他の備えも必要である。
- Even after the midterm, at least cooking is easier than instant ramen noodles, but other equipment such as water, fuel, and a simple cooking range (a portable gas burner and others) necessary for cooking are required.
- 和食と比較して歴史が短いことから地域差が小さく、全国的に見ても類似したメニューとなることが多いためファミリーレストランなどによる全国展開が比較的容易な分野でもある。
- Since such dishes have a relatively short history when compared to Japanese food, there are few regional differences, and similar menus can be found all over Japan, which makes it easier for family restaurants to spread those menus throughout all of Japan.
- 江戸幕府は改易、減封によって生じた空白地を天領(直轄地)にし、親藩・譜代大名を新たに配置して、外様大名を遠隔地に転封するなどして幕府権力の絶対優位を確立していった。
- The Edo shogunate gradually established its domination by turning territories that were left unoccupied as a result of kaieki or genpo into shogunate territories and by allocating these territories to the relatives and hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa family and transferring feudal lords unrelated to the family to remote territories.
- 松平忠直は、大坂城一番乗りの褒賞が大坂城や新しい領地でもなく「初花肩衝」と従三位参議左近衛権中将への昇進のみであったことを不満としており、後に乱行の末改易となった。
- Tadanao MATSUDAIRA, who made the first invasion into Osaka Castle, was dissatisfied with the incensive award for his achievement, which was neither Osaka Castle nor a new territory, but only 'Hatsuhana-katatsuki' and a promotion to Jusanmi Sangi (councillor in the Junior Third Rank) Sakone gon no chujo: In later years his dissatisfaction led him to kaieki after committing misconduct.
- また、立場上、言いたくても言うに言えないことがいくらでもあることが容易に推測される皇族の「本人の意思」がどこまで真実のものなのか、客観的に判断することは非常に難しい。
- Also, it is very difficult to judge how true is the intention of a member of the Imperial family, who can easily be guessed to have many things which he cannot, in his position, divulge to another person even if he wanted to.
- 逆に言えば、ほかの分野との共演が必要でなく、素人弟子の数が多い分野では新流創設が容易であり、実際に日本舞踊や華道においてはほぼ無数に流儀があると言っても過言ではない。
- Conversely, in fields where no cooperation with other fields is necessary and the number of lay disciples is large, a new branch is easy to establish and in fact, it is safe to say that the fields of buyo (dance) and kado (flower arrangement) include a myriad of ryugi schools.
- 日本海が海上交易の中心だった明治以前には、若狭湾で陸揚げされた物資が琵琶湖を通じて京都、さらには淀川経由で大阪方面へと運ばれており、内水系の重要港湾が数多く存在した。
- When Japan Sea was the center of commerce at sea before the Meiji period, goods landed from Wakasa Bay were carried to Kyoto via Lake Biwa, and then to Osaka via the Yodo-gawa River, which meant that there were a lot of important inland water ports in Shiga.
- これに対して苦情の電話を入れるとよく「今出ました」と言い訳されるといわれており、このことに例えて物事の遅延に対する安易な応対や言い訳を「そば屋の出前」と称されている。
- It is said that soba restaurants often answer phone calls complaining of late deliveries by saying that 'It has just been sent,' and therefore simplistic excuses for delays are called 'soba-ya no demae.'
- また、史学的な研究の進展によって、日本への鉄砲伝来は東南アジア交易に従事した倭寇勢力によって、短い間に西日本各地へ同時多発的に起こったとする説が有力視されてきている。
- With the advance of historical study, the most likely theory is now that the introduction of guns into Japan simultaneously took place at various places in southwestern Japan during a short period by wako (Japanese pirates) involved in trade with Southeast Asia.
- また現代的視点では長崎の出島・堺を始めとした有力港湾を幕府直轄若しくは親藩・譜代大名領に組み入れることにより、幕府による管理貿易を行い収益を独占したという研究がある。
- Research from a modern standpoint suggests that the Bakufu implemented controlled trade to monopolize profits, which was realized by incorporating the flourishing harbors, such as Dejima in Nagasaki and Sakai, into dominions under direct control of the Bakufu or Daimyo domains of Fudai and Shinpan (hereditary Daimyo and relatives of the Tokugawa family).
- 1404年(応永11年)以降は日本に対して交付される貿易許可証である勘合符を所持する事で倭寇と区別し、正式な遣明使船である事が確認できる勘合船に限られるようになった。
- After 1404, the Ming Dynasty distinguished the official traders from wako by issuing Kangofu to Japan, limiting the trade to the kangosen (trading vessels with Kangofu between Japan and the Ming in the Muromachi period) because it was easily confirmed as an official vessel of Kenminshi (Japanese envoys to Ming Dynasty China).
- 一般庶民に対しても朝鮮に来港し自由に交易を行うことが許可され、こうして派遣された交易船は興利倭船、交易のみを目的として訪れる日本人は興利倭人もしくは興利倭と呼ばれた。
- Japanese citizens were also allowed to visit Korea and trade freely with the Koreans, and the ship dispatched for them were called Koriwasen and the Japanese citizens who visited Korea only for commercial purposes were called Koriwa.
- 室町時代に入り、明が日本との貿易用に鋳造した永楽通宝などが日本国内で流通するようになると、明の江南で作られた私鋳銭や、日本国内で作られた私鋳銭も次第に混入していった。
- As the Muromachi period began and Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) minted in China during the Ming Dynasty for trade with Japan were circulated in Japan, Shichusen minted in Konan (Jiangnan) China and Shichusen minted in Japan were gradually mingled together.
- また、大量の障壁画制作をこなすには、弟子一門を率いて集団で制作する必要があり、集団制作を容易にするためにも絵師個人の個性よりも粉本(絵手本)を学習することが重視された。
- In order to create numbers of screen paintings, one must work in a group with all the disciples; therefore, in order to make group work easier, the ability to learn from painting examples was valued more than one's individuality as a painter.
- 南蛮貿易のもたらす実利を重視した秀吉は京都にあった教会(南蛮寺)を破却、長崎の公館と教会堂を接収してはいるが、キリスト教そのものへのそれ以上の強硬な禁教は行っていない。
- Hideyoshi destroyed the Kyoto Church (Nanban-dera Temple) and confiscated the diplomatic offices and churches in Nagasaki, but did not uncompromisingly prohibit Christianity itself more than that because he highly regarded the practical gains brought by trade with Spain and Portugal.
- もっとも、明治34年(1901年)頃の深川村(現在の深川市)の兵屋では、7, 8月に、室内で、50~60匹のハマダラカ(マラリア原虫を媒介するカ)を 容易に捕獲できた。
- However, in a heioku in Fukagawa-mura (now Fukagawa City) in about 1901, it was easy to catch 50 to 60 anopheles (mosquitoes that mediate malaria parasites) in July and August.
- 俘囚という地位は、辺境の人を下位に置こうとする朝廷の態度が作ったものであるが、俘囚たちは無税の条件を基盤に、前記の事実上の交易をも利用して、大きな力を得るようになった。
- Although Fushu was a position created by the Imperial Court who intended to set frontiersmen at the lower rank, they gradually gained power based on their tax-free condition and through the trading system, as mentioned earlier.
- 教科書は平安時代に三経(詩経・書経・易経)、三礼(周礼・儀礼・礼記)、三伝(春秋左氏伝・春秋公羊伝・春秋穀梁伝)及び『論語』『孝経』の11経が主な教材として確立された。
- The following eleven books were established as the major Myogyo textbooks during the Heian period: the three Sankyo (three classics on Confucianism) called Shikyo, Shokyo and Ekikyo; the three Sanrai (three classical texts on rites) called Shurai, Girai and Raiki; the three Sanden (three classics on a Chinese history book 'Shunju') called Shunju Sashiden, Shunju Kuyoden and Shunju Kokuryoden; as well as the 'Rongo' and 'Kokyo.'
- 現在は大きく2つの港に分れており、東港が海上自衛隊舞鶴地方総監部が鎮座する軍港、西港が中華人民共和国・大韓民国・ロシアなどへの定期航路をもつ国際貿易港として発展している。
- It is largely divided into two ports--East Port and West Port; East Port is a navy port where the Maritime Self-Defense Force Maizuru District Headquarters is located; West Port has been developed as an international trade port having regular services heading to and from countries such as the People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea, and Russian Federation.
- 2007年度(平成19年)の一般会計は322億3403万円で、医師不足で機能縮小を余儀なくされている舞鶴市民病院への補助助成や舞鶴港貿易振興事業費などに重点をおくもので、
- The general account for Maizuru in FY 2007 was \32,234,030,000 which weighed on assistance provided to the Maizuru Municipal Hospital, which faced a shortage of doctors and cutbacks in various functions, together with focus placed on trade promotion project expenditure towards the Maizuru Port.
- 原料に砂糖を用いるようになったのは近世以降であり、特に和三盆は、容易には白砂糖が手に入らない江戸時代、その独特の風味と程よい甘さによって、和菓子の発展に貢献したとされる。
- White sugar has been used as an ingredient only since recently as it was not easy to obtain during the Edo period and wasanbon (refined sugar) sugar is said to have been contributed to the development of wagashi with its unique flavor and the right degree of sweetness.
- 大内氏の場合は、勘合貿易による富や大陸文化の摂取もあって、城下町の山口市には画僧雪舟をはじめ、多くの僧侶・学者・公家が集まり、「大内版」とよばれる出版事業もおこなわれた。
- Since the Ouchi clan accumulated wealth by the tally trade and adopted the culture of the continent, many priests, scholars, and court nobles including an artist monk, Sesshu, gathered at its castle town in Yamaguchi City, where a publishing business called 'Ouchi printing' was also carried out.
- ヤマト王権と朝鮮半島諸国との交易が活発化した背景には、北方の高句麗から圧迫を受けつつあった百済が対抗のために近隣諸国(新羅・加羅諸国)と連携を強めていたことが挙げられる。
- It is thought that trade between Wakoku and the Korean kingdoms increased as Baekje, under pressure from Goguryeo to the north, began strengthening alliances with neighboring kingdoms such as Silla and Gaya.
- 牙符制は日明貿易における勘合符制と同様、一つの符を二つに裂いた割符を以って使節の査証を行なう制度であり、勘合符の代わりに牙符あるいは象牙符とも呼ばれる通信符が使用された。
- Like kangofusei (tally system) in the Japan-Ming trade, Gafusei was a system where a tally was split into two halves and used for certifying an envoy where the communication tally called gafu (seal tally) or zogefu (ivory tally) was used in place of the kangofu.
- また、中央においては都(平安京)における価格安定や大宰府における対外貿易の統制(輸入品の多くは平安京で消費されたために、両者には連動性があった)の估価が必要とされていた。
- In addition, koka was required to stabilize the prices in the capital (Heian-kyo) and to control foreign trade in Dazai-fu (local government offices in Kyushu region) (because the imported goods were mostly consumed in Heian-kyo, prices there and foreign trade were closely related).
- 薪オーブンは、日本では『魔女の宅急便 (スタジオジブリ作品)』で魚のパイを焼くシーンに登場したので、実物は見たことは無くても、どんなものかイメージし易い人も多いことだろう。
- A wood-fired oven in the scene where a fish pie was being baked in 'Kiki's Delivery Service' (produced by Studio Ghibli, Inc.) so people in Japan might be able to imagine what it was like even if they have not seen the real thing.
- 院庁下文が、詔勅や太政官符などの政府として最終決定意思を表示する文書と、同等の効力が認められていたのに対し、院宣は形式の面でも効力の面でも、簡易なものとして発給されていた。
- While an innocho kudashibumi, such as Shochoku (imperial edict) and Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State), was a document that expressed the final decision of the government, an inzen was considered a much simpler document from the point of view of its format and efficacy.
- 彼らは、貢納物の原料採取・作業・交易をする場を求めて移動・遍歴することを必要としていたため、関銭・津料などの交通税を免除され、自由に諸国を往来できる権利を得ることとなった。
- Because Kugonin were wanderers seeking places to collect raw materials for their products, to work on their products, and trade them, they were exempted from traffic taxes such as sekisen (tolls) and tsuryo and, therefore, they had the right to freely travel around the various provinces.
- 恒居倭の増加に伴い、恒居倭による漁場の占拠、恒居倭の倭寇化、密貿易の恒常化及び恒居倭と朝鮮人の癒着、三浦周辺朝鮮人の納税回避、朝鮮人水賊の活発化など、様々な問題が噴出する。
- The increased population of kokyowa caused various problems such as the occupation of fishing grounds by kokyowa, the pirate-like behavior by kokyowa, the consistent illegal trading accompanied by a collusive relationship between kokyowa and Koreans, tax evasion by some Korean who lived in the vicinity of Sanpo, and the emergence of Korean pirates.
- 鎖国政策は、江戸幕府の法令のなかでは徹底された部類ではあったが、特例として認められていた松前藩、対馬藩や薩摩藩では、幕府の許容以上の額を一種の密貿易(抜荷)としておこなった。
- Although Bakufu-issued ordinances on isolation policies were implemented consistently, the Matsumae Domain, the Tsushima Domain and the Satsuma Domain, all of which were dealt with as special domains, carried out a variety of illegal trades (also called Nukeni in Japanese), making transactions in excess of the tolerable amount set by the Bakufu.
- この後幕府は、17世紀中葉までに、武家諸法度の発布や参勤交代の義務化、有力大名の改易などを通して、諸大名との主従制を確固たるものとし、朝廷統制を強め、幕府官僚機構を整備した。
- After this, the bakufu solidified the master-servant relationship with each daimyo by around the middle of 17th century, through enacting Buke shohatto (laws for the military households), making Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) obligatory, and conducting Kaieki operations (forfeiting the rank of samurai and properties) for powerful daimyo, strengthened control of the Imperial Court, and established its government officer system.
- そして幕府の管領家で堺を貿易の拠点にしていた細川氏や、山口市を本拠に博多、応仁の乱で得た兵庫などに権益を持っていた大内氏がそれぞれ独自に使節団を派遣した貿易を経営をはじめた。
- The Hosokawa clan, who was a kanrei family (family in the position of the shogunal deputy) and conducted trade from Sakai, and the Ouchi clan based in Yamaguchi City, who had interests in Hakata, and Hyogo that they obtained during the Onin War, each conducted trading separately and dispatched their own delegations.
- 勘合船の経営者の室町幕府や細川氏・大内氏などの守護大名、寺院などが勘合船の帰港後に輸入品の売値総額(日本国内の価格に換算した総額)の1割をその船に便乗した貿易商から徴収した。
- The managers of kangosen (trading vessels between Japan and the Ming in the Muromachi period), such as the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), namely the Hosokawa clan or Ouchi clan, etc. and temples, collected about a tenth of the total amount of selling prices (the amount converted into Japanese domestic prices) of the imported goods from the traders who had been on board the vessels.
- この「糸印」とは、室町時代中期から後期にかけて、中国からの貿易船により運ばれた絹糸の受領印として、絹糸と共に荷受主に渡され、荷受主発行の受領書に受領印として押されたものである。
- 'Itoin' was a receipt stamp for silken threads imported by trading ships from China, which was handed with the threads to consignee and stamped on the receipt issued by the consignee from the middle to the end of the Muromachi period.
- 簡易な屋台ではスイカ、パイナップル、パパイヤなどの果物、オレンジ、ココナッツ、ロンガンなどのジュースや豆乳などの飲料、魚のすり身のチップスや焼き鳥など様々なものが売られている。
- Malaysian simple street stalls sell: Fruits such as a watermelon, pineapple, papaya; Juice such as: Orange juice, coconut juice, and longan juice; Beverages such as soymilk; there are other foods such as: fish paste chips and yakitori (grilled chicken).
- 座る際に用いられる他、二つに折って簡易の枕にする・乳幼児を寝かせるための小型敷布団の代用品に用いる・落下物から頭を守る防具として用いる等、単純な道具だけに様々な活用方法がある。
- Zabuton are not only used for sitting, but these simple items are used in a number of ways, including folding in half to make a simple pillow, or as an alternative to a small futon for putting babies to sleep, or as protective gear for protecting the head from falling objects.
- ちなみに、宗茂は9月15日に大津城を開城させた後、軍勢を率いて草津市にまで進出していたが、そこで西軍の壊滅を知って大坂城に退却することを余儀なくされ、戦後に改易されてしまった。
- In fact, after Muneshige had made Takatsugu surrender Otsu-jo Castle on October 21, he and his troops advanced to Kusatsu city, where he knew of the defeat of the West squad and was forced to retreat to Osaka-jo Castle; because of this, after the battle he forfeited the rank of Samurai and his properties.
- やがて時代が下って北宋・高麗・遼の商人とも交易を行ったが、11世紀には、聖福寺 (福岡市)・承天寺・筥崎宮・住吉神社 (福岡市)ら有力寺社や有力貴族による私貿易が盛んになった。
- Trade had been realized with the merchants from the Northern Sung dynasty, the Goryeo dynasty and the Liao dynasty as well, however, private trade developed by influential temples including Shofukuji Temple (in Fukuoka City), Jotenji Temple, Hakozakigu Shrine and Sumiyoshijinja Shrine (in Fukuoka City), and powerful nobles was prosperous in the 11th century.
- 関ヶ原の戦いに勝利して覇権を確立した徳川家康は海外交易に熱心な人物で、1600年豊後の海岸に漂着したオランダ船の航海士ウィリアム・アダムスらを外交顧問として採用したほどである。
- Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who won the Battle of Sekigahara and established hegemony, had great passion for foreign trade and even employed William Adams, who was the navigator of the Dutch ship that drifted ashore to Bungo in 1600, as his foreign advisor.
- 朝鮮王朝にとって交易品の輸送は特に負担となっていた様であり、朝鮮王朝実録にその様子は「沿路各官、人吏竝出、夜以繼晝、輸運之物、絡繹於道、至於妻子、徧受其苦、重載之牛、多斃路中。
- For the Korean Dynasty, the transportation of products was especially a heavy burden, and the 'Korean Dynasty's Fact Record' described that situation and said as follows:
- 朝鮮側における密貿易の担い手は三浦周辺住民・地元商人・漢城大商であったが、中でも三浦周辺住民と恒居倭の癒着ぶりは「相親相愛, 不啻如兄弟, 言語飮食, 利害緩急, 無不共之。」
- The major Korean participants in the illegal trading were residents around Sanpo, local merchants, and major merchants in Hansung, and the relationship between the residents around Sanpo and kokyowa was specially described as follows:
- 「守貞漫稿」を読んでいくと、アイデアがあって少し工夫をすれば、実用新案法や特許法などという煩雑な法律のなかった時代のこと、新商品を作り出して商売を始めるのは容易だったと思われる。
- When the 'Morisadamanko' is read more, it would appear that it was easy to develop new products to start the business if they came up with ideas and exercised a little ingenuity during the time when there were no troublesome laws such as Utility Model Act and Patent Act.
- なお、軍港及び国際貿易港たる舞鶴港を有し、海上自衛隊舞鶴地方総監部や第八管区海上保安本部、国土交通省舞鶴港湾事務所など日本海広域を指揮監督する海事機関があるのも特徴の1つである。
- Characteristically, it also has Maizuru Port which is a naval as well as international trade port, and maritime organizations to control and supervise a wide area of the Sea of Japan such as Maritime Self-Defense Force Maizuru District Headquarters, Maizuru Ports Office of the Eighth Regional Coast Guard Headquarters, and Kinki Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.
- また海外との交易によって禅宗をはじめとする大陸文化が伝えられると、武家はその影響を受けながらも、みずからの力強さ、簡潔さと公家文化の伝統美を融合させ、新しい武家文化を開化させた。
- As the culture of the continent including Zen Buddhism was introduced by the trade with foreign nations, the warrior class, even after being influenced by it, blended the strength and simplicity of its own culture with the traditional beauty of court noble's, and created a new culture of the warrior class.
- しかし、2003年に中国から輸入枠の割り当て申請があり、自国の輸入枠減少を恐れた韓国が日本の海苔市場の自由化を要求、2004年、最終的に世界貿易機関へ協定違反として提訴している。
- However, because China applied for the import quota in 2003, South Korea, which feared the reduction of its import quota, asked for the liberalization of the nori market in Japan, but in 2004 South Korea finally filed a complaint with World Trade Organization (WTO) for breach of agreement.
- 彼は、幕府開設から元禄までの間、長崎貿易の決済のために、金貨国内通貨量のうちの4分の1、銀貨は4分の3が失われたとし、長崎奉行大岡清相からの意見書を参考にして、この法令を出した。
- He concluded that from the opening of the shogunate government in Edo to the Genroku era, a quarter of domestic gold currency and three quarters of domestic silver currency were lost due to the settlement of foreign trades in Nagasaki, and issued this regulation using the proposal of the Nagasaki magistrate Kiyosuke OOKA.
- なお、明帝国は日本船の来航を禁止していたので、中国は(ポルトガル居留地マカオを除けば)朱印船渡航先とはならず、朝鮮との交易も対馬藩に一任されていたので、朱印状は発行されなかった。
- Since the Ming Empire forbade Japanese ships from visiting China, Chinese ports (except for Macao inhabited by Portuguese) were not included among the destinations of Shuinsen ships, and shuinsen licenses were not issued to ships that traded with Korea, either, since trading with Korea was entrusted entirely to Tsushima Domain.
- 小荷駄の規模は遠征か防衛か、移動時・戦地における現地調達(収奪、買い上げ)の容易さ、動員兵力の規模、要員として動員される領民の状態など様々な要素を鑑みた結果、決定され編成される。
- The size of konida was decided and organized as a result of weighing various factors such as whether the battle was an expedition or a defense, ease of delivering the goods during transfer as well as at the battleground (either by confiscation or by purchase), size of the mobilized army, condition of the people of the domain mobilized as troop members.
- 安土桃山時代、南蛮貿易によって商品流通が国際化すると、他所酒のなかには南蛮酒として琉球の泡盛、中国・朝鮮の珍酒や薬草酒、アラビアや地中海方面からのアラックやワインなども入ってきた。
- In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, commercial distribution was internationalized by the trade with Spain and Portugal, and sake of southern barbarians, Awamori from Ryukyu, a rare sake and herb liquor from China and Korea, arak (anise-flavored liqueur) and wine from Arabia and the Mediterranean regions also entered Kyoto as yosozake.
- また、政務の交替とともに朝廷の高官・要職が一斉に入れ換えられ、一方の皇統の治天が下した訴訟の判決が他方の皇統の治天によって安易に覆されるなどの混乱も生じ、朝廷の権威の低下を招いた。
- Since the high officials and important positions were all changed when the heads were changed, confusion such as the judgment of a court cases during a Chiten in one line being easily upturned by the other line's Chiten occurred and this led to a decline in the Imperial Court's authority.
- これらはオリンピック種目化を目指しての革新と見られるが、スポーツ化したとき見た目にはさほど違いのないテコンドーが既にオリンピック種目となっている為、実現は容易ではないと考えられる。
- It is considered that these reforms have been promoted for the Olympic Games, but it would appear very difficult for karate to become an Olympic event because the Olympics has already introduced taekwondo, but karate and taekwondo apparently have no distinctive differences as sports.
- 謝良佐の弟子である朱震は邵雍の『皇極経世書』、周敦頤の『通書』といった象数易と『程氏易伝』や張載の『正蒙』といった義理易を総合して『漢上易伝』を著し、王安石や蘇軾の易学に対抗した。
- Shusin, a disciple of Sha Ryosa, brought together Shosu-eki (graphic and mathematical divination) such as 'Kokyokukeiseisho' (Kogyoku future occurrence book) by ShoYo (Shao Yong) and 'Tsusho' (almanac) by Shu Ton-i (Zhou Dunyi), and Giri-eki (ethics and philosophy divination) such as 'Tei's annotation of I Ching' and Cho Sai's (Zhang Zai) 'Seimo,' and wrote 'Kanjoekiden,' to counter the art of divination led by Anseki O (Wang Anshi) and Su Shi.
- 本願章では、第十八願において、法蔵菩薩は一切の余行を選捨して、念仏一行を選取されたといい、その理由は称名念仏こそが、最も勝れ、また最も修めやすい勝易具足の行法だからであると説いた。
- Hongansho states that Dharmakara Bodhisattva selected nenbutsu (Buddhist invocation) as the only practice and abandoned the rest in the Eighteenth Original Vow, because invocation of the Buddha's Name is the best, the easiest to achieve, and complete practice.
- バテレン追放令(-ついほうれい・伴天連追放令)は1587年7月24日(天正15年6月19日 (旧暦))に筑前箱崎において豊臣秀吉が発令したキリスト教宣教と南蛮貿易に関する禁制文書。
- The Edict expelling Jesuit missionaries was a prohibition document concerning the mission of Christianity and trade with Spain and Portugal issued by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in Chikuzen Hakozaki, in July 24, 1587.
- 1875年に起きた江華島事件の後、日朝間で結ばれた条約であるが、条約そのものは全12款から成り、それとは別に具体的なことを定めた付属文書が全11款、貿易規則11則、及び公文がある。
- The treaty was concluded between Japan and Korea after the Ganghwa Island incident in 1875, and consisted of 12 provisions of the treaty itself, 11 affiliated documents providing concrete contents, 11 trade rules, and official documents.
- 貿易は鎖国政策を布いていたために、主流は長崎市の唐人屋敷における中国、出島におけるオランダとの交易であるが、対馬藩を仲介した李氏朝鮮との倭館での交易も幕府の公認を受けたものだった。
- Under the seclusion policy, foreign trades were mainly limited to those with China at the Chinese residential area in Nagasaki, and with the Netherlands at Dejima island, but also through Tsushima Domain, trade with Yi Dynasty of Korea was authorized by the shogunate government at the consular office (wakan).
- 義政の祖父にあたる足利義満や父の足利義教ら歴代将軍は唐物志向が強く、日明貿易により宋 (王朝)・元 (王朝)などの中国絵画(唐物)を収集し、「天山」「道有」などの鑑蔵院が押された。
- As the successive shoguns including Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (Yoshimasa's grandfather) and Yoshinori ASHIKAGA (Yoshimasa's father) had a strong taste for Karamono (things imported from China), they collected Chinese paintings (Karamono) of Sung (dynasty), Yuan (dynasty), etc., through trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty, and the paintings were affixed with the seal of Kanzo in (a collector's seal, which was impressed on Sung and Yuan period paintings) such as 'Tenzan' and 'Doyu'
- 8世正優は6世正寿の子で、幼少の頃に小堀家が改易されたが、文政11年(1828年)に300俵小普請組の旗本として迎えられ、親族へ引き渡されていた伝来の道具なども戻して本家を再興した。
- The eighth tea master, Masayasu KOBORI, was the son of the sixth tea master Masahisa KOBORI, and he was young when the Kobori family was dismissed; however, in 1828 he was welcomed as a direct retainer of the shogun or a Kobushin-gumi (samurai without official appointments who receive small salaries) with a fief of 300 koku, whereupon the utensils that had been passed on to a new family were recovered and the house of Kobori restored.
- しかし、8代藩主伊達斉村以降は30歳に達せず早死にする藩主が多く、一門からの養子でかろうじて無嗣改易を免れる状況が続き、これによる藩政の沈滞化が幕末の失敗につながった物と考えられる。
- However, many domain lords of the Date clan after the eighth, Narimura DATE, died before thirty, and a child adoption from other Date families continued to avoid the Mushi-kaieki (degrading of a social rank for the extinction of a family line), which led to the weak administration of the domain and finally the fall of the Date clan at the end of the Edo Period.
- 江戸時代には、落語の題材になったり、また『豆腐百珍』のような料理本まで出るほど、広く庶民の食べ物となっていた豆腐は、比較的加工の度合いも低く、経験さえつめば誰にでも容易に製造できた。
- Tofu, which enjoyed widespread popularity among ordinary people, as it was used as a subject of rakugo (traditional comic storytelling) and the recipe book 'A Hundred Delicacies of Tofu,' published in the Edo period, could be made easily by anyone with sufficient experience, because the degree of processing was comparatively low.
- 中国では同様の政策を海禁政策と呼ぶが、中国の場合は主として沿海地域の倭寇をも含む海賊からの防衛及び海上での密貿易を禁止することが目的とされており、日本の鎖国と事情が異なる面もあった。
- A similar policy was called the Sea Traffic Ban Policy in China, but in this case, the policy was aimed to protect the coastal areas from pirates including Japanese pirates and to forbid illegal overseas trading, so that the situation in China was different with the national isolation of Japan to some extent.
- 倭館に居住することを許された日本人は、対馬藩から派遣された館主以下、代官(貿易担当官)、横目、書記官、通詞などの役職者やその使用人だけでなく、小間物屋、仕立屋、酒屋などの商人もいた。
- Other than the manager of the wakan dispatched by the Tsushima clan, among Japanese who were allowed to reside in the wakan were officers such as local governors (governors in charge of trading), Yokome (job title in samurai family, the job involves watching over officers), the secretary, translators; their respective employees; and also merchants like haberdashery shop owners, tailors, and liquor shop owners.
- そこで李氏朝鮮は高麗時代からの民族雑居状態の解消と、官営貿易で利益を独占する事を望み、室町幕府や九州探題、対馬の実質的な支配者である宗貞茂に対して倭寇および私貿易の取締りを要求した。
- At this point, the Joseon dynasty wanted to cull society of its multiethnic character, which had been the norm during the Goryeo period (918 - 1392), and achieve a monopoly over trade profits by bringing trade under government control, so they requested that the Muromachi bakufu, the tandai (military commissioner) of Kyushu, and Sadashige SO, the de facto ruler of Tsushima island, bring both Wako activity and private trade under control.
- 大宝律令には都の東西両市における估価をはじめ、貿易や口分田などの公田からの納税(地子)を代物で納める(あるいは、地子を中央へ送るために地子交易を行う)ときの估価などが規定されている。
- Taiho Code defined the koka in the cities on both east and west of the capital, and the koka for in-kind payment of taxes on trade or taxes on fields administered directly by a ruler (jishi), such as kubunden (the farm land given to each farm in the Ritsuryo system) (or when conducting jishi trade in order to send jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system to the central govenment)).
- 足利義満が急死すると、4代将軍の足利義持は斯波義将に補佐され、義満に対する太上天皇の追号を辞退し、勘合貿易での明との通商を一時停止するなど義満の政策を否定し幕政を守旧的なものに改める。
- When Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA suddenly died, the fourth Shogun, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, was supported by Yoshimasa SHIBA, and refused to bestow the posthumous name of Emperor Daijo on Yoshimitsu; he also repudiated Yoshimitsu's policies, for example by temporarily halting the tally trade with Ming China, and sought to return the bakufu government to a more conservative stance.
- しかしながら、交易で生計を立てている対馬と、胡椒・丹木・銅などの輸入を対馬に全面的に依存している朝鮮王朝の双方は折り合いを付ける必要に迫られ、1512年、壬申約条により和解が成立した。
- However, people in Tsushima who made their living from trade and the Korean Dynasty, who was totally dependent on imports from Tsushima for pepper, tanboku and copper, were obliged to get along with each other, and in 1512 they agreed on a settlement under the Jinshin Yakujo (visitor regulations which were established by the Korean Dynasty).
- 特に、戦国時代初期にあっては、勘合貿易および一種の密貿易である私貿易といった日明間の貿易によって、明から舶来品だけでなく大量の銅銭の導入を図り、貨幣経済の確立をなしとげる段階にあった。
- In particular, the beginning of the Sengoku Period was a stage in which money economy was established, through trade between Japan and Ming such as the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) and private trade, which was a kind of smuggling, by introducing from the Ming, not only import articles but also a large quantity of copper coins.
- しかし度重なる夢窓の懇請を受け、暦応4年12月23日 (旧暦)(1342年1月30日)直義は夢窓に対し、翌年秋に宋船2艘を渡航させ、交易で得られた利益を天龍寺造営にあてるよう提案する。
- On February 7, 1342, Tadayoshi complied with Muso's repeated earnest request and proposed that two vessels would make a voyage in fall in the following year, and that the profit gained from the trade would cover the expense for constructing Tenryu-ji Temple.
- だが、皇朝十二銭の廃絶などで貨幣流通が衰退する一方で代納品による租税の物納やそれに伴う交易による中央への上供品の購入が一般化すると、交換の価値基準としての估価が求められるようになった。
- However, with the elimination of Kocho-Junisen (twelve coins casted in Japan), circulation of currency fell, and on the other hand, with the wide-spread use of in-kind tax payments and purchasing goods from the trade related to the in-kind tax payments to deliver to the central government, koka was called for as the standards for prices.
- しかし、延暦17年(798年)の太政官符によれば、令制国が地元特産物を朝廷に納めるために買い上げを行う(交易雑物)時には、和市の価(今日で言う市場価格)で購入するように命じられている。
- But the Daijokanpu issued in 798 (official docments issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) ordered ryoseikoku (province) to buy at Washi price (present-day market price) when purchasing local specialties (trading miscellaneous things) to deliver to the Court.
- この頃の後白河と清盛の関係は良好で、嘉応2年(1170年)福原にある清盛の別荘で宋人を引見して日宋貿易に興味を示し、承安元年(1171年)12月には清盛の娘・平徳子が高倉天皇に入内する。
- During this time the relationship between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori was favorable, Goshirakawa showed his interest in the trading between Japan and Sung, when he granted a person from Sung an audience at Kiyomori's villa in Fukuhara in 1170, TAIRA no Kiyomori's daughter, TAIRA no Tokuko officially entered the Imperial Palace to become Emperor Takakura's wife in December 1171.
- - 屋台とは商売の方法ではなく、簡易の屋根と売り台を持って商売をする形態であり、的屋などもこの形態を用いる者もあるが、一般的には日本各地に見られる屋台街といわれる屋台の飲食店などを指す。
- Yatai is not a method of business, but the use of a simple roof and counter, and while some tekiya conduct business in this way the word generally refers to yatai restaurants called yatai-gai seen all over Japan.
- 幕府の力がしだいに弱まるようになると有力寺社(相国寺、三十三間堂など)や有力守護大名(細川氏、大内氏など)が船主となり、これに博多や堺の商人、瀬戸内海の町、水夫が結びついて貿易を行った。
- With the power of bakufu gradually declining, influential temples/shrines (Shokoku-ji Temple, Sanjusangendo Temple etc) or influential shugo-daimyo (territorial lords as provincial constables) (the Hosokawa clan, the Ouchi clan etc.) became the shipowners and traded in corporation with merchants in Hakata and Sakai as well as sailors in the towns located in the coastal region of Seto Inland Sea.
- しかし承久の乱(1221年)以降の天皇の権威の失墜は著しく、元寇に当たっての外交的処理や唐船派遣などの外国貿易など、いずれも鎌倉幕府の主導の下に行われており、武家一元化の動向を示していた。
- However, the loss of the Emperor's authority after the Jokyu War (1221) was remarkable, and like diplomatic efforts against Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) and foreign trade, sending ships to Tang, they were both lead by the Kamakura Bakufu, and showed the unity of power amongst Buke.
- 明治時代に徴兵制度が制定されて、軍隊で着脱が容易で、生地が短く経済的な越中褌が支給され、全国に普及したことから、その後の六尺褌は下着で用いられるよりも祭事や水着等で用いられるようになった。
- With the establishment conscription in the Meiji period, ecchu fundoshi, which were easier to put on and take off and more economical due to their shorter length, were supplied by the army and spread throughout Japan, following which rokushaku fundoshi were more often worn during rites and festivals or as swimwear than as underwear.
- この一連の措置から、後嵯峨が亀山を自らの後継者としその子孫に皇統を伝える意図を持っていたことは容易に推測できるが、後嵯峨はその意図を明確にせずに文永9年(1272年)に死去した(53歳)。
- From this string of actions, it is easy to presume that Gosaga wanted Kameyama and his descendants as his successors, but Gosaga died in 1272 without clarifying his wishes (aged 53).
- また古くから交易のあった中国の単位と、日本国内のものとは密接な関係があったわけであるが、呉承洛の『中国度量衡史』による隋代の1銭は4.1762グラム、唐代の1銭は3.7301グラムである。
- And in China, whose weight units influenced Japanese counterparts through commerce from ancient times, 1 sen was set at 4.1762 grams in Sui dynasty, and at 3.7301 grams in the Tang dynasty, says 'History of Chinese Weights and Measures' written by Wu Chengluo.
- 」(輸送品は道に連なり、倭人上京道路沿線住民は官吏・人民の区別なく、夜昼を問わず交易品の運搬に駆り出され、妻子に至るもその苦役を受け、荷物の重さに耐えかね牛は道に斃れる)と描写されている。
- Products to be exported are piled up on the streets, and all residents who live along the streets which Japanese people use for the travel to the capital city, both government officials and ordinary people, have to help the transportation of the products day and night; and furthermore, even women and children also have to do that duty, and cows which sink under a heavy burden just fall down on the street.'
- 朕惟フニ我カ皇祖皇宗惟神ノ大道ニ遵ヒ天業ヲ経綸シ万世不易ノ丕基ヲ肇メ一系無窮ノ永祚ヲ伝ヘ以テ朕カ躬ニ逮ヘリ朕祖宗ノ威霊ニ頼リ敬ミテ大統ヲ承ケ恭シク神器ヲ奉シ茲ニ即位ノ礼ヲ行ヒ昭ニ爾有衆ニ誥ク
- 朕惟フニ我カ皇祖皇宗惟神ノ大道ニ遵ヒ天業ヲ経綸シ万世不易ノ丕基ヲ肇メ一系無窮ノ永祚ヲ伝ヘ以テ朕カ躬ニ逮ヘリ朕祖宗ノ威霊ニ頼リ敬ミテ大統ヲ承ケ恭シク神器ヲ奉シ茲ニ即位ノ礼ヲ行ヒ昭ニ爾有衆ニ誥ク
- これに対して、「自由主義史観」では、歴史解釈は「類似」し、「平行」する現象の存在により成立するので、幕府が外交権・貿易権を有した江戸時代がすでに絶対主義体制であったと考えられる、としている。
- On the other hand, in the 'liberalism view of history', interpretation of history is determined with the existence of 'similar' and 'parallel' phenomenon; therefore, it says that in the Edo period when the Bakufu (shogunate) who had the diplomatic rights and the trading rights, it was thought to have already been under a system of absolutism.
- 陸軍においては、最初の明治十九年制刀は、メッキ加工され銀色に輝いていた鞘だったが、敵機に見つかり易いために、九四式軍刀および九五式軍刀からはメッキに代わり艶消しの塗装を施されるようになった。
- In army, the first scabbard made in 1886 was plated and glittering silver in color, but scabbards came to be frosted from 9-4- and 9-5-model swords to make them less noticeable to enemies.
- 硫酸カルシウムはにがりの主成分である塩化マグネシウムと比べ適正な凝固反応が起こるいわゆる凝固のストライクゾーンが広いため、保水性が高く肌理の細かい高品質な豆腐が、比較的容易に作りやすかった。
- When compared with magnesium chloride, a main ingredient in bittern, calcium sulfate had a wider zone in which the proper coagulation reaction occurred (being referred to as the strike zone of coagulation) and made it comparatively easy to make high-quality tofu, which was water-retentive and fine.
- 「甲斐国志」によると永田徳本という漢方医の達人がこの易学を以って武田家将軍の診察に当っており、また伊藤家の祖先の名前も万生山妙喜院(朝陽山清光禅寺の末寺)を寄進建立したとして記載されている。
- Kai koku shi (Records of Kai Province)' describes that Tokuhon NAGATA, a noted Chinese medicine doctor, examined shogun of the Takeda family according to this art of divination, and that the Ito's ancestor was listed as a donor for the building of Manseizan Myoki-in Temple (a branch temple of Choyozan Seikozen-ji Temple).
- 「秀吉の降伏」を確認した明は朝議の結果「封は許すが貢は許さない」(明の冊封体制下に入る事は認めるが勘合貿易は認めない)と決め、秀吉に対し日本国王の称号と金印を授けるため日本に使節を派遣した。
- After confirming 'Hideyoshi's surrender,' Ming decided by deliberation of the court that 'Ho is allowed but Ko is not allowed' (It is allowed to join the sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system of Ming, but tally trade is not allowed), and dispatched an envoy to Japan to confer the title of the king of Japan and a gold seal on Hideyoshi.
- 今となってはこれが幸いしてか、マズルローダー競技(前装銃競技)のマッチロック(火縄銃)種目では、欧米人の選手の多くが日本製の火縄銃を使用し、当然これを使い慣れた日本人選手もメダルを獲得し易い。
- However this is now in favor of Japanese competitors in the event of matchlock of muzzle loader since most European competitors use Japanese matchlock which is familiar to Japanese ones, it is easier for the Japanese to obtain medals.
- 実家の佐竹氏に戻った義広は名を「蘆名盛重」と改めて、常陸江戸崎城主となる(江戸崎藩)が、関ヶ原の戦いの際には、旗幟を鮮明にしなかった実兄・佐竹義宣 (右京大夫)と行動を共にしたために改易した。
- Yoshihiro returned to his parents' family, renamed himself Morishige ASHINA and became the lord of Edosaki-jo Castle (in the Edosaki Domain), but he was deprived of his territory because he acted in concert with his elder brother, Yoshinobu SATAKE (also known as Ukyo Daibu), without taking a clear stand during the Battle of Sekigahara.
- 陰部ノ検査ハ受検者ヲシテ脱褌セシメ両脚ヲ開キ検者ニ正面シテ立タシメ鼠蹊部、陰茎、陰嚢、精系、睾丸及副睾丸ノ異常ノ有無ヲ検査シ排尿ノ難易、遺尿ノ有無ヲ検シ必要アルトキハ排尿セシメテ尿ノ性状ヲ検査ス
- To examine the pubic region, make an examinee take off his fundoshi, make him stand with legs apart and facing the examiner, inspect the groin, the penis, the scrotum, the spermatic cord, the testicles, and the epididymis for their abnormalities, check whether it is hard to pass urine or not and whether there is enuresis or not, and if necessary, make him pass urine and test the properties of the urine.
- 但し現在では、利休の高弟であることを理由に宗二の茶を利休のそれと安易に同一視してきたことへの疑念が持ち上がっており、利休関係の同時代資料との比較を基にした両者の質的差異の究明も課題となっている。
- At present, however, it is questioned whether it is appropriate to simply equate the Way of Tea practiced by Soji with that of Rikyu only because he was a highly regarded disciple of Rikyu, and qualitative difference of the two by comparing the book with its contemporary materials on Rikyu has emerged as a new subject to be explored.
- 明治維新以降の近代に入ってからは熊野詣の風習も殆どなくなってしまったため、参詣道としての利用はほとんど絶えたものの、周囲の住人が交易・物資移送を行う生活道路として昭和初期までは使用されつづけた。
- Since in modern times after the Meiji Restoration, the custom of the pilgrimage to Kumano became obsolete, Kohechi was no longer used as a pilgrimage route, however it continued to be used as a community road for trade and transportation of goods by local residents until the early Showa era.
- 書を究めることは容易ではないが、古典を学び先人たちの書とその変遷を知ることにより、学書者に指針を与え、さらに作品の深さや心の高さなど、独りでは到底到達できない境地まで引き上げる効果が期待できる。
- It is not easy to master Sho, but knowledge of the works of earlier artists who learnt about the classics and of how Sho has changed over the years makes it possible to provide students with guidelines that enable them to achieve a greater depth in their works and a heightened state of mind that they would be unable to reach on their own.
- また現在でも一子相伝とされるような小さな流派では、大々的に道場を構えたりせず一族だけで伝承されてきているため、時代状況の移り変わりの中で、次の世代に継ぐべき人間がいなければ容易に途絶えてしまう。
- And small schools that keeps isshi soden (transmission of the secrets of an art from father to only one child) even now, do not set up dojo on a large scale and the art has been transmitted in succession only within the family, so that if there is no candidate to succeed the next generation, it can easily come to an end while the conditions of the times change.
- 都城は、都之城を本城とし、恒吉城、梅北城、志和池城、梶山城、勝岡城、山之口城、月山日向城、安永城、野々美谷城、末吉城、山田城及び財部城の12箇所の外城に守られており、容易に攻めることはできない。
- Miyakonojo was an impregnable fort, having Miyakonojo as a main castle, which was protected by 12 outer castles: Tsuneyoshi-jo Castle, Umekita-jo Castle, Shiwachi-jo Castle, Kajiyama-jo Castle, Katsuoka-jo Castle, Yamanokuchi-jo Castle, Gassan Hyuga-jo Castle, Yasunaga-jo Castle, Nonomidani-jo Castle, Sueyoshi-jo Castle, Yamada-jo Castle, and Takarabe-jo Castle.
- そこで、総裁局顧問の木戸孝允が、天皇が天神地祗(てんじんちぎ。分かり易く言えば神)を祀り、神前で公卿・諸侯を率いている状態で共に誓いかつ全員が署名するという形式を提案し、採用されることとなった。
- Therefore general bureau adviser Takayoshi KIDO proposed another form that the emperor pray to tenjinchigi (the gods of heaven and earth) as leader of Kugyo and lords, then pledge and sign together with them, and the proposal was adopted.
- 美貌を売り物にする女形役者がこうした役をつとめると、ふてぶてしい極悪人であることを観客に納得させることが容易ではなく、舞台演出が困難になってしまうことが配慮されていることもそのひとつの理由である。
- One of the reasons that those roles are not acted by onnagata actors, who are famous for their beauty, is that it is difficult to convince audience that they are villains, which will make it difficult to produce a drama.
- さらに徹底して、折口信夫の中天皇あるいは民俗学者がいうヒメ・ヒコ制で歴史を整理すれば、『古事記』・『日本書紀』の矛盾の多くが解決し、巨大古墳の被葬者の治定も容易に定まることになるとする意見もある。
- Furthermore, there is an opinion that quite a few inconsistencies in 'Kojiki' and 'Nihonshoki' are solved, and deceased persons in the gigantic ancient tomb are easily identified by reviewing history adopting the Nobuo ORIGUCHI's theory regarding Nakatsusumeramikoto; Empress or Princess who is a liaison between God and Emperor, and the Hime-Hiko system advocated by folklore scholars; the Princess-Prince system; governing the country by female and male imperial family members.
- 天下統一を達成した豊臣秀吉は日本人の海外交易を統制し、倭寇を禁圧する必要から、1592年に初めて朱印状を発行してマニラ、アユタヤ、パタニになどに派遣したとされるが、この時のことはあまり資料がない。
- Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who achieved the unification of the whole country, regulated Japanese foreign trading by printing Shuinjo in 1592 in order to suppress wako and dispatched people to Manila, Ayutthaya, and Pattani but few documents exist concerning this period.
- しかし、当時銭貨を鋳造していなかった日本では貨幣経済の発達に伴い、大量の銅銭を必要とし、また「唐物」と呼ばれる陶磁器を初めとした中国の文物の需要も依然旺盛で、貿易船の必要性が減ずることはなかった。
- However the necessity for the trading vessels never faded because the development of money economy required a large quantity of copper coins in Japan, where coins were not cast in those days, and because the demands for Chinese products of culture including ceramic ware, pottery, and chinaware called 'karamono' (things imported from China) were still intense.
- しかし、駿河忠長が改易(後の自害)、館林綱吉が5代将軍となり、甲府綱豊が6代将軍(家宣と改名)として徳川宗家に戻り、これらの徳川家が消滅したため、尾張・紀州・水戸の三家を御三家と呼ぶことが定着した。
- But when Tadanaga SURUGA was dismissed from the position and later killed himself, Tsunayoshi TATEBAYASHI became the fifth shogun, and Tsunatoyo KOFU, who was later renamed to Ienobu, became the sixth shogun and returned to the Tokugawa head family, these Tokugawa families died out and the Owari, Kishu and Mito families came to be commonly called Gosanke.
- 忠真系は幕末まで小倉藩主として継続、忠知系は転封を重ねて最終的には肥前国唐津藩(現在の佐賀県唐津市)6万石に、長次系は悪政や無嗣による改易で最終的に播磨国安志藩(現在の兵庫県姫路市)1万石に移った。
- Tadazane stayed the position as the lord of the Kokura Domain until the end of Edo period and the line of Tadatomo which was relocated to some places, was finally relocated to the Karatsu Domain, Hizen Province (presently Karatsu City, Saga Prefecture) holding 60,000 koku and the line of Nagatsugu was finally relocated to the Anji Domain, Harima Province (presently Himeji City, Hyogo Prefecture) holding 10,000 koku as the result of change of rank due to misrule and extinction of the family line.
- 戦役以後、総じて朝鮮人の間では日本に対する敵意が生まれ、平和な貿易関係を望む対馬の宗氏も朝鮮王朝に強く警戒され、日本使節の上京は禁じられ、貿易に訪れた日本人も釜山に設けられた倭館に行動を制限された。
- After the war in general, among Korean people, hostility against Japan was generated and the So clan which wished a peaceful trade relationship took strong precautions, the visit of a Japanese diplomat to the capital was prohibited and Japanese people visited for the purpose of trading were also restricted in their activities and were forced to stay in Wakan (consular office) established in Busan.
- 遊郭は一説に因れば「結界の意味を持つ」とする民俗学や民間信仰論もあり、政治的な治安維持としての役割と管理のし易さから、地域を特定したともいわれるが、一般の「定」から外れた部分を持つ治外法権でもあった。
- Studies of folklore and discussions of folk religion often contend that the licensed quarters 'had the meaning of a barrier' and since their political stability meant they were easy to control, they were said to identify an area, although they were considered to have some extraterritorial rights, not in the common 'rules.'
- また天龍寺船の天龍寺船が入元の際、倭寇を警戒する元の官憲に入港を阻止されていることは、幕府の公的な公認というものが実質上の意味(密貿易船(倭寇)ではないことの証明)を有していなかったことを示している。
- Also a record that Yuan officials on the alert for wako obstructed the entry of a Tenryujibune into harbor when it tried to land Yuan shows that an official approval of the bakufu was substantially ineffective (which did not establish its identity of not being a smuggling ships [wako]).
- 改易の理由は、定次が酒色に溺れて政務を顧みなかったこと、キリシタンであったことなどのほかに、筒井氏のような外様大名を畿内に置いておくのは危険と考えた幕府の有力外様大名取り潰し政策の一環とも伝えられている。
- As for the reasons of his dismissal, it is said that he neglected the administrative affairs addicting himself to alcohol and women; he was a Christian; and it might have been a result of the Shogunate's policy to abolish powerful non-Tokugawa feudal lords, because the Tsutsui clan was one of such lords even ruling an important area of Kinai region (including five powerful provinces near to Kyoto).
- そして鎌倉後期には、着脱が容易なように腰で結ぶ小腰をゆるく結んで肩にかける、いわゆる掛帯(懸帯)式の裳が成立していたことが絵画史料から知られる(奈良国立博物館蔵普賢菩薩十羅刹女像・時代不同歌合絵巻ほか)。
- And that at the end of Kamakura period, so-called kakeobi type mo, with kogoshi loosely tied at the waist was put on the shoulder in order to make it easy to put on and take off of it became easy, was already established is known from historical materials and pictures such as statues of Fugen Bosatsu (universal god) and ju-rasetsunyo (the ten demonesses), possessed by the Nara National Museum and illustrated narrative scrolls of waka competitions of a different time.
- これにより、5世紀ごろには簡易な官僚制が形成されていたとして、それまでの王の権威を権力の源泉としていた「ヤマト王権」から王を中心とする政治組織が権力を担う「ヤマト政権」への転換がなされたとする見方もある。
- As seen from these organizational changes, it is thought that a simple bureaucratic system was already being formed around the fifth century; there is an opinion that during this time, the 'Yamato Kingdom', where the king's authority was the source of power, was replaced by the 'Yamato administration', where a political organization, with a King at the center, held the power.
- その後も、中国と交易するたびにネコが日本を訪れたため、いくらかの変遷があったと思われるが、戦国時代 (日本)にシャム(タイ王国)などの東南アジアとも交易したことから、これらのネコとも関係ができたと思われる。
- As cats were brought into Japan on each occasion of trades with China, there seemed to be some changes, but judging from the fact that there were also some trades with Southeast Asia including Siam (Kingdom of Thailand) during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), it is considered to have another relation with the cats of these areas.
- 1544年に発生した蛇梁倭変により、1512年に宗氏と朝鮮王朝の間で締結された壬申約条は破棄され、日本国王使(室町幕府使節)および大内氏・少弐氏の使節を除き、日本からの通交(外交を兼ねた貿易)は禁じられた。
- In the saryan wahen (Coup of Shinryo IWAYA) which occurred in 1544, the Jinshin Yakujo concluded between the So clan and the Yi-Dynasty in 1512 was denounced; thereafter, trading (trade concurrent with a diplomacy visit) from Japan was inhibited except for the King of Japan envoy (the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] envoy) and the envoys from the Ouchi clan and the Shoni clan.
- 貿易額の制限そのものは綱吉時代の踏襲に過ぎず、更に新井の意見書には綱吉時代の改革で金銀の海外流出はほとんどなくなっていた事実を意図的に無視するなど、儒教的な抑商思想に由来する貿易統制ありきの発想が存在する。
- In the first place, Arai's plan was developed based on the intention to implement trade controls originating from Confusion commerce suppression policy, so limiting the amount of trade simply followed the system developed in the Tsunayoshi era and his plan intentionally ignored the truth that the outflow of gold and silver had already stopped by Tsunayoshi's reform.
- なお、用いる経典の注釈書についても『周易』は鄭玄・王弼、『尚書』・『孝経』は孔安国・鄭玄、『周礼』・『儀礼』・『礼記』・『毛詩』は鄭玄、『春秋左氏伝』は服虔・杜預、『論語』は鄭玄・何晏のものと定められていた。
- Also, each of the scriptures had annotations written by specific authors, such as Gen TEI and Hitsu O for 'Shueki,' Ankoku KO and Gen TEI for 'Shosho' and 'Kokyo,' Gen TEI for 'Shurai,' 'Girai,' 'Raiki' and 'Moshi,' Ken FUKU and Yo TO for 'Shunju Sashiden,' Gen TEI and An KA for 'Rongo.'
- 冬の間、本州付近を支配していた大陸高気圧の張り出しや、移動性高気圧の通り道が北に偏り、一方で、その北方高気圧の張り出しの南縁辺に沿って、冷湿な北東気流が吹いたり、本州南岸沿いに前線が停滞し易くなるために生ずる。
- This phenomenon occurs because of the fact that a front tends to become stationary along the southern shore of Honshu as expansion of continental anticyclone which was dominant during winter in the vicinity of Honshu or the path of the migratory anticyclone leans to the north, and on the other hand, cold and wet northeast airstream flows along southern edge of the expansion of anticyclone from the north.
- さらに『易経』には経を占いの書として扱った『周易本義』、『詩経』には必ずしも礼教的解釈によらず人の自然な感情に基づく解釈をした『詩集伝』、「礼経」には『儀礼』を経とし『礼記』を伝とした『儀礼経伝通解』を著した。
- Furthermore, for 'I Ching,' he wrote 'Shueki-Hongi' (the real meaning of Zhouyi), which treated the classics as books on fortune-telling, and for 'Shikyo,' 'Shishu-den' (Annotation of Shi Jing, which interpreted it based on natural human emotions, and not necessarily based on Rei-kyo, and for 'Classic of Li' (Classic of Rites), 'Comprehensive Explanation of Classic of Yili and Annotation of Classic of Li,' which treated 'Girai (Yili)' as a classic and 'Classic of Rites' as tradition.
- 江戸時代に生活困窮者の救済を目的とした棒手売(棒手振)などの物売り、または江戸時代から盛んになった飲食を中心とした屋台(屋根、売り台はもちろん簡易な厨房設備や客の椅子まで備えていた)などが、起源といわれている。
- The origin is known to be the peddlers such as botefuri who helped the poor in the Edo period, or the yatai (having a roof and counter, as well as a simple kitchen and chairs for customers) mainly for eating and drinking which became popular from the Edo period.
- 租・調 (律令制)・庸および雑徭、出挙、交易などからなる律令租税体系は10世紀から11世紀中期にかけて、米納を中心とする官物(かんもつ)と、夫役・雑物からなる雑役(ぞうえき)といった2つの体系に移行していった。
- Around the tenth to mid-eleventh century, the Ritsuryo Taxation System of So (rice tax), Cho (tributes [Ritsuryo system]), Yo (labor) and zoyo (irregular corvee), suiko (government loans), kyoyaku (trading tributes) changed into Kanmotsu, which was basically paid in rice, and Zoeki, consisting of Buyaku (labor service) and Zatsumotsu (tributes).
- また、現代人の味覚が砂糖に慣らされており、従来の製法1.の方式では酸味も含むことから(現代人全般にとっては)ややさっぱりしすぎているため、濃厚な甘みをつけることが容易である製法2.を好む向きがあるとも考えられる。
- Modern people are accustomed to sugar, and may find amazake produced by the first production method too bland due to its sour taste, so it could be considered that the second production method in which it is easy to add strong sweetness is preferable.
- 市販されている「ちらし寿司の素」は、具を混ぜるちらし寿司をつくる基本的素材で、白飯に混ぜるだけで基本的なちらし寿司ができ、これにキヌサヤやインゲン、錦糸玉子、刻み海苔などを加えれば一般的なばらちらしが容易に作れる。
- The commercially available 'Chirashizushi-no-moto' (chirashizushi mix) is a basic packeage of ingredients that allows one to make barachirashi easily by mixing them with cooked rice and other ingredients such as snow peas, string green beans, kinshi-tamago egg strips and shredded nori.
- 宗家である宮津藩の京極氏はほどなく改易され、丹後田辺藩(舞鶴藩)の京極家も但馬国豊岡藩へ転封となったため丹後一国を領した京極高知の所領も、結果的にはこの峰山藩の1万3,000石だけが丹後に残るだけとなってしまった。
- Soon kaieki (change of rank) was made to the Kyogoku clan, the head family in the Miyazu domain, and the Kyogoku family in the Tanabe (Maizuru) domain of the Tango province was also transferred to the Toyooka domain of Tajima province, and thereby only this 13,000 goku in the Mineyama domain remained in Tango among the territories of Takatomo KYOGOKU who possessed the entire Tango province.
- 三浦の乱の講和条約である壬申約条では、島主歳遣船(対馬から通交のため毎年派遣される貿易船)を50隻から25隻に削減、多くの深処倭(対馬以外の日本人のこと)名義の歳遣船の停止等、宗氏に通交の抑制を強いるものであった。
- The Jinshin Yakujo, which was a peace treaty ending the Sanpo War, forced the So clan to restrain the dispatching of trade ships so as to force the reduction of toshu saikensen (Annual Tribute Ships to Korea from the Lord of Tsushima, and trade ships annually dispatched from Tsushima for trading and diplomatic visits) from 50 to 25, and to stop dispatching saikensen under the name of many shimuchowe (Japanese people other than the residents of Tsushima).
- 大倉喜八郎や福田増兵衛といった政商、第一銀行といった大資本が朝鮮貿易に参入するようになると、対馬商人たちは経済的に脇に追いやられるようになり、本来貿易が許されないはずの開港地の外縁へと暴力的に進出していくようになる。
- As the businessmen with political ties, Kihachiro OKURA and Zohei FUKUDA, and the holders of great capital such as the Bank of Daiichi started to enter the trade with Korea, the merchants in Tsushima were expelled economically and furthermore advanced violently to the outskirts of the open ports.
- 大信心はすなはちこれ長生不死の神方、欣浄厭穢の妙術、選択回向の直心、利他深広の信楽、金剛不壊の真心、易往無人の浄信、心光摂護の一心、希有最勝の大信、世間難信の捷径、証大涅槃の真因、極速円融の白道、真如一実の信海なり。
- Great faith is the way to attain longevity and immortality, the awesome way to awake aspirations for the pure and to reject the corrupt, the honest mind taught to us through this chosen Vow, the faith that realizes Amida's benefiting of others, the true mind shining like a diamond jewel that is indestructible, the pure faith whereby a person can easily find the Pure Land where no one goes, a single mind, understood by those who are embraced and protected by the compassionate light, the great faith, rare and unsurpassed, the quickest path that is difficult for people to accept, the true reason for attaining nirvana, the white path by which all virtues are instantly fulfilled and the vast sea of faith that is the true reality.
- 平清盛は、高倉天皇と平家一門の反対を押し切って遷都を強行したが、それは宋 (王朝)との貿易拡大によって海洋国家の樹立を目指したためともいわれ、都市整備が進めば平氏政権による「福原幕府」のようなものになったとも言われる。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori forced through his plan for the transfer of the capital, despite objections from Emperor Takakura and the Taira family, and it is said that he was aiming to establish a maritime state by expanding trade with the Sung (dynasty), and that if the city had been built, a powerful feudal government under the control of the Taira clan, a kind of 'Fukuhara Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)', would have been established.
- しかし、錦絵新聞同様の平易な文章と内容に、錦絵より作成に時間のかからない単色ずりの挿絵を組み合わせた小新聞(こしんぶん)が発行されるようになると、これに押されて錦絵新聞は誕生から10年もたたないうちにほとんど姿を消した。
- However, when ko-shinbun (small newspaper) began to be issued which combined therein simple texts and contents same as those of nishiki-e-shinbun, and illustrations printed in one color which needed less time to print than nishiki-e prints, nishiki-e-shinbun was overwhelmed by the ko-shinbun and most of nishiki-e-shinbun newspapers disappeared less than ten years after their appearance.
- 製法は明時代の中国における軟落甘(小麦粉・米粉を水飴や脂肪で練り固めて乾燥させた菓子。西~中央アジアに由来するといわれ、元 (王朝)時代に中国に伝来した)に基づき、室町時代に日明貿易で伝わり、茶道の勃興によって広まった。
- The recipe is based on that for nanrakukan (a sweet made by drying the kneaded mixture of wheat flour or rice flour and starch syrup and fat, which is said to have originated from the western and central Asia and to have subsequently been introduced to China in the Yuan Dynasty era) produced in the Ming Dynasty era in China; the nanrakukan was introduced to Japan in the Muromachi period through the Japan-Ming trade (the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China) and became popular along with the rise of the tea ceremony.
- 瀬戸内航路の確保、大宰府の対外交渉権の接収、摂津国大輪田泊の修築・宋船入港許可などによって日宋貿易を拡大した平清盛は、治承3年(1179年)に太平御覧を購入して書写させ、写本は手元において、摺本を高倉天皇に献上している。
- TAIRA no Kiyomori expanded trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China through securing a route through the Inland Sea, acquiring the right to publicly negotiate with Sung from Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), restoring Owada no tomari (Owada port) in Settsu Province as well as acquiring port entry permission for vessels from Sung at Owada no tomari; in 1179, he purchased Taihei Gyoran and had it copied, dedicating surihon (printed book) to Emperor Takakura with the copied version at hand.
- そのために、音色の繊細さや演奏の容易さ、楽器自体の手触りなどの要素を犠牲にしても大きな音が出るような改良がなされ(ヴァイオリン、フルートなど)、それに向かなかった楽器(ヴィオール属、リュート、リコーダーなど)が淘汰された。
- Consequently, some musical instruments (violins and flutes, for example) have been improved to provide higher sound levels at the cost of other features such as delicacy of tone, ease of playing, a pleasant touch, etc., and the other instruments (viols, lutes, recorders, etc.) that weren't suitable for this adaptation have disappeared.
- 関ヶ原の戦いの戦後処理により石田三成(近江)、小西行長(肥後)、宇喜多秀家(備前岡山)、長宗我部盛親(土佐)を始め西軍についた88の大名家が改易され、毛利氏(毛利輝元)、上杉氏(上杉景勝)など5大名家が大幅な減封を受けた。
- After the Battle of Sekigahara, 88 Daimyo families that joined the West army, such as Mitsunari ISHIDA (Omi), Yukinaga KONISHI (Higo), Hideie UKITA (Bizen Okayama), and Morichika CHOSOKABE (Tosa), were subjected to kaieki, and also, 5 Daimyo families such as the Mori clan (Terumoto MORI) and Uesugi clan (Kagekatsu UESUGI) were subjected to a severe genpo.
- 場所は現在の兵庫県神戸市中央区 (神戸市)から兵庫区北部にあたり、平氏の拠点のひとつである貿易港の大輪田泊(現在の兵庫港・神戸港西部)に人工島の経が島(経ヶ島)を築き整備拡張した港を見下ろす山麓に都を置くことが計画された。
- The plan was build Fukuhara-kyo in an area extending from Chuo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture to northern Hyogo Ward, and it would stand at the foot of a mountain looking down over an expanded Owada no Tomari (present-day Hyogo Port/western Kobe Port), a trading port and one of the bases of the Taira clan, where an artificial island named Kyogashima Island was to be built.
- 興利倭は倭寇の転身したものであり、明で倭寇を働きその略奪品を持って朝鮮へ交易に訪れる、あるいは船中に武器を携帯し防備の厚い所では交易を行う一方、防備の薄い所では倭寇と化す者もあり、朝鮮王朝にとって油断のならない相手であった。
- Koriwa were originally wako; therefore, they were cunning fellows to the Korean kingdom such that some of them raided Ming and brought their pillage to Korea to trade with Koreans, or were on board bearing arms and traded in their pillage at strictly guarded places and conducted raids as wako on the poorly guarded places.
- こうした入港場の制限は興利倭の生活を困窮させるものであり、1427年に倭寇出身の対馬の実力者早田左衛門太郎が慶尚道全域において任意に交易出来るよう朝鮮王朝に請願するが拒絶され、代わりに塩浦(蔚山広域市)のみ入港場に追加された。
- That entry restriction would drive Koriwa into a corner -- In 1427, Saemontaro SODA, who was originally wako and influential figure in Tsushima, made a petition to the Korea kingdom to allow them free trade all over Gyengsangnam-do: In response, the Korea kingdom rejected the petition but added Yeompo, Ulsan-Gwangyeoksi (Ulsan Metropolitan City 蔚山広域市) instead.
- 牙符制が導入されるまで日本国王使・王城大臣使に対する査証の手段は存在せず、1450年代から貿易利権を目当てに王城大臣使を名乗る偽使が出現し、1470年代には偽使により「朝鮮遣使ブーム」と呼ばれる偽王城大臣使の大量通交が発生する。
- No endorsement for the King of Japan envoy nor the Ojo-daijin envoy existed until Gafusei was introduced, and from the 1450s, pseudo envoys representing the Ojo-daijin envoy appeared with the intention of acquiring the rights and interests of trading, and in the 1470s, diplomatic boom by pseudo envoys called 'sending of diplomatic missions to Korea boom' occurred.
- その他、2002年(平成14年)、2006年(平成18年)には2月おわりから3月初めにかけて、南岸前線が停滞したり、朝晩中心に雨の降り易いすっきりしない空が続いて、お天気キャスターの一部では「菜種梅雨の走り?」と評されたりもした。
- Other than those years, in 2002 and 2006, the south coast front became stationary and unclear sky which tended to rain mainly in the morning and night continued and certain weather-related casters commented 'the forerunner of natanetsuyu.'
- 朱熹の弟子には、朱熹に最も寵愛され、朱熹の学説の誤解を正すことに努力した黄カン、教学に努めて朱熹の学を四方に広めた輔広、邵雍の易学を研鑽した蔡元定と『書集伝』を編纂した蔡沈父子、『北渓字義』に朱熹の用語を字書風にまとめた陳淳などがいる。
- Disciples of Chu His include, Ko Kan, who was the favorite of Chu His and made efforts to correct misunderstandings in the learning of Chu His, Hoko, who spread the learning of Chu His while working on the learning of religious doctrines, father and son of Saichin family, who edited the 'Shoshu-den' (Annotation of Shujing) with Sai Gentei, who studied the art of divination by Sho Yo (Shao Yong), and Chin Jun, who organized the terms of Chu His in a dictionary format in 'Hokukei Jigi.'
- この貿易自由化を皮切りとして、やがて洋酒の輸出国は、日本の従価税のかけ方では輸入酒に運賃や保険料の分まで税金がかかってしまうとして、アルコール度数に応じて課税するという西洋諸国の税制に日本も変更するようさらなる要求をしてくることとなる。
- Triggered by this trade liberalization, exporting countries of foreign liquors requested Japan to change the taxation in accordance with the degree of alcohol because an ad valorem duty in Japan was imposed on imported liquors with including transport costs and insurance costs.
- 上記のごとく寺社造営料唐船は、幕府や寺社側の必要性から派遣されたというのが通説であったが、近年の研究では、むしろ貿易船の主体は博多などの商人であり、利潤の一部を寺社の造営費用にあてるというのは看板に過ぎなかったとの見方が提唱されている。
- A prevailing view on the Jishazoeiryotosen was that, as described above, they were dispatched out of necessity of the bakufu or shines and temples, but recent studies suggest that merchants in Hakata rather had the purpose of trade and that the willingness to use a part of profits for the building expenses were only a pretext.
- 安東氏の所領は稲作には必ずしも適さない土地に広がっており、その内陸部から得る利益は少ないものの、日本海に大きな交易網を形成することにより多大な経済的利益を得ることが可能な沿岸部の良港を押さえていたことから、海の豪族とする見方がされている。
- The Ando clan's territory, which was extended on the land infeasible for cultivation, and the profits gained from the inner land was scarce, however, the clan was gripping key ports along the coast, which had possibility to provide the clan an enormous benefit through a large-scale trading net in the Sea of Japan, and in this sense, the clan can be considered as a maritime local ruling family.
- 義綱は、改易となった後、慶長2年(1597年)正月2日より常陸国の佐竹義宣 (右京大夫)に仕え、慶長7年(1602年)に佐竹氏が出羽国に転封となると、これに従い、出羽国平鹿郡横手に移り十二所城代を務め、子孫は、佐竹氏の家老職などを務める。
- After Yoshitsuna was ordered 'kaieki', he served Yoshinobu SATAKE (Ukyo no daibu (Master of the Western Capital Offices)) in Hitachi Province from February 18, 1597 and when, in 1602, the SATAKE clan was ordered to change its territory in Dewa Province, he followed this and moved to Yokote, Hiraka County, Dewa Province and served as Jodai (the keeper of the castle) of Junisho-jo Castle and his offsprings served as Karo (chief retainer) of the SATAKE clan and so on.
- 1551年(天文 (元号)20)に義隆が家臣の陶晴賢による謀反(大寧寺の変)によって滅亡すると、後を継いだ大内義長(大友義鎮の弟)は、1556年(弘治 (日本)2)と翌年に兄・大友義鎮とともに貿易再開を求める使者を派遣した(『明実録』)。
- After Yoshitaka was killed in a rebellion (the revolt of Daineiji) plotted by a retainer Harukata SUE in 1551, Yoshinaga OUCHI (younger brother of Yoshishige OTOMO), who had succeeded Yoshitaka as the lord of the Ouchi clan, issued orders with his brother Yoshishige OTOMO and sent an envoy to the Ming in 1556 and 1557 for seeking the resumption of trade (from 'Ming jitsuroku' [authentic account on the Ming]).
- また『詩経』『書経』『儀礼』『楽経』『易経』『春秋』といった周の書物を六経として儒家の経典とし、その儒家的な解釈学の立場から『礼記』や『易伝』『春秋左氏伝』『春秋公羊伝』『春秋穀梁伝』といった注釈書や論文集である伝が整理された(完成は漢代)。
- Additionally, the Rikkei (six documents) books from Zhou, 'Shikyo' (Chinese Poetry book), 'Shujing' (Book of History), 'Girai' (Yili), 'Gakkei,' 'I Ching' (The Book of Changes), and 'Shunju' (Spring and Autumn Annals) were specified as Ju-kyo scriptures, and from their Ju-ka-style interpretation learning perspective, 'Classic of Rites' and den, or commentaries and collected papers, such as 'Ekiden,' 'Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan' (Master Zuo's Commentary to the Spring and Autumns), 'Shunju Kuyo-den' (Annotation of Gongyang on Spring and Autumn Annals), and 'Shunju Kokuryo-den' (Annotation of Guliang on Spring and Autumn Annals) were organized.
- また江戸時代には、対外的には長崎出島での中国・オランダとの交流と対馬藩を介しての李氏朝鮮との交流以外は外国との交流を禁止する鎖国政策を採った(ただし、実際には薩摩に支配された琉球による対明・清交易や渡島半島の松前氏による北方交易が存在した)。
- In the Edo period, as a foreign policy, the shogunate government adopted the national seclusion policy which banned interactions with foreign countries other than those with China and the Netherlands in Dejima island in Nagasaki and Yi Dynasty of Korea through the Tsushima Domain, (although actually Ryukyu under the control of the Satsuma Domain commerced with Ming and Qing, and the Matsumae clan in Oshima Peninsula traded with the Ainu).
- 一方『秋風の曲』は、白居易の詩「長恨歌」に取材、やはり江戸初期の楽曲形式である箏組歌と段物のスタイルによって作られた箏と歌のための曲で、そのために新たな箏の調弦法「秋風調子」を考案したが、当時流行していた明清楽の旋法が取り入れられているという。
- On the other hand, 'Akikaze no kyoku' (a song for the autumn wind), composed by researching the poem 'The Song of Everlasting Sorrow' by Bai Juyi, was a work for koto and song by the compositional style of koto kumiuta (koto suites of songs) and danmono (most important type in shirabemono (the koto solo instrumental music)) during the early Edo period and for this he invented a new method of tuning koto called 'Akikaze-joshi tuning' where he incorporated the mode of Ming and Xing-era Chinese music (as popularized in Japan before the First Sino-Japanese war) that had been popular in those days.
- 鎌倉幕府がそれ以前の武家政権である平氏政権と最も異なる点は「問注所」(後に評定所)と呼ばれる訴訟受付機関を設置したことで、これまでは地所の支配権をめぐる争いは当事者同士の武力闘争に容易に発展していたものをこれにより実質的に禁止することになった。
- The most striking difference between the Kamakura bakufu and the prior warrior government run by the Taira clan was the bakufu's creation of what was called the Monjusho (hereafter referred to as the Hyojosho or 'Office of Arbitration'), an organization devoted to hearing and ruling on legal disputes over land ownership; until this office was founded, final authority to own land rested with the side whose military might was greatest and disputes were resolved in a simple way--through force--but the new office substantially reduced such bloody conflicts.
- 戦国時代_(日本)には、湖上水運によってルイス・フロイスによって「甚だ富裕なる町」と評された堅田であったが、織田信長の上洛後に起きたいわゆる「信長包囲網」の蜂起に際しては、本願寺や延暦寺及び交易相手であった朝倉氏との関係から反信長陣営に立っていた。
- Katata, which was described as 'a remarkably rich town' by Luis FROIS owing to its water transportation in the Sengoku period, joined anti-Nobunaga camp when 'anti-Nobunaga network' was formed after Nobunaga's going to Kyoto, because of the relationships between Hongan-ji and Enryaku-ji Temples and the Asakura clans, with whom Katata people bartered.
- 摘んだチャノキの若芽の飲用成分を抽出し易くし、かつ保存性を高めるために、まずこれを数秒から数分間蒸した後、焙炉(ほいろ)と呼ばれる40℃から50℃に加温された台の上で、手で茶葉をほぐす、こねる、揉むなどの作業を行って乾燥させながら煎茶に仕上げてゆく。
- Picked tea buds are steamed for between several seconds and several minutes so that drinkable ingredients can be extracted more easily and the tea has a longer shelf-life, before going through processes including crumbling, kneading, and rolling by hand on a plate called a hoiro (tea drying hot plate) heated to around 40 to 50 ℃ as the tea leaves dry out and become sencha.
- 15世紀から16世紀にかけて、渡党を統一することで渡島半島南部の領主に成長していった蠣崎氏は豊臣秀吉・徳川家康から蝦夷地の支配権、交易権を公認され、名実共に安東氏から独立し、江戸時代になると蠣崎氏は松前氏と改名して大名に列し渡党は明確に和人とされた。
- From the fifteenth century to the sixteenth century, the Kakizaki clan, who was growing to become the feudal lord of the southern Oshima Peninsula by unifying Watari-to, was recognized as to the right of dominion and trade in the Ezo territory by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and thus became independent from the Ando clan in both name and reality; and the Kakizaki clan changed its name to Matsumae and was elevated to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), by which Watari-to became Japanese in Edo period.
- その後有馬豊氏は更に大坂の役においてもその功績を認められ、久留米藩へと国替を命ぜられこの地を去り替わって小堀政一や遠国奉行伏見奉行などによって統治されるようになるが、以降この地を統治していた領主は国替えや改易によってたびたび交代がなされるようになった。
- Subsequently, after Toyouji ARIMA whose achievement in the Siege of Osaka was also recognized, he was ordered to move to the Kurume clan left Fukuchiyama, and in stead, the local magistrate, Masakazu KOBORI, and the Fushimi City magistrate, ruled the area; however, thereafter, Fukuchiyama went through a constant change of rulers due to transfer or forfeiture under the penal rules.
- 江戸幕府の鎖国政策の進展により、幕府公認の朱印船の海外渡航すら難しくなり、1633年老中奉書船以外の海外渡航や帰国を禁止する第1次鎖国令が発令され、1635年にはすべての日本人の海外渡航と帰国を禁止する第3次鎖国令が発令されて朱印船貿易は終末を迎えた。
- It became increasingly more difficult even for government-certified Shuinsen ships to travel to other countries due to the isolationist policy of the shogunate government; in 1633, the First Seclusion Order, which forbade all ships other that those carrying official letters of the shogunate government to visit or return from other countries, was issued; and in 1935, the Third Seclusion Order, which forbade all Japanese to travel to or return from other countries, was issued, bringing an end to Shuinsen trade.
- 舞鶴港が1951年(昭和27年)に重要港湾に指定、また1995年(平成7年)には日本海側港湾では初めてFAZ(輸入促進地域)の指定を受けるなど、中華人民共和国や大韓民国、ロシアなど定期コンテナ航路を有する国際貿易港を持つ交流・物流都市としての性格を持つ。
- Since Maizuru Port was designated as an Important Port in 1951 and also designated the first among the Japan Sea coast ports as FAZ (Foreign Access Zone), it has thus taken on the characteristic of a logistics/trade city functioning as an international trade port with periodical container carrier routes between the People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation.
- これらの価値観をもたらす背景としては、道具や家畜などを「大切に扱い手入れを絶やさぬように」という教訓的なものや、手入れの疎かな古道具を安易に用いることによる破損や事故の回避、長く身の回りの役に立ってくれた道具や家畜・愛玩動物に対する感謝の心として解釈される。
- Behind the above-mentioned sense of values, there seem to be teachings of 'taking good care of tools and domestic animals,' precautions for avoiding damage or accidents arising from the use of old tools in poor condition, and gratitude for tools, domestic animals and pets that had belonged to people.
- 1414年には将軍足利義持が琉球王の献上物に対する返礼の書状を贈っており、1441年には足利義教が琉球を薩摩国の島津氏の属国とする事を認めており、さらに幕府には琉球奉行が設置されて貿易の統制を行おうとしており、室町時代には琉球が「日本」として認識されていた。
- In 1414, the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA responded to the tributary gifts sent to him from the Ryukyu Kingdom with an official letter, while in 1441, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA declared the Ryukyu islands to be a vassal state of the Shimazu clan, lords of Satsuma Province; furthermore, the bakufu created the office of Ryukyu Hoko (shogunal magistrate of the Ryukyus) in an attempt to exert control over Ryukyu trade, meaning that it was during the Muromachi period that the Ryukyus began to be seen as part of Japan.
- 寺社造営料唐船(じしゃぞうえいりょうとうせん)は、14世紀前半(鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代 (日本)にかけて)に、主要な寺社の造営(修復・増築を含む)費用を獲得することを名目として、幕府の認可の下、日本から元 (王朝)に対して派遣された貿易船群のことである。
- Jishazoeiryotosen is a group of traveling vessels that were dispatched to the Yuan Dynasty under authorization of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for the purpose of making profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of major temples and shrines in the first half of the 14th century (from the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts -Japan).
- 穂(刃部)が長い大身槍、穂の根元が分岐している鎌槍(分岐の形状によって、片鎌槍や「十文字槍」と呼ばれる事の多い両鎌槍などに分類される)、柄に可動性の管を装着して突き出し易くした管槍、和弓の弭に被せ式の穂を装着した弭槍、柄が短い手突槍など、さまざまな種類がある。
- There are various kinds of spears including Great Spear, whose ear tip (blade area) is long and Kamayari (spear with a sickle on both sides of the blade) whose root of the blade area is diverging, and Kamayari was further classified into Kata Kamayari (single-sided sickle spear) and Ryo Kamayari, which is often called Jumonji kamayari (a cross-shaped spear with a sickle on both sides of the blade), and other kinds of spears including Kudayari (tube spear), in which a mobile tube is attached to the tsuka (hilt) for easiness in sticking out, Hazuyari (a bow with a spearhead) in which a covering ear tip is applied to hazu (nock) of a Japanese bow, and Tetsukiyari (fishing spear), which has a short hilt.
- しかし各地の防備の状況が倭寇に漏れるのを恐れ、交易統制のためもあり、1407年、朝鮮王朝は興利倭船(米、魚、塩など日常品の交易をする船)の入港場を釜山浦・薺浦(乃而浦とも、慶尚南道の鎮海市)に制限し、1410年には使送船(使節による通交船)についても同様の措置が取られる。
- However, since the Korean Dynasty was afraid that the information about their defensive preparation along the territory might be leaked to the wako pirates, they limited the entry of koriwasen (ships used to deliver daily necessities such as rice, fish and salt) in 1407, so that these ships were allowed to use only the Pusanpo (port of Busan) and the Seiho (port of Sei, and this port was also called Naijiho), which both were located in Jinhae City, South Gyeongsang Province. The Dynasty also applied the same policy to shisosen (ships used to dispatch envoys) in 1410.
- その成立時期は上記「えぞ」の初見と近い13世紀と見られており、また擦文文化とアイヌ文化の生活体系の最も大きな違いは、日本からの移入品(特に鉄製品)の量的増大にあり、アイヌ文化は交易に大きく依存していたことから、アイヌ文化を生んだ契機に日本との交渉の増大があると考えられている。
- It was probably established in the thirteenth century, when the word 'Ezo' can be seen for the first time as mentioned above; however, the greatest difference between the Satsumon culture and the Ainu culture was the increase in imported items (especially ironware), meaning that it should be seen that Ainu had increased negotiations with Japan when the Ainu culture was born, because the Ainu culture was very reliant on trade with Japan.
- これは隋の煬帝により禁圧されて散逸した讖緯説の書(緯書)の逸文である『易緯』の鄭玄の注に、干支が一周する60年を1元(げん)といい、21元を1蔀(ぼう)として算出される1260年(=60×21)の辛酉(しんゆう)年に、国家的革命(王朝交代)が行われる(辛酉革命)という事に因む。
- This is related to the note by Jo Gen in 'Yi wei', the surviving fragment of a book on Shinisetsu (isho) which was banned by Emperor Yodai of Sui and got scattered and lost, where 60 years, one cycle of the Oriental zodiac, were defined as 1 gen and 21gen as 1 bou, and it was suggested that, in a specified zodiac year every 1260 years (= 60 ' 21) thus calculated, a national-scale revolution (change of dynasty) would be carried out.
- 14世紀には、「渡党」(北海道渡島半島。近世の松前藩の前身)、「日の本」(北海道 (地方公共団体)太平洋側と千島。近世の東蝦夷)、「唐子」(北海道日本海側と樺太。近世の西蝦夷)に分かれ、渡党は和人と言葉が通じ、本州との交易に従事したという文献(『諏訪大明神絵詞』)が残っている。
- In the fourteenth century the Ezo group was divided into Watari-to (Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido, the predecessor of the Matsumae domain in modern history), Hinomoto (the Pacific Ocean side of Hokkaido (local public entity) and Chishima (Kurile Islands), or Higashi-Ezo in modern history), Karako (the Sea of Japan side of Hokkaido and Sakhalin, or Nishi-Ezo in modern history); and a record stating that Watari-to could communicate with Japanese and conducted trade with people in Honshu is seen in one document (Suwa Daimyojin Ekotoba).
- 一部の百貨店や呉服店で販売されているに過ぎないが、近年ではインターネットの出現でインターネット通販を用いた褌製造販売専門業者などが生まれ、容易に購入できるようになり、ブリーフやトランクスしか知らない世代が「褌」を新鮮な下着として認識し始めたことで、新たな購買層となっているようだ。
- While Ecchu fundoshi are only sold at some of the department stores or the kimono shops, in recent years the advent of the Internet has brought about appearance of the companies that are devoted to manufacturing and selling fundoshi using Internet mail order and made it easy to buy them, and so the generation who had known only briefs and trunks seem to be turning into a new buyer group as a result of beginning to regard 'fundoshi' as a new undergarment.
- 儒教では、放伐を認めるかどうかが難題とされてきたが、徳川幕府は朱子学について孟子的理解に立ち、湯武放伐、易姓革命論を認めていたが、それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
- In Confucianism, whether to allow the expulsion of a disqualified monarch had been a difficult problem to deal with, but the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted a position taken from the standpoint of Mencius (a Chinese thinker in the fourth century BC) concerning the teachings of Zhu Xi, and approved of the Tang-Wu revolution (the expulsions of disqualified monarchs by King Tang and King Wu) and the revolution (change of dynasty) decreed by Heaven (when the incumbent emperor is found lacking in moral virtue).
- 以上に見るように、政治世界における武力が占める比重の増加、後白河と清盛の強い連携、後白河と滋子の関係、高倉の即位、清盛の大臣補任、日宋貿易や集積した所領(荘園)に基づく巨大な経済力、西国武士や瀬戸内海の水軍を中心とする軍事力などを背景として、1160年代後期に平氏政権が確立した。
- As shown above, the Taira clan administration was established in the latter half of the 1160s due to increased influence of military force in the political scene, strong collaboration between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori, the relationship between Goshirakawa and Shigeko, Takakura's ascension, Kiyomori's support of the Daijin, substantial financial power based on Japan-Song trade and accumulated properties (shoen), and military power based on the western bushi and the Seto Inland Sea naval force.
- 鉄砲の伝来は、初期の火縄銃の形式が東南アジアの加圧式火鋏を持った鳥銃に似ている事や東南アジアにおいても先行して火縄銃が使われていた事などから、種子島への鉄砲伝来に代表されるようなヨーロッパ経由でなく倭寇などの密貿易によって東南アジア方面から持ち込まれたとする説がある(宇田川武久説)。
- Based on the facts that the mechanism of early matchlock guns is similar to that of the choju (guns for bird hunting) of Southeast Asia with a pressurized serpentine arm and the use of matchlock guns in Southeast Asia preceded to use in Japan, some researchers (such as Takehisa UDAGAWA) argue that matchlock guns were introduced into Japan not via Europe, as typified by the introduction of firearms to Tanegashima Island, but through illicit trades with Southeast Asia by wako.
- 幕末は、徳川宗家の当主が征夷大将軍職に就き、幕府の主宰者として君臨する幕藩体制が変質し、崩壊していく過程であり、また、鎖国すなわち海禁政策を抛棄して開港し、外国との通商貿易の開始によって日本が世界的な資本主義市場経済に組み込まれ、社会そのもののあり方が劇的に変化していく過程でもある。
- The bakumatsu can be described as the period in which the feudal system characteristic of the shogunage by the head of the Tokugawa family collapsed, or the period in which the social structure dramatically changed as the country abolished the long-held closed-door policy and started trading with foreign countries, eventually becoming a member of the global capitalist market economy.
- 平安時代初期の刀剣の遺品は乏しく、作風の変遷や、いつごろどのようにして日本独自の湾刀が形成されたかについては、学問的に十分解明されていないが、承平天慶の乱などが発生した平安時代中期以降(10世紀ころ)従来の直刀に代わって騎乗時に扱い易い刀身に反りのある蕨手刀(彎曲刀)が使用されるようになった。
- Although relics of swords from the early Heian period are scarce, and the transition of styles or how and when Japanese original curved swords were formed are not fully figured out academically, after the mid Heian period (around the 10th century), when the turmoil of Johei and Tengyo occurred, Warabiteno Katana (curved sword) which was easy to use when riding with its warped body of blade was used instead of conventional straight swords.
- 律令制が解体すると、貴族や寺社に給付する封戸物(ふこもつ、位・官・勲功などによって位封・職封・功封があり、貴族・寺社の収入の大部分を占める)や、寺社への正税物(しょうぜいもつ、国衙が徴収した田租・官稲を合わせた正税を交易により他の必要物資に変えて給付するもの)といった国家的給付が滞るようになった。
- After the break up of the Ritsuryo system, benefits from the government such as Fukomotsu (depending upon the class, position, awards, there were Ifu, Shokufu and Kofu and this made up a large part of the income for the aristocracy and temples/shrines), which were given to the aristocrats and temples/shrines, and Shozeimotsu (shozei, a combination of rice tax and government rice collected by kokuga that were exchanged with other necessities by trade and given) to temples/shrines started to fall into arrears.
- また、塩谷氏については、小田原の役の際、直接参陣しなかったために改易されたとする見解もあるが、義綱は、天正17年(1589年)6月29日に上洛して秀吉に恭順の意を表しており、小田原の陣では、名代として家臣の岡本正親を派遣していることから、この時に改易になったとは考え難い(『ふるさと矢板のあゆみ』)。
- One theory states that the SHIONOYA clan was ordered 'kaieki' because they did not directly join the Siege of Odawara, but Yoshitsuna went to the capital (Kyoto) on August 10, 1589 to show reverence for Hideyoshi and, in the Siege of Odawara, he sent his retainer Masachika OKAMOTO as a representative; therefore, it isn't plausible that he was ordered 'kaieki' at that time ('Furusato Yaita no Ayumi (History of Our Hometown Yaita)').
- 具体的には神国である日本でキリスト教を布教することはふさわしくないということ、領民などを集団で信徒にすることや神社仏閣などの打ちこわしの禁止、宣教師の20日以内の国外退去などと同時に、この法令が南蛮貿易を妨げるものでなく、布教に関係しない外国人商人の渡来に関してはなんら規制を設けないことが示されている。
- Concretely the following is described, that is, it is not appropriate to Christianize Japan, the land of the Shinto gods, it is forbidden to form a group of Christians and believersm, to destroy shrines and temples, and the missionaries should leave Japan within twenty days, and at the same time this edict does not prevent trade with Spain and Portugal and there are no restrictions on foreign merchants who have not come to spread Christianity in Japan.
- 地子稲収入は畿内・伊賀国では正税の補充に、大宰府管内諸国では対馬国・多禰国(後に廃止)の公廨の補充に、陸奥国・出羽国では兵士の兵糧や蝦夷への狄禄の補充に充てられ、他の令制国では中央に近い諸国や沿岸諸国では舂米の形で、それ以外の国々では地子交易を行って軽貨の形で太政官厨家に納入されることが定められていた。
- Jishito revenue was used for replenishment of shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and Iga Province, and for maintaining public offices for Tsushima Province and Tane Province (abolished later) in provinces within Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), and for replenishment of army provisions for soldiers and for stipends to Ezo (northerners) in Mutsu Province and Dewa Province, and in other provinces under ryoseikoku (province), jishito was paid to Daijokan (Grand Council of State) in the form of shomai (rice made by pounding it in a mortar) in provinces near the central government or sea and in the form of keika (fabrics such as silk or cotton or other local specialties) after doing jishi trade in provinces other than those.
- このため、日本の大名、商人らが朝鮮に通交する者が急増したが、彼らの中には交易に不都合があると倭寇に変貌するような者もいたので、朝鮮政府は1407年頃国防上の見地から興利倭船の入港地を慶尚左道都万戸所在地の東莱県富山浦(現在の釜山広域市)と慶尚右道都万戸所在地の金海府乃而浦(現在の慶尚南道鎮海市)に限定した。
- Therefore, the number of Japanese daimyo (feudal lord) and merchants trading with Korea rapidly increased, but because some of them turned into wako (Japanese pirates) once they found unfavorable terms of trade, the Korean government eventually restricted the port of entry for koriwasen (ship for trading with Korea) only to Busanpo, Tongne Prefecture (present Busan Metropolitan City), the location where Local naval officer of Gyeongsang left-sided Prefecture was, and, Naijiho, Jinhae Prefecture (present, Jinhae City, Gyeongsang-namdo Prefecture), the location where Local naval officer of Gyeongsang right-sided Prefecture was, around 1407.
- 「宗易愚拙ニ密伝‥、コヒタ、タケタ、侘タ、愁タ、トウケタ、花ヤカニ、物知、作者、花車ニ、ツヨク、右十ヶ条ノ内、能意得タル仁ヲ上手ト云、但口五ヶ条ハ悪シ業初心ト如何」とあるから「侘タ」は、数ある茶の湯のキーワードの一つに過ぎなかったし、初心者が目指すべき境地ではなく一通り茶を習い身に着けて初めて目指しうる境地とされていた。
- As it is said 'Soeki's secrets are kohita, taketa, wabita (subtle taste), ureta (sorrow), toketa, hanayakani (floridly), monoshiri (knowledgeable), sakusha (author), hanagurumani (flower car), and tsuyoku (powerful); and those who mastered in these ten secrets are taken as qualified, but five of them are not for the beginners,' 'wabita' was only one of the numerous key words used in tea ceremony; it is not a stage at which a beginner should aim, rather, it was assumed a stage that was able to be aimed at for the first time with the tea worn to the learning body in general.
- しかし、九州平定後、博多箱崎に滞在していた1587年7月24日(天正15年6月19日 (旧暦))に同地に滞在していたポルトガル側通商責任者(カピタン・モール)ドミンゴス・モンテイロおよび当時のイエズス会日本地区の責任者であったコエリョに対して宣教師の退去と貿易の自由を宣告する文書を手渡してキリスト教宣教の制限を表明した。
- However, after suppression in Kyushu, he announced restrictions on the Christian mission while staying in Hakata Hakozaki in July 24, 1587 and handed over a statement to expel the missionaries and have freedom of trade to Domingos Monteiro (Capitão-mór) in charge of commerce from the Portugal side who stayed there and to Coelho in charge of the Japan division in the Society of Jesus of that time.
- さらに朝鮮に対する基本姿勢として、三条はこの江華島事件に対して「相応なる賠償を求む」べきとしながら、使節団の目的を「我主意の注ぐ所は、交を続くに在るを以て、・・・和約を結ぶことを主とし、彼能我が和交を修め、貿易を広むるの求に従ひときは、即此を以て雲揚 (軍艦)の賠償と看做し、承諾すること」だと述べていた(強調、加筆者)。
- Furthermore, as a basic attitude towards Korea, Sanjo considered 'Japan should require suitable compensation,' while stating about the purpose of the envoy 'the main objective is to continue the negotiation, then conclude a treaty of peace, when they conclude the peace treaty and obey the demand to expand trading, we should regard this attitude as compensation for the battle ship and accept it' (emphasized and amended by the writer).
- 洋式と比べた場合の和式の利点としては、清掃が容易、設置費用が安い、糞が1次的に溜まる槽を浅く作ってあるので排便時に水が跳ねにくい、1回ごとの洗浄水の必要量が少ない(ただし、最近では和式よりも少ない水量で洗浄できる節水型洋式便器も出回っている)、便座への接触がないため清潔な印象を与える(ただし洋式の該当箇所も参照)といった点がある。
- As advantages of washiki compared with yoshiki (Western style), we can say that washiki is easy to clean and cheap to install, and that the basin tank where feces are primarily piled up is made shallow so the splashing during defecation is weak, and that the quantity of water needed for cleaning each time is small (however, nowadays, water-saving western style urinal which needs less water than washiki for cleaning is sold), and that there is no contact with a toilet seat, which gives a clean impression (however, see the corresponding point in yoshiki).
- すなわち、甲相駿三国同盟が戦略の大前提であった信玄にとって、後北条氏の敵対者であった謙信との対決は必然であり(後に三国同盟を破棄して駿河国へ乱入した信玄は孤立して厳しい戦略状況に陥っている)、謙信にとっても信玄の北信濃領有を易々と許せば、高梨家のみならず本国の越後国自体が危機に陥りかねないことから、両者の衝突は必然であったとするものである。
- In other words, the clash between them was inevitable for the following reasons, according to this view: For Shingen with the tripartite alliance among Kai Province, Sagami Province and Suruga Province as a major premise, it was inevitable to confront Kenshin who was an enemy of the Gohojo clan (later, Shingen stormed Suruga Province, breaking the tripartite alliance, but was isolated and was placed in a serious military situation), and even for Kenshin, not only the Takanashi family but also the Echigo Province constituting his base might have been placed in a dangerous state if he allowed Shingen to take the northern Shinano area easily.
- 織田信長、伊達政宗、大友義鎮ほか有力大名の海外との通商、豊臣秀吉の南蛮貿易により南蛮酒として古酒(くーす)と称される琉球泡盛や、桑酒、生姜酒、黄精酒(おうせいしゅ)、八珍酒、長命酒、忍冬酒(にんどうしゅ)、地黄酒(じおうしゅ)、五加皮酒(うこぎしゅ)、豆淋酒(とうりんしゅ)などなどの中国・朝鮮の珍酒や薬草酒、さらにヨーロッパからのワインも入ってきた。
- Ryukyu Awamori, which was called kusu (old awamori) as nanbanshu, unique liquors and herb liquors from China and Korea such as kuwazake (rice wine with mulberry), rice wine with ginger, oseishu (rice wine with Japanese Solomon's seal), hatchinshu (Eight unique sake), chomeishu (Longevity sake), nindoshu (Lonicera sake), jioshu (Rehmannia root sake), ukogishu (Siberian Ginseng sake) and torinshu (black soybean sake), as well as wine from Europe were imported through overseas trade by powerful Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) such as Nobunaga ODA, Masamune DATE, and Yoshishige OTOMO, and the trade with countries in South Seas mainly Spain and Portugal by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
- 容易に李氏朝鮮の首都である漢城が陥落すると、日本の諸将は5月に漢城にて軍議を開き、各方面軍による八道国割と呼ばれる制圧目標を決めた(平安道から一番隊小西行長他、咸鏡道から二番隊加藤清正他、黄海道から三番隊黒田長政他、江原道から四番隊毛利吉成他、忠清道から五番隊福島正則他、全羅道から六番隊小早川隆景他、慶尚道から七番隊毛利輝元他、京畿道から八番隊宇喜多秀家他)。
- After Hancheong, which had been the capital of Yi Dynasty Korea, fell easily, Japanese commanders held a war council in June in Hancheong and determined targets of subjugation called Hachidokuniwari (literally, dividing the country into eight routes) by each corps (the First Division of Yukinaga KONISHI and others from Pyeongan Province, the Second Division of Kiyomasa KATO and others from Hangyong Province, the Third Division of Nagamasa KURODA and others from Hwanghae Province, the Forth Division of Yoshinari MORI and others from Gangwon Province; the Fifth Division of Masanori FUKUSHIMA and others from Chungcheong Province; the Sixth Division by Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and others from Jeolla Province, the Seventh Division by Terumoto MORI and others from Gyeongsang Province, and the Eighth Division of Hideie UKITA and others from Gyeonggi Province).
- また朱子学(旧来の思想に対抗して生れたように考えられた)、特に陽明学(後に説明されるように、これは明朝が正式に認めた学問であった朱子学に対抗して生まれ出たように見えた)は、敗戦後の日本に於ける近代思惟・反権力・人間解放などの概念と容易に結びつき、朱子学及び陽明学の中、比較的それらの概念に近似する部分を抜き取り、そこに思想的価値を与えるという試みが盛んに行われた。
- Shushigaku (considered to have arisen in opposition to traditional thinking), and especially Yomei-gaku (as described later, considered to have arisen in opposition to Shushigaku, which was officially authorized by the Ming Court), were easily linked in a defeated Japan to concepts such as modern thinking, antiauthoritarianism and human emancipation; as a result, most scholars have frequently attempted to extract from Shushigaku and Yomei-gaku the elements that are relatively close to these concepts and attempt to attach an ideological value to them.
- 清はそれまで広州一港に貿易を限っていたがイギリス(大英帝国)は1840年と1857年のアヘン戦争および第二次アヘン戦争により南京条約(1842年)、天津条約(1858年)および北京条約(1860年)を結び多額の賠償金と香港、九竜半島の割譲、上海など11港の開港と領事裁判権の承認、関税自主権の喪失、片務的最恵国待遇、公使の北京駐在、キリスト教の公認と保護などを清に認めさせた。
- Although the Qing dynasty had allowed foreign trade only at Canton port, Britain (the British Empire) concluded the treaties of Nanjing (in 1482), Tianjin (in 1858), and Beijing (in 1860) after First Opium War and the Second Opium War in 1840 and 1857 to make Qing dynasty pay a large amount of reparations, cede Hong Kong and Kawloon island, open 11 ports including Shanghai, recognize consular jurisdiction, abandon tariff autonomy, grant one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, permit an envoy to stay in Beijing, and officially recognize and protect Christianity.
- しかし薩英戦争や下関戦争において外国艦隊との力の差に直面したことにより、単純な攘夷論に対する批判が生じて、津和野藩の国学者大国隆正らによって唱えられた国内統一を優先して、外国との交易によって富国強兵を図ってでも、諸外国と対等に対峙する力をつけるべきだとする「大攘夷」論が登場した事によって、これを受け入れた攘夷運動の主力であった長州藩・薩摩藩の主張も事実上開国へと転向していくのである。
- However, as Japan faced the power difference from the foreign fleets during the Anglo-Satsuma War and Shimonoseki War, criticisms to the simple Joi ron arose and was replaced with Dai joi ron started by Takamasa OKUNI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in the Tsuwano Domain; Takamasa claimed that unification of the whole nation should be the first priority and should gain power that the country can confront other nations equally even by aiming fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) through trades with foreign countries; The Choshu Domain and Satsuma Domain, the major drive of the joi movement, accepted this view and started directing themselves for the opening of the country to the world.
- だが、藩主が非世襲の知藩事に変わり(ただし、実際には事実上の改易処分を受けた福岡藩などの例外を除いては、世襲の後継者がそのまま後任とされている)、陪臣である藩士も知藩事と同じ朝廷(明治政府)の家臣(「王臣」)とされる事で、朱子学に基づいた武士道(近代以後の「武士道」とは違う)によって位置づけられてきた主君(藩主)と家臣(藩士)の主従関係を否定することになるものであり、諸藩の抵抗も予想された。
- However, the lord of a domain changed to a non-hereditary Chihanji, (note that in fact, apart from the Fukuoka domain, whose rank changed by the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) successors were of heredity) and since feudal retainers of the domain, who were baishin (indirect vassals) were also considered vassals (vassas of the king)of the Imperial Court (Meiji government), which are the same as Chihanji, it contradicted the relationship between the lord and vassal that was established by Bushido (the way of the samurai) based on Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) so resistance by domains were expected.
- 又、童舞以外の殆どの装束は成人男性、又は女性用に仕立てられ、又、重量があること、仮面を付けた場合に視野が制約されること、長く伸びてる部分(裾、裳、等)があるため、振り付けに関しても伸びてる部分の捌き方等の難易度が高いこと、又、東日本においては伝承団体のメンバーの殆どが成人であることと財政に余裕がない場合が多いことから少年少女の育成に消極的な場合が多く、育成してる場合でも略式なら安価な装束で済む管弦と『浦安の舞』等にとどまり、舞楽は行わないか、行う場合でも成人に限られる場合が多い。
- Additionally, most costumes except for those of Dobu dance are made for adult men or women: they are heavy, the eyesight is limited when wearing a mask, the difficulty level in choreography such as handling the long part of the costume (hem, ancient skirt, etc.) is high; however, the traditional groups in East Japan have mostly adult members and cannot afford, so the development of children's participation is not active enough; even when developing them, it is limited to Kangen music or 'Urayasu-no-mai Dance' for which reasonable costumes can be used in an informal style, and in most cases Bugaku is not performed or is limited to adults.